Repository: 89luca89/pakkero
Branch: master
Commit: 86322011b06e
Files: 13
Total size: 118.1 KB
Directory structure:
gitextract_h2o9k04m/
├── .gitignore
├── Dockerfile
├── LICENSE
├── Makefile
├── README.md
├── data/
│ └── launcher.go
├── go.mod
├── go.sum
├── internal/
│ └── pakkero/
│ ├── encryption.go
│ ├── obfuscation.go
│ ├── pakkero.go
│ └── utilities.go
└── main.go
================================================
FILE CONTENTS
================================================
================================================
FILE: .gitignore
================================================
PackNGo
test
dist
__*
tags
TODO.md
================================================
FILE: Dockerfile
================================================
FROM golang:alpine
ENV CGO_ENABLED=0
ENV GO111MODULE=off
RUN apk add --update-cache upx git make binutils coreutils \
&& rm -rf /var/cache/apk/*
RUN upx --version
RUN go version
RUN go get -d -v github.com/89luca89/pakkero
WORKDIR $GOPATH/src/github.com/89luca89/pakkero
RUN make
RUN ./dist/pakkero -v
ENTRYPOINT ["./dist/pakkero"]
================================================
FILE: LICENSE
================================================
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This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands
might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box".
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school,
if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary.
For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see
<https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program
into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you
may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with
the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General
Public License instead of this License. But first, please read
<https://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html>.
================================================
FILE: Makefile
================================================
all:
go build -i \
-gcflags="-N" \
-gcflags="-nolocalimports" \
-gcflags="-pack" \
-gcflags="-trimpath=." \
-asmflags="-trimpath=." \
-gcflags="-trimpath=$$GOPATH/src/" \
-asmflags="-trimpath=$$GOPATH/src/" \
-ldflags="-X github.com/89luca89/pakkero/internal/pakkero.LauncherStub=$$(base64 -w0 data/launcher.go) -s" \
-o dist/pakkero;
strip \
-sxX \
--remove-section=.bss \
--remove-section=.comment \
--remove-section=.eh_frame \
--remove-section=.eh_frame_hdr \
--remove-section=.fini \
--remove-section=.fini_array \
--remove-section=.gnu.build.attributes \
--remove-section=.gnu.hash \
--remove-section=.gnu.version \
--remove-section=.got \
--remove-section=.note.ABI-tag \
--remove-section=.note.gnu.build-id \
--remove-section=.shstrtab \
--remove-section=.typelink \
dist/pakkero;
clean:
rm -rf dist/;
go build -i \
-gcflags="-N" \
-gcflags="-nolocalimports" \
-gcflags="-pack" \
-gcflags="-trimpath=." \
-asmflags="-trimpath=." \
-gcflags="-trimpath=$$GOPATH/src/" \
-asmflags="-trimpath=$$GOPATH/src/" \
-ldflags="-X github.com/89luca89/pakkero/internal/pakkero.LauncherStub=$$(base64 -w0 data/launcher.go) -s" \
-o dist/pakkero;
strip \
-sxXwSgd \
--remove-section=.bss \
--remove-section=.comment \
--remove-section=.eh_frame \
--remove-section=.eh_frame_hdr \
--remove-section=.fini \
--remove-section=.fini_array \
--remove-section=.gnu.build.attributes \
--remove-section=.gnu.hash \
--remove-section=.gnu.version \
--remove-section=.got \
--remove-section=.note.ABI-tag \
--remove-section=.note.gnu.build-id \
--remove-section=.shstrtab \
--remove-section=.typelink \
dist/pakkero
test: clean
dist/pakkero \
-file /usr/bin/echo -c \
-o /tmp/test.enc \
-offset 2850000 \
-enable-stdout \
-register-dep /usr/bin/bash;
sync;
sh -c "/tmp/test.enc test"
================================================
FILE: README.md
================================================
# Pakkero
<img src="pics/logo.jpg" data-canonical-src="pics/logo.jpg" width="250" height="250" />
Credit: [alegrey91](https://github.com/alegrey91) for the logo! Thanks!
[](https://goreportcard.com/report/github.com/89luca89/pakkero)
[](http://perso.crans.org/besson/LICENSE.html)
[](https://app.fossa.com/projects/git%2Bgithub.com%2F89luca89%2Fpakkero?ref=badge_small)
## Introduction
**Pakkero** is a binary packer written in Go made for fun and educational purpose.
Its main goal is to take in input a program file (elf binary, script, even appimage) and compress it, protect it from tampering and intrusion.
It is not recommended for very small files as the launcher itself can vary from ~700kb to ~1.7mb depending on compression. On files above 2.6mb there is gain, else the resulting binary is larger than the original:
```
base-bin 1.2M -> 1.6M
smaller-bin 2.4M -> 2.3M
small-bin 3.7M -> 3.0M
medium-bin 25M -> 16M
big-bin 148M -> 88M
```
With compression disabled, all resulting file size are ~1mb higher, making it suitable for 5+mb files.
#### How compares to UPX?
Tested with a 24mb binary file (I didn't have a big project handy so I just concatenated a bunch of programs from `/usr/bin/` to make one big elf) became:
- 12mb using `upx -9`
- 13mb using `pakkero -c`
- 14mb using `pakkero` without compression
## Install
If you have a [Go](https://golang.org/) environment ready to go, it's as easy as:
```bash
go get github.com/89luca89/pakkero
```
Once you retrieved you are ready to build:
```bash
cd $GOPATH/src/github.com/89luca89/pakkero; make
```
or to test
```bash
cd $GOPATH/src/github.com/89luca89/pakkero; make test
```
The binary file will be in `$GOPATH/src/github.com/89luca89/pakkero/dist`
The following are hard dependencies:
```
- go -> to build the launcher
- ls
- sed
- strip -> to strip the launcher
```
The following are weak dependencies
```
- upx -> needed for launcher compression (optional)
```
**GO 1.13+ needed**
**Dependencies are checked at runtime and an error message will specify what is missing**
# Disclaimer
**This is a for-fun and educational project**, complete protection for a binary is **impossible**, in a way or another there is always someone that will reverse it, even if only based on 0 an 1, so this is more about exploring some arguments that to create an anti-reverse launcher.
---
Pakkero is divided in two main pieces, the packer part (Pakkero itself) and the
launcher part.
## Part 1: the packer
Pakkero can be launched like:
```bash
pakkero --file ./target-file -o ./output-file -register-dep dependency-file -c
```
### Usage
Typing `pakker -h` the following output will be shown:
```bash
Usage: pakkero -file /path/to/file -offset OFFSET (-o /path/to/output) (-c) (-register-dep /path/to/file)
-file <file> Target file to Pack
-o <file> place the output into <file> (default is <inputfile>.enc), optional
-c compress the output to occupy less space (uses UPX), optional
-offset Offset where to start the payload (Number of Bytes)
-enable-stdout Whether to wait and handle the process stdout/sterr or not (false by default, optional)
-register-dep /path/to/dependency to analyze and use as fingerprint (absolutea, optional)
-v Check pakkero version
```
Below there is a full explanation of provided arguments:
* **file**: The file we want to pack
* **o**: (optional) The file output that we will create
* **c**: (optional) If specified, UPX will be used to further compress the Launcher
* **offset**: (optional) The number of bytes from where to start the payload (increases if not using compression)
* **enable-stdout** (optional) whether to enable or not the handling of the stdout/err of the payload <u>**disabled by default, less secure**</u>
* **regiser-dep** (optional) Path to a file that can be used to register the fingerprint of a dependency to ensure that the Launcher runs only if a file with similar fingerprint is present
* **v**: Print version
### Packaging
**The main intent is to not alter the payload in any way, this can be very important
for types of binary that rely on specific order of instructions or relatively fragile timings.**
The target of pakkero is not to touch the "payload".
Other packers like UPX works by compressing the sections stored within the Section Table of the executable file, relocating the sections and renaming them. It then alters
the entry point where the binary will run. While this is really what defines storically a packer, this in some way or another "touches" the payload so can make it unusable (when it works on strict timing, precise elf sections tricks and so on)
#### Building
To build the project, you can simply use the `Makefile`;
- `make` will compile
- `make test` will compile and run a run with a simple binary (echo)
**Why not using simply go build?**
Go build works fine, but will skip a fundamental step in the building process, **the injection of the launcher stub inside Pakkero source**
This way the Pakkero binary has inside the source of the Launcher to be used for each packaging.
#### Building using Docker
Build Pakkero image:
```sh
sudo docker build . -t pakkero
```
Run containerized Pakkero:
```sh
sudo docker run -it -v <target_dir>:/ext pakkero --file /ext/<target_elf> -o /ext/<target_elf>.packed
```
#### Building using Podman
Build Pakkero image:
```sh
sudo podman build . -t pakkero
```
Run containerized Pakkero:
```sh
sudo podman run -it -v <target_dir>:/ext pakkero --file /ext/<target_elf> -o /ext/<target_elf>.packed
```
#### Payload
For this purpose the payload is simply compressed using zlib then encrypted using AES256-GCM
During encryption, some basic operations are also performed on the payload:
- putting garbage random values before and after the payload to mask it
- reverse it and change each byte endianess
Encryption password is the hash SHA512 of the compiled launcher itself together with the garbage values added to fill the file till the offset, thus providing
some integrity protection and anti-tampering.
#### Offset
The offset will decide **where in the output file the payload starts**.
Put simply, after the launcher is compiled (more on the launcher later), the payload is
attached to it. The offset ensures that the payload can be put anywhere after it.
All the space after the launcher until the payload is filled with random garbage.
Being part of the password itself, greater offset will make stronger the encryption, but
enlarge the final output file.
Optimal value are **at least** 800000 when compression is enabled and **1900000** when disabled. *If not specified a random one will be chosen upon creation.
### Obfuscation
The final thing the packer does is compiling the launcher. To protect some of the fundamental part of it (namely where the offset starts) the launcher is *obfuscated* and heavily stripped down.
The technique utilized for obfuscating the function and variables name is based on typo-squatting:
This is done in a pretty naive way, simply put, in the launcher each function/variable which name has to be obfuscated, needs to start with the suffix **ob**, it will be then put into a secret map, and each occurrence will be replaced in the file with a random string of length 128, composed only of runes that have similar shape, namely:
```go
mixedRunes := []rune("0OÓÕÔÒÖŌŎŐƠΘΟ")
```
For pure strings in the launcher, they are detected using regular expressions, finding
all the words that are comprised between the three type of ticks supported in go
```
`
'
"
```
All of the strings found this way, are then replaced with a function that performs a simple operation of reconstruction of the original string:
```go
func ÓΘŌOÒŐÒŌÓÒOŎΘOΟ0ŐÒÖŎÕΟΘÕÓÕÓŎÓŌÕ0ŎŌΘÕŎÕ() string {
ŌÒ0ŎŎŐÓÖÖΘO0ŌŌŌÒŌŌÒƠÔÖΘŐÖΟŎƠƠ00Õ0ÖÕ0ÖŐŐÓΟŌΟ := []string{"Ò0ƠŐÖŐŎΘÖƠÔÖÕÓΘÕÕŌŎŐƠÔΘΘƠ", "ÔÒÕΟƠŐÒŌOƠÖ", "ƠΘŐÒƠΘŌ00ΘΘΟÔŎŎΘŐƠŐΘŎΟÕÖÕÖΟÖΘÒÖ"}
var ΟŐÔÒÖÔΘÕÔŎÒÓÖÖÒΘ0ÖÔΟÖŎ0ÔOÓÖƠŌÔÓŌŌ []byte
for _, ŌΘƠÔÕÔΘÔOÔOŐΟΘŌΘƠÔÕÔΘÔOÔOŐΟΘ := range ŌÒ0ŎŎŐÓÖÖΘO0ŌŌŌÒŌÕÒÔÕŌŎ00ÔÔÒOƠÓÕÔÒ0ΘƠΘŐ0OOŎÓÒŐ0Õ0ÓOÕÓŐƠŌŎÕÖ0ÕÖÔŌΟΟŌÒÖÒÖOΟOÒ0ÖŐŐÓΟŌΟ {
ΟŐÔÒÖÔΘÕÔŎÒÓÖÖÒΘ0ÖÔΟÖŎ0ÔOÓÖƠŌÔÓŌŌ = append(ΟŐÔÒÖÔΘÕÔŎÒÓÖÖÒΘ0ÖÔΟÖŎ0ÔOÓÖƠŌÔÓŌŌ, byte(len([]rune(ŌΘƠÔÕÔΘÔOÔOŐΟΘŌΘƠÔÕÔΘÔOÔOŐΟΘ))))
}
return string(ΟŐÔÒÖÔΘÕÔŎÒÓÖÖÒΘ0ÖÔΟÖŎ0ÔOÓÖƠŌÔÓŌŌ)
}
```
A slice of string is generated, with each element has a lenght derived from the byte value of the original char of the original string.
This way each byte of the original string is computed and calculated as the lenght of the correspondent string, casted to rune slice.
The launcher is compiled then using:
```go
flags = []string{"build", "-a",
"-trimpath",
"-gcflags",
"-N -l -nolocalimports",
"-ldflags",
"-s -w -extldflags -static",
}
exec.Command("go", flags...)
```
File is the **stripped**, using `strip` with the flags:
```bash
-sxX
--remove-section=.bss
--remove-section=.comment
--remove-section=.eh_frame
--remove-section=.eh_frame_hdr
--remove-section=.fini
--remove-section=.fini_array
--remove-section=.gnu.build.attributes
--remove-section=.gnu.hash
--remove-section=.gnu.version
--remove-section=.gosymtab
--remove-section=.got
--remove-section=.note.ABI-tag
--remove-section=.note.gnu.build-id
--remove-section=.note.go.buildid
--remove-section=.shstrtab
--remove-section=.typelink
```
Additionally, if using *UPX*, their headers are **removed and replaced with randomness**, to ensure simple things like `upx -d` will not work.
Additionally a series of extra words are removed from the binary and replaced with random bytes, to make it harder to do static analysis:
```
.gopclntab
.go.buildinfo
.noptrdata
.noptrbss
.data
.rodata
.text
.itablink
.shstrtab
.data
.dynamic
.dynstr
.dynsym
.gnu.version_r
.gopclntab
.got.plt
.init_array
.interp
.itablink
.rela.dyn
.rela.plt
.tbss
.plt
.init
name runtime command cmd
ptr process unicode main
path get reflect context
debug fmt sync sort
size heap fatal call
fixed slice bit file
read write buffer encrypt
decrypt hash state
external internal float
env trace pid
```
Output of readelf to see the effect:
#### File Entropy
Using binwalk to analyze the file entropy can give some hint on how the process works:
This is the entropy of the binary we want to package (for this example /usr/bin/bash):
This is the entropy of a packaged binary **without compression**
This is the entropy of a packaged binary **with compression**
In both cases (but mainly the first) it is possible to see when the launcher stops and
the garbage before the payload starts. This is really not a problem, because the offset of garbage is both pre-poned **and** post-poned to the payload, and the "secret number" of when it starts is kept inside the launcher and computed at runtime.
This is obviously vulnerable, reversing the binary will reveal the secret, all the launcher part is dedicated to the implementation of a series of measures to **block dynamic analysis** and try to force static analysis.
## Part 2: the launcher
The launcher is the second part of the project, it allows to decompress, decrypt and launch the payload without touching storage, but using a file descriptor in RAM.
This is a well known technique as it is possible to read:
- [In-Memory-Only ELF Execution (Without tmpfs) Mrs Quis Will Think of a Better Title](https://magisterquis.github.io/2018/03/31/in-memory-only-elf-execution.html)
- [ELF in-memory execution](https://blog.fbkcs.ru/en/elf-in-memory-execution/)
and in many other places in C programming literature.
```
Put briefly, use syscall to create a memory file descriptor (syscall 319 for amd64),
write the plaintext payload here, and execute.
The fd will be automatically removed after the execution without
leaving trace on the storage.
```
### Possible weakpoints
This approach is vulnerable to
1. "memory dump attack", for example pausing the VM during execution and manually search the ram for all file descriptors until you find the right one
2. "proc dump attack", in linux all the file descriptors are in `/proc` so dumping to another disk the complete folder will in a way or another dump the decrypted payload (if done before the execution finishes), **this is even more accentuated if stdout management is enabled**
3. dynamic analysis, during execution "pausing" the process and spot the right fd
4. reversing the binary to find the "secret" (which in our case is the offset) and from there, reverse the encryption process and reconstruct the plaintext
For point 1, it is possible to insert hypervisor detection, sandbox detection etc... it is in my TODO list, but I would leave it optional, in case you genuinely want to run the binary in VMs or Dockers.
Point 3 (and by consequence point 4) can be made harder by blocking dynamic analysis detecting debuggers, tracers and so on...
Forcing static analysis of the decompiled code is already a big step forward in protecting the binary execution.
### Anti-debug
Implemented here are a series of anti-debug techniques that are quite common in C/C++, from the **double-ptrace method** to the **ppid analysis** and breakpoints interception.
First line of protection is breakpoints interception, on linux, a breakpoints is equivalent to signal *SIGILL* and *SIGTRAP* so:
```go
/*
Breakpoint on linux are 0xCC and will be interpreted as a
SIGTRAP, we will intercept them.
*/
func obSigTrap(obInput chan obOS.Signal) {
obMySignal := <-obInput
switch obMySignal {
case obSyscall.SIGILL:
obExit()
case obSyscall.SIGTRAP:
obExit()
default:
return
}
}
```
This is pretty basic, so we go ahead and try to block **ptrace**:
```go
// attach to PTRACE, register if successful
// attach A G A I N , register if unsuccessful
// this protects against custom ptrace (always returning 0)
// against NOP attacks and LD_PRELOAD attacks
func obPtraceDetect() {
var obOffset = 0
obProc, _ := obOS.FindProcess(obOS.Getppid())
obErr := obSyscall.PtraceAttach(obProc.Pid)
if obErr == nil {
obOffset = 5
}
obErr = obSyscall.PtraceAttach(obProc.Pid)
if obErr != nil {
obOffset *= 3
}
if obOffset != (3 * 5) {
obProc.Signal(obSyscall.SIGCONT)
println(1)
return
}
obErr = obSyscall.PtraceDetach(obProc.Pid)
if obErr != nil {
obProc.Signal(obSyscall.SIGCONT)
println(0)
return
}
obProc.Signal(obSyscall.SIGCONT)
println(0)
}
```
*Double ptraceme* ensures that tampering the ptrace loading with a fake ptrace lib that always returns 0, would result in a failure.
CMD Line detection, would check for common processes for debugging, this is pretty naive check:
```go
/*
Check the process cmdline to spot if a debugger is inline
*/
func obParentCmdLineDetect() {
obPidParent := obOS.Getppid()
obNameFile := "/proc/" + obStrconv.FormatInt(int64(obPidParent), 10) +
"/cmdline"
obStatParent, _ := obUtilio.ReadFile(obNameFile)
if obStrings.Contains(string(obStatParent), "gdb") ||
obStrings.Contains(string(obStatParent), "dlv") ||
obStrings.Contains(string(obStatParent), "edb") ||
obStrings.Contains(string(obStatParent), "frida") ||
obStrings.Contains(string(obStatParent), "ghidra") ||
obStrings.Contains(string(obStatParent), "godebug") ||
obStrings.Contains(string(obStatParent), "ida") ||
obStrings.Contains(string(obStatParent), "lldb") ||
obStrings.Contains(string(obStatParent), "ltrace") ||
obStrings.Contains(string(obStatParent), "strace") ||
obStrings.Contains(string(obStatParent), "valgrind") {
obExit()
}
}
```
```go
/*
Check the process cmdline to spot if a debugger is the PPID of our process
*/
func obParentDetect() {
obPidParent := obOS.Getppid()
obNameFile := "/proc/" + obStrconv.FormatInt(int64(obPidParent), 10) +
"/stat"
obStatParent, _ := obUtilio.ReadFile(obNameFile)
if obStrings.Contains(string(obStatParent), "gdb") ||
obStrings.Contains(string(obStatParent), "dlv") ||
obStrings.Contains(string(obStatParent), "edb") ||
obStrings.Contains(string(obStatParent), "frida") ||
obStrings.Contains(string(obStatParent), "ghidra") ||
obStrings.Contains(string(obStatParent), "godebug") ||
obStrings.Contains(string(obStatParent), "ida") ||
obStrings.Contains(string(obStatParent), "lldb") ||
obStrings.Contains(string(obStatParent), "ltrace") ||
obStrings.Contains(string(obStatParent), "strace") ||
obStrings.Contains(string(obStatParent), "valgrind") {
obExit()
}
}
```
this goes in conjunction with the TracePid check to see if a parent is tracing us:
```go
/*
Check the process status to spot if a debugger is active using the TracePid key
*/
func obParentTracerDetect() {
obPidParent := obOS.Getppid()
obNameFile := "/proc/" + obStrconv.FormatInt(int64(obPidParent), 10) +
"/status"
obStatParent, _ := obUtilio.ReadFile(obNameFile)
obStatLines := obStrings.Split(string(obStatParent), "\n")
for _, obValue := range obStatLines {
if obStrings.Contains(obValue, "TracerPid") {
obSplitArray := obStrings.Split(obValue, ":")
obSplitValue := obStrings.Replace(obSplitArray[1], "\t", "", -1)
if obSplitValue != "0" {
obExit()
}
}
}
}
```
and verification that the process cmdline corresponds to "argv[0]" (for example, launching `strace mybin arg1` would result in a cmdline of `strace` and argv[0] of `mybin`
```go
/*
Check the process cmdline to spot if a debugger is launcher
"_" and Args[0] should match otherwise
*/
func obEnvArgsDetect() {
obLines, _ := obOS.LookupEnv("_")
if obLines != obOS.Args[0] {
obExit()
}
}
```
and check if there is none of the known debuggers inline with the command
```go
/*
Check the process cmdline to spot if a debugger is inline
"_" should not contain the name of any debugger
*/
func obEnvParentDetect() {
obLines, _ := obOS.LookupEnv("_")
if obStrings.Contains(obLines, "gdb") ||
obStrings.Contains(obLines, "dlv") ||
obStrings.Contains(obLines, "edb") ||
obStrings.Contains(obLines, "frida") ||
obStrings.Contains(obLines, "ghidra") ||
obStrings.Contains(obLines, "godebug") ||
obStrings.Contains(obLines, "ida") ||
obStrings.Contains(obLines, "lldb") ||
obStrings.Contains(obLines, "ltrace") ||
obStrings.Contains(obLines, "strace") ||
obStrings.Contains(obLines, "valgrind") {
obExit()
}
}
```
Also a pretty common check to do if we are in a debugger is to see if ENV has the variables LINES and COLUMNS:
```go
/*
Check the process cmdline to spot if a debugger is active
most debuggers (like GDB) will set LINE,COLUMNS or LD_PRELOAD
to function, we try to spot this
*/
func obEnvDetect() {
_, obLines := obOS.LookupEnv("LINES")
_, obColumns := obOS.LookupEnv("COLUMNS")
_, obLineLdPreload := obOS.LookupEnv("LD_PRELOAD")
if obLines || obColumns || obLineLdPreload {
obExit()
}
}
```
This can give false positives (example the embedded terminal in VSCode or VIM), but worth checking for a normal environment.
Also banally checking for LD_PRELOAD env variable present:
```go
/*
Check the process is launcher with a LD_PRELOAD set.
This can be an injection attack (like on frida) to try and circumvent
various restrictions (like ptrace checks)
*/
func obLdPreloadDetect() {
obKey := obStrconv.FormatInt(obTime.Now().UnixNano(), 10)
obValue := obStrconv.FormatInt(obTime.Now().UnixNano(), 10)
err := obOS.Setenv(obKey, obValue)
if err != nil {
obExit()
}
obLineLdPreload, _ := obOS.LookupEnv(obKey)
if obLineLdPreload == obValue {
err := obOS.Unsetenv(obKey)
if err != nil {
obExit()
}
} else {
obExit()
}
}
```
to make it more resilient to "false environment" attacks, we also try and set a random key-value in the environment, and check if it works, to ensure we do not have a "fake" environment (always empty for example).
This type of checks are pretty basic and easy to port from C to Go.
A couple of checks I would like to port are for example the heap relocation check, as explained in this repo: [debugmenot/test_nearheap.c at master · kirschju/debugmenot · GitHub](https://github.com/kirschju/debugmenot/blob/master/src/test_nearheap.c)
> GDB relocates the heap to the end of the bss section
This type of check is not easily done in Go because *go does not support pointer arithmetic*, CGO should be the way, but would make it dynamically linked for the C part (or twice the size if statically linked)
### Making difficult to reverse
To add to this in many points of the source code it is possible to see that a comment is made:
`//OB_CHECK`
This is because during the obfuscation phase, every time we encounter this string, we will inject a random permutation of ALL of the anti-debug tricks that will be executed in parallel using go routines.
```go
/*
GenerateRandomAntiDebug will Insert random order of anti-debug check
together with inline compilation to induce big number
of instructions in random order
*/
func GenerateRandomAntiDebug(input string) string {
lines := strings.Split(input, "\n")
randomChecks := []string{
`obDependencyCheck()`,
`obEnvArgsDetect()`,
`obParentTracerDetect()`,
`obParentCmdLineDetect()`,
`obEnvDetect()`,
`obEnvParentDetect() `,
`obLdPreloadDetect()`,
`obParentDetect()`,
}
// find OB_CHECK and put the checks there.
for i, v := range lines {
if strings.Contains(v, "// OB_CHECK") {
threadString := ""
checkString := ""
// randomize order of check to replace
for j, v := range ShuffleSlice(randomChecks) {
threadString = threadString + "go " + v + ";"
checkString += v
if j != (len(randomChecks) - 1) {
checkString += `||`
}
}
// add action in case of failed check
lines[i] = threadString
}
}
// back to single string
return strings.Join(lines, "\n")
}
```
The generated source will be filled with this always-changing code, that will make difficult to use NOP attacks, manual jump using breakpoints and make confusion in the graph view of disassemblers like Cutter, IDA Pro or Ghidra.
So the main, for example, becomes something like:
```go
func main() {
// Prepare to intercept SIGTRAP
ÖÖΘÓOŐƠOΟŌΟŐÔÒÕÓÒÒÒOŎŌO0ÔŌÓÖOŐŎΟŌŌŌÔ0OOŌŐΘŎΘÔOOOÓΘŐΘ00ƠŎÖÖ0ÔÕÕŎŎŎÒÖO00ŎÔΘÓOÖ0ΘÔOΟÒŐŐƠÒΘÒ0ŎŌŌÖΟÓ0ƠŎŌŌΟŎΘŐÖÒŐΘÔÕOŌÕŎÒŎÔŌÓƠÓŌŐΟΟÒÒƠ := make(chan ÒÕ0ΟÓŎ0ÖÒŌƠÒΘ0ÓΘΘƠΟÕƠΘÕO0OŐOŎOƠŎƠÖOOÒÖÒO0ÕÕÓÖΘΘÓÒÕŌŐΘŐƠÖOÕΘÔÕÖƠƠŌŐƠ0ÖÖƠŌΟ0ΘƠÕÒÔƠÒOÒΘÔΟÒ0OÕOŌÕΘÒÒŐÓΟÕÖÕŎΟƠŎOŌÔΟŎŐÒŎŎOƠOO0Ō0ŌŐÓÖŎÖ.Signal, 1)
ÔƠÕΟÒΘΘÖŎ0ÓŎÒŎOÕΟÒ0ŐΘƠÓOƠOÔÒÕŐ0OÔÒÓΟOÓŐŐŎΟÒŐÒ0ŌΟO0ΟOÔOΘOƠƠÒ0ŐÓΘÖΘΘÕÖΟÔÖÖΘÔŎÕ00ŐÖÔŎŎŌ0ŐƠOÖÖΟΘÕÓŌÖÔÖÕÒƠƠÓÓ0ÒÖƠŌÔÔŐƠŌOŐÔÒ0ŐÕÖOŐŌŎÔÔ.Notify(ÖÖΘÓOŐƠOΟŌΟŐÔÒÕÓÒÒÒOŎŌO0ÔŌÓÖOŐŎΟŌŌŌÔ0OOŌŐΘŎΘÔOOOÓΘŐΘ00ƠŎÖÖ0ÔÕÕŎŎŎÒÖO00ŎÔΘÓOÖ0ΘÔOΟÒŐŐƠÒΘÒ0ŎŌŌÖΟÓ0ƠŎŌŌΟŎΘŐÖÒŐΘÔÕOŌÕŎÒŎÔŌÓƠÓŌŐΟΟÒÒƠ, O0OÓΟ0ŎŐOƠOŎƠ0ÓƠΘÒƠÕƠÖÓÕŎƠŎOΟΘƠŌƠÖÔÓÔÕŐŎŌŐŐƠΘO0Ô0Ò0OÕƠ0ŐÓÖÔ0ŎΘÕÔÔŎƠÓÔOÕO0ÓΘÒOŎŎÔ0ÓƠ0ÖŎŎΘO0ƠŐÖŐŌOOOΟOÒΘΟΟƠΘΟ0ÖÔŎƠÓŌÕÕOΘÕŎŐŌΘOŐΘÕŌ.SIGTRAP, O0OÓΟ0ŎŐOƠOŎƠ0ÓƠΘÒƠÕƠÖÓÕŎƠŎOΟΘƠŌƠÖÔÓÔÕŐŎŌŐŐƠΘO0Ô0Ò0OÕƠ0ŐÓÖÔ0ŎΘÕÔÔŎƠÓÔOÕO0ÓΘÒOŎŎÔ0ÓƠ0ÖŎŎΘO0ƠŐÖŐŌOOOΟOÒΘΟΟƠΘΟ0ÖÔŎƠÓŌÕÕOΘÕŎŐŌΘOŐΘÕŌ.SIGILL)
go ÔΘƠƠƠŎÔŐŌÖOŐÒÓO0ÖΘΘ0ΘŐŎΘ0ÖŌOÒŐÕ0ÒŐ0ƠÖÕŐÓÕÕŌƠƠÖÒÔŎÔÔÖÕŐÖΟÒÖŐÓÕÔÓΘΟÕƠOŐ0ŌÓÖÔOƠÓ0ŎÓ0ŎOÒΟÓOΘÔΟÒÔƠΘŐÒΘΘÓƠΟƠÓÒÓƠ0Ŏ0ÓÒŌOŌÕÕΟŌOΘ0ŎƠŎ0ÕƠƠ(ÖÖΘÓOŐƠOΟŌΟŐÔÒÕÓÒÒÒOŎŌO0ÔŌÓÖOŐŎΟŌŌŌÔ0OOŌŐΘŎΘÔOOOÓΘŐΘ00ƠŎÖÖ0ÔÕÕŎŎŎÒÖO00ŎÔΘÓOÖ0ΘÔOΟÒŐŐƠÒΘÒ0ŎŌŌÖΟÓ0ƠŎŌŌΟŎΘŐÖÒŐΘÔÕOŌÕŎÒŎÔŌÓƠÓŌŐΟΟÒÒƠ)
// ÔOÒŎ00ƠÒŎΟOÓΟÖΟOÖΘÓƠƠƠŎÖŌŐŐÒÓÔOŎÒÔΘŌΟÓŐÒΟƠOÕÖÕƠƠÕŎÔÔÒΟOÖO0ŐÔÓÓƠÒ0ŎΘOÒŎOŐÔŌƠÓÒÕÕΟO0ÓƠÒŎŌÖOŌÖOÕÒƠŐÓΟŐÔÔŎŐÓÔÓOƠΘOOŎ0ƠΘÓΘÕÔÕƠÓΘÒÔŐΟÒ()
go ÔŐŌŌÒÓ0OΟO0ÖΟŌ0ƠÒ0ÒŌÔOΟΟÖŎÕ0ΘÓΘOOΟΟΘ0Ơ0ΘŐÕ0ΟÔŐ0ŐŌÕ00ŌOΟΟÒÕÒÖŌÓOOÒÔΘÒΘÒÔŌŎΟÒŐŌÕÒÕŎÖÒÖÕΘ00OÖÓŌÓÖÖÓÔƠΘŌ0ÓÕ0ŌÖΘOÖ0ÓŐƠ0ΟÖ00ŌŐŐΘΘÕÒƠÕΟ()
go ÖƠŎŎΘΟÓÓÒÖÒ0ÓΘŎÖΘŌ0ŎOÕÔÓƠÔÔΘŌÔΘ0OÕOΟOÕƠŌÒŎ0O0ŎΘΟÒÕΟΟÓ0ŎΟÒΘÕΟÖŎÕÔOÕOΘΘŐÖŌŐΟÔΟÖΟ0OÔÓ0ΟŐOŌÕŌOŌOÕÒÒΘΟŎƠΟÒŌ0ƠΟÔOÒÓÒΟŐÕÒŌƠÔÖ0ŐÖÖÖÓΟƠŌÕ()
go ƠΘÔŐŎŌÒŌÖŌΟŎOΟŐŎŎΘOƠÔ0ŐƠΘÒΟƠŐŌ0ŌΘΟΟÒŎÖÓ0ÒΟŐ0ƠΘŌÒÔÔŌƠŌÖOƠÓÔŌOÓ0OŐÕÒ0ŌÖÓŎÕŎÕÓÓ0ÒΘÖΟΘŎÕÓƠŐΟÕΟŌÔŎŌÓOÒÓ0Ŏ0ΟÕÔÒŌƠΘŌΟŎŐΘƠÔÓŐΘŎÔŌŌO0ƠÒÖÖ()
go ΟƠŐΟÔOƠÔΟΟÓΘÖOŐΟÕƠ0ΘŐÓÖÔŎÒ0OÔŐÓΟƠΘΘΘÔOÖŌÕŎÒŎΟÔÕÒŎÓ0OÖƠ0ÖÓOÒŐÓŐÔΘÓŌƠÕŎÕÒΟÖŌÒŎΟ0ÒÔÔÕ0ÕÓÒÓÒÔ0ŎO0Θ0ΘŐÖΟŎÖŌOΘÒΘ0ÕŐÖÓΟOÖÒÒÔÕOƠÒŎΘO0ÔÓÔ()
go ÒŎ0ÖƠÔŌÔÖΟΘƠΟÒƠƠÖ0ŐÓÓΟOÓŎÖΟÔŌOOΟÔÒÓƠÓΟŎŎ0ÕƠŌÕÒÒÖ0OŌÕŐ0ƠÖΟƠÕÔÒÖŎÖÔÕÔŐOƠŌƠÒΘŌŎÖOŎΘÓÔÔΟŐŌΟŐƠÕΟÖŐ0ÔΘƠŌƠƠÒOOŎÔ0ŐΟÕÕŌÕÔÕÒŐÔŐÔÖÓƠÖΟOŌŎƠ()
go ÔŌÕŌŐ0ŐÓÖΘŐÖΟŎΟƠŎOÖÖÕÒΘƠŐΟÓΟΘOÒƠΟ0ÒÒÖÖŌŎŌΘƠƠOΟÒƠΟΘOÓÕŌÕÒÕO0ŎOÔŐOÖŎÓÔOO0OÕŌOΘ0ÒƠƠÔŌÔÔÔŐΟ0ΘΘOŌOÒÕÒÕÕOÔÕŐŌΟÒŌÔ00ÖƠÔΟ0ΟÔŐΟƠÖÕΘ0ÖΟŌÖÖ()
go ÒŎÒ0ΘŐŐÔƠΘÒŐŎΘÓÕÕÔŎÖ0ŌÖÖΟÖÓÔÓÒÖÖŌŐΘŌ0ÕÖŎÓΟŌŌÒÖ0ΘÖOΘŎŎÖΘΟÓÒƠΟŐOƠOΘΘÓ0ÕΘŐƠÔÖΟΟ0OΘÖΘŎΟŐÕΘŐΟÓÓƠƠŐÒΟÖΘOŌƠΟΘŎ0ÒΟƠƠÔŎ00ŌÕÓÒ0ŌŎÒOƠŎÖŐÕÓƠ()
go ŎÓÕƠŌOŌΟÖÓ0ÒÓΘΟ0ƠŎÖΟŌŎÕÒÕÓŎÖÕƠÒŎŐƠÒƠ0ÒƠÖÕŎÒŐÓÔÓÒ0ΟÕŌÒŐOŐŌÖOÕƠƠÔŎÖ0ÒÓÒÕOÖÕƠÔÕOÔÖΟΘÕÔ0OÕƠÓOÓOÔÖÒ0ΟÖOÖÔΘŌOŌŎΘΘΘ0ŐŌOÔÒΟƠ0ŐÓÕŐÔŐΟÒŐÒΟ()
ΟƠŐΟÔOƠÔΟΟÓΘÖOŐΟÕƠ0ΘŐÓÖÔŎÒ0OÔŐÓΟƠΘΘΘÔOÖŌÕŎÒŎΟÔÕÒŎÓ0OÖƠ0ÖÓOÒŐÓŐÔΘÓŌƠÕŎÕÒΟÖŌÒŎΟ0ÒÔÔÕ0ÕÓÒÓÒÔ0ŎO0Θ0ΘŐÖΟŎÖŌOΘÒΘ0ÕŐÖÓΟOÖÒÒÔÕOƠÒŎΘO0ÔÓÔ()
go ÔŐŌŌÒÓ0OΟO0ÖΟŌ0ƠÒ0ÒŌÔOΟΟÖŎÕ0ΘÓΘOOΟΟΘ0Ơ0ΘŐÕ0ΟÔŐ0ŐŌÕ00ŌOΟΟÒÕÒÖŌÓOOÒÔΘÒΘÒÔŌŎΟÒŐŌÕÒÕŎÖÒÖÕΘ00OÖÓŌÓÖÖÓÔƠΘŌ0ÓÕ0ŌÖΘOÖ0ÓŐƠ0ΟÖ00ŌŐŐΘΘÕÒƠÕΟ()
go ƠΘÔŐŎŌÒŌÖŌΟŎOΟŐŎŎΘOƠÔ0ŐƠΘÒΟƠŐŌ0ŌΘΟΟÒŎÖÓ0ÒΟŐ0ƠΘŌÒÔÔŌƠŌÖOƠÓÔŌOÓ0OŐÕÒ0ŌÖÓŎÕŎÕÓÓ0ÒΘÖΟΘŎÕÓƠŐΟÕΟŌÔŎŌÓOÒÓ0Ŏ0ΟÕÔÒŌƠΘŌΟŎŐΘƠÔÓŐΘŎÔŌŌO0ƠÒÖÖ()
go ÖƠŎŎΘΟÓÓÒÖÒ0ÓΘŎÖΘŌ0ŎOÕÔÓƠÔÔΘŌÔΘ0OÕOΟOÕƠŌÒŎ0O0ŎΘΟÒÕΟΟÓ0ŎΟÒΘÕΟÖŎÕÔOÕOΘΘŐÖŌŐΟÔΟÖΟ0OÔÓ0ΟŐOŌÕŌOŌOÕÒÒΘΟŎƠΟÒŌ0ƠΟÔOÒÓÒΟŐÕÒŌƠÔÖ0ŐÖÖÖÓΟƠŌÕ()
go ÒŎÒ0ΘŐŐÔƠΘÒŐŎΘÓÕÕÔŎÖ0ŌÖÖΟÖÓÔÓÒÖÖŌŐΘŌ0ÕÖŎÓΟŌŌÒÖ0ΘÖOΘŎŎÖΘΟÓÒƠΟŐOƠOΘΘÓ0ÕΘŐƠÔÖΟΟ0OΘÖΘŎΟŐÕΘŐΟÓÓƠƠŐÒΟÖΘOŌƠΟΘŎ0ÒΟƠƠÔŎ00ŌÕÓÒ0ŌŎÒOƠŎÖŐÕÓƠ()
go ΟƠŐΟÔOƠÔΟΟÓΘÖOŐΟÕƠ0ΘŐÓÖÔŎÒ0OÔŐÓΟƠΘΘΘÔOÖŌÕŎÒŎΟÔÕÒŎÓ0OÖƠ0ÖÓOÒŐÓŐÔΘÓŌƠÕŎÕÒΟÖŌÒŎΟ0ÒÔÔÕ0ÕÓÒÓÒÔ0ŎO0Θ0ΘŐÖΟŎÖŌOΘÒΘ0ÕŐÖÓΟOÖÒÒÔÕOƠÒŎΘO0ÔÓÔ()
go ŎÓÕƠŌOŌΟÖÓ0ÒÓΘΟ0ƠŎÖΟŌŎÕÒÕÓŎÖÕƠÒŎŐƠÒƠ0ÒƠÖÕŎÒŐÓÔÓÒ0ΟÕŌÒŐOŐŌÖOÕƠƠÔŎÖ0ÒÓÒÕOÖÕƠÔÕOÔÖΟΘÕÔ0OÕƠÓOÓOÔÖÒ0ΟÖOÖÔΘŌOŌŎΘΘΘ0ŐŌOÔÒΟƠ0ŐÓÕŐÔŐΟÒŐÒΟ()
go ÔŌÕŌŐ0ŐÓÖΘŐÖΟŎΟƠŎOÖÖÕÒΘƠŐΟÓΟΘOÒƠΟ0ÒÒÖÖŌŎŌΘƠƠOΟÒƠΟΘOÓÕŌÕÒÕO0ŎOÔŐOÖŎÓÔOO0OÕŌOΘ0ÒƠƠÔŌÔÔÔŐΟ0ΘΘOŌOÒÕÒÕÕOÔÕŐŌΟÒŌÔ00ÖƠÔΟ0ΟÔŐΟƠÖÕΘ0ÖΟŌÖÖ()
go ÒŎ0ÖƠÔŌÔÖΟΘƠΟÒƠƠÖ0ŐÓÓΟOÓŎÖΟÔŌOOΟÔÒÓƠÓΟŎŎ0ÕƠŌÕÒÒÖ0OŌÕŐ0ƠÖΟƠÕÔÒÖŎÖÔÕÔŐOƠŌƠÒΘŌŎÖOŎΘÓÔÔΟŐŌΟŐƠÕΟÖŐ0ÔΘƠŌƠƠÒOOŎÔ0ŐΟÕÕŌÕÔÕÒŐÔŐÔÖÓƠÖΟOŌŎƠ()
ÒŎ0ÖƠÔŌÔÖΟΘƠΟÒƠƠÖ0ŐÓÓΟOÓŎÖΟÔŌOOΟÔÒÓƠÓΟŎŎ0ÕƠŌÕÒÒÖ0OŌÕŐ0ƠÖΟƠÕÔÒÖŎÖÔÕÔŐOƠŌƠÒΘŌŎÖOŎΘÓÔÔΟŐŌΟŐƠÕΟÖŐ0ÔΘƠŌƠƠÒOOŎÔ0ŐΟÕÕŌÕÔÕÒŐÔŐÔÖÓƠÖΟOŌŎƠ()
go ÒŎ0ÖƠÔŌÔÖΟΘƠΟÒƠƠÖ0ŐÓÓΟOÓŎÖΟÔŌOOΟÔÒÓƠÓΟŎŎ0ÕƠŌÕÒÒÖ0OŌÕŐ0ƠÖΟƠÕÔÒÖŎÖÔÕÔŐOƠŌƠÒΘŌŎÖOŎΘÓÔÔΟŐŌΟŐƠÕΟÖŐ0ÔΘƠŌƠƠÒOOŎÔ0ŐΟÕÕŌÕÔÕÒŐÔŐÔÖÓƠÖΟOŌŎƠ()
go ÔŌÕŌŐ0ŐÓÖΘŐÖΟŎΟƠŎOÖÖÕÒΘƠŐΟÓΟΘOÒƠΟ0ÒÒÖÖŌŎŌΘƠƠOΟÒƠΟΘOÓÕŌÕÒÕO0ŎOÔŐOÖŎÓÔOO0OÕŌOΘ0ÒƠƠÔŌÔÔÔŐΟ0ΘΘOŌOÒÕÒÕÕOÔÕŐŌΟÒŌÔ00ÖƠÔΟ0ΟÔŐΟƠÖÕΘ0ÖΟŌÖÖ()
go ƠΘÔŐŎŌÒŌÖŌΟŎOΟŐŎŎΘOƠÔ0ŐƠΘÒΟƠŐŌ0ŌΘΟΟÒŎÖÓ0ÒΟŐ0ƠΘŌÒÔÔŌƠŌÖOƠÓÔŌOÓ0OŐÕÒ0ŌÖÓŎÕŎÕÓÓ0ÒΘÖΟΘŎÕÓƠŐΟÕΟŌÔŎŌÓOÒÓ0Ŏ0ΟÕÔÒŌƠΘŌΟŎŐΘƠÔÓŐΘŎÔŌŌO0ƠÒÖÖ()
go ÒŎÒ0ΘŐŐÔƠΘÒŐŎΘÓÕÕÔŎÖ0ŌÖÖΟÖÓÔÓÒÖÖŌŐΘŌ0ÕÖŎÓΟŌŌÒÖ0ΘÖOΘŎŎÖΘΟÓÒƠΟŐOƠOΘΘÓ0ÕΘŐƠÔÖΟΟ0OΘÖΘŎΟŐÕΘŐΟÓÓƠƠŐÒΟÖΘOŌƠΟΘŎ0ÒΟƠƠÔŎ00ŌÕÓÒ0ŌŎÒOƠŎÖŐÕÓƠ()
go ΟƠŐΟÔOƠÔΟΟÓΘÖOŐΟÕƠ0ΘŐÓÖÔŎÒ0OÔŐÓΟƠΘΘΘÔOÖŌÕŎÒŎΟÔÕÒŎÓ0OÖƠ0ÖÓOÒŐÓŐÔΘÓŌƠÕŎÕÒΟÖŌÒŎΟ0ÒÔÔÕ0ÕÓÒÓÒÔ0ŎO0Θ0ΘŐÖΟŎÖŌOΘÒΘ0ÕŐÖÓΟOÖÒÒÔÕOƠÒŎΘO0ÔÓÔ()
go ÔŐŌŌÒÓ0OΟO0ÖΟŌ0ƠÒ0ÒŌÔOΟΟÖŎÕ0ΘÓΘOOΟΟΘ0Ơ0ΘŐÕ0ΟÔŐ0ŐŌÕ00ŌOΟΟÒÕÒÖŌÓOOÒÔΘÒΘÒÔŌŎΟÒŐŌÕÒÕŎÖÒÖÕΘ00OÖÓŌÓÖÖÓÔƠΘŌ0ÓÕ0ŌÖΘOÖ0ÓŐƠ0ΟÖ00ŌŐŐΘΘÕÒƠÕΟ()
go ŎÓÕƠŌOŌΟÖÓ0ÒÓΘΟ0ƠŎÖΟŌŎÕÒÕÓŎÖÕƠÒŎŐƠÒƠ0ÒƠÖÕŎÒŐÓÔÓÒ0ΟÕŌÒŐOŐŌÖOÕƠƠÔŎÖ0ÒÓÒÕOÖÕƠÔÕOÔÖΟΘÕÔ0OÕƠÓOÓOÔÖÒ0ΟÖOÖÔΘŌOŌŎΘΘΘ0ŐŌOÔÒΟƠ0ŐÓÕŐÔŐΟÒŐÒΟ()
go ÖƠŎŎΘΟÓÓÒÖÒ0ÓΘŎÖΘŌ0ŎOÕÔÓƠÔÔΘŌÔΘ0OÕOΟOÕƠŌÒŎ0O0ŎΘΟÒÕΟΟÓ0ŎΟÒΘÕΟÖŎÕÔOÕOΘΘŐÖŌŐΟÔΟÖΟ0OÔÓ0ΟŐOŌÕŌOŌOÕÒÒΘΟŎƠΟÒŌ0ƠΟÔOÒÓÒΟŐÕÒŌƠÔÖ0ŐÖÖÖÓΟƠŌÕ()
.....
```
###
### Dependency Registration
Another form of protection, is the *dependency registration*.
The idea behind it is to protect not only elf binaries, but also executable scripts, like python, bash, perl, php or anything with a shebang.
A common attack that is possible is a "man in the middle execution", for example, let the payload be a bash script, in the moment of execution `/usr/bin/env bash` is called to execute the content of the script.
If in the environment (or really with a symlink on /usr/bin/bash) we put something like:
```bash
#!/bin/sh
cp $0 /tmp/plaintext
/usr/bin/real-bash $@
```
This will result in a transparent execution but a dumped plaintext in /tmp
(credits for the attack idea to [mrnfrancesco (Francesco Marano) · GitHub](https://github.com/mrnfrancesco) )
###
So what can we do to ensure nothing like this happens?
We will *register a binary/dependency* that is necessary for the payload to run (for example /usr/bin/bash for a bash script, /usr/bin/python3 for a python script etc etc) and verify that the dependency in the target where we would execute the payload is valid or not.
Now there is a problem, how do we verify that it's a valid binary?
Using an Hash is too strict , for example /usr/bin/bash on fedora is different from the one on centos 8, but both are valid binaries.
Only the presence of it is not enough (like in the example attack before)
Some basic checks are made:
- the file exists
- file size is +/- 15% of the registered one
But something more is needed.
#### Byte Frequency Distribution Study
To address the problem it is possible to recycle a technique mostly used in the data-recovery territory: the <u>byte frequency distribution study</u>.
References:
- [byte frequency analysis descriptor with spatial information for file fragment classification| Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/BYTE-FREQUENCY-ANALYSIS-DESCRIPTOR-WITH-SPATIAL-FOR-Xie-Abdullah/c39872eae0c61ecf47603aab3f5c1545ee612ac9)
- [A New Approach to Content-based File Type Detection](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1002.3174)
The idea is to register the BFD of our dependency, then calculate the correlation index of Bravais-Pearson to see if the two dataset are linearly correlated.
> Ref: [Pearson correlation coefficient - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_correlation_coefficient)
Pearson's correlation coefficient is the [covariance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covariance "Covariance") of the two variables divided by the product of their [standard deviations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviations "Standard deviations").
If the index indicates strong correlation, we know that the two file are of the same type (binary)
A second step is to study the combined standard deviation of the two datasets (std deviation of the first and the second) and see if both values, the correlation and the combined std deviation are in certain ranges.
This ensures that the dependency we are finding is of *the same type* (a binary) using the Bravais-Pearson index and *similar distribution* from the combined std deviation.
Here an example of a valid dependency: /usr/bin/bash on fedora30 vs centos7
Blue and green the two BFD of the binaries, in green the combined std deviation.
This method is able to distinguish (and stop) the use of different (but functionally equal) binaries like zsh, dash or busybox
### Decryption
The last line of defense is also the encryption of the payload.
The decryption key of the payload is the sha512sum of the compiled launcher itself with the random garbage appended to it.
For example:
With offset 930000
```
Compiled launcher (800kb)
OFFSET1 (130kb)
Payload
OFFSET2 ( different one, 130kb)
```
The decryption key is
`sha512sum(Launcher+OFFSET1)`
This protects from file-based NOP attacks to remove some instructions from the launcher, and acts also as binary validation.
The payload is structured as above, OFFSET1 **ends on the offset value**, OFFSET2 is calculated as the byte reverse of the offset value.
The procedure will:
- calculate the offset
- take the launcher+OFFSET1, sha512sum it
- remove OFFSET2 random bytes at the end
- decrypt payload using the calculated sha512sum
So **THE REAL DECRYPTION KEY IS BASED ON THE OFFSET ITSELF**, all the obfuscation/anti-debug is to protect this information that is stored in an obfuscated string (that is not saved but computed at runtime) of random name and content.
### Execution
As explained above, we will use a memory file descriptor to execute the binary without passing for the storage.
The binary will be executed using the `Command` library of Go, that uses the syscall exec under the hood, so no new shells are instantiated.
### **If stdout management is NOT enabled (default)**
The process is launched and disowned.
Upon the termination of the launcher process, the `/proc/PID/fd/mem` of the process is deleted, so the only "copy" of the payload is in the process table of the detached process itself
**This is the most secure approach** as it deletes all instances of the plaintext payload, leaving it only in a highly private part of the RAM of the process itself, even gaining immunity to /proc dump attacks
This way even a script launcher with this approach is not possible to be retrieved:
### **If stdout management is enabled**
Two routines are used to pipe the payload stderr and stdout to the launcher process.
Also piping is supported.
For IO heavy processes it is possible to insert in the `Scan` of the outputs an `OB_CHECK` like this:
```go
// OB_CHECK
// async fetch stdout
go func() {
defer obWaitGroup.Done()
for obStdoutScan.Scan() {
// OB_CHECK
println(obStdoutScan.Text())
}
}()
// OB_CHECK
// async fetch stderr
go func() {
defer obWaitGroup.Done()
for obStderrScan.Scan() {
// OB_CHECK
println(obStderrScan.Text())
}
}()
```
This will make an impact on performance (all check are executed **for each IO on any standard output/error**) but can give a layer of hardness to process hijacking or tracing
<u>*<mark>**this is the least secure approach**</mark>*</u> as while the launcher is running the `/proc/PID/fd/mem` of the process is still accessible and thus containing the plaintext payload ready to be stealed
This is particularly discouraged for **srcipts payloads**, as they are even easier to spot as the path is directly in the process
With binaries the approach is safer (only the binary name is in the process, thus making it hard to spot requiring a complete /proc dump)
## License
[](https://app.fossa.com/projects/git%2Bgithub.com%2F89luca89%2Fpakkero?ref=badge_large)
================================================
FILE: data/launcher.go
================================================
// Package main.
package main
import (
obBufio "bufio"
obBytes "bytes"
obZlib "compress/zlib"
obAES "crypto/aes"
obCipher "crypto/cipher"
obSHA "crypto/sha512"
obBase64 "encoding/base64"
obBinary "encoding/binary"
obErrors "errors"
obUtilio "io/ioutil"
obMath "math"
obOS "os"
obExec "os/exec"
obSignal "os/signal"
obStrconv "strconv"
obStrings "strings"
obSync "sync"
obSyscall "syscall"
obTime "time"
obUnsafe "unsafe"
)
type obDependency struct {
obDepSize string
obDepName string
obDepBFD []float64
}
// Stdout variable will be overwritten during compilation.
var Stdout string = "ENABLESTDOUT"
const (
obErr = 1
obCorrelationLevel = 0.4
obStdLevel = 1
obFileSizeLevel = 15
)
func obExit() {
println("https://shorturl.at/crzEZ")
obOS.Exit(obErr)
}
// Breakpoint on linux are 0xCC and will be interpreted as a
// SIGTRAP, we will intercept them.
func obSigTrap(obInput chan obOS.Signal) {
obMySignal := <-obInput
switch obMySignal {
case obSyscall.SIGILL:
obExit()
case obSyscall.SIGTRAP:
obExit()
default:
return
}
}
// attach to PTRACE, register if successful
// attach A G A I N , register if unsuccessful
// this protects against custom ptrace (always returning 0)
// against NOP attacks and LD_PRELOAD attacks.
//
// keep attached to avoid late attaching.
func obPtraceDetect(pid int, father bool) {
obOffset := 0
obProc, _ := obOS.FindProcess(pid)
obErr := obSyscall.PtraceAttach(obProc.Pid)
if obErr == nil {
obOffset = 5
}
// continuously check for ptrace on passed pid
for {
obErr = obSyscall.PtraceAttach(obProc.Pid)
if obErr != nil {
obOffset *= 3
}
obErr = obProc.Signal(obSyscall.SIGCONT)
if obErr != nil {
// we cannot send sigcont to out pid
// we should exit.
if father {
obExit()
} else {
obErr = obProc.Signal(obSyscall.SIGTRAP)
if obErr != nil {
obExit()
}
}
}
if obOffset != (3 * 5) {
if father {
obExit()
} else {
obErr = obProc.Signal(obSyscall.SIGTRAP)
if obErr != nil {
obExit()
}
}
}
obTime.Sleep(250 * obTime.Millisecond)
obOffset /= 3
}
}
// Check the process cmdline to spot if a debugger is inline.
func obParentCmdLineDetect() {
obPidParent := obOS.Getppid()
obNameFile := "/proc/" + obStrconv.FormatInt(int64(obPidParent), 10) +
"/cmdline"
obStatParent, _ := obUtilio.ReadFile(obNameFile)
if obStrings.Contains(string(obStatParent), "gdb") ||
obStrings.Contains(string(obStatParent), "dlv") ||
obStrings.Contains(string(obStatParent), "edb") ||
obStrings.Contains(string(obStatParent), "frida") ||
obStrings.Contains(string(obStatParent), "ghidra") ||
obStrings.Contains(string(obStatParent), "godebug") ||
obStrings.Contains(string(obStatParent), "ida") ||
obStrings.Contains(string(obStatParent), "lldb") ||
obStrings.Contains(string(obStatParent), "ltrace") ||
obStrings.Contains(string(obStatParent), "strace") ||
obStrings.Contains(string(obStatParent), "valgrind") {
obExit()
}
}
// Check the process status to spot if a debugger is active using the TracePid key.
func obParentTracerDetect() {
obPidParent := obOS.Getppid()
obNameFile := "/proc/" + obStrconv.FormatInt(int64(obPidParent), 10) +
"/status"
obStatParent, _ := obUtilio.ReadFile(obNameFile)
obStatLines := obStrings.Split(string(obStatParent), "\n")
for _, obValue := range obStatLines {
if obStrings.Contains(obValue, "TracerPid") {
obSplitArray := obStrings.Split(obValue, ":")
obSplitValue := obStrings.Replace(obSplitArray[1], "\t", "", -1)
if obSplitValue != "0" {
obExit()
}
}
}
}
// Check the process cmdline to spot if a debugger is the PPID of our process.
func obParentDetect() {
obPidParent := obOS.Getppid()
obNameFile := "/proc/" + obStrconv.FormatInt(int64(obPidParent), 10) +
"/stat"
obStatParent, _ := obUtilio.ReadFile(obNameFile)
if obStrings.Contains(string(obStatParent), "gdb") ||
obStrings.Contains(string(obStatParent), "dlv") ||
obStrings.Contains(string(obStatParent), "edb") ||
obStrings.Contains(string(obStatParent), "frida") ||
obStrings.Contains(string(obStatParent), "ghidra") ||
obStrings.Contains(string(obStatParent), "godebug") ||
obStrings.Contains(string(obStatParent), "ida") ||
obStrings.Contains(string(obStatParent), "lldb") ||
obStrings.Contains(string(obStatParent), "ltrace") ||
obStrings.Contains(string(obStatParent), "strace") ||
obStrings.Contains(string(obStatParent), "valgrind") {
obExit()
}
}
// Check the process cmdline to spot if a debugger is launcher
// "_" and Args[0] should match otherwise.
func obEnvArgsDetect() {
obLines, _ := obOS.LookupEnv("_")
if obLines != obOS.Args[0] {
obExit()
}
}
// Check the process cmdline to spot if a debugger is inline
// "_" should not contain the name of any debugger.
func obEnvParentDetect() {
obLines, _ := obOS.LookupEnv("_")
if obStrings.Contains(obLines, "gdb") ||
obStrings.Contains(obLines, "dlv") ||
obStrings.Contains(obLines, "edb") ||
obStrings.Contains(obLines, "frida") ||
obStrings.Contains(obLines, "ghidra") ||
obStrings.Contains(obLines, "godebug") ||
obStrings.Contains(obLines, "ida") ||
obStrings.Contains(obLines, "lldb") ||
obStrings.Contains(obLines, "ltrace") ||
obStrings.Contains(obLines, "strace") ||
obStrings.Contains(obLines, "valgrind") {
obExit()
}
}
// Check the process cmdline to spot if a debugger is active
// most debuggers (like GDB) will set LINE,COLUMNS or LD_PRELOAD
// to function, we try to spot this.
func obEnvDetect() {
_, obLines := obOS.LookupEnv("LINES")
_, obColumns := obOS.LookupEnv("COLUMNS")
_, obLineLdPreload := obOS.LookupEnv("LD_PRELOAD")
if obLines || obColumns || obLineLdPreload {
obExit()
}
}
// Check the process is launcher with a LD_PRELOAD set.
// This can be an injection attack (like on frida) to try and circumvent
// various restrictions (like ptrace checks).
func obLdPreloadDetect() {
obKey := obStrconv.FormatInt(obTime.Now().UnixNano(), 10)
obValue := obStrconv.FormatInt(obTime.Now().UnixNano(), 10)
obErr := obOS.Setenv(obKey, obValue)
if obErr != nil {
obExit()
}
obLineLdPreload, _ := obOS.LookupEnv(obKey)
if obLineLdPreload == obValue {
obErr := obOS.Unsetenv(obKey)
if obErr != nil {
obExit()
}
} else {
obExit()
}
}
// calculate BFD (byte frequency distribution) for the input dependency.
func obUtilBFDCalc(obInput string) []float64 {
obFile, _ := obUtilio.ReadFile(obInput)
obBfd := make([]float64, 256)
for _, obValue := range obFile {
obBfd[obValue]++
}
return obBfd
}
// Abs returns the absolute value of obInput.
func obUtilAbsCalc(obInput float64) float64 {
if obInput < 0 {
return -obInput
}
return obInput
}
// calculate the covariance of two input slices.
func obUtilCovarianceCalc(obDepInput []float64, obTargetInput []float64) float64 {
obMeanDepInput := 0.0
obMeanTargetInput := 0.0
for obIndex := 0; obIndex < 256; obIndex++ {
obMeanDepInput += obDepInput[obIndex]
obMeanTargetInput += obTargetInput[obIndex]
}
obMeanDepInput /= 256
obMeanTargetInput /= 256
obCovariance := 0.0
for obIndex := 0; obIndex < 256; obIndex++ {
obCovariance += (obDepInput[obIndex] - obMeanDepInput) * (obTargetInput[obIndex] - obMeanTargetInput)
}
obCovariance /= 255
return obCovariance
}
// calculate the standard deviation of the values in a slice.
func obUtilStandardDeviationCalc(obInput []float64) float64 {
obSums := 0.0
// calculate the array of rations between the values
for obIndex := 0; obIndex < 256; obIndex++ {
// increase obInstanceDep to calculate mean value of registered distribution
obSums += obInput[obIndex]
}
// calculate the mean
obMeanSums := obSums / float64(len(obInput))
obStdDev := 0.0
// calculate the standard deviation
for obIndex := 0; obIndex < 256; obIndex++ {
obStdDev += obMath.Pow(obInput[obIndex]-obMeanSums, 2)
}
obStdDev = (obMath.Sqrt(obStdDev / float64(len(obInput))))
return obStdDev
}
// calculate the standard deviation of the values of reference over
// retrieved values.
func obUtilCombinedStandardDeviationCalc(obDepBFD []float64, obTargetBFD []float64) float64 {
obDiffs := [256]float64{}
obSums := 0.0
obDepSums := 0.0
// calculate the array of rations between the values
for obIndex := 0; obIndex < 256; obIndex++ {
// add 1 to both to work aroung division by zero
obDiffs[obIndex] = obUtilAbsCalc(obDepBFD[obIndex] - obTargetBFD[obIndex])
obSums += obDiffs[obIndex]
// increase obInstanceDep to calculate mean value of registered distribution
obDepSums += obDepBFD[obIndex]
}
// calculate the mean
obDepSums /= float64(len(obDepBFD))
// calculate the mean
obMeanSums := obSums / float64(len(obDepBFD))
obStdDev := 0.0
// calculate the standard deviation
for obIndex := 0; obIndex < 256; obIndex++ {
obStdDev += obMath.Pow(obDiffs[obIndex]-obMeanSums, 2)
}
obStdDev = (obMath.Sqrt(obStdDev / float64(len(obDepBFD)))) / obDepSums
return obStdDev
}
func obDependencyCheck() {
obStrControl1 := "_DEP"
obStrControl2 := "_NAME"
obStrControl3 := "_SIZE"
obInstanceDep := obDependency{
obDepName: "DEPNAME1",
obDepSize: "DEPSIZE2",
obDepBFD: []float64{1, 2, 3, 4},
}
// control that we effectively want to control the dependencies
if (obInstanceDep.obDepName != obStrControl1[1:]+obStrControl2[1:]+"1") &&
(obInstanceDep.obDepSize != obStrControl1[1:]+obStrControl3[1:]+"2") {
// check if the file is a symbolic link
obLTargetStats, _ := obOS.Lstat(obInstanceDep.obDepName)
if (obLTargetStats.Mode() & obOS.ModeSymlink) != 0 {
obExit()
}
// open dependency in current environment and check it's size
obFile, obErr := obOS.Open(obInstanceDep.obDepName)
if obErr != nil {
obExit()
}
defer obFile.Close()
obStatsFile, _ := obFile.Stat()
obTargetDepSize, _ := obStrconv.ParseInt(obInstanceDep.obDepSize, 10, 64)
obTargetTreshold := (obTargetDepSize / 100) * obFileSizeLevel
// first check if file size is +/- 15% of registered size
if (obStatsFile.Size()-obTargetDepSize) < (-1*(obTargetTreshold)) ||
(obStatsFile.Size()-obTargetDepSize) > obTargetTreshold {
obExit()
}
// Calculate BFD (byte frequency distribution) of target file
// and calculate standard deviation from registered fingerprint.
obTargetBFD := obUtilBFDCalc(obInstanceDep.obDepName)
// Calculate covariance of the 2 dataset
obCovariance := obUtilCovarianceCalc(obInstanceDep.obDepBFD, obTargetBFD)
// calculate the correlation index of Bravais-Pearson to see if the
// two dataset are linearly correlated
obDepStdDev := obUtilStandardDeviationCalc(obInstanceDep.obDepBFD)
obTargetStdDev := obUtilStandardDeviationCalc(obTargetBFD)
obCorrelation := obCovariance / (obDepStdDev * obTargetStdDev)
if obCorrelation < obCorrelationLevel {
// not correlated, different nature
obExit()
}
obCombinedStdDev := obUtilCombinedStandardDeviationCalc(
obInstanceDep.obDepBFD,
obTargetBFD)
// standard deviation should not be greater than 1
if obCombinedStdDev > obStdLevel {
obExit()
}
}
}
// Reverse a slice of bytes.
func obReverseByteArray(obInput []byte) []byte {
obResult := []byte{}
for i := range obInput {
n := obInput[len(obInput)-1-i]
obResult = append(obResult, n)
}
return obResult
}
// Change byte endianess.
func obByteReverse(obBar byte) byte {
var obFoo byte
for obStart := 0; obStart < 8; obStart++ {
obFoo <<= 1
obFoo |= obBar & 1
obBar >>= 1
}
return obFoo
}
const (
obCloexec uint = 1
// allow seal operations to be performed.
obAllowSealing uint = 2
// memfd is now immutable.
obSealAll = 0x0001 | 0x0002 | 0x0004 | 0x0008
// amd64 specific.
obSysFCNTL = obSyscall.SYS_FCNTL
obSysMEMFDCreate = 319
)
func obGetFDPath(obPid int, obFD int, obPayload []byte) string {
// check if we are pakkering a script, if it's a script
// use specific pid path.
if string(obPayload[0:2]) == "#!" {
return "/proc/" +
obStrconv.Itoa(obPid) +
"/fd/" +
obStrconv.Itoa(obFD)
}
// else use self for elf files
return "/proc/self/fd/" + obStrconv.Itoa(obFD)
}
func obLauncher() {
// OB_CHECK
obNameFile, _ := obOS.Executable()
obFile, _ := obOS.Open(obNameFile)
defer obFile.Close()
// OB_CHECK
obOffset, _ := obStrconv.ParseInt("9999999", 10, 64)
obStatsFile, _ := obFile.Stat()
// calculate final padding
obArrayFinalPadding := make([]byte, obBinary.MaxVarintLen64)
obByteFinalPadding := obArrayFinalPadding[:obBinary.PutVarint(obArrayFinalPadding, obOffset)]
for obIndex := range obByteFinalPadding {
obByteFinalPadding[obIndex] = obByteReverse(obByteFinalPadding[obIndex])
}
obFinalPadding, _ := obBinary.Varint(obByteFinalPadding)
// make it positive!
if obFinalPadding < 0 {
obFinalPadding *= -1
}
// read the complete executable
obKey := make([]byte, obOffset)
_, obErr := obFile.Read(obKey)
if obErr != nil {
obExit()
}
// OB_CHECK
obSizeFile := obStatsFile.Size() - obOffset
// OB_CHECK
_, obErr = obFile.Seek(obOffset, 0)
if obErr != nil {
obExit()
}
obCiphertext := make([]byte, obSizeFile)
// OB_CHECK
_, obErr = obFile.Read(obCiphertext)
if obErr != nil {
obExit()
}
obCiphertext = obCiphertext[:int64(len(obCiphertext))-obFinalPadding]
// OB_CHECK
// the payload was reversed!
obCiphertext = obReverseByteArray(obCiphertext)
// OB_CHECK
// restore endianess
for obIndex := range obCiphertext {
obCiphertext[obIndex] = obByteReverse(obCiphertext[obIndex])
}
// OB_CHECK
// the aes-256 psk is the sha512_256 sum of the whole executable
// this is also useful to protect against NOP attacks to the anti-debug
// features in the binary.
// This doubles also as anti-tamper measure.
obPassword := obSHA.Sum512_256(obKey)
// OB_CHECK
obCipherBlock, _ := obAES.NewCipher(obPassword[:])
// OB_CHECK
obGCM, _ := obCipher.NewGCM(obCipherBlock)
// OB_CHECK
obSizeNonce := obGCM.NonceSize()
// OB_CHECK
// decrypt!!!
obNonce, obCiphertext := obCiphertext[:obSizeNonce], obCiphertext[obSizeNonce:]
obCompressedPlaintext, _ := obGCM.Open(nil, obNonce, obCiphertext, nil)
// OB_CHECK
// the payload was compressed!
obBufferPlaintext := obBytes.NewReader(obCompressedPlaintext)
// OB_CHECK
obZlibReader, obErr := obZlib.NewReader(obBufferPlaintext)
if obErr != nil {
obExit()
}
// OB_CHECK
obPlaintext, _ := obUtilio.ReadAll(obZlibReader)
obZlibReader.Close()
// OB_CHECK
// payload was in b64
obPayload, _ := obBase64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(string(obPlaintext))
// OB_CHECK
obFDName := ""
obFileDescriptor, _, _ := obSyscall.Syscall(obSysMEMFDCreate,
uintptr(obUnsafe.Pointer(&obFDName)),
uintptr(obCloexec|obAllowSealing), 0)
// OB_CHECK
// write payload to FD
_, obErr = obSyscall.Write(int(obFileDescriptor), obPayload)
if obErr != nil {
obExit()
}
// OB_CHECK
// make it immutable
_, _, obErr = obSyscall.Syscall(obSysFCNTL,
obFileDescriptor,
uintptr(1024+9),
uintptr(obSealAll))
if !obErrors.Is(obErr, obSyscall.Errno(0)) {
obExit()
}
// OB_CHECK
obFDPath := obGetFDPath(obOS.Getpid(), int(obFileDescriptor), obPayload)
// OB_CHECK
obCommand := obExec.Command(obFDPath)
// OB_CHECK
obCommand.Args = obOS.Args
obCommand.Stdin = obOS.Stdin
// OB_CHECK
obStdoutIn, _ := obCommand.StdoutPipe()
defer obStdoutIn.Close()
obStderrIn, _ := obCommand.StderrPipe()
defer obStderrIn.Close()
obStdout, obErr := obStrconv.ParseBool(Stdout)
if obErr != nil {
obExit()
}
if obStdout {
// OB_CHECK
// launch and remain attached
obErr = obCommand.Start()
if obErr != nil {
obExit()
}
var obWaitGroup obSync.WaitGroup
obWaitGroup.Add(2)
obStdoutScan := obBufio.NewScanner(obStdoutIn)
obStderrScan := obBufio.NewScanner(obStderrIn)
// OB_CHECK
// async fetch stdout
go func() {
defer obWaitGroup.Done()
for obStdoutScan.Scan() {
println(obStdoutScan.Text())
}
}()
// OB_CHECK
// async fetch stderr
go func() {
defer obWaitGroup.Done()
for obStderrScan.Scan() {
println(obStderrScan.Text())
}
}()
// OB_CHECK
obWaitGroup.Wait()
} else {
// launch and forget
obCommand.SysProcAttr = &obSyscall.SysProcAttr{Setpgid: true, Noctty: true}
// OB_CHECK
obErr = obCommand.Start()
if obErr != nil {
obExit()
}
obTime.Sleep(2 * obTime.Second)
}
}
// obIsForked returns wether we are a forked process of ourself, or a new spawn.
func obIsForked() bool {
obPidParent := obOS.Getppid()
obNameFile := "/proc/" + obStrconv.FormatInt(int64(obPidParent), 10) +
"/cmdline"
obStatParent, _ := obUtilio.ReadFile(obNameFile)
return obStrings.Contains(string(obStatParent), obOS.Args[0])
}
func main() {
// Prepare to intercept SIGTRAP
obChannel := make(chan obOS.Signal, 1)
obSignal.Notify(obChannel, obSyscall.SIGTRAP, obSyscall.SIGILL)
go obSigTrap(obChannel)
// OB_CHECK
obDependencyCheck()
// OB_CHECK
obEnvArgsDetect()
// OB_CHECK
obParentTracerDetect()
// OB_CHECK
obParentCmdLineDetect()
// OB_CHECK
obEnvDetect()
// OB_CHECK
obEnvParentDetect()
// OB_CHECK
obLdPreloadDetect()
// OB_CHECK
obParentDetect()
// check if we are a forked process, if not, fork
// and ptrace ourself, else exit gracefully and continue
// with normal execution.
//
// this workaround is because go does not support traditional fork()
// and calling ptrace in the main thread of execution will neuter
// any possibility of calling "exec" afterwards.
if obIsForked() {
// we are a child process, let's ptrace
obPtraceDetect(obOS.Getppid(), false)
} else {
// simulate for self, launch ourself in another
// process to ptrace ourself
obCommand := obExec.Command(obOS.Args[0], obOS.Args[1:]...)
obErr := obCommand.Start()
if obErr != nil {
println(obErr.Error())
obExit()
}
go obPtraceDetect(obCommand.Process.Pid, true)
// Ok we are set to go! Let's execute the payload
// OB_CHECK
obLauncher()
}
}
================================================
FILE: go.mod
================================================
module github.com/89luca89/pakkero
go 1.16
require github.com/alegrey91/go-upx v0.2.0 // indirect
================================================
FILE: go.sum
================================================
github.com/alegrey91/go-upx v0.2.0 h1:EFhbmAbFET2mqHRLunHFOVo3+mxdnR2/EQMfv0OOR0k=
github.com/alegrey91/go-upx v0.2.0/go.mod h1:qrYpv/uZT6Qs1mrNz3wxrL/u7kbbTWkbVJnHyzsiJmU=
================================================
FILE: internal/pakkero/encryption.go
================================================
/*
Package pakkero will pack, compress and encrypt any type of executable.
Encryption library
*/
package pakkero
import (
"crypto/aes"
"crypto/cipher"
"crypto/rand"
"crypto/sha512"
"fmt"
"io"
"io/ioutil"
)
/*
EncryptAESReversed Wrapper around AESGCM encryption
this will not only encrypt the payload but:
- generate a password using the randomized UPX Binary's sha512_256 sum
- cipher the payload with AESGCM using the generated password
- swap endianess on all the encrypted bytes
- reverse the complete payload.
*/
func EncryptAESReversed(plaintext []byte, outfile string) (string, error) {
// generate a password using the randomized UPX Binary's sha512_256 sum
/*
the aes-256 psk is the sha512_256 sum of the whole executable
this is also useful to protect against NOP attacks to the anti-debug
features in the binary.
This doubles also as anti-tamper measure.
*/
b, err := ioutil.ReadFile(outfile)
if err != nil {
return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to read input file: %w", err)
}
// use SHA512 (32byte) of the passphrase as key
key := sha512.Sum512_256(b)
// generate new cipher
c, err := aes.NewCipher(key[:])
if err != nil {
println(err)
}
gcm, err := cipher.NewGCM(c)
if err != nil {
println(err)
}
nonce := make([]byte, gcm.NonceSize())
if _, err = io.ReadFull(rand.Reader, nonce); err != nil {
println(err)
}
// cipher the payload with AESGCM using the generated password
bCiphertext := gcm.Seal(nonce, nonce, plaintext, nil)
// swap endianess on all the encrypted bytes
for i := range bCiphertext {
bCiphertext[i] = ReverseByte(bCiphertext[i])
}
ciphertext := string(bCiphertext)
// reverse the complete payload
ciphertext = string(ReverseByteArray([]byte(ciphertext)))
return ciphertext, nil
}
================================================
FILE: internal/pakkero/obfuscation.go
================================================
/*
Package pakkero will pack, compress and encrypt any type of executable.
Obfuscation library
*/
package pakkero
import (
"crypto/rand"
"encoding/hex"
"fmt"
"io/ioutil"
"regexp"
"strings"
)
// Secrets are the group of strings that we want to obfuscate.
var Secrets = map[string][]string{}
// LauncherStub Stub of the Launcher.go, put here during compilation time.
var LauncherStub = "unset"
var extras = []string{
// ELF Headers
".gopclntab",
".go.buildinfo",
".noptrdata",
".noptrbss",
".data",
".rodata",
".text",
".itablink",
".shstrtab",
".data",
".dynamic",
".dynstr",
".dynsym",
".gnu.version_r",
".gopclntab",
".got.plt",
".init_array",
".interp",
".itablink",
".rela.dyn",
".rela.plt",
".tbss",
".plt",
".init",
// internal golang
"name", "runtime", "command", "cmd",
"ptr", "process", "unicode", "main",
"path", "get", "reflect", "context",
"debug", "fmt", "sync", "sort",
"size", "heap", "fatal", "call",
"fixed", "slice", "bit", "file",
"read", "write", "buffer", "encrypt",
"decrypt", "hash", "state",
"external", "internal", "float",
// anti debug traces
"env", "trace", "pid",
}
/*
StripUPXHeaders will ensure no trace of UPX headers are left
so that reversing will be more challenging and break
simple attempts like "upx -d" in case of compression.
*/
func StripUPXHeaders(infile string) bool {
// Bit sequence of UPX copyright and header infos
header := []string{
`\x49\x6e\x66\x6f\x3a\x20\x54\x68\x69\x73`,
`\x20\x66\x69\x6c\x65\x20\x69\x73\x20\x70`,
`\x61\x63\x6b\x65\x64\x20\x77\x69\x74\x68`,
`\x20\x74\x68\x65\x20\x55\x50\x58\x20\x65`,
`\x78\x65\x63\x75\x74\x61\x62\x6c\x65\x20`,
`\x70\x61\x63\x6b\x65\x72\x20\x68\x74\x74`,
`\x70\x3a\x2f\x2f\x75\x70\x78\x2e\x73\x66`,
`\x2e\x6e\x65\x74\x20\x24\x0a\x00\x24\x49`,
`\x64\x3a\x20\x55\x50\x58\x20\x33\x2e\x39`,
`\x36\x20\x43\x6f\x70\x79\x72\x69\x67\x68`,
`\x74\x20\x28\x43\x29\x20\x31\x39\x39\x36`,
`\x2d\x32\x30\x32\x30\x20\x74\x68\x65\x20`,
`\x55\x50\x58\x20\x54\x65\x61\x6d\x2e\x20`,
`\x41\x6c\x6c\x20\x52\x69\x67\x68\x74\x73`,
`\x20\x52\x65\x73\x65\x72\x76\x65\x64\x2e`,
`\x55\x50\x58\x21`,
}
result := true
for _, v := range header {
sedString := ""
// generate random byte sequence
replace := make([]byte, 1)
for len(sedString) < len(v) {
_, err := rand.Read(replace)
if err != nil {
return false
}
sedString += `\x` + hex.EncodeToString(replace)
}
// replace UPX sequence with random garbage
result = ExecCommand("sed", []string{"-i", `s/` + v + `/` + sedString + `/g`, infile})
if !result {
return result
}
}
return result
}
/*
StripFile will strip out all unneeded headers from and ELF
file in input.
*/
func StripFile(infile string, launcherFile string) bool {
// strip symbols and headers
if !ExecCommand("strip",
[]string{
"-sxX",
"--remove-section=.bss",
"--remove-section=.comment",
"--remove-section=.eh_frame",
"--remove-section=.eh_frame_hdr",
"--remove-section=.fini",
"--remove-section=.fini_array",
"--remove-section=.gnu.build.attributes",
"--remove-section=.gnu.hash",
"--remove-section=.gnu.version",
"--remove-section=.gosymtab",
"--remove-section=.got",
"--remove-section=.note.ABI-tag",
"--remove-section=.note.gnu.build-id",
"--remove-section=.shstrtab",
"--remove-section=.typelink",
infile,
}) {
return false
}
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
// proceede with manual
// stripping of golang builtins and keyWords strings
removeStrings := []string{}
removeStrings = append(removeStrings, extras...)
// anonymize the launcherFile string to hide the original launcher file name
removeStrings = append(removeStrings, launcherFile)
// deduplicate
removeStrings = Unique(removeStrings)
// read file to string
byteContent, err := ioutil.ReadFile(infile)
if err != nil {
return false
}
input := string(byteContent)
for _, remove := range removeStrings {
// generate new random string to place instead
newName := GenerateNullString(len(remove))
input = strings.ReplaceAll(input, remove, newName)
input = strings.ReplaceAll(input, strings.Title(remove), newName)
}
// save.
err = ioutil.WriteFile(infile, []byte(input), 0600)
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
return err == nil
}
/*
GenerateTyposquatName is a typosquat name generator
based on a length (128 default) this will create a random
uniqe string composed only of letters and zeroes that are lookalike.
*/
func GenerateTyposquatName(length int) string {
// We divide between an alphabet with number
// and one without, because function/variable names
// must not start with a number.
letterRunes := []rune("OÓÕÔÒÖŌŎŐƠΘΟ")
mixedRunes := []rune("0OÓÕÔÒÖŌŎŐƠΘΟ")
b := make([]rune, length)
// ensure we do not start with a number or we will break code.
b[0] = letterRunes[Random(0, int64(len(mixedRunes)-1))]
for i := range b {
if i != 0 {
b[i] = mixedRunes[Random(0, int64(len(mixedRunes)-1))]
}
}
return string(b)
}
/*
ObfuscateFuncVars will:
- extract all obfuscation-enabled func and var names:
- those start with "ob*" and will be listed
- for each matching string generate a typosquatted random string and
replace all string with that
*/
func ObfuscateFuncVars(input string) string {
// obfuscate functions and variables names
regex := regexp.MustCompile(`\bob[a-zA-Z0-9_]+`)
words := regex.FindAllString(input, -1)
words = ReverseStringArray(words)
words = Unique(words)
for _, w := range words {
// generate random name for each matching string
input = strings.ReplaceAll(input, w, GenerateTyposquatName(128))
}
return input
}
/*
GenerateStringFunc will hide a string creating a function that returns
that value as a string encoded with a series of length calculation of randomic
string arrays generated.
*/
func GenerateStringFunc(txt string, function string) string {
resString := "{"
for _, b := range []byte(txt) {
resString += "\"" + GenerateTyposquatName(int(b)) + "\"" + ","
}
// remove last comma
resString = strings.TrimSuffix(resString, ",")
// close array
resString += "}"
result := fmt.Sprintf("func " +
function +
"() string {\nobRegistered := []string" + resString +
"\nvar obResult []byte\nfor _,obValue := range obRegistered " +
"{\nobResult = append(obResult, byte(len([]rune(obValue))))\n}\nreturn string(obResult)\n}")
return result
}
/*
ObfuscateStrings will extract all plaintext strings denotet with
backticks and obfuscate them using byteshift wise operations.
*/
func ObfuscateStrings(input string) string {
// parse the launcher file to create the list of imports in it
imports := strings.Index(input, "import (")
endimports := strings.Index(input[imports:], ")")
// import section
importSection := input[:imports+endimports+1]
// the rest of the program
body := input[imports+endimports+1:]
// various types of string delimiter
tickTypes := []string{"`", `'`, `"`}
// for each ticktype, try to get all the strings and
// obfuscate them using functions
for _, v := range tickTypes {
regex := regexp.MustCompile(v + ".*?" + v)
words := regex.FindAllString(body, -1)
words = Unique(words)
for _, w := range words {
// string not void, accounting for quotes
if len(w) > 2 && !strings.Contains(w, `\`) {
// add string to the secrets! if not present
_, present := Secrets[w]
if !present {
secret := w[1 : len(w)-1]
Secrets[w] = []string{secret, GenerateTyposquatName(128)}
}
}
}
}
// create function call
funcString := ""
// replace all secrects with the respective obfuscated string
for k, w := range Secrets {
// in case we manually added some secrets that we want to leave
if !strings.Contains(w[1], "leave") {
funcString = funcString + GenerateStringFunc(w[0], w[1]) + "\n"
body = strings.ReplaceAll(body, k, w[1]+"()")
} else {
body = strings.ReplaceAll(body, k, w[0])
}
}
// reconstruct the program correctly and
// insert all the functions before the main
body = body + "\n" + funcString
// join back with the import section
return importSection + body
}
/*
GenerateRandomAntiDebug will Insert random order of anti-debug check
together with inline compilation to induce big number
of instructions in random order.
*/
func GenerateRandomAntiDebug(input string) string {
lines := strings.Split(input, "\n")
randomChecks := []string{
`obDependencyCheck()`,
`obEnvArgsDetect()`,
`obParentTracerDetect()`,
`obParentCmdLineDetect()`,
`obEnvDetect()`,
`obEnvParentDetect() `,
`obLdPreloadDetect()`,
`obParentDetect()`,
}
var obfile []string
// find OB_CHECK and put the checks there.
for _, v := range lines {
if strings.Contains(v, "//") {
if strings.Contains(v, "// OB_CHECK") {
threadString := ""
checkString := ""
// randomize order of check to replace
for j, v := range ShuffleSlice(randomChecks) {
threadString = threadString + "go " + v + ";"
checkString += v
if j != (len(randomChecks) - 1) {
checkString += `||`
}
}
// add action in case of failed check
obfile = append(obfile, threadString)
continue
} else {
// remove comment, this is more to scramble the line numbers
// and make error reporting less accurate
continue
}
}
obfile = append(obfile, v)
}
// back to single string
return strings.Join(obfile, "\n")
}
/*
ObfuscateLauncher the go code of the runner before compiling it.
Basic techniques are applied:
- GenerateRandomAntiDebug
- ObfuscateStrings
- ObfuscateFuncVars.
*/
func ObfuscateLauncher(infile string) error {
byteContent, err := ioutil.ReadFile(infile)
if err != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("failed to read input file: %w", err)
}
content := string(byteContent)
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
// --- Start anti-debug checks
content = GenerateRandomAntiDebug(content)
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
// --- Start string obfuscation
content = ObfuscateStrings(content)
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
// --- Start function name obfuscation
content = ObfuscateFuncVars(content)
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
// save.
err = ioutil.WriteFile(infile, []byte(content), 0600)
if err != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("failed to save output file: %w", err)
}
return nil
}
================================================
FILE: internal/pakkero/pakkero.go
================================================
/*
Package pakkero will pack, compress and encrypt any type of executable.
*/
package pakkero
import (
"encoding/base64"
"encoding/binary"
"fmt"
"io/ioutil"
"os"
"os/signal"
"strconv"
"syscall"
"github.com/alegrey91/go-upx"
)
const (
offsetPlaceholder = `"9999999"`
stdoutEnabledPlaceholder = `"ENABLESTDOUT"`
depNamePlaceholder = `"DEPNAME1"`
depSizePlaceholder = `"DEPSIZE2"`
depBFDPlaceholder = "[]float64{1, 2, 3, 4}"
)
var launcherFile = os.TempDir() + "/launcher.go"
func cleanup() {
fmt.Printf(ErrorColor, "\t\t[ ERR ]\n")
fmt.Print(" → Cleaning up...")
// remove unused file
ExecCommand("rm", []string{"-f", launcherFile})
fmt.Printf(SuccessColor, "\t\t\t[ OK ]\n")
}
func trap() {
// Prepare to intercept SIGTERM
c := make(chan os.Signal)
signal.Notify(c, os.Interrupt, syscall.SIGTERM)
go func() {
<-c
cleanup()
os.Exit(ERR)
}()
}
// Pakkero will Encrypt and pack the payload for a secure execution.
func Pakkero(infile string, offset int64, outfile string, dependency string, compress bool, stdout bool) {
trap()
fmt.Print(" → Randomizing offset...")
// declare outfile as original filename + .enc
if len(outfile) == 0 {
outfile = infile + ".enc"
}
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
// offset Hysteresis, this will prevent easy key retrieving
offset += Random(128, 4094)
fmt.Printf(SuccessColor, "\t\t[ OK ]\n")
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Register Dependency to try and bypass any tampering on dependent
// packages
fmt.Print(" → Registering Dependencies...")
Secrets[stdoutEnabledPlaceholder] = []string{"\"unset\"", "leaveunset"}
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Register eventual dependency passed by cli
// If a dependency check is present, register it.
if dependency != "" {
RegisterDependency(dependency)
} else {
// in case of missing dependency add an empty variable for BFD
Secrets[depBFDPlaceholder] = []string{"[]float64{}", "leaveBFD"}
}
fmt.Printf(SuccessColor, "\t\t[ OK ]\n")
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Create the launcher program starting from our stub
fmt.Print(" → Creating Launcher Stub...")
// add offset to the secrets!
Secrets[offsetPlaceholder] = []string{
fmt.Sprintf("%d", offset),
GenerateTyposquatName(128),
}
// copy the stub from where to start.
launcherStub, _ := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(LauncherStub)
err := ioutil.WriteFile(launcherFile, launcherStub, 0600)
if err != nil {
fmt.Printf(ErrorColor, "\t\t[ ERR ]\n")
println(fmt.Sprintf("failed writing to file: %s", err))
cleanup()
os.Exit(ERR)
}
fmt.Printf(SuccessColor, "\t\t[ OK ]\n")
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Obfuscate the launcher
fmt.Print(" → Obfuscating Launcher Stub...")
err = ObfuscateLauncher(launcherFile)
if err != nil {
fmt.Printf(ErrorColor, "\t\t[ ERR ]\n")
println(fmt.Sprintf("failed obfuscating file file: %s", err))
cleanup()
os.Exit(ERR)
}
fmt.Printf(SuccessColor, "\t\t[ OK ]\n")
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
// compile the launcher binary
fmt.Print(" → Compiling Launcher...")
var flags []string
os.Setenv("CGO_ENABLED", "0")
flags = []string{
"build", "-a",
"-trimpath",
"-gcflags",
"-N -l -nolocalimports",
"-ldflags=" +
"-X main.Stdout=" + strconv.FormatBool(stdout) +
" -s -w -extldflags -static\"",
}
flags = append(flags, "-o")
flags = append(flags, outfile)
flags = append(flags, launcherFile)
if ExecCommand("go", flags) {
fmt.Printf(SuccessColor, "\t\t[ OK ]\n")
} else {
fmt.Printf(ErrorColor, "\t\t[ ERR ]\n")
ExecCommand("rm", []string{"-f", outfile})
cleanup()
os.Exit(ERR)
}
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Strip File of excess headers
fmt.Print(" → Stripping Launcher...")
if StripFile(outfile, launcherFile) {
fmt.Printf(SuccessColor, "\t\t[ OK ]\n")
} else {
fmt.Printf(ErrorColor, "\t\t[ ERR ]\n")
ExecCommand("rm", []string{"-f", outfile})
cleanup()
os.Exit(ERR)
}
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Compress File of occupy less space
// Then remove UPX headers from file.
fmt.Print(" → Compressing Launcher...")
if compress {
options := goupx.Options{
Output: "",
Force: false,
Verbose: false,
}
upx := goupx.NewUPX()
compression, err := upx.Compress(outfile, 8, options)
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
}
if compression &&
StripUPXHeaders(outfile) {
fmt.Printf(SuccessColor, "\t\t[ OK ]\n")
} else {
fmt.Printf(ErrorColor, "\t\t[ ERR ]\n")
ExecCommand("rm", []string{"-f", outfile})
cleanup()
os.Exit(ERR)
}
} else {
fmt.Printf(WarningColor, "\t\t[ SKIPPING ]\n")
}
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Remove unused file
fmt.Print(" → Cleaning up...")
if ExecCommand("rm", []string{"-f", launcherFile}) {
fmt.Printf(SuccessColor, "\t\t\t[ OK ]\n")
} else {
fmt.Printf(ErrorColor, "\t\t\t[ ERR ]\n")
ExecCommand("rm", []string{"-f", outfile})
os.Exit(ERR)
}
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
// read compiled file
encFile, err := os.OpenFile(outfile, os.O_APPEND|os.O_CREATE|os.O_WRONLY, 0644)
if err != nil {
fmt.Printf(ErrorColor, "\t\t[ ERR ]\n")
println(fmt.Sprintf("failed writing to file: %s", err))
os.Exit(ERR)
}
defer encFile.Close()
encFileStat, _ := encFile.Stat()
encFileSize := encFileStat.Size()
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Input validation
fmt.Print(" → Verifying input offset...")
// Ensure input offset is valid comared to compiled file size!
if offset <= encFileSize {
ExecCommand("rm", []string{"-f", outfile})
fmt.Printf(ErrorColor, "\t\t[ ERR ]\n")
println("ERROR! Calculated offset is lower than launcher size: " +
fmt.Sprintf("offset=%d, filesize=%d", offset, encFileSize))
os.Exit(ERR)
}
fmt.Printf(SuccessColor, "\t\t[ OK ]\n")
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Pre-Payload Garbage
// calculate where to put garbage and where to put the payload
fmt.Print(" → Adding garbage...")
blockCount := offset - encFileSize
// append randomness to the runner itself
_, err = encFile.WriteString(GenerateRandomGarbage(blockCount))
if err != nil {
fmt.Printf(ErrorColor, "\t\t\t[ ERR ]\n")
println(fmt.Sprintf("failed writing to file: %s", err))
os.Exit(ERR)
}
fmt.Printf(SuccessColor, "\t\t\t[ OK ]\n")
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Encryption and compression of the payload
// get file to encrypt argument
fmt.Print(" → Reading payload...")
byteContent, err := ioutil.ReadFile(infile) // just pass the file name
if err != nil {
fmt.Printf(ErrorColor, "\t\t\t[ ERR ]\n")
println(fmt.Sprintf("failed reading file: %s", err))
os.Exit(ERR)
}
content := string(byteContent)
// plaintext content
plaintext := []byte(base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte(content)))
fmt.Printf(SuccessColor, "\t\t\t[ OK ]\n")
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
fmt.Print(" → Compressing payload...")
// GZIP before encrypt
plaintext = GzipContent(plaintext)
fmt.Printf(SuccessColor, "\t\t[ OK ]\n")
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
fmt.Print(" → Encrypting payload...")
// encrypt aes256-gcm
ciphertext, err := EncryptAESReversed(plaintext, outfile)
if err != nil {
fmt.Printf(ErrorColor, "\t\t[ ERR ]\n")
println(fmt.Sprintf("failed encrypting file: %s", err))
os.Exit(ERR)
}
// append payload to the runner itself
_, err = encFile.WriteString(ciphertext)
if err != nil {
fmt.Printf(ErrorColor, "\t\t[ ERR ]\n")
println(fmt.Sprintf("failed writing to file: %s", err))
os.Exit(ERR)
}
fmt.Printf(SuccessColor, "\t\t[ OK ]\n")
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Post-Payload Garbage
// calculate final padding
fmt.Print(" → Adding garbage to payload...")
finalPaddingArray := make([]byte, binary.MaxVarintLen64)
n := binary.PutVarint(finalPaddingArray, offset)
finalPaddingB := finalPaddingArray[:n]
// change endianess to every byte composing
// the offset
for i := range finalPaddingB {
finalPaddingB[i] = ReverseByte(finalPaddingB[i])
}
finalPadding, _ := binary.Varint(finalPaddingB)
// and ensure it is positive!
if finalPadding < 0 {
finalPadding *= -1
}
// append random garbage equal to bit-reverse of the offset
// at the end of the payload
_, err = encFile.WriteString(GenerateRandomGarbage(finalPadding))
if err != nil {
fmt.Printf(ErrorColor, "\t\t[ ERR ]\n")
println(fmt.Sprintf("failed writing to file: %s", err))
os.Exit(ERR)
}
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
fmt.Printf(SuccessColor, "\t\t[ OK ]\n")
}
================================================
FILE: internal/pakkero/utilities.go
================================================
/*
Package pakkero will pack, compress and encrypt any type of executable.
Utilities library
*/
package pakkero
import (
"bytes"
"compress/zlib"
"crypto/rand"
"fmt"
"io/ioutil"
"math/big"
"os"
"os/exec"
)
// Colors for strings.
const (
SuccessColor = "\033[1;32m%s\033[0m"
WarningColor = "\033[1;33m%s\033[0m"
ErrorColor = "\033[1;31m%s\033[0m"
)
// ERR Is the exit Code 1.
const ERR = 1
// OK Is the exit Code 0.
const OK = 0
/*
RandomInt64 will return a random number in a range.
*/
func RandomInt64(max int64) int64 {
bg := big.NewInt(max)
n, err := rand.Int(rand.Reader, bg)
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
return n.Int64()
}
/*
Random will return a random number in a range.
*/
func Random(min, max int64) int64 {
bg := big.NewInt(max - min)
n, err := rand.Int(rand.Reader, bg)
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
// add n to min to support the passed in range
return n.Int64() + min
}
/*
Unique will deduplicate a given slice.
*/
func Unique(slice []string) []string {
keys := make(map[string]bool)
list := []string{}
for _, entry := range slice {
if _, value := keys[entry]; !value {
keys[entry] = true
list = append(list, entry)
}
}
return list
}
/*
ReverseByteArray will reverse a slice of bytes.
*/
func ReverseByteArray(input []byte) []byte {
reversed := []byte{}
for i := range input {
n := input[len(input)-1-i]
reversed = append(reversed, n)
}
return reversed
}
/*
ReverseByte will change a byte endianess.
*/
func ReverseByte(b byte) byte {
var d byte
for i := 0; i < 8; i++ {
d <<= 1
d |= b & 1
b >>= 1
}
return d
}
/*
ReverseStringArray reverse a slice of strings.
*/
func ReverseStringArray(ss []string) []string {
last := len(ss) - 1
for i := 0; i < len(ss)/2; i++ {
ss[i], ss[last-i] = ss[last-i], ss[i]
}
return ss
}
/*
ReverseString reverse a string.
*/
func ReverseString(input string) string {
var result string
for _, value := range input {
result = string(value) + result
}
return result
}
/*
ShuffleSlice will shuffle a slice.
*/
func ShuffleSlice(in []string) []string {
for i := len(in) - 1; i > 0; i-- {
j := RandomInt64(int64(i) + 1)
in[i], in[j] = in[j], in[i]
}
return in
}
/*
ExecCommand is a wrapper arount exec.Command to execute a command
and ensure it's result is not err.
*/
func ExecCommand(name string, args []string) bool {
cmd := exec.Command(name, args...)
errString, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
if err != nil {
println(fmt.Sprintf("failed to execute command %s: %s", cmd, err))
println(string(errString))
return false
}
return true
}
/*
GenerateRandomGarbage creates random garbage to rise entropy.
*/
func GenerateRandomGarbage(size int64) string {
randomGarbage := make([]byte, size)
_, err := rand.Read(randomGarbage)
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
return string(randomGarbage)
}
/*
GzipContent an input byte slice and return it compressed.
*/
func GzipContent(input []byte) []byte {
// GZIP before encrypt
var zlibPlaintext bytes.Buffer
zlibWriter := zlib.NewWriter(&zlibPlaintext)
_, err := zlibWriter.Write(input)
zlibWriter.Close()
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
return zlibPlaintext.Bytes()
}
/*
GenerateNullString will return a string with only void chars.
*/
func GenerateNullString(n int) string {
result := ""
for len(result) < n {
result += string(0)
}
return result
}
/*
RegisterDependency will take a file in input and register the
Byte Frequency Distribution (BFD) and some other data to let the launcher
do statystical analysis of the found files.
*/
func RegisterDependency(dependency string) {
dependencyFile, _ := os.Open(dependency)
defer dependencyFile.Close()
dependencyStats, _ := dependencyFile.Stat()
depenencyLinkStats, _ := os.Lstat(dependency)
if (depenencyLinkStats.Mode() & os.ModeSymlink) != 0 {
cleanup()
fmt.Printf("Invalid path: %s is a symlink, use absolute paths.\n", dependency)
os.Exit(1)
}
// calculate BFD (byte frequency distribution) for the input dependency
bytes, _ := ioutil.ReadFile(dependency)
bfd := make([]float64, 256)
for _, b := range bytes {
bfd[b]++
}
// make a string out of it
bfdString := "[]float64{"
for _, v := range bfd {
bfdString += fmt.Sprintf("%f", v) + ","
}
bfdString += "}"
// add Dependency data to the secrets
// register BFD
Secrets[depBFDPlaceholder] = []string{bfdString, "leaveBFD"}
// register name
Secrets[depNamePlaceholder] = []string{dependency, GenerateTyposquatName(128)}
// register size
Secrets[depSizePlaceholder] = []string{
fmt.Sprintf("%d", dependencyStats.Size()), GenerateTyposquatName(128),
}
}
================================================
FILE: main.go
================================================
/*
Package main, calls all the libraries needed and handles cli flags.
*/
package main
import (
"flag"
"os"
"github.com/89luca89/pakkero/internal/pakkero"
)
const (
programName = "pakkero"
version = "0.7.0"
minArgsLen = 2
)
const (
minOffsetCompressed = 750000
maxOffsetCompressed = 800000
minOffset = 1910000
maxOffset = 2100000
)
var (
dependencies = []string{"ls", "sed", "go", "strip"}
dependenciesComplete = []string{"upx", "ls", "sed", "go", "strip"}
)
/*
TestDependencies if all dependencies are present
in the system.
*/
func testDependencies(deps []string) {
for _, v := range deps {
if !pakkero.ExecCommand("which", []string{v}) {
println("Missing Dependency: " + v)
os.Exit(pakkero.ERR)
}
}
}
/*
Print version.
*/
func printVersion() {
println(programName + " v" + version)
os.Exit(pakkero.OK)
}
/*
Print Help.
*/
func help() {
println("Usage: " +
programName +
" -file /path/to/file -offset OFFSET (-o /path/to/output) (-c) (-register-dep /path/to/file)")
println(" -file <file> Target file to Pack")
println(" -o <file> place the output into <file> (default is <inputfile>.enc, optional)")
println(" -offset <offset> Offset where to start the payload (Number of Bytes, optional)")
println(" -register-dep <file-dependency> Target file to analyze and use as fingerprint (absolute path, optional)")
println(" -c compress the output to occupy less space (uses UPX, optional)")
println(" -enable-stdout Whether to wait and handle the process stdout/sterr or not (false by default, optional)")
println(" -v Check " + programName + " version")
}
func main() {
if len(os.Args) < minArgsLen {
help()
os.Exit(pakkero.ERR)
}
flag.Usage = func() {
help()
}
file := flag.String("file", "", "")
dependency := flag.String("register-dep", "", "")
output := flag.String("o", "", "")
offset := flag.Int64("offset", 0, "")
compress := flag.Bool("c", false, "")
stdout := flag.Bool("enable-stdout", false, "")
flag.Bool("v", false, "")
flag.Parse()
switch os.Args[1] {
case "-v":
printVersion()
default:
// fist test if all dependencies are present
if *compress {
// compression needs additional upx dependency
testDependencies(dependenciesComplete)
} else {
testDependencies(dependencies)
}
// set a default offset if not specified
if *offset == 0 {
if *compress {
*offset = pakkero.Random(minOffsetCompressed, maxOffsetCompressed)
} else {
*offset = pakkero.Random(minOffset, maxOffset)
}
}
if *file != "" {
pakkero.Pakkero(*file, *offset, *output, *dependency, *compress, *stdout)
} else {
println("Missing arguments or invalid arguments!")
help()
os.Exit(pakkero.ERR)
}
}
}
gitextract_h2o9k04m/ ├── .gitignore ├── Dockerfile ├── LICENSE ├── Makefile ├── README.md ├── data/ │ └── launcher.go ├── go.mod ├── go.sum ├── internal/ │ └── pakkero/ │ ├── encryption.go │ ├── obfuscation.go │ ├── pakkero.go │ └── utilities.go └── main.go
SYMBOL INDEX (78 symbols across 6 files)
FILE: data/launcher.go
type obDependency (line 27) | type obDependency struct
constant obErr (line 37) | obErr = 1
constant obCorrelationLevel (line 38) | obCorrelationLevel = 0.4
constant obStdLevel (line 39) | obStdLevel = 1
constant obFileSizeLevel (line 40) | obFileSizeLevel = 15
function obExit (line 43) | func obExit() {
function obSigTrap (line 50) | func obSigTrap(obInput chan obOS.Signal) {
function obPtraceDetect (line 68) | func obPtraceDetect(pid int, father bool) {
function obParentCmdLineDetect (line 117) | func obParentCmdLineDetect() {
function obParentTracerDetect (line 140) | func obParentTracerDetect() {
function obParentDetect (line 161) | func obParentDetect() {
function obEnvArgsDetect (line 185) | func obEnvArgsDetect() {
function obEnvParentDetect (line 194) | func obEnvParentDetect() {
function obEnvDetect (line 214) | func obEnvDetect() {
function obLdPreloadDetect (line 227) | func obLdPreloadDetect() {
function obUtilBFDCalc (line 248) | func obUtilBFDCalc(obInput string) []float64 {
function obUtilAbsCalc (line 260) | func obUtilAbsCalc(obInput float64) float64 {
function obUtilCovarianceCalc (line 269) | func obUtilCovarianceCalc(obDepInput []float64, obTargetInput []float64)...
function obUtilStandardDeviationCalc (line 292) | func obUtilStandardDeviationCalc(obInput []float64) float64 {
function obUtilCombinedStandardDeviationCalc (line 314) | func obUtilCombinedStandardDeviationCalc(obDepBFD []float64, obTargetBFD...
function obDependencyCheck (line 342) | func obDependencyCheck() {
function obReverseByteArray (line 404) | func obReverseByteArray(obInput []byte) []byte {
function obByteReverse (line 416) | func obByteReverse(obBar byte) byte {
constant obCloexec (line 429) | obCloexec uint = 1
constant obAllowSealing (line 431) | obAllowSealing uint = 2
constant obSealAll (line 433) | obSealAll = 0x0001 | 0x0002 | 0x0004 | 0x0008
constant obSysFCNTL (line 435) | obSysFCNTL = obSyscall.SYS_FCNTL
constant obSysMEMFDCreate (line 436) | obSysMEMFDCreate = 319
function obGetFDPath (line 439) | func obGetFDPath(obPid int, obFD int, obPayload []byte) string {
function obLauncher (line 452) | func obLauncher() {
function obIsForked (line 640) | func obIsForked() bool {
function main (line 649) | func main() {
FILE: internal/pakkero/encryption.go
function EncryptAESReversed (line 26) | func EncryptAESReversed(plaintext []byte, outfile string) (string, error) {
FILE: internal/pakkero/obfuscation.go
function StripUPXHeaders (line 67) | func StripUPXHeaders(infile string) bool {
function StripFile (line 116) | func StripFile(infile string, launcherFile string) bool {
function GenerateTyposquatName (line 178) | func GenerateTyposquatName(length int) string {
function ObfuscateFuncVars (line 203) | func ObfuscateFuncVars(input string) string {
function GenerateStringFunc (line 223) | func GenerateStringFunc(txt string, function string) string {
function ObfuscateStrings (line 245) | func ObfuscateStrings(input string) string {
function GenerateRandomAntiDebug (line 304) | func GenerateRandomAntiDebug(input string) string {
function ObfuscateLauncher (line 358) | func ObfuscateLauncher(infile string) error {
FILE: internal/pakkero/pakkero.go
constant offsetPlaceholder (line 20) | offsetPlaceholder = `"9999999"`
constant stdoutEnabledPlaceholder (line 21) | stdoutEnabledPlaceholder = `"ENABLESTDOUT"`
constant depNamePlaceholder (line 22) | depNamePlaceholder = `"DEPNAME1"`
constant depSizePlaceholder (line 23) | depSizePlaceholder = `"DEPSIZE2"`
constant depBFDPlaceholder (line 24) | depBFDPlaceholder = "[]float64{1, 2, 3, 4}"
function cleanup (line 29) | func cleanup() {
function trap (line 38) | func trap() {
function Pakkero (line 51) | func Pakkero(infile string, offset int64, outfile string, dependency str...
FILE: internal/pakkero/utilities.go
constant SuccessColor (line 20) | SuccessColor = "\033[1;32m%s\033[0m"
constant WarningColor (line 21) | WarningColor = "\033[1;33m%s\033[0m"
constant ErrorColor (line 22) | ErrorColor = "\033[1;31m%s\033[0m"
constant ERR (line 26) | ERR = 1
constant OK (line 29) | OK = 0
function RandomInt64 (line 34) | func RandomInt64(max int64) int64 {
function Random (line 48) | func Random(min, max int64) int64 {
function Unique (line 62) | func Unique(slice []string) []string {
function ReverseByteArray (line 80) | func ReverseByteArray(input []byte) []byte {
function ReverseByte (line 95) | func ReverseByte(b byte) byte {
function ReverseStringArray (line 110) | func ReverseStringArray(ss []string) []string {
function ReverseString (line 123) | func ReverseString(input string) string {
function ShuffleSlice (line 136) | func ShuffleSlice(in []string) []string {
function ExecCommand (line 149) | func ExecCommand(name string, args []string) bool {
function GenerateRandomGarbage (line 166) | func GenerateRandomGarbage(size int64) string {
function GzipContent (line 180) | func GzipContent(input []byte) []byte {
function GenerateNullString (line 198) | func GenerateNullString(n int) string {
function RegisterDependency (line 213) | func RegisterDependency(dependency string) {
FILE: main.go
constant programName (line 14) | programName = "pakkero"
constant version (line 15) | version = "0.7.0"
constant minArgsLen (line 16) | minArgsLen = 2
constant minOffsetCompressed (line 20) | minOffsetCompressed = 750000
constant maxOffsetCompressed (line 21) | maxOffsetCompressed = 800000
constant minOffset (line 22) | minOffset = 1910000
constant maxOffset (line 23) | maxOffset = 2100000
function testDependencies (line 35) | func testDependencies(deps []string) {
function printVersion (line 47) | func printVersion() {
function help (line 55) | func help() {
function main (line 68) | func main() {
Condensed preview — 13 files, each showing path, character count, and a content snippet. Download the .json file or copy for the full structured content (133K chars).
[
{
"path": ".gitignore",
"chars": 35,
"preview": "PackNGo\ntest\ndist\n__*\ntags\nTODO.md\n"
},
{
"path": "Dockerfile",
"chars": 342,
"preview": "FROM golang:alpine\n\nENV CGO_ENABLED=0\nENV GO111MODULE=off\n\nRUN apk add --update-cache upx git make binutils coreutils \\\n"
},
{
"path": "LICENSE",
"chars": 35149,
"preview": " GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE\n Version 3, 29 June 2007\n\n Copyright (C) 2007 Free "
},
{
"path": "Makefile",
"chars": 1884,
"preview": "all:\n\tgo build -i \\\n\t\t-gcflags=\"-N\" \\\n\t\t-gcflags=\"-nolocalimports\" \\\n\t\t-gcflags=\"-pack\" \\\n\t\t-gcflags=\"-trimpath=.\" \\\n\t\t-"
},
{
"path": "README.md",
"chars": 35495,
"preview": "# Pakkero\n\n<img src=\"pics/logo.jpg\" data-canonical-src=\"pics/logo.jpg\" width=\"250\" height=\"250\" />\n\nCredit: [alegrey91]("
},
{
"path": "data/launcher.go",
"chars": 17943,
"preview": "// Package main.\npackage main\n\nimport (\n\tobBufio \"bufio\"\n\tobBytes \"bytes\"\n\tobZlib \"compress/zlib\"\n\tobAES \"crypto/aes\"\n\to"
},
{
"path": "go.mod",
"chars": 100,
"preview": "module github.com/89luca89/pakkero\n\ngo 1.16\n\nrequire github.com/alegrey91/go-upx v0.2.0 // indirect\n"
},
{
"path": "go.sum",
"chars": 173,
"preview": "github.com/alegrey91/go-upx v0.2.0 h1:EFhbmAbFET2mqHRLunHFOVo3+mxdnR2/EQMfv0OOR0k=\ngithub.com/alegrey91/go-upx v0.2.0/go"
},
{
"path": "internal/pakkero/encryption.go",
"chars": 1795,
"preview": "/*\nPackage pakkero will pack, compress and encrypt any type of executable.\nEncryption library\n*/\npackage pakkero\n\nimport"
},
{
"path": "internal/pakkero/obfuscation.go",
"chars": 10697,
"preview": "/*\nPackage pakkero will pack, compress and encrypt any type of executable.\nObfuscation library\n*/\npackage pakkero\n\nimpor"
},
{
"path": "internal/pakkero/pakkero.go",
"chars": 9986,
"preview": "/*\nPackage pakkero will pack, compress and encrypt any type of executable.\n*/\npackage pakkero\n\nimport (\n\t\"encoding/base6"
},
{
"path": "internal/pakkero/utilities.go",
"chars": 4615,
"preview": "/*\nPackage pakkero will pack, compress and encrypt any type of executable.\nUtilities library\n*/\npackage pakkero\n\nimport "
},
{
"path": "main.go",
"chars": 2766,
"preview": "/*\nPackage main, calls all the libraries needed and handles cli flags.\n*/\npackage main\n\nimport (\n\t\"flag\"\n\t\"os\"\n\n\t\"github"
}
]
About this extraction
This page contains the full source code of the 89luca89/pakkero GitHub repository, extracted and formatted as plain text for AI agents and large language models (LLMs). The extraction includes 13 files (118.1 KB), approximately 35.1k tokens, and a symbol index with 78 extracted functions, classes, methods, constants, and types. Use this with OpenClaw, Claude, ChatGPT, Cursor, Windsurf, or any other AI tool that accepts text input. You can copy the full output to your clipboard or download it as a .txt file.
Extracted by GitExtract — free GitHub repo to text converter for AI. Built by Nikandr Surkov.