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Repository: Asabeneh/30-Days-Of-Python
Branch: master
Commit: de23649ab646
Files: 174
Total size: 58.8 MB
Directory structure:
gitextract_nzd5gzb_/
├── .github/
│ └── FUNDING.yml
├── .gitignore
├── 01_Day_Introduction/
│ └── helloworld.py
├── 02_Day_Variables_builtin_functions/
│ ├── 02_variables_builtin_functions.md
│ └── variables.py
├── 03_Day_Operators/
│ ├── 03_operators.md
│ └── day-3.py
├── 04_Day_Strings/
│ ├── 04_strings.md
│ └── day_4.py
├── 05_Day_Lists/
│ ├── 05_lists.md
│ └── day_5.py
├── 06_Day_Tuples/
│ └── 06_tuples.md
├── 07_Day_Sets/
│ └── 07_sets.md
├── 08_Day_Dictionaries/
│ └── 08_dictionaries.md
├── 09_Day_Conditionals/
│ └── 09_conditionals.md
├── 10_Day_Loops/
│ └── 10_loops.md
├── 11_Day_Functions/
│ └── 11_functions.md
├── 12_Day_Modules/
│ ├── 12_modules.md
│ ├── main.py
│ └── mymodule.py
├── 13_Day_List_comprehension/
│ └── 13_list_comprehension.md
├── 14_Day_Higher_order_functions/
│ └── 14_higher_order_functions.md
├── 15_Day_Python_type_errors/
│ └── 15_python_type_errors.md
├── 16_Day_Python_date_time/
│ └── 16_python_datetime.md
├── 17_Day_Exception_handling/
│ └── 17_exception_handling.md
├── 18_Day_Regular_expressions/
│ └── 18_regular_expressions.md
├── 19_Day_File_handling/
│ └── 19_file_handling.md
├── 20_Day_Python_package_manager/
│ ├── 20_python_package_manager.md
│ ├── __init__.py
│ ├── arithmetic.py
│ └── greet.py
├── 21_Day_Classes_and_objects/
│ └── 21_classes_and_objects.md
├── 22_Day_Web_scraping/
│ ├── 22_web_scraping.md
│ └── scrapped_data.json
├── 23_Day_Virtual_environment/
│ └── 23_virtual_environment.md
├── 24_Day_Statistics/
│ └── 24_statistics.md
├── 25_Day_Pandas/
│ └── 25_pandas.md
├── 26_Day_Python_web/
│ └── 26_python_web.md
├── 27_Day_Python_with_mongodb/
│ └── 27_python_with_mongodb.md
├── 28_Day_API/
│ └── 28_API.md
├── 29_Day_Building_API/
│ └── 29_building_API.md
├── 30_Day_Conclusions/
│ └── 30_conclusions.md
├── Chinese/
│ ├── 02_variables_builtin_functions.md
│ ├── 03_operators.md
│ ├── 04_strings.md
│ ├── 05_lists.md
│ ├── 06_tuples.md
│ ├── 07_sets.md
│ ├── 08_dictionaries.md
│ ├── 09_conditionals.md
│ ├── 10_loops.md
│ ├── 11_functions.md
│ ├── 12_modules.md
│ ├── 13_list_comprehension.md
│ ├── 14_higher_order_functions.md
│ ├── 15_python_type_errors.md
│ ├── 15_python_type_errors_cn.md
│ ├── 16_python_datetime.md
│ ├── 16_python_datetime_cn.md
│ ├── 17_exception_handling_cn.md
│ ├── 18_regular_expressions_cn.md
│ ├── 19_file_handling_cn.md
│ ├── 20_python_package_manager_cn.md
│ ├── 21_classes_and_objects_cn.md
│ ├── 22_web_scraping_cn.md
│ ├── 23_virtual_environment_cn.md
│ ├── 24_statistics_cn.md
│ ├── 25_pandas_cn.md
│ ├── 26_python_web_cn.md
│ ├── 27_python_with_mongodb_cn.md
│ ├── 28_API_cn.md
│ ├── 29_building_API_cn.md
│ ├── 30_conclusions_cn.md
│ └── README.md
├── Korean/
│ ├── 02_Day_Variables_builtin_functions/
│ │ └── 02_variables_builtin_functions.md
│ ├── 04_strings_ko.md
│ ├── 05_Day_Lists/
│ │ └── 05_lists.md
│ ├── 07_sets_ko.md
│ ├── 08_Day_Dictionaries/
│ │ └── 08_dictionaries.md
│ ├── 10_loops_ko.md
│ └── readme_ko.md
├── Portuguese/
│ ├── 02_Dia_Variaveis_BuiltIn_Functions/
│ │ └── README.md
│ └── README.md
├── Spanish/
│ ├── 01_Day_Introduction/
│ │ └── helloworld.py
│ ├── 02_Day_Variables_builtin_functions/
│ │ ├── 02_variables_builtin_functions.md
│ │ └── variables.py
│ ├── 02_variables_builtin_functions_sp.md
│ ├── 03_Day_Operators/
│ │ ├── 03_operators.md
│ │ └── day-3.py
│ ├── 03_operators_sp.md
│ ├── 04_strings_sp.md
│ ├── 05_lists_sp.md
│ ├── 06_tuples_sp.md
│ ├── 07_sets_sp.md
│ ├── 08_dictionaries_sp.md
│ ├── 09_conditionals_sp.md
│ ├── 10_loops_sp.md
│ ├── 11_functions_sp.md
│ ├── 12_modules_sp.md
│ ├── 13_list_comprehension_sp.md
│ ├── 14_higher_order_functions_sp.md
│ ├── 15_python_type_errors_sp.md
│ ├── 16_python_datetime_sp.md
│ ├── 17_exception_handling_sp.md
│ ├── 18_regular_expressions_sp.md
│ ├── 19_file_handling_sp.md
│ ├── 20_python_package_manager_sp.md
│ ├── 21_classes_and_objects_sp.md
│ ├── 22_web_scraping_sp.md
│ ├── 23_virtual_environment_sp.md
│ ├── 24_statistics_sp.md
│ ├── 25_pandas_sp.md
│ ├── 26_python_web_sp.md
│ ├── 27_python_with_mongodb_sp.md
│ ├── 28_API_sp.md
│ ├── 29_building_API_sp.md
│ ├── 30_conclusions_sp.md
│ ├── README_sp.md
│ └── readme.md
├── Ukrainian/
│ └── readme.md
├── data/
│ ├── F500.csv
│ ├── HN_posts_year_to_Sep_26_2016.csv
│ ├── cats.json
│ ├── countries-data.py
│ ├── countries.py
│ ├── countries_data.json
│ ├── countries_data_long.json
│ ├── donald_speech.txt
│ ├── email_exchanges.txt
│ ├── email_exchanges_big.txt
│ ├── fortune1000_final.csv
│ ├── fortune_500_companies_2017.csv
│ ├── hacker_news.csv
│ ├── melina_trump_speech.txt
│ ├── michelle_obama_speech.txt
│ ├── obama_speech.txt
│ ├── result.csv
│ ├── romeo_and_juliet.txt
│ ├── stop_words.py
│ └── weight-height.csv
├── files/
│ ├── csv_example.csv
│ ├── example.txt
│ ├── excel_example.xlsx
│ ├── json_example.json
│ ├── reading_file_example.txt
│ └── xml_example.xml
├── korean/
│ ├── 03_Day_Operators/
│ │ └── 03_operators.md
│ └── readme.md
├── mymodule.py
├── mypackage/
│ ├── __init__.py
│ ├── arithmetics.py
│ └── greet.py
├── numpy.md
├── old_files/
│ ├── readme.md
│ ├── readme10-12.md
│ ├── readme13-15.md
│ ├── readme16-18.md
│ ├── readme19-21.md
│ ├── readme22-24.md
│ ├── readme25-27.md
│ ├── readme28-30.md
│ ├── readme4-6.md
│ └── readme7-9.md
├── python_for_web/
│ ├── .gitignore
│ ├── Procfile
│ ├── app.py
│ ├── requirements.txt
│ ├── static/
│ │ └── css/
│ │ └── main.css
│ └── templates/
│ ├── about.html
│ ├── home.html
│ ├── layout.html
│ ├── post.html
│ └── result.html
└── readme.md
================================================
FILE CONTENTS
================================================
================================================
FILE: .github/FUNDING.yml
================================================
github: [Asabeneh]
thanks_dev:
custom: []
================================================
FILE: .gitignore
================================================
readme-draft.md
readme13-18.md
readme19-24.md
readme25-30.md
playground.py
res.py
hello.py
backup.md
.DS_Store
__pycache__
playground/
playground
flask_project/venv
flask_project/ven/bin/
flask_project/venv/include/
flask_project/ven/lib
numpy.ipynb
.ipynb_checkpoints
.vscode/
*~
test.py
================================================
FILE: 01_Day_Introduction/helloworld.py
================================================
# Introduction
# Day 1 - 30DaysOfPython Challenge
print("Hello World!") # print hello world
print(2 + 3) # addition(+)
print(3 - 1) # subtraction(-)
print(2 * 3) # multiplication(*)
print(3 + 2) # addition(+)
print(3 - 2) # subtraction(-)
print(3 * 2) # multiplication(*)
print(3 / 2) # division(/)
print(3 ** 2) # exponential(**)
print(3 % 2) # modulus(%)
print(3 // 2) # Floor division operator(//)
# Checking data types
print(type(10)) # Int
print(type(3.14)) # Float
print(type(1 + 3j)) # Complex
print(type('Asabeneh')) # String
print(type([1, 2, 3])) # List
print(type({'name': 'Asabeneh'})) # Dictionary
print(type({9.8, 3.14, 2.7})) # Tuple
================================================
FILE: 02_Day_Variables_builtin_functions/02_variables_builtin_functions.md
================================================
<div align="center">
<h1> 30 Days Of Python: Day 2 - Variables, Builtin Functions</h1>
<a class="header-badge" target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/asabeneh/">
<img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/style--5eba00.svg?label=LinkedIn&logo=linkedin&style=social">
</a>
<a class="header-badge" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/Asabeneh">
<img alt="Twitter Follow" src="https://img.shields.io/twitter/follow/asabeneh?style=social">
</a>
<sub>Author:
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/asabeneh/" target="_blank">Asabeneh Yetayeh</a><br>
<small> Second Edition: July, 2021</small>
</sub>
</div>
[<< Day 1](../readme.md) | [Day 3 >>](../03_Day_Operators/03_operators.md)
- [📘 Day 2](#-day-2)
- [Built in functions](#built-in-functions)
- [Variables](#variables)
- [Declaring Multiple Variable in a Line](#declaring-multiple-variable-in-a-line)
- [Data Types](#data-types)
- [Checking Data types and Casting](#checking-data-types-and-casting)
- [Numbers](#numbers)
- [💻 Exercises - Day 2](#-exercises---day-2)
- [Exercises: Level 1](#exercises-level-1)
- [Exercises: Level 2](#exercises-level-2)
# 📘 Day 2
## Built in functions
In Python we have lots of built-in functions. Built-in functions are globally available for your use that mean you can make use of the built-in functions without importing or configuring. Some of the most commonly used Python built-in functions are the following: _print()_, _len()_, _type()_, _int()_, _float()_, _str()_, _input()_, _list()_, _dict()_, _min()_, _max()_, _sum()_, _sorted()_, _open()_, _file()_, _help()_, and _dir()_. In the following table you will see an exhaustive list of Python built-in functions taken from [python documentation](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html).
Let us open the Python shell and start using some of the most common built-in functions.
Let us practice more by using different built-in functions
As you can see from the terminal above, Python has got reserved words. We do not use reserved words to declare variables or functions. We will cover variables in the next section.
I believe, by now you are familiar with built-in functions. Let us do one more practice of built-in functions and we will move on to the next section.
## Variables
Variables store data in a computer memory. Mnemonic variables are recommended to use in many programming languages. A mnemonic variable is a variable name that can be easily remembered and associated. A variable refers to a memory address in which data is stored.
Number at the beginning, special character, hyphen are not allowed when naming a variable. A variable can have a short name (like x, y, z), but a more descriptive name (firstname, lastname, age, country) is highly recommended.
Python Variable Name Rules
- A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore character
- A variable name cannot start with a number
- A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and underscores (A-z, 0-9, and \_ )
- Variable names are case-sensitive (firstname, Firstname, FirstName and FIRSTNAME) are different variables)
Here are some example of valid variable names:
```shell
firstname
lastname
age
country
city
first_name
last_name
capital_city
_if # if we want to use reserved word as a variable
year_2021
year2021
current_year_2021
birth_year
num1
num2
```
Invalid variables names
```shell
first-name
first@name
first$name
num-1
1num
```
We will use standard Python variable naming style which has been adopted by many Python developers. Python developers use snake case(snake_case) variable naming convention. We use underscore character after each word for a variable containing more than one word(eg. first_name, last_name, engine_rotation_speed). The example below is an example of standard naming of variables, underscore is required when the variable name is more than one word.
When we assign a certain data type to a variable, it is called variable declaration. For instance in the example below my first name is assigned to a variable first_name. The equal sign is an assignment operator. Assigning means storing data in the variable. The equal sign in Python is not equality as in Mathematics.
_Example:_
```py
# Variables in Python
first_name = 'Asabeneh'
last_name = 'Yetayeh'
country = 'Finland'
city = 'Helsinki'
age = 250
is_married = True
skills = ['HTML', 'CSS', 'JS', 'React', 'Python']
person_info = {
'firstname':'Asabeneh',
'lastname':'Yetayeh',
'country':'Finland',
'city':'Helsinki'
}
```
Let us use the _print()_ and _len()_ built-in functions. Print function takes unlimited number of arguments. An argument is a value which we can be passed or put inside the function parenthesis, see the example below.
**Example:**
```py
print('Hello, World!') # The text Hello, World! is an argument
print('Hello',',', 'World','!') # it can take multiple arguments, four arguments have been passed
print(len('Hello, World!')) # it takes only one argument
```
Let us print and also find the length of the variables declared at the top:
**Example:**
```py
# Printing the values stored in the variables
print('First name:', first_name)
print('First name length:', len(first_name))
print('Last name: ', last_name)
print('Last name length: ', len(last_name))
print('Country: ', country)
print('City: ', city)
print('Age: ', age)
print('Married: ', is_married)
print('Skills: ', skills)
print('Person information: ', person_info)
```
### Declaring Multiple Variable in a Line
Multiple variables can also be declared in one line:
**Example:**
```py
first_name, last_name, country, age, is_married = 'Asabeneh', 'Yetayeh', 'Helsink', 250, True
print(first_name, last_name, country, age, is_married)
print('First name:', first_name)
print('Last name: ', last_name)
print('Country: ', country)
print('Age: ', age)
print('Married: ', is_married)
```
Getting user input using the _input()_ built-in function. Let us assign the data we get from a user into first_name and age variables.
**Example:**
```py
first_name = input('What is your name: ')
age = input('How old are you? ')
print(first_name)
print(age)
```
## Data Types
There are several data types in Python. To identify the data type we use the _type_ built-in function. I would like to ask you to focus on understanding different data types very well. When it comes to programming, it is all about data types. I introduced data types at the very beginning and it comes again, because every topic is related to data types. We will cover data types in more detail in their respective sections.
## Checking Data types and Casting
- Check Data types: To check the data type of certain data/variable we use the _type_
**Examples:**
```py
# Different python data types
# Let's declare variables with various data types
first_name = 'Asabeneh' # str
last_name = 'Yetayeh' # str
country = 'Finland' # str
city= 'Helsinki' # str
age = 250 # int, it is not my real age, don't worry about it
# Printing out types
print(type('Asabeneh')) # str
print(type(first_name)) # str
print(type(10)) # int
print(type(3.14)) # float
print(type(1 + 1j)) # complex
print(type(True)) # bool
print(type([1, 2, 3, 4])) # list
print(type({'name':'Asabeneh'})) # dict
print(type((1,2))) # tuple
print(type(zip([1,2],[3,4]))) # zip
```
- Casting: Converting one data type to another data type. We use _int()_, _float()_, _str()_, _list_, _set_
When we do arithmetic operations string numbers should be first converted to int or float otherwise it will return an error. If we concatenate a number with a string, the number should be first converted to a string. We will talk about concatenation in String section.
**Examples:**
```py
# int to float
num_int = 10
print('num_int',num_int) # 10
num_float = float(num_int)
print('num_float:', num_float) # 10.0
# float to int
gravity = 9.81
print(int(gravity)) # 9
# int to str
num_int = 10
print(num_int) # 10
num_str = str(num_int)
print(num_str) # '10'
# str to int or float
num_str = '10.6'
num_float = float(num_str) # Convert the string to a float first
num_int = int(num_float) # Then convert the float to an integer
print('num_int', int(num_str)) # 10
print('num_float', float(num_str)) # 10.6
num_int = int(num_float)
print('num_int', int(num_int)) # 10
# str to list
first_name = 'Asabeneh'
print(first_name) # 'Asabeneh'
first_name_to_list = list(first_name)
print(first_name_to_list) # ['A', 's', 'a', 'b', 'e', 'n', 'e', 'h']
```
## Numbers
Number data types in Python:
1. Integers: Integer(negative, zero and positive) numbers
Example:
... -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3 ...
2. Floating Point Numbers(Decimal numbers)
Example:
... -3.5, -2.25, -1.0, 0.0, 1.1, 2.2, 3.5 ...
3. Complex Numbers
Example:
1 + j, 2 + 4j, 1 - 1j
🌕 You are awesome. You have just completed day 2 challenges and you are two steps ahead on your way to greatness. Now do some exercises for your brain and muscles.
## 💻 Exercises - Day 2
### Exercises: Level 1
1. Inside 30DaysOfPython create a folder called day_2. Inside this folder create a file named variables.py
2. Write a python comment saying 'Day 2: 30 Days of python programming'
3. Declare a first name variable and assign a value to it
4. Declare a last name variable and assign a value to it
5. Declare a full name variable and assign a value to it
6. Declare a country variable and assign a value to it
7. Declare a city variable and assign a value to it
8. Declare an age variable and assign a value to it
9. Declare a year variable and assign a value to it
10. Declare a variable is_married and assign a value to it
11. Declare a variable is_true and assign a value to it
12. Declare a variable is_light_on and assign a value to it
13. Declare multiple variable on one line
### Exercises: Level 2
1. Check the data type of all your variables using type() built-in function
2. Using the _len()_ built-in function, find the length of your first name
3. Compare the length of your first name and your last name
4. Declare 5 as num_one and 4 as num_two
5. Add num_one and num_two and assign the value to a variable total
6. Subtract num_two from num_one and assign the value to a variable diff
7. Multiply num_two and num_one and assign the value to a variable product
8. Divide num_one by num_two and assign the value to a variable division
9. Use modulus division to find num_two divided by num_one and assign the value to a variable remainder
10. Calculate num_one to the power of num_two and assign the value to a variable exp
11. Find floor division of num_one by num_two and assign the value to a variable floor_division
12. The radius of a circle is 30 meters.
1. Calculate the area of a circle and assign the value to a variable name of _area_of_circle_
2. Calculate the circumference of a circle and assign the value to a variable name of _circum_of_circle_
3. Take radius as user input and calculate the area.
13. Use the built-in input function to get first name, last name, country and age from a user and store the value to their corresponding variable names
14. Run help('keywords') in Python shell or in your file to check for the Python reserved words or keywords
🎉 CONGRATULATIONS ! 🎉
[<< Day 1](../readme.md) | [Day 3 >>](../03_Day_Operators/03_operators.md)
================================================
FILE: 02_Day_Variables_builtin_functions/variables.py
================================================
# Variables in Python
first_name = 'Asabeneh'
last_name = 'Yetayeh'
country = 'Finland'
city = 'Helsinki'
age = 250
is_married = True
skills = ['HTML', 'CSS', 'JS', 'React', 'Python']
person_info = {
'firstname': 'Asabeneh',
'lastname': 'Yetayeh',
'country': 'Finland',
'city': 'Helsinki'
}
# Printing the values stored in the variables
print('First name:', first_name)
print('First name length:', len(first_name))
print('Last name: ', last_name)
print('Last name length: ', len(last_name))
print('Country: ', country)
print('City: ', city)
print('Age: ', age)
print('Married: ', is_married)
print('Skills: ', skills)
print('Person information: ', person_info)
# Declaring multiple variables in one line
first_name, last_name, country, age, is_married = 'Asabeneh', 'Yetayeh', 'Helsink', 250, True
print(first_name, last_name, country, age, is_married)
print('First name:', first_name)
print('Last name: ', last_name)
print('Country: ', country)
print('Age: ', age)
print('Married: ', is_married)
================================================
FILE: 03_Day_Operators/03_operators.md
================================================
<div align="center">
<h1> 30 Days Of Python: Day 3 - Operators</h1>
<a class="header-badge" target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/asabeneh/">
<img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/style--5eba00.svg?label=LinkedIn&logo=linkedin&style=social">
</a>
<a class="header-badge" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/Asabeneh">
<img alt="Twitter Follow" src="https://img.shields.io/twitter/follow/asabeneh?style=social">
</a>
<sub>Author:
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/asabeneh/" target="_blank">Asabeneh Yetayeh</a><br>
<small> Second Edition: July, 2021</small>
</sub>
</div>
[<< Day 2](../02_Day_Variables_builtin_functions/02_variables_builtin_functions.md) | [Day 4 >>](../04_Day_Strings/04_strings.md)
- [📘 Day 3](#-day-3)
- [Boolean](#boolean)
- [Operators](#operators)
- [Assignment Operators](#assignment-operators)
- [Arithmetic Operators:](#arithmetic-operators)
- [Comparison Operators](#comparison-operators)
- [Logical Operators](#logical-operators)
- [💻 Exercises - Day 3](#-exercises---day-3)
# 📘 Day 3
## Boolean
A boolean data type represents one of the two values: _True_ or _False_. The use of these data types will be clear once we start using the comparison operator. The first letter **T** for True and **F** for False should be capital unlike JavaScript.
**Example: Boolean Values**
```py
print(True)
print(False)
```
## Operators
Python language supports several types of operators. In this section, we will focus on few of them.
### Assignment Operators
Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables. Let us take = as an example. Equal sign in mathematics shows that two values are equal, however in Python it means we are storing a value in a certain variable and we call it assignment or a assigning value to a variable. The table below shows the different types of python assignment operators, taken from [w3school](https://www.w3schools.com/python/python_operators.asp).
### Arithmetic Operators:
- Addition(+): a + b
- Subtraction(-): a - b
- Multiplication(*): a * b
- Division(/): a / b
- Modulus(%): a % b
- Floor division(//): a // b
- Exponentiation(**): a ** b
**Example:Integers**
```py
# Arithmetic Operations in Python
# Integers
print('Addition: ', 1 + 2) # 3
print('Subtraction: ', 2 - 1) # 1
print('Multiplication: ', 2 * 3) # 6
print ('Division: ', 4 / 2) # 2.0 Division in Python gives floating number
print('Division: ', 6 / 2) # 3.0
print('Division: ', 7 / 2) # 3.5
print('Division without the remainder: ', 7 // 2) # 3, gives without the floating number or without the remaining
print ('Division without the remainder: ',7 // 3) # 2
print('Modulus: ', 3 % 2) # 1, Gives the remainder
print('Exponentiation: ', 2 ** 3) # 8 it means 2 * 2 * 2
```
**Example:Floats**
```py
# Floating numbers
print('Floating Point Number, PI', 3.14)
print('Floating Point Number, gravity', 9.81)
```
**Example:Complex numbers**
```py
# Complex numbers
print('Complex number: ', 1 + 1j)
print('Multiplying complex numbers: ',(1 + 1j) * (1 - 1j))
```
Let's declare a variable and assign a number data type. I am going to use single character variable but remember do not develop a habit of declaring such types of variables. Variable names should be all the time mnemonic.
**Example:**
```python
# Declaring the variable at the top first
a = 3 # a is a variable name and 3 is an integer data type
b = 2 # b is a variable name and 3 is an integer data type
# Arithmetic operations and assigning the result to a variable
total = a + b
diff = a - b
product = a * b
division = a / b
remainder = a % b
floor_division = a // b
exponential = a ** b
# I should have used sum instead of total but sum is a built-in function - try to avoid overriding built-in functions
print(total) # if you do not label your print with some string, you never know where the result is coming from
print('a + b = ', total)
print('a - b = ', diff)
print('a * b = ', product)
print('a / b = ', division)
print('a % b = ', remainder)
print('a // b = ', floor_division)
print('a ** b = ', exponential)
```
**Example:**
```py
print('== Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division, Modulus ==')
# Declaring values and organizing them together
num_one = 3
num_two = 4
# Arithmetic operations
total = num_one + num_two
diff = num_two - num_one
product = num_one * num_two
div = num_two / num_one
remainder = num_two % num_one
# Printing values with label
print('total: ', total)
print('difference: ', diff)
print('product: ', product)
print('division: ', div)
print('remainder: ', remainder)
```
Let us start connecting the dots and start making use of what we already know to calculate (area, volume,density, weight, perimeter, distance, force).
**Example:**
```py
# Calculating area of a circle
radius = 10 # radius of a circle
area_of_circle = 3.14 * radius ** 2 # two * sign means exponent or power
print('Area of a circle:', area_of_circle)
# Calculating area of a rectangle
length = 10
width = 20
area_of_rectangle = length * width
print('Area of rectangle:', area_of_rectangle)
# Calculating a weight of an object
mass = 75
gravity = 9.81
weight = mass * gravity
print(weight, 'N') # Adding unit to the weight
# Calculate the density of a liquid
mass = 75 # in Kg
volume = 0.075 # in cubic meter
density = mass / volume # 1000 Kg/m^3
print(density, 'Kg/m^3') # Adding unit to the density
```
### Comparison Operators
In programming we compare values, we use comparison operators to compare two values. We check if a value is greater or less or equal to other value. The following table shows Python comparison operators which was taken from [w3shool](https://www.w3schools.com/python/python_operators.asp).
**Example: Comparison Operators**
```py
print(3 > 2) # True, because 3 is greater than 2
print(3 >= 2) # True, because 3 is greater than 2
print(3 < 2) # False, because 3 is greater than 2
print(2 < 3) # True, because 2 is less than 3
print(2 <= 3) # True, because 2 is less than 3
print(3 == 2) # False, because 3 is not equal to 2
print(3 != 2) # True, because 3 is not equal to 2
print(len('mango') == len('avocado')) # False
print(len('mango') != len('avocado')) # True
print(len('mango') < len('avocado')) # True
print(len('milk') != len('meat')) # False
print(len('milk') == len('meat')) # True
print(len('tomato') == len('potato')) # True
print(len('python') > len('dragon')) # False
# Comparing something gives either a True or False
print('True == True: ', True == True)
print('True == False: ', True == False)
print('False == False:', False == False)
```
In addition to the above comparison operator Python uses:
- _is_: Returns true if both variables are the same object(x is y)
- _is not_: Returns true if both variables are not the same object(x is not y)
- _in_: Returns True if the queried list contains a certain item(x in y)
- _not in_: Returns True if the queried list doesn't have a certain item(x not in y)
```py
print('1 is 1', 1 is 1) # True - because the data values are the same
print('1 is not 2', 1 is not 2) # True - because 1 is not 2
print('A in Asabeneh', 'A' in 'Asabeneh') # True - A found in the string
print('B not in Asabeneh', 'B' in 'Asabeneh') # False - there is no uppercase B
print('coding' in 'coding for all') # True - because coding for all has the word coding
print('a in an:', 'a' in 'an') # True
print('4 is 2 ** 2:', 4 is 2 ** 2) # True
```
### Logical Operators
Unlike other programming languages python uses keywords _and_, _or_ and _not_ for logical operators. Logical operators are used to combine conditional statements:
```py
print(3 > 2 and 4 > 3) # True - because both statements are true
print(3 > 2 and 4 < 3) # False - because the second statement is false
print(3 < 2 and 4 < 3) # False - because both statements are false
print('True and True: ', True and True)
print(3 > 2 or 4 > 3) # True - because both statements are true
print(3 > 2 or 4 < 3) # True - because one of the statements is true
print(3 < 2 or 4 < 3) # False - because both statements are false
print('True or False:', True or False)
print(not 3 > 2) # False - because 3 > 2 is true, then not True gives False
print(not True) # False - Negation, the not operator turns true to false
print(not False) # True
print(not not True) # True
print(not not False) # False
```
🌕 You have boundless energy. You have just completed day 3 challenges and you are three steps ahead on your way to greatness. Now do some exercises for your brain and your muscles.
## 💻 Exercises - Day 3
1. Declare your age as integer variable
2. Declare your height as a float variable
3. Declare a variable that store a complex number
4. Write a script that prompts the user to enter base and height of the triangle and calculate an area of this triangle (area = 0.5 x b x h).
```py
Enter base: 20
Enter height: 10
The area of the triangle is 100
```
5. Write a script that prompts the user to enter side a, side b, and side c of the triangle. Calculate the perimeter of the triangle (perimeter = a + b + c).
```py
Enter side a: 5
Enter side b: 4
Enter side c: 3
The perimeter of the triangle is 12
```
6. Get length and width of a rectangle using prompt. Calculate its area (area = length x width) and perimeter (perimeter = 2 x (length + width))
7. Get radius of a circle using prompt. Calculate the area (area = pi x r x r) and circumference (c = 2 x pi x r) where pi = 3.14.
8. Calculate the slope, x-intercept and y-intercept of y = 2x -2
9. Slope is (m = y2-y1/x2-x1). Find the slope and [Euclidean distance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_distance#:~:text=In%20mathematics%2C%20the%20Euclidean%20distance,being%20called%20the%20Pythagorean%20distance.) between point (2, 2) and point (6,10)
10. Compare the slopes in tasks 8 and 9.
11. Calculate the value of y (y = x^2 + 6x + 9). Try to use different x values and figure out at what x value y is going to be 0.
12. Find the length of 'python' and 'dragon' and make a falsy comparison statement.
13. Use _and_ operator to check if 'on' is found in both 'python' and 'dragon'
14. _I hope this course is not full of jargon_. Use _in_ operator to check if _jargon_ is in the sentence.
15. There is no 'on' in both dragon and python
16. Find the length of the text _python_ and convert the value to float and convert it to string
17. Even numbers are divisible by 2 and the remainder is zero. How do you check if a number is even or not using python?
18. Check if the floor division of 7 by 3 is equal to the int converted value of 2.7.
19. Check if type of '10' is equal to type of 10
20. Check if int('9.8') is equal to 10
21. Write a script that prompts the user to enter hours and rate per hour. Calculate pay of the person?
```py
Enter hours: 40
Enter rate per hour: 28
Your weekly earning is 1120
```
22. Write a script that prompts the user to enter number of years. Calculate the number of seconds a person can live. Assume a person can live hundred years
```py
Enter number of years you have lived: 100
You have lived for 3153600000 seconds.
```
23. Write a Python script that displays the following table
```py
1 1 1 1 1
2 1 2 4 8
3 1 3 9 27
4 1 4 16 64
5 1 5 25 125
```
🎉 CONGRATULATIONS ! 🎉
[<< Day 2](../02_Day_Variables_builtin_functions/02_variables_builtin_functions.md) | [Day 4 >>](../04_Day_Strings/04_strings.md)
================================================
FILE: 03_Day_Operators/day-3.py
================================================
# Arithmetic Operations in Python
# Integers
print('Addition: ', 1 + 2)
print('Subtraction: ', 2 - 1)
print('Multiplication: ', 2 * 3)
# Division in python gives floating number
print('Division: ', 4 / 2)
print('Division: ', 6 / 2)
print('Division: ', 7 / 2)
# gives without the floating number or without the remaining
print('Division without the remainder: ', 7 // 2)
print('Modulus: ', 3 % 2) # Gives the remainder
print('Division without the remainder: ', 7 // 3)
print('Exponential: ', 3 ** 2) # it means 3 * 3
# Floating numbers
print('Floating Number,PI', 3.14)
print('Floating Number, gravity', 9.81)
# Complex numbers
print('Complex number: ', 1+1j)
print('Multiplying complex number: ', (1+1j) * (1-1j))
# Declaring the variable at the top first
a = 3 # a is a variable name and 3 is an integer data type
b = 2 # b is a variable name and 3 is an integer data type
# Arithmetic operations and assigning the result to a variable
total = a + b
diff = a - b
product = a * b
division = a / b
remainder = a % b
floor_division = a // b
exponential = a ** b
# I should have used sum instead of total but sum is a built-in function try to avoid overriding builtin functions
print(total) # if you don't label your print with some string, you never know from where is the result is coming
print('a + b = ', total)
print('a - b = ', diff)
print('a * b = ', product)
print('a / b = ', division)
print('a % b = ', remainder)
print('a // b = ', floor_division)
print('a ** b = ', exponential)
# Declaring values and organizing them together
num_one = 3
num_two = 4
# Arithmetic operations
total = num_one + num_two
diff = num_two - num_one
product = num_one * num_two
div = num_two / num_two
remainder = num_two % num_one
# Printing values with label
print('total: ', total)
print('difference: ', diff)
print('product: ', product)
print('division: ', div)
print('remainder: ', remainder)
# Calculating area of a circle
radius = 10 # radius of a circle
# two * sign means exponent or power
area_of_circle = 3.14 * radius ** 2
print('Area of a circle:', area_of_circle)
# Calculating area of a rectangle
length = 10
width = 20
area_of_rectangle = length * width
print('Area of rectangle:', area_of_rectangle)
# Calculating a weight of an object
mass = 75
gravity = 9.81
weight = mass * gravity
print(weight, 'N')
print(3 > 2) # True, because 3 is greater than 2
print(3 >= 2) # True, because 3 is greater than 2
print(3 < 2) # False, because 3 is greater than 2
print(2 < 3) # True, because 2 is less than 3
print(2 <= 3) # True, because 2 is less than 3
print(3 == 2) # False, because 3 is not equal to 2
print(3 != 2) # True, because 3 is not equal to 2
print(len('mango') == len('avocado')) # False
print(len('mango') != len('avocado')) # True
print(len('mango') < len('avocado')) # True
print(len('milk') != len('meat')) # False
print(len('milk') == len('meat')) # True
print(len('tomato') == len('potato')) # True
print(len('python') > len('dragon')) # False
# Boolean comparison
print('True == True: ', True == True)
print('True == False: ', True == False)
print('False == False:', False == False)
print('True and True: ', True and True)
print('True or False:', True or False)
# Another way comparison
# True - because the data values are the same
print('1 is 1', 1 is 1)
print('1 is not 2', 1 is not 2) # True - because 1 is not 2
print('A in Asabeneh', 'A' in 'Asabeneh') # True - A found in the string
print('B in Asabeneh', 'B' in 'Asabeneh') # False -there is no uppercase B
# True - because coding for all has the word coding
print('coding' in 'coding for all')
print('a in an:', 'a' in 'an') # True
print('4 is 2 ** 2:', 4 is 2 ** 2) # True
print(3 > 2 and 4 > 3) # True - because both statements are true
print(3 > 2 and 4 < 3) # False - because the second statement is false
print(3 < 2 and 4 < 3) # False - because both statements are false
print(3 > 2 or 4 > 3) # True - because both statements are true
print(3 > 2 or 4 < 3) # True - because one of the statement is true
print(3 < 2 or 4 < 3) # False - because both statements are false
print(not 3 > 2) # False - because 3 > 2 is true, then not True gives False
print(not True) # False - Negation, the not operator turns true to false
print(not False) # True
print(not not True) # True
print(not not False) # False
================================================
FILE: 04_Day_Strings/04_strings.md
================================================
<div align="center">
<h1> 30 Days Of Python: Day 4 - Strings</h1>
<a class="header-badge" target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/asabeneh/">
<img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/style--5eba00.svg?label=LinkedIn&logo=linkedin&style=social">
</a>
<a class="header-badge" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/Asabeneh">
<img alt="Twitter Follow" src="https://img.shields.io/twitter/follow/asabeneh?style=social">
</a>
<sub>Author:
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/asabeneh/" target="_blank">Asabeneh Yetayeh</a><br>
<small> Second Edition: July, 2021</small>
</sub>
</div>
[<< Day 3](../03_Day_Operators/03_operators.md) | [Day 5 >>](../05_Day_Lists/05_lists.md)
- [Day 4](#day-4)
- [Strings](#strings)
- [Creating a String](#creating-a-string)
- [String Concatenation](#string-concatenation)
- [Escape Sequences in Strings](#escape-sequences-in-strings)
- [String formatting](#string-formatting)
- [Old Style String Formatting (% Operator)](#old-style-string-formatting--operator)
- [New Style String Formatting (str.format)](#new-style-string-formatting-strformat)
- [String Interpolation / f-Strings (Python 3.6+)](#string-interpolation--f-strings-python-36)
- [Python Strings as Sequences of Characters](#python-strings-as-sequences-of-characters)
- [Unpacking Characters](#unpacking-characters)
- [Accessing Characters in Strings by Index](#accessing-characters-in-strings-by-index)
- [Slicing Python Strings](#slicing-python-strings)
- [Reversing a String](#reversing-a-string)
- [Skipping Characters While Slicing](#skipping-characters-while-slicing)
- [String Methods](#string-methods)
- [💻 Exercises - Day 4](#-exercises---day-4)
# Day 4
## Strings
Text is a string data type. Any data type written as text is a string. Any data under single, double or triple quote are strings. There are different string methods and built-in functions to deal with string data types. To check the length of a string use the len() method.
### Creating a String
```py
letter = 'P' # A string could be a single character or a bunch of texts
print(letter) # P
print(len(letter)) # 1
greeting = 'Hello, World!' # String could be made using a single or double quote,"Hello, World!"
print(greeting) # Hello, World!
print(len(greeting)) # 13
sentence = "I hope you are enjoying 30 days of Python Challenge"
print(sentence)
```
Multiline string is created by using triple single (''') or triple double quotes ("""). See the example below.
```py
multiline_string = '''I am a teacher and enjoy teaching.
I didn't find anything as rewarding as empowering people.
That is why I created 30 days of python.'''
print(multiline_string)
# Another way of doing the same thing
multiline_string = """I am a teacher and enjoy teaching.
I didn't find anything as rewarding as empowering people.
That is why I created 30 days of python."""
print(multiline_string)
```
### String Concatenation
We can connect strings together. Merging or connecting strings is called concatenation. See the example below:
```py
first_name = 'Asabeneh'
last_name = 'Yetayeh'
space = ' '
full_name = first_name + space + last_name
print(full_name) # Asabeneh Yetayeh
# Checking the length of a string using len() built-in function
print(len(first_name)) # 8
print(len(last_name)) # 7
print(len(first_name) > len(last_name)) # True
print(len(full_name)) # 16
```
### Escape Sequences in Strings
In Python and other programming languages \ followed by a character is an escape sequence. Let us see the most common escape characters:
- \n: new line
- \t: Tab means(8 spaces)
- \\\\: Back slash
- \\': Single quote (')
- \\": Double quote (")
Now, let us see the use of the above escape sequences with examples.
```py
print('I hope everyone is enjoying the Python Challenge.\nAre you ?') # line break
print('Days\tTopics\tExercises') # adding tab space or 4 spaces
print('Day 1\t5\t5')
print('Day 2\t6\t20')
print('Day 3\t5\t23')
print('Day 4\t1\t35')
print('This is a backslash symbol (\\)') # To write a backslash
print('In every programming language it starts with \"Hello, World!\"') # to write a double quote inside a single quote
# output
I hope every one is enjoying the Python Challenge.
Are you ?
Days Topics Exercises
Day 1 5 5
Day 2 6 20
Day 3 5 23
Day 4 1 35
This is a backslash symbol (\)
In every programming language it starts with "Hello, World!"
```
### String formatting
#### Old Style String Formatting (% Operator)
In Python there are many ways of formatting strings. In this section, we will cover some of them.
The "%" operator is used to format a set of variables enclosed in a "tuple" (a fixed size list), together with a format string, which contains normal text together with "argument specifiers", special symbols like "%s", "%d", "%f", "%.<small>number of digits</small>f".
- %s - String (or any object with a string representation, like numbers)
- %d - Integers
- %f - Floating point numbers
- "%.<small>number of digits</small>f" - Floating point numbers with fixed precision
```py
# Strings only
first_name = 'Asabeneh'
last_name = 'Yetayeh'
language = 'Python'
formated_string = 'I am %s %s. I teach %s' %(first_name, last_name, language)
print(formated_string)
# Strings and numbers
radius = 10
pi = 3.14
area = pi * radius ** 2
formated_string = 'The area of circle with a radius %d is %.2f.' %(radius, area) # 2 refers the 2 significant digits after the point
python_libraries = ['Django', 'Flask', 'NumPy', 'Matplotlib','Pandas']
formated_string = 'The following are python libraries:%s' % (python_libraries)
print(formated_string) # "The following are python libraries:['Django', 'Flask', 'NumPy', 'Matplotlib','Pandas']"
```
#### New Style String Formatting (str.format)
This format was introduced in Python version 3.
```py
first_name = 'Asabeneh'
last_name = 'Yetayeh'
language = 'Python'
formated_string = 'I am {} {}. I teach {}'.format(first_name, last_name, language)
print(formated_string)
a = 4
b = 3
print('{} + {} = {}'.format(a, b, a + b))
print('{} - {} = {}'.format(a, b, a - b))
print('{} * {} = {}'.format(a, b, a * b))
print('{} / {} = {:.2f}'.format(a, b, a / b)) # limits it to two digits after decimal
print('{} % {} = {}'.format(a, b, a % b))
print('{} // {} = {}'.format(a, b, a // b))
print('{} ** {} = {}'.format(a, b, a ** b))
# output
4 + 3 = 7
4 - 3 = 1
4 * 3 = 12
4 / 3 = 1.33
4 % 3 = 1
4 // 3 = 1
4 ** 3 = 64
# Strings and numbers
radius = 10
pi = 3.14
area = pi * radius ** 2
formated_string = 'The area of a circle with a radius {} is {:.2f}.'.format(radius, area) # 2 digits after decimal
print(formated_string)
```
#### String Interpolation / f-Strings (Python 3.6+)
Another new string formatting is string interpolation, f-strings. Strings start with f and we can inject the data in their corresponding positions.
```py
a = 4
b = 3
print(f'{a} + {b} = {a +b}')
print(f'{a} - {b} = {a - b}')
print(f'{a} * {b} = {a * b}')
print(f'{a} / {b} = {a / b:.2f}')
print(f'{a} % {b} = {a % b}')
print(f'{a} // {b} = {a // b}')
print(f'{a} ** {b} = {a ** b}')
```
### Python Strings as Sequences of Characters
Python strings are sequences of characters, and share their basic methods of access with other Python ordered sequences of objects – lists and tuples. The simplest way of extracting single characters from strings (and individual members from any sequence) is to unpack them into corresponding variables.
#### Unpacking Characters
```
language = 'Python'
a,b,c,d,e,f = language # unpacking sequence characters into variables
print(a) # P
print(b) # y
print(c) # t
print(d) # h
print(e) # o
print(f) # n
```
#### Accessing Characters in Strings by Index
In programming counting starts from zero. Therefore the first letter of a string is at zero index and the last letter of a string is the length of a string minus one.
```py
language = 'Python'
first_letter = language[0]
print(first_letter) # P
second_letter = language[1]
print(second_letter) # y
last_index = len(language) - 1
last_letter = language[last_index]
print(last_letter) # n
```
If we want to start from right end we can use negative indexing. -1 is the last index.
```py
language = 'Python'
last_letter = language[-1]
print(last_letter) # n
second_last = language[-2]
print(second_last) # o
```
#### Slicing Python Strings
In python we can slice strings into substrings.
```py
language = 'Python'
first_three = language[0:3] # starts at zero index and up to 3 but not include 3
print(first_three) #Pyt
last_three = language[3:6]
print(last_three) # hon
# Another way
last_three = language[-3:]
print(last_three) # hon
last_three = language[3:]
print(last_three) # hon
```
#### Reversing a String
We can easily reverse strings in python.
```py
greeting = 'Hello, World!'
print(greeting[::-1]) # !dlroW ,olleH
```
#### Skipping Characters While Slicing
It is possible to skip characters while slicing by passing step argument to slice method.
```py
language = 'Python'
pto = language[0:6:2] #
print(pto) # Pto
```
### String Methods
There are many string methods which allow us to format strings. See some of the string methods in the following example:
- capitalize(): Converts the first character of the string to capital letter
```py
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.capitalize()) # 'Thirty days of python'
```
- count(): returns occurrences of substring in string, count(substring, start=.., end=..). The start is a starting indexing for counting and end is the last index to count.
```py
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.count('y')) # 3
print(challenge.count('y', 7, 14)) # 1,
print(challenge.count('th')) # 2`
```
- endswith(): Checks if a string ends with a specified ending
```py
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.endswith('on')) # True
print(challenge.endswith('tion')) # False
```
- expandtabs(): Replaces tab character with spaces, default tab size is 8. It takes tab size argument
```py
challenge = 'thirty\tdays\tof\tpython'
print(challenge.expandtabs()) # 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.expandtabs(10)) # 'thirty days of python'
```
- find(): Returns the index of the first occurrence of a substring, if not found returns -1
```py
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.find('y')) # 5
print(challenge.find('th')) # 0
```
- rfind(): Returns the index of the last occurrence of a substring, if not found returns -1
```py
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.rfind('y')) # 16
print(challenge.rfind('th')) # 17
```
- format(): formats string into a nicer output
More about string formatting check this [link](https://www.programiz.com/python-programming/methods/string/format)
```py
first_name = 'Asabeneh'
last_name = 'Yetayeh'
age = 250
job = 'teacher'
country = 'Finland'
sentence = 'I am {} {}. I am a {}. I am {} years old. I live in {}.'.format(first_name, last_name, job, age, country)
print(sentence) # I am Asabeneh Yetayeh. I am 250 years old. I am a teacher. I live in Finland.
radius = 10
pi = 3.14
area = pi * radius ** 2
result = 'The area of a circle with radius {} is {}'.format(str(radius), str(area))
print(result) # The area of a circle with radius 10 is 314
```
- index(): Returns the lowest index of a substring, additional arguments indicate starting and ending index (default 0 and string length - 1). If the substring is not found it raises a valueError.
```py
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
sub_string = 'da'
print(challenge.index(sub_string)) # 7
print(challenge.index(sub_string, 9)) # error
```
- rindex(): Returns the highest index of a substring, additional arguments indicate starting and ending index (default 0 and string length - 1)
```py
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
sub_string = 'da'
print(challenge.rindex(sub_string)) # 7
print(challenge.rindex(sub_string, 9)) # error
print(challenge.rindex('on', 8)) # 19
```
- isalnum(): Checks alphanumeric character
```py
challenge = 'ThirtyDaysPython'
print(challenge.isalnum()) # True
challenge = '30DaysPython'
print(challenge.isalnum()) # True
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.isalnum()) # False, space is not an alphanumeric character
challenge = 'thirty days of python 2019'
print(challenge.isalnum()) # False
```
- isalpha(): Checks if all string elements are alphabet characters (a-z and A-Z)
```py
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.isalpha()) # False, space is once again excluded
challenge = 'ThirtyDaysPython'
print(challenge.isalpha()) # True
num = '123'
print(num.isalpha()) # False
```
- isdecimal(): Checks if all characters in a string are decimal (0-9)
```py
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.isdecimal()) # False
challenge = '123'
print(challenge.isdecimal()) # True
challenge = '\u00B2'
print(challenge.isdigit()) # True
challenge = '12 3'
print(challenge.isdecimal()) # False, space not allowed
```
- isdigit(): Checks if all characters in a string are numbers (0-9 and some other unicode characters for numbers)
```py
challenge = 'Thirty'
print(challenge.isdigit()) # False
challenge = '30'
print(challenge.isdigit()) # True
challenge = '\u00B2'
print(challenge.isdigit()) # True
```
- isnumeric(): Checks if all characters in a string are numbers or number related (just like isdigit(), just accepts more symbols, like ½)
```py
num = '10'
print(num.isnumeric()) # True
num = '\u00BD' # ½
print(num.isnumeric()) # True
num = '10.5'
print(num.isnumeric()) # False
```
- isidentifier(): Checks for a valid identifier - it checks if a string is a valid variable name
```py
challenge = '30DaysOfPython'
print(challenge.isidentifier()) # False, because it starts with a number
challenge = 'thirty_days_of_python'
print(challenge.isidentifier()) # True
```
- islower(): Checks if all alphabet characters in the string are lowercase
```py
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.islower()) # True
challenge = 'Thirty days of python'
print(challenge.islower()) # False
```
- isupper(): Checks if all alphabet characters in the string are uppercase
```py
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.isupper()) # False
challenge = 'THIRTY DAYS OF PYTHON'
print(challenge.isupper()) # True
```
- join(): Returns a concatenated string
```py
web_tech = ['HTML', 'CSS', 'JavaScript', 'React']
result = ' '.join(web_tech)
print(result) # 'HTML CSS JavaScript React'
```
```py
web_tech = ['HTML', 'CSS', 'JavaScript', 'React']
result = '# '.join(web_tech)
print(result) # 'HTML# CSS# JavaScript# React'
```
- strip(): Removes all given characters starting from the beginning and end of the string
```py
challenge = 'thirty days of pythoonnn'
print(challenge.strip('noth')) # 'irty days of py'
```
- replace(): Replaces substring with a given string
```py
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.replace('python', 'coding')) # 'thirty days of coding'
```
- split(): Splits the string, using given string or space as a separator
```py
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.split()) # ['thirty', 'days', 'of', 'python']
challenge = 'thirty, days, of, python'
print(challenge.split(', ')) # ['thirty', 'days', 'of', 'python']
```
- title(): Returns a title cased string
```py
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.title()) # Thirty Days Of Python
```
- swapcase(): Converts all uppercase characters to lowercase and all lowercase characters to uppercase characters
```py
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.swapcase()) # THIRTY DAYS OF PYTHON
challenge = 'Thirty Days Of Python'
print(challenge.swapcase()) # tHIRTY dAYS oF pYTHON
```
- startswith(): Checks if String Starts with the Specified String
```py
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.startswith('thirty')) # True
challenge = '30 days of python'
print(challenge.startswith('thirty')) # False
```
🌕 You are an extraordinary person and you have a remarkable potential. You have just completed day 4 challenges and you are four steps a head in to your way to greatness. Now do some exercises for your brain and muscles.
## 💻 Exercises - Day 4
1. Concatenate the string 'Thirty', 'Days', 'Of', 'Python' to a single string, 'Thirty Days Of Python'.
2. Concatenate the string 'Coding', 'For' , 'All' to a single string, 'Coding For All'.
3. Declare a variable named company and assign it to an initial value "Coding For All".
4. Print the variable company using _print()_.
5. Print the length of the company string using _len()_ method and _print()_.
6. Change all the characters to uppercase letters using _upper()_ method.
7. Change all the characters to lowercase letters using _lower()_ method.
8. Use capitalize(), title(), swapcase() methods to format the value of the string _Coding For All_.
9. Cut(slice) out the first word of _Coding For All_ string.
10. Check if _Coding For All_ string contains a word Coding using the method index, find or other methods.
11. Replace the word coding in the string 'Coding For All' to Python.
12. Change "Python for Everyone" to "Python for All" using the replace method or other methods.
13. Split the string 'Coding For All' using space as the separator (split()) .
14. "Facebook, Google, Microsoft, Apple, IBM, Oracle, Amazon" split the string at the comma.
15. What is the character at index 0 in the string _Coding For All_.
16. What is the last index of the string _Coding For All_.
17. What character is at index 10 in "Coding For All" string.
18. Create an acronym or an abbreviation for the name 'Python For Everyone'.
19. Create an acronym or an abbreviation for the name 'Coding For All'.
20. Use index to determine the position of the first occurrence of C in Coding For All.
21. Use index to determine the position of the first occurrence of F in Coding For All.
22. Use rfind to determine the position of the last occurrence of l in Coding For All People.
23. Use index or find to find the position of the first occurrence of the word 'because' in the following sentence: 'You cannot end a sentence with because because because is a conjunction'
24. Use rindex to find the position of the last occurrence of the word because in the following sentence: 'You cannot end a sentence with because because because is a conjunction'
25. Slice out the phrase 'because because because' in the following sentence: 'You cannot end a sentence with because because because is a conjunction'
26. Find the position of the first occurrence of the word 'because' in the following sentence: 'You cannot end a sentence with because because because is a conjunction'
27. Slice out the phrase 'because because because' in the following sentence: 'You cannot end a sentence with because because because is a conjunction'
28. Does 'Coding For All' start with a substring _Coding_?
29. Does 'Coding For All' end with a substring _coding_?
30. ' Coding For All ' , remove the left and right trailing spaces in the given string.
31. Which one of the following variables return True when we use the method isidentifier():
- 30DaysOfPython
- thirty_days_of_python
32. The following list contains the names of some of python libraries: ['Django', 'Flask', 'Bottle', 'Pyramid', 'Falcon']. Join the list with a hash with space string.
33. Use the new line escape sequence to separate the following sentences.
```py
I am enjoying this challenge.
I just wonder what is next.
```
34. Use a tab escape sequence to write the following lines.
```py
Name Age Country City
Asabeneh 250 Finland Helsinki
```
35. Use the string formatting method to display the following:
```sh
radius = 10
area = 3.14 * radius ** 2
The area of a circle with radius 10 is 314 meters square.
```
36. Make the following using string formatting methods:
```sh
8 + 6 = 14
8 - 6 = 2
8 * 6 = 48
8 / 6 = 1.33
8 % 6 = 2
8 // 6 = 1
8 ** 6 = 262144
```
🎉 CONGRATULATIONS ! 🎉
[<< Day 3](../03_Day_Operators/03_operators.md) | [Day 5 >>](../05_Day_Lists/05_lists.md)
================================================
FILE: 04_Day_Strings/day_4.py
================================================
# Single line comment
letter = 'P' # A string could be a single character or a bunch of texts
print(letter) # P
print(len(letter)) # 1
greeting = 'Hello, World!' # String could be a single or double quote,"Hello, World!"
print(greeting) # Hello, World!
print(len(greeting)) # 13
sentence = "I hope you are enjoying 30 days of python challenge"
print(sentence)
# Multiline String
multiline_string = '''I am a teacher and enjoy teaching.
I didn't find anything as rewarding as empowering people.
That is why I created 30 days of python.'''
print(multiline_string)
# Another way of doing the same thing
multiline_string = """I am a teacher and enjoy teaching.
I didn't find anything as rewarding as empowering people.
That is why I created 30 days of python."""
print(multiline_string)
# String Concatenation
first_name = 'Asabeneh'
last_name = 'Yetayeh'
space = ' '
full_name = first_name + space + last_name
print(full_name) # Asabeneh Yetayeh
# Checking length of a string using len() builtin function
print(len(first_name)) # 8
print(len(last_name)) # 7
print(len(first_name) > len(last_name)) # True
print(len(full_name)) # 15
# Unpacking characters
language = 'Python'
a, b, c, d, e, f = language # unpacking sequence characters into variables
print(a) # P
print(b) # y
print(c) # t
print(d) # h
print(e) # o
print(f) # n
# Accessing characters in strings by index
language = 'Python'
first_letter = language[0]
print(first_letter) # P
second_letter = language[1]
print(second_letter) # y
last_index = len(language) - 1
last_letter = language[last_index]
print(last_letter) # n
# If we want to start from right end we can use negative indexing. -1 is the last index
language = 'Python'
last_letter = language[-1]
print(last_letter) # n
second_last = language[-2]
print(second_last) # o
# Slicing
language = 'Python'
# starts at zero index and up to 3 but not include 3
first_three = language[0:3]
last_three = language[3:6]
print(last_three) # hon
# Another way
last_three = language[-3:]
print(last_three) # hon
last_three = language[3:]
print(last_three) # hon
# Skipping character while splitting Python strings
language = 'Python'
pto = language[0:6:2]
print(pto) # pto
# Escape sequence
print('I hope every one enjoying the python challenge.\nDo you ?') # line break
print('Days\tTopics\tExercises')
print('Day 1\t3\t5')
print('Day 2\t3\t5')
print('Day 3\t3\t5')
print('Day 4\t3\t5')
print('This is a back slash symbol (\\)') # To write a back slash
print('In every programming language it starts with \"Hello, World!\"')
# String Methods
# capitalize(): Converts the first character the string to Capital Letter
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.capitalize()) # 'Thirty days of python'
# count(): returns occurrences of substring in string, count(substring, start=.., end=..)
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.count('y')) # 3
print(challenge.count('y', 7, 14)) # 1
print(challenge.count('th')) # 2`
# endswith(): Checks if a string ends with a specified ending
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.endswith('on')) # True
print(challenge.endswith('tion')) # False
# expandtabs(): Replaces tab character with spaces, default tab size is 8. It takes tab size argument
challenge = 'thirty\tdays\tof\tpython'
print(challenge.expandtabs()) # 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.expandtabs(10)) # 'thirty days of python'
# find(): Returns the index of first occurrence of substring
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.find('y')) # 5
print(challenge.find('th')) # 0
# format() formats string into nicer output
first_name = 'Asabeneh'
last_name = 'Yetayeh'
job = 'teacher'
country = 'Finland'
sentence = 'I am {} {}. I am a {}. I live in {}.'.format(
first_name, last_name, job, country)
print(sentence) # I am Asabeneh Yetayeh. I am a teacher. I live in Finland.
radius = 10
pi = 3.14
area = pi # radius ## 2
result = 'The area of circle with {} is {}'.format(str(radius), str(area))
print(result) # The area of circle with 10 is 314.0
# index(): Returns the index of substring
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.find('y')) # 5
print(challenge.find('th')) # 0
# isalnum(): Checks alphanumeric character
challenge = 'ThirtyDaysPython'
print(challenge.isalnum()) # True
challenge = '30DaysPython'
print(challenge.isalnum()) # True
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.isalnum()) # False
challenge = 'thirty days of python 2019'
print(challenge.isalnum()) # False
# isalpha(): Checks if all characters are alphabets
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.isalpha()) # True
num = '123'
print(num.isalpha()) # False
# isdecimal(): Checks Decimal Characters
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.find('y')) # 5
print(challenge.find('th')) # 0
# isdigit(): Checks Digit Characters
challenge = 'Thirty'
print(challenge.isdigit()) # False
challenge = '30'
print(challenge.isdigit()) # True
# isdecimal():Checks decimal characters
num = '10'
print(num.isdecimal()) # True
num = '10.5'
print(num.isdecimal()) # False
# isidentifier():Checks for valid identifier means it check if a string is a valid variable name
challenge = '30DaysOfPython'
print(challenge.isidentifier()) # False, because it starts with a number
challenge = 'thirty_days_of_python'
print(challenge.isidentifier()) # True
# islower():Checks if all alphabets in a string are lowercase
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.islower()) # True
challenge = 'Thirty days of python'
print(challenge.islower()) # False
# isupper(): returns if all characters are uppercase characters
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.isupper()) # False
challenge = 'THIRTY DAYS OF PYTHON'
print(challenge.isupper()) # True
# isnumeric():Checks numeric characters
num = '10'
print(num.isnumeric()) # True
print('ten'.isnumeric()) # False
# join(): Returns a concatenated string
web_tech = ['HTML', 'CSS', 'JavaScript', 'React']
result = '#, '.join(web_tech)
print(result) # 'HTML# CSS# JavaScript# React'
# strip(): Removes both leading and trailing characters
challenge = ' thirty days of python '
print(challenge.strip('y')) # 5
# replace(): Replaces substring inside
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.replace('python', 'coding')) # 'thirty days of coding'
# split():Splits String from Left
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.split()) # ['thirty', 'days', 'of', 'python']
# title(): Returns a Title Cased String
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.title()) # Thirty Days Of Python
# swapcase(): Checks if String Starts with the Specified String
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.swapcase()) # THIRTY DAYS OF PYTHON
challenge = 'Thirty Days Of Python'
print(challenge.swapcase()) # tHIRTY dAYS oF pYTHON
# startswith(): Checks if String Starts with the Specified String
challenge = 'thirty days of python'
print(challenge.startswith('thirty')) # True
challenge = '30 days of python'
print(challenge.startswith('thirty')) # False
================================================
FILE: 05_Day_Lists/05_lists.md
================================================
<div align="center">
<h1> 30 Days Of Python: Day 5 - Lists</h1>
<a class="header-badge" target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/asabeneh/">
<img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/style--5eba00.svg?label=LinkedIn&logo=linkedin&style=social">
</a>
<a class="header-badge" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/Asabeneh">
<img alt="Twitter Follow" src="https://img.shields.io/twitter/follow/asabeneh?style=social">
</a>
<sub>Author:
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/asabeneh/" target="_blank">Asabeneh Yetayeh</a><br>
<small> Second Edition: July - 2021</small>
</sub>
</div>
[<< Day 4](../04_Day_Strings/04_strings.md) | [Day 6 >>](../06_Day_Tuples/06_tuples.md)
- [Day 5](#day-5)
- [Lists](#lists)
- [How to Create a List](#how-to-create-a-list)
- [Accessing List Items Using Positive Indexing](#accessing-list-items-using-positive-indexing)
- [Accessing List Items Using Negative Indexing](#accessing-list-items-using-negative-indexing)
- [Unpacking List Items](#unpacking-list-items)
- [Slicing Items from a List](#slicing-items-from-a-list)
- [Modifying Lists](#modifying-lists)
- [Checking Items in a List](#checking-items-in-a-list)
- [Adding Items to a List](#adding-items-to-a-list)
- [Inserting Items into a List](#inserting-items-into-a-list)
- [Removing Items from a List](#removing-items-from-a-list)
- [Removing Items Using Pop](#removing-items-using-pop)
- [Removing Items Using Del](#removing-items-using-del)
- [Clearing List Items](#clearing-list-items)
- [Copying a List](#copying-a-list)
- [Joining Lists](#joining-lists)
- [Counting Items in a List](#counting-items-in-a-list)
- [Finding Index of an Item](#finding-index-of-an-item)
- [Reversing a List](#reversing-a-list)
- [Sorting List Items](#sorting-list-items)
- [💻 Exercises: Day 5](#-exercises-day-5)
- [Exercises: Level 1](#exercises-level-1)
- [Exercises: Level 2](#exercises-level-2)
# Day 5
## Lists
There are four collection data types in Python :
- List: is a collection which is ordered and changeable(modifiable). Allows duplicate members.
- Tuple: is a collection which is ordered and unchangeable or unmodifiable(immutable). Allows duplicate members.
- Set: is a collection which is unordered, un-indexed and unmodifiable, but we can add new items to the set. Duplicate members are not allowed.
- Dictionary: is a collection which is unordered, changeable(modifiable) and indexed. No duplicate members.
A list is collection of different data types which is ordered and modifiable(mutable). A list can be empty or it may have different data type items.
### How to Create a List
In Python we can create lists in two ways:
- Using list built-in function
```py
# syntax
lst = list()
```
```py
empty_list = list() # this is an empty list, no item in the list
print(len(empty_list)) # 0
```
- Using square brackets, []
```py
# syntax
lst = []
```
```py
empty_list = [] # this is an empty list, no item in the list
print(len(empty_list)) # 0
```
Lists with initial values. We use _len()_ to find the length of a list.
```py
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon'] # list of fruits
vegetables = ['Tomato', 'Potato', 'Cabbage','Onion', 'Carrot'] # list of vegetables
animal_products = ['milk', 'meat', 'butter', 'yoghurt'] # list of animal products
web_techs = ['HTML', 'CSS', 'JS', 'React','Redux', 'Node', 'MongDB'] # list of web technologies
countries = ['Finland', 'Estonia', 'Denmark', 'Sweden', 'Norway']
# Print the lists and its length
print('Fruits:', fruits)
print('Number of fruits:', len(fruits))
print('Vegetables:', vegetables)
print('Number of vegetables:', len(vegetables))
print('Animal products:',animal_products)
print('Number of animal products:', len(animal_products))
print('Web technologies:', web_techs)
print('Number of web technologies:', len(web_techs))
print('Countries:', countries)
print('Number of countries:', len(countries))
```
```sh
output
Fruits: ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
Number of fruits: 4
Vegetables: ['Tomato', 'Potato', 'Cabbage', 'Onion', 'Carrot']
Number of vegetables: 5
Animal products: ['milk', 'meat', 'butter', 'yoghurt']
Number of animal products: 4
Web technologies: ['HTML', 'CSS', 'JS', 'React', 'Redux', 'Node', 'MongDB']
Number of web technologies: 7
Countries: ['Finland', 'Estonia', 'Denmark', 'Sweden', 'Norway']
Number of countries: 5
```
- Lists can have items of different data types
```py
lst = ['Asabeneh', 250, True, {'country':'Finland', 'city':'Helsinki'}] # list containing different data types
```
### Accessing List Items Using Positive Indexing
We access each item in a list using their index. A list index starts from 0. The picture below shows clearly where the index starts
```py
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
first_fruit = fruits[0] # we are accessing the first item using its index
print(first_fruit) # banana
second_fruit = fruits[1]
print(second_fruit) # orange
last_fruit = fruits[3]
print(last_fruit) # lemon
# Last index
last_index = len(fruits) - 1
last_fruit = fruits[last_index]
```
### Accessing List Items Using Negative Indexing
Negative indexing means beginning from the end, -1 refers to the last item, -2 refers to the second last item.
```py
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
first_fruit = fruits[-4]
last_fruit = fruits[-1]
second_last = fruits[-2]
print(first_fruit) # banana
print(last_fruit) # lemon
print(second_last) # mango
```
### Unpacking List Items
```py
lst = ['item1','item2','item3', 'item4', 'item5']
first_item, second_item, third_item, *rest = lst
print(first_item) # item1
print(second_item) # item2
print(third_item) # item3
print(rest) # ['item4', 'item5']
```
```py
# First Example
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon','lime','apple']
first_fruit, second_fruit, third_fruit, *rest = fruits
print(first_fruit) # banana
print(second_fruit) # orange
print(third_fruit) # mango
print(rest) # ['lemon','lime','apple']
# Second Example about unpacking list
first, second, third,*rest, tenth = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
print(first) # 1
print(second) # 2
print(third) # 3
print(rest) # [4,5,6,7,8,9]
print(tenth) # 10
# Third Example about unpacking list
countries = ['Germany', 'France','Belgium','Sweden','Denmark','Finland','Norway','Iceland','Estonia']
gr, fr, bg, sw, *scandic, es = countries
print(gr)
print(fr)
print(bg)
print(sw)
print(scandic)
print(es)
```
### Slicing Items from a List
- Positive Indexing: We can specify a range of positive indexes by specifying the start, end and step, the return value will be a new list. (default values for start = 0, end = len(lst) - 1 (last item), step = 1)
```py
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
all_fruits = fruits[0:4] # it returns all the fruits
# this will also give the same result as the one above
all_fruits = fruits[0:] # if we don't set where to stop it takes all the rest
orange_and_mango = fruits[1:3] # it does not include the first index
orange_mango_lemon = fruits[1:]
orange_and_lemon = fruits[::2] # here we used a 3rd argument, step. It will take every 2cnd item - ['banana', 'mango']
```
- Negative Indexing: We can specify a range of negative indexes by specifying the start, end and step, the return value will be a new list.
```py
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
all_fruits = fruits[-4:] # it returns all the fruits
orange_and_mango = fruits[-3:-1] # it does not include the last index,['orange', 'mango']
orange_mango_lemon = fruits[-3:] # this will give starting from -3 to the end,['orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
reverse_fruits = fruits[::-1] # a negative step will take the list in reverse order,['lemon', 'mango', 'orange', 'banana']
```
### Modifying Lists
List is a mutable or modifiable ordered collection of items. Lets modify the fruit list.
```py
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
fruits[0] = 'avocado'
print(fruits) # ['avocado', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
fruits[1] = 'apple'
print(fruits) # ['avocado', 'apple', 'mango', 'lemon']
last_index = len(fruits) - 1
fruits[last_index] = 'lime'
print(fruits) # ['avocado', 'apple', 'mango', 'lime']
```
### Checking Items in a List
Checking an item if it is a member of a list using *in* operator. See the example below.
```py
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
does_exist = 'banana' in fruits
print(does_exist) # True
does_exist = 'lime' in fruits
print(does_exist) # False
```
### Adding Items to a List
To add item to the end of an existing list we use the method *append()*.
```py
# syntax
lst = list()
lst.append(item)
```
```py
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
fruits.append('apple')
print(fruits) # ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon', 'apple']
fruits.append('lime') # ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon', 'apple', 'lime']
print(fruits)
```
### Inserting Items into a List
We can use *insert()* method to insert a single item at a specified index in a list. Note that other items are shifted to the right. The *insert()* methods takes two arguments:index and an item to insert.
```py
# syntax
lst = ['item1', 'item2']
lst.insert(index, item)
```
```py
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
fruits.insert(2, 'apple') # insert apple between orange and mango
print(fruits) # ['banana', 'orange', 'apple', 'mango', 'lemon']
fruits.insert(3, 'lime') # ['banana', 'orange', 'apple', 'lime', 'mango', 'lemon']
print(fruits)
```
### Removing Items from a List
The remove method removes a specified item from a list
```py
# syntax
lst = ['item1', 'item2']
lst.remove(item)
```
```py
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon', 'banana']
fruits.remove('banana')
print(fruits) # ['orange', 'mango', 'lemon', 'banana'] - this method removes the first occurrence of the item in the list
fruits.remove('lemon')
print(fruits) # ['orange', 'mango', 'banana']
```
### Removing Items Using Pop
The *pop()* method removes the specified index, (or the last item if index is not specified):
```py
# syntax
lst = ['item1', 'item2']
lst.pop() # last item
lst.pop(index)
```
```py
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
fruits.pop()
print(fruits) # ['banana', 'orange', 'mango']
fruits.pop(0)
print(fruits) # ['orange', 'mango']
```
### Removing Items Using Del
The *del* keyword removes the specified index and it can also be used to delete items within index range. It can also delete the list completely
```py
# syntax
lst = ['item1', 'item2']
del lst[index] # only a single item
del lst # to delete the list completely
```
```py
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon', 'kiwi', 'lime']
del fruits[0]
print(fruits) # ['orange', 'mango', 'lemon', 'kiwi', 'lime']
del fruits[1]
print(fruits) # ['orange', 'lemon', 'kiwi', 'lime']
del fruits[1:3] # this deletes items between given indexes, so it does not delete the item with index 3!
print(fruits) # ['orange', 'lime']
del fruits
print(fruits) # This should give: NameError: name 'fruits' is not defined
```
### Clearing List Items
The *clear()* method empties the list:
```py
# syntax
lst = ['item1', 'item2']
lst.clear()
```
```py
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
fruits.clear()
print(fruits) # []
```
### Copying a List
It is possible to copy a list by reassigning it to a new variable in the following way: list2 = list1. Now, list2 is a reference of list1, any changes we make in list2 will also modify the original, list1. But there are lots of case in which we do not like to modify the original instead we like to have a different copy. One of way of avoiding the problem above is using _copy()_.
```py
# syntax
lst = ['item1', 'item2']
lst_copy = lst.copy()
```
```py
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
fruits_copy = fruits.copy()
print(fruits_copy) # ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
```
### Joining Lists
There are several ways to join, or concatenate, two or more lists in Python.
- Plus Operator (+)
```py
# syntax
list3 = list1 + list2
```
```py
positive_numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
zero = [0]
negative_numbers = [-5,-4,-3,-2,-1]
integers = negative_numbers + zero + positive_numbers
print(integers) # [-5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
vegetables = ['Tomato', 'Potato', 'Cabbage', 'Onion', 'Carrot']
fruits_and_vegetables = fruits + vegetables
print(fruits_and_vegetables ) # ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon', 'Tomato', 'Potato', 'Cabbage', 'Onion', 'Carrot']
```
- Joining using extend() method
The *extend()* method allows to append list in a list. See the example below.
```py
# syntax
list1 = ['item1', 'item2']
list2 = ['item3', 'item4', 'item5']
list1.extend(list2) # ['item1', 'item2', 'item3', 'item4', 'item5']
```
```py
num1 = [0, 1, 2, 3]
num2= [4, 5, 6]
num1.extend(num2)
print('Numbers:', num1) # Numbers: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
negative_numbers = [-5,-4,-3,-2,-1]
positive_numbers = [1, 2, 3,4,5]
zero = [0]
negative_numbers.extend(zero)
negative_numbers.extend(positive_numbers)
print('Integers:', negative_numbers) # Integers: [-5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
vegetables = ['Tomato', 'Potato', 'Cabbage', 'Onion', 'Carrot']
fruits.extend(vegetables)
print('Fruits and vegetables:', fruits ) # Fruits and vegetables: ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon', 'Tomato', 'Potato', 'Cabbage', 'Onion', 'Carrot']
```
### Counting Items in a List
The *count()* method returns the number of times an item appears in a list:
```py
# syntax
lst = ['item1', 'item2']
lst.count(item)
```
```py
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
print(fruits.count('orange')) # 1
ages = [22, 19, 24, 25, 26, 24, 25, 24]
print(ages.count(24)) # 3
```
### Finding Index of an Item
The *index()* method returns the index of an item in the list:
```py
# syntax
lst = ['item1', 'item2']
lst.index(item)
```
```py
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
print(fruits.index('orange')) # 1
ages = [22, 19, 24, 25, 26, 24, 25, 24]
print(ages.index(24)) # 2, the first occurrence
```
### Reversing a List
The *reverse()* method reverses the order of a list.
```py
# syntax
lst = ['item1', 'item2']
lst.reverse()
```
```py
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
fruits.reverse()
print(fruits) # ['lemon', 'mango', 'orange', 'banana']
ages = [22, 19, 24, 25, 26, 24, 25, 24]
ages.reverse()
print(ages) # [24, 25, 24, 26, 25, 24, 19, 22]
```
### Sorting List Items
To sort lists we can use _sort()_ method or _sorted()_ built-in functions. The _sort()_ method reorders the list items in ascending order and modifies the original list. If an argument of _sort()_ method reverse is equal to true, it will arrange the list in descending order.
- sort(): this method modifies the original list
```py
# syntax
lst = ['item1', 'item2']
lst.sort() # ascending
lst.sort(reverse=True) # descending
```
**Example:**
```py
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
fruits.sort()
print(fruits) # sorted in alphabetical order, ['banana', 'lemon', 'mango', 'orange']
fruits.sort(reverse=True)
print(fruits) # ['orange', 'mango', 'lemon', 'banana']
ages = [22, 19, 24, 25, 26, 24, 25, 24]
ages.sort()
print(ages) # [19, 22, 24, 24, 24, 25, 25, 26]
ages.sort(reverse=True)
print(ages) # [26, 25, 25, 24, 24, 24, 22, 19]
```
sorted(): returns the ordered list without modifying the original list
**Example:**
```py
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
print(sorted(fruits)) # ['banana', 'lemon', 'mango', 'orange']
# Reverse order
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
fruits = sorted(fruits,reverse=True)
print(fruits) # ['orange', 'mango', 'lemon', 'banana']
```
🌕 You are diligent and you have already achieved quite a lot. You have just completed day 5 challenges and you are 5 steps a head in to your way to greatness. Now do some exercises for your brain and muscles.
## 💻 Exercises: Day 5
### Exercises: Level 1
1. Declare an empty list
2. Declare a list with more than 5 items
3. Find the length of your list
4. Get the first item, the middle item and the last item of the list
5. Declare a list called mixed_data_types, put your(name, age, height, marital status, address)
6. Declare a list variable named it_companies and assign initial values Facebook, Google, Microsoft, Apple, IBM, Oracle and Amazon.
7. Print the list using _print()_
8. Print the number of companies in the list
9. Print the first, middle and last company
10. Print the list after modifying one of the companies
11. Add an IT company to it_companies
12. Insert an IT company in the middle of the companies list
13. Change one of the it_companies names to uppercase (IBM excluded!)
14. Join the it_companies with a string '#; '
15. Check if a certain company exists in the it_companies list.
16. Sort the list using sort() method
17. Reverse the list in descending order using reverse() method
18. Slice out the first 3 companies from the list
19. Slice out the last 3 companies from the list
20. Slice out the middle IT company or companies from the list
21. Remove the first IT company from the list
22. Remove the middle IT company or companies from the list
23. Remove the last IT company from the list
24. Remove all IT companies from the list
25. Destroy the IT companies list
26. Join the following lists:
```py
front_end = ['HTML', 'CSS', 'JS', 'React', 'Redux']
back_end = ['Node','Express', 'MongoDB']
```
27. After joining the lists in question 26. Copy the joined list and assign it to a variable full_stack, then insert Python and SQL after Redux.
### Exercises: Level 2
1. The following is a list of 10 students ages:
```sh
ages = [19, 22, 19, 24, 20, 25, 26, 24, 25, 24]
```
- Sort the list and find the min and max age
- Add the min age and the max age again to the list
- Find the median age (one middle item or two middle items divided by two)
- Find the average age (sum of all items divided by their number )
- Find the range of the ages (max minus min)
- Compare the value of (min - average) and (max - average), use _abs()_ method
1. Find the middle country(ies) in the [countries list](https://github.com/Asabeneh/30-Days-Of-Python/tree/master/data/countries.py)
1. Divide the countries list into two equal lists if it is even if not one more country for the first half.
1. ['China', 'Russia', 'USA', 'Finland', 'Sweden', 'Norway', 'Denmark']. Unpack the first three countries and the rest as scandic countries.
🎉 CONGRATULATIONS ! 🎉
[<< Day 4](../04_Day_Strings/04_strings.md) | [Day 6 >>](../06_Day_Tuples/06_tuples.md)
================================================
FILE: 05_Day_Lists/day_5.py
================================================
empty_list = list() # this is an empty list, no item in the list
print(len(empty_list)) # 0
# list of fruits
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
vegetables = ['Tomato', 'Potato', 'Cabbage',
'Onion', 'Carrot'] # list of vegetables
animal_products = ['milk', 'meat', 'butter',
'yoghurt'] # list of animal products
web_techs = ['HTML', 'CSS', 'JS', 'React', 'Redux',
'Node', 'MongDB'] # list of web technologies
countries = ['Finland', 'Estonia', 'Denmark', 'Sweden', 'Norway']
# Print the lists and it length
print('Fruits:', fruits)
print('Number of fruits:', len(fruits))
print('Vegetables:', vegetables)
print('Number of vegetables:', len(vegetables))
print('Animal products:', animal_products)
print('Number of animal products:', len(animal_products))
print('Web technologies:', web_techs)
print('Number of web technologies:', len(web_techs))
print('Number of countries:', len(countries))
# Modifying list
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
first_fruit = fruits[0] # we are accessing the first item using its index
print(first_fruit) # banana
second_fruit = fruits[1]
print(second_fruit) # orange
last_fruit = fruits[3]
print(last_fruit) # lemon
# Last index
last_index = len(fruits) - 1
last_fruit = fruits[last_index]
# Accessing itmes
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
last_fruit = fruits[-1]
second_last = fruits[-2]
print(last_fruit) # lemon
print(second_last) # mango
# Slicing items
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
all_fruits = fruits[0:4] # it returns all the fruits
# this is also give the same result as the above
all_fruits = fruits[0:] # if we don't set where to stop it takes all the rest
orange_and_mango = fruits[1:3] # it does not include the end index
orange_mango_lemon = fruits[1:]
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
all_fruits = fruits[-4:] # it returns all the fruits
# this is also give the same result as the above
orange_and_mango = fruits[-3:-1] # it does not include the end index
orange_mango_lemon = fruits[-3:]
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
fruits[0] = 'Avocado'
print(fruits) # ['avocado', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
fruits[1] = 'apple'
print(fruits) # ['avocado', 'apple', 'mango', 'lemon']
last_index = len(fruits)
fruits[last_index] = 'lime'
print(fruits) # ['avocado', 'apple', 'mango', 'lime']
# checking items
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
does_exist = 'banana' in fruits
print(does_exist) # True
does_exist = 'lime' in fruits
print(does_exist) # False
# Append
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
fruits.append('apple')
print(fruits) # ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon', 'apple']
# ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon', 'apple', 'lime]
fruits.append('lime')
print(fruits)
# insert
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
fruits.insert(2, 'apple') # insert apple between orange and mango
print(fruits) # ['banana', 'orange', 'apple', 'mango', 'lemon']
# ['banana', 'orange', 'apple', 'mango', 'lime','lemon',]
fruits.list(3, 'lime')
print(fruits)
# remove
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
fruits.remove('banana')
print(fruits) # ['orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
fruits.remove('lemon')
print(fruits) # ['orange', 'mango']
# pop
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
fruits.remove()
print(fruits) # ['banana', 'orange', 'mango']
fruits.remove(0)
print(fruits) # ['orange', 'mango']
# del
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
del fruits[0]
print(fruits) # ['orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
del fruits[1]
print(fruits) # ['orange', 'lemon']
del fruits
print(fruits) # This should give: NameError: name 'fruits' is not defined
# clear
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
fruits.clear()
print(fruits) # []
# copying a lits
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
fruits_copy = fruits.copy()
print(fruits_copy) # ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
# join
positive_numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
zero = [0]
negative_numbers = [-5, -4, -3, -2, -1]
integers = negative_numbers + zero + positive_numbers
print(integers)
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
vegetables = ['Tomato', 'Potato', 'Cabbage', 'Onion', 'Carrot']
fruits_and_vegetables = fruits + vegetables
print(fruits_and_vegetables)
# join with extend
num1 = [0, 1, 2, 3]
num2 = [4, 5, 6]
num1.extend(num2)
print('Numbers:', num1)
negative_numbers = [-5, -4, -3, -2, -1]
positive_numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
zero = [0]
negative_numbers.extend(zero)
negative_numbers.extend(positive_numbers)
print('Integers:', negative_numbers)
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
vegetables = ['Tomato', 'Potato', 'Cabbage', 'Onion', 'Carrot']
fruits.extend(vegetables)
print('Fruits and vegetables:', fruits)
# count
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
print(fruits.count('orange')) # 1
ages = [22, 19, 24, 25, 26, 24, 25, 24]
print(ages.count(24)) # 3
# index
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
print(fruits.index('orange')) # 1
ages = [22, 19, 24, 25, 26, 24, 25, 24]
print(ages.index(24))
# Reverse
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
fruits.reverse()
print(fruits.reverse())
ages = [22, 19, 24, 25, 26, 24, 25, 24]
ages.reverse()
print(ages.reverse())
# sort
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
fruits.sort()
print(fruits)
fruits.sort(reverse=True)
print(fruits)
ages = [22, 19, 24, 25, 26, 24, 25, 24]
ages.sort()
print(ages)
ages.sort(reverse=True)
print(ages)
================================================
FILE: 06_Day_Tuples/06_tuples.md
================================================
<div align="center">
<h1> 30 Days Of Python: Day 6 - Tuples</h1>
<a class="header-badge" target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/asabeneh/">
<img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/style--5eba00.svg?label=LinkedIn&logo=linkedin&style=social">
</a>
<a class="header-badge" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/Asabeneh">
<img alt="Twitter Follow" src="https://img.shields.io/twitter/follow/asabeneh?style=social">
</a>
<sub>Author:
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/asabeneh/" target="_blank">Asabeneh Yetayeh</a><br>
<small> Second Edition: July, 2021</small>
</sub>
</div>
[<< Day 5](../05_Day_Lists/05_lists.md) | [Day 7 >>](../07_Day_Sets/07_sets.md)
- [Day 6:](#day-6)
- [Tuples](#tuples)
- [Creating a Tuple](#creating-a-tuple)
- [Tuple length](#tuple-length)
- [Accessing Tuple Items](#accessing-tuple-items)
- [Slicing tuples](#slicing-tuples)
- [Changing Tuples to Lists](#changing-tuples-to-lists)
- [Checking an Item in a Tuple](#checking-an-item-in-a-tuple)
- [Joining Tuples](#joining-tuples)
- [Deleting Tuples](#deleting-tuples)
- [💻 Exercises: Day 6](#-exercises-day-6)
- [Exercises: Level 1](#exercises-level-1)
- [Exercises: Level 2](#exercises-level-2)
# Day 6:
## Tuples
A tuple is a collection of different data types which is ordered and unchangeable (immutable). Tuples are written with round brackets, (). Once a tuple is created, we cannot change its values. We cannot use add, insert, remove methods in a tuple because it is not modifiable (mutable). Unlike list, tuple has few methods. Methods related to tuples:
- tuple(): to create an empty tuple
- count(): to count the number of a specified item in a tuple
- index(): to find the index of a specified item in a tuple
- `+` operator: to join two or more tuples and to create a new tuple
### Creating a Tuple
- Empty tuple: Creating an empty tuple
```py
# syntax
empty_tuple = ()
# or using the tuple constructor
empty_tuple = tuple()
```
- Tuple with initial values
```py
# syntax
tpl = ('item1', 'item2','item3')
```
```py
fruits = ('banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon')
```
### Tuple length
We use the _len()_ method to get the length of a tuple.
```py
# syntax
tpl = ('item1', 'item2', 'item3')
len(tpl)
```
### Accessing Tuple Items
- Positive Indexing
Similar to the list data type we use positive or negative indexing to access tuple items.
```py
# Syntax
tpl = ('item1', 'item2', 'item3')
first_item = tpl[0]
second_item = tpl[1]
```
```py
fruits = ('banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon')
first_fruit = fruits[0]
second_fruit = fruits[1]
last_index =len(fruits) - 1
last_fruit = fruits[last_index]
```
- Negative indexing
Negative indexing means beginning from the end, -1 refers to the last item, -2 refers to the second last and the negative of the list/tuple length refers to the first item.
```py
# Syntax
tpl = ('item1', 'item2', 'item3','item4')
first_item = tpl[-4]
second_item = tpl[-3]
```
```py
fruits = ('banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon')
first_fruit = fruits[-4]
second_fruit = fruits[-3]
last_fruit = fruits[-1]
```
### Slicing tuples
We can slice out a sub-tuple by specifying a range of indexes where to start and where to end in the tuple, the return value will be a new tuple with the specified items.
- Range of Positive Indexes
```py
# Syntax
tpl = ('item1', 'item2', 'item3','item4')
all_items = tpl[0:4] # all items
all_items = tpl[0:] # all items
middle_two_items = tpl[1:3] # does not include item at index 3
```
```py
fruits = ('banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon')
all_fruits = fruits[0:4] # all items
all_fruits= fruits[0:] # all items
orange_mango = fruits[1:3] # doesn't include item at index 3
orange_to_the_rest = fruits[1:]
```
- Range of Negative Indexes
```py
# Syntax
tpl = ('item1', 'item2', 'item3','item4')
all_items = tpl[-4:] # all items
middle_two_items = tpl[-3:-1] # does not include item at index 3 (-1)
```
```py
fruits = ('banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon')
all_fruits = fruits[-4:] # all items
orange_mango = fruits[-3:-1] # doesn't include item at index 3
orange_to_the_rest = fruits[-3:]
```
### Changing Tuples to Lists
We can change tuples to lists and lists to tuples. Tuple is immutable if we want to modify a tuple we should change it to a list.
```py
# Syntax
tpl = ('item1', 'item2', 'item3','item4')
lst = list(tpl)
```
```py
fruits = ('banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon')
fruits = list(fruits)
fruits[0] = 'apple'
print(fruits) # ['apple', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
fruits = tuple(fruits)
print(fruits) # ('apple', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon')
```
### Checking an Item in a Tuple
We can check if an item exists or not in a tuple using _in_, it returns a boolean.
```py
# Syntax
tpl = ('item1', 'item2', 'item3','item4')
'item2' in tpl # True
```
```py
fruits = ('banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon')
print('orange' in fruits) # True
print('apple' in fruits) # False
fruits[0] = 'apple' # TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment
```
### Joining Tuples
We can join two or more tuples using + operator
```py
# syntax
tpl1 = ('item1', 'item2', 'item3')
tpl2 = ('item4', 'item5','item6')
tpl3 = tpl1 + tpl2
```
```py
fruits = ('banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon')
vegetables = ('Tomato', 'Potato', 'Cabbage','Onion', 'Carrot')
fruits_and_vegetables = fruits + vegetables
```
### Deleting Tuples
It is not possible to remove a single item in a tuple but it is possible to delete the tuple itself using _del_.
```py
# syntax
tpl1 = ('item1', 'item2', 'item3')
del tpl1
```
```py
fruits = ('banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon')
del fruits
```
🌕 You are so brave, you made it to this far. You have just completed day 6 challenges and you are 6 steps a head in to your way to greatness. Now do some exercises for your brain and for your muscle.
## 💻 Exercises: Day 6
### Exercises: Level 1
1. Create an empty tuple
2. Create a tuple containing names of your sisters and your brothers (imaginary siblings are fine)
3. Join brothers and sisters tuples and assign it to siblings
4. How many siblings do you have?
5. Modify the siblings tuple and add the name of your father and mother and assign it to family_members
### Exercises: Level 2
1. Unpack siblings and parents from family_members
1. Create fruits, vegetables and animal products tuples. Join the three tuples and assign it to a variable called food_stuff_tp.
1. Change the about food_stuff_tp tuple to a food_stuff_lt list
1. Slice out the middle item or items from the food_stuff_tp tuple or food_stuff_lt list.
1. Slice out the first three items and the last three items from food_stuff_lt list
1. Delete the food_stuff_tp tuple completely
1. Check if an item exists in tuple:
- Check if 'Estonia' is a nordic country
- Check if 'Iceland' is a nordic country
```py
nordic_countries = ('Denmark', 'Finland','Iceland', 'Norway', 'Sweden')
```
[<< Day 5](../05_Day_Lists/05_lists.md) | [Day 7 >>](../07_Day_Sets/07_sets.md)
================================================
FILE: 07_Day_Sets/07_sets.md
================================================
<div align="center">
<h1> 30 Days Of Python: Day 7 - Sets</h1>
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<sub>Author:
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/asabeneh/" target="_blank">Asabeneh Yetayeh</a><br>
<small> Second Edition: July, 2021</small>
</sub>
</div>
[<< Day 6](../06_Day_Tuples/06_tuples.md) | [Day 8 >>](../08_Day_Dictionaries/08_dictionaries.md)
- [📘 Day 7](#-day-7)
- [Sets](#sets)
- [Creating a Set](#creating-a-set)
- [Getting Set's Length](#getting-sets-length)
- [Accessing Items in a Set](#accessing-items-in-a-set)
- [Checking an Item](#checking-an-item)
- [Adding Items to a Set](#adding-items-to-a-set)
- [Removing Items from a Set](#removing-items-from-a-set)
- [Clearing Items in a Set](#clearing-items-in-a-set)
- [Deleting a Set](#deleting-a-set)
- [Converting List to Set](#converting-list-to-set)
- [Joining Sets](#joining-sets)
- [Finding Intersection Items](#finding-intersection-items)
- [Checking Subset and Super Set](#checking-subset-and-super-set)
- [Checking the Difference Between Two Sets](#checking-the-difference-between-two-sets)
- [Finding Symmetric Difference Between Two Sets](#finding-symmetric-difference-between-two-sets)
- [Joining Sets](#joining-sets-1)
- [💻 Exercises: Day 7](#-exercises-day-7)
- [Exercises: Level 1](#exercises-level-1)
- [Exercises: Level 2](#exercises-level-2)
- [Exercises: Level 3](#exercises-level-3)
# 📘 Day 7
## Sets
Set is a collection of items. Let me take you back to your elementary or high school Mathematics lesson. The Mathematics definition of a set can be applied also in Python. Set is a collection of unordered and un-indexed distinct elements. In Python set is used to store unique items, and it is possible to find the _union_, _intersection_, _difference_, _symmetric difference_, _subset_, _super set_ and _disjoint set_ among sets.
### Creating a Set
To create an empty set, we use the set() function. Empty curly brackets {} will create a dictionary.
- Creating an empty set
```py
# syntax
st = set()
```
- Creating a set with initial items
```py
# syntax
st = {'item1', 'item2', 'item3', 'item4'}
```
**Example:**
```py
# syntax
fruits = {'banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon'}
```
### Getting Set's Length
We use **len()** method to find the length of a set.
```py
# syntax
st = {'item1', 'item2', 'item3', 'item4'}
len(st)
```
**Example:**
```py
fruits = {'banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon'}
len(fruits)
```
### Accessing Items in a Set
We use loops to access items. We will see this in loop section
### Checking an Item
To check if an item exist in a list we use _in_ membership operator.
```py
# syntax
st = {'item1', 'item2', 'item3', 'item4'}
print("Does set st contain item3? ", 'item3' in st) # Does set st contain item3? True
```
**Example:**
```py
fruits = {'banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon'}
print('mango' in fruits ) # True
```
### Adding Items to a Set
Once a set is created we cannot change any items and we can also add additional items.
- Add one item using _add()_
```py
# syntax
st = {'item1', 'item2', 'item3', 'item4'}
st.add('item5')
```
**Example:**
```py
fruits = {'banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon'}
fruits.add('lime')
```
- Add multiple items using _update()_
The _update()_ allows to add multiple items to a set. The _update()_ takes a list argument.
```py
# syntax
st = {'item1', 'item2', 'item3', 'item4'}
st.update(['item5','item6','item7'])
```
**Example:**
```py
fruits = {'banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon'}
vegetables = ('tomato', 'potato', 'cabbage','onion', 'carrot')
fruits.update(vegetables)
```
### Removing Items from a Set
We can remove an item from a set using _remove()_ method. If the item is not found _remove()_ method will raise errors, so it is good to check if the item exist in the given set. However, _discard()_ method doesn't raise any errors.
```py
# syntax
st = {'item1', 'item2', 'item3', 'item4'}
st.remove('item2')
```
The pop() methods remove a random item from a list and it returns the removed item.
**Example:**
```py
fruits = {'banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon'}
fruits.pop() # removes a random item from the set
```
If we are interested in the removed item.
```py
fruits = {'banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon'}
removed_item = fruits.pop()
```
### Clearing Items in a Set
If we want to clear or empty the set we use _clear_ method.
```py
# syntax
st = {'item1', 'item2', 'item3', 'item4'}
st.clear()
```
**Example:**
```py
fruits = {'banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon'}
fruits.clear()
print(fruits) # set()
```
### Deleting a Set
If we want to delete the set itself we use _del_ operator.
```py
# syntax
st = {'item1', 'item2', 'item3', 'item4'}
del st
```
**Example:**
```py
fruits = {'banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon'}
del fruits
```
### Converting List to Set
We can convert list to set and set to list. Converting list to set removes duplicates and only unique items will be reserved.
```py
# syntax
lst = ['item1', 'item2', 'item3', 'item4', 'item1']
st = set(lst) # {'item2', 'item4', 'item1', 'item3'} - the order is random, because sets in general are unordered
```
**Example:**
```py
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon','orange', 'banana']
fruits = set(fruits) # {'mango', 'lemon', 'banana', 'orange'}
```
### Joining Sets
We can join two sets using the _union()_ or _update()_ method or _|_ symbol .
- Union
This method returns a new set
```py
# syntax
st1 = {'item1', 'item2', 'item3', 'item4'}
st2 = {'item5', 'item6', 'item7', 'item8'}
st3 = st1.union(st2) #st3 = st1 | st2
```
**Example:**
```py
fruits = {'banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon'}
vegetables = {'tomato', 'potato', 'cabbage','onion', 'carrot'}
print(fruits.union(vegetables)) # {'lemon', 'carrot', 'tomato', 'banana', 'mango', 'orange', 'cabbage', 'potato', 'onion'}
# or using this : print(fruits | vegetables)
```
- Update
This method inserts a set into a given set
```py
# syntax
st1 = {'item1', 'item2', 'item3', 'item4'}
st2 = {'item5', 'item6', 'item7', 'item8'}
st1.update(st2) # st2 contents are added to st1
```
**Example:**
```py
fruits = {'banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon'}
vegetables = {'tomato', 'potato', 'cabbage','onion', 'carrot'}
fruits.update(vegetables)
print(fruits) # {'lemon', 'carrot', 'tomato', 'banana', 'mango', 'orange', 'cabbage', 'potato', 'onion'}
```
### Finding Intersection Items
Intersection returns a set of items which are in both the sets or using _&_ symbol. See the example
```py
# syntax
st1 = {'item1', 'item2', 'item3', 'item4'}
st2 = {'item3', 'item2'}
st1.intersection(st2) # {'item3', 'item2'}
# or using thia : st1 & st2
```
**Example:**
```py
whole_numbers = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
even_numbers = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
whole_numbers.intersection(even_numbers) # {0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
python = {'p', 'y', 't', 'h', 'o','n'}
dragon = {'d', 'r', 'a', 'g', 'o','n'}
python.intersection(dragon) # {'o', 'n'}
# python & dragon
```
### Checking Subset and Super Set
A set can be a subset or super set of other sets:
- Subset: _issubset()_
- Super set: _issuperset_
```py
# syntax
st1 = {'item1', 'item2', 'item3', 'item4'}
st2 = {'item2', 'item3'}
st2.issubset(st1) # True
st1.issuperset(st2) # True
```
**Example:**
```py
whole_numbers = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
even_numbers = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
whole_numbers.issubset(even_numbers) # False, because it is a super set
whole_numbers.issuperset(even_numbers) # True
python = {'p', 'y', 't', 'h', 'o','n'}
dragon = {'d', 'r', 'a', 'g', 'o','n'}
python.issubset(dragon) # False
```
### Checking the Difference Between Two Sets
It returns the difference between two sets or using _-_ symbol .
```py
# syntax
st1 = {'item1', 'item2', 'item3', 'item4'}
st2 = {'item2', 'item3'}
st2.difference(st1) # set() : st2 - st1
st1.difference(st2) # {'item1', 'item4'} => st1\st2 : st2 - st1
```
**Example:**
```py
whole_numbers = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
even_numbers = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
whole_numbers.difference(even_numbers) # {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
python = {'p', 'y', 't', 'o','n'}
dragon = {'d', 'r', 'a', 'g', 'o','n'}
python.difference(dragon) # {'p', 'y', 't'} - the result is unordered (characteristic of sets)
# python - dragon
dragon.difference(python) # {'d', 'r', 'a', 'g'}
# dragon - python
```
### Finding Symmetric Difference Between Two Sets
It returns the symmetric difference between two sets. It means that it returns a set that contains all items from both sets, except items that are present in both sets, mathematically: (A\B) ∪ (B\A)
```py
# syntax
st1 = {'item1', 'item2', 'item3', 'item4'}
st2 = {'item2', 'item3'}
# it means (A\B)∪(B\A)
st2.symmetric_difference(st1) # {'item1', 'item4'} : st2 ^ st1
```
**Example:**
```py
whole_numbers = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
some_numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
whole_numbers.symmetric_difference(some_numbers) # {0, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
python = {'p', 'y', 't', 'h', 'o','n'}
dragon = {'d', 'r', 'a', 'g', 'o','n'}
python.symmetric_difference(dragon) # {'r', 't', 'p', 'y', 'g', 'a', 'd', 'h'}
# python ^ dragon
```
### Joining Sets
If two sets do not have a common item or items we call them disjoint sets. We can check if two sets are joint or disjoint using _isdisjoint()_ method.
```py
# syntax
st1 = {'item1', 'item2', 'item3', 'item4'}
st2 = {'item2', 'item3'}
st2.isdisjoint(st1) # False
```
**Example:**
```py
even_numbers = {0, 2, 4 ,6, 8}
odd_numbers = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
even_numbers.isdisjoint(odd_numbers) # True, because no common item
python = {'p', 'y', 't', 'h', 'o','n'}
dragon = {'d', 'r', 'a', 'g', 'o','n'}
python.isdisjoint(dragon) # False, there are common items {'o', 'n'}
```
🌕 You are a rising star . You have just completed day 7 challenges and you are 7 steps ahead in to your way to greatness. Now do some exercises for your brain and muscles.
## 💻 Exercises: Day 7
```py
# sets
it_companies = {'Facebook', 'Google', 'Microsoft', 'Apple', 'IBM', 'Oracle', 'Amazon'}
A = {19, 22, 24, 20, 25, 26}
B = {19, 22, 20, 25, 26, 24, 28, 27}
age = [22, 19, 24, 25, 26, 24, 25, 24]
```
### Exercises: Level 1
1. Find the length of the set it_companies
2. Add 'Twitter' to it_companies
3. Insert multiple IT companies at once to the set it_companies
4. Remove one of the companies from the set it_companies
5. What is the difference between remove and discard
### Exercises: Level 2
1. Join A and B
2. Find A intersection B
3. Is A subset of B
4. Are A and B disjoint sets
5. Join A with B and B with A
6. What is the symmetric difference between A and B
7. Delete the sets completely
### Exercises: Level 3
1. Convert the ages to a set and compare the length of the list and the set, which one is bigger?
2. Explain the difference between the following data types: string, list, tuple and set
3. _I am a teacher and I love to inspire and teach people._ How many unique words have been used in the sentence? Use the split methods and set to get the unique words.
🎉 CONGRATULATIONS ! 🎉
[<< Day 6](../06_Day_Tuples/06_tuples.md) | [Day 8 >>](../08_Day_Dictionaries/08_dictionaries.md)
================================================
FILE: 08_Day_Dictionaries/08_dictionaries.md
================================================
<div align="center">
<h1> 30 Days Of Python: Day 8 - Dictionaries</h1>
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</a>
<sub>Author:
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/asabeneh/" target="_blank">Asabeneh Yetayeh</a><br>
<small> Second Edition: July, 2021</small>
</sub>
</div>
[<< Day 7 ](../07_Day_Sets/07_sets.md) | [Day 9 >>](../09_Day_Conditionals/09_conditionals.md)
- [📘 Day 8](#-day-8)
- [Dictionaries](#dictionaries)
- [Creating a Dictionary](#creating-a-dictionary)
- [Dictionary Length](#dictionary-length)
- [Accessing Dictionary Items](#accessing-dictionary-items)
- [Adding Items to a Dictionary](#adding-items-to-a-dictionary)
- [Modifying Items in a Dictionary](#modifying-items-in-a-dictionary)
- [Checking Keys in a Dictionary](#checking-keys-in-a-dictionary)
- [Removing Key and Value Pairs from a Dictionary](#removing-key-and-value-pairs-from-a-dictionary)
- [Changing Dictionary to a List of Items](#changing-dictionary-to-a-list-of-items)
- [Clearing a Dictionary](#clearing-a-dictionary)
- [Deleting a Dictionary](#deleting-a-dictionary)
- [Copy a Dictionary](#copy-a-dictionary)
- [Getting Dictionary Keys as a List](#getting-dictionary-keys-as-a-list)
- [Getting Dictionary Values as a List](#getting-dictionary-values-as-a-list)
- [💻 Exercises: Day 8](#-exercises-day-8)
# 📘 Day 8
## Dictionaries
A dictionary is a collection of unordered, modifiable(mutable) paired (key: value) data type.
### Creating a Dictionary
To create a dictionary we use curly brackets, {} or the *dict()* built-in function.
```py
# syntax
empty_dict = {}
# Dictionary with data values
dct = {'key1':'value1', 'key2':'value2', 'key3':'value3', 'key4':'value4'}
```
**Example:**
```py
person = {
'first_name':'Asabeneh',
'last_name':'Yetayeh',
'age':250,
'country':'Finland',
'is_marred':True,
'skills':['JavaScript', 'React', 'Node', 'MongoDB', 'Python'],
'address':{
'street':'Space street',
'zipcode':'02210'
}
}
```
The dictionary above shows that a value could be any data types:string, boolean, list, tuple, set or a dictionary.
### Dictionary Length
It checks the number of 'key: value' pairs in the dictionary.
```py
# syntax
dct = {'key1':'value1', 'key2':'value2', 'key3':'value3', 'key4':'value4'}
print(len(dct)) # 4
```
**Example:**
```py
person = {
'first_name':'Asabeneh',
'last_name':'Yetayeh',
'age':250,
'country':'Finland',
'is_married':True,
'skills':['JavaScript', 'React', 'Node', 'MongoDB', 'Python'],
'address':{
'street':'Space street',
'zipcode':'02210'
}
}
print(len(person)) # 7
```
### Accessing Dictionary Items
We can access Dictionary items by referring to its key name.
```py
# syntax
dct = {'key1':'value1', 'key2':'value2', 'key3':'value3', 'key4':'value4'}
print(dct['key1']) # value1
print(dct['key4']) # value4
```
**Example:**
```py
person = {
'first_name':'Asabeneh',
'last_name':'Yetayeh',
'age':250,
'country':'Finland',
'is_marred':True,
'skills':['JavaScript', 'React', 'Node', 'MongoDB', 'Python'],
'address':{
'street':'Space street',
'zipcode':'02210'
}
}
print(person['first_name']) # Asabeneh
print(person['country']) # Finland
print(person['skills']) # ['JavaScript', 'React', 'Node', 'MongoDB', 'Python']
print(person['skills'][0]) # JavaScript
print(person['address']['street']) # Space street
print(person['city']) # Error
```
Accessing an item by key name raises an error if the key does not exist. To avoid this error first we have to check if a key exist or we can use the _get_ method. The get method returns None, which is a NoneType object data type, if the key does not exist.
```py
person = {
'first_name':'Asabeneh',
'last_name':'Yetayeh',
'age':250,
'country':'Finland',
'is_marred':True,
'skills':['JavaScript', 'React', 'Node', 'MongoDB', 'Python'],
'address':{
'street':'Space street',
'zipcode':'02210'
}
}
print(person.get('first_name')) # Asabeneh
print(person.get('country')) # Finland
print(person.get('skills')) #['JavaScript', 'React', 'Node', 'MongoDB', 'Python']
print(person.get('city')) # None
```
### Adding Items to a Dictionary
We can add new key and value pairs to a dictionary
```py
# syntax
dct = {'key1':'value1', 'key2':'value2', 'key3':'value3', 'key4':'value4'}
dct['key5'] = 'value5'
```
**Example:**
```py
person = {
'first_name':'Asabeneh',
'last_name':'Yetayeh',
'age':250,
'country':'Finland',
'is_marred':True,
'skills':['JavaScript', 'React', 'Node', 'MongoDB', 'Python'],
'address':{
'street':'Space street',
'zipcode':'02210'
}
}
person['job_title'] = 'Instructor'
person['skills'].append('HTML')
print(person)
```
### Modifying Items in a Dictionary
We can modify items in a dictionary
```py
# syntax
dct = {'key1':'value1', 'key2':'value2', 'key3':'value3', 'key4':'value4'}
dct['key1'] = 'value-one'
```
**Example:**
```py
person = {
'first_name':'Asabeneh',
'last_name':'Yetayeh',
'age':250,
'country':'Finland',
'is_marred':True,
'skills':['JavaScript', 'React', 'Node', 'MongoDB', 'Python'],
'address':{
'street':'Space street',
'zipcode':'02210'
}
}
person['first_name'] = 'Eyob'
person['age'] = 252
```
### Checking Keys in a Dictionary
We use the _in_ operator to check if a key exist in a dictionary
```py
# syntax
dct = {'key1':'value1', 'key2':'value2', 'key3':'value3', 'key4':'value4'}
print('key2' in dct) # True
print('key5' in dct) # False
```
### Removing Key and Value Pairs from a Dictionary
- _pop(key)_: removes the item with the specified key name:
- _popitem()_: removes the last item
- _del_: removes an item with specified key name
```py
# syntax
dct = {'key1':'value1', 'key2':'value2', 'key3':'value3', 'key4':'value4'}
dct.pop('key1') # removes key1 item
dct = {'key1':'value1', 'key2':'value2', 'key3':'value3', 'key4':'value4'}
dct.popitem() # removes the last item
del dct['key2'] # removes key2 item
```
**Example:**
```py
person = {
'first_name':'Asabeneh',
'last_name':'Yetayeh',
'age':250,
'country':'Finland',
'is_marred':True,
'skills':['JavaScript', 'React', 'Node', 'MongoDB', 'Python'],
'address':{
'street':'Space street',
'zipcode':'02210'
}
}
person.pop('first_name') # Removes the firstname item
person.popitem() # Removes the address item
del person['is_married'] # Removes the is_married item
```
### Changing Dictionary to a List of Items
The _items()_ method changes dictionary to a list of tuples.
```py
# syntax
dct = {'key1':'value1', 'key2':'value2', 'key3':'value3', 'key4':'value4'}
print(dct.items()) # dict_items([('key1', 'value1'), ('key2', 'value2'), ('key3', 'value3'), ('key4', 'value4')])
```
### Clearing a Dictionary
If we don't want the items in a dictionary we can clear them using _clear()_ method
```py
# syntax
dct = {'key1':'value1', 'key2':'value2', 'key3':'value3', 'key4':'value4'}
print(dct.clear()) # None
```
### Deleting a Dictionary
If we do not use the dictionary we can delete it completely
```py
# syntax
dct = {'key1':'value1', 'key2':'value2', 'key3':'value3', 'key4':'value4'}
del dct
```
### Copy a Dictionary
We can copy a dictionary using a _copy()_ method. Using copy we can avoid mutation of the original dictionary.
```py
# syntax
dct = {'key1':'value1', 'key2':'value2', 'key3':'value3', 'key4':'value4'}
dct_copy = dct.copy() # {'key1':'value1', 'key2':'value2', 'key3':'value3', 'key4':'value4'}
```
### Getting Dictionary Keys as a List
The _keys()_ method gives us all the keys of a a dictionary as a list.
```py
# syntax
dct = {'key1':'value1', 'key2':'value2', 'key3':'value3', 'key4':'value4'}
keys = dct.keys()
print(keys) # dict_keys(['key1', 'key2', 'key3', 'key4'])
```
### Getting Dictionary Values as a List
The _values_ method gives us all the values of a a dictionary as a list.
```py
# syntax
dct = {'key1':'value1', 'key2':'value2', 'key3':'value3', 'key4':'value4'}
values = dct.values()
print(values) # dict_values(['value1', 'value2', 'value3', 'value4'])
```
🌕 You are astonishing. Now, you are super charged with the power of dictionaries. You have just completed day 8 challenges and you are 8 steps a head in to your way to greatness. Now do some exercises for your brain and muscles.
## 💻 Exercises: Day 8
1. Create an empty dictionary called dog
2. Add name, color, breed, legs, age to the dog dictionary
3. Create a student dictionary and add first_name, last_name, gender, age, marital status, skills, country, city and address as keys for the dictionary
4. Get the length of the student dictionary
5. Get the value of skills and check the data type, it should be a list
6. Modify the skills values by adding one or two skills
7. Get the dictionary keys as a list
8. Get the dictionary values as a list
9. Change the dictionary to a list of tuples using _items()_ method
10. Delete one of the items in the dictionary
11. Delete one of the dictionaries
🎉 CONGRATULATIONS ! 🎉
[<< Day 7 ](../07_Day_Sets/07_sets.md) | [Day 9 >>](../09_Day_Conditionals/09_conditionals.md)
================================================
FILE: 09_Day_Conditionals/09_conditionals.md
================================================
<div align="center">
<h1> 30 Days Of Python: Day 9 - Conditionals</h1>
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<sub>Author:
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<small> Second Edition: July, 2021</small>
</sub>
</div>
[<< Day 8](../08_Day_Dictionaries/08_dictionaries.md) | [Day 10 >>](../10_Day_Loops/10_loops.md)
- [📘 Day 9](#-day-9)
- [Conditionals](#conditionals)
- [If Condition](#if-condition)
- [If Else](#if-else)
- [If Elif Else](#if-elif-else)
- [Short Hand](#short-hand)
- [Nested Conditions](#nested-conditions)
- [If Condition and Logical Operators](#if-condition-and-logical-operators)
- [If and Or Logical Operators](#if-and-or-logical-operators)
- [💻 Exercises: Day 9](#-exercises-day-9)
- [Exercises: Level 1](#exercises-level-1)
- [Exercises: Level 2](#exercises-level-2)
- [Exercises: Level 3](#exercises-level-3)
# 📘 Day 9
## Conditionals
By default, statements in Python script are executed sequentially from top to bottom. If the processing logic require so, the sequential flow of execution can be altered in two way:
- Conditional execution: a block of one or more statements will be executed if a certain expression is true
- Repetitive execution: a block of one or more statements will be repetitively executed as long as a certain expression is true. In this section, we will cover _if_, _else_, _elif_ statements. The comparison and logical operators we learned in previous sections will be useful here.
### If Condition
In python and other programming languages the key word _if_ is used to check if a condition is true and to execute the block code. Remember the indentation after the colon.
```py
# syntax
if condition:
this part of code runs for truthy conditions
```
**Example: 1**
```py
a = 3
if a > 0:
print('A is a positive number')
# A is a positive number
```
As you can see in the example above, 3 is greater than 0. The condition was true and the block code was executed. However, if the condition is false, we do not see the result. In order to see the result of the falsy condition, we should have another block, which is going to be _else_.
### If Else
If condition is true the first block will be executed, if not the else condition will run.
```py
# syntax
if condition:
this part of code runs for truthy conditions
else:
this part of code runs for false conditions
```
**Example:**
```py
a = 3
if a < 0:
print('A is a negative number')
else:
print('A is a positive number')
```
The condition above proves false, therefore the else block was executed. How about if our condition is more than two? We could use _elif_.
### If Elif Else
In our daily life, we make decisions on daily basis. We make decisions not by checking one or two conditions but multiple conditions. As similar to life, programming is also full of conditions. We use _elif_ when we have multiple conditions.
```py
# syntax
if condition:
code
elif condition:
code
else:
code
```
**Example:**
```py
a = 0
if a > 0:
print('A is a positive number')
elif a < 0:
print('A is a negative number')
else:
print('A is zero')
```
### Short Hand
```py
# syntax
code if condition else code
```
**Example:**
```py
a = 3
print('A is positive') if a > 0 else print('A is negative') # first condition met, 'A is positive' will be printed
```
### Nested Conditions
Conditions can be nested
```py
# syntax
if condition:
code
if condition:
code
```
**Example:**
```py
a = 0
if a > 0:
if a % 2 == 0:
print('A is a positive and even integer')
else:
print('A is a positive number')
elif a == 0:
print('A is zero')
else:
print('A is a negative number')
```
We can avoid writing nested condition by using logical operator _and_.
### If Condition and Logical Operators
```py
# syntax
if condition and condition:
code
```
**Example:**
```py
a = 0
if a > 0 and a % 2 == 0:
print('A is an even and positive integer')
elif a > 0 and a % 2 != 0:
print('A is a positive integer')
elif a == 0:
print('A is zero')
else:
print('A is negative')
```
### If and Or Logical Operators
```py
# syntax
if condition or condition:
code
```
**Example:**
```py
user = 'James'
access_level = 3
if user == 'admin' or access_level >= 4:
print('Access granted!')
else:
print('Access denied!')
```
🌕 You are doing great.Never give up because great things take time. You have just completed day 9 challenges and you are 9 steps a head in to your way to greatness. Now do some exercises for your brain and muscles.
## 💻 Exercises: Day 9
### Exercises: Level 1
1. Get user input using input(“Enter your age: ”). If user is 18 or older, give feedback: You are old enough to drive. If below 18 give feedback to wait for the missing amount of years. Output:
```sh
Enter your age: 30
You are old enough to learn to drive.
Output:
Enter your age: 15
You need 3 more years to learn to drive.
```
2. Compare the values of my_age and your_age using if … else. Who is older (me or you)? Use input(“Enter your age: ”) to get the age as input. You can use a nested condition to print 'year' for 1 year difference in age, 'years' for bigger differences, and a custom text if my_age = your_age. Output:
```sh
Enter your age: 30
You are 5 years older than me.
```
3. Get two numbers from the user using input prompt. If a is greater than b return a is greater than b, if a is less b return a is smaller than b, else a is equal to b. Output:
```sh
Enter number one: 4
Enter number two: 3
4 is greater than 3
```
### Exercises: Level 2
1. Write a code which gives grade to students according to theirs scores:
```sh
90-100, A
80-89, B
70-79, C
60-69, D
0-59, F
```
2. Get the month from user input then check if the season is Autumn, Winter, Spring or Summer. If the user input is:
September, October or November, the season is Autumn.
December, January or February, the season is Winter.
March, April or May, the season is Spring
June, July or August, the season is Summer
3. The following list contains some fruits:
```sh
fruits = ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon']
```
If a fruit doesn't exist in the list add the fruit to the list and print the modified list. If the fruit exists print('That fruit already exist in the list')
### Exercises: Level 3
1. Here we have a person dictionary. Feel free to modify it!
```py
person={
'first_name': 'Asabeneh',
'last_name': 'Yetayeh',
'age': 250,
'country': 'Finland',
'is_married': True,
'skills': ['JavaScript', 'React', 'Node', 'MongoDB', 'Python'],
'address': {
'street': 'Space street',
'zipcode': '02210'
}
}
```
* Check if the person dictionary has skills key, if so print out the middle skill in the skills list.
* Check if the person dictionary has skills key, if so check if the person has 'Python' skill and print out the result.
* If a person skills has only JavaScript and React, print('He is a front end developer'), if the person skills has Node, Python, MongoDB, print('He is a backend developer'), if the person skills has React, Node and MongoDB, Print('He is a fullstack developer'), else print('unknown title') - for more accurate results more conditions can be nested!
* If the person is married and if he lives in Finland, print the information in the following format:
```py
Asabeneh Yetayeh lives in Finland. He is married.
```
🎉 CONGRATULATIONS ! 🎉
[<< Day 8](../08_Day_Dictionaries/08_dictionaries.md) | [Day 10 >>](../10_Day_Loops/10_loops.md)
================================================
FILE: 10_Day_Loops/10_loops.md
================================================
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<h1> 30 Days Of Python: Day 10 - Loops</h1>
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<sub>Author:
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/asabeneh/" target="_blank">Asabeneh Yetayeh</a><br>
<small> Second Edition: July, 2021</small>
</sub>
</div>
[<< Day 9](../09_Day_Conditionals/09_conditionals.md) | [Day 11 >>](../11_Day_Functions/11_functions.md)
- [📘 Day 10](#-day-10)
- [Loops](#loops)
- [While Loop](#while-loop)
- [Break and Continue - Part 1](#break-and-continue---part-1)
- [For Loop](#for-loop)
- [Break and Continue - Part 2](#break-and-continue---part-2)
- [The Range Function](#the-range-function)
- [Nested For Loop](#nested-for-loop)
- [For Else](#for-else)
- [Pass](#pass)
- [💻 Exercises: Day 10](#-exercises-day-10)
- [Exercises: Level 1](#exercises-level-1)
- [Exercises: Level 2](#exercises-level-2)
- [Exercises: Level 3](#exercises-level-3)
# 📘 Day 10
## Loops
Life is full of routines. In programming we also do lots of repetitive tasks. In order to handle repetitive task programming languages use loops. Python programming language also provides the following types of two loops:
1. while loop
2. for loop
### While Loop
We use the reserved word _while_ to make a while loop. It is used to execute a block of statements repeatedly until a given condition is satisfied. When the condition becomes false, the lines of code after the loop will be continued to be executed.
```py
# syntax
while condition:
code goes here
```
**Example:**
```py
count = 0
while count < 5:
print(count)
count = count + 1
#prints from 0 to 4
```
In the above while loop, the condition becomes false when count is 5. That is when the loop stops.
If we are interested to run block of code once the condition is no longer true, we can use _else_.
```py
# syntax
while condition:
code goes here
else:
code goes here
```
**Example:**
```py
count = 0
while count < 5:
print(count)
count = count + 1
else:
print(count)
```
The above loop condition will be false when count is 5 and the loop stops, and execution starts the else statement. As a result 5 will be printed.
### Break and Continue - Part 1
- Break: We use break when we like to get out of or stop the loop.
```py
# syntax
while condition:
code goes here
if another_condition:
break
```
**Example:**
```py
count = 0
while count < 5:
print(count)
count = count + 1
if count == 3:
break
```
The above while loop only prints 0, 1, 2, but when it reaches 3 it stops.
- Continue: With the continue statement we can skip the current iteration, and continue with the next:
```py
# syntax
while condition:
code goes here
if another_condition:
continue
```
**Example:**
```py
count = 0
while count < 5:
if count == 3:
count += 1
continue
print(count)
count = count + 1
```
The above while loop only prints 0, 1, 2 and 4 (skips 3).
### For Loop
A _for_ keyword is used to make a for loop, similar with other programming languages, but with some syntax differences. Loop is used for iterating over a sequence (that is either a list, a tuple, a dictionary, a set, or a string).
-Using For loop on list
```py
# syntax
for iterator in lst:
code goes here
```
**Example:**
```py
numbers = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
for number in numbers: # number is temporary name to refer to the list's items, valid only inside this loop
print(number) # the numbers will be printed line by line, from 0 to 5
```
-Using For loop on string
```py
# syntax
for iterator in string:
code goes here
```
**Example:**
```py
language = 'Python'
for letter in language:
print(letter)
for i in range(len(language)):
print(language[i])
```
-Using For loop on tuple
```py
# syntax
for iterator in tpl:
code goes here
```
**Example:**
```py
numbers = (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
for number in numbers:
print(number)
```
- For loop with dictionary
Looping through a dictionary gives you the key of the dictionary.
```py
# syntax
for iterator in dct:
code goes here
```
**Example:**
```py
person = {
'first_name':'Asabeneh',
'last_name':'Yetayeh',
'age':250,
'country':'Finland',
'is_marred':True,
'skills':['JavaScript', 'React', 'Node', 'MongoDB', 'Python'],
'address':{
'street':'Space street',
'zipcode':'02210'
}
}
for key in person:
print(key)
for key, value in person.items():
print(key, value) # this way we get both keys and values printed out
```
-Using For Loop in set
```py
# syntax
for iterator in st:
code goes here
```
**Example:**
```py
it_companies = {'Facebook', 'Google', 'Microsoft', 'Apple', 'IBM', 'Oracle', 'Amazon'}
for company in it_companies:
print(company)
```
### Break and Continue - Part 2
Short reminder:
_Break_: We use break when we want to stop our loop before it is completed.
```py
# syntax
for iterator in sequence:
code goes here
if condition:
break
```
**Example:**
```py
numbers = (0,1,2,3,4,5)
for number in numbers:
print(number)
if number == 3:
break
```
In the above example, the loop stops when it reaches 3.
Continue: We use continue when we want to skip some of the steps in the iteration of the loop.
```py
# syntax
for iterator in sequence:
code goes here
if condition:
continue
```
**Example:**
```py
numbers = (0,1,2,3,4,5)
for number in numbers:
print(number)
if number == 3:
continue
print('Next number should be ', number + 1) if number != 5 else print("loop's end") # for short hand conditions need both if and else statements
print('outside the loop')
```
In the example above, if the number equals 3, the step _after_ the condition (but inside the loop) is skipped and the execution of the loop continues if there are any iterations left.
### The Range Function
The _range()_ function is used to return a list of numbers. The _range(start, end, step)_ takes three parameters: starting, ending and increment. By default it starts from 0 and the increment is 1. The range sequence needs at least 1 argument (end).
Creating sequences using range
```py
lst = list(range(11))
print(lst) # [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
st = set(range(1, 11)) # 2 arguments indicate start and end of the sequence, step set to default 1
print(st) # {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
lst = list(range(0,11,2))
print(lst) # [0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
st = set(range(0,11,2))
print(st) # {0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
# for backward from start to end
lst = list(range(11,0,-2))
print(lst) # [11,9,7,5,3,1]
```
```py
# syntax
for iterator in range(start, end, step):
```
**Example:**
```py
for number in range(11):
print(number) # prints 0 to 10, not including 11
```
### Nested For Loop
We can write loops inside a loop.
```py
# syntax
for x in y:
for t in x:
print(t)
```
**Example:**
```py
person = {
'first_name': 'Asabeneh',
'last_name': 'Yetayeh',
'age': 250,
'country': 'Finland',
'is_marred': True,
'skills': ['JavaScript', 'React', 'Node', 'MongoDB', 'Python'],
'address': {
'street': 'Space street',
'zipcode': '02210'
}
}
for key in person:
if key == 'skills':
for skill in person['skills']:
print(skill)
```
### For Else
If we want to execute some message when the loop ends, we use else.
```py
# syntax
for iterator in range(start, end, step):
do something
else:
print('The loop ended')
```
**Example:**
```py
for number in range(11):
print(number) # prints 0 to 10, not including 11
else:
print('The loop stops at', number)
```
### Pass
In python when statement is required (after semicolon), but we don't like to execute any code there, we can write the word _pass_ to avoid errors. Also we can use it as a placeholder, for future statements.
**Example:**
```py
for number in range(6):
pass
```
🌕 You established a big milestone, you are unstoppable. Keep going! You have just completed day 10 challenges and you are 10 steps a head in to your way to greatness. Now do some exercises for your brain and muscles.
## 💻 Exercises: Day 10
### Exercises: Level 1
1. Iterate 0 to 10 using for loop, do the same using while loop.
2. Iterate 10 to 0 using for loop, do the same using while loop.
3. Write a loop that makes seven calls to print(), so we get on the output the following triangle:
```py
#
##
###
####
#####
######
#######
```
4. Use nested loops to create the following:
```sh
# # # # # # # #
# # # # # # # #
# # # # # # # #
# # # # # # # #
# # # # # # # #
# # # # # # # #
# # # # # # # #
# # # # # # # #
```
5. Print the following pattern:
```sh
0 x 0 = 0
1 x 1 = 1
2 x 2 = 4
3 x 3 = 9
4 x 4 = 16
5 x 5 = 25
6 x 6 = 36
7 x 7 = 49
8 x 8 = 64
9 x 9 = 81
10 x 10 = 100
```
6. Iterate through the list, ['Python', 'Numpy','Pandas','Django', 'Flask'] using a for loop and print out the items.
7. Use for loop to iterate from 0 to 100 and print only even numbers
8. Use for loop to iterate from 0 to 100 and print only odd numbers
### Exercises: Level 2
1. Use for loop to iterate from 0 to 100 and print the sum of all numbers.
```sh
The sum of all numbers is 5050.
```
2. Use for loop to iterate from 0 to 100 and print the sum of all evens and the sum of all odds.
```sh
The sum of all evens is 2550. And the sum of all odds is 2500.
```
### Exercises: Level 3
1. Go to the data folder and use the [countries.py](https://github.com/Asabeneh/30-Days-Of-Python/blob/master/data/countries.py) file. Loop through the countries and extract all the countries containing the word _land_.
1. This is a fruit list, ['banana', 'orange', 'mango', 'lemon'] reverse the order using loop.
1. Go to the data folder and use the [countries_data.py](https://github.com/Asabeneh/30-Days-Of-Python/blob/master/data/countries-data.py) file.
1. What are the total number of languages in the data
2. Find the ten most spoken languages from the data
3. Find the 10 most populated countries in the world
🎉 CONGRATULATIONS ! 🎉
[<< Day 9](../09_Day_Conditionals/09_conditionals.md) | [Day 11 >>](../11_Day_Functions/11_functions.md)
================================================
FILE: 11_Day_Functions/11_functions.md
================================================
<div align="center">
<h1> 30 Days Of Python: Day 11 - Functions</h1>
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</a>
<sub>Author:
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/asabeneh/" target="_blank">Asabeneh Yetayeh</a><br>
<small> Second Edition: July, 2021</small>
</sub>
</div>
[<< Day 10](../10_Day_Loops/10_loops.md) | [Day 12 >>](../12_Day_Modules/12_modules.md)
- [📘 Day 11](#-day-11)
- [Functions](#functions)
- [Defining a Function](#defining-a-function)
- [Declaring and Calling a Function](#declaring-and-calling-a-function)
- [Function without Parameters](#function-without-parameters)
- [Function Returning a Value - Part 1](#function-returning-a-value---part-1)
- [Function with Parameters](#function-with-parameters)
- [Passing Arguments with Key and Value](#passing-arguments-with-key-and-value)
- [Function Returning a Value - Part 2](#function-returning-a-value---part-2)
- [Function with Default Parameters](#function-with-default-parameters)
- [Arbitrary Number of Arguments](#arbitrary-number-of-arguments)
- [Default and Arbitrary Number of Parameters in Functions](#default-and-arbitrary-number-of-parameters-in-functions)
- [Function as a Parameter of Another Function](#function-as-a-parameter-of-another-function)
- [Testimony](#testimony)
- [💻 Exercises: Day 11](#-exercises-day-11)
- [Exercises: Level 1](#exercises-level-1)
- [Exercises: Level 2](#exercises-level-2)
- [Exercises: Level 3](#exercises-level-3)
# 📘 Day 11
## Functions
So far we have seen many built-in Python functions. In this section, we will focus on custom functions. What is a function? Before we start making functions, let us learn what a function is and why we need them?
### Defining a Function
A function is a reusable block of code or programming statements designed to perform a certain task. To define or declare a function, Python provides the _def_ keyword. The following is the syntax for defining a function. The function block of code is executed only if the function is called or invoked.
### Declaring and Calling a Function
When we make a function, we call it declaring a function. When we start using the it, we call it _calling_ or _invoking_ a function. Functions can be declared with or without parameters.
```py
# syntax
# Declaring a function
def function_name():
codes
codes
# Calling a function
function_name()
```
### Function without Parameters
Function can be declared without parameters.
**Example:**
```py
def generate_full_name ():
first_name = 'Asabeneh'
last_name = 'Yetayeh'
space = ' '
full_name = first_name + space + last_name
print(full_name)
generate_full_name () # calling a function
def add_two_numbers ():
num_one = 2
num_two = 3
total = num_one + num_two
print(total)
add_two_numbers()
```
### Function Returning a Value - Part 1
Functions return values using the _return_ statement. If a function has no return statement, it returns None. Let us rewrite the above functions using return. From now on, we get a value from a function when we call the function and print it.
```py
def generate_full_name ():
first_name = 'Asabeneh'
last_name = 'Yetayeh'
space = ' '
full_name = first_name + space + last_name
return full_name
print(generate_full_name())
def add_two_numbers ():
num_one = 2
num_two = 3
total = num_one + num_two
return total
print(add_two_numbers())
```
### Function with Parameters
In a function we can pass different data types(number, string, boolean, list, tuple, dictionary or set) as parameters.
- Single Parameter: If our function takes a parameter we should call our function with an argument
```py
# syntax
# Declaring a function
def function_name(parameter):
codes
codes
# Calling function
print(function_name(argument))
```
**Example:**
```py
def greetings (name):
message = name + ', welcome to Python for Everyone!'
return message
print(greetings('Asabeneh'))
def add_ten(num):
ten = 10
return num + ten
print(add_ten(90))
def square_number(x):
return x * x
print(square_number(2))
def area_of_circle (r):
PI = 3.14
area = PI * r ** 2
return area
print(area_of_circle(10))
def sum_of_numbers(n):
total = 0
for i in range(n+1):
total+=i
return total
print(sum_of_numbers(10)) # 55
print(sum_of_numbers(100)) # 5050
```
- Two Parameter: A function may or may not have a parameter or parameters. A function may also have two or more parameters. If our function takes parameters we should call it with arguments. Let us check a function with two parameters:
```py
# syntax
# Declaring a function
def function_name(para1, para2):
codes
codes
# Calling function
print(function_name(arg1, arg2))
```
**Example:**
```py
def generate_full_name (first_name, last_name):
space = ' '
full_name = first_name + space + last_name
return full_name
print('Full Name: ', generate_full_name('Asabeneh','Yetayeh'))
def sum_two_numbers (num_one, num_two):
sum = num_one + num_two
return sum
print('Sum of two numbers: ', sum_two_numbers(1, 9))
def calculate_age (current_year, birth_year):
age = current_year - birth_year
return age
print('Age: ', calculate_age(2021, 1819))
def weight_of_object (mass, gravity):
weight = str(mass * gravity)+ ' N' # the value has to be changed to a string first
return weight
print('Weight of an object in Newtons: ', weight_of_object(100, 9.81))
```
### Passing Arguments with Key and Value
If we pass the arguments with key and value, the order of the arguments does not matter.
```py
# syntax
# Declaring a function
def function_name(para1, para2):
codes
codes
# Calling function
print(function_name(para1 = 'John', para2 = 'Doe')) # the order of arguments does not matter here
```
**Example:**
```py
def print_fullname(firstname, lastname):
space = ' '
full_name = firstname + space + lastname
print(full_name)
print_fullname(firstname = 'Asabeneh', lastname = 'Yetayeh')
def add_two_numbers (num1, num2):
total = num1 + num2
return total
print(add_two_numbers(num2 = 3, num1 = 2)) # Order does not matter
```
### Function Returning a Value - Part 2
If we do not return a value with a function, then our function is returning _None_ by default. To return a value with a function we use the keyword _return_ followed by the variable we are returning. We can return any kind of data types from a function.
- Returning a string:
**Example:**
```py
def print_name(firstname):
return firstname
print_name('Asabeneh') # Asabeneh
def print_full_name(firstname, lastname):
space = ' '
full_name = firstname + space + lastname
return full_name
print_full_name(firstname='Asabeneh', lastname='Yetayeh')
```
- Returning a number:
**Example:**
```py
def add_two_numbers (num1, num2):
total = num1 + num2
return total
print(add_two_numbers(2, 3))
def calculate_age (current_year, birth_year):
age = current_year - birth_year
return age
print('Age: ', calculate_age(2019, 1819))
```
- Returning a boolean:
**Example:**
```py
def is_even (n):
if n % 2 == 0:
return True # return stops further execution of the function, similar to break
return False
print(is_even(10)) # True
print(is_even(7)) # False
```
- Returning a list:
**Example:**
```py
def find_even_numbers(n):
evens = []
for i in range(n + 1):
if i % 2 == 0:
evens.append(i)
return evens
print(find_even_numbers(10))
```
### Function with Default Parameters
Sometimes we pass default values to parameters, when we invoke the function. If we do not pass arguments when calling the function, their default values will be used.
```py
# syntax
# Declaring a function
def function_name(param = value):
codes
codes
# Calling function
function_name()
function_name(arg)
```
**Example:**
```py
def greetings (name = 'Peter'):
message = name + ', welcome to Python for Everyone!'
return message
print(greetings())
print(greetings('Asabeneh'))
def generate_full_name (first_name = 'Asabeneh', last_name = 'Yetayeh'):
space = ' '
full_name = first_name + space + last_name
return full_name
print(generate_full_name())
print(generate_full_name('David','Smith'))
def calculate_age (birth_year,current_year = 2021):
age = current_year - birth_year
return age
print('Age: ', calculate_age(1821))
def weight_of_object (mass, gravity = 9.81):
weight = str(mass * gravity)+ ' N' # the value has to be changed to string first
return weight
print('Weight of an object in Newtons: ', weight_of_object(100)) # 9.81 - average gravity on Earth's surface
print('Weight of an object in Newtons: ', weight_of_object(100, 1.62)) # gravity on the surface of the Moon
```
### Arbitrary Number of Arguments
If we do not know the number of arguments we pass to our function, we can create a function which can take arbitrary number of arguments by adding \* before the parameter name.
```py
# syntax
# Declaring a function
def function_name(*args):
codes
codes
# Calling function
function_name(param1, param2, param3,..)
```
**Example:**
```py
def sum_all_nums(*nums):
total = 0
for num in nums:
total += num # same as total = total + num
return total
print(sum_all_nums(2, 3, 5)) # 10
```
### Default and Arbitrary Number of Parameters in Functions
```py
def generate_groups (team,*args):
print(team)
for i in args:
print(i)
generate_groups('Team-1','Asabeneh','Brook','David','Eyob')
```
### Dictionary unpacking
You can call a function which has named arguments using a dictionary with matching key names. You do so using ``**``.
```py
# Define a function that takes two arguments: 'name' and 'location'
def greet(name, location):
# Print a greeting message using the provided arguments
print("Hi there", name, "how is the weather in", location)
# Call the function using keyword arguments
greet(name="Alice", location="New York")
# Output: Hi there Alice how is the weather in New York
# Create a dictionary with keys matching the function's parameter names
my_dict = {"name": "Alice", "location": "New York"}
# Call the function using dictionary unpacking
greet(**my_dict)
# The ** operator unpacks the dictionary, passing its key-value pairs
# as keyword arguments to the function.
# Output: Hi there Alice how is the weather in New York
```
### Arbitrary Number of Named Arguments
You can also define a function to accept an arbitrary number of named arguments.
```py
def arbitrary_named_args(**args):
print("I received an arbitrary number of arguments, totaling", len(args))
print("They are provided as a dictionary in my function:", type(args))
print("Let's print them:")
for k, v in args.items():
print(" * key:", k, "value:", v)
```
Generally avoid this unless required as it makes it harder to understand what the function accepts and does.
### Function as a Parameter of Another Function
```py
#You can pass functions around as parameters
def square_number (n):
return n ** n
def do_something(f, x):
return f(x)
print(do_something(square_number, 3)) # 27
```
🌕 You achieved quite a lot so far. Keep going! You have just completed day 11 challenges and you are 11 steps a head in to your way to greatness. Now do some exercises for your brain and muscles.
## Testimony
Now it is time to express your thoughts about the Author and 30DaysOfPython. You can leave your testimonial on this [link](https://testimonial-s3sw.onrender.com/)
## 💻 Exercises: Day 11
### Exercises: Level 1
1. Declare a function _add_two_numbers_. It takes two parameters and it returns a sum.
2. Area of a circle is calculated as follows: area = π x r x r. Write a function that calculates _area_of_circle_.
3. Write a function called add_all_nums which takes arbitrary number of arguments and sums all the arguments. Check if all the list items are number types. If not do give a reasonable feedback.
4. Temperature in °C can be converted to °F using this formula: °F = (°C x 9/5) + 32. Write a function which converts °C to °F, _convert_celsius_to-fahrenheit_.
5. Write a function called check-season, it takes a month parameter and returns the season: Autumn, Winter, Spring or Summer.
6. Write a function called calculate_slope which return the slope of a linear equation
7. Quadratic equation is calculated as follows: ax² + bx + c = 0. Write a function which calculates solution set of a quadratic equation, _solve_quadratic_eqn_.
8. Declare a function named print_list. It takes a list as a parameter and it prints out each element of the list.
9. Declare a function named reverse_list. It takes an array as a parameter and it returns the reverse of the array (use loops).
```py
print(reverse_list([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]))
# [5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
print(reverse_list(["A", "B", "C"]))
# ["C", "B", "A"]
```
10. Declare a function named capitalize_list_items. It takes a list as a parameter and it returns a capitalized list of items
11. Declare a function named add_item. It takes a list and an item parameters. It returns a list with the item added at the end.
```py
food_stuff = ['Potato', 'Tomato', 'Mango', 'Milk'];
print(add_item(food_stuff, 'Meat')) # ['Potato', 'Tomato', 'Mango', 'Milk','Meat'];
numbers = [2, 3, 7, 9];
print(add_item(numbers, 5)) # [2, 3, 7, 9, 5]
```
12. Declare a function named remove_item. It takes a list and an item parameters. It returns a list with the item removed from it.
```py
food_stuff = ['Potato', 'Tomato', 'Mango', 'Milk']
print(remove_item(food_stuff, 'Mango')) # ['Potato', 'Tomato', 'Milk'];
numbers = [2, 3, 7, 9]
print(remove_item(numbers, 3)) # [2, 7, 9]
```
13. Declare a function named sum_of_numbers. It takes a number parameter and it adds all the numbers in that range.
```py
print(sum_of_numbers(5)) # 15
print(sum_of_numbers(10)) # 55
print(sum_of_numbers(100)) # 5050
```
14. Declare a function named sum_of_odds. It takes a number parameter and it adds all the odd numbers in that range.
15. Declare a function named sum_of_even. It takes a number parameter and it adds all the even numbers in that - range.
### Exercises: Level 2
1. Declare a function named evens_and_odds . It takes a positive integer as parameter and it counts number of evens and odds in the number.
```py
print(evens_and_odds(100))
# The number of odds are 50.
# The number of evens are 51.
```
1. Call your function factorial, it takes a whole number as a parameter and it return a factorial of the number
1. Call your function _is_empty_, it takes a parameter and it checks if it is empty or not
1. Write different functions which take lists. They should calculate_mean, calculate_median, calculate_mode, calculate_range, calculate_variance, calculate_std (standard deviation).
1. Write a function called _greet_ which takes a default argument, _name_. If no argument is supplied it should print "Hello, Guest!", otherwise it should greet the person by name.
```py
greet()
# "Hello, Guest!
greet("Alice")
# "Hello, Alice!"
```
1. Create a function called _show_args_ to take an arbitrary number of named arguments and print their names and values.
```py
show_args(name="Alice", age=30, city="New York")
# Received: name: Alice, age: 30, city: New York
show_args(name="Bob", pet="Fluffy, the bunny")
# Received: name: Bob, pet: Fluffy, the bunny
```
### Exercises: Level 3
1. Write a function called is_prime, which checks if a number is prime.
1. Write a functions which checks if all items are unique in the list.
1. Write a function which checks if all the items of the list are of the same data type.
1. Write a function which check if provided variable is a valid python variable
1. Go to the data folder and access the countries-data.py file.
- Create a function called the most_spoken_languages in the world. It should return 10 or 20 most spoken languages in the world in descending order
- Create a function called the most_populated_countries. It should return 10 or 20 most populated countries in descending order.
🎉 CONGRATULATIONS ! 🎉
[<< Day 10](../10_Day_Loops/10_loops.md) | [Day 12 >>](../12_Day_Modules/12_modules.md)
================================================
FILE: 12_Day_Modules/12_modules.md
================================================
<div align="center">
<h1> 30 Days Of Python: Day 12 - Modules </h1>
<a class="header-badge" target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/asabeneh/">
<img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/style--5eba00.svg?label=LinkedIn&logo=linkedin&style=social">
</a>
<a class="header-badge" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/Asabeneh">
<img alt="Twitter Follow" src="https://img.shields.io/twitter/follow/asabeneh?style=social">
</a>
<sub>Author:
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/asabeneh/" target="_blank">Asabeneh Yetayeh</a><br>
<small> Second Edition: July, 2021</small>
</sub>
</div>
[<< Day 11](../11_Day_Functions/11_functions.md) | [Day 13>>](../13_Day_List_comprehension/13_list_comprehension.md)
- [📘 Day 12](#-day-12)
- [Modules](#modules)
- [What is a Module](#what-is-a-module)
- [Creating a Module](#creating-a-module)
- [Importing a Module](#importing-a-module)
- [Import Functions from a Module](#import-functions-from-a-module)
- [Import Functions from a Module and Renaming](#import-functions-from-a-module-and-renaming)
- [Import Built-in Modules](#import-built-in-modules)
- [OS Module](#os-module)
- [Sys Module](#sys-module)
- [Statistics Module](#statistics-module)
- [Math Module](#math-module)
- [String Module](#string-module)
- [Random Module](#random-module)
- [💻 Exercises: Day 12](#-exercises-day-12)
- [Exercises: Level 1](#exercises-level-1)
- [Exercises: Level 2](#exercises-level-2)
- [Exercises: Level 3](#exercises-level-3)
# 📘 Day 12
## Modules
### What is a Module
A module is a file containing a set of codes or a set of functions which can be included to an application. A module could be a file containing a single variable, a function or a big code base.
### Creating a Module
To create a module we write our codes in a python script and we save it as a .py file. Create a file named mymodule.py inside your project folder. Let us write some code in this file.
```py
# mymodule.py file
def generate_full_name(firstname, lastname):
return firstname + ' ' + lastname
```
Create main.py file in your project directory and import the mymodule.py file.
### Importing a Module
To import the file we use the _import_ keyword and the name of the file only.
```py
# main.py file
import mymodule
print(mymodule.generate_full_name('Asabeneh', 'Yetayeh')) # Asabeneh Yetayeh
```
### Import Functions from a Module
We can have many functions in a file and we can import all the functions differently.
```py
# main.py file
from mymodule import generate_full_name, sum_two_nums, person, gravity
print(generate_full_name('Asabneh','Yetayeh'))
print(sum_two_nums(1,9))
mass = 100
weight = mass * gravity
print(weight)
print(person['firstname'])
```
### Import Functions from a Module and Renaming
During importing we can rename the name of the module.
```py
# main.py file
from mymodule import generate_full_name as fullname, sum_two_nums as total, person as p, gravity as g
print(fullname('Asabneh','Yetayeh'))
print(total(1, 9))
mass = 100
weight = mass * g
print(weight)
print(p)
print(p['firstname'])
```
## Import Built-in Modules
Like other programming languages we can also import modules by importing the file/function using the key word _import_. Let's import the common module we will use most of the time. Some of the common built-in modules: _math_, _datetime_, _os_,_sys_, _random_, _statistics_, _collections_, _json_,_re_
### OS Module
Using python _os_ module it is possible to automatically perform many operating system tasks. The OS module in Python provides functions for creating, changing current working directory, and removing a directory (folder), fetching its contents, changing and identifying the current directory.
```py
# import the module
import os
# Creating a directory
os.mkdir('directory_name')
# Changing the current directory
os.chdir('path')
# Getting current working directory
os.getcwd()
# Removing directory
os.rmdir()
```
### Sys Module
The sys module provides functions and variables used to manipulate different parts of the Python runtime environment. Function sys.argv returns a list of command line arguments passed to a Python script. The item at index 0 in this list is always the name of the script, at index 1 is the argument passed from the command line.
Example of a script.py file:
```py
import sys
#print(sys.argv[0], argv[1],sys.argv[2]) # this line would print out: filename argument1 argument2
print('Welcome {}. Enjoy {} challenge!'.format(sys.argv[1], sys.argv[2]))
```
Now to check how this script works I wrote in command line:
```sh
python script.py Asabeneh 30DaysOfPython
```
The result:
```sh
Welcome Asabeneh. Enjoy 30DayOfPython challenge!
```
Some useful sys commands:
```py
# to exit sys
sys.exit()
# To know the largest integer variable it takes
sys.maxsize
# To know environment path
sys.path
# To know the version of python you are using
sys.version
```
### Statistics Module
The statistics module provides functions for mathematical statistics of numeric data. The popular statistical functions which are defined in this module: _mean_, _median_, _mode_, _stdev_ etc.
```py
from statistics import * # importing all the statistics modules
ages = [20, 20, 4, 24, 25, 22, 26, 20, 23, 22, 26]
print(mean(ages)) # ~22.9
print(median(ages)) # 23
print(mode(ages)) # 20
print(stdev(ages)) # ~2.3
```
### Math Module
Module containing many mathematical operations and constants.
```py
import math
print(math.pi) # 3.141592653589793, pi constant
print(math.sqrt(2)) # 1.4142135623730951, square root
print(math.pow(2, 3)) # 8.0, exponential function
print(math.floor(9.81)) # 9, rounding to the lowest
print(math.ceil(9.81)) # 10, rounding to the highest
print(math.log10(100)) # 2, logarithm with 10 as base
```
Now, we have imported the *math* module which contains lots of function which can help us to perform mathematical calculations. To check what functions the module has got, we can use _help(math)_, or _dir(math)_. This will display the available functions in the module. If we want to import only a specific function from the module we import it as follows:
```py
from math import pi
print(pi)
```
It is also possible to import multiple functions at once
```py
from math import pi, sqrt, pow, floor, ceil, log10
print(pi) # 3.141592653589793
print(sqrt(2)) # 1.4142135623730951
print(pow(2, 3)) # 8.0
print(floor(9.81)) # 9
print(ceil(9.81)) # 10
print(math.log10(100)) # 2
```
But if we want to import all the function in math module we can use \* .
```py
from math import *
print(pi) # 3.141592653589793, pi constant
print(sqrt(2)) # 1.4142135623730951, square root
print(pow(2, 3)) # 8.0, exponential
print(floor(9.81)) # 9, rounding to the lowest
print(ceil(9.81)) # 10, rounding to the highest
print(math.log10(100)) # 2
```
When we import we can also rename the name of the function.
```py
from math import pi as PI
print(PI) # 3.141592653589793
```
### String Module
A string module is a useful module for many purposes. The example below shows some use of the string module.
```py
import string
print(string.ascii_letters) # abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
print(string.digits) # 0123456789
print(string.punctuation) # !"#$%&'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\]^_`{|}~
```
### Random Module
By now you are familiar with importing modules. Let us do one more import to get very familiar with it. Let us import _random_ module which gives us a random number between 0 and 0.9999.... The _random_ module has lots of functions but in this section we will only use _random_ and _randint_.
```py
from random import random, randint
print(random()) # it doesn't take any arguments; it returns a value between 0 and 0.9999
print(randint(5, 20)) # it returns a random integer number between [5, 20] inclusive
```
🌕 You are going far. Keep going! You have just completed day 12 challenges and you are 12 steps a head in to your way to greatness. Now do some exercises for your brain and muscles.
## 💻 Exercises: Day 12
### Exercises: Level 1
1. Write a function which generates a six digit/character random_user_id.
```py
print(random_user_id())
'1ee33d'
```
2. Modify the previous task. Declare a function named user_id_gen_by_user. It doesn’t take any parameters but it takes two inputs using input(). One of the inputs is the number of characters and the second input is the number of IDs which are supposed to be generated.
```py
print(user_id_gen_by_user()) # user input: 5 5
#output:
#kcsy2
#SMFYb
#bWmeq
#ZXOYh
#2Rgxf
print(user_id_gen_by_user()) # 16 5
#1GCSgPLMaBAVQZ26
#YD7eFwNQKNs7qXaT
#ycArC5yrRupyG00S
#UbGxOFI7UXSWAyKN
#dIV0SSUTgAdKwStr
```
3. Write a function named rgb_color_gen. It will generate rgb colors (3 values ranging from 0 to 255 each).
```py
print(rgb_color_gen())
# rgb(125,244,255) - the output should be in this form
```
### Exercises: Level 2
1. Write a function list_of_hexa_colors which returns any number of hexadecimal colors in an array (six hexadecimal numbers written after #. Hexadecimal numeral system is made out of 16 symbols, 0-9 and first 6 letters of the alphabet, a-f. Check the task 6 for output examples).
1. Write a function list_of_rgb_colors which returns any number of RGB colors in an array.
1. Write a function generate_colors which can generate any number of hexa or rgb colors.
```py
generate_colors('hexa', 3) # ['#a3e12f','#03ed55','#eb3d2b']
generate_colors('hexa', 1) # ['#b334ef']
generate_colors('rgb', 3) # ['rgb(5, 55, 175','rgb(50, 105, 100','rgb(15, 26, 80']
generate_colors('rgb', 1) # ['rgb(33,79, 176)']
```
### Exercises: Level 3
1. Call your function shuffle_list, it takes a list as a parameter and it returns a shuffled list
1. Write a function which returns an array of seven random numbers in a range of 0-9. All the numbers must be unique.
🎉 CONGRATULATIONS ! 🎉
[<< Day 11](../11_Day_Functions/11_functions.md) | [Day 13>>](../13_Day_List_comprehension/13_list_comprehension.md)
================================================
FILE: 12_Day_Modules/main.py
================================================
from mymodule import generate_full_name as fullname, sum_two_nums as total, person as p, gravity as g
print(fullname('Asabneh','Yetayeh'))
print(total(1, 9))
mass = 100
print(mass)
weight = mass * g
print(weight)
print(p)
print(p['firstname'])
================================================
FILE: 12_Day_Modules/mymodule.py
================================================
def generate_full_name(firstname, lastname):
space = ' '
fullname = firstname + space + lastname
return fullname
def sum_two_nums (num1, num2):
return num1 + num2
gravity = 9.81
person = {
"firstname": "Asabeneh",
"age": 250,
"country": "Finland",
"city":'Helsinki'
}
================================================
FILE: 13_Day_List_comprehension/13_list_comprehension.md
================================================
<div align="center">
<h1> 30 Days Of Python: Day 13 - List Comprehension</h1>
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</a>
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</a>
<sub>Author:
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/asabeneh/" target="_blank">Asabeneh Yetayeh</a><br>
<small> Second Edition: July, 2021</small>
</sub>
</div>
[<< Day 12](../12_Day_Modules/12_modules.md) | [Day 14>>](../14_Day_Higher_order_functions/14_higher_order_functions.md)
- [📘 Day 13](#-day-13)
- [List Comprehension](#list-comprehension)
- [Lambda Function](#lambda-function)
- [Creating a Lambda Function](#creating-a-lambda-function)
- [Lambda Function Inside Another Function](#lambda-function-inside-another-function)
- [💻 Exercises: Day 13](#-exercises-day-13)
# 📘 Day 13
## List Comprehension
List comprehension in Python is a compact way of creating a list from a sequence. It is a short way to create a new list. List comprehension is considerably faster than processing a list using the _for_ loop.
```py
# syntax
[expression for i in iterable if condition]
```
**Example:1**
For instance if you want to change a string to a list of characters. You can use a couple of methods. Let's see some of them:
```py
# One way
language = 'Python'
lst = list(language) # changing the string to list
print(type(lst)) # list
print(lst) # ['P', 'y', 't', 'h', 'o', 'n']
# Second way: list comprehension
lst = [i for i in language]
print(type(lst)) # list
print(lst) # ['P', 'y', 't', 'h', 'o', 'n']
```
**Example:2**
For instance if you want to generate a list of numbers
```py
# Generating numbers
numbers = [i for i in range(11)] # to generate numbers from 0 to 10
print(numbers) # [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
# It is possible to do mathematical operations during iteration
squares = [i * i for i in range(11)]
print(squares) # [0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]
# It is also possible to make a list of tuples
numbers = [(i, i * i) for i in range(11)]
print(numbers) # [(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 9), (4, 16), (5, 25)]
```
**Example:2**
List comprehension can be combined with if expression
```py
# Generating even numbers
even_numbers = [i for i in range(21) if i % 2 == 0] # to generate even numbers list in range 0 to 21
print(even_numbers) # [0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20]
# Generating odd numbers
odd_numbers = [i for i in range(21) if i % 2 != 0] # to generate odd numbers in range 0 to 21
print(odd_numbers) # [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19]
# Filter numbers: let's filter out positive even numbers from the list below
numbers = [-8, -7, -3, -1, 0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 6, 8, 10]
positive_even_numbers = [i for i in numbers if i % 2 == 0 and i > 0]
print(positive_even_numbers) # [2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20]
# Flattening a two dimensional array
list_of_lists = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]
flattened_list = [ number for row in list_of_lists for number in row]
print(flattened_list) # [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
```
## Lambda Function
Lambda function is a small anonymous function without a name. It can take any number of arguments, but can only have one expression. Lambda function is similar to anonymous functions in JavaScript. We need it when we want to write an anonymous function inside another function.
### Creating a Lambda Function
To create a lambda function we use _lambda_ keyword followed by a parameter(s), followed by an expression. See the syntax and the example below. Lambda function does not use return but it explicitly returns the expression.
```py
# syntax
x = lambda param1, param2, param3: param1 + param2 + param3
print(x(arg1, arg2, arg3))
```
**Example:**
```py
# Named function
def add_two_nums(a, b):
return a + b
print(add_two_nums(2, 3)) # 5
# Lets change the above function to a lambda function
add_two_nums = lambda a, b: a + b
print(add_two_nums(2,3)) # 5
# Self invoking lambda function
(lambda a, b: a + b)(2,3) # 5 - need to encapsulate it in print() to see the result in the console
square = lambda x : x ** 2
print(square(3)) # 9
cube = lambda x : x ** 3
print(cube(3)) # 27
# Multiple variables
multiple_variable = lambda a, b, c: a ** 2 - 3 * b + 4 * c
print(multiple_variable(5, 5, 3)) # 22
```
### Lambda Function Inside Another Function
Using a lambda function inside another function.
```py
def power(x):
return lambda n : x ** n
cube = power(2)(3) # function power now need 2 arguments to run, in separate rounded brackets
print(cube) # 8
two_power_of_five = power(2)(5)
print(two_power_of_five) # 32
```
🌕 Keep up the good work. Keep the momentum going, the sky is the limit! You have just completed day 13 challenges and you are 13 steps a head in to your way to greatness. Now do some exercises for your brain and muscles.
## 💻 Exercises: Day 13
1. Filter only negative and zero in the list using list comprehension
```py
numbers = [-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 2, 4, 6]
```
2. Flatten the following list of lists of lists to a one dimensional list :
```py
list_of_lists =[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]
output
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
```
3. Using list comprehension create the following list of tuples:
```py
[(0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0),
(1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1),
(2, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32),
(3, 1, 3, 9, 27, 81, 243),
(4, 1, 4, 16, 64, 256, 1024),
(5, 1, 5, 25, 125, 625, 3125),
(6, 1, 6, 36, 216, 1296, 7776),
(7, 1, 7, 49, 343, 2401, 16807),
(8, 1, 8, 64, 512, 4096, 32768),
(9, 1, 9, 81, 729, 6561, 59049),
(10, 1, 10, 100, 1000, 10000, 100000)]
```
4. Flatten the following list to a new list:
```py
countries = [[('Finland', 'Helsinki')], [('Sweden', 'Stockholm')], [('Norway', 'Oslo')]]
output:
[['FINLAND','FIN', 'HELSINKI'], ['SWEDEN', 'SWE', 'STOCKHOLM'], ['NORWAY', 'NOR', 'OSLO']]
```
5. Change the following list to a list of dictionaries:
```py
countries = [[('Finland', 'Helsinki')], [('Sweden', 'Stockholm')], [('Norway', 'Oslo')]]
output:
[{'country': 'FINLAND', 'city': 'HELSINKI'},
{'country': 'SWEDEN', 'city': 'STOCKHOLM'},
{'country': 'NORWAY', 'city': 'OSLO'}]
```
6. Change the following list of lists to a list of concatenated strings:
```py
names = [[('Asabeneh', 'Yetayeh')], [('David', 'Smith')], [('Donald', 'Trump')], [('Bill', 'Gates')]]
output
['Asabeneh Yetaeyeh', 'David Smith', 'Donald Trump', 'Bill Gates']
```
7. Write a lambda function which can solve a slope or y-intercept of linear functions.
🎉 CONGRATULATIONS ! 🎉
[<< Day 12](../12_Day_Modules/12_modules.md) | [Day 14>>](../14_Day_Higher_order_functions/14_higher_order_functions.md)
================================================
FILE: 14_Day_Higher_order_functions/14_higher_order_functions.md
================================================
<div align="center">
<h1> 30 Days Of Python: Day 14 - Higher Order Functions</h1>
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</a>
<sub>Author:
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/asabeneh/" target="_blank">Asabeneh Yetayeh</a><br>
<small>Second Edition: July, 2021</small>
</sub>
</div>
[<< Day 13](../13_Day_List_comprehension/13_list_comprehension.md) | [Day 15>>](../15_Day_Python_type_errors/15_python_type_errors.md)
- [📘 Day 14](#-day-14)
- [Higher Order Functions](#higher-order-functions)
- [Function as a Parameter](#function-as-a-parameter)
- [Function as a Return Value](#function-as-a-return-value)
- [Python Closures](#python-closures)
- [Python Decorators](#python-decorators)
- [Creating Decorators](#creating-decorators)
- [Applying Multiple Decorators to a Single Function](#applying-multiple-decorators-to-a-single-function)
- [Accepting Parameters in Decorator Functions](#accepting-parameters-in-decorator-functions)
- [Built-in Higher Order Functions](#built-in-higher-order-functions)
- [Python - Map Function](#python---map-function)
- [Python - Filter Function](#python---filter-function)
- [Python - Reduce Function](#python---reduce-function)
- [💻 Exercises: Day 14](#-exercises-day-14)
- [Exercises: Level 1](#exercises-level-1)
- [Exercises: Level 2](#exercises-level-2)
- [Exercises: Level 3](#exercises-level-3)
# 📘 Day 14
## Higher Order Functions
In Python functions are treated as first class citizens, allowing you to perform the following operations on functions:
- A function can take one or more functions as parameters
- A function can be returned as a result of another function
- A function can be modified
- A function can be assigned to a variable
In this section, we will cover:
1. Handling functions as parameters
2. Returning functions as return value from another functions
3. Using Python closures and decorators
### Function as a Parameter
```py
def sum_numbers(nums): # normal function
return sum(nums) # a sad function abusing the built-in sum function :<
def higher_order_function(f, lst): # function as a parameter
summation = f(lst)
return summation
result = higher_order_function(sum_numbers, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
print(result) # 15
```
### Function as a Return Value
```py
def square(x): # a square function
return x ** 2
def cube(x): # a cube function
return x ** 3
def absolute(x): # an absolute value function
if x >= 0:
return x
else:
return -(x)
def higher_order_function(type): # a higher order function returning a function
if type == 'square':
return square
elif type == 'cube':
return cube
elif type == 'absolute':
return absolute
result = higher_order_function('square')
print(result(3)) # 9
result = higher_order_function('cube')
print(result(3)) # 27
result = higher_order_function('absolute')
print(result(-3)) # 3
```
You can see from the above example that the higher order function is returning different functions depending on the passed parameter
## Python Closures
Python allows a nested function to access the outer scope of the enclosing function. This is is known as a Closure. Let us have a look at how closures work in Python. In Python, closure is created by nesting a function inside another encapsulating function and then returning the inner function. See the example below.
**Example:**
```py
def add_ten():
ten = 10
def add(num):
return num + ten
return add
closure_result = add_ten()
print(closure_result(5)) # 15
print(closure_result(10)) # 20
```
## Python Decorators
A decorator is a design pattern in Python that allows a user to add new functionality to an existing object without modifying its structure. Decorators are usually called before the definition of a function you want to decorate.
### Creating Decorators
To create a decorator function, we need an outer function with an inner wrapper function.
**Example:**
```py
# Normal function
def greeting():
return 'Welcome to Python'
def uppercase_decorator(function):
def wrapper():
func = function()
make_uppercase = func.upper()
return make_uppercase
return wrapper
g = uppercase_decorator(greeting)
print(g()) # WELCOME TO PYTHON
## Let us implement the example above with a decorator
'''This decorator function is a higher order function
that takes a function as a parameter'''
def uppercase_decorator(function):
def wrapper():
func = function()
make_uppercase = func.upper()
return make_uppercase
return wrapper
@uppercase_decorator
def greeting():
return 'Welcome to Python'
print(greeting()) # WELCOME TO PYTHON
```
### Applying Multiple Decorators to a Single Function
```py
'''These decorator functions are higher order functions
that take functions as parameters'''
# First Decorator
def uppercase_decorator(function):
def wrapper():
func = function()
make_uppercase = func.upper()
return make_uppercase
return wrapper
# Second decorator
def split_string_decorator(function):
def wrapper():
func = function()
splitted_string = func.split()
return splitted_string
return wrapper
#Decorators will be executed from bottom to top
@split_string_decorator
@uppercase_decorator # order with decorators is important in this case - .upper() function does not work with lists
def greeting():
return 'Welcome to Python'
print(greeting()) # ['WELCOME', 'TO', 'PYTHON']
```
### Accepting Parameters in Decorator Functions
Most of the time we need our functions to take parameters, so we might need to define a decorator that accepts parameters.
```py
def decorator_with_parameters(function):
def wrapper_accepting_parameters(para1, para2, para3):
function(para1, para2, para3)
print("I live in {}".format(para3))
return wrapper_accepting_parameters
@decorator_with_parameters
def print_full_name(first_name, last_name, country):
print("I am {} {}. I love to teach.".format(
first_name, last_name))
print_full_name("Asabeneh", "Yetayeh",'Finland')
```
## Built-in Higher Order Functions
Some of the built-in higher order functions that we cover in this part are _map()_, _filter_, and _reduce_.
Lambda function can be passed as a parameter and the best use case of lambda functions is in functions like map, filter and reduce.
### Python - Map Function
The map() function is a built-in function that takes a function and iterable as parameters.
```py
# syntax
map(function, iterable)
```
**Example:1**
```py
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] # iterable
def square(x):
return x ** 2
numbers_squared = map(square, numbers)
print(list(numbers_squared)) # [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
# Lets apply it with a lambda function
numbers_squared = map(lambda x : x ** 2, numbers)
print(list(numbers_squared)) # [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
```
**Example:2**
```py
numbers_str = ['1', '2', '3', '4', '5'] # iterable
numbers_int = map(int, numbers_str)
print(list(numbers_int)) # [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
```
**Example:3**
```py
names = ['Asabeneh', 'Lidiya', 'Ermias', 'Abraham'] # iterable
def change_to_upper(name):
return name.upper()
names_upper_cased = map(change_to_upper, names)
print(list(names_upper_cased)) # ['ASABENEH', 'LIDIYA', 'ERMIAS', 'ABRAHAM']
# Let us apply it with a lambda function
names_upper_cased = map(lambda name: name.upper(), names)
print(list(names_upper_cased)) # ['ASABENEH', 'LIDIYA', 'ERMIAS', 'ABRAHAM']
```
What actually map does is iterating over a list. For instance, it changes the names to upper case and returns a new list.
### Python - Filter Function
The filter() function calls the specified function which returns boolean for each item of the specified iterable (list). It filters the items that satisfy the filtering criteria.
```py
# syntax
filter(function, iterable)
```
**Example:1**
```py
# Lets filter only even nubers
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] # iterable
def is_even(num):
if num % 2 == 0:
return True
return False
even_numbers = filter(is_even, numbers)
print(list(even_numbers)) # [2, 4]
```
**Example:2**
```py
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] # iterable
def is_odd(num):
if num % 2 != 0:
return True
return False
odd_numbers = filter(is_odd, numbers)
print(list(odd_numbers)) # [1, 3, 5]
```
```py
# Filter long name
names = ['Asabeneh', 'Lidiya', 'Ermias', 'Abraham'] # iterable
def is_name_long(name):
if len(name) > 7:
return True
return False
long_names = filter(is_name_long, names)
print(list(long_names)) # ['Asabeneh']
```
### Python - Reduce Function
The _reduce()_ function is defined in the functools module and we should import it from this module. Like map and filter it takes two parameters, a function and an iterable. However, it does not return another iterable, instead it returns a single value.
**Example:1**
```py
numbers_str = ['1', '2', '3', '4', '5'] # iterable
def add_two_nums(x, y):
return int(x) + int(y)
total = reduce(add_two_nums, numbers_str)
print(total) # 15
```
## 💻 Exercises: Day 14
```py
countries = ['Estonia', 'Finland', 'Sweden', 'Denmark', 'Norway', 'Iceland']
names = ['Asabeneh', 'Lidiya', 'Ermias', 'Abraham']
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
```
### Exercises: Level 1
1. Explain the difference between map, filter, and reduce.
2. Explain the difference between higher order function, closure and decorator
3. Define a call function before map, filter or reduce, see examples.
4. Use for loop to print each country in the countries list.
5. Use for to print each name in the names list.
6. Use for to print each number in the numbers list.
### Exercises: Level 2
1. Use map to create a new list by changing each country to uppercase in the countries list
1. Use map to create a new list by changing each number to its square in the numbers list
1. Use map to change each name to uppercase in the names list
1. Use filter to filter out countries containing 'land'.
1. Use filter to filter out countries having exactly six characters.
1. Use filter to filter out countries containing six letters and more in the country list.
1. Use filter to filter out countries starting with an 'E'
1. Chain two or more list iterators (eg. arr.map(callback).filter(callback).reduce(callback))
1. Declare a function called get_string_lists which takes a list as a parameter and then returns a list containing only string items.
1. Use reduce to sum all the numbers in the numbers list.
1. Use reduce to concatenate all the countries and to produce this sentence: Estonia, Finland, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, and Iceland are north European countries
1. Declare a function called categorize_countries that returns a list of countries with some common pattern (you can find the [countries list](https://github.com/Asabeneh/30-Days-Of-Python/blob/master/data/countries.py) in this repository as countries.js(eg 'land', 'ia', 'island', 'stan')).
1. Create a function returning a dictionary, where keys stand for starting letters of countries and values are the number of country names starting with that letter.
2. Declare a get_first_ten_countries function - it returns a list of first ten countries from the countries.js list in the data folder.
1. Declare a get_last_ten_countries function that returns the last ten countries in the countries list.
### Exercises: Level 3
1. Use the countries_data.py (https://github.com/Asabeneh/30-Days-Of-Python/blob/master/data/countries-data.py) file and follow the tasks below:
- Sort countries by name, by capital, by population
- Sort out the ten most spoken languages by location.
- Sort out the ten most populated countries.
🎉 CONGRATULATIONS ! 🎉
[<< Day 13](../13_Day_List_comprehension/13_list_comprehension.md) | [Day 15>>](../15_Day_Python_type_errors/15_python_type_errors.md)
================================================
FILE: 15_Day_Python_type_errors/15_python_type_errors.md
================================================
<div align="center">
<h1> 30 Days Of Python: Day 15 - Python Type Errors </h1>
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</a>
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<img alt="Twitter Follow" src="https://img.shields.io/twitter/follow/asabeneh?style=social">
</a>
<sub>Author:
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/asabeneh/" target="_blank">Asabeneh Yetayeh</a><br>
<small> Second Edition: July, 2021</small>
</sub>
</div>
[<< Day 14](../14_Day_Higher_order_functions/14_higher_order_functions.md) | [Day 16 >>](../16_Day_Python_date_time/16_python_datetime.md)
- [📘 Day 15](#-day-15)
- [Python Error Types](#python-error-types)
- [SyntaxError](#syntaxerror)
- [NameError](#nameerror)
- [IndexError](#indexerror)
- [ModuleNotFoundError](#modulenotfounderror)
- [AttributeError](#attributeerror)
- [KeyError](#keyerror)
- [TypeError](#typeerror)
- [ImportError](#importerror)
- [ValueError](#valueerror)
- [ZeroDivisionError](#zerodivisionerror)
- [💻 Exercises: Day 15](#-exercises-day-15)
# 📘 Day 15
## Python Error Types
When we write code it is common that we make a typo or some other common error. If our code fails to run, the Python interpreter will display a message, containing feedback with information on where the problem occurs and the type of an error. It will also sometimes gives us suggestions on a possible fix. Understanding different types of errors in programming languages will help us to debug our code quickly and also it makes us better at what we do.
Let us see the most common error types one by one. First let us open our Python interactive shell. Go to your you computer terminal and write 'python'. The python interactive shell will be opened.
### SyntaxError
**Example 1: SyntaxError**
```py
asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> print 'hello world'
File "<stdin>", line 1
print 'hello world'
^
SyntaxError: Missing parentheses in call to 'print'. Did you mean print('hello world')?
>>>
```
As you can see we made a syntax error because we forgot to enclose the string with parenthesis and Python already suggests the solution. Let us fix it.
```py
asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> print 'hello world'
File "<stdin>", line 1
print 'hello world'
^
SyntaxError: Missing parentheses in call to 'print'. Did you mean print('hello world')?
>>> print('hello world')
hello world
>>>
```
The error was a _SyntaxError_. After the fix our code was executed without a hitch. Let see more error types.
### NameError
**Example 1: NameError**
```py
asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> print(age)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'age' is not defined
>>>
```
As you can see from the message above, name age is not defined. Yes, it is true that we did not define an age variable but we were trying to print it out as if we had had declared it. Now, lets fix this by declaring it and assigning with a value.
```py
asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> print(age)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'age' is not defined
>>> age = 25
>>> print(age)
25
>>>
```
The type of error was a _NameError_. We debugged the error by defining the variable name.
### IndexError
**Example 1: IndexError**
```py
asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> numbers[5]
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
IndexError: list index out of range
>>>
```
In the example above, Python raised an _IndexError_, because the list has only indexes from 0 to 4 , so it was out of range.
### ModuleNotFoundError
**Example 1: ModuleNotFoundError**
```py
asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import maths
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'maths'
>>>
```
In the example above, I added an extra s to math deliberately and _ModuleNotFoundError_ was raised. Lets fix it by removing the extra s from math.
```py
asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import maths
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'maths'
>>> import math
>>>
```
We fixed it, so let's use some of the functions from the math module.
### AttributeError
**Example 1: AttributeError**
```py
asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import maths
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'maths'
>>> import math
>>> math.PI
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: module 'math' has no attribute 'PI'
>>>
```
As you can see, I made a mistake again! Instead of pi, I tried to call a PI constant from maths module. It raised an attribute error, it means, that the attribute does not exist in the module. Lets fix it by changing from PI to pi.
```py
asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import maths
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'maths'
>>> import math
>>> math.PI
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: module 'math' has no attribute 'PI'
>>> math.pi
3.141592653589793
>>>
```
Now, when we call pi from the math module we got the result.
### KeyError
**Example 1: KeyError**
```py
asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> users = {'name':'Asab', 'age':250, 'country':'Finland'}
>>> users['name']
'Asab'
>>> users['county']
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
KeyError: 'county'
>>>
```
As you can see, there was a typo in the key used to get the dictionary value. so, this is a key error and the fix is quite straight forward. Let's do this!
```py
asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> user = {'name':'Asab', 'age':250, 'country':'Finland'}
>>> user['name']
'Asab'
>>> user['county']
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
KeyError: 'county'
>>> user['country']
'Finland'
>>>
```
We debugged the error, our code ran and we got the value.
### TypeError
**Example 1: TypeError**
```py
asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> 4 + '3'
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'str'
>>>
```
In the example above, a TypeError is raised because we cannot add a number to a string. First solution would be to convert the string to int or float. Another solution would be converting the number to a string (the result then would be '43'). Let us follow the first fix.
```py
asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> 4 + '3'
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'str'
>>> 4 + int('3')
7
>>> 4 + float('3')
7.0
>>>
```
Error removed and we got the result we expected.
### ImportError
**Example 1: TypeError**
```py
asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> from math import power
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ImportError: cannot import name 'power' from 'math'
>>>
```
There is no function called power in the math module, it goes with a different name: _pow_. Let's correct it:
```py
asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> from math import power
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ImportError: cannot import name 'power' from 'math'
>>> from math import pow
>>> pow(2,3)
8.0
>>>
```
### ValueError
```py
asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> int('12a')
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '12a'
>>>
```
In this case we cannot change the given string to a number, because of the 'a' letter in it.
### ZeroDivisionError
```py
asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> 1/0
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
>>>
```
We cannot divide a number by zero.
We have covered some of the python error types, if you want to check more about it check the python documentation about python error types.
If you are good at reading the error types, then you will be able to fix your bugs fast and you will also become a better programmer.
🌕 You are excelling. You made it to half way to your way to greatness. Now do some exercises for your brain and for your muscle.
## 💻 Exercises: Day 15
1. Open you python interactive shell and try all the examples covered in this section.
🎉 CONGRATULATIONS ! 🎉
[<< Day 14](../14_Day_Higher_order_functions/14_higher_order_functions.md) | [Day 16 >>](../16_Day_Python_date_time/16_python_datetime.md)
================================================
FILE: 16_Day_Python_date_time/16_python_datetime.md
================================================
<div align="center">
<h1> 30 Days Of Python: Day 16 - Python Date time </h1>
<a class="header-badge" target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/asabeneh/">
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</a>
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<img alt="Twitter Follow" src="https://img.shields.io/twitter/follow/asabeneh?style=social">
</a>
<sub>Author:
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/asabeneh/" target="_blank">Asabeneh Yetayeh</a><br>
<small>Second Edition: July, 2021</small>
</sub>
</div>
[<< Day 15](../15_Day_Python_type_errors/15_python_type_errors.md) | [Day 17 >>](../17_Day_Exception_handling/17_exception_handling.md)
- [📘 Day 16](#-day-16)
- [Python *datetime*](#python-datetime)
- [Getting *datetime* Information](#getting-datetime-information)
- [Formatting Date Output Using *strftime*](#formatting-date-output-using-strftime)
- [String to Time Using *strptime*](#string-to-time-using-strptime)
- [Using *date* from *datetime*](#using-date-from-datetime)
- [Time Objects to Represent Time](#time-objects-to-represent-time)
- [Difference Between Two Points in Time Using](#difference-between-two-points-in-time-using)
- [Difference Between Two Points in Time Using *timedelta*](#difference-between-two-points-in-time-using-timedelta)
- [💻 Exercises: Day 16](#-exercises-day-16)
# 📘 Day 16
## Python *datetime*
Python has got _datetime_ module to handle date and time.
```py
import datetime
print(dir(datetime))
['MAXYEAR', 'MINYEAR', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'date', 'datetime', 'datetime_CAPI', 'sys', 'time', 'timedelta', 'timezone', 'tzinfo']
```
With dir or help built-in commands it is possible to know the available functions in a certain module. As you can see, in the datetime module there are many functions, but we will focus on _date_, _datetime_, _time_ and _timedelta_. Let se see them one by one.
### Getting *datetime* Information
```py
from datetime import datetime
now = datetime.now()
print(now) # 2021-07-08 07:34:46.549883
day = now.day # 8
month = now.month # 7
year = now.year # 2021
hour = now.hour # 7
minute = now.minute # 38
second = now.second
timestamp = now.timestamp()
print(day, month, year, hour, minute)
print('timestamp', timestamp)
print(f'{day}/{month}/{year}, {hour}:{minute}') # 8/7/2021, 7:38
```
Timestamp or Unix timestamp is the number of seconds elapsed from 1st of January 1970 UTC.
### Formatting Date Output Using *strftime*
```py
from datetime import datetime
new_year = datetime(2020, 1, 1)
print(new_year) # 2020-01-01 00:00:00
day = new_year.day
month = new_year.month
year = new_year.year
hour = new_year.hour
minute = new_year.minute
second = new_year.second
print(day, month, year, hour, minute) #1 1 2020 0 0
print(f'{day}/{month}/{year}, {hour}:{minute}') # 1/1/2020, 0:0
```
Formatting date time using *strftime* method and the documentation can be found [here](https://strftime.org/).
```py
from datetime import datetime
# current date and time
now = datetime.now()
t = now.strftime("%H:%M:%S")
print("time:", t) # time: 18:21:40
time_one = now.strftime("%m/%d/%Y, %H:%M:%S")
# mm/dd/YY H:M:S format
print("time one:", time_one) # time one: 06/28/2022, 18:21:40
time_two = now.strftime("%d/%m/%Y, %H:%M:%S")
# dd/mm/YY H:M:S format
print("time two:", time_two) # time two: 28/06/2022, 18:21:40
```
```sh
time: 01:05:01
time one: 12/05/2019, 01:05:01
time two: 05/12/2019, 01:05:01
```
Here are all the _strftime_ symbols we use to format time. An example of all the formats for this module.
### String to Time Using *strptime*
Here is a [documentation](https://www.programiz.com/python-programming/datetime/strptime) hat helps to understand the format.
```py
from datetime import datetime
date_string = "5 December, 2019"
print("date_string =", date_string) # date_string = 5 December, 2019
date_object = datetime.strptime(date_string, "%d %B, %Y")
print("date_object =", date_object) # date_object = 2019-12-05 00:00:00
```
```sh
date_string = 5 December, 2019
date_object = 2019-12-05 00:00:00
```
### Using *date* from *datetime*
```py
from datetime import date
d = date(2020, 1, 1)
print(d) # 2020-01-01
print('Current date:', d.today()) # 2019-12-05
# date object of today's date
today = date.today()
print("Current year:", today.year) # 2019
print("Current month:", today.month) # 12
print("Current day:", today.day) # 5
```
### Time Objects to Represent Time
```py
from datetime import time
# time(hour = 0, minute = 0, second = 0)
a = time()
print("a =", a) # a = 00:00:00
# time(hour, minute and second)
b = time(10, 30, 50)
print("b =", b) # b = 10:30:50
# time(hour, minute and second)
c = time(hour=10, minute=30, second=50)
print("c =", c) # c = 10:30:50
# time(hour, minute, second, microsecond)
d = time(10, 30, 50, 200555)
print("d =", d) # d = 10:30:50.200555
```
output
a = 00:00:00
b = 10:30:50
c = 10:30:50
d = 10:30:50.200555
### Difference Between Two Points in Time Using
```py
from datetime import date, datetime
today = date(year=2019, month=12, day=5)
new_year = date(year=2020, month=1, day=1)
time_left_for_newyear = new_year - today
# Time left for new year: 27 days, 0:00:00
print('Time left for new year: ', time_left_for_newyear) # Time left for new year: 27 days, 0:00:00
t1 = datetime(year = 2019, month = 12, day = 5, hour = 0, minute = 59, second = 0)
t2 = datetime(year = 2020, month = 1, day = 1, hour = 0, minute = 0, second = 0)
diff = t2 - t1
print('Time left for new year:', diff) # Time left for new year: 26 days, 23: 01: 00
```
### Difference Between Two Points in Time Using *timedelta*
```py
from datetime import timedelta
t1 = timedelta(weeks=12, days=10, hours=4, seconds=20)
t2 = timedelta(days=7, hours=5, minutes=3, seconds=30)
t3 = t1 - t2
print("t3 =", t3)
```
```sh
date_string = 5 December, 2019
date_object = 2019-12-05 00:00:00
t3 = 86 days, 22:56:50
```
🌕 You are an extraordinary. You are 16 steps a head to your way to greatness. Now do some exercises for your brain and muscles.
## 💻 Exercises: Day 16
1. Get the current day, month, year, hour, minute and timestamp from datetime module
2. Format the current date using this format: "%m/%d/%Y, %H:%M:%S")
3. Today is 5 December, 2019. Change this time string to time.
4. Calculate the time difference between now and new year.
5. Calculate the time difference between 1 January 1970 and now.
6. Think, what can you use the datetime module for? Examples:
- Time series analysis
- To get a timestamp of any activities in an application
- Adding posts on a blog
🎉 CONGRATULATIONS ! 🎉
[<< Day 15](../15_Day_Python_type_errors/15_python_type_errors.md) | [Day 17 >>](../17_Day_Exception_handling/17_exception_handling.md)
================================================
FILE: 17_Day_Exception_handling/17_exception_handling.md
================================================
<div align="center">
<h1> 30 Days Of Python: Day 17 - Exception Handling </h1>
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gitextract_nzd5gzb_/ ├── .github/ │ └── FUNDING.yml ├── .gitignore ├── 01_Day_Introduction/ │ └── helloworld.py ├── 02_Day_Variables_builtin_functions/ │ ├── 02_variables_builtin_functions.md │ └── variables.py ├── 03_Day_Operators/ │ ├── 03_operators.md │ └── day-3.py ├── 04_Day_Strings/ │ ├── 04_strings.md │ └── day_4.py ├── 05_Day_Lists/ │ ├── 05_lists.md │ └── day_5.py ├── 06_Day_Tuples/ │ └── 06_tuples.md ├── 07_Day_Sets/ │ └── 07_sets.md ├── 08_Day_Dictionaries/ │ └── 08_dictionaries.md ├── 09_Day_Conditionals/ │ └── 09_conditionals.md ├── 10_Day_Loops/ │ └── 10_loops.md ├── 11_Day_Functions/ │ └── 11_functions.md ├── 12_Day_Modules/ │ ├── 12_modules.md │ ├── main.py │ └── mymodule.py ├── 13_Day_List_comprehension/ │ └── 13_list_comprehension.md ├── 14_Day_Higher_order_functions/ │ └── 14_higher_order_functions.md ├── 15_Day_Python_type_errors/ │ └── 15_python_type_errors.md ├── 16_Day_Python_date_time/ │ └── 16_python_datetime.md ├── 17_Day_Exception_handling/ │ └── 17_exception_handling.md ├── 18_Day_Regular_expressions/ │ └── 18_regular_expressions.md ├── 19_Day_File_handling/ │ └── 19_file_handling.md ├── 20_Day_Python_package_manager/ │ ├── 20_python_package_manager.md │ ├── __init__.py │ ├── arithmetic.py │ └── greet.py ├── 21_Day_Classes_and_objects/ │ └── 21_classes_and_objects.md ├── 22_Day_Web_scraping/ │ ├── 22_web_scraping.md │ └── scrapped_data.json ├── 23_Day_Virtual_environment/ │ └── 23_virtual_environment.md ├── 24_Day_Statistics/ │ └── 24_statistics.md ├── 25_Day_Pandas/ │ └── 25_pandas.md ├── 26_Day_Python_web/ │ └── 26_python_web.md ├── 27_Day_Python_with_mongodb/ │ └── 27_python_with_mongodb.md ├── 28_Day_API/ │ └── 28_API.md ├── 29_Day_Building_API/ │ └── 29_building_API.md ├── 30_Day_Conclusions/ │ └── 30_conclusions.md ├── Chinese/ │ ├── 02_variables_builtin_functions.md │ ├── 03_operators.md │ ├── 04_strings.md │ ├── 05_lists.md │ ├── 06_tuples.md │ ├── 07_sets.md │ ├── 08_dictionaries.md │ ├── 09_conditionals.md │ ├── 10_loops.md │ ├── 11_functions.md │ ├── 12_modules.md │ ├── 13_list_comprehension.md │ ├── 14_higher_order_functions.md │ ├── 15_python_type_errors.md │ ├── 15_python_type_errors_cn.md │ ├── 16_python_datetime.md │ ├── 16_python_datetime_cn.md │ ├── 17_exception_handling_cn.md │ ├── 18_regular_expressions_cn.md │ ├── 19_file_handling_cn.md │ ├── 20_python_package_manager_cn.md │ ├── 21_classes_and_objects_cn.md │ ├── 22_web_scraping_cn.md │ ├── 23_virtual_environment_cn.md │ ├── 24_statistics_cn.md │ ├── 25_pandas_cn.md │ ├── 26_python_web_cn.md │ ├── 27_python_with_mongodb_cn.md │ ├── 28_API_cn.md │ ├── 29_building_API_cn.md │ ├── 30_conclusions_cn.md │ └── README.md ├── Korean/ │ ├── 02_Day_Variables_builtin_functions/ │ │ └── 02_variables_builtin_functions.md │ ├── 04_strings_ko.md │ ├── 05_Day_Lists/ │ │ └── 05_lists.md │ ├── 07_sets_ko.md │ ├── 08_Day_Dictionaries/ │ │ └── 08_dictionaries.md │ ├── 10_loops_ko.md │ └── readme_ko.md ├── Portuguese/ │ ├── 02_Dia_Variaveis_BuiltIn_Functions/ │ │ └── README.md │ └── README.md ├── Spanish/ │ ├── 01_Day_Introduction/ │ │ └── helloworld.py │ ├── 02_Day_Variables_builtin_functions/ │ │ ├── 02_variables_builtin_functions.md │ │ └── variables.py │ ├── 02_variables_builtin_functions_sp.md │ ├── 03_Day_Operators/ │ │ ├── 03_operators.md │ │ └── day-3.py │ ├── 03_operators_sp.md │ ├── 04_strings_sp.md │ ├── 05_lists_sp.md │ ├── 06_tuples_sp.md │ ├── 07_sets_sp.md │ ├── 08_dictionaries_sp.md │ ├── 09_conditionals_sp.md │ ├── 10_loops_sp.md │ ├── 11_functions_sp.md │ ├── 12_modules_sp.md │ ├── 13_list_comprehension_sp.md │ ├── 14_higher_order_functions_sp.md │ ├── 15_python_type_errors_sp.md │ ├── 16_python_datetime_sp.md │ ├── 17_exception_handling_sp.md │ ├── 18_regular_expressions_sp.md │ ├── 19_file_handling_sp.md │ ├── 20_python_package_manager_sp.md │ ├── 21_classes_and_objects_sp.md │ ├── 22_web_scraping_sp.md │ ├── 23_virtual_environment_sp.md │ ├── 24_statistics_sp.md │ ├── 25_pandas_sp.md │ ├── 26_python_web_sp.md │ ├── 27_python_with_mongodb_sp.md │ ├── 28_API_sp.md │ ├── 29_building_API_sp.md │ ├── 30_conclusions_sp.md │ ├── README_sp.md │ └── readme.md ├── Ukrainian/ │ └── readme.md ├── data/ │ ├── F500.csv │ ├── HN_posts_year_to_Sep_26_2016.csv │ ├── cats.json │ ├── countries-data.py │ ├── countries.py │ ├── countries_data.json │ ├── countries_data_long.json │ ├── donald_speech.txt │ ├── email_exchanges.txt │ ├── email_exchanges_big.txt │ ├── fortune1000_final.csv │ ├── fortune_500_companies_2017.csv │ ├── hacker_news.csv │ ├── melina_trump_speech.txt │ ├── michelle_obama_speech.txt │ ├── obama_speech.txt │ ├── result.csv │ ├── romeo_and_juliet.txt │ ├── stop_words.py │ └── weight-height.csv ├── files/ │ ├── csv_example.csv │ ├── example.txt │ ├── excel_example.xlsx │ ├── json_example.json │ ├── reading_file_example.txt │ └── xml_example.xml ├── korean/ │ ├── 03_Day_Operators/ │ │ └── 03_operators.md │ └── readme.md ├── mymodule.py ├── mypackage/ │ ├── __init__.py │ ├── arithmetics.py │ └── greet.py ├── numpy.md ├── old_files/ │ ├── readme.md │ ├── readme10-12.md │ ├── readme13-15.md │ ├── readme16-18.md │ ├── readme19-21.md │ ├── readme22-24.md │ ├── readme25-27.md │ ├── readme28-30.md │ ├── readme4-6.md │ └── readme7-9.md ├── python_for_web/ │ ├── .gitignore │ ├── Procfile │ ├── app.py │ ├── requirements.txt │ ├── static/ │ │ └── css/ │ │ └── main.css │ └── templates/ │ ├── about.html │ ├── home.html │ ├── layout.html │ ├── post.html │ └── result.html └── readme.md
SYMBOL INDEX (22 symbols across 7 files) FILE: 12_Day_Modules/mymodule.py function generate_full_name (line 1) | def generate_full_name(firstname, lastname): function sum_two_nums (line 6) | def sum_two_nums (num1, num2): FILE: 20_Day_Python_package_manager/arithmetic.py function add_numbers (line 1) | def add_numbers(*args): function subtract (line 8) | def subtract(a, b): function multiple (line 12) | def multiple(a, b): function division (line 16) | def division(a, b): function remainder (line 20) | def remainder(a, b): function power (line 24) | def power(a, b): FILE: 20_Day_Python_package_manager/greet.py function greet_person (line 1) | def greet_person(firstname, lastname): FILE: mymodule.py function generate_full_name (line 1) | def generate_full_name(firstname, lastname): function sum_two_nums (line 7) | def sum_two_nums(num1, num2): FILE: mypackage/arithmetics.py function add_numbers (line 1) | def add_numbers(*args): function subtract (line 8) | def subtract(a, b): function multiple (line 12) | def multiple(a, b): function division (line 16) | def division(a, b): function remainder (line 20) | def remainder(a, b): function power (line 24) | def power(a, b): FILE: mypackage/greet.py function greet_person (line 1) | def greet_person(firstname, lastname): FILE: python_for_web/app.py function home (line 11) | def home(): function about (line 18) | def about(): function result (line 24) | def result(): function post (line 29) | def post():
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"preview": "<div align=\"center\">\n <h1> 30 Days Of Python: Day 20 - PIP </h1>\n <a class=\"header-badge\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:"
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"preview": "<div align=\"center\">\n <h1> 30 Days Of Python: Day 22 - Web Scraping </h1>\n <a class=\"header-badge\" target=\"_blank\" hre"
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"preview": "<div align=\"center\">\n <h1> 30 Days Of Python: Day 23 - Virtual Environment </h1>\n <a class=\"header-badge\" target=\"_bla"
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"preview": "<div align=\"center\">\n <h1> 30 Days Of Python: Day 24 - Statistics</h1>\n <a class=\"header-badge\" target=\"_blank\" href=\""
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"preview": "<div align=\"center\">\n <h1> 30 Days Of Python: Day 25 - Pandas </h1>\n <a class=\"header-badge\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"htt"
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"preview": "<div align=\"center\">\n <h1> 30 Days Of Python: Day 26 - Python for web </h1>\n <a class=\"header-badge\" target=\"_blank\" h"
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"preview": "<div align=\"center\">\n <h1> 30 Days Of Python: Day 27 - Python with MongoDB </h1>\n <a class=\"header-badge\" target=\"_bla"
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"preview": "<div align=\"center\">\n <h1> 30 Days Of Python: Day 28 - API </h1>\n <a class=\"header-badge\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:"
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"path": "29_Day_Building_API/29_building_API.md",
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"preview": "<div align=\"center\">\n <h1> 30 Days Of Python: Day 29 - Building an API </h1>\n <a class=\"header-badge\" target=\"_blank\" "
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"preview": "<div align=\"center\">\n\n <h1> 30 Days Of Python: Day 30- Conclusions</h1>\n <a class=\"header-badge\" target=\"_blank\" href="
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"chars": 7294,
"preview": "<div align=\"center\">\n <h1> 30 天 Python：第二天 - 变量, 内置函数</h1>\n <a class=\"header-badge\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://www."
},
{
"path": "Chinese/03_operators.md",
"chars": 7672,
"preview": "<div align=\"center\">\n <h1> 30 天 Python：第三天 - 运算符</h1>\n <a class=\"header-badge\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://www.linke"
},
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"chars": 14691,
"preview": "<div align=\"center\">\n <h1> 30 天 Python：第四天 - Strings</h1>\n <a class=\"header-badge\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://www.l"
},
{
"path": "Chinese/05_lists.md",
"chars": 13654,
"preview": "<div align=\"center\">\n <h1> 30 天 Python：第五天 - Lists</h1>\n <a class=\"header-badge\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://www.lin"
},
{
"path": "Chinese/06_tuples.md",
"chars": 5021,
"preview": "<div align=\"center\">\n <h1> 30 天 Python：第六天 - Tuples</h1>\n <a class=\"header-badge\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://www.li"
},
{
"path": "Chinese/07_sets.md",
"chars": 8074,
"preview": "<div align=\"center\">\n <h1> 30 天 Python：第 7 天 - 集合</h1>\n <a class=\"header-badge\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://www.link"
},
{
"path": "Chinese/08_dictionaries.md",
"chars": 7140,
"preview": "<div align=\"center\">\n <h1> 30 天 Python 学习：第 8 天 - 字典</h1>\n <a class=\"header-badge\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://www.l"
},
{
"path": "Chinese/09_conditionals.md",
"chars": 4483,
"preview": "<div align=\"center\">\n <h1> 30天Python学习：第9天 - 条件语句</h1>\n <a class=\"header-badge\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://www.link"
},
{
"path": "Chinese/10_loops.md",
"chars": 7888,
"preview": "<div align=\"center\">\n <h1> 30 天 Python：第十天 - Loops</h1>\n <a class=\"header-badge\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://www.lin"
},
{
"path": "Chinese/11_functions.md",
"chars": 10146,
"preview": "<div align=\"center\">\n <h1> 30 天 Python 挑战: 第 11 天 - 函数</h1>\n <a class=\"header-badge\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://www"
},
{
"path": "Chinese/12_modules.md",
"chars": 6510,
"preview": "<div align=\"center\">\n <h1> 30 天 Python ：第 12 天 - 模块 </h1>\n <a class=\"header-badge\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://www.l"
},
{
"path": "Chinese/13_list_comprehension.md",
"chars": 5069,
"preview": "<div align=\"center\">\n <h1>Python 30 天挑战：第 13 天 - 列表推导式</h1>\n <a class=\"header-badge\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://www"
},
{
"path": "Chinese/14_higher_order_functions.md",
"chars": 8253,
"preview": "<div align=\"center\">\n <h1> 30天Python：第14天 - 高阶函数</h1>\n <a class=\"header-badge\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://www.linke"
},
{
"path": "Chinese/15_python_type_errors.md",
"chars": 9581,
"preview": "<div align=\"center\">\n <h1> 30天Python：第15天——Python类型错误 </h1>\n <a class=\"header-badge\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://www"
},
{
"path": "Chinese/15_python_type_errors_cn.md",
"chars": 9015,
"preview": "# 30天Python编程挑战：第15天 - Python类型错误\n\n- [Day 15](#day-15)\n - [Python错误类型](#python错误类型)\n - [SyntaxError (语法错误)](#syntaxe"
},
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"chars": 5559,
"preview": "<div align=\"center\">\n <h1> 30天Python学习：第16天 - Python日期和时间 </h1>\n <a class=\"header-badge\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:/"
},
{
"path": "Chinese/16_python_datetime_cn.md",
"chars": 4620,
"preview": "# 30天Python编程挑战：第16天 - Python日期时间\n\n- [第16天](#-第16天)\n - [Python *datetime*](#python-datetime)\n - [获取 *datetime* 信息](#"
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"chars": 5349,
"preview": "# 30天Python编程挑战：第17天 - 异常处理\n\n- [第17天](#-第17天)\n - [异常处理](#异常处理)\n - [Python中的打包和解包参数](#python中的打包和解包参数)\n - [解包](#解包)\n"
},
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"chars": 12223,
"preview": "# 30天Python编程挑战：第18天 - 正则表达式\n\n- [第18天](#-第18天)\n - [正则表达式](#正则表达式)\n - [*re* 模块](#re-模块)\n - [*re* 模块中的方法](#re-模块中的方"
},
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"chars": 10621,
"preview": "# 30天Python编程挑战：第19天 - 文件处理\n\n- [第19天](#-第19天)\n - [文件处理](#文件处理)\n - [打开文件进行读取](#打开文件进行读取)\n - [打开文件进行写入和更新](#打开文件进行写"
},
{
"path": "Chinese/20_python_package_manager_cn.md",
"chars": 7800,
"preview": "# 30天Python编程挑战：第20天 - PIP\n\n- [第20天](#-第20天)\n - [Python PIP - Python包管理器](#python-pip---python包管理器)\n - [什么是PIP？](#什么"
},
{
"path": "Chinese/21_classes_and_objects_cn.md",
"chars": 8866,
"preview": "# 30天Python编程挑战：第21天 - 类和对象\n\n- [第21天](#-第21天)\n - [类和对象](#类和对象)\n - [创建类](#创建类)\n - [创建对象](#创建对象)\n - [类构造函数](#类构造"
},
{
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"chars": 2157,
"preview": "# 30天Python编程挑战：第22天 - 网页抓取\n\n- [第22天](#-第22天)\n - [Python网页抓取](#python网页抓取)\n - [什么是网页抓取](#什么是网页抓取)\n - [💻 练习：第22天](#-"
},
{
"path": "Chinese/23_virtual_environment_cn.md",
"chars": 1952,
"preview": "# 30天Python编程挑战：第23天 - 虚拟环境\n\n- [第23天](#-第23天)\n - [设置虚拟环境](#设置虚拟环境)\n - [💻 练习：第23天](#-练习第23天)\n\n# 📘 第23天\n\n## 设置虚拟环境\n\n开始项目"
},
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"path": "Chinese/24_statistics_cn.md",
"chars": 11048,
"preview": "# 30天Python编程挑战：第24天 - 统计\n\n- [第24天](#-第24天)\n - [Python进行统计分析](#python进行统计分析)\n - [统计学](#统计学)\n - [数据](#数据)\n - [统计模块](#"
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{
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"chars": 9395,
"preview": "# 30天Python编程挑战：第25天 - Pandas\n\n- [第25天](#-第25天)\n - [Pandas](#pandas)\n - [安装Pandas](#安装pandas)\n - [导入Pandas](#导入pa"
},
{
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"chars": 18208,
"preview": "# 30天Python编程挑战：第26天 - Python网络编程\n\n- [第26天](#-第26天)\n - [Python网络编程](#python网络编程)\n - [Flask](#flask)\n - [文件夹结构]("
},
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"chars": 18033,
"preview": "# 30天Python编程挑战：第27天 - Python与MongoDB\n\n- [第27天](#-第27天)\n- [Python与MongoDB](#python与mongodb)\n - [MongoDB](#mongodb)\n "
},
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"chars": 3718,
"preview": "# 30天Python编程挑战：第28天 - API\n\n- [第28天](#-第28天)\n- [应用程序编程接口(API)](#应用程序编程接口api)\n - [API](#api)\n - [构建API](#构建api)\n - [HT"
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"path": "Chinese/29_building_API_cn.md",
"chars": 11446,
"preview": "# 30天Python编程挑战：第29天 - 构建API\n\n- [第29天](#第29天)\n- [构建API](#构建api)\n - [API的结构](#api的结构)\n - [使用GET获取数据](#使用get获取数据)\n - [通"
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"chars": 430,
"preview": "# 30天Python编程挑战：第30天 - 总结\n\n- [第30天](#第30天)\n - [总结](#总结)\n - [感言](#感言)\n\n# 第30天\n\n## 总结\n\n在准备这些材料的过程中，我学到了很多，你们也激励我做得更多。恭喜你"
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{
"path": "Chinese/README.md",
"chars": 13389,
"preview": "# 🐍 30 天 Python\n\n| # 天数 | 主题 |\n| ---"
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"chars": 9909,
"preview": "<div align=\"center\">\n <h1> 30 Days Of Python: Day 2 - 변수, 내장 함수</h1>\n <a class=\"header-badge\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"ht"
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"path": "Korean/04_strings_ko.md",
"chars": 16563,
"preview": "<div align=\"center\">\n<h1> 30 Days Of Python: Day 4 - Strings</h1> <a class=\"header-badge\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://"
},
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"path": "Korean/05_Day_Lists/05_lists.md",
"chars": 16383,
"preview": "<div align=\"center\">\n <h1> 30 Days Of Python: Day 5 - Lists</h1>\n <a class=\"header-badge\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:"
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{
"path": "Korean/07_sets_ko.md",
"chars": 9462,
"preview": "<div align=\"center\"> <h1> 30 Days Of Python: Day 7 - Sets</h1> <a class=\"header-badge\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:/"
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{
"path": "Korean/08_Day_Dictionaries/08_dictionaries.md",
"chars": 8861,
"preview": "<div align=\"center\">\n <h1> 30 Days Of Python: Day 8 - Dictionaries</h1>\n <a class=\"header-badge\" target=\"_blank\" href="
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"path": "Korean/10_loops_ko.md",
"chars": 8966,
"preview": "<div align=\"center\"> <h1> 30 Days Of Python: Day 10 - Loops</h1> <a class=\"header-badge\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https"
},
{
"path": "Korean/readme_ko.md",
"chars": 15059,
"preview": "# 🐍 30 Days Of Python\n\n|# Day | Topics |\n|------|:-------------------"
},
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"path": "Portuguese/02_Dia_Variaveis_BuiltIn_Functions/README.md",
"chars": 12412,
"preview": "<div align=\"center\">\n <h1> 30 Dias de Python: Dia 2 - Variaveis, Builtin Functions</h1>\n <a class=\"header-badge\" targe"
},
{
"path": "Portuguese/README.md",
"chars": 21994,
"preview": "# 🐍 30 Dias de python\n\n|# Day | Topics |\n|------|:-------------------"
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"path": "Spanish/01_Day_Introduction/helloworld.py",
"chars": 637,
"preview": "# Introducción\n# Día 1 - Desafío 30DaysOfPython\n\nprint(2 + 3) # suma(+)\nprint(3 - 1) # resta(-)\nprint(2 * 3) # mul"
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"path": "Spanish/02_Day_Variables_builtin_functions/02_variables_builtin_functions.md",
"chars": 12597,
"preview": "<div align=\"center\">\n <h1> 30 Dias de Python: Dia 2 - Variables, Funciones integradas</h1>\n <a class=\"header-badge\" ta"
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"chars": 1028,
"preview": "\n# Variables en Python\n\nfirst_name = 'Asabeneh'\nlast_name = 'Yetayeh'\ncountry = 'Finland'\ncity = 'Helsinki'\nage = 250\nis"
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"path": "Spanish/02_variables_builtin_functions_sp.md",
"chars": 12113,
"preview": "<div align=\"center\">\n <h1> 30 días de Python: Día 2 - Variables y funciones integradas</h1>\n <a class=\"header-badge\" t"
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"path": "Spanish/03_Day_Operators/03_operators.md",
"chars": 12335,
"preview": "<div align=\"center\">\n <h1> 30 días de Python: Día 3 - Operadores</h1>\n <a class=\"header-badge\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"h"
},
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"path": "Spanish/03_Day_Operators/day-3.py",
"chars": 4574,
"preview": "# Operaciones aritméticas en Python\n# Integers\n\nprint('Addition: ', 1 + 2)\nprint('Subtraction: ', 2 - 1)\nprint('Multipli"
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"path": "Spanish/03_operators_sp.md",
"chars": 11662,
"preview": "<div align=\"center\">\n <h1> 30 días de Python: Día 3 - Operadores</h1>\n <a class=\"header-badge\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"h"
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"path": "Spanish/04_strings_sp.md",
"chars": 19905,
"preview": "<div align=\"center\">\n <h1> 30 días de Python: Día 4 - Cadenas</h1>\n <a class=\"header-badge\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http"
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"path": "Spanish/05_lists_sp.md",
"chars": 18400,
"preview": "<div align=\"center\">\n <h1> 30 días de Python: Día 5 - Listas</h1>\n <a class=\"header-badge\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https"
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"chars": 7373,
"preview": "<div align=\"center\">\n <h1> 30 días de Python: Día 6 - Tuplas</h1>\n <a class=\"header-badge\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https"
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"path": "Spanish/07_sets_sp.md",
"chars": 11773,
"preview": "<div align=\"center\">\n <h1> 30 días de Python: Día 7 - Conjuntos</h1>\n <a class=\"header-badge\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"ht"
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"path": "Spanish/08_dictionaries_sp.md",
"chars": 9824,
"preview": "<div align=\"center\">\n <h1> 30 días de Python: Día 8 - Diccionarios</h1>\n <a class=\"header-badge\" target=\"_blank\" href="
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"path": "Spanish/09_conditionals_sp.md",
"chars": 7872,
"preview": "<div align=\"center\">\n <h1> 30 días de Python: Día 9 - Sentencias condicionales</h1>\n <a class=\"header-badge\" target=\"_"
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"path": "Spanish/10_loops_sp.md",
"chars": 10688,
"preview": "<div align=\"center\">\n <h1> 30 días de Python: Día 10 - Bucles</h1>\n <a class=\"header-badge\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http"
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"path": "Spanish/11_functions_sp.md",
"chars": 14200,
"preview": "<div align=\"center\">\n <h1>30 Días de Python: Día 11 - Funciones</h1>\n <a class=\"header-badge\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"ht"
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"path": "Spanish/12_modules_sp.md",
"chars": 9647,
"preview": "<div align=\"center\">\n <h1> 30 Días de Python: Día 12 - Módulos </h1>\n <a class=\"header-badge\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"ht"
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"path": "Spanish/13_list_comprehension_sp.md",
"chars": 6941,
"preview": "<div align=\"center\">\n <h1>30 Días de Python: Día 13 - Comprensiones de listas</h1>\n <a class=\"header-badge\" target=\"_b"
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"path": "Spanish/14_higher_order_functions_sp.md",
"chars": 11988,
"preview": "<div align=\"center\">\n <h1>30 Días de Python: Día 14 - Funciones de orden superior</h1>\n <a class=\"header-badge\" target"
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"path": "Spanish/15_python_type_errors_sp.md",
"chars": 11207,
"preview": "# Desafío de programación Python: Día 15 - Errores (excepciones) en Python\n\n- [Día 15](#día-15)\n - [Tipos de error en P"
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"path": "Spanish/16_python_datetime_sp.md",
"chars": 6032,
"preview": "# 30 Días de Python: Día 16 - datetime en Python\n\n- [Día 16](#-día-16)\n - [Python *datetime*](#python-datetime)\n - ["
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"chars": 8100,
"preview": "# 30 Días de Python: Día 17 - Manejo de excepciones\n\n- [Día 17](#-día-17)\n - [Manejo de excepciones](#manejo-de-excepci"
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"chars": 15664,
"preview": "# 30 Días de Python: Día 18 - Expresiones regulares\n\n- [Día 18](#-día-18)\n - [Expresiones regulares](#expresiones-regul"
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"chars": 14423,
"preview": "# 30 Días de Python: Día 19 - Manejo de archivos\n\n- [Día 19](#-día-19)\n - [Manejo de archivos](#manejo-de-archivos)\n "
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"path": "Spanish/20_python_package_manager_sp.md",
"chars": 8012,
"preview": "# 30 Días de Python: Día 20 - PIP\n\n- [Día 20](#-día-20)\n - [Python PIP - Gestor de paquetes de Python](#python-pip---ge"
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]
// ... and 2 more files (download for full content)
About this extraction
This page contains the full source code of the Asabeneh/30-Days-Of-Python GitHub repository, extracted and formatted as plain text for AI agents and large language models (LLMs). The extraction includes 174 files (58.8 MB), approximately 3.6M tokens, and a symbol index with 22 extracted functions, classes, methods, constants, and types. Use this with OpenClaw, Claude, ChatGPT, Cursor, Windsurf, or any other AI tool that accepts text input. You can copy the full output to your clipboard or download it as a .txt file.
Extracted by GitExtract — free GitHub repo to text converter for AI. Built by Nikandr Surkov.