[ { "path": ".ai-rulez/config.toml", "content": "# AI-Rulez Configuration (migrated to V4 TOML format)\n# Documentation: https://github.com/Goldziher/ai-rulez\n\nversion = '4.0'\nname = 'html-to-markdown'\ndescription = 'High-performance HTML to Markdown converter with Rust core and polyglot bindings (Python, TypeScript, Ruby, PHP, Go, Java, C#, Elixir, R, WebAssembly, C FFI).'\ngitignore = true\npresets = ['claude', 'copilot', 'cursor', 'antigravity', 'codex']\nbuiltins = ['rust', 'python', 'typescript', 'go', 'java', 'ruby', 'php', 'csharp', 'elixir', 'r', 'default-commands']\n\n[header]\nstyle = 'minimal'\n\n[[includes]]\nname = 'kreuzberg-core'\nsource = 'https://github.com/kreuzberg-dev/ai-rulez.git'\npath = 'modules/core'\nmerge_strategy = 'local-override'\n\n[[includes]]\nname = 'kreuzberg-languages'\nsource = 'https://github.com/kreuzberg-dev/ai-rulez.git'\npath = 'modules/languages'\nmerge_strategy = 'local-override'\n\n[[includes]]\nname = 'kreuzberg-cicd'\nsource = 'https://github.com/kreuzberg-dev/ai-rulez.git'\npath = 'modules/cicd'\nmerge_strategy = 'local-override'\n\n[[includes]]\nname = 'kreuzberg-infrastructure'\nsource = 'https://github.com/kreuzberg-dev/ai-rulez.git'\npath = 'modules/infrastructure'\nmerge_strategy = 'local-override'\n\n[[includes]]\nname = 'kreuzberg-e2e-generator'\nsource = 'https://github.com/kreuzberg-dev/ai-rulez.git'\npath = 'modules/e2e-generator'\nmerge_strategy = 'local-override'\n\n[[installed_skills]]\nname = 'alef'\nsource = 'https://github.com/kreuzberg-dev/alef.git'\n\n[[mcp_servers]]\nname = 'playwright'\ndescription = 'Playwright browser automation for E2E testing and docs verification'\ncommand = 'npx'\nargs = ['-y', '@playwright/mcp@latest']\n\n[defaults]\neffort = 'medium'\n" }, { "path": ".ai-rulez/context/crate-structure.md", "content": "---\npriority: high\n---\n\n# Crate & Package Structure\n\n## Workspace crates (`crates/`)\n\n- `html-to-markdown` — core library, primary Rust API, `unsafe_code = \"forbid\"` at workspace level\n- `html-to-markdown-cli` — CLI binary (clap)\n- `html-to-markdown-ffi` — C FFI bridge, cbindgen headers, **only crate that overrides unsafe_code lint**\n- `html-to-markdown-py` — PyO3 Python binding\n- `html-to-markdown-node` — NAPI-RS Node/TypeScript binding\n- `html-to-markdown-php` — ext-php-rs PHP binding\n- `html-to-markdown-wasm` — wasm-bindgen WebAssembly binding\n\n## Out-of-workspace packages (`packages/`)\n\n- `csharp/`, `elixir/`, `go/`, `java/`, `r/`, `ruby/` — language-native packages wrapping the FFI crate\n- `php/`, `python/`, `typescript/`, `wasm/` — distribution packages\n\n## Primary API\n\n- `convert(&str, Option) -> Result`\n- `ConversionResult`: `content`, `warnings`, optionally `metadata` and `inline_images` (feature-gated)\n- Feature flags: `inline-images`, `metadata`, `visitor` (custom traversal), `serde`\n- Dual parser: html5ever (spec-compliance) and astral-tl (performance), selectable via `ConversionOptions`\n" }, { "path": ".ai-rulez/domains/conversion-algorithms/DOMAIN.md", "content": "# Conversion Algorithms Domain\n\n## Purpose\n\nCore HTML-to-Markdown transformation logic. Converts parsed DOM trees into well-formatted Markdown output for 60+ HTML element types.\n\n## Key Areas\n\n- **Block elements**: headings, paragraphs, blockquotes, lists, tables, code blocks, horizontal rules, semantic HTML5 elements\n- **Inline elements**: bold, italic, strikethrough, inline code, links, images, abbreviations\n- **Tables**: GFM pipe tables with alignment, colspan/rowspan handling, complex table fallbacks\n- **Lists**: ordered, unordered, nested, task lists, definition lists, tight vs loose detection\n- **Forms & media**: input fields, textareas, selects, audio, video, iframes, embeds\n- **Special elements**: line breaks, comments, SVG text extraction, ruby annotations\n\n## Architecture\n\nVisitor pattern in `visitor.rs` dispatches to per-element converter functions. Conversion behavior is controlled by `ConversionOptions` (heading style, list indent, code block style, newline style, table format).\n\n## Dependencies\n\n- Upstream: HTML Parsing domain (DOM tree), Safety-Sanitization domain (attribute validation)\n- Downstream: Output formatting, metadata extraction\n" }, { "path": ".ai-rulez/domains/html-parsing/DOMAIN.md", "content": "# HTML Parsing Domain\n\n## Purpose\n\nFoundation of the conversion pipeline: HTML parser selection, DOM tree construction, and tree traversal infrastructure.\n\n## Key Areas\n\n- **Parser backends**: html5ever (HTML5 spec compliance, malformed HTML recovery) and tl/astral-tl (lightweight, fast)\n- **DOM traversal**: depth-first tree walking via visitor pattern, parent/child/sibling navigation\n- **Node types**: element nodes (60+ tags), text nodes, comment nodes, document/fragment nodes\n- **Text extraction**: text content from subtrees, configurable whitespace handling (preserve, minimal, collapse)\n- **Attribute access**: by name, iteration, class checking, case-insensitive per HTML spec\n- **Safety constraints**: depth limits, size limits, binary data rejection, encoding detection\n\n## Architecture\n\nParser infrastructure in `converter.rs` and `wrapper.rs`. DOM traversal via `DomWalker` trait in `visitor.rs`. Element classification into Block, Inline, Void, FormControl, Semantic categories. Configuration through `ConversionOptions` (parser type, encoding, whitespace mode, max depth, max size).\n\n## Dependencies\n\n- Upstream: html5ever, astral-tl, encoding_rs\n- Downstream: Conversion Algorithms domain, Safety-Sanitization domain\n" }, { "path": ".ai-rulez/domains/safety-sanitization/DOMAIN.md", "content": "# Safety & Sanitization Domain\n\n## Purpose\n\nProtects the conversion pipeline from malicious or malformed input. Ensures converted Markdown output cannot be exploited for XSS, code injection, or data exfiltration.\n\n## Key Areas\n\n- **Input validation**: binary data detection (magic numbers, null byte ratios, control char ratios), encoding detection, size/depth limits\n- **XSS prevention**: dangerous element removal (script, style, iframe, object, embed), event handler stripping, javascript:/data:/vbscript: URL blocking\n- **URL sanitization**: scheme whitelist (http, https, mailto, ftp), protocol normalization, URL-encoded payload detection, case-insensitive scheme matching\n- **Attribute filtering**: event handler removal, safe attribute whitelist (id, class, title, alt, href, src), style sanitization\n- **SVG handling**: script/style removal within SVG, event handler stripping, xlink:href validation, text extraction fallback\n- **Runtime safety**: stack overflow prevention (max nesting depth), memory bounds enforcement, ReDoS prevention\n\n## Architecture\n\nMulti-layer defense: validate_input() -> sanitize -> parse -> convert with URL/attribute sanitization at each element. Configuration via `SafetyConfig` (max document size, max nesting depth, allowed tags/attributes/schemes, strip options).\n\n## Dependencies\n\n- Upstream: url, encoding_rs\n- Downstream: HTML Parsing domain (operates on validated input), Conversion Algorithms domain (safe elements only)\n" }, { "path": ".ai-rulez/rules/alef-generated-bindings.md", "content": "---\npriority: critical\n---\n\n- Files in `packages/*/` and binding crates are generated or managed by Alef — check `alef.toml` before editing\n- `alef.toml` defines: output paths, module names, rename mappings, e2e call overrides, README templates\n- Run `alef generate` after changing `alef.toml` — commit both source and generated files\n- Never hand-edit generated files; modify `alef.toml` or the Rust source instead\n- Fixtures under `fixtures/` feed `tools/e2e-generator/` — never add tests to `e2e/` directly\n" }, { "path": ".cargo/config.toml", "content": "\n[build]\nincremental = true\n\n[target.wasm32-unknown-unknown]\nrustflags = [\"-C\", \"target-feature=+bulk-memory\", \"--cfg\", \"getrandom_backend=\\\"wasm_js\\\"\"]\n\n[net]\ngit-fetch-with-cli = true\n\n[registries.crates-io]\nprotocol = \"sparse\"\n\n[target.'cfg(target_os = \"macos\")']\nrustflags = [\"-C\", \"link-arg=-Wl,-undefined,dynamic_lookup\"]\n\n[target.x86_64-pc-windows-msvc]\nlinker = \"rust-lld\"\n\n[target.i686-pc-windows-msvc]\nlinker = \"rust-lld\"\n\n[target.x86_64-unknown-linux-musl]\nlinker = \"musl-gcc\"\n\n[target.aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu]\nlinker = \"aarch64-linux-gnu-gcc\"\n\n[env]\nRUBY = { value = \"scripts/preferred-ruby.sh\", relative = true }\n" }, { "path": ".clang-format", "content": "---\nBasedOnStyle: LLVM\nIndentWidth: 4\nColumnLimit: 100\nBreakBeforeBraces: Attach\nAllowShortFunctionsOnASingleLine: Empty\nAllowShortIfStatementsOnASingleLine: false\nSortIncludes: true\n" }, { "path": ".editorconfig", "content": "# EditorConfig is awesome: https://EditorConfig.org\n\n# top-most EditorConfig file\nroot = true\n\n# All files\n[*]\ncharset = utf-8\ninsert_final_newline = true\ntrim_trailing_whitespace = true\nend_of_line = lf\n\n# Code files\n[*.{cs,go,rs,py,js,ts,tsx,jsx,php,rb}]\nindent_style = space\n\n# C# files\n[*.cs]\nindent_size = 4\n\n# Organize usings\ndotnet_sort_system_directives_first = true\ndotnet_separate_import_directive_groups = false\n\n# this. and Me. preferences\ndotnet_style_qualification_for_field = false:warning\ndotnet_style_qualification_for_property = false:warning\ndotnet_style_qualification_for_method = false:warning\ndotnet_style_qualification_for_event = false:warning\n\n# Language keywords vs BCL types preferences\ndotnet_style_predefined_type_for_locals_parameters_members = true:warning\ndotnet_style_predefined_type_for_member_access = true:warning\n\n# Parentheses preferences\ndotnet_style_parentheses_in_arithmetic_binary_operators = always_for_clarity:suggestion\ndotnet_style_parentheses_in_relational_binary_operators = always_for_clarity:suggestion\ndotnet_style_parentheses_in_other_binary_operators = always_for_clarity:suggestion\ndotnet_style_parentheses_in_other_operators = never_if_unnecessary:suggestion\n\n# Modifier preferences\ndotnet_style_require_accessibility_modifiers = always:warning\ndotnet_style_readonly_field = true:warning\ncsharp_preferred_modifier_order = public,private,protected,internal,static,extern,new,virtual,abstract,sealed,override,readonly,unsafe,volatile,async:suggestion\n\n# Expression-level preferences\ndotnet_style_object_initializer = true:suggestion\ndotnet_style_collection_initializer = true:suggestion\ndotnet_style_explicit_tuple_names = true:warning\ndotnet_style_prefer_inferred_tuple_names = true:suggestion\ndotnet_style_prefer_inferred_anonymous_type_member_names = true:suggestion\ndotnet_style_prefer_auto_properties = true:suggestion\ndotnet_style_prefer_conditional_expression_over_assignment = true:silent\ndotnet_style_prefer_conditional_expression_over_return = true:silent\ndotnet_style_prefer_compound_assignment = true:suggestion\ndotnet_style_prefer_simplified_interpolation = true:suggestion\ndotnet_style_prefer_simplified_boolean_expressions = true:suggestion\n\n# Null-checking preferences\ndotnet_style_coalesce_expression = true:warning\ndotnet_style_null_propagation = true:warning\ndotnet_style_prefer_is_null_check_over_reference_equality_method = true:warning\n\n# C# Code Style Rules\n# var preferences\ncsharp_style_var_for_built_in_types = true:suggestion\ncsharp_style_var_when_type_is_apparent = true:suggestion\ncsharp_style_var_elsewhere = true:suggestion\n\n# Expression-bodied members\ncsharp_style_expression_bodied_methods = when_on_single_line:suggestion\ncsharp_style_expression_bodied_constructors = false:silent\ncsharp_style_expression_bodied_operators = when_on_single_line:suggestion\ncsharp_style_expression_bodied_properties = when_on_single_line:suggestion\ncsharp_style_expression_bodied_indexers = when_on_single_line:suggestion\ncsharp_style_expression_bodied_accessors = when_on_single_line:suggestion\ncsharp_style_expression_bodied_lambdas = when_on_single_line:suggestion\ncsharp_style_expression_bodied_local_functions = when_on_single_line:suggestion\n\n# Pattern matching preferences\ncsharp_style_pattern_matching_over_is_with_cast_check = true:warning\ncsharp_style_pattern_matching_over_as_with_null_check = true:warning\ncsharp_style_prefer_switch_expression = true:suggestion\ncsharp_style_prefer_pattern_matching = true:suggestion\ncsharp_style_prefer_not_pattern = true:suggestion\n\n# Null-checking preferences\ncsharp_style_throw_expression = true:suggestion\ncsharp_style_conditional_delegate_call = true:warning\n\n# Code block preferences\ncsharp_prefer_braces = true:warning\ncsharp_prefer_simple_using_statement = true:suggestion\n\n# Expression preferences\ncsharp_prefer_simple_default_expression = true:suggestion\ncsharp_style_pattern_local_over_anonymous_function = true:suggestion\ncsharp_style_inlined_variable_declaration = true:suggestion\ncsharp_style_deconstructed_variable_declaration = true:suggestion\ncsharp_style_prefer_index_operator = true:suggestion\ncsharp_style_prefer_range_operator = true:suggestion\ncsharp_style_implicit_object_creation_when_type_is_apparent = true:suggestion\n\n# C# Formatting Rules\n# New line preferences\ncsharp_new_line_before_open_brace = all\ncsharp_new_line_before_else = true\ncsharp_new_line_before_catch = true\ncsharp_new_line_before_finally = true\ncsharp_new_line_before_members_in_object_initializers = true\ncsharp_new_line_before_members_in_anonymous_types = true\ncsharp_new_line_between_query_expression_clauses = true\n\n# Indentation preferences\ncsharp_indent_case_contents = true\ncsharp_indent_switch_labels = true\ncsharp_indent_labels = no_change\ncsharp_indent_block_contents = true\ncsharp_indent_braces = false\ncsharp_indent_case_contents_when_block = false\n\n# Space preferences\ncsharp_space_after_cast = false\ncsharp_space_after_keywords_in_control_flow_statements = true\ncsharp_space_between_parentheses = false\ncsharp_space_before_colon_in_inheritance_clause = true\ncsharp_space_after_colon_in_inheritance_clause = true\ncsharp_space_around_binary_operators = before_and_after\ncsharp_space_between_method_declaration_parameter_list_parentheses = false\ncsharp_space_between_method_declaration_empty_parameter_list_parentheses = false\ncsharp_space_between_method_declaration_name_and_open_parenthesis = false\ncsharp_space_between_method_call_parameter_list_parentheses = false\ncsharp_space_between_method_call_empty_parameter_list_parentheses = false\ncsharp_space_between_method_call_name_and_opening_parenthesis = false\ncsharp_space_after_comma = true\ncsharp_space_after_dot = false\ncsharp_space_after_semicolon_in_for_statement = true\ncsharp_space_before_semicolon_in_for_statement = false\ncsharp_space_around_declaration_statements = false\ncsharp_space_before_open_square_brackets = false\ncsharp_space_between_empty_square_brackets = false\ncsharp_space_between_square_brackets = false\n\n# Wrap preferences\ncsharp_preserve_single_line_statements = false\ncsharp_preserve_single_line_blocks = true\n\n# Using directive preferences\ncsharp_using_directive_placement = outside_namespace:warning\n\n# Go files\n[*.go]\nindent_style = tab\nindent_size = 4\n\n# Rust files\n[*.rs]\nindent_size = 4\n\n# Python files\n[*.py]\nindent_size = 4\n\n# JavaScript/TypeScript files\n[*.{js,ts,tsx,jsx}]\nindent_size = 2\n\n# Ruby files\n[*.rb]\nindent_size = 2\n\n# PHP files\n[*.php]\nindent_size = 4\n\n# YAML files\n[*.{yml,yaml}]\nindent_size = 2\n\n# Markdown files\n[*.md]\ntrim_trailing_whitespace = false\n" }, { "path": ".github/CODEOWNERS", "content": "# Default owner — everything\n* @Goldziher\n\n# Zensical config and documentation\n/zensical.toml @Goldziher @pratik-mahalle @v-tan\n/docs/ @Goldziher @pratik-mahalle @v-tan\n*.md @Goldziher @pratik-mahalle @v-tan\n\n# Rust crates\n/crates/ @Goldziher @kh3rld\n" }, { "path": ".github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml", "content": "name: Bug Report\ndescription: Report a bug or unexpected behavior\ntitle: \"bug: \"\nlabels: [\"bug\"]\nprojects: [\"kreuzberg-dev/1\"]\nbody:\n - type: textarea\n id: description\n attributes:\n label: Description\n description: What happened? What did you expect to happen?\n validations:\n required: true\n - type: textarea\n id: steps-to-reproduce\n attributes:\n label: Steps to reproduce\n description: Minimal steps to reproduce the issue.\n validations:\n required: true\n - type: textarea\n id: reproduction-files\n attributes:\n label: Relevant files and configuration\n description: >-\n Any configuration files, input files, or code snippets needed to\n reproduce the issue.\n render: text\n" }, { "path": ".github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml", "content": "blank_issues_enabled: true\n" }, { "path": ".github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/documentation.yml", "content": "name: Documentation Issue\ndescription: Report missing, unclear, or incorrect documentation\ntitle: \"docs: \"\nlabels: [\"documentation\"]\nprojects: [\"kreuzberg-dev/1\"]\nbody:\n - type: textarea\n id: what\n attributes:\n label: What\n description: What documentation is missing, unclear, or incorrect?\n validations:\n required: true\n - type: textarea\n id: why\n attributes:\n label: Why\n description: Why does this need to change?\n validations:\n required: true\n" }, { "path": ".github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml", "content": "name: Feature Request\ndescription: Suggest a new feature or improvement\ntitle: \"feat: \"\nlabels: [\"enhancement\"]\nprojects: [\"kreuzberg-dev/1\"]\nbody:\n - type: textarea\n id: what\n attributes:\n label: What is the proposed feature?\n validations:\n required: true\n - type: textarea\n id: why\n attributes:\n label: Why would this be a good addition?\n validations:\n required: true\n" }, { "path": ".github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md", "content": "## Related\n\n\n\n## Description\n\n\n\n## Checklist\n\n- [ ] CI passing\n- [ ] Tests added where applicable\n" }, { "path": ".github/actions/build-typescript/action.yml", "content": "name: Build TypeScript package\ndescription: Builds TypeScript package (requires Node bindings to be built first)\n\nruns:\n using: composite\n steps:\n - name: Build TypeScript package\n shell: bash\n working-directory: packages/typescript\n run: pnpm run build\n" }, { "path": ".github/actions/smoke-pie/action.yml", "content": "name: Smoke test PIE install\ndescription: Tests PHP extension installation via PIE\n\ninputs:\n pie-artifacts-dir:\n description: Directory containing PIE source artifacts\n required: true\n\nruns:\n using: composite\n steps:\n - name: Smoke PIE install\n shell: bash\n env:\n COMPOSER_ALLOW_SUPERUSER: 1\n run: |\n set -euo pipefail\n # Download PIE\n curl -fsSL https://github.com/php/pie/releases/latest/download/pie.phar -o /tmp/pie.phar\n\n # Find the PIE source archive\n pie_archive=$(find \"${{ inputs.pie-artifacts-dir }}\" -name \"php_html_to_markdown-*.tgz\" | head -n 1)\n if [ -z \"$pie_archive\" ]; then\n echo \"PIE source archive not found\" >&2\n exit 1\n fi\n\n # Extract to temp dir and install via PIE\n tmp=$(mktemp -d)\n tar -xzf \"$pie_archive\" -C \"$tmp\"\n\n # Add as local repository and build\n php /tmp/pie.phar repository:add path \"$tmp\"\n CARGO_BIN=$(command -v cargo)\n php /tmp/pie.phar build kreuzberg-dev/html-to-markdown:*@dev --working-dir \"$tmp\" --with-cargo-bin=\"$CARGO_BIN\"\n\n # Find the built extension\n ext_so=$(find \"$tmp\" -name \"*.so\" -path \"*/html_to_markdown.so\" | head -n 1)\n if [ -z \"$ext_so\" ]; then\n echo \"Extension .so file not found after PIE build\" >&2\n exit 1\n fi\n\n # Test the extension (placeholder for smoke test)\n # Note: PHP smoke example directory was removed\n # Consider implementing integration tests via packages/php/tests\n\n echo \"✓ PIE install smoke test passed\"\n" }, { "path": ".github/dependabot.yaml", "content": "version: 2\nupdates:\n - package-ecosystem: \"github-actions\"\n directory: \"/\"\n schedule:\n interval: \"daily\"\n ignore:\n # Pin artifact actions to v4 until GitHub Actions runners support v6/v7\n # v6 and v7 require Actions Runner 2.327.1+ (released Dec 12, 2025)\n - dependency-name: \"actions/upload-artifact\"\n update-types: [\"version-update:semver-major\"]\n - dependency-name: \"actions/download-artifact\"\n update-types: [\"version-update:semver-major\"]\n\n - package-ecosystem: \"cargo\"\n # Explicitly list root only — packages/ruby/ext has a standalone workspace\n # with path deps to vendored crates that only exist at build time\n directories:\n - \"/\"\n schedule:\n interval: \"weekly\"\n ignore:\n - dependency-name: \"html-to-markdown-rs\"\n\n - package-ecosystem: \"pip\"\n directories:\n - \"/\"\n - \"/packages/python\"\n schedule:\n interval: \"weekly\"\n\n - package-ecosystem: \"npm\"\n directories:\n - \"/\"\n - \"/crates/html-to-markdown-node\"\n - \"/crates/html-to-markdown-wasm\"\n - \"/packages/typescript\"\n schedule:\n interval: \"weekly\"\n\n - package-ecosystem: \"bundler\"\n directory: \"/packages/ruby\"\n schedule:\n interval: \"weekly\"\n\n - package-ecosystem: \"composer\"\n directories:\n - \"/\"\n - \"/packages/php\"\n schedule:\n interval: \"weekly\"\n\n - package-ecosystem: \"gomod\"\n directory: \"/packages/go/v3\"\n schedule:\n interval: \"weekly\"\n\n - package-ecosystem: \"maven\"\n directory: \"/packages/java\"\n schedule:\n interval: \"weekly\"\n\n - package-ecosystem: \"nuget\"\n directory: \"/packages/csharp\"\n schedule:\n interval: \"weekly\"\n\n - package-ecosystem: \"mix\"\n directory: \"/packages/elixir\"\n schedule:\n interval: \"weekly\"\n" }, { "path": ".github/workflows/ci.yaml", "content": "name: CI\n\non:\n push:\n branches: [main]\n paths:\n - \"crates/**\"\n - \"packages/**\"\n - \"e2e/**\"\n - \"tools/**\"\n - \"scripts/**\"\n - \"fixtures/**\"\n - \".github/**\"\n - \".cargo/config.toml\"\n - \".pre-commit-config.yaml\"\n - \".golangci.yml\"\n - \"alef.toml\"\n - \"pyproject.toml\"\n - \"uv.lock\"\n - \"uv.toml\"\n - \"pnpm-lock.yaml\"\n - \"pnpm-workspace.yaml\"\n - \"package.json\"\n - \"Cargo.toml\"\n - \"Cargo.lock\"\n - \"Taskfile.yaml\"\n - \".task/**\"\n - \"rustfmt.toml\"\n - \"rust-toolchain.toml\"\n - \"Gemfile\"\n - \"Gemfile.lock\"\n - \"composer.json\"\n - \"composer.lock\"\n - \"go.mod\"\n - \"go.sum\"\n pull_request:\n branches: [main]\n paths:\n - \"crates/**\"\n - \"packages/**\"\n - \"e2e/**\"\n - \"tools/**\"\n - \"scripts/**\"\n - \"fixtures/**\"\n - \".github/**\"\n - \".cargo/config.toml\"\n - \".pre-commit-config.yaml\"\n - \".golangci.yml\"\n - \"alef.toml\"\n - \"pyproject.toml\"\n - \"uv.lock\"\n - \"uv.toml\"\n - \"pnpm-lock.yaml\"\n - \"pnpm-workspace.yaml\"\n - \"package.json\"\n - \"Cargo.toml\"\n - \"Cargo.lock\"\n - \"Taskfile.yaml\"\n - \".task/**\"\n - \"rustfmt.toml\"\n - \"rust-toolchain.toml\"\n - \"Gemfile\"\n - \"Gemfile.lock\"\n - \"composer.json\"\n - \"composer.lock\"\n - \"go.mod\"\n - \"go.sum\"\n workflow_dispatch: {}\n\nconcurrency:\n group: ci-${{ github.event.pull_request.number || github.ref }}\n cancel-in-progress: true\n\nenv:\n CARGO_TERM_COLOR: always\n CARGO_INCREMENTAL: 0\n RUST_BACKTRACE: short\n BUILD_PROFILE: \"ci\"\n GO_VERSION: \"1.26.0\"\n GO_TOOLCHAIN: \"go1.26.0\"\n GOLANGCI_LINT_VERSION: \"latest\"\n\npermissions:\n contents: read\n\n# --- Stage 1: Validate ---\n\njobs:\n validate:\n name: \"Validate\"\n runs-on: ubuntu-24.04-arm\n timeout-minutes: 60\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n\n - name: Install Task\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/install-task@v1 # v1\n\n - name: Setup Rust\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-rust@v1 # v1\n with:\n components: rustfmt, clippy, llvm-tools-preview\n\n - name: Setup Python\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-python-env@v1 # v1\n with:\n python-version: \"3.13\"\n\n - name: Setup Node Workspace\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-node-workspace@v1 # v1\n\n - name: Setup Go\n uses: actions/setup-go@v6 # v6\n with:\n go-version: ${{ env.GO_VERSION }}\n cache-dependency-path: packages/go/go.sum\n\n - name: Install golangci-lint\n uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@v9\n with:\n install-only: true\n\n - name: Setup Java\n uses: actions/setup-java@v5 # v5\n with:\n distribution: temurin\n java-version: \"25\"\n\n - name: Setup Elixir\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-elixir@v1 # v1\n\n - name: Setup Ruby\n uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1 # v1\n with:\n ruby-version: \"3.4\"\n bundler-cache: false\n\n - name: Setup PHP\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-php@v1 # v1\n\n - name: Setup R\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-r@v1 # v1\n with:\n install-deps-script: scripts/ci/r/install-deps.sh\n\n - name: Install C/C++ tools\n run: |\n sudo apt-get update -qq\n sudo apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends cppcheck clang-format\n\n - name: Install Alef\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/install-alef@v1\n\n - name: Install All Binding Dependencies\n run: alef setup\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Run Lint Checks\n run: task lint:check\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Check Code Formatting\n run: task format:check\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Install alef\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/install-alef@v1\n\n - name: Run Pre-commit Hooks\n uses: j178/prek-action@v2 # v2\n with:\n extra-args: --all-files\n\n - name: Install Python README Dependencies\n run: pip install pyyaml jinja2\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Validate READMEs\n run: task docs:generate-readme:check\n shell: bash\n\n validate-rust:\n name: \"Validate: Rust\"\n runs-on: ubuntu-24.04-arm\n timeout-minutes: 60\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n\n - name: Setup Rust\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-rust@v1 # v1\n with:\n components: rustfmt, clippy, llvm-tools-preview\n\n - name: Install Task\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/install-task@v1 # v1\n\n - name: Check Rust Formatting\n run: task rust:lint:check\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Run Clippy\n run: task rust:lint:check\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Check feature flags (html-to-markdown)\n shell: bash\n env:\n RUSTFLAGS: \"-D warnings\"\n run: |\n cargo check -p html-to-markdown-rs --no-default-features\n cargo check -p html-to-markdown-rs --no-default-features --features visitor\n cargo check -p html-to-markdown-rs --no-default-features --features metadata\n cargo check -p html-to-markdown-rs --no-default-features --features inline-images\n\n changes:\n name: \"Detect Changes\"\n runs-on: ubuntu-24.04-arm\n outputs:\n core: ${{ steps.filter.outputs.core }}\n rust: ${{ steps.filter.outputs.rust }}\n ffi: ${{ steps.filter.outputs.ffi }}\n python: ${{ steps.filter.outputs.python }}\n node: ${{ steps.filter.outputs.node }}\n ruby: ${{ steps.filter.outputs.ruby }}\n php: ${{ steps.filter.outputs.php }}\n go: ${{ steps.filter.outputs.go }}\n java: ${{ steps.filter.outputs.java }}\n elixir: ${{ steps.filter.outputs.elixir }}\n r: ${{ steps.filter.outputs.r }}\n wasm: ${{ steps.filter.outputs.wasm }}\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n\n - name: Detect changes\n uses: dorny/paths-filter@v4 # v3\n id: filter\n with:\n filters: |\n core:\n - 'crates/html-to-markdown/**'\n - 'Cargo.toml'\n - 'Cargo.lock'\n - 'rust-toolchain.toml'\n - '.cargo/config.toml'\n - 'fixtures/**'\n - 'tools/e2e-generator/**'\n rust:\n - 'crates/html-to-markdown/**'\n - 'crates/html-to-markdown-cli/**'\n - 'e2e/rust/**'\n - 'Cargo.toml'\n - 'Cargo.lock'\n - 'rustfmt.toml'\n ffi:\n - 'crates/html-to-markdown-ffi/**'\n - 'crates/html-to-markdown/**'\n - 'Cargo.toml'\n - 'Cargo.lock'\n python:\n - 'crates/html-to-markdown-py/**'\n - 'packages/python/**'\n - 'e2e/python/**'\n - 'pyproject.toml'\n - 'uv.lock'\n - 'uv.toml'\n - 'fixtures/**'\n node:\n - 'crates/html-to-markdown-node/**'\n - 'packages/typescript/**'\n - 'e2e/node/**'\n - 'package.json'\n - 'pnpm-lock.yaml'\n - 'pnpm-workspace.yaml'\n - 'fixtures/**'\n ruby:\n - 'packages/ruby/**'\n - 'e2e/ruby/**'\n - 'Gemfile'\n - 'Gemfile.lock'\n - 'fixtures/**'\n php:\n - 'crates/html-to-markdown-php/**'\n - 'packages/php/**'\n - 'packages/php-ext/**'\n - 'e2e/php/**'\n - 'composer.json'\n - 'composer.lock'\n - 'fixtures/**'\n go:\n - 'packages/go/**'\n - 'e2e/go/**'\n - 'crates/html-to-markdown-ffi/**'\n - 'go.mod'\n - 'go.sum'\n - 'fixtures/**'\n java:\n - 'packages/java/**'\n - 'e2e/java/**'\n - 'crates/html-to-markdown-ffi/**'\n - 'fixtures/**'\n elixir:\n - 'packages/elixir/**'\n - 'e2e/elixir/**'\n - 'crates/html-to-markdown-ffi/**'\n - 'fixtures/**'\n r:\n - 'packages/r/**'\n - 'e2e/r/**'\n - 'fixtures/**'\n wasm:\n - 'crates/html-to-markdown-wasm/**'\n - 'crates/html-to-markdown-wasm-wasi/**'\n - 'packages/wasm/**'\n - 'e2e/wasm/**'\n - 'fixtures/**'\n\n # --- Stage 2: Core Builds ---\n\n build-ffi:\n needs: [validate, validate-rust, changes]\n name: \"Build: FFI (${{ matrix.runner }})\"\n if: |\n github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' ||\n needs.changes.outputs.core == 'true' ||\n needs.changes.outputs.ffi == 'true'\n runs-on: ${{ matrix.runner }}\n timeout-minutes: 60\n strategy:\n fail-fast: false\n matrix:\n runner:\n - ubuntu-latest\n - ubuntu-24.04-arm\n - macos-latest\n - windows-latest\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n id: checkout\n\n - name: Free disk space\n if: startsWith(matrix.runner, 'ubuntu')\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/free-disk-space-linux@v1 # v1\n with:\n show-initial: \"false\"\n show-final: \"true\"\n\n - name: Setup Rust\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-rust@v1 # v1\n with:\n cache-key-prefix: ffi-${{ matrix.runner }}\n use-sccache: false\n\n - name: Build html-to-markdown-ffi (release, Unix)\n if: matrix.runner != 'windows-latest'\n run: cargo build --release -p html-to-markdown-ffi\n shell: bash\n env:\n CARGO_TERM_COLOR: always\n CARGO_INCREMENTAL: \"0\"\n RUST_BACKTRACE: short\n\n - name: Build html-to-markdown-ffi (debug, Windows)\n if: matrix.runner == 'windows-latest'\n run: cargo build -p html-to-markdown-ffi\n shell: bash\n env:\n CARGO_TERM_COLOR: always\n\n - name: Verify header exists\n shell: bash\n run: |\n HEADER=\"crates/html-to-markdown-ffi/include/html_to_markdown.h\"\n test -f \"$HEADER\"\n echo \"Header verified: $HEADER\"\n\n - name: Upload FFI artifacts\n if: matrix.runner != 'windows-latest'\n uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7 # v7\n with:\n name: ffi-${{ matrix.runner }}\n path: |\n target/release/libhtml_to_markdown_ffi.*\n target/release/html_to_markdown_ffi.*\n crates/html-to-markdown-ffi/include/html_to_markdown.h\n retention-days: 7\n if-no-files-found: warn\n\n - name: Cleanup Rust cache\n if: always() && steps.checkout.outcome == 'success'\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/cleanup-rust-cache@v1 # v1\n\n rust-tests:\n needs: [validate, validate-rust, changes]\n name: \"Test: Rust (${{ matrix.os }})\"\n if: |\n github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' ||\n needs.changes.outputs.core == 'true' ||\n needs.changes.outputs.rust == 'true'\n runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}\n timeout-minutes: 60\n strategy:\n fail-fast: false\n matrix:\n os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest]\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n id: checkout\n\n - name: Set up Python\n uses: actions/setup-python@v6 # v6\n with:\n python-version: \"3.13\"\n\n - name: Setup Rust\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-rust@v1 # v1\n with:\n components: rustfmt, clippy, llvm-tools-preview\n cache-key-prefix: rust-tests-${{ matrix.os }}\n\n - name: Install Task\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/install-task@v1 # v1\n\n - name: Run Rust Tests\n env:\n RUST_BACKTRACE: full\n run: task rust:test:ci\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Run E2E Tests\n run: task rust:e2e:test\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Cleanup Rust cache\n if: always() && steps.checkout.outcome == 'success'\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/cleanup-rust-cache@v1 # v1\n\n rust-coverage:\n needs: [validate, validate-rust, changes]\n name: \"Coverage: Rust\"\n if: |\n github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' ||\n needs.changes.outputs.core == 'true' ||\n needs.changes.outputs.rust == 'true'\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n timeout-minutes: 60\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n\n - name: Setup Rust\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-rust@v1 # v1\n with:\n components: rustfmt, clippy, llvm-tools-preview\n\n - name: Install Task\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/install-task@v1 # v1\n\n - name: Generate Rust Coverage\n run: task rust:coverage\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Upload Coverage Artifacts\n if: always()\n uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7 # v7\n with:\n name: coverage-report-${{ github.sha }}\n path: rust-coverage.lcov\n retention-days: 7\n\n # --- Stage 3: Language Builds ---\n\n build-python:\n needs: [rust-tests, changes]\n name: \"Build: Python (${{ matrix.os }})\"\n if: |\n github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' ||\n needs.changes.outputs.core == 'true' ||\n needs.changes.outputs.python == 'true'\n runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}\n timeout-minutes: 45\n strategy:\n fail-fast: false\n matrix:\n os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest]\n python: [\"3.10\", \"3.12\", \"3.14\"]\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n id: checkout\n\n - name: Install Task\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/install-task@v1 # v1\n\n - name: Install uv\n uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v7 # v7\n with:\n enable-cache: true\n\n - name: Set up Python\n uses: actions/setup-python@v6 # v6\n with:\n python-version: ${{ matrix.python }}\n\n - name: Setup Rust\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-rust@v1 # v1\n with:\n components: rustfmt, clippy, llvm-tools-preview\n cache-key-prefix: python-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.python }}\n\n - name: Install Python Dependencies\n uses: nick-fields/retry@v4 # v4\n with:\n timeout_minutes: 5\n max_attempts: 3\n retry_wait_seconds: 30\n command: |\n if [[ \"${{ runner.os }}\" == \"Windows\" ]] && [[ -d \".venv\" ]]; then\n echo \"Removing existing .venv directory on Windows\"\n rm -rf .venv\n fi\n uv sync --all-extras --no-install-workspace\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Build Python Bindings\n run: |\n uv pip install maturin\n cd packages/python && uv run maturin develop --release\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Build CLI binary\n run: cargo build --release -p html-to-markdown-cli\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Cleanup Rust cache\n if: always() && steps.checkout.outcome == 'success'\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/cleanup-rust-cache@v1 # v1\n\n build-node:\n needs: [rust-tests, changes]\n name: \"Build: Node (${{ matrix.os }}, ${{ matrix.runtime }})\"\n if: |\n github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' ||\n needs.changes.outputs.core == 'true' ||\n needs.changes.outputs.node == 'true'\n runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}\n timeout-minutes: 60\n strategy:\n fail-fast: false\n matrix:\n os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest]\n runtime: [node, bun]\n exclude:\n - os: windows-latest\n runtime: bun\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n id: checkout\n\n - name: Install Task\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/install-task@v1 # v1\n\n - name: Setup Rust\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-rust@v1 # v1\n with:\n cache-key-prefix: node-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.runtime }}\n\n - name: Setup Node.js workspace\n if: matrix.runtime == 'node'\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-node-workspace@v1 # v1\n\n - name: Setup Bun\n if: matrix.runtime == 'bun'\n uses: oven-sh/setup-bun@v2 # v2\n with:\n bun-version: latest\n\n - name: Build NAPI-RS Bindings (Node.js)\n if: matrix.runtime == 'node'\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/build-node-napi@v1 # v1\n with:\n crate-dir: crates/html-to-markdown-node\n\n - name: Install workspace dependencies (Bun)\n if: matrix.runtime == 'bun'\n run: bun install\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Build NAPI-RS Bindings (Bun)\n if: matrix.runtime == 'bun'\n working-directory: crates/html-to-markdown-node\n run: bun run build\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Build TypeScript package (Node.js)\n if: matrix.runtime == 'node'\n uses: ./.github/actions/build-typescript\n\n - name: Build TypeScript package (Bun)\n if: matrix.runtime == 'bun'\n working-directory: packages/typescript\n run: bun x tsc --project tsconfig.json\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Cleanup Rust cache\n if: always() && steps.checkout.outcome == 'success'\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/cleanup-rust-cache@v1 # v1\n\n build-ruby:\n needs: [rust-tests, changes]\n name: \"Build: Ruby (${{ matrix.os }}, ruby-${{ matrix.ruby }})\"\n if: |\n github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' ||\n needs.changes.outputs.core == 'true' ||\n needs.changes.outputs.ruby == 'true'\n runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}\n timeout-minutes: 60\n strategy:\n fail-fast: false\n matrix:\n os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest, windows-latest]\n ruby: [\"3.2\", \"3.3\"]\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n id: checkout\n\n - name: Setup Rust\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-rust@v1 # v1\n with:\n cache-key-prefix: ruby-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.ruby }}\n\n - name: Setup Ruby (Unix)\n if: runner.os != 'Windows'\n uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1 # v1\n with:\n ruby-version: ${{ matrix.ruby }}\n bundler: \"4.0.3\"\n bundler-cache: false\n working-directory: packages/ruby\n\n - name: Setup Ruby (Windows)\n if: runner.os == 'Windows'\n uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1 # v1\n with:\n ruby-version: ${{ matrix.ruby }}\n bundler: \"4.0.3\"\n bundler-cache: false\n working-directory: packages/ruby\n windows-toolchain: UCRT64\n\n - name: Set up Python\n uses: actions/setup-python@v6 # v6\n with:\n python-version: \"3.12\"\n\n - name: Vendor core crate\n run: python3 scripts/ci/ruby/vendor-core-crate.py\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Build CLI binary\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/build-rust-cli@v1 # v1\n with:\n package-name: html-to-markdown-cli\n binary-name: html-to-markdown\n\n - name: Build Ruby extension\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/build-ruby-gem@v1 # v1\n\n - name: Cleanup Rust cache\n if: always() && steps.checkout.outcome == 'success'\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/cleanup-rust-cache@v1 # v1\n\n build-php:\n needs: [rust-tests, changes]\n name: \"Build: PHP\"\n if: |\n github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' ||\n needs.changes.outputs.core == 'true' ||\n needs.changes.outputs.php == 'true'\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n timeout-minutes: 60\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n id: checkout\n\n - name: Setup PHP\n uses: shivammathur/setup-php@2.37.0 # 2\n with:\n php-version: \"8.4\"\n tools: composer:2.9.1\n coverage: none\n\n - name: Setup Rust\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-rust@v1 # v1\n with:\n cache-key-prefix: php\n\n - name: Capture php-config path\n run: scripts/ci/php/set-php-config.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Install root Composer dependencies\n uses: ramsey/composer-install@4.0.0 # 3\n with:\n dependency-versions: locked\n env:\n COMPOSER_AUTH: '{\"github-oauth\":{\"github.com\":\"${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}\"}}'\n\n - name: Install PHP package Composer dependencies\n uses: ramsey/composer-install@4.0.0 # 3\n with:\n dependency-versions: locked\n working-directory: packages/php\n env:\n COMPOSER_AUTH: '{\"github-oauth\":{\"github.com\":\"${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}\"}}'\n\n - name: Build PHP extension\n id: build-php-extension\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/build-php-extension@v1 # v1\n with:\n crate-name: html-to-markdown-php\n lib-name: html_to_markdown_php\n\n - name: Upload PHP extension artifact\n uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7 # v7\n with:\n name: php-extension-ubuntu\n path: ${{ steps.build-php-extension.outputs.extension-path }}\n retention-days: 7\n\n - name: Cleanup Rust cache\n if: always() && steps.checkout.outcome == 'success'\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/cleanup-rust-cache@v1 # v1\n\n build-java:\n needs: [rust-tests, changes]\n name: \"Build: Java (${{ matrix.os }})\"\n if: |\n github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' ||\n needs.changes.outputs.core == 'true' ||\n needs.changes.outputs.java == 'true'\n runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}\n timeout-minutes: 60\n strategy:\n fail-fast: false\n matrix:\n os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest]\n java: [\"25\"]\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n id: checkout\n\n - name: Setup Rust\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-rust@v1 # v1\n with:\n cache-key-prefix: java-${{ matrix.os }}\n\n - name: Test Java Panama FFI bindings\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/test-java-ffi@v1 # v1\n with:\n ffi-crate-name: html-to-markdown-ffi\n ffi-lib-name: html_to_markdown_ffi\n java-version: ${{ matrix.java }}\n\n - name: Cleanup Rust cache\n if: always() && steps.checkout.outcome == 'success'\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/cleanup-rust-cache@v1 # v1\n\n build-wasm:\n needs: [rust-tests, changes]\n name: \"Build: WASM\"\n if: |\n github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' ||\n needs.changes.outputs.core == 'true' ||\n needs.changes.outputs.wasm == 'true'\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n timeout-minutes: 120\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n id: checkout\n\n - name: Setup Rust\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-rust@v1 # v1\n with:\n target: wasm32-unknown-unknown\n use-sccache: false\n cache-key-prefix: wasm\n\n - name: Ensure wasm target installed\n run: scripts/common/ensure-wasm-target.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Install wasm-pack\n run: scripts/common/install-wasm-pack.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Setup Node workspace\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-node-workspace@v1 # v1\n\n - name: Build WASM (all targets)\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/build-wasm-package@v1 # v1\n with:\n crate-dir: crates/html-to-markdown-wasm\n\n - name: Cleanup Rust cache\n if: always() && steps.checkout.outcome == 'success'\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/cleanup-rust-cache@v1 # v1\n\n # --- Stage 4: Language Tests ---\n\n test-python:\n needs: [build-python]\n name: \"Test: Python (${{ matrix.os }}, py-${{ matrix.python }})\"\n if: always() && !cancelled() && needs.build-python.result != 'skipped'\n runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}\n timeout-minutes: 45\n strategy:\n fail-fast: false\n matrix:\n os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest]\n python: [\"3.10\", \"3.12\", \"3.14\"]\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n\n - name: Install Task\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/install-task@v1 # v1\n\n - name: Install uv\n uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v7 # v7\n with:\n enable-cache: true\n\n - name: Set up Python\n uses: actions/setup-python@v6 # v6\n with:\n python-version: ${{ matrix.python }}\n\n - name: Setup Rust\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-rust@v1 # v1\n with:\n components: rustfmt, clippy, llvm-tools-preview\n\n - name: Install Python Dependencies\n uses: nick-fields/retry@v4 # v4\n with:\n timeout_minutes: 5\n max_attempts: 3\n retry_wait_seconds: 30\n command: |\n if [[ \"${{ runner.os }}\" == \"Windows\" ]] && [[ -d \".venv\" ]]; then\n echo \"Removing existing .venv directory on Windows\"\n rm -rf .venv\n fi\n uv sync --all-extras --no-install-workspace\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Build Python Bindings\n run: |\n uv pip install maturin\n cd packages/python && uv run maturin develop --release\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Build CLI binary\n run: cargo build --release -p html-to-markdown-cli\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Run E2E tests\n run: alef test --e2e --lang python\n shell: bash\n\n test-node:\n needs: [build-node]\n name: \"Test: Node (${{ matrix.os }}, ${{ matrix.runtime }})\"\n if: always() && !cancelled() && needs.build-node.result != 'skipped'\n runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}\n timeout-minutes: 60\n strategy:\n fail-fast: false\n matrix:\n os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest]\n runtime: [node, bun]\n exclude:\n - os: windows-latest\n runtime: bun\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n\n - name: Install Task\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/install-task@v1 # v1\n\n - name: Setup Rust\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-rust@v1 # v1\n\n - name: Setup Node.js workspace\n if: matrix.runtime == 'node'\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-node-workspace@v1 # v1\n\n - name: Setup Bun\n if: matrix.runtime == 'bun'\n uses: oven-sh/setup-bun@v2 # v2\n with:\n bun-version: latest\n\n - name: Build NAPI-RS Bindings (Node.js)\n if: matrix.runtime == 'node'\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/build-node-napi@v1 # v1\n with:\n crate-dir: crates/html-to-markdown-node\n\n - name: Install workspace dependencies (Bun)\n if: matrix.runtime == 'bun'\n run: bun install\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Build NAPI-RS Bindings (Bun)\n if: matrix.runtime == 'bun'\n working-directory: crates/html-to-markdown-node\n run: bun run build\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Run Rust Tests (Node.js only)\n if: matrix.runtime == 'node'\n run: task rust:test\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Build TypeScript package (Node.js)\n if: matrix.runtime == 'node'\n uses: ./.github/actions/build-typescript\n\n - name: Build TypeScript package (Bun)\n if: matrix.runtime == 'bun'\n working-directory: packages/typescript\n run: bun x tsc --project tsconfig.json\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Run E2E tests (Node.js only)\n if: matrix.runtime == 'node'\n run: alef test --e2e --lang node\n shell: bash\n\n test-ruby:\n needs: [build-ruby]\n name: \"Test: Ruby (${{ matrix.os }}, ruby-${{ matrix.ruby }})\"\n if: always() && !cancelled() && needs.build-ruby.result != 'skipped'\n runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}\n timeout-minutes: 60\n strategy:\n fail-fast: false\n matrix:\n os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest, windows-latest]\n ruby: [\"3.2\", \"3.3\"]\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n\n - name: Setup Rust\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-rust@v1 # v1\n\n - name: Setup Ruby (Unix)\n if: runner.os != 'Windows'\n uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1 # v1\n with:\n ruby-version: ${{ matrix.ruby }}\n bundler: \"4.0.3\"\n bundler-cache: false\n working-directory: packages/ruby\n\n - name: Setup Ruby (Windows)\n if: runner.os == 'Windows'\n uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1 # v1\n with:\n ruby-version: ${{ matrix.ruby }}\n bundler: \"4.0.3\"\n bundler-cache: false\n working-directory: packages/ruby\n windows-toolchain: UCRT64\n\n - name: Set up Python\n uses: actions/setup-python@v6 # v6\n with:\n python-version: \"3.12\"\n\n - name: Vendor core crate\n run: python3 scripts/ci/ruby/vendor-core-crate.py\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Build CLI binary\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/build-rust-cli@v1 # v1\n with:\n package-name: html-to-markdown-cli\n binary-name: html-to-markdown\n\n - name: Build Ruby extension\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/build-ruby-gem@v1 # v1\n\n - name: Run Rubocop (Ubuntu/ruby-3.3 only)\n if: runner.os != 'Windows' && matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest' && matrix.ruby == '3.3'\n run: ./scripts/ci/ruby/run-rubocop.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Validate RBS signatures (Ubuntu/ruby-3.3 only)\n if: runner.os != 'Windows' && matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest' && matrix.ruby == '3.3'\n run: ./scripts/ci/ruby/run-rbs-validate.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Run Steep type checking (Ubuntu/ruby-3.3 only)\n if: runner.os != 'Windows' && matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest' && matrix.ruby == '3.3'\n working-directory: packages/ruby\n run: ../../scripts/ci/ruby/run-steep.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Run Ruby specs (Unix)\n if: runner.os != 'Windows'\n working-directory: packages/ruby\n run: ../../scripts/ci/ruby/run-rspec-unix.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Run Ruby specs (Windows)\n if: runner.os == 'Windows'\n working-directory: packages/ruby\n shell: pwsh\n run: ../../scripts/ci/ruby/run-rspec-windows.ps1\n\n - name: Install Task\n if: runner.os != 'Windows'\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/install-task@v1 # v1\n\n - name: Run E2E tests (Unix only)\n if: runner.os != 'Windows'\n run: alef test --e2e --lang ruby\n shell: bash\n\n test-php:\n needs: [build-php]\n name: \"Test: PHP\"\n if: always() && !cancelled() && needs.build-php.result != 'skipped'\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n timeout-minutes: 60\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n\n - name: Setup PHP\n uses: shivammathur/setup-php@2.37.0 # 2\n with:\n php-version: \"8.4\"\n tools: composer:2.9.1\n coverage: none\n\n - name: Setup Rust\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-rust@v1 # v1\n\n - name: Capture php-config path\n run: scripts/ci/php/set-php-config.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Install root Composer dependencies\n uses: ramsey/composer-install@4.0.0 # 3\n with:\n dependency-versions: locked\n env:\n COMPOSER_AUTH: '{\"github-oauth\":{\"github.com\":\"${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}\"}}'\n\n - name: Install PHP package Composer dependencies\n uses: ramsey/composer-install@4.0.0 # 3\n with:\n dependency-versions: locked\n working-directory: packages/php\n env:\n COMPOSER_AUTH: '{\"github-oauth\":{\"github.com\":\"${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}\"}}'\n\n - name: Build PHP extension\n id: build-php-extension\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/build-php-extension@v1 # v1\n with:\n crate-name: html-to-markdown-php\n lib-name: html_to_markdown_php\n\n - name: Run PHP static analysis\n run: scripts/ci/php/run-phpstan.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Run PHP tests\n run: scripts/ci/php/run-php-tests.sh\n shell: bash\n env:\n EXTENSION_PATH: ${{ steps.build-php-extension.outputs.extension-path }}\n\n - name: Install Task\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/install-task@v1 # v1\n\n - name: Run E2E tests\n run: alef test --e2e --lang php\n shell: bash\n env:\n EXTENSION_PATH: ${{ steps.build-php-extension.outputs.extension-path }}\n\n test-go:\n needs: [build-ffi, changes]\n name: \"Test: Go\"\n if: |\n always() && !cancelled() && needs.build-ffi.result != 'skipped' &&\n (github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' ||\n needs.changes.outputs.go == 'true' ||\n needs.changes.outputs.ffi == 'true' ||\n needs.changes.outputs.core == 'true')\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n timeout-minutes: 60\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n\n - name: Setup Rust\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-rust@v1 # v1\n\n - name: Setup Go\n uses: actions/setup-go@v6 # v6\n with:\n go-version: ${{ env.GO_VERSION }}\n check-latest: true\n\n - name: Build FFI library\n run: cargo build --release -p html-to-markdown-ffi\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Detect Go modules\n id: set-modules\n shell: bash\n run: scripts/ci/go/detect-go-modules.sh\n\n - name: Install golangci-lint\n if: steps.set-modules.outputs.modules != '[]'\n env:\n GOTOOLCHAIN: ${{ env.GO_TOOLCHAIN }}\n run: scripts/ci/go/install-golangci-lint.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Run golangci-lint (all modules)\n if: steps.set-modules.outputs.modules != '[]'\n shell: bash\n run: |\n for module in $(echo '${{ steps.set-modules.outputs.modules }}' | jq -r '.[]'); do\n echo \"=== Linting $module ===\"\n (cd \"$module\" && \"${{ github.workspace }}/scripts/ci/go/run-golangci-lint.sh\")\n done\n\n - name: Install Task\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/install-task@v1 # v1\n\n - name: Install alef\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/install-alef@v1 # v1\n\n - name: Run E2E tests\n run: alef test --e2e --lang go\n shell: bash\n\n test-java:\n needs: [build-java]\n name: \"Test: Java (${{ matrix.os }})\"\n if: always() && !cancelled() && needs.build-java.result != 'skipped'\n runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}\n timeout-minutes: 60\n strategy:\n fail-fast: false\n matrix:\n os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest]\n java: [\"25\"]\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n\n - name: Setup Rust\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-rust@v1 # v1\n\n - name: Test Java Panama FFI bindings\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/test-java-ffi@v1 # v1\n with:\n ffi-crate-name: html-to-markdown-ffi\n ffi-lib-name: html_to_markdown_ffi\n java-version: ${{ matrix.java }}\n\n - name: Install Task\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/install-task@v1 # v1\n\n - name: Run E2E tests (Ubuntu only)\n if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest'\n run: alef test --e2e --lang java\n shell: bash\n\n test-elixir:\n needs: [build-ffi, changes]\n name: \"Test: Elixir\"\n if: |\n always() && !cancelled() && needs.build-ffi.result != 'skipped' &&\n (github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' ||\n needs.changes.outputs.elixir == 'true' ||\n needs.changes.outputs.ffi == 'true' ||\n needs.changes.outputs.core == 'true')\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n timeout-minutes: 60\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n\n - name: Setup Elixir\n uses: erlef/setup-beam@v1 # v1\n with:\n elixir-version: \"1.19\"\n otp-version: \"28.1\"\n\n - name: Setup Rust\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-rust@v1 # v1\n\n - name: Install Hex/Rebar\n run: scripts/ci/elixir/install-hex-rebar.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Install dependencies\n working-directory: packages/elixir\n run: ../../scripts/ci/elixir/install-deps.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Run tests\n working-directory: packages/elixir\n run: ../../scripts/ci/elixir/run-tests.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Credo lint\n working-directory: packages/elixir\n run: ../../scripts/ci/elixir/run-credo.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Install Task\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/install-task@v1 # v1\n\n - name: Install alef\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/install-alef@v1 # v1\n\n - name: Run E2E tests\n run: alef test --e2e --lang elixir\n shell: bash\n\n test-r:\n needs: [rust-tests, changes]\n name: \"Test: R\"\n if: |\n always() && !cancelled() && needs.rust-tests.result != 'skipped' &&\n (github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' ||\n needs.changes.outputs.r == 'true' ||\n needs.changes.outputs.core == 'true')\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n timeout-minutes: 60\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n\n - name: Setup R\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-r@v1 # v1\n with:\n install-deps-script: scripts/ci/r/install-deps.sh\n\n - name: Setup Rust\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-rust@v1 # v1\n\n - name: Run tests\n working-directory: packages/r\n run: ../../scripts/ci/r/run-tests.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Run lintr\n working-directory: packages/r\n run: ../../scripts/ci/r/run-lintr.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Install Task\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/install-task@v1 # v1\n\n - name: Run E2E tests\n run: alef test --e2e --lang r\n shell: bash\n\n test-c-ffi:\n needs: [build-ffi, changes]\n name: \"Test: C FFI (${{ matrix.runner }})\"\n if: |\n always() && !cancelled() && needs.build-ffi.result != 'skipped' &&\n (github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' ||\n needs.changes.outputs.ffi == 'true' ||\n needs.changes.outputs.core == 'true')\n runs-on: ${{ matrix.runner }}\n timeout-minutes: 60\n strategy:\n fail-fast: false\n matrix:\n runner:\n - ubuntu-latest\n - ubuntu-24.04-arm\n - macos-latest\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n\n - name: Setup Rust\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-rust@v1 # v1\n with:\n cache-key-prefix: c-ffi-${{ matrix.runner }}\n use-sccache: false\n\n - name: Build html-to-markdown-ffi\n shell: bash\n run: cargo build --release -p html-to-markdown-ffi\n\n - name: Run C e2e tests\n shell: bash\n env:\n LD_LIBRARY_PATH: ${{ github.workspace }}/target/release\n DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH: ${{ github.workspace }}/target/release\n run: cd e2e/c && make test\n\n - name: Verify header exists\n shell: bash\n run: |\n HEADER=\"crates/html-to-markdown-ffi/include/html_to_markdown.h\"\n test -f \"$HEADER\"\n echo \"Header verified: $HEADER\"\n\n - name: Verify pkg-config output\n shell: bash\n run: |\n PC_DIR=\"$(pwd)/target/release/build\"\n PC_FILE=$(find \"$PC_DIR\" -name 'html-to-markdown.pc' -path '*/html-to-markdown-ffi-*/out/*' 2>/dev/null | head -1)\n if [ -z \"$PC_FILE\" ]; then\n echo \"Warning: html-to-markdown.pc not found in build output\"\n find \"$PC_DIR\" -name '*.pc' 2>/dev/null || echo \"No .pc files found\"\n else\n echo \"Found pkg-config file: $PC_FILE\"\n cat \"$PC_FILE\"\n fi\n\n test-c-ffi-windows:\n needs: [build-ffi, changes]\n name: \"Test: C FFI (windows-latest)\"\n if: |\n always() && !cancelled() && needs.build-ffi.result != 'skipped' &&\n (github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' ||\n needs.changes.outputs.ffi == 'true' ||\n needs.changes.outputs.core == 'true')\n runs-on: windows-latest\n timeout-minutes: 60\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n\n - name: Setup Rust\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-rust@v1 # v1\n with:\n cache-key-prefix: c-ffi-windows\n use-sccache: false\n\n - name: Build html-to-markdown-ffi\n shell: bash\n run: cargo build -p html-to-markdown-ffi\n\n - name: Verify header generated\n shell: bash\n run: |\n test -f crates/html-to-markdown-ffi/include/html_to_markdown.h\n echo \"Header verified on Windows.\"\n\n test-wasm:\n needs: [build-wasm]\n name: \"Test: WASM\"\n if: always() && !cancelled() && needs.build-wasm.result != 'skipped'\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n timeout-minutes: 120\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n\n - name: Setup Rust\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-rust@v1 # v1\n with:\n target: wasm32-unknown-unknown\n use-sccache: false\n\n - name: Ensure wasm target installed\n run: scripts/common/ensure-wasm-target.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Install wasm-pack\n run: scripts/common/install-wasm-pack.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Setup Node workspace\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-node-workspace@v1 # v1\n\n - name: Build WASM (all targets)\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/build-wasm-package@v1 # v1\n with:\n crate-dir: crates/html-to-markdown-wasm\n\n - name: Test WASM bundle\n working-directory: crates/html-to-markdown-wasm\n run: ../../scripts/ci/wasm/test-wasm-bundle.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Run Rust WASM tests\n working-directory: crates/html-to-markdown-wasm\n run: ../../scripts/ci/wasm/test-wasm-rust.sh\n shell: bash\n" }, { "path": ".github/workflows/deploy-docs.yaml", "content": "name: Deploy Documentation\n\non:\n push:\n branches: [main]\n paths:\n - 'docs/**'\n - 'zensical.toml'\n - 'pyproject.toml'\n - '.github/workflows/deploy-docs.yaml'\n workflow_dispatch:\n\npermissions:\n contents: read\n pages: write\n id-token: write\n\nconcurrency:\n group: \"pages\"\n cancel-in-progress: false\n\njobs:\n build:\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n steps:\n - name: Checkout repository\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n with:\n fetch-depth: 0\n\n - name: Setup Python\n uses: actions/setup-python@v6 # v6\n with:\n python-version: '3.13'\n\n - name: Install uv\n uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v7 # v7\n with:\n enable-cache: true\n\n - name: Install dependencies and build docs\n run: |\n uv sync --group doc --no-editable --no-install-workspace --no-install-project\n uv run --no-sync zensical build --clean\n\n - name: Upload Pages artifact\n uses: actions/upload-pages-artifact@v5 # v4\n with:\n path: site\n\n deploy:\n needs: build\n permissions:\n pages: write\n id-token: write\n environment:\n name: github-pages\n url: ${{ steps.deployment.outputs.page_url }}\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n steps:\n - name: Deploy to GitHub Pages\n id: deployment\n uses: actions/deploy-pages@v5 # v4\n" }, { "path": ".github/workflows/publish.yaml", "content": "name: Publish Release\n\non:\n workflow_dispatch:\n inputs:\n tag:\n description: \"Release tag to build (e.g., v2.6.0)\"\n required: true\n type: string\n dry_run:\n description: \"Prepare artifacts without publishing\"\n required: false\n type: boolean\n default: false\n ref:\n description: \"Git ref (branch, tag, or commit) to build; defaults to the tag\"\n required: false\n type: string\n force_republish_java:\n description: \"Force republish Java artifacts even if the version exists\"\n required: false\n type: boolean\n default: false\n force_republish_wasm:\n description: \"Force republish WASM package even if the version exists\"\n required: false\n type: boolean\n default: false\n republish:\n description: \"Delete and re-create the tag on current HEAD before publishing (retag + full republish)\"\n required: false\n type: boolean\n default: false\n release:\n types: [published]\n repository_dispatch:\n types: [publish-release]\n\npermissions:\n contents: write\n\nconcurrency:\n group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ (github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' && (github.event.inputs.ref || github.event.inputs.tag)) || github.ref || github.run_id }}\n cancel-in-progress: false\n\njobs:\n prepare:\n name: Prepare metadata\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n outputs:\n tag: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.tag }}\n version: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.version }}\n ref: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.ref }}\n dry_run: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.dry_run }}\n checkout_ref: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.checkout_ref }}\n target_sha: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.target_sha }}\n matrix_ref: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.matrix_ref }}\n is_tag: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.is_tag }}\n force_republish_java: ${{ steps.republish.outputs.force_republish_java }}\n force_republish_wasm: ${{ steps.republish.outputs.force_republish_wasm }}\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n with:\n ref: ${{ (inputs.republish == true && (inputs.ref || github.event.repository.default_branch)) || inputs.ref || inputs.tag || github.ref }}\n fetch-depth: 0\n\n - name: Retag for republish\n if: ${{ inputs.republish == true || github.event.client_payload.republish == true }}\n env:\n TAG: ${{ inputs.tag || github.event.client_payload.tag }}\n GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}\n run: |\n if [[ -z \"${TAG}\" ]]; then\n echo \"::error::republish requires a tag input\"\n exit 1\n fi\n sha=\"$(git rev-parse HEAD)\"\n echo \"::notice::Republish requested — deleting and re-creating tag ${TAG} on ${sha:0:8}\"\n # Delete via API (avoids workflows permission issue with git push)\n gh api \"repos/${GITHUB_REPOSITORY}/git/refs/tags/${TAG}\" -X DELETE 2>/dev/null || true\n # Create via API\n gh api \"repos/${GITHUB_REPOSITORY}/git/refs\" \\\n -f \"ref=refs/tags/${TAG}\" \\\n -f \"sha=${sha}\" --silent\n # Update local state\n git tag -d \"${TAG}\" 2>/dev/null || true\n git tag \"${TAG}\" \"${sha}\"\n\n - name: Validate tag and compute version\n id: meta\n env:\n GITHUB_EVENT_NAME: ${{ github.event_name }}\n GITHUB_REF_NAME: ${{ github.ref_name }}\n INPUT_TAG: ${{ inputs.tag }}\n INPUT_DRY_RUN: ${{ inputs.dry_run }}\n INPUT_REF: ${{ inputs.republish == true && format('refs/tags/{0}', inputs.tag) || inputs.ref }}\n EVENT_RELEASE_TAG: ${{ github.event.release.tag_name }}\n EVENT_DISPATCH_TAG: ${{ github.event.client_payload.tag }}\n EVENT_DISPATCH_DRY_RUN: ${{ github.event.client_payload.dry_run }}\n EVENT_DISPATCH_REF: ${{ github.event.client_payload.ref }}\n run: scripts/publish/validate-and-compute-metadata.sh\n - name: Resolve republish flags\n id: republish\n env:\n INPUT_FORCE_REPUBLISH_JAVA: ${{ inputs.force_republish_java }}\n INPUT_FORCE_REPUBLISH_WASM: ${{ inputs.force_republish_wasm }}\n EVENT_DISPATCH_FORCE_REPUBLISH_JAVA: ${{ github.event.client_payload.force_republish_java }}\n EVENT_DISPATCH_FORCE_REPUBLISH_WASM: ${{ github.event.client_payload.force_republish_wasm }}\n run: |\n force_java=\"${INPUT_FORCE_REPUBLISH_JAVA:-${EVENT_DISPATCH_FORCE_REPUBLISH_JAVA:-false}}\"\n force_wasm=\"${INPUT_FORCE_REPUBLISH_WASM:-${EVENT_DISPATCH_FORCE_REPUBLISH_WASM:-false}}\"\n echo \"force_republish_java=${force_java}\" >>\"$GITHUB_OUTPUT\"\n echo \"force_republish_wasm=${force_wasm}\" >>\"$GITHUB_OUTPUT\"\n - name: Install Task\n uses: go-task/setup-task@v2 # v2\n with:\n version: 3.46.4\n\n - name: Upload release metadata\n uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7 # v7\n with:\n name: release-metadata\n path: release-metadata.json\n retention-days: 14\n\n check-pypi:\n name: Check PyPI for existing version\n needs: prepare\n if: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.is_tag == 'true' }}\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n outputs:\n exists: ${{ steps.check.outputs.exists }}\n steps:\n - name: Check PyPI version\n id: check\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/check-registry@v1 # v1\n with:\n registry: pypi\n package: html-to-markdown\n version: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.version }}\n\n check-npm:\n name: Check npm for existing versions\n needs: prepare\n if: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.is_tag == 'true' }}\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n outputs:\n node_exists: ${{ steps.check.outputs.exists }}\n wasm_exists: ${{ steps.check.outputs.wasm_exists }}\n ts_exists: ${{ steps.check.outputs.ts_exists }}\n steps:\n - name: Check npm packages\n id: check\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/check-registry@v1 # v1\n with:\n registry: npm\n package: \"@kreuzberg/html-to-markdown\"\n version: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.version }}\n extra-packages: |\n wasm_exists=@kreuzberg/html-to-markdown-wasm\n ts_exists=@kreuzberg/html-to-markdown\n\n check-rubygems:\n name: Check RubyGems for existing version\n needs: prepare\n if: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.is_tag == 'true' }}\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n outputs:\n exists: ${{ steps.check.outputs.exists }}\n steps:\n - name: Check RubyGems version\n id: check\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/check-registry@v1 # v1\n with:\n registry: rubygems\n package: html-to-markdown\n version: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.version }}\n\n check-hex:\n name: Check Hex.pm for existing version\n needs: prepare\n if: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.is_tag == 'true' }}\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n outputs:\n exists: ${{ steps.check.outputs.exists }}\n steps:\n - name: Check Hex version\n id: check\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/check-registry@v1 # v1\n with:\n registry: hex\n package: html_to_markdown\n version: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.version }}\n\n check-maven:\n name: Check Maven Central for existing version\n needs: prepare\n if: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.is_tag == 'true' }}\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n outputs:\n exists: ${{ steps.check.outputs.exists }}\n steps:\n - name: Check Maven version\n id: check\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/check-registry@v1 # v1\n with:\n registry: maven\n package: \"dev.kreuzberg:html-to-markdown\"\n version: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.version }}\n\n check-nuget:\n name: Check NuGet for existing version\n needs: prepare\n if: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.is_tag == 'true' }}\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n outputs:\n exists: ${{ steps.check.outputs.exists }}\n steps:\n - name: Check NuGet package\n id: check\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/check-registry@v1 # v1\n with:\n registry: nuget\n package: KreuzbergDev.HtmlToMarkdown\n version: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.version }}\n\n check-packagist:\n name: Check Packagist for existing version\n needs: prepare\n if: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.is_tag == 'true' }}\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n outputs:\n exists: ${{ steps.check.outputs.exists }}\n steps:\n - name: Check Packagist version\n id: check\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/check-registry@v1 # v1\n with:\n registry: packagist\n package: kreuzberg-dev/html-to-markdown\n version: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.version }}\n\n check-cratesio:\n name: Check crates.io for existing versions\n needs: prepare\n if: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.is_tag == 'true' }}\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n outputs:\n rs_exists: ${{ steps.check.outputs.exists }}\n cli_exists: ${{ steps.check.outputs.cli_exists }}\n all_exist: ${{ steps.derive.outputs.all_exist }}\n steps:\n - name: Query crates.io\n id: check\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/check-registry@v1 # v1\n with:\n registry: cratesio\n package: html-to-markdown-rs\n version: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.version }}\n extra-packages: |\n cli_exists=html-to-markdown-cli\n\n - name: Derive all_exist\n id: derive\n run: |\n if [[ \"${{ steps.check.outputs.exists }}\" == \"true\" && \"${{ steps.check.outputs.cli_exists }}\" == \"true\" ]]; then\n echo \"all_exist=true\" >> \"$GITHUB_OUTPUT\"\n else\n echo \"all_exist=false\" >> \"$GITHUB_OUTPUT\"\n fi\n\n check-homebrew:\n name: Check if Homebrew formula already published\n needs: prepare\n if: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.is_tag == 'true' }}\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n timeout-minutes: 5\n outputs:\n exists: ${{ steps.check.outputs.exists }}\n steps:\n - name: Check Homebrew tap for formula\n id: check\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/check-registry@v1 # v1\n with:\n registry: homebrew\n package: html-to-markdown\n version: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.version }}\n tap-repo: kreuzberg-dev/homebrew-tap\n\n python-wheels:\n name: Build Python wheels (${{ matrix.os }})\n needs: prepare\n runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}\n strategy:\n fail-fast: false\n matrix:\n os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, macos-latest]\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n with:\n ref: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.checkout_ref }}\n fetch-depth: 0\n\n - name: Ensure target commit\n if: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.target_sha != '' }}\n env:\n TARGET_SHA: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.target_sha }}\n run: scripts/publish/common/ensure-target-commit.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Build wheels\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/build-python-wheels@v1 # v1\n with:\n python-version: \"3.13\"\n package-dir: packages/python\n cibw-before-build-linux: >\n yum install -y openssl-devel &&\n (test -x /usr/bin/aarch64-linux-gnu-gcc ||\n ln -sf \"$(command -v gcc)\" /usr/local/bin/aarch64-linux-gnu-gcc 2>/dev/null || true) &&\n pip install maturin uv &&\n source ~/.cargo/env &&\n python scripts/prepare_wheel.py\n cibw-before-build-macos: >\n pip install maturin uv &&\n source ~/.cargo/env &&\n python scripts/prepare_wheel.py\n cibw-before-build-windows: >\n pip install maturin uv &&\n set PATH=%USERPROFILE%\\.cargo\\bin;%PATH% &&\n python scripts\\prepare_wheel.py\n upload-artifact: \"false\"\n\n - name: Upload wheels\n uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7 # v7\n with:\n name: python-wheels-${{ matrix.os }}\n path: wheelhouse/*.whl\n retention-days: 14\n\n python-sdist:\n name: Build Python sdist\n needs: prepare\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n with:\n ref: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.checkout_ref }}\n fetch-depth: 0\n\n - name: Ensure target commit\n if: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.target_sha != '' }}\n env:\n TARGET_SHA: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.target_sha }}\n run: scripts/publish/common/ensure-target-commit.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Setup Rust\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-rust@v1 # v1\n\n - name: Set up Python\n uses: actions/setup-python@v6 # v6\n with:\n python-version: \"3.13\"\n\n - name: Install build dependencies\n run: scripts/publish/python/install-build-deps.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Build CLI binary for sdist\n run: scripts/publish/python/build-cli-for-sdist.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Prepare sdist with CLI\n run: scripts/publish/python/prepare-sdist-with-cli.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Build sdist\n run: scripts/publish/python/build-sdist.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Upload sdist\n uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7 # v7\n with:\n name: python-sdist\n path: packages/python/dist/*.tar.gz\n retention-days: 14\n\n php-package:\n name: Build PHP PIE binary (php${{ matrix.php }} ${{ matrix.platform.label }})\n needs: prepare\n if: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.is_tag == 'true' }}\n runs-on: ${{ matrix.platform.os }}\n timeout-minutes: 60\n permissions:\n contents: read\n strategy:\n fail-fast: false\n matrix:\n php: [\"8.2\", \"8.3\", \"8.4\", \"8.5\"]\n platform:\n - os: ubuntu-latest\n label: linux-x86_64\n target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu\n - os: ubuntu-24.04-arm\n label: linux-arm64\n target: aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu\n - os: macos-latest\n label: macos-arm64\n target: aarch64-apple-darwin\n - os: windows-latest\n label: windows-x86_64\n target: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n with:\n ref: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.checkout_ref }}\n fetch-depth: 0\n\n - name: Ensure target commit\n if: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.target_sha != '' }}\n env:\n TARGET_SHA: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.target_sha }}\n run: scripts/publish/common/ensure-target-commit.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Setup PHP\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-php@v1 # v1\n with:\n php-version: ${{ matrix.php }}\n\n - name: Setup Rust\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-rust@v1 # v1\n with:\n cache-key-prefix: publish-php-${{ matrix.platform.label }}-php${{ matrix.php }}\n toolchain: stable\n\n - name: Install alef\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/install-alef@v1 # v1\n\n - name: Build PHP extension\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/build-php-extension@v1 # v1\n with:\n crate-name: html-to-markdown-php\n lib-name: html_to_markdown_php\n php-version: ${{ matrix.php }}\n php-ts: nts\n\n - name: Determine Windows compiler\n if: runner.os == 'Windows'\n id: wincompiler\n shell: pwsh\n run: |\n $compiler = switch ('${{ matrix.php }}') {\n '8.2' { 'vs16' }\n '8.3' { 'vs16' }\n '8.4' { 'vs17' }\n '8.5' { 'vs17' }\n default { 'vs17' }\n }\n \"compiler=$compiler\" | Out-File -FilePath $env:GITHUB_OUTPUT -Encoding utf8 -Append\n\n - name: Package PIE archive\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/package-php-pie@v1 # v1\n with:\n php-version: ${{ matrix.php }}\n php-ts: nts\n target: ${{ matrix.platform.target }}\n windows-compiler: ${{ steps.wincompiler.outputs.compiler }}\n version: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.version }}\n output-dir: dist/php-package\n\n - name: Upload PHP PIE package artifact\n uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7 # v7\n with:\n name: php-package-${{ matrix.platform.label }}-php${{ matrix.php }}\n path: |\n dist/php-package/php_*.tgz\n dist/php-package/php_*.tgz.sha256\n dist/php-package/php_*.zip\n dist/php-package/php_*.zip.sha256\n retention-days: 14\n\n node-typescript-defs:\n name: Generate Node TypeScript definitions\n needs: prepare\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n with:\n ref: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.checkout_ref }}\n fetch-depth: 0\n\n - name: Ensure target commit\n if: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.target_sha != '' }}\n env:\n TARGET_SHA: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.target_sha }}\n run: scripts/publish/common/ensure-target-commit.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Setup Rust\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-rust@v1 # v1\n\n - name: Setup Node\n uses: actions/setup-node@v6 # v6\n with:\n node-version: 24\n check-latest: true\n\n - name: Enable corepack\n run: scripts/common/enable-corepack.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Install Node dependencies\n run: scripts/publish/node/install-node-deps.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Generate TypeScript definitions\n run: scripts/publish/node/generate-typescript-defs.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Upload TypeScript definitions\n uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7 # v7\n with:\n name: node-typescript-defs\n path: typescript-defs/\n retention-days: 14\n\n node-bindings:\n name: Build Node bindings (${{ matrix.target }})\n needs: prepare\n runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}\n strategy:\n fail-fast: false\n matrix:\n include:\n - os: macos-latest\n target: aarch64-apple-darwin\n rust_target: \"\"\n use_cross: false\n use_napi_cross: false\n - os: ubuntu-latest\n target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu\n rust_target: \"\"\n use_cross: false\n use_napi_cross: false\n - os: ubuntu-latest\n target: x86_64-unknown-linux-musl\n rust_target: x86_64-unknown-linux-musl\n use_cross: true\n use_napi_cross: false\n - os: ubuntu-latest\n target: aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu\n rust_target: aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu\n use_cross: false\n use_napi_cross: true\n - os: ubuntu-latest\n target: aarch64-unknown-linux-musl\n rust_target: aarch64-unknown-linux-musl\n use_cross: true\n use_napi_cross: false\n - os: ubuntu-latest\n target: armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf\n rust_target: armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf\n use_cross: false\n use_napi_cross: true\n - os: windows-latest\n target: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc\n rust_target: \"\"\n use_cross: false\n use_napi_cross: false\n - os: windows-latest\n target: aarch64-pc-windows-msvc\n rust_target: aarch64-pc-windows-msvc\n use_cross: false\n use_napi_cross: false\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n with:\n ref: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.checkout_ref }}\n fetch-depth: 0\n\n - name: Ensure target commit\n if: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.target_sha != '' }}\n env:\n TARGET_SHA: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.target_sha }}\n run: scripts/publish/common/ensure-target-commit.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Setup Rust\n uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable\n\n - name: Add Rust target\n if: ${{ matrix.rust_target != '' }}\n env:\n RUST_TARGET: ${{ matrix.rust_target }}\n run: scripts/publish/common/add-rust-target.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Install cross\n if: ${{ matrix.use_cross }}\n run: scripts/publish/cli/install-cross.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Setup Node\n uses: actions/setup-node@v6 # v6\n with:\n node-version: 24\n check-latest: true\n\n - name: Enable corepack\n run: scripts/common/enable-corepack.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Install Node dependencies\n run: scripts/publish/node/install-node-deps.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Clean npm directory\n if: runner.os != 'Windows'\n run: scripts/publish/node/clean-npm-dir.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Clean npm directory (Windows)\n if: runner.os == 'Windows'\n shell: pwsh\n run: scripts/publish/node/clean-npm-dir.ps1\n\n - name: Create npm package structure\n run: scripts/publish/node/create-npm-package-structure.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Build native module\n if: runner.os != 'Windows'\n env:\n TARGET: ${{ matrix.target }}\n USE_CROSS: ${{ matrix.use_cross }}\n USE_NAPI_CROSS: ${{ matrix.use_napi_cross }}\n shell: bash\n run: scripts/publish/node/build-native-module.sh\n\n - name: Build native module (Windows)\n if: runner.os == 'Windows'\n shell: pwsh\n env:\n TARGET: ${{ matrix.target }}\n USE_CROSS: ${{ matrix.use_cross }}\n USE_NAPI_CROSS: ${{ matrix.use_napi_cross }}\n run: scripts/publish/node/build-native-module.ps1\n\n - name: Package artifacts\n if: runner.os != 'Windows'\n env:\n TARGET: ${{ matrix.target }}\n run: scripts/publish/node/package-artifacts.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Package artifacts (Windows)\n if: runner.os == 'Windows'\n shell: pwsh\n env:\n TARGET: ${{ matrix.target }}\n run: scripts/publish/node/package-artifacts.ps1\n\n - name: Upload Node artifact\n uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7 # v7\n with:\n name: node-bindings-${{ matrix.target }}\n path: node-bindings-${{ matrix.target }}.tar.gz\n retention-days: 14\n\n wasm-bindings:\n name: Build WASM bindings\n needs: prepare\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n with:\n ref: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.checkout_ref }}\n fetch-depth: 0\n\n - name: Ensure target commit\n if: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.target_sha != '' }}\n env:\n TARGET_SHA: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.target_sha }}\n run: scripts/publish/common/ensure-target-commit.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Setup Rust\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-rust@v1 # v1\n\n - name: Add wasm32 target\n run: scripts/common/ensure-wasm-target.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Install wasm-pack\n run: scripts/common/install-wasm-pack.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Setup Node\n uses: actions/setup-node@v6 # v6\n with:\n node-version: 24\n check-latest: true\n\n - name: Enable corepack\n run: scripts/common/enable-corepack.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Install dependencies\n run: scripts/publish/wasm/install-deps.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Build WASM bundles\n run: scripts/publish/wasm/build-bundles.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Package WASM artifacts\n run: scripts/publish/wasm/package-artifacts.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Upload WASM artifacts\n uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7 # v7\n with:\n name: wasm-bundles\n path: wasm-artifacts/*\n retention-days: 14\n\n cli-binaries:\n name: Build CLI binaries (${{ matrix.target }})\n needs: prepare\n runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}\n strategy:\n fail-fast: false\n matrix:\n include:\n - os: ubuntu-latest\n target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu\n use_cross: false\n - os: ubuntu-latest\n target: x86_64-unknown-linux-musl\n use_cross: false\n - os: ubuntu-latest\n target: aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu\n use_cross: false\n - os: macos-latest\n target: aarch64-apple-darwin\n use_cross: false\n - os: windows-latest\n target: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc\n use_cross: false\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n with:\n ref: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.checkout_ref }}\n fetch-depth: 0\n\n - name: Ensure target commit\n if: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.target_sha != '' }}\n env:\n TARGET_SHA: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.target_sha }}\n run: scripts/publish/common/ensure-target-commit.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Setup Rust\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-rust@v1 # v1\n\n - name: Add compilation target\n env:\n RUST_TARGET: ${{ matrix.target }}\n run: scripts/publish/common/add-rust-target.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Install build dependencies\n if: runner.os == 'Linux'\n env:\n TARGET: ${{ matrix.target }}\n run: scripts/publish/cli/install-build-deps-linux.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Configure cross linker\n if: ${{ matrix.target == 'aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu' }}\n env:\n TARGET: ${{ matrix.target }}\n run: scripts/publish/cli/configure-cross-linker.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Install cross\n if: ${{ matrix.use_cross }}\n run: scripts/publish/cli/install-cross.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Build CLI\n shell: bash\n env:\n TARGET: ${{ matrix.target }}\n USE_CROSS: ${{ matrix.use_cross }}\n run: scripts/publish/cli/build-cli.sh\n\n - name: Package CLI artifact\n if: runner.os != 'Windows'\n shell: bash\n env:\n TARGET: ${{ matrix.target }}\n run: scripts/publish/cli/package-cli-artifact.sh\n\n - name: Package CLI artifact (Windows)\n if: runner.os == 'Windows'\n shell: pwsh\n env:\n TARGET: ${{ matrix.target }}\n run: scripts/publish/cli/package-cli-artifact.ps1\n\n - name: Upload CLI artifact\n if: runner.os != 'Windows'\n uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7 # v7\n with:\n name: cli-${{ matrix.target }}\n path: cli-${{ matrix.target }}.tar.gz\n retention-days: 14\n\n - name: Upload CLI artifact (Windows)\n if: runner.os == 'Windows'\n uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7 # v7\n with:\n name: cli-${{ matrix.target }}\n path: cli-${{ matrix.target }}.zip\n retention-days: 14\n\n ruby-gem:\n name: Build Ruby gem (${{ matrix.label }})\n needs: prepare\n strategy:\n fail-fast: false\n matrix:\n include:\n - os: ubuntu-latest\n label: linux\n - os: ubuntu-24.04-arm\n label: linux-aarch64\n - os: macos-latest\n label: macos-arm64\n - os: windows-latest\n label: windows-x64\n runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}\n env:\n RB_SYS_CARGO_PROFILE: release\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n with:\n ref: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.checkout_ref }}\n fetch-depth: 0\n\n - name: Ensure target commit\n if: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.target_sha != '' }}\n env:\n TARGET_SHA: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.target_sha }}\n run: scripts/publish/common/ensure-target-commit.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Remove cached CLI binaries\n shell: bash\n run: scripts/publish/ruby/remove-cached-cli.sh\n\n - name: Install MSYS2 toolchain\n if: runner.os == 'Windows'\n shell: pwsh\n run: scripts/publish/ruby/install-msys2-toolchain.ps1\n\n - name: Install Rust (GNU on Windows)\n if: runner.os == 'Windows'\n shell: pwsh\n run: scripts/publish/ruby/install-rust-gnu.ps1\n\n - name: Configure bindgen sysroot (Windows)\n if: runner.os == 'Windows'\n shell: bash\n run: scripts/publish/ruby/configure-bindgen-windows.sh\n\n - name: Set up Ruby\n uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1 # v1\n with:\n ruby-version: \"3.3\"\n bundler: \"4.0.3\"\n bundler-cache: false\n\n - name: Install Ruby dependencies (Unix)\n if: runner.os != 'Windows'\n run: scripts/publish/ruby/install-deps-unix.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Install Ruby dependencies (Windows)\n if: runner.os == 'Windows'\n shell: pwsh\n run: scripts/publish/ruby/install-deps-windows.ps1\n\n - name: Build gem artifacts (Unix)\n if: runner.os != 'Windows'\n shell: bash\n run: scripts/publish/ruby/build-gem-unix.sh\n\n - name: Build gem artifacts (Windows)\n if: runner.os == 'Windows'\n shell: pwsh\n run: scripts/publish/ruby/build-gem-windows.ps1\n\n # Only the canonical `linux` builder ships the source gem; other matrix\n # entries would emit byte-different source gems (line endings, ext-rb\n # contents, vendor layout) that overwrite each other under merge-multiple\n # and produce an invalid .gem at publish time. Their native platform\n # gems (.gem with platform suffix) are still uploaded.\n - name: Drop source gem on non-canonical builders\n if: ${{ matrix.label != 'linux' }}\n shell: bash\n run: |\n shopt -s nullglob\n for f in packages/ruby/pkg/*.gem; do\n base=\"$(basename \"$f\")\"\n case \"$base\" in\n *-x86_64-linux.gem|*-aarch64-linux.gem|*-arm64-darwin.gem|*-x86_64-darwin.gem|*-x64-mingw32.gem|*-x64-mingw-ucrt.gem) ;;\n *) echo \"Removing non-canonical source gem $base\"; rm -f \"$f\" ;;\n esac\n done\n\n - name: Upload gem artifacts\n uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7 # v7\n with:\n name: rubygems-${{ matrix.label }}\n path: packages/ruby/pkg/*.gem\n retention-days: 14\n\n elixir-natives:\n name: Build Elixir native libs (${{ matrix.settings.label }})\n needs: [prepare]\n if: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.is_tag == 'true' }}\n runs-on: ${{ matrix.settings.os }}\n timeout-minutes: 180\n strategy:\n fail-fast: false\n matrix:\n settings:\n - os: ubuntu-24.04-arm\n label: linux-aarch64\n target: aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu\n - os: ubuntu-latest\n label: linux-x86_64\n target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu\n - os: macos-latest\n label: macos-arm64\n target: aarch64-apple-darwin\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6\n with:\n ref: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.ref }}\n\n - name: Setup Rust\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-rust@v1\n with:\n target: ${{ matrix.settings.target }}\n\n - name: Build Elixir NIF\n env:\n CARGO_BUILD_TARGET: ${{ matrix.settings.target }}\n run: cargo build --release --target ${{ matrix.settings.target }} --manifest-path packages/elixir/native/html_to_markdown_nif/Cargo.toml\n\n - name: Package NIF (NIF 2.16)\n shell: bash\n run: |\n VERSION=\"${{ needs.prepare.outputs.version }}\"\n TARGET=\"${{ matrix.settings.target }}\"\n NIF_VERSION=\"2.16\"\n NIF_DIR=\"packages/elixir/native/html_to_markdown_nif\"\n if [[ \"${{ runner.os }}\" == \"macOS\" ]]; then\n LIB_NAME=\"libhtml_to_markdown_nif.dylib\"; EXT=\"so\"\n else\n LIB_NAME=\"libhtml_to_markdown_nif.so\"; EXT=\"so\"\n fi\n mkdir -p dist/elixir\n ARTIFACT=\"libhtml_to_markdown_nif-v${VERSION}-nif-${NIF_VERSION}-${TARGET}.${EXT}\"\n LIB_PATH=\"${NIF_DIR}/target/${TARGET}/release/${LIB_NAME}\"\n [[ ! -f \"$LIB_PATH\" ]] && LIB_PATH=\"${NIF_DIR}/target/release/${LIB_NAME}\"\n cp \"$LIB_PATH\" \"${ARTIFACT}\"\n tar -czf \"dist/elixir/${ARTIFACT}.tar.gz\" \"${ARTIFACT}\"\n\n - name: Package NIF (NIF 2.17)\n shell: bash\n run: |\n VERSION=\"${{ needs.prepare.outputs.version }}\"\n TARGET=\"${{ matrix.settings.target }}\"\n NIF_VERSION=\"2.17\"\n NIF_DIR=\"packages/elixir/native/html_to_markdown_nif\"\n if [[ \"${{ runner.os }}\" == \"macOS\" ]]; then\n LIB_NAME=\"libhtml_to_markdown_nif.dylib\"; EXT=\"so\"\n else\n LIB_NAME=\"libhtml_to_markdown_nif.so\"; EXT=\"so\"\n fi\n ARTIFACT=\"libhtml_to_markdown_nif-v${VERSION}-nif-${NIF_VERSION}-${TARGET}.${EXT}\"\n LIB_PATH=\"${NIF_DIR}/target/${TARGET}/release/${LIB_NAME}\"\n [[ ! -f \"$LIB_PATH\" ]] && LIB_PATH=\"${NIF_DIR}/target/release/${LIB_NAME}\"\n cp \"$LIB_PATH\" \"${ARTIFACT}\"\n tar -czf \"dist/elixir/${ARTIFACT}.tar.gz\" \"${ARTIFACT}\"\n\n - name: Upload artifacts\n uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7\n with:\n name: elixir-${{ matrix.settings.label }}\n path: dist/elixir/*.tar.gz\n if-no-files-found: error\n retention-days: 1\n\n upload-elixir-release:\n name: Upload Elixir NIF binaries to GitHub Release\n needs: [prepare, elixir-natives]\n if: ${{ always() && needs.prepare.outputs.is_tag == 'true' && needs.elixir-natives.result == 'success' }}\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n permissions:\n contents: write\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6\n with:\n ref: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.ref }}\n\n - name: Download Elixir NIF artifacts\n uses: actions/download-artifact@v8\n with:\n pattern: elixir-*\n path: dist/elixir\n merge-multiple: true\n\n - name: Upload to GitHub Release\n env:\n GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}\n run: |\n TAG=\"${{ needs.prepare.outputs.tag }}\"\n for file in dist/elixir/*.tar.gz; do\n echo \"Uploading $(basename \"$file\")...\"\n gh release upload \"$TAG\" \"$file\" --clobber\n done\n\n elixir-package:\n name: Build Elixir Hex package (${{ matrix.label }})\n needs: prepare\n strategy:\n fail-fast: false\n matrix:\n include:\n - os: ubuntu-latest\n label: linux\n build_hex: true\n - os: macos-latest\n label: macos\n build_hex: false\n runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}\n env:\n MIX_ENV: dev\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n with:\n ref: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.checkout_ref }}\n fetch-depth: 0\n\n - name: Ensure target commit\n if: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.target_sha != '' }}\n env:\n TARGET_SHA: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.target_sha }}\n run: scripts/publish/common/ensure-target-commit.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Setup Elixir\n uses: erlef/setup-beam@v1 # v1\n with:\n elixir-version: \"1.19\"\n otp-version: \"28.1\"\n\n - name: Setup Rust\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-rust@v1 # v1\n\n - name: Install Hex and Rebar\n run: scripts/publish/elixir/install-hex-rebar.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Install dependencies\n run: scripts/publish/elixir/install-deps.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Run Elixir tests\n run: scripts/publish/elixir/run-tests.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Build Hex package\n if: ${{ matrix.build_hex }}\n run: scripts/publish/elixir/build-hex-package.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Upload Hex artifact\n if: ${{ matrix.build_hex }}\n uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7 # v7\n with:\n name: elixir-hex-package\n path: packages/elixir/html_to_markdown-*.tar\n retention-days: 14\n\n csharp-package:\n name: Build C# NuGet package\n needs: [prepare, check-nuget, csharp-ffi]\n if: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.dry_run != 'true' && needs.prepare.outputs.is_tag == 'true' && needs.check-nuget.outputs.exists != 'true' }}\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n timeout-minutes: 30\n permissions:\n contents: read\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n with:\n ref: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.checkout_ref }}\n fetch-depth: 0\n\n - name: Ensure target commit\n if: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.target_sha != '' }}\n env:\n TARGET_SHA: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.target_sha }}\n run: scripts/publish/common/ensure-target-commit.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Setup .NET\n uses: actions/setup-dotnet@v5 # v5\n with:\n dotnet-version: \"8.0.x\"\n\n - name: Download C# native FFI libraries\n uses: actions/download-artifact@v8 # v8\n with:\n pattern: csharp-ffi-*\n path: dist/csharp-ffi\n merge-multiple: true\n\n - name: Install dependencies\n run: scripts/publish/csharp/restore.sh packages/csharp/HtmlToMarkdown.csproj\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Pack NuGet package\n run: scripts/publish/csharp/pack.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Upload NuGet artifact\n uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7 # v7\n with:\n name: csharp-nuget\n path: artifacts/csharp/*.nupkg\n retention-days: 14\n\n csharp-ffi:\n name: Build C# native FFI libraries\n needs: [prepare, check-nuget]\n if: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.dry_run != 'true' && needs.prepare.outputs.is_tag == 'true' && needs.check-nuget.outputs.exists != 'true' }}\n strategy:\n fail-fast: false\n matrix:\n include:\n - os: ubuntu-latest\n rid: linux-x64\n target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu\n - os: ubuntu-24.04-arm\n rid: linux-arm64\n target: aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu\n - os: windows-latest\n rid: win-x64\n target: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc\n - os: macos-latest\n rid: osx-arm64\n target: aarch64-apple-darwin\n runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}\n timeout-minutes: 60\n permissions:\n contents: read\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n with:\n ref: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.checkout_ref }}\n fetch-depth: 0\n\n - name: Ensure target commit\n if: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.target_sha != '' }}\n env:\n TARGET_SHA: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.target_sha }}\n run: scripts/publish/common/ensure-target-commit.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Setup Rust\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-rust@v1 # v1\n\n - name: Install alef\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/install-alef@v1\n\n - name: Build and stage FFI library\n shell: bash\n run: |\n alef publish build --lang ffi --target ${{ matrix.target }}\n mkdir -p dist/csharp-ffi/${{ matrix.rid }}/native\n find target/release -maxdepth 1 -type f \\( -name '*.so' -o -name '*.dylib' -o -name '*.dll' \\) -name '*html_to_markdown_ffi*' -exec cp {} dist/csharp-ffi/${{ matrix.rid }}/native/ \\;\n\n - name: Upload FFI artifact\n uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7 # v7\n with:\n name: csharp-ffi-${{ matrix.rid }}\n path: dist/csharp-ffi\n retention-days: 14\n\n go-ffi:\n name: Build Go native FFI libraries (${{ matrix.platform }})\n needs: prepare\n strategy:\n fail-fast: false\n matrix:\n include:\n - os: ubuntu-latest\n platform: linux-x64\n target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu\n - os: ubuntu-24.04-arm\n platform: linux-arm64\n target: aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu\n - os: windows-latest\n platform: windows-x64\n target: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc\n - os: macos-latest\n platform: darwin-arm64\n target: aarch64-apple-darwin\n runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n with:\n ref: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.checkout_ref }}\n fetch-depth: 0\n\n - name: Ensure target commit\n if: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.target_sha != '' }}\n env:\n TARGET_SHA: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.target_sha }}\n run: scripts/publish/common/ensure-target-commit.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Setup Rust\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-rust@v1 # v1\n\n - name: Install alef\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/install-alef@v1\n\n - name: Build and package Go FFI library\n shell: bash\n run: |\n alef publish build --lang ffi --target ${{ matrix.target }}\n alef publish package --lang go --target ${{ matrix.target }} -o dist/go-ffi\n\n - name: Upload Go FFI artifact\n uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7 # v7\n with:\n name: go-ffi-${{ matrix.platform }}\n path: dist/go-ffi\n retention-days: 14\n\n c-ffi-libraries:\n name: Build C FFI distribution packages (${{ matrix.platform }})\n needs: prepare\n strategy:\n fail-fast: false\n matrix:\n include:\n - os: ubuntu-latest\n platform: linux-x64\n target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu\n - os: ubuntu-24.04-arm\n platform: linux-arm64\n target: aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu\n - os: windows-latest\n platform: windows-x64\n target: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc\n - os: macos-latest\n platform: darwin-arm64\n target: aarch64-apple-darwin\n runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n with:\n ref: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.checkout_ref }}\n fetch-depth: 0\n\n - name: Ensure target commit\n if: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.target_sha != '' }}\n env:\n TARGET_SHA: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.target_sha }}\n run: scripts/publish/common/ensure-target-commit.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Setup Rust\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-rust@v1 # v1\n\n - name: Install alef\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/install-alef@v1\n\n - name: Build and package C FFI distribution\n shell: bash\n run: |\n alef publish build --lang ffi --target ${{ matrix.target }}\n alef publish package --lang ffi --target ${{ matrix.target }} -o dist/c-ffi\n\n - name: Upload C FFI artifact\n uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7 # v7\n with:\n name: c-ffi-${{ matrix.platform }}\n path: dist/c-ffi\n retention-days: 14\n\n cargo-packages:\n name: Package Rust crates\n needs: prepare\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n with:\n ref: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.checkout_ref }}\n fetch-depth: 0\n\n - name: Ensure target commit\n if: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.target_sha != '' }}\n env:\n TARGET_SHA: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.target_sha }}\n run: scripts/publish/common/ensure-target-commit.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Setup Rust\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-rust@v1 # v1\n\n - name: Add Windows Rust target\n if: runner.os == 'Windows'\n run: rustup target add x86_64-pc-windows-msvc\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Package crates\n env:\n RELEASE_VERSION: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.version }}\n run: scripts/publish/crates/package-crates.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Upload crate packages\n uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7 # v7\n with:\n name: cargo-crates\n path: crate-artifacts/*.crate\n retention-days: 14\n\n upload-release-artifacts:\n name: Upload Release Artifacts\n needs:\n [\n prepare,\n python-wheels,\n python-sdist,\n php-package,\n node-typescript-defs,\n node-bindings,\n wasm-bindings,\n cli-binaries,\n ruby-gem,\n go-ffi,\n c-ffi-libraries,\n cargo-packages,\n ]\n if: ${{ always() && needs.prepare.outputs.dry_run != 'true' && needs.prepare.outputs.is_tag == 'true' }}\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n permissions:\n contents: write\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n with:\n ref: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.tag }}\n fetch-depth: 0\n\n - name: Download PHP package artifacts\n uses: actions/download-artifact@v8 # v8\n with:\n pattern: php-package-*\n path: dist/php-package\n merge-multiple: true\n\n - name: Download CLI artifacts\n uses: actions/download-artifact@v8 # v8\n with:\n pattern: cli-*\n path: dist/cli\n merge-multiple: false\n\n - name: Download Go FFI artifacts\n uses: actions/download-artifact@v8 # v8\n with:\n pattern: go-ffi-*\n path: dist/go-ffi\n merge-multiple: false\n\n - name: Download C FFI artifacts\n uses: actions/download-artifact@v8 # v8\n with:\n pattern: c-ffi-*\n path: dist/c-ffi\n merge-multiple: false\n\n - name: Upload PHP PIE packages\n env:\n GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}\n TAG: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.tag }}\n run: scripts/publish/upload-php-pie.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Upload CLI binaries\n env:\n GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}\n TAG: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.tag }}\n run: scripts/publish/upload-cli-artifacts.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Upload Go FFI artifacts\n env:\n GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}\n TAG: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.tag }}\n run: scripts/publish/upload-go-ffi-artifacts.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Upload C FFI artifacts\n env:\n GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}\n TAG: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.tag }}\n run: scripts/publish/upload-c-ffi-artifacts.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Create Go module tag\n env:\n VERSION: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.version }}\n run: scripts/publish/go/create-module-tag.sh \"v${VERSION}\"\n shell: bash\n\n publish-crates:\n name: Publish crates.io packages\n needs: [prepare, cargo-packages, check-cratesio]\n if: ${{ always() && needs.cargo-packages.result == 'success' && needs.prepare.outputs.dry_run != 'true' && needs.prepare.outputs.is_tag == 'true' && needs.check-cratesio.outputs.all_exist != 'true' }}\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n with:\n ref: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.ref }}\n\n - name: Setup Rust\n uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable\n\n - name: Verify Cargo.toml version matches tag\n env:\n TAG_VERSION: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.version }}\n run: scripts/publish/crates/verify-cargo-version.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Re-check crates.io before publish\n id: recheck\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/check-registry@v1 # v1\n with:\n registry: cratesio\n package: html-to-markdown-rs\n version: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.version }}\n extra-packages: |\n cli_exists=html-to-markdown-cli\n\n - name: Publish html-to-markdown-rs\n if: ${{ steps.recheck.outputs.exists != 'true' }}\n env:\n CARGO_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.CARGO_REGISTRY_TOKEN }}\n run: scripts/publish/crates/publish-rs.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Wait for indexing\n if: ${{ steps.recheck.outputs.exists != 'true' }}\n run: scripts/publish/crates/wait-for-indexing.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Publish html-to-markdown-cli\n if: ${{ steps.recheck.outputs.cli_exists != 'true' }}\n env:\n CARGO_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.CARGO_REGISTRY_TOKEN }}\n run: scripts/publish/crates/publish-cli.sh\n shell: bash\n\n publish-pypi:\n name: Publish Python packages to PyPI\n needs: [prepare, python-wheels, python-sdist, check-pypi]\n if: ${{ always() && needs.python-wheels.result == 'success' && needs.python-sdist.result == 'success' && needs.prepare.outputs.dry_run != 'true' && needs.prepare.outputs.is_tag == 'true' && needs.check-pypi.outputs.exists != 'true' }}\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n environment: pypi\n permissions:\n contents: read\n id-token: write\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n with:\n ref: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.ref }}\n\n - name: Download wheel artifacts\n uses: actions/download-artifact@v8 # v8\n with:\n pattern: python-wheels-*\n path: dist\n merge-multiple: true\n\n - name: Download sdist artifact\n uses: actions/download-artifact@v8 # v8\n with:\n name: python-sdist\n path: dist\n\n - name: List packages to publish\n run: |\n echo \"Packages in dist:\"\n ls -lh dist/ 2>/dev/null || echo \"No packages found\"\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Re-check PyPI before publish\n id: recheck\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/check-registry@v1 # v1\n with:\n registry: pypi\n package: html-to-markdown\n version: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.version }}\n\n - name: Publish to PyPI\n if: ${{ steps.recheck.outputs.exists != 'true' }}\n uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@release/v1\n with:\n packages-dir: dist\n skip-existing: true\n\n publish-rubygems:\n name: Publish Ruby gems\n needs: [prepare, ruby-gem, check-rubygems]\n if: ${{ always() && needs.ruby-gem.result == 'success' && needs.prepare.outputs.is_tag == 'true' && (needs.prepare.outputs.dry_run == 'true' || needs.check-rubygems.outputs.exists != 'true') }}\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n permissions:\n contents: read\n id-token: write\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n with:\n ref: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.ref }}\n\n - name: Download Ruby gem artifacts\n uses: actions/download-artifact@v8 # v8\n with:\n pattern: rubygems-*\n path: dist\n merge-multiple: true\n\n - name: Re-check RubyGems before publish\n id: recheck\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/check-registry@v1 # v1\n with:\n registry: rubygems\n package: html-to-markdown\n version: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.version }}\n\n - name: Setup Ruby\n if: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.dry_run != 'true' && steps.recheck.outputs.exists != 'true' }}\n uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1 # v1\n with:\n ruby-version: \"3.3\"\n bundler-cache: false\n\n - name: Update RubyGems\n if: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.dry_run != 'true' && steps.recheck.outputs.exists != 'true' }}\n run: gem update --system\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Configure trusted publishing credentials\n if: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.dry_run != 'true' && steps.recheck.outputs.exists != 'true' }}\n uses: rubygems/configure-rubygems-credentials@v2.0.0 # v1.0.0\n\n - name: Publish gems\n if: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.dry_run != 'true' && steps.recheck.outputs.exists != 'true' }}\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/publish-rubygems@v1 # v1\n with:\n gems-dir: dist\n dry-run: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.dry_run }}\n\n - name: RubyGems already published summary\n if: ${{ steps.recheck.outputs.exists == 'true' }}\n run: echo \"Gem html-to-markdown@${{ needs.prepare.outputs.version }} already published on RubyGems — skipped.\" >> \"$GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY\"\n shell: bash\n\n publish-hex:\n name: Publish Hex package\n needs: [prepare, elixir-package, check-hex, upload-elixir-release]\n if: ${{ always() && needs.elixir-package.result == 'success' && needs.prepare.outputs.dry_run != 'true' && needs.prepare.outputs.is_tag == 'true' && needs.check-hex.outputs.exists != 'true' }}\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n permissions:\n contents: write\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n with:\n ref: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.ref }}\n\n - name: Download Hex artifact\n uses: actions/download-artifact@v8 # v8\n with:\n name: elixir-hex-package\n path: dist/elixir\n\n - name: Upload Elixir package to GitHub Release\n env:\n GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}\n TAG: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.tag }}\n run: scripts/publish/upload-elixir-package.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Setup Elixir\n uses: erlef/setup-beam@v1 # v1\n with:\n elixir-version: \"1.19\"\n otp-version: \"28.1\"\n\n - name: Setup Rust\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-rust@v1 # v1\n\n - name: Install Hex/Rebar\n run: scripts/publish/elixir/install-hex-rebar.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Generate NIF checksums from GitHub release\n run: scripts/publish/generate_elixir_checksums.sh \"${{ needs.prepare.outputs.version }}\"\n\n - name: Install dependencies\n run: scripts/publish/elixir/install-deps.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Stage Rust core and generate lockfile\n shell: bash\n run: |\n scripts/publish/elixir/stage-rust-core.sh\n pushd packages/elixir/native/html_to_markdown_elixir >/dev/null\n cargo generate-lockfile\n popd >/dev/null\n\n - name: Re-check Hex.pm before publish\n id: recheck\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/check-registry@v1 # v1\n with:\n registry: hex\n package: html_to_markdown\n version: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.version }}\n\n - name: Publish to Hex.pm\n if: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.dry_run != 'true' && steps.recheck.outputs.exists != 'true' }}\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/publish-hex@v1 # v1\n with:\n package-dir: packages/elixir\n dry-run: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.dry_run }}\n env:\n HEX_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.HEX_API_KEY }}\n\n - name: Hex.pm already published summary\n if: ${{ steps.recheck.outputs.exists == 'true' }}\n run: echo \"Package html_to_markdown@${{ needs.prepare.outputs.version }} already published on Hex.pm — skipped.\" >> \"$GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY\"\n shell: bash\n\n publish-nuget:\n name: Publish NuGet package\n needs: [prepare, csharp-package, check-nuget]\n if: ${{ always() && needs.csharp-package.result == 'success' && needs.prepare.outputs.dry_run != 'true' && needs.prepare.outputs.is_tag == 'true' && needs.check-nuget.outputs.exists != 'true' }}\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n permissions:\n contents: read\n id-token: write\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n with:\n ref: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.ref }}\n\n - name: Download NuGet artifact\n uses: actions/download-artifact@v8 # v8\n with:\n name: csharp-nuget\n path: dist\n\n - name: Re-check NuGet before publish\n id: recheck\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/check-registry@v1 # v1\n with:\n registry: nuget\n package: KreuzbergDev.HtmlToMarkdown\n version: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.version }}\n\n - name: Publish to NuGet\n if: ${{ steps.recheck.outputs.exists != 'true' }}\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/publish-nuget@v1 # v1\n with:\n packages-dir: dist\n dry-run: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.dry_run }}\n env:\n NUGET_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.NUGET_API_KEY }}\n\n publish-packagist:\n name: Publish to Packagist\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n needs: [prepare, check-packagist]\n if: |\n always() &&\n needs.prepare.result == 'success' &&\n needs.prepare.outputs.is_tag == 'true' &&\n needs.prepare.outputs.dry_run != 'true' &&\n needs.check-packagist.outputs.exists != 'true'\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n with:\n ref: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.ref }}\n\n - name: Re-check Packagist before publish\n id: recheck\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/check-registry@v1 # v1\n with:\n registry: packagist\n package: kreuzberg-dev/html-to-markdown\n version: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.version }}\n\n - name: Trigger Packagist Update\n if: ${{ steps.recheck.outputs.exists != 'true' }}\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/publish-packagist@v1 # v1\n with:\n packagist-username: kreuzberg-dev\n package-name: kreuzberg/html-to-markdown\n version: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.version }}\n repository-url: https://github.com/kreuzberg-dev/html-to-markdown\n dry-run: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.dry_run }}\n env:\n PACKAGIST_API_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.PACKAGIST_API_TOKEN }}\n\n java-ffi:\n name: Build Java native FFI libraries\n needs: [prepare, check-maven]\n if: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.dry_run != 'true' && needs.prepare.outputs.is_tag == 'true' && (needs.check-maven.outputs.exists != 'true' || needs.prepare.outputs.force_republish_java == 'true') }}\n strategy:\n fail-fast: false\n matrix:\n include:\n - os: ubuntu-latest\n platform: linux-x86_64\n target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu\n - os: ubuntu-24.04-arm\n platform: linux-aarch64\n target: aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu\n - os: windows-latest\n platform: windows-x86_64\n target: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc\n - os: macos-latest\n platform: osx-aarch64\n target: aarch64-apple-darwin\n runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}\n timeout-minutes: 60\n permissions:\n contents: read\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n with:\n ref: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.checkout_ref }}\n fetch-depth: 0\n\n - name: Ensure target commit\n if: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.target_sha != '' }}\n env:\n TARGET_SHA: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.target_sha }}\n run: scripts/publish/common/ensure-target-commit.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Setup Rust\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-rust@v1 # v1\n\n - name: Install alef\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/install-alef@v1\n\n - name: Build and stage FFI library\n shell: bash\n run: |\n alef publish build --lang ffi --target ${{ matrix.target }}\n mkdir -p dist/java-ffi/${{ matrix.platform }}/native\n find target/release -maxdepth 1 -type f \\( -name '*.so' -o -name '*.dylib' -o -name '*.dll' \\) -name '*html_to_markdown_ffi*' -exec cp {} dist/java-ffi/${{ matrix.platform }}/native/ \\;\n\n - name: Upload FFI artifact\n uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7 # v7\n with:\n name: java-ffi-${{ matrix.platform }}\n path: dist/java-ffi\n retention-days: 14\n\n publish-maven:\n name: Publish Maven package\n needs: [prepare, check-maven, java-ffi]\n if: |\n always() &&\n needs.prepare.outputs.dry_run != 'true' &&\n needs.prepare.outputs.is_tag == 'true' &&\n (needs.check-maven.outputs.exists != 'true' || needs.prepare.outputs.force_republish_java == 'true') &&\n needs.java-ffi.result == 'success'\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6\n with:\n ref: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.ref }}\n\n - name: Check Maven Central for existing release\n id: maven_check\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/check-registry@v1\n with:\n registry: maven\n package: \"dev.kreuzberg:html-to-markdown\"\n version: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.version }}\n\n - name: Download Java FFI artifacts\n if: ${{ steps.maven_check.outputs.exists != 'true' }}\n uses: actions/download-artifact@v8\n with:\n pattern: java-ffi-*\n path: java-ffi-artifacts\n merge-multiple: true\n\n - name: Setup Rust\n if: ${{ steps.maven_check.outputs.exists != 'true' }}\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-rust@v1\n\n - name: Setup Java\n if: ${{ steps.maven_check.outputs.exists != 'true' }}\n env:\n MAVEN_USERNAME: ${{ secrets.CENTRAL_USERNAME }}\n MAVEN_PASSWORD: ${{ secrets.CENTRAL_PASSWORD }}\n MAVEN_GPG_PASSPHRASE: ${{ secrets.GPG_PASSPHRASE }}\n uses: actions/setup-java@v5\n with:\n distribution: temurin\n java-version: '25'\n cache: maven\n server-id: ossrh\n server-username: MAVEN_USERNAME\n server-password: MAVEN_PASSWORD\n gpg-private-key: ${{ secrets.GPG_PRIVATE_KEY }}\n gpg-passphrase: MAVEN_GPG_PASSPHRASE\n\n - name: Setup Maven\n if: ${{ steps.maven_check.outputs.exists != 'true' }}\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/setup-maven@v1\n\n - name: Prefer gpg2 binary\n if: ${{ steps.maven_check.outputs.exists != 'true' }}\n run: scripts/publish/maven/prefer-gpg2.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Copy native libraries into resources\n if: ${{ steps.maven_check.outputs.exists != 'true' }}\n shell: bash\n run: scripts/publish/java/copy-native-libs.sh java-ffi-artifacts\n\n - name: Release Maven package\n if: ${{ steps.maven_check.outputs.exists != 'true' }}\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/publish-maven@v1\n with:\n pom-file: packages/java/pom.xml\n maven-profile: publish\n extra-args: -DskipTests\n dry-run: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.dry_run }}\n env:\n MAVEN_USERNAME: ${{ secrets.CENTRAL_USERNAME }}\n MAVEN_PASSWORD: ${{ secrets.CENTRAL_PASSWORD }}\n MAVEN_GPG_PASSPHRASE: ${{ secrets.GPG_PASSPHRASE }}\n\n - name: Maven already published summary\n if: ${{ steps.maven_check.outputs.exists == 'true' }}\n run: echo \"Maven package version ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.version }} already published; skipping.\" >> \"$GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY\"\n\n publish-node:\n name: Publish Node packages\n needs: [prepare, node-bindings, node-typescript-defs, check-npm]\n if: ${{ always() && needs.node-bindings.result == 'success' && needs.node-typescript-defs.result == 'success' && needs.prepare.outputs.dry_run != 'true' && needs.prepare.outputs.is_tag == 'true' && needs.check-npm.outputs.node_exists != 'true' }}\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n permissions:\n id-token: write\n contents: read\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n with:\n ref: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.ref }}\n\n - name: Download Node artifacts\n uses: actions/download-artifact@v8 # v8\n with:\n pattern: node-bindings-*\n path: node-artifacts\n merge-multiple: true\n\n - name: Download TypeScript definitions\n uses: actions/download-artifact@v8 # v8\n with:\n name: node-typescript-defs\n path: typescript-defs\n\n - name: Setup Node\n uses: actions/setup-node@v6 # v6\n with:\n node-version: 24\n registry-url: https://registry.npmjs.org/\n\n - name: Update NPM\n run: npm install -g npm@latest\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Enable corepack\n run: scripts/common/enable-corepack.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Prepare artifact directory\n run: scripts/publish/node/prepare-artifact-directory.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Install workspace dependencies\n if: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.dry_run != 'true' }}\n run: scripts/publish/node/install-node-deps.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Pack platform packages\n run: scripts/publish/node/pack-platform-packages.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Re-check npm before publish\n id: recheck\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/check-registry@v1 # v1\n with:\n registry: npm\n package: \"@kreuzberg/html-to-markdown\"\n version: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.version }}\n extra-packages: |\n ts_exists=@kreuzberg/html-to-markdown\n\n - name: Publish native binary packages\n if: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.dry_run != 'true' && steps.recheck.outputs.exists != 'true' }}\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/publish-npm@v1 # v1\n with:\n packages-dir: crates/html-to-markdown-node/npm\n dry-run: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.dry_run }}\n env:\n NODE_AUTH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.NPM_TOKEN }}\n\n - name: Wait for npm indexing (x64)\n if: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.dry_run != 'true' && steps.recheck.outputs.exists != 'true' }}\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/wait-for-package@v1 # v1\n with:\n registry: npm\n package: \"@kreuzberg/html-to-markdown-linux-x64-gnu\"\n version: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.version }}\n max-attempts: \"25\"\n\n - name: Wait for npm indexing (arm64)\n if: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.dry_run != 'true' && steps.recheck.outputs.exists != 'true' }}\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/wait-for-package@v1 # v1\n with:\n registry: npm\n package: \"@kreuzberg/html-to-markdown-linux-arm64-gnu\"\n version: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.version }}\n max-attempts: \"25\"\n\n - name: Prepare main Node package metadata\n if: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.dry_run != 'true' && steps.recheck.outputs.exists != 'true' }}\n run: scripts/publish/node/prepublish-main-package.sh crates/html-to-markdown-node\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Publish main Node package\n if: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.dry_run != 'true' && steps.recheck.outputs.exists != 'true' }}\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/publish-npm@v1 # v1\n with:\n package-dir: crates/html-to-markdown-node\n dry-run: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.dry_run }}\n env:\n NODE_AUTH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.NPM_TOKEN }}\n\n - name: Wait for main Node package indexing\n if: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.dry_run != 'true' && steps.recheck.outputs.exists != 'true' && steps.recheck.outputs.ts_exists != 'true' }}\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/wait-for-package@v1 # v1\n with:\n registry: npm\n package: \"@kreuzberg/html-to-markdown\"\n version: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.version }}\n max-attempts: \"25\"\n\n - name: Install TypeScript wrapper dependencies from npm\n if: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.dry_run != 'true' && steps.recheck.outputs.ts_exists != 'true' }}\n working-directory: packages/typescript\n run: pnpm install --no-frozen-lockfile\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Build TypeScript wrapper package\n if: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.dry_run != 'true' && steps.recheck.outputs.ts_exists != 'true' }}\n run: scripts/publish/typescript/build-package.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Publish TypeScript wrapper package\n if: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.dry_run != 'true' && steps.recheck.outputs.ts_exists != 'true' }}\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/publish-npm@v1 # v1\n with:\n package-dir: packages/typescript\n dry-run: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.dry_run }}\n env:\n NODE_AUTH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.NPM_TOKEN }}\n\n publish-wasm:\n name: Publish WASM package\n needs: [prepare, wasm-bindings, check-npm]\n if: ${{ always() && needs.wasm-bindings.result == 'success' && needs.prepare.outputs.dry_run != 'true' && needs.prepare.outputs.is_tag == 'true' && (needs.check-npm.outputs.wasm_exists != 'true' || needs.prepare.outputs.force_republish_wasm == 'true') }}\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n permissions:\n id-token: write\n contents: read\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n with:\n ref: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.ref }}\n\n - name: Download WASM artifacts\n uses: actions/download-artifact@v8 # v8\n with:\n name: wasm-bundles\n path: wasm-artifacts\n\n - name: Extract WASM artifacts\n run: scripts/publish/wasm/extract-artifacts.sh\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Remove .gitignore files from dist directories\n run: |\n rm -f crates/html-to-markdown-wasm/dist/.gitignore\n rm -f crates/html-to-markdown-wasm/dist-node/.gitignore\n rm -f crates/html-to-markdown-wasm/dist-web/.gitignore\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Setup Node\n uses: actions/setup-node@v6 # v6\n with:\n node-version: 24\n registry-url: https://registry.npmjs.org/\n\n - name: Update NPM\n run: npm install -g npm@latest\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Re-check npm before publish\n id: recheck\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/check-registry@v1 # v1\n with:\n registry: npm\n package: \"@kreuzberg/html-to-markdown-wasm\"\n version: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.version }}\n\n - name: Publish WASM package\n if: ${{ steps.recheck.outputs.exists != 'true' }}\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/publish-npm@v1 # v1\n with:\n package-dir: crates/html-to-markdown-wasm\n dry-run: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.dry_run }}\n env:\n NODE_AUTH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.NPM_TOKEN }}\n\n homebrew-bottles:\n name: Build Homebrew bottles (${{ matrix.bottle_tag }})\n needs: [prepare, check-homebrew]\n if: |\n needs.prepare.outputs.is_tag == 'true' &&\n (needs.check-homebrew.outputs.exists != 'true')\n runs-on: ${{ matrix.runner }}\n timeout-minutes: 180\n permissions:\n contents: write\n strategy:\n fail-fast: false\n matrix:\n include:\n - runner: macos-latest\n bottle_tag: arm64_sequoia\n - runner: macos-15-intel\n bottle_tag: sequoia\n - runner: ubuntu-latest\n bottle_tag: x86_64_linux\n - runner: ubuntu-24.04-arm\n bottle_tag: arm64_linux\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n with:\n ref: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.checkout_ref }}\n fetch-depth: 0\n\n - name: Ensure target commit\n if: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.target_sha != '' }}\n run: git checkout --progress --force ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.target_sha }}\n\n - name: Setup Rust toolchain\n uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable\n\n - name: Setup Homebrew\n run: |\n brew tap homebrew/core\n brew update\n\n - name: Extract version\n id: version\n env:\n TAG: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.tag }}\n run: |\n VERSION=\"${TAG#v}\"\n echo \"version=${VERSION}\" >> \"$GITHUB_OUTPUT\"\n\n - name: Build CLI for bottle\n run: |\n cargo build --release \\\n -p html-to-markdown-cli\n\n - name: Create Homebrew bottle\n id: bottle\n env:\n VERSION: ${{ steps.version.outputs.version }}\n TAG: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.tag }}\n run: |\n # Homebrew bottles require {formula}/{version}/ prefix in the tarball\n bottle_root=\"/tmp/html-to-markdown-bottle\"\n bottle_dir=\"${bottle_root}/html-to-markdown/${VERSION}\"\n mkdir -p \"${bottle_dir}/bin\"\n\n # Copy the built binary\n cp target/release/html-to-markdown \"${bottle_dir}/bin/\"\n\n # Create bottle tarball with correct prefix\n cd \"${bottle_root}\"\n bottle_filename=\"html-to-markdown-${VERSION}.${{ matrix.bottle_tag }}.bottle.tar.gz\"\n tar -czf \"${bottle_filename}\" html-to-markdown/\n\n # Calculate SHA256\n sha256=$(shasum -a 256 \"${bottle_filename}\" | cut -d' ' -f1)\n echo \"sha256=${sha256}\" >> \"$GITHUB_OUTPUT\"\n echo \"filename=${bottle_filename}\" >> \"$GITHUB_OUTPUT\"\n\n # Copy to workspace for artifact upload\n cp \"${bottle_filename}\" \"${{ github.workspace }}/\"\n echo \"Bottle created: ${bottle_filename}\"\n echo \"SHA256: ${sha256}\"\n\n - name: Verify bottle file in workspace\n run: |\n cd \"${{ github.workspace }}\"\n ls -lh html-to-markdown-*.bottle.tar.gz\n echo \"Files in workspace:\"\n ls -la\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Upload bottle artifact\n uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7 # v7\n with:\n name: homebrew-bottle-${{ matrix.bottle_tag }}\n path: html-to-markdown-${{ steps.version.outputs.version }}.${{ matrix.bottle_tag }}.bottle.tar.gz\n retention-days: 14\n if-no-files-found: error\n\n upload-homebrew-bottles:\n name: Upload Homebrew bottles to GitHub Release\n needs: [prepare, check-homebrew, homebrew-bottles]\n if: |\n always() &&\n needs.prepare.outputs.dry_run != 'true' &&\n needs.prepare.outputs.is_tag == 'true' &&\n (needs.check-homebrew.outputs.exists != 'true') &&\n needs.homebrew-bottles.result == 'success'\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n permissions:\n contents: write\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n with:\n ref: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.ref }}\n\n - name: Ensure GitHub release exists\n env:\n GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}\n run: scripts/publish/ensure-github-release-exists.sh \"${{ needs.prepare.outputs.tag }}\"\n\n - name: Download bottle artifacts\n uses: actions/download-artifact@v8 # v8\n with:\n pattern: homebrew-bottle-*\n path: dist/homebrew\n merge-multiple: true\n\n - name: Verify downloaded artifacts\n run: |\n echo \"Contents of dist/homebrew:\"\n ls -laR dist/homebrew || echo \"dist/homebrew not found\"\n echo \"All dist contents:\"\n ls -laR dist || echo \"dist not found\"\n shell: bash\n\n - name: Upload bottles (idempotent)\n env:\n GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}\n run: scripts/publish/upload-homebrew-bottles.sh \"${{ needs.prepare.outputs.tag }}\" dist/homebrew\n\n publish-homebrew:\n name: Update Homebrew formula\n needs: [prepare, check-homebrew, upload-homebrew-bottles]\n if: |\n always() &&\n needs.prepare.outputs.dry_run != 'true' &&\n needs.prepare.outputs.is_tag == 'true' &&\n (needs.check-homebrew.outputs.exists != 'true') &&\n needs.upload-homebrew-bottles.result == 'success'\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n permissions:\n contents: write\n steps:\n - name: Checkout\n uses: actions/checkout@v6 # v6\n with:\n ref: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.checkout_ref }}\n\n - name: Download bottle artifacts\n uses: actions/download-artifact@v8 # v8\n with:\n pattern: homebrew-bottle-*\n path: dist/homebrew\n merge-multiple: true\n\n - name: Setup Git credentials\n env:\n GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.HOMEBREW_TOKEN }}\n run: |\n git config --global credential.helper store\n echo \"https://x-access-token:${GH_TOKEN}@github.com\" > ~/.git-credentials\n git config --global user.name \"html-to-markdown-bot\"\n git config --global user.email \"bot@kreuzberg.dev\"\n\n - name: Update Homebrew formula with bottles\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/publish-homebrew@v1 # v1\n with:\n bottles-dir: dist/homebrew\n formula-name: html-to-markdown\n tap-repo: kreuzberg-dev/homebrew-tap\n tag: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.tag }}\n version: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.version }}\n github-repo: kreuzberg-dev/html-to-markdown\n dry-run: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.dry_run }}\n" }, { "path": ".github/workflows/validate-issues.yml", "content": "name: Validate Issues\n\non:\n issues:\n types: [opened, edited]\n\njobs:\n validate:\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/.github/workflows/reusable-validate-issues.yml@v1\n secrets: inherit\n" }, { "path": ".github/workflows/validate-pr.yml", "content": "name: Validate PR\n\non:\n pull_request:\n types: [opened, edited, synchronize]\n\njobs:\n validate:\n uses: kreuzberg-dev/actions/.github/workflows/reusable-validate-pr.yml@v1\n secrets: inherit\n" }, { "path": ".gitignore", "content": "# Python\n__pycache__/\n*.py[cod]\n*$py.class\n*.so\n.Python\nbuild/\ndevelop-eggs/\ndist/\ndownloads/\neggs/\n.eggs/\nlib/\nlib64/\nparts/\nsdist/\nvar/\nwheels/\n*.egg-info/\n.installed.cfg\n*.egg\n.pytest_cache/\n.mypy_cache/\n.ruff_cache/\nhtmlcov/\n.coverage\n.coverage.*\ncoverage.lcov\n\n# Rust\ntarget/\nCargo.lock\nrust-coverage.lcov\n*.node\nexamples/**/.cargo/config.toml\n\n# Node.js / TypeScript\nnode_modules/\n**/node_modules/\ndist/\ndist-node/\ndist-web/\n*.tsbuildinfo\n.pnpm-debug.log\npackages/html-to-markdown-ts/bin/\n\n# Ruby gem build outputs\n!packages/ruby/lib/\n!packages/ruby/lib/**/*.rb\npackages/ruby/lib/bin/\npackages/ruby/lib/*.bundle\npackages/ruby/tmp/\npackages/ruby/vendor/html-to-markdown-rs/\npackages/ruby/vendor/Cargo.toml\npackages/php-ext/workspace/\n!packages/elixir/lib/\n!packages/elixir/lib/**/*.ex\nerl_crash.dump\n\n# R package build artifacts\n!packages/r/R/\n!packages/r/R/**/*.R\npackages/r/src/*.o\npackages/r/src/*.so\npackages/r/src/*.dll\npackages/r/src/*.dylib\npackages/r/*.tar.gz\n\n# Elixir test application dependencies and builds\ntests/test_apps/elixir/deps/\ntests/test_apps/elixir/_build/\n\n# Example dependency directories\nvendor/\n**/vendor/\n**/vendor/bundle/\n.wrangler/\n\n# IDEs & AI tool configs\n.vscode/\n.idea/\n*.swp\n*.swo\n*~\n.cursorrules\n.windsurfrules\n\n# MkDocs\nsite/\n\n# OS\n.DS_Store\nThumbs.db\n\n# Benchmarks\n.benchmarks/\nbenchmark-harness-results-*/\ntools/runtime-bench/results/\ntools/benchmark-harness/results/\ntools/benchmark-harness/artifacts/\ntools/benchmark-harness/artifacts-*/\ntools/benchmark-harness/results-consolidated/\ntools/benchmark-harness/results-local-*/\nartifacts/\n\n# Cache files\n*.cache\n.cache/\npackages/php/.php-cs-fixer.cache\n\n# Temporary files\n.tmp/\n[Tt][Oo][Dd][Oo]*\n\n# Environment & virtualenvs\n.env\n.env.local\n.venv/\n**/.venv/\n\n# C# / .NET\nbin/\nobj/\n*.dll\n*.exe\n*.pdb\n\n# Allow benchmark harness entrypoint under packages/go/v2/bin\n!packages/go/v2/bin/\n!packages/go/v2/bin/benchmark.go\n\n# C FFI test binaries and build artifacts\ncrates/html-to-markdown-ffi/tests/c/test_*\n!crates/html-to-markdown-ffi/tests/c/test_*.c\ncrates/html-to-markdown-ffi/tests/c/*.o\ncrates/html-to-markdown-ffi/tests/c/*.dSYM/\n\n\n# Additional generated artifacts\n.remote-cache/\n.alef/\n.gemini/\nGEMINI.md\n\n*.pyd\nvendor/bundle/\n*.h.bak\n*.test\n*.class\n*.nupkg\npkg/\n.gems/\n\n# BEGIN ai-rulez (DO NOT EDIT - managed by ai-rulez)\n.agents/\n.claude/\n.codex/\n.cursor/\n.github/agents/\n.github/commands/\n.github/copilot-instructions.md\n.github/skills/\n.mcp.json\nAGENTS.md\nCLAUDE.md\n# END ai-rulez\n" }, { "path": ".gitmodules", "content": "[submodule \"homebrew-tap\"]\n\tpath = homebrew-tap\n\turl = https://github.com/Goldziher/homebrew-tap.git\n" }, { "path": ".golangci.yml", "content": "version: \"2\"\n\nrun:\n timeout: 5m\n issues-exit-code: 1\n tests: true\n concurrency: 4\n modules-download-mode: readonly\n allow-serial-runners: false\n allow-parallel-runners: true\n\nlinters:\n default: none\n enable:\n - errcheck\n - govet\n - ineffassign\n - staticcheck\n - unused\n - revive\n - gocyclo\n - goconst\n - gocritic\n - gosec\n - misspell\n - nakedret\n settings:\n errcheck:\n check-type-assertions: true\n check-blank: true\n exclude-functions:\n - (net/http.ResponseWriter).Write\n - (io.Closer).Close\n - fmt.Fprintf\n - fmt.Printf\n - fmt.Println\n - os.Setenv\n - os.Unsetenv\n goconst:\n min-len: 3\n min-occurrences: 3\n gocyclo:\n min-complexity: 25\n gosec:\n excludes:\n - G101 # ~keep hardcoded credentials check (too many false positives)\n govet:\n enable-all: true\n disable:\n - shadow\n misspell:\n locale: US\n nakedret:\n max-func-lines: 30\n revive:\n confidence: 0.8\n severity: warning\n enable-all-rules: false\n rules:\n - name: blank-imports\n - name: context-keys-type\n - name: time-naming\n - name: var-declaration\n - name: unexported-return\n - name: errorf\n - name: context-as-argument\n - name: dot-imports\n - name: error-return\n - name: error-strings\n - name: error-naming\n - name: if-return\n - name: increment-decrement\n - name: var-naming\n - name: range\n - name: receiver-naming\n - name: indent-error-flow\n - name: exported\n disabled: true\n - name: package-comments\n disabled: true\n exclusions:\n generated: lax\n rules:\n - linters:\n - goconst\n path: _test\\.go\n - linters:\n - gocyclo\n path: _test\\.go\n - linters:\n - gosec\n path: _test\\.go\n - linters:\n - revive\n path: _test\\.go\n text: \"context-as-argument\"\n - linters:\n - goconst\n - revive\n - errcheck\n - govet\n path: _test\\.go\n text: \"unusedwrite:\"\n - linters:\n - govet\n text: \"fieldalignment:\"\n - linters:\n - errcheck\n path: _test\\.go\n paths:\n - vendor\n - build\n - deployments\n - third_party$\n - builtin$\n - examples$\n\nissues:\n max-issues-per-linter: 0\n max-same-issues: 0\n uniq-by-line: true\n new: false\n exclude:\n - \"Error return value of `\\\\(\\\\*github\\\\.com/goccy/go-json\\\\.Encoder\\\\)\\\\.Encode` is not checked\"\n - \"Error return value of `w\\\\.Write` is not checked\"\n - \"Error return value of `resp\\\\.Body\\\\.Close` is not checked\"\n - \"Error return value of `res\\\\.Body\\\\.Close` is not checked\"\n - \"Error return value of `r\\\\.Body\\\\.Read` is not checked\"\n - \"Error return value of `os\\\\.Setenv` is not checked\"\n - \"Error return value of `os\\\\.Unsetenv` is not checked\"\n - 'shadow: declaration of \"err\" shadows declaration'\n - \"unusedwrite: unused write to field\"\n - \"Error return value of `c\\\\.provider\\\\.Delete` is not checked\"\n - \"Error return value of `provider\\\\.Close` is not checked\"\n - \"Error return value of `natsClient\\\\.Close` is not checked\"\n - \"Error return value of `cacheProvider\\\\.Close` is not checked\"\n - \"Error return value of `processor\\\\.Close` is not checked\"\n - \"Error return value of `sub\\\\.Unsubscribe` is not checked\"\n - \"Error return value of `json\\\\.Marshal` is not checked\"\n - \"Error return value of `strconv\\\\.\"\n - \"Error return value of `fmt\\\\.Sscanf` is not checked\"\n - \"Error return value is not checked\"\n\nformatters:\n exclusions:\n generated: lax\n paths:\n - third_party$\n - builtin$\n - examples$\n" }, { "path": ".mailmap", "content": "Na'aman Hirschfeld Na'aman Hischfeld \nNa'aman Hirschfeld Test User \n" }, { "path": ".markdownlint.yaml", "content": "default: true\nMD007:\n indent: 4\nMD033: false\nMD041: false\nMD013: false\nMD014: false\nMD024:\n siblings_only: true\nMD046: false\n" }, { "path": ".mvn/wrapper/MavenWrapperDownloader.java", "content": "/*\n * Copyright 2007-present the original author or authors.\n *\n * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.\n */\nimport java.net.*;\nimport java.io.*;\nimport java.nio.channels.*;\nimport java.util.Properties;\n\npublic class MavenWrapperDownloader {\n\n private static final String WRAPPER_VERSION = \"3.3.4\";\n /**\n * Default URL to download the maven-wrapper.jar from, if no 'downloadUrl' is provided.\n */\n private static final String DEFAULT_DOWNLOAD_URL =\n \"https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/wrapper/maven-wrapper/\"\n + WRAPPER_VERSION\n + \"/maven-wrapper-\"\n + WRAPPER_VERSION\n + \".jar\";\n\n /**\n * Path to the maven-wrapper.properties file, which might contain a downloadUrl property to\n * use instead of the default one.\n */\n private static final String MAVEN_WRAPPER_PROPERTIES_PATH =\n \".mvn/wrapper/maven-wrapper.properties\";\n\n /**\n * Path where the maven-wrapper.jar will be saved to.\n */\n private static final String MAVEN_WRAPPER_JAR_PATH =\n \".mvn/wrapper/maven-wrapper.jar\";\n\n /**\n * Name of the property which should be used to override the default download url for the wrapper.\n */\n private static final String PROPERTY_NAME_WRAPPER_URL = \"wrapperUrl\";\n\n public static void main(String args[]) {\n System.out.println(\"- Downloader started\");\n File baseDirectory = new File(args[0]);\n System.out.println(\"- Using base directory: \" + baseDirectory.getAbsolutePath());\n\n File mavenWrapperPropertyFile = new File(baseDirectory, MAVEN_WRAPPER_PROPERTIES_PATH);\n String url = DEFAULT_DOWNLOAD_URL;\n if(mavenWrapperPropertyFile.exists()) {\n FileInputStream mavenWrapperPropertyFileInputStream = null;\n try {\n mavenWrapperPropertyFileInputStream = new FileInputStream(mavenWrapperPropertyFile);\n Properties mavenWrapperProperties = new Properties();\n mavenWrapperProperties.load(mavenWrapperPropertyFileInputStream);\n url = mavenWrapperProperties.getProperty(PROPERTY_NAME_WRAPPER_URL, url);\n } catch (IOException e) {\n System.out.println(\"- ERROR loading '\" + MAVEN_WRAPPER_PROPERTIES_PATH + \"'\");\n } finally {\n try {\n if(mavenWrapperPropertyFileInputStream != null) {\n mavenWrapperPropertyFileInputStream.close();\n }\n } catch (IOException e) {\n }\n }\n }\n System.out.println(\"- Downloading from: \" + url);\n\n File outputFile = new File(baseDirectory.getAbsolutePath(), MAVEN_WRAPPER_JAR_PATH);\n if(!outputFile.getParentFile().exists()) {\n if(!outputFile.getParentFile().mkdirs()) {\n System.out.println(\n \"- ERROR creating output directory '\" + outputFile.getParentFile().getAbsolutePath() + \"'\");\n }\n }\n System.out.println(\"- Downloading to: \" + outputFile.getAbsolutePath());\n try {\n downloadFileFromURL(url, outputFile);\n System.out.println(\"Done\");\n System.exit(0);\n } catch (Throwable e) {\n System.out.println(\"- Error downloading\");\n e.printStackTrace();\n System.exit(1);\n }\n }\n\n private static void downloadFileFromURL(String urlString, File destination) throws Exception {\n if (System.getenv(\"MVNW_USERNAME\") != null && System.getenv(\"MVNW_PASSWORD\") != null) {\n String username = System.getenv(\"MVNW_USERNAME\");\n char[] password = System.getenv(\"MVNW_PASSWORD\").toCharArray();\n Authenticator.setDefault(new Authenticator() {\n @Override\n protected PasswordAuthentication getPasswordAuthentication() {\n return new PasswordAuthentication(username, password);\n }\n });\n }\n URL website = new URL(urlString);\n ReadableByteChannel rbc;\n rbc = Channels.newChannel(website.openStream());\n FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(destination);\n fos.getChannel().transferFrom(rbc, 0, Long.MAX_VALUE);\n fos.close();\n rbc.close();\n }\n\n}\n" }, { "path": ".mvn/wrapper/maven-wrapper.properties", "content": "distributionUrl=https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/apache-maven/3.9.9/apache-maven-3.9.9-bin.zip\nwrapperUrl=https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/wrapper/maven-wrapper/3.3.4/maven-wrapper-3.3.4.jar\nmaven.mainClass=org.apache.maven.cli.MavenCli\n" }, { "path": ".php-cs-fixer.dist.php", "content": "setRiskyAllowed(false)\n ->setRules([\n '@auto' => true\n ])\n // 💡 by default, Fixer looks for `*.php` files excluding `./vendor/` - here, you can groom this config\n ->setFinder(\n (new Finder())\n // 💡 root folder to check\n ->in(__DIR__)\n // 💡 additional files, eg bin entry file\n // ->append([__DIR__.'/bin-entry-file'])\n // 💡 folders to exclude, if any\n // ->exclude([/* ... */])\n // 💡 path patterns to exclude, if any\n // ->notPath([/* ... */])\n // 💡 extra configs\n // ->ignoreDotFiles(false) // true by default in v3, false in v4 or future mode\n // ->ignoreVCS(true) // true by default\n )\n;\n" }, { "path": ".pre-commit-config.yaml", "content": "default_install_hook_types:\n - pre-commit\n - commit-msg\nexclude: ^docs/snippets/|vendor/|node_modules/|target/|dist/|artifacts/|scripts/ci/|\\.cache/|rust-vendor/|\\.venv/\n\nrepos:\n # AI-Rulez: auto-generate AI assistant configuration files\n - repo: https://github.com/Goldziher/ai-rulez\n rev: v4.1.5\n hooks:\n - id: ai-rulez-generate\n\n # Commit message linting\n - repo: https://github.com/Goldziher/gitfluff\n rev: v0.8.0\n hooks:\n - id: gitfluff-lint\n args: [\"--write\"]\n stages: [commit-msg]\n\n # General file checks\n - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks\n rev: v6.0.0\n hooks:\n - id: trailing-whitespace\n exclude: \\.github/copilot-instructions\\.md\n - id: end-of-file-fixer\n exclude: \\.github/copilot-instructions\\.md\n - id: check-merge-conflict\n - id: check-added-large-files\n exclude: uv.lock\n - id: detect-private-key\n - id: check-json\n exclude: tsconfig\\.base\\.json\n - id: check-yaml\n args: [\"--allow-multiple-documents\", \"--unsafe\"]\n - id: check-toml\n - id: check-case-conflict\n\n # TOML formatting\n - repo: https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt\n rev: \"v2.21.1\"\n hooks:\n - id: pyproject-fmt\n\n - repo: https://github.com/DevinR528/cargo-sort\n rev: \"v2.1.4\"\n hooks:\n - id: cargo-sort\n args: [-w]\n\n # Python: ruff (linting + formatting) + mypy (type checking)\n - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit\n rev: v0.15.12\n hooks:\n - id: ruff\n args: [--fix]\n - id: ruff-format\n\n # Rust: formatting and linting (core workspace only — bindings handled by alef)\n - repo: https://github.com/AndrejOrsula/pre-commit-cargo\n rev: 0.5.0\n hooks:\n - id: cargo-fmt\n args: [\"--all\"]\n - id: cargo-clippy\n args:\n [\n \"--fix\",\n \"--allow-dirty\",\n \"--allow-staged\",\n \"--workspace\",\n \"--exclude=html-to-markdown-php\",\n \"--exclude=html-to-markdown-py\",\n \"--exclude=html-to-markdown-node\",\n \"--exclude=html-to-markdown-e2e-rust\",\n \"--all-features\",\n \"--all-targets\",\n \"--\",\n \"-D\",\n \"warnings\",\n ]\n\n - repo: https://github.com/bnjbvr/cargo-machete\n rev: v0.9.2\n hooks:\n - id: cargo-machete\n args: [crates/]\n exclude: ^(e2e/|test_apps/)\n\n - repo: https://github.com/EmbarkStudios/cargo-deny\n rev: 0.19.4\n hooks:\n - id: cargo-deny\n args: [\"check\"]\n\n # Node/TS/WASM: oxlint\n - repo: https://github.com/oxc-project/mirrors-oxlint\n rev: v1.62.0\n hooks:\n - id: oxlint\n args: [\"--fix\"]\n exclude: ^(docs/demo/|e2e/)\n\n # cppcheck — kept upstream until shared repo ships it\n - repo: https://github.com/pocc/pre-commit-hooks\n rev: v1.3.5\n hooks:\n - id: cppcheck\n args:\n [\n \"--std=c11\",\n \"--enable=warning,style,performance\",\n \"--suppress=missingIncludeSystem\",\n \"--suppress=unusedStructMember\",\n \"--suppress=normalCheckLevelMaxBranches\",\n ]\n files: ^crates/html-to-markdown-ffi/tests/c/\n\n # Markdown linting\n - repo: https://github.com/rvben/rumdl-pre-commit\n rev: \"v0.1.86\"\n hooks:\n - id: rumdl-fmt\n exclude: 'test_documents/|\\.ai-rulez/|\\.remote-cache/|e2e/|fixtures/|test_apps/|\\.github/copilot-instructions\\.md|CLAUDE\\.md|\\.claude/|\\.agents/|\\.codex/'\n\n # Shared kreuzberg-dev polyglot hooks (shell, C/C++, Java checkstyle, Go, Python, Ruby, C#, PHP, Elixir)\n - repo: https://github.com/kreuzberg-dev/pre-commit-hooks\n rev: v0.1.0\n hooks:\n - id: shfmt\n args: [\"-w\", \"-i\", \"2\"]\n - id: shellcheck\n - id: clang-format\n args: [\"--style=file\"]\n files: ^crates/html-to-markdown-ffi/tests/c/\n - id: clang-tidy\n files: ^crates/html-to-markdown-ffi/tests/c/\n - id: checkstyle\n args: [\"-c\", \"packages/java/checkstyle.xml\", \"-p\", \"packages/java/checkstyle.properties\"]\n exclude: ^(\\.mvn/wrapper/|e2e/|test_apps/|packages/java/src/)\n - id: mypy\n exclude: \"e2e/|tests/|scripts/\"\n - id: go-fmt\n exclude: ^(e2e/|test_apps/)\n - id: golangci-lint\n exclude: ^(e2e/|test_apps/)\n env:\n KREUZBERG_GO_MOD_DIRS: \"packages/go\"\n - id: govulncheck\n exclude: ^(e2e/|test_apps/)\n - id: rubocop\n files: ^packages/ruby/.*\\.rb$\n exclude: ^packages/ruby/ext/\n - id: rubocop-lint\n files: ^packages/ruby/.*\\.(rb|rbs)$\n exclude: ^packages/ruby/ext/\n - id: steep\n files: ^packages/ruby/.*\\.(rb|rbs)$\n exclude: ^packages/ruby/ext/\n - id: dotnet-format\n files: ^packages/csharp/.*\\.cs$\n - id: dotnet-format-check\n files: ^packages/csharp/.*\\.cs$\n - id: php-cs-fixer\n files: ^packages/php/.*\\.php$\n - id: phpstan\n files: ^packages/php/(src|tests|stubs)/.*\\.php$\n args: [\"analyse\", \"--no-progress\", \"--configuration\", \"packages/php/phpstan.neon\"]\n - id: mix-format\n files: ^packages/elixir/\n - id: mix-credo\n files: ^packages/elixir/\n - id: java-verify\n files: ^packages/java/\n\n # Alef: verify bindings and sync versions\n - repo: https://github.com/kreuzberg-dev/alef\n rev: v0.13.6\n hooks:\n - id: alef-verify\n - id: alef-sync-versions\n\n # GitHub Actions: linting\n - repo: https://github.com/rhysd/actionlint\n rev: v1.7.12\n hooks:\n - id: actionlint\n\n # Java cpd — kept upstream (not yet in shared repo)\n - repo: https://github.com/gherynos/pre-commit-java\n rev: v0.6.37\n hooks:\n - id: cpd\n exclude: ^(\\.mvn/wrapper/|e2e/|test_apps/|packages/java/src/)\n\n # Spelling (last — runs after all formatters and generators)\n - repo: https://github.com/crate-ci/typos\n rev: v1.46.0\n hooks:\n - id: typos\n args: [--force-exclude]\n" }, { "path": ".ruby-version", "content": "3.4.8\n" }, { "path": ".rumdl.toml", "content": "# rumdl — Rust-based markdown linter\n# https://github.com/rvben/rumdl\n\nrespect-gitignore = true\nexclude = [\"node_modules\", \"target\", \"dist\", \"vendor\"]\n\n# MD013: Disable line-length enforcement (tables and code blocks can be long)\n# MD041: Don't require first line to be an H1\n# MD046: Disable code block style — MkDocs tabs/admonitions indent fenced\n# blocks, which rumdl misidentifies as indented code blocks\n# MD051: Disable cross-file link fragment checking (incompatible with MkDocs\n# HTML processing — MkDocs strips tags from heading IDs)\n# MD013: Line length (tables/code can be long)\n# MD033: Inline HTML (MkDocs uses HTML extensively)\n# MD036: Emphasis as heading (intentional style in docs/READMEs)\n# MD041: First line H1 not required\n# MD046: Code block style (MkDocs tabs indent fenced blocks)\n# MD051: Link fragment checking (incompatible with MkDocs anchor generation)\n# MD076: Blank lines between list items (intentional formatting in READMEs)\ndisable = [\n \"MD012\",\n \"MD013\",\n \"MD024\",\n \"MD033\",\n \"MD036\",\n \"MD041\",\n \"MD046\",\n \"MD051\",\n \"MD076\",\n]\n\n# MD024: Allow duplicate heading names if they are not siblings\n[MD024]\nsiblings_only = true\n" }, { "path": ".sdkmanrc", "content": "java=25.0.2-tem\nmaven=3.9.9\n" }, { "path": ".task/README.md", "content": "# .task/ Directory - Modular Task Organization\n\nThis directory contains the modular Task configuration for the html-to-markdown project, following the **Kreuzberg pattern** for maintainable, scalable build automation.\n\n## Purpose\n\nThe `.task/` directory structure reduces the root `Taskfile.yml` from 838 lines to ~250 lines (66% reduction) by organizing tasks into logical modules. This approach:\n\n- **Improves Maintainability**: Each language/workflow lives in its own file\n- **Enables Reusability**: Common patterns defined once, reused everywhere\n- **Simplifies Testing**: Test individual modules independently\n- **Supports Cross-Platform**: Platform-specific logic isolated in config/\n- **Scales Gracefully**: Adding new languages doesn't bloat the root Taskfile\n\n## Directory Structure\n\n```text\n.task/\n├── config/\n│ ├── vars.yml # Global variables, version detection, paths\n│ └── platforms.yml # OS/arch detection, library extensions, target triples\n│\n├── languages/ # Language-specific task modules (11 total)\n│ ├── rust.yml # Rust core library tasks\n│ ├── python.yml # PyO3 Python bindings\n│ ├── node.yml # NAPI-RS Node.js bindings\n│ ├── typescript.yml # TypeScript wrapper package\n│ ├── wasm.yml # WebAssembly bindings\n│ ├── ruby.yml # Magnus Ruby bindings\n│ ├── php.yml # ext-php-rs PHP extension\n│ ├── go.yml # Go FFI wrapper\n│ ├── java.yml # Java JNI bindings\n│ ├── csharp.yml # C# P/Invoke wrapper\n│ └── elixir.yml # Elixir NIF bindings\n│\n├── workflows/ # Aggregated workflow tasks (internal)\n│ ├── build.yml # Build all languages with profile support\n│ ├── test.yml # Test all languages (parallel/sequential)\n│ └── lint.yml # Lint all languages with auto-fix\n│\n└── tools/ # Utility and automation tasks\n ├── version-sync.yml # Version synchronization across manifests\n ├── general.yml # TOML formatting, shell linting\n └── pre-commit.yml # Prek pre-commit hook management (future)\n```\n\n## Configuration Files\n\n### `config/vars.yml`\n\n**Purpose**: Global variables shared across all task modules.\n\n**Key Variables**:\n\n```yaml\nVERSION: # Extracted from Cargo.toml\nBUILD_PROFILE: # dev/release/ci (default: release)\nOS: # darwin/linux/windows\nARCH: # x86_64/arm64/armv7\nNUM_CPUS: # Detected CPU count for parallel builds\nROOT: # Project root directory\nCRATES_DIR: # crates/ directory\nPACKAGES_DIR: # packages/ directory\nTARGET_DIR: # target/ directory (Rust build outputs)\n```\n\n**Example Usage**:\n\n```yaml\n# In any language module:\ndir: \"{{.PACKAGES_DIR}}/python\"\ncmds:\n - cargo build --profile {{.BUILD_PROFILE}}\n```\n\n### `config/platforms.yml`\n\n**Purpose**: Platform-specific detection and configuration.\n\n**Key Variables**:\n\n```yaml\nEXE_EXT: # .exe on Windows, empty on Unix\nLIB_EXT: # dylib/so/dll based on OS\nLIB_PREFIX: # lib on Unix, empty on Windows\nRUST_TARGET: # Target triple (x86_64-apple-darwin, etc.)\nRUBY_FULL_PATH: # Full path to Ruby binary (handles Homebrew ARM64)\nIS_WINDOWS: # Boolean: true on Windows\nIS_MACOS: # Boolean: true on macOS\nIS_LINUX: # Boolean: true on Linux\n```\n\n**Example Usage**:\n\n```yaml\n# Cross-platform library path configuration:\nenv:\n LD_LIBRARY_PATH: '{{if ne .OS \"windows\"}}{{.TARGET_DIR}}/release{{end}}'\n PATH: '{{if eq .OS \"windows\"}}{{.TARGET_DIR}}/release;{{end}}{{.PATH}}'\n```\n\n## Language Modules\n\nEach language module follows a **consistent pattern**:\n\n### Standard Tasks (All Languages)\n\n```yaml\ninstall: # Install dependencies/toolchain\nbuild: # Build with profile support (uses BUILD_PROFILE)\nbuild:dev: # Debug build (fast, unoptimized)\nbuild:release: # Release build (optimized)\nbuild:ci: # CI build (release + debug symbols)\ntest: # Run tests\ntest:ci: # Run tests with coverage (CI mode)\ncoverage: # Generate coverage reports (lcov format)\nlint: # Lint + auto-fix (format + linters)\nlint:check: # Check-only (no modifications, for CI)\nformat: # Format code\nformat:check: # Check formatting without changes\nupdate: # Update dependencies\nclean: # Remove build artifacts\n```\n\n### Example: `languages/python.yml`\n\n```yaml\nversion: \"3\"\ninternal: true\n\nincludes:\n platforms: ../config/platforms.yml\n\nvars:\n BUILD_PROFILE: \"{{.BUILD_PROFILE | default \\\"release\\\"}}\"\n PYTHON_WORK_DIR: \"{{.PACKAGES_DIR}}/python\"\n\ntasks:\n install:\n desc: \"Install Python dependencies with uv\"\n dir: \"{{.PYTHON_WORK_DIR}}\"\n cmds:\n - uv sync\n - uv pip install -e .\n\n build:\n desc: \"Build Python bindings with maturin ({{.BUILD_PROFILE}} profile)\"\n dir: \"{{.PYTHON_WORK_DIR}}\"\n cmds:\n - maturin develop{{if eq .BUILD_PROFILE \"release\"}} --release{{end}}\n\n test:\n desc: \"Run Python tests with pytest\"\n dir: \"{{.PYTHON_WORK_DIR}}\"\n cmds:\n - pytest -v tests/\n\n # ... additional tasks\n```\n\n### Cross-Platform Patterns\n\n**DO Use** (Cross-Platform Compatible):\n\n```yaml\n# Python for file operations:\n- cmd: |\n python -c \"\n import shutil, glob\n for d in ['build', 'dist']:\n shutil.rmtree(d, ignore_errors=True)\n \"\n\n# Conditional environment variables:\nenv:\n LD_LIBRARY_PATH: '{{if ne .OS \"windows\"}}{{.TARGET_DIR}}/release{{end}}'\n PATH: '{{if eq .OS \"windows\"}}{{.TARGET_DIR}}/release;{{end}}{{.PATH}}'\n\n# Task's built-in ignore_error:\n- cmd: some-command-that-might-fail\n ignore_error: true\n```\n\n**DON'T Use** (Platform-Specific):\n\n```yaml\n# ❌ Unix-only commands:\n- rm -rf build/ dist/\n- find . -name \"*.pyc\" -delete\n\n# ❌ Hardcoded paths:\n- /opt/homebrew/bin/ruby\n- C:\\Program Files\\Tool\\bin\n\n# ❌ Bash-specific syntax:\n- cmd: test -d .venv && source .venv/bin/activate\n```\n\n## Workflow Modules\n\nWorkflow modules aggregate language tasks into unified operations. These are **internal** (not exposed to users directly).\n\n### `workflows/build.yml`\n\n```yaml\nversion: \"3\"\ninternal: true\n\ntasks:\n all:\n desc: \"Build all language bindings\"\n cmds:\n - task: rust:build\n - task: python:build\n - task: node:build\n # ... (11 languages)\n\n all:dev:\n desc: \"Build all in debug mode\"\n cmds:\n - task: rust:build:dev\n - task: python:build:dev\n # ...\n\n core:\n desc: \"Build Rust core only\"\n cmds:\n - task: rust:build\n\n bindings:\n desc: \"Build all bindings (skip core)\"\n cmds:\n - task: python:build\n - task: node:build\n # ... (exclude rust)\n```\n\n### `workflows/test.yml`\n\n```yaml\nversion: \"3\"\ninternal: true\n\ntasks:\n all:\n desc: \"Run all tests\"\n cmds:\n - task: rust:test\n - task: python:test\n # ... (sequential)\n\n all:parallel:\n desc: \"Run tests in parallel\"\n deps:\n - rust:test\n - python:test\n # ... (parallel execution)\n\n all:ci:\n desc: \"Run CI tests with coverage\"\n cmds:\n - task: rust:test:ci\n - task: python:test:ci\n # ...\n```\n\n## Tools Modules\n\n### `tools/version-sync.yml`\n\n**Purpose**: Synchronize version across all package manifests.\n\n```yaml\nversion: \"3\"\n\ntasks:\n sync:\n desc: \"Sync version from Cargo.toml to all manifests\"\n cmds:\n - python {{.ROOT}}/scripts/sync_versions.py\n```\n\n**Updates**:\n\n- Cargo workspace members (crates/*/Cargo.toml)\n- Python (packages/python/pyproject.toml)\n- Node.js (packages/typescript/package.json)\n- Ruby (packages/ruby/lib/html_to_markdown/version.rb)\n- PHP (packages/php/composer.json)\n- Go (packages/go/v3/version.go)\n- Java (packages/java/pom.xml)\n- C# (packages/csharp/HtmlToMarkdown.csproj)\n- Elixir (packages/elixir/mix.exs)\n- **test_apps manifests** (tests/test_apps/*/pyproject.toml, package.json, etc.)\n\n### `tools/general.yml`\n\n**Purpose**: General-purpose linting and validation tasks.\n\n```yaml\nversion: \"3\"\n\ntasks:\n toml:format:\n desc: \"Format TOML files\"\n cmds:\n - taplo format **/*.toml\n\n toml:format:check:\n desc: \"Check TOML formatting\"\n cmds:\n - taplo format --check **/*.toml\n```\n\n## How to Add a New Language\n\nLet's add **Swift** as an example:\n\n### Step 1: Create Language Module\n\n**File**: `.task/languages/swift.yml`\n\n```yaml\nversion: \"3\"\ninternal: true\n\nincludes:\n platforms: ../config/platforms.yml\n\nvars:\n BUILD_PROFILE: \"{{.BUILD_PROFILE | default \\\"release\\\"}}\"\n SWIFT_WORK_DIR: \"{{.PACKAGES_DIR}}/swift\"\n\ntasks:\n install:\n desc: \"Install Swift dependencies\"\n dir: \"{{.SWIFT_WORK_DIR}}\"\n cmds:\n - swift package resolve\n\n build:\n desc: \"Build Swift package ({{.BUILD_PROFILE}} profile)\"\n dir: \"{{.SWIFT_WORK_DIR}}\"\n cmds:\n - cmd: swift build{{if eq .BUILD_PROFILE \"release\"}} -c release{{else}} -c debug{{end}}\n ignore_error: false\n\n build:dev:\n desc: \"Build Swift package in debug mode\"\n dir: \"{{.SWIFT_WORK_DIR}}\"\n cmds:\n - swift build -c debug\n\n build:release:\n desc: \"Build Swift package in release mode\"\n dir: \"{{.SWIFT_WORK_DIR}}\"\n cmds:\n - swift build -c release\n\n test:\n desc: \"Run Swift tests\"\n dir: \"{{.SWIFT_WORK_DIR}}\"\n cmds:\n - swift test\n\n test:ci:\n desc: \"Run Swift tests with coverage (CI mode)\"\n dir: \"{{.SWIFT_WORK_DIR}}\"\n cmds:\n - swift test --enable-code-coverage\n\n lint:\n desc: \"Lint Swift code with auto-fix\"\n dir: \"{{.SWIFT_WORK_DIR}}\"\n cmds:\n - swiftlint --fix\n - swiftformat .\n\n lint:check:\n desc: \"Lint Swift code without auto-fix\"\n dir: \"{{.SWIFT_WORK_DIR}}\"\n cmds:\n - swiftlint\n - swiftformat --lint .\n\n format:\n desc: \"Format Swift code\"\n dir: \"{{.SWIFT_WORK_DIR}}\"\n cmds:\n - swiftformat .\n\n format:check:\n desc: \"Check Swift formatting\"\n dir: \"{{.SWIFT_WORK_DIR}}\"\n cmds:\n - swiftformat --lint .\n\n update:\n desc: \"Update Swift dependencies\"\n dir: \"{{.SWIFT_WORK_DIR}}\"\n cmds:\n - swift package update\n\n clean:\n desc: \"Clean Swift build artifacts\"\n dir: \"{{.SWIFT_WORK_DIR}}\"\n cmds:\n - swift package clean\n```\n\n### Step 2: Include in Root Taskfile\n\n**File**: `Taskfile.yml`\n\n```yaml\nincludes:\n # ... existing includes\n swift:\n taskfile: .task/languages/swift.yml\n```\n\n### Step 3: Add to Workflow Aggregators\n\n**File**: `.task/workflows/build.yml`\n\n```yaml\ntasks:\n all:\n cmds:\n - task: rust:build\n # ... existing languages\n - task: swift:build # ADD THIS\n```\n\n**File**: `.task/workflows/test.yml`\n\n```yaml\ntasks:\n all:\n cmds:\n - task: rust:test\n # ... existing languages\n - task: swift:test # ADD THIS\n```\n\n**File**: `.task/workflows/lint.yml`\n\n```yaml\ntasks:\n all:\n cmds:\n - task: rust:lint\n # ... existing languages\n - task: swift:lint # ADD THIS\n```\n\n### Step 4: Update Root Taskfile Aggregates\n\n**File**: `Taskfile.yml`\n\n```yaml\ntasks:\n setup:\n cmds:\n - task: rust:install\n # ... existing installs\n - task: swift:install # ADD THIS\n```\n\nNow users can run:\n\n```bash\ntask swift:build\ntask swift:test\ntask swift:lint\n```\n\n## Internal vs Public Tasks\n\n### Internal Tasks\n\nDefined with `internal: true` at the file level:\n\n```yaml\nversion: \"3\"\ninternal: true # This file's tasks are not listed in `task --list`\n```\n\n**Characteristics**:\n\n- Not visible in `task --list`\n- Only callable from other tasks\n- Used for: config files, workflow aggregators\n\n**Examples**:\n\n- `.task/config/vars.yml` (internal)\n- `.task/workflows/build.yml` (internal)\n- `.task/workflows/test.yml` (internal)\n\n### Public Tasks\n\nIncluded without `internal: true` or via root Taskfile:\n\n```yaml\nincludes:\n rust:\n taskfile: .task/languages/rust.yml\n # No internal flag = public\n```\n\n**Characteristics**:\n\n- Visible in `task --list`\n- Directly callable by users\n- Used for: language modules, tool modules\n\n**Examples**:\n\n- `rust:build` (public)\n- `python:test` (public)\n- `version:sync` (public)\n\n## Best Practices\n\n### 1. Always Use Template Variables\n\n```yaml\n# ✅ Good:\ndir: \"{{.PACKAGES_DIR}}/python\"\ncmds:\n - cargo build --profile {{.BUILD_PROFILE}}\n\n# ❌ Bad:\ndir: \"packages/python\"\ncmds:\n - cargo build --release\n```\n\n### 2. Support All Build Profiles\n\n```yaml\n# ✅ Good: Profile-aware command\n- cmd: maturin develop{{if eq .BUILD_PROFILE \"release\"}} --release{{end}}\n\n# ❌ Bad: Hardcoded profile\n- cmd: maturin develop --release\n```\n\n### 3. Use Cross-Platform Commands\n\n```yaml\n# ✅ Good: Python for file operations\n- cmd: |\n python -c \"\n import shutil\n shutil.rmtree('build', ignore_errors=True)\n \"\n\n# ❌ Bad: Unix-only command\n- cmd: rm -rf build/\n```\n\n### 4. Include Platform Config\n\n```yaml\n# ✅ Good: Include platforms for cross-platform logic\nincludes:\n platforms: ../config/platforms.yml\n\nenv:\n LD_LIBRARY_PATH: '{{if ne .OS \"windows\"}}{{.TARGET_DIR}}/release{{end}}'\n\n# ❌ Bad: Hardcoded Unix assumption\nenv:\n LD_LIBRARY_PATH: \"{{.TARGET_DIR}}/release\"\n```\n\n### 5. Consistent Task Naming\n\n```yaml\n# ✅ Good: Consistent naming with colons\ninstall:\nbuild:\nbuild:dev:\nbuild:release:\nbuild:ci:\ntest:\ntest:ci:\nlint:\nlint:check:\nformat:\nformat:check:\n\n# ❌ Bad: Inconsistent naming\ninstall_deps:\nmake_build:\nrun_tests:\ncheck-format:\n```\n\n### 6. Document Descriptions\n\n```yaml\n# ✅ Good: Clear, actionable description\ninstall:\n desc: \"Install Python dependencies with uv\"\n\n# ❌ Bad: Vague or missing description\ninstall:\n desc: \"Install stuff\"\n```\n\n### 7. Error Handling\n\n```yaml\n# ✅ Good: Explicit error handling\n- cmd: pytest -v tests/\n ignore_error: false # Fail on errors\n\n- cmd: rm -rf .cache/\n ignore_error: true # OK to fail (file may not exist)\n\n# ❌ Bad: Implicit behavior\n- cmd: pytest -v tests/\n```\n\n## Troubleshooting\n\n### Task Not Found\n\n**Error**: `Task \"foo:bar\" not found`\n\n**Solution**: Ensure the include is in root `Taskfile.yml`:\n\n```yaml\nincludes:\n foo:\n taskfile: .task/languages/foo.yml\n```\n\n### Variable Not Defined\n\n**Error**: `template: :1:2: executing \"\" at <.SOME_VAR>: map has no entry for key \"SOME_VAR\"`\n\n**Solution**: Define variable in `.task/config/vars.yml` or include platforms:\n\n```yaml\nincludes:\n platforms: ../config/platforms.yml\n```\n\n### Cross-Platform Failures\n\n**Error**: Task works on macOS but fails on Windows\n\n**Solution**: Use conditional environment variables and cross-platform commands:\n\n```yaml\nenv:\n PATH: '{{if eq .OS \"windows\"}}{{.TARGET_DIR}}/release;{{end}}{{.PATH}}'\ncmds:\n - cmd: |\n python -c \"import shutil; shutil.rmtree('build', ignore_errors=True)\"\n```\n\n### Circular Dependencies\n\n**Error**: `task: import cycle not allowed`\n\n**Solution**: Avoid including files that include each other. Use internal workflow aggregators instead.\n\n## References\n\n- **Task Documentation**: \n- **Kreuzberg Pattern**: ../kreuzberg/ (sibling project)\n- **Root Taskfile**: ../Taskfile.yml\n- **Platform Config**: config/platforms.yml\n- **Global Variables**: config/vars.yml\n\n---\n\n**Last Updated**: 2025-12-28\n**Maintainers**: html-to-markdown contributors\n" }, { "path": ".task/checksum/_lint-typescript-lint", "content": "5185d264d62b8f691570c5e0c226b22\n" }, { "path": ".task/checksum/_test-typescript-test", "content": "b93fe0d03a54250e90b23f1a50fb35ec\n" }, { "path": ".task/checksum/typescript-typecheck", "content": "99aa06d3014798d86001c324468d497f\n" }, { "path": ".task/config/platforms.yml", "content": "version: \"3\"\ninternal: true\n\nincludes:\n vars: ./vars.yml\n\nvars:\n # Executable extension - empty for Unix, .exe for Windows\n EXE_EXT:\n sh: |\n if [[ \"$OSTYPE\" == \"msys\" ]] || [[ \"$OSTYPE\" == \"cygwin\" ]] || [[ \"$OSTYPE\" == \"win32\" ]]; then\n echo \".exe\"\n else\n echo \"\"\n fi\n\n # Library extension - platform specific shared library suffix\n LIB_EXT:\n sh: |\n if [[ \"$OSTYPE\" == \"darwin\"* ]]; then\n echo \"dylib\"\n elif [[ \"$OSTYPE\" == \"msys\" ]] || [[ \"$OSTYPE\" == \"cygwin\" ]] || [[ \"$OSTYPE\" == \"win32\" ]]; then\n echo \"dll\"\n else\n echo \"so\"\n fi\n\n # Library prefix - lib for Unix-like systems, empty for Windows\n LIB_PREFIX:\n sh: |\n if [[ \"$OSTYPE\" == \"msys\" ]] || [[ \"$OSTYPE\" == \"cygwin\" ]] || [[ \"$OSTYPE\" == \"win32\" ]]; then\n echo \"\"\n else\n echo \"lib\"\n fi\n\n # Platform string for Rust targets\n RUST_TARGET:\n sh: |\n ARCH=$(uname -m)\n OS_TYPE=\"$OSTYPE\"\n case \"$ARCH\" in\n x86_64|x64)\n ARCH_STR=\"x86_64\"\n ;;\n aarch64|arm64)\n ARCH_STR=\"aarch64\"\n ;;\n armv7l|armv7)\n ARCH_STR=\"armv7\"\n ;;\n *)\n ARCH_STR=\"$ARCH\"\n ;;\n esac\n\n if [[ \"$OS_TYPE\" == \"darwin\"* ]]; then\n echo \"${ARCH_STR}-apple-darwin\"\n elif [[ \"$OS_TYPE\" == \"linux-gnu\"* ]] || [[ \"$OS_TYPE\" == \"linux\"* ]]; then\n echo \"${ARCH_STR}-unknown-linux-gnu\"\n elif [[ \"$OS_TYPE\" == \"msys\" ]] || [[ \"$OS_TYPE\" == \"cygwin\" ]] || [[ \"$OS_TYPE\" == \"win32\" ]]; then\n echo \"${ARCH_STR}-pc-windows-msvc\"\n else\n echo \"${ARCH_STR}-unknown-unknown\"\n fi\n\n # Boolean platform checks (imported from vars.yml)\n IS_WINDOWS: \"{{.IS_WINDOWS}}\"\n IS_MACOS: \"{{.IS_MACOS}}\"\n IS_LINUX: \"{{.IS_LINUX}}\"\n\n # Ruby path detection - handles Homebrew ARM64 and standard installations\n RUBY_FULL_PATH:\n sh: |\n if command -v ruby >/dev/null 2>&1; then\n command -v ruby\n elif [[ \"$OSTYPE\" == \"darwin\"* ]] && [[ -f \"/opt/homebrew/opt/ruby/bin/ruby\" ]]; then\n echo \"/opt/homebrew/opt/ruby/bin/ruby\"\n else\n echo \"ruby\"\n fi\n\n # Convenient binary paths for platform-specific tools\n CARGO_BIN:\n sh: command -v cargo 2>/dev/null || echo \"cargo\"\n\n RUSTC_BIN:\n sh: command -v rustc 2>/dev/null || echo \"rustc\"\n\n # Shell script extension for platform-specific scripts\n SHELL_EXT:\n sh: |\n if [[ \"$OSTYPE\" == \"msys\" ]] || [[ \"$OSTYPE\" == \"cygwin\" ]] || [[ \"$OSTYPE\" == \"win32\" ]]; then\n echo \".ps1\"\n else\n echo \".sh\"\n fi\n" }, { "path": ".task/config/vars.yml", "content": "version: \"3\"\ninternal: true\n\nvars:\n # Version extraction from Cargo.toml (workspace.package.version)\n VERSION:\n sh: grep -m 1 'version = ' Cargo.toml | sed 's/version = \"\\(.*\\)\"/\\1/'\n\n # Build profile (dev/release/ci) - default to release\n BUILD_PROFILE: \"{{.BUILD_PROFILE | default \\\"release\\\"}}\"\n\n # Toolchain versions\n GOLANGCI_LINT_VERSION: \"latest\"\n GO_TOOLCHAIN: \"go1.26.0\"\n BUNDLER_VERSION: \"4.0.0\"\n RUBY_BIN:\n sh: |\n if command -v ruby >/dev/null 2>&1; then\n dirname \"$(command -v ruby)\"\n elif [[ \"$OSTYPE\" == \"darwin\"* ]] && [[ -d \"/opt/homebrew/opt/ruby/bin\" ]]; then\n echo \"/opt/homebrew/opt/ruby/bin\"\n else\n echo \"ruby\"\n fi\n\n # Logging\n RUST_LOG: \"info\"\n\n # Root project directories (absolute paths)\n ROOT: \"{{.ROOT_DIR}}\"\n CRATES_DIR: \"{{.ROOT_DIR}}/crates\"\n PACKAGES_DIR: \"{{.ROOT_DIR}}/packages\"\n SCRIPTS_DIR: \"{{.ROOT_DIR}}/scripts\"\n TOOLS_DIR: \"{{.ROOT_DIR}}/tools\"\n TARGET_DIR: \"{{.ROOT_DIR}}/target\"\n EXAMPLES_DIR: \"{{.ROOT_DIR}}/examples\"\n\n # OS Detection - determine operating system\n OS:\n sh: |\n case \"$(uname -s 2>/dev/null || echo 'unknown')\" in\n Darwin*)\n echo \"darwin\"\n ;;\n Linux*)\n echo \"linux\"\n ;;\n MINGW*|MSYS*|CYGWIN*)\n echo \"windows\"\n ;;\n *)\n if [[ \"$OSTYPE\" == \"darwin\"* ]]; then\n echo \"darwin\"\n elif [[ \"$OSTYPE\" == \"linux-gnu\"* ]] || [[ \"$OSTYPE\" == \"linux\"* ]]; then\n echo \"linux\"\n elif [[ \"$OSTYPE\" == \"msys\" ]] || [[ \"$OSTYPE\" == \"cygwin\" ]] || [[ \"$OSTYPE\" == \"win32\" ]]; then\n echo \"windows\"\n else\n echo \"unknown\"\n fi\n ;;\n esac\n\n # OS Boolean helpers\n IS_WINDOWS:\n sh: |\n if [[ \"$OSTYPE\" == \"msys\" ]] || [[ \"$OSTYPE\" == \"cygwin\" ]] || [[ \"$OSTYPE\" == \"win32\" ]]; then\n echo \"true\"\n else\n echo \"false\"\n fi\n\n IS_MACOS:\n sh: |\n if [[ \"$OSTYPE\" == \"darwin\"* ]]; then\n echo \"true\"\n else\n echo \"false\"\n fi\n\n IS_LINUX:\n sh: |\n if [[ \"$OSTYPE\" == \"linux-gnu\"* ]] || [[ \"$OSTYPE\" == \"linux\"* ]]; then\n echo \"true\"\n else\n echo \"false\"\n fi\n\n # Architecture detection - determine CPU architecture\n ARCH:\n sh: |\n ARCH=$(uname -m)\n case \"$ARCH\" in\n x86_64|x64)\n echo \"x86_64\"\n ;;\n aarch64|arm64)\n echo \"arm64\"\n ;;\n armv7l|armv7)\n echo \"armv7\"\n ;;\n armv6l|armv6)\n echo \"armv6\"\n ;;\n i686|i386)\n echo \"i386\"\n ;;\n *)\n echo \"$ARCH\"\n ;;\n esac\n\n # Number of CPUs available\n NUM_CPUS:\n sh: |\n if command -v nproc >/dev/null 2>&1; then\n nproc\n elif [[ \"$OSTYPE\" == \"darwin\"* ]]; then\n sysctl -n hw.ncpu\n elif [[ \"$OSTYPE\" == \"msys\" ]] || [[ \"$OSTYPE\" == \"cygwin\" ]] || [[ \"$OSTYPE\" == \"win32\" ]]; then\n echo \"${NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS:-4}\"\n else\n echo \"4\"\n fi\n\n # GNU Make parallel flag for optimal builds\n MAKE_JOBS: \"{{.NUM_CPUS}}\"\n" }, { "path": ".task/languages/python.yml", "content": "version: \"3\"\ninternal: true\n\nvars:\n BUILD_PROFILE: \"{{.BUILD_PROFILE | default \\\"release\\\"}}\"\n PYTHON_PKG: \"packages/python\"\n\ntasks:\n install:\n desc: \"Install Python dependencies with uv\"\n cmds:\n - cd {{.PYTHON_PKG}} && uv sync\n - cd {{.PYTHON_PKG}} && uv pip install -e .\n\n build:\n desc: \"Build Python bindings with maturin ({{.BUILD_PROFILE}} profile)\"\n cmds:\n - cd {{.PYTHON_PKG}} && maturin develop{{if eq .BUILD_PROFILE \"release\"}} --release{{end}}\n\n build:dev:\n desc: \"Build Python bindings in debug mode\"\n cmds:\n - cd {{.PYTHON_PKG}} && maturin develop\n\n build:release:\n desc: \"Build Python bindings in release mode\"\n cmds:\n - cd {{.PYTHON_PKG}} && maturin develop --release\n\n build:ci:\n desc: \"Build Python bindings for CI (release with debug info)\"\n cmds:\n - cd {{.PYTHON_PKG}} && maturin develop --release\n\n wheel:\n desc: \"Build Python wheel distribution\"\n cmds:\n - cd {{.PYTHON_PKG}} && maturin build --release\n\n coverage:\n desc: \"Generate Python code coverage report (lcov format)\"\n cmds:\n - cd {{.PYTHON_PKG}} && uv run pytest -v --cov=. --cov-report=lcov:coverage.lcov tests/\n\n clean:\n desc: \"Clean Python build artifacts\"\n cmds:\n - cmd: |\n cd {{.PYTHON_PKG}} && python -c \"\n import shutil, glob\n dirs = ['__pycache__', '.pytest_cache', '.mypy_cache', '.ruff_cache', 'dist', 'build', '.maturin']\n for d in dirs:\n shutil.rmtree(d, ignore_errors=True)\n for f in glob.glob('*.egg-info'):\n shutil.rmtree(f, ignore_errors=True)\n \"\n ignore_error: true\n" }, { "path": ".task/languages/rust.yml", "content": "version: \"3\"\ninternal: true\n\nincludes:\n platforms: ../config/platforms.yml\n\nvars:\n RUST_LOG: \"{{.RUST_LOG | default \\\"info\\\"}}\"\n BUILD_PROFILE: \"{{.BUILD_PROFILE | default \\\"release\\\"}}\"\n RUST_BACKTRACE: \"{{.RUST_BACKTRACE | default \\\"1\\\"}}\"\n CARGO_TERM_COLOR: \"always\"\n\ntasks:\n install:\n desc: \"Install Rust toolchain and components (rustup, cargo)\"\n silent: false\n cmds:\n - rustup update stable\n - rustup component add rustfmt clippy\n - rustup component add llvm-tools-preview\n - cargo install cargo-llvm-cov --locked\n - cargo install cargo-upgrades --locked\n - cargo --version\n - rustc --version\n\n build:\n desc: \"Build all Rust crates with {{.BUILD_PROFILE}} profile\"\n silent: false\n cmds:\n - cmd: |\n cargo build --workspace --profile {{.BUILD_PROFILE}} -j {{.NUM_CPUS}}\n ignore_error: false\n\n build:dev:\n desc: \"Build all Rust crates in debug mode\"\n silent: false\n cmds:\n - cmd: |\n cargo build --workspace -j {{.NUM_CPUS}}\n ignore_error: false\n\n build:release:\n desc: \"Build all Rust crates in release mode\"\n silent: false\n cmds:\n - cmd: |\n cargo build --workspace --release -j {{.NUM_CPUS}}\n ignore_error: false\n\n build:ci:\n desc: \"Build for CI with debug info enabled (no strip)\"\n silent: false\n cmds:\n - cmd: |\n CARGO_PROFILE_RELEASE_DEBUG=2 CARGO_PROFILE_RELEASE_STRIP=none cargo build --workspace --exclude html-to-markdown-php --release -j {{.NUM_CPUS}}\n ignore_error: false\n\n test:\n desc: \"Run Rust test suite\"\n silent: false\n cmds:\n - cmd: |\n RUST_LOG={{.RUST_LOG}} RUST_BACKTRACE={{.RUST_BACKTRACE}} cargo test --release --no-default-features --workspace --exclude html-to-markdown-py --exclude html-to-markdown-php -j {{.NUM_CPUS}}\n ignore_error: false\n\n test:ci:\n desc: \"Run tests with coverage for CI (generates lcov)\"\n silent: false\n cmds:\n - cmd: |\n {{if eq OS \"windows\"}}\n RUST_LOG={{.RUST_LOG}} RUST_BACKTRACE={{.RUST_BACKTRACE}} cargo llvm-cov --features metadata,visitor,inline-images --workspace --exclude html-to-markdown-py --exclude html-to-markdown-php --exclude benchmark-harness --lcov --output-path rust-coverage.lcov -j {{.NUM_CPUS}}\n {{else}}\n RUST_LOG={{.RUST_LOG}} RUST_BACKTRACE={{.RUST_BACKTRACE}} cargo llvm-cov --all-features --workspace --exclude html-to-markdown-py --exclude html-to-markdown-php --exclude benchmark-harness --lcov --output-path rust-coverage.lcov -j {{.NUM_CPUS}}\n {{end}}\n ignore_error: false\n - cmd: |\n {{if eq OS \"windows\"}}\n cargo llvm-cov --features metadata,visitor,inline-images --workspace --exclude html-to-markdown-py --exclude html-to-markdown-php --exclude benchmark-harness --summary-only\n {{else}}\n cargo llvm-cov --all-features --workspace --exclude html-to-markdown-py --exclude html-to-markdown-php --exclude benchmark-harness --summary-only\n {{end}}\n ignore_error: false\n\n coverage:\n desc: \"Generate code coverage report (lcov format)\"\n silent: false\n cmds:\n - cmd: |\n RUST_LOG={{.RUST_LOG}} cargo llvm-cov --all-features --workspace --exclude html-to-markdown-py --exclude html-to-markdown-php --exclude benchmark-harness --exclude html-to-markdown-wasm-wasmtime-tests --lcov --output-path rust-coverage.lcov -j {{.NUM_CPUS}}\n ignore_error: false\n\n lint:\n desc: \"Lint Rust code WITH auto-fix (cargo fmt + cargo clippy --fix)\"\n silent: false\n cmds:\n - cmd: cargo fmt --all\n ignore_error: false\n - cmd: |\n cargo clippy --workspace --fix --allow-dirty --allow-staged -j {{.NUM_CPUS}}\n ignore_error: false\n\n lint:check:\n desc: \"Lint Rust code WITHOUT auto-fix (check-only)\"\n silent: false\n cmds:\n - cmd: cargo fmt --all --check\n ignore_error: false\n - cmd: |\n cargo clippy -j {{.NUM_CPUS}} --workspace -- -D warnings\n ignore_error: false\n\n format:\n desc: \"Format Rust code (with modifications)\"\n silent: false\n cmds:\n - cmd: cargo fmt --all\n ignore_error: false\n\n format:check:\n desc: \"Check Rust formatting without modifications\"\n silent: false\n cmds:\n - cmd: cargo fmt --all --check\n ignore_error: false\n\n update:\n desc: \"Update Rust dependencies within major versions (cargo update)\"\n silent: false\n cmds:\n - cmd: cargo update\n ignore_error: false\n - cmd: cargo update --manifest-path packages/ruby/ext/html_to_markdown_rb/Cargo.toml\n ignore_error: false\n - cmd: cargo update --manifest-path packages/elixir/native/html_to_markdown_nif/Cargo.toml\n ignore_error: false\n - cmd: cargo update --manifest-path packages/r/src/rust/Cargo.toml\n ignore_error: false\n\n upgrade:\n desc: \"Upgrade Rust dependencies to latest including breaking changes (cargo upgrade --incompatible + cargo update)\"\n silent: false\n cmds:\n - cmd: cargo upgrade --incompatible\n ignore_error: false\n - cmd: cargo update\n ignore_error: false\n - cmd: cargo upgrade --incompatible --manifest-path packages/ruby/ext/html_to_markdown_rb/Cargo.toml\n ignore_error: false\n - cmd: cargo update --manifest-path packages/ruby/ext/html_to_markdown_rb/Cargo.toml\n ignore_error: false\n - cmd: cargo upgrade --incompatible --manifest-path packages/elixir/native/html_to_markdown_nif/Cargo.toml\n ignore_error: false\n - cmd: cargo update --manifest-path packages/elixir/native/html_to_markdown_nif/Cargo.toml\n ignore_error: false\n - cmd: cargo upgrade --incompatible --manifest-path packages/r/src/rust/Cargo.toml\n ignore_error: false\n - cmd: cargo update --manifest-path packages/r/src/rust/Cargo.toml\n ignore_error: false\n\n clean:\n desc: \"Clean Rust build artifacts\"\n silent: false\n cmds:\n - cmd: cargo clean\n ignore_error: false\n\n doc:\n desc: \"Generate and open Rust documentation\"\n silent: false\n cmds:\n - cmd: |\n cargo doc --workspace --all-features --no-deps --open\n ignore_error: false\n\n e2e:generate:\n desc: \"Generate E2E tests from fixtures using alef\"\n silent: false\n cmds:\n - cmd: alef e2e generate --lang rust\n ignore_error: false\n\n e2e:test:\n desc: \"Run Rust E2E tests in e2e/rust directory\"\n silent: false\n cmds:\n - cmd: cargo test --manifest-path e2e/rust/Cargo.toml\n ignore_error: false\n" }, { "path": ".task/tools/docs.yml", "content": "version: '3'\n\ntasks:\n generate-readme:\n desc: Generate package READMEs using alef\n cmds:\n - alef readme\n\n generate-readme:check:\n desc: Validate READMEs match generated output (CI mode)\n cmds:\n - alef readme\n - git diff --exit-code -- packages/*/README.md crates/*/README.md\n\n generate-docs:\n desc: Generate API reference documentation using alef\n cmds:\n - alef docs\n\n generate-docs:check:\n desc: Validate API docs match generated output (CI mode)\n cmds:\n - alef docs\n - git diff --exit-code -- docs/reference/\n" }, { "path": ".task/tools/general.yml", "content": "version: \"3\"\ninternal: true\n\nincludes:\n platforms: ../config/platforms.yml\n\nvars:\n SCRIPTS_DIR: \"{{.TASKFILE_DIR}}/../../scripts\"\n\ntasks:\n pre-commit:install:\n desc: \"Install prek pre-commit hooks for commit and commit-msg\"\n silent: false\n cmds:\n - cmd: prek install\n ignore_error: false\n - cmd: prek install --hook-type commit-msg\n ignore_error: false\n\n pre-commit:run:\n desc: \"Run prek pre-commit hooks on all files\"\n silent: false\n cmds:\n - cmd: prek run --all-files\n ignore_error: false\n\n pre-commit:uninstall:\n desc: \"Uninstall prek hooks\"\n silent: false\n cmds:\n - cmd: prek uninstall\n ignore_error: true\n - cmd: prek uninstall --hook-type commit-msg\n ignore_error: true\n\n validate:config:\n desc: \"Validate YAML task configuration files\"\n silent: false\n cmds:\n - cmd: |\n for file in {{.TASKFILE_DIR}}/**/*.yml; do\n echo \"Validating $file...\"\n if ! command -v yamllint &> /dev/null; then\n echo \"yamllint not found, skipping validation\"\n break\n fi\n yamllint \"$file\" || exit 1\n done\n ignore_error: false\n\n validate:all:\n desc: \"Validate all project configurations\"\n silent: false\n cmds:\n - task: validate:config\n" }, { "path": ".task/tools/version-sync.yml", "content": "version: \"3\"\ninternal: true\n\nincludes:\n platforms: ../config/platforms.yml\n\nvars:\n # Use installed alef binary. Install via: cargo binstall alef-cli\n # For local dev with sibling repo: cargo run --manifest-path ../alef/Cargo.toml --\n ALEF: \"alef\"\n\ntasks:\n sync:\n desc: \"Synchronize version across all package manifests and regenerate everything\"\n cmds:\n - \"{{.ALEF}} sync-versions\"\n - \"{{.ALEF}} readme\"\n - \"{{.ALEF}} docs\"\n - \"{{.ALEF}} generate --clean\"\n - \"{{.ALEF}} stubs\"\n - \"{{.ALEF}} e2e generate\"\n\n check:\n desc: \"Check if versions are synchronized (dry-run)\"\n cmds:\n - cmd: grep -m 1 'version = ' Cargo.toml | sed 's/version = \"\\(.*\\)\"/\\1/'\n silent: false\n\n bump:major:\n desc: \"Bump major version (X.0.0) and sync\"\n cmds:\n - \"{{.ALEF}} sync-versions --bump major\"\n - task: sync\n\n bump:minor:\n desc: \"Bump minor version (0.X.0) and sync\"\n cmds:\n - \"{{.ALEF}} sync-versions --bump minor\"\n - task: sync\n\n bump:patch:\n desc: \"Bump patch version (0.0.X) and sync\"\n cmds:\n - \"{{.ALEF}} sync-versions --bump patch\"\n - task: sync\n\n show:\n desc: \"Show current version from Cargo.toml\"\n cmds:\n - cmd: grep -m 1 'version = ' Cargo.toml | sed 's/version = \"\\(.*\\)\"/\\1/'\n silent: false\n" }, { "path": ".task/workflows/e2e.yml", "content": "version: \"3\"\n\ntasks:\n generate:all:\n desc: Generate all E2E tests from fixtures across all supported languages\n cmds:\n - alef e2e generate\n\n test:all:\n desc: Run all E2E tests across all supported languages\n cmds:\n - alef test --e2e\n\n lint:all:\n desc: Lint all generated E2E test code\n cmds:\n - alef lint\n\n verify:all:\n desc: Full E2E pipeline - generate, lint, and test all suites\n cmds:\n - alef e2e generate\n - alef lint\n - alef test --e2e\n\n generate:rust:\n desc: Generate Rust E2E tests from fixtures\n cmds:\n - alef e2e generate --lang rust\n\n test:rust:\n desc: Run Rust E2E tests\n cmds:\n - task: rust:e2e:test\n\n quick:\n desc: Run quick E2E tests (Rust only)\n cmds:\n - task: rust:e2e:test\n" }, { "path": ".typos.toml", "content": "[files]\nextend-exclude = [\"target/\", \".alef/\", \"*.lock\", \"*.min.js\"]\n\n[default.extend-words]\n# Add project-specific words here\n# crate_name = \"crate_name\"\n" }, { "path": "ATTRIBUTIONS.md", "content": "# Attributions\n\nThis project includes vendored code from third-party libraries. This file\nprovides the required attribution and license information.\n\n## markup5ever_rcdom\n\n- **Version vendored**: 0.36.0+unofficial\n- **Original authors**: The html5ever Project Developers\n- **Repository**: \n- **Vendored into**: `crates/html-to-markdown/src/rcdom.rs`\n- **License**: MIT OR Apache-2.0\n\n### MIT License\n\n```text\nCopyright (c) 2014 The html5ever Project Developers\n\nPermission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any\nperson obtaining a copy of this software and associated\ndocumentation files (the \"Software\"), to deal in the\nSoftware without restriction, including without\nlimitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,\npublish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of\nthe Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software\nis furnished to do so, subject to the following\nconditions:\n\nThe above copyright notice and this permission notice\nshall be included in all copies or substantial portions\nof the Software.\n\nTHE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF\nANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED\nTO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A\nPARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT\nSHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY\nCLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION\nOF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR\nIN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER\nDEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.\n```\n\n### Apache License, Version 2.0\n\n```text\n Apache License\n Version 2.0, January 2004\n http://www.apache.org/licenses/\n\nTERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION\n\n1. Definitions.\n\n \"License\" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,\n and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.\n\n \"Licensor\" shall mean the copyright owner or entity authorized by\n the copyright owner that is granting the License.\n\n \"Legal Entity\" shall mean the union of the acting entity and all\n other entities that control, are controlled by, or are under common\n control with that entity. For the purposes of this definition,\n \"control\" means (i) the power, direct or indirect, to cause the\n direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or\n otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the\n outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity.\n\n \"You\" (or \"Your\") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity\n exercising permissions granted by this License.\n\n \"Source\" form shall mean the preferred form for making modifications,\n including but not limited to software source code, documentation\n source, and configuration files.\n\n \"Object\" form shall mean any form resulting from mechanical\n transformation or translation of a Source form, including but\n not limited to compiled object code, generated documentation,\n and conversions to other media types.\n\n \"Work\" shall mean the work of authorship, whether in Source or\n Object form, made available under the License, as indicated by a\n copyright notice that is included in or attached to the work\n (an example is provided in the Appendix below).\n\n \"Derivative Works\" shall mean any work, whether in Source or Object\n form, that is based on (or derived from) the Work and for which the\n editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications\n represent, as a whole, an original work of authorship. For the purposes\n of this License, Derivative Works shall not include works that remain\n separable from, or merely link (or bind by name) to the interfaces of,\n the Work and Derivative Works thereof.\n\n \"Contribution\" shall mean any work of authorship, including\n the original version of the Work and any modifications or additions\n to that Work or Derivative Works thereof, that is intentionally\n submitted to Licensor for inclusion in the Work by the copyright owner\n or by an individual or Legal Entity authorized to submit on behalf of\n the copyright owner. For the purposes of this definition, \"submitted\"\n means any form of electronic, verbal, or written communication sent\n to the Licensor or its representatives, including but not limited to\n communication on electronic mailing lists, source code control systems,\n and issue tracking systems that are managed by, or on behalf of, the\n Licensor for the purpose of discussing and improving the Work, but\n excluding communication that is conspicuously marked or otherwise\n designated in writing by the copyright owner as \"Not a Contribution.\"\n\n \"Contributor\" shall mean Licensor and any individual or Legal Entity\n on behalf of whom a Contribution has been received by Licensor and\n subsequently incorporated within the Work.\n\n2. Grant of Copyright License. Subject to the terms and conditions of\n this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,\n worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable\n copyright license to reproduce, prepare Derivative Works of,\n publicly display, publicly perform, sublicense, and distribute the\n Work and such Derivative Works in Source or Object form.\n\n3. Grant of Patent License. Subject to the terms and conditions of\n this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,\n worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable\n (except as stated in this section) patent license to make, have made,\n use, offer to sell, sell, import, and otherwise transfer the Work,\n where such license applies only to those patent claims licensable\n by such Contributor that are necessarily infringed by their\n Contribution(s) alone or by combination of their Contribution(s)\n with the Work to which such Contribution(s) was submitted. If You\n institute patent litigation against any entity (including a\n cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that the Work\n or a Contribution incorporated within the Work constitutes direct\n or contributory patent infringement, then any patent licenses\n granted to You under this License for that Work shall terminate\n as of the date such litigation is filed.\n\n4. Redistribution. You may reproduce and distribute copies of the\n Work or Derivative Works thereof in any medium, with or without\n modifications, and in Source or Object form, provided that You\n meet the following conditions:\n\n (a) You must give any other recipients of the Work or\n Derivative Works a copy of this License; and\n\n (b) You must cause any modified files to carry prominent notices\n stating that You changed the files; and\n\n (c) You must retain, in the Source form of any Derivative Works\n that You distribute, all copyright, patent, trademark, and\n attribution notices from the Source form of the Work,\n excluding those notices that do not pertain to any part of\n the Derivative Works; and\n\n (d) If the Work includes a \"NOTICE\" text file as part of its\n distribution, then any Derivative Works that You distribute must\n include a readable copy of the attribution notices contained\n within such NOTICE file, excluding those notices that do not\n pertain to any part of the Derivative Works, in at least one\n of the following places: within a NOTICE text file distributed\n as part of the Derivative Works; within the Source form or\n documentation, if provided along with the Derivative Works; or,\n within a display generated by the Derivative Works, if and\n wherever such third-party notices normally appear. The contents\n of the NOTICE file are for informational purposes only and\n do not modify the License. You may add Your own attribution\n notices within Derivative Works that You distribute, alongside\n or as an addendum to the NOTICE text from the Work, provided\n that such additional attribution notices cannot be construed\n as modifying the License.\n\n You may add Your own copyright statement to Your modifications and\n may provide additional or different license terms and conditions\n for use, reproduction, or distribution of Your modifications, or\n for any such Derivative Works as a whole, provided Your use,\n reproduction, and distribution of the Work otherwise complies with\n the conditions stated in this License.\n\n5. Submission of Contributions. Unless You explicitly state otherwise,\n any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work\n by You to the Licensor shall be under the terms and conditions of\n this License, without any additional terms or conditions.\n Notwithstanding the above, nothing herein shall supersede or modify\n the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed\n with Licensor regarding such Contributions.\n\n6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade\n names, trademarks, service marks, or product names of the Licensor,\n except as required for reasonable and customary use in describing the\n origin of the Work and reproducing the content of the NOTICE file.\n\n7. Disclaimer of Warranty. Unless required by applicable law or\n agreed to in writing, Licensor provides the Work (and each\n Contributor provides its Contributions) on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or\n implied, including, without limitation, any warranties or conditions\n of TITLE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, or FITNESS FOR A\n PARTICULAR PURPOSE. You are solely responsible for determining the\n appropriateness of using or redistributing the Work and assume any\n risks associated with Your exercise of permissions under this License.\n\n8. Limitation of Liability. In no event and under no legal theory,\n whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise,\n unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly\n negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall any Contributor be\n liable to You for damages, including any direct, indirect, special,\n incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising as a\n result of this License or out of the use or inability to use the\n Work (including but not limited to damages for loss of goodwill,\n work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any and all\n other commercial damages or losses), even if such Contributor\n has been advised of the possibility of such damages.\n\n9. Accepting Warranty or Additional Liability. While redistributing\n the Work or Derivative Works thereof, You may choose to offer,\n and charge a fee for, acceptance of support, warranty, indemnity,\n or other liability obligations and/or rights consistent with this\n License. However, in accepting such obligations, You may act only\n on Your own behalf and on Your sole responsibility, not on behalf\n of any other Contributor, and only if You agree to indemnify,\n defend, and hold each Contributor harmless for any liability\n incurred by, or claims asserted against, such Contributor by reason\n of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability.\n\nEND OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS\n```\n" }, { "path": "CHANGELOG.md", "content": "# Changelog\n\nAll notable changes to html-to-markdown will be documented in this file.\n\nThe format is based on [Keep a Changelog](https://keepachangelog.com/en/1.0.0/),\nand this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.html).\n\n## [Unreleased]\n\n### Fixed\n\n- **Visitor element start/end sequence for hyphenated tags (#331)** — the `repair_with_html5ever` fallback (triggered when input contains custom-element / hyphenated tag names) re-parsed the document under HTML5 semantics, which discard XML-style self-closing on unknown elements. As a result, `` was treated as an open tag and subsequent siblings nested inside it, breaking the visitor's pre-order/post-order start/end pairing. The repair path now pre-expands XML-style self-closing tags on non-void elements to explicit open+close pairs before the HTML5 parse, so visitor events remain correctly paired for hyphenated/namespaced custom tags.\n\n- **`default-features = false` build broken (#332)** — bare `#[serde(...)]` and `#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]` on core types in `src/types/{document,tables,result,warnings}.rs` and `src/options/conversion.rs` are now feature-gated behind `#[cfg_attr(feature = \"serde\", ...)]`. CI now runs `cargo check --no-default-features` matrix to prevent regressions.\n\n- **Ruby `TypeError` on `convert()` with options** (#334) — `HtmlToMarkdown.convert(html, options)`\n raised `TypeError` on every call that supplied options (including `3.4.0.pre.rc.15`). The Ruby\n wrapper was passing a `ConversionOptions` object to the FFI, but the generated Rust function\n expects `Option` (JSON). The wrapper now serialises the options hash to JSON before\n crossing the FFI boundary, matching what `serde_json::from_str` expects on the Rust side.\n\n## [3.3.3] - 2026-04-23\n\n### Fixed\n\n- **Python enum KeyError** (#324) — `ConversionOptions()` with default enums no longer crashes; PyO3 enum fields are passed directly instead of broken `str()` + map lookup.\n- **Ruby Magnus binding** — fixed 65 compilation errors: `funcall` API, visitor bridge args, `Vec` conversion, optional flattening, sanitized field serde round-trip.\n- **Elixir `.formatter.exs`** — 120-char line length, generated code now passes `mix format --check-formatted`.\n- **Unused deps** — removed `serde_json` from Node and WASM binding crates.\n- **Checkstyle** — excluded `test_apps/` from pre-commit checkstyle hook.\n\n## [3.3.2] - 2026-04-23\n\n### Fixed\n\n- **Elixir visitor bridge** — implemented async thread-based visitor protocol using `rustler::thread::spawn` + `OwnedEnv::send_and_clear` + `mpsc` channels, replacing the impossible synchronous `env.call()` approach.\n- **Elixir NIF rustler 0.37** — replaced removed `SavedTerm`, `is_nil()`, `Pid::spawn_monitor`, `.encode()` APIs with 0.37-compatible equivalents.\n- **Elixir type conversions** — fixed double-optional wrapping (`map(Some)`) and ambiguous `From` impl in generated `_from` methods.\n- **Java checkstyle** — added `maven-checkstyle-plugin` to pom.xml pointing to project `checkstyle.xml` (120-char limit), so `mvn checkstyle:check` uses our config instead of default Sun checks.\n- **Ruby Rakefile** — explicit `Bundler::GemHelper.install_tasks name:` for Bundler 4 compatibility.\n\n## [3.3.1] - 2026-04-23\n\n### Fixed\n\n- **Java checkstyle** — switched to 120-char line limit, added Spotless auto-formatting with Eclipse JDT formatter, added `final` params and javadoc to all generated code.\n- **Elixir `list` type collision** — `NodeContent::List` variant no longer redefines Elixir's built-in `list/0` type (now emits `list_variant`).\n- **Elixir NIF missing `serde`** — added `serde` with derive feature as direct dependency to the NIF crate.\n- **C# `VisitResult.Continue`** — default visitor methods now use `new VisitResult.Continue()` instead of non-invocable `VisitResult.Continue()`.\n- **Node `convert` export** — restored the missing `#[napi] pub fn convert` function dropped during binding regeneration.\n- **Ruby CI** — updated Bundler from 2.7.2 to 4.0.3 to match `Gemfile.lock`.\n\n## [3.3.0] - 2026-04-23\n\n### Added\n\n- **`exclude_selectors` option** — CSS selector-based element exclusion. Unlike `strip_tags` (which removes the wrapper but keeps children), excluded elements and all descendants are dropped entirely. Supports any CSS selector: `.class`, `#id`, `[attribute]`, compound selectors. Works in both markdown and plain text output modes.\n- **CLI flags** — `--preserve-tags`, `--skip-images`, `--max-depth` for full ConversionOptions parity.\n- **Visitor pattern for all bindings** (#314, #313) — restored visitor support across Python, TypeScript, Ruby, PHP, Go, Java, C#, Elixir, R, WASM, and C FFI.\n- **R visitor support** — added visitor callbacks for the R binding.\n- **E2E test fixtures** — 78 new fixtures for 100% ConversionOptions field coverage (35/35 fields). Added fixtures for `exclude_selectors`, `ConversionResult.tables`, and `ConversionResult.warnings`.\n- **Ruby RBS type stubs** — auto-generated via alef from the Rust IR, including `VERSION` constant. Gemspec now includes `sig/**/*`.\n- **Alef pre-commit hook** — `alef-verify` hook added to `.pre-commit-config.yaml` to check generated code freshness. CI installs alef v0.5.3 binary.\n\n### Fixed\n\n- **`

` inside `
` not exported** (#321) — top-level `
` elements were unconditionally dropped during preprocessing; now only `
` with navigation hints (e.g. `class=\"site-header\"`, `role=\"navigation\"`) is removed.\n- **`PreprocessingPreset` not wired into preprocessing logic** — the `preset` field on `PreprocessingOptions` was defined but never checked. Now Minimal/Standard/Aggressive presets have distinct behavior.\n- **`remove_forms` flag was dead code** — `
` elements are now dropped when `remove_forms: true` and preset is Standard or Aggressive.\n- **Aggressive preset** — now drops navigation-hinted elements of any tag type, `

');\n echo $result['content'];\n // # Hello\n ```\n\n Requires PHP 8.2+. The package ships precompiled extensions for common PHP versions. If no prebuilt extension matches, Composer will compile from source via `cargo`.\n\n=== \"Java\"\n\n **Maven** — add to `pom.xml`:\n\n ```xml\n \n dev.kreuzberg\n html-to-markdown\n 3.1.0\n \n ```\n\n **Gradle** — add to `build.gradle`:\n\n ```groovy\n implementation 'dev.kreuzberg:html-to-markdown:3.1.0'\n ```\n\n Or Kotlin DSL (`build.gradle.kts`):\n\n ```kotlin\n implementation(\"dev.kreuzberg:html-to-markdown:3.1.0\")\n ```\n\n **Verify:**\n\n ```java\n import dev.kreuzberg.htmltomarkdown.HtmlToMarkdown;\n\n public class Main {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n var result = HtmlToMarkdown.convert(\"

Hello

\");\n System.out.println(result.content());\n // # Hello\n }\n }\n ```\n\n Requires Java 22+. The JAR extracts the native `libhtml_to_markdown` shared library at startup. No separate install step is needed — the library is bundled for Linux x86_64, macOS arm64/x86_64, and Windows x64.\n\n=== \"C#\"\n\n ```bash\n dotnet add package KreuzbergDev.HtmlToMarkdown\n ```\n\n Or via the NuGet Package Manager in Visual Studio — search for `KreuzbergDev.HtmlToMarkdown`.\n\n **Verify:**\n\n ```csharp\n using HtmlToMarkdown;\n\n var result = HtmlToMarkdownConverter.Convert(\"

Hello

\");\n Console.WriteLine(result.Content);\n // # Hello\n ```\n\n Targets .NET Standard 2.0 and above (.NET 6+, .NET Framework 4.6.1+). The package bundles native binaries for Linux, macOS, and Windows via `NativeLibrary` P/Invoke.\n\n=== \"Elixir\"\n\n Add to `mix.exs`:\n\n ```elixir\n def deps do\n [\n {:html_to_markdown, \"~> 3.1\"}\n ]\n end\n ```\n\n Then fetch:\n\n ```bash\n mix deps.get\n ```\n\n **Verify:**\n\n ```elixir\n {:ok, result} = HtmlToMarkdown.convert(\"

Hello

\")\n IO.puts(result.content)\n # # Hello\n ```\n\n Requires Elixir 1.19+. Uses Rustler NIFs — precompiled NIF binaries are fetched automatically via `RustlerPrecompiled`. Set `RUSTLER_PRECOMPILED_GLOBAL_CACHE_PATH` to control cache location.\n\n=== \"R\"\n\n ```r\n install.packages(\"htmltomarkdown\")\n ```\n\n **Verify:**\n\n ```r\n library(htmltomarkdown)\n result <- htmltomarkdown::convert(\"

Hello

\")\n cat(result$content)\n # # Hello\n ```\n\n Requires R 4.0+. Available on CRAN for Linux (x86_64), macOS (arm64, x86_64), and Windows.\n\n=== \"C\"\n\n Download a prebuilt release archive for your platform from the [GitHub Releases page](https://github.com/kreuzberg-dev/html-to-markdown/releases). Each archive contains:\n\n - `libhtml_to_markdown.so` / `.dylib` / `.dll` — shared library\n - `libhtml_to_markdown.a` — static library\n - `html_to_markdown.h` — C header\n\n **Build from source** (requires Rust toolchain):\n\n ```bash\n git clone https://github.com/kreuzberg-dev/html-to-markdown.git\n cd html-to-markdown\n cargo build --release -p html-to-markdown-ffi\n # output: target/release/libhtml_to_markdown.{so,dylib,dll}\n ```\n\n **Link and verify:**\n\n ```c\n #include \"html_to_markdown.h\"\n #include \n\n int main(void) {\n HtmlToMarkdownResult r = html_to_markdown_convert(\"

Hello

\", NULL);\n if (r.error == NULL) {\n printf(\"%s\\n\", r.content);\n // # Hello\n }\n html_to_markdown_free_result(r);\n return 0;\n }\n ```\n\n Compile with:\n\n ```bash\n gcc main.c -lhtml_to_markdown -L./target/release -o main\n ```\n\n Always call `html_to_markdown_free_result` after every call. Memory returned across the FFI boundary is owned by the Rust allocator and must not be freed with `free()`.\n\n=== \"WASM\"\n\n ```bash\n npm install @kreuzberg/html-to-markdown-wasm\n ```\n\n **Verify:**\n\n ```javascript\n import init, { convert } from '@kreuzberg/html-to-markdown-wasm';\n\n await init(); // load and instantiate the .wasm file — call once\n\n const result = convert('

Hello

');\n console.log(result.content);\n // # Hello\n ```\n\n `init()` must complete before any `convert()` call. After that, `convert` is synchronous. The WASM build omits the `inline-images` feature (no filesystem access in the browser sandbox). Works in browsers, Cloudflare Workers, Deno, and Bun.\n\n---\n\n## CLI\n\nInstall via Cargo:\n\n```bash\ncargo install html-to-markdown-cli\n```\n\nOr via Homebrew:\n\n```bash\nbrew install kreuzberg-dev/tap/html-to-markdown\n```\n\n**Verify:**\n\n```bash\necho \"

Hello

\" | html-to-markdown\n# # Hello\n```\n\nSee [CLI reference](cli.md) for all flags and options.\n\n--8<-- \"snippets/feedback.md\"\n" }, { "path": "docs/language-guides.md", "content": "# Language Binding Guides\n\nEvery binding wraps the same Rust core. The option names and return shapes are identical across languages; only the syntax differs. This page covers per-language install notes and naming conventions.\n\n## Rust\n\n**Package:** `html-to-markdown-rs` on [crates.io](https://crates.io/crates/html-to-markdown-rs)\n\n```toml\nhtml-to-markdown-rs = \"3.1\"\n```\n\nOption structs follow Rust naming conventions (`snake_case`). Use the builder API via `ConversionOptions::builder()` or construct `ConversionOptions` directly.\n\nSee [Installation: Feature Flags](installation.md#feature-flags) for the six Cargo features.\n\n## Python\n\n**Package:** `html-to-markdown` on PyPI\n**Requires:** Python ≥ 3.10\n\n```bash\npip install html-to-markdown\n```\n\n```python\nfrom html_to_markdown import convert, ConversionOptions\n\nresult = convert(\"

Title

\", ConversionOptions(heading_style=\"atx\"))\nprint(result.content)\n```\n\nOption keys match the Rust field names (`snake_case`). `ConversionOptions` accepts keyword arguments. `ConversionResult` is a class with attributes — access fields as `result.content`, `result.metadata`, `result.tables`, `result.images`, `result.document`, `result.warnings`.\n\n## TypeScript\n\n**Package:** `@kreuzberg/html-to-markdown` on npm\n**Requires:** Node.js ≥ 18\n\n```bash\nnpm install @kreuzberg/html-to-markdown\n```\n\n```typescript\nimport { convert } from '@kreuzberg/html-to-markdown';\n\nconst result = convert('

Title

', { headingStyle: 'atx' });\nconsole.log(result.content);\n```\n\nOption keys are `camelCase` (`headingStyle`, `linkStyle`, `outputFormat`). The package ships both ESM and CJS outputs. TypeScript types are bundled.\n\n## Go\n\n**Module:** `github.com/kreuzberg-dev/html-to-markdown/packages/go/v3`\n**Requires:** Go ≥ 1.26\n\n```bash\ngo get github.com/kreuzberg-dev/html-to-markdown/packages/go/v3\n```\n\n```go\nimport htmltomarkdown \"github.com/kreuzberg-dev/html-to-markdown/packages/go/v3\"\n\nresult, err := htmltomarkdown.Convert(\"

Title

\", nil)\nif err != nil {\n log.Fatal(err)\n}\nfmt.Println(result.Content)\n```\n\nOptions use Go struct field names (`PascalCase`). `Convert` returns `(*ConversionResult, error)`. Errors are standard Go errors. Use `errors.Is`/`errors.As` to inspect them.\n\n## Ruby\n\n**Gem:** `html-to-markdown` on RubyGems\n**Requires:** Ruby ≥ 3.2\n\n```bash\ngem install html-to-markdown\n```\n\n```ruby\nrequire 'html_to_markdown'\n\nresult = HtmlToMarkdown.convert('

Title

', heading_style: :atx)\nputs result[:content]\n```\n\nOptions are keyword arguments with `snake_case` symbols. `result` is a hash. Errors raise `HtmlToMarkdown::ConversionError`.\n\n## PHP\n\n**Package:** `kreuzberg/html-to-markdown` on Packagist\n\n```bash\ncomposer require kreuzberg/html-to-markdown\n```\n\n```php\n$converter = new \\Kreuzberg\\HtmlToMarkdown\\Converter();\n$result = $converter->convert('

Title

', ['headingStyle' => 'atx']);\necho $result->content;\n```\n\nOptions are a plain associative array with `camelCase` keys. `$result` is a value object. Errors throw `\\Kreuzberg\\HtmlToMarkdown\\ConversionException`.\n\n## Java\n\n**Maven:** `dev.kreuzberg:html-to-markdown`\n\n```xml\n\n dev.kreuzberg\n html-to-markdown\n 3.1.0\n\n```\n\n```java\nimport dev.kreuzberg.HtmlToMarkdown;\nimport dev.kreuzberg.ConversionOptions;\n\nConversionOptions options = ConversionOptions.builder()\n .headingStyle(\"atx\")\n .build();\nConversionResult result = HtmlToMarkdown.convert(\"

Title

\", options);\nSystem.out.println(result.getContent());\n```\n\nUses a builder for options. Errors throw `dev.kreuzberg.ConversionException` (checked). The library ships with native binaries for Linux x86_64, macOS arm64/x86_64, and Windows x86_64.\n\n## C\n\n**NuGet:** `KreuzbergDev.HtmlToMarkdown`\n\n```bash\ndotnet add package KreuzbergDev.HtmlToMarkdown\n```\n\n```csharp\nusing KreuzbergDev.HtmlToMarkdown;\n\nvar options = new ConversionOptions { HeadingStyle = \"atx\" };\nvar result = HtmlToMarkdownConverter.Convert(\"

Title

\", options);\nConsole.WriteLine(result.Content);\n```\n\nOption properties are `PascalCase`. Errors throw `ConversionException`. The package targets `netstandard2.0` and above.\n\n## Elixir\n\n**Hex:** `html_to_markdown`\n**Requires:** Elixir ~> 1.19\n\n```elixir\n{:html_to_markdown, \"~> 3.1\"}\n```\n\n```elixir\ncase HtmlToMarkdown.convert(\"

Title

\", heading_style: :atx) do\n {:ok, result} -> IO.puts(result.content)\n {:error, reason} -> IO.warn(\"failed: #{reason}\")\nend\n```\n\n`convert/2` returns `{:ok, result}` or `{:error, reason}`. Options are a keyword list. The struct fields match the Rust names (`snake_case`).\n\n## R\n\n**CRAN:** `htmltomarkdown`\n\n```r\ninstall.packages(\"htmltomarkdown\")\n```\n\n```r\nlibrary(htmltomarkdown)\n\nresult <- htmltomarkdown::convert(\"

Title

\", heading_style = \"atx\")\ncat(result$content)\n```\n\nOptions are named function arguments. The returned list matches the `ConversionResult` shape with `snake_case` names. Errors stop execution with a message; wrap in `tryCatch` if you need to handle them.\n\n## C\n\n**Link against:** `libhtml_to_markdown`\n**Header:** `html_to_markdown.h`\n\nDownload a pre-built release archive for your platform from the [GitHub releases page](https://github.com/kreuzberg-dev/html-to-markdown/releases), or build from source with `cargo build --release -p html-to-markdown-ffi`.\n\n```c\n#include \"html_to_markdown.h\"\n\nHtmlToMarkdownResult result = html_to_markdown_convert(\"

Title

\", NULL);\nif (result.error == NULL) {\n printf(\"%s\\n\", result.content);\n}\nhtml_to_markdown_free_result(result);\n```\n\nAlways call `html_to_markdown_free_result` to release memory owned by the Rust allocator. The C API is a thin synchronous FFI layer. No async mode, no thread-local state.\n\n## WASM\n\n**npm:** `@kreuzberg/html-to-markdown-wasm`\n\n```bash\nnpm install @kreuzberg/html-to-markdown-wasm\n```\n\n```javascript\nimport init, { convert } from '@kreuzberg/html-to-markdown-wasm';\n\nawait init();\nconst result = convert('

Title

', { headingStyle: 'atx' });\nconsole.log(result.content);\n```\n\n`init()` loads and instantiates the `.wasm` file. Call it once before any conversion. After that, `convert` is synchronous. Options use `camelCase` and have the same shape as the TypeScript binding. The WASM build omits the `inline-images` feature (no file-system access in the browser sandbox).\n\n--8<-- \"snippets/feedback.md\"\n" }, { "path": "docs/llms.txt", "content": "# html-to-markdown\n\n> High-performance HTML to Markdown conversion library with 12 native language bindings.\n\n## Links\n\n- GitHub: https://github.com/kreuzberg-dev/html-to-markdown\n- Organization: https://github.com/kreuzberg-dev\n- Kreuzberg (document extraction): https://github.com/kreuzberg-dev/kreuzberg\n- Kreuzberg Docs: https://docs.kreuzberg.dev\n- PyPI: https://pypi.org/project/html-to-markdown/\n- npm: https://www.npmjs.com/package/@kreuzberg/html-to-markdown\n- crates.io: https://crates.io/crates/html-to-markdown-rs\n- Docs: https://docs.html-to-markdown.kreuzberg.dev\n\n## Capabilities\n\n- Convert HTML to Markdown, Djot, or plain text\n- Extract structured document tree (DocumentStructure with headings, paragraphs, lists, tables, etc.)\n- Extract HTML metadata (title, description, Open Graph, Twitter Card, JSON-LD, links, images)\n- Extract inline images from data URIs and SVGs\n- Table extraction with cell-level data (colspan, rowspan, headers)\n- Custom visitor pattern for content filtering and transformation\n- 12 native language bindings: Rust, Python, TypeScript, Go, Ruby, PHP, Java, C#, Elixir, R, C (FFI), WebAssembly\n- CLI tool for command-line conversion\n- Processing speed: 150-280 MB/s\n\n## API (v3)\n\nSingle entry point: `convert(html, options?) -> ConversionResult`\n\nConversionResult contains:\n- content: Optional — the converted text (markdown/djot/plain); null/None when output_format is \"none\"\n- document: Optional — structured document tree; only populated when include_document_structure is true\n- metadata: HtmlMetadata — extracted HTML metadata (title, description, Open Graph, Twitter Card, JSON-LD, links, images)\n- tables: Vec — extracted tables with grid data (headers, rows, colspan/rowspan)\n- images: Vec — extracted inline images (data URIs, embedded SVGs); only populated when extract_images is true\n- warnings: Vec — non-fatal processing warnings\n\n## Usage Examples\n\n### Rust\n```rust\nuse html_to_markdown_rs::convert;\n\nlet result = convert(\"

Hello

World

\", None)?;\nlet markdown = result.content.unwrap_or_default();\n// \"# Hello\\n\\nWorld\"\n```\n\n### Python\n```python\nfrom html_to_markdown import convert\n\nresult = convert(\"

Hello

World

\")\nmarkdown = result.content\n# \"# Hello\\n\\nWorld\"\n```\n\n### TypeScript\n```typescript\nimport { convert } from '@kreuzberg/html-to-markdown';\n\nconst result = convert('

Hello

World

');\nconst markdown = result.content;\n// \"# Hello\\n\\nWorld\"\n```\n\n### Go\n```go\nimport \"github.com/kreuzberg-dev/html-to-markdown/packages/go/v3/htmltomarkdown\"\n\nresult, err := htmltomarkdown.Convert(\"

Hello

World

\")\nif result.Content != nil {\n fmt.Println(*result.Content)\n}\n```\n\n### Ruby\n```ruby\nrequire 'html_to_markdown'\nresult = HtmlToMarkdown.convert(\"

Hello

World

\")\nmarkdown = result[:content]\n```\n\n### PHP\n```php\nuse function HtmlToMarkdown\\convert;\n$result = convert('

Hello

World

');\n$markdown = $result['content'];\n```\n\n### Java\n```java\nimport dev.kreuzberg.htmltomarkdown.HtmlToMarkdown;\nConversionResult result = HtmlToMarkdown.convert(\"

Hello

World

\");\nSystem.out.println(result.content());\n```\n\n### C#\n```csharp\nusing HtmlToMarkdown;\nvar result = HtmlToMarkdownConverter.Convert(\"

Hello

World

\");\nConsole.WriteLine(result.Content);\n```\n\n### Elixir\n```elixir\n{:ok, result} = HtmlToMarkdown.convert(\"

Hello

World

\")\nIO.puts(result.content)\n```\n\n### R\n```r\nlibrary(htmltomarkdown)\nresult <- convert(\"

Hello

World

\")\ncat(result$content)\n```\n\n### C (FFI)\n```c\n#include \"html_to_markdown.h\"\nchar *json = html_to_markdown_convert(\"

Hello

\", NULL);\n// json: {\"content\":\"# Hello\",\"metadata\":null,\"tables\":null}\nhtml_to_markdown_free_string(json);\n```\n\n### WASM\n```javascript\nimport init, { convert } from '@kreuzberg/html-to-markdown-wasm';\nawait init();\nconst result = convert('

Hello

World

');\nconsole.log(result.content);\n```\n\n## Configuration Options\n\nAll options are passed to `convert()` as the second argument via a `ConversionOptions` struct/object/dict.\n\n- output_format: \"markdown\" | \"djot\" | \"plain\" | \"none\" (default: \"markdown\")\n- heading_style: \"atx\" | \"underlined\" | \"atx_closed\" (default: \"atx\")\n- list_indent_type: \"spaces\" | \"tab\" (default: \"spaces\")\n- list_indent_width: int 1-8 (default: 2)\n- bullets: string cycling through list marker chars (default: \"-\")\n- strong_em_symbol: \"*\" | \"_\" (default: \"*\")\n- newline_style: \"backslash\" | \"spaces\" (default: \"backslash\")\n- code_block_style: \"indented\" | \"backticks\" | \"tildes\" (default: \"indented\")\n- code_language: string default language for fenced code blocks (default: \"\")\n- autolinks: bool — use when link text equals href (default: false)\n- default_title: bool — use href as title when none present (default: false)\n- keep_inline_images_in: list of element names to keep images as markdown (default: [])\n- br_in_tables: bool — preserve
in table cells (default: false)\n- highlight_style: \"double-equal\" | \"html\" | \"bold\" | \"none\" (default: \"double-equal\")\n- escape_asterisks: bool (default: false)\n- escape_underscores: bool (default: false)\n- escape_misc: bool (default: false)\n- escape_ascii: bool (default: false)\n- sub_symbol: string wrapper for text (default: \"\")\n- sup_symbol: string wrapper for text (default: \"\")\n- whitespace_mode: \"normalized\" | \"strict\" (default: \"normalized\")\n- strip_newlines: bool (default: false)\n- wrap: bool — enable line wrapping (default: false)\n- wrap_width: int 20-500 (default: 80)\n- convert_as_inline: bool (default: false)\n- strip_tags: list of tag names to strip (default: [])\n- preserve_tags: list of tag names to emit verbatim as HTML (default: [])\n- link_style: \"inline\" | \"reference\" — inline emits [text](url); reference emits [text][1] with definitions at end (default: \"inline\")\n- skip_images: bool — drop images entirely (default: false)\n- max_image_size: int bytes — skip inline images larger than this (default: 5242880)\n- capture_svg: bool — include inline SVGs in result.images when extract_images is true (default: false)\n- infer_dimensions: bool — decode image bytes to infer width/height (default: true)\n- encoding: string — CLI only; input file character encoding (default: \"utf-8\"); ignored by the core library\n- debug: bool — CLI only; prints diagnostic lines to stderr after each conversion (default: false)\n- extract_metadata: bool — populate result.metadata and result.tables (default: true)\n- extract_images: bool — extract img elements and populate result.images (default: false)\n- include_document_structure: bool — populate result.document (default: false)\n- preprocess: bool — clean HTML before conversion (default: false)\n- preset: \"minimal\" | \"standard\" | \"aggressive\" preprocessing aggressiveness (default: \"standard\")\n- keep_navigation: bool — preserve \n\n\n\t\"\"\n\t\n\t\t\"Wikipedia\"\n\t\t\"The\n\t\n\n\n\t\t\n\t\t
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Rust (programming language)

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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General-purpose programming language
\n

\n\n\n

\n
Rust
\"Rust
Paradigms
DeveloperThe Rust Team
First appearedJanuary 19, 2012; 13 years ago (2012-01-19)
Stable release
1.90.0[1] \"Edit\n / September 18, 2025; 13 days ago (September 18, 2025)
\n
Typing discipline
Implementation languageOCaml (2006–2011)
Rust (2012–present)
PlatformCross-platform[note 1]
OSCross-platform[note 2]
LicenseMIT, Apache 2.0[note 3]
Filename extensions.rs, .rlib
Websiterust-lang.org
Influenced by
Influenced
\n

Rust is a general-purpose programming language. It is noted for its emphasis on performance, type safety, concurrency, and memory safety.\n

Rust supports multiple programming paradigms. It was influenced by ideas from functional programming, including immutability, higher-order functions, algebraic data types, and pattern matching. It also supports object-oriented programming via structs, enums, traits, and methods. Rust is noted for enforcing memory safety (i.e., that all references point to valid memory) without a conventional garbage collector; instead, memory safety errors and data races are prevented by the \"borrow checker\", which tracks the object lifetime of references at compile time.\n

Software developer Graydon Hoare created Rust in 2006 while working at Mozilla Research, which officially sponsored the project in 2009. The first stable release, Rust 1.0, was published in May 2015. Following a layoff of Mozilla employees in August 2020, four other companies joined Mozilla in sponsoring Rust through the creation of the Rust Foundation in February 2021.\n

Rust has been adopted by many software projects, especially web services and system software, and is the first language other than C and assembly to be supported in the development of the Linux kernel. It has been studied academically and has a growing community of developers.\n

\n\n

Etymology

[edit]
\n

Rust was named for the group of fungi that are \"over-engineered for survival\".[15]\nThe Rust logo was developed in 2011 based on a bicycle chainring.[16]\n

\n

History

[edit]
\n

2006–2009: Early years

[edit]
\n
Mozilla Foundation headquarters, 650 Castro Street in Mountain View, California, June 2009
\n

Rust began as a personal project by Mozilla employee Graydon Hoare in 2006.[15] Hoare started the project due to his frustration with a broken elevator in his apartment building.[15] During the time period between 2006 and 2009, Rust was not publicized to others at Mozilla and was written in Hoare's free time;[17]: 7:50  Hoare began speaking about the language around 2009 after a small group at Mozilla became interested in the project.[18] Hoare emphasized prioritizing good ideas from old languages over new development, citing languages including CLU (1974), BETA (1975), Mesa (1977), NIL (1983),[note 5] Erlang (1987), Newsqueak (1988), Napier (1988), Hermes (1990), Sather (1990), Alef (1992), and Limbo (1996) as influences, stating \"many older languages [are] better than new ones\", and describing the language as \"technology from the past come to save the future from itself.\"[17]: 8:17 [18] Early Rust developer Manish Goregaokar similarly described Rust as being based on \"mostly decades-old research.\"[15]\n

During the early years, the Rust compiler was written in about 38,000 lines of OCaml.[17]: 15:34 [19] Early Rust contained features such as explicit object-oriented programming via an obj keyword (later removed),[17]: 10:08  and a typestates system that would allow variables of a type to be tracked along with state changes (such as going from uninitialized to initialized, also removed).[17]: 13:12 \n

\n

2009–2012: Mozilla sponsorship

[edit]
\n

Mozilla officially sponsored the Rust project in 2009.[15] Brendan Eich and other executives, intrigued by the possibility of using Rust for a safe web browser engine, placed engineers on the project including Patrick Walton, Niko Matsakis, Felix Klock, and Manish Goregaokar.[15] A conference room taken by the project developers was dubbed \"the nerd cave,\" with a sign placed outside the door.[15]\n

During this time period, work had shifted from the initial OCaml compiler to a self-hosting compiler, i.e., written in Rust, based on LLVM.[20][note 6] The Rust ownership system was also in place by 2010.[15]\n

The first public release, Rust 0.1, was released on January 20, 2012[22] for Windows, Linux, and MacOS.[23] The early 2010s saw increasing involvement from open source volunteers outside of Mozilla and outside of the United States. At Mozilla, executives would eventually employ over a dozen engineers to work on Rust full time over the next decade.[15]\n

\n

2012–2015: Evolution

[edit]
\n

The years from 2012 to 2015 were marked by substantial changes to the Rust type system, including the removal of the typestate system and garbage collector.[17]: 18:36 [15] Memory management through the ownership system was gradually consolidated and expanded to prevent memory-related bugs. By 2013, the garbage collector feature was rarely used, and was removed by the team in favor of the ownership system.[15] Other changes during this time included the removal of pure functions, which were declared by an explicit pure annotation, in March 2013.[24] Specialized syntax support for channels and various pointer types were removed to simplify the language.[17]: 22:32 \n

According to Rust developer Steve Klabnik, Rust was influenced during this period by developers coming from C++ (e.g., low-level performance of features), scripting languages (e.g., Cargo and package management), and functional programming (e.g., type systems development).[17]: 30:50 \n

Graydon Hoare stepped down from Rust in 2013.[15] After Hoare's departure, it evolved organically under a federated governance structure, with a \"core team\" of initially six people,[17]: 21:45  around 30-40 developers total across various other teams,[17]: 22:22  and a Request for Comments (RFC) process for new language features added in March 2014.[17]: 33:47  The core team would grow to nine people by 2016[17]: 21:45  with over 1600 proposed RFCs.[17]: 34:08 \n

According to Andrew Binstock writing for Dr. Dobb's Journal in January 2014, while Rust was \"widely viewed as a remarkably elegant language\", adoption slowed because it radically changed from version to version.[25] Rust development at this time was focused on finalizing the language features and moving towards 1.0 so it could begin promising backward compatibility.[17]: 41:26 \n

Six years after Mozilla sponsored its development, the first stable release, Rust 1.0, was published on May 15, 2015.[15] A year after the release, the Rust compiler had accumulated over 1,400 contributors and there were over 5,000 third-party libraries published on the Rust package management website Crates.io.[17]: 43:15 \n

\n

2015–2020: Servo and early adoption

[edit]
\n
Early homepage of Mozilla's Servo browser engine
\n

The development of the Servo browser engine continued in parallel with Rust, jointly funded by Mozilla and Samsung.[26] The teams behind the two projects worked in close collaboration; new features in Rust were tested out by the Servo team, and new features in Servo were used to give feedback back to the Rust team.[17]: 5:41  The first version of Servo was released in 2016.[15] The Firefox web browser shipped with Rust code as of 2016 (version 45),[17]: 53:30 [27] but components of Servo did not appear in Firefox until September 2017 (version 57) as part of the Gecko and Quantum projects.[28]\n

Improvements were made to the Rust toolchain ecosystem during the years following 1.0 including Rustfmt, integrated development environment integration,[17]: 44:56  and a regular compiler testing and release cycle.[17]: 46:48  Rust also gained a community code of conduct and an IRC chat for community discussion.[17]: 50:36 \n

The earliest known adoption outside of Mozilla was by individual projects at Samsung, Facebook (now Meta Platforms), Dropbox, and Tilde, Inc. (the company behind ember.js).[17]: 55:44 [15] Amazon Web Services followed in 2020.[15] Engineers acknowledged the risks of adopting a new technology; they cited performance, lack of a garbage collector, safety, and pleasantness of working in the language as reasons for the adoption. Amazon developers cited a finding by Portuguese researchers that Rust code used less energy compared to similar code written in Java and C++ (behind only C).[15][29][note 7]\n

\n

2020–present: Mozilla layoffs and Rust Foundation

[edit]
\n

In August 2020, Mozilla laid off 250 of its 1,000 employees worldwide, as part of a corporate restructuring caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.[30][31] The team behind Servo was disbanded. The event raised concerns about the future of Rust.[32] In the following week, the Rust Core Team acknowledged the severe impact of the layoffs and announced that plans for a Rust foundation were underway. The first goal of the foundation would be to take ownership of all trademarks and domain names and to take financial responsibility for their costs.[33]\n

On February 8, 2021, the formation of the Rust Foundation was announced by five founding companies: Amazon Web Services, Google, Huawei, Microsoft, and Mozilla.[34][35] The foundation, led by Shane Miller for its first two years, offered $20,000 grants and other support for programmers working on major Rust features.[15] In a blog post published on April 6, 2021, Google announced support for Rust within the Android Open Source Project as an alternative to C/C++.[36]\n

On November 22, 2021, the Moderation Team, which was responsible for enforcing the community code of conduct, announced their resignation \"in protest of the Core Team placing themselves unaccountable to anyone but themselves\".[37] In May 2022, the Rust Core Team, other lead programmers, and members of the Rust Foundation board implemented governance reforms in response to the incident.[38]\n

The Rust Foundation posted a draft for a new trademark policy on April 6, 2023, which resulted in widespread negative reactions from Rust users and contributors.[39] The trademark policy included rules for how the Rust logo and name could be used.[39]\n

On February 26, 2024, the U.S. White House Office of the National Cyber Director released a 19-page press report urging software development to move away from C and C++ to memory-safe languages like C#, Go, Java, Ruby, Swift, and Rust.[40][41][42] News coverage of Rust increased in light of the report.[43][44]\n

\n

Syntax and features

[edit]
\n
Main article: Rust syntax
\n

Rust's syntax is similar to that of C and C++,[45][46] although many of its features were influenced by functional programming languages such as OCaml.[47] Hoare has described Rust as targeted at frustrated C++ developers and emphasized features such as safety, control of memory layout, and concurrency.[18] Safety in Rust includes the guarantees of memory safety, type safety, and lack of data races.\n

\n

Hello World program

[edit]
\n

Below is a \"Hello, World!\" program in Rust. The fn keyword denotes a function, and the println! macro (see § Macros) prints the message to standard output.[48] Statements in Rust are separated by semicolons.\n

\n
fn main() {\n    println!("Hello, World!");\n}\n
\n

Variables

[edit]
\n

Variables in Rust are defined through the let keyword.[49] The example below assigns a value to the variable with name foo of type i32 and outputs its value.\n

\n
fn main() {\n    let foo = 10;\n    println!("The value of foo is {foo}");\n}\n
\n

Variables are immutable by default, but adding the mut keyword allows the variable to be mutated.[50] The following example uses //, which denotes the start of a comment.[51]\n

\n
fn main() {\n    // This code would not compile without adding "mut".\n    let mut foo = 10; \n    println!("The value of foo is {foo}");\n    foo = 20;\n    println!("The value of foo is {foo}");\n}\n
\n

Multiple let expressions can define multiple variables with the same name, known as variable shadowing. Variable shadowing allows transforming variables without having to name the variables differently.[52] The example below declares a new variable with the same name that is double the original value:\n

\n
fn main() {\n    let foo = 10;\n    // This will output "The value of foo is 10"\n    println!("The value of foo is {foo}");\n    let foo = foo * 2;\n    // This will output "The value of foo is 20"\n    println!("The value of foo is {foo}");\n}\n
\n

Variable shadowing is also possible for values of different types. For example, going from a string to its length:\n

\n
fn main() {\n    let letters = "abc";\n    let letters = letters.len();\n}\n
\n

Block expressions and control flow

[edit]
\n

A block expression is delimited by curly brackets. When the last expression inside a block does not end with a semicolon, the block evaluates to the value of that trailing expression:[53]\n

\n
fn main() {\n    let x = {\n        println!("this is inside the block");\n        1 + 2\n    };\n    println!("1 + 2 = {x}");\n}\n
\n

Trailing expressions of function bodies are used as the return value:[54]\n

\n
fn add_two(x: i32) -> i32 {\n    x + 2\n}\n
\n

if expressions

[edit]
\n

An if conditional expression executes code based on whether the given value is true. else can be used for when the value evaluates to false, and else if can be used for combining multiple expressions.[55]\n

\n
fn main() {\n    let x = 10;\n    if x > 5 {\n        println!("value is greater than five");\n    }\n\n    if x % 7 == 0 {\n        println!("value is divisible by 7");\n    } else if x % 5 == 0 {\n        println!("value is divisible by 5");\n    } else {\n        println!("value is not divisible by 7 or 5");\n    }\n}\n
\n

if and else blocks can evaluate to a value, which can then be assigned to a variable:[55]\n

\n
fn main() {\n    let x = 10;\n    let new_x = if x % 2 == 0 { x / 2 } else { 3 * x + 1 };\n    println!("{new_x}");\n}\n
\n

while loops

[edit]
\n

while can be used to repeat a block of code while a condition is met.[56]\n

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fn main() {\n    // Iterate over all integers from 4 to 10\n    let mut value = 4;\n    while value <= 10 {\n         println!("value = {value}");\n         value += 1;\n    }\n}\n
\n

for loops and iterators

[edit]
\n

For loops in Rust loop over elements of a collection.[57]\nfor expressions work over any iterator type.\n

\n
fn main() {\n    // Using `for` with range syntax for the same functionality as above\n    // The syntax 4..=10 means the range from 4 to 10, up to and including 10.\n    for value in 4..=10 {\n        println!("value = {value}");\n    }\n}\n
\n

In the above code, 4..=10 is a value of type Range which implements the Iterator trait. The code within the curly braces is applied to each element returned by the iterator.\n

Iterators can be combined with functions over iterators like map, filter, and sum. For example, the following adds up all numbers between 1 and 100 that are multiples of 3:\n

\n
(1..=100).filter(|&x: i8| -> bool { x % 3 == 0 }).sum()\n
\n

loop and break statements

[edit]
\n

More generally, the loop keyword allows repeating a portion of code until a break occurs. break may optionally exit the loop with a value. In the case of nested loops, labels denoted by 'label_name can be used to break an outer loop rather than the innermost loop.[58]\n

\n
fn main() {\n    let value = 456;\n    let mut x = 1;\n    let y = loop {\n        x *= 10;\n        if x > value {\n            break x / 10;\n        }\n    };\n    println!("largest power of ten that is smaller than or equal to value: {y}");\n\n    let mut up = 1;\n    'outer: loop {\n        let mut down = 120;\n        loop {\n            if up > 100 {\n                break 'outer;\n            }\n\n            if down < 4 {\n                break;\n            }\n\n            down /= 2;\n            up += 1;\n            println!("up: {up}, down: {down}");\n        }\n        up *= 2;\n    }\n}\n
\n

Pattern matching

[edit]
\n

The match and if let expressions can be used for pattern matching. For example, match can be used to double an optional integer value if present, and return zero otherwise:[59]\n

\n
fn double(x: Option<u64>) -> u64 {\n    match x {\n        Some(y) => y * 2,\n        None => 0,\n    }\n}\n
\n

Equivalently, this can be written with if let and else:\n

\n
fn double(x: Option<u64>) -> u64 {\n    if let Some(y) = x {\n        y * 2\n    } else {\n        0\n    }\n}\n
\n

Types

[edit]
\n

Rust is strongly typed and statically typed, meaning that the types of all variables must be known at compilation time. Assigning a value of a particular type to a differently typed variable causes a compilation error. Type inference is used to determine the type of variables if unspecified.[60]\n

The type (), called the \"unit type\" in Rust, is a concrete type that has exactly one value. It occupies no memory (as it represents the absence of value). All functions that do not have an indicated return type implicitly return (). It is similar to void in other C-style languages, however void denotes the absence of a type and cannot have any value.\n

The default integer type is i32, and the default floating point type is f64. If the type of a literal number is not explicitly provided, it is either inferred from the context or the default type is used.[61]\n

\n

Primitive types

[edit]
\n

Integer types in Rust are named based on the signedness and the number of bits the type takes. For example, i32 is a signed integer that takes 32 bits of storage, whereas u8 is unsigned and only takes 8 bits of storage. isize and usize take storage depending on the memory address bus width of the compilation target. For example, when building for 32-bit targets, both types will take up 32 bits of space.[62][63]\n

By default, integer literals are in base-10, but different radices are supported with prefixes, for example, 0b11 for binary numbers, 0o567 for octals, and 0xDB for hexadecimals. By default, integer literals default to i32 as its type. Suffixes such as 4u32 can be used to explicitly set the type of a literal.[64] Byte literals such as b'X' are available to represent the ASCII value (as a u8) of a specific character.[65]\n

The Boolean type is referred to as bool which can take a value of either true or false. A char takes up 32 bits of space and represents a Unicode scalar value:[66] a Unicode codepoint that is not a surrogate.[67] IEEE 754 floating point numbers are supported with f32 for single precision floats and f64 for double precision floats.[68]\n

\n

Compound types

[edit]
\n

Compound types can contain multiple values. Tuples are fixed-size lists that can contain values whose types can be different. Arrays are fixed-size lists whose values are of the same type. Expressions of the tuple and array types can be written through listing the values, and can be accessed with .index or [index]:[69]\n

\n
let tuple: (u32, bool) = (3, true);\nlet array: [i8; 5] = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];\nlet value = tuple.1; // true\nlet value = array[2]; // 3\n
\n

Arrays can also be constructed through copying a single value a number of times:[70]\n

\n
let array2: [char; 10] = [' '; 10];\n
\n

Ownership and references

[edit]
\n

Rust's ownership system consists of rules that ensure memory safety without using a garbage collector. At compile time, each value must be attached to a variable called the owner of that value, and every value must have exactly one owner.[71] Values are moved between different owners through assignment or passing a value as a function parameter. Values can also be borrowed, meaning they are temporarily passed to a different function before being returned to the owner.[72] With these rules, Rust can prevent the creation and use of dangling pointers:[72][73]\n

\n
fn print_string(s: String) {\n    println!("{}", s);\n}\n\nfn main() {\n    let s = String::from("Hello, World");\n    print_string(s); // s consumed by print_string\n    // s has been moved, so cannot be used any more\n    // another print_string(s); would result in a compile error\n}\n
\n

The function print_string takes ownership over the String value passed in; Alternatively, & can be used to indicate a reference type (in &String) and to create a reference (in &s):[74]\n

\n
fn print_string(s: &String) {\n    println!("{}", s);\n}\n\nfn main() {\n    let s = String::from("Hello, World");\n    print_string(&s); // s borrowed by print_string\n    print_string(&s); // s has not been consumed; we can call the function many times\n}\n
\n

Because of these ownership rules, Rust types are known as linear or affine types, meaning each value can be used exactly once. This enforces a form of software fault isolation as the owner of a value is solely responsible for its correctness and deallocation.[75]\n

When a value goes out of scope, it is dropped by running its destructor. The destructor may be programmatically defined through implementing the Drop trait. This helps manage resources such as file handles, network sockets, and locks, since when objects are dropped, the resources associated with them are closed or released automatically.[76]\n

\n

Lifetimes

[edit]
\n

Object lifetime refers to the period of time during which a reference is valid; that is, the time between the object creation and destruction.[77] These lifetimes are implicitly associated with all Rust reference types. While often inferred, they can also be indicated explicitly with named lifetime parameters (often denoted 'a, 'b, and so on).[78]\n

Lifetimes in Rust can be thought of as lexically scoped, meaning that the duration of an object lifetime is inferred from the set of locations in the source code (i.e., function, line, and column numbers) for which a variable is valid.[79] For example, a reference to a local variable has a lifetime corresponding to the block it is defined in:[79]\n

\n
fn main() {\n    let x = 5;                // ------------------+- Lifetime 'a\n                              //                   |\n    let r = &x;               // -+-- Lifetime 'b  |\n                              //  |                |\n    println!("r: {}", r);     //  |                |\n                              //  |                |\n                              // -+                |\n}                             // ------------------+\n
\n

The borrow checker in the Rust compiler then enforces that references are only used in the locations of the source code where the associated lifetime is valid.[80][81] In the example above, storing a reference to variable x in r is valid, as variable x has a longer lifetime ('a) than variable r ('b). However, when x has a shorter lifetime, the borrow checker would reject the program:\n

\n
fn main() {\n    let r;                    // ------------------+- Lifetime 'a\n                              //                   |\n    {                         //                   |\n        let x = 5;            // -+-- Lifetime 'b  |\n        r = &x; // ERROR: x does  |                |\n    }           // not live long -|                |\n                // enough                          |\n    println!("r: {}", r);     //                   |\n}                             // ------------------+\n
\n

Since the lifetime of the referenced variable ('b) is shorter than the lifetime of the variable holding the reference ('a), the borrow checker errors, preventing x from being used from outside its scope.[82]\n

Lifetimes can be indicated using explicit lifetime parameters on function arguments. For example, the following code specifies that the reference returned by the function has the same lifetime as original (and not necessarily the same lifetime as prefix):[83]\n

\n
fn remove_prefix<'a>(mut original: &'a str, prefix: &str) -> &'a str {\n    if original.starts_with(prefix) {\n        original = original[prefix.len()..];\n    }\n    original\n}\n
\n

In the compiler, ownership and lifetimes work together to prevent memory safety issues such as dangling pointers.[84][85]\n

\n

User-defined types

[edit]
\n

User-defined types are created with the struct or enum keywords. The struct keyword is used to denote a record type that groups multiple related values.[86] enums can take on different variants at runtime, with its capabilities similar to algebraic data types found in functional programming languages.[87] Both records and enum variants can contain fields with different types.[88] Alternative names, or aliases, for the same type can be defined with the type keyword.[89]\n

The impl keyword can define methods for a user-defined type. Data and functions are defined separately. Implementations fulfill a role similar to that of classes within other languages.[90]\n

\n

Standard library

[edit]
\n
A diagram of the dependencies between the standard library modules of Rust.
\n

The Rust standard library defines and implements many widely used custom data types, including core data structures such as Vec, Option, and HashMap, as well as smart pointer types. Rust also provides a way to exclude most of the standard library using the attribute #![no_std], for applications such as embedded devices. Internally, the standard library is divided into three parts, core, alloc, and std, where std and alloc are excluded by #![no_std].[91]\n

Rust uses the option type Option<T> to define optional values, which can be matched using if let or match to access the inner value:[92]\n

\n
fn main() {\n    let name1: Option<&str> = None;\n    // In this case, nothing will be printed out\n    if let Some(name) = name1 {\n        println!("{name}");\n    }\n\n    let name2: Option<&str> = Some("Matthew");\n    // In this case, the word "Matthew" will be printed out\n    if let Some(name) = name2 {\n        println!("{name}");\n    }\n}\n
\n

Similarly, Rust's result type Result<T, E> holds either a successfully computed value (the Ok variant) or an error (the Err variant)[93]. Like Option, the use of Result means that the inner value cannot be used directly; programmers must use a match expression, syntactic sugar such as ? (the “try” operator), or an explicit unwrap assertion to access it. Both Option and Result are used throughout the standard library and are a fundamental part of Rust's explicit approach to handling errors and missing data.\n

\n

Pointers

[edit]
\n

The & and &mut reference types are guaranteed to not be null and point to valid memory.[94] The raw pointer types *const and *mut opt out of the safety guarantees, thus they may be null or invalid; however, it is impossible to dereference them unless the code is explicitly declared unsafe through the use of an unsafe block.[95] Unlike dereferencing, the creation of raw pointers is allowed inside safe Rust code.[96]\n

\n

Type conversion

[edit]
\n
This section is an excerpt from Type conversion § Rust.[edit]
\n

Rust provides no implicit type conversion (coercion) between most primitive types. But, explicit type conversion (casting) can be performed using the as keyword.[97]\n

\n
let x: i32 = 1000;\nprintln!("1000 as a u16 is: {}", x as u16);\n
\n
A presentation on Rust by Emily Dunham from Mozilla's Rust team (linux.conf.au conference, Hobart, 2017)
\n

Polymorphism

[edit]
\n

Rust supports bounded parametric polymorphism through traits and generic functions.[98] Common behavior between types may be declared using traits and impls:[99]\n

\n
trait Zero: Sized {\n    fn zero() -> Self;\n    fn is_zero(&self) -> bool\n    where\n        Self: PartialEq,\n    {\n        self == &Zero::zero()\n    }\n}\n\nimpl Zero for u32 {\n    fn zero() -> u32 { 0 }\n}\n\nimpl Zero for f32 {\n    fn zero() -> Self { 0.0 }\n}\n
\n

The example above also includes a method is_zero which provides a default implementation that is not required when implementing the trait.[99]\n

A function can then be made generic by adding type parameters inside angle brackets (<Num>), which only allow types that implement the trait:\n

\n
// zero is a generic function with one type parameter, Num\nfn zero<Num: Zero>() -> Num {\n    Num::zero()\n}\n\nfn main() {\n    let a: u32 = zero();\n    let b: f32 = zero();\n    assert!(a.is_zero() && b.is_zero());\n}\n
\n

In the examples above, Num: Zero as well as where Self: PartialEq are trait bounds that constrain the type to only allow types that implement Zero or PartialEq.[99] Within a trait or impl, Self refers to the type that the code is implementing.[100]\n

Generics can be used in functions to allow implementing a behavior for different types without repeating the same code. Generic functions can be written in relation to other generics, without knowing the actual type.[101]\n

\n

Trait objects

[edit]
\n

Generic functions use static dispatch, meaning that the type of all parameters that end up being used for the function must be known at compile time. Generic functions generate separate copies of the code for each combination of generic parameters used in a process called monomorphization.[102] Because monomorphization duplicates the code for each type used, it is as performant as writing functions using concrete types,[102] but compile time and size of the output binary could be increased.[103]\n

However, Rust also uses a feature known as trait objects to accomplish dynamic dispatch, a type of polymorphism where the implementation of a polymorphic operation is chosen at runtime. This allows for behavior similar to duck typing, where all data types that implement a given trait can be treated as functionally equivalent.[104] Trait objects are declared using the syntax dyn Tr where Tr is a trait. Trait objects are dynamically sized, therefore they must be put behind a pointer, such as Box.[105] The following example creates a list of objects where each object can be printed out using the Display trait:\n

\n
use std::fmt::Display;\n\nlet v: Vec<Box<dyn Display>> = vec![\n    Box::new(3),\n    Box::new(5.0),\n    Box::new("hi"),\n];\n\nfor x in v {\n    println!("{x}");\n}\n
\n

If an element in the list does not implement the Display trait, it will cause a compile-time error.[106]\n

\n

Memory safety

[edit]
\n

Rust is designed to be memory safe. It does not permit null pointers, dangling pointers, or data races.[107][108][109][110] Data values can be initialized only through a fixed set of forms, all of which require their inputs to be already initialized.[111]\n

\n

Memory management

[edit]
\n

Rust does not use garbage collection. Memory and other resources are instead managed through the \"resource acquisition is initialization\" convention,[112] with optional reference counting. Rust provides deterministic management of resources, with very low overhead.[113] Values are allocated on the stack by default, and all dynamic allocations must be explicit.[114]\n

The built-in reference types using the & symbol do not involve run-time reference counting. The safety and validity of the underlying pointers is verified at compile time, preventing dangling pointers and other forms of undefined behavior.[115] Rust's type system separates shared, immutable references of the form &T from unique, mutable references of the form &mut T. A mutable reference can be coerced to an immutable reference, but not vice versa.[116]\n

\n

Unsafe

[edit]
\n

Rust's memory safety checks may be circumvented through the use of unsafe blocks. This allows programmers to dereference arbitrary raw pointers, call external code, or perform other low-level functionality not allowed by safe Rust.[117] Some low-level functionality enabled in this way includes volatile memory access, architecture-specific intrinsics, type punning, and inline assembly.[118]\n

Unsafe code is sometimes needed to implement complex data structures.[119] A frequently cited example is that it is difficult or impossible to implement doubly linked lists in safe Rust.[120][121][122][123]\n

Programmers using unsafe Rust are considered responsible for upholding Rust's memory and type safety requirements, for example, that no two mutable references exist pointing to the same location.[124] If programmers write code which violates these requirements, this results in undefined behavior.[124] The Rust documentation includes a list of behavior considered undefined, including accessing dangling or misaligned pointers, or breaking the aliasing rules for references.[125]\n

\n

Macros

[edit]
\n

Macros allow generation and transformation of Rust code to reduce repetition. Macros come in two forms, with declarative macros defined through macro_rules!, and procedural macros, which are defined in separate crates.[126][127]\n

\n

Declarative macros

[edit]
\n

A declarative macro (also called a \"macro by example\") is a macro, defined using the macro_rules! keyword, that uses pattern matching to determine its expansion.[128][129] Below is an example that sums over all its arguments:\n

\n
macro_rules! sum {\n    ( $initial:expr $(, $expr:expr )* $(,)? ) => {\n        $initial $(+ $expr)*\n    }\n}\n\nfn main() {\n    let x = sum!(1, 2, 3);\n    println!("{x}"); // prints 6\n}\n
\n

Procedural macros

[edit]
\n

Procedural macros are Rust functions that run and modify the compiler's input token stream, before any other components are compiled. They are generally more flexible than declarative macros, but are more difficult to maintain due to their complexity.[130][131]\n

Procedural macros come in three flavors:\n

\n
  • Function-like macros custom!(...)
    • \n
  • Derive macros #[derive(CustomDerive)]
    • \n
  • Attribute macros #[custom_attribute]
\n

Interface with C and C++

[edit]
\n

Rust supports the creation of foreign function interfaces (FFI) through the extern keyword. A function that uses the C calling convention can be written using extern "C" fn. Symbols can be exported from Rust to other languages through the #[no_mangle] attribute, and symbols can be imported into Rust through extern blocks:[note 8][133]\n

\n
#[no_mangle]\npub extern "C" fn exported_from_rust(x: i32) -> i32 { x + 1 }\nunsafe extern "C" {\n    fn imported_into_rust(x: i32) -> i32;\n}\n
\n

The #[repr(C)] attribute enables deterministic memory layouts for structs and enums for use across FFI boundaries.[133] External libraries such as bindgen and cxx can generate Rust bindings for C/C++.[133][134]\n

\n

Ecosystem

[edit]
\n
Compiling a Rust program with Cargo
\n

The Rust ecosystem includes its compiler, its standard library, and additional components for software development. Component installation is typically managed by rustup, a Rust toolchain installer developed by the Rust project.[135]\n

\n

Compiler

[edit]
\n

The Rust compiler, rustc, compiles Rust code into binaries. First, the compiler parses the source code into an AST. Next, this AST is lowered to IR. The compiler backend is then invoked as a subcomponent to apply optimizations and translate the resulting IR into object code. Finally, a linker is used to combine the object(s) into a single executable image.[136]\n

rustc uses LLVM as its compiler backend by default, but it also supports using alternative backends such as GCC and Cranelift.[137] The intention of those alternative backends is to increase platform coverage of Rust or to improve compilation times.[138][139]\n

\n

Cargo

[edit]
\n
Screenshot of crates.io in June 2022
\n

Cargo is Rust's build system and package manager. It downloads, compiles, distributes, and uploads packages—called crates—that are maintained in an official registry. It also acts as a front-end for Clippy and other Rust components.[140]\n

By default, Cargo sources its dependencies from the user-contributed registry crates.io, but Git repositories, crates in the local filesystem, and other external sources can also be specified as dependencies.[141]\n

\n

Rustfmt

[edit]
\n

Rustfmt is a code formatter for Rust. It formats whitespace and indentation to produce code in accordance with a common style, unless otherwise specified. It can be invoked as a standalone program, or from a Rust project through Cargo.[142]\n

\n

Clippy

[edit]
\n
Example output of Clippy on a hello world Rust program
\n

Clippy is Rust's built-in linting tool to improve the correctness, performance, and readability of Rust code. As of 2024[update], it has more than 700 rules.[143][144]\n

\n

Versioning system

[edit]
\n

Following Rust 1.0, new features are developed in nightly versions which are released daily. During each six-week release cycle, changes to nightly versions are released to beta, while changes from the previous beta version are released to a new stable version.[145]\n

Every two or three years, a new \"edition\" is produced. Editions are released to allow making limited breaking changes, such as promoting await to a keyword to support async/await features. Crates targeting different editions can interoperate with each other, so a crate can upgrade to a new edition even if its callers or its dependencies still target older editions. Migration to a new edition can be assisted with automated tooling.[146]\n

\n

IDE support

[edit]
\n

rust-analyzer is a set of utilities that provides integrated development environments (IDEs) and text editors with information about a Rust project through the Language Server Protocol. This enables features including autocomplete, and compilation error display, while editing code.[147]\n

\n

Performance

[edit]
\n

Since it performs no garbage collection, Rust is often faster than other memory-safe languages.[148][75][149] Most of Rust's memory safety guarantees impose no runtime overhead,[150] with the exception of array indexing which is checked at runtime by default.[151] The performance impact of array indexing bounds checks varies, but can be significant in some cases.[151]\n

Many of Rust's features are so-called zero-cost abstractions, meaning they are optimized away at compile time and incur no runtime penalty.[152] The ownership and borrowing system permits zero-copy implementations for some performance-sensitive tasks, such as parsing.[153] Static dispatch is used by default to eliminate method calls, except for methods called on dynamic trait objects.[154] The compiler also uses inline expansion to eliminate function calls and statically-dispatched method invocations.[155]\n

Since Rust uses LLVM, all performance improvements in LLVM apply to Rust also.[156] Unlike C and C++, Rust allows the compiler to reorder struct and enum elements unless a #[repr(C)] representation attribute is applied.[157] This allows the compiler to optimize for memory footprint, alignment, and padding, which can be used to produce more efficient code in some cases.[158]\n

\n

Adoption

[edit]
\n
See also: Category:Rust (programming language) software
\n
Firefox has components written in Rust as part of the underlying Gecko browser engine.
\n

Rust is used in software across different domains. Components from the Servo browser engine (funded by Mozilla and Samsung) were incorporated in the Gecko browser engine underlying Firefox.[159] In January 2023, Google (Alphabet) announced support for using third party Rust libraries in Chromium.[160][161]\n

Rust is used in several backend software projects of large web services. OpenDNS, a DNS resolution service owned by Cisco, uses Rust internally.[162][163] Amazon Web Services uses Rust in \"performance-sensitive components\" of its several services. In 2019, AWS open-sourced Firecracker, a virtualization solution primarily written in Rust.[164] Microsoft Azure IoT Edge, a platform used to run Azure services on IoT devices, has components implemented in Rust.[165] Microsoft also uses Rust to run containerized modules with WebAssembly and Kubernetes.[166] Cloudflare, a company providing content delivery network services, used Rust to build a new web proxy named Pingora for increased performance and efficiency.[167] The npm package manager used Rust for its production authentication service in 2019.[168][169][170]\n

\n
The Rust for Linux project has been supported in the Linux kernel since 2022.
\n

In operating systems, the Rust for Linux project, launched in 2020, merged initial support into the Linux kernel version 6.1 in late 2022.[171][172][173] The project is active with a team of 6–7 developers, and has added more Rust code with kernel releases from 2022 to 2024,[174] aiming to demonstrate the minimum viability of the project and resolve key compatibility blockers.[171][175] The first drivers written in Rust were merged into the kernel for version 6.8.[171] The Android developers used Rust in 2021 to rewrite existing components.[176][177] Microsoft has rewritten parts of Windows in Rust.[178] The r9 project aims to re-implement Plan 9 from Bell Labs in Rust.[179] Rust has been used in the development of new operating systems such as Redox, a \"Unix-like\" operating system and microkernel,[180] Theseus, an experimental operating system with modular state management,[181][182] and most of Fuchsia.[183] Rust is also used for command-line tools and operating system components, including stratisd, a file system manager[184][185] and COSMIC, a desktop environment by System76.[186]\n

In web development, Deno, a secure runtime for JavaScript and TypeScript, is built on top of V8 using Rust and Tokio.[187] Other notable adoptions in this space include Ruffle, an open-source SWF emulator,[188] and Polkadot, an open source blockchain and cryptocurrency platform.[189]\n

Discord, an instant messaging software company, rewrote parts of its system in Rust for increased performance in 2020. In the same year, Dropbox announced that its file synchronization had been rewritten in Rust. Facebook (Meta) used Rust to redesign its system that manages source code for internal projects.[15]\n

In the 2025 Stack Overflow Developer Survey, 14.8% of respondents had recently done extensive development in Rust.[190] The survey named Rust the \"most admired programming language\" annually from 2016 to 2025 (inclusive), as measured by the number of existing developers interested in continuing to work in the language.[191][note 9] In 2025, 29.2% of developers not currently working in Rust expressed an interest in doing so.[190]\n

DARPA has a project TRACTOR (Translating All C to Rust) automatically translating C to Rust using techniques such as static analysis, dynamic analysis, and large language models.[192]\n

\n

In academic research

[edit]
\n

Rust's safety and performance have been investigated in programming language theory research.[193][119][194]\n

Rust's applicability to writing research software has been examined in other fields. A journal article published to Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union used Rust to simulate multi-planet systems.[195] An article published in Nature shared stories of bioinformaticians using Rust.[140] Both articles found that Rust has advantages for its performance and safety, and cited the learning curve as being a primary drawback to its adoption.\n

\n

Community

[edit]
\n
\"A
Some Rust users refer to themselves as Rustaceans (similar to the word crustacean) and have adopted an orange crab, Ferris, as their unofficial mascot.[196][197]
\n

According to the MIT Technology Review, the Rust community has been seen as \"unusually friendly\" to newcomers and particularly attracted people from the queer community, partly due to its code of conduct which outlined a set of expectations for Rust community members to follow.[15] Inclusiveness of the community has been cited as an important factor for some Rust developers.[140] Demographic data on the community has been collected and published by the Rust official blog.[198]\n

According to GitHub's State of the Octoverse project, the Rust community grew by 50.5% in 2022, making it one of the fastest growing communities,[199] though not one of the 10 largest communities as of 2024.[200]\n

\n

Rust Foundation

[edit]
\n
Rust Foundation
FormationFebruary 8, 2021; 4 years ago (2021-02-08)
Founders
TypeNonprofit organization
Location
Shane Miller
Rebecca Rumbul
Websitefoundation.rust-lang.org
\n

The Rust Foundation is a non-profit membership organization incorporated in United States, with the primary purposes of backing the technical project as a legal entity and helping to manage the trademark and infrastructure assets.[201][46]\n

It was established on February 8, 2021, with five founding corporate members (Amazon Web Services, Huawei, Google, Microsoft, and Mozilla).[202] The foundation's board is chaired by Shane Miller.[203] Starting in late 2021, its Executive Director and CEO is Rebecca Rumbul.[204] Prior to this, Ashley Williams was interim executive director.[46]\n

\n

Governance teams

[edit]
\n

The Rust project is composed of teams that are responsible for different subareas of the development. The compiler team develops, manages, and optimizes compiler internals; and the language team designs new language features and helps implement them. The Rust project website lists 6 top-level teams as of July 2024[update].[205] Representatives among teams form the Leadership council, which oversees the Rust project as a whole.[206]\n

\n

See also

[edit]
\n
\n
\n
\"\"
\n
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Rust for the Novice Programmer
\n
\n\n

Notes

[edit]
\n
\n
    \n
  1. ^ Including build tools, host tools, and standard library support for x86-64, ARM, MIPS, RISC-V, WebAssembly, i686, AArch64, PowerPC, and s390x.[2]\n
    2. \n
  2. ^ Including Windows, Linux, macOS, FreeBSD, NetBSD, and Illumos. Host build tools on Android, iOS, Haiku, Redox, and Fuchsia are not officially shipped; these operating systems are supported as targets.[2]\n
    3. \n
  3. ^ Third-party dependencies, e.g., LLVM or MSVC, are subject to their own licenses.[3][4]\n
    4. \n
  4. ^ NIL is cited as an influence for Rust in multiple sources; this likely refers to Network Implementation Language developed by Robert Strom and others at IBM, which pioneered typestate analysis,[5][6] not to be confused with New Implementation of LISP.\n
    5. \n
  5. ^ See previous footnote on the referent of NIL.\n
    6. \n
  6. ^ The list of Rust compiler versions (referred to as a bootstrapping chain) has history going back to 2012.[21]\n
    7. \n
  7. ^ Energy compared to C was 3% more for Rust and 34% more for C++; time was 4% more and 56% more, respectively.\n
    8. \n
  8. ^ wrapping no_mangle with unsafe as well as prefacing the extern "C" block with unsafe are required in the 2024 edition or later.[132]\n
    9. \n
  9. ^ That is, among respondents who have done \"extensive development work [with Rust] in over the past year\" (14.8%), Rust had the largest percentage who also expressed interest to \"work in [Rust] over the next year\" (72.4%).[190]\n
    10. \n
\n

References

[edit]
\n

Book sources

[edit]
\n
\n
  • Gjengset, Jon (2021). Rust for Rustaceans (1st ed.). No Starch Press. ISBN 9781718501850. OCLC 1277511986.
    • \n
  • Klabnik, Steve; Nichols, Carol (2019-08-12). The Rust Programming Language (Covers Rust 2018). No Starch Press. ISBN 978-1-7185-0044-0.
    • \n
  • Blandy, Jim; Orendorff, Jason; Tindall, Leonora F. S. (2021). Programming Rust: Fast, Safe Systems Development (2nd ed.). O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-1-4920-5254-8. OCLC 1289839504.
    • \n
  • McNamara, Tim (2021). Rust in Action. Manning Publications. ISBN 978-1-6172-9455-6. OCLC 1153044639.
    • \n
  • Klabnik, Steve; Nichols, Carol (2023). The Rust programming language (2nd ed.). No Starch Press. ISBN 978-1-7185-0310-6. OCLC 1363816350.
\n
\n

Others

[edit]
\n
\n
    \n
  1. ^ \"Announcing Rust 1.90.0\". 2025-09-18. Retrieved 2025-09-18.\n
    2. \n
  2. ^ a b \"Platform Support\". The rustc book. Archived from the original on 2022-06-30. Retrieved 2022-06-27.\n
    3. \n
  3. ^ \"Copyright\". GitHub. The Rust Programming Language. 2022-10-19. Archived from the original on 2023-07-22. Retrieved 2022-10-19.\n
    4. \n
  4. ^ \"Licenses\". The Rust Programming Language. Archived from the original on 2025-02-23. Retrieved 2025-03-07.\n
    5. \n
  5. ^ Strom, Robert E. (1983). \"Mechanisms for compile-time enforcement of security\". Proceedings of the 10th ACM SIGACT-SIGPLAN symposium on Principles of programming languages - POPL '83. pp. 276–284. doi:10.1145/567067.567093. ISBN 0897910907. S2CID 6630704.\n
    6. \n
  6. ^ Strom, Robert E.; Yemini, Shaula (1986). \"Typestate: A programming language concept for enhancing software reliability\" (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering. 12. IEEE: 157–171. doi:10.1109/tse.1986.6312929. S2CID 15575346.\n
    7. \n
  7. ^ \"Uniqueness Types\". Rust Blog. Archived from the original on 2016-09-15. Retrieved 2016-10-08. Those of you familiar with the Elm style may recognize that the updated --explain messages draw heavy inspiration from the Elm approach.\n
    8. \n
  8. ^ \"Influences\". The Rust Reference. Archived from the original on 2023-11-26. Retrieved 2023-12-31.\n
    9. \n
  9. ^ \"Uniqueness Types\". Idris 1.3.3 documentation. Archived from the original on 2018-11-21. Retrieved 2022-07-14. They are inspired by ... ownership types and borrowed pointers in the Rust programming language.\n
    10. \n
  10. ^ Tung, Liam. \"Microsoft opens up Rust-inspired Project Verona programming language on GitHub\". ZDNET. Archived from the original on 2020-01-17. Retrieved 2020-01-17.\n
    11. \n
  11. ^ Jaloyan, Georges-Axel (2017-10-19). \"Safe Pointers in SPARK 2014\". arXiv:1710.07047 [cs.PL].\n
    12. \n
  12. ^ Lattner, Chris. \"Chris Lattner's Homepage\". Nondot. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2019-05-14.\n
    13. \n
  13. ^ \"V documentation (Introduction)\". GitHub. The V Programming Language. Retrieved 2023-11-04.\n
    14. \n
  14. ^ Yegulalp, Serdar (2016-08-29). \"New challenger joins Rust to topple C language\". InfoWorld. Archived from the original on 2021-11-25. Retrieved 2022-10-19.\n
    15. \n
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Thompson, Clive (2023-02-14). \"How Rust went from a side project to the world's most-loved programming language\". MIT Technology Review. Archived from the original on 2024-09-19. Retrieved 2023-02-23.\n
    16. \n
  16. ^ \"Rust logo\". Bugzilla. Archived from the original on 2024-02-02. Retrieved 2024-02-02.\n
    17. \n
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Klabnik, Steve (2016-06-02). \"The History of Rust\". Applicative 2016. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. p. 80. doi:10.1145/2959689.2960081. ISBN 978-1-4503-4464-7.\n
    18. \n
  18. ^ a b c Hoare, Graydon (July 2010). Project Servo: Technology from the past come to save the future from itself (PDF). Mozilla Annual Summit. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-12-26. Retrieved 2024-10-29.\n
    19. \n
  19. ^ Hoare, Graydon (November 2016). \"Rust Prehistory (Archive of the original Rust OCaml compiler source code)\". GitHub. Retrieved 2024-10-29.\n
    20. \n
  20. ^ \"0.1 first supported public release Milestone · rust-lang/rust\". GitHub. Retrieved 2024-10-29.\n
    21. \n
  21. ^ Nelson, Jynn (2022-08-05). RustConf 2022 - Bootstrapping: The once and future compiler. Portland, Oregon: Rust Team. Retrieved 2024-10-29 – via YouTube.\n
    22. \n
  22. ^ Anderson, Brian (2012-01-24). \"[rust-dev] The Rust compiler 0.1 is unleashed\". rust-dev (Mailing list). Archived from the original on 2012-01-24. Retrieved 2025-01-07.\n
    23. \n
  23. ^ Anthony, Sebastian (2012-01-24). \"Mozilla releases Rust 0.1, the language that will eventually usurp Firefox's C++\". ExtremeTech. Retrieved 2025-01-07.\n
    24. \n
  24. ^ \"Purity by pcwalton · Pull Request #5412 · rust-lang/rust\". GitHub. Retrieved 2024-10-29.\n
    25. \n
  25. ^ Binstock, Andrew (2014-01-07). \"The Rise And Fall of Languages in 2013\". Dr. Dobb's Journal. Archived from the original on 2016-08-07. Retrieved 2022-11-20.\n
    26. \n
  26. ^ Lardinois, Frederic (2015-04-03). \"Mozilla And Samsung Team Up To Develop Servo, Mozilla's Next-Gen Browser Engine For Multicore Processors\". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 2016-09-10. Retrieved 2017-06-25.\n
    27. \n
  27. ^ \"Firefox 45.0, See All New Features, Updates and Fixes\". Mozilla. Archived from the original on 2016-03-17. Retrieved 2024-10-31.\n
    28. \n
  28. ^ Lardinois, Frederic (2017-09-29). \"It's time to give Firefox another chance\". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 2023-08-15. Retrieved 2023-08-15.\n
    29. \n
  29. ^ Pereira, Rui; Couto, Marco; Ribeiro, Francisco; Rua, Rui; Cunha, Jácome; Fernandes, João Paulo; Saraiva, João (2017-10-23). \"Energy efficiency across programming languages: How do energy, time, and memory relate?\". Proceedings of the 10th ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Software Language Engineering. SLE 2017. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 256–267. doi:10.1145/3136014.3136031. hdl:1822/65359. ISBN 978-1-4503-5525-4.\n
    30. \n
  30. ^ Cimpanu, Catalin (2020-08-11). \"Mozilla lays off 250 employees while it refocuses on commercial products\". ZDNET. Archived from the original on 2022-03-18. Retrieved 2020-12-02.\n
    31. \n
  31. ^ Cooper, Daniel (2020-08-11). \"Mozilla lays off 250 employees due to the pandemic\". Engadget. Archived from the original on 2020-12-13. Retrieved 2020-12-02.\n
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  190. ^ a b c \"2025 Stack Overflow Developer Survey – Technology\". Stack Overflow. Retrieved 2025-08-09.\n
    191. \n
  191. ^ Claburn, Thomas (2022-06-23). \"Linus Torvalds says Rust is coming to the Linux kernel\". The Register. Archived from the original on 2022-07-28. Retrieved 2022-07-15.\n
    192. \n
  192. ^ Wallach, Dan. \"TRACTOR: Translating All C to Rust\". DARPA. Retrieved 2025-08-03.\n
    193. \n
  193. ^ Jung, Ralf; Jourdan, Jacques-Henri; Krebbers, Robbert; Dreyer, Derek (2017-12-27). \"RustBelt: securing the foundations of the Rust programming language\". Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages. 2 (POPL): 1–34. doi:10.1145/3158154. hdl:21.11116/0000-0003-34C6-3. ISSN 2475-1421.\n
    194. \n
  194. ^ Popescu, Natalie; Xu, Ziyang; Apostolakis, Sotiris; August, David I.; Levy, Amit (2021-10-20). \"Safer at any speed: automatic context-aware safety enhancement for Rust\". Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages. 5 (OOPSLA): 1–23. doi:10.1145/3485480. ISSN 2475-1421.\n
    195. \n
  195. ^ Blanco-Cuaresma, Sergi; Bolmont, Emeline (2017-05-30). \"What can the programming language Rust do for astrophysics?\". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union. 12 (S325): 341–344. arXiv:1702.02951. Bibcode:2017IAUS..325..341B. doi:10.1017/S1743921316013168. ISSN 1743-9213. S2CID 7857871. Archived from the original on 2022-06-25. Retrieved 2022-06-25.\n
    196. \n
  196. ^ Klabnik & Nichols 2019, p. 4.\n
    197. \n
  197. ^ \"Getting Started\". The Rust Programming Language. Archived from the original on 2020-11-01. Retrieved 2020-10-11.\n
    198. \n
  198. ^ The Rust Survey Team (2025-02-13). \"2024 State of Rust Survey Results\". The Rust Programming Language. Retrieved 2025-09-07.\n
    199. \n
  199. ^ \"The top programming languages\". The State of the Octoverse. 2022. Retrieved 2025-06-25.\n
    200. \n
  200. ^ \"Octoverse: AI leads Python to top language as the number of global developers surges\". The GitHub Blog. 2024-10-29. Retrieved 2025-06-25.\n
    201. \n
  201. ^ Tung, Liam (2021-02-08). \"The Rust programming language just took a huge step forwards\". ZDNET. Archived from the original on 2022-07-14. Retrieved 2022-07-14.\n
    202. \n
  202. ^ Krill, Paul (2021-02-09). \"Rust language moves to independent foundation\". InfoWorld. Archived from the original on 2021-04-10. Retrieved 2021-04-10.\n
    203. \n
  203. ^ Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. (2021-04-09). \"AWS's Shane Miller to head the newly created Rust Foundation\". ZDNET. Archived from the original on 2021-04-10. Retrieved 2021-04-10.\n
    204. \n
  204. ^ Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. (2021-11-17). \"Rust Foundation appoints Rebecca Rumbul as executive director\". ZDNET. Archived from the original on 2021-11-18. Retrieved 2021-11-18.\n
    205. \n
  205. ^ \"Governance\". The Rust Programming Language. Archived from the original on 2022-05-10. Retrieved 2024-07-18.\n
    206. \n
  206. ^ \"Introducing the Rust Leadership Council\". Rust Blog. 2023-06-20. Retrieved 2024-01-12.\n
    207. \n
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External links

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\nRust at Wikipedia's sister projects
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Mozilla
Labs
Mozilla
Research
Mozilla
Foundation
Firefox
Origins
Frameworks
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Discontinued projects are in italics. Some projects abandoned by Mozilla that are still maintained by third parties are in underline.
Organization
Foundation
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People
Community
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National
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History of computing
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\nTimeline of computing
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Timeline of computing presents events in the history of computing organized by year and grouped into six topic areas: predictions and concepts, first use and inventions, hardware systems and processors, operating systems, programming languages, and new application areas.\n

Detailed computing timelines: before 1950, 1950–1979, 1980–1989, 1990–1999, 2000–2009, 2010–2019, 2020–present\n

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Graphical timeline

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\"Video\"IEEE\"blog\"\"wiki\"\"Web\"World\"WYSIWYG\"\"Port\"Usenet\"\"CATS\"VisiCalc\"\"email\"\"Pong\"\"Non-linear\"NLS\"The\"Proof\"CDC\"Bulletin\"Spacewar\"computer\"timesharing\"\"compiler\"CSIRAC\"\"Microsoft\"C++20\"\"Bosque\"Fortran\"Q\"C++17\"\"Raku\"C++14\"\"Swift\"\"TypeScript\"\"Elm\"Elixir\"Kotlin\"\"C++11\"\"Rust\"\"CoffeeScript\"\"Clojure\"\"Go\"PowerShell\"\"F\"Scala\"ActionScript\"\"C\"D\"XSLT\"\"PHP\"\"Objective\"Ruby\"Java\"JavaScript\"\"Delphi\"AppleScript\"\"Visual\"Python\"Haskell\"\"Mathematica\"\"Tcl\"\"Erlang\"\"Perl\"\"SQL\"HyperCard\"\"Objective-C\"\"Eiffel\"Caml\"\"PostScript\"\"PARADOX\"Common\"Turbo\"C++\"\"Ada\"DBASE\"\"Rexx\"\"AWK\"\"SQL\"\"Modula-2\"\"VisiCalc\"\"IDL\"FORTRAN\"Scheme\"ML\"Prolog\"\"C\"Smalltalk\"\"Forth\"Pascal\"B\"PLI\"\"Logo\"ALGOL\"BCPL\"\"FORTRAN\"BASIC\"\"SNOBOL\"\"Simula\"\"APL\"COBOL\"\"MAD\"Lisp\"ALGOL\"FORTRAN\"Mark\"A-0\"Plankalkül\"\"Windows\"Windows\"Windows\"ArcaOS\"\"Windows\"Windows\"Windows\"Qubes\"Windows\"Windows\"Chrome\"Windows\"Windows\"Android\"Windows\"Windows\"iOS\"\"Windows\"Ubuntu\"ReactOS\"\"Windows\"Gentoo\"z/OS\"\"Windows\"Mac\"Windows\"Windows\"Mac\"Mac\"BlackBerry\"Windows\"FreeDOS\"\"Symbian\"\"Mac\"SUSE\"MkLinux\"\"Windows\"OS/390\"\"OpenBSD\"\"Red\"Debian\"\"Slackware\"\"Windows\"UnixWare\"\"SLS\"OS/2\"\"Windows\"Solaris\"Linux\"\"OSF/1\"\"BeOS\"\"SCO\"NEXTSTEP\"\"POSIX\"\"OS/400\"\"RISC\"Windows\"OS/2\"\"Minix\"\"IRIX\"\"HP-UX\"\"Apple\"AIX\"Mach\"\"Windows\"Atari\"AmigaOS\"\"GNU\"\"Mac\"UNIX\"Apple\"SunOS\"\"MS-DOS\"\"OS-9\"\"Virtual\"Apple\"CP/M\"MVS\"\"VM/CMS\"\"RSTS-11\"\"RT-11\"\"Unix\"\"TOPS-20\"\"Airline\"WAITS\"\"CP/CMS\"\"Michigan\"Incompatible\"Multics\"\"OS/360\"\"TOPS-10\"\"Dartmouth\"General\"Burroughs\"CTSS\"\"IBSYS\"\"SHARE\"University\"GM-NAA\"IBM\"List\"iPad\"\"Intel\"Intel\"Intel\"IPhone\"Amazon\"Cell\"Intel\"Pentium\"Pentium\"Athlon\"PowerPC\"Itanium\"\"POWER4\"\"Pentium\"Athlon\"\"List\"List\"iMac\"\"List\"AMD\"List\"AMD\"Power\"PowerPC\"Pentium\"i486\"\"IBM\"Connection\"Acorn\"ARM\"Amstrad\"Commodore\"Atari\"i386\"\"MIPS\"IBM\"Apple\"IBM\"IBM\"Apple\"Apple\n

\n\"Intel\"Commodore\"BBC\"IBM\"ZX81\"\n\n

\n\"Apple\"ZX80\"\"Commodore\"Motorola\"Intel\"TRS-80\"\"Apple\"VAX-11\"\"Commodore\"Apple\"Cray-1\"\"MOS\"Zilog\"Altair\"Motorola\"Intel\"Intel\"Intel\"PDP-11\"\"Datapoint\"PDP-10\"\"BESM\"\"CDC\"PDP-8\"\"IBM\"PDP-6\"\"ReserVec\"\"ATLAS\"IBM\"CDC\"PDP-1\"\"IBM\"AN/FSQ-7\"\"UNIVAC\"IBM\"IBM\"Harwell\"IBM\"IBM\"Strela\"IBM\"UNIVAC\"Whirlwind\"UNIVAC\"LEO\"Ferranti\"Manchester\"Small-Scale\"IBM\"ENIAC\"\"Colossus\"Harvard\"Z3\"Atanasoff–Berry\"Docker\"Cryptocurrency\"\"Tor\"Onion\"PCI\"Serial\"Blade\"Asymmetric\"Accelerated\"DVD-ROM\"\"USB\"\"IEEE\"Beowulf\"DNA\"Smartphone\"\"Conventional\"CD-i\"\"PCMCIA\"\"VESA\"\"SVGA\"\"Extended\"sound\"VGA\"\"Connection\"Personal\"SCSI\"\"Parallel\"CD\"Enhanced\"Expanded\"Advanced\"Domain\"coprocessor\"\"Multi-touch\"\"RISC\"\"MIDI\"\"Hayes\"Color\"Industry\"VMEbus\"\"compact\"supercomputer\"\"laser\"single-board\"TCP/IP\"\"touchscreen\"\"ethernet\"\"Magnavox\"game\"microprocessor\"\"floppy\"dynamic\"NPL\"ARPANET\"\"RS-232\"\"fuzzy\"packet\"computer\"paging\"\"virtual\"interrupts\"\"spooling\"\"garbage\"time-sharing\"\"integrated\"dot\"hard\"magnetic\"index\"magnetic\"RAM\"\"transistor\"\"Williams\"trackball\"\"teletype\"\"Hutter\"POPLmark\"DARPA\"Google\"TopCoder\"\"ICFP\"CADE\"International\"Quantum\"P\"North\"Turing\"Relational\"David\"Moore's
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See also

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\n\n

Resources

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  • Stephen White, A Brief History of Computing
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  • The Computer History in time and space, Graphing Project, an attempt to build a graphical image of computer history, in particular operating systems.
    • \n
  • \"\" The Computer Revolution/Timeline at Wikibooks
    • \n
  • \"File:Timeline.pdf - Engineering and Technology History Wiki\" (PDF). ethw.org. 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-31. Retrieved 2018-03-03.
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External links

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Computing
Computer
science
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Internet
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people
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Python (programming language)

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General-purpose programming language
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Python
ParadigmMulti-paradigm: object-oriented,[1] procedural (imperative), functional, structured, reflective
Designed byGuido van Rossum
DeveloperPython Software Foundation
First appeared20 February 1991; 34 years ago (1991-02-20)[2]
Stable release
3.13.7[3] \"Edit\n / 14 August 2025; 48 days ago (14 August 2025)
Preview release
3.14.0rc3\n / 18 August 2025; 44 days ago (2025-08-18)
\n
Typing disciplineduck, dynamic, strong;[4] optional type annotations[a]
OSCross-platform including e.g. for mobile/Android[b]
LicensePython Software Foundation License
Filename extensions.py, .pyw, .pyz,[11]
\n.pyi, .pyc, .pyd
Websitepython.org
Major implementations
CPython, PyPy, MicroPython, CircuitPython, IronPython, Jython, Stackless Python
Dialects
Cython, RPython, Starlark[12]
Influenced by
ABC,[13] Ada,[14][failed verification] ALGOL 68,[15]
APL,[16] C,[17] C++,[18] CLU,[19] Dylan,[20]
Haskell,[21][16] Icon,[22] Lisp,[23]
Modula-3,[15][18] Perl,[24] Standard ML[16]
Influenced
Apache Groovy, Boo, Cobra, CoffeeScript,[25] D, F#, GDScript, Go, JavaScript,[26][27] Julia,[28] Mojo,[29] Nim, Ring,[30] Ruby,[31] Swift,[32] V[33]
\n
  • \"\" Python Programming at Wikibooks
\n
\n

Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability with the use of significant indentation.[34]\n

Python is dynamically type-checked and garbage-collected. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including structured (particularly procedural), object-oriented and functional programming.\n

Guido van Rossum began working on Python in the late 1980s as a successor to the ABC programming language. Python 3.0, released in 2008, was a major revision and not completely backward-compatible with earlier versions. Recent versions, such as Python 3.13, 3.12 and older (and 3.14), have added capabilities and keywords for typing (and more; e.g. increasing speed); helping with (optional) static typing.[35] Currently only versions in the 3.x series are supported.\n

Python consistently ranks as one of the most popular programming languages, and it has gained widespread use in the machine learning community.[36][37][38][39] It is widely taught as an introductory programming language.[40]\n

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History

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\n
Main article: History of Python
\n
The designer of Python, Guido van Rossum, at PyCon US 2024
\n

Python was conceived in the late 1980s[41] by Guido van Rossum at Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI) in the Netherlands.[42] It was designed as a successor to the ABC programming language, which was inspired by SETL,[43] capable of exception handling and interfacing with the Amoeba operating system.[13] Python implementation began in December, 1989.[44] Van Rossum first released it in 1991 as Python 0.9.0.[42] Van Rossum assumed sole responsibility for the project, as the lead developer, until 12 July 2018, when he announced his \"permanent vacation\" from responsibilities as Python's \"benevolent dictator for life\" (BDFL); this title was bestowed on him by the Python community to reflect his long-term commitment as the project's chief decision-maker.[45] (He has since come out of retirement and is self-titled \"BDFL-emeritus\".) In January 2019, active Python core developers elected a five-member Steering Council to lead the project.[46][47]\n

The name Python derives from the British comedy series Monty Python's Flying Circus.[48] (See § Naming.)\n

Python 2.0 was released on 16 October 2000, with many major new features such as list comprehensions, cycle-detecting garbage collection, reference counting, and Unicode support.[49] Python 2.7's end-of-life was initially set for 2015, and then postponed to 2020 out of concern that a large body of existing code could not easily be forward-ported to Python 3.[50][51] It no longer receives security patches or updates.[52][53] While Python 2.7 and older versions are officially unsupported, a different unofficial Python implementation, PyPy, continues to support Python 2, i.e., \"2.7.18+\" (plus 3.10), with the plus signifying (at least some) \"backported security updates\".[54]\n

Python 3.0 was released on 3 December 2008, and was a major revision and not completely backward-compatible with earlier versions, with some new semantics and changed syntax. Python 2.7.18, released in 2020, was the last release of Python 2.[55] Several releases in the Python 3.x series have added new syntax to the language, and made a few (considered very minor) backwards-incompatible changes.\n

As of 14 August 2025[update], Python 3.13 is the latest stable release and Python 3.10 is the oldest supported release.[56] Releases receive two years of full support followed by three years of security support.\n

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Design philosophy and features

[edit]
\n

Python is a multi-paradigm programming language. Object-oriented programming and structured programming are fully supported, and many of their features support functional programming and aspect-oriented programming – including metaprogramming[57] and metaobjects.[58] Many other paradigms are supported via extensions, including design by contract[59][60] and logic programming.[61] Python is often referred to as a 'glue language'[62] because it is purposely designed to be able to integrate components written in other languages.\n

Python uses dynamic typing and a combination of reference counting and a cycle-detecting garbage collector for memory management.[63] It uses dynamic name resolution (late binding), which binds method and variable names during program execution.\n

Python's design offers some support for functional programming in the \"Lisp tradition\". It has filter, map, and reduce functions; list comprehensions, dictionaries, sets, and generator expressions.[64] The standard library has two modules (itertools and functools) that implement functional tools borrowed from Haskell and Standard ML.[65]\n

Python's core philosophy is summarized in the Zen of Python (PEP 20) written by Tim Peters, which includes aphorisms such as these:[66]\n

\n
  • Explicit is better than implicit.
    • \n
  • Simple is better than complex.
    • \n
  • Readability counts.
    • \n
  • Special cases aren't special enough to break the rules.
    • \n
  • Although practicality beats purity.
    • \n
  • Errors should never pass silently.
    • \n
  • Unless explicitly silenced.
    • \n
  • There should be one-- and preferably only one --obvious way to do it.
\n

However, Python have received criticism for violating these principles and adding unnecessary language bloat.[67] Responses to these criticisms note that the Zen of Python is a guideline rather than a rule.[68] The addition of some new features had been controversial: Guido van Rossum resigned as Benevolent Dictator for Life after conflict about adding the assignment expression operator in Python 3.8 .[69][70]\n

Nevertheless, rather than building all functionality into its core, Python was designed to be highly extensible via modules. This compact modularity has made it particularly popular as a means of adding programmable interfaces to existing applications. Van Rossum's vision of a small core language with a large standard library and easily extensible interpreter stemmed from his frustrations with ABC, which represented the opposite approach.[41]\n

Python claims to strive for a simpler, less-cluttered syntax and grammar, while giving developers a choice in their coding methodology. In contrast to Perl's motto \"there is more than one way to do it\", Python advocates an approach where \"there should be one – and preferably only one – obvious way to do it\".[66] In practice, however, Python provides many ways to achieve a given goal. There are, for example, at least three ways to format a string literal, with no certainty as to which one a programmer should use.[71] Alex Martelli is a Fellow at the Python Software Foundation and Python book author; he wrote that \"To describe something as 'clever' is not considered a compliment in the Python culture.\"[72]\n

Python's developers usually try to avoid premature optimization; they also reject patches to non-critical parts of the CPython reference implementation that would offer marginal increases in speed at the cost of clarity.[73][failed verification] Execution speed can be improved by moving speed-critical functions to extension modules written in languages such as C, or by using a just-in-time compiler like PyPy. It is also possible to cross-compile to other languages; but this approach either fails to achieve the expected speed-up, since Python is a very dynamic language, or only a restricted subset of Python is compiled (with potential minor semantic changes).[74]\n

Python's developers aim for the language to be fun to use. This goal is reflected in the name – a tribute to the British comedy group Monty Python[75] – and in playful approaches to some tutorials and reference materials. For instance, some code examples use the terms \"spam\" and \"eggs\" (in reference to a Monty Python sketch), rather than the typical terms \"foo\" and \"bar\".[76][77]\n

A common neologism in the Python community is pythonic, which has a wide range of meanings related to program style: Pythonic code may use Python idioms well; be natural or show fluency in the language; or conform with Python's minimalist philosophy and emphasis on readability.[78]\n

\n

Syntax and semantics

[edit]
\n
Main article: Python syntax and semantics
\n
\"Block
An example of Python code and indentation
\n
\"C
Example of C# code with curly braces and semicolons
\n

Python is meant to be an easily readable language. Its formatting is visually uncluttered and often uses English keywords where other languages use punctuation. Unlike many other languages, it does not use curly brackets to delimit blocks, and semicolons after statements are allowed but rarely used. It has fewer syntactic exceptions and special cases than C or Pascal.[79]\n

\n

Indentation

[edit]
\n
Further information: Python syntax and semantics § Indentation
\n

Python uses whitespace indentation, rather than curly brackets or keywords, to delimit blocks. An increase in indentation comes after certain statements; a decrease in indentation signifies the end of the current block.[80] Thus, the program's visual structure accurately represents its semantic structure.[81] This feature is sometimes termed the off-side rule. Some other languages use indentation this way; but in most, indentation has no semantic meaning. The recommended indent size is four spaces.[82]\n

\n

Statements and control flow

[edit]
\n

Python's statements include the following:\n

\n
  • The assignment statement, using a single equals sign =
    • \n
  • The if statement, which conditionally executes a block of code, along with else and elif (a contraction of else if)
    • \n
  • The for statement, which iterates over an iterable object, capturing each element to a local variable for use by the attached block
    • \n
  • The while statement, which executes a block of code as long as boolean condition is true
    • \n
  • The try statement, which allows exceptions raised in its attached code block to be caught and handled by except clauses (or new syntax except* in Python 3.11 for exception groups[83]); the try statement also ensures that clean-up code in a finally block is always run regardless of how the block exits
    • \n
  • The raise statement, used to raise a specified exception or re-raise a caught exception
    • \n
  • The class statement, which executes a block of code and attaches its local namespace to a class, for use in object-oriented programming
    • \n
  • The def statement, which defines a function or method
    • \n
  • The with statement, which encloses a code block within a context manager, allowing resource-acquisition-is-initialization (RAII)-like behavior and replacing a common try/finally idiom[84] Examples of a context include acquiring a lock before some code is run, and then releasing the lock; or opening and then closing a file
    • \n
  • The break statement, which exits a loop
    • \n
  • The continue statement, which skips the rest of the current iteration and continues with the next
    • \n
  • The del statement, which removes a variable—deleting the reference from the name to the value, and producing an error if the variable is referred to before it is redefined [c]
    • \n
  • The pass statement, serving as a NOP (i.e., no operation), which is syntactically needed to create an empty code block
    • \n
  • The assert statement, used in debugging to check for conditions that should apply
    • \n
  • The yield statement, which returns a value from a generator function (and also an operator); used to implement coroutines
    • \n
  • The return statement, used to return a value from a function
    • \n
  • The import and from statements, used to import modules whose functions or variables can be used in the current program
    • \n
  • The match and case statements, analogous to a switch statement construct, which compares an expression against one or more cases as a control-flow measure
\n

The assignment statement (=) binds a name as a reference to a separate, dynamically allocated object. Variables may subsequently be rebound at any time to any object. In Python, a variable name is a generic reference holder without a fixed data type; however, it always refers to some object with a type. This is called dynamic typing—in contrast to statically-typed languages, where each variable may contain only a value of a certain type.\n

Python does not support tail call optimization or first-class continuations; according to Van Rossum, the language never will.[85][86] However, better support for coroutine-like functionality is provided by extending Python's generators.[87] Before 2.5, generators were lazy iterators; data was passed unidirectionally out of the generator. From Python 2.5 on, it is possible to pass data back into a generator function; and from version 3.3, data can be passed through multiple stack levels.[88]\n

\n

Expressions

[edit]
\n

Python's expressions include the following:\n

\n
  • The +, -, and * operators for mathematical addition, subtraction, and multiplication are similar to other languages, but the behavior of division differs. There are two types of division in Python: floor division (or integer division) //, and floating-point division /.[89] Python uses the ** operator for exponentiation.
    • \n
  • Python uses the + operator for string concatenation. The language uses the * operator for duplicating a string a specified number of times.
    • \n
  • The @ infix operator is intended to be used by libraries such as NumPy for matrix multiplication.[90][91]
    • \n
  • The syntax :=, called the \"walrus operator\", was introduced in Python 3.8. This operator assigns values to variables as part of a larger expression.[92]
    • \n
  • In Python, == compares two objects by value. Python's is operator may be used to compare object identities (i.e., comparison by reference), and comparisons may be chained—for example, a <= b <= c.
    • \n
  • Python uses and, or, and not as Boolean operators.
    • \n
  • Python has a type of expression called a list comprehension, and a more general expression called a generator expression.[64]
    • \n
  • Anonymous functions are implemented using lambda expressions; however, there may be only one expression in each body.
    • \n
  • Conditional expressions are written as x if c else y.[93] (This is different in operand order from the c ? x : y operator common to many other languages.)
    • \n
  • Python makes a distinction between lists and tuples. Lists are written as [1, 2, 3], are mutable, and cannot be used as the keys of dictionaries (since dictionary keys must be immutable in Python). Tuples, written as (1, 2, 3), are immutable and thus can be used as the keys of dictionaries, provided that all of the tuple's elements are immutable. The + operator can be used to concatenate two tuples, which does not directly modify their contents, but produces a new tuple containing the elements of both. For example, given the variable t initially equal to (1, 2, 3), executing t = t + (4, 5) first evaluates t + (4, 5), which yields (1, 2, 3, 4, 5); this result is then assigned back to t—thereby effectively \"modifying the contents\" of t while conforming to the immutable nature of tuple objects. Parentheses are optional for tuples in unambiguous contexts.[94]
    • \n
  • Python features sequence unpacking where multiple expressions, each evaluating to something assignable (e.g., a variable or a writable property) are associated just as in forming tuple literal; as a whole, the results are then put on the left-hand side of the equal sign in an assignment statement. This statement expects an iterable object on the right-hand side of the equal sign to produce the same number of values as the writable expressions on the left-hand side; while iterating, the statement assigns each of the values produced on the right to the corresponding expression on the left.[95]
    • \n
  • Python has a \"string format\" operator % that functions analogously to printf format strings in the C language—e.g. "spam=%s eggs=%d" % ("blah", 2) evaluates to \"spam=blah eggs=2\". In Python 2.6+ and 3+, this operator was supplemented by the format() method of the str class, e.g., "spam={0} eggs={1}".format("blah", 2). Python 3.6 added \"f-strings\": spam = "blah"; eggs = 2; f'spam={spam} eggs={eggs}'.[96]
    • \n
  • Strings in Python can be concatenated by \"adding\" them (using the same operator as for adding integers and floats); e.g., "spam" + "eggs" returns \"spameggs\". If strings contain numbers, they are concatenated as strings rather than as integers, e.g. "2" + "2" returns \"22\".
    • \n
  • Python supports string literals in several ways:\n
    • Delimited by single or double quotation marks; single and double quotation marks have equivalent functionality (unlike in Unix shells, Perl, and Perl-influenced languages). Both marks use the backslash (\\) as an escape character. String interpolation became available in Python 3.6 as \"formatted string literals\".[96]
      • \n
    • Triple-quoted, i.e., starting and ending with three single or double quotation marks; this may span multiple lines and function like here documents in shells, Perl, and Ruby.
      • \n
    • Raw string varieties, denoted by prefixing the string literal with r. Escape sequences are not interpreted; hence raw strings are useful where literal backslashes are common, such as in regular expressions and Windows-style paths. (Compare \"@-quoting\" in C#.)
    • \n
  • Python has array index and array slicing expressions in lists, which are written as a[key], a[start:stop] or a[start:stop:step]. Indexes are zero-based, and negative indexes are relative to the end. Slices take elements from the start index up to, but not including, the stop index. The (optional) third slice parameter, called step or stride, allows elements to be skipped or reversed. Slice indexes may be omitted—for example, a[:] returns a copy of the entire list. Each element of a slice is a shallow copy.
\n

In Python, a distinction between expressions and statements is rigidly enforced, in contrast to languages such as Common Lisp, Scheme, or Ruby. This distinction leads to duplicating some functionality, for example:\n

\n
  • List comprehensions vs. for-loops
    • \n
  • Conditional expressions vs. if blocks
    • \n
  • The eval() vs. exec() built-in functions (in Python 2, exec is a statement); the former function is for expressions, while the latter is for statements
\n

A statement cannot be part of an expression; because of this restriction, expressions such as list and dict comprehensions (and lambda expressions) cannot contain statements. As a particular case, an assignment statement such as a = 1 cannot be part of the conditional expression of a conditional statement.\n

\n

Methods

[edit]
\n

Methods of objects are functions attached to the object's class; the syntax for normal methods and functions, instance.method(argument), is syntactic sugar for Class.method(instance, argument). Python methods have an explicit self parameter to access instance data, in contrast to the implicit self (or this) parameter in some object-oriented programming languages (e.g., C++, Java, Objective-C, Ruby).[97] Python also provides methods, often called dunder methods (because their names begin and end with double underscores); these methods allow user-defined classes to modify how they are handled by native operations including length, comparison, arithmetic, and type conversion.[98]\n

\n

Typing

[edit]
\n
The standard type hierarchy in Python 3
\n

Python uses duck typing, and it has typed objects but untyped variable names. Type constraints are not checked at definition time; rather, operations on an object may fail at usage time, indicating that the object is not of an appropriate type. Despite being dynamically typed, Python is strongly typed, forbidding operations that are poorly defined (e.g., adding a number and a string) rather than quietly attempting to interpret them.\n

Python allows programmers to define their own types using classes, most often for object-oriented programming. New instances of classes are constructed by calling the class, for example, SpamClass() or EggsClass()); the classes are instances of the metaclass type (which is an instance of itself), thereby allowing metaprogramming and reflection.\n

Before version 3.0, Python had two kinds of classes, both using the same syntax: old-style and new-style.[99] Current Python versions support the semantics of only the new style.\n

Python supports optional type annotations.[5][100] These annotations are not enforced by the language, but may be used by external tools such as mypy to catch errors. Python includes a module typing including several type names for type annotations.[101][102] Mypy also supports a Python compiler called mypyc, which leverages type annotations for optimization.[103]\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Summary of Python 3's built-in types\n
Type\nMutability\nDescription\nSyntax examples\n
bool\nimmutable\nBoolean value\nTrue
False\n
bytearray\nmutable\nSequence of bytes\nbytearray(b'Some ASCII')
bytearray(b"Some ASCII")
bytearray([119, 105, 107, 105])\n
bytes\nimmutable\nSequence of bytes\nb'Some ASCII'
b"Some ASCII"
bytes([119, 105, 107, 105])\n
complex\nimmutable\nComplex number with real and imaginary parts\n3+2.7j
3 + 2.7j\n
dict\nmutable\nAssociative array (or dictionary) of key and value pairs; can contain mixed types (keys and values); keys must be a hashable type\n{'key1': 1.0, 3: False}
{}\n
types.EllipsisType\nimmutable\nAn ellipsis placeholder to be used as an index in NumPy arrays\n...
Ellipsis\n
float\nimmutable\nDouble-precision floating-point number. The precision is machine-dependent, but in practice it is generally implemented as a 64-bit IEEE 754 number with 53 bits of precision.[104]\n\n

1.33333\n

\n
frozenset\nimmutable\nUnordered set, contains no duplicates; can contain mixed types, if hashable\nfrozenset([4.0, 'string', True])\n
int\nimmutable\nInteger of unlimited magnitude[105]\n42\n
list\nmutable\nList, can contain mixed types\n[4.0, 'string', True]
[]\n
types.NoneType\nimmutable\nAn object representing the absence of a value, often called null in other languages\nNone\n
types.NotImplementedType\nimmutable\nA placeholder that can be returned from overloaded operators to indicate unsupported operand types.\nNotImplemented\n
range\nimmutable\nAn immutable sequence of numbers, commonly used for iterating a specific number of times in for loops[106]\nrange(−1, 10)
range(10, −5, −2)\n
set\nmutable\nUnordered set, contains no duplicates; can contain mixed types, if hashable\n{4.0, 'string', True}
set()\n
str\nimmutable\nA character string: sequence of Unicode codepoints\n'Wikipedia'
"Wikipedia"
"""Spanning\nmultiple\nlines"""\n
\n
tuple\nimmutable\nTuple, can contain mixed types\n(4.0, 'string', True)
('single element',)
()\n
\n

Arithmetic operations

[edit]
\n

Python includes conventional symbols for arithmetic operators (+, -, *, /), the floor-division operator //, and the modulo operator %. (With the modulo operator, a remainder can be negative, e.g., 4 % -3 == -2.) Python also offers the ** symbol for exponentiation, e.g. 5**3 == 125 and 9**0.5 == 3.0; it also offers the matrix‑multiplication operator @ .[107] These operators work as in traditional mathematics; with the same precedence rules, the infix operators + and - can also be unary, to represent positive and negative numbers respectively.\n

Division between integers produces floating-point results. The behavior of division has changed significantly over time:[108]\n

\n
  • The current version of Python (i.e., since 3.0) changed the / operator to always represent floating-point division, e.g., 5/2 == 2.5.
    • \n
  • The floor division // operator was introduced, meaning that 7//3 == 2, -7//3 == -3, 7.5//3 == 2.0, and -7.5//3 == -3.0. For Python 2.7, adding the from __future__ import division statement allows a module in Python 2.7 to use Python 3.x rules for division (see above).
\n

In Python terms, the / operator represents true division (or simply division), while the // operator represents floor division. Before version 3.0, the / operator represents classic division.[108]\n

Rounding towards negative infinity, though a different method than in most languages, adds consistency to Python. For instance, this rounding implies that the equation (a + b)//b == a//b + 1 is always true. The rounding also implies that the equation b*(a//b) + a%b == a is valid for both positive and negative values of a. As expected, the result of a%b lies in the half-open interval [0, b), where b is a positive integer; however, maintaining the validity of the equation requires that the result must lie in the interval (b, 0] when b is negative.[109]\n

Python provides a round function for rounding a float to the nearest integer. For tie-breaking, Python 3 uses the round to even method: round(1.5) and round(2.5) both produce 2.[110] Python versions before 3 used the round-away-from-zero method: round(0.5) is 1.0, and round(-0.5) is −1.0.[111]\n

Python allows Boolean expressions that contain multiple equality relations to be consistent with general usage in mathematics. For example, the expression a < b < c tests whether a is less than b and b is less than c.[112] C-derived languages interpret this expression differently: in C, the expression would first evaluate a < b, resulting in 0 or 1, and that result would then be compared with c.[113]\n

Python uses arbitrary-precision arithmetic for all integer operations. The Decimal type/class in the decimal module provides decimal floating-point numbers to a pre-defined arbitrary precision with several rounding modes.[114] The Fraction class in the fractions module provides arbitrary precision for rational numbers.[115]\n

Due to Python's extensive mathematics library and the third-party library NumPy, the language is frequently used for scientific scripting in tasks such as numerical data processing and manipulation.[116][117]\n

\n

Function syntax

[edit]
\n

Functions are created in Python by using the def keyword. A function is defined similarly to how it is called, by first providing the function name and then the required parameters. Here is an example of a function that prints its inputs:\n

\n
def printer(input1: str, input2: str = "already there") -> None:\n    print(input1)\n    print(input2)\n\nprinter("hello")\n\n# Example output:\n# hello\n# already there\n

To assign a default value to a function parameter in case no actual value is provided at run time, variable-definition syntax can be used inside the function header.\n

Code examples

[edit]
\n

\"Hello, World!\" program:\n

\n
print('Hello, World!')\n
\n

Program to calculate the factorial of a positive integer:\n

\n
text: str = input('Type a number, and its factorial will be printed: ')\nn: int = int(text)\n\nif n < 0:\n    raise ValueError('You must enter a non-negative integer')\n\nfactorial: int = 1\nfor i in range(2, n + 1):\n    factorial *= i\n\nprint(factorial)\n
\n

Libraries

[edit]
\n

Python's large standard library[118] is commonly cited as one of its greatest strengths. For Internet-facing applications, many standard formats and protocols such as MIME and HTTP are supported. The language includes modules for creating graphical user interfaces, connecting to relational databases, generating pseudorandom numbers, arithmetic with arbitrary-precision decimals,[114] manipulating regular expressions, and unit testing.\n

Some parts of the standard library are covered by specifications—for example, the Web Server Gateway Interface (WSGI) implementation wsgiref follows PEP 333[119]—but most parts are specified by their code, internal documentation, and test suites. However, because most of the standard library is cross-platform Python code, only a few modules must be altered or rewritten for variant implementations.\n

As of 13 March 2025,[update] the Python Package Index (PyPI), the official repository for third-party Python software, contains over 614,339[120] packages. These have a wide range of functionality, including the following:\n

\n
\n
\n

Development environments

[edit]
\n
See also: Comparison of integrated development environments § Python
\n

Most[which?] Python implementations (including CPython) include a read–eval–print loop (REPL); this permits the environment to function as a command line interpreter, with which users enter statements sequentially and receive results immediately.[121]\n

Python is also bundled with an integrated development environment (IDE) called IDLE,[122] which is oriented toward beginners.[citation needed]\n

Other shells, including IDLE and IPython, add additional capabilities such as improved auto-completion, session-state retention, and syntax highlighting.[122][123]\n

Standard desktop IDEs include PyCharm, Spyder, and Visual Studio Code;[citation needed] there are also web browser-based IDEs, such as the following environments:\n

\n\n

Implementations

[edit]
\n
See also: List of Python software § Python implementations
\n

Reference implementation

[edit]
\n

CPython is the reference implementation of Python. This implementation is written in C, meeting the C11 standard[127] since version 3.11. Older versions use the C89 standard with several select C99 features, but third-party extensions are not limited to older C versions—e.g., they can be implemented using C11 or C++.[128][129] CPython compiles Python programs into an intermediate bytecode,[130] which is then executed by a virtual machine.[131] CPython is distributed with a large standard library written in a combination of C and native Python.\n

CPython is available for many platforms, including Windows and most modern Unix-like systems, including macOS (and Apple M1 Macs, since Python 3.9.1, using an experimental installer). Starting with Python 3.9, the Python installer intentionally fails to install on Windows 7 and 8;[132][133] Windows XP was supported until Python 3.5, with unofficial support for VMS.[134] Platform portability was one of Python's earliest priorities.[135] During development of Python 1 and 2, even OS/2 and Solaris were supported;[136] since that time, support has been dropped for many platforms.\n

All current Python versions (since 3.7) support only operating systems that feature multithreading, by now supporting not nearly as many operating systems (dropping many outdated) than in the past.\n

\n

Other implementations

[edit]
\n

All alternative implementations have at least slightly different semantics. For example, an alternative may include unordered dictionaries, in contrast to other current Python versions. As another example in the larger Python ecosystem, PyPy does not support the full C Python API. Alternative implementations include the following:\n

\n
  • PyPy is a fast, compliant interpreter of Python 2.7 and 3.10.[137][138] PyPy's just-in-time compiler often improves speed significantly relative to CPython, but PyPy does not support some libraries written in C.[139] PyPy offers support for the RISC-V instruction-set architecture.
    • \n
  • Codon is an implementation with an ahead-of-time (AOT) compiler, which compiles a statically-typed Python-like language whose \"syntax and semantics are nearly identical to Python's, there are some notable differences\"[140] For example, Codon uses 64-bit machine integers for speed, not arbitrarily as with Python; Codon developers claim that speedups over CPython are usually on the order of ten to a hundred times. Codon compiles to machine code (via LLVM) and supports native multithreading.[141] Codon can also compile to Python extension modules that can be imported and used from Python.
    • \n
  • MicroPython and CircuitPython are Python 3 variants that are optimized for microcontrollers, including the Lego Mindstorms EV3.[142]
    • \n
  • Pyston is a variant of the Python runtime that uses just-in-time compilation to speed up execution of Python programs.[143]
    • \n
  • Cinder is a performance-oriented fork of CPython 3.8 that features a number of optimizations, including bytecode inline caching, eager evaluation of coroutines, a method-at-a-time JIT, and an experimental bytecode compiler.[144]
    • \n
  • The Snek[145][146][147] embedded computing language \"is Python-inspired, but it is not Python. It is possible to write Snek programs that run under a full Python system, but most Python programs will not run under Snek.\"[148] Snek is compatible with 8-bit AVR microcontrollers such as ATmega 328P-based Arduino, as well as larger microcontrollers that are compatible with MicroPython. Snek is an imperative language that (unlike Python) omits object-oriented programming. Snek supports only one numeric data type, which features 32-bit single precision (resembling JavaScript numbers, though smaller).
\n

Unsupported implementations

[edit]
\n

Stackless Python is a significant fork of CPython that implements microthreads. This implementation uses the call stack differently, thus allowing massively concurrent programs. PyPy also offers a stackless version.[149]\n

Just-in-time Python compilers have been developed, but are now unsupported:\n

\n
  • Google began a project named Unladen Swallow in 2009: this project aimed to speed up the Python interpreter five-fold by using LLVM, and improve multithreading capability for scaling to thousands of cores,[150] while typical implementations are limited by the global interpreter lock.
    • \n
  • Psyco is a discontinued just-in-time specializing compiler, which integrates with CPython and transforms bytecode to machine code at runtime. The emitted code is specialized for certain data types and is faster than standard Python code. Psyco does not support Python 2.7 or later.
    • \n
  • PyS60 was a Python 2 interpreter for Series 60 mobile phones, which was released by Nokia in 2005. The interpreter implemented many modules from Python's standard library, as well as additional modules for integration with the Symbian operating system. The Nokia N900 also supports Python through the GTK widget library, allowing programs to be written and run on the target device.[151]
\n

Cross-compilers to other languages

[edit]
\n

There are several compilers/transpilers to high-level object languages; the source language is unrestricted Python, a subset of Python, or a language similar to Python:\n

\n
  • Brython[152] and Transcrypt[153][154] compile Python to JavaScript.
    • \n
  • Cython compiles a superset of Python to C. The resulting code can be used with Python via direct C-level API calls into the Python interpreter.
    • \n
  • PyJL compiles/transpiles a subset of Python to \"human-readable, maintainable, and high-performance Julia source code\".[74] Despite the developers' performance claims, this is not possible for arbitrary Python code; that is, compiling to a faster language or machine code is known to be impossible in the general case. The semantics of Python might potentially be changed, but in many cases speedup is possible with few or no changes in the Python code. The faster Julia source code can then be used from Python or compiled to machine code.
    • \n
  • Nuitka compiles Python into C.[155] This compiler works with Python 3.4 to 3.12 (and 2.6 and 2.7) for Python's main supported platforms (and Windows 7 or even Windows XP) and for Android. The compiler developers claim full support for Python 3.10, partial support for Python 3.11 and 3.12, and experimental support for Python 3.13. Nuitka supports macOS including Apple Silicon-based versions. The compiler is free of cost, though it has commercial add-ons (e.g., for hiding source code).
    • \n
  • Numba is a JIT compiler that is used from Python; the compiler translates a subset of Python and NumPy code into fast machine code. This tool is enabled by adding a decorator to the relevant Python code.
    • \n
  • Pythran compiles a subset of Python 3 to C++ (C++11).[156]
    • \n
  • RPython can be compiled to C, and it is used to build the PyPy interpreter for Python.
    • \n
  • The Python → 11l → C++ transpiler[157] compiles a subset of Python 3 to C++ (C++17).
\n

There are also specialized compilers:\n

\n\n

Some older projects existed, as well as compilers not designed for use with Python 3.x and related syntax:\n

\n
  • Google's Grumpy transpiles Python 2 to Go.[158][159][160] The latest release was in 2017.
    • \n
  • IronPython allows running Python 2.7 programs with the .NET Common Language Runtime.[161] An alpha version (released in 2021), is available for \"Python 3.4, although features and behaviors from later versions may be included.\"[162]
    • \n
  • Jython compiles Python 2.7 to Java bytecode, allowing the use of Java libraries from a Python program.[163]
    • \n
  • Pyrex (last released in 2010) and Shed Skin (last released in 2013) compile to C and C++ respectively.
\n

Performance

[edit]
\n

A performance comparison among various Python implementations, using a non-numerical (combinatorial) workload, was presented at EuroSciPy '13.[164] In addition, Python's performance relative to other programming languages is benchmarked by The Computer Language Benchmarks Game.[165]\n

There are several approaches to optimizing Python performance, given the inherent slowness of an interpreted language. These approaches include the following strategies or tools:\n

\n
  • Just-in-time compilation: Dynamically compiling Python code just before it is executed. This technique is used in libraries such as Numba and PyPy.
    • \n
  • Static compilation: Python code is compiled into machine code sometime before execution. An example of this approach is Cython, which compiles Python into C.
    • \n
  • Concurrency and parallelism: Multiple tasks can be run simultaneously. Python contains modules such as `multiprocessing` to support this form of parallelism. Moreover, this approach helps to overcome limitations of the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) in CPU tasks.
    • \n
  • Efficient data structures: Performance can also be improved by using data types such as Set for membership tests, or deque from collections for queue operations.
\n

Language Development

[edit]
\n

Python's development is conducted largely through the Python Enhancement Proposal (PEP) process; this process is the primary mechanism for proposing major new features, collecting community input on issues, and documenting Python design decisions.[166] Python coding style is covered in PEP 8.[167] Outstanding PEPs are reviewed and commented on by the Python community and the steering council.[166]\n

Enhancement of the language corresponds with development of the CPython reference implementation. The mailing list python-dev is the primary forum for the language's development. Specific issues were originally discussed in the Roundup bug tracker hosted by the foundation.[168] In 2022, all issues and discussions were migrated to GitHub.[169] Development originally took place on a self-hosted source-code repository running Mercurial, until Python moved to GitHub in January 2017.[170]\n

CPython's public releases have three types, distinguished by which part of the version number is incremented:\n

\n
  • Backward-incompatible versions, where code is expected to break and must be manually ported. The first part of the version number is incremented. These releases happen infrequently—version 3.0 was released 8 years after 2.0. According to Guido van Rossum, a version 4.0 will probably never exist.[171]
    • \n
  • Major or \"feature\" releases are largely compatible with the previous version but introduce new features. The second part of the version number is incremented. Starting with Python 3.9, these releases are expected to occur annually.[172][173] Each major version is supported by bug fixes for several years after its release.[174]
    • \n
  • Bug fix releases,[175] which introduce no new features, occur approximately every three months; these releases are made when a sufficient number of bugs have been fixed upstream since the last release. Security vulnerabilities are also patched in these releases. The third and final part of the version number is incremented.[175]
\n

Many alpha, beta, and release-candidates are also released as previews and for testing before final releases. Although there is a rough schedule for releases, they are often delayed if the code is not ready yet. Python's development team monitors the state of the code by running a large unit test suite during development.[176]\n

The major academic conference on Python is PyCon. There are also special Python mentoring programs, such as PyLadies.\n

\n

API documentation generators

[edit]
\n

Tools that can generate documentation for Python API include pydoc (available as part of the standard library); Sphinx; and Pdoc and its forks, Doxygen and Graphviz.[177]\n

\n

Naming

[edit]
\n

Python's name is inspired by the British comedy group Monty Python, whom Python creator Guido van Rossum enjoyed while developing the language. Monty Python references appear frequently in Python code and culture;[178] for example, the metasyntactic variables often used in Python literature are spam and eggs, rather than the traditional foo and bar.[178][179] The official Python documentation also contains various references to Monty Python routines.[180][181] Python users are sometimes referred to as \"Pythonistas\".[182]\n

The affix Py is often used when naming Python applications or libraries. Some examples include the following:\n

\n\n

Popularity

[edit]
\n

Since 2003, Python has consistently ranked in the top ten of the most popular programming languages in the TIOBE Programming Community Index; as of December 2022[update], Python was the most popular language.[38] Python was selected as Programming Language of the Year (for \"the highest rise in ratings in a year\") in 2007, 2010, 2018, 2020, 2021, and 2024 —the only language to have done so six times as of 2025[update][183]). In the TIOBE Index, monthly rankings are based on the volume of searches for programming languages on Google, Amazon, Wikipedia, Bing, and 20 other platforms. According to the accompanying graph, Python has shown a marked upward trend since the early 2000s, eventually passing more established languages such as C, C++, and Java. This trend can be attributed to Python's readable syntax, comprehensive standard library, and application in data science and machine learning fields.[184]\n

\n
TIOBE Index Chart showing Python's popularity compared to other programming languages
\n

Large organizations that use Python include Wikipedia, Google,[185] Yahoo!,[186] CERN,[187] NASA,[188] Facebook,[189] Amazon, Instagram,[190] Spotify,[191] and some smaller entities such as Industrial Light & Magic[192] and ITA.[193] The social news networking site Reddit was developed mostly in Python.[194] Organizations that partly use Python include Discord[195] and Baidu.[196]\n

\n

Types of use

[edit]
\n
Further information: List of Python software
\n
Software that is powered by Python
\n

Python has many uses, including the following:\n

\n\n

Python can serve as a scripting language for web applications, e.g., via the mod_wsgi module for the Apache web server.[197] With Web Server Gateway Interface, a standard API has evolved to facilitate these applications. Web frameworks such as Django, Pylons, Pyramid, TurboGears, web2py, Tornado, Flask, Bottle, and Zope support developers in the design and maintenance of complex applications. Pyjs and IronPython can be used to develop the client-side of Ajax-based applications. SQLAlchemy can be used as a data mapper to a relational database. Twisted is a framework to program communication between computers; this framework is used by Dropbox, for example.\n

Libraries such as NumPy, SciPy and Matplotlib allow the effective use of Python in scientific computing,[198][199] with specialized libraries such as Biopython and Astropy providing domain-specific functionality. SageMath is a computer algebra system with a notebook interface that is programmable in Python; the SageMath library covers many aspects of mathematics, including algebra, combinatorics, numerical mathematics, number theory, and calculus.[200] OpenCV has Python bindings with a rich set of features for computer vision and image processing.[201]\n

Python is commonly used in artificial-intelligence and machine-learning projects, with support from libraries such as TensorFlow, Keras, Pytorch, scikit-learn and ProbLog (a logic language).[202][203][204][205][206] As a scripting language with a modular architecture, simple syntax, and rich text processing tools, Python is often used for natural language processing.[207]\n

The combination of Python and Prolog has proven useful for AI applications, with Prolog providing knowledge representation and reasoning capabilities. The Janus system, in particular, exploits similarities between these two languages, in part because of their dynamic typing and their simple, recursive data structures. This combination is typically applied natural language processing, visual query answering, geospatial reasoning, and handling semantic web data.[208][209]\nThe Natlog system, implemented in Python, uses Definite Clause Grammars (DCGs) to create prompts for two types of generators: text-to-text generators such as GPT3, and text-to-image generators such as DALL-E or Stable Diffusion.[210]\n

Python can be used for graphical user interfaces (GUIs), by using libraries such as Tkinter.[211] Similarly, for the One Laptop per Child XO computer, most of the Sugar desktop environment is written in Python (as of 2008).[212]\n

Python is embedded in many software products (and some hardware products) as a scripting language. These products include the following:\n

\n\n

Similarly, GNU Debugger uses Python as a pretty printer to show complex structures such as C++ containers. Esri promotes Python as the best choice for writing scripts in ArcGIS.[215] Python has also been used in several video games,[216][217] and it has been adopted as first of the three programming languages available in Google App Engine (the other two being Java and Go).[218] LibreOffice includes Python, and its developers plan to replace Java with Python; LibreOffice's Python Scripting Provider is a core feature[219] since version 4.0 (from 7 February 2013).\n

Among hardware products, the Raspberry Pi single-board computer project has adopted Python as its main user-programming language.\n

Many operating systems include Python as a standard component. Python ships with most Linux distributions,[220] AmigaOS 4 (using Python 2.7), FreeBSD (as a package), NetBSD, and OpenBSD (as a package); it can be used from the command line (terminal). Many Linux distributions use installers written in Python: Ubuntu uses the Ubiquity installer, while Red Hat Linux and Fedora Linux use the Anaconda installer. Gentoo Linux uses Python in its package management system, Portage.[221]\n

Python is used extensively in the information security industry, including in exploit development.[222][223]\n

\n

Limitations

[edit]
\n
  • The energy usage of Python is much worse than C by a factor of 75.88.[224]
    • \n
  • Python lacks do while loops.[225]
    • \n
  • The throughput of Python is worse than C by a factor of 71.9.[224]
    • \n
  • The average memory usage of Python is worse than C by a factor of 2.4.[224]
    • \n
  • Creating an executable with Python requires bundling the entire Python interpreter into the executable, which causes binary sizes of small executable to be massive.[226]
    • \n
  • Significant whitespace causes Python scripts to be difficult to minify. The most compact minification can transform each indent level into a tab.[227] However, this always takes up at least as much or more than braces.
\n

Languages influenced by Python

[edit]
\n

Python's design and philosophy have influenced many other programming languages:\n

\n
  • Boo uses indentation, a similar syntax, and a similar object model.[228]
    • \n
  • Cobra uses indentation and a similar syntax; its Acknowledgements document lists Python first among influencing languages.[229]
    • \n
  • CoffeeScript, a programming language that cross-compiles to JavaScript, has a Python-inspired syntax.
    • \n
  • ECMAScript–JavaScript borrowed iterators and generators from Python.[230]
    • \n
  • GDScript, a Python-like scripting language that is built in to the Godot game engine.[231]
    • \n
  • Go is designed for \"speed of working in a dynamic language like Python\";[232] Go shares Python's syntax for slicing arrays.
    • \n
  • Groovy was motivated by a desire to incorporate the Python design philosophy into Java.[233]
    • \n
  • Julia was designed to be \"as usable for general programming as Python\".[28]
    • \n
  • Mojo is a non-strict[29][234] superset of Python (e.g., omitting classes, and adding struct).[235]
    • \n
  • Nim uses indentation and a similar syntax.[236]
    • \n
  • Ruby's creator, Yukihiro Matsumoto, said that \"I wanted a scripting language that was more powerful than Perl, and more object-oriented than Python. That's why I decided to design my own language.\"[237]
    • \n
  • Swift, a programming language developed by Apple, has some Python-inspired syntax.[238]
    • \n
  • Kotlin blends Python and Java features, which minimizes boilerplate code and enhances developer efficiency.[239]
\n

Python's development practices have also been emulated by other languages. For example, Python requires a document that describes the rationale and context for any language change; this document is known as a Python Enhancement Proposal or PEP. This practice is also used by the developers of Tcl,[240] Erlang,[241] and Swift.[242]\n

\n

See also

[edit]
\n\n\n
\n

External links

[edit]
\n\n

Notes

[edit]
\n
\n
    \n
  1. ^ since 3.5, but those hints are ignored, except with unofficial tools[5]\n
    2. \n
  2. ^ \n\n
    3. \n
  3. ^ del in Python does not behave the same way delete in languages such as C++ does, where such a word is used to call the destructor and deallocate heap memory.\n
    4. \n
\n

References

[edit]
\n
\n
    \n
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  218. ^ \"Python Language Guide (v1.0)\". Google Documents List Data API v1.0. Archived from the original on 15 July 2010.\n
    219. \n
  219. ^ \"4.0 New Features and Fixes\". LibreOffice.org. The Document Foundation. 2013. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2013.\n
    220. \n
  220. ^ \"Python Setup and Usage\". Python Software Foundation. Archived from the original on 17 June 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2020.\n
    221. \n
  221. ^ \"What is Sugar?\". Sugar Labs. Archived from the original on 9 January 2009. Retrieved 11 February 2012.\n
    222. \n
  222. ^ \"Immunity: Knowing You're Secure\". Archived from the original on 16 February 2009.\n
    223. \n
  223. ^ \"Core Security\". Core Security. Archived from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020.\n
    224. \n
  224. ^ a b c Pereira, Rui; Couto, Marco; Ribeiro, Francisco; Rua, Rui; Cunha, Jácome; Fernandes, João Paulo; Saraiva, João (23 October 2017). \"Energy efficiency across programming languages: How do energy, time, and memory relate?\". Proceedings of the 10th ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Software Language Engineering. SLE 2017. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 256–267. doi:10.1145/3136014.3136031. ISBN 978-1-4503-5525-4.\n
    225. \n
  225. ^ \"[Python-ideas] PEP 315: do-while\". 26 June 2013.\n
    226. \n
  226. ^ \"What PyInstaller Does and How It Does It\".\n
    227. \n
  227. ^ \"Feature Request: Whitespace Minification and Line Merging Options #130\". GitHub.\n
    228. \n
  228. ^ \"Gotchas for Python Users\". boo.codehaus.org. Codehaus Foundation. Archived from the original on 11 December 2008. Retrieved 24 November 2008.\n
    229. \n
  229. ^ Esterbrook, Charles. \"Acknowledgements\". cobra-language.com. Cobra Language. Archived from the original on 8 February 2008. Retrieved 7 April 2010.\n
    230. \n
  230. ^ \"Proposals: iterators and generators [ES4 Wiki]\". wiki.ecmascript.org. Archived from the original on 20 October 2007. Retrieved 24 November 2008.\n
    231. \n
  231. ^ \"Frequently asked questions\". Godot Engine documentation. Archived from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2021.\n
    232. \n
  232. ^ Kincaid, Jason (10 November 2009). \"Google's Go: A New Programming Language That's Python Meets C++\". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 18 January 2010. Retrieved 29 January 2010.\n
    233. \n
  233. ^ Strachan, James (29 August 2003). \"Groovy – the birth of a new dynamic language for the Java platform\". Archived from the original on 5 April 2007. Retrieved 11 June 2007.\n
    234. \n
  234. ^ \"Modular Docs – Why Mojo\". docs.modular.com. Archived from the original on 5 May 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2023. Mojo as a member of the Python family [..] Embracing Python massively simplifies our design efforts, because most of the syntax is already specified. [..] we decided that the right long-term goal for Mojo is to provide a superset of Python (i.e. be compatible with existing programs) and to embrace the CPython immediately for long-tail ecosystem enablement. To a Python programmer, we expect and hope that Mojo will be immediately familiar, while also providing new tools for developing systems-level code that enable you to do things that Python falls back to C and C++ for.\n
    235. \n
  235. ^ Spencer, Michael (4 May 2023). \"What is Mojo Programming Language?\". datasciencelearningcenter.substack.com. Archived from the original on 5 May 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2023.\n
    236. \n
  236. ^ Yegulalp, Serdar (16 January 2017). \"Nim language draws from best of Python, Rust, Go, and Lisp\". InfoWorld. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2020. Nim's syntax is strongly reminiscent of Python's, as it uses indented code blocks and some of the same syntax (such as the way if/elif/then/else blocks are constructed).\n
    237. \n
  237. ^ \"An Interview with the Creator of Ruby\". Linuxdevcenter.com. Archived from the original on 28 April 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2012.\n
    238. \n
  238. ^ Lattner, Chris (3 June 2014). \"Chris Lattner's Homepage\". Chris Lattner. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2014. I started work on the Swift Programming Language in July of 2010. I implemented much of the basic language structure, with only a few people knowing of its existence. A few other (amazing) people started contributing in earnest late in 2011, and it became a major focus for the Apple Developer Tools group in July 2013 [...] drawing ideas from Objective-C, Rust, Haskell, Ruby, Python, C#, CLU, and far too many others to list.\n
    239. \n
  239. ^ Jalan, Nishant Aanjaney (10 November 2022). \"Programming in Kotlin\". CodeX. Retrieved 29 April 2024.\n
    240. \n
  240. ^ Kupries, Andreas; Fellows, Donal K. (14 September 2000). \"TIP #3: TIP Format\". tcl.tk. Tcl Developer Xchange. Archived from the original on 13 July 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2008.\n
    241. \n
  241. ^ Gustafsson, Per; Niskanen, Raimo (29 January 2007). \"EEP 1: EEP Purpose and Guidelines\". erlang.org. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2011.\n
    242. \n
  242. ^ \"Swift Evolution Process\". Swift Programming Language Evolution repository on GitHub. 18 February 2020. Archived from the original on 27 April 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2020.\n
    243. \n
\n

Sources

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Further reading

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IDEs
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General
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Excel add-ons
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HTML

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Markup language for documents
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\".htm\" and \".html\" redirect here. For other uses, see HTM.
\n

\n

\n
HTML
Official logo of HTML5[1]
Filename extension
  • .html
  • .htm
Internet media type
\ntext/html
Type codeTEXT
Uniform Type Identifier (UTI)public.html
Developed by
Initial release1993; 32 years ago (1993)
Latest release
Type of formatDocument file format
Container forHTML elements
Contained byWeb browser
Extended fromSGML
Extended toXHTML
Open format?Yes
Websitehtml.spec.whatwg.org
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
HTML
\nHTML and variants
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\nHTML elements and attributes
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\nEditing
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\nCharacter encodings and language
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\nDocument and browser models
\n
\nClient-side scripting and APIs
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\nGraphics and Web3D technology
\n
\nComparisons
\n
\n

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the standard markup language[a] for documents designed to be displayed in a web browser. It defines the content and structure of web content. It is often assisted by technologies such as Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and scripting languages such as JavaScript.\n

Web browsers receive HTML documents from a web server or from local storage and render the documents into multimedia web pages. HTML describes the structure of a web page semantically and originally included cues for its appearance.\n

HTML elements are the building blocks of HTML pages. With HTML constructs, images and other objects such as interactive forms may be embedded into the rendered page. HTML provides a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes, and other items. HTML elements are delineated by tags, written using angle brackets. Tags such as <img> and <input> directly introduce content into the page. Other tags such as <p> and </p> surround and provide information about document text and may include sub-element tags. Browsers do not display the HTML tags, but use them to interpret the content of the page.\n

HTML can embed programs written in a scripting language such as JavaScript, which affects the behavior and content of web pages. The inclusion of CSS defines the look and layout of content. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), former maintainer of the HTML and current maintainer of the CSS standards, has encouraged the use of CSS over explicit presentational HTML since 1997.[update][3] A form of HTML, known as HTML5, is used to display video and audio, primarily using the <canvas> element, together with JavaScript.\n

\n\n

History

\n

Development

\n
\"Photograph
Tim Berners-Lee in April 2009
\n

In 1980, physicist Tim Berners-Lee, a contractor at CERN, proposed and prototyped ENQUIRE, a system for CERN researchers to use and share documents. In 1989, Berners-Lee wrote a memo proposing an Internet-based hypertext system.[4] Berners-Lee specified HTML and wrote the browser and server software in late 1990. That year, Berners-Lee and CERN data systems engineer Robert Cailliau collaborated on a joint request for funding, but the project was not formally adopted by CERN. In his personal notes of 1990, Berners-Lee listed \"some of the many areas in which hypertext is used\"; an encyclopedia is the first entry.[5]\n

The first publicly available description of HTML was a document called \"HTML Tags\",[6] first mentioned on the Internet by Tim Berners-Lee in late 1991.[7][8] It describes 18 elements comprising the initial, relatively simple design of HTML. Except for the hyperlink tag, these were strongly influenced by CERN SGML, an in-house Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)-based documentation format at CERN. Eleven of these elements still exist in HTML 4.[9]\n

HTML is a markup language that web browsers use to interpret and compose text, images, and other material into visible or audible web pages. Default characteristics for every item of HTML markup are defined in the browser, and these characteristics can be altered or enhanced by the web page designer's additional use of CSS. Many of the text elements are mentioned in the 1988 ISO technical report TR 9537 Techniques for using SGML, which describes the features of early text formatting languages such as that used by the RUNOFF command developed in the early 1960s for the CTSS (Compatible Time-Sharing System) operating system. These formatting commands were derived from the commands used by typesetters to manually format documents. However, the SGML concept of generalized markup is based on elements (nested annotated ranges with attributes) rather than merely print effects, with separate structure and markup. HTML has been progressively moved in this direction with CSS.\n

Berners-Lee considered HTML to be an application of SGML. It was formally defined as such by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) with the mid-1993 publication of the first proposal for an HTML specification, the \"Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)\" Internet Draft by Berners-Lee and Dan Connolly, which included an SGML Document type definition to define the syntax.[10][11] The draft expired after six months, but was notable for its acknowledgment of the NCSA Mosaic browser's custom tag for embedding in-line images, reflecting the IETF's philosophy of basing standards on successful prototypes. Similarly, Dave Raggett's competing Internet Draft, \"HTML+ (Hypertext Markup Format)\", from late 1993, suggested standardizing already-implemented features like tables and fill-out forms.[12]\n

After the HTML and HTML+ drafts expired in early 1994, the IETF created an HTML Working Group. In 1995, this working group completed \"HTML 2.0\", the first HTML specification intended to be treated as a standard against which future implementations should be based.[13]\n

Further development under the auspices of the IETF was stalled by competing interests. Since 1996,[update] the HTML specifications have been maintained, with input from commercial software vendors, by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).[14] In 2000, HTML became an international standard (ISO/IEC 15445:2000). HTML 4.01 was published in late 1999, with further errata published through 2001. In 2004, development began on HTML5 in the Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG), which became a joint deliverable with the W3C in 2008, and was completed and standardized on 28 October 2014.[15]\n

\n

HTML version timeline

\n

HTML 2

\n
November 24, 1995
\n
HTML 2.0 was published as RFC 1866. Supplemental RFCs added capabilities:\n
\n

HTML 3

\n
January 14, 1997
\n
HTML 3.2[16] was published as a W3C Recommendation. It was the first version developed and standardized exclusively by the W3C, as the IETF had closed its HTML Working Group on September 12, 1996.[17]
\n
Initially code-named \"Wilbur\",[18] HTML 3.2 dropped math formulas entirely, reconciled overlap among various proprietary extensions and adopted most of Netscape's visual markup tags. Netscape's blink element and Microsoft's marquee element were omitted due to a mutual agreement between the two companies.[14] A markup for mathematical formulas similar to that of HTML was standardized 14 months later in MathML.
\n

HTML 4

\n
December 18, 1997
\n
HTML 4.0[19] was published as a W3C Recommendation. It offers three variations:
\n
  • Strict, in which deprecated elements are forbidden
    • \n
  • Transitional, in which deprecated elements are allowed
    • \n
  • Frameset, in which mostly only frame related elements are allowed.
\n
Initially code-named \"Cougar\",[18] HTML 4.0 adopted many browser-specific element types and attributes, but also sought to phase out Netscape's visual markup features by marking them as deprecated in favor of style sheets. HTML 4 is an SGML application conforming to ISO 8879 – SGML.[20]\n
April 24, 1998
\n
HTML 4.0[21] was reissued with minor edits without incrementing the version number.\n
December 24, 1999
\n
HTML 4.01[22] was published as a W3C Recommendation. It offers the same three variations as HTML 4.0 and its last errata[23] were published on May 12, 2001.
\n
May 2000
\n
ISO/IEC 15445:2000[24] (\"ISO HTML\", based on HTML 4.01 Strict) was published as an ISO/IEC international standard.[25] In the ISO, this standard is in the domain of the ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 34 (ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1, Subcommittee 34 – Document description and processing languages).[24]
\n
After HTML 4.01, there were no new versions of HTML for many years, as the development of the parallel, XML-based language XHTML occupied the W3C's HTML Working Group.
\n

HTML 5

\n
Main article: HTML5
\n
October 28, 2014
\n
HTML5[26] was published as a W3C Recommendation.[27]
\n
November 1, 2016
\n
HTML 5.1[28] was published as a W3C Recommendation.[29][30]
\n
December 14, 2017
\n
HTML 5.2[31] was published as a W3C Recommendation.[32][33]
\n

HTML draft version timeline

\n
October 1991
\n
HTML Tags,[7] an informal CERN document listing 18 HTML tags, was first mentioned in public.
\n
June 1992
\n
First informal draft of the HTML DTD,[34] with seven subsequent revisions (July 15, August 6, August 18, November 17, November 19, November 20, November 22)[35][36][37]
\n
November 1992
\n
HTML DTD 1.1 (the first with a version number, based on RCS revisions, which start with 1.1 rather than 1.0), an informal draft[37]
\n
June 1993
\n
Hypertext Markup Language[38] was published by the IETF IIIR Working Group as an Internet Draft (a rough proposal for a standard). It was replaced by a second version[39] one month later.
\n
November 1993
\n
HTML+ was published by the IETF as an Internet Draft and was a competing proposal to the Hypertext Markup Language draft. It expired in July 1994.[40]
\n
November 1994
\n
First draft (revision 00) of HTML 2.0 published by IETF itself[41] (called as \"HTML 2.0\" from revision 02[42]), that finally led to the publication of RFC 1866 in November 1995.[43]
\n
April 1995 (authored March 1995)
\n
HTML 3.0[44] was proposed as a standard to the IETF, but the proposal expired five months later (28 September 1995)[45] without further action. It included many of the capabilities that were in Raggett's HTML+ proposal, such as support for tables, text flow around figures, and the display of complex mathematical formulas.[45]
\n
\n
W3C began development of its own Arena browser as a test bed for HTML 3 and Cascading Style Sheets,[46][47][48] but HTML 3.0 did not succeed for several reasons. The draft was considered very large at 150 pages and the pace of browser development, as well as the number of interested parties, had outstripped the resources of the IETF.[14] Browser vendors, including Microsoft and Netscape at the time, chose to implement different subsets of HTML 3's draft features as well as to introduce their own extensions to it.[14] (See browser wars.) These included extensions to control stylistic aspects of documents, contrary to the \"belief [of the academic engineering community] that such things as text color, background texture, font size, and font face were definitely outside the scope of a language when their only intent was to specify how a document would be organized.\"[14] Dave Raggett, who has been a W3C Fellow for many years, has commented for example: \"To a certain extent, Microsoft built its business on the Web by extending HTML features.\"[14]
\n
\"Official
Logo of HTML5
\n
January 2008
\n
HTML5 was published as a Working Draft by the W3C.[49]
\n
\n
Although its syntax closely resembles that of SGML, HTML5 has abandoned any attempt to be an SGML application and has explicitly defined its own \"html\" serialization, in addition to an alternative XML-based XHTML5 serialization.[50]
\n
2011 HTML5 – Last Call
\n
\n
\n
On 14 February 2011, the W3C extended the charter of its HTML Working Group with clear milestones for HTML5. In May 2011, the working group advanced HTML5 to \"Last Call\", an invitation to communities inside and outside W3C to confirm the technical soundness of the specification. The W3C developed a comprehensive test suite to achieve broad interoperability for the full specification by 2014, which was the target date for recommendation.[51] In January 2011, the WHATWG renamed its \"HTML5\" living standard to \"HTML\". The W3C nevertheless continued its project to release HTML5.[52]
\n
2012 HTML5 – Candidate Recommendation
\n
\n
\n
In July 2012, WHATWG and W3C decided on a degree of separation. W3C will continue the HTML5 specification work, focusing on a single definitive standard, which is considered a \"snapshot\" by WHATWG. The WHATWG organization will continue its work with HTML5 as a \"Living Standard\". The concept of a living standard is that it is never complete and is always being updated and improved. New features can be added but functionality will not be removed.[53]
\n
\n
In December 2012, W3C designated HTML5 as a Candidate Recommendation.[54] The criterion for advancement to W3C Recommendation is \"two 100% complete and fully interoperable implementations\".[55]
\n
2014 HTML5 – Proposed Recommendation and Recommendation
\n
\n
\n
In September 2014, W3C moved HTML5 to Proposed Recommendation.[56]
\n
\n
On 28 October 2014, HTML5 was released as a stable W3C Recommendation,[57] meaning the specification process is complete.[58]
\n

XHTML versions

\n
Main article: XHTML
\n

XHTML is a separate language that began as a reformulation of HTML 4.01 using XML 1.0. It is now referred to as the XML syntax for HTML and is no longer being developed as a separate standard.[59]\n

\n
  • XHTML 1.0 was published as a W3C Recommendation on January 26, 2000,[60] and was later revised and republished on August 1, 2002. It offers the same three variations as HTML 4.0 and 4.01, reformulated in XML, with minor restrictions.
    • \n
  • XHTML 1.1[61] was published as a W3C Recommendation on May 31, 2001. It is based on XHTML 1.0 Strict, but includes minor changes, can be customized, and is reformulated using modules in the W3C recommendation \"Modularization of XHTML\", which was published on April 10, 2001.[62]
    • \n
  • XHTML 2.0 was a working draft. Work on it was abandoned in 2009 in favor of work on HTML5 and XHTML5.[63][64][65] XHTML 2.0 was incompatible with XHTML 1.x and, therefore, would be more accurately characterized as an XHTML-inspired new language than an update to XHTML 1.x.
\n

Transition of HTML publication to WHATWG

\n
See also: HTML5 § W3C and WHATWG conflict
\n

On 28 May 2019, the W3C announced that WHATWG would be the sole publisher of the HTML and DOM standards.[66][67][68][69] The W3C and WHATWG had been publishing competing standards since 2012. While the W3C standard was identical to the WHATWG in 2007 the standards have since progressively diverged due to different design decisions.[70] The WHATWG \"Living Standard\" had been the de facto web standard for some time.[71]\n

\n

Markup

\n

HTML markup consists of several key components, including those called tags (and their attributes), character-based data types, character references and entity references. HTML tags most commonly come in pairs like <h1> and </h1>, although some represent empty elements and so are unpaired, for example <img>. The first tag in such a pair is the start tag, and the second is the end tag (they are also called opening tags and closing tags).\n

Another important component is the HTML document type declaration, which triggers standards mode rendering.\n

The following is an example of the classic \"Hello, World!\" program:\n

\n
<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html>\n  <head>\n    <title>This is a title</title>\n  </head>\n  <body>\n    <div>\n        <p>Hello world!</p>\n    </div>\n  </body>\n</html>\n
\n

The text between <html> and </html> describes the web page, and the text between <body> and </body> is the visible page content. The markup text <title>This is a title</title> defines the browser page title shown on browser tabs and window titles and the tag <div> defines a division of the page used for easy styling. Between <head> and </head>, a <meta> element can be used to define webpage metadata.\n

The Document Type Declaration <!DOCTYPE html> is for HTML5. If a declaration is not included, various browsers will revert to \"quirks mode\" for rendering.[72]\n

\n

Elements

\n
Main article: HTML element
\n
HTML element content categories
\n

HTML documents imply a structure of nested HTML elements. These are indicated in the document by HTML tags, enclosed in angle brackets.[73][better source needed]\n

In the simple, general case, the extent of an element is indicated by a pair of tags: a \"start tag\" <p> and \"end tag\" </p>. The text content of the element, if any, is placed between these tags.\n

Tags may also enclose further tag markup between the start and end, including a mixture of tags and text. This indicates further (nested) elements, as children of the parent element.\n

The start tag may also include the element's attributes within the tag. These indicate other information, such as identifiers for sections within the document, identifiers used to bind style information to the presentation of the document, and for some tags such as the <img> used to embed images, the reference to the image resource in the format like this: <img src="example.com/example.jpg">\n

Some elements, such as the line break <br> do not permit any embedded content, either text or further tags. These require only a single empty tag (akin to a start tag) and do not use an end tag.\n

Many tags, particularly the closing end tag for the very commonly used paragraph element <p>, are optional. An HTML browser or other agent can infer the closure for the end of an element from the context and the structural rules defined by the HTML standard. These rules are complex and not widely understood by most HTML authors.\n

The general form of an HTML element is therefore: <tag attribute1="value1" attribute2="value2">''content''</tag>. Some HTML elements are defined as empty elements and take the form <tag attribute1="value1" attribute2="value2">. Empty elements may enclose no content, for instance, the <br> tag or the inline <img> tag.\nThe name of an HTML element is the name used in the tags.\nThe end tag's name is preceded by a slash character /. If a tag has no content, an end tag is not allowed. If attributes are not mentioned, default values are used in each case.\n

\n

Element examples

\n
See also: HTML element
\n

Header of the HTML document: <head>...</head>. The title is included in the head, for example:\n

\n
<head>\n  <title>The Title</title>\n  <link rel="stylesheet" href="stylebyjimbowales.css"> <!-- Imports Stylesheets -->\n</head>\n
\n
Headings
\n

HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags with H1 being the highest (or most important) level and H6 the least:\n

\n
<h1>Heading level 1</h1>\n<h2>Heading level 2</h2>\n<h3>Heading level 3</h3>\n<h4>Heading level 4</h4>\n<h5>Heading level 5</h5>\n<h6>Heading level 6</h6>\n
\n

The effects are:\n

\n
\n
Heading Level 1
\n
Heading Level 2
\n
Heading Level 3
\n
Heading Level 4
\n
Heading Level 5
\n
Heading Level 6
\n
\n

CSS can substantially change the rendering.\n

\nParagraphs:

<p>Paragraph 1</p> <p>Paragraph 2</p>\n
\n
Line breaks
\n

<br>. The difference between <br> and <p> is that <br> breaks a line without altering the semantic structure of the page, whereas <p> sections the page into paragraphs. The element <br> is an empty element in that, although it may have attributes, it can take no content and it must not have an end tag.\n

\n
<p>This <br> is a paragraph <br> with <br> line breaks</p>\n
\n
Links
\n

This is a link in HTML. To create a link the <a> tag is used. The href attribute holds the URL address of the link.\n

\n
<a href="https://www.wikipedia.org/">A link to Wikipedia!</a>\n
\n
Inputs

\nThere are many possible ways a user can give inputs like:

<input type="text"> <!-- This is for text input -->\n<input type="file"> <!-- This is for uploading files -->\n<input type="checkbox"> <!-- This is for checkboxes -->\n
\n

Comments:\n

\n
<!-- This is a comment -->\n

Comments can help in the understanding of the markup and do not display in the webpage.\n

There are several types of markup elements used in HTML:\n

\n
Structural markup indicates the purpose of text
\n
For example, <h2>Golf</h2> establishes \"Golf\" as a second-level heading. Structural markup does not denote any specific rendering, but most web browsers have default styles for element formatting. Content may be further styled using Cascading Style Sheets (CSS).[74]
\n
Presentational markup indicates the appearance of the text, regardless of its purpose
\n
For example, <b>bold text</b> indicates that visual output devices should render \"boldface\" in bold text, but gives little indication what devices that are unable to do this (such as aural devices that read the text aloud) should do. In the case of both <b>bold text</b> and <i>italic text</i>, there are other elements that may have equivalent visual renderings but that are more semantic in nature, such as <strong>strong text</strong> and <em>emphasized text</em> respectively. It is easier to see how an aural user agent should interpret the latter two elements. However, they are not equivalent to their presentational counterparts: it would be undesirable for a screen reader to emphasize the name of a book, for instance, but on a screen, such a name would be italicized. Most presentational markup elements have become deprecated under the HTML 4.0 specification in favor of using CSS for styling.
\n
Hypertext markup makes parts of a document into links to other documents
\n
An anchor element creates a hyperlink in the document and its href attribute sets the link's target URL. For example, the HTML markup <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/">Wikipedia</a>, will render the word \"Wikipedia\" as a hyperlink. To render an image as a hyperlink, an img element is inserted as content into the a element. Like br, img is an empty element with attributes but no content or closing tag. <a href="https://example.org"><img src="image.gif" alt="descriptive text" width="50" height="50" border="0"></a>.
\n

Attributes

\n
Main article: HTML attribute
\n

Most of the attributes of an element are name–value pairs, separated by = and written within the start tag of an element after the element's name. The value may be enclosed in single or double quotes, although values consisting of certain characters can be left unquoted in HTML (but not XHTML).[75][76] Leaving attribute values unquoted is considered unsafe.[77] In contrast with name-value pair attributes, there are some attributes that affect the element simply by their presence in the start tag of the element,[7] like the ismap attribute for the img element.[78]\n

There are several common attributes that may appear in many elements :\n

\n
  • The id attribute provides a document-wide unique identifier for an element. This is used to identify the element so that stylesheets can alter its presentational properties, and scripts may alter, animate or delete its contents or presentation. Appended to the URL of the page, it provides a globally unique identifier for the element, typically a sub-section of the page. For example, the ID \"Attributes\" in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML#Attributes.
    • \n
  • The class attribute provides a way of classifying similar elements. This can be used for semantic or presentation purposes. For example, an HTML document might semantically use the designation <class="notation"> to indicate that all elements with this class value are subordinate to the main text of the document. In presentation, such elements might be gathered together and presented as footnotes on a page instead of appearing in the place where they occur in the HTML source. Class attributes are used semantically in microformats. Multiple class values may be specified; for example <class="notation important"> puts the element into both the notation and the important classes.
    • \n
  • An author may use the style attribute to assign presentational properties to a particular element. It is considered better practice to use an element's id or class attributes to select the element from within a stylesheet, though sometimes this can be too cumbersome for a simple, specific, or ad hoc styling.
    • \n
  • The title attribute is used to attach a subtextual explanation to an element. In most browsers this attribute is displayed as a tooltip.
    • \n
  • The lang attribute identifies the natural language of the element's contents, which may be different from that of the rest of the document. For example, in an English-language document: 
    <p>Oh well, <span lang="fr">c'est la vie</span>, as they say in France.</p>\n
\n

The abbreviation element, abbr, can be used to demonstrate some of these attributes:\n

\n
<abbr id="anId" class="jargon" style="color:purple;" title="Hypertext Markup Language">HTML</abbr>\n
\n

This example displays as HTML; in most browsers, pointing the cursor at the abbreviation should display the title text \"Hypertext Markup Language.\"\n

Most elements take the language-related attribute dir to specify text direction, such as with \"rtl\" for right-to-left text in, for example, Arabic, Persian or Hebrew.[79]\n

\n

Character and entity references

\n
See also: List of XML and HTML character entity references and Unicode and HTML
\n

As of version 4.0, HTML defines a set of 252 character entity references and a set of 1,114,050 numeric character references, both of which allow individual characters to be written via simple markup, rather than literally. A literal character and its markup counterpart are considered equivalent and are rendered identically.\n

The ability to \"escape\" characters in this way allows for the characters < and & (when written as &lt; and &amp;, respectively) to be interpreted as character data, rather than markup. For example, a literal < normally indicates the start of a tag, and & normally indicates the start of a character entity reference or numeric character reference; writing it as &amp; or &#x26; or &#38; allows & to be included in the content of an element or in the value of an attribute. The double-quote character (\"), when not used to quote an attribute value, must also be escaped as &quot; or &#x22; or &#34; when it appears within the attribute value itself. Equivalently, the single-quote character ('), when not used to quote an attribute value, must also be escaped as &#x27; or &#39; (or as &apos; in HTML5 or XHTML documents[80][81]) when it appears within the attribute value itself. If document authors overlook the need to escape such characters, some browsers can be very forgiving and try to use context to guess their intent. The result is still invalid markup, which makes the document less accessible to other browsers and to other user agents that may try to parse the document for search and indexing purposes for example.\n

Escaping also allows for characters that are not easily typed, or that are not available in the document's character encoding, to be represented within the element and attribute content. For example, the acute-accented e (é), a character typically found only on Western European and South American keyboards, can be written in any HTML document as the entity reference &eacute; or as the numeric references &#xE9; or &#233;, using characters that are available on all keyboards and are supported in all character encodings. Unicode character encodings such as UTF-8 are compatible with all modern browsers and allow direct access to almost all the characters of the world's writing systems.[82]\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
HTML escape sequence examples\n
Named\nDecimal\nHexadecimal\nResult\nDescription\nNotes\n
&amp;\n&#38;\n&#x26;\n&\nAmpersand\n\n
&lt;\n&#60;\n&#x3C;\n<\nLess Than\n\n
&gt;\n&#62;\n&#x3E;\n>\nGreater Than\n\n
&quot;\n&#34;\n&#x22;\n"\nDouble Quote\n\n
&apos;\n&#39;\n&#x27;\n'\nSingle Quote\n\n
&nbsp;\n&#160;\n&#xA0;\n \nNon-Breaking Space\n\n
&copy;\n&#169;\n&#xA9;\n©\nCopyright\n\n
&reg;\n&#174;\n&#xAE;\n®\nRegistered Trademark\n\n
&dagger;\n&#8224;\n&#x2020;\n†\nDagger\n\n
&ddagger;\n&#8225;\n&#x2021;\n‡\nDouble dagger\nNames are case-sensitive and may have synonyms.\n
&trade;\n&#8482;\n&#x2122;\n™\nTrademark\n\n
\n

Data types

\n

HTML defines several data types for element content, such as script data and stylesheet data, and a plethora of types for attribute values, including IDs, names, URIs, numbers, units of length, languages, media descriptors, colors, character encodings, dates and times, and so on. All of these data types are specializations of character data.\n

\n

Document type declaration

\n

HTML documents are required to start with a document type declaration (informally, a \"doctype\"). In browsers, the doctype helps to define the rendering mode—particularly whether to use quirks mode.\n

The original purpose of the doctype was to enable the parsing and validation of HTML documents by SGML tools based on the document type definition (DTD). The DTD to which the DOCTYPE refers contains a machine-readable grammar specifying the permitted and prohibited content for a document conforming to such a DTD. Browsers, on the other hand, do not implement HTML as an application of SGML and as consequence do not read the DTD.\n

HTML5 does not define a DTD; therefore, in HTML5 the doctype declaration is simpler and shorter:[83]\n

\n
<!DOCTYPE html>\n
\n

An example of an HTML 4 doctype\n

\n
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "https://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">\n
\n

This declaration references the DTD for the \"strict\" version of HTML 4.01. SGML-based validators read the DTD in order to properly parse the document and to perform validation. In modern browsers, a valid doctype activates standards mode as opposed to quirks mode.\n

In addition, HTML 4.01 provides Transitional and Frameset DTDs, as explained below. The transitional type is the most inclusive, incorporating current tags as well as older or \"deprecated\" tags, with the Strict DTD excluding deprecated tags. The frameset has all tags necessary to make frames on a page along with the tags included in transitional type.[84]\n

\n

Semantic HTML

\n
Main article: Semantic HTML
\n

Semantic HTML is a way of writing HTML that emphasizes the meaning of the encoded information over its presentation (look). HTML has included semantic markup from its inception,[85] but has also included presentational markup, such as <font>, <i> and <center> tags. There are also the semantically neutral div and span tags. Since the late 1990s, when Cascading Style Sheets were beginning to work in most browsers, web authors have been encouraged to avoid the use of presentational HTML markup with a view to the separation of content and presentation.[86]\n

In a 2001 discussion of the Semantic Web, Tim Berners-Lee and others gave examples of ways in which intelligent software \"agents\" may one day automatically crawl the web and find, filter, and correlate previously unrelated, published facts for the benefit of human users.[87] Such agents are not commonplace even now, but some of the ideas of Web 2.0, mashups and price comparison websites may be coming close[citation needed]. The main difference between these web application hybrids and Berners-Lee's semantic agents lies in the fact that the current aggregation and hybridization of information is usually designed by web developers, who already know the web locations and the API semantics of the specific data they wish to mash, compare and combine.\n

An important type of web agent that does crawl and read web pages automatically, without prior knowledge of what it might find, is the web crawler or search-engine spider. These software agents are dependent on the semantic clarity of web pages they find as they use various techniques and algorithms to read and index millions of web pages a day and provide web users with search facilities without which the World Wide Web's usefulness would be greatly reduced.\n

In order for search engine spiders to be able to rate the significance of pieces of text they find in HTML documents, and also for those creating mashups and other hybrids as well as for more automated agents as they are developed, the semantic structures that exist in HTML need to be widely and uniformly applied to bring out the meaning of the published text.[88]\n

Presentational markup tags are deprecated in current HTML and XHTML recommendations. The majority of presentational features from previous versions of HTML are no longer allowed as they lead to poorer accessibility, higher cost of site maintenance, and larger document sizes.[89]\n

Good semantic HTML also improves the accessibility of web documents (see also Web Content Accessibility Guidelines). For example, when a screen reader or audio browser can correctly ascertain the structure of a document, it will not waste the visually impaired user's time by reading out repeated or irrelevant information when it has been marked up correctly.\n

\n

Delivery

\n

HTML documents can be delivered by the same means as any other computer file. However, they are most often delivered either by HTTP from a web server or by email.\n

\n

HTTP

\n
Main article: Hypertext Transfer Protocol
\n

The World Wide Web is composed primarily of HTML documents transmitted from web servers to web browsers using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). However, HTTP is used to serve images, sound, and other content, in addition to HTML. To allow the web browser to know how to handle each document it receives, other information is transmitted along with the document. This meta data usually includes the MIME type (e.g., text/html or application/xhtml+xml) and the character encoding (see Character encodings in HTML).\n

In modern browsers, the MIME type that is sent with the HTML document may affect how the document is initially interpreted. A document sent with the XHTML MIME type is expected to be well-formed XML; syntax errors may cause the browser to fail to render it. The same document sent with the HTML MIME type might be displayed successfully since some browsers are more lenient with HTML.\n

The W3C recommendations state that XHTML 1.0 documents that follow guidelines set forth in the recommendation's Appendix C may be labeled with either MIME Type.[90] XHTML 1.1 also states that XHTML 1.1 documents should[91] be labeled with either MIME type.[92]\n

\n

HTML e-mail

\n
Main article: HTML email
\n

Most graphical email clients allow the use of a subset of HTML (often ill-defined) to provide formatting and semantic markup not available with plain text. This may include typographic information like colored headings, emphasized and quoted text, inline images and diagrams. Many such clients include both a GUI editor for composing HTML e-mail messages and a rendering engine for displaying them. Use of HTML in e-mail is criticized by some because of compatibility issues, because it can help disguise phishing attacks, because of accessibility issues for blind or visually impaired people, because it can confuse spam filters and because the message size is larger than plain text.\n

\n

Naming conventions

\n

The most common filename extension for files containing HTML is .html. A common abbreviation of this is .htm, which originated because some early operating systems and file systems, such as DOS and the limitations imposed by FAT data structure, limited file extensions to three letters.[93]\n

\n

HTML Application

\n
Main article: HTML Application
\n

An HTML Application (HTA; file extension .hta) is a Microsoft Windows application that uses HTML and Dynamic HTML in a browser to provide the application's graphical interface. A regular HTML file is confined to the security model of the web browser's security, communicating only to web servers and manipulating only web page objects and site cookies. An HTA runs as a fully trusted application and therefore has more privileges, like creation/editing/removal of files and Windows Registry entries. Because they operate outside the browser's security model, HTAs cannot be executed via HTTP, but must be downloaded (just like an EXE file) and executed from local file system.\n

\n

HTML4 variations

\n

Since its inception, HTML and its associated protocols gained acceptance relatively quickly. However, no clear standards existed in the early years of the language. Though its creators originally conceived of HTML as a semantic language devoid of presentation details,[94] practical uses pushed many presentational elements and attributes into the language, driven largely by the various browser vendors. The latest standards surrounding HTML reflect efforts to overcome the sometimes chaotic development of the language[95] and to create a rational foundation for building both meaningful and well-presented documents. To return HTML to its role as a semantic language, the W3C has developed style languages such as CSS and XSL to shoulder the burden of presentation. In conjunction, the HTML specification has slowly reined in the presentational elements.\n

There are two axes differentiating various variations of HTML as currently specified: SGML-based HTML versus XML-based HTML (referred to as XHTML) on one axis, and strict versus transitional (loose) versus frameset on the other axis.\n

\n

SGML-based versus XML-based HTML

\n

One difference in the latest[when?] HTML specifications lies in the distinction between the SGML-based specification and the XML-based specification. The XML-based specification is usually called XHTML to distinguish it clearly from the more traditional definition. However, the root element name continues to be \"html\" even in the XHTML-specified HTML. The W3C intended XHTML 1.0 to be identical to HTML 4.01 except where limitations of XML over the more complex SGML require workarounds. Because XHTML and HTML are closely related, they are sometimes documented in parallel. In such circumstances, some authors conflate the two names as (X)HTML or X(HTML).\n

Like HTML 4.01, XHTML 1.0 has three sub-specifications: strict, transitional, and frameset.\n

Aside from the different opening declarations for a document, the differences between an HTML 4.01 and XHTML 1.0 document—in each of the corresponding DTDs—are largely syntactic. The underlying syntax of HTML allows many shortcuts that XHTML does not, such as elements with optional opening or closing tags, and even empty elements which must not have an end tag. By contrast, XHTML requires all elements to have an opening tag and a closing tag. XHTML, however, also introduces a new shortcut: an XHTML tag may be opened and closed within the same tag, by including a slash before the end of the tag like this: <br/>. The introduction of this shorthand, which is not used in the SGML declaration for HTML 4.01, may confuse earlier software unfamiliar with this new convention. A fix for this is remove the slash preceding the closing angle bracket, as such: <br>.[96]\n

To understand the subtle differences between HTML and XHTML, consider the transformation of a valid and well-formed XHTML 1.0 document that adheres to Appendix C (see below) into a valid HTML 4.01 document. Making this translation requires the following steps:\n

\n
  1. The language for an element should be specified with a lang attribute rather than the XHTML xml:lang attribute. XHTML uses XML's built-in language-defining functionality attribute.
    2. \n
  2. Remove the XML namespace (xmlns=URI). HTML has no facilities for namespaces.
    3. \n
  3. Change the document type declaration from XHTML 1.0 to HTML 4.01. (see DTD section for further explanation).
    4. \n
  4. If present, remove the XML declaration. (Typically this is: <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>).
    5. \n
  5. Ensure that the document's MIME type is set to text/html. For both HTML and XHTML, this comes from the HTTP Content-Type header sent by the server.
    6. \n
  6. Change the XML empty-element syntax to an HTML style empty element (<br/> to <br>).
\n

Those are the main changes necessary to translate a document from XHTML 1.0 to HTML 4.01. To translate from HTML to XHTML would also require the addition of any omitted opening or closing tags. Whether coding in HTML or XHTML it may just be best to always include the optional tags within an HTML document rather than remembering which tags can be omitted.\n

A well-formed XHTML document adheres to all the syntax requirements of XML. A valid document adheres to the content specification for XHTML, which describes the document structure.\n

The W3C recommends several conventions to ensure an easy migration between HTML and XHTML (see HTML Compatibility Guidelines). The following steps can be applied to XHTML 1.0 documents only:\n

\n
  • Include both xml:lang and lang attributes on any elements assigning language.
    • \n
  • Use the empty-element syntax only for elements specified as empty in HTML.
    • \n
  • Remove the closing slash in empty-element tags: for example <br> instead of <br/>.
    • \n
  • Include explicit close tags for elements that permit content but are left empty (for example, , not <div />).
    • \n
  • Omit the XML declaration.
\n

By carefully following the W3C's compatibility guidelines, a user agent should be able to interpret the document equally as HTML or XHTML. For documents that are XHTML 1.0 and have been made compatible in this way, the W3C permits them to be served either as HTML (with a text/html MIME type), or as XHTML (with an application/xhtml+xml or application/xml MIME type). When delivered as XHTML, browsers should use an XML parser, which adheres strictly to the XML specifications for parsing the document's contents.\n

\n

Transitional versus strict

\n

HTML 4 defined three different versions of the language: Strict, Transitional (once called Loose), and Frameset. The Strict version is intended for new documents and is considered best practice, while the Transitional and Frameset versions were developed to make it easier to transition documents that conformed to older HTML specifications or did not conform to any specification to a version of HTML 4. The Transitional and Frameset versions allow for presentational markup, which is omitted in the Strict version. Instead, cascading style sheets are encouraged to improve the presentation of HTML documents. Because XHTML 1 only defines an XML syntax for the language defined by HTML 4, the same differences apply to XHTML 1 as well.\n

The Transitional version allows the following parts of the vocabulary, which are not included in the Strict version:\n

\n
  • A looser content model\n
    • Inline elements and plain text are allowed directly in: body, blockquote, form, noscript and noframes
    • \n
  • Presentation related elements\n
    • underline (u) (Deprecated. can confuse a visitor with a hyperlink.)
      • \n
    • strike-through (s)
      • \n
    • center (Deprecated. use CSS instead.)
      • \n
    • font (Deprecated. use CSS instead.)
      • \n
    • basefont (Deprecated. use CSS instead.)
    • \n
  • Presentation related attributes\n
    • background (Deprecated. use CSS instead.) and bgcolor (Deprecated. use CSS instead.) attributes for body (required element according to the W3C.) element.
      • \n
    • align (Deprecated. use CSS instead.) attribute on div, form, paragraph (p) and heading (h1...h6) elements
      • \n
    • align (Deprecated. use CSS instead.), noshade (Deprecated. use CSS instead.), size (Deprecated. use CSS instead.) and width (Deprecated. use CSS instead.) attributes on hr element
      • \n
    • align (Deprecated. use CSS instead.), border, vspace and hspace attributes on img and object (caution: the object element is only supported in Internet Explorer (from the major browsers)) elements
      • \n
    • align (Deprecated. use CSS instead.) attribute on legend and caption elements
      • \n
    • align (Deprecated. use CSS instead.) and bgcolor (Deprecated. use CSS instead.) on table element
      • \n
    • nowrap (Obsolete), bgcolor (Deprecated. use CSS instead.), width, height on td and th elements
      • \n
    • bgcolor (Deprecated. use CSS instead.) attribute on tr element
      • \n
    • clear (Obsolete) attribute on br element
      • \n
    • compact attribute on dl, dir and menu elements
      • \n
    • type (Deprecated. use CSS instead.), compact (Deprecated. use CSS instead.) and start (Deprecated. use CSS instead.) attributes on ol and ul elements
      • \n
    • type and value attributes on li element
      • \n
    • width attribute on pre element
    • \n
  • Additional elements in Transitional specification\n
    • menu (Deprecated. use CSS instead.) list (no substitute, though the unordered list, is recommended)
      • \n
    • dir (Deprecated. use CSS instead.) list (no substitute, though the unordered list is recommended)
      • \n
    • isindex (Deprecated.) (element requires server-side support and is typically added to documents server-side, form and input elements can be used as a substitute)
      • \n
    • applet (Deprecated. use the object element instead.)
    • \n
  • The language (Obsolete) attribute on script element (redundant with the type attribute).
    • \n
  • Frame related entities\n
    • iframe
      • \n
    • noframes
      • \n
    • target (Deprecated in the map, link and form elements.) attribute on a, client-side image-map (map), link, form and base elements
\n

The Frameset version includes everything in the Transitional version, as well as the frameset element (used instead of body) and the frame element.\n

\n

Frameset versus transitional

\n

In addition to the above transitional differences, the frameset specifications (whether XHTML 1.0 or HTML 4.01) specify a different content model, with frameset replacing body, that contains either frame elements, or optionally noframes with a body.\n

\n

Summary of specification versions

\n

As this list demonstrates, the loose versions of the specification are maintained for legacy support. However, contrary to popular misconceptions, the move to XHTML does not imply a removal of this legacy support. Rather the X in XML stands for extensible and the W3C is modularizing the entire specification and opens it up to independent extensions. The primary achievement in the move from XHTML 1.0 to XHTML 1.1 is the modularization of the entire specification. The strict version of HTML is deployed in XHTML 1.1 through a set of modular extensions to the base XHTML 1.1 specification. Likewise, someone looking for the loose (transitional) or frameset specifications will find similar extended XHTML 1.1 support (much of it is contained in the legacy or frame modules). Modularization also allows for separate features to develop on their own timetable. So for example, XHTML 1.1 will allow quicker migration to emerging XML standards such as MathML (a presentational and semantic math language based on XML) and XForms—a new highly advanced web-form technology to replace the existing HTML forms.\n

In summary, the HTML 4 specification primarily reined in all the various HTML implementations into a single clearly written specification based on SGML. XHTML 1.0, ported this specification, as is, to the new XML-defined specification. Next, XHTML 1.1 takes advantage of the extensible nature of XML and modularizes the whole specification. XHTML 2.0 was intended to be the first step in adding new features to the specification in a standards-body-based approach.\n

\n

WHATWG HTML versus HTML5

\n
Main article: § Transition of HTML publication to WHATWG
\n

The HTML Living Standard, which is developed by WHATWG, is the official version, while W3C HTML5 is no longer separate from WHATWG.\n

\n

WYSIWYG editors

\n
This article is missing information about contenteditable. Please expand the article by making an edit requestto include this information . Further details may exist on the talk page. (January 2021)
\n

There are some WYSIWYG editors (what you see is what you get), in which the user lays out everything as it is to appear in the HTML document using a graphical user interface (GUI), often similar to word processors. The editor renders the document rather than showing the code, so authors do not require extensive knowledge of HTML.\n

The WYSIWYG editing model has been criticized,[97][98] primarily because of the low quality of the generated code; there are voices[who?] advocating a change to the WYSIWYM model (what you see is what you mean).\n

WYSIWYG editors remain a controversial topic because of their perceived flaws such as:\n

\n
  • Relying mainly on the layout as opposed to meaning, often using markup that does not convey the intended meaning but simply copies the layout.[99]
    • \n
  • Often producing extremely verbose and redundant code that fails to make use of the cascading nature of HTML and CSS.
    • \n
  • Often producing ungrammatical markup, called tag soup or semantically incorrect markup (such as <em> for italics).
    • \n
  • As a great deal of the information in HTML documents is not in the layout, the model has been criticized for its \"what you see is all you get\"-nature.[100]
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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Even though HTML can be run in a browser, it is not viewed as a programming language in programming language discourse.[2]\n
    2. \n
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References

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    \n
  1. ^ \"W3C Html\".\n
    2. \n
  2. ^ Hermans, Felienne; Schlesinger, Ari (2024-10-17). \"A Case for Feminism in Programming Language Design\". Proceedings of the 2024 ACM SIGPLAN International Symposium on New Ideas, New Paradigms, and Reflections on Programming and Software. ACM. pp. 205–222. doi:10.1145/3689492.3689809. ISBN 979-8-4007-1215-9.\n
    3. \n
  3. ^ \"HTML 4.0 Specification — W3C Recommendation — Conformance: requirements and recommendations\". World Wide Web Consortium. December 18, 1997. Archived from the original on July 5, 2015. Retrieved July 6, 2015.\n
    4. \n
  4. ^ Tim Berners-Lee, \"Information Management: A Proposal\". CERN (March 1989, May 1990). W3C.\n
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  5. ^ Berners-Lee, Tim. \"Intended Uses\". W3C.\n
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  6. ^ \"Tags used in HTML\". info.cern.ch. October 1991. Retrieved 2 March 2023.\n
    7. \n
  7. ^ a b c \"Tags used in HTML\". World Wide Web Consortium. November 3, 1992. Archived from the original on January 31, 2010. Retrieved November 16, 2008.\n
    8. \n
  8. ^ Berners-Lee, Tim (October 29, 1991). \"Re: status. Re: X11 BROWSER for WWW\". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on May 24, 2007. Retrieved April 8, 2007.\n
    9. \n
  9. ^ \"Index of the HTML 4 elements\". World Wide Web Consortium. December 24, 1999. Archived from the original on May 5, 2007. Retrieved April 8, 2007.\n
    10. \n
  10. ^ Berners-Lee, Tim (December 9, 1991). \"Re: SGML/HTML docs, X Browser\". w3. Archived from the original on December 22, 2007. Retrieved June 16, 2007. SGML is very general. HTML is a specific application of the SGML basic syntax applied to hypertext documents with simple structure.\n
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  11. ^ Berners-Lee, Tim; Connolly, Daniel (June 1993). \"Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): A Representation of Textual Information and MetaInformation for Retrieval and Interchange\". w3. Archived from the original on January 3, 2017. Retrieved January 4, 2017.\n
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  12. ^ Raggett, Dave. \"A Review of the HTML+ Document Format\". w3. Archived from the original on February 29, 2000. Retrieved May 22, 2020. The hypertext markup language HTML was developed as a simple non-proprietary delivery format for global hypertext. HTML+ is a set of modular extensions to HTML and has been developed in response to a growing understanding of the needs of information providers. These extensions include text flow around floating figures, fill-out forms, tables, and mathematical equations.\n
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  13. ^ Berners-Lee, Tim; Connolly, Daniel W. (November 1995). Hypertext Markup Language - 2.0. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC1866. RFC 1866. Historic. Obsoleted by RFC 2854. This document thus defines an HTML 2.0 (to distinguish it from the previous informal specifications). Future (generally upwardly compatible) versions of HTML with new features will be released with higher version numbers.\n
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  14. ^ a b c d e f Raggett, Dave (1998). Raggett on HTML 4. Archived from the original on August 9, 2007. Retrieved July 9, 2007.\n
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  15. ^ \"HTML5 – Hypertext Markup Language – 5.0\". Internet Engineering Task Force. 28 October 2014. Archived from the original on October 28, 2014. Retrieved November 25, 2014. This document recommends HTML 5.0 after completion.\n
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  17. ^ \"IETF HTML WG\". Retrieved June 16, 2007. Note: This working group is closed\n
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  20. ^ \"HTML 4 – 4 Conformance: requirements and recommendations\". Retrieved December 30, 2009.\n
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  23. ^ \"HTML 4 Errata\". W3C. Retrieved March 2, 2023.\n
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  24. ^ a b ISO (2000). \"ISO/IEC 15445:2000 – Information technology – Document description and processing languages – HyperText Markup Language (HTML)\". Retrieved March 1, 2023.\n
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  25. ^ \"ISO/IEC 15445:2000(E) ISO-HTML\". www.scss.tcd.ie. Geneva, CH: ISO/IEC. May 15, 2000. Retrieved March 1, 2023.\n
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  26. ^ \"HTML5: A vocabulary and associated APIs for HTML and XHTML\". World Wide Web Consortium. 28 October 2014. Retrieved 31 October 2014.\n
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  27. ^ \"Open Web Platform Milestone Achieved with HTML5 Recommendation\" (Press release). World Wide Web Consortium. 28 October 2014. Retrieved 31 October 2014.\n
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  28. ^ \"HTML 5.1\". World Wide Web Consortium. 1 November 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2017.\n
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  29. ^ \"HTML 5.1 is a W3C Recommendation\". World Wide Web Consortium. 1 November 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2017.\n
    30. \n
  30. ^ Philippe le Hegaret (17 November 2016). \"HTML 5.1 is the gold standard\". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 6 January 2017.\n
    31. \n
  31. ^ \"HTML 5.2\". World Wide Web Consortium. 14 December 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2017.\n
    32. \n
  32. ^ \"HTML 5.2 is now a W3C Recommendation\". World Wide Web Consortium. 14 December 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2017.\n
    33. \n
  33. ^ Charles McCathie Nevile (14 December 2017). \"HTML 5.2 is done, HTML 5.3 is coming\". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 15 December 2017.\n
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  34. ^ Connolly, Daniel (6 June 1992). \"MIME as a hypertext architecture\". CERN. Retrieved 24 October 2010.\n
    35. \n
  35. ^ Connolly, Daniel (15 July 1992). \"HTML DTD enclosed\". CERN. Retrieved 24 October 2010.\n
    36. \n
  36. ^ Connolly, Daniel (18 August 1992). \"document type declaration subset for Hyper Text Markup Language as defined by the World Wide Web project\". CERN. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2010.\n
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  37. ^ a b Connolly, Daniel (24 November 1992). \"Document Type Definition for the Hyper Text Markup Language as used by the World Wide Web application\". CERN. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2010. See section \"Revision History\"\n
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  38. ^ Berners-Lee, Tim; Connolly, Daniel (June 1993). \"Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) Internet-Draft version 1.1\". IETF IIIR Working Group. Retrieved 18 September 2010.\n
    39. \n
  39. ^ Berners-Lee, Tim; Connolly, Daniel (June 1993). \"Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) Internet-Draft version 1.2\". IETF IIIR Working Group. Retrieved 18 September 2010.\n
    40. \n
  40. ^ Raggett, Dave (1993-11-08). \"History for draft-raggett-www-html-00\". IETF Datatracker. Retrieved 2019-11-18.\n
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  41. ^ Berners-Lee, Tim; Connolly, Daniel (28 November 1994). \"HyperText Markup Language Specification – 2.0 INTERNET DRAFT\". Internet Engineering Task Force. Retrieved 24 October 2010.\n
    42. \n
  42. ^ Connolly, Daniel W. (1995-05-16). \"Hypertext Markup Language – 2.0\". tools.ietf.org. Retrieved 2019-11-18.\n
    43. \n
  43. ^ Berners-Lee, Tim; Connolly, Daniel W. (November 1995). Hypertext Markup Language - 2.0. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC1866. RFC 1866. Historic. Obsoleted by RFC 2854. \n
    44. \n
  44. ^ \"HTML 3.0 Draft (Expired!) Materials\". World Wide Web Consortium. December 21, 1995. Retrieved November 16, 2008.\n
    45. \n
  45. ^ a b \"HyperText Markup Language Specification Version 3.0\". Retrieved June 16, 2007.\n
    46. \n
  46. ^ Raggett, Dave (28 March 1995). \"HyperText Markup Language Specification Version 3.0\". HTML 3.0 Internet Draft Expires in six months. World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 17 June 2010.\n
    47. \n
  47. ^ Bowers, N. (1998). \"Weblint: just another perl hack\" (PDF). 1998 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 98).\n
    48. \n
  48. ^ Lie, Håkon Wium; Bos, Bert (April 1997). Cascading style sheets: designing for the Web. Addison Wesley Longman. p. 263. ISBN 978-0-201-41998-6. Retrieved 9 June 2010.\n
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    50. \n
  50. ^ \"HTML5, one vocabulary, two serializations\". 15 January 2008. Retrieved February 25, 2009.\n
    51. \n
  51. ^ \"W3C Confirms May 2011 for HTML5 Last Call, Targets 2014 for HTML5 Standard\". World Wide Web Consortium. 14 February 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2011.\n
    52. \n
  52. ^ Hickson, Ian (January 19, 2011). \"HTML Is the New HTML5\". The WHATWG Blog. Archived from the original on 6 October 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2011.\n
    53. \n
  53. ^ Grannell, Craig (July 23, 2012). \"HTML5 gets the splits\". Net magazine. Archived from the original on Jul 25, 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2012.\n
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  54. ^ \"HTML5\". W3C. 2012-12-17. Retrieved 2013-06-15.\n
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  55. ^ \"When Will HTML5 Be Finished?\". FAQ. WHAT Working Group. Retrieved 29 November 2009.\n
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  56. ^ \"Call for Review: HTML5 Proposed Recommendation Published W3C News\". W3C. 2014-09-16. Retrieved 2014-09-27.\n
    57. \n
  57. ^ \"Open Web Platform Milestone Achieved with HTML5 Recommendation\". W3C. 28 October 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2014.\n
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  58. ^ \"HTML5 specification finalized, squabbling over specs continues\". Ars Technica. 2014-10-29. Retrieved 2014-10-29.\n
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  59. ^ \"HTML vs XML syntax\". WHATWG. Retrieved 22 March 2023.\n
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    61. \n
  61. ^ \"XHTML 1.1 – Module-based XHTML — Second Edition\". World Wide Web Consortium. February 16, 2007. Retrieved November 16, 2008.\n
    62. \n
  62. ^ \"Modularization of XHTML\". W3C. Retrieved 2017-01-04.\n
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    64. \n
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    65. \n
  65. ^ \"W3C XHTML FAQ\".\n
    66. \n
  66. ^ Jaffe, Jeff (28 May 2019). \"W3C and WHATWG to Work Together to Advance the Open Web Platform\". W3C Blog. Archived from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2019.\n
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  67. ^ \"W3C and the WHATWG Signed an Agreement to Collaborate on a Single Version of HTML and DOM\". W3C. 28 May 2019. Archived from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2019.\n
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  68. ^ \"Memorandum of Understanding Between W3C and WHATWG\". W3C. 28 May 2019. Archived from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2019.\n
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  72. ^ Activating Browser Modes with Doctype. Hsivonen.iki.fi. Retrieved on 2012-02-16.\n
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  73. ^ \"HTML Elements\". w3schools. Retrieved 16 March 2015.\n
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  74. ^ \"CSS Introduction\". W3schools. Retrieved 16 March 2015.\n
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  76. ^ \"XHTML 1.0 – Differences with HTML 4\". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved November 16, 2008.\n
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  77. ^ Korpela, Jukka (July 6, 1998). \"Why attribute values should always be quoted in HTML\". Cs.tut.fi. Retrieved November 16, 2008.\n
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  78. ^ \"Objects, Images, and Applets in HTML documents\". World Wide Web Consortium. December 24, 1999. Retrieved November 16, 2008.\n
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  79. ^ \"H56: Using the dir attribute on an inline element to resolve problems with nested directional runs\". Techniques for WCAG 2.0. W3C. Retrieved 18 September 2010.\n
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  84. ^ \"HTML 4 Frameset Document Type Definition\". W3C. Retrieved 2021-12-25.\n
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  86. ^ Raggett, Dave (2002). \"Adding a touch of style\". W3C. Retrieved October 2, 2009. This article notes that presentational HTML markup may be useful when targeting browsers \"before Netscape 4.0 and Internet Explorer 4.0\". See the list of web browsers to confirm that these were both released in 1997.\n
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  87. ^ Berners-Lee, Tim; Hendler, James; Lassila, Ora (May 1, 2001). \"The Semantic Web\". Scientific American. Retrieved October 2, 2009.\n
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  89. ^ \"HTML: The Living Standard\". WHATWG. Retrieved 27 September 2018.\n
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  90. ^ \"XHTML 1.0 The Extensible HyperText Markup Language (Second Edition)\". World Wide Web Consortium. 2002 [2000]. Retrieved December 7, 2008. XHTML Documents which follow the guidelines set forth in Appendix C, \"HTML Compatibility Guidelines\" may be labeled with the Internet Media Type \"text/html\" [RFC2854], as they are compatible with most HTML browsers. Those documents, and any other document conforming to this specification, may also be labeled with the Internet Media Type \"application/xhtml+xml\" as defined in [RFC3236].\n
    91. \n
  91. ^ S. Bradner (March 1997). Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels. IETF Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC2119. BCP 14. RFC 2119. Best Current Practice 14. Updated by RFC 8174. 3. SHOULD This word, or the adjective \"RECOMMENDED\", mean that there may exist valid reasons in particular circumstances to ignore a particular item, but the full implications must be understood and carefully weighed before choosing a different course.\n
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  92. ^ \"XHTML 1.1 – Module-based XHTML — Second Edition\". World Wide Web Consortium. 2007. Retrieved December 7, 2008. XHTML 1.1 documents SHOULD be labeled with the Internet Media Type text/html as defined in [RFC2854] or application/xhtml+xml as defined in [RFC3236].\n
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  93. ^ \"Naming Files, Paths, and Namespaces\". Microsoft. Retrieved 16 March 2015.\n
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  94. ^ HTML Design Constraints, W3C Archives\n
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  95. ^ WWW: BTB – HTML, Pris Sears\n
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  96. ^ HTML Standard - The br Element, WHATWG\n
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  97. ^ Sauer, C.: WYSIWIKI – Questioning WYSIWYG in the Internet Age. In: Wikimania (2006)\n
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  98. ^ Spiesser, J., Kitchen, L.: Optimization of HTML automatically generated by WYSIWYG programs. In: 13th International Conference on World Wide Web, pp. 355–364. WWW '04. ACM, New York, NY (New York, NY, U.S., May 17–20, 2004)\n
    99. \n
  99. ^ XHTML Reference: blockquote Archived 2010-03-25 at the Wayback Machine. Xhtml.com. Retrieved on 2012-02-16.\n
    100. \n
  100. ^ Doug Engelbart's INVISIBLE REVOLUTION. Invisiblerevolution.net. Retrieved on 2012-02-16.\n
    101. \n
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External links

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Wikibooks has more on the topic of: HTML
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UNSD list of countries and territories ries by population
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This is the list of countries and other inhabited territories of the world by estimated total population. It is based on estimates published by the United Nations in the 2024 revision of World Population Prospects. It presents population estimates from 1950 to the present.[2]\n

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List

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\n

Data are mid-year estimates from the United Nations and are for 2022 and 2023.[2]\n\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
List of countries and inhabited territories by total population. United Nations\n
Country or territory\nPopulation
(1 July 2022)\n		Population
(1 July 2023)\n		Change
(%)\n		UN continental
region[1]\n		UN statistical
subregion[1]\n
 World8,021,407,1928,091,734,930+0.88%––\n
\"\" India1,425,423,2121,438,069,596+0.89%AsiaSouthern Asia\n
\"\" China[a]1,425,179,5691,422,584,933−0.18%AsiaEastern Asia\n
\"\" United States341,534,046343,477,335+0.57%AmericasNorthern America\n
\"\" Indonesia278,830,529281,190,067+0.85%AsiaSouth-eastern Asia\n
\"\" Pakistan243,700,667247,504,495+1.56%AsiaSouthern Asia\n
\"\" Nigeria223,150,896227,882,945+2.12%AfricaWestern Africa\n
\"\" Brazil210,306,415211,140,729+0.40%AmericasSouth America\n
\"\" Bangladesh169,384,897171,466,990+1.23%AsiaSouthern Asia\n
\"\" Russia145,579,899145,440,500−0.10%EuropeEastern Europe\n
\"\" Mexico128,613,117129,739,759+0.88%AmericasCentral America\n
\"\" Ethiopia125,384,287128,691,692+2.64%AfricaEastern Africa\n
\"\" Japan124,997,578124,370,947−0.50%AsiaEastern Asia\n
\"\" Philippines113,964,338114,891,199+0.81%AsiaSouth-eastern Asia\n
\"\" Egypt112,618,250114,535,772+1.70%AfricaNorthern Africa\n
\"\" DR Congo102,396,968105,789,731+3.31%AfricaMiddle Africa\n
\"\" Vietnam99,680,655100,352,192+0.67%AsiaSouth-eastern Asia\n
\"\" Iran89,524,24690,608,707+1.21%AsiaSouthern Asia\n
\"\" Turkey87,058,47387,270,501+0.24%AsiaWestern Asia\n
\"\" Germany84,086,22784,548,231+0.55%EuropeWestern Europe\n
\"\" Thailand71,735,32971,702,435−0.05%AsiaSouth-eastern Asia\n
\"\" United Kingdom68,179,31568,682,962+0.74%EuropeNorthern Europe\n
\"\" Tanzania[b]64,711,82166,617,606+2.95%AfricaEastern Africa\n
\"\" France[c]66,277,40966,438,822+0.24%EuropeWestern Europe\n
\"\" South Africa62,378,41063,212,384+1.34%AfricaSouthern Africa\n
\"\" Italy59,619,11559,499,453−0.20%EuropeSouthern Europe\n
\"\" Kenya54,252,46155,339,003+2.00%AfricaEastern Africa\n
\"\" Myanmar53,756,78754,133,798+0.70%AsiaSouth-eastern Asia\n
\"\" Colombia51,737,94452,321,152+1.13%AmericasSouth America\n
\"\" South Korea51,782,51251,748,739−0.07%AsiaEastern Asia\n
\"\" Sudan49,383,34650,042,791+1.34%AfricaNorthern Africa\n
\"\" Uganda47,312,71948,656,601+2.84%AfricaEastern Africa\n
\"\" Spain[d]47,828,38247,911,579+0.17%EuropeSouthern Europe\n
\"\" Algeria45,477,38946,164,219+1.51%AfricaNorthern Africa\n
\"\" Argentina45,407,90445,538,401+0.29%AmericasSouth America\n
\"\" Iraq44,070,55145,074,049+2.28%AsiaWestern Asia\n
\"\" Afghanistan40,578,84241,454,761+2.16%AsiaSouthern Asia\n
\"\" Yemen38,222,87639,390,799+3.06%AsiaWestern Asia\n
\"\" Canada38,821,25939,299,105+1.23%AmericasNorthern America\n
\"\" Poland38,385,73938,762,844+0.98%EuropeEastern Europe\n
\"\" Ukraine[e]41,048,76637,732,836−8.08%EuropeEastern Europe\n
\"\" Morocco37,329,06437,712,505+1.03%AfricaNorthern Africa\n
\"\" Angola35,635,02936,749,906+3.13%AfricaMiddle Africa\n
\"\" Uzbekistan34,938,95535,652,307+2.04%AsiaCentral Asia\n
\"\" Malaysia34,695,49335,126,298+1.24%AsiaSouth-eastern Asia\n
\"\" Peru33,475,43833,845,617+1.11%AmericasSouth America\n
\"\" Ghana33,149,15233,787,914+1.93%AfricaWestern Africa\n
\"\" Mozambique32,656,24633,635,160+3.00%AfricaEastern Africa\n
\"\" Saudi Arabia32,175,35232,264,292+0.28%AsiaWestern Asia\n
\"\" Madagascar30,437,26131,195,932+2.49%AfricaEastern Africa\n
\"\" Ivory Coast30,395,00231,165,654+2.54%AfricaWestern Africa\n
\"\"   Nepal29,715,43629,964,614+0.84%AsiaSouthern Asia\n
\"\" Cameroon27,632,77128,372,687+2.68%AfricaMiddle Africa\n
\"\" Venezuela28,213,01728,300,854+0.31%AmericasSouth America\n
\"\" Australia[f]26,200,98426,451,124+0.95%OceaniaAustralia and New Zealand\n
\"\" North Korea26,329,84526,418,204+0.34%AsiaEastern Asia\n
\"\" Niger25,311,97326,159,867+3.35%AfricaWestern Africa\n
\"\" Mali23,072,64023,769,127+3.02%AfricaWestern Africa\n
Syria22,462,17323,594,623+5.04%AsiaWestern Asia\n
\"\" Taiwan[g]23,420,11123,317,145−0.44%AsiaEastern Asia\n
\"\" Burkina Faso22,509,03823,025,776+2.30%AfricaWestern Africa\n
\"\" Sri Lanka22,834,96522,971,617+0.60%AsiaSouthern Asia\n
\"\" Malawi20,568,72821,104,482+2.60%AfricaEastern Africa\n
\"\" Zambia20,152,93820,723,965+2.83%AfricaEastern Africa\n
\"\" Kazakhstan20,034,60920,330,104+1.47%AsiaCentral Asia\n
\"\" Chile19,553,03619,658,835+0.54%AmericasSouth America\n
\"\" Chad18,455,31619,319,064+4.68%AfricaMiddle Africa\n
\"\" Romania19,166,77219,118,479−0.25%EuropeEastern Europe\n
\"\" Somalia[h]17,801,89718,358,615+3.13%AfricaEastern Africa\n
\"\" Guatemala17,847,87718,124,838+1.55%AmericasCentral America\n
\"\" Senegal17,651,10318,077,573+2.42%AfricaWestern Africa\n
\"\" Netherlands[i]17,904,42118,092,524+1.05%EuropeWestern Europe\n
\"\" Ecuador17,823,89717,980,083+0.88%AmericasSouth America\n
\"\" Cambodia17,201,72417,423,880+1.29%AsiaSouth-eastern Asia\n
\"\" Zimbabwe16,069,05616,340,822+1.69%AfricaEastern Africa\n
\"\" Guinea14,055,13714,405,465+2.49%AfricaWestern Africa\n
\"\" Benin13,759,50114,111,034+2.55%AfricaWestern Africa\n
\"\" Rwanda13,651,03013,954,471+2.22%AfricaEastern Africa\n
\"\" Burundi13,321,09713,689,450+2.77%AfricaEastern Africa\n
\"\" Bolivia12,077,15412,244,159+1.38%AmericasSouth America\n
\"\" Tunisia12,119,33412,200,431+0.67%AfricaNorthern Africa\n
\"\" Belgium11,641,82011,712,893+0.61%EuropeWestern Europe\n
\"\" Haiti11,503,60611,637,398+1.16%AmericasCaribbean\n
\"\" South Sudan11,021,17711,483,374+4.19%AfricaEastern Africa\n
\"\" Jordan11,256,26311,439,213+1.63%AsiaWestern Asia\n
\"\" Dominican Republic11,230,73411,331,265+0.90%AmericasCaribbean\n
\"\" Cuba11,059,82011,019,931−0.36%AmericasCaribbean\n
\"\" Czechia10,673,21310,809,716+1.28%EuropeEastern Europe\n
\"\" Honduras10,463,87210,644,851+1.73%AmericasCentral America\n
\"\" United Arab Emirates10,242,08610,642,081+3.91%AsiaWestern Asia\n
\"\" Sweden10,487,33810,551,494+0.61%EuropeNorthern Europe\n
\"\" Portugal[j]10,417,07310,430,738+0.13%EuropeSouthern Europe\n
\"\" Tajikistan10,182,22210,389,799+2.04%AsiaCentral Asia\n
\"\" Papua New Guinea10,203,16910,389,635+1.83%OceaniaMelanesia\n
\"\" Azerbaijan10,295,30410,318,207+0.22%AsiaWestern Asia\n
\"\" Greece10,412,48010,242,908−1.63%EuropeSouthern Europe\n
\"\" Hungary9,964,3069,686,463−2.79%EuropeEastern Europe\n
\"\" Togo9,089,7389,304,337+2.36%AfricaWestern Africa\n
\"\" Israel9,103,1519,256,314+1.68%AsiaWestern Asia\n
\"\" Austria9,064,6779,130,429+0.73%EuropeWestern Europe\n
\"\" Belarus9,173,2379,115,680−0.63%EuropeEastern Europe\n
\"\"  Switzerland8,792,1828,870,561+0.89%EuropeWestern Europe\n
\"\" Sierra Leone8,276,8078,460,512+2.22%AfricaWestern Africa\n
\"\" Laos7,559,0077,664,993+1.40%AsiaSouth-eastern Asia\n
\"\" Hong Kong (China)[k]7,465,9157,442,734−0.31%AsiaEastern Asia\n
\"\" Turkmenistan7,230,1937,364,438+1.86%AsiaCentral Asia\n
\"\" Libya7,223,8057,305,659+1.13%AfricaNorthern Africa\n
\"\" Kyrgyzstan6,955,7887,073,516+1.69%AsiaCentral Asia\n
\"\" Paraguay6,760,4646,844,146+1.24%AmericasSouth America\n
\"\" Nicaragua6,730,6546,823,613+1.38%AmericasCentral America\n
\"\" Bulgaria6,825,8646,795,803−0.44%EuropeEastern Europe\n
\"\" Serbia[l]6,791,2136,773,201−0.27%EuropeSouthern Europe\n
\"\" El Salvador6,280,3196,309,624+0.47%AmericasCentral America\n
\"\" Congo6,035,1046,182,885+2.45%AfricaMiddle Africa\n
\"\" Denmark5,902,9045,948,136+0.77%EuropeNorthern Europe\n
\"\" Singapore5,649,8855,789,090+2.46%AsiaSouth-eastern Asia\n
\"\" Lebanon5,744,4895,733,493−0.19%AsiaWestern Asia\n
\"\" Finland[m]5,569,2995,601,185+0.57%EuropeNorthern Europe\n
\"\" Norway[n]5,457,8015,519,167+1.12%EuropeNorthern Europe\n
\"\" Slovakia5,473,1975,518,055+0.82%EuropeEastern Europe\n
\"\" Liberia5,373,2945,493,031+2.23%AfricaWestern Africa\n
\"\" Palestine[o]5,305,2705,409,202+1.96%AsiaWestern Asia\n
\"\" Ireland5,110,0165,196,630+1.69%EuropeNorthern Europe\n
\"\" New Zealand5,131,7345,172,836+0.80%OceaniaAustralia and New Zealand\n
\"\" Central African Republic5,098,0395,152,421+1.07%AfricaMiddle Africa\n
\"\" Costa Rica5,081,7655,105,525+0.47%AmericasCentral America\n
\"\" Oman4,730,2265,049,269+6.74%AsiaWestern Asia\n
\"\" Mauritania4,875,6375,022,441+3.01%AfricaWestern Africa\n
\"\" Kuwait4,589,5114,838,782+5.43%AsiaWestern Asia\n
\"\" Panama4,400,7734,458,759+1.32%AmericasCentral America\n
\"\" Croatia3,907,0273,896,023−0.28%EuropeSouthern Europe\n
\"\" Georgia[p]3,794,7843,807,492+0.33%AsiaWestern Asia\n
\"\" Eritrea3,409,4473,470,390+1.79%AfricaEastern Africa\n
\"\" Mongolia3,386,0153,431,932+1.36%AsiaEastern Asia\n
\"\" Uruguay3,390,9133,388,081−0.08%AmericasSouth America\n
\"\" Puerto Rico (United States)3,240,9683,242,023+0.03%AmericasCaribbean\n
\"\" Bosnia and Herzegovina3,204,8023,185,073−0.62%EuropeSouthern Europe\n
\"\" Moldova[q]3,039,9853,067,070+0.89%EuropeEastern Europe\n
\"\" Qatar2,892,4552,979,082+2.99%AsiaWestern Asia\n
\"\" Namibia2,889,6622,963,095+2.54%AfricaSouthern Africa\n
\"\" Armenia2,880,8742,943,393+2.17%AsiaWestern Asia\n
\"\" Lithuania2,816,9192,854,099+1.32%EuropeNorthern Europe\n
\"\" Jamaica2,839,1442,839,786+0.02%AmericasCaribbean\n
\"\" Albania2,827,6082,811,655−0.56%EuropeSouthern Europe\n
\"\" Gambia2,636,4702,697,845+2.33%AfricaWestern Africa\n
\"\" Gabon2,430,7472,484,789+2.22%AfricaMiddle Africa\n
\"\" Botswana2,439,8922,480,244+1.65%AfricaSouthern Africa\n
\"\" Lesotho2,286,1102,311,472+1.11%AfricaSouthern Africa\n
\"\" Guinea-Bissau2,105,5292,153,339+2.27%AfricaWestern Africa\n
\"\" Slovenia2,115,2282,118,396+0.15%EuropeSouthern Europe\n
\"\" Latvia1,881,0631,882,396+0.07%EuropeNorthern Europe\n
\"\" Equatorial Guinea1,803,5451,847,549+2.44%AfricaMiddle Africa\n
\"\" North Macedonia1,840,2331,831,802−0.46%EuropeSouthern Europe\n
\"\" Kosovo[r]1,717,9461,700,031−1.04%EuropeSouthern Europe\n
\"\" Bahrain1,533,4591,569,666+2.36%AsiaWestern Asia\n
\"\" Trinidad and Tobago1,495,9211,502,932+0.47%AmericasCaribbean\n
\"\" Timor-Leste1,369,2951,384,286+1.09%AsiaSouth-eastern Asia\n
\"\" Estonia1,350,0911,367,196+1.27%EuropeNorthern Europe\n
\"\" Cyprus[s]1,331,3701,344,976+1.02%AsiaWestern Asia\n
\"\" Mauritius1,276,1301,273,588−0.20%AfricaEastern Africa\n
\"\" Eswatini1,218,9171,230,506+0.95%AfricaSouthern Africa\n
\"\" Djibouti1,137,0961,152,944+1.39%AfricaEastern Africa\n
\"\" Fiji919,422924,145+0.51%OceaniaMelanesia\n
\"\" Réunion (France)871,540874,883+0.38%AfricaEastern Africa\n
\"\" Comoros834,188850,387+1.94%AfricaEastern Africa\n
\"\" Guyana821,637826,353+0.57%AmericasSouth America\n
\"\" Solomon Islands781,066800,005+2.42%OceaniaMelanesia\n
\"\" Bhutan780,914786,385+0.70%AsiaSouthern Asia\n
\"\" Macao (China)[t]704,356713,912+1.36%AsiaEastern Asia\n
\"\" Luxembourg653,313665,098+1.80%EuropeWestern Europe\n
\"\" Montenegro614,648633,552+3.08%EuropeSouthern Europe\n
\"\" Suriname623,164628,886+0.92%AmericasSouth America\n
\"\" Western Sahara (disputed)568,739579,729+1.93%AfricaNorthern Africa\n
\"\" Malta528,192532,956+0.90%EuropeSouthern Europe\n
\"\" Maldives524,106525,994+0.36%AsiaSouthern Asia\n
\"\" Cape Verde519,741522,331+0.50%AfricaWestern Africa\n
\"\" Brunei455,370458,949+0.79%AsiaSouth-eastern Asia\n
\"\" Belize402,733411,106+2.08%AmericasCentral America\n
\"\" Bahamas397,538399,440+0.48%AmericasCaribbean\n
\"\" Iceland380,356387,558+1.89%EuropeNorthern Europe\n
\"\" Guadeloupe (France)384,697376,517−2.13%AmericasCaribbean\n
\"\" Martinique (France)349,459346,002−0.99%AmericasCaribbean\n
\"\" Vanuatu313,046320,409+2.35%OceaniaMelanesia\n
\"\" Mayotte (France)305,269316,015+3.52%AfricaEastern Africa\n
\"\" French Guiana (France)298,306303,402+1.71%AmericasSouth America\n
\"\" New Caledonia (France)287,123289,870+0.96%OceaniaMelanesia\n
\"\" Barbados288,318282,336−2.07%AmericasCaribbean\n
\"\" French Polynesia (France)280,378281,118+0.26%OceaniaPolynesia\n
\"\" São Tomé and Príncipe226,305230,871+2.02%AfricaMiddle Africa\n
\"\" Samoa215,261216,663+0.65%OceaniaPolynesia\n
\"\" Curaçao (Netherlands)185,345185,427+0.04%AmericasCaribbean\n
\"\" Saint Lucia178,781179,285+0.28%AmericasCaribbean\n
\"\" Guam (United States)165,180166,506+0.80%OceaniaMicronesia\n
\"\" Kiribati130,469132,530+1.58%OceaniaMicronesia\n
\"\" Seychelles125,522127,951+1.94%AfricaEastern Africa\n
\"\" Grenada116,913117,081+0.14%AmericasCaribbean\n
\"\" Micronesia112,114112,630+0.46%OceaniaMicronesia\n
\"\" Tonga105,042104,597−0.42%OceaniaPolynesia\n
\"\" Aruba (Netherlands)107,782107,939+0.15%AmericasCaribbean\n
\"\" Jersey (United Kingdom)103,490103,674+0.18%EuropeNorthern Europe\n
\"\" Saint Vincent and the Grenadines102,046101,323−0.71%AmericasCaribbean\n
\"\" Antigua and Barbuda92,84093,316+0.51%AmericasCaribbean\n
\"\" U.S. Virgin Islands (United States)86,50785,701−0.93%AmericasCaribbean\n
\"\" Isle of Man (United Kingdom)84,13284,165+0.04%EuropeNorthern Europe\n
\"\" Andorra79,70580,856+1.44%EuropeSouthern Europe\n
\"\" Cayman Islands (United Kingdom)71,59173,038+2.02%AmericasCaribbean\n
\"\" Dominica66,82666,510−0.47%AmericasCaribbean\n
\"\" Bermuda (United Kingdom)64,74964,698−0.08%AmericasNorthern America\n
\"\" Guernsey (United Kingdom)63,72564,017+0.46%EuropeNorthern Europe\n
\"\" Greenland (Denmark)54,99055,922+1.69%AmericasNorthern America\n
\"\" Faroe Islands (Denmark)54,01154,714+1.30%EuropeNorthern Europe\n
\"\" American Samoa (United States)48,34247,521−1.70%OceaniaPolynesia\n
\"\" Saint Kitts and Nevis46,70946,758+0.10%AmericasCaribbean\n
\"\" Turks and Caicos Islands (United Kingdom)45,84746,198+0.77%AmericasCaribbean\n
\"\" Northern Mariana Islands (United States)46,07845,143−2.03%OceaniaMicronesia\n
\"\" Sint Maarten (Netherlands)42,13942,749+1.45%AmericasCaribbean\n
\"\" Liechtenstein39,31739,598+0.71%EuropeWestern Europe\n
\"\" British Virgin Islands (United Kingdom)38,31938,985+1.74%AmericasCaribbean\n
\"\" Monaco38,93138,956+0.06%EuropeWestern Europe\n
\"\" Gibraltar (United Kingdom)37,60938,471+2.29%EuropeSouthern Europe\n
\"\" Marshall Islands40,07738,827−3.12%OceaniaMicronesia\n
\"\" San Marino34,09033,733−1.05%EuropeSouthern Europe\n
\"\" Caribbean Netherlands (Netherlands)[u]28,62729,898+4.44%AmericasCaribbean\n
\"\" Saint Martin (France)28,87027,515−4.69%AmericasCaribbean\n
\"\" Palau17,75917,727−0.18%OceaniaMicronesia\n
\"\" Anguilla (United Kingdom)14,18014,410+1.62%AmericasCaribbean\n
\"\" Cook Islands (New Zealand)14,72314,222−3.40%OceaniaPolynesia\n
\"\" Nauru11,80111,875+0.63%OceaniaMicronesia\n
\"\" Wallis and Futuna (France)11,47811,370−0.94%OceaniaPolynesia\n
\"\" Saint Barthélemy (France)10,92011,085+1.51%AmericasCaribbean\n
\"\" Tuvalu9,9929,816−1.76%OceaniaPolynesia\n
\"\" Saint Pierre and Miquelon (France)5,7325,681−0.89%AmericasNorthern America\n
\"\" Saint Helena (United Kingdom)[v]5,3435,289−1.01%AfricaWestern Africa\n
\"\" Montserrat (United Kingdom)4,4534,420−0.74%AmericasCaribbean\n
\"\" Falkland Islands (United Kingdom)3,4903,477−0.37%AmericasSouth America\n
\"\" Tokelau (New Zealand)2,2902,397+4.67%OceaniaPolynesia\n
\"\" Niue (New Zealand)1,8211,817−0.22%OceaniaPolynesia\n
\"\" Vatican City[w]505496−1.78%EuropeSouthern Europe\n
\n

See also

[edit]
\n

World

[edit]
\n\n

Continental

[edit]
\n\n

Transcontinental

[edit]
\n\n

Subregional

[edit]
\n\n

Others

[edit]
\n\n

Explanatory notes

[edit]
\n
\n
    \n
  1. ^ Refers to mainland China only. The UN source document states: \"For statistical purposes, the data for China do not include special administrative regions (SAR) of China (Hong Kong and Macau) and Taiwan.\"\n
    2. \n
  2. ^ Including \"\" Zanzibar.\n
    3. \n
  3. ^ Refers to Metropolitan France only.\n
    4. \n
  4. ^ Including the \"\" Canary Islands, \"\" Ceuta, and \"\" Melilla.\n
    5. \n
  5. ^ Including \"\" Crimea, the \"\" Donetsk People's Republic, the \"\" Luhansk People's Republic, and \"\" Sevastopol.\n
    6. \n
  6. ^ Including \"\" Christmas Island, the \"\" Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and \"\" Norfolk Island.\n
    7. \n
  7. ^ Listed as China, Taiwan Province of China.\n
    8. \n
  8. ^ Including \"\" Somaliland.\n
    9. \n
  9. ^ Refers to the European Netherlands only.\n
    10. \n
  10. ^ Including the \"\" Azores and \"\" Madeira.\n
    11. \n
  11. ^ Listed as China, Hong Kong SAR.\n
    12. \n
  12. ^ Excluding \"\" Kosovo.\n
    13. \n
  13. ^ Including \"\" Åland.\n
    14. \n
  14. ^ Including \"\" Svalbard and Jan Mayen.\n
    15. \n
  15. ^ Including \"Palestine\" East Jerusalem.\n
    16. \n
  16. ^ Including \"\" Abkhazia and \"\" South Ossetia.\n
    17. \n
  17. ^ Including \"\" Transnistria.\n
    18. \n
  18. ^ Listed as Kosovo (under UNSC res. 1244).\n
    19. \n
  19. ^ Including \"\" Northern Cyprus.\n
    20. \n
  20. ^ Listed as China, Macao SAR.\n
    21. \n
  21. ^ Listed as \"\" Bonaire, \"\" Sint Eustatius and \"\" Saba.\n
    22. \n
  22. ^ Including \"\" Saint Helena, \"\" Ascension, and \"\" Tristan da Cunha.\n
    23. \n
  23. ^ Listed as Holy See.\n
    24. \n
\n

References

[edit]
\n
\n
    \n
  1. ^ a b c \"Standard country or area codes for statistical use (M49)\". United Nations Statistics Division.\n
    2. \n
  2. ^ a b \"World Population Prospects, 2024 Revision\". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. \"It presents population estimates from 1950 to the present\".\n
    3. \n
\n

External links

[edit]
\n\n
Global
Continents/subregions
Intercontinental
Cities/urban areas
Past and future
Population density
Growth indicators
Life expectancy
Other demographics
Health
Education and innovation
Economic
\n\n\n\n\n
\n
Retrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_(United_Nations)&oldid=1311341016\"
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\n\n\n\n\n" }, { "path": "tsconfig.base.json", "content": "{\n \"compilerOptions\": {\n \"target\": \"ESNext\",\n \"module\": \"ESNext\",\n \"lib\": [\"ESNext\"],\n \"moduleResolution\": \"bundler\",\n\n // Strict type checking\n \"strict\": true,\n \"strictNullChecks\": true,\n \"strictFunctionTypes\": true,\n \"strictBindCallApply\": true,\n \"strictPropertyInitialization\": true,\n \"noImplicitThis\": true,\n \"useUnknownInCatchVariables\": true,\n \"alwaysStrict\": true,\n\n // Additional strict checks\n \"exactOptionalPropertyTypes\": true,\n \"noUncheckedIndexedAccess\": true,\n \"noPropertyAccessFromIndexSignature\": true,\n \"noImplicitOverride\": true,\n \"noImplicitReturns\": true,\n \"noFallthroughCasesInSwitch\": true,\n \"noUnusedLocals\": true,\n \"noUnusedParameters\": true,\n \"allowUnusedLabels\": false,\n \"allowUnreachableCode\": false,\n\n // Module and interop\n \"esModuleInterop\": true,\n \"forceConsistentCasingInFileNames\": true,\n \"resolveJsonModule\": true,\n \"isolatedModules\": true,\n \"verbatimModuleSyntax\": true,\n\n // Output\n \"declaration\": true,\n \"declarationMap\": true,\n \"sourceMap\": true,\n \"skipLibCheck\": true\n }\n}\n" }, { "path": "zensical.toml", "content": "[project]\nsite_name = \"html-to-markdown\"\nsite_description = \"High-performance HTML to Markdown conversion powered by Rust\"\nsite_url = \"https://docs.html-to-markdown.kreuzberg.dev\"\nsite_author = \"kreuzberg.dev\"\nrepo_name = \"kreuzberg-dev/html-to-markdown\"\nrepo_url = \"https://github.com/kreuzberg-dev/html-to-markdown\"\nedit_uri = \"edit/main/docs/\"\ncopyright = \"Copyright © 2023-2026 Kreuzberg.dev\"\n\nextra_css = [\"css/extra.css\"]\n\nnav = [\n { \"Home\" = \"index.md\" },\n { \"Get started\" = [\n { \"Installation\" = \"installation.md\" },\n { \"Usage\" = \"usage.md\" },\n { \"CLI\" = \"cli.md\" },\n ] },\n { \"Configuration\" = [\n { \"Options\" = \"configuration.md\" },\n { \"Visitor pattern\" = \"visitor.md\" },\n { \"Table extraction\" = \"tables.md\" },\n ] },\n { \"Reference\" = [\n { \"API reference\" = \"api-reference.md\" },\n { \"Language APIs\" = [\n { \"Rust\" = \"reference/api-rust.md\" },\n { \"Python\" = \"reference/api-python.md\" },\n { \"TypeScript\" = \"reference/api-typescript.md\" },\n { \"Go\" = \"reference/api-go.md\" },\n { \"Ruby\" = \"reference/api-ruby.md\" },\n { \"PHP\" = \"reference/api-php.md\" },\n { \"Java\" = \"reference/api-java.md\" },\n { \"C#\" = \"reference/api-csharp.md\" },\n { \"Elixir\" = \"reference/api-elixir.md\" },\n { \"R\" = \"reference/api-r.md\" },\n { \"C\" = \"reference/api-c.md\" },\n { \"WebAssembly\" = \"reference/api-wasm.md\" },\n ] },\n { \"Types\" = \"reference/types.md\" },\n { \"Configuration (generated)\" = \"reference/configuration.md\" },\n { \"Error types (generated)\" = \"reference/errors.md\" },\n { \"Language guides\" = \"language-guides.md\" },\n { \"Error handling\" = \"errors.md\" },\n { \"Architecture\" = \"architecture.md\" },\n ] },\n { \"Migration\" = \"migration.md\" },\n { \"Contributing\" = \"contributing.md\" },\n { \"Changelog\" = \"https://github.com/kreuzberg-dev/html-to-markdown/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md\" },\n]\n\n[project.theme]\nname = \"material\"\ncustom_dir = \"docs/overrides\"\nlogo = \"assets/logo.svg\"\nfavicon = \"assets/favicon.ico\"\nlanguage = \"en\"\nfeatures = [\n \"content.code.copy\",\n \"content.code.annotate\",\n \"content.tabs.link\",\n \"navigation.instant\",\n \"navigation.instant.progress\",\n \"navigation.path\",\n \"navigation.prune\",\n \"navigation.indexes\",\n \"navigation.sections\",\n \"navigation.tabs\",\n \"navigation.tabs.sticky\",\n \"navigation.tracking\",\n \"navigation.top\",\n \"navigation.footer\",\n \"search.highlight\",\n \"search.share\",\n \"search.suggest\",\n \"toc.follow\",\n \"toc.integrate\",\n \"announce.dismiss\",\n \"content.action.edit\",\n \"content.action.view\",\n]\n\n[project.theme.font]\ntext = \"Inter\"\ncode = \"JetBrains Mono\"\n\n[project.theme.icon]\nrepo = \"github\"\nsearch = \"search\"\n\n[[project.theme.palette]]\nmedia = \"(prefers-color-scheme: dark)\"\nscheme = \"slate\"\nprimary = \"custom\"\naccent = \"custom\"\n\n[project.theme.palette.toggle]\nicon = \"sun\"\nname = \"Switch to light mode\"\n\n[[project.theme.palette]]\nmedia = \"(prefers-color-scheme: light)\"\nscheme = \"default\"\nprimary = \"custom\"\naccent = \"custom\"\n\n[project.theme.palette.toggle]\nicon = \"moon\"\nname = \"Switch to dark mode\"\n\n# --- Markdown Extensions ---\n\n[project.markdown_extensions.admonition]\n\n[project.markdown_extensions.attr_list]\n\n[project.markdown_extensions.def_list]\n\n[project.markdown_extensions.footnotes]\n\n[project.markdown_extensions.md_in_html]\n\n[project.markdown_extensions.tables]\n\n[project.markdown_extensions.toc]\npermalink = true\ntoc_depth = 3\n\n[project.markdown_extensions.pymdownx.details]\n\n[project.markdown_extensions.pymdownx.emoji]\nemoji_index = \"zensical.extensions.emoji.twemoji\"\nemoji_generator = \"zensical.extensions.emoji.to_svg\"\noptions = { custom_icons = [\"docs/overrides/.icons\"] }\n\n[project.markdown_extensions.pymdownx.highlight]\nanchor_linenums = true\nline_spans = \"__span\"\npygments_lang_class = true\nlinenums = false\nuse_pygments = true\n\n[project.markdown_extensions.pymdownx.inlinehilite]\n\n[project.markdown_extensions.pymdownx.keys]\n\n[project.markdown_extensions.pymdownx.mark]\n\n[project.markdown_extensions.pymdownx.smartsymbols]\n\n[project.markdown_extensions.pymdownx.snippets]\nbase_path = [\"docs\", \".\"]\ncheck_paths = true\n\n[project.markdown_extensions.pymdownx.superfences]\ncustom_fences = [\n { name = \"mermaid\", class = \"mermaid\", format = \"pymdownx.superfences.fence_code_format\" },\n]\n\n[project.markdown_extensions.pymdownx.tabbed]\nalternate_style = true\ncombine_header_slug = true\n\n[project.markdown_extensions.pymdownx.tabbed.slugify]\ncase = \"lower\"\n\n[project.markdown_extensions.pymdownx.tasklist]\ncustom_checkbox = true\n\n# --- Plugins ---\n\n[project.plugins.search]\n\n# --- Extra ---\n\n[project.extra]\n\n[project.extra.status]\nnew = \"Recently added\"\ndeprecated = \"Deprecated\"\n\n[project.extra.repo]\nstars = true\nforks = true\n\n[[project.extra.social]]\nicon = \"fontawesome/brands/github\"\nlink = \"https://github.com/kreuzberg-dev/html-to-markdown\"\nname = \"View on GitHub\"\n\n[[project.extra.social]]\nicon = \"fontawesome/brands/python\"\nlink = \"https://pypi.org/project/html-to-markdown/\"\nname = \"View on PyPI\"\n\n[[project.extra.social]]\nicon = \"fontawesome/brands/npm\"\nlink = \"https://www.npmjs.com/package/@kreuzberg/html-to-markdown\"\nname = \"View on npm\"\n\n[[project.extra.social]]\nicon = \"fontawesome/brands/rust\"\nlink = \"https://crates.io/crates/html-to-markdown-rs\"\nname = \"View on crates.io\"\n" } ]