[
{
"path": "Deep Learning/10. Neural Network/README.md",
"content": "## 目录\n- [1. 深度学习有哪些应用](#1-深度学习有哪些应用)\n- [2. 什么是神经网络](#2-什么是神经网络)\n - [2.1 什么是感知器](#21-什么是感知器)\n - [2.2 神经网络的结构](#22-神经网络的结构)\n - [2.3 为什么神经网络具有非线性切分能力](#23-为什么神经网络具有非线性切分能力)\n- [3. 神经网络的计算过程](#3-神经网络的计算过程)\n - [3.1 计算过程](#31-计算过程)\n - [3.2 随机初始化模型参数](#32-随机初始化模型参数)\n - [3.3 激活函数](#33-激活函数)\n - [3.4 正向传播](#34-正向传播)\n - [3.5 反向传播(BP)](#35-反向传播bp)\n - [3.6 随机梯度下降法(SGD)](#36-随机梯度下降法sgd)\n- [4. 为什么说神经网络是端到端的网络?](#4-为什么说神经网络是端到端的网络)\n- [5. 深度学习框架比较](#5-深度学习框架比较)\n- [6. softmax分类器](#6-softmax分类器)\n - [6.1 什么是softmax](#61-什么是softmax)\n - [6.2 softmax的计算](#62-softmax的计算)\n - [6.3 交叉熵损失函数](#63-交叉熵损失函数)\n- [7. 神经网络实现](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Deep%20Learning/10.%20Neural%20Network/TensorFlow_LR.ipynb)\n\n## 1. 深度学习有哪些应用\n\n- 图像：图像识别、物体识别、图片美化、图片修复、目标检测。\n- 自然语言处理：机器创作、个性化推荐、文本分类、翻译、自动纠错、情感分析。\n- 数值预测、量化交易\n\n## 2. 什么是神经网络\n\n我们以房价预测的案例来说明一下，把房屋的面积作为神经网络的输入（我们称之为𝑥），通过一个节点（一个小圆圈），最终输出了价格（我们用𝑦表示）。其实这个小圆圈就是一个单独的神经元，就像人的大脑神经元一样。如果这是一个单神经元网络，不管规模大小，**它正是通过把这些单个神经元叠加在一起来形成。如果你把这些神经元想象成单独的乐高积木，你就通过搭积木来完成一个更大的神经网络。**\n\n神经网络与大脑关联不大。这是一个过度简化的对比，把一个神经网络的逻辑单元和右边的生物神经元对比。至今为止其实连神经科学家们都很难解释，究竟一个神经元能做什么。\n\n### 2.1 什么是感知器\n\n这要从逻辑回归讲起，我们都知道逻辑回归的目标函数如下所示：\n\n\n\n\n\n我们用网络来表示，这个网络就叫做感知器：\n\n\n\n如果在这个感知器的基础上加上隐藏层，就会得到下面我们要说的神经网络结构了。\n\n### 2.2 神经网络的结构\n\n神经网络的一般结构是由**输入层、隐藏层(神经元)、输出层**构成的。隐藏层可以是1层或者多层叠加，层与层之间是相互连接的，如下图所示。\n\n\n\n**一般说到神经网络的层数是这样计算的，输入层不算，从隐藏层开始一直到输出层，一共有几层就代表着这是一个几层的神经网络**，例如上图就是一个三层结构的神经网络。\n\n**解释隐藏层的含义：**在一个神经网络中，当你使用监督学习训练它的时候，训练集包含了输入𝑥也包含了目标输出𝑦，所以术语隐藏层的含义是在训练集中，这些中间结点的准确值我们是不知道到的，也就是说你看不见它们在训练集中应具有的值。\n\n- 多隐藏层的神经网络比 单隐藏层的神经网络工程效果好很多。\n- 提升隐层层数或者隐层神经元个数，神经网络“容量”会变大，空间表达力会变强。\n- 过多的隐层和神经元节点，会带来过拟合问题。\n- 不要试图通过降低神经网络参数量来减缓过拟合，用正则化或者dropout。\n\n### 2.3 为什么神经网络具有非线性切分能力\n\n假设对下图进行分类，圆圈为一类，红叉叉为另一类，如果用线性切分的话无论如何都不能把它们进行分开。\n\n\n\n这时，引入神经网络(2层神经网络)，包含一个隐藏层，在隐藏层中,分别得到了P1和P2的图形，P1这条线以上的部分都是红叉叉，P2这条线以下的部分都是红叉叉，两个神经元就有2条线性直线。从隐藏层到输出层要做的事情就是把这两条直线给合并起来，就会得到h(x)的图形，也就是说P1以上的空间交上P2以下的空间就是红叉叉的分类，其余空间分类为圆圈。这就使得原本不能够线性切分变成非线性切分了。\n\n\n\n如果隐藏层更加复杂的话，就能够完美的实现复杂平面样本点分布的划分(类似于抠图)，如下图所示：\n\n\n\n## 3. 神经网络的计算过程\n\n### 3.1 计算过程\n\n如下图所示。用圆圈表示神经网络的计算单元，逻辑回归的计算有两个步骤，首先你按步骤计算出𝑧，然后在第二\n步中你以 sigmoid 函数为激活函数计算𝑧（得出𝑎），一个神经网络只是这样子做了好多次重复计算。\n\n\n\n其中的一个神经元计算如下图所示：\n\n\n\n**向量化计算**，如果你执行神经网络的程序，用 for 循环来做这些看起来真的很低效。所以接下来我们要做的就是把这四个等式向量化。向量化的过程是将神经网络中的一层神经元参数纵向堆积起来，例如隐藏层中的𝑤纵向堆积起来变成一个(4,3)的矩阵，用符号𝑊[1]表示。另一个看待这个的方法是我们有四个逻辑回归单元，且每一个逻辑回归单元都有相对应的参数——向量𝑤，把这四个向量堆积在一起，你会得出这 4×3 的矩阵。\n\n\n\n上面公式表示的是一个样本的向量化计算，那么**多样本向量化计算**其实就是在上面公式的基础上再增列数，每一列相当于一个样本。\n\n### 3.2 随机初始化模型参数\n\n在神经⽹络中，通常需要随机初始化模型参数。下⾯我们来解释这样做的原因。\n\n假设输出层只保留⼀个输出单元*o*1（删去*o*2和*o*3以及指向它们的箭头），且隐藏层使⽤相同的激活函数。如果将每个隐藏单元的参数都初始化为相等的值，那么在正向传播时每个隐藏单元将根据相同的输⼊计算出相同的值， 并传递⾄输出层。在反向传播中，每个隐藏单元的参数梯度值相等。因此，这些参数在使⽤基于梯度的优化算法迭代后值依然相等。之后的迭代也是如此。\n\n在这种情况下，⽆论隐藏单元有多少， 隐藏层本质上只有1个隐藏单元在发挥作⽤。因此，正如在前⾯的实验中所做的那样，我们通常将神经⽹络的模型参数，特别是权重参数，进⾏随机初始化。 \n\n**有两种初始化方法：**\n\n1. 采用正态分布的随机初始化方法。\n\n2. Xavier初始化方法：假设某全连接层的输入个数为a，输出个数为b，Xavier随机初始化将使该层中权重参数的每个元素都随机采样于均匀分布：\n\n \n\n 初始化后，**每层输出的方差不会受该层输入个数的影响，且每层梯度的方差也不受该层输出个数的影响。**\n\n### 3.3 激活函数\n\n#### 3.3.1 激活函数有哪些\n\n在隐层接一个线性变换后 ，再接一个非线性变换(如sigmoid)，这个非线性变换叫做**传递函数或者激活函数**。上面的例子用的都是逻辑回归的Sigmoid激活函数，如果还不明白激活函数在哪，可以看下面这幅图。\n\n\n\n1. **sigmoid函数**\n\n \n\n =\\frac{1}{1+e^{-z}})\n\n ^{'}=\\frac{d}{dz}g(z)=\\alpha(1-\\alpha))\n\n2. **tanh(双曲正切)函数**\n\n 事实上，**tanh** 函数是 **sigmoid** 的向下平移和伸缩后的结果。对它进行了变形后，穿过了(0,0)点，并且值域介于+1 和-1 之间。但有一个例外：在二分类的问题中，对于输出层，因为𝑦的值是 0 或 1，所以想让𝑦^的数值介于0和1之间，而不是在-1和+1之间。所以需要使用**sigmoid**激活函数。\n\n \n\n \n\n **sigmoid**函数和**tanh**函数两者共同的缺点是，在𝑧特别大或者特别小的情况下，导数的梯度或者函数的斜率会变得特别小，最后就会接近于 0，导致降低梯度下降的速度。\n\n3. **ReLu(修正线性单元)函数**\n\n 只要𝑧是正值的情况下，导数恒等于 1，当𝑧是负 值的时候，导数恒等于 0。\n\n \n\n )\n\n \n \n 这有一些选择激活函数的经验法则： 如果输出是 0、1 值（二分类问题），则输出层选择 **sigmoid** 函数，然后其它的所有单 元都选择 **Relu** 函数。 \n \n4. **softmax激活函数**\n\n - 非线性变换之前计算：}=W^{(l)}a^{(l-1)}+b^{(l)})\n - 经过非线性变换，临时变量：}})\n - 归一化\n - $a^l$表示的就是第几个类别的概率值，这些**概率值和为1**\n\n 之前，我们的激活函数都是接受单行数值输入，例如 **Sigmoid** 和 **ReLu** 激活函数，输入一个实数，输出一个实数。**Softmax** 激活函数的特殊之处在于，因为需要将所有可能的输出归一化，就需要输入一个向量，最后输出一个向量。\n\n **hardmax** 函数会观察𝑧的元素，然后在𝑧中最大元素的位置放上 1，其它位置放上 0，**Softmax** 所做的从𝑧到这些概率的映射更为温和。\n\n **Softmax** 回归将 **logistic** 回归推广到了两种分类以上。\n\n#### 3.3.2 优缺点\n\n- 在𝑧的区间变动很大的情况下，激活函数的导数或者激活函数的斜率都会远大于0，在程序实现就是一个 **if-else** 语句，而 **sigmoid** 函数需要进行浮点四则运算，在实践中，使用 **ReLu** 激活函数神经网络通常会比使用 **sigmoid** 或者 **tanh** 激活函数学习的更快。\n- **sigmoid** 和 **tanh** 函数的导数在正负饱和区的梯度都会接近于 0，这会造成梯度弥散，而 **Relu** 和 **Leaky ReLu** 函数大于 0 部分都为常数，不会产生梯度弥散现象。(同时应该注意到的是，**Relu** 进入负半区的时候，梯度为 0，神经元此时不会训练，产生所谓的稀疏性，而 **Leaky ReLu** 不会有这问题) 𝑧在 **ReLu** 的梯度一半都是 0，但是，有足够的隐藏层使得 z 值大于 0，所以对大多数的 训练数据来说学习过程仍然可以很快。 \n\n#### 3.3.3 为什么使用激活函数\n\n如果你使用线性激活函数或者没有使用一个激活函数，那么无论你的神经网络有多少层一直在做的只是计算线性函数，所以不如直接去掉全部隐藏层。在我们的简明案例中，事实证明如果你在隐藏层用线性激活函数，在输出层用 **sigmoid** 函数，那么这个模型的复杂度和没有任何隐藏层。的标准 **Logistic** 回归是一样的。\n\n在这里线性隐层一点用也没有，因为这两个线性函数的组合本身就是线性函数，所以除非你引入非线性，否则你无法计算更有趣的函数，即使你的网络层数再多也不行。\n\n#### 3.3.4 人工神经网络中为什么ReLu要好过于tanh和sigmoid function？\n\n1. 采用sigmoid等函数，算激活函数时（指数运算），计算量大，反向传播求误差梯度时，求导涉及除法和指数运算，计算量相对大，而采用Relu激活函数，整个过程的计算量节省很多。\n2. 对于深层网络，sigmoid函数反向传播时，很容易就会出现梯度消失的情况（在sigmoid接近饱和区时，变换太缓慢，导数趋于0，这种情况会造成信息丢失），这种现象称为饱和，从而无法完成深层网络的训练。而ReLU就不会有饱和倾向，不会有特别小的梯度出现。\n3. Relu会使一部分神经元的输出为0，这样就造成了网络的稀疏性，并且减少了参数的相互依存关系，缓解了过拟合问题的发生（以及一些人的生物解释balabala）。当然现在也有一些对relu的改进，比如prelu，random relu等，在不同的数据集上会有一些训练速度上或者准确率上的改进，具体的大家可以找相关的paper看。\n\n#### 3.3.5 激活函数有哪些性质？\n\n1. 非线性： 当激活函数是线性的，一个两层的神经网络就可以基本上逼近所有的函数。但如果激活函数是恒等激活函数的时候，即 =x)，就不满足这个性质，而且如果 MLP 使用的是恒等激活函数，那么其实整个网络跟单层神经网络是等价的；\n2. 可微性： 当优化方法是基于梯度的时候，就体现了该性质；\n3. 单调性： 当激活函数是单调的时候，单层网络能够保证是凸函数；\n4. ： 当激活函数满足这个性质的时候，如果参数的初始化是随机的较小值，那么神经网络的训练将会很高效；如果不满足这个性质，那么就需要详细地去设置初始值；\n5. 输出值的范围： 当激活函数输出值是有限的时候，基于梯度的优化方法会更加稳定，因为特征的表示受有限权值的影响更显著；当激活函数的输出是无限的时候，模型的训练会更加高效，不过在这种情况小，一般需要更小的 Learning Rate。\n\n### 3.4 正向传播\n\n正向传播(forward-propagation)是指对神经网络沿着从输入层到输出层的顺序，依次计算并存储模型的中间变量(包括输出)。\n\n逻辑回归的计算步骤：所以回想当时我们讨论逻辑回归的时候，我们有这个正向传播步骤，其中我们计算𝑧，然后𝑎，然后损失函数𝐿。 正向传播类似，计算，再计算，最后得到**loss function**。\n\n\n\n### 3.5 反向传播(BP)\n\n反向传播(back-propagation)指的是计算神经网络参数梯度的方法。总的来说，反向传播依据微积分中的链式法则，沿着从输出层到输入层的顺序，依次计算并存储目标函数有关神经网络各层的中间变量以及参数的梯度。\n\n由正向传播经过所有的隐藏层到达输出层，会得到一个输出结果，然后根据这个带入**loss funcation**中，利用SGD算法进行最优化求解，其中每次梯度下降都会使用一次BP来更新各个网络层中的参数值，这就是BP回传误差的意思。\n\n\n\n- 正向传播求损失，BP回传误差。\n- 根据误差信号修正每层的权重。对各个w进行求导，然后更新各个w。\n- **链式依赖损失函数**：)))\n\n### 3.6 随机梯度下降法(SGD)\n\n#### 3.6.1 mini-batch梯度下降\n\n你可以把训练集分割为小一点的子集训练，这些子集被取名为 **mini-batch**，假设每一个子集中只有 1000 个样本，那么把其中的𝑥 (1)到𝑥 (1000)取出来，将其称为第一个子训练集，也叫做 **mini-batch**，然后你再取出接下来的 1000 个样本，从𝑥 (1001)到𝑥 (2000)，然后再取 1000个样本，以此类推。\n\n在训练集上运行 **mini-batch** 梯度下降法，你运行 for t=1……5000，因为我们有5000个各有 1000 个样本的组，在 **for** 循环里你要做得基本就是对𝑋 {𝑡}和𝑌 {𝑡}执行一步梯度下降法。 \n\n- batch_size=1，就是SGD。\n- batch_size=n，就是mini-batch\n- batch_size=m，就是batch\n\n其中12.支持多种编程语言。
3.拥有强大的计算集群。
4.谷歌支持
5.社区活跃度高。
6.支持多GPU。
7.TensorBoard支持图形可视化。 | 1.编程入门难度较大。
2.计算图是纯 Python 的，因此速度较慢
3.图构造是静态的，意味着图必须先被「编译」再运行 |\n| Keras | 1.Keras是TensorFlow高级集成APi
2.Keras是一个简洁的API。 可以快速帮助您创建应用程序。
3.代码更加可读和简洁。
4.Keras处于高度集成框架。
5.社区活跃。 | 1.Keras框架环境配置比其他底层框架要复杂一些。
2.虽然更容易创建模型，但是面对复杂的网络结构时可能不如TensorFlow。
3.性能方面比较欠缺。 |\n| Pytorch | 1.它可以在流程中更改体系结构。
2.训练神经网络的过程简单明了。
3.可以使用标准 Python 语法编写 for 循环语句。
4.大量预训练模型 | 1.不够TensorFlow全面，不过未来会弥补。
2.PyTorch部署移动端不是很好。 |\n| MXNet | 1.支持多语言。
2.文档齐全。
3.支持多个GPU。
4.清晰且易于维护的代码。
5.命令式和符号式编程风格之间进行选择。 | 1.不被广泛使用。
2.社区不够活跃。
3.学习难度大一些。 |\n\n目前从招聘来说，公司使用TensorFlow的占大多数，毕竟TensorFlow的社区、性能、部署方面都是很强的，所以之后写的实例代码都使用TensorFlow来完成。\n\n\n\n## 6. softmax分类器\n\n### 6.1 什么是softmax\n\n在图像分类的情景中，softmax分类器输出可以是一个图像类别的离散值，和线性回归不同的是，**softmax输出单元从一个变成了多个。**\n\nsoftmax回归和线性回归一样将输入特征与权重做线性叠加。与线性回归的一个主要不同在于，**softmax回归的输出值个数等于标签里的类别数。**下图是用神经网络描绘了softmax回归，也是一个单层神经网络，由于每个输出 的计算都要依赖于所有的输入 ，softmax回归的输出层也是一个全连接层。\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n### 6.2 softmax的计算\n\n一个简单的办法是将输出值 当做预测类别是i的置信度，并将值最大的输出所对应的类别作为预测输出。例如，如果 分别为0.1 ; 10 ; 0.1，由于 最大，那么预测类别为2。\n\n然而，直接使用输出层的输出会有两个问题：\n\n- 由于输出层的输出值的范围不确定，我们难以直观上判断这些值得意义。\n- 由于真实标签是离散值，这些离散值与不确定范围的输出值之间的误差难以衡量。\n\nsoftmax运算解决了以上两个问题。它通过下面的公式将输出值变换成值为正且和为1的概率分布：\n\n=\\frac{exp(o_i)}{\\sum_{i=1}^{n}exp(o_i)})\n\n### 6.3 交叉熵损失函数\n\n我们已经知道，softmax运算将输出变换成一个合法的类别预测分布。实际上，真实标签也可以用类别分布表达：\n\n对于样本i，我们构造向量 }\\in_{}R^q)，使其第 })个元素为1，其余为0。这样我们的训练目标可以设为使预测概率分布 })尽可能接近真实的标签概率 })。\n\n想要预测分类结果正确，**我们其实并不需要预测概率完全等于标签概率**，而平方损失则过于严格。改善这个问题的一个方法是使用更适合衡量两个概率分布差异的测量函数。其中，**交叉熵(cross entropy)是一个常用的衡量方法：**\n\n\n\n其中带下标的 })是向量 })中非 0 即 1 的元素。也就是说，**交叉熵只关心对正确类别的预测概率**，因为只要其值足够大，就可以确保分类结果正确。**即最小化交叉熵损失函数等价于最大化训练数据集所有标签类别的联合预测概率。**\n\n## 7. 神经网络实现\n\n[TensorFlow示例：线性回归](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Deep%20Learning/10.%20Neural%20Network/TensorFlow_LR.ipynb)\n\n------\n\n> 作者：[@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> GitHub：[https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> 欢迎大家加入讨论！共同完善此项目！群号：【541954936】![\"NLP面试学习群\"](\"http://pub.idqqimg.com/wpa/images/group.png\" "\\"NLP面试学习群\\"")
\n"
},
{
"path": "Deep Learning/10. Neural Network/TensorFlow_LR.ipynb",
"content": "{\n \"cells\": [\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 1,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": [\n \"import tensorflow as tf\\n\",\n \"import numpy as np\\n\",\n \"import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 2,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [\n {\n \"data\": {\n \"image/png\": 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yTBnGDvS2Yc4lZyhADOTUeby04EL541eAg0NlZ/iBlOTM+iRJiIKfGE7RBQ5Rye+e2afisJ6cMcUIQNR7bjvVxcZo81QgnBBG50uanWUJIOcNATo0nKG8tYv51ywmjsISQcoSBnBpP2KJUbjnhmjXR27KxhJBygsvYUmOyLR/rfR0wvW7bIlksIaScYI+cyMatBQ/qnbOEkHKEgZwah3cGZ5K6cJYQUs5lkloRkcsALAXQBOBnqvqjLK5LlBl3EpBbP+5WngDxAnJUKoaohlL3yEWkCcADAL4FYCqAb4vI1LTXJcpU0CQgVp5QncgitfJVAFtU9X1VPQDgMQDzMrguUTz+lMnChaNTKLYKE1aeUB3IIpCfCuD3nq/7nGMjiEiXiPSISE9/f38GH0sNJyjH7d9Ds7cXePDBkV93dQ1vkuzHyhOqA1UrP1TVFQBWAGaKfrU+lwrIu0u9uxs9EJzjHjcuet2UwUFzXkvL6H00WXlCdSCLQL4dwOmer09zjhElZxuUDArYg4PxF7/audNM+vH/guAAJtWBLAL5awCmiMhkmAB+A4A/y+C61Ihsg5JJVyv0UzXXZvCmOpQ6kKvqIRH5awDPwpQfPqSqb6ZuGTWmpIOPpRKwb1+8QJ+05JCoIDKZEKSq61X1bFU9U1WZdKTyJRl8bGkx+2P6J+vceqt9Zx6WHFId4lorlC+LF4/Mkdv41wQP6mHb1h1nySHVGU7Rp3yJs3GxG8S7u8On29t69yw5pDrDQE75E7VY1dy5o2vHgzZ64H6Z1CAYyCm/bItVrV8fb7o9F7uiBsE9O6l4bLlvEWBoqPrtIaoS7tlJ+WBbSjbJErPMfRONwEBO1RO0LkpXl1nkKk7O28XcN9EITK1Q9bS3B2+b1tQEHD48+nhbmxn0DBK0Hgtz31TnbKkVBnKqHltu24Y5b6IRmCOn2kuaw2bOmygWBnKqnqDctg1z3kSxMZBT9cSZtQmw3psoIa61QtXlbmIcVgtuG+AkokDskVNySWq+bVgLTpQZBnJKxlYLHhbMgwI/a8GJMsNATsnYdvCxrfFtC/wA10EhygjryCmZpOuc2CYBhU32IaJArCOnbCTNbds2ceDmDkSZYSCnZOLmtt28uO0vPg5qEmWGgZyS8a/xXSoB48YB8+cPD2R68+JBOKhJlCkGchoWt6zQ3cFn9Wqzg/3AwPBA5vz5QGenfc9NDmoSZY4Tgshwe9FuAPZWl9iCblAFS9jgOSf7EFUEe+RkJC0rBJIPWDIvTlQRDORklFNdkiQwMy9OVDEM5I0uTXVJ3NUMmRcnqigG8kYWVV0iYl5rbTUP/yCofzVDkZHvb2kB1qwxeXEGcaKKYSBvZEF5cZfIcC99YGBkZYp3bRW3gkXVVLFwyj1R1TGQ14NyVyMMy3+HVZ/YBkHdoD40xF44URUxkBddOasRutJUkXCKPVFuMJAXXTllgy7bdPtSKfq9LCUkyg0G8qKz9YzDBild/un2bl576dLwahSWEhLlCmd2Ft2kSfaqk4GB4efemZqA6bF/8IF5/+LFwfls95wJE8zXO3eGn09ENcH1yIvOP7U+Sqlk1kfxnt/SwgoTogLgeuT1Ku7O9K6BgfJz6kSUSwzk9cAt+4sbzIOwCoWosBjI60ncKfNBWIVCVFgM5Hlkm+ATNfEnaNOHOKWErEIhKjQOduZN0OBlSwtw443AypXlDVLaNkAGTNBnFQpRIVRksFNErhORN0VkSERGXZzKYJvg8+CDwcc7O6On5dsm/nBBK6K6kDa1sgnA1QBeyqAtBJQ36Bg1Ld828YcBnKgupArkqvqWqr6dVWMI5Q86RpUQckErorpVtcFOEekSkR4R6env76/WxxaHO5DZ2zt6Xe+4WEJI1JAiA7mIPC8imwIe85J8kKquUNVZqjpr4sSJ5be4XngrUFpbgZtvHh6QVC0vmLOEkKghRa61oqrfqEZDGoq/MsW7JopL1T6d3lbBwhJCoobEOvJqcnvhnZ3x1kbZuTN4kHL5cg5eEtERqerIReQqAP8KYCKAXQBeV9VLo97XkHXkSRe3AkyA3ratYk0iomKx1ZGnWsZWVZ8C8FSaazSMsP0xgzBVQkQxMbVSCUFT6aMqSsaONTlxpkqIKCFuLJE1fwrFnawzYULwoCbAafJElAp75FkJG8h0v+Y0eSKqAAbypILSJt6d7G1sFSgM4ESUElc/TMK2MuG4cfa0iYsVKESUUkWqVhqObWXCqGoUVqAQUQUxtZJEOWuZMIVCRBXGQB6HmxdPkobiQCYRVQkDeZQ4A5l+3l541PZsREQpMUceJemMTO+gpq2mHGAvnYgywx55lLC8eFBduHdQ0zY4GrYBBBFRQgzkUWxrfLvpk7C6cNsvAW4AQUQZYiCPYtu42J1SH7Z9mu2XADeAIKIMMZBHSbNxcdgvASKijDCQe/m3X2ttNc+7u03wTbpxMXevJ6Iq4BR9V9TGDy0tDMJEVFO2KfrskbuiygxZbUJEOcVA7opTScJqEyLKIQZyV5xKElabEFEOMZC7gipMvFhtQkQ5xUDu8leYlErcQ5OICqF+A7l/saqFC6MXr/JO8NmxwzySlhwSEVVZfQZy74qFqubfBx8c+XVX1/A2bVydkIgKrD5XP4yzYuHgoNkoWWR4nXGuTkhEBVTMHnlULzpJmaB/QhTrxYmoYIoXyIPSJm6axJW2TJD14kRUIMUL5LY1vjs7h3vnUaWEUVgvTkQFUrxAHtZb9ua4/YtV3Xqr+TcK68WJqGCKN9g5aVL4/plujttWMhi0OJY74NnWNrzOOBFRQRSvRx4nbRLWaw9aWnb1ahPIWS9ORAVUvEDuDcQ2quE14VE7+xARFUjxAjkwHIjXrLH3zoOqWYiI6lAxA7krqnfOmnAiagDFDuTAcO9cJPh11oQTUZ0rfiB3ccd6ImpQ9RPIuWM9ETWo+gnk3LGeiBpUcQJ5nOVmWVZIRA0o1cxOEVkC4HIABwC8B+AmVd2VRcNG8M/G5HKzRERHpO2RPwdguqqeB+AdAN9L36QAtoWyWFpIRJQukKvqf6nqIefLVwGclr5JAWwlhCwtJCLKNEd+M4Bf2F4UkS4R6RGRnv7+/mRXZmkhEZFVZCAXkedFZFPAY57nnG4AhwBY58Or6gpVnaWqsyZOnJislSwtJCKyihzsVNVvhL0uIgsA/AmAOar+fdMy4g5odnebdMqkSVxulojIkbZq5TIAfw/g66oasdtxSh0dDNxERAHS5siXARgP4DkReV1EfpJBm4iIKIFUPXJVPSurhhARUXmKM7OTiIgCMZATERUcAzkRUcFJpSoGQz9UpB9Ab5lvbwWwI8PmZIXtSobtSobtSiav7QLSta1NVUdNxKlJIE9DRHpUdVat2+HHdiXDdiXDdiWT13YBlWkbUytERAXHQE5EVHBFDOQrat0AC7YrGbYrGbYrmby2C6hA2wqXIyciopGK2CMnIiIPBnIiooLLZSAXketE5E0RGRIRa5mOiFwmIm+LyBYRudtzfLKI/MY5/nMROSqjdk0QkedE5F3n3xMCzrnIWUDMfXwmIlc6rz0iIls9r82sVruc8w57PvsZz/Fa3q+ZIvJr5/v9OxH5U89rmd4v28+L5/Wjnf/+Lc79aPe89j3n+NsicmmadpTRrr8Vkc3O/fmliLR5Xgv8nlapXQtEpN/z+X/hee1G5/v+rojcWOV23edp0zsissvzWiXv10Mi8omIbLK8LiJyv9Pu34nI+Z7X0t0vVc3dA8C5AL4I4FcAZlnOaYLZ8PkMAEcBeAPAVOe1xwHc4Dz/CYBbM2rXPwO423l+N4B/ijh/AoCdAFqcrx8BcG0F7lesdgHYazles/sF4GwAU5znpwD4CMDxWd+vsJ8XzzkLAfzEeX4DgJ87z6c65x8NYLJznaYqtusiz8/QrW67wr6nVWrXAgDLAt47AcD7zr8nOM9PqFa7fOf/DYCHKn2/nGv/EYDzAWyyvD4XZhc1AfAHAH6T1f3KZY9cVd9S1bcjTvsqgC2q+r6qHgDwGIB5IiIALgawzjlvJYArM2raPOd6ca97LYBfaKXXak/eriNqfb9U9R1Vfdd5/iGATwAk3EIqlsCfl5D2rgMwx7k/8wA8pqr7VXUrgC3O9arSLlV90fMzVLm9cRO2K8SlAJ5T1Z2q+n8wm7RfVqN2fRvAoxl9dihVfQmm42YzD8AqNV4FcLyInIwM7lcuA3lMpwL4vefrPudYCcAuHd4U2j2ehRNV9SPn+f8CODHi/Bsw+odosfNn1X0icnSV29UsZt/UV910D3J0v0TkqzC9rPc8h7O6X7afl8BznPuxG+b+xHlvJdvldQtG7o0b9D2tZruucb4/60Tk9ITvrWS74KSgJgN4wXO4UvcrDlvbU9+vVOuRpyEizwM4KeClblV9utrtcYW1y/uFqqqIWGs3nd+0MwA86zn8PZiAdhRMLeldAP6hiu1qU9XtInIGgBdEZCNMsCpbxvdrNYAbVXXIOVz2/apHItIJYBaAr3sOj/qequp7wVfI3L8DeFRV94vIX8L8NXNxlT47jhsArFPVw55jtbxfFVOzQK4Re4HGsB3A6Z6vT3OODcD8yfI5p1flHk/dLhH5WEROVtWPnMDzScilrgfwlKoe9Fzb7Z3uF5GHAfxdNdulqtudf98XkV8B+DKAJ1Hj+yUinwfwnzC/xF/1XLvs+xXA9vMSdE6fiHwOwHEwP09x3lvJdkFEvgHzy/HrqrrfPW75nmYRmCLbpaoDni9/BjMm4r73j33v/VUGbYrVLo8bAPyV90AF71cctranvl9FTq28BmCKmIqLo2C+ac+oGT14ESY/DQA3Asiqh/+Mc7041x2Vm3OCmZuXvhJA4Oh2JdolIie4qQkRaQUwG8DmWt8v53v3FEzucJ3vtSzvV+DPS0h7rwXwgnN/ngFwg5iqlskApgD47xRtSdQuEfkygH8DcIWqfuI5Hvg9rWK7TvZ8eQWAt5znzwK4xGnfCQAuwci/TCvaLqdt58AMHP7ac6yS9yuOZwD8uVO98gcAdjudlfT3q1IjuGkeAK6CyRPtB/AxgGed46cAWO85by6Ad2B+o3Z7jp8B8z/aFgBPADg6o3aVAPwSwLsAngcwwTk+C8DPPOe1w/yWHeN7/wsANsIEpDUAjq1WuwD8ofPZbzj/3pKH+wWgE8BBAK97HjMrcb+Cfl5gUjVXOM+bnf/+Lc79OMPz3m7nfW8D+FbGP+9R7Xre+f/AvT/PRH1Pq9SufwTwpvP5LwI4x/Pem537uAXATdVsl/P1vQB+5Htfpe/XozBVVwdh4tctAL4L4LvO6wLgAafdG+GpyEt7vzhFn4io4IqcWiEiIjCQExEVHgM5EVHBMZATERUcAzkRUcExkBMRFRwDORFRwf0/nH6AhvXqSi8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=\\n\",\n \"text/plain\": [\n \"\"\n ]\n },\n \"metadata\": {\n \"needs_background\": \"light\"\n },\n \"output_type\": \"display_data\"\n }\n ],\n \"source\": [\n \"train_X = np.linspace(-1, 1, 100)\\n\",\n \"train_Y = 2 * train_X + np.random.random(*train_X.shape) * 0.3\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"## 显示模拟数据\\n\",\n \"plt.plot(train_X, train_Y, 'ro', label='Original data')\\n\",\n \"plt.legend()\\n\",\n \"plt.show()\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"markdown\",\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"source\": [\n \"## 创建模型\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 3,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [\n {\n \"name\": \"stderr\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"WARNING: Logging before flag parsing goes to stderr.\\n\",\n \"W0804 13:33:33.643225 140261635254080 module_wrapper.py:136] From /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow_core/python/util/module_wrapper.py:163: The name tf.placeholder is deprecated. Please use tf.compat.v1.placeholder instead.\\n\",\n \"\\n\"\n ]\n }\n ],\n \"source\": [\n \"## 占位符\\n\",\n \"X = tf.placeholder('float')\\n\",\n \"Y = tf.placeholder('float')\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"## 模型参数初始化\\n\",\n \"## tf.random_normal()函数用于从服从指定正太分布的数值中取出指定个数的值。\\n\",\n \"## 初始化成[-1，1]的随机数\\n\",\n \"## Variable：定义变量\\n\",\n \"W =tf.Variable(tf.random_normal([1]), name=\\\"weight\\\")\\n\",\n \"b =tf.Variable(tf.zeros([1]), name=\\\"bias\\\")\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"## 前向结构\\n\",\n \"## tf.multiply（）两个矩阵中对应元素各自相乘\\n\",\n \"z = tf.multiply(X, W) + b\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"markdown\",\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"source\": [\n \"### 反向结构\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 4,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [\n {\n \"name\": \"stderr\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"W0804 13:33:33.736763 140261635254080 module_wrapper.py:136] From /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow_core/python/util/module_wrapper.py:163: The name tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer is deprecated. Please use tf.compat.v1.train.GradientDescentOptimizer instead.\\n\",\n \"\\n\"\n ]\n }\n ],\n \"source\": [\n \"## reduce_mean计算张量的各个维度上的元素的平均值.\\n\",\n \"cost = tf.reduce_mean(tf.square(Y - z))\\n\",\n \"learning_rate = 0.01\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"## 优化\\n\",\n \"optimizer = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(learning_rate).minimize(cost)\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"markdown\",\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"source\": [\n \"### 迭代训练模型\\n\",\n \"1.训练模型\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"建立好模型后，可以通过迭代来训练模型了。TensorFlow中的任务是通过session来进行的。\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"下面的代码中，先进行全局初始化，然后设置训练迭代的次数，启动session开始运行任务。\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 5,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [\n {\n \"name\": \"stdout\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"Epoch: 1 cost= 1.1621948 W= [0.34350407] b= [0.628776]\\n\",\n \"Epoch: 3 cost= 0.103357114 W= [1.5536253] b= [0.3230953]\\n\",\n \"Epoch: 5 cost= 0.014590032 W= [1.8837897] b= [0.19906688]\\n\",\n \"Epoch: 7 cost= 0.00868373 W= [1.9694496] b= [0.16624025]\\n\",\n \"Epoch: 9 cost= 0.008319155 W= [1.9916037] b= [0.15773949]\\n\",\n \"Epoch: 11 cost= 0.0083027175 W= [1.9973322] b= [0.1555412]\\n\",\n \"Epoch: 13 cost= 0.008303675 W= [1.9988137] b= [0.1549727]\\n\",\n \"Epoch: 15 cost= 0.008304267 W= [1.999196] b= [0.15482597]\\n\",\n \"Epoch: 17 cost= 0.008304445 W= [1.9992955] b= [0.15478782]\\n\",\n \"Epoch: 19 cost= 0.008304496 W= [1.9993222] b= [0.15477769]\\n\",\n \" Finished!\\n\",\n \"cost= 0.008304502 W= [1.9993261] b= [0.1547761]\\n\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"data\": {\n \"image/png\": 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\"text/plain\": [\n \"\"\n ]\n },\n \"metadata\": {\n \"needs_background\": \"light\"\n },\n \"output_type\": \"display_data\"\n }\n ],\n \"source\": [\n \"#初始化所有变量\\n\",\n \"init = tf.global_variables_initializer()\\n\",\n \"#定义参数\\n\",\n \"training_epochs = 20\\n\",\n \"display_step = 2\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"# 统计loss平均值\\n\",\n \"def moving_average(a, w=10):\\n\",\n \" if len(a) < w: \\n\",\n \" return a[:] \\n\",\n \" return [val if idx < w else sum(a[(idx-w):idx])/w for idx, val in \\n\",\n \" enumerate(a)]\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"#启动session\\n\",\n \"with tf.Session() as sess:\\n\",\n \" sess.run(init)\\n\",\n \" plotdata={\\\"batchsize\\\":[],\\\"loss\\\":[]} #存放批次值和损失值\\n\",\n \" #向模型输入数据\\n\",\n \" for epoch in range(training_epochs):\\n\",\n \" for (x, y) in zip(train_X, train_Y):\\n\",\n \" sess.run(optimizer, feed_dict={X: x, Y: y})\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" #显示训练中的详细信息\\n\",\n \" if epoch % display_step == 0:\\n\",\n \" loss = sess.run(cost,feed_dict={X:train_X,Y:train_Y})\\n\",\n \" print (\\\"Epoch:\\\", epoch+1,\\\"cost=\\\", loss,\\\"W=\\\",sess.run(W), \\n\",\n \" \\\"b=\\\", sess.run(b))\\n\",\n \" if not (loss == \\\"NA\\\" ):\\n\",\n \" plotdata[\\\"batchsize\\\"].append(epoch)\\n\",\n \" plotdata[\\\"loss\\\"].append(loss)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" print (\\\" Finished!\\\")\\n\",\n \" print (\\\"cost=\\\", sess.run(cost, feed_dict={X: train_X, Y: train_Y}), \\n\",\n \" \\\"W=\\\", sess.run(W), \\\"b=\\\", sess.run(b))\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" ## 显示拟合曲线\\n\",\n \" plt.plot(train_X, train_Y, 'ro', label = 'Original data')\\n\",\n \" plt.plot(train_X, sess.run(W) * train_X + sess.run(b), label='Fittedling')\\n\",\n \" plt.legend()\\n\",\n \" plt.show()\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" # 显示loss曲线\\n\",\n \" plotdata[\\\"avgloss\\\"] = moving_average(plotdata[\\\"loss\\\"])\\n\",\n \" plt.figure(1)\\n\",\n \" plt.subplot(211)\\n\",\n \" plt.plot(plotdata[\\\"batchsize\\\"], plotdata[\\\"avgloss\\\"],'b--')\\n\",\n \" plt.xlabel('minibatch number')\\n\",\n \" plt.ylabel('loss')\\n\",\n \" plt.title('')\\n\",\n \" plt.show()\"\n ]\n }\n ],\n \"metadata\": {\n \"kernelspec\": {\n \"display_name\": \"Python3\",\n \"language\": \"python\",\n \"name\": \"python3\"\n },\n \"language_info\": {\n \"codemirror_mode\": {\n \"name\": \"ipython\",\n \"version\": 3\n },\n \"file_extension\": \".py\",\n \"mimetype\": \"text/x-python\",\n \"name\": \"python\",\n \"nbconvert_exporter\": \"python\",\n \"pygments_lexer\": \"ipython3\",\n \"version\": \"3.6.2\"\n }\n },\n \"nbformat\": 4,\n \"nbformat_minor\": 2\n}\n"
},
{
"path": "Deep Learning/11. CNN/CNN.ipynb",
"content": "{\n \"cells\": [\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 7,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": [\n \"import cifar10_input\\n\",\n \"import tensorflow as tf\\n\",\n \"import numpy as np\\n\",\n \"import urllib3\\n\",\n \"urllib3.disable_warnings(urllib3.exceptions.InsecureRequestWarning)\\n\",\n \"import pylab\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"markdown\",\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"source\": [\n \"## cifar10数据集下载\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 2,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [\n {\n \"name\": \"stdout\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"begin\\n\",\n \"\\u001b[1mDownloading and preparing dataset cifar10 (162.17 MiB) to /root/tensorflow_datasets/cifar10/1.0.2...\\u001b[0m\\n\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"data\": {\n \"application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json\": {\n \"model_id\": \"6c5154fed7b64533a9a540ea8cb00084\",\n \"version_major\": 2,\n \"version_minor\": 0\n },\n \"text/plain\": [\n 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\"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"\\n\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"data\": {\n \"application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json\": {\n \"model_id\": \"c5eb2a06f97941fcabf191b6812d6e7a\",\n \"version_major\": 2,\n \"version_minor\": 0\n },\n \"text/plain\": [\n \"HBox(children=(IntProgress(value=1, bar_style='info', max=1), HTML(value='')))\"\n ]\n },\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"output_type\": \"display_data\"\n },\n {\n \"name\": \"stdout\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": []\n },\n {\n \"data\": {\n \"application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json\": {\n \"model_id\": \"5c48e97d8408436c9f16d9525515e57c\",\n \"version_major\": 2,\n \"version_minor\": 0\n },\n \"text/plain\": [\n \"HBox(children=(IntProgress(value=0, description='Shuffling...', max=10, style=ProgressStyle(description_width=…\"\n ]\n },\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"output_type\": \"display_data\"\n },\n {\n \"name\": \"stderr\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"WARNING: Logging before flag parsing goes to stderr.\\n\",\n \"W0811 10:17:38.887802 139751066703680 deprecation.py:323] From /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow_datasets/core/file_format_adapter.py:209: tf_record_iterator (from tensorflow.python.lib.io.tf_record) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"Use eager execution and: \\n\",\n \"`tf.data.TFRecordDataset(path)`\\n\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"data\": {\n \"application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json\": {\n \"model_id\": \"e9ed475ed3f14f6fb48e792da06eebd9\",\n \"version_major\": 2,\n \"version_minor\": 0\n },\n \"text/plain\": [\n \"HBox(children=(IntProgress(value=1, bar_style='info', description='Reading...', max=1, style=ProgressStyle(des…\"\n ]\n },\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"output_type\": \"display_data\"\n },\n {\n \"data\": {\n \"application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json\": {\n \"model_id\": \"a1c59d88cd2b4ad4a112feece6c2257e\",\n \"version_major\": 2,\n \"version_minor\": 0\n },\n 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\"output_type\": \"display_data\"\n },\n {\n \"data\": {\n \"application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json\": {\n \"model_id\": \"1c944b8b6e224b66a0308dabc079d6c5\",\n \"version_major\": 2,\n \"version_minor\": 0\n },\n \"text/plain\": [\n \"HBox(children=(IntProgress(value=1, bar_style='info', description='Reading...', max=1, style=ProgressStyle(des…\"\n ]\n },\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"output_type\": \"display_data\"\n },\n {\n \"data\": {\n \"application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json\": {\n \"model_id\": \"45f5b9cbecda4850aaab9a382e4001f8\",\n \"version_major\": 2,\n \"version_minor\": 0\n },\n \"text/plain\": [\n \"HBox(children=(IntProgress(value=0, description='Writing...', max=10000, style=ProgressStyle(description_width…\"\n ]\n },\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"output_type\": \"display_data\"\n },\n {\n \"name\": \"stderr\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"W0811 10:17:48.739059 139751066703680 dataset_builder.py:439] Warning: Setting shuffle_files=True because split=TRAIN and shuffle_files=None. This behavior will be deprecated on 2019-08-06, at which point shuffle_files=False will be the default for all splits.\\n\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"name\": \"stdout\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"\\u001b[1mDataset cifar10 downloaded and prepared to /root/tensorflow_datasets/cifar10/1.0.2. Subsequent calls will reuse this data.\\u001b[0m\\n\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"name\": \"stderr\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"W0811 10:17:49.748125 139751066703680 module_wrapper.py:136] From /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow_core/python/util/module_wrapper.py:163: The name tf.estimator.inputs is deprecated. Please use tf.compat.v1.estimator.inputs instead.\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"W0811 10:17:49.928486 139751066703680 module_wrapper.py:136] From /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow_core/python/util/module_wrapper.py:163: The name tf.random_crop is deprecated. Please use tf.image.random_crop instead.\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"W0811 10:17:49.929857 139751066703680 module_wrapper.py:136] From /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow_core/python/util/module_wrapper.py:163: The name tf.image.resize_image_with_crop_or_pad is deprecated. Please use tf.image.resize_with_crop_or_pad instead.\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"W0811 10:17:50.078672 139751066703680 deprecation.py:323] From /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow_core/python/ops/image_ops_impl.py:1518: div (from tensorflow.python.ops.math_ops) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"Deprecated in favor of operator or tf.math.divide.\\n\",\n \"W0811 10:17:50.089546 139751066703680 deprecation.py:323] From /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/cifar10_input.py:45: DatasetV1.make_one_shot_iterator (from tensorflow.python.data.ops.dataset_ops) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"Use `for ... in dataset:` to iterate over a dataset. If using `tf.estimator`, return the `Dataset` object directly from your input function. As a last resort, you can use `tf.compat.v1.data.make_one_shot_iterator(dataset)`.\\n\",\n \"W0811 10:17:50.109977 139751066703680 module_wrapper.py:136] From /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow_core/python/util/module_wrapper.py:163: The name tf.summary.image is deprecated. Please use tf.compat.v1.summary.image instead.\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"W0811 10:17:50.114862 139751066703680 dataset_builder.py:439] Warning: Setting shuffle_files=True because split=TRAIN and shuffle_files=None. This behavior will be deprecated on 2019-08-06, at which point shuffle_files=False will be the default for all splits.\\n\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"name\": \"stdout\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"begin data\\n\"\n ]\n }\n ],\n \"source\": [\n \"batch_size = 128\\n\",\n \"print('begin')\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"# 下载cifar10数据集\\n\",\n \"images_train, labels_train = cifar10_input.inputs(eval_data=False, batch_size=batch_size)\\n\",\n \"images_test, labels_test = cifar10_input.inputs(eval_data=True, batch_size=batch_size)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"print('begin data')\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"markdown\",\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"source\": [\n \"## 定义网络结构\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"markdown\",\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"source\": [\n \"TensorFlow里使用tf.nn.conv2d函数来实现卷积，其格式如下。\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"tf.nn.conv2d(input, filter, strides, padding, use_cudnn_on_gpu=None, name=None)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"除去参数name参数用以指定该操作的name，与方法有关的共有5个参数。\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"- input：指需要做卷积的输入图像，它要求是一个Tensor，具有[batch，in_height，in_width，in_channels]这样的形状（shape），具体含义是“训练时一个batch的图片数量，图片高度，图片宽度，图像通道数”，注意这是一个四维的Tensor，要求类型为float32和float64其中之一。\\n\",\n \"- filter：相当于CNN中的卷积核，它要求是一个Tensor，具有[filter_height，filter_width，in_channels，out_channels]这样的shape，具体含义是“卷积核的高度，滤波器的宽度，图像通道数，滤波器个数”，要求类型与参数input相同。有一个地方需要注意，第三维in_channels，就是参数input的第四维。\\n\",\n \"- strides：卷积时在图像每一维的步长，这是一个一维的向量，长度为4。\\n\",\n \"- padding：定义元素边框与元素内容之间的空间。string类型的量，只能是SAME和VALID其中之一，这个值决定了不同的卷积方式，padding的值为'VALID'时，表示边缘不填充，当其为'SAME'时，表示填充到滤波器可以到达图像边缘。\\n\",\n \"- use_cudnn_on_gpu：bool类型，是否使用cudnn加速，默认为true。\\n\",\n \"- 返回值：tf.nn.conr2d函数结果返回一个Tensor，这个输出就是常说的feature map。\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"注意： 在卷积函数中，padding参数是最容易引起歧义的，该参数仅仅决定是否要补0，因此一定要清楚padding设为SAME的真正含义。在设为SAME的情况下，只有在步长为1时生成的feature map才会与输入值相等。\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 11,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": [\n \"def weight_variable(shape):\\n\",\n \" # 对于权重w的定义，统一使用函数truncated_normal来生成标准差为0.1的随机数为其初始化。\\n\",\n \" initial = tf.truncated_normal(shape,stddev=0.1)\\n\",\n \" return tf.Variable(initial)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"def bias_variable(shape):\\n\",\n \" # 对于权重b的定义，统一初始化为0.1。\\n\",\n \" initial = tf.constant(0.1, shape=shape)\\n\",\n \" return tf.Variable(initial)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"def conv2d(x, W):\\n\",\n \" return tf.nn.conv2d(x, W, strides=[1, 1, 1, 1], padding='SAME')\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"def max_pool_2x2(x):\\n\",\n \" return tf.nn.max_pool(x, ksize=[1, 2, 2, 1], strides=[1, 2, 2, 1], padding='SAME')\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"def avg_pool_6x6(x):\\n\",\n \" return tf.nn.avg_pool(x, ksize=[1, 6, 6, 1], strides=[1, 6, 6, 1], padding='SAME')\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"## 定义占位符\\n\",\n \"# cifar data的shape 24*24*3\\n\",\n \"x = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, 24, 24, 3])\\n\",\n \"# 0～9 数字分类=> 10 classes\\n\",\n \"y = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, 10])\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"# 第一层卷积\\n\",\n \"W_conv1 = weight_variable([5, 5, 3, 64])\\n\",\n \"b_conv1 = bias_variable([64])\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"x_image = tf.reshape(x, [-1, 24, 24, 3])\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"h_conv1 = tf.nn.relu(conv2d(x_image, W_conv1) + b_conv1)\\n\",\n \"h_pool1 = max_pool_2x2(h_conv1)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"# 第二层卷积\\n\",\n \"W_conv2 = weight_variable([5, 5, 64, 64])\\n\",\n \"b_conv2 = bias_variable([64])\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"h_conv2 = tf.nn.relu(conv2d(h_pool1, W_conv2) + b_conv2)\\n\",\n \"h_pool2 = max_pool_2x2(h_conv2)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"# 第三层卷积\\n\",\n \"W_conv3 = weight_variable([5, 5, 64, 10])\\n\",\n \"b_conv3 = bias_variable([10])\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"h_conv3 = tf.nn.relu(conv2d(h_pool2, W_conv3) + b_conv3)\\n\",\n \"nt_hpool3 = avg_pool_6x6(h_conv3)\\n\",\n \"nt_hpool3_flat = tf.reshape(nt_hpool3, [-1, 10])\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"# 输出层\\n\",\n \"y_conv = tf.nn.softmax(nt_hpool3_flat)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"cross_entropy = -tf.reduce_sum(y * tf.log(y_conv))\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"train_step = tf.train.AdamOptimizer(1e-4).minimize(cross_entropy)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"correct_prediction = tf.equal(tf.argmax(y_conv, 1), tf.argmax(y, 1))\\n\",\n \"accuracy = tf.reduce_mean(tf.cast(correct_prediction, 'float'))\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"markdown\",\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"source\": [\n \"## 运行session进行训练\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 12,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [\n {\n \"name\": \"stderr\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"W0811 11:12:42.978402 139751066703680 queue_runner_impl.py:471] `tf.train.start_queue_runners()` was called when no queue runners were defined. You can safely remove the call to this deprecated function.\\n\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"name\": \"stdout\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"step 0, training accuracy 0.09375\\n\",\n \"step 200, training accuracy 0.273438\\n\",\n \"step 400, training accuracy 0.398438\\n\",\n \"step 600, training accuracy 0.414062\\n\",\n \"step 800, training accuracy 0.484375\\n\",\n \"step 1000, training accuracy 0.460938\\n\",\n \"step 1200, training accuracy 0.515625\\n\",\n \"step 1400, training accuracy 0.492188\\n\",\n \"step 1600, training accuracy 0.570312\\n\",\n \"step 1800, training accuracy 0.523438\\n\",\n \"step 2000, training accuracy 0.492188\\n\",\n \"step 2200, training accuracy 0.421875\\n\",\n \"step 2400, training accuracy 0.570312\\n\",\n \"step 2600, training accuracy 0.601562\\n\",\n \"step 2800, training accuracy 0.601562\\n\",\n \"step 3000, training accuracy 0.554688\\n\",\n \"step 3200, training accuracy 0.585938\\n\",\n \"step 3400, training accuracy 0.585938\\n\",\n \"step 3600, training accuracy 0.617188\\n\",\n \"step 3800, training accuracy 0.609375\\n\",\n \"step 4000, training accuracy 0.546875\\n\",\n \"step 4200, training accuracy 0.546875\\n\",\n \"step 4400, training accuracy 0.570312\\n\",\n \"step 4600, training accuracy 0.59375\\n\",\n \"step 4800, training accuracy 0.65625\\n\",\n \"step 5000, training accuracy 0.570312\\n\",\n \"step 5200, training accuracy 0.515625\\n\",\n \"step 5400, training accuracy 0.640625\\n\",\n \"step 5600, training accuracy 0.492188\\n\",\n \"step 5800, training accuracy 0.585938\\n\",\n \"step 6000, training accuracy 0.585938\\n\",\n \"step 6200, training accuracy 0.539062\\n\",\n \"step 6400, training accuracy 0.539062\\n\",\n \"step 6600, training accuracy 0.625\\n\",\n \"step 6800, training accuracy 0.65625\\n\",\n \"step 7000, training accuracy 0.703125\\n\",\n \"step 7200, training accuracy 0.570312\\n\",\n \"step 7400, training accuracy 0.679688\\n\",\n \"step 7600, training accuracy 0.65625\\n\",\n \"step 7800, training accuracy 0.664062\\n\",\n \"step 8000, training accuracy 0.609375\\n\",\n \"step 8200, training accuracy 0.570312\\n\",\n \"step 8400, training accuracy 0.617188\\n\",\n \"step 8600, training accuracy 0.617188\\n\",\n \"step 8800, training accuracy 0.609375\\n\",\n \"step 9000, training accuracy 0.648438\\n\",\n \"step 9200, training accuracy 0.625\\n\",\n \"step 9400, training accuracy 0.59375\\n\",\n \"step 9600, training accuracy 0.625\\n\",\n \"step 9800, training accuracy 0.609375\\n\",\n \"step 10000, training accuracy 0.6875\\n\",\n \"step 10200, training accuracy 0.601562\\n\",\n \"step 10400, training accuracy 0.664062\\n\",\n \"step 10600, training accuracy 0.734375\\n\",\n \"step 10800, training accuracy 0.585938\\n\",\n \"step 11000, training accuracy 0.640625\\n\",\n \"step 11200, training accuracy 0.671875\\n\",\n \"step 11400, training accuracy 0.625\\n\",\n \"step 11600, training accuracy 0.664062\\n\",\n \"step 11800, training accuracy 0.671875\\n\",\n \"step 12000, training accuracy 0.671875\\n\",\n \"step 12200, training accuracy 0.617188\\n\",\n \"step 12400, training accuracy 0.59375\\n\",\n \"step 12600, training accuracy 0.695312\\n\",\n \"step 12800, training accuracy 0.710938\\n\",\n \"step 13000, training accuracy 0.640625\\n\",\n \"step 13200, training accuracy 0.679688\\n\",\n \"step 13400, training accuracy 0.6875\\n\",\n \"step 13600, training accuracy 0.679688\\n\",\n \"step 13800, training accuracy 0.671875\\n\",\n \"step 14000, training accuracy 0.609375\\n\",\n \"step 14200, training accuracy 0.546875\\n\",\n \"step 14400, training accuracy 0.804688\\n\",\n \"step 14600, training accuracy 0.710938\\n\",\n \"step 14800, training accuracy 0.617188\\n\",\n \"finished！ test accuracy 0.734375\\n\"\n ]\n }\n ],\n \"source\": [\n \"sess = tf.Session()\\n\",\n \"sess.run(tf.global_variables_initializer())\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"# QueueRunner类用来启动tensor的入队线程，可以用来启动多个工作线程同时将多个tensor（训练数据）推送入文件名称队列中\\n\",\n \"tf.train.start_queue_runners(sess=sess)\\n\",\n \"for i in range(15000):\\n\",\n \" image_batch, label_batch = sess.run([images_train, labels_train])\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" # one hot编码\\n\",\n \" # eye生成对角矩阵\\n\",\n \" label_b = np.eye(10, dtype=float)[label_batch]\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" train_step.run(feed_dict={x: image_batch, y: label_b}, session=sess)\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" if i % 200 == 0:\\n\",\n \" train_accuracy = accuracy.eval(feed_dict={x: image_batch, y: label_b}, session=sess)\\n\",\n \" print( \\\"step %d, training accuracy %g\\\"%(i, train_accuracy))\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"image_batch, label_batch = sess.run([images_test, labels_test])\\n\",\n \"label_b = np.eye(10,dtype=float)[label_batch] #one hot编码\\n\",\n \"print (\\\"finished！ test accuracy %g\\\"%accuracy.eval(feed_dict={x:image_batch, y: label_b},session=sess))\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": null,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": []\n }\n ],\n \"metadata\": {\n \"kernelspec\": {\n \"display_name\": \"Python3\",\n \"language\": \"python\",\n \"name\": \"python3\"\n },\n \"language_info\": {\n \"codemirror_mode\": {\n \"name\": \"ipython\",\n \"version\": 3\n },\n \"file_extension\": \".py\",\n \"mimetype\": \"text/x-python\",\n \"name\": \"python\",\n \"nbconvert_exporter\": \"python\",\n \"pygments_lexer\": \"ipython3\",\n \"version\": \"3.6.2\"\n }\n },\n \"nbformat\": 4,\n \"nbformat_minor\": 2\n}\n"
},
{
"path": "Deep Learning/11. CNN/README.md",
"content": "## 目录\n- [1. 什么是CNN](#1-什么是cnn)\n - [1.1 输入层](#11-输入层)\n - [1.2 卷积计算层(conv)](#12-卷积计算层conv)\n - [1.3 激励层](#13-激励层)\n - [1.4 池化层](#14-池化层)\n - [1.5 全连接层](#15-全连接层)\n - [1.6 层次结构小结](#16-层次结构小结)\n - [1.7 CNN优缺点](#17-cnn优缺点)\n- [2. 典型CNN发展历程](#2-典型cnn发展历程)\n- [3. 图像相关任务](#3-图像相关任务)\n - [3.1 图像识别与定位](#31-图像识别与定位)\n - [3.2 物体检测(object detection)](#32-物体检测object-detection)\n - [3.3 语义(图像)分割](#33-语义图像分割)\n- [4. 代码实现CNN](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Deep%20Learning/11.%20CNN/CNN.ipynb)\n- [5. 参考文献](#5-参考文献)\n\n## 1. 什么是CNN\n\n> 卷积神经网络（Convolutional Neural Networks, CNN）是一类包含[卷积](https://baike.baidu.com/item/卷积/9411006)计算且具有深度结构的[前馈神经网络](https://baike.baidu.com/item/前馈神经网络/7580523)（Feedforward Neural Networks），是[深度学习](https://baike.baidu.com/item/深度学习/3729729)（deep learning）的代表算法之一。\n\n我们先来看卷积神经网络各个层级结构图：\n\n\n\n上图中CNN要做的事情是：给定一张图片，是车还是马未知，是什么车也未知，现在需要模型判断这张图片里具体是一个什么东西，总之输出一个结果：如果是车 那是什么车。\n\n- 最左边是数据**输入层**(input layer)，对数据做一些处理，比如去均值（把输入数据各个维度都中心化为0，避免数据过多偏差，影响训练效果）、归一化（把所有的数据都归一到同样的范围）、PCA/白化等等。CNN只对训练集做“去均值”这一步。\n- CONV：卷积计算层(conv layer)，线性乘积求和。\n- RELU：激励层(activation layer)，下文有提到：ReLU是激活函数的一种。\n- POOL：池化层(pooling layer)，简言之，即取区域平均或最大。\n- FC：全连接层(FC layer)。\n\n这几个部分中，卷积计算层是CNN的核心。\n\n### 1.1 输入层\n\n在做输入的时候，需要把图片处理成同样大小的图片才能够进行处理。\n\n常见的处理数据的方式有：\n\n1. 去均值(**常用**)\n\n - **AlexNet**：训练集中100万张图片，对每个像素点求均值，得到均值图像，当训练时用原图减去均值图像。\n - **VGG**：对所有输入在三个颜色通道R/G/B上取均值，只会得到3个值，当训练时减去对应的颜色通道均值。(**此种方法效率高**)\n\n **TIPS:**在训练集和测试集上减去训练集的均值。\n\n2. 归一化\n\n 幅度归一化到同样的范围。\n\n3. PCA/白化(**很少用**)\n\n - 用PCA降维\n - 白化是对数据每个特征轴上的幅度归一化。\n\n### 1.2 卷积计算层(conv)\n\n对图像（不同的数据窗口数据）和滤波矩阵（一组固定的权重：因为每个神经元的多个权重固定，所以又可以看做一个恒定的滤波器filter）做**内积**（逐个元素相乘再求和）的操作就是所谓的『卷积』操作，也是卷积神经网络的名字来源。\n\n滤波器filter是什么呢！请看下图。图中左边部分是原始输入数据，图中中间部分是滤波器filter，图中右边是输出的新的二维数据。\n\n\n\n不同的滤波器filter会得到不同的输出数据，比如颜色深浅、轮廓。**相当于提取图像的不同特征，模型就能够学习到多种特征。**用不同的滤波器filter，提取想要的关于图像的特定信息：颜色深浅或轮廓。如下图所示。\n\n\n\n在CNN中，滤波器filter（带着一组固定权重的神经元）对局部输入数据进行卷积计算。每计算完一个数据窗口内的局部数据后，数据窗口不断平移滑动，直到计算完所有数据。这个过程中，有这么几个参数： \n\n- 深度depth：神经元个数，决定输出的depth厚度。同时代表滤波器个数。\n- 步长stride：决定滑动多少步可以到边缘。\n- 填充值zero-padding：在外围边缘补充若干圈0，方便从初始位置以步长为单位可以刚好滑倒末尾位置，通俗地讲就是为了总长能被步长整除。 \n\n\n\n\n\n- **参数共享机制**\n\n 假设每个神经元连接数据窗的权重是固定对的。固定每个神经元连接权重，可以看做模板，每个神经元只关注**一个特性(模板)**，这使得需要估算的权重个数减少：一层中从1亿到3.5万。\n\n- 一组固定的权重和不同窗口内数据做**内积**：卷积\n\n- 作用在于捕捉某一种模式，具体表现为很大的值。\n\n**卷积操作的本质特性包括稀疏交互和参数共享**。\n\n### 1.3 激励层\n\n把卷积层输出结果做非线性映射。\n\n激活函数有：\n\n\n\n- sigmoid：在两端斜率接近于0，梯度消失。\n- ReLu：修正线性单元，有可能出现斜率为0，但概率很小，因为mini-batch是一批样本损失求导之和。\n\n**TIPS:**\n\n- CNN慎用sigmoid！慎用sigmoid！慎用sigmoid！\n- 首先试RELU，因为快，但要小心点。\n- 如果RELU失效，请用 Leaky ReLU或者Maxout。\n- 某些情况下tanh倒是有不错的结果，但是很少。\n\n### 1.4 池化层\n\n也叫**下采样层**，就算通过了卷积层，纬度还是很高 ，需要进行池化层操作。\n\n- 夹在连续的卷积层中间。\n- 压缩数据和参数的量，降低维度。\n- 减小过拟合。\n- 具有特征不变性。\n\n方式有：**Max pooling、average pooling**\n\n\n\n**Max pooling**\n\n取出每个部分的最大值作为输出，例如上图左上角的4个黄色方块取最大值为3作为输出，以此类推。\n\n**average pooling**\n\n每个部分进行计算得到平均值作为输出，例如上图左上角的4个黄色方块取得平均值2作为输出，以此类推。\n\n### 1.5 全连接层\n\n全连接层的每一个结点都与上一层的所有结点相连，用来把前边提取到的特征综合起来。由于其全连接的特性，一般全连接层的参数也是最多的。\n\n- 两层之间所有神经元都有权重连接\n- 通常全连接层在卷积神经网络尾部\n\n### 1.6 层次结构小结\n\n| CNN层次结构 | 作用 |\n| ----------- | ---------------------------------------------------------- |\n| 输入层 | 卷积网络的原始输入，可以是原始或预处理后的像素矩阵 |\n| 卷积层 | 参数共享、局部连接，利用平移不变性从全局特征图提取局部特征 |\n| 激活层 | 将卷积层的输出结果进行非线性映射 |\n| 池化层 | 进一步筛选特征，可以有效减少后续网络层次所需的参数量 |\n| 全连接层 | 用于把该层之前提取到的特征综合起来。 |\n\n### 1.7 CNN优缺点\n\n**优点：**\n\n- 共享卷积核，优化计算量。\n- 无需手动选取特征，训练好权重，即得特征。\n- 深层次的网络抽取图像信息丰富，表达效果好。\n- 保持了层级网络结构。\n- 不同层次有不同形式与功能。\n\n**缺点：**\n\n- 需要调参，需要大样本量，GPU等硬件依赖。\n- 物理含义不明确。\n\n**与NLP/Speech共性：**\n\n都存在局部与整体的关系，由低层次的特征经过组合，组成高层次的特征，并且得到不同特征之间的空间相关性。\n\n## 2. 典型CNN发展历程\n\n- LeNet，这是最早用于数字识别的CNN \n- AlexNet， 2012 ILSVRC比赛远超第2名的CNN，比LeNet更深，用多层小卷积层叠加替换单大卷积层。 \n- ZF Net， 2013 ILSVRC比赛冠军 \n- GoogLeNet， 2014 ILSVRC比赛冠军 \n- VGGNet， 2014 ILSVRC比赛中的模型，图像识别略差于GoogLeNet，但是在很多图像转化学习问题(比如objectdetection)上效果很好 \n- ResNet(深度残差网络（Deep Residual Network，ResNet）)， 2015ILSVRC比赛冠军，结构修正(残差学习)以适应深层次CNN训练。 \n- DenseNet， CVPR2017 best paper，把ResNet的add变成concat \n\n## 3. 图像相关任务\n\n\n\n### 3.1 图像识别与定位\n\n1. **classification：**C个类别识别\n\n - **input**：Image\n - **Output**：类别标签\n - **Evaluation metric**：准确率\n\n2. **Localization定位)**\n\n - **Input**：Image\n\n - **Output**：物体边界框(x,y,w,h)\n\n - **Evaluation metric**：交并准则(IOU) > 0.5 图中阴影部分所占面积\n\n \n\n#### 3.1.1 思路1：识别+定位过程\n\n1. **识别**可以看作多分类问题(**用softmax**)，用别人训练好的CNN模型做fine-tune\n\n2. **定位**的目标是(x,y,w,h)是连续值，当回归问题解决(**mse**)\n\n 在**1**的CNN尾部展开(例如把最后一层拿开)，接上一个(x,y,w,h)的神经网络，成为**classification+regression的模型**。\n\n 更细致的识别可以提前规定好有k个组成部分，做成k个部分的回归，\n\n **例如：**框出两只眼睛和两条腿，4元祖*4=16(个连续值)\n\n3. Regression部分用欧氏距离损失，使用SGD训练。\n\n\n\n#### 3.1.2 思路2：图窗+识别\n\n- 类似刚才的classification+regression思路\n- 咱们取不同大小的“框”\n- 让框出现在不同的位置\n- 判定得分\n- 按照得分的高低对“结果框”做抽样和合并\n\n\n\n### 3.2 物体检测(object detection)\n\n#### 3.2.1 过程\n\n当图像有很多物体怎么办的？难度可是一下暴增啊。\n\n那任务就变成了：多物体识别+定位多个物体，那把这个任务看做分类问题？\n\n\n\n看成分类问题有何不妥？\n\n- 你需要找很多位置， 给很多个不同大小的框\n- 你还需要对框内的图像分类\n- 当然， 如果你的GPU很强大， 恩， 那加油做吧…\n\n**边缘策略：**想办法先找到可能包含内容的图框(**候选框**)，然后进行分类问题的识别。\n\n**方法**：根据RGB值做区域融合。**fast-CNN**，共享图窗，从而加速候选框的形成。\n\n- **R-CNN => fast-CNN => faster-RCNN** 速度对比\n\n \n\n#### 3.2.2 R-CNN\n\nR-CNN的简要步骤如下：\n\n1. 输入测试图像。\n2. 利用选择性搜索Selective Search算法在图像中从下到上提取2000个左右的可能包含物体的候选区域Region Proposal。\n3. 因为取出的区域大小各自不同，所以需要将每个Region Proposal缩放（warp）成统一的227x227的大小并输入到CNN，将CNN的fc7层的输出作为特征。\n4. 将每个Region Proposal提取到的CNN特征输入到SVM进行分类。\n\n#### 3.2.3 SPP-Net\n\nSPP：Spatial Pyramid Pooling（空间金字塔池化），SPP-Net是出自2015年发表在IEEE上的论文。\n\n众所周知，CNN一般都含有卷积部分和全连接部分，其中，卷积层不需要固定尺寸的图像，而全连接层是需要固定大小的输入。所以当全连接层面对各种尺寸的输入数据时，就需要对输入数据进行crop（crop就是从一个大图扣出网络输入大小的patch，比如227×227），或warp（把一个边界框bounding box(红框)的内容resize成227×227）等一系列操作以统一图片的尺寸大小，比如224*224（ImageNet）、32*32(LenNet)、96*96等。\n\n\n\n所以才如你在上文中看到的，在R-CNN中，“因为取出的区域大小各自不同，所以需要将每个Region Proposal缩放（warp）成统一的227x227的大小并输入到CNN”。\n\n但warp/crop这种预处理，导致的问题要么被拉伸变形、要么物体不全，限制了识别精确度。没太明白？说句人话就是，一张16:9比例的图片你硬是要Resize成1:1的图片，你说图片失真不？\n\nSPP Net的作者Kaiming He等人逆向思考，既然由于全连接FC层的存在，普通的CNN需要通过固定输入图片的大小来使得全连接层的输入固定。那借鉴卷积层可以适应任何尺寸，为何不能在卷积层的最后加入某种结构，使得后面全连接层得到的输入变成固定的呢？\n\n这个“化腐朽为神奇”的结构就是spatial pyramid pooling layer。\n\n它的特点有两个:\n\n1. **结合空间金字塔方法实现CNNs的多尺度输入。**\n\n SPP Net的第一个贡献就是在最后一个卷积层后，接入了金字塔池化层，保证传到下一层全连接层的输入固定。\n\n 换句话说，在普通的CNN机构中，输入图像的尺寸往往是固定的（比如224*224像素），输出则是一个固定维数的向量。SPP Net在普通的CNN结构中加入了ROI池化层（ROI Pooling），使得网络的输入图像可以是任意尺寸的，输出则不变，同样是一个固定维数的向量。\n\n 简言之，CNN原本只能固定输入、固定输出，CNN加上SSP之后，便能任意输入、固定输出。神奇吧？\n\n2. **只对原图提取一次卷积特征**\n\n 在R-CNN中，每个候选框先resize到统一大小，然后分别作为CNN的输入，这样是很低效的。\n\n 而SPP Net根据这个缺点做了优化：只对原图进行一次卷积计算，便得到整张图的卷积特征feature map，然后找到每个候选框在feature map上的映射patch，将此patch作为每个候选框的卷积特征输入到SPP layer和之后的层，完成特征提取工作。\n\n如此这般，R-CNN要对每个区域计算卷积，而SPPNet只需要计算一次卷积，从而节省了大量的计算时间，比R-CNN有一百倍左右的提速。\n\n#### 3.2.4 Fast R-CNN\n\nSPP Net真是个好方法，R-CNN的进阶版Fast R-CNN就是在R-CNN的基础上采纳了SPP Net方法，对R-CNN作了改进，使得性能进一步提高。\n\nR-CNN有一些相当大的缺点（把这些缺点都改掉了，就成了Fast R-CNN）。\n\n**大缺点：**由于每一个候选框都要独自经过CNN，这使得花费的时间非常多。\n\n**解决：**共享卷积层，现在不是每一个候选框都当做输入进入CNN了，而是输入一张完整的图片，在第五个卷积层再得到每个候选框的特征。\n\n原来的方法：许多候选框（比如两千个）-->CNN-->得到每个候选框的特征-->分类+回归\n\n现在的方法：一张完整图片-->CNN-->得到每张候选框的特征-->分类+回归\n\n所以容易看见，Fast R-CNN相对于R-CNN的提速原因就在于：不过不像R-CNN把每个候选区域给深度网络提特征，而是整张图提一次特征，再把候选框映射到conv5上，而SPP只需要计算一次特征，剩下的只需要在conv5层上操作就可以了。\n\n**算法步骤：**\n\n1. 在图像中确定约1000-2000个候选框 (使用选择性搜索)。\n2. 对整张图片输进CNN，得到feature map。\n3. 找到每个候选框在feature map上的映射patch，将此patch作为每个候选框的卷积特征输入到SPP layer和之后的层。\n4. 对候选框中提取出的特征，使用分类器判别是否属于一个特定类。\n5. 对于属于某一类别的候选框，用回归器进一步调整其位置。\n\n#### 3.2.5 Faster R-CNN\n\nFast R-CNN存在的问题：存在瓶颈：选择性搜索，找出所有的候选框，这个也非常耗时。那我们能不能找出一个更加高效的方法来求出这些候选框呢？\n\n解决：加入一个提取边缘的神经网络，也就说找到候选框的工作也交给神经网络来做了。\n\n所以，rgbd在Fast R-CNN中引入Region Proposal Network(RPN)替代Selective Search，同时引入anchor box应对目标形状的变化问题（anchor就是位置和大小固定的box，可以理解成事先设置好的固定的proposal）。这就是Faster R-CNN。\n\n**算法步骤：**\n\n1. 对整张图片输进CNN，得到feature map。\n2. 卷积特征输入到RPN，得到候选框的特征信息。\n3. 对候选框中提取出的特征，使用分类器判别是否属于一个特定类。\n4. 对于属于某一类别的候选框，用回归器进一步调整其位置。\n\n#### 3.2.6 YOLO\n\nFaster R-CNN的方法目前是主流的目标检测方法，但是速度上并不能满足实时的要求。YOLO一类的方法慢慢显现出其重要性，这类方法使用了回归的思想，利用整张图作为网络的输入，直接在图像的多个位置上回归出这个位置的目标边框，以及目标所属的类别。\n\n我们直接看上面YOLO的目标检测的流程图：\n\n\n\n1. 给个一个输入图像，首先将图像划分成7\\*7的网格。\n2. 对于每个网格，我们都预测2个边框（包括每个边框是目标的置信度以及每个边框区域在多个类别上的概率）。\n3. 根据上一步可以预测出7*7*2个目标窗口，然后根据阈值去除可能性比较低的目标窗口，最后NMS去除冗余窗口即可。\n\n**小结：**YOLO将目标检测任务转换成一个回归问题，大大加快了检测的速度，使得YOLO可以每秒处理45张图像。而且由于每个网络预测目标窗口时使用的是全图信息，使得false positive比例大幅降低（充分的上下文信息）。\n\n但是YOLO也存在问题：没有了Region Proposal机制，只使用7*7的网格回归会使得目标不能非常精准的定位，这也导致了YOLO的检测精度并不是很高。\n\n#### 3.2.7 SSD\n\nSSD: Single Shot MultiBox Detector。上面分析了YOLO存在的问题，使用整图特征在7*7的粗糙网格内回归对目标的定位并不是很精准。那是不是可以结合region proposal的思想实现精准一些的定位？SSD结合YOLO的回归思想以及Faster R-CNN的anchor机制做到了这点。\n\n\n\n上图是SSD的一个框架图，首先SSD获取目标位置和类别的方法跟YOLO一样，都是使用回归，但是YOLO预测某个位置使用的是全图的特征，SSD预测某个位置使用的是这个位置周围的特征（感觉更合理一些）。\n\n那么如何建立某个位置和其特征的对应关系呢？可能你已经想到了，使用Faster R-CNN的anchor机制。如SSD的框架图所示，假如某一层特征图(图b)大小是8\\*8，那么就使用3*3的滑窗提取每个位置的特征，然后这个特征回归得到目标的坐标信息和类别信息(图c)。\n\n不同于Faster R-CNN，这个anchor是在多个feature map上，这样可以利用多层的特征并且自然的达到多尺度（不同层的feature map 3*3滑窗感受野不同）。\n\n小结：SSD结合了YOLO中的回归思想和Faster R-CNN中的anchor机制，使用全图各个位置的多尺度区域特征进行回归，既保持了YOLO速度快的特性，也保证了窗口预测的跟Faster R-CNN一样比较精准。SSD在VOC2007上mAP可以达到72.1%，速度在GPU上达到58帧每秒。\n\n### 3.3 语义(图像)分割\n\n识别图上pixel的类别，用全卷积网络。\n\n\n\n## 4. 代码实现CNN\n\n[cifar10数据集分类--CNN](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Deep%20Learning/11.%20CNN/CNN.ipynb)\n\n## 5. 参考文献\n\n1. [基于深度学习的目标检测技术演进：R-CNN、Fast R-CNN、Faster R-CNN、YOLO、SSD](https://www.julyedu.com/question/big/kp_id/32/ques_id/2103)\n2. [通俗理解卷积神经网络](https://blog.csdn.net/v_july_v/article/details/51812459)\n\n------\n\n> 作者：[@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> GitHub：[https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> 欢迎大家加入讨论！共同完善此项目！群号：【541954936】\n\n\n"
},
{
"path": "Deep Learning/12. RNN/README.md",
"content": "## 目录\n- [1. 什么是RNN](#1-什么是rnn)\n - [1.1 RNN的应用](#11-rnn的应用)\n - [1.2 为什么有了CNN，还要RNN?](#12-为什么有了cnn还要rnn)\n - [1.3 RNN的网络结构](#13-rnn的网络结构)\n - [1.4 双向RNN](#14-双向rnn)\n - [1.5 BPTT算法](#15-bptt算法)\n- [2. 其它类型的RNN](#2-其它类型的rnn)\n- [3. CNN与RNN的区别](#3-cnn与rnn的区别)\n- [4. 为什么RNN 训练的时候Loss波动很大](#4-为什么rnn-训练的时候loss波动很大)\n- [5. 实例代码](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Deep%20Learning/12.%20RNN/RNN.ipynb)\n\n## 1. 什么是RNN\n\n> 循环神经网络（Recurrent Neural Network, RNN）是一类以序列（sequence）数据为输入，在序列的演进方向进行递归（recursion）且所有节点（循环单元）按链式连接的递归神经网络（recursive neural network）\n\n### 1.1 RNN的应用\n\n- 文本生成(生成序列)\n- 机器翻译\n- 看图说话\n- 文本(情感)分析\n- 智能客服\n- 聊天机器人\n- 语音识别\n- 搜索引擎\n- 个性化推荐\n\n### 1.2 为什么有了CNN，还要RNN?\n\n- 传统神经网络(包括CNN)，输入和输出都是互相独立的。图像上的猫和狗是分隔开的，但有些任务，后续的输出和之前的内容是相关的。例如：我是中国人，我的母语是____。这是一道填空题，需要依赖于之前的输入。\n- 所以，RNN引入“记忆”的概念，也就是输出需要依赖于之前的输入序列，并把关键输入记住。循环2字来源于其每个元素都执行相同的任务。\n- 它并⾮刚性地记忆所有固定⻓度的序列，而是通过隐藏状态来存储之前时间步的信息。\n\n### 1.3 RNN的网络结构\n\n首先先上图，然后再解释：\n\n\n\n现在我们考虑输⼊数据存在时间相关性的情况。假设 是序列中时间步t的小批量输⼊， 是该时间步的隐藏变量。那么根据以上结构图当前的隐藏变量的公式如下：\n\n)\n\n从以上公式我们可以看出，这⾥我们保存上⼀时间步的隐藏变量 ，并引⼊⼀个新的权重参数，该参数⽤来描述在当前时间步如何使⽤上⼀时间步的隐藏变量。具体来说，**时间步 t 的隐藏变量的计算由当前时间步的输⼊和上⼀时间步的隐藏变量共同决定。** **函数其实就是激活函数。**\n\n我们在这⾥添加了 ⼀项。由上式中相邻时间步的隐藏变量 之间的关系可知，这⾥的隐藏变量能够捕捉截⾄当前时间步的序列的历史信息，就像是神经⽹络当前时间步的状态或记忆⼀样。因此，该隐藏变量也称为隐藏状态。**由于隐藏状态在当前时间步的定义使⽤了上⼀时间步的隐藏状态，上式的计算是循环的。使⽤循环计算的⽹络即循环神经⽹络（recurrent neural network）。**\n\n在时间步t，输出层的输出和多层感知机中的计算类似：\n\n\n\n### 1.4 双向RNN\n\n之前介绍的循环神经⽹络模型都是假设当前时间步是由前⾯的较早时间步的序列决定的，因此它\n们都将信息通过隐藏状态从前往后传递。有时候，当前时间步也可能由后⾯时间步决定。例如，\n当我们写下⼀个句⼦时，可能会根据句⼦后⾯的词来修改句⼦前⾯的⽤词。**双向循环神经⽹络通过增加从后往前传递信息的隐藏层来更灵活地处理这类信息。**下图演⽰了⼀个含单隐藏层的双向循环神经⽹络的架构。\n\n\n\n在双向循环神经⽹络的架构中，设该时间步正向隐藏状态为 (正向隐藏单元个数为h)，反向隐藏状态为 (反向隐藏单元个数为h)。我们可以分别\n计算正向隐藏状态和反向隐藏状态：\n\n}+\\overrightarrow{H}_{t-1}W_{hh}^{(f)}+b_h^{(f)}))\n\n}+\\overleftarrow{H}_{t-1}W_{hh}^{(b)}+b_h^{(b)}))\n\n然后我们连结两个⽅向的隐藏状态 来得到隐藏状态 ，并将其输⼊到输出层。输出层计算输出 (输出个数为q)：\n\n\n\n双向循环神经⽹络在每个时间步的隐藏状态同时取决于该时间步之前和之后的⼦序列（包\n括当前时间步的输⼊）。\n\n### 1.5 BPTT算法\n\n\n\n在之前你已经见过对于前向传播（上图蓝色箭头所指方向）怎样在神经网络中从左到右地计算这些激活项，直到输出所有地预测结果。而对于反向传播，我想你已经猜到了，反向传播地计算方向（上图红色箭头所指方向）与前向传播基本上是相反的。\n\n我们先定义一个元素**损失函数：**\n\n\n\n整个序列的损失函数：\n\n\n\n在这个计算图中，通过 })可以计算对应的损失函数，于是计算出第一个时间步的损失函数，然后计算出第二个时间步的损失函数，然后是第三个时间步，一直到最后一个时间步，最后为了计算出总体损失函数，我们要把它们都加起来，通过等式计算出最后的𝐿，也就是把每个单独时间步的损失函数都加起来。然后你就可以通过导数相关的参数，用梯度下降法来更新参数。 \n\n在这个反向传播的过程中，最重要的信息传递或者说最重要的递归运算就是这个从右到左的运算，这也就是为什么这个算法有一个很别致的名字，叫做**“通过（穿越）时间反向传播（backpropagation through time）”。**取这个名字的原因是对于前向传播，你需要从左到右进行计算，在这个过程中，时刻𝑡不断增加。而对于反向传播，你需要从右到左进行计算，就像时间倒流。“通过时间反向传播”，就像穿越时光，这种说法听起来就像是你需要一台时光机来实现这个算法一样。\n\n## 2. 其它类型的RNN\n\n- **One to one：**这个可能没有那么重要，这就是一个小型的标准的神经网络，输入𝑥然后得到输出𝑦。\n\n- **One to many：**音乐生成，你的目标是使用一个神经网络输出一些音符。对应于一段音乐，输入𝑥 \n\n 可以是一个整数，表示你想要的音乐类型或者是你想要的音乐的第一个音符，并且如果你什么都不想输入，𝑥可以是空的输入，可设为 0 向量。\n\n- **Many to one：**句子分类问题，输入文档，输出文档的类型。\n\n- **Many to many()：**命名实体识别。\n\n- **Many to many()：**机器翻译。\n\n\n\n## 3. CNN与RNN的区别\n\n| 类别 | 特点描述 |\n| ------ | ------------------------------------------------------------ |\n| 相同点 | 1、传统神经网络的扩展。
2、前向计算产生结果，反向计算模型更新。
3、每层神经网络横向可以多个神经元共存,纵向可以有多层神经网络连接。 |\n| 不同点 | 1、CNN空间扩展，神经元与特征卷积；RNN时间扩展，神经元与多个时间输出计算
2、RNN可以用于描述时间上连续状态的输出，有记忆功能，CNN用于静态输出 |\n\n## 4. 为什么RNN 训练的时候Loss波动很大\n\n由于RNN特有的memory会影响后期其他的RNN的特点，梯度时大时小，learning rate没法个性化的调整，导致RNN在train的过程中，Loss会震荡起伏，为了解决RNN的这个问题，在训练的时候，可以设置临界值，当梯度大于某个临界值，直接截断，用这个临界值作为梯度的大小，防止大幅震荡。\n\n## 5. 实例代码\n\n[TensorFlow实现RNN](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Deep%20Learning/12.%20RNN/RNN.ipynb)\n\n------\n\n> 作者：[@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> GitHub：[https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> 欢迎大家加入讨论！共同完善此项目！群号：【541954936】\n"
},
{
"path": "Deep Learning/12. RNN/RNN.ipynb",
"content": "{\n \"cells\": [\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 1,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": [\n \"import tensorflow as tf\\n\",\n \"import numpy as np\\n\",\n \"import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 3,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": [\n \"def gen_data(size=100000):\\n\",\n \" \\\"\\\"\\\"\\n\",\n \" 生成数据:\\n\",\n \" 输入数据X：在时间t，Xt的值有50%的概率为1，50%的概率为0；\\n\",\n \" 输出数据Y：在实践t，Yt的值有50%的概率为1，50%的概率为0，除此之外，如果`Xt-3 == 1`，Yt为1的概率增加50%， 如果`Xt-8 == 1`，则Yt为1的概率减少25%， 如果上述两个条件同时满足，则Yt为1的概率为75%。\\n\",\n \" \\\"\\\"\\\"\\n\",\n \" X = np.random.choice(2,(size,))\\n\",\n \" Y = []\\n\",\n \" for i in range(size):\\n\",\n \" threshold = 0.5\\n\",\n \" # 判断X[i-3]和X[i-8]是否为1，修改阈值\\n\",\n \" if X[i-3] == 1:\\n\",\n \" threshold += 0.5\\n\",\n \" if X[i-8] == 1:\\n\",\n \" threshold -= 0.25\\n\",\n \" # 生成随机数，以threshold为阈值给Yi赋值\\n\",\n \" if np.random.rand() > threshold:\\n\",\n \" Y.append(0)\\n\",\n \" else:\\n\",\n \" Y.append(1)\\n\",\n \" return X,np.array(Y)\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 4,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": [\n \"def gen_batch(raw_data, batch_size, num_steps):\\n\",\n \" # raw_data是使用gen_data()函数生成的数据，分别是X和Y\\n\",\n \" raw_x, raw_y = raw_data\\n\",\n \" data_length = len(raw_x)\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" # 首先将数据切分成batch_size份，0-batch_size，batch_size-2*batch_size。。。\\n\",\n \" batch_partition_length = data_length // batch_size\\n\",\n \" data_x = np.zeros([batch_size, batch_partition_length], dtype=np.int32)\\n\",\n \" data_y = np.zeros([batch_size, batch_partition_length], dtype=np.int32)\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" # 因为RNN模型一次只处理num_steps个数据，所以将每个batch_size在进行切分成epoch_size份，每份num_steps个数据。注意这里的epoch_size和模型训练过程中的epoch不同。\\n\",\n \" for i in range(batch_size):\\n\",\n \" data_x[i] = raw_x[i * batch_partition_length:(i + 1) * batch_partition_length]\\n\",\n \" data_y[i] = raw_x[i * batch_partition_length:(i + 1) * batch_partition_length]\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" # x是0-num_steps， batch_partition_length -batch_partition_length +num_steps。。。共batch_size个\\n\",\n \" epoch_size = batch_partition_length // num_steps\\n\",\n \" for i in range(epoch_size):\\n\",\n \" x = data_x[:, i * num_steps:(i + 1) * num_steps]\\n\",\n \" y = data_x[:, i * num_steps:(i + 1) * num_steps]\\n\",\n \" yield (x, y)\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 5,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": [\n \"def gen_epochs(n, num_steps):\\n\",\n \" '''这里的n就是训练过程中用的epoch，即在样本规模上循环的次数'''\\n\",\n \" for i in range(n):\\n\",\n \" yield gen_batch(gen_data(), batch_size, num_steps=num_steps)\\n\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 6,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [\n {\n \"name\": \"stderr\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"W0815 13:59:50.105675 139691886995264 deprecation.py:323] From :20: BasicRNNCell.__init__ (from tensorflow.python.ops.rnn_cell_impl) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"This class is equivalent as tf.keras.layers.SimpleRNNCell, and will be replaced by that in Tensorflow 2.0.\\n\",\n \"W0815 13:59:50.107444 139691886995264 deprecation.py:323] From :21: static_rnn (from tensorflow.python.ops.rnn) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"Please use `keras.layers.RNN(cell, unroll=True)`, which is equivalent to this API\\n\",\n \"W0815 13:59:50.110475 139691886995264 deprecation.py:323] From /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow_core/python/ops/rnn_cell_impl.py:455: Layer.add_variable (from tensorflow.python.keras.engine.base_layer) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"Please use `layer.add_weight` method instead.\\n\",\n \"W0815 13:59:50.120152 139691886995264 deprecation.py:506] From /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow_core/python/ops/rnn_cell_impl.py:459: calling Zeros.__init__ (from tensorflow.python.ops.init_ops) with dtype is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"Call initializer instance with the dtype argument instead of passing it to the constructor\\n\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"name\": \"stdout\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"\\\\EPOCH 0\\n\",\n \"Average loss at step 100 for last 100 steps: 0.45625598669052125\\n\",\n \"Average loss at step 200 for last 100 steps: 0.33522686779499056\\n\",\n \"Average loss at step 300 for last 100 steps: 0.32363319605588914\\n\",\n \"Average loss at step 400 for last 100 steps: 0.3198443701863289\\n\",\n \"Average loss at step 500 for last 100 steps: 0.31799371004104615\\n\",\n \"Average loss at step 600 for last 100 steps: 0.316926654279232\\n\",\n \"Average loss at step 700 for last 100 steps: 0.3162370014190674\\n\",\n \"Average loss at step 800 for last 100 steps: 0.3157545381784439\\n\",\n \"Average loss at step 900 for last 100 steps: 0.31540178656578066\\n\",\n \"Average loss at step 1000 for last 100 steps: 0.3151378232240677\\n\",\n \"Average loss at step 1100 for last 100 steps: 0.31492061764001844\\n\",\n \"Average loss at step 1200 for last 100 steps: 0.314748175740242\\n\",\n \"Average loss at step 1300 for last 100 steps: 0.3146084254980087\\n\",\n \"Average loss at step 1400 for last 100 steps: 0.3144863533973694\\n\",\n \"Average loss at step 1500 for last 100 steps: 0.3143901726603508\\n\",\n \"Average loss at step 1600 for last 100 steps: 0.3143030619621277\\n\",\n \"Average loss at step 1700 for last 100 steps: 0.31422749906778336\\n\",\n \"Average loss at step 1800 for last 100 steps: 0.3141659554839134\\n\",\n \"Average loss at step 1900 for last 100 steps: 0.31411062598228456\\n\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"data\": {\n \"image/png\": 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tExJHU7CKgcb7iOuCxiHg06XcoIgYmX/bUqd9pynv0ZpZdzQT9cuC51PzepO00km6W9BT1PfrfSZpfDYSkeyU9LOkjo72ApBsldUnq6u7uPrPfYJLaa2X2e4/ezDJsyr6MjYhNEXER8FHg40lzCXgD8N7k8R2S3jLKupsjojMiOtva2qaqpKa0Vyu+gqWZZVozQb8PWJmaX5G0jWULcG0yvRf4fkQcjIjjwDZg7dkUOl06kssgeHSsmWVVM0G/HVgt6QJJrcAGYGu6g6TVqdm3A7uS6XuBSyUtTL6Y/UXgicmXPXU6ahX6B4MXPDrWzDKqNFGHiOiXtJF6aBeBuyNih6Q7gK6I2ApslPRW6mfUHAZuSNY9LOku6huLALZFxD3T9LuclY7UKZZLF5dnuRozs6k3YdADRMQ26odd0m23paZvGWfdL1M/xXJOamsMmjp6iotnuRYzs+mQ65GxkLoMgr+QNbOMyn3QN+4d6wubmVlW5T7oy6Ui5y1s8aApM8us3Ac9NG5A4j16M8smBz3169L7GL2ZZZWDnvqdpnyM3syyykFPcpPwnlMMeHSsmWWQg576MfqBweCFYx4da2bZ46Bn+E5TPvPGzLLIQc/wnaZ871gzyyIHPfVDN+B7x5pZNjnogbbFHh1rZtnloAdaSwWWLGplvw/dmFkGOegTbdWyB02ZWSY56BO+DIKZZZWDPtFRK/v0SjPLJAd9oqNWofuoR8eaWfY46BPt1TKDAYeO+fCNmWWLgz7R7nPpzSyjmgp6Sesl7ZS0W9Ktoyy/SdLjkh6R9A+S1oxYfr6kHkkfnqrCp1pj0JSP05tZ1kwY9JKKwCbgKmANcN3IIAe+GhGXRsTrgE8Dd41Yfhfw7Smod9q0+5aCZpZRzezRXwbsjog9EdELbAGuSXeIiCOp2UXA0Deakq4FngZ2TL7c6dO4d6yvd2NmWdNM0C8HnkvN703aTiPpZklPUd+j/52kbTHwUeD3x3sBSTdK6pLU1d3d3WztU6qlWGDp4lbv0ZtZ5kzZl7ERsSkiLqIe7B9Pmm8H/iQieiZYd3NEdEZEZ1tb21SVdMbaq76loJllT6mJPvuAlan5FUnbWLYAn02mLwfeLenTwLnAoKSTEfGnZ1PsdGuvlT061swyp5mg3w6slnQB9YDfAFyf7iBpdUTsSmbfDuwCiIg3pvrcDvTM1ZAH6KhWeOJfjkzc0cxsHpkw6COiX9JG4F6gCNwdETsk3QF0RcRWYKOktwJ9wGHghukserp01Moc7DlF/8AgpaKHGJhZNjSzR09EbAO2jWi7LTV9SxPPcfuZFjfT2mqVZHRs79B59WZm8513W1NWnrcAgK888CwRvuaNmWWDgz7ljavbeOfa5Xzmu7v51N/82GFvZpnQ1KGbvCgWxB+9++dY0FLk8/93Dyd6B7j91y6mUNBsl2ZmdtYc9CMUCuKT117ConKJzd/fw/HeAT71zkv95ayZzVsO+lFI4mNXvZaFrUX+89/u4kTvAH/yG6+jteSwN7P5x0E/Bkn87ltfzaLWEn+w7UlO9g2w6b1rqbQUZ7s0M7Mz4l3UCfzWmy7kk9dewnd3HuADf7GdY6f6Z7skM7Mz4qBvwr+94pX88Xt+jgf2HOL9d/+QF0/0zXZJZmZNc9A36Z1rV7Dp+rU8tvenvPcLD/DCsd7ZLsnMrCkO+jNw1aUvZ/P7Otm1v4ff+Pz9vtKlmc0LDvoz9EuvbefPf/Nfs++nJ3jP5+9n7+Hjs12Smdm4HPRn4RcuWsqX/8PlvHCsl1//3P08ffDYbJdkZjYmB/1ZWnv+efzVb13Byf5B3vO5+9n5k6OzXZKZ2agc9JNwyfJz+PoHr6Ag2LD5fh7f++Jsl2Rm9hIO+kl6VXuVb9z0eha2lrj+zx6g65kXZrskM7PTOOinwCuXLOIbN72etmqZ933xh/xg98HZLsnMbIiDfoq84twFfO2Dr+eVSxbyvi8+yK9/7n6+8Pd7ePaQv6g1s9mluXbN9c7Ozujq6prtMs7ai8f7uPsHT3PfE/t58vn6/Wdf01Fl3cUdrFuzjEuW15B82WMzm1qSHoqIzlGXOeinz3MvHOe+J/Zz346fsP2ZFxgMePk5Fdat6eBta5Zx+YUvo8WXPzazKTDpoJe0Hvgv1G8O/oWI+NSI5TcBNwMDQA9wY0Q8IeltwKeAVqAX+E8R8d3xXitLQZ/2wrFevvvjA9y34yd8f1c3J/sGqVVKvPm17ay7eBlvenUbi8u+mKiZnZ1JBb2kIvBPwNuAvcB24LqIeCLVpxYRR5Lpq4Hfjoj1kn4e2B8R/yLpEuDeiFg+3utlNejTTvQO8Pe7uvnOE/v52yf3c/h4H63FAv/mVUtYd/Ey3vIz7bRXfXNyM2veeEHfzC7kZcDuiNiTPNkW4BpgKOgbIZ9YBETS/qNU+w5ggaRyRJw6s18hWxa0Fll38TLWXbyM/oFBHnr2cP0QzxM/4e+++TgSXPKKc1jdvpgL2xZxYVv9cdWSRb4evpmdsWaCfjnwXGp+L3D5yE6Sbgb+I/XDNG8e5XneBTw8WshLuhG4EeD8889voqTsKBULXH7hEi6/cAkff/vPsHP/Ue7bsZ8Hnz7E/XsO8c0f7RvqK8HycxfUg3/pIi5KbQSW1Sr+ktfMRjVlB4UjYhOwSdL1wMeBGxrLJF0M3AmsG2PdzcBmqB+6maqa5htJvHZZjdcuqwGrATh2qp+nDx5jz8Fj7OnuYU/3MfYc7KHrmRc43jswtO6CliIXLF009BfARW2LOP9lC1m6uExbtey/BMxyrJmg3wesTM2vSNrGsgX4bGNG0grgW8D7I+KpsykyzxaVS1yy/BwuWX7Oae0Rwf4jp9jT3cNTqY3Ao3t/yj2PP8/Ir14WtRZZWi2zZFErSxeXWbK4TNviVpYsLifz9fali1s5Z0GL/zowy5Bmgn47sFrSBdQDfgNwfbqDpNURsSuZfTuwK2k/F7gHuDUifjBlVRuSWHZOhWXnVPiFVy09bdnJvgGePXScvYePc6inl+6eUxzq6eVgzykOHTvFs4eO8/A/H+bQsd6XbBAASgUNBf95C1upVkosLpeoVlpYXClRGzFfrZSoJvPVSomFrUVvKMzmkAmDPiL6JW0E7qV+euXdEbFD0h1AV0RsBTZKeivQBxxm+LDNRuBVwG2Sbkva1kXEgan+RWxYpaXIa5ZVec2y6rj9BgaDw8eTDUCyITjY2CAk04eP97L/yEl6TvVz9GQ/PU3cM7cghjYEjeBf0FpkQUuRBa0lFrQUWNBSpNJoa6kvryTTC5P29PJyS4FyqUhrqUC5VKBUkDcmZk3ygCk7I4ODQU9vPz0nG8Hfx5GTp88fTabrP32c6BvgRO/A6Y/J9Kn+wbOqQ4JyqUBrsUC5pZg8JvOl0zcKjceWYoGWUoGWgmgpFigVC7QWRamYLCsqeSxQKorW5DG9rFSot5UKOn26WEgek/b0dNLHGyabTpM9vdJsSKEgapUWapWWKXm+wcHgZP8Ax3vrwX+yb+AlG4bjvQP0Dgxyqq/xOFh/7B+kt3+QU/0DqenhtuO9/Rw+PtzeNzBI30DQNzBIfzLdO3B2G5qzUSzUA7+Y/Jw+XaBQgFKhUG9T0l4UBZ3ed+hHolAQBdWfu6DT24ceC1BUfUPTWLfe9/T2ghheb5TnbqwjDdcnMbSsoPqyQqOt0Jgfbhurv8boU59+6fMAQ/UVJMRLn0sIFYaXN55PGq0t2xthB73NqkJBLGwtsbB1dj6KEcHAYNQ3AIOD9PUP0j8Y9CaP9Y1DegMR9A/Wl/UPBP0DyfRgY1nyMzA49Lwj+wwkfQaj/jgwEAxEqj3pOzA43NaYbtQ1GMNtETAQ9fUazzM8zVDfwVSfwcFknYhRv6fJI4nTw596w9BGI7WBQOl+w9Mw3KYR6w29Rqq9sYFqTP/Sa9r5+K+umfLfzUFvuSYlh1iKsIB8noIaEQwGwxuDoQ0DwxuGZOOQ3mgMDAaRWj/dJxrzybLT+qSWn/Ycg/WRlvXl6f715ZGab/RpbOQiSD1PJM9z+nrDzz1cT6SfC5LnGV4W1J94MPUa6Y3j4Ijnr7c3XqO+fno9UnUOv95wnS8/d8G0/Bs76M1yrn4opn6IxrLJl040M8s4B72ZWcY56M3MMs5Bb2aWcQ56M7OMc9CbmWWcg97MLOMc9GZmGTfnLmomqRt4dhJPsRQ4OEXlTCfXObXmS50wf2p1nVNruut8ZUS0jbZgzgX9ZEnqGusKbnOJ65xa86VOmD+1us6pNZt1+tCNmVnGOejNzDIui0G/ebYLaJLrnFrzpU6YP7W6zqk1a3Vm7hi9mZmdLot79GZmluKgNzPLuHkZ9JLWS9opabekW0dZXpb0tWT5g5JWzXyVIGmlpL+T9ISkHZJuGaXPlZJelPRI8nPbLNX6jKTHkxpecnd21X0meU8fk7R2Fmp8Tep9ekTSEUm/O6LPrL2fku6WdEDSP6baXibpO5J2JY/njbHuDUmfXZJumIU6/1DSj5N/229JOneMdcf9nMxAnbdL2pf69/2VMdYdNyNmoM6vpWp8RtIjY6w7M+9nDN2Sa378AEXgKeBCoBV4FFgzos9vA59LpjcAX5ulWl8OrE2mq8A/jVLrlcD/ngPv6zPA0nGW/wrwbeq3trwCeHAOfA5+Qn2QyJx4P4E3AWuBf0y1fRq4NZm+FbhzlPVeBuxJHs9Lps+b4TrXAaVk+s7R6mzmczIDdd4OfLiJz8a4GTHddY5Y/sfAbbP5fs7HPfrLgN0RsScieoEtwDUj+lwDfCmZ/mvgLZqF27xHxPMR8XAyfRR4Elg+03VMkWuA/x51DwDnSnr5LNbzFuCpiJjMKOopFRHfB14Y0Zz+LH4JuHaUVX8Z+E5EvBARh4HvAOtnss6IuC8i+pPZB4AV0/X6zRrj/WxGMxkxZcarM8mdXwf+arpevxnzMeiXA8+l5vfy0vAc6pN8eF8ElsxIdWNIDh/9PPDgKItfL+lRSd+WdPGMFjYsgPskPSTpxlGWN/O+z6QNjP2fZy68nw0dEfF8Mv0ToGOUPnPtvf0A9b/eRjPR52QmbEwOMd09xqGwufR+vhHYHxG7xlg+I+/nfAz6eUfSYuB/AL8bEUdGLH6Y+uGHnwP+K/A/Z7q+xBsiYi1wFXCzpDfNUh0TktQKXA18Y5TFc+X9fImo/60+p89nlvR7QD/wlTG6zPbn5LPARcDrgOepHxaZy65j/L35GXk/52PQ7wNWpuZXJG2j9pFUAs4BDs1IdSNIaqEe8l+JiG+OXB4RRyKiJ5neBrRIWjrDZRIR+5LHA8C3qP/5m9bM+z5TrgIejoj9IxfMlfczZX/jEFfyeGCUPnPivZX074BfBd6bbJReoonPybSKiP0RMRARg8CfjfH6c+X9LAHvBL42Vp+Zej/nY9BvB1ZLuiDZs9sAbB3RZyvQOHPh3cB3x/rgTqfk+NwXgScj4q4x+ixrfH8g6TLq/yYzulGStEhStTFN/Yu5fxzRbSvw/uTsmyuAF1OHJGbamHtJc+H9HCH9WbwB+F+j9LkXWCfpvORQxLqkbcZIWg98BLg6Io6P0aeZz8m0GvG90DvGeP1mMmImvBX4cUTsHW3hjL6f0/1t73T8UD8D5J+of7P+e0nbHdQ/pAAV6n/W7wZ+CFw4S3W+gfqf6o8BjyQ/vwLcBNyU9NkI7KB+ZsADwC/MQp0XJq//aFJL4z1N1ylgU/KePw50ztJ7uoh6cJ+TapsT7yf1jc/zQB/148L/nvp3Q/8H2AX8LfCypG8n8IXUuh9IPq+7gd+chTp3Uz+u3ficNs5aewWwbbzPyQzX+ZfJ5+8x6uH98pF1JvMvyYiZrDNp/4vG5zLVd1beT18Cwcws4+bjoRszMzsDDnozs4xz0JuZZZyD3sws4xz0ZmYZ56A3M8s4B72ZWcb9f8W/GShI3/AYAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\\n\",\n \"text/plain\": [\n \"\"\n ]\n },\n \"metadata\": {\n \"needs_background\": \"light\"\n },\n \"output_type\": \"display_data\"\n }\n ],\n \"source\": [\n \"batch_size = 5\\n\",\n \"num_steps = 10\\n\",\n \"state_size = 10\\n\",\n \"n_classes = 2\\n\",\n \"learning_rate = 0.1\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"x = tf.placeholder(tf.int32, [batch_size, num_steps])\\n\",\n \"y = tf.placeholder(tf.int32, [batch_size, num_steps])\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"#RNN的初始化状态，全设为零。注意state是与input保持一致，接下来会有concat操作，所以这里要有batch的维度。即每个样本都要有隐层状态\\n\",\n \"init_state = tf.zeros([batch_size, state_size])\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"#将输入转化为one-hot编码，两个类别。[batch_size, num_steps, num_classes]\\n\",\n \"x_one_hot = tf.one_hot(x, n_classes)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"#将输入unstack，即在num_steps上解绑，方便给每个循环单元输入。这里可以看出RNN每个cell都处理一个batch的输入（即batch个二进制样本输入）\\n\",\n \"rnn_inputs = tf.unstack(x_one_hot, axis=1)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"#定义rnn_cell的权重参数，\\n\",\n \"cell = tf.contrib.rnn.BasicRNNCell(state_size)\\n\",\n \"rnn_outputs, final_state = tf.contrib.rnn.static_rnn(cell, rnn_inputs, initial_state=init_state)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"# 定义softmax层\\n\",\n \"with tf.variable_scope('softmax'):\\n\",\n \" W = tf.get_variable('W', [state_size, n_classes])\\n\",\n \" b = tf.get_variable('b', [n_classes])\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"#注意，这里要将num_steps个输出全部分别进行计算其输出，然后使用softmax预测\\n\",\n \"logits = [tf.matmul(rnn_output, W) + b for rnn_output in rnn_outputs]\\n\",\n \"predictions = [tf.nn.softmax(logit) for logit in logits]\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"# tf.stack（）这是一个矩阵拼接的函数，tf.unstack（）则是一个矩阵分解的函数\\n\",\n \"y_as_lists = tf.unstack(y, num=num_steps, axis=1)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"losses = [tf.nn.sparse_softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits(labels=label, logits=logit) for label, logit in zip(y_as_lists, predictions)]\\n\",\n \"total_loss = tf.reduce_mean(losses)\\n\",\n \"train_step = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(learning_rate).minimize(total_loss)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"def train_network(num_epochs, num_steps, state_size, verbose=True):\\n\",\n \" with tf.Session() as sess:\\n\",\n \" sess.run(tf.global_variables_initializer())\\n\",\n \" training_losses = []\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" for idx, epoch in enumerate(gen_epochs(num_epochs, num_steps)):\\n\",\n \" training_loss = 0\\n\",\n \" # 保存每次执行后的最后状态，然后赋给下一次执行\\n\",\n \" training_state = np.zeros((batch_size, state_size))\\n\",\n \" if verbose:\\n\",\n \" print('\\\\EPOCH', idx)\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" # 这是具体获得数据的部分\\n\",\n \" for step, (X, Y) in enumerate(epoch):\\n\",\n \" tr_losses, training_loss_, training_state, _ = sess.run([losses, total_loss, final_state, train_step], \\n\",\n \" feed_dict={x:X, y:Y, init_state: training_state})\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" training_loss += training_loss_\\n\",\n \" if step % 100 == 0 and step > 0:\\n\",\n \" if verbose:\\n\",\n \" print(\\\"Average loss at step\\\", step,\\\"for last 100 steps:\\\", training_loss / 100)\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" training_losses.append(training_loss / 100)\\n\",\n \" training_loss = 0\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" return training_losses\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"training_losses = train_network(1, num_steps, state_size)\\n\",\n \"plt.plot(training_losses)\\n\",\n \"plt.show()\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": null,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": []\n }\n ],\n \"metadata\": {\n \"kernelspec\": {\n \"display_name\": \"Python3\",\n \"language\": \"python\",\n \"name\": \"python3\"\n },\n \"language_info\": {\n \"codemirror_mode\": {\n \"name\": \"ipython\",\n \"version\": 3\n },\n \"file_extension\": \".py\",\n \"mimetype\": \"text/x-python\",\n \"name\": \"python\",\n \"nbconvert_exporter\": \"python\",\n \"pygments_lexer\": \"ipython3\",\n \"version\": \"3.6.2\"\n }\n },\n \"nbformat\": 4,\n \"nbformat_minor\": 2\n}\n"
},
{
"path": "Deep Learning/12.1 GRU/GRU.ipynb",
"content": "{\n \"cells\": [\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 1,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [\n {\n \"name\": \"stdout\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"Extracting data/train-images-idx3-ubyte.gz\\n\",\n \"Extracting data/train-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz\\n\",\n \"Extracting data/t10k-images-idx3-ubyte.gz\\n\",\n \"Extracting data/t10k-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz\\n\"\n ]\n }\n ],\n \"source\": [\n \"import tensorflow as tf\\n\",\n \"from tensorflow.contrib import rnn\\n\",\n \"old_v = tf.compat.v1.logging.get_verbosity()\\n\",\n \"tf.compat.v1.logging.set_verbosity(tf.compat.v1.logging.ERROR)\\n\",\n \"# 导入 MINST 数据集\\n\",\n \"from tensorflow.examples.tutorials.mnist import input_data\\n\",\n \"mnist = input_data.read_data_sets(\\\"data/\\\", one_hot=True)\\n\",\n \"tf.compat.v1.logging.set_verbosity(old_v)\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 2,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": [\n \"batch_size = 100\\n\",\n \"time_step =28 # 时间步（每个时间步处理图像的一行）\\n\",\n \"data_length = 28 # 每个时间步输入数据的长度（这里就是图像的宽度）\\n\",\n \"learning_rate = 0.01\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 3,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [\n {\n \"name\": \"stderr\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"WARNING: Logging before flag parsing goes to stderr.\\n\",\n \"W0816 15:02:08.115901 140215968261952 module_wrapper.py:136] From /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow_core/python/util/module_wrapper.py:163: The name tf.placeholder is deprecated. Please use tf.compat.v1.placeholder instead.\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"W0816 15:02:08.121917 140215968261952 deprecation.py:323] From :14: GRUCell.__init__ (from tensorflow.python.ops.rnn_cell_impl) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"This class is equivalent as tf.keras.layers.GRUCell, and will be replaced by that in Tensorflow 2.0.\\n\",\n \"W0816 15:02:08.123775 140215968261952 deprecation.py:323] From :14: MultiRNNCell.__init__ (from tensorflow.python.ops.rnn_cell_impl) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"This class is equivalent as tf.keras.layers.StackedRNNCells, and will be replaced by that in Tensorflow 2.0.\\n\",\n \"W0816 15:02:08.124845 140215968261952 deprecation.py:323] From :16: dynamic_rnn (from tensorflow.python.ops.rnn) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"Please use `keras.layers.RNN(cell)`, which is equivalent to this API\\n\",\n \"W0816 15:02:08.186853 140215968261952 deprecation.py:323] From /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow_core/python/ops/rnn_cell_impl.py:558: Layer.add_variable (from tensorflow.python.keras.engine.base_layer) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"Please use `layer.add_weight` method instead.\\n\",\n \"W0816 15:02:08.196528 140215968261952 deprecation.py:506] From /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow_core/python/ops/rnn_cell_impl.py:564: calling Constant.__init__ (from tensorflow.python.ops.init_ops) with dtype is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"Call initializer instance with the dtype argument instead of passing it to the constructor\\n\",\n \"W0816 15:02:08.282342 140215968261952 deprecation.py:506] From /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow_core/python/ops/rnn_cell_impl.py:574: calling Zeros.__init__ (from tensorflow.python.ops.init_ops) with dtype is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"Call initializer instance with the dtype argument instead of passing it to the constructor\\n\",\n \"W0816 15:02:08.359511 140215968261952 deprecation.py:323] From :17: dense (from tensorflow.python.layers.core) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"Use keras.layers.Dense instead.\\n\",\n \"W0816 15:02:08.360661 140215968261952 deprecation.py:323] From /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow_core/python/layers/core.py:187: Layer.apply (from tensorflow.python.keras.engine.base_layer) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"Please use `layer.__call__` method instead.\\n\",\n \"W0816 15:02:08.374940 140215968261952 module_wrapper.py:136] From /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow_core/python/util/module_wrapper.py:163: The name tf.losses.softmax_cross_entropy is deprecated. Please use tf.compat.v1.losses.softmax_cross_entropy instead.\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"W0816 15:02:08.402209 140215968261952 deprecation.py:323] From /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow_core/python/ops/losses/losses_impl.py:121: where (from tensorflow.python.ops.array_ops) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"Use tf.where in 2.0, which has the same broadcast rule as np.where\\n\",\n \"W0816 15:02:08.411217 140215968261952 module_wrapper.py:136] From /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow_core/python/util/module_wrapper.py:163: The name tf.train.AdamOptimizer is deprecated. Please use tf.compat.v1.train.AdamOptimizer instead.\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"W0816 15:02:08.920478 140215968261952 module_wrapper.py:136] From /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow_core/python/util/module_wrapper.py:163: The name tf.metrics.accuracy is deprecated. Please use tf.compat.v1.metrics.accuracy instead.\\n\",\n \"\\n\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"name\": \"stdout\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"step: 0 train loss: 2.3052 | val accuracy: 0.13\\n\",\n \"step: 100 train loss: 0.1519 | val accuracy: 0.53\\n\",\n \"step: 200 train loss: 0.1007 | val accuracy: 0.68\\n\",\n \"step: 300 train loss: 0.0438 | val accuracy: 0.75\\n\",\n \"step: 400 train loss: 0.0623 | val accuracy: 0.80\\n\",\n \"step: 500 train loss: 0.1239 | val accuracy: 0.83\\n\",\n \"step: 600 train loss: 0.0623 | val accuracy: 0.85\\n\",\n \"step: 700 train loss: 0.0691 | val accuracy: 0.86\\n\",\n \"step: 800 train loss: 0.0951 | val accuracy: 0.88\\n\",\n \"step: 900 train loss: 0.0745 | val accuracy: 0.89\\n\",\n \"step: 1000 train loss: 0.1131 | val accuracy: 0.89\\n\",\n \"step: 1100 train loss: 0.1958 | val accuracy: 0.90\\n\",\n \"step: 1200 train loss: 0.0453 | val accuracy: 0.91\\n\",\n \"step: 1300 train loss: 0.0631 | val accuracy: 0.91\\n\",\n \"step: 1400 train loss: 0.0495 | val accuracy: 0.92\\n\",\n \"step: 1500 train loss: 0.0844 | val accuracy: 0.92\\n\",\n \"step: 1600 train loss: 0.0420 | val accuracy: 0.92\\n\",\n \"step: 1700 train loss: 0.0085 | val accuracy: 0.93\\n\",\n \"step: 1800 train loss: 0.0670 | val accuracy: 0.93\\n\",\n \"step: 1900 train loss: 0.2119 | val accuracy: 0.93\\n\",\n \"step: 2000 train loss: 0.0291 | val accuracy: 0.93\\n\",\n \"step: 2100 train loss: 0.0566 | val accuracy: 0.94\\n\",\n \"step: 2200 train loss: 0.0220 | val accuracy: 0.94\\n\",\n \"step: 2300 train loss: 0.0533 | val accuracy: 0.94\\n\",\n \"step: 2400 train loss: 0.0464 | val accuracy: 0.94\\n\",\n \"step: 2500 train loss: 0.1071 | val accuracy: 0.94\\n\",\n \"step: 2600 train loss: 0.0377 | val accuracy: 0.94\\n\",\n \"step: 2700 train loss: 0.1267 | val accuracy: 0.94\\n\",\n \"step: 2800 train loss: 0.1242 | val accuracy: 0.94\\n\",\n \"step: 2900 train loss: 0.2198 | val accuracy: 0.94\\n\",\n \"test loss: 0.9424\\n\"\n ]\n }\n ],\n \"source\": [\n \"# 定义占位符\\n\",\n \"X_ = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, 784])\\n\",\n \"Y_ = tf.placeholder(tf.int32, [None, 10])\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"# dynamic_rnn的输入数据(batch_size, max_time, ...)\\n\",\n \"inputs = tf.reshape(X_, [-1, time_step, data_length])\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"# 验证集\\n\",\n \"validate_data = {X_: mnist.validation.images, Y_: mnist.validation.labels}\\n\",\n \"# 测试集\\n\",\n \"test_data = {X_: mnist.test.images, Y_: mnist.test.labels}\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"# 定义一个两层的GRU模型\\n\",\n \"gru_layers = rnn.MultiRNNCell([rnn.GRUCell(num_units=num) for num in [100, 100]], state_is_tuple=True)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"outputs, h_ = tf.nn.dynamic_rnn(gru_layers, inputs, dtype=tf.float32)\\n\",\n \"output = tf.layers.dense(outputs[:, -1, :], 10) #获取GRU网络的最后输出状态\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"# 定义交叉熵损失函数和优化器\\n\",\n \"loss = tf.losses.softmax_cross_entropy(onehot_labels=Y_, logits=output)\\n\",\n \"train_op = tf.train.AdamOptimizer(learning_rate).minimize(loss)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"# 计算准确率\\n\",\n \"accuracy = tf.metrics.accuracy(labels=tf.argmax(Y_, axis=1), predictions=tf.argmax(output, axis=1))[1]\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"## 初始化变量\\n\",\n \"sess = tf.Session()\\n\",\n \"init = tf.group(tf.global_variables_initializer(), tf.local_variables_initializer())\\n\",\n \"sess.run(init)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"for step in range(3000):\\n\",\n \" # 获取一个batch的训练数据\\n\",\n \" train_x, train_y = mnist.train.next_batch(batch_size)\\n\",\n \" _, loss_ = sess.run([train_op, loss], {X_: train_x, Y_: train_y})\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" # 在验证集上计算准确率\\n\",\n \" if step % 100 == 0:\\n\",\n \" val_acc = sess.run(accuracy, feed_dict=validate_data)\\n\",\n \" print('step:', step,'train loss: %.4f' % loss_, '| val accuracy: %.2f' % val_acc)\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \"## 计算测试集史上的准确率\\n\",\n \"test_acc = sess.run(accuracy, feed_dict=test_data)\\n\",\n \"print('test loss: %.4f' % test_acc)\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": null,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": []\n }\n ],\n \"metadata\": {\n \"kernelspec\": {\n \"display_name\": \"Python3\",\n \"language\": \"python\",\n \"name\": \"python3\"\n },\n \"language_info\": {\n \"codemirror_mode\": {\n \"name\": \"ipython\",\n \"version\": 3\n },\n \"file_extension\": \".py\",\n \"mimetype\": \"text/x-python\",\n \"name\": \"python\",\n \"nbconvert_exporter\": \"python\",\n \"pygments_lexer\": \"ipython3\",\n \"version\": \"3.6.2\"\n }\n },\n \"nbformat\": 4,\n \"nbformat_minor\": 2\n}\n"
},
{
"path": "Deep Learning/12.1 GRU/README.md",
"content": "## 目录\n- [1. 什么是GRU](#1-什么是gru)\n- [2. ⻔控循环单元](#2-⻔控循环单元)\n - [2.1 重置门和更新门](#21-重置门和更新门)\n - [2.2 候选隐藏状态](#22-候选隐藏状态)\n - [2.3 隐藏状态](#23-隐藏状态)\n- [3. 代码实现GRU](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Deep%20Learning/12.1%20GRU/GRU.ipynb)\n- [4. 参考文献](#4-参考文献)\n\n## 1. 什么是GRU\n\n在循环神经⽹络中的梯度计算⽅法中，我们发现，当时间步数较⼤或者时间步较小时，**循环神经⽹络的梯度较容易出现衰减或爆炸。虽然裁剪梯度可以应对梯度爆炸，但⽆法解决梯度衰减的问题。**通常由于这个原因，循环神经⽹络在实际中较难捕捉时间序列中时间步距离较⼤的依赖关系。 \n\n**门控循环神经⽹络（gated recurrent neural network）的提出，正是为了更好地捕捉时间序列中时间步距离较⼤的依赖关系。**它通过可以学习的⻔来控制信息的流动。其中，门控循环单元（gatedrecurrent unit，GRU）是⼀种常⽤的门控循环神经⽹络。\n\n## 2. ⻔控循环单元\n\n### 2.1 重置门和更新门\n\nGRU它引⼊了**重置⻔（reset gate）和更新⻔（update gate）**的概念，从而修改了循环神经⽹络中隐藏状态的计算⽅式。 \n\n门控循环单元中的重置⻔和更新⻔的输⼊均为当前时间步输⼊ 与上⼀时间步隐藏状态，输出由激活函数为sigmoid函数的全连接层计算得到。 如下图所示：\n\n\n\n具体来说，假设隐藏单元个数为 h，给定时间步 t 的小批量输⼊ （样本数为n，输⼊个数为d）和上⼀时间步隐藏状态 。重置⻔ 和更新⻔ 的计算如下：\n\n)\n\n)\n\nsigmoid函数可以将元素的值变换到0和1之间。因此，重置⻔ 和更新⻔ 中每个元素的值域都是[0*,* 1]。\n\n### 2.2 候选隐藏状态\n\n接下来，⻔控循环单元将计算候选隐藏状态来辅助稍后的隐藏状态计算。我们将当前时间步重置⻔的输出与上⼀时间步隐藏状态做按元素乘法（符号为*⊙*）。如果重置⻔中元素值接近0，那么意味着重置对应隐藏状态元素为0，即丢弃上⼀时间步的隐藏状态。如果元素值接近1，那么表⽰保留上⼀时间步的隐藏状态。然后，将按元素乘法的结果与当前时间步的输⼊连结，再通过含激活函数tanh的全连接层计算出候选隐藏状态，其所有元素的值域为[-1,1]。\n\n \n\n具体来说，时间步 t 的候选隐藏状态 的计算为：\n\nW_{hh}+b_h))\n\n从上⾯这个公式可以看出，重置⻔控制了上⼀时间步的隐藏状态如何流⼊当前时间步的候选隐藏状态。而上⼀时间步的隐藏状态可能包含了时间序列截⾄上⼀时间步的全部历史信息。因此，重置⻔可以⽤来丢弃与预测⽆关的历史信息。\n\n### 2.3 隐藏状态\n\n最后，时间步*t*的隐藏状态 的计算使⽤当前时间步的更新⻔ 来对上⼀时间步的隐藏状态 和当前时间步的候选隐藏状态 做组合：\n\n \n\n值得注意的是，**更新⻔可以控制隐藏状态应该如何被包含当前时间步信息的候选隐藏状态所更新，**如上图所⽰。假设更新⻔在时间步之间⼀直近似1。那么，在时间步间的输⼊信息⼏乎没有流⼊时间步 t 的隐藏状态 实际上，这可以看作是较早时刻的隐藏状态 直通过时间保存并传递⾄当前时间步 t。这个设计可以应对循环神经⽹络中的梯度衰减问题，并更好地捕捉时间序列中时间步距离较⼤的依赖关系。 \n\n我们对⻔控循环单元的设计稍作总结：\n\n- 重置⻔有助于捕捉时间序列⾥短期的依赖关系；\n- 更新⻔有助于捕捉时间序列⾥⻓期的依赖关系。\n\n## 3. 代码实现GRU\n\n[MNIST--GRU实现](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Deep%20Learning/12.1%20GRU/GRU.ipynb)\n\n## 4. 参考文献\n\n[《动手学--深度学习》](http://zh.gluon.ai)\n\n------\n\n> 作者：[@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> GitHub：[https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> 欢迎大家加入讨论！共同完善此项目！群号：【541954936】\n"
},
{
"path": "Deep Learning/12.2 LSTM/LSTM.ipynb",
"content": "{\n \"cells\": [\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"markdown\",\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"source\": [\n \"# 构建单层LSTM网络对MNIST数据集分类\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"markdown\",\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"source\": [\n \"这里的输入x当成28个时间段，每段内容为28个值，使用unstack将原始的输入28×28调整成具有28个元素的list\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"每个元素为1×28的数组。这28个时序一次送入RNN中，如图下图所示：\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"由于是批次操作，所以每次都取该批次中所有图片的一行作为一个时间序列输入。\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"理解了这个转换之后，构建网络就变得很容易了，先建立一个包含128个cell的类lstm_cell，然后将变形后的x1放进去生成节点outputs，最后通过全连接生成pred，最后使用softmax进行分类。\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 1,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [\n {\n \"name\": \"stdout\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"Extracting data/train-images-idx3-ubyte.gz\\n\",\n \"Extracting data/train-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz\\n\",\n \"Extracting data/t10k-images-idx3-ubyte.gz\\n\",\n \"Extracting data/t10k-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz\\n\"\n ]\n }\n ],\n \"source\": [\n \"import tensorflow as tf\\n\",\n \"old_v = tf.compat.v1.logging.get_verbosity()\\n\",\n \"tf.compat.v1.logging.set_verbosity(tf.compat.v1.logging.ERROR)\\n\",\n \"# 导入 MINST 数据集\\n\",\n \"from tensorflow.examples.tutorials.mnist import input_data\\n\",\n \"mnist = input_data.read_data_sets(\\\"data/\\\", one_hot=True)\\n\",\n \"tf.compat.v1.logging.set_verbosity(old_v)\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 2,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [\n {\n \"name\": \"stderr\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"WARNING: Logging before flag parsing goes to stderr.\\n\",\n \"W0817 18:06:34.657757 140362178049856 module_wrapper.py:136] From /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow_core/python/util/module_wrapper.py:163: The name tf.placeholder is deprecated. Please use tf.compat.v1.placeholder instead.\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"W0817 18:06:34.662876 140362178049856 lazy_loader.py:50] \\n\",\n \"The TensorFlow contrib module will not be included in TensorFlow 2.0.\\n\",\n \"For more information, please see:\\n\",\n \" * https://github.com/tensorflow/community/blob/master/rfcs/20180907-contrib-sunset.md\\n\",\n \" * https://github.com/tensorflow/addons\\n\",\n \" * https://github.com/tensorflow/io (for I/O related ops)\\n\",\n \"If you depend on functionality not listed there, please file an issue.\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"W0817 18:06:34.663518 140362178049856 deprecation.py:323] From :12: BasicLSTMCell.__init__ (from tensorflow.python.ops.rnn_cell_impl) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"This class is equivalent as tf.keras.layers.LSTMCell, and will be replaced by that in Tensorflow 2.0.\\n\",\n \"W0817 18:06:34.665515 140362178049856 deprecation.py:323] From :13: static_rnn (from tensorflow.python.ops.rnn) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"Please use `keras.layers.RNN(cell, unroll=True)`, which is equivalent to this API\\n\",\n \"W0817 18:06:34.685794 140362178049856 deprecation.py:323] From /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow_core/python/ops/rnn_cell_impl.py:734: Layer.add_variable (from tensorflow.python.keras.engine.base_layer) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"Please use `layer.add_weight` method instead.\\n\",\n \"W0817 18:06:34.695257 140362178049856 deprecation.py:506] From /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow_core/python/ops/rnn_cell_impl.py:738: calling Zeros.__init__ (from tensorflow.python.ops.init_ops) with dtype is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"Call initializer instance with the dtype argument instead of passing it to the constructor\\n\",\n \"W0817 18:06:35.048599 140362178049856 deprecation.py:323] From /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow_core/contrib/layers/python/layers/layers.py:1866: Layer.apply (from tensorflow.python.keras.engine.base_layer) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"Please use `layer.__call__` method instead.\\n\",\n \"W0817 18:06:35.065407 140362178049856 deprecation.py:323] From :23: softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits (from tensorflow.python.ops.nn_ops) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"Future major versions of TensorFlow will allow gradients to flow\\n\",\n \"into the labels input on backprop by default.\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"See `tf.nn.softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits_v2`.\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"W0817 18:06:35.085622 140362178049856 module_wrapper.py:136] From /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow_core/python/util/module_wrapper.py:163: The name tf.train.AdamOptimizer is deprecated. Please use tf.compat.v1.train.AdamOptimizer instead.\\n\",\n \"\\n\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"name\": \"stdout\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"Iter 1280, Minibatch Loss= 2.123669, Training Accuracy= 0.32031\\n\",\n \"Iter 2560, Minibatch Loss= 1.880366, Training Accuracy= 0.36719\\n\",\n \"Iter 3840, Minibatch Loss= 1.604660, Training Accuracy= 0.41406\\n\",\n \"Iter 5120, Minibatch Loss= 1.290977, Training Accuracy= 0.53906\\n\",\n \"Iter 6400, Minibatch Loss= 1.121061, Training Accuracy= 0.59375\\n\",\n \"Iter 7680, Minibatch Loss= 0.952852, Training Accuracy= 0.71875\\n\",\n \"Iter 8960, Minibatch Loss= 0.892485, Training Accuracy= 0.73438\\n\",\n \"Iter 10240, Minibatch Loss= 0.698507, Training Accuracy= 0.75000\\n\",\n \"Iter 11520, Minibatch Loss= 0.692774, Training Accuracy= 0.79688\\n\",\n \"Iter 12800, Minibatch Loss= 0.712652, Training Accuracy= 0.75781\\n\",\n \"Iter 14080, Minibatch Loss= 0.628787, Training Accuracy= 0.77344\\n\",\n \"Iter 15360, Minibatch Loss= 0.480412, Training Accuracy= 0.85938\\n\",\n \"Iter 16640, Minibatch Loss= 0.431347, Training Accuracy= 0.87500\\n\",\n \"Iter 17920, Minibatch Loss= 0.464947, Training Accuracy= 0.87500\\n\",\n \"Iter 19200, Minibatch Loss= 0.450698, Training Accuracy= 0.87500\\n\",\n \"Iter 20480, Minibatch Loss= 0.382798, Training Accuracy= 0.88281\\n\",\n \"Iter 21760, Minibatch Loss= 0.506578, Training Accuracy= 0.85938\\n\",\n \"Iter 23040, Minibatch Loss= 0.380739, Training Accuracy= 0.89062\\n\",\n \"Iter 24320, Minibatch Loss= 0.345643, Training Accuracy= 0.87500\\n\",\n \"Iter 25600, Minibatch Loss= 0.422373, Training Accuracy= 0.85938\\n\",\n \"Iter 26880, Minibatch Loss= 0.332909, Training Accuracy= 0.89062\\n\",\n \"Iter 28160, Minibatch Loss= 0.269029, Training Accuracy= 0.93750\\n\",\n \"Iter 29440, Minibatch Loss= 0.421532, Training Accuracy= 0.87500\\n\",\n \"Iter 30720, Minibatch Loss= 0.232879, Training Accuracy= 0.92188\\n\",\n \"Iter 32000, Minibatch Loss= 0.412540, Training Accuracy= 0.85156\\n\",\n \"Iter 33280, Minibatch Loss= 0.303702, Training Accuracy= 0.90625\\n\",\n \"Iter 34560, Minibatch Loss= 0.260348, Training Accuracy= 0.92969\\n\",\n \"Iter 35840, Minibatch Loss= 0.181875, Training Accuracy= 0.95312\\n\",\n \"Iter 37120, Minibatch Loss= 0.296286, Training Accuracy= 0.89062\\n\",\n \"Iter 38400, Minibatch Loss= 0.123771, Training Accuracy= 0.96094\\n\",\n \"Iter 39680, Minibatch Loss= 0.184759, Training Accuracy= 0.96094\\n\",\n \"Iter 40960, Minibatch Loss= 0.222321, Training Accuracy= 0.96875\\n\",\n \"Iter 42240, Minibatch Loss= 0.251163, Training Accuracy= 0.92188\\n\",\n \"Iter 43520, Minibatch Loss= 0.264645, Training Accuracy= 0.91406\\n\",\n \"Iter 44800, Minibatch Loss= 0.301121, Training Accuracy= 0.91406\\n\",\n \"Iter 46080, Minibatch Loss= 0.218629, Training Accuracy= 0.91406\\n\",\n \"Iter 47360, Minibatch Loss= 0.150714, Training Accuracy= 0.96094\\n\",\n \"Iter 48640, Minibatch Loss= 0.185175, Training Accuracy= 0.95312\\n\",\n \"Iter 49920, Minibatch Loss= 0.201719, Training Accuracy= 0.92969\\n\",\n \"Iter 51200, Minibatch Loss= 0.299931, Training Accuracy= 0.91406\\n\",\n \"Iter 52480, Minibatch Loss= 0.149284, Training Accuracy= 0.96094\\n\",\n \"Iter 53760, Minibatch Loss= 0.168152, Training Accuracy= 0.94531\\n\",\n \"Iter 55040, Minibatch Loss= 0.166098, Training Accuracy= 0.95312\\n\",\n \"Iter 56320, Minibatch Loss= 0.127440, Training Accuracy= 0.96875\\n\",\n \"Iter 57600, Minibatch Loss= 0.229024, Training Accuracy= 0.92969\\n\",\n \"Iter 58880, Minibatch Loss= 0.204111, Training Accuracy= 0.93750\\n\",\n \"Iter 60160, Minibatch Loss= 0.132831, Training Accuracy= 0.95312\\n\",\n \"Iter 61440, Minibatch Loss= 0.247493, Training Accuracy= 0.91406\\n\",\n \"Iter 62720, Minibatch Loss= 0.170920, Training Accuracy= 0.94531\\n\",\n \"Iter 64000, Minibatch Loss= 0.250919, Training Accuracy= 0.94531\\n\",\n \"Iter 65280, Minibatch Loss= 0.256693, Training Accuracy= 0.93750\\n\",\n \"Iter 66560, Minibatch Loss= 0.258490, Training Accuracy= 0.92969\\n\",\n \"Iter 67840, Minibatch Loss= 0.145542, Training Accuracy= 0.96094\\n\",\n \"Iter 69120, Minibatch Loss= 0.080276, Training Accuracy= 0.98438\\n\",\n \"Iter 70400, Minibatch Loss= 0.186373, Training Accuracy= 0.93750\\n\",\n \"Iter 71680, Minibatch Loss= 0.149742, Training Accuracy= 0.97656\\n\",\n \"Iter 72960, Minibatch Loss= 0.123503, Training Accuracy= 0.96094\\n\",\n \"Iter 74240, Minibatch Loss= 0.109718, Training Accuracy= 0.96875\\n\",\n \"Iter 75520, Minibatch Loss= 0.187299, Training Accuracy= 0.93750\\n\",\n \"Iter 76800, Minibatch Loss= 0.116320, Training Accuracy= 0.95312\\n\",\n \"Iter 78080, Minibatch Loss= 0.200649, Training Accuracy= 0.94531\\n\",\n \"Iter 79360, Minibatch Loss= 0.127103, Training Accuracy= 0.96875\\n\",\n \"Iter 80640, Minibatch Loss= 0.106132, Training Accuracy= 0.97656\\n\",\n \"Iter 81920, Minibatch Loss= 0.122763, Training Accuracy= 0.96875\\n\",\n \"Iter 83200, Minibatch Loss= 0.160990, Training Accuracy= 0.94531\\n\",\n \"Iter 84480, Minibatch Loss= 0.173910, Training Accuracy= 0.95312\\n\",\n \"Iter 85760, Minibatch Loss= 0.147762, Training Accuracy= 0.96094\\n\",\n \"Iter 87040, Minibatch Loss= 0.173037, Training Accuracy= 0.93750\\n\",\n \"Iter 88320, Minibatch Loss= 0.061748, Training Accuracy= 0.99219\\n\",\n \"Iter 89600, Minibatch Loss= 0.132250, Training Accuracy= 0.96094\\n\",\n \"Iter 90880, Minibatch Loss= 0.315201, Training Accuracy= 0.91406\\n\",\n \"Iter 92160, Minibatch Loss= 0.115778, Training Accuracy= 0.94531\\n\",\n \"Iter 93440, Minibatch Loss= 0.120537, Training Accuracy= 0.95312\\n\",\n \"Iter 94720, Minibatch Loss= 0.121461, Training Accuracy= 0.96094\\n\",\n \"Iter 96000, Minibatch Loss= 0.122786, Training Accuracy= 0.96094\\n\",\n \"Iter 97280, Minibatch Loss= 0.115688, Training Accuracy= 0.96875\\n\",\n \"Iter 98560, Minibatch Loss= 0.186289, Training Accuracy= 0.93750\\n\",\n \"Iter 99840, Minibatch Loss= 0.182592, Training Accuracy= 0.94531\\n\",\n \" Finished!\\n\",\n \"Testing Accuracy: 0.984375\\n\"\n ]\n }\n ],\n \"source\": [\n \"n_input = 28 #MNIST data 输入(img shape: 28*28)\\n\",\n \"n_steps = 28 #序列个数\\n\",\n \"n_hidden = 128 #隐藏层个数\\n\",\n \"n_classes = 10 #MNIST 分类个数 (0～9 digits)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"# 定义占位符\\n\",\n \"x = tf.placeholder('float', [None, n_steps, n_input])\\n\",\n \"y = tf.placeholder('float', [None, n_classes])\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"# 对矩阵进行分解\\n\",\n \"x1 = tf.unstack(x, n_steps, 1)\\n\",\n \"lstm_cell = tf.contrib.rnn.BasicLSTMCell(n_hidden, forget_bias=1.0)\\n\",\n \"outputs, states = tf.contrib.rnn.static_rnn(lstm_cell, x1, dtype=tf.float32)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"pred = tf.contrib.layers.fully_connected(outputs[-1], n_classes, activation_fn=None)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"learning_rate = 0.001\\n\",\n \"training_iters = 100000\\n\",\n \"batch_size = 128\\n\",\n \"display_step = 10\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"# 平均交叉熵损失\\n\",\n \"cost = tf.reduce_mean(tf.nn.softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits(logits=pred, labels=y))\\n\",\n \"optimizer = tf.train.AdamOptimizer(learning_rate=learning_rate).minimize(cost)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"## 评估模型\\n\",\n \"# tf.argmax(input,axis)根据axis取值的不同返回每行或者每列最大值的索引。\\n\",\n \"# axis = 1: 行\\n\",\n \"# equal，相等的意思。顾名思义，就是判断，x, y 是不是相等\\n\",\n \"# tf.cast 数据类型转换\\n\",\n \"correct_pred = tf.equal(tf.argmax(pred, 1), tf.argmax(y, 1))\\n\",\n \"accuracy = tf.reduce_mean(tf.cast(correct_pred, tf.float32))\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"# 启动session\\n\",\n \"with tf.Session() as sess:\\n\",\n \" sess.run(tf.global_variables_initializer())\\n\",\n \" step = 1\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" while step * batch_size < training_iters:\\n\",\n \" batch_x, batch_y = mnist.train.next_batch(batch_size)\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" # Reshape data to get 28 seq of 28 elements\\n\",\n \" batch_x = batch_x.reshape((batch_size, n_steps, n_input))\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" sess.run(optimizer, feed_dict={x: batch_x, y: batch_y})\\n\",\n \" if step % display_step == 0:\\n\",\n \" # 计算批次数据的准确率\\n\",\n \" acc = sess.run(accuracy, feed_dict={x: batch_x, y: batch_y})\\n\",\n \" loss = sess.run(cost, feed_dict={x: batch_x, y: batch_y})\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" print(\\\"Iter \\\" + str(step*batch_size) + \\\", Minibatch Loss= \\\" + \\\\\\n\",\n \" \\\"{:.6f}\\\".format(loss) + \\\", Training Accuracy= \\\" + \\\\\\n\",\n \" \\\"{:.5f}\\\".format(acc))\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" step += 1\\n\",\n \" print (\\\" Finished!\\\")\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" # 计算准确率 for 128 mnist test images\\n\",\n \" test_len = 128\\n\",\n \" test_data = mnist.test.images[:test_len].reshape((-1, n_steps, n_input))\\n\",\n \" test_label = mnist.test.labels[:test_len]\\n\",\n \" print (\\\"Testing Accuracy:\\\", \\\\\\n\",\n \" sess.run(accuracy, feed_dict={x: test_data, y: test_label}))\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": null,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": []\n }\n ],\n \"metadata\": {\n \"kernelspec\": {\n \"display_name\": \"Python3\",\n \"language\": \"python\",\n \"name\": \"python3\"\n },\n \"language_info\": {\n \"codemirror_mode\": {\n \"name\": \"ipython\",\n \"version\": 3\n },\n \"file_extension\": \".py\",\n \"mimetype\": \"text/x-python\",\n \"name\": \"python\",\n \"nbconvert_exporter\": \"python\",\n \"pygments_lexer\": \"ipython3\",\n \"version\": \"3.6.2\"\n }\n },\n \"nbformat\": 4,\n \"nbformat_minor\": 2\n}\n"
},
{
"path": "Deep Learning/12.2 LSTM/README.md",
"content": "## 目录\n- [1. 什么是LSTM](#1-什么是lstm)\n- [2. 输⼊⻔、遗忘⻔和输出⻔](#2-输遗忘和输出)\n- [3. 候选记忆细胞](#3-候选记忆细胞)\n- [4. 记忆细胞](#4-记忆细胞)\n- [5. 隐藏状态](#5-隐藏状态)\n- [6. LSTM与GRU的区别](#6-lstm与gru的区别)\n- [7. LSTM可以使用别的激活函数吗？](#7-lstm可以使用别的激活函数吗)\n- [8. 代码实现](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Deep%20Learning/12.2%20LSTM/LSTM.ipynb)\n- [9. 参考文献](#9-参考文献)\n\n## 1. 什么是LSTM\n\n在你阅读这篇文章时候，你都是基于自己已经拥有的对先前所见词的理解来推断当前词的真实含义。我们不会将所有的东西都全部丢弃，然后用空白的大脑进行思考。我们的思想拥有持久性。LSTM就是具备了这一特性。\n\n这篇将介绍另⼀种常⽤的⻔控循环神经⽹络：**⻓短期记忆（long short-term memory，LSTM）[1]。**它⽐⻔控循环单元的结构稍微复杂⼀点，也是为了解决在RNN网络中梯度衰减的问题，是GRU的一种扩展。\n\n可以先理解GRU的过程，在来理解LSTM会容易许多，链接地址：[三步理解--门控循环单元(GRU)](https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_41510260/article/details/99679481)\n\nLSTM 中引⼊了3个⻔，即输⼊⻔（input gate）、遗忘⻔（forget gate）和输出⻔（output gate），以及与隐藏状态形状相同的记忆细胞（某些⽂献把记忆细胞当成⼀种特殊的隐藏状态），从而记录额外的信息。\n\n## 2. 输⼊⻔、遗忘⻔和输出⻔\n\n与⻔控循环单元中的重置⻔和更新⻔⼀样，⻓短期记忆的⻔的输⼊均为当前时间步输⼊Xt与上⼀时间步隐藏状态Ht−1，输出由激活函数为sigmoid函数的全连接层计算得到。如此⼀来，这3个⻔元素的值域均为[0, 1]。如下图所示：\n\n\n\n具体来说，假设隐藏单元个数为 h，给定时间步 t 的小批量输⼊ （样本数为n，输⼊个数为d）和上⼀时间步隐藏状态 。三个门的公式如下：\n\n**输入门：** )\n\n**遗忘问：** )\n\n**输出门：** )\n\n## 3. 候选记忆细胞\n\n接下来，⻓短期记忆需要计算候选记忆细胞 。它的计算与上⾯介绍的3个⻔类似，但使⽤了值域在[−1, 1]的tanh函数作为激活函数，如下图所示：\n\n\n\n具体来说，时间步t的候选记忆细胞计算如下：\n\n)\n\n## 4. 记忆细胞\n\n我们可以通过元素值域在[0, 1]的输⼊⻔、遗忘⻔和输出⻔来控制隐藏状态中信息的流动，这⼀般也是通过使⽤按元素乘法（符号为⊙）来实现的。当前时间步记忆细胞的计算组合了上⼀时间步记忆细胞和当前时间步候选记忆细胞的信息，并通过遗忘⻔和输⼊⻔来控制信息的流动：\n\n\n\n如下图所⽰，遗忘⻔控制上⼀时间步的记忆细胞Ct−1中的信息是否传递到当前时间步，而输⼊⻔则控制当前时间步的输⼊Xt通过候选记忆细胞C˜t如何流⼊当前时间步的记忆细胞。如果遗忘⻔⼀直近似1且输⼊⻔⼀直近似0，过去的记忆细胞将⼀直通过时间保存并传递⾄当前时间步。这个设计可以应对循环神经⽹络中的梯度衰减问题，并更好地捕捉时间序列中时间步距离较⼤的依赖关系。\n\n\n\n## 5. 隐藏状态\n\n有了记忆细胞以后，接下来我们还可以通过输出⻔来控制从记忆细胞到隐藏状态Ht的信\n息的流动：\n\n)\n\n这⾥的tanh函数确保隐藏状态元素值在-1到1之间。需要注意的是，当输出⻔近似1时，记忆细胞信息将传递到隐藏状态供输出层使⽤；当输出⻔近似0时，记忆细胞信息只⾃⼰保留。**下图展⽰了⻓短期记忆中隐藏状态的全部计算：**\n\n\n\n## 6. LSTM与GRU的区别\n\nLSTM与GRU二者结构十分相似，**不同在于**：\n\n1. 新的记忆都是根据之前状态及输入进行计算，但是GRU中有一个重置门控制之前状态的进入量，而在LSTM里没有类似门；\n2. 产生新的状态方式不同，LSTM有两个不同的门，分别是遗忘门(forget gate)和输入门(input gate)，而GRU只有一种更新门(update gate)；\n3. LSTM对新产生的状态可以通过输出门(output gate)进行调节，而GRU对输出无任何调节。\n4. GRU的优点是这是个更加简单的模型，所以更容易创建一个更大的网络，而且它只有两个门，在计算性上也运行得更快，然后它可以扩大模型的规模。 \n5. LSTM更加强大和灵活，因为它有三个门而不是两个。\n\n## 7. LSTM可以使用别的激活函数吗？\n\n关于激活函数的选取，在LSTM中，遗忘门、输入门和输出门使用Sigmoid函数作为激活函数；在生成候选记忆时，使用双曲正切函数Tanh作为激活函数。\n\n值得注意的是，这两个激活函数都是饱和的，也就是说在输入达到一定值的情况下，输出就不会发生明显变化了。如果是用非饱和的激活函数，例如ReLU，那么将难以实现门控的效果。\n\n Sigmoid函数的输出在0～1之间，符合门控的物理定义。且当输入较大或较小时，其输出会非常接近1或0，从而保证该门开或关。在生成候选记忆时，使用Tanh函数，是因为其输出在−1～1之间，这与大多数场景下特征分布是0中心的吻合。此外，Tanh函数在输入为0附近相比Sigmoid函数有更大的梯度，通常使模型收敛更快。\n\n激活函数的选择也不是一成不变的，但要选择合理的激活函数。\n\n## 8. 代码实现\n\n[MIST数据分类--TensorFlow实现LSTM](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Deep%20Learning/12.2%20LSTM/LSTM.ipynb)\n\n## 9. 参考文献\n\n[《动手学--深度学习》](http://zh.gluon.ai)\n\n------\n\n> 作者：[@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> GitHub：[https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> 欢迎大家加入讨论！共同完善此项目！群号：【541954936】\n"
},
{
"path": "Deep Learning/13. Transfer Learning/README.md",
"content": "## 目录\n\n- [1. 什么是迁移学习](#1-什么是迁移学习)\n- [2. 为什么需要迁移学习？](#2-为什么需要迁移学习)\n- [3. 迁移学习的基本问题有哪些？](#3-迁移学习的基本问题有哪些)\n- [4. 迁移学习有哪些常用概念？](#4-迁移学习有哪些常用概念)\n- [5. 迁移学习与传统机器学习有什么区别？](#5-迁移学习与传统机器学习有什么区别)\n- [6. 迁移学习的核心及度量准则？](#6-迁移学习的核心及度量准则)\n- [7. 迁移学习与其他概念的区别？](#7-迁移学习与其他概念的区别)\n- [8. 什么情况下可以使用迁移学习？](#8-什么情况下可以使用迁移学习)\n- [9. 什么是finetune？](#9-什么是finetune)\n- [10. 什么是深度网络自适应？](#10-什么是深度网络自适应)\n- [11. GAN在迁移学习中的应用](#11-gan在迁移学习中的应用)\n- [12. 代码实现](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Deep%20Learning/13.%20Transfer%20Learning/Transfer%20Learning.ipynb)\n- [13. 参考文献](#13-参考文献)\n\n## 1. 什么是迁移学习\n\n迁移学习(Transfer Learning)是一种机器学习方法，就是把为任务 A 开发的模型作为初始点，重新使用在为任务 B 开发模型的过程中。迁移学习是通过从已学习的相关任务中转移知识来改进学习的新任务，虽然大多数机器学习算法都是为了解决单个任务而设计的，但是促进迁移学习的算法的开发是机器学习社区持续关注的话题。 迁移学习对人类来说很常见，例如，我们可能会发现学习识别苹果可能有助于识别梨，或者学习弹奏电子琴可能有助于学习钢琴。\n\n找到目标问题的相似性，迁移学习任务就是从相似性出发，将旧领域(domain)学习过的模型应用在新领域上。\n\n## 2. 为什么需要迁移学习？\n\n1. **大数据与少标注的矛盾**：虽然有大量的数据，但往往都是没有标注的，无法训练机器学习模型。人工进行数据标定太耗时。\n2. **大数据与弱计算的矛盾**：普通人无法拥有庞大的数据量与计算资源。因此需要借助于模型的迁移。\n3. **普适化模型与个性化需求的矛盾**：即使是在同一个任务上，一个模型也往往难以满足每个人的个性化需求，比如特定的隐私设置。这就需要在不同人之间做模型的适配。\n4. **特定应用（如冷启动）的需求**。\n\n## 3. 迁移学习的基本问题有哪些？\n\n基本问题主要有3个：\n\n- **How to transfer**： 如何进行迁移学习？（设计迁移方法）\n- **What to transfer**： 给定一个目标领域，如何找到相对应的源领域，然后进行迁移？（源领域选择）\n- **When to transfer**： 什么时候可以进行迁移，什么时候不可以？（避免负迁移）\n\n## 4. 迁移学习有哪些常用概念？\n\n- 基本定义\n\n - 域(Domain)：数据特征和特征分布组成，是学习的主体\n - **源域 (Source domain)**：已有知识的域\n - **目标域 (Target domain)**：要进行学习的域\n - **任务 (Task)**：由目标函数和学习结果组成，是学习的结果\n\n- 按特征空间分类\n\n - **同构迁移学习（Homogeneous TL）**： 源域和目标域的特征空间相同，\n - **异构迁移学习（Heterogeneous TL）**：源域和目标域的特征空间不同，\n\n- 按迁移情景分类\n\n - **归纳式迁移学习（Inductive TL）**：源域和目标域的学习任务不同\n - **直推式迁移学习（Transductive TL)**：源域和目标域不同，学习任务相同\n - **无监督迁移学习（Unsupervised TL)**：源域和目标域均没有标签\n\n- 按迁移方法分类\n\n - **基于样本的迁移 (Instance based TL)**：通过权重重用源域和目标域的样例进行迁移\n\n 基于样本的迁移学习方法 (Instance based Transfer Learning) 根据一定的权重生成规则，对数据样本进行重用，来进行迁移学习。下图形象地表示了基于样本迁移方法的思想源域中存在不同种类的动物，如狗、鸟、猫等，目标域只有狗这一种类别。在迁移时，为了最大限度地和目标域相似，我们可以人为地提高源域中属于狗这个类别的样本权重。\n\n \n\n - **基于特征的迁移 (Feature based TL)**：将源域和目标域的特征变换到相同空间\n\n 基于特征的迁移方法 (Feature based Transfer Learning) 是指将通过特征变换的方式互相迁移,来减少源域和目标域之间的差距；或者将源域和目标域的数据特征变换到统一特征空间中,然后利用传统的机器学习方法进行分类识别。根据特征的同构和异构性,又可以分为同构和异构迁移学习。下图很形象地表示了两种基于特 征的迁移学习方法。\n\n \n\n - **基于模型的迁移 (Parameter based TL)**：利用源域和目标域的参数共享模型\n\n 基于模型的迁移方法 (Parameter/Model based Transfer Learning) 是指从源域和目标域中找到他们之间共享的参数信息,以实现迁移的方法。这种迁移方式要求的假设条件是： 源域中的数据与目标域中的数据可以共享一些模型的参数。下图形象地表示了基于模型的迁移学习方法的基本思想。\n\n \n\n - **基于关系的迁移 (Relation based TL)**：利用源域中的逻辑网络关系进行迁移\n\n 基于关系的迁移学习方法 (Relation Based Transfer Learning) 与上述三种方法具有截然不同的思路。这种方法比较关注源域和目标域的样本之间的关系。下图形象地表示了不 同领域之间相似的关系。\n\n \n\n\n\n## 5. 迁移学习与传统机器学习有什么区别？\n\n| | 迁移学习 | 传统机器学习 |\n| -------- | -------------------------- | -------------------- |\n| 数据分布 | 训练和测试数据不需要同分布 | 训练和测试数据同分布 |\n| 数据标签 | 不需要足够的数据标注 | 足够的数据标注 |\n| 建模 | 可以重用之前的模型 | 每个任务分别建模 |\n\n## 6. 迁移学习的核心及度量准则？\n\n**迁移学习的总体思路可以概括为**：开发算法来最大限度地利用有标注的领域的知识，来辅助目标领域的知识获取和学习。\n\n**迁移学习的核心是**：找到源领域和目标领域之间的相似性，并加以合理利用。这种相似性非常普遍。比如，不同人的身体构造是相似的；自行车和摩托车的骑行方式是相似的；国际象棋和中国象棋是相似的；羽毛球和网球的打球方式是相似的。这种相似性也可以理解为不变量。以不变应万变，才能立于不败之地。\n\n**有了这种相似性后，下一步工作就是， 如何度量和利用这种相似性。**度量工作的目标有两点：一是很好地度量两个领域的相似性，不仅定性地告诉我们它们是否相似，更定量地给出相似程度。二是以度量为准则，通过我们所要采用的学习手段，增大两个领域之间的相似性，从而完成迁移学习。\n\n**一句话总结： 相似性是核心，度量准则是重要手段。**\n\n## 7. 迁移学习与其他概念的区别？\n\n1. 迁移学习与多任务学习关系：\n - **多任务学习**：多个相关任务一起协同学习；\n - **迁移学习**：强调信息复用，从一个领域(domain)迁移到另一个领域。\n2. 迁移学习与领域自适应：**领域自适应**：使两个特征分布不一致的domain一致。\n3. 迁移学习与协方差漂移：**协方差漂移**：数据的条件概率分布发生变化。\n\n## 8. 什么情况下可以使用迁移学习？\n\n迁移学习**最有用的场合**是，如果你尝试优化任务B的性能，通常这个任务数据相对较少。 例如，在放射科中你知道很难收集很多射线扫描图来搭建一个性能良好的放射科诊断系统，所以在这种情况下，你可能会找一个相关但不同的任务，如图像识别，其中你可能用 1 百万张图片训练过了，并从中学到很多低层次特征，所以那也许能帮助网络在任务在放射科任务上做得更好，尽管任务没有这么多数据。\n\n假如两个领域之间的区别特别的大，**不可以直接采用迁移学习**，因为在这种情况下效果不是很好。在这种情况下，推荐以上的方法，在两个相似度很低的domain之间一步步迁移过去（踩着石头过河）。\n\n## 9. 什么是finetune？\n\n度网络的finetune也许是最简单的深度网络迁移方法。**Finetune**,也叫微调、fine-tuning, 是深度学习中的一个重要概念。简而言之，finetune就是利用别人己经训练好的网络，针对自己的任务再进行调整。从这个意思上看，我们不难理解finetune是迁移学习的一部分。\n\n**为什么需要已经训练好的网络？**\n\n在实际的应用中,我们通常不会针对一个新任务,就去从头开始训练一个神经网络。这样的操作显然是非常耗时的。尤其是，我们的训练数据不可能像ImageNet那么大，可以训练出泛化能力足够强的深度神经网络。即使有如此之多的训练数据,我们从头开始训练,其代价也是不可承受的。\n\n**为什么需要 finetune？**\n\n因为别人训练好的模型,可能并不是完全适用于我们自己的任务。可能别人的训练数据和我们的数据之间不服从同一个分布；可能别人的网络能做比我们的任务更多的事情；可能别人的网络比较复杂,我们的任务比较简单。\n\n## 10. 什么是深度网络自适应？\n\n深度网络的 finetune 可以帮助我们节省训练时间，提高学习精度。但是 finetune 有它的先天不足:它无法处理训练数据和测试数据分布不同的情况。而这一现象在实际应用中比比皆是。因为 finetune 的基本假设也是训练数据和测试数据服从相同的数据分布。这在迁移学习中也是不成立的。因此，我们需要更进一步，针对深度网络开发出更好的方法使之更好地完成迁移学习任务。\n\n以我们之前介绍过的数据分布自适应方法为参考，许多深度学习方法都开发出了自适应层(AdaptationLayer)来完成源域和目标域数据的自适应。自适应能够使得源域和目标域的数据分布更加接近，从而使得网络的效果更好。\n\n## 11. GAN在迁移学习中的应用\n\n生成对抗网络 GAN(Generative Adversarial Nets) 受到自博弈论中的二人零和博弈 (two-player game) 思想的启发而提出。它一共包括两个部分：\n\n- 一部分为生成网络(Generative Network)，此部分负责生成尽可能地以假乱真的样本，这部分被成为生成器(Generator)；\n- 另一部分为判别网络(Discriminative Network), 此部分负责判断样本是真实的，还是由生成器生成的，这部分被成为判别器(Discriminator) 生成器和判别器的互相博弈，就完成了对抗训练。\n\n GAN 的目标很明确：生成训练样本。这似乎与迁移学习的大目标有些许出入。然而，由于在迁移学习中，天然地存在一个源领域，一个目标领域，因此，我们可以免去生成样本的过程，而直接将其中一个领域的数据 (通常是目标域) 当作是生成的样本。此时，生成器的职能发生变化，不再生成新样本，而是扮演了特征提取的功能：不断学习领域数据的特征使得判别器无法对两个领域进行分辨。这样，原来的生成器也可以称为特征提取器 (Feature Extractor)。\n\n## 12. 代码实现\n\n[Transfer Learning例子](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Deep%20Learning/13.%20Transfer%20Learning/Transfer%20Learning.ipynb)\n\n**数据集下载：**\n\n- Inception-v3模型：[点击下载](https://www.lanzous.com/i5mxw5c)\n- flower_photos数据集：[点击下载](http://download.tensorflow.org/example_images/flower_photos.tgz)\n\n## 13. 参考文献\n\n[[https://github.com/scutan90/DeepLearning-500-questions/tree/master/ch11_%E8%BF%81%E7%A7%BB%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0](https://github.com/scutan90/DeepLearning-500-questions/tree/master/ch11_迁移学习)]([https://github.com/scutan90/DeepLearning-500-questions/tree/master/ch11_%E8%BF%81%E7%A7%BB%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0](https://github.com/scutan90/DeepLearning-500-questions/tree/master/ch11_迁移学习))\n\n------\n\n> 作者：[@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> GitHub：[https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> 欢迎大家加入讨论！共同完善此项目！群号：【541954936】\n"
},
{
"path": "Deep Learning/13. Transfer Learning/Transfer Learning.ipynb",
"content": "{\n \"cells\": [\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"markdown\",\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"source\": [\n \"## 数据下载\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"Inception-v3模型：[点击下载](https://www.lanzous.com/i5mxw5c)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"flower_photos数据集：[点击下载](http://download.tensorflow.org/example_images/flower_photos.tgz)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"解压放到images目录下面，路径参考下面程序。\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": null,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": [\n \"import glob\\n\",\n \"import os.path\\n\",\n \"import random\\n\",\n \"import numpy as np\\n\",\n \"import tensorflow as tf\\n\",\n \"from tensorflow.python.platform import gfile\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 2,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": [\n \"# Inception-v3模型瓶颈层的节点个数\\n\",\n \"BOTTLENECK_TENSOR_SIZE = 2048\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"# Inception-v3模型中代表瓶颈层结果的张量名称。\\n\",\n \"# 在谷歌提出的Inception-v3模型中，这个张量名称就是'pool_3/_reshape:0'。\\n\",\n \"# 在训练模型时，可以通过tensor.name来获取张量的名称。\\n\",\n \"BOTTLENECK_TENSOR_NAME = 'pool_3/_reshape:0'\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"# 图像输入张量所对应的名称。\\n\",\n \"JPEG_DATA_TENSOR_NAME = 'DecodeJpeg/contents:0'\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"# 下载的谷歌训练好的Inception-v3模型文件目录\\n\",\n \"MODEL_DIR = './images/model/'\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"# 下载的谷歌训练好的Inception-v3模型文件名\\n\",\n \"MODEL_FILE = 'tensorflow_inception_graph.pb'\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"# 因为一个训练数据会被使用多次，所以可以将原始图像通过Inception-v3模型计算得到的特征向量保存在文件中，免去重复的计算。\\n\",\n \"# 下面的变量定义了这些文件的存放地址。\\n\",\n \"CACHE_DIR = './images/tmp/bottleneck/'\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"# 图片数据文件夹。\\n\",\n \"# 在这个文件夹中每一个子文件夹代表一个需要区分的类别，每个子文件夹中存放了对应类别的图片。\\n\",\n \"INPUT_DATA = './images/flower_photos/'\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"# 验证的数据百分比\\n\",\n \"VALIDATION_PERCENTAGE = 10\\n\",\n \"# 测试的数据百分比\\n\",\n \"TEST_PERCENTAGE = 10\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"# 定义神经网络的设置\\n\",\n \"LEARNING_RATE = 0.01\\n\",\n \"STEPS = 4000\\n\",\n \"BATCH = 100\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 3,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": [\n \"# 这个函数从数据文件夹中读取所有的图片列表并按训练、验证、测试数据分开。\\n\",\n \"# testing_percentage和validation_percentage参数指定了测试数据集和验证数据集的大小。\\n\",\n \"def create_image_lists(testing_percentage, validation_percentage):\\n\",\n \" # 得到的所有图片都存在result这个字典(dictionary)里。\\n\",\n \" # 这个字典的key为类别的名称，value也是一个字典，字典里存储了所有的图片名称。\\n\",\n \" result = {}\\n\",\n \" # 获取当前目录下所有的子目录\\n\",\n \" sub_dirs = [x[0] for x in os.walk(INPUT_DATA)]\\n\",\n \" # 得到的第一个目录是当前目录，不需要考虑\\n\",\n \" is_root_dir = True\\n\",\n \" for sub_dir in sub_dirs:\\n\",\n \" if is_root_dir:\\n\",\n \" is_root_dir = False\\n\",\n \" continue\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" # 获取当前目录下所有的有效图片文件。\\n\",\n \" extensions = ['jpg', 'jpeg', 'JPG', 'JPEG']\\n\",\n \" file_list = []\\n\",\n \" dir_name = os.path.basename(sub_dir)\\n\",\n \" for extension in extensions:\\n\",\n \" file_glob = os.path.join(INPUT_DATA, dir_name, '*.'+extension)\\n\",\n \" file_list.extend(glob.glob(file_glob))\\n\",\n \" if not file_list:\\n\",\n \" continue\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" # 通过目录名获取类别的名称。\\n\",\n \" label_name = dir_name.lower()\\n\",\n \" # 初始化当前类别的训练数据集、测试数据集和验证数据集\\n\",\n \" training_images = []\\n\",\n \" testing_images = []\\n\",\n \" validation_images = []\\n\",\n \" for file_name in file_list:\\n\",\n \" base_name = os.path.basename(file_name)\\n\",\n \" # 随机将数据分到训练数据集、测试数据集和验证数据集。\\n\",\n \" chance = np.random.randint(100)\\n\",\n \" if chance < validation_percentage:\\n\",\n \" validation_images.append(base_name)\\n\",\n \" elif chance < (testing_percentage + validation_percentage):\\n\",\n \" testing_images.append(base_name)\\n\",\n \" else:\\n\",\n \" training_images.append(base_name)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" # 将当前类别的数据放入结果字典。\\n\",\n \" result[label_name] = {\\n\",\n \" 'dir': dir_name,\\n\",\n \" 'training': training_images,\\n\",\n \" 'testing': testing_images,\\n\",\n \" 'validation': validation_images\\n\",\n \" }\\n\",\n \" # 返回整理好的所有数据\\n\",\n \" return result\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 4,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": [\n \"# 这个函数通过类别名称、所属数据集和图片编号获取一张图片的地址。\\n\",\n \"# image_lists参数给出了所有图片信息。\\n\",\n \"# image_dir参数给出了根目录。存放图片数据的根目录和存放图片特征向量的根目录地址不同。\\n\",\n \"# label_name参数给定了类别的名称。\\n\",\n \"# index参数给定了需要获取的图片的编号。\\n\",\n \"# category参数指定了需要获取的图片是在训练数据集、测试数据集还是验证数据集。\\n\",\n \"def get_image_path(image_lists, image_dir, label_name, index, category):\\n\",\n \" # 获取给定类别中所有图片的信息。\\n\",\n \" label_lists = image_lists[label_name]\\n\",\n \" # 根据所属数据集的名称获取集合中的全部图片信息。\\n\",\n \" category_list = label_lists[category]\\n\",\n \" mod_index = index % len(category_list)\\n\",\n \" # 获取图片的文件名。\\n\",\n \" base_name = category_list[mod_index]\\n\",\n \" sub_dir = label_lists['dir']\\n\",\n \" # 最终的地址为数据根目录的地址 + 类别的文件夹 + 图片的名称\\n\",\n \" full_path = os.path.join(image_dir, sub_dir, base_name)\\n\",\n \" return full_path\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 5,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": [\n \"# 这个函数通过类别名称、所属数据集和图片编号获取经过Inception-v3模型处理之后的特征向量文件地址。\\n\",\n \"def get_bottlenect_path(image_lists, label_name, index, category):\\n\",\n \" return get_image_path(image_lists, CACHE_DIR, label_name, index, category) + '.txt';\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 6,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": [\n \"# 这个函数使用加载的训练好的Inception-v3模型处理一张图片，得到这个图片的特征向量。\\n\",\n \"def run_bottleneck_on_image(sess, image_data, image_data_tensor, bottleneck_tensor):\\n\",\n \" # 这个过程实际上就是将当前图片作为输入计算瓶颈张量的值。这个瓶颈张量的值就是这张图片的新的特征向量。\\n\",\n \" bottleneck_values = sess.run(bottleneck_tensor, {image_data_tensor: image_data})\\n\",\n \" # 经过卷积神经网络处理的结果是一个四维数组，需要将这个结果压缩成一个特征向量（一维数组）\\n\",\n \" bottleneck_values = np.squeeze(bottleneck_values)\\n\",\n \" return bottleneck_values\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 7,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": [\n \"# 这个函数获取一张图片经过Inception-v3模型处理之后的特征向量。\\n\",\n \"# 这个函数会先试图寻找已经计算且保存下来的特征向量，如果找不到则先计算这个特征向量，然后保存到文件。\\n\",\n \"def get_or_create_bottleneck(sess, image_lists, label_name, index, category, jpeg_data_tensor, bottleneck_tensor):\\n\",\n \" # 获取一张图片对应的特征向量文件的路径。\\n\",\n \" label_lists = image_lists[label_name]\\n\",\n \" sub_dir = label_lists['dir']\\n\",\n \" sub_dir_path = os.path.join(CACHE_DIR, sub_dir)\\n\",\n \" if not os.path.exists(sub_dir_path):\\n\",\n \" os.makedirs(sub_dir_path)\\n\",\n \" bottleneck_path = get_bottlenect_path(image_lists, label_name, index, category)\\n\",\n \" # 如果这个特征向量文件不存在，则通过Inception-v3模型来计算特征向量，并将计算的结果存入文件。\\n\",\n \" if not os.path.exists(bottleneck_path):\\n\",\n \" # 获取原始的图片路径\\n\",\n \" image_path = get_image_path(image_lists, INPUT_DATA, label_name, index, category)\\n\",\n \" # 获取图片内容。\\n\",\n \" image_data = gfile.FastGFile(image_path, 'rb').read()\\n\",\n \" # print(len(image_data))\\n\",\n \" # 由于输入的图片大小不一致，此处得到的image_data大小也不一致（已验证），但却都能通过加载的inception-v3模型生成一个2048的特征向量。具体原理不详。\\n\",\n \" # 通过Inception-v3模型计算特征向量\\n\",\n \" bottleneck_values = run_bottleneck_on_image(sess, image_data, jpeg_data_tensor, bottleneck_tensor)\\n\",\n \" # 将计算得到的特征向量存入文件\\n\",\n \" bottleneck_string = ','.join(str(x) for x in bottleneck_values)\\n\",\n \" with open(bottleneck_path, 'w') as bottleneck_file:\\n\",\n \" bottleneck_file.write(bottleneck_string)\\n\",\n \" else:\\n\",\n \" # 直接从文件中获取图片相应的特征向量。\\n\",\n \" with open(bottleneck_path, 'r') as bottleneck_file:\\n\",\n \" bottleneck_string = bottleneck_file.read()\\n\",\n \" bottleneck_values = [float(x) for x in bottleneck_string.split(',')]\\n\",\n \" # 返回得到的特征向量\\n\",\n \" return bottleneck_values\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 8,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": [\n \"# 这个函数随机获取一个batch的图片作为训练数据。\\n\",\n \"def get_random_cached_bottlenecks(sess, n_classes, image_lists, how_many, category,\\n\",\n \" jpeg_data_tensor, bottleneck_tensor):\\n\",\n \" bottlenecks = []\\n\",\n \" ground_truths = []\\n\",\n \" for _ in range(how_many):\\n\",\n \" # 随机一个类别和图片的编号加入当前的训练数据。\\n\",\n \" label_index = random.randrange(n_classes)\\n\",\n \" label_name = list(image_lists.keys())[label_index]\\n\",\n \" image_index = random.randrange(65536)\\n\",\n \" bottleneck = get_or_create_bottleneck(sess, image_lists, label_name, image_index, category,\\n\",\n \" jpeg_data_tensor, bottleneck_tensor)\\n\",\n \" ground_truth = np.zeros(n_classes, dtype=np.float32)\\n\",\n \" ground_truth[label_index] = 1.0\\n\",\n \" bottlenecks.append(bottleneck)\\n\",\n \" ground_truths.append(ground_truth)\\n\",\n \" return bottlenecks, ground_truths\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 9,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": [\n \"# 这个函数获取全部的测试数据。在最终测试的时候需要在所有的测试数据上计算正确率。\\n\",\n \"def get_test_bottlenecks(sess, image_lists, n_classes, jpeg_data_tensor, bottleneck_tensor):\\n\",\n \" bottlenecks = []\\n\",\n \" ground_truths = []\\n\",\n \" label_name_list = list(image_lists.keys())\\n\",\n \" # 枚举所有的类别和每个类别中的测试图片。\\n\",\n \" for label_index, label_name in enumerate(label_name_list):\\n\",\n \" category = 'testing'\\n\",\n \" for index, unused_base_name in enumerate(image_lists[label_name][category]):\\n\",\n \" # 通过Inception-v3模型计算图片对应的特征向量，并将其加入最终数据的列表。\\n\",\n \" bottleneck = get_or_create_bottleneck(sess, image_lists, label_name, index, category,\\n\",\n \" jpeg_data_tensor, bottleneck_tensor)\\n\",\n \" ground_truth = np.zeros(n_classes, dtype = np.float32)\\n\",\n \" ground_truth[label_index] = 1.0\\n\",\n \" bottlenecks.append(bottleneck)\\n\",\n \" ground_truths.append(ground_truth)\\n\",\n \" return bottlenecks, ground_truths\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 10,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": [\n \"def main(_):\\n\",\n \" # 读取所有图片。\\n\",\n \" image_lists = create_image_lists(TEST_PERCENTAGE, VALIDATION_PERCENTAGE)\\n\",\n \" n_classes = len(image_lists.keys())\\n\",\n \" # 读取已经训练好的Inception-v3模型。\\n\",\n \" # 谷歌训练好的模型保存在了GraphDef Protocol Buffer中，里面保存了每一个节点取值的计算方法以及变量的取值。\\n\",\n \" # TensorFlow模型持久化的问题在第5章中有详细的介绍。\\n\",\n \" with gfile.FastGFile(os.path.join(MODEL_DIR, MODEL_FILE), 'rb') as f:\\n\",\n \" graph_def = tf.GraphDef()\\n\",\n \" graph_def.ParseFromString(f.read())\\n\",\n \" # 加载读取的Inception-v3模型，并返回数据输入所对应的张量以及计算瓶颈层结果所对应的张量。\\n\",\n \" bottleneck_tensor, jpeg_data_tensor = tf.import_graph_def(graph_def, return_elements=[BOTTLENECK_TENSOR_NAME, JPEG_DATA_TENSOR_NAME])\\n\",\n \" # 定义新的神经网络输入，这个输入就是新的图片经过Inception-v3模型前向传播到达瓶颈层时的结点取值。\\n\",\n \" # 可以将这个过程类似的理解为一种特征提取。\\n\",\n \" bottleneck_input = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, BOTTLENECK_TENSOR_SIZE], name='BottleneckInputPlaceholder')\\n\",\n \" # 定义新的标准答案输入\\n\",\n \" ground_truth_input = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, n_classes], name='GroundTruthInput')\\n\",\n \" # 定义一层全连接层来解决新的图片分类问题。\\n\",\n \" # 因为训练好的Inception-v3模型已经将原始的图片抽象为了更加容易分类的特征向量了，所以不需要再训练那么复杂的神经网络来完成这个新的分类任务。\\n\",\n \" with tf.name_scope('final_training_ops'):\\n\",\n \" weights = tf.Variable(tf.truncated_normal([BOTTLENECK_TENSOR_SIZE, n_classes], stddev=0.001))\\n\",\n \" biases = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([n_classes]))\\n\",\n \" logits = tf.matmul(bottleneck_input, weights) + biases\\n\",\n \" final_tensor = tf.nn.softmax(logits)\\n\",\n \" # 定义交叉熵损失函数\\n\",\n \" cross_entropy = tf.nn.softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits(logits=logits, labels=ground_truth_input)\\n\",\n \" cross_entropy_mean = tf.reduce_mean(cross_entropy)\\n\",\n \" train_step = tf.compat.v1.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(LEARNING_RATE).minimize(cross_entropy_mean)\\n\",\n \" # 计算正确率\\n\",\n \" with tf.name_scope('evaluation'):\\n\",\n \" correct_prediction = tf.equal(tf.argmax(final_tensor, 1), tf.argmax(ground_truth_input, 1))\\n\",\n \" evaluation_step = tf.reduce_mean(tf.cast(correct_prediction, tf.float32))\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" with tf.Session() as sess:\\n\",\n \" tf.global_variables_initializer().run()\\n\",\n \" # 训练过程\\n\",\n \" for i in range(STEPS):\\n\",\n \" # 每次获取一个batch的训练数据\\n\",\n \" train_bottlenecks, train_ground_truth = get_random_cached_bottlenecks(\\n\",\n \" sess, n_classes, image_lists, BATCH, 'training', jpeg_data_tensor, bottleneck_tensor)\\n\",\n \" sess.run(train_step, feed_dict={bottleneck_input: train_bottlenecks, ground_truth_input: train_ground_truth})\\n\",\n \" # 在验证集上测试正确率。\\n\",\n \" if i%100 == 0 or i+1 == STEPS:\\n\",\n \" validation_bottlenecks, validation_ground_truth = get_random_cached_bottlenecks(\\n\",\n \" sess, n_classes, image_lists, BATCH, 'validation', jpeg_data_tensor, bottleneck_tensor)\\n\",\n \" validation_accuracy = sess.run(evaluation_step, feed_dict={\\n\",\n \" bottleneck_input:validation_bottlenecks, ground_truth_input: validation_ground_truth})\\n\",\n \" print('Step %d: Validation accuracy on random sampled %d examples = %.1f%%'\\n\",\n \" % (i, BATCH, validation_accuracy*100))\\n\",\n \" # 在最后的测试数据上测试正确率\\n\",\n \" test_bottlenecks, test_ground_truth = get_test_bottlenecks(sess, image_lists, n_classes,\\n\",\n \" jpeg_data_tensor, bottleneck_tensor)\\n\",\n \" test_accuracy = sess.run(evaluation_step, feed_dict={bottleneck_input: test_bottlenecks,\\n\",\n \" ground_truth_input: test_ground_truth})\\n\",\n \" print('Final test accuracy = %.1f%%' % (test_accuracy * 100))\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"markdown\",\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"source\": [\n \"## 开始运行\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 11,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [\n {\n \"name\": \"stderr\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"WARNING: Logging before flag parsing goes to stderr.\\n\",\n \"W0818 10:06:49.402768 140018601760576 module_wrapper.py:136] From /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow_core/python/util/module_wrapper.py:163: The name tf.app.run is deprecated. Please use tf.compat.v1.app.run instead.\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"W0818 10:06:49.440685 140018601760576 deprecation.py:323] From :8: FastGFile.__init__ (from tensorflow.python.platform.gfile) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"Use tf.gfile.GFile.\\n\",\n \"W0818 10:06:49.441340 140018601760576 module_wrapper.py:136] From /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow_core/python/util/module_wrapper.py:163: The name tf.GraphDef is deprecated. Please use tf.compat.v1.GraphDef instead.\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"W0818 10:06:49.918245 140018601760576 deprecation.py:323] From :26: softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits (from tensorflow.python.ops.nn_ops) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"Future major versions of TensorFlow will allow gradients to flow\\n\",\n \"into the labels input on backprop by default.\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"See `tf.nn.softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits_v2`.\\n\",\n \"\\n\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"name\": \"stdout\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"Step 0: Validation accuracy on random sampled 100 examples = 48.0%\\n\",\n \"Step 100: Validation accuracy on random sampled 100 examples = 76.0%\\n\",\n \"Step 200: Validation accuracy on random sampled 100 examples = 85.0%\\n\",\n \"Step 300: Validation accuracy on random sampled 100 examples = 88.0%\\n\",\n \"Step 400: Validation accuracy on random sampled 100 examples = 86.0%\\n\",\n \"Step 500: Validation accuracy on random sampled 100 examples = 88.0%\\n\",\n \"Step 600: Validation accuracy on random sampled 100 examples = 86.0%\\n\",\n \"Step 700: Validation accuracy on random sampled 100 examples = 89.0%\\n\",\n \"Step 800: Validation accuracy on random sampled 100 examples = 90.0%\\n\",\n \"Step 900: Validation accuracy on random sampled 100 examples = 88.0%\\n\",\n \"Step 1000: Validation accuracy on random sampled 100 examples = 92.0%\\n\",\n \"Step 1100: Validation accuracy on random sampled 100 examples = 88.0%\\n\",\n \"Step 1200: Validation accuracy on random sampled 100 examples = 88.0%\\n\",\n \"Step 1300: Validation accuracy on random sampled 100 examples = 89.0%\\n\",\n \"Step 1400: Validation accuracy on random sampled 100 examples = 90.0%\\n\",\n \"Step 1500: Validation accuracy on random sampled 100 examples = 89.0%\\n\",\n \"Step 1600: Validation accuracy on random sampled 100 examples = 90.0%\\n\",\n \"Step 1700: Validation accuracy on random sampled 100 examples = 90.0%\\n\",\n \"Step 1800: Validation accuracy on random sampled 100 examples = 88.0%\\n\",\n \"Step 1900: Validation accuracy on random sampled 100 examples = 91.0%\\n\",\n \"Step 2000: Validation accuracy on random sampled 100 examples = 90.0%\\n\",\n \"Step 2100: Validation accuracy on random sampled 100 examples = 91.0%\\n\",\n \"Step 2200: Validation accuracy on random sampled 100 examples = 91.0%\\n\",\n \"Step 2300: Validation accuracy on random sampled 100 examples = 92.0%\\n\",\n \"Step 2400: Validation accuracy on random sampled 100 examples = 93.0%\\n\",\n \"Step 2500: Validation accuracy on random sampled 100 examples = 86.0%\\n\",\n \"Step 2600: Validation accuracy on random sampled 100 examples = 96.0%\\n\",\n \"Step 2700: Validation accuracy on random sampled 100 examples = 94.0%\\n\",\n \"Step 2800: Validation accuracy on random sampled 100 examples = 81.0%\\n\",\n \"Step 2900: Validation accuracy on random sampled 100 examples = 91.0%\\n\",\n \"Step 3000: Validation accuracy on random sampled 100 examples = 87.0%\\n\",\n \"Step 3100: Validation accuracy on random sampled 100 examples = 90.0%\\n\",\n \"Step 3200: Validation accuracy on random sampled 100 examples = 92.0%\\n\",\n \"Step 3300: Validation accuracy on random sampled 100 examples = 86.0%\\n\",\n \"Step 3400: Validation accuracy on random sampled 100 examples = 87.0%\\n\",\n \"Step 3500: Validation accuracy on random sampled 100 examples = 94.0%\\n\",\n \"Step 3600: Validation accuracy on random sampled 100 examples = 91.0%\\n\",\n \"Step 3700: Validation accuracy on random sampled 100 examples = 95.0%\\n\",\n \"Step 3800: Validation accuracy on random sampled 100 examples = 90.0%\\n\",\n \"Step 3900: Validation accuracy on random sampled 100 examples = 91.0%\\n\",\n \"Step 3999: Validation accuracy on random sampled 100 examples = 85.0%\\n\",\n \"Final test accuracy = 91.2%\\n\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"ename\": \"SystemExit\",\n \"evalue\": \"\",\n \"output_type\": \"error\",\n \"traceback\": [\n \"An exception has occurred, use %tb to see the full traceback.\\n\",\n \"\\u001b[0;31mSystemExit\\u001b[0m\\n\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"name\": \"stderr\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"/usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/IPython/core/interactiveshell.py:3333: UserWarning: To exit: use 'exit', 'quit', or Ctrl-D.\\n\",\n \" warn(\\\"To exit: use 'exit', 'quit', or Ctrl-D.\\\", stacklevel=1)\\n\"\n ]\n }\n ],\n \"source\": [\n \"tf.app.run()\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": null,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": []\n }\n ],\n \"metadata\": {\n \"kernelspec\": {\n \"display_name\": \"Python3\",\n \"language\": \"python\",\n \"name\": \"python3\"\n },\n \"language_info\": {\n \"codemirror_mode\": {\n \"name\": \"ipython\",\n \"version\": 3\n },\n \"file_extension\": \".py\",\n \"mimetype\": \"text/x-python\",\n \"name\": \"python\",\n \"nbconvert_exporter\": \"python\",\n \"pygments_lexer\": \"ipython3\",\n \"version\": \"3.6.2\"\n }\n },\n \"nbformat\": 4,\n \"nbformat_minor\": 2\n}\n"
},
{
"path": "Deep Learning/14. Reinforcement Learning/README.md",
"content": "## 目录\n- [1. 什么是强化学习](#1-什么是强化学习)\n- [2. 强化学习模型](#2-强化学习模型)\n - [2.1 打折的未来奖励](#21-打折的未来奖励)\n - [2.2 Q-Learning算法](#22-q-learning算法)\n - [2.3 Deep Q Learning(DQN)](#23-deep-q-learningdqn)\n- [3. 强化学习和监督学习、无监督学习的区别](#3-强化学习和监督学习无监督学习的区别)\n- [4. 什么是多任务学习](#4-什么是多任务学习)\n- [5. 参考文献](#5-参考文献)\n\n## 1. 什么是强化学习\n\n其他许多机器学习算法中学习器都是学得怎样做，而强化学习（Reinforcement Learning, RL）是在尝试的过程中学习到在特定的情境下选择哪种行动可以得到最大的回报。在很多场景中，当前的行动不仅会影响当前的rewards，还会影响之后的状态和一系列的rewards。RL最重要的3个特定在于： \n\n1. 基本是以一种闭环的形式； \n2. 不会直接指示选择哪种行动（actions）； \n3. 一系列的actions和奖励信号（reward signals）都会影响之后较长的时间。\n\n> 强化学习（Reinforcement Learning, RL），又称再励学习、评价学习或增强学习，是[机器学习](https://baike.baidu.com/item/机器学习/217599)的范式和[方法论](https://baike.baidu.com/item/方法论/82748)之一，用于描述和解决[智能体](https://baike.baidu.com/item/智能体/9446647)（agent）在与环境的交互过程中通过学习策略以达成回报最大化或实现特定目标的问题 [1] 。\n\n\n\n上图中agent代表自身，如果是自动驾驶，agent就是车；如果你玩游戏它就是你当前控制的游戏角色，如马里奥，马里奥往前走时环境就一直在发生变化，有小怪物或者障碍物出现，它需要通过跳跃来进行躲避，就是要做action（如向前走和跳起的动作）；无人驾驶的action就是车左转、右转或刹车等等，它无时无刻都在与环境产生交互，action会反馈给环境，进而改变环境，如果自动驾驶的车行驶目标是100米，它向前开了10米，那环境就发生了变化，所以每次产生action都会导致环境改变，环境的改变会反馈给自身（agent），就是这样的一个循环；反馈又两种方式：\n\n1. 做的好（reward）即正反馈，\n2. 做得不好（punishment惩罚）即负反馈。\n\n**Agent可能做得好，也可能做的不好，环境始终都会给它反馈，agent会尽量去做对自身有利的决策，通过反反复复这样的一个循环，agent会越来越做的好，就像孩子在成长过程中会逐渐明辨是非，这就是强化学习。**\n\n## 2. 强化学习模型\n\n\n\n如上图左边所示，一个agent(例如：玩家/智能体等)做出了一个action，对environment造成了影响，也就是改变了state，而environment为了反馈给agent，agent就得到了一个奖励(例如：积分/分数)，不断的进行这样的循环，直到结束为止。\n\n上述过程就相当于一个**马尔可夫决策过程**，为什么这样叫呢？因为符合**马儿可夫假设**：\n\n- 当前状态 St 只由上一个状态 St-1 和行为所决定，而和前序的更多的状态是没有关系的。\n\n上图右边所示，S0 状态经过了 a0 的行为后，获得了奖励 r1 ，变成了状态S1，后又经过了 a0 行为得到奖励 r2，变成了状态 S2 ，如此往复循环，直到结束为止。\n\n### 2.1 打折的未来奖励\n\n通过以上的描述，大家都已经确定了一个概念，也就是agent(智能体)在当下做出的决定肯定使得未来收益最大化，那么，一个马儿可夫决策过程对应的奖励总和为：\n\n\n\nt 时刻(当下)的未来奖励，只考虑后面的奖励，前面的改变不了：\n\n\n\n接下来，**当前的情况下做出的动作是能够得到结果的，但对于未来的影响是一个不确定的，**这也符合我们的真实世界，比如谁都不知道一只蝴蝶只是煽动了一次翅膀会造成飓风式的影响(蝴蝶效应)。所以，当前的行为对于未来是不确定性的，要打一个折扣，也就是加入一个系数gamma，是一个 0 到 1 的值：\n\n\n\n离当前越远的时间，gamma的惩罚系数就会越大，也就是越不确定。为的就是在当前和未来的决策中取得一个平衡。gamma取 0 ，相当于不考虑未来，只考虑当下，是一种很短视的做法；而gamma取 1 ，则完全考虑了未来，又有点过虑了。所以一般gamma会取 0 到 1 之间的一个值。\n\nRt 可以用 Rt+1 来表示，写成递推式：\n\n\n\n### 2.2 Q-Learning算法\n\n**Q(s, a)函数(Quality)，**质量函数用来表示智能体在s状态下采用a动作并在**之后采取最优动作条件下**的打折的未来奖励(先不管未来的动作如何选择)：\n\n=maxR_{t+1})\n\n假设有了这个Q函数，那么我们就能够求得在当前 t 时刻当中，做出各个决策的最大收益值，通过对比这些收益值，就能够**得到 t 时刻某个决策是这些决策当中收益最高。**\n\n=argmax_aQ(s,a))\n\n于是乎，根据Q函数的递推公式可以得到：\n\n=r+\\gamma_{}max_aQ(s_{t+1},a_{t+1}))\n\n**这就是注明的贝尔曼公式。**贝尔曼公式实际非常合理。对于某个状态来讲，最大化未来奖励相当于\n最大化即刻奖励与下一状态最大未来奖励之和。\n\n**Q-learning的核心思想是：**我们能够通过贝尔曼公式迭代地近似Q-函数。\n\n### 2.3 Deep Q Learning(DQN)\n\nDeep Q Learning(DQN)是一种融合了神经网络和的Q-Learning方法。\n\n#### 2.3.1 神经网络的作用\n\n\n\n使用表格来存储每一个状态 state, 和在这个 state 每个行为 action 所拥有的 Q 值. 而当今问题是在太复杂, 状态可以多到比天上的星星还多(比如下围棋). 如果全用表格来存储它们, 恐怕我们的计算机有再大的内存都不够, 而且每次在这么大的表格中搜索对应的状态也是一件很耗时的事. 不过, 在机器学习中, 有一种方法对这种事情很在行, 那就是神经网络. \n\n我们可以将状态和动作当成神经网络的输入, 然后经过神经网络分析后得到动作的 Q 值, 这样我们就没必要在表格中记录 Q 值, 而是直接使用神经网络生成 Q 值. \n\n还有一种形式的是这样, 我们也能只输入状态值, 输出所有的动作值, 然后按照 Q learning 的原则, 直接选择拥有最大值的动作当做下一步要做的动作. \n\n我们可以想象, 神经网络接受外部的信息, 相当于眼睛鼻子耳朵收集信息, 然后通过大脑加工输出每种动作的值, 最后通过强化学习的方式选择动作.\n\n#### 2.3.2 神经网络计算Q值\n\n这一部分就跟监督学习的神经网络一样了我，输入状态值，输出为Q值，根据大量的数据去训练神经网络的参数，最终得到Q-Learning的计算模型，这时候我们就可以利用这个模型来进行强化学习了。\n\n\n\n## 3. 强化学习和监督学习、无监督学习的区别\n\n1. 监督式学习就好比你在学习的时候，有一个导师在旁边指点，他知道怎么是对的怎么是错的。\n\n 强化学习会在没有任何标签的情况下，通过先尝试做出一些行为得到一个结果，通过这个结果是对还是错的反馈，调整之前的行为，就这样不断的调整，算法能够学习到在什么样的情况下选择什么样的行为可以得到最好的结果。\n\n2. 监督式学习出的是之间的关系，可以告诉算法什么样的输入对应着什么样的输出。监督学习做了比较坏的选择会立刻反馈给算法。\n\n 强化学习出的是给机器的反馈 reward function，即用来判断这个行为是好是坏。 另外强化学习的结果反馈有延时，有时候可能需要走了很多步以后才知道以前的某一步的选择是好还是坏。\n\n3. 监督学习的输入是独立同分布的。\n\n 强化学习面对的输入总是在变化，每当算法做出一个行为，它影响下一次决策的输入。\n\n4. 监督学习算法不考虑这种平衡，就只是 exploitative。\n\n 强化学习，一个 agent 可以在探索和开发（exploration and exploitation）之间做权衡，并且选择一个最大的回报。\n\n5. 非监督式不是学习输入到输出的映射，而是模式(自动映射)。\n\n 对强化学习来说，它通过对没有概念标记、但与一个延迟奖赏或效用（可视为延迟的概念标记）相关联的训练例进行学习，以获得某种从状态到行动的映射。\n\n**强化学习和前二者的本质区别**:没有前两者具有的明确数据概念，它不知道结果，只有目标。数据概念就是大量的数据，有监督学习、无监督学习需要大量数据去训练优化你建立的模型。\n\n| | 监督学习 | 非监督学习 | 强化学习 |\n| ---- | ---------------- | -------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ |\n| 标签 | 正确且严格的标签 | 没有标签 | 没有标签，通过结果反馈调整 |\n| 输入 | 独立同分布 | 独立同分布 | 输入总是在变化，每当算法做出一个行为，它影响下一次决策的输入。 |\n| 输出 | 输入对应输出 | 自学习映射关系 | reward function，即结果用来判断这个行为是好是坏 |\n\n## 4. 什么是多任务学习\n\n在机器学习中，我们通常关心优化某一特定指标，不管这个指标是一个标准值，还是企业KPI。为了达到这个目标，我们训练单一模型或多个模型集合来完成指定得任务。然后，我们通过精细调参，来改进模型直至性能不再提升。尽管这样做可以针对一个任务得到一个可接受得性能，但是我们可能忽略了一些信息，这些信息有助于在我们关心的指标上做得更好。具体来说，这些信息就是相关任务的监督数据。**通过在相关任务间共享表示信息，我们的模型在原始任务上泛化性能更好。这种方法称为多任务学习（Multi-Task Learning）**\n\n在不同的任务中都会有一些共性，而这些共性就构成了多任务学习的一个连接点，也就是任务都需要通过这个共性能得出结果来的。比如电商场景中的点击率和转化率，都要依赖于同一份数据的输入和神经网络层次。多语种语音识别等。\n\n\n\n## 5. 参考文献\n\n- [GitHub]([https://github.com/scutan90/DeepLearning-500-questions/blob/master/ch10_%E5%BC%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0/%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E7%AB%A0_%E5%BC%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0.md](https://github.com/scutan90/DeepLearning-500-questions/blob/master/ch10_强化学习/第十章_强化学习.md))\n- [强化学习](https://morvanzhou.github.io/tutorials/machine-learning/reinforcement-learning/)\n\n------\n\n> 作者：[@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> GitHub：[https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> 欢迎大家加入讨论！共同完善此项目！群号：【541954936】\n\n\n\n\n"
},
{
"path": "Deep Learning/15. DL Optimizer/README.md",
"content": "## 目录\n- [1. 训练误差和泛化误差](#1-训练误差和泛化误差)\n- [2. 该如何选择模型](#2-该如何选择模型)\n - [2.1 验证数据集](#21-验证数据集)\n - [2.2 K 折交叉验证](#22-k-折交叉验证)\n- [3. ⽋拟合和过拟合](#3-⽋拟合和过拟合)\n- [4. 丢弃法(Dropout)](#4-丢弃法dropout)\n- [5. 梯度消失/梯度爆炸（Vanishing / Exploding gradients）](#5-梯度消失梯度爆炸vanishing--exploding-gradients)\n- [6. 随机梯度下降法(SGD)](#6-随机梯度下降法sgd)\n - [6.1 mini-batch梯度下降](#61-mini-batch梯度下降)\n - [6.2 调节 Batch_Size 对训练效果影响到底如何？](#62-调节-batch_size-对训练效果影响到底如何)\n- [7. 优化算法](#7-优化算法)\n - [7.1 动量法](#71-动量法)\n - [7.2 AdaGrad算法](#72-adagrad算法)\n - [7.3 RMSProp算法](#73-rmsprop算法)\n - [7.4 AdaDelta算法](#74-adadelta算法)\n - [7.5 Adam算法](#75-adam算法)\n - [7.6 局部最优--鞍点问题](#76-局部最优--鞍点问题)\n- [8. 如何解决训练样本少的问题](#8-如何解决训练样本少的问题)\n- [9. 如何提升模型的稳定性？](#9-如何提升模型的稳定性)\n- [10. 有哪些改善模型的思路](#10-有哪些改善模型的思路)\n- [11. 如何提高深度学习系统的性能](#11-如何提高深度学习系统的性能)\n- [12. 参考文献](#12-参考文献)\n\n## 1. 训练误差和泛化误差\n\n机器学习模型在训练数据集和测试数据集上的表现。如果你改变过实验中的模型结构或者超参数，你也许发现了：当模型在训练数据集上更准确时，它在测试数据集上却不⼀定更准确。这是为什么呢？\n\n因为存在着训练误差和泛化误差：\n\n- **训练误差：**模型在训练数据集上表现出的误差。\n- **泛化误差：**模型在任意⼀个测试数据样本上表现出的误差的期望，并常常通过测试数据集上的误差来近似。\n\n训练误差的期望小于或等于泛化误差。也就是说，⼀般情况下，由训练数据集学到的模型参数会使模型在训练数据集上的表现优于或等于在测试数据集上的表现。**由于⽆法从训练误差估计泛化误差，⼀味地降低训练误差并不意味着泛化误差⼀定会降低。**\n\n**机器学习模型应关注降低泛化误差。**\n\n## 2. 该如何选择模型\n\n在机器学习中，通常需要评估若⼲候选模型的表现并从中选择模型。这⼀过程称为模型选择（model selection）。可供选择的候选模型可以是有着不同超参数的同类模型。以多层感知机为例，我们可以选择隐藏层的个数，以及每个隐藏层中隐藏单元个数和激活函数。为了得到有效的模型，我们通常要在模型选择上下⼀番功夫。\n\n### 2.1 验证数据集\n\n从严格意义上讲，测试集只能在所有超参数和模型参数选定后使⽤⼀次。不可以使⽤测试数据选择模型，如调参。由于⽆法从训练误差估计泛化误差，因此也不应只依赖训练数据选择模型。鉴于此，我们可以预留⼀部分在训练数据集和测试数据集以外的数据来进⾏模型选择。这部分数据被称为验证数据集，简称验证集（validation set）。例如，我们可以从给定的训练集中随机选取⼀小部分作为验证集，而将剩余部分作为真正的训练集。\n\n可以通过预留这样的验证集来进行模型选择，判断验证集在模型中的表现能力。\n\n### 2.2 K 折交叉验证\n\n由于验证数据集不参与模型训练，当训练数据不够⽤时，预留⼤量的验证数据显得太奢侈。⼀种改善的⽅法是K折交叉验证（K-fold cross-validation）。在K折交叉验证中，我们把原始训练数据集分割成K个不重合的⼦数据集，然后我们做K次模型训练和验证。每⼀次，我们使⽤⼀个⼦数据集验证模型，并使⽤其他K − 1个⼦数据集来训练模型。在这K次训练和验证中，每次⽤来验证模型的⼦数据集都不同。最后，我们对这K次训练误差和验证误差分别求平均。\n\n## 3. ⽋拟合和过拟合\n\n- **欠拟合：**模型⽆法得到较低的训练误差。\n- **过拟合：**是模型的训练误差远小于它在测试数据集上的误差。\n\n给定训练数据集，\n\n- 如果模型的复杂度过低，很容易出现⽋拟合；\n- 如果模型复杂度过⾼，很容易出现过拟合。\n\n应对⽋拟合和过拟合的⼀个办法是针对数据集选择合适复杂度的模型。\n\n\n\n**训练数据集⼤⼩**\n\n影响⽋拟合和过拟合的另⼀个重要因素是训练数据集的⼤小。⼀般来说，如果训练数据集中样本数过少，特别是⽐模型参数数量（按元素计）更少时，过拟合更容易发⽣。此外，泛化误差不会随训练数据集⾥样本数量增加而增⼤。因此，在计算资源允许的范围之内，我们通常希望训练数据集⼤⼀些，特别是在模型复杂度较⾼时，例如层数较多的深度学习模型。\n\n**正则化**\n\n应对过拟合问题的常⽤⽅法：权重衰减（weight decay），权重衰减等价于L2范数正则化（regularization）。正则化通过为模型损失函数添加惩罚项使学出的模型参数值较小，是应对过拟合的常⽤⼿段。\n\n## 4. 丢弃法(Dropout)\n\n除了上面提到的权重衰减以外，深度学习模型常常使⽤丢弃法（dropout）来应对过拟合问题。丢弃法有⼀些不同的变体。本节中提到的丢弃法特指倒置丢弃法（inverted dropout）。\n\n回忆⼀下，“多层感知机”描述了⼀个单隐藏层的多层感知机。其中输⼊个数为4，隐藏单元个数为5，且隐藏单元hi（i = 1, . . . , 5）的计算表达式为：\n\n)\n\n这⾥ϕ是激活函数，x1, . . . , x4是输⼊，隐藏单元i的权重参数为w1i, . . . , w4i，偏差参数为bi。当对该隐藏层使⽤丢弃法时，该层的隐藏单元将有⼀定概率被丢弃掉。设丢弃概率为p，那么有p的概率hi会被清零，有1 − p的概率hi会除以1 − p做拉伸。丢弃概率是丢弃法的超参数。具体来说，设随机变量ξi为0和1的概率分别为p和1 − p。使⽤丢弃法时我们计算新的隐藏单元 。\n\n\n\n由于E(ξi) = 1 − p，因此：\n\n\n\n**即丢弃法不改变其输⼊的期望值。**让我们对隐藏层使⽤丢弃法，⼀种可能的结果如下图所⽰，其中h2和h5被清零。这时输出值的计算不再依赖h2和h5，在反向传播时，与这两个隐藏单元相关的权重的梯度均为0。由于在训练中隐藏层神经元的丢弃是随机的，即h1, . . . , h5都有可能被清零，输出层的计算⽆法过度依赖h1, . . . , h5中的任⼀个，从而在训练模型时起到正则化的作⽤，并可以⽤来应对过拟合。在测试模型时，我们为了拿到更加确定性的结果，⼀般不使⽤丢弃法。\n\n\n\n## 5. 梯度消失/梯度爆炸（Vanishing / Exploding gradients）\n\n训练神经网络，尤其是深度神经所面临的一个问题就是梯度消失或梯度爆炸，也就是你训练神经网络的时候，导数或坡度有时会变得非常大，或者非常小，甚至于以指数方式变小，这加大了训练的难度。\n\n本质上，梯度消失和爆炸是一种情况。在深层网络中，由于网络过深，如果初始得到的梯度过小，或者传播途中在某一层上过小，则在之后的层上得到的梯度会越来越小，即产生了梯度消失。梯度爆炸也是同样的。一般地，不合理的初始化以及激活函数，如sigmoid等，都会导致梯度过大或者过小，从而引起消失/爆炸。\n\n**解决方案**\n\n1. **预训练加微调**\n\n 其基本思想是每次训练一层隐节点，训练时将上一层隐节点的输出作为输入，而本层隐节点的输出作为下一层隐节点的输入，此过程就是逐层“预训练”（pre-training）；在预训练完成后，再对整个网络进行“微调”（fine-tunning）。\n\n 此方法有一定的好处，但是目前应用的不是很多了。\n\n2. **梯度剪切、正则**\n\n 梯度剪切这个方案主要是针对梯度爆炸提出的，其思想是设置一个梯度剪切阈值，然后更新梯度的时候，如果梯度超过这个阈值，那么就将其强制限制在这个范围之内。这可以防止梯度爆炸。\n\n 另外一种解决梯度爆炸的手段是采用权重正则化（weithts regularization）比较常见的是L1和L2正则。\n\n3. **ReLu、leakReLu等激活函数**\n\n ReLu：其函数的导数在正数部分是恒等于1，这样在深层网络中，在激活函数部分就不存在导致梯度过大或者过小的问题，缓解了梯度消失或者爆炸。同时也方便计算。当然，其也存在存在一些缺点，例如过滤到了负数部分，导致部分信息的丢失，输出的数据分布不在以0为中心，改变了数据分布。\n\n leakrelu：就是为了解决relu的0区间带来的影响，其数学表达为：leakrelu=max(k*x,0)其中k是leak系数，一般选择0.01或者0.02，或者通过学习而来。\n\n4. **Batch Normalization**\n\n Batch Normalization是深度学习发展以来提出的最重要的成果之一了，目前已经被广泛的应用到了各大网络中，具有加速网络收敛速度，提升训练稳定性的效果，Batch Normalization本质上是解决反向传播过程中的梯度问题。Batch Normalization，简称BN，即批规范化，通过规范化操作将输出信号x规范化到均值为0，方差为1保证网络的稳定性。\n\n - 有一些从 0 到 1 而不是从 1 到 1000 的特征值，通过归一化所有的输入特征值𝑥，以获得类似范围的值，可以加速学习。所以 Batch 归一化起的作用的原因，直观的一点就是，它在做类似的工作，但不仅仅对于这里的输入值，还有隐藏单元的值。\n - 它可以使权重比你的网络更滞后或更深层，比如，第 10 层的权重更能经受得住变化。\n\n5. **残差结构**\n\n 残差的方式，能使得深层的网络梯度通过跳级连接路径直接返回到浅层部分，使得网络无论多深都能将梯度进行有效的回传。\n\n6. **LSTM**\n\n LSTM全称是长短期记忆网络（long-short term memory networks），是不那么容易发生梯度消失的，主要原因在于LSTM内部复杂的“门”(gates)。在计算时，将过程中的梯度进行了抵消。\n\n## 6. 随机梯度下降法(SGD)\n\n### 6.1 mini-batch梯度下降\n\n你可以把训练集分割为小一点的子集训练，这些子集被取名为 **mini-batch**，假设每一个子集中只有 1000 个样本，那么把其中的𝑥 (1)到𝑥 (1000)取出来，将其称为第一个子训练集，也叫做 **mini-batch**，然后你再取出接下来的 1000 个样本，从𝑥 (1001)到𝑥 (2000)，然后再取 1000个样本，以此类推。\n\n在训练集上运行 **mini-batch** 梯度下降法，你运行 for t=1……5000，因为我们有5000个各有 1000 个样本的组，在 **for** 循环里你要做得基本就是对𝑋 {𝑡}和𝑌 {𝑡}执行一步梯度下降法。 \n\n- batch_size=1，就是SGD。\n- batch_size=n，就是mini-batch\n- batch_size=m，就是batch\n\n其中1 0，动量法对每次迭代的步骤做如下修改：\n\n\n\n其中，动量超参数γ满⾜0 ≤ γ < 1。当γ = 0时，动量法等价于小批量随机梯度下降。在梯度下降时候使用动量法后的迭代轨迹：\n\n\n\n可以看到使⽤较小的学习率η = 0.4和动量超参数γ = 0.5时，动量法在竖直⽅向上的移动更加平滑，且在⽔平⽅向上更快逼近最优解。\n\n所以，在动量法中，⾃变量在各个⽅向上的移动幅度不仅取决当前梯度，还取决于过去的各个梯度在各个⽅向上是否⼀致。在本节之前⽰例的优化问题中，所有梯度在⽔平⽅向上为正（向右），而在竖直⽅向上时正（向上）时负（向下）。这样，我们就可以使⽤较⼤的学习率，从而使⾃变量向最优解更快移动。\n\n### 7.2 AdaGrad算法\n\n优化算法中，⽬标函数⾃变量的每⼀个元素在相同时间步都使⽤同⼀个学习率来⾃我迭代。在“动量法”⾥我们看到当x1和x2的梯度值有较⼤差别时，需要选择⾜够小的学习率使得⾃变量在梯度值较⼤的维度上不发散。但这样会导致⾃变量在梯度值较小的维度上迭代过慢。动量法依赖指数加权移动平均使得⾃变量的更新⽅向更加⼀致，从而降低发散的可能。**本节我们介绍AdaGrad算法，它根据⾃变量在每个维度的梯度值的⼤小来调整各个维度上的学习率，从而避免统⼀的学习率难以适应所有维度的问题。**\n\nAdaGrad算法会使⽤⼀个小批量随机梯度gt按元素平⽅的累加变量st。在时间步0，AdaGrad将s0中每个元素初始化为0。在时间步t，⾸先将小批量随机梯度gt按元素平⽅后累加到变量st：\n\n\n\n其中⊙是按元素相乘。接着，我们将⽬标函数⾃变量中每个元素的学习率通过按元素运算重新调整⼀下：\n\n\n\n其中η是学习率，ϵ是为了维持数值稳定性而添加的常数，如10的-6次方。这⾥开⽅、除法和乘法的运算都是按元素运算的。这些按元素运算使得⽬标函数⾃变量中每个元素都分别拥有⾃⼰的学习率。\n\n需要强调的是，小批量随机梯度按元素平⽅的累加变量st出现在学习率的分⺟项中。因此，\n\n- 如果⽬标函数有关⾃变量中某个元素的偏导数⼀直都较⼤，那么该元素的学习率将下降较快；\n- 反之，如果⽬标函数有关⾃变量中某个元素的偏导数⼀直都较小，那么该元素的学习率将下降较慢。\n\n然而，由于st⼀直在累加按元素平⽅的梯度，⾃变量中每个元素的学习率在迭代过程中⼀直在降低（或不变）。**所以，当学习率在迭代早期降得较快且当前解依然不佳时，AdaGrad算法在迭代后期由于学习率过小，可能较难找到⼀个有⽤的解。**\n\n\n\n### 7.3 RMSProp算法\n\n当学习率在迭代早期降得较快且当前解依然不佳时，AdaGrad算法在迭代后期由于学习率过小，可能较难找到⼀个有⽤的解。为了解决这⼀问题，RMSProp算法对AdaGrad算法做了⼀点小小的修改。\n\n不同于AdaGrad算法⾥状态变量st是截⾄时间步t所有小批量随机梯度gt按元素平⽅和，RMSProp算法将这些梯度按元素平⽅做指数加权移动平均。具体来说，给定超参数0 ≤ γ < 1，RMSProp算法在时间步t > 0计算：\n\n\n\n和AdaGrad算法⼀样，RMSProp算法将⽬标函数⾃变量中每个元素的学习率通过按元素运算重新调整，然后更新⾃变量：\n\n\n\n其中η是学习率，ϵ是为了维持数值稳定性而添加的常数，如10的-6次方。因为RMSProp算法的状态变量st是对平⽅项gt ⊙ gt的指数加权移动平均，**所以可以看作是最近1/(1 − γ)个时间步的小批量随机梯度平⽅项的加权平均。如此⼀来，⾃变量每个元素的学习率在迭代过程中就不再⼀直降低（或不变）。**\n\n\n\n### 7.4 AdaDelta算法\n\n除了RMSProp算法以外，另⼀个常⽤优化算法AdaDelta算法也针对AdaGrad算法在迭代后期可能较难找到有⽤解的问题做了改进。有意思的是，AdaDelta算法没有学习率这⼀超参数。\n\nAdaDelta算法也像RMSProp算法⼀样，使⽤了小批量随机梯度gt按元素平⽅的指数加权移动平均变量st。在时间步0，它的所有元素被初始化为0。给定超参数0 ≤ ρ < 1（对应RMSProp算法中的γ），在时间步t > 0，同RMSProp算法⼀样计算：\n\n\n\n与RMSProp算法不同的是，AdaDelta算法还维护⼀个额外的状态变量∆xt，其元素同样在时间步0时被初始化为0。我们使⽤∆xt−1来计算⾃变量的变化量：\n\n\n\n最后，我们使⽤∆xt来记录⾃变量变化量 按元素平⽅的指数加权移动平均：\n\n\n\n可以看到，如不考虑ϵ的影响，AdaDelta算法与RMSProp算法的不同之处在于使⽤ 来替代超参数η。\n\n### 7.5 Adam算法\n\nAdam算法在RMSProp算法基础上对小批量随机梯度也做了指数加权移动平均。\n\nAdam算法使⽤了动量变量vt和RMSProp算法中小批量随机梯度按元素平⽅的指数加权移动平均变量st，并在时间步0将它们中每个元素初始化为0。给定超参数0 ≤ β1 < 1（算法作者建议设为0.9），时间步t的动量变量vt即小批量随机梯度gt的指数加权移动平均：\n\ng_t)\n\n和RMSProp算法中⼀样，给定超参数0 ≤ β2 < 1（算法作者建议设为0.999），将小批量随机梯度按元素平⽅后的项gt ⊙ gt做指数加权移动平均得到st：\n\n\n\n由于我们将 v0 和 s0 中的元素都初始化为 0，在时间步 t 我们得到 \\sum_{i=1}^t\\beta_1^{t-i}g_i)。将过去各时间步小批量随机梯度的权值相加，得到 \\sum_{i=1}^t\\beta_1^{t-i}=1-\\beta_1^t)。需要注意的是，当 t 较小时，过去各时间步小批量随机梯度权值之和会较小。例如，当β1 = 0.9时，v1 = 0.1g1。为了消除这样的影响，对于任意时间步 t，我们可以将 vt 再除以 ，从而使过去各时间步小批量随机梯度权值之和为1。这也叫作偏差修正。在Adam算法中，我们对变量 vt 和 st 均作偏差修正：\n\n\n\n\n\n接下来，Adam算法使⽤以上偏差修正后的变量***v***ˆ*t*和***s***ˆ*t*，将模型参数中每个元素的学习率通过按元素运算重新调整： \n\n\n\n其中*η*是学习率，*ϵ*是为了维持数值稳定性而添加的常数，如10的-8次方。和AdaGrad算法、RMSProp算法以及AdaDelta算法⼀样，⽬标函数⾃变量中每个元素都分别拥有⾃⼰的学习率。最后，使⽤迭代⾃变量： \n\n\n\n### 7.6 局部最优--鞍点问题\n\n一个具有高维度空间的函数，如果梯度为 0，那么在每个方向，它可能是凸函数，也可能是凹函数。如果你在 2 万维空间中，那么想要得到局部最优，所有的 2 万个方向都需要是这样，但发生的机率也许很小，也许是2的-20000次方，你更有可能遇到有些方向的曲线会这样向上弯曲，另一些方向曲线向下弯，而不是所有的都向上弯曲，因此在高维度空间，你更可能碰到鞍点。\n\n\n\n而不会碰到局部最优。**至于为什么会把一个曲面叫做鞍点，**你想象一下，就像是放在马背上的马鞍一样，如果这是马，这是马的头，这就是马的眼睛，画得不好请多包涵，然后你就是骑马的人，要坐在马鞍上，因此这里的这个点，导数为 0 的点，这个点叫做鞍点。我想那确实是你坐在马鞍上的那个点，而这里导数为 0。\n\n鞍点中的平稳段是一个问题，这样使得学习十分缓慢，**这也是像 Momentum 或是RMSprop，Adam 这样的算法，能够加速学习算法的地方。**在这些情况下，更成熟的优化算法，如 Adam 算法，能够加快速度，让你尽早往下走出平稳段。\n\n## 8. 如何解决训练样本少的问题\n\n1. **利用预训练模型进行迁移微调（fine-tuning），**预训练模型通常在特征上拥有很好的语义表达。此时，只需将模型在小数据集上进行微调就能取得不错的效果。CV有ImageNet，NLP有BERT等。\n2. **数据集进行下采样操作，**使得符合数据同分布。\n3. 数据集增强、正则或者半监督学习等方式来解决小样本数据集的训练问题。\n\n## 9. 如何提升模型的稳定性？\n\n1. 正则化（L2, L1, dropout）：模型方差大，很可能来自于过拟合。正则化能有效的降低模型的复杂度，增加对更多分布的适应性。\n2. 前停止训练：提前停止是指模型在验证集上取得不错的性能时停止训练。这种方式本质和正则化是一个道理，能减少方差的同时增加的偏差。目的为了平衡训练集和未知数据之间在模型的表现差异。\n3. 扩充训练集：正则化通过控制模型复杂度，来增加更多样本的适应性。\n4. 特征选择：过高的特征维度会使模型过拟合，减少特征维度和正则一样可能会处理好方差问题，但是同时会增大偏差。\n\n## 10. 有哪些改善模型的思路\n\n1. **数据角度 **\n\n 增强数据集。无论是有监督还是无监督学习，数据永远是最重要的驱动力。更多的类型数据对良好的模型能带来更好的稳定性和对未知数据的可预见性。对模型来说，“看到过的总比没看到的更具有判别的信心”。\n\n2. **模型角度**\n\n 模型的容限能力决定着模型可优化的空间。在数据量充足的前提下，对同类型的模型，增大模型规模来提升容限无疑是最直接和有效的手段。\n\n3. **调参优化角度**\n\n 如果你知道模型的性能为什么不再提高了，那已经向提升性能跨出了一大步。 超参数调整本身是一个比较大的问题。一般可以包含模型初始化的配置，优化算法的选取、学习率的策略以及如何配置正则和损失函数等等。\n\n4. **训练角度**\n\n 在越大规模的数据集或者模型上，诚然一个好的优化算法总能加速收敛。但你在未探索到模型的上限之前，永远不知道训练多久算训练完成。所以在改善模型上充分训练永远是最必要的过程。充分训练的含义不仅仅只是增大训练轮数。有效的学习率衰减和正则同样是充分训练中非常必要的手段。\n\n## 11. 如何提高深度学习系统的性能\n\n1. 提高模型的结构。\n2. 改进模型的初始化方式，保证早期梯度具有某些有益的性质，或者具备大量的稀疏性，或者利用线性代数原理的优势。\n3. 择更强大的学习算法。\n\n## 12. 参考文献\n\n- [动手学--深度学习](http://zh.gluon.ai/)\n- [吴恩达--深度学习笔记](https://github.com/fengdu78/deeplearning_ai_books)\n- [GitHub](https://github.com/scutan90/DeepLearning-500-questions)\n- [百面机器学习](https://www.lanzous.com/i56i24f)\n\n------\n\n> 作者：[@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> GitHub：[https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> 欢迎大家加入讨论！共同完善此项目！群号：【541954936】\n"
},
{
"path": "Deep Learning/README.md",
"content": "------\n\n\n\n## 目录\n\n| 模块 | 章节 | 负责人(GitHub) | 联系QQ |\n| -------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ | --------------------------------------- | --------- |\n| 深度学习 | [10.神经网络(Neural Network)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Deep%20Learning/10.%20Neural%20Network) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 深度学习 | [11. 卷积神经网络(CNN)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Deep%20Learning/11.%20CNN) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 深度学习 | [12. 循环神经网络(RNN)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Deep%20Learning/12.%20RNN) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 深度学习 | [12.1 门控循环单元(GRU)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Deep%20Learning/12.1%20GRU) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 深度学习 | [12.2 长短期记忆(LSTM)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Deep%20Learning/12.2%20LSTM) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 深度学习 | [13.迁移学习(Transfer)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Deep%20Learning/13.%20Transfer%20Learning) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 深度学习 | [14.强化学习(Reinforcement) & 多任务](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Deep%20Learning/14.%20Reinforcement%20Learning) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 深度学习 | [15. 深度学习的优化方法](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Deep%20Learning/15.%20DL%20Optimizer) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n\n\n> 欢迎大家加入！共同完善此项目！NLP学习QQ2群【207576902】\n\n\n"
},
{
"path": "Machine Learning/2.Logistics Regression/2.Logistics Regression.md",
"content": "## 目录\n- [1. 什么是逻辑回归](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/2.Logistics%20Regression#1-什么是逻辑回归)\n- [2. 什么是Sigmoid函数](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/2.Logistics%20Regression#2-什么是sigmoid函数)\n- [3. 损失函数是什么](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/2.Logistics%20Regression#3-损失函数是什么)\n- [4.可以进行多分类吗？](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/2.Logistics%20Regression#4可以进行多分类吗)\n- [5.逻辑回归有什么优点](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/2.Logistics%20Regression#5逻辑回归有什么优点)\n- [6. 逻辑回归有哪些应用](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/2.Logistics%20Regression#6-逻辑回归有哪些应用)\n- [7. 逻辑回归常用的优化方法有哪些](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/2.Logistics%20Regression#7-逻辑回归常用的优化方法有哪些)\n - [7.1 一阶方法](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/2.Logistics%20Regression#71-一阶方法)\n - [7.2 二阶方法：牛顿法、拟牛顿法：](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/2.Logistics%20Regression#72-二阶方法牛顿法拟牛顿法)\n- [8. 逻辑斯特回归为什么要对特征进行离散化。](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/2.Logistics%20Regression#8-逻辑斯特回归为什么要对特征进行离散化)\n- [9. 逻辑回归的目标函数中增大L1正则化会是什么结果。](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/2.Logistics%20Regression#9-逻辑回归的目标函数中增大l1正则化会是什么结果)\n- [10. 代码实现](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Machine%20Learning/2.Logistics%20Regression/demo/CreditScoring.ipynb)\n\n## 1. 什么是逻辑回归\n\n逻辑回归是用来做分类算法的，大家都熟悉线性回归，一般形式是Y=aX+b，y的取值范围是[-∞, +∞]，有这么多取值，怎么进行分类呢？不用担心，伟大的数学家已经为我们找到了一个方法。\n\n也就是把Y的结果带入一个非线性变换的**Sigmoid函数**中，即可得到[0,1]之间取值范围的数S，S可以把它看成是一个概率值，如果我们设置概率阈值为0.5，那么S大于0.5可以看成是正样本，小于0.5看成是负样本，就可以进行分类了。\n\n## 2. 什么是Sigmoid函数\n\n函数公式如下：\n\n\n\n函数中t无论取什么值，其结果都在[0,-1]的区间内，回想一下，一个分类问题就有两种答案，一种是“是”，一种是“否”，那0对应着“否”，1对应着“是”，那又有人问了，你这不是[0,1]的区间吗，怎么会只有0和1呢？这个问题问得好，我们假设分类的**阈值**是0.5，那么超过0.5的归为1分类，低于0.5的归为0分类，阈值是可以自己设定的。\n\n好了，接下来我们把aX+b带入t中就得到了我们的逻辑回归的一般模型方程：\n\n=\\frac{1}{1+e^{(aX+b)}})\n\n结果P也可以理解为概率，换句话说概率大于0.5的属于1分类，概率小于0.5的属于0分类，这就达到了分类的目的。\n\n## 3. 损失函数是什么\n\n逻辑回归的损失函数是 **log loss**，也就是**对数似然函数**，函数公式如下：\n\n\n\n公式中的 y=1 表示的是真实值为1时用第一个公式，真实 y=0 用第二个公式计算损失。为什么要加上log函数呢？可以试想一下，当真实样本为1是，但h=0概率，那么log0=∞，这就对模型最大的惩罚力度；当h=1时，那么log1=0，相当于没有惩罚，也就是没有损失，达到最优结果。所以数学家就想出了用log函数来表示损失函数。\n\n最后按照梯度下降法一样，求解极小值点，得到想要的模型效果。\n\n## 4.可以进行多分类吗？\n\n可以的，其实我们可以从二分类问题过度到多分类问题(one vs rest)，思路步骤如下：\n\n1.将类型class1看作正样本，其他类型全部看作负样本，然后我们就可以得到样本标记类型为该类型的概率p1。\n\n2.然后再将另外类型class2看作正样本，其他类型全部看作负样本，同理得到p2。\n\n3.以此循环，我们可以得到该待预测样本的标记类型分别为类型class i时的概率pi，最后我们取pi中最大的那个概率对应的样本标记类型作为我们的待预测样本类型。\n\n\n\n总之还是以二分类来依次划分，并求出最大概率结果。\n\n## 5.逻辑回归有什么优点\n\n- LR能以概率的形式输出结果，而非只是0,1判定。\n- LR的可解释性强，可控度高(你要给老板讲的嘛…)。\n- 训练快，feature engineering之后效果赞。\n- 因为结果是概率，可以做ranking model。\n\n## 6. 逻辑回归有哪些应用\n\n- CTR预估/推荐系统的learning to rank/各种分类场景。\n- 某搜索引擎厂的广告CTR预估基线版是LR。\n- 某电商搜索排序/广告CTR预估基线版是LR。\n- 某电商的购物搭配推荐用了大量LR。\n- 某现在一天广告赚1000w+的新闻app排序基线是LR。\n\n## 7. 逻辑回归常用的优化方法有哪些\n\n### 7.1 一阶方法\n\n梯度下降、随机梯度下降、mini 随机梯度下降降法。随机梯度下降不但速度上比原始梯度下降要快，局部最优化问题时可以一定程度上抑制局部最优解的发生。 \n\n### 7.2 二阶方法：牛顿法、拟牛顿法： \n\n这里详细说一下牛顿法的基本原理和牛顿法的应用方式。牛顿法其实就是通过切线与x轴的交点不断更新切线的位置，直到达到曲线与x轴的交点得到方程解。在实际应用中我们因为常常要求解凸优化问题，也就是要求解函数一阶导数为0的位置，而牛顿法恰好可以给这种问题提供解决方法。实际应用中牛顿法首先选择一个点作为起始点，并进行一次二阶泰勒展开得到导数为0的点进行一个更新，直到达到要求，这时牛顿法也就成了二阶求解问题，比一阶方法更快。我们常常看到的x通常为一个多维向量，这也就引出了Hessian矩阵的概念（就是x的二阶导数矩阵）。\n\n缺点：牛顿法是定长迭代，没有步长因子，所以不能保证函数值稳定的下降，严重时甚至会失败。还有就是牛顿法要求函数一定是二阶可导的。而且计算Hessian矩阵的逆复杂度很大。\n\n拟牛顿法： 不用二阶偏导而是构造出Hessian矩阵的近似正定对称矩阵的方法称为拟牛顿法。拟牛顿法的思路就是用一个特别的表达形式来模拟Hessian矩阵或者是他的逆使得表达式满足拟牛顿条件。主要有DFP法（逼近Hession的逆）、BFGS（直接逼近Hession矩阵）、 L-BFGS（可以减少BFGS所需的存储空间）。\n\n## 8. 逻辑斯特回归为什么要对特征进行离散化。\n\n1. 非线性！非线性！非线性！逻辑回归属于广义线性模型，表达能力受限；单变量离散化为N个后，每个变量有单独的权重，相当于为模型引入了非线性，能够提升模型表达能力，加大拟合； 离散特征的增加和减少都很容易，易于模型的快速迭代； \n2. 速度快！速度快！速度快！稀疏向量内积乘法运算速度快，计算结果方便存储，容易扩展； \n3. 鲁棒性！鲁棒性！鲁棒性！离散化后的特征对异常数据有很强的鲁棒性：比如一个特征是年龄>30是1，否则0。如果特征没有离散化，一个异常数据“年龄300岁”会给模型造成很大的干扰； \n4. 方便交叉与特征组合：离散化后可以进行特征交叉，由M+N个变量变为M*N个变量，进一步引入非线性，提升表达能力； \n5. 稳定性：特征离散化后，模型会更稳定，比如如果对用户年龄离散化，20-30作为一个区间，不会因为一个用户年龄长了一岁就变成一个完全不同的人。当然处于区间相邻处的样本会刚好相反，所以怎么划分区间是门学问； \n6. 简化模型：特征离散化以后，起到了简化了逻辑回归模型的作用，降低了模型过拟合的风险。\n\n## 9. 逻辑回归的目标函数中增大L1正则化会是什么结果。\n\n所有的参数w都会变成0。\n\n## 10. 代码实现\n\nGitHub：[https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Machine%20Learning/2.Logistics%20Regression/demo/CreditScoring.ipynb](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Machine%20Learning/2.Logistics%20Regression/demo/CreditScoring.ipynb)\n\n------\n\n\n\n> 作者：[@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> GitHub：[https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> 欢迎大家加入讨论！共同完善此项目！群号：【541954936】\n\n"
},
{
"path": "Machine Learning/2.Logistics Regression/README.md",
"content": "## 目录\n- [1. 什么是逻辑回归](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/2.Logistics%20Regression#1-什么是逻辑回归)\n- [2. 什么是Sigmoid函数](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/2.Logistics%20Regression#2-什么是sigmoid函数)\n- [3. 损失函数是什么](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/2.Logistics%20Regression#3-损失函数是什么)\n- [4.可以进行多分类吗？](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/2.Logistics%20Regression#4可以进行多分类吗)\n- [5.逻辑回归有什么优点](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/2.Logistics%20Regression#5逻辑回归有什么优点)\n- [6. 逻辑回归有哪些应用](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/2.Logistics%20Regression#6-逻辑回归有哪些应用)\n- [7. 逻辑回归常用的优化方法有哪些](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/2.Logistics%20Regression#7-逻辑回归常用的优化方法有哪些)\n - [7.1 一阶方法](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/2.Logistics%20Regression#71-一阶方法)\n - [7.2 二阶方法：牛顿法、拟牛顿法：](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/2.Logistics%20Regression#72-二阶方法牛顿法拟牛顿法)\n- [8. 逻辑斯特回归为什么要对特征进行离散化。](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/2.Logistics%20Regression#8-逻辑斯特回归为什么要对特征进行离散化)\n- [9. 逻辑回归的目标函数中增大L1正则化会是什么结果。](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/2.Logistics%20Regression#9-逻辑回归的目标函数中增大l1正则化会是什么结果)\n- [10. 代码实现](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Machine%20Learning/2.Logistics%20Regression/demo/CreditScoring.ipynb)\n\n## 1. 什么是逻辑回归\n\n逻辑回归是用来做分类算法的，大家都熟悉线性回归，一般形式是Y=aX+b，y的取值范围是[-∞, +∞]，有这么多取值，怎么进行分类呢？不用担心，伟大的数学家已经为我们找到了一个方法。\n\n也就是把Y的结果带入一个非线性变换的**Sigmoid函数**中，即可得到[0,1]之间取值范围的数S，S可以把它看成是一个概率值，如果我们设置概率阈值为0.5，那么S大于0.5可以看成是正样本，小于0.5看成是负样本，就可以进行分类了。\n\n## 2. 什么是Sigmoid函数\n\n函数公式如下：\n\n\n\n函数中t无论取什么值，其结果都在[0,-1]的区间内，回想一下，一个分类问题就有两种答案，一种是“是”，一种是“否”，那0对应着“否”，1对应着“是”，那又有人问了，你这不是[0,1]的区间吗，怎么会只有0和1呢？这个问题问得好，我们假设分类的**阈值**是0.5，那么超过0.5的归为1分类，低于0.5的归为0分类，阈值是可以自己设定的。\n\n好了，接下来我们把aX+b带入t中就得到了我们的逻辑回归的一般模型方程：\n\n=\\frac{1}{1+e^{(aX+b)}})\n\n结果P也可以理解为概率，换句话说概率大于0.5的属于1分类，概率小于0.5的属于0分类，这就达到了分类的目的。\n\n## 3. 损失函数是什么\n\n逻辑回归的损失函数是 **log loss**，也就是**对数似然函数**，函数公式如下：\n\n\n\n公式中的 y=1 表示的是真实值为1时用第一个公式，真实 y=0 用第二个公式计算损失。为什么要加上log函数呢？可以试想一下，当真实样本为1是，但h=0概率，那么log0=∞，这就对模型最大的惩罚力度；当h=1时，那么log1=0，相当于没有惩罚，也就是没有损失，达到最优结果。所以数学家就想出了用log函数来表示损失函数。\n\n最后按照梯度下降法一样，求解极小值点，得到想要的模型效果。\n\n## 4.可以进行多分类吗？\n\n可以的，其实我们可以从二分类问题过度到多分类问题(one vs rest)，思路步骤如下：\n\n1.将类型class1看作正样本，其他类型全部看作负样本，然后我们就可以得到样本标记类型为该类型的概率p1。\n\n2.然后再将另外类型class2看作正样本，其他类型全部看作负样本，同理得到p2。\n\n3.以此循环，我们可以得到该待预测样本的标记类型分别为类型class i时的概率pi，最后我们取pi中最大的那个概率对应的样本标记类型作为我们的待预测样本类型。\n\n\n\n总之还是以二分类来依次划分，并求出最大概率结果。\n\n## 5.逻辑回归有什么优点\n\n- LR能以概率的形式输出结果，而非只是0,1判定。\n- LR的可解释性强，可控度高(你要给老板讲的嘛…)。\n- 训练快，feature engineering之后效果赞。\n- 因为结果是概率，可以做ranking model。\n\n## 6. 逻辑回归有哪些应用\n\n- CTR预估/推荐系统的learning to rank/各种分类场景。\n- 某搜索引擎厂的广告CTR预估基线版是LR。\n- 某电商搜索排序/广告CTR预估基线版是LR。\n- 某电商的购物搭配推荐用了大量LR。\n- 某现在一天广告赚1000w+的新闻app排序基线是LR。\n\n## 7. 逻辑回归常用的优化方法有哪些\n\n### 7.1 一阶方法\n\n梯度下降、随机梯度下降、mini 随机梯度下降降法。随机梯度下降不但速度上比原始梯度下降要快，局部最优化问题时可以一定程度上抑制局部最优解的发生。 \n\n### 7.2 二阶方法：牛顿法、拟牛顿法： \n\n这里详细说一下牛顿法的基本原理和牛顿法的应用方式。牛顿法其实就是通过切线与x轴的交点不断更新切线的位置，直到达到曲线与x轴的交点得到方程解。在实际应用中我们因为常常要求解凸优化问题，也就是要求解函数一阶导数为0的位置，而牛顿法恰好可以给这种问题提供解决方法。实际应用中牛顿法首先选择一个点作为起始点，并进行一次二阶泰勒展开得到导数为0的点进行一个更新，直到达到要求，这时牛顿法也就成了二阶求解问题，比一阶方法更快。我们常常看到的x通常为一个多维向量，这也就引出了Hessian矩阵的概念（就是x的二阶导数矩阵）。\n\n缺点：牛顿法是定长迭代，没有步长因子，所以不能保证函数值稳定的下降，严重时甚至会失败。还有就是牛顿法要求函数一定是二阶可导的。而且计算Hessian矩阵的逆复杂度很大。\n\n拟牛顿法： 不用二阶偏导而是构造出Hessian矩阵的近似正定对称矩阵的方法称为拟牛顿法。拟牛顿法的思路就是用一个特别的表达形式来模拟Hessian矩阵或者是他的逆使得表达式满足拟牛顿条件。主要有DFP法（逼近Hession的逆）、BFGS（直接逼近Hession矩阵）、 L-BFGS（可以减少BFGS所需的存储空间）。\n\n## 8. 逻辑斯特回归为什么要对特征进行离散化。\n\n1. 非线性！非线性！非线性！逻辑回归属于广义线性模型，表达能力受限；单变量离散化为N个后，每个变量有单独的权重，相当于为模型引入了非线性，能够提升模型表达能力，加大拟合； 离散特征的增加和减少都很容易，易于模型的快速迭代； \n2. 速度快！速度快！速度快！稀疏向量内积乘法运算速度快，计算结果方便存储，容易扩展； \n3. 鲁棒性！鲁棒性！鲁棒性！离散化后的特征对异常数据有很强的鲁棒性：比如一个特征是年龄>30是1，否则0。如果特征没有离散化，一个异常数据“年龄300岁”会给模型造成很大的干扰； \n4. 方便交叉与特征组合：离散化后可以进行特征交叉，由M+N个变量变为M*N个变量，进一步引入非线性，提升表达能力； \n5. 稳定性：特征离散化后，模型会更稳定，比如如果对用户年龄离散化，20-30作为一个区间，不会因为一个用户年龄长了一岁就变成一个完全不同的人。当然处于区间相邻处的样本会刚好相反，所以怎么划分区间是门学问； \n6. 简化模型：特征离散化以后，起到了简化了逻辑回归模型的作用，降低了模型过拟合的风险。\n\n## 9. 逻辑回归的目标函数中增大L1正则化会是什么结果。\n\n所有的参数w都会变成0。\n\n## 10. 代码实现\n\nGitHub：[https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Machine%20Learning/2.Logistics%20Regression/demo/CreditScoring.ipynb](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Machine%20Learning/2.Logistics%20Regression/demo/CreditScoring.ipynb)\n\n------\n\n\n\n> 作者：[@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> GitHub：[https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> 欢迎大家加入讨论！共同完善此项目！群号：【541954936】\n\n"
},
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"path": "Machine Learning/2.Logistics Regression/demo/CreditScoring.ipynb",
"content": "{\n \"cells\": [\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"markdown\",\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"source\": [\n \"## machine learning for credit scoring\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"Banks play a crucial role in market economies. They decide who can get finance and on what terms and can make or break investment decisions. For markets and society to function, individuals and companies need access to credit. \\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"Credit scoring algorithms, which make a guess at the probability of default, are the method banks use to determine whether or not a loan should be granted. This competition requires participants to improve on the state of the art in credit scoring, by predicting the probability that somebody will experience financial distress in the next two years. [Dataset](https://www.kaggle.com/c/GiveMeSomeCredit)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"Attribute Information:\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"|Variable Name\\t|\\tDescription\\t|\\tType|\\n\",\n \"|----|----|----|\\n\",\n \"|SeriousDlqin2yrs\\t|\\tPerson experienced 90 days past due delinquency or worse \\t|\\tY/N|\\n\",\n \"|RevolvingUtilizationOfUnsecuredLines\\t|\\tTotal balance on credit divided by the sum of credit limits\\t|\\tpercentage|\\n\",\n \"|age\\t|\\tAge of borrower in years\\t|\\tinteger|\\n\",\n \"|NumberOfTime30-59DaysPastDueNotWorse\\t|\\tNumber of times borrower has been 30-59 days past due |\\tinteger|\\n\",\n \"|DebtRatio\\t|\\tMonthly debt payments\\t|\\tpercentage|\\n\",\n \"|MonthlyIncome\\t|\\tMonthly income\\t|\\treal|\\n\",\n \"|NumberOfOpenCreditLinesAndLoans\\t|\\tNumber of Open loans |\\tinteger|\\n\",\n \"|NumberOfTimes90DaysLate\\t|\\tNumber of times borrower has been 90 days or more past due.\\t|\\tinteger|\\n\",\n \"|NumberRealEstateLoansOrLines\\t|\\tNumber of mortgage and real estate loans\\t|\\tinteger|\\n\",\n \"|NumberOfTime60-89DaysPastDueNotWorse\\t|\\tNumber of times borrower has been 60-89 days past due |integer|\\n\",\n \"|NumberOfDependents\\t|\\tNumber of dependents in family\\t|\\tinteger|\\n\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"markdown\",\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"source\": [\n \"Read the data into Pandas \"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 1,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [\n {\n \"data\": {\n \"text/html\": [\n \"\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"
\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" SeriousDlqin2yrs | \\n\",\n \" RevolvingUtilizationOfUnsecuredLines | \\n\",\n \" age | \\n\",\n \" NumberOfTime30-59DaysPastDueNotWorse | \\n\",\n \" DebtRatio | \\n\",\n \" MonthlyIncome | \\n\",\n \" NumberOfOpenCreditLinesAndLoans | \\n\",\n \" NumberOfTimes90DaysLate | \\n\",\n \" NumberRealEstateLoansOrLines | \\n\",\n \" NumberOfTime60-89DaysPastDueNotWorse | \\n\",\n \" NumberOfDependents | \\n\",\n \"
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\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" | 4 | \\n\",\n \" 0 | \\n\",\n \" 0.907239 | \\n\",\n \" 49.0 | \\n\",\n \" 1.0 | \\n\",\n \" 0.024926 | \\n\",\n \" 63588.0 | \\n\",\n \" 7.0 | \\n\",\n \" 0.0 | \\n\",\n \" 1.0 | \\n\",\n \" 0.0 | \\n\",\n \" 0.0 | \\n\",\n \"
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\\n\",\n \"比如在logistic regression当中，一般我们的概率判定边界为0.5，但是我们可以把阈值设定低一些，来提高模型的“敏感度”，试试看把阈值设定为0.3，再看看这时的评估指标(主要是准确率和召回率)。\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"tips:sklearn的很多分类模型，predict_prob可以拿到预估的概率，可以根据它和设定的阈值大小去判断最终结果(分类类别)\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 11,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [\n {\n \"name\": \"stdout\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"0.9333179935572941\\n\"\n ]\n }\n ],\n \"source\": [\n \"import numpy as np\\n\",\n \"y_pro=lr.predict_proba(x_test) ##获取预测概率值\\n\",\n \"y_prd2 = [list(p>=0.3).index(1) for i,p in enumerate(y_pro)] ##设定0.3阈值，把大于0.3的看成1分类。\\n\",\n \"train_score=accuracy_score(y_test,y_prd2)\\n\",\n \"print(train_score)\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": null,\n \"metadata\": {\n \"collapsed\": true\n },\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": []\n }\n ],\n \"metadata\": {\n \"kernelspec\": {\n \"display_name\": \"Python 3\",\n \"language\": \"python\",\n \"name\": \"python3\"\n },\n \"language_info\": {\n \"codemirror_mode\": {\n \"name\": \"ipython\",\n \"version\": 3\n },\n \"file_extension\": \".py\",\n \"mimetype\": \"text/x-python\",\n \"name\": \"python\",\n \"nbconvert_exporter\": \"python\",\n \"pygments_lexer\": \"ipython3\",\n \"version\": \"3.5.2\"\n }\n },\n \"nbformat\": 4,\n \"nbformat_minor\": 1\n}\n"
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{
"path": "Machine Learning/2.Logistics Regression/demo/README.md",
"content": "## Kaggle上简单的金融信用分类，代码都有注释，此处不再赘述！\n[CreditScoring.ipynb](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Machine%20Learning/2.Logistics%20Regression/demo/CreditScoring.ipynb)\n"
},
{
"path": "Machine Learning/3.1 Random Forest/3.1 Random Forest.md",
"content": "## 目录\n- [1.什么是随机森林](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/3.1%20Random%20Forest#1什么是随机森林)\n - [1.1 Bagging思想](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/3.1%20Random%20Forest#11-bagging思想)\n - [1.2 随机森林](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/3.1%20Random%20Forest#12-随机森林)\n- [2. 随机森林分类效果的影响因素](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/3.1%20Random%20Forest#2-随机森林分类效果的影响因素)\n- [3. 随机森林有什么优缺点](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/3.1%20Random%20Forest#3-随机森林有什么优缺点)\n- [4. 随机森林如何处理缺失值？](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/3.1%20Random%20Forest#4-随机森林如何处理缺失值)\n- [5. 什么是OOB？随机森林中OOB是如何计算的，它有什么优缺点？](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/3.1%20Random%20Forest#5-什么是oob随机森林中oob是如何计算的它有什么优缺点)\n- [6. 随机森林的过拟合问题](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/3.1%20Random%20Forest#6-随机森林的过拟合问题)\n- [7. 代码实现](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Machine%20Learning/3.1%20Random%20Forest/RandomForestRegression.ipynb)\n\n## 1.什么是随机森林\n\n### 1.1 Bagging思想\n\nBagging是bootstrap aggregating。思想就是从总体样本当中随机取一部分样本进行训练，通过多次这样的结果，进行投票获取平均值作为结果输出，这就极大可能的避免了不好的样本数据，从而提高准确度。因为有些是不好的样本，相当于噪声，模型学入噪声后会使准确度不高。\n\n**举个例子**：\n\n假设有1000个样本，如果按照以前的思维，是直接把这1000个样本拿来训练，但现在不一样，先抽取800个样本来进行训练，假如噪声点是这800个样本以外的样本点，就很有效的避开了。重复以上操作，提高模型输出的平均值。\n\n### 1.2 随机森林\n\nRandom Forest(随机森林)是一种基于树模型的Bagging的优化版本，一棵树的生成肯定还是不如多棵树，因此就有了随机森林，解决决策树泛化能力弱的特点。(可以理解成三个臭皮匠顶过诸葛亮)\n\n而同一批数据，用同样的算法只能产生一棵树，这时Bagging策略可以帮助我们产生不同的数据集。**Bagging**策略来源于bootstrap aggregation：从样本集（假设样本集N个数据点）中重采样选出Nb个样本（有放回的采样，样本数据点个数仍然不变为N），在所有样本上，对这n个样本建立分类器（ID3\\C4.5\\CART\\SVM\\LOGISTIC），重复以上两步m次，获得m个分类器，最后根据这m个分类器的投票结果，决定数据属于哪一类。\n\n**每棵树的按照如下规则生成：**\n\n1. 如果训练集大小为N，对于每棵树而言，**随机**且有放回地从训练集中的抽取N个训练样本，作为该树的训练集；\n2. 如果每个样本的特征维度为M，指定一个常数m< 作者：[@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> GitHub：[https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> 欢迎大家加入讨论！共同完善此项目！qq群号：【541954936】\n"
},
{
"path": "Machine Learning/3.1 Random Forest/README.md",
"content": "## 目录\n- [1.什么是随机森林](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/3.1%20Random%20Forest#1什么是随机森林)\n - [1.1 Bagging思想](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/3.1%20Random%20Forest#11-bagging思想)\n - [1.2 随机森林](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/3.1%20Random%20Forest#12-随机森林)\n- [2. 随机森林分类效果的影响因素](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/3.1%20Random%20Forest#2-随机森林分类效果的影响因素)\n- [3. 随机森林有什么优缺点](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/3.1%20Random%20Forest#3-随机森林有什么优缺点)\n- [4. 随机森林如何处理缺失值？](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/3.1%20Random%20Forest#4-随机森林如何处理缺失值)\n- [5. 什么是OOB？随机森林中OOB是如何计算的，它有什么优缺点？](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/3.1%20Random%20Forest#5-什么是oob随机森林中oob是如何计算的它有什么优缺点)\n- [6. 随机森林的过拟合问题](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/3.1%20Random%20Forest#6-随机森林的过拟合问题)\n- [7. 代码实现](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Machine%20Learning/3.1%20Random%20Forest/RandomForestRegression.ipynb)\n\n## 1.什么是随机森林\n\n### 1.1 Bagging思想\n\nBagging是bootstrap aggregating。思想就是从总体样本当中随机取一部分样本进行训练，通过多次这样的结果，进行投票获取平均值作为结果输出，这就极大可能的避免了不好的样本数据，从而提高准确度。因为有些是不好的样本，相当于噪声，模型学入噪声后会使准确度不高。\n\n**举个例子**：\n\n假设有1000个样本，如果按照以前的思维，是直接把这1000个样本拿来训练，但现在不一样，先抽取800个样本来进行训练，假如噪声点是这800个样本以外的样本点，就很有效的避开了。重复以上操作，提高模型输出的平均值。\n\n### 1.2 随机森林\n\nRandom Forest(随机森林)是一种基于树模型的Bagging的优化版本，一棵树的生成肯定还是不如多棵树，因此就有了随机森林，解决决策树泛化能力弱的特点。(可以理解成三个臭皮匠顶过诸葛亮)\n\n而同一批数据，用同样的算法只能产生一棵树，这时Bagging策略可以帮助我们产生不同的数据集。**Bagging**策略来源于bootstrap aggregation：从样本集（假设样本集N个数据点）中重采样选出Nb个样本（有放回的采样，样本数据点个数仍然不变为N），在所有样本上，对这n个样本建立分类器（ID3\\C4.5\\CART\\SVM\\LOGISTIC），重复以上两步m次，获得m个分类器，最后根据这m个分类器的投票结果，决定数据属于哪一类。\n\n**每棵树的按照如下规则生成：**\n\n1. 如果训练集大小为N，对于每棵树而言，**随机**且有放回地从训练集中的抽取N个训练样本，作为该树的训练集；\n2. 如果每个样本的特征维度为M，指定一个常数m< 作者：[@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> GitHub：[https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> 欢迎大家加入讨论！共同完善此项目！qq群号：【541954936】\n"
},
{
"path": "Machine Learning/3.1 Random Forest/RandomForestRegression.ipynb",
"content": "{\n \"cells\": [\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"markdown\",\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"source\": [\n \"### 构建随机森林回归模型\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"markdown\",\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"source\": [\n \"#### 0.import工具库\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 1,\n \"metadata\": {\n \"collapsed\": true\n },\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": [\n \"import pandas as pd\\n\",\n \"from sklearn import preprocessing\\n\",\n \"from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestRegressor\\n\",\n \"from sklearn.datasets import load_boston\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"markdown\",\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"source\": [\n \"#### 1.加载数据\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 2,\n \"metadata\": {\n \"collapsed\": true\n },\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": [\n \"boston_house = load_boston()\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 3,\n \"metadata\": {\n \"collapsed\": true\n },\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": [\n \"boston_feature_name = boston_house.feature_names\\n\",\n \"boston_features = boston_house.data\\n\",\n \"boston_target = boston_house.target\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 4,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [\n {\n \"data\": {\n \"text/plain\": [\n \"array(['CRIM', 'ZN', 'INDUS', 'CHAS', 'NOX', 'RM', 'AGE', 'DIS', 'RAD',\\n\",\n \" 'TAX', 'PTRATIO', 'B', 'LSTAT'],\\n\",\n \" dtype='|S7')\"\n ]\n },\n \"execution_count\": 4,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"output_type\": \"execute_result\"\n }\n ],\n \"source\": [\n \"boston_feature_name\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 5,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [\n {\n \"name\": \"stdout\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"Boston House Prices dataset\\n\",\n \"===========================\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"Notes\\n\",\n \"------\\n\",\n \"Data Set Characteristics: \\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" :Number of Instances: 506 \\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" :Number of Attributes: 13 numeric/categorical predictive\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" :Median Value (attribute 14) is usually the target\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" :Attribute Information (in order):\\n\",\n \" - CRIM per capita crime rate by town\\n\",\n \" - ZN proportion of residential land zoned for lots over 25,000 sq.ft.\\n\",\n \" - INDUS proportion of non-retail business acres per town\\n\",\n \" - CHAS Charles River dummy variable (= 1 if tract bounds river; 0 otherwise)\\n\",\n \" - NOX nitric oxides concentration (parts per 10 million)\\n\",\n \" - RM average number of rooms per dwelling\\n\",\n \" - AGE proportion of owner-occupied units built prior to 1940\\n\",\n \" - DIS weighted distances to five Boston employment centres\\n\",\n \" - RAD index of accessibility to radial highways\\n\",\n \" - TAX full-value property-tax rate per $10,000\\n\",\n \" - PTRATIO pupil-teacher ratio by town\\n\",\n \" - B 1000(Bk - 0.63)^2 where Bk is the proportion of blacks by town\\n\",\n \" - LSTAT % lower status of the population\\n\",\n \" - MEDV Median value of owner-occupied homes in $1000's\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" :Missing Attribute Values: None\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" :Creator: Harrison, D. and Rubinfeld, D.L.\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"This is a copy of UCI ML housing dataset.\\n\",\n \"http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/Housing\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"This dataset was taken from the StatLib library which is maintained at Carnegie Mellon University.\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"The Boston house-price data of Harrison, D. and Rubinfeld, D.L. 'Hedonic\\n\",\n \"prices and the demand for clean air', J. Environ. Economics & Management,\\n\",\n \"vol.5, 81-102, 1978. Used in Belsley, Kuh & Welsch, 'Regression diagnostics\\n\",\n \"...', Wiley, 1980. N.B. Various transformations are used in the table on\\n\",\n \"pages 244-261 of the latter.\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"The Boston house-price data has been used in many machine learning papers that address regression\\n\",\n \"problems. \\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \"**References**\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" - Belsley, Kuh & Welsch, 'Regression diagnostics: Identifying Influential Data and Sources of Collinearity', Wiley, 1980. 244-261.\\n\",\n \" - Quinlan,R. (1993). Combining Instance-Based and Model-Based Learning. In Proceedings on the Tenth International Conference of Machine Learning, 236-243, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Morgan Kaufmann.\\n\",\n \" - many more! (see http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/Housing)\\n\",\n \"\\n\"\n ]\n }\n ],\n \"source\": [\n \"print(boston_house.DESCR)\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 6,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [\n {\n \"data\": {\n \"text/plain\": [\n \"array([[ 6.32000000e-03, 1.80000000e+01, 2.31000000e+00,\\n\",\n \" 0.00000000e+00, 5.38000000e-01, 6.57500000e+00,\\n\",\n \" 6.52000000e+01, 4.09000000e+00, 1.00000000e+00,\\n\",\n \" 2.96000000e+02, 1.53000000e+01, 3.96900000e+02,\\n\",\n \" 4.98000000e+00],\\n\",\n \" [ 2.73100000e-02, 0.00000000e+00, 7.07000000e+00,\\n\",\n \" 0.00000000e+00, 4.69000000e-01, 6.42100000e+00,\\n\",\n \" 7.89000000e+01, 4.96710000e+00, 2.00000000e+00,\\n\",\n \" 2.42000000e+02, 1.78000000e+01, 3.96900000e+02,\\n\",\n \" 9.14000000e+00],\\n\",\n \" [ 2.72900000e-02, 0.00000000e+00, 7.07000000e+00,\\n\",\n \" 0.00000000e+00, 4.69000000e-01, 7.18500000e+00,\\n\",\n \" 6.11000000e+01, 4.96710000e+00, 2.00000000e+00,\\n\",\n \" 2.42000000e+02, 1.78000000e+01, 3.92830000e+02,\\n\",\n \" 4.03000000e+00],\\n\",\n \" [ 3.23700000e-02, 0.00000000e+00, 2.18000000e+00,\\n\",\n \" 0.00000000e+00, 4.58000000e-01, 6.99800000e+00,\\n\",\n \" 4.58000000e+01, 6.06220000e+00, 3.00000000e+00,\\n\",\n \" 2.22000000e+02, 1.87000000e+01, 3.94630000e+02,\\n\",\n \" 2.94000000e+00],\\n\",\n \" [ 6.90500000e-02, 0.00000000e+00, 2.18000000e+00,\\n\",\n \" 0.00000000e+00, 4.58000000e-01, 7.14700000e+00,\\n\",\n \" 5.42000000e+01, 6.06220000e+00, 3.00000000e+00,\\n\",\n \" 2.22000000e+02, 1.87000000e+01, 3.96900000e+02,\\n\",\n \" 5.33000000e+00]])\"\n ]\n },\n \"execution_count\": 6,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"output_type\": \"execute_result\"\n }\n ],\n \"source\": [\n \"boston_features[:5,:]\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 7,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [\n {\n \"data\": {\n \"text/plain\": [\n \"array([ 24. , 21.6, 34.7, 33.4, 36.2, 28.7, 22.9, 27.1, 16.5,\\n\",\n \" 18.9, 15. , 18.9, 21.7, 20.4, 18.2, 19.9, 23.1, 17.5,\\n\",\n \" 20.2, 18.2, 13.6, 19.6, 15.2, 14.5, 15.6, 13.9, 16.6,\\n\",\n \" 14.8, 18.4, 21. , 12.7, 14.5, 13.2, 13.1, 13.5, 18.9,\\n\",\n \" 20. , 21. , 24.7, 30.8, 34.9, 26.6, 25.3, 24.7, 21.2,\\n\",\n \" 19.3, 20. , 16.6, 14.4, 19.4, 19.7, 20.5, 25. , 23.4,\\n\",\n \" 18.9, 35.4, 24.7, 31.6, 23.3, 19.6, 18.7, 16. , 22.2,\\n\",\n \" 25. , 33. , 23.5, 19.4, 22. , 17.4, 20.9, 24.2, 21.7,\\n\",\n \" 22.8, 23.4, 24.1, 21.4, 20. , 20.8, 21.2, 20.3, 28. ,\\n\",\n \" 23.9, 24.8, 22.9, 23.9, 26.6, 22.5, 22.2, 23.6, 28.7,\\n\",\n \" 22.6, 22. , 22.9, 25. , 20.6, 28.4, 21.4, 38.7, 43.8,\\n\",\n \" 33.2, 27.5, 26.5, 18.6, 19.3, 20.1, 19.5, 19.5, 20.4,\\n\",\n \" 19.8, 19.4, 21.7, 22.8, 18.8, 18.7, 18.5, 18.3, 21.2,\\n\",\n \" 19.2, 20.4, 19.3, 22. , 20.3, 20.5, 17.3, 18.8, 21.4,\\n\",\n \" 15.7, 16.2, 18. , 14.3, 19.2, 19.6, 23. , 18.4, 15.6,\\n\",\n \" 18.1, 17.4, 17.1, 13.3, 17.8, 14. , 14.4, 13.4, 15.6,\\n\",\n \" 11.8, 13.8, 15.6, 14.6, 17.8, 15.4, 21.5, 19.6, 15.3,\\n\",\n \" 19.4, 17. , 15.6, 13.1, 41.3, 24.3, 23.3, 27. , 50. ,\\n\",\n \" 50. , 50. , 22.7, 25. , 50. , 23.8, 23.8, 22.3, 17.4,\\n\",\n \" 19.1, 23.1, 23.6, 22.6, 29.4, 23.2, 24.6, 29.9, 37.2,\\n\",\n \" 39.8, 36.2, 37.9, 32.5, 26.4, 29.6, 50. , 32. , 29.8,\\n\",\n \" 34.9, 37. , 30.5, 36.4, 31.1, 29.1, 50. , 33.3, 30.3,\\n\",\n \" 34.6, 34.9, 32.9, 24.1, 42.3, 48.5, 50. , 22.6, 24.4,\\n\",\n \" 22.5, 24.4, 20. , 21.7, 19.3, 22.4, 28.1, 23.7, 25. ,\\n\",\n \" 23.3, 28.7, 21.5, 23. , 26.7, 21.7, 27.5, 30.1, 44.8,\\n\",\n \" 50. , 37.6, 31.6, 46.7, 31.5, 24.3, 31.7, 41.7, 48.3,\\n\",\n \" 29. , 24. , 25.1, 31.5, 23.7, 23.3, 22. , 20.1, 22.2,\\n\",\n \" 23.7, 17.6, 18.5, 24.3, 20.5, 24.5, 26.2, 24.4, 24.8,\\n\",\n \" 29.6, 42.8, 21.9, 20.9, 44. , 50. , 36. , 30.1, 33.8,\\n\",\n \" 43.1, 48.8, 31. , 36.5, 22.8, 30.7, 50. , 43.5, 20.7,\\n\",\n \" 21.1, 25.2, 24.4, 35.2, 32.4, 32. , 33.2, 33.1, 29.1,\\n\",\n \" 35.1, 45.4, 35.4, 46. , 50. , 32.2, 22. , 20.1, 23.2,\\n\",\n \" 22.3, 24.8, 28.5, 37.3, 27.9, 23.9, 21.7, 28.6, 27.1,\\n\",\n \" 20.3, 22.5, 29. , 24.8, 22. , 26.4, 33.1, 36.1, 28.4,\\n\",\n \" 33.4, 28.2, 22.8, 20.3, 16.1, 22.1, 19.4, 21.6, 23.8,\\n\",\n \" 16.2, 17.8, 19.8, 23.1, 21. , 23.8, 23.1, 20.4, 18.5,\\n\",\n \" 25. , 24.6, 23. , 22.2, 19.3, 22.6, 19.8, 17.1, 19.4,\\n\",\n \" 22.2, 20.7, 21.1, 19.5, 18.5, 20.6, 19. , 18.7, 32.7,\\n\",\n \" 16.5, 23.9, 31.2, 17.5, 17.2, 23.1, 24.5, 26.6, 22.9,\\n\",\n \" 24.1, 18.6, 30.1, 18.2, 20.6, 17.8, 21.7, 22.7, 22.6,\\n\",\n \" 25. , 19.9, 20.8, 16.8, 21.9, 27.5, 21.9, 23.1, 50. ,\\n\",\n \" 50. , 50. , 50. , 50. , 13.8, 13.8, 15. , 13.9, 13.3,\\n\",\n \" 13.1, 10.2, 10.4, 10.9, 11.3, 12.3, 8.8, 7.2, 10.5,\\n\",\n \" 7.4, 10.2, 11.5, 15.1, 23.2, 9.7, 13.8, 12.7, 13.1,\\n\",\n \" 12.5, 8.5, 5. , 6.3, 5.6, 7.2, 12.1, 8.3, 8.5,\\n\",\n \" 5. , 11.9, 27.9, 17.2, 27.5, 15. , 17.2, 17.9, 16.3,\\n\",\n \" 7. , 7.2, 7.5, 10.4, 8.8, 8.4, 16.7, 14.2, 20.8,\\n\",\n \" 13.4, 11.7, 8.3, 10.2, 10.9, 11. , 9.5, 14.5, 14.1,\\n\",\n \" 16.1, 14.3, 11.7, 13.4, 9.6, 8.7, 8.4, 12.8, 10.5,\\n\",\n \" 17.1, 18.4, 15.4, 10.8, 11.8, 14.9, 12.6, 14.1, 13. ,\\n\",\n \" 13.4, 15.2, 16.1, 17.8, 14.9, 14.1, 12.7, 13.5, 14.9,\\n\",\n \" 20. , 16.4, 17.7, 19.5, 20.2, 21.4, 19.9, 19. , 19.1,\\n\",\n \" 19.1, 20.1, 19.9, 19.6, 23.2, 29.8, 13.8, 13.3, 16.7,\\n\",\n \" 12. , 14.6, 21.4, 23. , 23.7, 25. , 21.8, 20.6, 21.2,\\n\",\n \" 19.1, 20.6, 15.2, 7. , 8.1, 13.6, 20.1, 21.8, 24.5,\\n\",\n \" 23.1, 19.7, 18.3, 21.2, 17.5, 16.8, 22.4, 20.6, 23.9,\\n\",\n \" 22. , 11.9])\"\n ]\n },\n \"execution_count\": 7,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"output_type\": \"execute_result\"\n }\n ],\n \"source\": [\n \"boston_target\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"markdown\",\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"source\": [\n \"### 构建模型\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 8,\n \"metadata\": {\n \"scrolled\": true\n },\n \"outputs\": [\n {\n \"name\": \"stdout\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"Help on class RandomForestRegressor in module sklearn.ensemble.forest:\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"class RandomForestRegressor(ForestRegressor)\\n\",\n \" | A random forest regressor.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | A random forest is a meta estimator that fits a number of classifying\\n\",\n \" | decision trees on various sub-samples of the dataset and use averaging\\n\",\n \" | to improve the predictive accuracy and control over-fitting.\\n\",\n \" | The sub-sample size is always the same as the original\\n\",\n \" | input sample size but the samples are drawn with replacement if\\n\",\n \" | `bootstrap=True` (default).\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | Read more in the :ref:`User Guide `.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | Parameters\\n\",\n \" | ----------\\n\",\n \" | n_estimators : integer, optional (default=10)\\n\",\n \" | The number of trees in the forest.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | criterion : string, optional (default=\\\"mse\\\")\\n\",\n \" | The function to measure the quality of a split. Supported criteria\\n\",\n \" | are \\\"mse\\\" for the mean squared error, which is equal to variance\\n\",\n \" | reduction as feature selection criterion, and \\\"mae\\\" for the mean\\n\",\n \" | absolute error.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | .. versionadded:: 0.18\\n\",\n \" | Mean Absolute Error (MAE) criterion.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | max_features : int, float, string or None, optional (default=\\\"auto\\\")\\n\",\n \" | The number of features to consider when looking for the best split:\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | - If int, then consider `max_features` features at each split.\\n\",\n \" | - If float, then `max_features` is a percentage and\\n\",\n \" | `int(max_features * n_features)` features are considered at each\\n\",\n \" | split.\\n\",\n \" | - If \\\"auto\\\", then `max_features=n_features`.\\n\",\n \" | - If \\\"sqrt\\\", then `max_features=sqrt(n_features)`.\\n\",\n \" | - If \\\"log2\\\", then `max_features=log2(n_features)`.\\n\",\n \" | - If None, then `max_features=n_features`.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | Note: the search for a split does not stop until at least one\\n\",\n \" | valid partition of the node samples is found, even if it requires to\\n\",\n \" | effectively inspect more than ``max_features`` features.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | max_depth : integer or None, optional (default=None)\\n\",\n \" | The maximum depth of the tree. If None, then nodes are expanded until\\n\",\n \" | all leaves are pure or until all leaves contain less than\\n\",\n \" | min_samples_split samples.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | min_samples_split : int, float, optional (default=2)\\n\",\n \" | The minimum number of samples required to split an internal node:\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | - If int, then consider `min_samples_split` as the minimum number.\\n\",\n \" | - If float, then `min_samples_split` is a percentage and\\n\",\n \" | `ceil(min_samples_split * n_samples)` are the minimum\\n\",\n \" | number of samples for each split.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | .. versionchanged:: 0.18\\n\",\n \" | Added float values for percentages.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | min_samples_leaf : int, float, optional (default=1)\\n\",\n \" | The minimum number of samples required to be at a leaf node:\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | - If int, then consider `min_samples_leaf` as the minimum number.\\n\",\n \" | - If float, then `min_samples_leaf` is a percentage and\\n\",\n \" | `ceil(min_samples_leaf * n_samples)` are the minimum\\n\",\n \" | number of samples for each node.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | .. versionchanged:: 0.18\\n\",\n \" | Added float values for percentages.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | min_weight_fraction_leaf : float, optional (default=0.)\\n\",\n \" | The minimum weighted fraction of the sum total of weights (of all\\n\",\n \" | the input samples) required to be at a leaf node. Samples have\\n\",\n \" | equal weight when sample_weight is not provided.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | max_leaf_nodes : int or None, optional (default=None)\\n\",\n \" | Grow trees with ``max_leaf_nodes`` in best-first fashion.\\n\",\n \" | Best nodes are defined as relative reduction in impurity.\\n\",\n \" | If None then unlimited number of leaf nodes.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | min_impurity_split : float,\\n\",\n \" | Threshold for early stopping in tree growth. A node will split\\n\",\n \" | if its impurity is above the threshold, otherwise it is a leaf.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | .. deprecated:: 0.19\\n\",\n \" | ``min_impurity_split`` has been deprecated in favor of\\n\",\n \" | ``min_impurity_decrease`` in 0.19 and will be removed in 0.21.\\n\",\n \" | Use ``min_impurity_decrease`` instead.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | min_impurity_decrease : float, optional (default=0.)\\n\",\n \" | A node will be split if this split induces a decrease of the impurity\\n\",\n \" | greater than or equal to this value.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | The weighted impurity decrease equation is the following::\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | N_t / N * (impurity - N_t_R / N_t * right_impurity\\n\",\n \" | - N_t_L / N_t * left_impurity)\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | where ``N`` is the total number of samples, ``N_t`` is the number of\\n\",\n \" | samples at the current node, ``N_t_L`` is the number of samples in the\\n\",\n \" | left child, and ``N_t_R`` is the number of samples in the right child.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | ``N``, ``N_t``, ``N_t_R`` and ``N_t_L`` all refer to the weighted sum,\\n\",\n \" | if ``sample_weight`` is passed.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | .. versionadded:: 0.19\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | bootstrap : boolean, optional (default=True)\\n\",\n \" | Whether bootstrap samples are used when building trees.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | oob_score : bool, optional (default=False)\\n\",\n \" | whether to use out-of-bag samples to estimate\\n\",\n \" | the R^2 on unseen data.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | n_jobs : integer, optional (default=1)\\n\",\n \" | The number of jobs to run in parallel for both `fit` and `predict`.\\n\",\n \" | If -1, then the number of jobs is set to the number of cores.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | random_state : int, RandomState instance or None, optional (default=None)\\n\",\n \" | If int, random_state is the seed used by the random number generator;\\n\",\n \" | If RandomState instance, random_state is the random number generator;\\n\",\n \" | If None, the random number generator is the RandomState instance used\\n\",\n \" | by `np.random`.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | verbose : int, optional (default=0)\\n\",\n \" | Controls the verbosity of the tree building process.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | warm_start : bool, optional (default=False)\\n\",\n \" | When set to ``True``, reuse the solution of the previous call to fit\\n\",\n \" | and add more estimators to the ensemble, otherwise, just fit a whole\\n\",\n \" | new forest.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | Attributes\\n\",\n \" | ----------\\n\",\n \" | estimators_ : list of DecisionTreeRegressor\\n\",\n \" | The collection of fitted sub-estimators.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | feature_importances_ : array of shape = [n_features]\\n\",\n \" | The feature importances (the higher, the more important the feature).\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | n_features_ : int\\n\",\n \" | The number of features when ``fit`` is performed.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | n_outputs_ : int\\n\",\n \" | The number of outputs when ``fit`` is performed.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | oob_score_ : float\\n\",\n \" | Score of the training dataset obtained using an out-of-bag estimate.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | oob_prediction_ : array of shape = [n_samples]\\n\",\n \" | Prediction computed with out-of-bag estimate on the training set.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | Examples\\n\",\n \" | --------\\n\",\n \" | >>> from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestRegressor\\n\",\n \" | >>> from sklearn.datasets import make_regression\\n\",\n \" | >>>\\n\",\n \" | >>> X, y = make_regression(n_features=4, n_informative=2,\\n\",\n \" | ... random_state=0, shuffle=False)\\n\",\n \" | >>> regr = RandomForestRegressor(max_depth=2, random_state=0)\\n\",\n \" | >>> regr.fit(X, y)\\n\",\n \" | RandomForestRegressor(bootstrap=True, criterion='mse', max_depth=2,\\n\",\n \" | max_features='auto', max_leaf_nodes=None,\\n\",\n \" | min_impurity_decrease=0.0, min_impurity_split=None,\\n\",\n \" | min_samples_leaf=1, min_samples_split=2,\\n\",\n \" | min_weight_fraction_leaf=0.0, n_estimators=10, n_jobs=1,\\n\",\n \" | oob_score=False, random_state=0, verbose=0, warm_start=False)\\n\",\n \" | >>> print(regr.feature_importances_)\\n\",\n \" | [ 0.17339552 0.81594114 0. 0.01066333]\\n\",\n \" | >>> print(regr.predict([[0, 0, 0, 0]]))\\n\",\n \" | [-2.50699856]\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | Notes\\n\",\n \" | -----\\n\",\n \" | The default values for the parameters controlling the size of the trees\\n\",\n \" | (e.g. ``max_depth``, ``min_samples_leaf``, etc.) lead to fully grown and\\n\",\n \" | unpruned trees which can potentially be very large on some data sets. To\\n\",\n \" | reduce memory consumption, the complexity and size of the trees should be\\n\",\n \" | controlled by setting those parameter values.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | The features are always randomly permuted at each split. Therefore,\\n\",\n \" | the best found split may vary, even with the same training data,\\n\",\n \" | ``max_features=n_features`` and ``bootstrap=False``, if the improvement\\n\",\n \" | of the criterion is identical for several splits enumerated during the\\n\",\n \" | search of the best split. To obtain a deterministic behaviour during\\n\",\n \" | fitting, ``random_state`` has to be fixed.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | References\\n\",\n \" | ----------\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | .. [1] L. Breiman, \\\"Random Forests\\\", Machine Learning, 45(1), 5-32, 2001.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | See also\\n\",\n \" | --------\\n\",\n \" | DecisionTreeRegressor, ExtraTreesRegressor\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | Method resolution order:\\n\",\n \" | RandomForestRegressor\\n\",\n \" | ForestRegressor\\n\",\n \" | abc.NewBase\\n\",\n \" | BaseForest\\n\",\n \" | abc.NewBase\\n\",\n \" | sklearn.ensemble.base.BaseEnsemble\\n\",\n \" | abc.NewBase\\n\",\n \" | sklearn.base.BaseEstimator\\n\",\n \" | sklearn.base.MetaEstimatorMixin\\n\",\n \" | sklearn.base.RegressorMixin\\n\",\n \" | __builtin__.object\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | Methods defined here:\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | __init__(self, n_estimators=10, criterion='mse', max_depth=None, min_samples_split=2, min_samples_leaf=1, min_weight_fraction_leaf=0.0, max_features='auto', max_leaf_nodes=None, min_impurity_decrease=0.0, min_impurity_split=None, bootstrap=True, oob_score=False, n_jobs=1, random_state=None, verbose=0, warm_start=False)\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | ----------------------------------------------------------------------\\n\",\n \" | Data and other attributes defined here:\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | __abstractmethods__ = frozenset([])\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | ----------------------------------------------------------------------\\n\",\n \" | Methods inherited from ForestRegressor:\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | predict(self, X)\\n\",\n \" | Predict regression target for X.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | The predicted regression target of an input sample is computed as the\\n\",\n \" | mean predicted regression targets of the trees in the forest.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | Parameters\\n\",\n \" | ----------\\n\",\n \" | X : array-like or sparse matrix of shape = [n_samples, n_features]\\n\",\n \" | The input samples. Internally, its dtype will be converted to\\n\",\n \" | ``dtype=np.float32``. If a sparse matrix is provided, it will be\\n\",\n \" | converted into a sparse ``csr_matrix``.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | Returns\\n\",\n \" | -------\\n\",\n \" | y : array of shape = [n_samples] or [n_samples, n_outputs]\\n\",\n \" | The predicted values.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | ----------------------------------------------------------------------\\n\",\n \" | Methods inherited from BaseForest:\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | apply(self, X)\\n\",\n \" | Apply trees in the forest to X, return leaf indices.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | Parameters\\n\",\n \" | ----------\\n\",\n \" | X : array-like or sparse matrix, shape = [n_samples, n_features]\\n\",\n \" | The input samples. Internally, its dtype will be converted to\\n\",\n \" | ``dtype=np.float32``. If a sparse matrix is provided, it will be\\n\",\n \" | converted into a sparse ``csr_matrix``.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | Returns\\n\",\n \" | -------\\n\",\n \" | X_leaves : array_like, shape = [n_samples, n_estimators]\\n\",\n \" | For each datapoint x in X and for each tree in the forest,\\n\",\n \" | return the index of the leaf x ends up in.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | decision_path(self, X)\\n\",\n \" | Return the decision path in the forest\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | .. versionadded:: 0.18\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | Parameters\\n\",\n \" | ----------\\n\",\n \" | X : array-like or sparse matrix, shape = [n_samples, n_features]\\n\",\n \" | The input samples. Internally, its dtype will be converted to\\n\",\n \" | ``dtype=np.float32``. If a sparse matrix is provided, it will be\\n\",\n \" | converted into a sparse ``csr_matrix``.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | Returns\\n\",\n \" | -------\\n\",\n \" | indicator : sparse csr array, shape = [n_samples, n_nodes]\\n\",\n \" | Return a node indicator matrix where non zero elements\\n\",\n \" | indicates that the samples goes through the nodes.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | n_nodes_ptr : array of size (n_estimators + 1, )\\n\",\n \" | The columns from indicator[n_nodes_ptr[i]:n_nodes_ptr[i+1]]\\n\",\n \" | gives the indicator value for the i-th estimator.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | fit(self, X, y, sample_weight=None)\\n\",\n \" | Build a forest of trees from the training set (X, y).\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | Parameters\\n\",\n \" | ----------\\n\",\n \" | X : array-like or sparse matrix of shape = [n_samples, n_features]\\n\",\n \" | The training input samples. Internally, its dtype will be converted to\\n\",\n \" | ``dtype=np.float32``. If a sparse matrix is provided, it will be\\n\",\n \" | converted into a sparse ``csc_matrix``.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | y : array-like, shape = [n_samples] or [n_samples, n_outputs]\\n\",\n \" | The target values (class labels in classification, real numbers in\\n\",\n \" | regression).\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | sample_weight : array-like, shape = [n_samples] or None\\n\",\n \" | Sample weights. If None, then samples are equally weighted. Splits\\n\",\n \" | that would create child nodes with net zero or negative weight are\\n\",\n \" | ignored while searching for a split in each node. In the case of\\n\",\n \" | classification, splits are also ignored if they would result in any\\n\",\n \" | single class carrying a negative weight in either child node.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | Returns\\n\",\n \" | -------\\n\",\n \" | self : object\\n\",\n \" | Returns self.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | ----------------------------------------------------------------------\\n\",\n \" | Data descriptors inherited from BaseForest:\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | feature_importances_\\n\",\n \" | Return the feature importances (the higher, the more important the\\n\",\n \" | feature).\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | Returns\\n\",\n \" | -------\\n\",\n \" | feature_importances_ : array, shape = [n_features]\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | ----------------------------------------------------------------------\\n\",\n \" | Methods inherited from sklearn.ensemble.base.BaseEnsemble:\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | __getitem__(self, index)\\n\",\n \" | Returns the index'th estimator in the ensemble.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | __iter__(self)\\n\",\n \" | Returns iterator over estimators in the ensemble.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | __len__(self)\\n\",\n \" | Returns the number of estimators in the ensemble.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | ----------------------------------------------------------------------\\n\",\n \" | Methods inherited from sklearn.base.BaseEstimator:\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | __getstate__(self)\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | __repr__(self)\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | __setstate__(self, state)\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | get_params(self, deep=True)\\n\",\n \" | Get parameters for this estimator.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | Parameters\\n\",\n \" | ----------\\n\",\n \" | deep : boolean, optional\\n\",\n \" | If True, will return the parameters for this estimator and\\n\",\n \" | contained subobjects that are estimators.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | Returns\\n\",\n \" | -------\\n\",\n \" | params : mapping of string to any\\n\",\n \" | Parameter names mapped to their values.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | set_params(self, **params)\\n\",\n \" | Set the parameters of this estimator.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | The method works on simple estimators as well as on nested objects\\n\",\n \" | (such as pipelines). The latter have parameters of the form\\n\",\n \" | ``__`` so that it's possible to update each\\n\",\n \" | component of a nested object.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | Returns\\n\",\n \" | -------\\n\",\n \" | self\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | ----------------------------------------------------------------------\\n\",\n \" | Data descriptors inherited from sklearn.base.BaseEstimator:\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | __dict__\\n\",\n \" | dictionary for instance variables (if defined)\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | __weakref__\\n\",\n \" | list of weak references to the object (if defined)\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | ----------------------------------------------------------------------\\n\",\n \" | Methods inherited from sklearn.base.RegressorMixin:\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | score(self, X, y, sample_weight=None)\\n\",\n \" | Returns the coefficient of determination R^2 of the prediction.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | The coefficient R^2 is defined as (1 - u/v), where u is the residual\\n\",\n \" | sum of squares ((y_true - y_pred) ** 2).sum() and v is the total\\n\",\n \" | sum of squares ((y_true - y_true.mean()) ** 2).sum().\\n\",\n \" | The best possible score is 1.0 and it can be negative (because the\\n\",\n \" | model can be arbitrarily worse). A constant model that always\\n\",\n \" | predicts the expected value of y, disregarding the input features,\\n\",\n \" | would get a R^2 score of 0.0.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | Parameters\\n\",\n \" | ----------\\n\",\n \" | X : array-like, shape = (n_samples, n_features)\\n\",\n \" | Test samples.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | y : array-like, shape = (n_samples) or (n_samples, n_outputs)\\n\",\n \" | True values for X.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | sample_weight : array-like, shape = [n_samples], optional\\n\",\n \" | Sample weights.\\n\",\n \" | \\n\",\n \" | Returns\\n\",\n \" | -------\\n\",\n \" | score : float\\n\",\n \" | R^2 of self.predict(X) wrt. y.\\n\",\n \"\\n\"\n ]\n }\n ],\n \"source\": [\n \"help(RandomForestRegressor)\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 9,\n \"metadata\": {\n \"collapsed\": true\n },\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": [\n \"rgs = RandomForestRegressor(n_estimators=15) ##随机森林模型\\n\",\n \"rgs = rgs.fit(boston_features, boston_target)\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 10,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [\n {\n \"data\": {\n \"text/plain\": [\n \"RandomForestRegressor(bootstrap=True, criterion='mse', max_depth=None,\\n\",\n \" max_features='auto', max_leaf_nodes=None,\\n\",\n \" min_impurity_decrease=0.0, min_impurity_split=None,\\n\",\n \" min_samples_leaf=1, min_samples_split=2,\\n\",\n \" min_weight_fraction_leaf=0.0, n_estimators=15, n_jobs=1,\\n\",\n \" oob_score=False, random_state=None, verbose=0, warm_start=False)\"\n ]\n },\n \"execution_count\": 10,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"output_type\": \"execute_result\"\n }\n ],\n \"source\": [\n \"rgs\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 11,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [\n {\n \"data\": {\n \"text/plain\": [\n \"array([ 26.16666667, 22.24 , 33.76666667, 33.67333333,\\n\",\n \" 35.46 , 26.74 , 21.84 , 26.59333333,\\n\",\n \" 20.31333333, 19.88 , 18.53333333, 19.57333333,\\n\",\n \" 21.64 , 19.64666667, 19.37333333, 19.92 ,\\n\",\n \" 22.3 , 17.8 , 19.64 , 18.73333333,\\n\",\n \" 13.80666667, 18.42666667, 15.5 , 14.46666667,\\n\",\n \" 15.54666667, 14.18 , 16.34666667, 14.58666667,\\n\",\n \" 18.25333333, 21.46 , 13.38 , 15.86 ,\\n\",\n \" 14.09333333, 13.8 , 13.71333333, 19.51333333,\\n\",\n \" 19.96666667, 21.49333333, 23.56666667, 30.07333333,\\n\",\n \" 34.7 , 28.31333333, 25.04 , 24.64666667,\\n\",\n \" 21.45333333, 19.42 , 19.74 , 18.26666667,\\n\",\n \" 19.57333333, 20.02666667, 20.74666667, 20.84666667,\\n\",\n \" 25.42666667, 22.25333333, 19.12666667, 34.66666667,\\n\",\n \" 24.3 , 32.18666667, 23.42666667, 19.78 ,\\n\",\n \" 18.78666667, 17.82666667, 23.03333333, 25.81333333,\\n\",\n \" 32.30666667, 23.85333333, 20.3 , 21.85333333,\\n\",\n \" 18.59333333, 21.10666667, 24.42 , 21.25333333,\\n\",\n \" 23.2 , 23.56666667, 24.22 , 22.24 ,\\n\",\n \" 20.08 , 21.34666667, 21.24 , 20.49333333,\\n\",\n \" 27.87333333, 24.4 , 24.16666667, 22.98 ,\\n\",\n \" 23.48666667, 27.13333333, 21.23333333, 22.28666667,\\n\",\n \" 26.63333333, 29.01333333, 22.4 , 22.06666667,\\n\",\n \" 22.75333333, 24.77333333, 21.38666667, 26.91333333,\\n\",\n \" 21.57333333, 40.41333333, 44.06 , 32.64666667,\\n\",\n \" 26.9 , 25.90666667, 19.05333333, 19.85333333,\\n\",\n \" 20.00666667, 19.73333333, 19.09333333, 20.34666667,\\n\",\n \" 20.21333333, 19.20666667, 21.24 , 24.06 ,\\n\",\n \" 18.76666667, 18.66 , 19.18666667, 18.37333333,\\n\",\n \" 21.08 , 20.04 , 19.32 , 19.11333333,\\n\",\n \" 21.79333333, 21.07333333, 19.68 , 16.92 ,\\n\",\n \" 19.00666667, 20.57333333, 15.87333333, 16.04666667,\\n\",\n \" 17.64666667, 14.80666667, 19.72666667, 19.89333333,\\n\",\n \" 21.52 , 18.16666667, 15.46 , 18.89333333,\\n\",\n \" 16.71333333, 18.36 , 13.54666667, 16.38666667,\\n\",\n \" 13.9 , 14.04 , 13.41333333, 14.58666667,\\n\",\n \" 12.49333333, 13.95333333, 15.80666667, 14.44 ,\\n\",\n \" 16.67333333, 15.32 , 21.67333333, 19.6 ,\\n\",\n \" 16.92666667, 17.62666667, 16.9 , 15.82666667,\\n\",\n \" 14.26666667, 34.84666667, 23.87333333, 24.14 ,\\n\",\n \" 26.14666667, 48.45333333, 49.56666667, 49.44666667,\\n\",\n \" 21.82666667, 24.29333333, 49.80666667, 22.55333333,\\n\",\n \" 22.67333333, 21.97333333, 18.66666667, 20.72 ,\\n\",\n \" 21.75333333, 23.42666667, 22.56666667, 29.07333333,\\n\",\n \" 23.02666667, 24.20666667, 28.74666667, 35.60666667,\\n\",\n \" 42.8 , 33.5 , 36.97333333, 32.09333333,\\n\",\n \" 26.45333333, 28.88 , 47.63333333, 30.38666667,\\n\",\n \" 29.18666667, 34.84666667, 34.12666667, 29.24666667,\\n\",\n \" 35.76666667, 31.82666667, 29.34 , 48.67333333,\\n\",\n \" 33.6 , 30.52666667, 34.26666667, 34.84 ,\\n\",\n \" 33.73333333, 23.38 , 42.36666667, 48.6 ,\\n\",\n \" 48.47333333, 22.15333333, 24.27333333, 21.84 ,\\n\",\n \" 23.44 , 20.54666667, 21.4 , 20.68 ,\\n\",\n \" 22.51333333, 26.79333333, 22.83333333, 24.82666667,\\n\",\n \" 22.53333333, 27.07333333, 20.67333333, 22.8 ,\\n\",\n \" 27. , 21.24 , 26.67333333, 29.24 ,\\n\",\n \" 45.48 , 48.93333333, 41.64666667, 31.81333333,\\n\",\n \" 46.19333333, 32.8 , 23.28 , 31.92666667,\\n\",\n \" 43.86666667, 45.86 , 28.46 , 23.44 ,\\n\",\n \" 25.91333333, 31.70666667, 23.57333333, 24.63333333,\\n\",\n \" 24.99333333, 20.82666667, 22.10666667, 23.97333333,\\n\",\n \" 18.09333333, 18.52 , 23.64666667, 20.46 ,\\n\",\n \" 23.2 , 26.64 , 24.36 , 27.22 ,\\n\",\n \" 30.37333333, 40.96 , 22.07333333, 21.23333333,\\n\",\n \" 44.58666667, 49.24666667, 36.1 , 30.28 ,\\n\",\n \" 33.12666667, 43.98 , 47.82 , 30.35333333,\\n\",\n \" 36.10666667, 21.79333333, 29.96 , 48.74666667,\\n\",\n \" 43.60666667, 20.66666667, 21.44 , 25.01333333,\\n\",\n \" 24.76 , 38.78 , 33.61333333, 33.6 ,\\n\",\n \" 33.22666667, 32.66666667, 26.78 , 34.47333333,\\n\",\n \" 46.01333333, 34.73333333, 45.41333333, 48.90666667,\\n\",\n \" 31.54 , 22.25333333, 20.25333333, 23.65333333,\\n\",\n \" 22.66 , 24.64666667, 31.19333333, 34.18 ,\\n\",\n \" 28.34666667, 23.28666667, 22.12 , 27.36 ,\\n\",\n \" 26.49333333, 20.88666667, 24.1 , 29.98666667,\\n\",\n \" 26.59333333, 23.92 , 25.13333333, 32.73333333,\\n\",\n \" 35.57333333, 28.28666667, 34.6 , 29.93333333,\\n\",\n \" 25.48666667, 20.17333333, 17.52 , 22.84 ,\\n\",\n \" 19.96 , 21.66666667, 23.65333333, 16.72666667,\\n\",\n \" 17.96666667, 19.64 , 23.01333333, 21.31333333,\\n\",\n \" 23.89333333, 23.42 , 21.14666667, 18.29333333,\\n\",\n \" 24.74666667, 24.94666667, 23.97333333, 22.04 ,\\n\",\n \" 20.17333333, 22.75333333, 19.79333333, 17.60666667,\\n\",\n \" 20.96 , 22.32 , 22.04666667, 20.34666667,\\n\",\n \" 19.46666667, 19.18 , 20.54666667, 19.31333333,\\n\",\n \" 18.98 , 32.66666667, 18.45333333, 25.26666667,\\n\",\n \" 30.28 , 17.92666667, 18.08 , 23.3 ,\\n\",\n \" 24.58666667, 27.50666667, 23.44 , 25.18 ,\\n\",\n \" 20.55333333, 29.7 , 19.15333333, 20.94 ,\\n\",\n \" 16.68 , 21.38666667, 21.86666667, 22.14 ,\\n\",\n \" 23.73333333, 20.13333333, 20. , 17.24666667,\\n\",\n \" 26.76666667, 22.62666667, 19.58 , 21.64 ,\\n\",\n \" 46.78666667, 47.02 , 41.21333333, 45.14666667,\\n\",\n \" 42.74666667, 13.46 , 13.32 , 22.26666667,\\n\",\n \" 13.04666667, 12.56 , 12.65333333, 10.74 ,\\n\",\n \" 15.79333333, 10.94666667, 11.46 , 11.27333333,\\n\",\n \" 9.1 , 8.34666667, 8.96 , 7.56 ,\\n\",\n \" 9.76 , 11.43333333, 14.76 , 20.18 ,\\n\",\n \" 9.70666667, 14.08 , 11.27333333, 13.44666667,\\n\",\n \" 13.02666667, 10.52 , 5.72666667, 7.14666667,\\n\",\n \" 7.20666667, 8.32666667, 11.5 , 9.32 ,\\n\",\n \" 8.04666667, 6.98666667, 12.48666667, 31.44666667,\\n\",\n \" 16.7 , 25.96666667, 21.21333333, 17.04 ,\\n\",\n \" 17.02666667, 16.3 , 7.26666667, 7.3 ,\\n\",\n \" 8.25333333, 10.02 , 8.87333333, 11.07333333,\\n\",\n \" 15.46666667, 14.47333333, 18.96666667, 12.74 ,\\n\",\n \" 12.3 , 8.9 , 11.50666667, 12.76 ,\\n\",\n \" 12.12 , 10.05333333, 14.50666667, 17.65333333,\\n\",\n \" 17.75333333, 14.52 , 11.85333333, 11.67333333,\\n\",\n \" 10.94 , 8.68666667, 8.02 , 12.10666667,\\n\",\n \" 10.29333333, 16.21333333, 17.60666667, 15.25333333,\\n\",\n \" 10.71333333, 12.16666667, 14.80666667, 14.68666667,\\n\",\n \" 14.30666667, 13.55333333, 14.02 , 15.37333333,\\n\",\n \" 16.08666667, 19.74666667, 14.77333333, 13.98 ,\\n\",\n \" 13.53333333, 13.98 , 15.16 , 19.47333333,\\n\",\n \" 16.33333333, 18.45333333, 20.74 , 20.99333333,\\n\",\n \" 21.57333333, 19.66666667, 17.67333333, 15.99333333,\\n\",\n \" 18.84666667, 20.22 , 18.75333333, 19.84 ,\\n\",\n \" 22.87333333, 27.68666667, 13.87333333, 14.12 ,\\n\",\n \" 16.30666667, 11.87333333, 14.16 , 20.96 ,\\n\",\n \" 22.48666667, 24.33333333, 26.02666667, 20.92 ,\\n\",\n \" 20.38 , 22.08 , 18.89333333, 20.89333333,\\n\",\n \" 14.98666667, 9.30666667, 9.91333333, 13.98666667,\\n\",\n \" 20.46 , 21.08666667, 23.27333333, 19.56 ,\\n\",\n \" 19.76666667, 18.92666667, 21.03333333, 18.05333333,\\n\",\n \" 17.84666667, 22.7 , 20.64666667, 25.46666667,\\n\",\n \" 23.96666667, 14.72666667])\"\n ]\n },\n \"execution_count\": 11,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"output_type\": \"execute_result\"\n }\n ],\n \"source\": [\n \"rgs.predict(boston_features)\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 12,\n \"metadata\": {\n \"collapsed\": true\n },\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": [\n \"from sklearn import tree\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 13,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [\n {\n \"data\": {\n \"text/plain\": [\n \"DecisionTreeRegressor(criterion='mse', max_depth=None, max_features=None,\\n\",\n \" max_leaf_nodes=None, min_impurity_decrease=0.0,\\n\",\n \" min_impurity_split=None, min_samples_leaf=1,\\n\",\n \" min_samples_split=2, min_weight_fraction_leaf=0.0,\\n\",\n \" presort=False, random_state=None, splitter='best')\"\n ]\n },\n \"execution_count\": 13,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"output_type\": \"execute_result\"\n }\n ],\n \"source\": [\n \"rgs2 = tree.DecisionTreeRegressor() ##决策树模型，比较两个模型的预测结果！\\n\",\n \"rgs2.fit(boston_features, boston_target)\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 14,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [\n {\n \"data\": {\n \"text/plain\": [\n \"array([ 24. , 21.6, 34.7, 33.4, 36.2, 28.7, 22.9, 27.1, 16.5,\\n\",\n \" 18.9, 15. , 18.9, 21.7, 20.4, 18.2, 19.9, 23.1, 17.5,\\n\",\n \" 20.2, 18.2, 13.6, 19.6, 15.2, 14.5, 15.6, 13.9, 16.6,\\n\",\n \" 14.8, 18.4, 21. , 12.7, 14.5, 13.2, 13.1, 13.5, 18.9,\\n\",\n \" 20. , 21. , 24.7, 30.8, 34.9, 26.6, 25.3, 24.7, 21.2,\\n\",\n \" 19.3, 20. , 16.6, 14.4, 19.4, 19.7, 20.5, 25. , 23.4,\\n\",\n \" 18.9, 35.4, 24.7, 31.6, 23.3, 19.6, 18.7, 16. , 22.2,\\n\",\n \" 25. , 33. , 23.5, 19.4, 22. , 17.4, 20.9, 24.2, 21.7,\\n\",\n \" 22.8, 23.4, 24.1, 21.4, 20. , 20.8, 21.2, 20.3, 28. ,\\n\",\n \" 23.9, 24.8, 22.9, 23.9, 26.6, 22.5, 22.2, 23.6, 28.7,\\n\",\n \" 22.6, 22. , 22.9, 25. , 20.6, 28.4, 21.4, 38.7, 43.8,\\n\",\n \" 33.2, 27.5, 26.5, 18.6, 19.3, 20.1, 19.5, 19.5, 20.4,\\n\",\n \" 19.8, 19.4, 21.7, 22.8, 18.8, 18.7, 18.5, 18.3, 21.2,\\n\",\n \" 19.2, 20.4, 19.3, 22. , 20.3, 20.5, 17.3, 18.8, 21.4,\\n\",\n \" 15.7, 16.2, 18. , 14.3, 19.2, 19.6, 23. , 18.4, 15.6,\\n\",\n \" 18.1, 17.4, 17.1, 13.3, 17.8, 14. , 14.4, 13.4, 15.6,\\n\",\n \" 11.8, 13.8, 15.6, 14.6, 17.8, 15.4, 21.5, 19.6, 15.3,\\n\",\n \" 19.4, 17. , 15.6, 13.1, 41.3, 24.3, 23.3, 27. , 50. ,\\n\",\n \" 50. , 50. , 22.7, 25. , 50. , 23.8, 23.8, 22.3, 17.4,\\n\",\n \" 19.1, 23.1, 23.6, 22.6, 29.4, 23.2, 24.6, 29.9, 37.2,\\n\",\n \" 39.8, 36.2, 37.9, 32.5, 26.4, 29.6, 50. , 32. , 29.8,\\n\",\n \" 34.9, 37. , 30.5, 36.4, 31.1, 29.1, 50. , 33.3, 30.3,\\n\",\n \" 34.6, 34.9, 32.9, 24.1, 42.3, 48.5, 50. , 22.6, 24.4,\\n\",\n \" 22.5, 24.4, 20. , 21.7, 19.3, 22.4, 28.1, 23.7, 25. ,\\n\",\n \" 23.3, 28.7, 21.5, 23. , 26.7, 21.7, 27.5, 30.1, 44.8,\\n\",\n \" 50. , 37.6, 31.6, 46.7, 31.5, 24.3, 31.7, 41.7, 48.3,\\n\",\n \" 29. , 24. , 25.1, 31.5, 23.7, 23.3, 22. , 20.1, 22.2,\\n\",\n \" 23.7, 17.6, 18.5, 24.3, 20.5, 24.5, 26.2, 24.4, 24.8,\\n\",\n \" 29.6, 42.8, 21.9, 20.9, 44. , 50. , 36. , 30.1, 33.8,\\n\",\n \" 43.1, 48.8, 31. , 36.5, 22.8, 30.7, 50. , 43.5, 20.7,\\n\",\n \" 21.1, 25.2, 24.4, 35.2, 32.4, 32. , 33.2, 33.1, 29.1,\\n\",\n \" 35.1, 45.4, 35.4, 46. , 50. , 32.2, 22. , 20.1, 23.2,\\n\",\n \" 22.3, 24.8, 28.5, 37.3, 27.9, 23.9, 21.7, 28.6, 27.1,\\n\",\n \" 20.3, 22.5, 29. , 24.8, 22. , 26.4, 33.1, 36.1, 28.4,\\n\",\n \" 33.4, 28.2, 22.8, 20.3, 16.1, 22.1, 19.4, 21.6, 23.8,\\n\",\n \" 16.2, 17.8, 19.8, 23.1, 21. , 23.8, 23.1, 20.4, 18.5,\\n\",\n \" 25. , 24.6, 23. , 22.2, 19.3, 22.6, 19.8, 17.1, 19.4,\\n\",\n \" 22.2, 20.7, 21.1, 19.5, 18.5, 20.6, 19. , 18.7, 32.7,\\n\",\n \" 16.5, 23.9, 31.2, 17.5, 17.2, 23.1, 24.5, 26.6, 22.9,\\n\",\n \" 24.1, 18.6, 30.1, 18.2, 20.6, 17.8, 21.7, 22.7, 22.6,\\n\",\n \" 25. , 19.9, 20.8, 16.8, 21.9, 27.5, 21.9, 23.1, 50. ,\\n\",\n \" 50. , 50. , 50. , 50. , 13.8, 13.8, 15. , 13.9, 13.3,\\n\",\n \" 13.1, 10.2, 10.4, 10.9, 11.3, 12.3, 8.8, 7.2, 10.5,\\n\",\n \" 7.4, 10.2, 11.5, 15.1, 23.2, 9.7, 13.8, 12.7, 13.1,\\n\",\n \" 12.5, 8.5, 5. , 6.3, 5.6, 7.2, 12.1, 8.3, 8.5,\\n\",\n \" 5. , 11.9, 27.9, 17.2, 27.5, 15. , 17.2, 17.9, 16.3,\\n\",\n \" 7. , 7.2, 7.5, 10.4, 8.8, 8.4, 16.7, 14.2, 20.8,\\n\",\n \" 13.4, 11.7, 8.3, 10.2, 10.9, 11. , 9.5, 14.5, 14.1,\\n\",\n \" 16.1, 14.3, 11.7, 13.4, 9.6, 8.7, 8.4, 12.8, 10.5,\\n\",\n \" 17.1, 18.4, 15.4, 10.8, 11.8, 14.9, 12.6, 14.1, 13. ,\\n\",\n \" 13.4, 15.2, 16.1, 17.8, 14.9, 14.1, 12.7, 13.5, 14.9,\\n\",\n \" 20. , 16.4, 17.7, 19.5, 20.2, 21.4, 19.9, 19. , 19.1,\\n\",\n \" 19.1, 20.1, 19.9, 19.6, 23.2, 29.8, 13.8, 13.3, 16.7,\\n\",\n \" 12. , 14.6, 21.4, 23. , 23.7, 25. , 21.8, 20.6, 21.2,\\n\",\n \" 19.1, 20.6, 15.2, 7. , 8.1, 13.6, 20.1, 21.8, 24.5,\\n\",\n \" 23.1, 19.7, 18.3, 21.2, 17.5, 16.8, 22.4, 20.6, 23.9,\\n\",\n \" 22. , 11.9])\"\n ]\n },\n \"execution_count\": 14,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"output_type\": \"execute_result\"\n }\n ],\n \"source\": [\n \"rgs2.predict(boston_features)\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": null,\n \"metadata\": {\n \"collapsed\": true\n },\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": []\n }\n ],\n \"metadata\": {\n \"kernelspec\": {\n \"display_name\": \"Python 2\",\n \"language\": \"python\",\n \"name\": \"python2\"\n },\n \"language_info\": {\n \"codemirror_mode\": {\n \"name\": \"ipython\",\n \"version\": 2\n },\n \"file_extension\": \".py\",\n \"mimetype\": \"text/x-python\",\n \"name\": \"python\",\n \"nbconvert_exporter\": \"python\",\n \"pygments_lexer\": \"ipython2\",\n \"version\": \"2.7.12\"\n }\n },\n \"nbformat\": 4,\n \"nbformat_minor\": 1\n}\n"
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"path": "Machine Learning/3.2 GBDT/3.2 GBDT.md",
"content": "## 目录\n- [1. 解释一下GBDT算法的过程](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/3.2%20GBDT#1-解释一下gbdt算法的过程)\n - [1.1 Boosting思想](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/3.2%20GBDT#11-boosting思想)\n - [1.2 GBDT原来是这么回事](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/3.2%20GBDT#12-gbdt原来是这么回事)\n- [2. 梯度提升和梯度下降的区别和联系是什么？](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/3.2%20GBDT#2-梯度提升和梯度下降的区别和联系是什么)\n- [3. GBDT的优点和局限性有哪些？](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/3.2%20GBDT#3-gbdt的优点和局限性有哪些)\n - [3.1 优点](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/3.2%20GBDT#31-优点)\n - [3.2 局限性](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/3.2%20GBDT#32-局限性)\n- [4. RF(随机森林)与GBDT之间的区别与联系](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/3.2%20GBDT#4-rf随机森林与gbdt之间的区别与联系)\n- [5. 代码实现](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Machine%20Learning/3.2%20GBDT/GBDT_demo.ipynb)\n\n## 1. 解释一下GBDT算法的过程\n\nGBDT(Gradient Boosting Decision Tree)，全名叫梯度提升决策树，使用的是**Boosting**的思想。\n\n### 1.1 Boosting思想\n\nBoosting方法训练基分类器时采用串行的方式，各个基分类器之间有依赖。它的基本思路是将基分类器层层叠加，每一层在训练的时候，对前一层基分类器分错的样本，给予更高的权重。测试时，根据各层分类器的结果的加权得到最终结果。 \n\nBagging与Boosting的串行训练方式不同，Bagging方法在训练过程中，各基分类器之间无强依赖，可以进行并行训练。\n\n### 1.2 GBDT原来是这么回事\n\nGBDT的原理很简单，就是所有弱分类器的结果相加等于预测值，然后下一个弱分类器去拟合误差函数对预测值的残差(这个残差就是预测值与真实值之间的误差)。当然了，它里面的弱分类器的表现形式就是各棵树。\n\n举一个非常简单的例子，比如我今年30岁了，但计算机或者模型GBDT并不知道我今年多少岁，那GBDT咋办呢？\n\n- 它会在第一个弱分类器（或第一棵树中）随便用一个年龄比如20岁来拟合，然后发现误差有10岁；\n- 接下来在第二棵树中，用6岁去拟合剩下的损失，发现差距还有4岁；\n- 接着在第三棵树中用3岁拟合剩下的差距，发现差距只有1岁了；\n- 最后在第四课树中用1岁拟合剩下的残差，完美。\n- 最终，四棵树的结论加起来，就是真实年龄30岁（实际工程中，gbdt是计算负梯度，用负梯度近似残差）。\n\n**为何gbdt可以用用负梯度近似残差呢？**\n\n回归任务下，GBDT 在每一轮的迭代时对每个样本都会有一个预测值，此时的损失函数为均方差损失函数，\n\n\n\n那此时的负梯度是这样计算的\n\n\n\n所以，当损失函数选用均方损失函数是时，每一次拟合的值就是（真实值 - 当前模型预测的值），即残差。此时的变量是，即“当前预测模型的值”，也就是对它求负梯度。\n\n**训练过程**\n\n简单起见，假定训练集只有4个人：A,B,C,D，他们的年龄分别是14,16,24,26。其中A、B分别是高一和高三学生；C,D分别是应届毕业生和工作两年的员工。如果是用一棵传统的回归决策树来训练，会得到如下图所示结果：\n\n\n\n现在我们使用GBDT来做这件事，由于数据太少，我们限定叶子节点做多有两个，即每棵树都只有一个分枝，并且限定只学两棵树。我们会得到如下图所示结果：\n\n\n\n在第一棵树分枝和图1一样，由于A,B年龄较为相近，C,D年龄较为相近，他们被分为左右两拨，每拨用平均年龄作为预测值。\n\n- 此时计算残差（残差的意思就是：A的实际值 - A的预测值 = A的残差），所以A的残差就是实际值14 - 预测值15 = 残差值-1。\n- 注意，A的预测值是指前面所有树累加的和，这里前面只有一棵树所以直接是15，如果还有树则需要都累加起来作为A的预测值。\n\n然后拿它们的残差-1、1、-1、1代替A B C D的原值，到第二棵树去学习，第二棵树只有两个值1和-1，直接分成两个节点，即A和C分在左边，B和D分在右边，经过计算（比如A，实际值-1 - 预测值-1 = 残差0，比如C，实际值-1 - 预测值-1 = 0），此时所有人的残差都是0。残差值都为0，相当于第二棵树的预测值和它们的实际值相等，则只需把第二棵树的结论累加到第一棵树上就能得到真实年龄了，即每个人都得到了真实的预测值。\n\n换句话说，现在A,B,C,D的预测值都和真实年龄一致了。Perfect！\n\n- A: 14岁高一学生，购物较少，经常问学长问题，预测年龄A = 15 – 1 = 14\n- B: 16岁高三学生，购物较少，经常被学弟问问题，预测年龄B = 15 + 1 = 16\n- C: 24岁应届毕业生，购物较多，经常问师兄问题，预测年龄C = 25 – 1 = 24\n- D: 26岁工作两年员工，购物较多，经常被师弟问问题，预测年龄D = 25 + 1 = 26\n\n所以，GBDT需要将多棵树的得分累加得到最终的预测得分，且每一次迭代，都在现有树的基础上，增加一棵树去拟合前面树的预测结果与真实值之间的残差。\n\n## 2. 梯度提升和梯度下降的区别和联系是什么？ \n\n下表是梯度提升算法和梯度下降算法的对比情况。可以发现，两者都是在每 一轮迭代中，利用损失函数相对于模型的负梯度方向的信息来对当前模型进行更 新，只不过在梯度下降中，模型是以参数化形式表示，从而模型的更新等价于参 数的更新。而在梯度提升中，模型并不需要进行参数化表示，而是直接定义在函 数空间中，从而大大扩展了可以使用的模型种类。\n\n\n\n## 3. **GBDT**的优点和局限性有哪些？ \n\n### 3.1 优点\n\n1. 预测阶段的计算速度快，树与树之间可并行化计算。\n2. 在分布稠密的数据集上，泛化能力和表达能力都很好，这使得GBDT在Kaggle的众多竞赛中，经常名列榜首。 \n3. 采用决策树作为弱分类器使得GBDT模型具有较好的解释性和鲁棒性，能够自动发现特征间的高阶关系。\n\n### 3.2 局限性\n\n1. GBDT在高维稀疏的数据集上，表现不如支持向量机或者神经网络。\n2. GBDT在处理文本分类特征问题上，相对其他模型的优势不如它在处理数值特征时明显。 \n3. 训练过程需要串行训练，只能在决策树内部采用一些局部并行的手段提高训练速度。 \n\n## 4. RF(随机森林)与GBDT之间的区别与联系\n\n**相同点**：\n\n- 都是由多棵树组成，最终的结果都是由多棵树一起决定。\n- RF和GBDT在使用CART树时，可以是分类树或者回归树。\n\n**不同点**：\n\n- 组成随机森林的树可以并行生成，而GBDT是串行生成\n- 随机森林的结果是多数表决表决的，而GBDT则是多棵树累加之和\n- 随机森林对异常值不敏感，而GBDT对异常值比较敏感\n- 随机森林是减少模型的方差，而GBDT是减少模型的偏差\n- 随机森林不需要进行特征归一化。而GBDT则需要进行特征归一化\n\n## 5. 代码实现\n\nGitHub：[https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Machine%20Learning/3.2%20GBDT/GBDT_demo.ipynb](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Machine%20Learning/3.2%20GBDT/GBDT_demo.ipynb)\n\n> 作者：[@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> GitHub：[https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> 欢迎大家加入讨论！共同完善此项目！qq群号：【541954936】\n\n\n\n"
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2.属于监督学习
3.训练数据集是带label的数据 | 1.K-Means是聚类算法
2.属于非监督学习
3.训练数据集是无label的数据，是杂乱无章的，经过聚类后变得有序，先无序，后有序。 |\n| 没有明显的前期训练过程，属于memory based learning | 有明显的前期训练过程 |\n| K的含义：一个样本x，对它进行分类，就从训练数据集中，在x附近找离它最近的K个数据点，这K个数据点，类别c占的个数最多，就把x的label设为c。 | K的含义：K是人工固定好的数字，假设数据集合可以分为K个蔟，那么就利用训练数据来训练出这K个分类。 |\n\n**相似点**\n\n都包含这样的过程，给定一个点，在数据集中找离它最近的点。即二者都用到了NN(Nears Neighbor)算法思想。\n\n### 2.5 K-Means优缺点及改进\n\nk-means：在大数据的条件下，会耗费大量的时间和内存。 优化k-means的建议： \n\n1. 减少聚类的数目K。因为，每个样本都要跟类中心计算距离。 \n\n2. 减少样本的特征维度。比如说，通过PCA等进行降维。 \n\n3. 考察其他的聚类算法，通过选取toy数据，去测试不同聚类算法的性能。 \n\n4. hadoop集群，K-means算法是很容易进行并行计算的。 \n\n5. 算法可能找到局部最优的聚类，而不是全局最优的聚类。使用改进的二分k-means算法。\n\n 二分k-means算法：首先将整个数据集看成一个簇，然后进行一次k-means（k=2）算法将该簇一分为二，并计算每个簇的误差平方和，选择平方和最大的簇迭代上述过程再次一分为二，直至簇数达到用户指定的k为止，此时可以达到的全局最优。\n\n## 3. 高斯混合模型(GMM)\n\n### 3.1 GMM的思想\n\n高斯混合模型（Gaussian Mixed Model，GMM）也是一种常见的聚类算法，与K均值算法类似，同样使用了EM算法进行迭代计算。高斯混合模型假设每个簇的数据都是符合高斯分布（又叫正态分布）的，当前**数据呈现的分布就是各个簇的高斯分布叠加在一起的结果。**\n\n第一张图是一个数据分布的样例，如果只用一个高斯分布来拟合图中的数据，图 中所示的椭圆即为高斯分布的二倍标准差所对应的椭圆。直观来说，图中的数据 明显分为两簇，因此只用一个高斯分布来拟和是不太合理的，需要推广到用多个 高斯分布的叠加来对数据进行拟合。第二张图是用两个高斯分布的叠加来拟合得到的结果。**这就引出了高斯混合模型，即用多个高斯分布函数的线形组合来对数据分布进行拟合。**理论上，高斯混合模型可以拟合出任意类型的分布。\n\n\n\n\n\n高斯混合模型的核心思想是，假设数据可以看作从多个高斯分布中生成出来 的。在该假设下，每个单独的分模型都是标准高斯模型，其均值 $u_i$ 和方差 $\\sum_i$ 是待估计的参数。此外，每个分模型都还有一个参数 $\\pi_i$，可以理解为权重或生成数据的概 率。高斯混合模型的公式为：\n\n=\\sum_{i=1}^{k}\\pi_iN(x|u_i,\\sum_i))\n\n通常我们并不能直接得到高斯混合模型的参数，而是观察到了一系列 数据点，给出一个类别的数量K后，希望求得最佳的K个高斯分模型。因此，高斯 混合模型的计算，便成了最佳的均值μ，方差Σ、权重π的寻找，这类问题通常通过 最大似然估计来求解。遗憾的是，此问题中直接使用最大似然估计，得到的是一 个复杂的非凸函数，目标函数是和的对数，难以展开和对其求偏导。\n\n**在这种情况下，可以用EM算法。 **EM算法是在最大化目标函数时，先固定一个变量使整体函数变为凸优化函数，求导得到最值，然后利用最优参数更新被固定的变量，进入下一个循环。具体到高 斯混合模型的求解，EM算法的迭代过程如下。\n\n首先，初始随机选择各参数的值。然后，重复下述两步，直到收敛。 \n\n- E步骤。根据当前的参数，计算每个点由某个分模型生成的概率。 \n- M步骤。使用E步骤估计出的概率，来改进每个分模型的均值，方差和权重。\n\n> 高斯混合模型是一个生成式模型。可以这样理解数据的生成过程，假设一个最简单的情况，即只有两个一维标准高斯分布的分模型*N*(0,1)和*N*(5,1)，其权重分别为0.7和0.3。那么，在生成第一个数据点时，先按照权重的比例，随机选择一个分布，比如选择第一个高斯分布，接着从*N*(0,1)中生成一个点，如−0.5，便是第一个数据点。在生成第二个数据点时，随机选择到第二个高斯分布*N*(5,1)，生成了第二个点4.7。如此循环执行，便生成出了所有的数据点。 \n\n也就是说，我们并不知道最佳的K个高斯分布的各自3个参数，也不知道每个 数据点究竟是哪个高斯分布生成的。所以每次循环时，先固定当前的高斯分布不 变，获得每个数据点由各个高斯分布生成的概率。然后固定该生成概率不变，根据数据点和生成概率，获得一个组更佳的高斯分布。循环往复，直到参数的不再变化，或者变化非常小时，便得到了比较合理的一组高斯分布。\n\n### 3.2 GMM与K-Means相比\n\n高斯混合模型与K均值算法的相同点是：\n\n- 它们都是可用于聚类的算法；\n- 都需要 指定K值；\n- 都是使用EM算法来求解；\n- 都往往只能收敛于局部最优。\n\n而它相比于K 均值算法的优点是，可以给出一个样本属于某类的概率是多少；不仅仅可以用于聚类，还可以用于概率密度的估计；并且可以用于生成新的样本点。\n\n## 4. 聚类算法如何评估\n\n由于数据以及需求的多样性，没有一种算法能够适用于所有的数据类型、数 据簇或应用场景，似乎每种情况都可能需要一种不同的评估方法或度量标准。例 如，K均值聚类可以用误差平方和来评估，但是基于密度的数据簇可能不是球形， 误差平方和则会失效。在许多情况下，判断聚类算法结果的好坏强烈依赖于主观 解释。尽管如此，聚类算法的评估还是必需的，它是聚类分析中十分重要的部分之一。\n\n聚类评估的任务是估计在数据集上进行聚类的可行性，以及聚类方法产生结 果的质量。这一过程又分为三个子任务。\n\n1. **估计聚类趋势。**\n\n 这一步骤是检测数据分布中是否存在非随机的簇结构。如果数据是基本随机 的，那么聚类的结果也是毫无意义的。我们可以观察聚类误差是否随聚类类别数 量的增加而单调变化，如果数据是基本随机的，即不存在非随机簇结构，那么聚 类误差随聚类类别数量增加而变化的幅度应该较不显著，并且也找不到一个合适 的K对应数据的真实簇数。\n\n2. **判定数据簇数。**\n\n 确定聚类趋势之后，我们需要找到与真实数据分布最为吻合的簇数，据此判定聚类结果的质量。数据簇数的判定方法有很多，例如手肘法和Gap Statistic方 法。需要说明的是，用于评估的最佳数据簇数可能与程序输出的簇数是不同的。 例如，有些聚类算法可以自动地确定数据的簇数，但可能与我们通过其他方法确 定的最优数据簇数有所差别。\n\n3. **测定聚类质量。**\n\n 在无监督的情况下，我们可以通过考察簇的分离情况和簇的紧 凑情况来评估聚类的效果。定义评估指标可以展现面试者实际解决和分析问题的 能力。事实上测量指标可以有很多种，以下列出了几种常用的度量指标，更多的 指标可以阅读相关文献。\n\n 轮廓系数、均方根标准偏差、R方（R-Square）、改进的HubertΓ统计。\n\n## 5. 代码实现\n\n[高斯混合模型代码](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Machine%20Learning/7.%20Clustering/GMM.ipynb)\n\n[K-Means代码](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Machine%20Learning/7.%20Clustering/K-Means.ipynb)\n\n> 作者：[@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> GitHub：[https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> 欢迎大家加入讨论！共同完善此项目！群号：【541954936】\n\n\n"
},
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"path": "Machine Learning/7. Clustering/corpus_train.txt",
"content": "1\titv episode paris sunday scene kill show jekyll hyde terrorist gameshow pull drama pm face news postponed bang factor complaint\n2\tpolice bomber explosive people bomb tube officer bus device paddick terrorist fleeing hunt forensic exploded close received designed underground suspect\n3\tsarkozy french clarke claim minister home arrested terrorist intelligence remark told british completely radical wrongly abu government allowing bomb terrorism\n4\tparent child sort adult trip city life part ability son arm boulder ralston death rock terrorism likelihood calculation technology wondrous\n5\ttarget drone intelligence location raqqa spy gchq strike voice pilot hellfire jihadi finally tracked phone weapon terrorists watched pentagon john\n6\tboumbas died friend restaurant paris killed lille added northern front birthday saved repeating computer french courage engineer brother football chloe\n7\tfriend twitter girl search desperate mathias hour brother hope despair green hair launched gallery bataclan night update year eyes blue\n8\tnews bbc million tune terrorist cent normal viewer follow company parent tuned times corporation part owned clock nation attacks viewers\n9\tcyberattacks gchq criminal computer stuxnet group power developed announced government building osborne britain terrorist year wrong wanted warned people cyberspace\n10\tvideo york bratton attack isi city square crowded released footage shot terrorist threat thanksgiving long target time yesterday parade pulling\n11\tattack isis paris group state west isi syria enemy military russian attacks territorial shia victim beirut planning qaeda suicide egypt\n12\tmostefai police attack france french chartres paris time young estate mosque courcouronnes didn attacks men work social driving terrorist people\n13\tabdeslam day naima family couple wife mosque brother religious month wedding smoking bataclan husband friday ceremony music didn massacre smoked\n14\tuk home travel brook border terrorism keeler syria cop pair year officer abu london jailed british public office east dad\n15\tcall police minister extremist terrorist check intensive proposal legislation sympathy emergency essential pressure yesterday solidarity community unrepresentative justice climate presumed\n16\tdeath john muslim act good jihadi islamic surrendered drone burned defence isi target crops assassinate war huge razed caliphate coward\n17\tparis investor share tourism market camera house buy attack group stock flight french business impact owner view street price jefferies\n18\tgame lloris club paris france day wembley travelling happened sagna squad deschamps week friday player league challenge trouble working united\n19\tbus tony tania people seat blast felt front road left thought moment top return don bomb power blood started metal\n20\tpeople island refugee family resident paris rothesay worried free caused ll set fallen open bute happen safe foot fruit place\n21\tparis police policing hayman needed public change yesterday officer armed sight carried bomber bitter flat killed terrorism swallow increasingly face\n22\tfrance hollande french syria president assad syrian attack opposition paris political military force country including decision voice war growing number\n23\tfrench attack paris leader glasgow scottish edinburgh tweeted scot attacks scotland france mark solidarity hall match caught planned consulate team\n24\tparis french place people de bataclan la wrote lived todd happened city live parisian bar similar muslim part church friday\n25\tattack intelligence mi5 leading suspect police ira day qaeda terrorists sleeper living london country eliza terrorist al warning northern ferreting\n26\tmuslim terrorism british terrorist group young terrorists discrimination extremist year home drawn whitehall islamic official extremism network bomb muslims targeted\n27\tterrorist people attack paris french yesterday theatre bataclan france attacker security street woman le restaurant police blood told gunfire venue\n28\tmuslim intelligence britain world yesterday london people law western terrorists human terrorism government society extremist america iraq bush terrorist president\n29\tabaaoud police isi belgian attack syria intelligence belgium paris january raid french operation brother muslim allah terror killed crusader cell\n30\tfrench france carter group isis truck hollande european isi raid attack syria defeat president sunday effort force airstrikes paris terrorist\n31\ttoday thursday terrorist police attack phone security period government secretary suspect told london service worst retention inquiry bomb city bomber\n32\tphone box london kiosk public thursday design bt emergency scott small year bomb withstand thought posted good order facility telephone\n33\trefugee people paris terrorist fear coming bute scoullar country night syrian family friday branded families fleeing council home talk provost\n34\tdrink russian egypt plane terror bomb airliner tnt mag international exclusive explosive schweppes syria wire extremist told sheikh paris detonator\n35\tband paris statement group attack single eodm member rock killed gunman french facebook metal love duran vive families friend company\n36\tinsurer pool loss terrorism year damage million attacks insurance set attack cover bombing terrorist government bomb tria capital yesterday exchange\n37\tvisit show paris payne jamaica horse mp selassie queen royal golden india loquacious haile williams future terry philippe watch rhys\n38\ttime show terrorist culture drama telly sort risky fear john jihadist television don haley times life film british music lions\n39\tpolice london ramadan blair british conference bill islamist acpo terrorist paying commissioner officer red didn spent thursday fanatic muslim america\n40\tpm professionals house tonight marcus gallic gp france pay impress men hassle england price fail hodgson avoid football dish roy\n41\tcctv london police bomber vital footage system image camera picture detective officer bus terrorist week images bomb copeland huge anti\n42\tnight suicide car salah france brother abdeslam city migrant join linked paris picked isi de attack raid centre arrested armed\n43\tworld muslim terror iraq war blair bush western occupation support iraqi country pressure terrorist british medium terrorists state step global\n44\tfirm international group week broker million contract report manager furniture gainer takeover wanted hope organiser mouse cent tanzanian pension shanta\n45\tpeople moore saved concert wife scott merton exit open bataclan seat bruno couple didn love rock ran floor british broke\n46\tparis french man molenbeek linked belgian massacre yesterday arrest police belgium gunman attack suspect brussels refugee officer planned islamist national\n47\tbus train blood people body minute smoke leg screaming man tube woman started looked king lying face street hear calm\n48\tmen london man aldgate forensic yorkshire west terrorist movement property tavistock establish died thursday moving morning investigation executed time missing\n49\tcaf life clement hospital birthday friend save died boumbas worker hero people girl ludovic stand anges shot scaffolding metallic la\n50\tblair meeting london nation people hotel terrorists g8 british talk determination attack summit bush session day scotland statement leader foreign\n51\tstar france diarra game cousin england killed terror stade germany united french victim world football wembley show bombing occasion diakite\n52\tattack london police british summit asked terrorist present country head official delegate investigator link yard offered service meeting intelligence madrid\n53\tparis police room france abdeslam hotel drug gang islamic attack suicide yesterday suburb brahim plastic needle show pizza prime east\n54\tsyria syrian isi refugee attack g20 paris security eu change border due assad summit part leader country president bombing refugees\n55\tdefence legal state syria attack action isi international law airstrikes justification raf threat nato advice broader france actor military britain\n56\tcontact mobile carry medical kin emergency terrorist hurt paramedic accident badly entering information www don briton involved rescue police record\n57\tteam final murray day britain edmund world lta tennis smith player itf night week davis challenger fear time tournament belgian\n58\tcompany london fund mail victim contribute londonrelief sunday offer financial mayor livingstone pound horrific lord online money sheffield rothermere sickened\n59\tfrance french football game tuesday england fa stadium united played event player paris wembley time hodgson police fan le night\n60\tlife bomber bomb blitz brought memory daphne win war couldn day won survived terror bombing attack neighbour brother garden real\n61\tbank rate price attack cut decision case move london month june expressed interest market monthly business meeting emergency remains economic\n62\tlondon picture afraid message thursday alfie sign image put amazing mobile gung site great couple capital ho defiance plain ve\n63\tmigrant asylum base asked british lebanon boat security cypriot rejected country cyprus military britain syria secretary united fenced official smugglers\n64\tyear biggest continued paris rolls warning investor stock cent defence oil bae sentiment market hikma forecast smaller concern close sachs\n65\tmuslim police people london britain home attack islamic wider series group concerned yesterday stay reprisal backlash warned city victim divide\n66\tattack time london bomb bus blair service jack people night britain group al blast david qaeda station report tunnel tube\n67\twork helen london lockerbie heard line thursday time friend phone liz piccadilly turn told area north worker manager blast train\n68\tmuslim london community people britain islamic mosque bomb yesterday extremist attacks violence society united police group griffin politics hatred support\n69\tmcdonnell statement signed list labour john attack sclv demand campaign socialist mi5 paris letter force shadow document interview terror chancellor\n70\tblair election cabinet week political mood hold national summit event falklands parliament war doe brown leader clarke handling david review\n71\tblair play team glasgow squad warrior close french saint career bully brown moved cup match paris scrum ve skipper time\n72\tpolice hostage jihadis officer shield concert thought arrived door killer hiding bullet shot emerged detonated friday decapitate burst corridor pushing\n73\tcarriage muslim london british people absolutely looked started fuse east evil happened remains left helping capture police firm horror lump\n74\tteam friendly opinion dance fa acceptable coach yield triumph chief sleep joachim terror allowed reinhard wanted terrorist rauball hold germany\n75\tdavis tory party howard leadership election conway people minister cameron david tories visa information hope day smith win year political\n76\tmarket pound price oil share cut financial warned effect level week bank hurricane yesterday dent wall trader london expect remain\n77\tpolicy obama rubio candidate isis american clinton foreign isi iraq plan attack record support strategy force paris military fight favor\n78\trefugee country uk point britain security refugees british government border attack proportion paris syria belief briton public increase terrorist ipsos\n79\tlabour corbyn mp shoot policy asked told cameron shadow vote police force night security paris party backlash responsibility wishing kill\n80\tpeople young geldof generation paris youngster tolerance glowing love violence age stop school remain bloodstained rat el attraction advised killer\n81\tsport coe olympic government london game school time year child bid olympics city britain give ioc funding sporting won politician\n82\tfrench france paris police man terror security gunman worst bataclan people frenchman yesterday europe terrorists state attacker refugee attack friday\n83\tparliament security suicide hoon centre barrier measure building steel high block incident week house mp ring protected vulnerable false leader\n84\tdavis day john british plot atrocity isi quizzed emwazi turkey english involved syria beatles heavily member thursday reportedly hostages contact\n85\tparis film french attack journalist november due event release poster image cell terror france wake mk2 movie jihadi city hollywood\n86\tcorbyn terror email terrorist live paris people kill party labour muslim don war shoulder action solidarity caw address country jeremy\n87\tdavis isi british turkish emwazi istanbul turkey europe foreign strike worked tracked islamic guilty safe told time arrested including thought\n88\tvenue paris statement reopen attack solidarity terrorist hall front people ended revert word read victims laloux told place months selling\n89\tpeople police public normal city londoner force return explosive thursday fear act attack home matter package today day response leave\n90\tsituation decision epsom london wallis didn cooper reality managing director terrorists andrew circumstances inappropriate long hard thought huge lightly part\n91\tmostefai moved chartres police paris friend house small brother radical courcouronnes family father housing close street wife money mosque blue\n92\tsyria airstrikes russia cameron assad syrian resolution case snp mp peace position bombing support isis change president vote isi extending\n93\tparis people monument french phane hostage killed show charlie twitter poster st bring held flower leave hall gunman family police\n94\tworld terror act muslim isi killing power offer war western fear paris deed fantasy state special force response west bomb\n95\tbelgium france belgian brussels syria attack muslim european terrorism paris molenbeek tunisian state small origin police group attacks role international\n96\taid cyber budget government cameron country spending uk engage foreign internet world speech defence refugee national isil osborne year human\n97\tsecurity intelligence uk people gchq terrorist attack britain country minister scotland violence assurance sturgeon doubt nsa fears effective group extremist\n98\tmuslim bin laden announcement thug britain muslims vandalised set carried suicide british man racist movingly ended idea lie apparently divided\n99\tpassport refugee greece europe man migrant greek night system syrian october official terrorist asylum german established police intelligence schengen wreak\n100\tlive aid blair people defeat food cameron shadow mengistu secretary pride iraq leading side easily small speech supply terrorism give\n101\tfrench fan game night national football home wembley england fixture anthem friday sporting english minute word waving police london international\n102\twoman friend pregnant bastien people life police jump told asked window ground floor escape wanted officer torreele minute story stranger\n103\tshahara death home bus blast family mum david london bank night victim died true friend shyanuja front loved year sun\n104\tbill house reid democrat visa legislation security united waiver senate veto secretary republican country don bipartisan won refugee block national\n105\twork bus day weapon message tube defiance train fiona perpetuates carry station unable travel yesterday lucky stop won warning system\n106\tcity street area police road beeston leeds people community living work young family home population house raided camouflage raid door\n107\tsir trident nuclear defence uk deterrent support missile cordingley weapon political deterrence close nov long government policy british single london\n108\tsecurity bangladesh team police steel socceroos australia ange happening uddin friday cahill postecoglou major added thankfully kamal paris cup issued\n109\tnick work polina news life member knight worked band guy merchandise started love father child bataclan knew damon venue shot\n110\ttoll tube official hit square expected injured qaeda russell bombing thursday wreckage al removed london hospital capital fourteen critical body\n111\tpolice eu europe paris syria european abaaoud terror terrorist attack french minister suspected raid state france isi including agency brussels\n112\tpeople teacher jewish victim attack stabbed short state france marseille knife paris school isi police wearing injury picture islamist islamic\n113\tpakistan sherpao pakistani country terrorist london attack uk terror british information terrorism britain process suspect al election war minister qaida\n114\temwazi killing isis strike killed raqqa group world isi cameron british threat believed islamic symbolic journalist mohammed syria video air\n115\tpolice grenade head hasna building window abaaoud fauvergue fire paris camera confirmed terrorist land apartment killed bomber france party died\n116\tsir military paris attack terrorist war security horror isi islamic london life international country action innocent time support play policy\n117\teu schengen european border paris government national cazeneuve meeting minister systematic parliament terrorism information control system regime avramopoulos including commission\n118\tnorth worker blast no30 essex travelling london executive stan russell bomb include benedetta student gamze david news trainee engineer aldgate\n119\tstreet bomb time london bus memory szilard history place city deeply moment yeats woburn church long delillo failed bit neutron\n120\tevil blood thousand handicapped added victim selective equally wounded list identifying screen levy sun tv haifa israel sight force terror\n121\tparis rampage terror story francois emergency border capital separate heard gunman street hollande state closed put ak47s declared army stade\n122\tparis people scotland enjoying day sake aylan beach face work scottish freedom died car bombing attack victim terror killers chile\n123\tterrorism country iep estimated syria countries economic analysis number iraq year cent fighter attack claimed time boko haram nigeria important\n124\tpolice germany game match ground confirmed hanover decision concrete attack german chief safety de minister evening station paris security added\n125\tcent public cameron poll emwazi online killing isi access supported corbyn rating held bombing british militant combat target labour raid\n126\troad baghdad convoy checkpoint military airport route vehicle highway insurgent security car attack driving time journalist american irish tarmac bullet\n127\tsyria isi iraq country western bombing kind britain force common ally saddam cameron interest paris assad david partly gaddafi bomb\n128\tolympics yorkers city london ve feel people folk benefit ostensible add prestige frivolous flying stadium terrorist fein doesn cultural sophistication\n129\tpeople london bus train carriage police body began tunnel tube station attack line passenger blair man underground staff world emergency\n130\tbritish britain yesterday police muslim claimed terror train official bomber trained security stevens bombing source thursday bomb terrorism linked chief\n131\tcantlie isi video west magazine piece september dabiq ally journalist film killed fan month previous state group propaganda freelance james\n132\tterrorists people terrorism targeted hatred victim political resentment terror group lie success excuse ira muslim nation emotion material nietzsche world\n133\tfoundation child government art work aim garrahy durrow charity holiday tullamore experience barretstown culture building build school drama war seed\n134\tgame blair northampton paris play glasgow home warrior parent weekend european people player morning campaign match saturday saint difficult champion\n135\tmolenbeek paris police france belgian brussels syria attack terrorist bataclan abdeslam bilal district suicide europe city men islamist weapon armed\n136\tlondon day killed death britain country city people risk world don ira coming tube visit warrington attack theatre driving join\n137\tmagazine today cartoon cartoonist paris charlie hebdo rey pen work drinking terror colleague forced carry stare french champagne image witnessed\n138\tvest khoualed paris salah expert suicide france abdeslam explosive attack yesterday dangerous identical suspected tatp source believed battery locked planning\n139\tcarriage muslim mustafa london huge people absolutely looked started fuse evil remains left bomb train helping capture east british police\n140\tbritish muslim men bomb london bombing yesterday find bomber israel suicide represents police challenge process attack demonstration foreign qaida britain\n141\tterrorist bute syrian provost settle council suggested hope stating people scotland facing home refugee appeared called reservation fear pressure official\n142\tdeath royal bbc jewish company sir star popularity wife hagman mitchell awarded instalment treasury franklin barging william kaufman kid honour\n143\tprayer church st service country christ injured dr london pray place muslim archbishop vigil road prayers tomorrow suffering bomb friend\n144\tboulahcen told police mother foster paris french lived added family time friend cowboy head friends troubled woman advice month television\n145\thacker begun page account linked detail based alleged identified recruiter east middle tweet hell opparis hacktivists storm launched hit anonymous\n146\tmyth bomb reality explosion phone tube office police staff network seventh mobile rumour emergency service call circulated public mill named\n147\tviewing audience tv peak coverage itv show match france anthem support tuned paris fan solidarity england break respect game wembley\n148\twar iraq london terrorists terrorism ira world act west scotland blair political islamist galloway attack appeasement city al qaeda negotiate\n149\tcalais uk refugee claim family syria britain asylum camp year child country train lawyer journey husband working london week eu\n150\tchurch woman bishop today tradition people central gay group evangelical opposition national role established lady god feel anglicanism live bible\n151\tbomb train police people line london source high yesterday explosion british terrorists bomber summit blast security warning bombing intelligence attack\n152\tpeople france security tournament country experience major world football undoubtedly event year indonesia player face child kuala night affected french\n153\tblair london america g8 year peter leader olympics backstage live8 week chief political case terrorist crowe word country time great\n154\tpeople heard told ran blood shooting man paris thought son bataclan witness bar wearing began minute attack stadium dead shirt\n155\tattack islamist gunman service french country arrested france jihadist passenger paris surprise syria security criticism place assault immigrant colonial rightwing\n156\tfriend killed family alexander night bataclan worked france confirmed life paris died student british university young posted year shot american\n157\traf isi strike hit jet bomb intelligence group drone iraq mod syria french secretary oil paris effective personnel provide michael\n158\twartime woman women day boothroyd yesterday home memorial honour spirit air ft war bomb queen capable people aircraft london won\n159\tbank sunday company lost group equity terrorist water week briefing bid thursday reuben brother developing bernie tunnel sell formula long\n160\tbrown river murder fanatical edric hendry character pre death cop letter trilogy crime novels link london work literary bin detective\n161\tsyrian ibrahim killed syria paris tribute win terrorist people game singapore violence happy ongoing prematch assad country press controversy al\n162\tlondon guerbozi morocco ve linked work man terrorism cleric newspaper leg alleged run bombings named involved suspect britain group islamic\n163\texplosive bomber vest shrapnel wire suicide abdeslam belgian paris pack fragment battery bone button neck mohamed caribbean attacks investigators bearing\n164\tisi force attacked cameron france people buy bank forget iraq pay paris terrorist bulletproof guard text provider flow start food\n165\tnight france team security england solidarity french respect game united support cousin country paris play stadium football played show fan\n166\tisi al group attack qaida islamic leader militant dabiq country international terrorism threat official central local paris affiliate magazine baghdadi\n167\tturrell face davinia terrorist burn sister laugh friday suffered hospital people condition wells speaking station making person dramatic masked tube\n168\tfilm french paris cell release distributor attack due event muslim extremist producer yesterday poster cinema france read open provocative rifle\n169\tlondon people bin muslim wrong swamp road work act stop east door blair staff police laden bush king war bus\n170\tpm president terrorists world france extremist wipe ready yesterday russia arabia innocent stronger highest terrorize religious attempt law body outrageous\n171\tsyria putin assad syrian cameron russian isi british world government attack leader g20 president meeting year interest russia country west\n172\tterahertz hidden rays company people cameras radiation week threat harm electromagnetic pas spare event reducing don part show innovative images\n173\tlabour refusal party jihadi vote working ukip imagine deterrent today corbyn attack doncaster detailed switch le anthem fear terrorist week\n174\ttube bus bank webb gordon islam death social toll ikeagwu soar ojara police blast hunt london moroccan lost terror loved\n175\tkhan muslim british political corbyn mayoral word ve paris labour potential islamist campaign life fellow leader candidate london speech extremist\n176\tlit paris colour world french stand night sydney mike red mayor baird article order city tweeted show attack bridge hall\n177\tweapon attacks france paris gun europe illegal arm car told kalashnikov vest explosive toulouse intelligence expert friday country created specialist\n178\tmp llwyd minister viagra welsh moment voice yesterday shouted face common listened obvious muslim sense normal impotent word long licensee\n179\tcourt gatwick knife chaos sparked west appeared chauris possessing saturday jps crawley airport gun vendome air terminal cost central rifle\n180\tgas cut market rate bond pc year company oil global share time fund growth demand uk shell consumer bg big\n181\tbus people blood explosion mattoo top passenger thought smoke tavistock tube front heard body screaming doctor scene roof officer sat\n182\tlondon terror muslim terrorist time terrorism british newspaper america york islamic times page people threat londonistan militant britain decade journal\n183\tpeople london train carriage explosion smoke tunnel couldn worker door screaming station window face started street track looked treat emergency\n184\tpalestinian israeli israel group gaza attack minister town abu ceasefire yesterday army police part sharon islamic abbas closure militant jihad\n185\tsecurity london bus group operator maker aim term fear week capital cent operators reaction choice olympics inevitably selling suisse cut\n186\tfrance police ground match attack press stadium supporter hotel security emerged explosion stade explosive time happened gathering feeling final le\n187\tpeople station tube security train passenger carry service body underground device driver london scanner camera technology bomb million number union\n188\tdeschamps football important france sport time play paris world lloris ve game clairefontaine colour team french people expected sister player\n189\tman paris saturday police airport firearm concern gatwick item incident advice heightened france security year passenger report terminal british closed\n190\tshehzad community mosque friend respected quiet leeds pakistan time devout cricket beeston interest home south family lad chip man young\n191\twebsite site young library britain muslim computer public al terrorist year islamic british youth lethal security mi5 message west service\n192\tpeople london walked street determination thousand face rain whitechapel londoner knew hospital talking mother bus happened tragedy shelter small carry\n193\tfrench france isi muslim attack paris country group hollande war young government radicalisation islamic service afghanistan major number radical islam\n194\tisi raqqa airstrikes city syria norwegian civilian killed russia french hostage group week terrorist minister paris killing attack official oil\n195\tpeople tomorrow france paris french stage play including match laugh special night player show started team terrible love wembley bomb\n196\tboris play journalist spectator good scandal lloyd fun friend didn employee blunkett guardian bound decided set office public impulse news\n197\tabaaoud abdelhamid family yesterday france father sayeed paris men killer muslim flat omar french intelligence man stone moroccan death ten\n198\tcorbyn benn labour leader emwazi meeting shadow policy paris position mp syria support wrong law police coalition bbc uk secretary\n199\tperson fear bomb people patient bus emotional panic reaction war blast treatment breathe attack traveller paddington deep time conditioned news\n200\tpsaradakis people london alive relieved bus night blast work day double decker driver walked wife perished gridlock earlier wick terrible\n201\tresource threat target ireland country threats fitzgerald present intelligence relation attack abuse area rte islamic defence emerging sexual ongoing invest\n202\tdata internet clarke call traffic attack terrorist phone company record years plan message file european email security creation liberty terrorism\n203\tiraq ramadan conference professor police muslim day al bombing london suicide paid islamic state victim visit united acpo due banned\n204\tsun war mp john berry strike page siddiqui seeking week adnan threat command dr continuing anti director stopping drone jihadi\n205\tsecurity police silverstone ca race british formula grand paddock event london tomorrow sport lord put st australia prix yesterday match\n206\talert final molenbeek paris david heightened cup gb area investigation haggerty called davis terrorist belgium murray team andy high mile\n207\ttravel isis isi syria shimali department financial europe al helping logistics fighter bounty committee arabian gatekeeper immigration africa list september\n208\tfrance paris neill stadium feel terrorist detonated killed denied including terror thought bid tonight bomber perspective attack actual reach uneasy\n209\tattack people french paris minister president condemned country france terrorist world humanity prime television tweeted shocked news terrorism state support\n210\ttunnel people train wreckage body carriage line hour piccadilly emergency police explosion office worker time london difficult russell condition crowded\n211\tpolice people house raid attack officer night aylesbury councillor road london street home neighbourhood car terrorist live day happened search\n212\tmp syria yesterday britain veto isi vote bomb insisted backing paris heavy president support pm security operation soldier cameron told\n213\tisi war french paris isis strategy similar government campaign power sense syria jihadis young punishment increased punished sunni airstrikes force\n214\tparis muslim sir islamic attack refugee response liberty religion people freedom human islam crisis birth christian presence western state france\n215\tfingers show belfast stiff part normal wonderful parisian operation terror political paris backstage friday play gig affected group finger call\n216\tlondon guerbozi man morocco work terrorism cleric leg regime alleged run bombings group involved britain islamic north bombing year put\n217\tislam muslim qutb religious religion terrorism people jihad spiritual islamic war wahhabism world fundamentalism terror called social military nasser effort\n218\tisi hostage people isis world bombing social syria assad fear time atrocity public stop france murderous emwazi place french air\n219\tparis france bernard lot night people stay terrorists game world match attacks unfold de manager football situation lucky area time\n220\tfrance tuesday wembley match football express paris statement le friendly fa night place dyke people french lost fff pay announced\n221\tfrance friendly french squad wembley night lassana play tomorrow rock griezmann arsenal player terror attack sister killing fa portsmouth london\n222\tcase people agent charged hasan threat isi isis security refugee jonas year undercover alleged attack domestic terrorist government arrested individual\n223\tofficer team station tunnel heat site tube carriage dust recovery condition evidence work police trolley body debris cramped russell recover\n224\tpolice house leeds area bomber bomb night thought student luton terrorist material aylesbury west left road believed london man yorkshire\n225\tlife victim find terrorism wife thursday world anger pain le iraq left moment fear panic mind flood week terrorists stress\n226\tshare buy sabmiller price year joint stock market trading high europe seek analyst point stockbroker rose considers london gordon newcastle\n227\tmarket european people paris europe economy fear france attack index share trading stock fall french monday global shed dewan saudi\n228\tabaaoud belgian syria year paris member omar attack cell brother police hate abdelhamid british sharia4belgium massacre link family funded dead\n229\tpolice suspect cctv train aldgate rucksack named carried believed board explosive attack hussain luton monday fourth bus station bomb square\n230\tparis french chief fia minute wear drivers day people holding black displayed terror criticism capital labelled idiot die todt armband\n231\tmostefai paris french france car minister named passport arrested saturday theatre terrorist source attacker told syrian bavarian attack european greece\n232\tabaaoud eu france europe security foreign terror isi ten minister european told french border syria fighter intelligence cop head picture\n233\tpeople anthony mother son williams fatayi innocent london nigerian oil grief family maimed heart death society hold eloquent god full\n234\tpolice muslim bomber view extremism bomb intolerance long question effort britain educated terrorist responsibility leeds fellow cult ill london plan\n235\tgary john tomorrow george host honouring london dead day david charles caroline bomb simon ian sun veteran vc queen sir\n236\tthreat city real package posed police specific alert centre lee suspect bomb looked night switch road street busiest people leading\n237\tbbc word news terrorist london language attack bomb night decision reporter terrorists senior story told describe corporation george instruction term\n238\tcorbyn opposition time isi drone paris support morally lord police move case pay referendum extending eu cynicism ve year deeply\n239\tsecurity england cricketer dickason attack player sport good tour safety pakistan threat flower cost cricket south sporting home company team\n240\thodgson football england team game player united number called lingard friendly fatigue rooney wembley international spain young blessing french month\n241\tterrorists minister olympic people de offer sympathy secretary nato solidarity british heinous prime nation political rogge delanoe wrong victim fogh\n242\tcommuter london bus tube service cross station yesterday running usual mainline security morning train work transport king search determined home\n243\tdon furries tonight rock evening pop sludge kraft band love downbeat verge fawr dolgellau london animals comment incendiary furry super\n244\tmuslim ramadan sun london attack conference community islamic prof wrong article outrage islam thinker extremism police europe today extremist justified\n245\tpeople tragedy ticker edward home story bus real emergency picture underground kind told television tv davis train uncertainty news phone\n246\tlondon silence place minute memorial europe decided culture park office sport family jowell thousand pay bus tony life princess people\n247\tengland shoulder waved paris alli st day wayne stand solidarity george wembley packed flag rooney tricolores terrorists win victory freedom\n248\tfrench leader minister la stood paris silence city tribute england condolence edinburgh yesterday fell central pay joined hollande country europe\n249\tfrench paris france cameron life security leader president britain terrorist national syria attack islamist foreign war friday home muslim prime\n250\tgunman bar people restaurant died man paris street shooting head la jihadist diner isi sprayed turned nostra fire added le\n251\tcameron syria isi yesterday airstrikes military labour issue mp isis plan attack signalled vote won rebel future pm group woodcock\n252\tleader meeting determination people country pm summit statement terrorism poverty bush full ideology resolve innocent bombing terror london continue blair\n253\tsyria labour international part uk bombing syrian plan military shadow action position approval minister wider isi airstrikes opposed effort resolution\n254\tsyria syrian assad cameron people case president g20 gap plan future putin element government country meeting bombing political russia compromise\n255\tlondon muslim people community faith sign city oppression word attack sikh bomber war capital prejudice equality major integration incident minority\n256\tparis normal life muslim city friday time de jihadist coming yesterday batignolles set spirit isis young night france promise shop\n257\tireland terrorist financial muslim dublin review led garda fatf money gnib terror national british american laundering meguerba carlson suspects foreign\n258\tciaccia london bhatti hospital family rome norwich call work italian fiancee line preparing told called parent time train caught aldgate\n259\tkhalid incident attack major police paris injured sunday salon facebook close trace yesterday member dozen owner wrote dad boycott page\n260\tbomber fourth hasib train leeds today sadique square blew team decker west police mohammed russell packed friend bombers body cross\n261\tphone bullet shot blown sylvestre told saved impact stuff french exploded blood felt hit shaken bit television straight attack time\n262\tlondon leader irish people ahern message day bertie british department outrage number affair mcaleese sympathy society blair kenny decency won\n263\tintelligence ability europe surveillance paris security lot government isil told debate technology attack snowden privacy encryption terrorist act term call\n264\tfrance paris syria police french eu brussels attack attacks state hollande isi suicide abdeslam belgian arrested people authority defence medium\n265\tvitter louisiana campaign frenzel sheriff week jindal republican governor orleans state opponent syrian refugee prostitute democrat senate prostitution current edwards\n266\tyear newland tv sentence sir day mp victim including left time hour political tory john servant civil message iraq porsche\n267\tsyrian refugee individual paris barack obama seekers shameful hit america thousand terrorist fleeing letting government war fear place killer entered\n268\tkennedy iraq war hope attacked london naive terrorism policy street mass offend link branded liberal appeasement murderer long democrat julian\n269\tmuslim british britain religious reality suicide legislation london men free islam debate death bill faith community portion instance massive islamic\n270\tparis border terrorist people europe allowed edinburgh european shut protect refugee migrant country refugees eu holt squirrell colchester put stephen\n271\tgang hotel pizza drug terrorist attacks room paris time night fugitive large driver feel video salah rented abdeslam refused cocaine\n272\tterrorism cover insurance policy insurer pay damage claim business terror offer commercial risk meet treasury biological chemical london small union\n273\topen security owen port angel highest campbell st andrew lad alistair clarke jonathan shot maarten place lafeber event previous bomb\n274\tmuslim luton town young people street group community area iraq al radical recruit part main car terrorist place recruiting year\n275\ttax pay firm world company cost facebook european boss doctor police attack claim social member terrorist google giant technology amazon\n276\tputin russia russian syria obama cameron ukraine syrian western crimea leader g20 isis attack isi international intervention president moscow coalition\n277\tstory local people community backlash hate yorkshire area national message post raid terrorism today muslim website leeds man family bomber\n278\tpolice officer week people policing summit scotland g8 ballard london monday society edinburgh anti anwar business baird violence planning ring\n279\tattack feature safety check facebook nigeria time people paris terror user site activated terrorist place post natural prompted complex murder\n280\tarmed officer police security attack policing number neighbourhood terrorist public reduction don firearm respond type response yesterday country cut budget\n281\thate living bigot london ireland muslim people pray hothead evil admits abiding dublin backlash al law gardai terrorist qaeda working\n282\tfrench wembley england stadium team fan crowd greeted match football supporter london stood defiance son marseillaise english armed game friday\n283\tmuslim people community religious mp british young constituency mosque education find problem challenge role act labour involved mind deal situation\n284\trussian russia leader president assad cameron putin meeting syria isi fight told summit border terrorist hope isis gap sharm immediately\n285\tfrench paris world attack light tower solidarity building flag false image arab la user burj allowing candlelit including city space\n286\tsecurity london transport yesterday madrid attack olympic network olympics greatest capital team bomb game reason traffic figure prevent target injured\n287\tborder refugee paris people schengen obama europe open closed control time attack germany crisis migrant syrian eu european deal continent\n288\timportant paris payet ham injury support wembley blue capital red white game international france close break playing england difficult time\n289\tiraq iran military government country shia dulaimi iranian attack pact al training rule tehran minister washington tie painful page marked\n290\trecruit people intelligence lord gchq hipster spies team cut channel time policing suspect high skill neighbourhood terror number reduce letters\n291\tchange eu nation uk france faced mood london predicted astonishing blair month duck pm rebate cock innocent european political winning\n292\tlondon american britain lakenheath mp british america defence spokesman raf government victory station travel work show tourist business chief trip\n293\ttube passenger show turned balcombe yesterday staff train stand hour station glimpse thursday fear liverpool ve people told grind street\n294\tmuslim community british people muslims imam child men crisis iraq islamic shopping uk suicide mosque multiculturalism issue enemy country sun\n295\tvenue owner hosted israeli neighbourhood video threatening israel bataclan man time group jewish hall pro concert gunman rock provocation receiving\n296\tserbian passport refugee paris serbia man french registered police almohammad croatia obama detail authority border france syria monday body bosnia\n297\tstadium fan yesterday france bomber attack de woman horror entrance hollande cafe security game refugee street blast home stade paris\n298\tparis game french family people batum noah ajinca victim player france prior good star live safe basketball life asked moment\n299\tday national terrible london terror huge muslim racial police lord killer british indiscriminate joined courage qaeda al britain terrorists stevens\n300\tbomber suicide london bombing israeli israel bomb life bombers simply muslim innocent death paradise act attack hate spread explosive enemy\n301\tdavis attack preacher paris belkacem belgium friend british syria member london message militant group isi islamist role follower istanbul key\n302\teconomy attacks consumer london impact yesterday pace activity slowing slowdown attack growth economic noted bombing cent spending andrew prolonged repercussion\n303\tteenager paris volunteer isis attack terrorist syria year attacker peer isi jihadi islamic network kill clip home people youth video\n304\tmostefai mosque year father home chartres police french blue child brother revealed lived radicalised admitted syria identity mile fingerprint offence\n305\tclinton isi refugee malley world attack foreign policy sander afghanistan state complexity candidate extremism talking leadership power safe united paris\n306\tpeople france stadium country nade terrorist attack home night world scared happened don friend sister restaurant paris germany nation heard\n307\tlondon train blair service bus station st underground explosion organisation police confirms blast heading attack statement square top travel britain\n308\tproposal retention police government internet information london legal response service year surveillance data european clarke uk erasmus cost failed findings\n309\tpeople shot france night minute floor gunman le stadium body fan caf hall man carnage police scene attack injured french\n310\tmuslim iraq britain attack london khan war islamic people mosque bombings american bombing leader political country east action anger bomber\n311\tsuicide bomb israeli security bombing army britain death israel bus bomber police body state weapon part london human armed sharif\n312\tprice oil economy economic rate high remains supply american market growth interest rise dollar rising gallon add hit term president\n313\tpeople world extremist paris war state yesterday attack french stand ruthlessness violence expect life islamic peaceful thinking mayhem united growing\n314\tblunkett stop david secretary king tribute cross strong charge prayer counter suspect silent terrorism foreign offered measures detention including pay\n315\thospital friend wright london family work alive blast bus woman thursday martine square photo aldgate afternoon critical find jones calm\n316\tban london decision order personnel force place people commissioner senior police message minister officer general suffolk disrupt encouraged area david\n317\tfrance security failure intelligence radical paris sharing communication turkish control brussels gunman eu terrorism lesson called expert people carrying salah\n318\tterror life strength year claim terrorist london fear family people pearl community passenger victim synagogue father answer hate courage death\n319\tresilience mobile network london emergency defence thursday word huge attacks obvious system paddick police prove call centre strategy people attack\n320\twar boothroyd woman statue labour home hard heroine died put commons family red white campaign puzzle waste fridge fought didn\n321\tworld emission paris climate agreement country government global temperature copenhagen warming target fully protocol clear greenhouse agreed year change major\n322\tpolice cut crime local officer neighbourhood time force longer social service britain mental car home secretary man problem health paris\n323\tstadium police night german hanover paris attack friendly explosive threat team terrorist order called match friday scheduled germany device panic\n324\tretailer sale attack london fall spsl bomb day shopper footfall number previous central normal thursday centre figure high unprecedented based\n325\trock paris uk duran band fan facebook group campaign chart track friday attacks eagle attack support metal launched song company\n326\tsummit blair aid world billion action people communique agreed leader poverty emerging africa terrorism g8 palestinian energy warming human meeting\n327\tal killed ambassador qaeda iraq kidnapped video baghdad brag show egyptian west terror mosul decapitated hooded attack city body iraqi\n328\tencryption surveillance snowden law paris terrorist intelligence government attack fact phone agency brennan terrorism evidence privacy bill official event tragedy\n329\tgonzalez killed student family long nohemi beach facebook paris community design close state university official held mexican attack coward dual\n330\tnumber attack date day pointing attribute digit time london considered people repetition mystical added york major flight week circle qaeda\n331\tlifetime britain position live tv kid news patriotic lose tolerant world home week commuter bob stoicism rips gestured organised sun\n332\tcorbyn terrorists mp police kill shoot leader security attack paris jihadijohn dead shooting labour party place night support action armed\n333\twembley time england campaign french france fan sing anthem la tuesday national football paris liberty didier wake presenter attack equality\n334\tputin assad syria isi syrian isil military cameron russian people president opposition fight isis element russia stubbornness focus compromise bombing\n335\tbank cut committee financial economic impact bombing attack analyst spending quarter economy communication major thursday show watchdog meet point effect\n336\tparis friendly france french england stadium explosion match night final fa hollande bomb action evacuated president germany tuesday team operation\n337\tlondon hit tourism attacks analyst investor year short including drop figure transport firms james british bookings reveal airway heavily spending\n338\twestern jihadist victim force people islamic state paris assad life claimed president turn stand iraq terrorist support attack year al\n339\tnuclear iran netanyahu islamic regime problem israel solution month groups threat fuel minister west israeli plan don programme palestinian iraq\n340\tworld isi act muslim terror killing fear power offer war western paris deed terrorists fantasy bin state special force response\n341\tpeople bataclan friend pregnant shooting dead gunman minute exit alive woman fan guy paris metal gig died night told radio\n342\tking weapon herts bucks minder court began bright died trial custom executed heroin contract town heard police yesterday enemy grass\n343\tterrorist attack british london involved qaida al britain police link suggests born security bomb suspect number iraq guerbozi tube group\n344\tcameron security military british border intelligence britain threat force jihadist putin special leader negotiate europe president meeting terrorist service system\n345\tblair accept iraq effort people part labour gleneagles le government political leader war case put britain world public problem catching\n346\tpakistan training british don year suicide school young family mosque group bomb muslim al camp study tanweer told terror briton\n347\tintelligence attack threat london terrorism level european security alert general terrorist summit attacks madrid yesterday mi5 jubilation severe blair indication\n348\tengland match game france french paris fan tribute world wembley felt friday stadium moment night football team diarra pre arm\n349\tbomber police men bus bomb told train leeds luton hussain station car group catch knew team muslim wanted pakistan young\n350\tisi iraq syria isis war state enemy islamic military world west american al story western year fight pure territory lost\n351\tfinance bank freeze brown yesterday monitored burma train developing include indonesia nigeria financial madrid terrorists drawn pledged europe england account\n352\tpeople told french dead bataclan attack gunman newspaper concert shooting son face blood floor live turned restaurant bullet year life\n353\tcamp migrant police humanitarian islamic people uk dunkirk mail yesterday french british smuggling charity channel calling dhersin gang year fear\n354\thodgson rooney england france team spain friday position left player ultimate fabian threw delph return experimentation kane captain tactical vardy\n355\tplay pochettino people show lloris france paris tottenham captain player french game english feel friend hugo added friday good tuesday\n356\tnuclear syria attack people world point paris grievance french symbol france organisation daily mehdi weapon isi cnd november oil claim\n357\temail david life mark rick britain live land refugee film woman pictured respect harrowing started gentle tracey real marton man\n358\tterrorists people government life thursday blair minister voice suspect long british liberty day control home attack feel prime sense ian\n359\tisi war britain syria russia group iraq terror sa troop soldier weapon limit mi5 involve hard politically cameron heroism hope\n360\tfrance tournament final place paris friday statement security involved safety league yesterday de guarantee ensure measure uefa fontaine attack meeting\n361\tpeople anthony happened son london innocent blood bus office god heart slaughter killing mother find fear day death world society\n362\tmatch france stadium play french security paris player fan england germany fa wembley night president world team manchester united respect\n363\tsecurity open police player st golf spectator worked andrew safety top ensure operation protection tom lehman ve including fellow changed\n364\tkhan school teaching hasina night community month wife leeds farida time child job family couple working indian beeston special khizar\n365\twar scot courage joined anne princess london needed small remembrance tribute terrorist outrage edinburgh previous quality loss anniversary conflict urged\n366\tbus people london tube worker woman staff surgeon body rhys tunnel ryan medic asked carriage face helen aldgate injuries helped\n367\tdog diesel police officer force animal terrorists pannett train pdsa died extremely world assistance honour uk reduced belgian similar mission\n368\tfrench paris france syria police attacks hollande eu russian isi minister terrorist tuesday belgian told state bomber attack brussels abdeslam\n369\tobama christian refugee bush religious people republican syria president leadership state war paris cruz george issue fight year remember carson\n370\tbomber leeds bomb bombers night police terrorist cell british source attack london khan month explosive child school silence year july\n371\tbrother syria terrorist jihad family brothers people social militant recruitment terrorism year abdeslam al individual iraq abdel process british turn\n372\tstreet community police beeston people local road told leeds white bomber muslim news sign place men television streets shouted home\n373\tbritish london human war rights suicide terrorists seek death bomber turn service murder red jew captured hatemonger men cleric terror\n374\tpolice officer letter cut number terrorism paris ability intelligence home country policing impact commissioner counter security senior terrorist people part\n375\trefugee governor state texas syrian isi people syria michigan snyder told refugees abbott council accept obama terrorist federal immigrant ahmed\n376\tsecurity fa de tournament england france hodgson paris hand considerable euro changing quiet final pitch squad hotel chantilly head doe\n377\tsecurity london game olympic cost world yesterday vulnerable terrorist people terror attack police city games ian athens londoner totally policeman\n378\tmuslim attack pm blair community constituency britain evil british vaz speaks expect enemy mp thursday question shahid malik home experience\n379\ttarget emergency time lucky police mi5 security al tsunami disaster terrorism employed counter flower friend series bringing sport carry call\n380\tnchez chamberlain play wenger chile player ramsey west full short international travel arsenal bit monday theo london night moment thursday\n381\tterror story qaeda ahern al bertie huge shock importance gardai disclosed posed lot keeping people tab condemned london taoiseach living\n382\tisi terror attack uk authority paris missed labour suicide wembley yesterday sparked british warning warned match france world armed game\n383\tlondon galloway blair mp britain iraq country price hell bombing people gate afghanistan opening relationship political stephen enraged silence withdrew\n384\tsyria russia mp talk assad action cameron foreign minister uk issue labour isis vote start airstrikes tuesday change military west\n385\tfamily bus london put wrong nash jamie life year hope killed russell confirmed finally yvonne friend street bomb boyfriend love\n386\tpassenger term profit attack easyjet fly year paris resilient people million egypt exec thought event due jet carolyn moore favourable\n387\tfrance attack paris french terrorist state country attacker people black investigation saturday muslim car gunman left capital suicide told security\n388\tqaeda doe terror london al blair government bombing week united state iraq attack home terrorists afghanistan people national thursday threat\n389\tsaudi muslim world al state religious government london tv british excellency islam west religion denial american terrorists kingdom arab people\n390\tblast injury explosion damage wound tissue number affected secondary wave debris engineered body lung treatment bomb terrorist primary casualty container\n391\tstadium france paris capital world symbol hope class part police place immigrant city area hebdo light killer community zidane zin\n392\tpeople muslim paris atrocity answer horror interpretation innocent body act word terrorist schools evil ancient religious israel hatred attack religion\n393\tpolice terrorist bomb people military explosive time thursday london device britain camera body officer examined prepares anti power bus poll\n394\tparty close poll anti immigrant germany europe surge support time yesterday people attack france seeker screened cheering wilder immigration migrant\n395\tbenched paris bad spot silence proudly flag york england passing kick held unfurled tricolour stripe quarterback set french star peyton\n396\thospital paris doctor staff save patient restaurant scene shot wounded picture surgeon continued bataclan victim hooked lying de surgical medical\n397\tmcdonnell demand labour signed police mi5 call emerged manifesto yesterday spokesman corbyn john socialist holding policy mp network copy disarm\n398\tira pressure statement party bombing london complicated bomber liddington garbhan mcguinness promised donaldson dispute shankill marching shadow writes sinn orange\n399\tart attack culture artist world creativity writer attacked direct poet paris bataclan year islamic systematic al put damage iranian concert\n400\troyal leader visit minister india mp paris indian british call william britain duke prince team career attack part robinson uk\n401\tlondon hospital friend work bus cross home king tube heard bomb thursday left missing picture information accountant worry mother father\n402\tparis people isi left britain refugee syria muslim war islamic men force filled western power web terrorist british support struck\n403\tpolice french abaaoud paris people europe isi france identified syria attacks time belgium wednesday attack european terror raid national city\n404\tmarwan suicide bomber insurgent mission iraq iraqi fallujah al list family saddam mind volunteer commander vehicle doesn final left soldier\n405\tschool attack french childline france told paris fear cancelled call called terrorist office teleconference visit feel feeling travel foreign girl\n406\tattack terrorism police local terrorists training london terrorist prevent qaeda le programme train identify national prevention preventers uk officer counter\n407\tqinetiq praetorian year spot smith terrorists lost tourist tech trial system industry making surveillance detection public contact tube body linked\n408\tfrance game french fan people sport london security england stadium year euro word friday time day wembley stage capital week\n409\tfrench attack london people world national solidarity president image de square horror parisian york somme vigil resident paris flower expat\n410\tpolice community muslim london backlash attack yesterday work reprisal british terrorism incident officer national fear people tension bombing crime anti\n411\temail terrorist attack time footballer wembley fan country president government ruthless people syria england leader notice paris security match year\n412\tbritain london islamic british londonistan america time islamist policy terrorism french militant western crossroad state united leading large paper expert\n413\tschool open closed today yesterday due staff remained work authority london closure hackney critically public john main camden chelsea attack\n414\tbook art freedom british indecent home office hamilton winkleigh fox agency defeat simon jury law artist local dc dictatorship g2\n415\trefugee people britain frightened landed glasgow fear bute infiltrated yesterday mayor terrorist genuine arrived len families including charter plane land\n416\tkoscielny game giroud wenger england france paris french league focus english shock traumatised completely deeply fear play heart night tuesday\n417\twar terror london man life danger mass blair terrorist muslim troop thursday government al qaeda minister seek foot tube ira\n418\tlondon bomb victim died police named people north person attacks family killed area dead coroner today square west blast arriving\n419\ttube london terrorists time work essex ian government cliff livingstone officer picture king english packed missing wall pinned small scene\n420\tschool child student teacher issue difficult talk david isi paris felt muslim happened event view lee religion london kate welch\n421\tattack france service intelligence paris french terrorist war attacks country security trotignon islamic threat isi surveillance stop trevidic european real\n422\tisi france president putin world russia military western french power syria europe bomb aircraft syrian leadership terrorist coalition determine alliance\n423\tplayer friday france deschamps play wembley squad saturday day game team germany le french paris friendly expected national told night\n424\tattack britain uk terrorist official police paris armed counter threat city atrocity terrorism security unit western gun respond group shoot\n425\teasyjet cent year airline growth europe market ryanair profit million short passenger effect expansion metrojet egypt london flag traditional attack\n426\tfrench paris france security victim football day world concern friday yesterday band european people police city called president concert place\n427\tsyria iran tehran fight iranian assad attack paris isi rouhani ally conflict syrian west daesh president evil alfoneh isis european\n428\tprice analyst demand oil attacks high hit crude growth record economic day historic alltime close remains figure short stay showed\n429\tfan raised palestine yesterday long fellow boy game couple told minute beaten night drunken victim belt hotel lout monday terror\n430\tiraq troop blair reid memo secretary uk night dr withdrawal government document save britain bush suicide outrage year home revealed\n431\tpolice explosion hour apartment woman french abaaoud heard building shooting gunfire terror killed hand fanatic asked officer shoot saint didn\n432\tsecurity campbell open major good london shocked forsyth guy view concern horrific shot carded scot produced horrified pick joint genuine\n433\tfrench france national paris war country history islamic algeria bloody tonight sing front african hollande marine marseillaise long poverty la\n434\trubio nsa republican cruz intelligence american act surveillance senator bill foreign law wednesday reform voted information called part paul national\n435\tplayer france stadium game deschamps football wembley match french day decision hodgson england graet rooney event people colour pain stand\n436\tfan turkey country paris national football silence stadium europe game eu border greek leader migrant heard neighbour team allowed shouting\n437\tday son wife life give hatred widower world victory love night told terrorist friday time freedom killers bataclan gift hating\n438\tgig manager moment brad thomas bizarre music vamps week hit album teenage chosen terror follow london bataclan material upcoming cancer\n439\tfarage muslim community uk paris attack people terrorist ukip britain leader british eu million claimed multicultural immigration completely play terror\n440\tsyria cameron vote military isi action britain night rebel bombing labour mp british war majority place air secretary raqqa foreign\n441\tgroup terrorist bomb uk tech militant early tube big suicide homemade bombing attracted individual attack flying digital figure casio elder\n442\tiraq terrorism war kennedy london terrorists fuelled britain kind afghanistan single people tyranny blair attacks naive street saddam hussein impasse\n443\tpeople hewitt terrorism put innocent yesterday hospital bastard hand paul wounded harrowing g8 message politics moved tony summit future visibly\n444\tgovernment major africa woman people time pictured london continue sun foreign risk east attack responsible behaviour selfish silva lytham hillyard\n445\tlondon war service queen abbey attended week present tribute day aircraft people veteran fly home military celebration today dr royal\n446\tfamily police house bomber lived bomb luton home london train road raid wife identified explosive cop night leeds controlled minute\n447\tanonymous service cloudflare website isis site company prince network attacks speech content protect valid response request customer affiliated websites paris\n448\tfirm staff office thames continued spirit continue thursday business rose home situation spokesman sending colleague police heard lawyer london reassuring\n449\tpolice catholic nationalist parade protestant area orange rioting route belfast riot protester republican violence day street sectarian ardoyne orangeman yesterday\n450\tgreening syria support people refugee international development security country community migration aid life humanitarian crisis opportunity department britain council cut\n451\tlivingstone labour corbyn defence jones psychiatric haunt coming afghanistan iraq intervention woodhouse sun military policy attack terror demanded loony left\n452\tspy channel security programme terrorist intelligence cameron attack world show wins year sas britain monday agency process hay recruited increasingly\n453\tattack killed french police shot gunman people paris terrorist british series france coordinated muslim dutch islamic group suicide qaida michael\n454\tdead body people police clue identity disaster identification site task missing expert bombing victim bodies false limb pathologist relative london\n455\tbody family allowed day dickie relative incident precedence bodies yard central loved bereaved attack retrieval evidence superintendent forensic reason damage\n456\tlambert shooting close talk north city night gunman fire kelly restaurant girlfriend opened tweeted palace hotel taxi french terror team\n457\twar celebration week people london country terrorists ve world good year remember white selling sunday carried british fought knew point\n458\tgame terror supporter ireland shocked terrorist government horrified console spot clear attack weak paris today twisted reveal islamic alert state\n459\tlondon victim train levy local family bomb son loss journey terrorist body result mother inquest named early put hertfordshire community\n460\tpolice security firearm attack including number terrorism response subject measure magazine mi5 monitoring uk sa paris britain border planning terror\n461\tleague french fan france security england club paris national show football game solidarity stadium marseillaise sing player la bos manager\n462\tciaran london cassidy son family police attacks day worker travelling hope dad bomb missed british bombing victim television susan implication\n463\troad edgware london hilton shadow al treated qaeda britain terror blasts reduce capital rush hour war zone scarred young girl\n464\tbus people driver blast woman seat nina told remember head piece injury huge explosion shattered survived left pain hand don\n465\tpeople threat operation street area package police birmingham intelligence suspect city public received false centre home lee business road search\n466\tjihadis trio worth enforce tag restriction raise expert curbs link investigation roam paris neil antiterror cut prevention event doyle controlled\n467\tmolenbeek terrorist attack brussels belgian attacks paris brother car arrested french allowed islamist salah suspected night mohamed man thought city\n468\tfeel muslim doe wake world life people boy horror street society accept extremist contempt britain feeling terror exploited learn wail\n469\tafghanistan force australia australian led afghan taliban government deployment troop insurgency peacekeeping military country minister killed green service upsurge include\n470\tblair political week summit face terrorism oratory resolve shadow euphoria statement future hope people churchill speech hold delivered man news\n471\tmuslim british extremist young whitehall contest policy year terrorism qualification london extremism foreign week professional terrorists background islam home groups\n472\ttouch africa london thursday ve terror casualty attacks list realise duo cancelled change hope climate breakthrough finnegan holding pat president\n473\tedinburgh anarchist protester scotland g8 cancel poorest close stirling thousand positive event delivers developing traffic response mood terrible city bob\n474\tfinancial bank rate price eurozone hbos central share market deal event investor system trading attack middle negative impact current company\n475\tofficer flat police fauvergue aitboulahcen window team abaaoud terrorist bomb siege suspect fire held time force fired part body professional\n476\tjohn isi david strike helpless group arrested hostage mole sun page emwazi corbyn butcher accusation blown western flawless grew executioner\n477\tcorbyn labour defence war article kill support attack momentum terrorist group fallon leader concern party people paris clear monday policy\n478\tpeople ali yeah british community attack added lane ve lot friday brick terrorist innit turn officer skinhead thought bomb working\n479\tlondon market olympic olympics effect bomb good company year suggests game transport york number building money share fair generate stock\n480\tcountry rugby newcastle friday national match sport event game paris attacks carry closed town today border struggling france saturday page\n481\tpeople recruit lord intelligence terrorism hipster gchq team ability channel time policing cut high skill attribute neighbourhood number innovative reduce\n482\tsecurity inquiry howard mi5 government leader london police attack attacks terrorist home today secretary happened minister iraq bombing rejected yesterday\n483\tmurray brother team event step final world british life time terrorists captain teacher year paris primary school leon live win\n484\tfrench isi city raqqa paris activist act airstrikes targeted minister isis defence attack france bombed syria target coalition daesh identified\n485\tcity france paris pray tartaglia love disturbing goodwill affected people pitiless realise passion heard killing act stadium shattered equality mass\n486\tattack political state community form development terror iraq threat democratisation part democracy kind generation economic solution people deadly africa war\n487\tpeople son mother slaughter death anthony terrorist world responsible day god picture london city williams driven friend street display innocent\n488\tkilled paris terror john declared state jihadi drone random public packed gig report page carried wounded man dazed left massacre\n489\tkilled hache flat bataclan french la paris named victim attack restaurant bullet told injuring terrorist quipe bar body window terror\n490\tlondon tourist sport athens tourism olympic olympics host interest talk sporting trend event day company attack specialist madrid terrorist attacks\n491\tshadow syria vote secretary labour corbyn prepared biggest minister challenge mp babar air terror ready defy strongly time khan american\n492\thospital recovering princess royal thrown deck suffered sapna top louise fractured neck intensive bus college bombed university woman attacks terror\n493\tstrategy force isi ground western attack political isis forces military resolve terror territory campaign failed war opposition risk long european\n494\tparis victim posted left world city support express star event shock football french terror fa player prayforparis uefa shocked match\n495\tpolice intelligence cut officer terrorism community government home local neighbourhood quick chief uk cuts cameron counter attack extremist time ability\n496\tfrench match france tuesday game paris play wembley england fa football friendly show team friday difficult left chief president fff\n497\tminister hand week city attack howard love surprise prime blair day inquiry mentioning salute tribute praise speaks speaker reinvigorated detail\n498\tbritain world london week summit intelligence attack tolerance terrorists weekend security home people continent blair year bomber terrorist g8 plot\n499\tpeople bomb uk time evidence bombing bomber group police madrid clarke terrorist london involved blast fragment lead site community experience\n500\tmatch security paris night game vieira manchester united today trafford stadium zidane fan xi bag world attacks terrorist organiser thought\n501\tfrance french security risk team terrorist friday tournament stadium place attack le stade explosion yesterday paris uefa european left president\n502\tpeople country police yesterday security terrorism government officer danger muslim met human simply islamophobia border terrorist extremist act threat put\n503\tpolice stadium germany game due paris chief german planning france terror situation exists city friendly evacuated reported explosive attack object\n504\tattack gun european europe refugee american security terrorism people muslim brother border refugees french america reach men paris fear african\n505\tisi raf hit strike bomb jet drone group iraq mod position french paris secretary oil effective personnel response michael hiding\n506\tpeople heard told shooting attack man ran bataclan paris blood bar witness thought france began stadium medium son minute leave\n507\tclinton isi refugee malley world attack foreign policy sander afghanistan state complexity candidate extremism leadership talking power safe united paris\n508\ttrading market day exchange company attack share london city record swiss system point gave firm fared station index dealer price\n509\tbritish withdrawal iraq cope army defence leaving military force process task cost support wrong emergency finish free country fear place\n510\tattack scotland paris stand world france leader government french sturgeon scottish consulate awful archbishop friend diverse horrific victim solidarity present\n511\thotel price rate room advantage blast hotels london people tragedy thistle chain group based transport week smaller stranded website manager\n512\tattack paris terrorist charlie people le cartoon victim hebdo kill wrong life bataclan young state death cartoonist music terrorists friday\n513\tthursday share company market day london price investor pay group listed stock marked quickly event money big buying cent sitting\n514\tmarket bombing defiant business trading stock london city day stop thursday system terrorists money question qaeda ve bombs lot defiance\n515\tpeople civilisation jihadist accept idea war liberal free life security empire freedom fighting sacrifice defeat business form strongly real cold\n516\tcity police street broad london public people officer area suspect threat bombing birmingham source security close hotel receiving night bus\n517\tisi long syria force troop army putin war isis strategic obama western ally status assad raqqa give syrian ground failure\n518\teurope european british border schengen islamist france vision war paris declared train based belgian dream terrorists single citizen policy sort\n519\tdrink russian egypt plane explosive terror tnt bomb gold airliner pineapple highly ready explosives insulation international mag exclusive unstable fulminate\n520\tshare company london long high market exposure fund economic friday street foreign system thursday insurance year point index face compared\n521\tattack paris week feeling story day ll contribution public feel people french share capital prefer form health mental expert report\n522\tpolice house bomb officer road bomber leeds property attack london men raid morning suicide west man carried terrorist aldgate forensic\n523\tgeorge bus london yesterday carriage bomb thought driver blast told smoke started people patrick police sleep tube family injured work\n524\tcorbyn war police people paris attack kill shoot stop labour syria military force put policy mp happy asked obama statement\n525\tlondon terrorists sweden pal hard contact ljungberg fear happen innocent midfielder long struck aware totally talked awful ve understand native\n526\tpolice paris flat abaaoud believed officer france state french terrorist phone country bomb men discovered district yesterday killed siege prosecutor\n527\tgunman bomber suicide fan left cafe detonate people victim minute aim repeatedly killing reportedly casa france lie paused fired storm\n528\tiraq allawi american al policy country iraqi shi saddam military secular head civil militant security ite time week based army\n529\tiraq war kennedy terrorism called london invasion liberal link tyranny foreign permanent blair political security international development nationalist support dems\n530\tfrance alex scottish steve world open fan government manager lambert football celebration good tier england impression south jumpiness buy game\n531\tbbc image london picture terrorist word viewer coverage bombing live editor regret audience shown domestic showed avoided information mediaguardian blast\n532\tbomb ira london killed pub injured blitz bomber campaign park attack launch world explodes hill terror dead capital city home\n533\tkarzai afghanistan year mission official killed britain local taleban attack force iraq border body pakistan step brought air bit avoid\n534\tpeople terrorist security life risk football fear innocent mass paris atrocity refugee greater event context coming internet friday car sport\n535\tfinancial yesterday initial london retail economic early point fear sector price trader fall cut market liquidity number doe reaction hit\n536\tcent emwazi killing public supported isi held british bombing combat target raid labour militant poll cameron jeremy favour ground threat\n537\tpolice night family carried car community london missing search yesterday home men suicide operation leeds young team area bomb left\n538\tsecurity league match game high paris fan force measure europe ground friendly president cancelled la authority alert time black safety\n539\tparis car bavarian refugee europe immigration european country montenegrin minister attack border eu authority policy germany leader statement greek passport\n540\tparis france border police migrant car road custom euro point favoured route gang bringing drug belgian cocaine trafficking join holland\n541\thospital london treated blast injury people injuries casualty patient bus received service chief royal critical street drage lung yesterday police\n542\thall people bullet concert began terrorists shot young playing fan shooting survivor hour floor thought song police bearded night metal\n543\tfrench london france people solidarity tricolour show paris england friend place urged join singing cab black including shared paid uk\n544\tplot terrorists mi5 police bomb team plan qaeda britain israeli british mombasa scenario al local intelligence left date safe adopted\n545\tpeople coverage culture interest share died nature including medium thought french tv british victims uk reason ocean pointed massacre britain\n546\texplosive bomber vest shrapnel abdeslam button belgian wire paris pack battery neck bone mohamed caribbean fragment attacks investigators completes sleeve\n547\tarmed paris rome officer attack training police shoot response warning highly threat zone declared italian fly target starting renowned attacked\n548\twebsite al site islamic internet bomb extremist service claim london including concern communication video material group suicide responsible islamist regulate\n549\tbus thought psarabakis london west bomb driver people wife stagecoach wreckage shock passenger children feel blood spattered entire roof minute\n550\thadn people told threat sitting large yesterday medium knowing newspaper don terror broadcaster part attempt death met child iraq wouldn\n551\tinternet anonymous copyright isi effort isis hammer idea crime service account arsing attacks content law simpler nail plan rosenwig latest\n552\tpolice men bomber train bomb leeds luton officer british carried yesterday device car london station security area lived night bring\n553\tmuslim france europe western paris french number terror cent population islamic group germany outrage london research muslims study radicalisation uk\n554\tparis french bataclan attack gunman people gunfire bar shooting cafe lot hollande restaurant thought dozen police explosion emergency young reported\n555\tlevel sale economic shopper tough lloyd saturday london bounceback friday hopeful downturn confidence royal north weakest firm quarter remained terrorist\n556\tsecurity london alert minister transport attack code ordinate interior prime stepped america mayfair offer chertoff dominique british middle suffered block\n557\tfrance french wembley fan england friday united diarra tuesday risk football cousin increased team show police paris plan euro fa\n558\tmuslim war british young people muslims justify community britain islam week terror terrorists country committed sense youth hatred london bomber\n559\tterrorist officer armour proof automatic rifle rounds sig metropolitan police confined squad robocop protect wembley sfo handling created bristling counter\n560\tsecurity club threat fan policing asked premier procedure terrorist office home league told weekend checks guidance guideline aware search earlier\n561\tsyrian paris state republican muslim terrorist mosque terrorists islamic flight texas house christian hysteria leader security vetting complained obama report\n562\temwazi death isis isi friend effort pete fight john video killed died play airstrike die murdered emwazis men killing hostage\n563\tengland france french solidarity team rooney paris night hodgson match captain pitch happened lost security friendly football supporter game player\n564\tscotland london terrorists police threat life g8 public mcconnell scottish week defeat yesterday edinburgh birdsall people major problem attack managing\n565\tisi force syria ground sunni caliphate kurdish coalition attack isis power iraq jihadist group conflict backed al regional city iraqi\n566\tlap hamilton world mercedes paris tribute rosberg time f1 formula driver sport french road silence home ferrari weekend good team\n567\tfrench football stood yesterday paris fan nick england leader remember sad la france horror anthem friday village tendring friendly led\n568\tnight lee package intelligence top bos discovered risk europe birmingham clubs absolute cop police assessment terrorism city restaurants ordered safety\n569\tisi attack military state nato war isis west iraq question political france paris britain syria force country afghanistan peace human\n570\tspectator significant precaution pass prevent championship alert attack lack photographs expected secretary fails bomb david reach week player hill open\n571\tpolice force trained attack armed training terror squad officer close special unit firearm ct specialist night face support armour sa\n572\tcameron paris islamist measure secretary state western terrorism force moment general time tory shoulder air war horror scale campaign isis\n573\tkeeler police radical brook pair omar islamic british north syria hungarian join country circle live suspected convicted john passport train\n574\tcompany london olympic fund construction project uk investment transport stock profit effect benefit olympics games due investor year high tourism\n575\tpeople police gunman blood told dead shot paris room witness stage hostage open car band pm window ran suicide hour\n576\tstaff train london lu livingstone knew explosion released code people network incredible power worked control picture passenger thought amber widely\n577\tflight month pc uk airport high housing completion rapid price napier chief india baa attacks rise air june traveller terror\n578\tlondon g8 blair hotel summit police scotland gleneagles africa leader edinburgh bush president world protester scottish campaigner day street poverty\n579\tnews audience itv bbc1 channel coverage watched million viewing bbc pm special rating time show tuned evening broadcast yesterday mediaguardian\n580\tfrance putin russia war syria western america assad kremlin president country attack west ukraine fully plane official russian image lys\n581\ttaleban american government beheaded force claim dead shot missing province commando violence day offer policeman official people afghanistan join man\n582\tattack men bangladesh claimed priest attacked muslim area dhaka town italian affiliate day arolari year isi people dinajpur group yesterday\n583\tcanary wharf worker work boat yesterday dunkirk service city london cruise early firm deterred financial office tenant sign attacks development\n584\tpolice belgian linked car brussels revealed border carried vehicle seized raid paris disposal address inspired justice unit swarmed network department\n585\thelen family london scot liz lockerbie barbaric blast dead blown injured told glasgow cross king graham sad herbert jamie mobile\n586\tstock owner cent airline yesterday index firm market attack ended terror airway easyjet friday france cac time group opened thomson\n587\tmarket security nasdaq nyse condolence york car levkovich thain giant surrounding message wall london street research turn dog police armed\n588\tyesterday bus laid read message flower station city people street london defiance underground card touching mary died pancras reporting church\n589\tcapital story olympic kelly won cowardly awful gold bombing staging medallist london shattered beat olympics heart victims wreck terrorists break\n590\tcamp terrorist interpol uk smuggle year british fear teghem criminal jihadist migrant people dhersin dunkirk week groups properly channel stock\n591\tpolice officer firearm paris confront chesterman time number force response top met meet similar demonstrated armed operate attack war mail\n592\tpeople jail jaman brother crown portsmouth kingston offence tuhin shahensha terrorist promoted transfer years fighting isi jihad died money syria\n593\ttanweer family pal dad beeston london day friend lad bomber khaka muslim chippie devout suicide road humour west mohammed month\n594\tfrance deschamps united germany friday long squad city martial french player option final team arsenal pair bayern newcastle tuesday wembley\n595\tsecurity random police put gold work pr city sound terrorists don terror place cabinet paddick event athlete randomly bomb effort\n596\tg8 africa part week level general rarely doe poverty globalisation anti global palestinian produce decade assistance nation political yesterday united\n597\ttrain london north tulloch dead carriage professor victim yesterday blood hospital islam identified image daughter people bomb blown station told\n598\tlondon police military transport bomber public cctv number film footage bomb camera official yard officer bus picture chaboud anti scotland\n599\tterrorism blair london world g8 politics international designed darkness bloodshed summit alternative change africa democratic aid hope leader yesterday today\n600\tdeschamps france country team sport player diarra ve important french symbol cantona colour presented represent diversity nation unity tonight footballer\n601\tengland terrorist worst london july injured outrage dead\n602\tshot mcilroy flaherty tour terror paris year friday willett show win doe french dubai allowing good basis player hole vice\n603\tnews saturday viewing bulletin paris night bbc million viewers viewer pm bradby weekend attack itv double people dominated average evening\n604\tfrench world paris monument atrocity house event candle night support city cathedral newcastle st france show respect tribute gate north\n605\tlondon sign flower tessa remember terror laid secretary silence victim scene culture minute bomb attack condolence moved today livingstone thursday\n606\tpeople life venue men dead blood loved love world shot connor lay lucky man friend south hour highlight shooting paris\n607\tparis french uk attack security police people place increased british meeting discussed belgian support ministers involved office london remain presence\n608\trefugee migrant country balkan slovenia border asylum route macedonia msf greece build people fence south africa flow block october paris\n609\tqaeda london west leader political oil terrorist al islamic attack global bombing g8 madrid terror power western family world president\n610\ttanweer friend leeds family terrorist community mohammed told suicide pakistan time nephew year training interested attended home ahmed man cricket\n611\thand muslim london friend phone day station place people false missing picture cross st hawkins public dead south shrine spot\n612\tpublic police community intelligence terrorism paris people extremism risk officer confidence policing superintendent neighbourhood internet climate leader type referral year\n613\tbrother ibrahim people family men yesterday belgian salah nearby happened involvement car man mother attack don arrested police terror normal\n614\tchild language world spoke love people williams slaughter full universal word mother tear lagos king freedom words reminding evil phrase\n615\treligious left british democratic young extremist government support helped put silence today muslim islamic escape musharraf violence community generation law\n616\tgermany france fan stadium hotel match exit night paris bomb attack team news victory blast pitch walked heard city loss\n617\tpeople paris talk encourage attack sad live fear lib school harder world age explanation question bombing give day stop moment\n618\tfacebook yola feature people safe paris based group bomb country user attack nigerian killed good attacks friend ibrahim site respect\n619\trehman attack bomb explosive told couple officer terrorist badenoch islamic khan day chemical emwazi asked july multiple week advice lived\n620\tshehzad friend father cricket leeds mosque beeston street azi regular school mohammed business man hasib afzal house takeaway muslim brother\n621\tmuslim country stand people western paris terrorist radical islam peaceful creed time islamic living fgm rest submit million religion society\n622\tview british rural london blair wing thursday sympathy people sense response country day culture folk street fanatic feel weekend place\n623\tpeople bomb country g8 aldgate train london happened innocent congestion guard st don alexandra lucky extra charge terrorists paul money\n624\tpolice security power paris passenger terrorist france eu access belgian freedom border belgium year law information neglect killing service allowed\n625\tstadium thought student gunman running hand register stade don friendly bombing stayed sort germany learned semester actual surreal game expression\n626\tdoran told concert bullet photograph friend hall front people paris rock young metal australia daughter face father luxury gunman selling\n627\ttrain canal state night due paris crash minister yesterday people high scene french footage scattered speed happened german chevallier nearby\n628\temwazi corbyn people teenage trial world identified tracked future prime argument martyr controlled defined video paedophile plumbed imagine hope career\n629\tyoussi woman refugee dead dying head hurt waitress don house told shot abdeslam downstairs hand injured died victim time wake\n630\trate bank price london meeting economic east cut pressure interest pc fall august negative figure house market time tank street\n631\tparis french team todt people world road wore formula car player cup victim fia frenchman statement black happened f1 event\n632\tmuslim day community britain people earlier home attack police cohesion domestic extremist foreign voice common islam triggered difficult time year\n633\tamimour son father paris left syria killer worked year bataclan told home don town researched online maya selfie night police\n634\tlaw blackman group terrorist military war geneva international world state captured insurgent don operation court time convention conventions respect country\n635\tterrorist french abdeslam game day paris syria isi bomb prince called friendly fugitive france england national terror britain slaughter message\n636\tgunman french attack venue bataclan suicide rampage stadium la detonated fire restaurant hostage gun france pm fan de killing hollande\n637\twembley terror french england game poignant team stood english player france blue screen shared north ambitious music anthem floral la\n638\tattack protect bomb barrier steel westminster erected summer screen front install security bigger week added public gallery suicide london common\n639\tcyberattacks computer gchq state criminal impunity government furnace osborne stuxnet year plant wrong developed group power attack britain announced launch\n640\tmilitary group symbolic individual video caliphate attack targeted hostage figure important alive baghdadi western isis strategic day keen beheading propaganda\n641\tfear person terrorist state london terror people attack victim paris risk real pretend grief conversation open idea france giving standing\n642\tlondon cassidy trip irish cavan school king family father ciaran roman leisure catholic year sister finsbury enniskillen piccadilly teaching supporter\n643\tabaaoud family brussels father young boy moroccan yesterday paris muslim good year brother called time street clothes belgian report isi\n644\tforce police intelligence luton martin money terror terrorism paris fund pcc blitz bedfordshire letter stop policing m1 bos sparked included\n645\tstation hour called warning claim police dog israeli didn event official bomb embassy wednesday evacuated problem conspiracy adviser assertion benjamin\n646\tparis french hemingway feast memoir folio copy time ve parisian book moveable order rise attacks city life defiance kill lived\n647\tlondon relative family centre continued yesterday missing garden cross road flower muslim day people police woman bombing dna story aftermath\n648\tmourinho hand safety alert cesc jose league backing insisted planned stadium risk tournament work killed french support bridge injured incident\n649\tabaaoud syria belgium terror jail police verviers europe brother petty crime radicalised extremist plot flown dy trail safe drag cop\n650\tpeople attack bataclan paris man told shooting french gunman hollande concert france suicide terrorist police heard emergency attacker venue fired\n651\tencryption government service attack information encrypted discussion technology communication door key company burr doe official paris access week playstation security\n652\tnick travis gig fran tour news bataclan tragic barrowland victim due venue played paris radio shirt concert guitar named eagle\n653\tnight german germany player france stadium football star game thought hour paris planned merkel team dfb squad safely lost victim\n654\tlondon iraq britain invasion beeston peter valid brooke suffering technology casualty technique unleashed latest war doubtful fundamentalist legality target angered\n655\thome yesterday edinburgh fan mariesha told scot scott pal relief paris christine hour lasted minute opened house solidarity didn people\n656\tschengen eu europe travel dream zone free france european national external call terrorist year system strong country database agency internal\n657\tfrench abaaoud belgium police year attack brother mostefai reported syria paris attacks terror intelligence belgian wanted arrested named authority isi\n658\tbomb london blast ira city explosive car building baltic financial killed market quay lorry docklands axe girl security office leaving\n659\tenergy paris power rudd global carbon uk gas plan electricity attack start supply security commitment clear nuclear climate greatest cut\n660\tobama syrian political president effort paris guant talk run isis house strong member good defeat russian prospect gloomy tool bay\n661\tthursday man london young occasional white day ellison feeling carriage journeying held gentleman feel tube glance looked drink sworn conversation\n662\tsebastian woman window ground death pregnant people guy hostage minute told spread exit kalashnikov police venue managed day shooting burn\n663\twar political iraq politics blair time mp parliament tory connection common anti attack howard newspaper bombing cameron democratic party virulent\n664\tcorbyn labour country force astonishing quietly action syria joke unity staggering people syrian assad imagine doe event day needn fleeing\n665\tlondon war day terrorists win abbey service people remember soldier men roof today died wartime message dr john beach westminster\n666\tclarke house government davis white breath front day minute emergency parliamentary hear high jaw speaker mp heard form howard secretary\n667\tpolice house thought didn man bomber hour leeds student left believed flat attack terrorist luton began week tuesday explosion strange\n668\tfrench border called control hollande war country national president migrant france return eu fn eradicate power isi europe european sandbrook\n669\tcommunity asian police boy attack muslim edinburgh association london glasgow mosque man racist scotland premise fear george report racial place\n670\tafrica give bomb g8 life page african glad history embassy bush aid le dar grow dollar promontory ordinary people american\n671\trefugee isi attack paris people security syria power ancona policy government cameron difficult pm oxfordshire religious matthew reach task europe\n672\tg8 yesterday security britain police terror death injured growing show confidence liberty ground olympic leader rose scotland attack spent olympics\n673\tattack london madrid terrorist britain bomb scene train qaeda police hour attacks terrorists british bomber security station al bombing officer\n674\tbeckham paris play time match game zidane played pulled minute djibouti scholes player yesterday drew hit special patrick trafford theatre\n675\tchief cop probe clarke led england consulted job appointment pick gove michael met secretary deputy justice assistant named commissioner inspector\n676\tpeople community muslim phillips year politician suicide leader leadership criminal faith commission fear chairman bomber local bombing race leeds test\n677\tdead attack loved men life people attacker hour suicide shooting blood pm world wrote bowdery woman victim le front terrorist\n678\tgame side play cup france place change player edinburgh depth season unifying injury sport performance nation return bringing pack south\n679\tlondon mihaela life dania house family year dental otto close born street technician knit change extravagant russell holiday teenage account\n680\tparis bar attack generation people le french france killed friend targeted drink reichman young call love place st shot show\n681\tlife people homme win isi time paris music day feel victory age wrote year quality death wembley violence won terrorists\n682\tlondon silence britain world today worker capital victim observe noon staff trafalgar defiance streets mark sun gatwick landing terror michelle\n683\tbma casualty meeting everington bus khan church doctor hospital bomb medical ambulance dearden holden building knew training gps time floor\n684\tattack paris french restaurant theatre british dead le death stadium syria american terrorist crowd attacker strike hollande concert told close\n685\tparis terrorist police french france suicide syria assault night identified bataclan brussels city dead attacker isi world mass state gunman\n686\tisi people attack french gun war assault death france fear islamist hollande yesterday society paris long muslim history station killing\n687\tdiesel police raid dog live yesterday killed world sign cop michel special life showed pet tribute saved st solidarity posing\n688\tmuslim islamic islam religious world west people terrorism shocked paris al war myth victim interpretation radical university terror bomb aggression\n689\talexander family love nick paris people friend girlfriend year briton attended french attack gig buckley read dead added respected sweet\n690\tcork france football ground head swansea tomorrow machine friday germany stadium men fish people england started friendly shooting brave frightened\n691\tstatement district refugee democrat california check west bill vote fear house face security state process south minnesota massachusetts texas north\n692\tlondon bus conductor hendy officer courage bomb transport letter unique ticket evelegh terrorist initiative shaun security sir passenger role mayoral\n693\tibrahim salah belgium home smoking wife belgian naima amri arabic brother job time year involved drug shield split massacre bar\n694\tprice market london event financial yesterday business act city trading terrorism reduce bit terror day place usual fact behaved security\n695\tfan league paris solidarity france marseillaise la premier everyday national tuesday deeply enjoying public search anthem wembley shocked singing people\n696\tlondon queen bruce told injured act pat hospital people message majesty change burst aldgate reinforce rule terror eardrum face sense\n697\tattacks rowley policing added terror paris terrorist counter term fear anti terrorism bomb suspicious police year ten activity assistant multiplicity\n698\ttour paris prince due scheduled show band sunday concert artist weekend event deftones postpone date european cancelled capital mot fighter\n699\tterrorism justice inspector officer chief police role london bombing gove terrorist final radicalisation antiterrorism retirement charge detention committee concern branch\n700\tlondon ioc team night attack bid livingstone morning home yesterday wednesday message sport olympic city talked importance aimed vote high\n701\tworld french france paris light attacks people support tower city lit friday la london wrote de colour killed user social\n702\tshare market investor day thursday trading stock million advantage news spreadbetting index financial price attack buyers making terrorist bought profiting\n703\tmuslim islam community terrorism culture british minority religious people young atrocity act moral question terrorists leeds leader west turn law\n704\trefugee republican obama house dog people trump presidential religious syrian intelligence response attack mood paris terrorist muslim liberty war talk\n705\tarmstrong team crash finish csc stage time vinokourov staying yates great peloton mobile yesterday thursday bike inferiority rider leader weather\n706\tsyria military making people cameron isi government country enemy american west support assad bomb muslim worse british isis region president\n707\tbelgium terrorist belgian country attack service brussels intelligence security organisation foreign terrorism molenbeek international radicalisation location european world information france\n708\tpeople anthony happened london son innocent killing slaughter blood god find death world home loved society die protect nigeria peace\n709\tgod man government country time british iraq day eve london year return cross believed family salvation enemy britain living shock\n710\tmuslim hospital friend london faith islam family ali mobile religion victim underground kind loughborough daughter left heard bomb carried catch\n711\tlondon olympic happen yesterday put life bid stop olympics cowardly people important high security gold game emotional games holmes blair\n712\toil isi area part aircraft syrian centre god tanker coming country month man strike operation dropped isis campaign held attack\n713\tfinal win murray davis world playing clay team paris bit time game cup chance day court long match leon week\n714\tisi group al isis military claim army believers western abu country adversary terrorist world provoke fighter baghdadi host qaeda leader\n715\tparis abdeslam belgian cop police brother suspected brussels isi cell molenbeek returned death fled plot belgium believed including dramatic vw\n716\tattack london heard khan style explosive bailey terror advice chemical ebay jury tenth rehman sana deny target reading month twitter\n717\tschengen zone border eu european crisis passport france flow free attack country set sweden discussion smaller refugee checkpoint meeting friday\n718\tislam conservative muslim islamic souza liberalism world traditional form sexual american stand anti le culture freedom religion national modern french\n719\tpeople relative information london son body shaun deal jowell week survivor funeral bombing authority disaster bereaved process scene emergency helpline\n720\tjamal mi5 young intelligence surveillance phone service conversation terror team britain home war network ensure weblog pick mobile expert call\n721\tlondon people service act innocent human sympathy live terrorists creed feel evil dealt olympic day coward loved work smith home\n722\tpolice home leeds neighbour yesterday man road son patel parent friend hasib tanweer house reply told young couple jacksey mumtaz\n723\tmatch rugby france epcr played weekend fixture premiership date hope paris england postponed executive pool terrorist football friday tuesday highly\n724\tfrance game player football show england wembley terrorist rooney world french squad fixture police weekend stadium united playing monday terror\n725\tcultural plan culture france european isi threat museum civilisation islamic defending art special president global louvre defence human artefact martinez\n726\tisi world isis chaos europe middle paris youth work attack war time approach movement muslim involved sacrifice truth area state\n727\tpeople london police blair britain time incite win terrorist hear country fanatic decent live tony deport man george war terror\n728\tdrug captagon terrorist don stimulant amphetamine gang zombie euphoria eat expert haddad tubing raided syria militant increase bataclan dissolved lebanese\n729\tlondon official liaison officer expected death operation identify qaeda russell bombing toll includes brush al cross fingerprint hair hit king\n730\tjihadist website site internet service east attack message propaganda people mcbrien extremist recruit board video security medium islamic world time\n731\tgovernment people debt g8 work fund ghana africa african responsibility cancellation power development collapsed bank human governance due obligation country\n732\tcivilisation isi middle attack city paris life free people culture assault western state freedom eastern violent benefit global live place\n733\tpeople payne time friend paris thought flight home shaking cellar door police room attack italian save body scream die heard\n734\tgun terrorist refugee prevent attack background american republican terror check allowing obtain united fear pas opposes born isi rifle governor\n735\tterrorist mcdowell threat ireland id garda stoke ethnic advantage operation activity london evidence card relationship feeling resentment implication indignation common\n736\tsecurity threat cameron attack police isi cyber power uk britain extremist target paris kill minister terrorist special force government guns\n737\tball people lot played game hard world paris put happened play cj foley job emotional sunday difficult left give day\n738\tgroup siddiqui cage mp condemn emwazi jihadist dr isis committee terror attack chief acting act strike prison home teacher western\n739\tpolice attack thought london bomber pakistan bomb people british leeds country told explosive today operation lived expertise press britain fourth\n740\tlegislation london party today terrorism police minister stood week government inquiry howard leader act home power support consensus service kind\n741\tfacebook paris isi believed hadfi hood snap billy holding young included salah suspect sleeper rifle ibrahim part police stade july\n742\tisi terror uk paris missed attack cop labour david abaaoud shoot warning revealed counter policy syria wembley move jihadis corbyn\n743\tscene local news city worker yesterday street home packed east attack usual horror exact hour helicopter report joy view reminder\n744\tcard identity id plan database police le report no2id biometric government home uk people individual scheme secretary terrorist camera attack\n745\tpeople attack paris terrorism terrorist feel life response guidance muslim threat act bomb public killed english don question city hatred\n746\tsyria russia isi british war power assad bombing northern position high isis peace group strike russian stability bomb western ground\n747\tparis france fn french people islam muslim action told jewish imam place president hate killing islamic le state white political\n748\tcent people britain support muslim public attack british confident iraq measure ten id terror patrol death london supporting blair stop\n749\tmuslim islam isi talk message work islamic fight spread died version religion people british racism reformed view society ideology imam\n750\tpower city london morning phoned daughter update leg fish g8 wasn terrorist listening journey happen chip summit andrew st brocket\n751\tpeople refugee rubio syria candidate state paris republican refugees terrorist vetting attack fleeing number governor world syrian country check senator\n752\teliot carriage smoke people passenger train fear king gym bomb started covered work fire track london huge beginning burning sobbing\n753\tattack police terrorist country france bataclan paris dead shooting french restaurant assault concert began hollande people bar heard syria message\n754\tlondon missing family father time blast arrived yesterday confirmed rosenberg flew matsushita ihab citizen remain train find embassy piccadilly michael\n755\tpolice community paris attack terrorist uk officer national alert highest show security london centre level put extra britain force chief\n756\tafrica live aid people world poverty african sun g8 blair deal million summit leader nation life billion president added bob\n757\tsyria passport security terrorist border paris british uk night country attack london french britain automatic enter seeking terrorists law minister\n758\tisi widow bucks brit university anne terror nasser student high security omar run guard punk female return aqsa believed sharia\n759\tdrone british killing intelligence enemy start jihadijohn le syria world admit issue uavs strike retribution war pakistan political britain armed\n760\tsir defence war london britain corbyn cameron force government international uk response parliament security strategy prime commitment terrorist nov qc\n761\tmuslim mosque community london people leader fear backlash today ihrc group islamic yesterday attack faith council country police bombing attacks\n762\tattack people city great empathy support york time britain giuliani londoner showed september stand blair world rapid street minimize cowardly\n763\tpolitics labour corbyn party paris face corbynistas policy western mp people elected stop threat east country member attack leader emwazi\n764\tgroup iraq syria al isi american islamic military sunni state year qaeda fighter sham raqqa prison zarqawi northern levant saddam\n765\tsister france victim player paris french diarra wrote attacks horror twitter window message thought revealed attack close carnage death died\n766\tcard id secretary clarke cards london terrorist terrorists bbc stopped introducing boarding mp stop plan check people bus party single\n767\tlondon britain year boyfriend city born working heard lockerbie world moved executive morning analyst line train piccadilly bus nationality thursday\n768\tfrench laloux jewish attack venue paris reopen hall hosted bataclan night revert israeli brother people sabbath disgust emerge told chinoiserie\n769\thospital attack staff patient war emergency france put paris wounded victim told city call dealt overseas victims suicide medical operating\n770\tpeople london lakenheath mildenhall british capital wrong stand side staff typical londoner force m25 carry deflected chief open friday war\n771\tlord case secret robert release prison advocate involved year material national life legal law yesterday appeal procedure challenge ruled board\n772\tsystem government police call network information infrastructure service communication national worker public officer organisation airwave emergency priority holmes crime time\n773\tpeople attack paris isis writes state terrorism isi terror war security editorial group syria muslim france strategy urge western french\n774\tmuslim terrorists culture case life person london week afraid begged londoner indiscriminate aftermath extreme element mother believed damage kind heart\n775\tcraig match game club toulon option australia paris player cup played season rescheduling calendar england european rugby world france aviva\n776\tarm british g8 failed lead progress zone war bloomer policy international export week director campaign sale unwilling tighten commitment human\n777\tfrench identified lived terrorist paris syrian died de surveillance radical believed crime belgium brussels france police syria mohammad salah family\n778\tparis beckham world day decision charity zidane playing manager lost wrote french human game england scored memory victim great people\n779\tfamily london gordon bus yesterday put nash bomb victim jamie life city close people phone yvonne identified year home confirmed\n780\tattack belgian french paris man attacks registered identified attacker national passport arrested europe closed confirmed suicide almuhamed police left family\n781\tmusharraf pakistan party india power province army government law point religious mma bus remains female central great stop traffic national\n782\tlondon war shadow hour al rush qaeda capital britain reduce terror blasts target zone\n783\taly attack isi isil islamic don hate crushed muslim bolt mp video helping strategy view bastards preaching doesn hear speaking\n784\tcity police public london security business system captured cctv term terrorism stepped eskriett vigilance measure working provide ears corporation attack\n785\tlondon leader mosque dr attack muslim british terrorism badawi faith bomber islamic religion islam britain increased terror east cleric crime\n786\teu parliament paris johnson britain reaction law brown time political cameron theirworld interview live born terror covering prime don blog\n787\tparis mahut horror don life french tour pair world making atp friend debut security stepped event o2 tomorrow massacre hugues\n788\tday threat judge human terror yesterday nation terrible nazism government week suspects celebration world bombing mi5 protect parade living war\n789\tmask davinia sister face burn lot suffered turrell hospital meet laugh paddington blast day people friday situation keeping year afternoon\n790\tairport security lawson highly email latest year week luggage profiling cctv baggage brookes heathrow case liquid letter check gave contact\n791\tcity paris people suburban life soho london dirty gentrification small mind destroy property late kind bar full town find state\n792\tisi group paris world local strategy qaida muslim campaign global attack french grey inspire force fear west successive war violence\n793\tizal paris terrorists police refugees number london charlie including character ve british islam law weapon muslim terrorist britain christmas calais\n794\tlondon city man bus attack terrorist british people dead londoner blair bomb tore home word security page slowly underground police\n795\tofficer terrorist door hostage floor police bri hiding hall shield hostages entered bataclan body injured move believed jean killer terrorists\n796\tbomb ira killed injured london attack west trading blew february whitehall train exchange irish cavalry royal television station park chasing\n797\tcorbyn emwazi labour world trial war sparked defence conflict zone iraq drone expert attack idea leader year mohammed revolt court\n798\tclub league attack police france fan french football game week paris tomorrow alert england stadium united local weekend year killed\n799\tlondon city leisure arena street bomb firm casino price owner group government express remain service nervous client recovered stock broker\n800\tparis french tower people world london colour solidarity bridge flag lit landmark tricolour gathered iconic yesterday local globe rio city\n801\tiraq blair set change subject threat suddenly leader world yesterday question human gleneagles looked energy terrorism attack country hand bush\n802\temwazi john syria moved st western book tanzania radicalised favourite kuwait returning uk year london tulisa studied drunk terrorist group\n803\tmarket bomb oil people london desk world logged aid price high index leading city square leader financial pound head mile\n804\tlondon york city bloomberg attack police transport yorkers executive terrorism armed business number staunch terrorists ruin act thought lunch fear\n805\tpkk family zcelik video join told kurdish terrorism jury woman young belgium friend syria sentence guerrilla home organisation joining wanted\n806\twembley paris french flag game place london football heard police scarf pray north scarves head sign friendship wrong friend afraid\n807\tevent duo france bit night talk attacks wenger fear brom positive realise west respond question day face shock life deciding\n808\tparis attack police french security government response support attacks uk action isi official shadow presence parliament power speaking threat secretary\n809\temwazi isi killed isis world strike death british claimed told sinjar raqqa attack friday believed car making syrian spokesman syria\n810\tattack threat uk police paris terrorist attacks public french britain warned saturday london official security terrorism kind working scale isi\n811\tbody yesterday police identification tunnel bomb part site dna scene knapman victim task recovery blown operation team halted work jewellery\n812\tpolice britain men trial heading border travel join arrest keeler isi european syria month speech home copy jailed john reid\n813\tkelly paris safe palace england lambert attacks night city targeted concern yesterday died short thought messages break cafe girlfriend hotel\n814\tpolice paris operation denis street apartment suspect armed arrived heard town woman building explosion raid oud officer window people told\n815\tterror french justice called year jim hard time claim men drone muslim world making quietly thumping foley find young friend\n816\tparis france french today terrorists people terrorism independence parisian isi killed islamic attack north dead home city police killer bomb\n817\thate mosque attack glasgow people police vulnerable wake secretary muslim watch crime incident bishopbriggs cultural attacked time owusu city centre\n818\tleague security police attack paris germany france match stadium held club matches flight uefa enter premier briefing arena optimise ensure\n819\tlondon message book garden world injured londoner attack public written city muslim included strength sense memorial jowell peace people signatory\n820\tkhan police worked dewsbury today beeston lived suspected religious quiet mosque thought shocked happen baby neighbour mohammed ve shoulder anger\n821\tfootball game rooney team match france event security stadium supporter germany industry hodgson pm hotel opportunity death greater player strong\n822\tqueen london staff told yesterday hospital message patient royal east adding act mother emergency capital people canteen cruel york lait\n823\tcountry minister refugee plan european scheme government eu court quota paris yesterday border night challenge block justice orban journey member\n824\tterrorist intelligence place security surveillance police innocent trained paris reminder people loss agency quickly identify challenge suspect evacuation counter stem\n825\ttime top safe support mourinho play norwich fabregas difficult win players doe talking lambert mini dire favour thought manager left\n826\teu french border firearm european call paris schengen systematic europe check terrorist country demand control area entering sale france national\n827\tsenegal burqa country terrorist people ban banning chad muslim islamic police security ewi don religious similar bomber based context respect\n828\tinquiry minister security telecommunication eu leader proposal call attack britain intelligence terrorist common attacks mp record police information data service\n829\tintelligence police security service terrorism attack explosive paris european bill gathered attacker plot ability world identify official good chatter claimed\n830\tdefence threat ireland ongoing defend force representative kildare irish squad unnecessary improved association naas army bomb spreading earnan capacity commissioned\n831\tfamily london exploded lockerbie jones statement hope thursday messaged text week liz formally russell line explosions regent jet town died\n832\tstadium france team place sport terrorists football game attacked play playing destroy country city cup show great stade night represents\n833\toil isi area part aircraft syrian centre god tanker coming country month man strike operation dropped isis campaign held attack\n834\thotel year stock attack concern travel market industry paris owner rebounded record world latest tobacco top early consumer european lowest\n835\tlondon john cabinet cobra blast action secretary team police chief called service phone meeting street information capital anti transport hospital\n836\tservice plan attack system terrorist response police london put people emergency victim dozen full swiftly capital operation speed information operating\n837\tpeople happened anthony innocent office god slaughter killing fear london blood world find son death society protect peace heart common\n838\tlondon city bus school rumour people news station call meeting day heard part bad local bomb stop explosion asks today\n839\trough carnoustie ve hole condition world result today vijay championship test time belief play honour top find champion paul open\n840\tnews website number people page uk popular london guardian million accounted yesterday train traffic term blast mediaguardian bombing visit narrowly\n841\tattack mi5 security bomber bomb britain suicide police yesterday official terrorist intelligence commit service minister western threat met home office\n842\tlondon people city www londoner terrorism world british terrorists terrorist blair britain act iraq fighting government street life day face\n843\tlondon spirit strength people tolerance fight god sad paula rest ian country sir resolve defeat feel terrorist proud born undefeated\n844\tsherpao terrorist country pakistan information terror bombing british pakistani britain uk attack process home general election suspect pockets qaida mastermind\n845\tabaaoud paris police attack french brussels minister syria france yesterday europe european flat jihadist friday body terrorist hollande massacre travel\n846\tcommunity people ethnic fear muslim bradford white riot leader race dewsbury mp phillips racial chairman place separate population cre town\n847\tbomber cross friend man king called bombing run young life dobson picture blast put tube pakistani ordinary living author troop\n848\tabaaoud abu muslim isi paris syria french omar brussels jihadi intelligence january al attack brother year medium killed reported country\n849\tbus bomber story feared tube blast fidgeting utter man carnage square terrorist tavistock suicide blows exploded work piece torn yesterday\n850\tisi people plan teacher join uploaded user good terror website child night view campaign muslim group point uk aimed lesson\n851\tclarke data phone information call britain europe open bbc month fear home record limited brussels response run intelligence planning computer\n852\tblair sinn give iraq fein goal people bombing north party london ve terrorism murder bridge didn ira western firm isn\n853\twar republican isi isis candidate fight bush paris group obama cruz syrian american senator refugee civilian innocent country ground muslims\n854\tleeds bomber police bomb night men luton london suicide mi5 car train carrying fourth believed road lived thought hasib british\n855\tworld kill truth leader dot gun paris state killing stop friday isi people innocent response button cameron launching news call\n856\tyvonne jamie friend yesterday photograph hope area appeal london work simply tragic missing evening number desperate hospital relative increasingly knew\n857\tabaaoud terrorist year attack paris belgian isi intelligence police belgium brother operation security abdeslam propaganda brothers slip ibrahim brussels told\n858\tparis terrorist border people refugee europe text allowed european edinburgh protect migrant murderous eu share put aloof sexes caf clooney\n859\tlondon thursday ceremony spirit britain war showed army woman world service people nation face memorial women year northamptonshire middlesex air\n860\tanalyst shop slump expected group brand trading financial index wh landmark market plunge health sector public signet tourist stock hardest\n861\tfrench police paris isi france people raid syria attacks wednesday time identified dead told national city state abu europe medium\n862\tpound financial london smith world economy broker term risk economic market global open madrid spanish keeping year robust long paper\n863\tpeople paris gunman time man bullet shooting world france shot didn body attacks le death sunday guy bensalem victim gathered\n864\tisi group sinjar force town kurdish mosul isis raqqa oil official tanker le resident claim attack fighting time city french\n865\tturkish turkey refugee eu migration island greece syrian people greek war year norway migrant europe agreed partly davutoglu imposed crossing\n866\thard blair police time howard head house charles speech secretary government outfit mp featherstone kennedy home defence chance seventy mistaken\n867\thorrified band hold merchandise manu grief love public bataclan manager mosser victims goal horror term nick marie fans common told\n868\tposted group al iraq claim organisation terror qaeda london fear revenge denmark publicity british italy experts gain including military wanting\n869\tfrance french failure official information security attack warning intelligence paris mostefai government foreign police received country threat believed list iraq\n870\tlondoner day london disaster people dancing sense happened home part city feel time chance tv police poet felt calmly olympic\n871\tfaith archbishop god respect life islam injured london community common grieve mourn side remain parish feeling condemn free embrace live\n872\tparis passenger airport terminal gatwick advice closed france usual concern expert evacuated saturday officer item police man suspicious aware report\n873\tsecurity london prepared army similar special government force target counter terrorism lucky skilful turn gunman vital sb humber funding capability\n874\tterrorism london britain sense yesterday resolve public outrage month clarke bombing power time civil campaign country minister repeated extremist leader\n875\tblair london country tony people inquiry thursday tory doe pundit war enjoyed convert minister bid olympic newspaper sceptical pro failure\n876\tsupport london terror madrid horrible annoyed send people oklahoma offer message kirkpatrick today reader boston england heart thought mass yesterday\n877\tworld people london shoulder life british proud attack terrorists britain defeated ve coldstream hope message overseas home williams join service\n878\tsecurity airport explosive beam ray developing material evans bomb system object problem terrorist screening threat produce technology halo trent nottingham\n879\tfrance people algerian home syria larhouali innocent integration venture religion empty open killing soul pray kader graduate left middle university\n880\tisi british people france europe bomb syria military turkey russia muslim border iraq cameron target strategy schengen islamic service eu\n881\tterrorist armour officer proof firearm automatic rifle met woman squad armed protect major sig created respond mask time wake police\n882\tmuslim security britain live threat government europe west today part policy society control refugee identify foreign extremist privilege religion migrant\n883\tengland day collingwood australia natwest wicket gillespie match cricket ash mcgrath role michael defeat lord edgbaston top part confidence icc\n884\tpassport eu europe border syrian document greece travel asylum people fake suicide terrorists journalist bomber place chairman agency arrested birth\n885\tneill late draw stadium ireland night aviva game determination match year opener germany side put poland world freeze team kick\n886\thussain family head move car muslim hate protect hospital time bradford blow christianity home street converting footage knee neighbour police\n887\tmuslim london police bomber blair yesterday britain law minister country work week identity page terrorist europe people part islam man\n888\texpert bomb british work attack terror al people bin security cell qaeda gang target islamic evil terrorists london organization based\n889\tlondon city white school left tube feel thursday world years madrid friend ve park love town long population diversity child\n890\tpolice journalist attacks french public people location information paris twitter gunman appeal medium social control attack hostage coulibaly customer news\n891\tsecurity olympics london city event major year armed munich terrorist attack yesterday police member patrol athens fear accreditation september team\n892\traid police french including air anti paris suburb france area border friday linked jeumont victim radical islamist grenoble helped terrorists\n893\tstage tour armstrong race struck britain great people day leader france mcewen won de nearest george sink news hope ultimately\n894\tisi isis american obama paris strategy official state effort syria fight coalition attack war force washington ground pentagon crisis refugee\n895\tgood family bomber school belief parent tanweer koran religious son mad shehzad year leeds yesterday young religion pleased interest people\n896\tclinton obama state iraq isi speech isis syria sunni foreign tribe policy fight call senator troop administration intelligence refugee clear\n897\tpresident putin russia cameron russian told assad meeting state isis leader foreign syrian france treaty terrorist power hope britain isi\n898\tyoung generation culture root activist violent threat isi community british killing muslims continue thousand friday ideology create understand jihadism term\n899\tkilled bombing president killing group prime minister attack series school chechen air tokyo bologna paris islamic bomb russian gas terrorists\n900\tpullin response emergency nh chemical attack day improve london system hospital office real concern service health nurse destiny long death\n901\tterrorist understand reason britain fault brave terror people terrorists talked excuse loss collapse police reasons queue push theory wasn public\n902\tpeople student child time carnage age official school youth leftwing tradition hebdo era alternative sight ration regard charlie fighting acting\n903\tscotland refugee people public uk vulnerable scottish day sturgeon arrival syrian government muslim rain fear security show humanitarian glasgow minister\n904\trefugee fear slamming syrian cameron pledged year survey cent felt yougov brit sneak refusing terrorist proportion dropped letting support housing\n905\tlingard hodgson game injury player lion gaal united france team england start friendly van opportunity roy changed mason call injuries\n906\tshare mccall attack airline passenger flight group paris easyjet french security chief airport smith cost period people year plane terrorism\n907\tsnp scottish salmond sturgeon party military leader airstrikes trident labour british landslide cameron bombing division listen scot opposition scotland uk\n908\teurope french resolution international eu france paris syria attack draft isi minister terrorist measure security isis russia assad group abaaoud\n909\tsyrian obama detained refugee passport paris war security authority attack honduras travelling stolen document travel false america turkey normal thought\n910\taid state money fragile cameron uk part minister development space department international jason yemen result designed year nigeria grove big\n911\tattack british people minister time muslim bombing criticism fire london middle sharon response expression recruit follower political newspaper africa le\n912\tmuslim people islam western university attack islamophobia islamist group terrorism state government idea minority political radicalisation terror killed act problem\n913\tmurray world final captain player give win leon team time andy adopted atrocity nadal life dropping care represent paris fault\n914\tborder eu paris schengen national france state intelligence minister attack control week tough terrorist europe meeting friday external abaaoud populist\n915\tisraeli allah operation martyr martyrdom suicide islamic koran young gaza men al member jihad hamas paradise cell family organisation wall\n916\tphosphorus civilian burn russian activist hit syria weapon village rebel army kremlin sky attack chemical area warplane killed year including\n917\tlondon terrorists george good britain winston world men free give fight determined life hours captain play supposed foul allowed violate\n918\tpolice attack terrorism terrorist london bomb confirmed investigation bus service bombing centre clarke forensic terror died today added place square\n919\thour thousand train london home deserted station victoria yesterday arch leader recover defying institution minutes blitz urged capital peak people\n920\tlondon galloway silence attack paisley steely stop spirit minister praise iraq thursday tony tribute george move responded duncan spoke enemy\n921\tgaza israel israeli sharon peace palestinian hamas life interest authority violence attack east group pa light previous approval local undermine\n922\tcommunity britain muslim act country islamic answer word understand hate law turned attack life terrorism turn terrorist paddick west accommodation\n923\tpolice terrorist rodney officer long shot jury cut london men time minister court clip style british man armed kill firearm\n924\tsyria syrian isi due assad paris g20 airstrikes expected summit campaign force cameron state talk russian peace country western attack\n925\tcampaign le donate chart paris venue metal track peaceful band duran terror shooting killed proceeds eagle uk service save bataclan\n926\tputin security jet syria french bomb responsible russian isi missile yesterday dropped target punish people targets start military minister sergei\n927\temwazi isi drone hostage british strike killed intelligence night shooting terrorist year concert operation raqqa brought page air victim raf\n928\tstadium night football began match crowd game told time friday family thought france friendly didn don walked seats rer people\n929\tparis french intelligence compartment police terror night security gunman terrorists surveillance month driver arrested measure check state plot parisian discovered\n930\tpost syrian week cnn suspended labott suspension channel political original muslim database rabid bill journalist refugee comment news republican nbc\n931\tislam london family hasan call home muslim british missing loved people east traditional work murdered bank hijab telephone britain hospital\n932\tcorbyn shadow cameron leader attack secretary side war people hear blame west stop shoot poor left foreign divided commercial household\n933\trussell city london life trip friend bus work explosion south philip bank family investment tavistock kent father july enjoyed birthday\n934\tmuslim country young generation men school group britain worker feel world year separatism religious palestine didn white agreed turn minority\n935\tlondon share minister saturday record investor terrorism rose shop policy netanyahu retailer daily number call chief top cut decisive israel\n936\tjubbal gamergate picture terrorist image apologised newspaper terrorists appears man abuse misogynistic harassment qur paris original video feel running based\n937\tbus people sat body john nearby told leg london suicide looked bomber tube charles dead man british dan flesh simon\n938\tencryption republican muslim bush terrorist syrian world attacker law ban refugee led attack system word day government official entire interview\n939\tengland added game english star french show tough friday player box football people captain quality yesterday concentration aggression world griezmann\n940\tanonymous isi group account attack online binarysec opisis innocent website paris twitter attacks coming bring isn hacktivist collective hebdo propaganda\n941\tjihadist isi attack france nato fight hearted spanish recruitment international west air act war force fear qaeda muslim isis blood\n942\tfamily leeds tanweer police night year mohammed man mother luton hasib extremist born hussain area house young believed wearing station\n943\tattack britain terror qaeda security warning year terrorists stevens briton al london british underground arrested plot identified dirty policeman iraq\n944\tgame shock tuesday decided attack night paris talk wenger hour club french defender france manager koscielny weekend arsenal daughter giroud\n945\tpeople player france time show didn match paris tonight terrorist play family friday french attack night lost london atrocity weekend\n946\tfucking france arsehole paris hbo ideology working moment john cable oliver night monologue tonight bring bankrupt week endure attack philosophy\n947\tmurray win week match tennis finish time world player winning decision team lot change long paris terrorist position security squad\n948\tgunman people shot men fan life payne black tudhope death time tortured paris leaving negotiate trapped cellar escape fire waiting\n949\tbank arab shoman branch york jordanian palestinian abdul jordan financial chairman father world palestine fund amman war al israeli yankee\n950\tyesterday day year summer word britain country europe home conflict bombings long time parade veteran queen recalled played comrades war\n951\tlondon work lockerbie family loved girl number jones gould terrorist bracing brought moved residents including boyfriend unidentified treated detail received\n952\tmessage mail avoid terrorists cell leave surveillance london method technology trained qaeda doe al sending bomber skilled terrorist technique intelligence\n953\tsyria isi state paris border eu town europe bomb cameron security gun terror belgian western sinjar police long military international\n954\tresponse socialist spanish troop terrorist occupation force armed paul university kennedy letters role attack manifesto redfern lazy valda bomb significant\n955\tcost game olympic olympics security pound london reason capital price dawned livingstone morning bomber vulnerable host billion spent hour blair\n956\tworld climate bush change gleneagles science scientist kyoto cut action time heat g8 blair summit greenhouse energy africa warming economy\n957\tfrance country ve french team deschamps game emotion player happened support friday family night evening safe time play victims killed\n958\tuk defence russian force special mod aircraft review plane submarine carrier british year nuclear budget crisis estimate military raf service\n959\tmerkel refugee chancellor crisis party syrian cdu minister germany uble german official government migrants joined sch people figure control senior\n960\tbomb bus fourth police bomber organisation panic northern cross direction device time london statement bombs properly timing underground plan long\n961\toffice common cabinet saved occupant terror waste blitz vulnerable mandarin civil year meant oliver urged servant official slash recycle million\n962\tinquiry british security world london g8 based contrast george blair juncker iraq europe intelligence eu yesterday question machine million hunt\n963\tscotland bomb part london scottish british government uk terrorist edinburgh england glasgow snp responsible role g8 iraq leader france occasion\n964\tpeople door cellar hiding police close heard payne friend scream escape guilty survivor tudhope shaking dark stampede room die open\n965\trefugee syrian support britain flight including europe public family resettle glasgow uk increase view proud refuge holding offer street check\n966\tgeldof asked scotland g8 summit leader organiser sir bono live bob star africa poverty u2 night branded agenda terror attacks\n967\tgame european home glasgow cup weekend paris rugby townsend french warrior lnr bit club decision play team player pool fixture\n968\tpeople muslim attack world held event france community thought paris form response sunday answer selection hall question ll gun concert\n969\tisi paris western war syrian iraq bomb force isis state president common enemy britain action objective local west existing risk\n970\tlibya isis isi pentagon nabil killed statement oil strike city paris airstrike prompted leader al sirte group attack grown united\n971\temwazi strike british isi intelligence drone operation killed hostage terrorist kill phone night year week raqqa brought britain spy heart\n972\tsuicide israeli bomb bus bomber security bombing army israel body death enemy armed britain part check state palestinian weapon islamist\n973\tparis belgian abdeslam fear suicide dangerous khoualed yesterday brother belgium french brussels game dead authority bombmaker attack sign hate supplied\n974\tislamist islam muslim al group man yesterday attack reason argument world abrogated west year laden debate shahid afghanistan subject god\n975\tcruise tom sir week glasgow cannabis islamic labour making mp commissioner lift jailed olympics johnson mayor spelling pictured paul baker\n976\tbakri al muslim britain london islamic attack iraq bombing group europe british qaeda organisation claimed year prepared previously operation extremist\n977\tlearning war degree year student king interest world academic norton ukeu including london money department college university terror modern part\n978\trefugee state syrian isi country refugees isis governor europe paris american year fact reach asylum program eu population fleeing people\n979\tramadan people british preach yesterday condemn muslim suicide didn scholar denied banned algerian qaeda al innocent terrorists foreign justified find\n980\tpeople belfast blame feared blunkett life slam sean unionist responsible prevent day threat med bomber assembly man resist horrendous failing\n981\trestaurant chef le night weekend guide show paris life terrorist au attack planning friday hold owner wine glass owners france\n982\tsilence twitter isi day medium hacker group easily recruit anonymous rich promotion random abuse spreading fanatical warped enslavement child ideology\n983\tg8 police gleneagles week world officer force disrupt deserve trouble terrorists scotland street protester head proud bush congratulated cop summit\n984\tbus ali passenger boyfriend hospital night underground office killed preparing reetu scared thursday began terrorist evacuated call work attack nice\n985\tpolice officer abaaoud suspect french intelligence aitboulahcen paris apartment flat dead assault molins siege attack died confirmed left de gun\n986\tfacebook people paris check safety friend post activate friday conflict natural event social safe zuckerberg alert tool yesterday current october\n987\tpolice flat intervention floor gang officer window led building men explosion woman believed unit terrorist block suicide operation gunfire de\n988\tpasser moment bus show horror blast top deck ringing survivor open hertfordshire van scene people huge thought image colleague completely\n989\tpolice paris time aitboulahcen flat mother shot year week father called abaaoud wearing french phone blow told attempt childhood pepper\n990\traf uk isi mod airstrikes terrorist iraqi attack civilian tornado destroy support reaper bomb iraq supporting precision casualty heavy paveway\n991\tjewish israeli nur family sa home people settler segal israel sharon disengagement palestinian year jew settlement forced stay arafat political\n992\tmigrant smuggler britain channel people country service refugee crime gang sneak high donald difficult head private vehicle suspect smuggling dhersin\n993\tyousaf troll crime victim post terrorist vile stage overpowers branded minister snp twitter early good facebook received reminded remark complaint\n994\tsyrian refugee state house america republican obama paris american governor internment suggested shameful trump fbi appears world week president democrat\n995\tcartoon image mac rat nazi context cartoonist view imagery le europe bell target silhouette refugee antisemitic terrorist rats build part\n996\tpeople men life attack blood loved dead believed world comfort love lucky bowdery friend night tribute stranger horror highlight woman\n997\tsuicide bomber yorkshire iraq factor glory oliver religion attack britain israeli needed ganor motivated british dr world motivation palestinian gaza\n998\tindex biggest attack atrocities recover terrorist quick rebounded market point week month risen year fallen alizyme gain mowlem faller ftse\n999\tmuslim london police britain service islamic terrorist time response demeanour don al qaeda gleneagles proud asian society examine victory unimaginable\n1000\teu country schengen control zone interior check border netherlands frontier passport terrorist france minister germany german dutch european citizen government\n1001\tpeople thought screaming carriage smoke train tunnel glass felt survivor trapped blood packed floor horror north told leg ground square\n1002\tthought realise ground running rugby glasgow paris tweeted european tie supporter image hope home full horrible hearing coach macdougall scene\n1003\tisi assad war support military nato peace russia syria arab attack west shape president raqqa army coalition kind east syrian\n1004\tchief work iraq weapon chemical working gas iraqi developing group isi recruited lab leading security scientist middle hakim secret east\n1005\tlondon frightened attack terror work chaos angry feeling heart people simply world dad city live mind time attacks news tear\n1006\tattack bomber tube police alert bomb terrorist london station train man people timing security line bus severe king cross officer\n1007\tlondon day life pub people love bush live blair week don park olympics terror kind live8 terrible terrorists deeply news\n1008\tside hard muslim spring crazy eu proof match turkey visa stop crackpot europe danger football refugees deal listen outrage chant\n1009\tjuly london thought editor manager city benefit local step put east hospital week time intensive care health website brings vehicle\n1010\tiraq force uk troop iraqi blair reduction control british paper reid plan bush document lead military stay province memo defence\n1011\tlondon ciaran terror intelligence security hope born carrying hospital irish qaeda sympathiser thursday gael watched believed report call tube mep\n1012\tmuslim people feel attack medium friend british fear bus public muslims change man woman terror community attacks london haven life\n1013\tpeople isi emwazi power evil attack mass paris ruthlessness violence objection ordinary tolerance bleating united intelligence intercept hand proven british\n1014\tafraid london message people site terrorism sign world show british word tube live time alfie piero shortened limits united arab\n1015\tparis car montenegrin bavarian europe european minister germany man suspect refugee authority pressure border merkel isi tighter system leader attack\n1016\tlondon britain year bombing terror al shoe suicide madrid police attack qaeda born young people allah cleric life hate poison\n1017\tlondon people innocent attack terrorist iraq blair londoner english bombing world democracy time olympic dying france attacks change africa rejoice\n1018\tdavis istanbul funding year syria held jihadi possessing west arrested driver believed british london briton dealer converted prison islam extremist\n1019\tfrance attack paris state french police hollande militant medium people black country left muslim suicide capital war told de islamic\n1020\tlondon trading staff exchange market business bank work transport people system attacks stock street happened firm office emergency clearing security\n1021\tcorbyn police force terrorist turn top labour life proportionate leader minister yesterday shadow save kind attack killing hilary bernard hogan\n1022\tsussex london people inspector muslim day don border beautiful siddiqui allowed blatantly expense money field isi army show text pay\n1023\tiraq daily attack feel london stand world blogger terrorist people muslim bush war blog talking arabic year killed claim al\n1024\tlondon islam whitechapel work enjoying family western newspaper muslim culture life hasan result shahara tavistock world square bus operative leaf\n1025\tfamily community patel dewsbury yesterday sidique daughter police people thought distressed wondering baby area life shoulder london bombers neighbour hussain\n1026\tcard tv food id hair give watch great yetman time huge work suit feel matter cost extra norfolk idea hostage\n1027\tbritish london muslim bombing terror ahmed iraqi iraq baghdad people britain coalition bombings policy sunni condemned leader war killing link\n1028\thouse police raid forensic examination sealed aylesbury road day boot middle london red friday car anti eastern connection armed man\n1029\tlondon yesterday train city threat panic normal political people world underground terrorist dealing transport warning capital life tone terrorism street\n1030\tpolice muslim conference ramadan london terrorist speak community officer association islamist prof resist citizen attack told bombing view continuing islam\n1031\tfan rodgers nfl comment packer lion bay prejudicial silence paris crowd world slip report sunday heard minnesota muslims tribute call\n1032\tpolice armed gun officer paris automatic provide intelligence islamist body terrorists london number response equipment inadequate force smuggled home large\n1033\tstaff today london police open museum cancelled resume concert theatre city house show security closed transport performance place central yesterday\n1034\tpolice terrorism sa terrorist public secret scene site london attack encrypted area response helicopter playstation attacker team armed trained console\n1035\tpeople scotland part paris french solidarity france loss edinburgh event lives swinney remember condolence community glasgow minister service strongest attack\n1036\tdonation queen londonrelief victim family sheffield lbrf financial effect mayor lon18968 lead london freepost terrible bombings palace terrorist aftermath cope\n1037\tinsurance london terrorism attack government cover cost pool market world attacks company risk set uk insured ira terror business report\n1038\tlondon people face davinia victim mask call hospital picture woman tube dadge helped morning stranger brave aid sitting added cannock\n1039\tblog london people blogging story internet weblogs online search information technorati chief place confirmed pages guardian service writing mason bbc\n1040\tabaaoud officer intelligence slip order foiled belgium plot isi stopped police magazine greece bragged claimed safe planning cop paris escape\n1041\tabaaoud syria drone attack terrorist intelligence france brother surveillance belgium britain recruiting month strike eye suspected belgian intercepted sentenced risk\n1042\tstate family obama indiana refugee governor miller syrian resettlement coming republican part refugees isil attack terrorist connecticut malloy began resettle\n1043\tsecurity urged gunman attack warns victim cover dead brit advice hide substantial friday silent run plan massacre brickwork wake phone\n1044\tmaradiaga world cardinal good poverty social honduras global play country history order sense poor man pope g8 geldof lot spoken\n1045\tattack day london muslim times leader britain terrorist paper independent time fear comment people guardian body telegraph today ft worst\n1046\tnight paris silence match league france sunday people page solidarity bowed football head english honour dead report attack show respect\n1047\tlondon muslim community ramadan prof people banned debate police bombing france time promote conference continuing reapply danger justify citizen office\n1048\tshoot shadow mp jeremy secretary police force expect security lethal dead kill reasonable community prevent loss cafe shot power entitled\n1049\tloss speech marie son appeal give emotion delivered mother act heart address bus word shakespeare grief simple thursday momentous icon\n1050\tparis attack abaaoud france french europe police european national carry border attacks jihadi isi terrorism eu passport security including belgian\n1051\tscotland refugee crime backlash sturgeon hate united day people shaikh full general secretary muslims glasgow security stringent checks central undergone\n1052\tcanning accies game ll don player nade week kind speak difficult aberdeen christian class give opportunity time hard pride full\n1053\tparty close pegida germany immigrant europe poll anti surge support time yesterday people migrants france attack seeker told wilder immigration\n1054\temwazi hostage wanted henning dead family year video missile drone suffer strike uk jihadi daughter warren aid civilian john head\n1055\tqueen london yesterday people hospital city event day act injured emergency tribute victim visited change british staff explosions dead thought\n1056\tpoor trade western country west consumer africa growth poverty developed business energy job infrastructure income multinationals poorer economic create people\n1057\tturnbull china terrorism manila leader australia summit apec pacific region careful trade paris retreat private international g20 open market cooperation\n1058\tlondon incident service paramedic staff la ambulance station proud talkboard finish talkboards chemical random management blog hosted posting frontline deal\n1059\tcommittee political airstrikes syria support syrian assad military position uk cameron report international mp blunt isis corbyn key prospect transition\n1060\tabaaoud police paris abdeslam year belgium terrorist suicide syria attack belgian french brussels amri isi time brother family border bomber\n1061\tcent border minister action paris cameron british poll britain bombing military attack isi public point senior reveals ground mp confident\n1062\tkilled attack bataclan british paris friend french carried nick night authority terrorists syrian number terror national family government targeted close\n1063\tmadrid britain claimed believed police report intelligence british cell target london story nasar born scotland link mustafa including instruction spain\n1064\tcorbyn labour house leader mp cameron john common leslie people word yesterday allowed barry day mcfadden chris war scented benn\n1065\tchild school osmani spider bite buxton widow amelia courtney false lethal victim east critter left whitechapel thomas controller ground trigger\n1066\tsecurity day lord mcc match asked arrival stewarding parking flag bring planned bombs increase dog sniffer armband wilton black terrorist\n1067\tiraqi child suicide killed bombing body baghdad son people bomb attack ll blast rushed street car children lost high death\n1068\tengland france game spain night lost hart tired sterling world player brazil hodgson goal summer kane term paris eventually ve\n1069\trate bid broker thursday office pound takeover company id operator bombing pc day pepsico government trader group city london cash\n1070\tmp action britain syria isi cameron labour case yesterday sun country government pm military paris air strike corbyn bombing force\n1071\tboateng explosion night close france work wife munich died crowd lost ace series friend played shooting career germany looked bombing\n1072\tpolice attack terror syria state president abdeslam france yesterday suicide belgian terrorist abaaoud paris isis year power refugee french page\n1073\tpassport refugee man paris border country europe european newspaper france told fake october north serbia syrian greece abdel attackers french\n1074\tschool hussain leeds family bomb friend named home attended suspected tavistock square told hasib good lived london licence double searched\n1075\tfrance game team football security show wembley world terrorist event friday play england fa match victims giving police global president\n1076\tmuslim islam friend year sense university generation britain hijab leicester people islamic religion relationship zubair feminist young street biggest woman\n1077\tfrance paris french terror war attack syria police hollande country intelligence monday official isi raid attacks salah belgian fight molenbeek\n1078\tworld attack western state arab islamic europe people syria paris war left country terror jihadist human middle party ruthless britain\n1079\tmatch security paris united game manchester vieira stadium fan zidane xi night bag today attacks terrorist day world england trafford\n1080\ttravel night island refugee greece police europe leros athens paris france people worker passport record official document ferry migrant almohammad\n1081\teurope paris isi isis action syria britain paper border time syrian war terrorist military schengen ground labour state order world\n1082\tband hughes eagle european escaped theatre show crowd member told stage metal playing dorio home aviv concert save prayer julian\n1083\tcameron corbyn police question security prime people paris area funding live carry verdict response kalashnikov enjoy andrew continue important unfair\n1084\tsarkozy france terror cautioned left clarke french minister added bomber year arrested home police overshadowed email arrest linked broke absolutely\n1085\tpolice belgium belgian michel paris security european measure law jihadist radical abaaoud terrorist islamist anti figure tagged people returning syria\n1086\tattack today police thought bomb told london pakistan explosive team people government leeds clarke left terrorist security suspect arrest king\n1087\tcaught g8 news london guardian read picture attack world site issued story thursday today agreement victim services passersby emergency tooth\n1088\titaly gentiloni rome italian tourist attack terror warning security site suspect city threat force people st opera jubilee basilica broadcaster\n1089\tlord special prisoner suspect evidence procedure law case system terrorism advocate hearing european board release decision roberts senior life disclosed\n1090\teu country france security european citizen act face europe lost failing radicalised prison good islam terrorist policy passenger develop barbaric\n1091\tengland fa spain football chief crowd wembley llona match game badge claimed alicante international brazilian cup alli stadium top official\n1092\tpassport year application security time spotted slipped home face seized walk revealed revelation simply receives thousand embarrassing terrorists criminal development\n1093\tservice london bus today people passenger station work street central line yesterday running system tube lines normal commuter train aldgate\n1094\tmolenbeek belgian called paris muslim train people manchester belgium area syria centre year time moroccan young islamic police fanatic resident\n1095\tgame people happened referee paris stadium happening call france arab running fan ground wouldn world police french wasn panic thankfully\n1096\tterror man terrorist policy thought bus officer muslim people fear late police menezes train running force description stopped de jacket\n1097\tprince defiance world yorks terrorists light tom infantryman clapped song central screen clare joined waved patriotic parade favourite pasquale missed\n1098\tsecurity fanatic paris vehicle border cameron manpower official islamic terror uk military order attack channel seek boat british fear stowaway\n1099\tambassador diplomat baghdad envoy al iraq group iraqi diplomatic arab kidnapping showed egypt muslim killing car time scene video campaign\n1100\torder band concert dance attack singer joy classic important night set academy division brixton life frutti image peter rave form\n1101\tpeople clarke suicide kind committee european british prepared britain id society common today attack travel service standard communication london call\n1102\tblame intelligence terrorism attacks thursday committee consensus yesterday bill contingency response blair march control government timetable rush harmony common strength\n1103\tmuslim murdoch opposition muslims terrorism terrorist sun obama kind proven wisdom corp bbcnewsnight didn tweet refugees president editor advice exception\n1104\tspending european economic higher government response national risk terrorist high world election growth insurance economy boost oil impact country term\n1105\tcourt keeler uk water hate brooks brook fanatic hungary saturday bound train separate custody handed armed ruled faced watch cop\n1106\tcity isi raqqa force rebel activist group paris attack action isis begun advancing close offensive airstrikes week defence ground time\n1107\temwazi isi killing place british london fighter death syria group friend told killed islamic state knew terror man time drone\n1108\tspain england good game hodgson fa match possession didn friendly saturday bit injury federation hard french ball thought possibly football\n1109\tyesterday day london year group cope index blast explosion shell biggest uncertainty market rose share jones average extent industrial people\n1110\tlondon madrid people el day spanish spaniard blair government party bombing columnist group british collective demonstrations admiration attack response told\n1111\tbomb attack strike tornado paveway kurdish force heavy terrorists position fighter warplane mortar british killed monday stepping state gun propaganda\n1112\tintelligence paris france french police security man atrocity day carry germany montenegro attack loaded officer autobahn concert terror ordered islamic\n1113\tcompany london fund victim yesterday mayor contribute londonrelief financial offer livingstone mail online lord money sheffield blast donation rothermere sum\n1114\tpeople street white duale muslim talk block shop amir men young east shake terrorists ambulance indians top bit agreed mosque\n1115\tgroup britain london bomber bomb grown al training planned afghanistan home based possibly bin qaeda terrorist muslim carried young men\n1116\texplosive bomb military terrorists c4 device source london underground shoe plastic balkans time europe terrorist madrid cole devices alarm trace\n1117\tlondon madrid spanish al believed police britain nasar arrested abu british attack syrian group afghanistan house iraq company bombing accused\n1118\tchemical state french extend attack precaution senate rubber emergency yesterday middle research time branch scientist valls islamic specific official vehicle\n1119\tparis attack european ecb travel share impact market tourism event policy consumer recovery company economy confidence fragile stock concern bank\n1120\tfrance paris friend told worked bataclan french killed family died music facebook le university de friends concert life attack death\n1121\tpeople europe paris life find young time answer middle met protect awful desperate coming sawsan put fast don ll son\n1122\tmolenbeek belgium paris attack leader syria isi terrorist area police brussels belgian security armed allowed population fight district brother problem\n1123\tsecurity ireland terror fitzgerald minister friday bloody jihadis poison freedom twisted taught dublin gardai war woefully merrily spreading issue tolerance\n1124\tphone minister impose terrorist detail introduction mail calls operator fight interior government provider eu data information agreed backing conversation victim\n1125\tdavid gunman started katie shot concert told door lay condition family fell bataclan died caught page stood realised street irish\n1126\tboy brussels teacher radicalisation shocking terror ibrahim school de massacre sara staccino pupil celebration view salah month stade mastermind change\n1127\tbruce crystal bomb walk train ballroom black dancing lying britain couldn friday hospital blackness clothes injured remember screaming felt dancer\n1128\tsupporter match french fan league division top security kanner terrorist week fixture paris anderlecht played shocking belgium banned travelling policing\n1129\tsecurity police syria terrorist cameron leader minister boost mp pm case lord sa britain mi5 secretary raf budget terror intelligence\n1130\tanthem french league flight la silence barcelona friend terrorist france police held real family paris le saturday clasico england el\n1131\tlondon mother work family blast home tube bus carrie heard hospital time ania year line station missing left euston travelling\n1132\tlondon people city thursday business attack world market bomb terrorists began share year tourism normal life executive company travel day\n1133\tleaflet people teacher terrorist school support france live country department children men hand french child terror attacks discus paris teachers\n1134\tfrench isi france war paris europe middle muslim attack strike iraq syria policy assad country state community people terror society\n1135\tdrone obama strike war pakistan aircraft cia al civilian military official senior ground special weapon high bureau led qaida targets\n1136\tvan bouyeri gogh dutch told violence muslim moroccan feel amsterdam life religious police murder remorse islam felt court expected accused\n1137\tson amimour samy isi paris french men didn year syrian father jihadi attack man isis islamic minbej suicide abu al\n1138\tnick friend people dead started twitter floor death life year family shooting concert posted alexander french social marie heard fire\n1139\tlondon american ban people uk travel personnel decision visit message m25 official world coach order raf mildenhall attack added tourism\n1140\tyoung family life victim online ensuring memorial career engaged account law married music terror french parisvictims began posting won message\n1141\tmarket company early fall concern higher attack european effect uk stock hotel wake haven day global france positive dax resource\n1142\tterrorist police attack london service bus clarke centre terrorism organisation today place security government claim britain carried guard blast al\n1143\tobama isi state president syria paris attack strategy military ground political war specific fleeing america american g20 conventional terrorist refugee\n1144\twin manning racing greatest side place eddery england football victory pat jockey rosberg hungary beat tournament france steve green year\n1145\tpaper telegraph leader bomber report bbc suicide british attack day britain union police people game rural guardian year bombing muslim\n1146\tmcilroy bit willett time tour finished day player cup dubai good poulter englishman ranking tournament matched fraser holed world european\n1147\tcorbyn paris mp war labour jeremy party policy leader terrorists kill left threat night national french support stop group police\n1148\tparty mp shadow view people umunna labour livingstone corbyn political issue secretary support threat defeat security conscience representative defence leader\n1149\tlondon minister scotland mcconnell attack condemn action summit blair support police scot destroy people scottish gleneagles extra caution meeting g8\n1150\tforce commando team afghanistan base enemy village civilian seal mission afghan shot helicopter spokesman men location man mountain report rescue\n1151\tmuslim paris heart dinner liberal hotel nation middle defence coming country experiment home sick small gratitude give men islam million\n1152\tpolice floor bomb gun siege gunfire street terror explosion building town jihadi heard announce suburb baby called force apartment khemissi\n1153\tfrance country act hollande terror yesterday merciless paris daesh war root military army targeted intelligence working bataclan added force committed\n1154\tramadan islamic muslim chief london young iraq police al france bombing conference british sun terrorist algerian expert radical spokesman funding\n1155\temwazi london british terror school mo put young class john front friend pain year briton growing man extremist time spoke\n1156\tlondon photograph missing people attack life police absolutely phone work cross face white wall poster londoner bombing lockerbie israel ania\n1157\tireland international security people system attack ahern doe terror minister close london movement part airport emergency taoiseach exercise keeping place\n1158\tattack lakenheath strike planned top libya launched nabil port threatening jets isi commander britain paris raid eastern ideology suffolk set\n1159\tcyber attack uk internet chancellor group osborne isis gchq terrorist government account terror criminal capability digital cyberspace attacks intelligence security\n1160\tbomber muslim hussain child london police time times school bombing site mackie nuclear british suicide man britain picture built fact\n1161\teurope passport refugee syrian greek border fact isi paris people reason government thousand analyst attack isis policy islamist group mass\n1162\tparis march people climate french group summit government huge action demonstration public involved cop21 wednesday place director planned civil december\n1163\tfrance loew german freedom french paris friendly compassion wake injured holland bierhoff germany schweinsteiger wrote symbol team people matter fixture\n1164\tvow defy terrorists tourist holidaymaker show wanted gesture jonus attack pernilla thursday retailer visitor helsingius street bought oxford union london\n1165\tcop paris yesterday source french killed hate office airport isi terror abaaoud accomplice airliner hasna member gun ve held citroen\n1166\treligious mcveigh muslim neo oklahoma political bombing white terrorists community killer ideological britain jihadist motivation treated london martyrdom response extremist\n1167\thouse paris muslim home added thug amin planning happened people son year don smashed sarah room attacked windows daughter living\n1168\tcent people london terrorist tough majority change police respondent stronger plan conducted populus living regional visit result class country worker\n1169\tchild life deal imagination reassurance horror good school talk children understand year people crucial loss harry wise complexity don confront\n1170\tfrance player le game play deschamps star played friendly massacre attack antoine hall television surprised griezmann concert lassana escaped bataclan\n1171\tmuslim attack ad community yesterday attacks council advert pluralism act nutters vigil page acts commitment apparent psychotic organise message mosque\n1172\tchild happened fear feel event ve news children important tv discussion sense newspaper danger feeling ll routine worry support scared\n1173\tconcert paris heard music people rock attack told theatre show bataclan injured hate dead marie dave world start metal hit\n1174\tpolice mi5 letter leader scrap armed day call secretary left waving threat david sun mcdonnell camp liam age shadow kalashnikov\n1175\tpolice yesterday men terrorist attack suspect london bombing muslim leeds work british committed people bomber explosion support suffering anti society\n1176\tpolice abaaoud paris flat believed terrorist officer france phone attack country attacks discovered died suicide raid men bomb siege isi\n1177\tuniversity student london yesterday uk exchange staff began website college today public study contact advice offered planned terrorist number attack\n1178\tbelgian brussels molenbeek belgium french paris intelligence security attack jambon flemish jihadi michel minister cell party france friday implacable arrested\n1179\tmann corbyn confidence asked labour question cameron neil livingstone previous hilary cut waving messiah sir adding leader police funding cock\n1180\tve stop don sitting london saved tearing strange situation terrible didn jones people attacks emergency filled wild public thursday terrorist\n1181\tpolice cut budget spending burnham policing officer chancellor osborne attack secretary agreement efficiency home saving week commissioner fight agree put\n1182\ttrain suspect believed cross man explosive rucksack aldgate station discovered russell cctv london police family thursday luton board commission device\n1183\tengland karachi london cricket city ecb security pakistan play day international life bomb request australia lord government board bevan terrorism\n1184\tbomber killed suicide zarqawi bomb baghdad american al carried war abu soldier blast scene child led blew lieutenant sunni vehicle\n1185\tstadium due threat friday ground quickly people germany couldn word cork yard called thought professional terror angela added ve england\n1186\tlondon bomb tube britain nation attack detonated station bus train passenger feared terror source bomber muslim gleneagles ripped president body\n1187\tmuslim london shoot forget scum time text provider intent uk history caused rate keeping politician kelvin paris imam minded country\n1188\tcameron plot britain life month game show france people uk solidarity carry attack style paris isi football year foiled thwarted\n1189\tbomber fourth doe kingpin identification tube security dobson identity put train leader author lead king gang cross book flown incinerated\n1190\tal london fagih website dr link saudi arabia terrorism qaeda bin laden carried insisted phone year britain claimed america public\n1191\tfamily relative police yesterday body london volunteer part dna victim mortuary dead officer bomb personal process identification identifying worst bombing\n1192\tpeople explosion generation london world time tube paris phone live pain ordinary start set quiet reach usual terrorists today cowardly\n1193\tfamily school khan hasib leeds year police tanweer life day home pakistan friend child house hussain religious mosque father thought\n1194\teast mosque galloway worshipper sense prayer muslim london community terrorism vigil people silence street fight outrage death top mp mourn\n1195\tislamic link day ramadan story tariq toll set france qaeda sun al born taxpayers meet british prof funded conference london\n1196\tlondon al madrid european attack week suri home expert abu intelligence source link dahdah laden spanish police touch established bounty\n1197\tofficer police armed terrorist firearm officers britain force thousand home imagine toll paris street border rodney shooting review minute arv\n1198\tmuslim hate figure paris work crime discrimination commission place western world responsible people isis faith islamophobic anti cent london reporting\n1199\tworld attack global terror people paris solidarity facebook kenyan nigerian medium nigeria death activist flag attacks victim user reaction killed\n1200\tisi world isis chaos europe war middle paris youth work attack time movement approach muslim involved sacrifice area state truth\n1201\tgalloway doe abhorrent moment london mind muslim terrorists individual support british insensitive insulting shot atrocity spent indulgent party action war\n1202\tscotland police government minister paris terrorist accusing crime hate medium yousaf social fellow stage muslim unacceptable politician early country message\n1203\tsyria assad isi iran regime syrian view russia war turkey policy israel diplomatic ground force isis party military french regional\n1204\tjarno dog diesel foxy raid special french service force police making unit malinois handler doubt kit pet tribute served sbs\n1205\tbono band city rock world concert attack full belfast night gig left proceeding decide call sse kick aged clayton adam\n1206\twar generation abbey veteran front day queen civilian courage place today spirit power british royal dropped leader europe lord humour\n1207\tnews day relative horror window friend television image eye fill hour offered glimpse set closed world channel tv rolling turned\n1208\tparis film release elba action french told woman agent star set thriller office cinema strategy james le tragic day watkins\n1209\temwazi video british syria building isi syrian intelligence revealed area expert raqqa activist security filmed vehicle american footage time drone\n1210\tdead night gunman men horror gig privileged isobel blood filled demolished family survivor tribute fix story shot lost lives rip\n1211\tgod trigger pity killing muslim care road full showed great qaeda afghanistan trapped topped damage place offshoot war tube poverty\n1212\tborder cameron isi stop country izzadeen britain lost knock watch troubling fanatic sight pair officer question snuck mi5 security cop\n1213\tg8 africa people development world wolfowitz debt economic agreement london bank positive month role poverty president leader week year history\n1214\trome holy year event pope terrorist vatican paris pilgrim call weekend security italian st propaganda head peter indulgence horrible absolved\n1215\tfriend people died confirmed paris man death bataclan attack british family france band killed concert de student news young identification\n1216\tcity drone kurdish isis raf peshmerga killing forcing neighbouring confirmed fierce trap hellfire terror fanatic continue defence visited scene booby\n1217\tassad country syrian terrorism part talk call transition fight international russia insist foreign change political iran bashar peace lavrov arab\n1218\tlivingstone suicide action indiscriminate word al thursday leader muslim qaradawi london bombing jihad president published delivered slaughter murders praise influence\n1219\tlife world war attack paris tackling lost peace called honourable leylandhunmanby north iraq strongly act nuclear useless condemn weapon horrible\n1220\tparis wrote peace posted singer user image family offer french woman viral safe prayer twitter tower friend sun attacks solidarity\n1221\tfake wife missing sank life perrin syndrome thief karl character time people thought day play collect dead spotted debt claimed\n1222\tirish london carriage zealand work train woman missing bomb ahern british foreign line station yesterday bombed attacks people parent fellow\n1223\tveteran world queen met war act festival present nation generation led sacrifice day turn london parade veterans crowd geoffrey cancelled\n1224\tbomber night london bomb friend muslim leeds luton flat men suicide al man terror identity loose carnage mastermind hussain number\n1225\tschool france visit cancelled trip paris foreign early french advice based called clear room website held safety massive child chesky\n1226\trecovery rally terror loss market bomb trading thursday stock day performance regaining bounce investor yesterday point attacks close morning sell\n1227\tmoney service worked meet forget family carrying hemel disciplined easily rubbish joining loughborough idea stop great wale bloody dixon text\n1228\tlondon terrorists tube bomb fear yesterday work don sustained le life hope al britain qaeda million crucially role hit british\n1229\tradio news london station day broadcasting hour live music simulcast broadcast medium dropped rolling fm yesterday brien people fashioned bulletin\n1230\tsyria assad russian putin cameron turkey transition process group president syrian bombing peace refugee conflict designed kurdish summit talk including\n1231\tscotland extremely terrorist people attack cocher france community work national closely wake french staying hear resilience risks life clear consul\n1232\temwazi british al syria london mi5 friend fan john west teenager islamist western group symbol hostage grew entry learned killer\n1233\tplayer france game team england french night country goal fan life blood time match prince united gave mind line le\n1234\tcameron police support isis britain leader protect corbyn clear connection country force isi syria airstrikes attack veto david refused terrorist\n1235\tshow edge gig band tour time stage fall arena u2 metal fell playing gun didn concert impaled lucky world good\n1236\tcorbyn cut department benn interview paris labour office police spending kill day chancellor tweet including secretary support decision time threat\n1237\tparis bbc satchell french hope viewer newsroom breakfast air suddenly reporter hugely live terror significantly compose tower father difficult night\n1238\tgas atropine attack victim force health conference french service sarin paris government suburb nerve exposure year antidote threat precaution france\n1239\tstand rfu london nearby planning searching medium minute evacuation demolition temporary discussion blow place necessitated explosion south controlled sunday terrorist\n1240\tfrance hollande war terrorist president state friday night national restaurant french paris terrorism emergency attack country silence power long union\n1241\ttime country london president problem person police blair olympics french adrian swamped moodie cool patient cook casey message brings methods\n1242\tyesterday people question pride iraq london threat world londoner life single terror innocent ll attack condition al time war death\n1243\tsport day horror innocence world cigar city london horse fun life sporting people million order british armed killed death terrorism\n1244\tsecurity open world fellow shot ve london win pretty big golf forsyth scot campbell guy alastair support st lomond added\n1245\tcorbyn party labour security leader attack government people war action wrong bad emwazi opposition unspecified benn shoot position paris problem\n1246\tparis night neill stadium lot game fan great boost football feel including uneasy perspective ireland win terrorist horror republic france\n1247\tlondon great city people coe olympic hard year world games today night park designer helped experience organising appoint month lord\n1248\tgun london believed deactivated police border year weapon crime ammunition including skorpion owned jailed live boat house investigation large expert\n1249\trefugee syrian cameron charter paris terror poland flight glasgow screened due arrive fully pulling relocation tomorrow britain eu yesterday secretary\n1250\tfrance terrorist europe security isi syria bomb president eu putin fight paris cameron russia ordered west russian match plot called\n1251\tsyria attack refugee call paris isi added isis sunday obama state bush ground clinton president terrorist debate war graham democrat\n1252\tmartin stay podium good long bravest heading trust nightmare huge information week turn skill award paper worst reporter straight pressure\n1253\temwazi isi british strike raqqa missile jihadi huge john source american car intelligence execution official member kill place mole spy\n1254\tsecurity open london today circuit plan fan mcc police britain review searched prix saddened brought search meet british discus england\n1255\tparis eurozone cancellations coming draghi avalanche spending hotel output euro attack told hit level confidence bank fresh firm ecb charlie\n1256\tbomb call investigation london evidence hussain wreckage aldgate officer men terrorist police detective occurred identify statement close bus good lead\n1257\tpolice house men raid officer road leeds property bomber bomb morning station man aldgate forensic terrorist couple address bus west\n1258\ttime church hawkins people square parish bus left injured friend died call hugged sat service normal bomb hoarding shred group\n1259\tpolice officer house terrorist attack bomb london area road morning people couple property number gathered arrived raid sister leeds car\n1260\tbritish suicide year london iraq week omar bar attack intelligence stevens al plane bomber muslim east britain lived responsible briton\n1261\tmuslim islamic mp evil islam people community told added extremist suicide action britain moderate act confront tackle police yesterday blair\n1262\tlabour campaign mcdonnell called john signed election party statement letter extremism mi5 service threat yesterday corbyn collins group demand socialist\n1263\tcard tv programme time blair show id radio security life centre opposition clarke computer unit compulsory put record talk howard\n1264\ttower world london french york paris light city white red san francisco moving attacks opera trafalgar act cuomo wake defiance\n1265\tmcguinness terrorist ira tear bomb pub adams solidarity kelvin blood paris year prayer killed lucky life family long victim child\n1266\tmotion french condolence paris sturgeon france unity victim holyrood united yesterday bathed parliament red javierre hall heard white emeline entrance\n1267\t\n1268\tattack syrian japanese mayor refugee refugees internment roanoke pearl threat country roosevelt american governor cited war bowers assistance inslee washington\n1269\tterrorist al network terrorism terrorists attack suppress qaeda muslim effective chemical strategy weapon public intelligence justice uk radiological battle counter\n1270\tparis molenbeek police belgian attack playstation belgium train brussels terrorists number salah arrest international message officer suburb game attacks console\n1271\tattack galloway country iraq labour minister people government killed party yesterday mp terrorist remove atrocity blood britain london thought years\n1272\tsettler jewish gaza settlement israeli israel pullout sharon plan katif move government palestinian yesterday day council leader gush state activist\n1273\tmp syria yesterday britain veto isi raf vote bomb insisted backing paris poll support pm security operation soldier cameron told\n1274\tconcert cancelled due arena scrapping play wembley show hyde london park tonight saturday rem gig caused attacks cancellation astoria terror\n1275\tterrorist provost paris syrian refugee bute attack latest scoullar glasgow claimed reservations housing planeload absolutely catastrophic family arrived war torn\n1276\tbritain armed force uk tonight mp extra attack paris chief unveiled cameron security france terrorist match isi people troop million\n1277\tmuslim britain force extremism safe british faith lived home effectively prevent young root qaeda al phone call show afraid centre\n1278\tmarket economy expected ecb euro eurozone rate cash week america attack global oil price paris friday bank france fed investors\n1279\tmuslim terrorism war paris attack people islamic act christian dead terrorist afghanistan military europe france suicide west life pakistan report\n1280\tgame rooney show french terrorist friday world bos attack message football match wembley friendly london terrorism le kick win doe\n1281\teu passport called schengen attack paris relentless terrorism change improve france legal interior travel measure expert minister operational concrete lord\n1282\tmuslim religious crime friday al muslims world population trust allah killing terrorist islam turn president doe britain surrender border syria\n1283\twar british terrorist blair week defiance churchill bombing response terrorists answer tony identified enemy qaeda drawn london terrorism clever muslim\n1284\tlondon people thought embassy left victim world love today sign mary added prayer city olympic silence match gael offered elaina\n1285\tblair attack perpetrator thursday extremist praise tory prevent howard session muslim promised police fanaticism terror law warned spirit minister mp\n1286\tiraq war people terrorist world human terrorism london blair pain reason move link fatal street group loss gulf civil falluja\n1287\tfan yesterday stadium bomber paris france de attack terror woman fanatic syrian entrance horror people night greek refugee french passport\n1288\tprickling terror fielding death stroke state morning wake conducted chum dog blood stomach calm loud offensive apparently express famous violence\n1289\tbeckham paris game french place side match england moment time special football world patrick france yesterday beck head fan sport\n1290\tlondon shopper sale retail number early returned force spsl pc mark day country footfall observer exist tourist rival group decline\n1291\tvote party corbyn labour syria china bring deal mp yesterday leader minister action source cameron war security isi international part\n1292\tparis war time western france europe terrorist muslim men run watching fighting london world shared live murder dead life feel\n1293\tbutton raikkonen speed home point year silverstone formula mclaren coulthard team alonso place practice season tomorrow schumacher high british victory\n1294\tisrael netanyahu growth country reform bank company year privatisation security economy london cut government people highly minister decade freeing bomb\n1295\tkilled attacked suicide bomb dead people saudi capital bomber world worker riyadh plane hijacked israeli hotel hit gunman istanbul coast\n1296\tfrench football vos de cameron wembley le match terrorist killed life glenn solidarity national day est prematch london showing security\n1297\tparis restaurant people mcinerney street act march band attack u2 dublin sounded bono irish french music night murdered live bar\n1298\tisi paris country saudi group islam sunni assad state understand london british oil ransom support bank huge including cameron money\n1299\tparis lumiere support city tower profile councillor catherdral ripple media illuminated freedom flag ouseburn qlit house french understanding ward facebook\n1300\thollande president party sarkozy security leader attack poll parliament jupp french ally le gain assad today isi friday pen election\n1301\tpolice official advice attack lockdown hide lie cover behave counter quickly incident week exit released business staff terrorist safe general\n1302\tmissile putin russia reported russian moscow president target terrorist military isi bombing raqqa yesterday cruise submarine syria french mediterranean vengeance\n1303\tscotland world scottish g8 gleneagles flag medium helicopter jack week leader welcoming host police riot protester african image flowed nation\n1304\teconomy london policy tax economic year brown mpc bank chancellor growth rate business week consumer time country figure weakness osborne\n1305\tbomb british police government home chief phone bomber dossier attacks terrorists cell mi5 qaeda people information convinced university al gang\n1306\tpolice attack yesterday terrorist dead source people number london bus bomb senior home british process believed bomber security hope set\n1307\tbbc comment reilly london news guest mediaguardian vietnam beneath publication mosey osama bin guardian writing good living inflicted worldwide jihadist\n1308\tgatwick gun terminal man airport firearm france french staff fly paris minute police fear north home friend cop information friday\n1309\tlord police neighbourhood number commissioner support counterterrorist world security national policing intelligence loss threat local cut metropolitan terrorism equipped post\n1310\tsecurity britain data clarke people minister eu attack issue terrorist common blair suspect group european british require london record meeting\n1311\thotel london business people american hilton tourism term cancellation bombing international jonus visitor spokesman war carter year tourist weekend early\n1312\thamilton rosberg race driver lap black place vettel finished win strategy todt hold road wanted french close nico victim hard\n1313\tlabour corbyn mp ken party foreign secretary force defence shadow livingstone leader save met day chief london sir piled mayor\n1314\tservice london station train police travel closed home faced chaos capital people heathrow heading affected reduced night major calm bus\n1315\tbusiness london security world deal snyder bomb corporation financial stand terrorist city tech entering attack templeman people working ordinate exchange\n1316\tfrank public bus beaches speech pancras crowd rousing st catch humble people stop holborn secretary nearest square set tavistock action\n1317\tqinetiq defence wadey government business year yesterday international contract share theme group budget market submarine world security vessel site paris\n1318\tturrell victim family face london school girl davinia mask day ambitious told essex friend month reporter law died time pain\n1319\tbomber detail london reveal match forensic fragment human station body remains dna diet picture believed bomb explosive black police fingerprint\n1320\tclaim business lawyer insurance day policy week legal united thursday attack point life underground time fear covered government authority compensation\n1321\trisk ban anger spokesman american accused decision lift force delighted victory order staff entering based commander admitted britain bomb defence\n1322\tsyria assad syrian ceasefire france group paris isi international country al government statement deadline isis attack vienna party talk called\n1323\tofficer police threat paris armoured including armed counter firearm match met highly attack work france face tactic british confirmed concrete\n1324\tsecurity paris event final tennis itf main belgium events show ghent davis shop association cup check arena day ensure great\n1325\tpolice terrorist attack state syria terrorism france president paris abdeslam belgian page yesterday refugee year power member french announced abaaoud\n1326\tsecurity sa special britain billion cameron drone service speech suicide terrorist night budget military government equipment defence review fighting year\n1327\tnick music night played hatred islamist artist show killer lovely bristol train big concert founded playing hour africa merchandise london\n1328\tfrench football diarra team france match wembley national player tomorrow country friday mourning time year english victim cup nation play\n1329\tshare company market group ftse bank shell operator vodafone year performance oil friday strong offer regent dealer index fund sector\n1330\tlondon bombers happened call ham give don terrorists catch fear neighbour idiot feed blitz mocked police telling osama song hitler\n1331\tset al muslim middle message mohammed brotherhood world west ready build include egypt violent strength support fundamentalist osama spawned bin\n1332\tkilled hospital ill station injured bomb square road bus blast circle train london line street aldgate attack hunt premier evil\n1333\temwazi labour war cage killing corbyn mohammed trial state tweeted party campaign security death military man group added killer fight\n1334\tmobile network madrid phone bomb message part emergency jammed call bruce hour chaos family heard contact worried ofcom service worst\n1335\tterrorist attack paris hear isi night uk enemy stand la evans blame people politician atrocity deluded radicalisation martyrdom show shafiq\n1336\tparis attack syria prosecutor people french police brussels foreign st point information wednesday belgian evidence phone abdeslam raid detail van\n1337\temwazi isi british american intelligence isis drone john cameron beheading thought thursday al security syria believed raqqa man car moved\n1338\tisi attack paris france group attacker local people syria operation earlier scenario jewish qaida act terror hit tactic target latest\n1339\tamerican base bagram prison military men escape helicopter escaped taleban official afghan mohammed ahmed mehmood suspected dangerous colonel high loss\n1340\tfrance syria french assad syrian paris isi including hollande target military regime fighter evidence government policy war airstrikes attacked fabius\n1341\tfrench show fan paris national england wembley due anthem stadium threat twitter fa held tribute lit postponed memory night tonight\n1342\tintelligence threat level police attack london britain security mi5 home general alert world failure downgrading month reduced secretary decision terrorism\n1343\trisk terrorist security france euro french concern president event tournament work family affected paris charlie committee organising wake relax emergency\n1344\tbody victim team carriage garden tunnel work peace recovery risk tube full part difficult cross retrieve operation flower london front\n1345\tpeople train passenger london cut smoke carriage hospital head tunnel ground woman screaming scene track thought blood fire blast thrown\n1346\tfinancial market economic london day trader trading economy impact cut interest thursday united greatest column latest aftermath screen terrorism collective\n1347\tlevy family london hertfordshire loss susan coroner funeral mother jewish travelling yesterday left son train frankel victim died street newgate\n1348\tboulahcen ait told recalled youssef abaaoud pal added cousin bad western thought facebook lot paris france hat grew father lived\n1349\tsurvivor people disaster event psychological counselling ptsd memory didn normal reddy include trauma term suffer parent lives thompson support flashback\n1350\texplosive small official london attack police cell bomb military attacks group anti home terrorist told senior intelligence possibility local british\n1351\tlondon city phone time event people street news wrecked work real life left mobile home war bus long station conrad\n1352\tmuslim event islamic caliphate called government british uk islamist preacher insensitive plan isi mahmood intention adding started speaker friday mustafa\n1353\tg20 summit turnbull president obama australia paris terrorism trade syria attack meet sunday leader minister eu fabius meeting european syrian\n1354\tlondon faith fail word horror livingstone ken passionate bombing class mass londoner capital isn stand terrorist powerful responsible age attempt\n1355\tmuslim war terror britain iraq religious terrorism world country islam western west qaeda people london act islamic terrorists attack al\n1356\twestern isi syria control territory political state president turkey based air sectarianism ankara leader military islamic position intervention force sunni\n1357\tabdeslam salah police terror yesterday friday paris arrested died emerged france woman official carried mohammed north night saturday attack released\n1358\tmariesha people thought told room didn heard christine terrorist bullet door neil hour thud police phone body point ran guy\n1359\tamvescap group canadian fund offer future arrive bid management american part valour price day attacks week terrorist manager grinning situation\n1360\tgame london city olympics ioc kind effect thursday britain east singapore time close warmth fervent national year people terrorist doubt\n1361\thospital work friend dead arrived thursday phone missing cowen jamie home party photograph building familiar message king desperate grim london\n1362\tfamily victim identification police identified dead delay london people yesterday body relative information time day process told forensic missing wundowa\n1363\tdead people jones reach square nearby underground rail save horrific injury body limb don horror lying emerged paramedic station emergency\n1364\tlondon olympic team coe tragic city world support shocked horror attacks committee bereaved ioc family atrocity hour send fact entire\n1365\tfootball show friday time week year life ll france home paris air rest feel england won robbie horror wouldn armband\n1366\tmcc member security play england suffered ecb terrorist ground pakistan player challenge match liability celebrating queued knott group body silence\n1367\tcorbyn war speech released response violence security terrorist kneel french cycle feed islamic paris briefing requirement solidarity member report rise\n1368\tmoved asylum hunger starving death liquid mugabe patricia africa manager brother terrorists zimbabwean rang eve white farmer deteriorating halted cynicism\n1369\tpeople paris attack france police night shot bar dead gunman shooting le theatre french meeting killed restaurant heard shut rock\n1370\tve debt archibald play mathias week january thistle ll sign attack bit club pogba wage year financial splash window fresh\n1371\tfrance french game today match germany happened stade stadium people fear player fa fan england tragic coach emergency goal president\n1372\thero nkoudou netted angelov phane terrorist friday draw marjan st haller paris man caught radeski defender died put marseille goals\n1373\tbrother syria terrorist jihad brothers family people terrorism social militant parent recruitment abdeslam year al individual iraq british process turn\n1374\twar hollande french france security attack speech paris terrorism social syria left place election political january history country attacks rhetoric\n1375\tenglish join french anthem england supporter marseillaise moment play game lloris keeper atrocity show fa match left terrorist character overwhelmed\n1376\tmuslim britain people preparing rome action leader prevent terrorism police glorifying community face terrorist blair evil qc offence aimed act\n1377\tyoung generation social paris killer military friday radicalised easily message john police war caf easy medium integrated show concert hunt\n1378\tsecurity rogge attack terrorist athens considered person israeli ioc madrid york london quarter expected safe major massacre considerably greek review\n1379\tamerica isi refugee obama republican assad world trump policy democrat people paris president global anti ally syrian won syria sentiment\n1380\tfootball dyke england sport age bbc involved doesn council genuine league national chance year ireland fa give grealish republic game\n1381\tpeople feel place paris fear de felt night time friend weekend street city life ll attack news happened didn home\n1382\tterrorism corbyn time jeremy family security british evil paris leader labour put party biggest head britain ignore today handwringing chin\n1383\tmother boy wife bullet life phone top wrote dead give elsa leiris louis son night day concert hall pressed le\n1384\tschool people teacher child open closed today london pupils bomb assembly talk advice comfort discussion support week primary form situation\n1385\tpolice suspect pakistan london information man bomber men attack explosive luton individual report anti number large sarkozy yesterday phone difficult\n1386\teu card terrorist travel face home measure passport plan emergency clarke stolen crucial proposal london fingerprint internet phone id minister\n1387\tlegislation government week terrorist terrorists clarke terrorism home measure people britain blair minister british davis anti opposition political expert stop\n1388\tjofre police thought terrorist concert heard black cm people spoke hid don corner middle day box singer happened life fianc\n1389\tshop area man police london left incident attacks local foster nearby gang link attack city attacked estate murder named people\n1390\tbomb police centre street bus train provide bomber terrorist attacks yesterday explosive people cell tube public exploded king terror london\n1391\tnade table scared terrorist story paris caught restaurant sister star david shooting revealed carnage terror friel leave franzette saturday rescued\n1392\tbill surveillance paris debate power murder expert carlile week attack man omar suggest reaching communication involved hebdo threat event liberty\n1393\tfrance paris french police country attack attacker man refugee syria belgian brother identified attacks sunday people car including named isi\n1394\tlondon picture message afraid thursday image defiance website alfie corner realise holding put posting hour underground designer web mobile face\n1395\tpolice car terrorist paris abdeslam ninth french man stopped belgian hour abdesalam salah mohamed men arm amri terrorism people yesterday\n1396\tlondon presentation olympic great time paris bid man city home member ioc coe livingstone group performance youth tear moscow york\n1397\tservice line closed bus yesterday stretch running london piccadilly tube grove full open network section arno south heathrow circle busiest\n1398\tpolice paris abaaoud flat apartment cop hand terror year abdelhamid woman officer aitboulahcen suspect building told heard thought night siege\n1399\trefugee people council scottish glasgow paris scotland family authority arrival safety government syrian show area accommodation protest friday bute activist\n1400\tmuslim advert people paris uk terrorist mcb khan terrorism attack france britain reaction act briton represent night friday mention hear\n1401\titaly attack group terrorist threat security measure minister italian iraq increase g8 denmark intelligence police country london leader force infrastructure\n1402\tmuslim britain world london effort rightly word intolerance brought wreckage begun tolerance mark asked movement faith fanaticism hatred religion worrying\n1403\tpalestinian attack bombing netanya bomber israeli car israel sharon security gaza air suicide group official tulkarm mall killed town call\n1404\tprice london market loss stock economic travel share suffering time fear york street impact great investor property bombs damage human\n1405\tpassport terrorist leros paris group greek terror passed fighter arrest gang checking travel link mass austria suicide ramadan refugee linked\n1406\tmatch ulster yesterday attack european champion opening trounced cup oyonnax weekend bath clash warrior belfast france toulon struggling olivier coach\n1407\tintelligence security terrorism threat cameron scrutiny sawers iraq mi6 mi5 special trident relevant syria learned france conflict fight tuesday monday\n1408\tbritain madrid link team expert living qaeda spain al police islamic long hunt arrive follow mi6 asked massacre extremism believed\n1409\tparis amimour yesterday attack french terror massacre samy isi police bataclan syria suspected attempt france year driver missed belgium family\n1410\tbomb british terrorists bomber mi5 security government level call dossier hunt forensic surveillance convinced information people world alert gang night\n1411\tblair terror government terrorism work country people conservative police responsible law day act promised include minister bill mp power intelligence\n1412\tsir society paris muslim syria france belgium area government intelligence security western isis border parliamentary british assured required qc foreign\n1413\teurope terrorist european agency syria intelligence radicalisation country common security isi paris provide response borders political agreement eu crisis effective\n1414\tmissile france raqqa putin hit isi brought terrorist earlier crashed middle night confirmed airliner russian mission vladimir future syria military\n1415\tmuslim london british britain terrorist young al intelligence security extremist qaeda radical mi5 people group terrorists home terrorism islamic abu\n1416\tpeople young uncertainty war terror time thursday changed sense week life uncertain change hope le iraq heart duty surely terrorists\n1417\tsecurity wembley france french game arrive police team football stadium attacks committee screen threat fan friday fff supporter griezmann chance\n1418\teuropean information call phone state clarke attack terrorists data intelligence eu terrorism crucial source home stolen demand helped international meeting\n1419\tpolice yesterday train support bomb explosive provide terrorist attacks cross centre westminster cell working people bombing body tube terror king\n1420\tpeople council family fear comment scoullar local night msp arriving told refugee brown bute paris provost hope island arrival life\n1421\tafrica deal blair g8 summit leader change climate act world today hope agreement statement hotel communique obscure aid action emerging\n1422\tword terrorist bbc bomb night neutral bulletin culture row reporter terror report coverage secretary numerous asked boaden helen news theresa\n1423\tlondon muslim community dewsbury people town khan wife mosque law don year doe street bnp driver islamic young zaman man\n1424\tgame french flood side rugby paris postponed scored day show european singing anthem oyonnax guy cup champion wanted weekend toulouse\n1425\tgroup woman suicide bomber female attack organisation al terrorist militant attacker wave qaida aim died significant spectacular islamist apparently isi\n1426\tmessage website condemned posted london muslim attack britain bombing victim people islam radical british fanatical god iraq read iraqi land\n1427\tstaying tie player thought paris glasgow game france good bad believed postponed event news involved sporting don city racing unaware\n1428\tgalloway attack war iraq britain mp ignoring unpredictable lives londoner price pm mass pool terror armed peaceful saluting tongue blair\n1429\tlondon british britain madrid al police nasar flat abu associate authority spanish yesterday pakistan target syrian strong laden iraq hair\n1430\tabdeslam friend family happened suspect suspected role supplying outrage suicide vest attacker reportedly mohamed khoualed french police met handed revenge\n1431\tlondon issued raf directive mildenhall security allowed american personnel day message lakenheath people appeared mccree military insisted told british force\n1432\tira london parade statement side street marching pressure north area political prevent democratic kelly resident arrest contentious orange finally put\n1433\tthomson morton johnstone minute save barr ware mccluskey forbes shot queen previous min fourth win south marshall brownlie picked goalkeeper\n1434\tphone debris blown sylvestre saved close french passed device struck news attacked hitting bomber channel stopped survivor injured flint attack\n1435\tleeds london bombing follower mohammed hiding bakri cleric organisation suicide bombers king mobile live internet train switched west muslim longer\n1436\tblair london change leader people world hand bush life terrorists day determination statement european political meeting gleneagles faced night victory\n1437\ttrain tube work london commuter thursday people journey underground transport capital great life bus attack mayor cycle worker told buses\n1438\thospital juvin injured people war victim lot operation physical injury bullet condition sense emergency wound expressed injuries happened suffered terrorist\n1439\tagency french paris surveillance intelligence data terrorist potential argument government phone police lack attacks attack communication people huge act day\n1440\tmuslim ireland racial attack rise fearing people racist centre terrorist laden community number twisted abdul build hate peaceful called told\n1441\tisi attack paris president war friday act appeared emwazi isis security terrorist year al face long terrorists france russian life\n1442\tsummit london blair agreement deal talk climate g8 campaigner trade discussion president issue yesterday bush aid eu subsidy developing change\n1443\tyesterday refugee passport migrant almuhamed paris boat eu suicide finding greek ticket policy cop tracing rescued produced innocent ashore showed\n1444\tpolice man bomber attack suicide men britain night security al bomb london leeds potential flat born thought country mastermind believed\n1445\tmedium attack france peace jean drew symbol image paris art charlie suis shared jamie magazine site celebrity john reflect including\n1446\tsyria isi british syrian common britain operation bombing vote time military ally long security party free trident symbolic parliament house\n1447\tcorbyn labour con cameron question susan minister year green force week officer leader justice arrest front gerald police legal duty\n1448\tdog diesel police french raid special operation officer death france tribute killed dead added chien balanced motivated brother kevlar extremely\n1449\tmissile device drone mi6 emwazi car agent located john surveillance move window died horrible spook wanted waited mole extraordinary night\n1450\tfrench paris france police syria state suicide brussels eu attacks authority minister hollande islamic assistance abdeslam accomplice time defence belgian\n1451\tfrance french country security paris suicide syria attack police isi ve conservative terrorist citizen week ground francois friday told centre\n1452\tpeople police london bombing bomber luton community linked labour evidence relation relative source family terrorism mp problem east leeds urged\n1453\tsecurity german match hanover germany stadium information attack police football event cancellation decision head high tuesday fear due told time\n1454\tsecurity airport government spending threat cameron aviation british police resource uk paris attack french year provide extra defence intelligence staff\n1455\trefugee terrorist sturgeon people part important scotland syrian europe crime community paris check asylum security atrocities message vulnerable arrive minister\n1456\tattack house gang room hotel police rented abandoned paris explosive district killed based ibrahim salah drug islamic cocaine suicide car\n1457\tfrench paris banlieues emergency law power government religious france police belgian toulouse valls ghetto attack month radical president long estate\n1458\tspending cut department education treasury chancellor budget parliament deficit home police big foundation pupil resolution business school public cabinet year\n1459\tattack security isi police syrian paris terrorist cameron night french gunman greek uk refugee government europe war threat political arrested\n1460\tnumber call telecom cost organisation helpline charge inappropriate london rate mobile blears minute ofcom geographic true wireless high overseas peacock\n1461\taitboulahcen paris french police attack suicide parent cell apartment hat syria cowgirl phone attacks believed la years told large terrorist\n1462\tthreat yesterday attack security intelligence act foreign terrorism terrorist british police world order mi5 madrid contact justify calmer legislation march\n1463\tbbc word journalist terrorist senior editor news guidance boaden careful attack staff director guidelines told refer service terrorists bomber corporation\n1464\tpeople attack muslim british islam terrorist government measure london today blair talk thursday question bombing act mobilise including kind community\n1465\tfrance nation action country isi paris defence nato war greater attack law basis treaty military article international security force domestic\n1466\tpolice london british nasar country britain attack bomb madrid bombing north number radical time iraq camp terror legal islamic major\n1467\tintelligence french security terrorist attack belgian france year paris stopped syria authority service belgium brother house information suspect attacks attacker\n1468\tattack power terrorism terrorists paris muslim security border action communication uk gun islamic police attacks britain london open concerned message\n1469\tpeople tube community potential bomber life work young mourning threat bombing imagine fear tear blair missing mail london july ordinary\n1470\tlondon people british friend world great time side england stand britain terrorists york remember canada fear heart outrage proud city\n1471\tiraq don shia blown war jew people men bar al place english world future british conservative death time community bosnia\n1472\tpolice incident terminal airport man item concern security firearm france attack suspicious threat terror friday specialist night disruption recovered major\n1473\tpolice data eu hour set scheme medic switchboard sending bomb minister medical european unable contact doctor charles runner dealing worried\n1474\tbelfast world dublin band night bono sse arena gig proceeding friday kick attack clayton adam jr le thrill terror mullen\n1475\tparis attack eu europe french abaaoud border including security police minister national terror friday body passport european belgian official brussels\n1476\tiraq london muslim attack blair western britain bush qaida al government minister british war terror occupation week people campaign yesterday\n1477\tisi raqqa drone emwazi strike city american jihadist car intelligence yesterday al night isis senior people force british remained man\n1478\tdutch arrested group bouyeri police amsterdam murder confessed court including bomb hofstad van terrorism islam active internet member set start\n1479\tdead son alive gregoire terrorist limb false leg execute slowly floor continued resisted played teenage pal don move fan murdered\n1480\tprice year rate month uk deflation continue good consumer higher pc bank carrier high rise increase natural starting inflation economic\n1481\tsuicide passport britain security chief prepared cool carry session application blair people case ready terrorism trained muslim year states life\n1482\tbritain ramadan professor london terror scholar reasonable suicide community project oxygen apologist bus fresh publicity bombing reasoned muslim file force\n1483\twar enemy world struck weapon blow paris reason france free alas vigilance calculated friday cold city revenge reaction trap thoughtless\n1484\tcrow leader rail power union tube employer explosion accused boss privateer terrorism ruled interviewer speculation surge yesterday event lorna capital\n1485\tlondon blair war terror global response world terrorism bomb britain thursday week bombing iraq security billion policing urban muslim west\n1486\tmuslim police islamophobic youth murder shouted london britain community man shop senior backlash attack incident muslims buy abuse raza source\n1487\tjasmine bullet gunman samir lucille bar woman table attack killer customer cctv ak47 hand pal car paris young life restaurant\n1488\tvideo paris york mayor isi scene threat directed terrorist bill show attack appears intimidate city blasio continue yorkers bratton bomber\n1489\tshot told people gunman dead band white heard shooting nick arm feel started killer concert gun floor theatre knew night\n1490\tmarket paris gmt european attack investor november french economy confidence today economic concern stock france morning europe friday share buffett\n1491\tisi attack oil russia french lorry group russian civilian reported assad international terrorist blair syrian area terrorism general war agreed\n1492\tisi western syria syrian iraq force war state terrorism opposition military supporting iraqi report sectarian intelligence ally islamic group sunni\n1493\tisi turkey erdogan force hdp isis ypg turkish pkk syria attack government war jarablus party paris support leader terrorist kurdish\n1494\tcity paris travel visit twisted stepped caution gastronomy horrific deserves safety exercise coming culture guarantee hand event street cancelled army\n1495\tqueen london people british prince time told yesterday andrew staff day centrecomm aftermath centre act change hospital explosions blast patient\n1496\tweek london backlash attack yesterday asian mosque worrying raza murder racist street sunday nottingham dave died group bunglawala bristol area\n1497\tfrance paris player country feel england talk wenger kind return targeted arsenal shock completely night football game premier league recovered\n1498\tgame spain football france lot french player england world happened show area face people team night international united popular good\n1499\tmarket paris share event economy pound france fear people stock hit today result attack pc morning nervous bond finger open\n1500\titaly measure group attack denmark security minister police pisanu iraq targets intelligence italian country coalition increase yesterday rome bombing bomb\n1501\tchemical weapon gas europe claimed islamic militant france iraq kind attack extremist capable valls doe evidence threat possibility facility laboratory\n1502\tromney candidate republican trump nominee president presidential isi taliban world clinton obama suggested primary running defeat bush hillary rumor nato\n1503\tsyria bomb paris written missile launched raid destination message defence aircraft france photograph tape emirate destroyed massacre emerged writing world\n1504\trestaurant people don man paris hand bataclan parisian woman le adds feel scene terrible flower nearby open pascal agent city\n1505\tisi syrian horror syria assad country state west regime dr community difficult military al time attack dictatorship organisation attempt france\n1506\tfrance attack attacks street paris high bataclan war time hollande national people dog parisian began le party friday fear heard\n1507\tlondon athens security destroy terrorists tragic stop staging olympics ioc cowardly yesterday team games thousand police coe today game time\n1508\tgirl disney hospital paramedic heart year world complained deputies stopped tower employee ride town care feeling called zone alerted death\n1509\tkayal attacks celtic city happened people plan shock paris head imagine clear french lot capital received play uncomfortable friend stressful\n1510\tpeople attack paris pelloux friday attacks charlie emergency victim book gunman hebdo terrorist save colleague massacre war died young strong\n1511\tlondon olympic television couple olympics vast stadium coe park life game year barcelona sydney set games promise campaign order story\n1512\trisk bbc urge stand service jones ken left terrorism free paris bomb isi telling red livingstone repetition blair side mp\n1513\tchemical attack police military gas emergency terrorist people symptom victim sarin biological weapon order avoid bomb anthrax team service government\n1514\tlondon capital train staff thursday military terrorist people american personnel week family security life cycle coming spokeswoman underground subject uk\n1515\tmurray double team jamie match davis final squad cup week tomorrow player brother brit edmund change play win bedene tennis\n1516\tlondon event devices jones outset recovered bush tourism sanguine violence true good rallying stock increasingly system bomb call bore grown\n1517\tlondon brit british bus war response upper mobile tomb unknown friend hang detected mayor square fresh applauded taxi party bomb\n1518\tinternet bill extremist service anti blair night promised carefully cost letts defend people tory hatred government information inciting warned statement\n1519\tfrench france police attack isi paris syria de country people man raid day refugee attacker including target european syrian raqqa\n1520\tlondon olympic group olympics game british transport business hotel games company ioc year run announcement chairman service bid study benefit\n1521\tfinance action brown measure eu terrorist country track council asset speed call agreed realise weakest strong bank money taliban froze\n1522\tlondon bus hackney tube city people olympics news black bomb world morning underground nasty transport olympic map newsagent find day\n1523\tmostefai life chartres yesterday cathedral mosque luce france bataclan attended mass trouble home isi young jihadi radical live friends paris\n1524\tlondon attack ve bugger sides uk arab terrorist solidarity sad madrid cherub brit people salaymeh canada blog parallel chilling disregard\n1525\tmarch paris people world expected emission talk event climate considered year organiser leader hope gather place local rise top number\n1526\tsyria putin russian isis attack change assad leader cameron russia president paris g20 sunday number british france europe syrian persuade\n1527\tterrorist individual radical drawn news emwazi idea part group killer murderer case authority life security long message problem horror jihadist\n1528\tpm blair muslim government mp britain british attack community constituency country question thursday home agrees evil vaz expect enemy speaks\n1529\twar london fight united terror hard family celebrated veteran terrorists celebration sunday generation ww2 evil show blantyre bombing fanatic veterans\n1530\tattack paris people doe terror state drone attacks religion security duty isi violence victim root freedom simply coverage world western\n1531\tevil london outrage city adam coward bombed lessen heartache people loss terror doughty renowned leader mcaleese empathise rise thought inducing\n1532\tcricket spirit leske south highbury british win divide thought hope sorrow britain home call fan aussie london australian bulldog shine\n1533\tintelligence britain scarlett officer chief london attack failure terrorists political incompetent weapon inquiry thursday billion history official expert arabic technology\n1534\tmuslim iraqi boat london yorkshire falluja don war year prayer mosque men iraq angry punish shocked anger people attitude police\n1535\tpolice britain terrorist suspect terrorists intelligence born attack carry extremist al walking qaeda greater danger attacks mi5 abiding commissioner authorities\n1536\tpsg return luiz fear paris duty friday edinson lorient unfolded brazil terrorist atrocity family cavani french clash chelsea defender killed\n1537\tparis incident troop police attack terror france terminal officer weapon uk man airport britain armed security gun level capital passenger\n1538\texplosive blast explosion fisher real model information qinetiq happened world created science effect injured amount investigator type lot attack dstl\n1539\tengland french english france good player people wembley played team security added skipper goal hodgson night game level greater fa\n1540\tabaaoud police weapon border europe year abdeslam brussels paris attack plot syria country life intelligence january belgian terrorists belgium fear\n1541\tcorbyn party paris london leader political labour mp question declared terrorist security stop politics world won time people asked christmas\n1542\tinsurer market major london attacks price share day damage business rate insurance close claim government early pool pay britain city\n1543\tdr god london leader terrorist statement islam pope added evil badawi hatred williams group issued read condemn council event terrorism\n1544\tminister blair government london secretary war terrorist people george repeatedly terrorism iraq britain attacks support clarke struck carry chord possibly\n1545\tpolice force letter terror cut officer paris budget terrorist reduction top stop attack martin ability number emergency friday warned funding\n1546\twife life son wrote leiris night hatred give letter don gang pain published melvil find love body facebook left friday\n1547\trehman atrocity twitter investigator london terrorist khan told urea amount terror nitrate double tony carrying crick heard allegedly deny sana\n1548\tlabour con french good nous home mp brake chamber support needed colleague paris sat france vous house response held terrorists\n1549\tbelgian hadfi gang suicide threaten community feel syria france faced year hijacked death country gesture father stay play traditional radicalised\n1550\tbbc terrorist terrorists britain story bus islamist terrorism page simply gardner word bomb belief political threat attack prevent monday order\n1551\tgunman woman told people realised lay point ground newspaper boyfriend sebastian terrorist bataclan fell covered pregnant shot catch hear nolan\n1552\tattack police threat security intelligence terror inevitable level radio met tory mail comment substantial mi5 policing london paddick envy ian\n1553\tbus blast london attack night bomber organisation terror al bombing police cell street qaeda terrorism mid britain group emergency biggest\n1554\tg8 economic london week oil business olympics event cost part commercial change bad investment attention communique people bombing good news\n1555\tabaaoud isi paris belgian police syria isis killed europe greece european year jihadis border attack number security jihadi passport france\n1556\tgame city northern london olympic good north time yorkshire loft sky visitor bat local middlesborough home sheffield day news evening\n1557\thospital bullet victim duty plaisance professor doctor arrived terrorist night police attack head department staff injury paris patient chest nurse\n1558\tdavinia face mask london world leg left time girl burn told david paul operation picking dad barrister france rimmer reporting\n1559\tbelfast play gig show finger cancelled paris normal part wonderful parisian operation yesterday french confusion mill attack band famed terror\n1560\tmen abdeslam brussels paris police charged prosecutor austria attack belgian molenbeek lawyer amri press told attouh stopped border quoted terrorist\n1561\tweek people friday paris bataclan life student france killed war cafe feel victim french time wasn place show artist fear\n1562\tcorbyn happy uk pm shoot john labour unfit secretary warned asked kill sun james fallon michael legality framework cleverly party\n1563\tpolice bomber house thought leeds attack london didn student hour emerged born flat believed contact french raid clarke bombings khan\n1564\tdavis terrorists response added mp wickedness today unspeakable word secretary attack ready play nation essential clearheaded full assault remain innocent\n1565\tfrench france muslim paris britain long friday houellebecq islamist secular life submission francois citizens education reactionary disaffected attack hebdo le\n1566\tmuslim white asian community people cricket british population raja group shop beeston britain home time racial good exley east christian\n1567\tcorbyn party defence labour policy leader support mp role article kill momentum row group war clear british people nuclear attack\n1568\tseal team commando helicopter taliban afghanistan murphy mission military target commander search officer operation enemy force area mountain battle coalition\n1569\tjet defence mp britain vote syria squadron bombing syrian cameron group isi airstrikes aircraft role common expected raqqa raf set\n1570\tkerr band night ve people song studio album gig time tour play week mind playing stage year paris uk track\n1571\tisi working uk plan military mp airstrikes bombing syrian force sturgeon minister effort snp foreign internet labour government told training\n1572\tfrance terror eu european abaaoud ten criminal europe security admitted minister moroccan french cazeneuve revealed year yesterday greece source saint\n1573\tmolenbeek belgian brussels belgium paris borough french involved syria people foreign place jihadi district local fighter sunday france centre flemish\n1574\tphone london call police network mobile public friend service happened underground yesterday report didn bomb madrid control people company remote\n1575\tcorbyn labour group shoot policy people support party paris kill leader war security momentum refused attack british clear figure monday\n1576\teconomy economic business event policy spending tourist interest hit cut confidence return london recovery week election longer area focus public\n1577\tlondon hampstead hyman jewish working miriam school sister popular father july day sun french canary home likeminded stabbing time art\n1578\tparis moment manager brad thomas killed music vamps week gig memory hit album teenage chosen london upcoming material cancer charity\n1579\tpeople ireland paris garda isi concern threat message darknet security attack game conflict irish group french intelligence travel led officer\n1580\tfan tribute republic great allahu friendly earlier god akbar attack dublin arabic meaning jihadists phrase paris aviva victim showed respect\n1581\tterrorists show game football england rooney admitted world hard ceremony tonight fan togetherness wembley fa watched hotel news match night\n1582\thodgson match start team england delph game friday france spain senior squad caused tottenham called event lingard friendly vardy significance\n1583\teconomic rate ecb mpc economy policy week bank thursday cut political europe world government market london response unemployment monetary terrorist\n1584\tpeople train carriage bus explosion glass smoke blown bomb looked window work body couldn thought bang black screaming tube calm\n1585\tplace germany champion france paris added fixture action football travel weekend travelling fan security club tuesday match brussels manchester league\n1586\tdeath fanatic britain terror toll told proud figure missing king cross yesterday glorifies act taxi husband herts needle condones driver\n1587\tpolice attack bus london people commissioner week tunnel ian body today train information bomb attacks figure bombing branch terrorist problem\n1588\tryan told plane cabin landing hour crash emergency position flight jet die sunworld family captain airport niall outrageous minute horrible\n1589\tagent terrorist mi5 bomb suspected source long country group vulnerable london command pronged term living terrorists support sleeper state bomber\n1590\tiraq kennedy war suicide dem terror leader terrorism condition world street fuelled aftermath unstable branded mismanagement night tyranny claiming sparked\n1591\tattack paris thought news called twitter people french statement world shocked victim tonight clinton hashtag started heinous night leader terrorist\n1592\tterrorists border british attack training stevens people bomber london card thursday islamic mass passed lord britain foiled country fear terror\n1593\tlondon africa week eu summit aid verdict bush olympic generosity economic play climate canada italy japan target talk blair change\n1594\tislam humanity egypt act senseless cleric muslim attack cowardly killing mufti allam state grand seat highest community distorted learning emphasises\n1595\tfrance people petit game friday attack started tear put directed heard football time paris life summer powerful wrong anger work\n1596\tteacher pupil tension school abuse attack union teachers understanding problem day ethnic nut meeting deal classroom racism saturday division exist\n1597\tboulahcen woman young life paris told month yesterday islamic flat began female care boumedienne brother foster mother girl sister french\n1598\tlondon retail store weekend capital thursday group retailer early time shopper cent suffer closed le tesco selfridges profile wh mail\n1599\tfa security paris chief club part police safe de friday terrorist conniford england making green attend supporters france met initial\n1600\tgame face week agen paris solomon team home cup emotional reflecting animal front host france terrorist respect ll charged emotionally\n1601\tpolice officer raid terrorist house leeds london area morning bus bomber attack today people bomb couple train road operation searching\n1602\tomagh month son gallagher people difficult real ira bomb warned priority body terror blow deal london identify aftermath supporting car\n1603\trubio cruz isi obama republican paris senator refugee attack war radical syrian people immigration president hate paul huckabee america air\n1604\tyesterday ireland sympathy london security situation intelligence dea victim adam offer defence sinn terrorist fein people time dublin company assessment\n1605\tmuslim britain british islamic le leadership week great racism mosque minority attack work providing majority statement kind tolerated preach imam\n1606\tfrance war hollande terrorism putin law president called stop lay military unite speeding standing represent force offences gave threatens achieve\n1607\tgermany match police paris de night concrete explosion planned hannover german people forced safety arrived threat stadium explosive situation attacked\n1608\tpassport refugee europe greece man migrant greek syrian night terrorist october official asylum german police almohammad isis schengen wreak authority\n1609\tryan medical hospital war army london wound uch injured ship centre simon incident bombing hero week civil calm resilience attack\n1610\tbomb panic police bus bomber organisation cross northern fourth direction device time statement properly timing underground long plan present western\n1611\tfrench navarre germain band sample paris including music fan minute st member house flute troxy named gig album close arm"
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"path": "Machine Learning/8. ML特征工程和优化方法/README.md",
"content": "## 目录\n- [1. 特征工程有哪些？](#1-特征工程有哪些)\n - [1.1 特征归一化](#11-特征归一化)\n - [1.2 类别型特征](#12-类别型特征)\n - [1.3 高维组合特征的处理](#13-高维组合特征的处理)\n - [1.4 文本表示模型](#14-文本表示模型)\n - [1.5 其它特征工程](#15-其它特征工程)\n - [1.6 特征工程脑图](#16-特征工程脑图)\n- [2. 机器学习优化方法](#2-机器学习优化方法)\n - [2.1 机器学习常用损失函数](#21-机器学习常用损失函数)\n - [2.2 什么是凸优化](#22-什么是凸优化)\n - [2.3 正则化项](#23-正则化项)\n - [2.4 常见的几种最优化方法](#24-常见的几种最优化方法)\n - [2.5 降维方法](#25-降维方法)\n- [3. 机器学习评估方法](#3-机器学习评估方法)\n - [3.1 准确率(Accuracy)](#31-准确率accuracy)\n - [3.2 精确率（Precision）](#32-精确率precision)\n - [3.3 召回率(Recall)](#33-召回率recall)\n - [3.4 F1值(H-mean值)](#34-f1值h-mean值)\n - [3.4 ROC曲线](#34-roc曲线)\n - [3.5 余弦距离和欧式距离](#35-余弦距离和欧式距离)\n - [3.6 A/B测试](#36-ab测试)\n - [3.7 模型评估方法](#37-模型评估方法)\n - [3.8 超参数调优](#38-超参数调优)\n - [3.9 过拟合和欠拟合](#39-过拟合和欠拟合)\n- [4. 检验方法](#4-检验方法)\n - [4.1 KS检验](#41-ks检验)\n - [4.2 T检验](#42-t检验)\n - [4.3 F检验](#43-f检验)\n - [4.4 Grubbs检验](#44-grubbs检验)\n - [4.5 卡方检验](#45-卡方检验)\n- [5. 参考文献](#4-参考文献)\n\n## 1. 特征工程有哪些？\n\n特征工程，顾名思义，是对原始数据进行一系列工程处理，将其提炼为特征，作为输入供算法和模型使用。从本质上来讲，特征工程是一个表示和展现数 据的过程。在实际工作中，**特征工程旨在去除原始数据中的杂质和冗余**，设计更高效的特征以刻画求解的问题与预测模型之间的关系。\n\n主要讨论以下两种常用的数据类型。\n\n1. 结构化数据。结构化数据类型可以看作关系型数据库的一张表，每列都 有清晰的定义，包含了数值型、类别型两种基本类型；每一行数据表示一个样本 的信息。\n2. 非结构化数据。非结构化数据主要包括文本、图像、音频、视频数据， 其包含的信息无法用一个简单的数值表示，也没有清晰的类别定义，并且每条数 据的大小各不相同。\n\n### 1.1 特征归一化\n\n为了消除数据特征之间的量纲影响，我们需要对特征进行归一化处理，使得 不同指标之间具有可比性。例如，分析一个人的身高和体重对健康的影响，如果 使用米（m）和千克（kg）作为单位，那么身高特征会在1.6～1.8m的数值范围 内，体重特征会在50～100kg的范围内，分析出来的结果显然会倾向于数值差别比 较大的体重特征。想要得到更为准确的结果，就需要进行特征归一化 （Normalization）处理，使各指标处于同一数值量级，以便进行分析。\n\n对数值类型的特征做归一化可以将所有的特征都统一到一个大致相同的数值 区间内。最常用的方法主要有以下两种。\n\n1. **线性函数归一化**（Min-Max Scaling）。它对原始数据进行线性变换，使 结果映射到[0, 1]的范围，实现对原始数据的等比缩放。归一化公式如下，其中*X*为原始数据， 分别为数据最大值和最小值。 \n\n \n\n2. **零均值归一化**（Z-Score Normalization）。它会将原始数据映射到均值为 0、标准差为1的分布上。具体来说，假设原始特征的均值为μ、标准差为σ，那么 归一化公式定义为\n\n \n\n优点：**训练数据归一化后，容易更快地通过梯度下降找 到最优解。**\n\n\n\n当然，数据归一化并不是万能的。在实际应用中，通过梯度下降法求解的模 型通常是需要归一化的，包括线性回归、逻辑回归、支持向量机、神经网络等模 型。但对于决策树模型则并不适用。\n\n### 1.2 类别型特征\n\n类别型特征（Categorical Feature）主要是指性别（男、女）、血型（A、B、 AB、O）等只在有限选项内取值的特征。类别型特征原始输入通常是字符串形 式，除了决策树等少数模型能直接处理字符串形式的输入，对于逻辑回归、支持 向量机等模型来说，类别型特征必须经过处理转换成数值型特征才能正确工作。\n\n1. **序号编码**\n\n 序号编码通常用于处理类别间具有大小关系的数据。例如成绩，可以分为 低、中、高三档，并且存在“高>中>低”的排序关系。序号编码会按照大小关系对 类别型特征赋予一个数值ID，例如高表示为3、中表示为2、低表示为1，转换后依 然保留了大小关系。\n\n2. **独热编码(one-hot)**\n\n 独热编码通常用于处理类别间不具有大小关系的特征。例如血型，一共有4个 取值（A型血、B型血、AB型血、O型血），独热编码会把血型变成一个4维稀疏 向量，A型血表示为（1, 0, 0, 0），B型血表示为（0, 1, 0, 0），AB型表示为（0, 0, 1, 0），O型血表示为（0, 0, 0, 1）。对于类别取值较多的情况下使用独热编码。\n\n3. **二进制编码 **\n\n 二进制编码主要分为两步，先用序号编码给每个类别赋予一个类别ID，然后 将类别ID对应的二进制编码作为结果。以A、B、AB、O血型为例，下图是二进制编码的过程。A型血的ID为1，二进制表示为001；B型血的ID为2，二进制表示为 010；以此类推可以得到AB型血和O型血的二进制表示。\n\n \n\n### 1.3 高维组合特征的处理 \n\n为了提高复杂关系的拟合能力，在特征工程中经常会把一阶离散特征两两组 合，构成高阶组合特征。以广告点击预估问题为例，原始数据有语言和类型两种 离散特征，第一张图是语言和类型对点击的影响。为了提高拟合能力，语言和类型可 以组成二阶特征，第二张图是语言和类型的组合特征对点击的影响。\n\n\n\n### 1.4 文本表示模型 \n\n文本是一类非常重要的非结构化数据，如何表示文本数据一直是机器学习领 域的一个重要研究方向。\n\n1. **词袋模型和N-gram模型**\n\n 最基础的文本表示模型是词袋模型。顾名思义，就是将每篇文章看成一袋子 词，并忽略每个词出现的顺序。具体地说，就是将整段文本以词为单位切分开， 然后每篇文章可以表示成一个长向量，向量中的每一维代表一个单词，而该维对 应的权重则反映了这个词在原文章中的重要程度。常用TF-IDF来计算权重。\n\n2. **主题模型**\n\n 主题模型用于从文本库中发现有代表性的主题（得到每个主题上面词的分布 特性），并且能够计算出每篇文章的主题分布。\n\n3. **词嵌入与深度学习模型**\n\n 词嵌入是一类将词向量化的模型的统称，核心思想是将每个词都映射成低维 空间（通常K=50～300维）上的一个稠密向量（Dense Vector）。K维空间的每一 维也可以看作一个隐含的主题，只不过不像主题模型中的主题那样直观。\n\n### 1.5 其它特征工程\n\n1. 如果某个特征当中有**缺失值**，缺失比较少的话，可以使用该特征的平均值或者其它比较靠谱的数据进行填充；缺失比较多的话可以考虑删除该特征。\n2. 可以分析特征与结果的相关性，把相关性小的特征去掉。\n\n### 1.6 特征工程脑图\n\n\n\n## 2. 机器学习优化方法\n\n优化是应用数学的一个分支，也是机器学习的核心组成部分。实际上，机器 学习算法 = 模型表征 + 模型评估 + 优化算法。其中，优化算法所做的事情就是在 模型表征空间中找到模型评估指标最好的模型。不同的优化算法对应的模型表征 和评估指标不尽相同。\n\n### 2.1 机器学习常用损失函数\n\n损失函数（loss function）是用来估量你模型的预测值f(x)与真实值Y的不一致程度，它是一个非负实值函数,通常使用L(Y, f(x))来表示，损失函数越小，模型的鲁棒性就越好。常见的损失函数如下：\n\n1. **平方损失函数**\n\n \n\n Y-f(X)表示的是残差，整个式子表示的是残差的平方和，而我们的目的就是最小化这个目标函数值（注：该式子未加入正则项），也就是最小化残差的平方和。而在实际应用中，通常会使用均方差（MSE）作为一项衡量指标，公式如下：\n\n ^2)\n\n 该损失函数一般使用在线性回归当中。\n\n2. **log损失函数**\n\n \n \n 公式中的 y=1 表示的是真实值为1时用第一个公式，真实 y=0 用第二个公式计算损失。为什么要加上log函数呢？可以试想一下，当真实样本为1是，但h=0概率，那么log0=∞，这就对模型最大的惩罚力度；当h=1时，那么log1=0，相当于没有惩罚，也就是没有损失，达到最优结果。所以数学家就想出了用log函数来表示损失函数。\n \n 最后按照梯度下降法一样，求解极小值点，得到想要的模型效果。该损失函数一般使用在逻辑回归中。\n \n \n \n3. **Hinge损失函数**\n\n _j-(f(x_i,W)_{y_i}-\\bigtriangleup)))\n\n SVM采用的就是Hinge Loss，用于“最大间隔(max-margin)”分类。\n\n \n\n 详细见之前[SVM的文章1.2.3](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/4.%20SVM)\n\n### 2.2 什么是凸优化\n\n**凸函数**的严格定义为，函数L(·) 是凸函数当且仅当对定义域中的任意两点x，y和任意实数λ∈[0,1]总有：\n\n\n\n该不等式的一个直观解释是，凸函数曲面上任意两点连接而成的线段，其上的任 意一点都不会处于该函数曲面的下方，如下图所示所示。\n\n\n\n凸优化问题的例子包括支持向量机、线性回归等 线性模型，非凸优化问题的例子包括低秩模型（如矩阵分解）、深度神经网络模型等。\n\n### 2.3 正则化项\n\n使用正则化项，也就是给loss function加上一个参数项，正则化项有**L1正则化、L2正则化、ElasticNet**。加入这个正则化项好处：\n\n- 控制参数幅度，不让模型“无法无天”。\n- 限制参数搜索空间\n- 解决欠拟合与过拟合的问题。\n\n详细请参考之前的文章：[线性回归--第5点](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/Liner%20Regression)\n\n### 2.4 常见的几种最优化方法\n\n1. **梯度下降法**\n\n 梯度下降法是最早最简单，也是最为常用的最优化方法。梯度下降法实现简单，当目标函数是凸函数时，梯度下降法的解是全局解。一般情况下，其解不保证是全局最优解，梯度下降法的速度也未必是最快的。梯度下降法的优化思想是用当前位置负梯度方向作为搜索方向，因为该方向为当前位置的最快下降方向，所以也被称为是”最速下降法“。最速下降法越接近目标值，步长越小，前进越慢。梯度下降法的搜索迭代示意图如下图所示：\n\n \n\n 缺点：靠近极小值时收敛速度减慢；直线搜索时可能会产生一些问题；可能会“之字形”地下降。\n\n2. **牛顿法**\n\n 牛顿法是一种在实数域和复数域上近似求解方程的方法。方法使用函数f (x)的泰勒级数的前面几项来寻找方程f (x) = 0的根。牛顿法最大的特点就在于它的收敛速度很快。具体步骤：\n\n - 首先，选择一个接近函数 f (x)零点的 x0，计算相应的 f (x0) 和切线斜率f ' (x0)（这里f ' 表示函数 f 的导数）。\n\n - 然后我们计算穿过点(x0, f (x0)) 并且斜率为f '(x0)的直线和 x 轴的交点的x坐标，也就是求如下方程的解：\n\n +f(x_0)-x_0*f^{'}(x_0)=0)\n\n - 我们将新求得的点的 x 坐标命名为x1，通常x1会比x0更接近方程f (x) = 0的解。因此我们现在可以利用x1开始下一轮迭代。\n\n 由于牛顿法是基于当前位置的切线来确定下一次的位置，所以牛顿法又被很形象地称为是\"切线法\"。牛顿法搜索动态示例图：\n\n \n\n 从本质上去看，牛顿法是二阶收敛，梯度下降是一阶收敛，所以牛顿法就更快。**缺点：**\n\n - 牛顿法是一种迭代算法，每一步都需要求解目标函数的Hessian矩阵的逆矩阵，计算比较复杂。\n - 在高维情况下这个矩阵非常大，计算和存储都是问题。\n - 在小批量的情况下，牛顿法对于二阶导数的估计噪声太大。\n - 目标函数非凸的时候，牛顿法容易受到鞍点或者最大值点的吸引。\n\n3. **拟牛顿法**\n\n 拟牛顿法是求解非线性优化问题最有效的方法之一，**本质思想是改善牛顿法每次需要求解复杂的Hessian矩阵的逆矩阵的缺陷，它使用正定矩阵来近似Hessian矩阵的逆，从而简化了运算的复杂度。**拟牛顿法和梯度下降法一样只要求每一步迭代时知道目标函数的梯度。通过测量梯度的变化，构造一个目标函数的模型使之足以产生超线性收敛性。这类方法大大优于梯度下降法，尤其对于困难的问题。另外，因为拟牛顿法不需要二阶导数的信息，所以有时比牛顿法更为有效。如今，优化软件中包含了大量的拟牛顿算法用来解决无约束，约束，和大规模的优化问题。\n\n4. **共轭梯度法**\n\n 共轭梯度法是介于梯度下降法与牛顿法之间的一个方法，它仅需利用一阶导数信息，但克服了梯度下降法收敛慢的缺点，又避免了牛顿法需要存储和计算Hesse矩阵并求逆的缺点，共轭梯度法不仅是解决大型线性方程组最有用的方法之一，也是解大型非线性最优化最有效的算法之一。 在各种优化算法中，共轭梯度法是非常重要的一种。其优点是所需存储量小，具有步收敛性，稳定性高，而且不需要任何外来参数。\n\n 具体的实现步骤请参加wiki百科[共轭梯度法](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugate_gradient_method#Example_code_in_MATLAB)。下图为共轭梯度法和梯度下降法搜索最优解的路径对比示意图：\n\n \n\n### 2.5 降维方法\n\n#### 2.5.1 线性判别分析（LDA）\n\n线性判别分析（Linear Discriminant Analysis，LDA）是一种经典的降维方法。和主成分分析PCA不考虑样本类别输出的无监督降维技术不同，LDA是一种监督学习的降维技术，数据集的每个样本有类别输出。 \n\nLDA分类思想简单总结如下： \n\n1. 多维空间中，数据处理分类问题较为复杂，LDA算法将多维空间中的数据投影到一条直线上，将d维数据转化成1维数据进行处理。 \n2. 对于训练数据，设法将多维数据投影到一条直线上，同类数据的投影点尽可能接近，异类数据点尽可能远离。 \n3. 对数据进行分类时，将其投影到同样的这条直线上，再根据投影点的位置来确定样本的类别。 \n\n如果用一句话概括LDA思想，**即“投影后类内方差最小，类间方差最大”。**\n\n假设有红、蓝两类数据，这些数据特征均为二维，如下图所示。我们的目标是将这些数据投影到一维，让每一类相近的数据的投影点尽可能接近，不同类别数据尽可能远，即图中红色和蓝色数据中心之间的距离尽可能大。\n\n\n\n左图和右图是两种不同的投影方式。\n\n\t左图思路：让不同类别的平均点距离最远的投影方式。\n\n\t右图思路：让同类别的数据挨得最近的投影方式。\n\n\t从上图直观看出，右图红色数据和蓝色数据在各自的区域来说相对集中，根据数据分布直方图也可看出，所以右图的投影效果好于左图，左图中间直方图部分有明显交集。\n\n\t以上例子是基于数据是二维的，分类后的投影是一条直线。如果原始数据是多维的，则投影后的分类面是一低维的超平面。\n\n**优缺点**\n\n| 优缺点 | 简要说明 |\n| :----: | :----------------------------------------------------------- |\n| 优点 | 1. 可以使用类别的先验知识；
2. 以标签、类别衡量差异性的有监督降维方式，相对于PCA的模糊性，其目的更明确，更能反映样本间的差异； |\n| 缺点 | 1. LDA不适合对非高斯分布样本进行降维；
2. LDA降维最多降到分类数k-1维；
3. LDA在样本分类信息依赖方差而不是均值时，降维效果不好；
4. LDA可能过度拟合数据。 |\n\n#### 2.5.2 主成分分析（PCA）\n\n1. PCA就是将高维的数据通过线性变换投影到低维空间上去。\n2. 投影思想：找出最能够代表原始数据的投影方法。被PCA降掉的那些维度只能是那些噪声或是冗余的数据。\n3. 去冗余：去除可以被其他向量代表的线性相关向量，这部分信息量是多余的。\n4. 去噪声，去除较小特征值对应的特征向量，特征值的大小反映了变换后在特征向量方向上变换的幅度，幅度越大，说明这个方向上的元素差异也越大，要保留。\n5. 对角化矩阵，寻找极大线性无关组，保留较大的特征值，去除较小特征值，组成一个投影矩阵，对原始样本矩阵进行投影，得到降维后的新样本矩阵。\n6. 完成PCA的关键是——协方差矩阵。协方差矩阵，能同时表现不同维度间的相关性以及各个维度上的方差。协方差矩阵度量的是维度与维度之间的关系，而非样本与样本之间。\n7. 之所以对角化，因为对角化之后非对角上的元素都是0，达到去噪声的目的。对角化后的协方差矩阵，对角线上较小的新方差对应的就是那些该去掉的维度。所以我们只取那些含有较大能量(特征值)的维度，其余的就舍掉，即去冗余。\n\n**图解PCA**\n\nPCA可解决训练数据中存在数据特征过多或特征累赘的问题。核心思想是将m维特征映射到n维（n < m），这n维形成主元，是重构出来最能代表原始数据的正交特征。\n\n\t假设数据集是m个n维，$(\\boldsymbol x^{(1)}, \\boldsymbol x^{(2)}, \\cdots, \\boldsymbol x^{(m)})$。如果$n=2$，需要降维到$n'=1$，现在想找到某一维度方向代表这两个维度的数据。下图有$u_1, u_2$两个向量方向，但是哪个向量才是我们所想要的，可以更好代表原始数据集的呢？\n\n\n\n从图可看出，$u_1$比$u_2$好，为什么呢？有以下两个主要评价指标：\n\n1. 样本点到这个直线的距离足够近。\n2. 样本点在这个直线上的投影能尽可能的分开。\n\n如果我们需要降维的目标维数是其他任意维，则：\n\n1. 样本点到这个超平面的距离足够近。\n2. 样本点在这个超平面上的投影能尽可能的分开。\n\n**优缺点**\n\n| 优缺点 | 简要说明 |\n| :----: | :----------------------------------------------------------- |\n| 优点 | 1. 仅仅需要以方差衡量信息量，不受数据集以外的因素影响。 2.各主成分之间正交，可消除原始数据成分间的相互影响的因素。3. 计算方法简单，主要运算是特征值分解，易于实现。 |\n| 缺点 | 1.主成分各个特征维度的含义具有一定的模糊性，不如原始样本特征的解释性强。2. 方差小的非主成分也可能含有对样本差异的重要信息，因降维丢弃可能对后续数据处理有影响。 |\n\n#### 2.5.3 比较这两种方法\n\n**降维的必要性**：\n\n1. 多重共线性和预测变量之间相互关联。多重共线性会导致解空间的不稳定，从而可能导致结果的不连贯。\n2. 高维空间本身具有稀疏性。一维正态分布有68%的值落于正负标准差之间，而在十维空间上只有2%。\n3. 过多的变量，对查找规律造成冗余麻烦。\n4. 仅在变量层面上分析可能会忽略变量之间的潜在联系。例如几个预测变量可能落入仅反映数据某一方面特征的一个组内。\n\n**降维的目的**：\n\n1. 减少预测变量的个数。\n2. 确保这些变量是相互独立的。\n3. 提供一个框架来解释结果。相关特征，特别是重要特征更能在数据中明确的显示出来；如果只有两维或者三维的话，更便于可视化展示。\n4. 数据在低维下更容易处理、更容易使用。\n5. 去除数据噪声。\n6. 降低算法运算开销。\n\n**LDA和PCA区别**\n\n| 异同点 | LDA | PCA |\n| :----: | :----------------------------------------------------------- | :--------------------------------- |\n| 相同点 | 1. 两者均可以对数据进行降维；
2. 两者在降维时均使用了矩阵特征分解的思想；
3. 两者都假设数据符合高斯分布； | |\n| 不同点 | 有监督的降维方法； | 无监督的降维方法； |\n| | 降维最多降到k-1维； | 降维多少没有限制； |\n| | 可以用于降维，还可以用于分类； | 只用于降维； |\n| | 选择分类性能最好的投影方向； | 选择样本点投影具有最大方差的方向； |\n| | 更明确，更能反映样本间差异； | 目的较为模糊； | \n\n## 3. 机器学习评估方法\n\n混淆矩阵也称误差矩阵，是表示精度评价的一种标准格式，用n行n列的矩阵形式来表示。具体评价指标有总体精度、制图精度、用户精度等，这些精度指标从不同的侧面反映了图像分类的精度。下图为混淆矩阵\n\n| | 正类 | 负类 |\n| -------- | ------------------- | ------------------- |\n| 预测正确 | TP(True Positives) | FP(False Positives) |\n| 预测错误 | FN(False Negatives) | TN(True Negatives) |\n\n### 3.1 准确率(Accuracy)\n\n**准确率（Accuracy）。**顾名思义，就是所有的预测正确（正类负类）的占总的比重。\n\n\n\n准确率是分类问题中最简单也是最直观的评价指标，但存在明显的缺陷。比 如，当负样本占99%时，分类器把所有样本都预测为负样本也可以获得99%的准确 率。所以，当不同类别的样本比例非常不均衡时，占比大的类别往往成为影响准 确率的最主要因素。\n\n### 3.2 精确率（Precision）\n\n**精确率（Precision）**，查准率。即正确预测为正的占全部预测为正的比例。个人理解：真正正确的占所有预测为正的比例。\n\n\n\n### 3.3 召回率(Recall)\n\n**召回率（Recall）**，查全率。即正确预测为正的占全部实际为正的比例。个人理解：真正正确的占所有实际为正的比例。\n\n\n\n为了综合评估一个排序模型的好坏，不仅要看模型在不同 Top N下的Precision@N和Recall@N，而且最好绘制出模型的P-R（Precision- Recall）曲线。这里简单介绍一下P-R曲线的绘制方法。\n\nP-R曲线的横轴是召回率，纵轴是精确率。对于一个排序模型来说，其P-R曲 线上的一个点代表着，在某一阈值下，模型将大于该阈值的结果判定为正样本， 小于该阈值的结果判定为负样本，此时返回结果对应的召回率和精确率。整条P-R 曲线是通过将阈值从高到低移动而生成的。下图是P-R曲线样例图，其中实线代表 模型A的P-R曲线，虚线代表模型B的P-R曲线。原点附近代表当阈值最大时模型的 精确率和召回率。\n\n\n\n由图可见，当召回率接近于0时，模型A的精确率为0.9，模型B的精确率是1， 这说明模型B得分前几位的样本全部是真正的正样本，而模型A即使得分最高的几 个样本也存在预测错误的情况。并且，随着召回率的增加，精确率整体呈下降趋 势。但是，当召回率为1时，模型A的精确率反而超过了模型B。**这充分说明，只用某个点对应的精确率和召回率是不能全面地衡量模型的性能，只有通过P-R曲线的 整体表现，才能够对模型进行更为全面的评估。**\n\n### 3.4 F1值(H-mean值)\n\nF1值（H-mean值）。F1值为算数平均数除以几何平均数，且越大越好，将Precision和Recall的上述公式带入会发现，当F1值小时，True Positive相对增加，而false相对减少，即Precision和Recall都相对增加，即F1对Precision和Recall都进行了加权。\n\n\n\n\n\n### 3.4 ROC曲线\n\nROC曲线。接收者操作特征曲线（receiver operating characteristic curve），是反映敏感性和特异性连续变量的综合指标，ROC曲线上每个点反映着对同一信号刺激的感受性。下图是ROC曲线例子。\n\n\n\n横坐标：1-Specificity，伪正类率(False positive rate，FPR，FPR=FP/(FP+TN))，预测为正但实际为负的样本占所有负例样本的比例；\n\n纵坐标：Sensitivity，真正类率(True positive rate，TPR，TPR=TP/(TP+FN))，预测为正且实际为正的样本占所有正例样本的比例。\n\n**真正的理想情况**，TPR应接近1，FPR接近0，即图中的（0,1）点。**ROC曲线越靠拢（0,1）点，越偏离45度对角线越好**。\n\n**AUC值**\n\nAUC (Area Under Curve) 被定义为ROC曲线下的面积，显然这个面积的数值不会大于1。又由于ROC曲线一般都处于y=x这条直线的上方，所以AUC的取值范围一般在0.5和1之间。使用AUC值作为评价标准是因为很多时候ROC曲线并不能清晰的说明哪个分类器的效果更好，而作为一个数值，对应AUC更大的分类器效果更好。\n\n从AUC判断分类器（预测模型）优劣的标准：\n\n- AUC = 1，是完美分类器，采用这个预测模型时，存在至少一个阈值能得出完美预测。绝大多数预测的场合，不存在完美分类器。\n- 0.5 < AUC < 1，优于随机猜测。这个分类器（模型）妥善设定阈值的话，能有预测价值。\n- AUC = 0.5，跟随机猜测一样（例：丢铜板），模型没有预测价值。\n- AUC < 0.5，比随机猜测还差；但只要总是反预测而行，就优于随机猜测。\n\n**一句话来说，AUC值越大的分类器，正确率越高。**\n\n### 3.5 余弦距离和欧式距离\n\n**余弦距离：** =\\frac{A*B}{||A||_2||B||_2})\n\n**欧式距离：**在数学中，欧几里得距离或欧几里得度量是欧几里得空间中两点间“普通”（即直线）距离。\n\n对于两个向量A和B，余弦距离关注的是向量之间的角度关系，并不关心它们的绝对大小，其取值 范围是[−1,1]。当一对文本相似度的长度差距很大、但内容相近时，如果使用词频 或词向量作为特征，它们在特征空间中的的欧氏距离通常很大；而如果使用余弦 相似度的话，它们之间的夹角可能很小，因而相似度高。此外，在文本、图像、 视频等领域，研究的对象的特征维度往往很高，余弦相似度在高维情况下依然保 持“相同时为1，正交时为0，相反时为−1”的性质，而欧氏距离的数值则受维度的 影响，范围不固定，并且含义也比较模糊。\n\n### 3.6 A/B测试\n\nAB测试是为Web或App界面或流程制作两个（A/B）或多个（A/B/n）版本，在同一时间维度，分别让组成成分相同（相似）的访客群组（目标人群）随机的访问这些版本，收集各群组的用户体验数据和业务数据，最后分析、评估出最好版本，正式采用。\n\n### 3.7 模型评估方法\n\n1. **Holdout检验**\n\n Holdout 检验是最简单也是最直接的验证方法，它将原始的样本集合随机划分 成训练集和验证集两部分。比方说，对于一个点击率预测模型，我们把样本按照 70%～30% 的比例分成两部分，70% 的样本用于模型训练；30% 的样本用于模型 验证，包括绘制ROC曲线、计算精确率和召回率等指标来评估模型性能。\n\n Holdout 检验的缺点很明显，即在验证集上计算出来的最后评估指标与原始分 组有很大关系。为了消除随机性，研究者们引入了“交叉检验”的思想。\n\n2. **交叉检验**\n\n k-fold交叉验证：首先将全部样本划分成k个大小相等的样本子集；依次遍历 这k个子集，每次把当前子集作为验证集，其余所有子集作为训练集，进行模型的 训练和评估；最后把k次评估指标的平均值作为最终的评估指标。在实际实验 中，k经常取10。\n\n3. **自助法**\n\n 不管是Holdout检验还是交叉检验，都是基于划分训练集和测试集的方法进行 模型评估的。然而，当样本规模比较小时，将样本集进行划分会让训练集进一步 减小，这可能会影响模型训练效果。有没有能维持训练集样本规模的验证方法 呢？自助法可以比较好地解决这个问题。 \n\n 自助法是基于自助采样法的检验方法。对于总数为n的样本集合，进行n次有 放回的随机抽样，得到大小为n的训练集。n次采样过程中，有的样本会被重复采 样，有的样本没有被抽出过，将这些没有被抽出的样本作为验证集，进行模型验 证，这就是自助法的验证过程。\n\n### 3.8 超参数调优\n\n为了进行超参数调优，我们一般会采用网格搜索、随机搜索、贝叶斯优化等 算法。在具体介绍算法之前，需要明确超参数搜索算法一般包括哪几个要素。一 是目标函数，即算法需要最大化/最小化的目标；二是搜索范围，一般通过上限和 下限来确定；三是算法的其他参数，如搜索步长。\n\n- **网格搜索**，可能是最简单、应用最广泛的超参数搜索算法，它通过查找搜索范 围内的所有的点来确定最优值。如果采用较大的搜索范围以及较小的步长，网格 搜索有很大概率找到全局最优值。然而，**这种搜索方案十分消耗计算资源和时间**，特别是需要调优的超参数比较多的时候。因此，在实际应用中，网格搜索法一般会先使用较广的搜索范围和较大的步长，来寻找全局最优值可能的位置；然 后会逐渐缩小搜索范围和步长，来寻找更精确的最优值。这种操作方案可以降低 所需的时间和计算量，但由于目标函数一般是非凸的，所以很可能会错过全局最 优值。\n- **随机搜索**，随机搜索的思想与网格搜索比较相似，只是不再测试上界和下界之间的所有 值，而是在搜索范围中随机选取样本点。它的理论依据是，如果样本点集足够 大，那么通过随机采样也能大概率地找到全局最优值，或其近似值。随机搜索一 般会比网格搜索要快一些，但是和网格搜索的快速版一样，它的结果也是没法保证的。\n- **贝叶斯优化算法**，贝叶斯优化算法在寻找最优最值参数时，采用了与网格搜索、随机搜索完全 不同的方法。网格搜索和随机搜索在测试一个新点时，会忽略前一个点的信息； 而贝叶斯优化算法则充分利用了之前的信息。贝叶斯优化算法通过对目标函数形 状进行学习，找到使目标函数向全局最优值提升的参数。\n\n### 3.9 过拟合和欠拟合\n\n过拟合是指模型对于训练数据拟合呈过当的情况，反映到评估指标上，就是 模型在训练集上的表现很好，但在测试集和新数据上的表现较差。欠拟合指的是 模型在训练和预测时表现都不好的情况。下图形象地描述了过拟合和欠拟合的区别。\n\n\n\n1. **防止过拟合：**\n - 从数据入手，获得更多的训练数据。\n - 降低模型复杂度。\n - 正则化方法，给模型的参数加上一定的正则约束。\n - 集成学习方法，集成学习是把多个模型集成在一起。\n2. **防止欠拟合：**\n - 添加新特征。\n - 增加模型复杂度。\n - 减小正则化系数。\n\n## 4. 检验方法\n\n### 4.1 KS检验\n\nKolmogorov-Smirnov检验是基于累计分布函数的，用于检验一个分布是否符合某种理论分布或比较两个经验分布是否有显著差异。\n\n- 单样本K-S检验是用来检验一个数据的观测经验分布是否符合已知的理论分布。\n- 两样本K-S检验由于对两样本的经验分布函数的位置和形状参数的差异都敏感，所以成为比较两样本的最有用且最常用的非参数方法之一。\n\n检验统计量为：-F(x)|)\n\n其中 )为观察序列值，)为理论序列值或另一观察序列值。\n\n### 4.2 T检验\n\nT检验，也称student t检验，主要用户样本含量较小，总体标准差未知的正态分布。\n\nt检验是用t分布理论来推论差异发生的概率，从而比较两个平均数的差异是否显著。\n\nt检验分为单总体检验和双总体检验。\n\n### 4.3 F检验\n\nT检验和F检验的由来：为了确定从样本中的统计结果推论到总体时所犯错的概率。F检验又叫做联合假设检验，也称方差比率检验、方差齐性检验。是由英国统计学家Fisher提出。通过比较两组数据的方差，以确定他们的精密度是否有显著性差异。\n\n### 4.4 Grubbs检验\n\n一组测量数据中，如果个别数据偏离平均值很远，那么称这个数据为“可疑值”。用格拉布斯法判断，能将“可疑值”从测量数据中剔除。\n\n### 4.5 卡方检验\n\n卡方检验就是统计样本的实际观测值与理论推断值之间的偏离程度，实际观测值与理论推断值之间的偏离程度就决定卡方值的大小，卡方值越大，越不符合；卡方值越小，偏差越小，越趋于符合，若两个值完全相等时，卡方值就为0，表明理论值完全符合。\n\n1. 提出原假设H0：总体X的分布函数F(x)；\n\n2. 将总体x的取值范围分成k个互不相交的小区间A1-Ak；\n\n3. 把落入第i个区间Ai的样本的个数记做fi，成为组频数，f1+f2+f3+...+fk = n；\n\n4. 当H0为真时，根据假设的总体理论分布，可算出总体X的值落入第i个小区间Ai的概率pi，于是n*pi就是落入第i个小区间Ai的样本值的理论频数；\n\n5. 当H0为真时，n次试验中样本落入第i个小区间Ai的频率fi/n与概率pi应该很接近。基于这种思想，皮尔逊引入检测统计量：\n\n ^2}{np_i})\n\n 在H0假设成立的情况下服从自由度为k-1的卡方分布。\n\n**KS检验与卡方检验**\n\n**相同点：**都采用实际频数和期望频数只差进行检验\n\n**不同点：**\n\n- 卡方检验主要用于类别数据，而KS检验主要用于有计量单位的连续和定量数据。\n- 卡方检验也可以用于定量数据，但必须先将数据分组才能获得实际的观测频数，而KS检验能直接对原始数据进行检验，所以它对数据的利用比较完整。\n\n## 5. 参考文献\n\n[百面机器学习](https://www.lanzous.com/i56i24f)\n\n> 作者：[@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> GitHub：[https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> 欢迎大家加入讨论！共同完善此项目！群号：【541954936】\n"
},
{
"path": "Machine Learning/9. KNN/README.md",
"content": "## 目录\n- [1. 什么是KNN](#1-什么是knn)\n - [1.1 KNN的通俗解释](#11-knn的通俗解释)\n - [1.2 近邻的距离度量](#12-近邻的距离度量)\n - [1.3 K值选择](#13-k值选择)\n - [1.4 KNN最近邻分类算法的过程](#14-knn最近邻分类算法的过程)\n- [2. KDD的实现：KD树](#2-kdd的实现kd树)\n - [2.1 构建KD树](#21-构建kd树)\n - [2.2 KD树的插入](#22-kd树的插入)\n - [2.3 KD树的删除](#23-kd树的删除)\n - [2.4 KD树的最近邻搜索算法](#24-kd树的最近邻搜索算法)\n - [2.5 kd树近邻搜索算法的改进：BBF算法](#25-kd树近邻搜索算法的改进bbf算法)\n - [2.6 KD树的应用](#26-kd树的应用)\n- [3. 关于KNN的一些问题](#3-关于knn的一些问题)\n- [4. 参考文献](#4-参考文献)\n- [5. 手写数字识别案例](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/9.%20KNN/handwritingClass)\n\n## 1. 什么是KNN\n\n### 1.1 KNN的通俗解释\n\n何谓K近邻算法，即K-Nearest Neighbor algorithm，简称KNN算法，单从名字来猜想，可以简单粗暴的认为是：K个最近的邻居，当K=1时，算法便成了最近邻算法，即寻找最近的那个邻居。\n\n用官方的话来说，所谓K近邻算法，即是给定一个训练数据集，对新的输入实例，**在训练数据集中找到与该实例最邻近的K个实例（也就是上面所说的K个邻居），这K个实例的多数属于某个类，就把该输入实例分类到这个类中。**\n\n\n\n\n\n如上图所示，有两类不同的样本数据，分别用蓝色的小正方形和红色的小三角形表示，而图正中间的那个绿色的圆所标示的数据则是待分类的数据。也就是说，现在，我们不知道中间那个绿色的数据是从属于哪一类（蓝色小正方形or红色小三角形），KNN就是解决这个问题的。\n\n如果K=3，绿色圆点的最近的3个邻居是2个红色小三角形和1个蓝色小正方形，少数从属于多数，基于统计的方法，判定绿色的这个待分类点属于红色的三角形一类。\n\n如果K=5，绿色圆点的最近的5个邻居是2个红色三角形和3个蓝色的正方形，还是少数从属于多数，基于统计的方法，判定绿色的这个待分类点属于蓝色的正方形一类。\n\n**于此我们看到，当无法判定当前待分类点是从属于已知分类中的哪一类时，我们可以依据统计学的理论看它所处的位置特征，衡量它周围邻居的权重，而把它归为(或分配)到权重更大的那一类。这就是K近邻算法的核心思想。**\n\n### 1.2 近邻的距离度量\n\n我们看到，K近邻算法的核心在于找到实例点的邻居，这个时候，问题就接踵而至了，如何找到邻居，邻居的判定标准是什么，用什么来度量。这一系列问题便是下面要讲的距离度量表示法。\n\n**有哪些距离度量的表示法**(普及知识点，可以跳过)：\n\n1. **欧氏距离**，最常见的两点之间或多点之间的距离表示法，又称之为欧几里得度量，它定义于欧几里得空间中，如点 x = (x1,...,xn) 和 y = (y1,...,yn) 之间的距离为：\n\n =\\sqrt{(x_1-y_1)^2+(x_2-y_2)^2+...+(x_n-y_n)^2}=\\sqrt{\\sum_{i=1}^{n}(x_i-y_i)^2})\n\n - 二维平面上两点a(x1,y1)与b(x2,y2)间的欧氏距离：\n\n ^2+(y_1-y_2)^2})\n\n - 三维空间两点a(x1,y1,z1)与b(x2,y2,z2)间的欧氏距离：\n\n ^2+(y_1-y_2)^2+(z_1-z_2)^2})\n\n - 两个n维向量a(x11,x12,…,x1n)与 b(x21,x22,…,x2n)间的欧氏距离：\n\n ^2})\n\n 也可以用表示成向量运算的形式：\n\n (a-b)^T})\n\n2. **曼哈顿距离**，我们可以定义曼哈顿距离的正式意义为L1-距离或城市区块距离，也就是在欧几里得空间的固定直角坐标系上两点所形成的线段对轴产生的投影的距离总和。例如在平面上，坐标（x1, y1）的点P1与坐标（x2, y2）的点P2的曼哈顿距离为： ，要注意的是，曼哈顿距离依赖座标系统的转度，而非系统在座标轴上的平移或映射。 \n\n 通俗来讲，想象你在曼哈顿要从一个十字路口开车到另外一个十字路口，驾驶距离是两点间的直线距离吗？显然不是，除非你能穿越大楼。而实际驾驶距离就是这个“曼哈顿距离”，此即曼哈顿距离名称的来源， 同时，曼哈顿距离也称为城市街区距离(City Block distance)。\n\n - 二维平面两点a(x1,y1)与b(x2,y2)间的曼哈顿距离 \n\n \n\n - 两个n维向量a(x11,x12,…,x1n)与 b(x21,x22,…,x2n)间的曼哈顿距离\n\n \n\n3. **切比雪夫距离**，若二个向量或二个点p 、and q，其座标分别为Pi及qi，则两者之间的切比雪夫距离定义如下：\n\n =max_i(|p_i-q_i|))\n\n 这也等于以下Lp度量的极值： ，因此切比雪夫距离也称为L∞度量。\n\n 以数学的观点来看，切比雪夫距离是由一致范数（uniform norm）（或称为上确界范数）所衍生的度量，也是超凸度量（injective metric space）的一种。\n\n 在平面几何中，若二点p及q的直角坐标系坐标为(x1,y1)及(x2,y2)，则切比雪夫距离为：\n\n )\n\n **玩过国际象棋的朋友或许知道，国王走一步能够移动到相邻的8个方格中的任意一个。那么国王从格子(x1,y1)走到格子(x2,y2)最少需要多少步？。你会发现最少步数总是max( | x2-x1 | , | y2-y1 | ) 步 。有一种类似的一种距离度量方法叫切比雪夫距离。**\n\n - 二维平面两点a(x1,y1)与b(x2,y2)间的切比雪夫距离 ：\n\n )\n\n - 两个n维向量a(x11,x12,…,x1n)与 b(x21,x22,…,x2n)间的切比雪夫距离：\n\n )\n\n 这个公式的另一种等价形式是\n\n ^{1/k})\n\n4. **闵可夫斯基距离**(Minkowski Distance)，闵氏距离不是一种距离，而是一组距离的定义。\n\n 两个n维变量a(x11,x12,…,x1n)与 b(x21,x22,…,x2n)间的闵可夫斯基距离定义为： \n\n \n\n 其中p是一个变参数。\n 当p=1时，就是曼哈顿距离\n 当p=2时，就是欧氏距离\n 当p→∞时，就是切比雪夫距离 \n 根据变参数的不同，闵氏距离可以表示一类的距离。 \n\n5. **标准化欧氏距离**，标准化欧氏距离是针对简单欧氏距离的缺点而作的一种改进方案。标准欧氏距离的思路：既然数据各维分量的分布不一样，那先将各个分量都“标准化”到均值、方差相等。至于均值和方差标准化到多少，先复习点统计学知识。\n\n 假设样本集X的数学期望或均值(mean)为m，标准差(standard deviation，方差开根)为s，那么X的“标准化变量”X*表示为：(X-m）/s，而且标准化变量的数学期望为0，方差为1。\n 即，样本集的标准化过程(standardization)用公式描述就是：\n\n \n\n 标准化后的值 = ( 标准化前的值 － 分量的均值 ) /分量的标准差 \n 经过简单的推导就可以得到两个n维向量a(x11,x12,…,x1n)与 b(x21,x22,…,x2n)间的标准化欧氏距离的公式：\n\n ^2})\n\n6. **马氏距离**\n\n 有M个样本向量X1~Xm，协方差矩阵记为S，均值记为向量μ，则其中样本向量X到u的马氏距离表示为：\n\n =\\sqrt{(X-u)^TS^{-1}(X_i-X_j)})\n\n - 若协方差矩阵是单位矩阵（各个样本向量之间独立同分布）,则公式就成了,也就是欧氏距离了：\n\n =\\sqrt{(X_i-X_j)^T(X_i-X_j)})\n\n - 若协方差矩阵是对角矩阵，公式变成了标准化欧氏距离。\n\n 马氏距离的优缺点：量纲无关，排除变量之间的相关性的干扰。\n\n7. **巴氏距离**\n\n 在统计中，巴氏距离距离测量两个离散或连续概率分布的相似性。它与衡量两个统计样品或种群之间的重叠量的巴氏距离系数密切相关。巴氏距离距离和巴氏距离系数以20世纪30年代曾在印度统计研究所工作的一个统计学家A. Bhattacharya命名。同时，Bhattacharyya系数可以被用来确定两个样本被认为相对接近的，它是用来测量中的类分类的可分离性。\n\n 对于离散概率分布 p和q在同一域 X，它被定义为：\n\n =-ln(BC(p,q)))\n\n 其中：\n\n =\\sum_{x\\in_{}X}\\sqrt{p(x)q(x)})\n\n 是Bhattacharyya系数。\n\n8. **汉明距离**\n\n 两个等长字符串s1与s2之间的汉明距离定义为将其中一个变为另外一个所需要作的最小替换次数。例如字符串“1111”与“1001”之间的汉明距离为2。应用：信息编码（为了增强容错性，应使得编码间的最小汉明距离尽可能大）。\n\n9. **夹角余弦**\n\n 几何中夹角余弦可用来衡量两个向量方向的差异，机器学习中借用这一概念来衡量样本向量之间的差异。\n\n - 在二维空间中向量A(x1,y1)与向量B(x2,y2)的夹角余弦公式：\n\n \n\n - 两个n维样本点a(x11,x12,…,x1n)和b(x21,x22,…,x2n)的夹角余弦：\n\n \n\n 夹角余弦取值范围为[-1,1]。夹角余弦越大表示两个向量的夹角越小，夹角余弦越小表示两向量的夹角越大。当两个向量的方向重合时夹角余弦取最大值1，当两个向量的方向完全相反夹角余弦取最小值-1。 \n\n10. **杰卡德相似系数**\n\n 两个集合A和B的交集元素在A，B的并集中所占的比例，称为两个集合的杰卡德相似系数，用符号J(A,B)表示。杰卡德相似系数是衡量两个集合的相似度一种指标。\n\n =\\frac{|A\\cap_{}B|}{|A\\cup_{}B|})\n\n 与杰卡德相似系数相反的概念是杰卡德距离：\n\n =1-J(A,B)=\\frac{|A\\cup_{}B|-|A\\cap_{}B|}{|A\\cup_{}B|})\n\n11. **皮尔逊系数**\n\n 在统计学中，皮尔逊积矩相关系数用于度量两个变量X和Y之间的相关（线性相关），其值介于-1与1之间。通常情况下通过以下取值范围判断变量的相关强度：\n\n 0.8-1.0 极强相关\n 0.6-0.8 强相关\n 0.4-0.6 中等程度相关\n 0.2-0.4 弱相关\n 0.0-0.2 极弱相关或无相关\n\n简单说来，各种“距离”的应用场景简单概括为，\n\n- 空间：欧氏距离，\n- 路径：曼哈顿距离，国际象棋国王：切比雪夫距离，\n- 以上三种的统一形式:闵可夫斯基距离，\n- 加权：标准化欧氏距离，\n- 排除量纲和依存：马氏距离，\n- 向量差距：夹角余弦，\n- 编码差别：汉明距离，\n- 集合近似度：杰卡德类似系数与距离，\n- 相关：相关系数与相关距离。\n\n### 1.3 K值选择\n\n1. 如果选择较小的K值，就相当于用较小的领域中的训练实例进行预测，“学习”近似误差会减小，只有与输入实例较近或相似的训练实例才会对预测结果起作用，与此同时带来的问题是“学习”的估计误差会增大，换句话说，**K值的减小就意味着整体模型变得复杂，容易发生过拟合；**\n2. 如果选择较大的K值，就相当于用较大领域中的训练实例进行预测，其优点是可以减少学习的估计误差，但缺点是学习的近似误差会增大。这时候，与输入实例较远（不相似的）训练实例也会对预测器作用，使预测发生错误，且**K值的增大就意味着整体的模型变得简单。**\n3. K=N，则完全不足取，因为此时无论输入实例是什么，都只是简单的预测它属于在训练实例中最多的累，模型过于简单，忽略了训练实例中大量有用信息。\n\n在实际应用中，K值一般取一个比较小的数值，**例如采用交叉验证法（简单来说，就是一部分样本做训练集，一部分做测试集）来选择最优的K值。**\n\n### 1.4 KNN最近邻分类算法的过程\n\n1. 计算测试样本和训练样本中每个样本点的距离（常见的距离度量有欧式距离，马氏距离等）；\n2. 对上面所有的距离值进行排序；\n3. 选前 k 个最小距离的样本；\n4. 根据这 k 个样本的标签进行投票，得到最后的分类类别；\n\n\n\n## 2. KDD的实现：KD树\n\nKd-树是K-dimension tree的缩写，是对数据点在k维空间（如二维(x，y)，三维(x，y，z)，k维(x1，y，z..)）中划分的一种数据结构，主要应用于多维空间关键数据的搜索（如：范围搜索和最近邻搜索）。本质上说，Kd-树就是一种平衡二叉树。\n\n首先必须搞清楚的是，k-d树是一种空间划分树，说白了，就是把整个空间划分为特定的几个部分，然后在特定空间的部分内进行相关搜索操作。想像一个三维(多维有点为难你的想象力了)空间，kd树按照一定的划分规则把这个三维空间划分了多个空间，如下图所示：\n\n\n\n### 2.1 构建KD树\n\nkd树构建的伪代码如下图所示：\n\n\n\n再举一个简单直观的实例来介绍k-d树构建算法。假设有6个二维数据点{(2,3)，(5,4)，(9,6)，(4,7)，(8,1)，(7,2)}，数据点位于二维空间内，如下图所示。为了能有效的找到最近邻，k-d树采用分而治之的思想，即将整个空间划分为几个小部分，首先，粗黑线将空间一分为二，然后在两个子空间中，细黑直线又将整个空间划分为四部分，最后虚黑直线将这四部分进一步划分。\n\n\n\n6个二维数据点{(2,3)，(5,4)，(9,6)，(4,7)，(8,1)，(7,2)}构建kd树的具体步骤为：\n\n1. 确定：split域=x。具体是：6个数据点在x，y维度上的数据方差分别为39，28.63，所以在x轴上方差更大，故split域值为x；\n2. 确定：Node-data = （7,2）。具体是：根据x维上的值将数据排序，6个数据的中值(所谓中值，即中间大小的值)为7，所以Node-data域位数据点（7,2）。这样，该节点的分割超平面就是通过（7,2）并垂直于：split=x轴的直线x=7；\n3. 确定：左子空间和右子空间。具体是：分割超平面x=7将整个空间分为两部分：x<=7的部分为左子空间，包含3个节点={(2,3),(5,4),(4,7)}；另一部分为右子空间，包含2个节点={(9,6)，(8,1)}；\n4. 如上算法所述，kd树的构建是一个递归过程，我们对左子空间和右子空间内的数据重复根节点的过程就可以得到一级子节点（5,4）和（9,6），同时将空间和数据集进一步细分，如此往复直到空间中只包含一个数据点。\n\n与此同时，经过对上面所示的空间划分之后，我们可以看出，点(7,2)可以为根结点，从根结点出发的两条红粗斜线指向的(5,4)和(9,6)则为根结点的左右子结点，而(2,3)，(4,7)则为(5,4)的左右孩子(通过两条细红斜线相连)，最后，(8,1)为(9,6)的左孩子(通过细红斜线相连)。如此，便形成了下面这样一棵k-d树：\n\n\n\n**对于n个实例的k维数据来说，建立kd-tree的时间复杂度为O(k*n*logn)。**\n\nk-d树算法可以分为两大部分，除了上部分有关k-d树本身这种数据结构建立的算法，另一部分是在建立的k-d树上各种诸如插入，删除，查找(最邻近查找)等操作涉及的算法。下面，咱们依次来看kd树的插入、删除、查找操作。\n\n### 2.2 KD树的插入\n\n元素插入到一个K-D树的方法和二叉检索树类似。本质上，在偶数层比较x坐标值，而在奇数层比较y坐标值。当我们到达了树的底部，（也就是当一个空指针出现），我们也就找到了结点将要插入的位置。生成的K-D树的形状依赖于结点插入时的顺序。给定N个点，其中一个结点插入和检索的平均代价是O(log2N)。\n\n插入的过程如下:\n\n\n\n应该清楚，这里描述的插入过程中，每个结点将其所在的平面分割成两部分。因比，Chicago 将平面上所有结点分成两部分，一部分所有的结点x坐标值小于35，另一部分结点的x坐标值大于或等于35。同样Mobile将所有x坐标值大于35的结点以分成两部分，一部分结点的Y坐标值是小于10，另一部分结点的Y坐标值大于或等于10。后面的Toronto、Buffalo也按照一分为二的规则继续划分。\n\n### 2.3 KD树的删除\n\nKD树的删除可以用递归程序来实现。我们假设希望从K-D树中删除结点（a,b）。如果（a,b）的两个子树都为空，则用空树来代替（a,b）。否则，在（a,b）的子树中寻找一个合适的结点来代替它，譬如(c,d)，则递归地从K-D树中删除（c,d）。一旦(c,d)已经被删除，则用（c,d）代替（a,b）。假设(a,b)是一个X识别器，那么，它得替代节点要么是（a,b）左子树中的X坐标最大值的结点，要么是（a,b）右子树中x坐标最小值的结点。\n\n下面来举一个实际的例子(来源：中国地质大学电子课件，原课件错误已经在下文中订正)，如下图所示，原始图像及对应的kd树，现在要删除图中的A结点，请看一系列删除步骤：\n\n\n\n要删除上图中结点A，选择结点A的右子树中X坐标值最小的结点，这里是C，C成为根，如下图：\n\n\n\n从C的右子树中找出一个结点代替先前C的位置，\n\n\n\n这里是D，并将D的左子树转为它的右子树，D代替先前C的位置，如下图：\n\n\n\n在D的新右子树中，找X坐标最小的结点，这里为H，H代替D的位置，\n\n\n\n在D的右子树中找到一个Y坐标最小的值，这里是I，将I代替原先H的位置，从而A结点从图中顺利删除，如下图所示：\n\n\n\n从K-D树中删除一个结点是代价很高的，很清楚删除子树的根受到子树中结点个数的限制。用TPL（T）表示树T总的路径长度。可看出树中子树大小的总和为TPL（T）+N。 以随机方式插入N个点形成树的TPL是O(N*log2N),这就意味着从一个随机形成的K-D树中删除一个随机选取的结点平均代价的上界是O(log2N) 。\n\n### 2.4 KD树的最近邻搜索算法\n\nk-d树查询算法的伪代码如下所示：\n\n\n\n我写了一个递归版本的二维kd tree的搜索函数你对比的看看：\n\n\n\n**举例**\n\n星号表示要查询的点查询点（2，4.5）。通过二叉搜索，顺着搜索路径很快就能找到最邻近的近似点。而找到的叶子节点并不一定就是最邻近的，最邻近肯定距离查询点更近，应该位于以查询点为圆心且通过叶子节点的圆域内。为了找到真正的最近邻，还需要进行相关的‘回溯'操作。也就是说，算法首先沿搜索路径反向查找是否有距离查询点更近的数据点。\n\n1. **二叉树搜索**：先从（7,2）查找到（5,4）节点，在进行查找时是由y = 4为分割超平面的，由于查找点为y值为4.5，因此进入右子空间查找到（4,7），形成搜索路径<(7,2)，(5,4)，(4,7)>，但（4,7）与目标查找点的距离为3.202，而（5,4）与查找点之间的距离为3.041，所以（5,4）为查询点的最近点；\n2. **回溯查找**：以（2，4.5）为圆心，以3.041为半径作圆，如下图所示。可见该圆和y = 4超平面交割，所以需要进入（5,4）左子空间进行查找，也就是将（2,3）节点加入搜索路径中得<(7,2)，(2,3)>；于是接着搜索至（2,3）叶子节点，（2,3）距离（2,4.5）比（5,4）要近，所以最近邻点更新为（2，3），最近距离更新为1.5；\n3. 回溯查找至（5,4），直到最后回溯到根结点（7,2）的时候，以（2,4.5）为圆心1.5为半径作圆，并不和x = 7分割超平面交割，如下图所示。至此，搜索路径回溯完，返回最近邻点（2,3），最近距离1.5。\n\n\n\n\n\n### 2.5 kd树近邻搜索算法的改进：BBF算法\n\n实例点是随机分布的，那么kd树搜索的平均计算复杂度是O（logN），这里的N是训练实例树。所以说，kd树更适用于训练实例数远大于空间维数时的k近邻搜索，当空间维数接近训练实例数时，**它的效率会迅速下降，一降降到“解放前”：线性扫描的速度。**\n\n也正因为上述k最近邻搜索算法的第4个步骤中的所述：“回退到根结点时，搜索结束”，每个最近邻点的查询比较完成过程最终都要回退到根结点而结束，而导致了许多不必要回溯访问和比较到的结点，这些多余的损耗在高维度数据查找的时候，搜索效率将变得相当之地下，那有什么办法可以改进这个原始的kd树最近邻搜索算法呢？\n\n从上述标准的kd树查询过程可以看出其搜索过程中的“回溯”是由“查询路径”决定的，并没有考虑查询路径上一些数据点本身的一些性质。一个简单的改进思路就是将“查询路径”上的结点进行排序，如按各自分割超平面（也称bin）与查询点的距离排序，**也就是说，回溯检查总是从优先级最高（Best Bin）的树结点开始。**\n\n还是以上面的查询（2,4.5）为例，搜索的算法流程为：\n\n1. 将（7,2）压人优先队列中；\n2. 提取优先队列中的（7,2），由于（2,4.5）位于（7,2）分割超平面的左侧，所以检索其左子结点（5,4）。\n3. 同时，根据BBF机制”搜索左/右子树，就把对应这一层的兄弟结点即右/左结点存进队列”，将其（5,4）对应的兄弟结点即右子结点（9,6）压人优先队列中\n4. 此时优先队列为{（9,6）}，最佳点为（7,2）；然后一直检索到叶子结点（4,7），此时优先队列为{（2,3），（9,6）}，“最佳点”则为（5,4）；\n5. 提取优先级最高的结点（2,3），重复步骤2，直到优先队列为空。\n\n\n\n### 2.6 KD树的应用\n\nSIFT+KD_BBF搜索算法，详细参考文末的参考文献。\n\n\n\n## 3. 关于KNN的一些问题\n\n1. 在k-means或kNN，我们是用欧氏距离来计算最近的邻居之间的距离。为什么不用曼哈顿距离？\n\n **答：**我们不用曼哈顿距离，因为它只计算水平或垂直距离，有维度的限制。另一方面，欧式距离可用于任何空间的距离计算问题。因为，数据点可以存在于任何空间，欧氏距离是更可行的选择。例如：想象一下国际象棋棋盘，象或车所做的移动是由曼哈顿距离计算的，因为它们是在各自的水平和垂直方向的运动。\n\n2. KD-Tree相比KNN来进行快速图像特征比对的好处在哪里?\n\n 答：极大的节约了时间成本．点线距离如果 > 最小点，无需回溯上一层，如果<,则再上一层寻找。\n\n\n\n## 4. 参考文献\n\n[从K近邻算法、距离度量谈到KD树、SIFT+BBF算法](http://blog.csdn.net/v_july_v/article/details/8203674)\n\n## 5. 手写数字识别案例\n\n[KNN手写数字识别系统](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/9.%20KNN/handwritingClass)\n\n----\n\n> 作者：[@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> GitHub：[https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> 欢迎大家加入讨论！共同完善此项目！群号：【541954936】\n"
},
{
"path": "Machine Learning/9. KNN/handwritingClass/README.md",
"content": "### 项目案例: 手写数字识别系统\n\n[完整代码地址](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Machine%20Learning/9.%20KNN/handwritingClass/handwritingClass.py)\n\n#### 项目概述\n\n构造一个能识别数字 0 到 9 的基于 KNN 分类器的手写数字识别系统。\n\n需要识别的数字是存储在文本文件中的具有相同的色彩和大小：宽高是 32 像素 * 32 像素的黑白图像。\n\n#### 开发流程\n\n```\n收集数据：提供文本文件。\n准备数据：编写函数 img2vector(), 将图像格式转换为分类器使用的向量格式\n分析数据：在 Python 命令提示符中检查数据，确保它符合要求\n训练算法：此步骤不适用于 KNN\n测试算法：编写函数使用提供的部分数据集作为测试样本，测试样本与非测试样本的\n 区别在于测试样本是已经完成分类的数据，如果预测分类与实际类别不同，\n 则标记为一个错误\n使用算法：本例没有完成此步骤，若你感兴趣可以构建完整的应用程序，从图像中提取\n 数字，并完成数字识别，美国的邮件分拣系统就是一个实际运行的类似系统\n```\n\n> 收集数据: 提供文本文件\n\n压缩包 [trainingDigits.zip](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Machine%20Learning/9.%20KNN/handwritingClass/trainingDigits.zip) 中包含了大约 2000 个例子，每个例子内容如下图所示，每个数字大约有 200 个样本；目录 [testDigits](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Machine%20Learning/9.%20KNN/handwritingClass/testDigits.zip) 中包含了大约 900 个测试数据。**下载后解压**。\n\n\n\n> 准备数据: 编写函数 img2vector(), 将图像文本数据转换为分类器使用的向量\n\n将图像文本数据转换为向量\n\n```python\ndef img2vector(filename):\n returnVect = zeros((1,1024))\n fr = open(filename)\n for i in range(32):\n lineStr = fr.readline()\n for j in range(32):\n returnVect[0,32*i+j] = int(lineStr[j])\n return returnVect\n```\n\n> 分析数据：在 Python 命令提示符中检查数据，确保它符合要求\n\n在 Python 命令行中输入下列命令测试 img2vector 函数，然后与文本编辑器打开的文件进行比较: \n\n```python\n>>> testVector = kNN.img2vector('testDigits/0_13.txt')\n>>> testVector[0,0:32]\narray([0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 1., 1., 1., 1., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.])\n>>> testVector[0,32:64]\narray([0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 1., 1., 1., 1., 1., 1., 1., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.])\n```\n\n> 训练算法：此步骤不适用于 KNN\n\n因为测试数据每一次都要与全量的训练数据进行比较，所以这个过程是没有必要的。\n\n> 测试算法：编写函数使用提供的部分数据集作为测试样本，如果预测分类与实际类别不同，则标记为一个错误\n\n```python\ndef handwritingClassTest():\n # 1. 导入训练数据\n hwLabels = []\n trainingFileList = listdir('data/2.KNN/trainingDigits') # load the training set\n m = len(trainingFileList)\n trainingMat = zeros((m, 1024))\n # hwLabels存储0～9对应的index位置， trainingMat存放的每个位置对应的图片向量\n for i in range(m):\n fileNameStr = trainingFileList[i]\n fileStr = fileNameStr.split('.')[0] # take off .txt\n classNumStr = int(fileStr.split('_')[0])\n hwLabels.append(classNumStr)\n # 将 32*32的矩阵->1*1024的矩阵\n trainingMat[i, :] = img2vector('data/2.KNN/trainingDigits/%s' % fileNameStr)\n\n # 2. 导入测试数据\n testFileList = listdir('data/2.KNN/testDigits') # iterate through the test set\n errorCount = 0.0\n mTest = len(testFileList)\n for i in range(mTest):\n fileNameStr = testFileList[i]\n fileStr = fileNameStr.split('.')[0] # take off .txt\n classNumStr = int(fileStr.split('_')[0])\n vectorUnderTest = img2vector('data/2.KNN/testDigits/%s' % fileNameStr)\n classifierResult = classify0(vectorUnderTest, trainingMat, hwLabels, 3)\n print \"the classifier came back with: %d, the real answer is: %d\" % (classifierResult, classNumStr)\n if (classifierResult != classNumStr): errorCount += 1.0\n print \"\\nthe total number of errors is: %d\" % errorCount\n print \"\\nthe total error rate is: %f\" % (errorCount / float(mTest))\n```\n\n> 使用算法：本例没有完成此步骤，若你感兴趣可以构建完整的应用程序，从图像中提取数字，并完成数字识别，美国的邮件分拣系统就是一个实际运行的类似系统。\n\n> 本项目转载自：[apachecn/AiLearning](https://github.com/apachecn/AiLearning/blob/master/docs/ml/2.k-近邻算法.md)\n"
},
{
"path": "Machine Learning/9. KNN/handwritingClass/handwritingClass.py",
"content": "from __future__ import print_function\r\nfrom numpy import *\r\n# ѧnumpyģoperator\r\nimport operator\r\nfrom os import listdir\r\nfrom collections import Counter\r\n\r\n\r\ndef createDataSet():\r\n \"\"\"\r\n ݼͱǩ\r\n ÷ʽ\r\n import kNN\r\n group, labels = kNN.createDataSet()\r\n \"\"\"\r\n group = array([[1.0, 1.1], [1.0, 1.0], [0, 0], [0, 0.1]])\r\n labels = ['A', 'A', 'B', 'B']\r\n return group, labels\r\n\r\n\r\ndef classify0(inX, dataSet, labels, k):\r\n \"\"\"\r\n inx[1,2,3]\r\n DS=[[1,2,3],[1,2,0]]\r\n inX: ڷ\r\n dataSet: ѵ\r\n labels: ǩ\r\n k: ѡھӵĿ\r\n ע⣺labelsԪĿdataSetͬʹŷʽ빫ʽ.\r\n Ԥڷ\r\n kNN.classify0([0,0], group, labels, 3)\r\n \"\"\"\r\n\r\n # -----------ʵ classify0() ĵһַʽ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n # 1. \r\n dataSetSize = dataSet.shape[0]\r\n # tileɺѵӦľѵ\r\n \"\"\"\r\n tile: -3ʾƵ -12ʾinxظĴ\r\n In [8]: tile(inx, (3, 1))\r\n Out[8]:\r\n array([[1, 2, 3],\r\n [1, 2, 3],\r\n [1, 2, 3]])\r\n In [9]: tile(inx, (3, 2))\r\n Out[9]:\r\n array([[1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3],\r\n [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3],\r\n [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]])\r\n \"\"\"\r\n diffMat = tile(inX, (dataSetSize, 1)) - dataSet\r\n \"\"\"\r\n ŷϾ룺 㵽֮ľ\r\n һУ ͬһ dataSetĵһľ롣\r\n ڶУ ͬһ dataSetĵڶľ롣\r\n ...\r\n NУ ͬһ dataSetĵNľ롣\r\n [[1,2,3],[1,2,3]]-[[1,2,3],[1,2,0]]\r\n (A1-A2)^2+(B1-B2)^2+(c1-c2)^2\r\n \"\"\"\r\n # ȡƽ\r\n sqDiffMat = diffMat ** 2\r\n # ÿһ\r\n sqDistances = sqDiffMat.sum(axis=1)\r\n # \r\n distances = sqDistances ** 0.5\r\n # ݾСضӦλ\r\n # argsort() ǽxеԪشСУȡӦindexȻy\r\n # 磺y=array([3,0,2,1,4,5]) x[3]=-1Сy[0]=3;x[5]=9y[5]=5\r\n # print 'distances=', distances\r\n sortedDistIndicies = distances.argsort()\r\n # print 'distances.argsort()=', sortedDistIndicies\r\n\r\n # 2. ѡСk\r\n classCount = {}\r\n for i in range(k):\r\n # ҵ\r\n voteIlabel = labels[sortedDistIndicies[i]]\r\n # ֵнͼһ\r\n # ֵget\r\n # 磺list.get(k,d) get൱һif...else...,kֵУֵ佫list[k];kֵزd,KֵkӦvalueֵ\r\n # l = {5:2,3:4}\r\n # print l.get(3,0)صֵ4\r\n # Print l.get1,0ֵ0\r\n classCount[voteIlabel] = classCount.get(voteIlabel, 0) + 1\r\n # 3. سǸ\r\n # ֵ items() бؿɱ(ֵ)Ԫ顣\r\n # 磺dict = {'Name': 'Zara', 'Age': 7} print \"Value : %s\" % dict.items() Value : [('Age', 7), ('Name', 'Zara')]\r\n # sorted еĵ2 key=operator.itemgetter(1) ˼ȱȽϵڼԪ\r\n # 磺a=[('b',2),('a',1),('c',0)] b=sorted(a,key=operator.itemgetter(1)) >>>b=[('c',0),('a',1),('b',2)] Կǰպߵ0,1,2ģa,b,c\r\n # b=sorted(a,key=operator.itemgetter(0)) >>>b=[('a',1),('b',2),('c',0)] αȽϵǰߵa,b,c0,1,2\r\n # b=sorted(a,key=opertator.itemgetter(1,0)) >>>b=[('c',0),('a',1),('b',2)] ȱȽϵ2ԪأȻԵһԪؽγɶ༶\r\n # sortedClassCount = sorted(classCount.items(), key=operator.itemgetter(1), reverse=True)\r\n # return sortedClassCount[0][0]\r\n # 3.maxֱӷֵvaluekey\r\n maxClassCount = max(classCount, key=classCount.get)\r\n return maxClassCount\r\n \r\n # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n # ʵ classify0() ĵڶַʽ\r\n\r\n # \"\"\"\r\n # 1. \r\n \r\n # ŷϾ룺 㵽֮ľ\r\n # һУ ͬһ dataSetĵһľ롣\r\n # ڶУ ͬһ dataSetĵڶľ롣\r\n # ...\r\n # NУ ͬһ dataSetĵNľ롣\r\n\r\n # [[1,2,3],[1,2,3]]-[[1,2,3],[1,2,0]]\r\n # (A1-A2)^2+(B1-B2)^2+(c1-c2)^2\r\n \r\n # inx - dataset ʹnumpy broadcasting https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy-1.13.0/user/basics.broadcasting.html\r\n # np.sum() ʹü https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy-1.13.0/reference/generated/numpy.sum.html\r\n # \"\"\"\r\n\t# dist = np.sum((inx - dataset)**2, axis=1)**0.5\r\n \r\n # \"\"\"\r\n # 2. kıǩ\r\n \r\n # Ծʹnumpyеargsort https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy-1.13.0/reference/generated/numpy.sort.html#numpy.sort\r\n # صȡǰkʹ[0 : k]\r\n # kǩбk_labels\r\n # \"\"\"\r\n # k_labels = [labels[index] for index in dist.argsort()[0 : k]]\r\n\t# \"\"\"\r\n # 3. ִıǩΪ\r\n \r\n # ʹcollections.CounterͳƸǩijִmost_commonسִıǩtuple[('lable1', 2)][0][0]ȡǩֵ\r\n\t# \"\"\"\r\n # label = Counter(k_labels).most_common(1)[0][0]\r\n # return label\r\n\r\n # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n\r\n\r\ndef test1():\r\n \"\"\"\r\n һʾ\r\n \"\"\"\r\n group, labels = createDataSet()\r\n print(str(group))\r\n print(str(labels))\r\n print(classify0([0.1, 0.1], group, labels, 3))\r\n\r\n\r\n# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\ndef file2matrix(filename):\r\n \"\"\"\r\n ѵ\r\n :param filename: ļ·\r\n :return: ݾreturnMatͶӦclassLabelVector\r\n \"\"\"\r\n fr = open(filename)\r\n # ļее\r\n numberOfLines = len(fr.readlines())\r\n # ɶӦĿվ\r\n # 磺zeros(23)һ 2*3ľλȫ 0 \r\n returnMat = zeros((numberOfLines, 3)) # prepare matrix to return\r\n classLabelVector = [] # prepare labels return\r\n fr = open(filename)\r\n index = 0\r\n for line in fr.readlines():\r\n # str.strip([chars]) --Ƴַͷβַָɵַ\r\n line = line.strip()\r\n # '\\t' иַ\r\n listFromLine = line.split('\\t')\r\n # ÿе\r\n returnMat[index, :] = listFromLine[0:3]\r\n # ÿеݣ label ǩ\r\n classLabelVector.append(int(listFromLine[-1]))\r\n index += 1\r\n # ݾreturnMatͶӦclassLabelVector\r\n return returnMat, classLabelVector\r\n\r\n\r\ndef autoNorm(dataSet):\r\n \"\"\"\r\n һֵ֮ͬµӰ\r\n :param dataSet: ݼ\r\n :return: һݼnormDataSet,rangesminValsСֵ뷶Χûõ\r\n һʽ\r\n Y = (X-Xmin)/(Xmax-Xmin)\r\n е min max ֱݼеСֵֵúԶֵתΪ01䡣\r\n \"\"\"\r\n # ÿԵֵСֵΧ\r\n minVals = dataSet.min(0)\r\n maxVals = dataSet.max(0)\r\n # \r\n ranges = maxVals - minVals\r\n # -------һʵַʽ---start-------------------------\r\n normDataSet = zeros(shape(dataSet))\r\n m = dataSet.shape[0]\r\n # Сֵ֮ɵľ\r\n normDataSet = dataSet - tile(minVals, (m, 1))\r\n # Сֵ֮ԷΧɾ\r\n normDataSet = normDataSet / tile(ranges, (m, 1)) # element wise divide\r\n # -------һʵַʽ---end---------------------------------------------\r\n \r\n # # -------ڶʵַʽ---start---------------------------------------\r\n # norm_dataset = (dataset - minvalue) / ranges\r\n # # -------ڶʵַʽ---end---------------------------------------------\r\n return normDataSet, ranges, minVals\r\n\r\n\r\ndef datingClassTest():\r\n \"\"\"\r\n ԼվIJԷ\r\n :return: \r\n \"\"\"\r\n # òݵĵһѵݼ=1-hoRatio\r\n hoRatio = 0.1 # ԷΧ,һֲһΪ\r\n # ļм\r\n datingDataMat, datingLabels = file2matrix('datingTestSet2.txt') # load data setfrom file\r\n # һ\r\n normMat, ranges, minVals = autoNorm(datingDataMat)\r\n # m ʾݵĵһά\r\n m = normMat.shape[0]\r\n # òԵ numTestVecs:mʾѵ\r\n numTestVecs = int(m * hoRatio)\r\n print('numTestVecs=', numTestVecs)\r\n errorCount = 0.0\r\n for i in range(numTestVecs):\r\n # ݲ\r\n classifierResult = classify0(normMat[i, :], normMat[numTestVecs:m, :], datingLabels[numTestVecs:m], 3)\r\n print(\"the classifier came back with: %d, the real answer is: %d\" % (classifierResult, datingLabels[i]))\r\n if (classifierResult != datingLabels[i]): errorCount += 1.0\r\n print(\"the total error rate is: %f\" % (errorCount / float(numTestVecs)))\r\n print(errorCount)\r\n\r\n\r\ndef img2vector(filename):\r\n \"\"\"\r\n ͼתΪ\r\n :param filename: ͼƬļ ΪǵݵͼƬʽ 32 * 32\r\n :return: һά\r\n úͼתΪú 1 * 1024 NumPy飬Ȼļ\r\n ѭļǰ32Уÿеͷ32ֵַ洢NumPyУ顣\r\n \"\"\"\r\n returnVect = zeros((1, 1024))\r\n fr = open(filename)\r\n for i in range(32):\r\n lineStr = fr.readline()\r\n for j in range(32):\r\n returnVect[0, 32 * i + j] = int(lineStr[j])\r\n return returnVect\r\n\r\n\r\ndef handwritingClassTest():\r\n # 1. \r\n hwLabels = []\r\n trainingFileList = listdir('trainingDigits') # load the training set\r\n m = len(trainingFileList)\r\n trainingMat = zeros((m, 1024))\r\n # hwLabels洢09Ӧindexλã trainingMatŵÿλöӦͼƬ\r\n for i in range(m):\r\n fileNameStr = trainingFileList[i]\r\n fileStr = fileNameStr.split('.')[0] # take off .txt\r\n classNumStr = int(fileStr.split('_')[0])\r\n hwLabels.append(classNumStr)\r\n # 32*32ľ->1*1024ľ\r\n trainingMat[i, :] = img2vector('trainingDigits/%s' % fileNameStr)\r\n\r\n # 2. \r\n testFileList = listdir('testDigits') # iterate through the test set\r\n errorCount = 0.0\r\n mTest = len(testFileList)\r\n for i in range(mTest):\r\n fileNameStr = testFileList[i]\r\n fileStr = fileNameStr.split('.')[0] # take off .txt\r\n classNumStr = int(fileStr.split('_')[0])\r\n vectorUnderTest = img2vector('testDigits/%s' % fileNameStr)\r\n classifierResult = classify0(vectorUnderTest, trainingMat, hwLabels, 3)\r\n print(\"the classifier came back with: %d, the real answer is: %d\" % (classifierResult, classNumStr))\r\n if (classifierResult != classNumStr): errorCount += 1.0\r\n print(\"\\nthe total number of errors is: %d\" % errorCount)\r\n print(\"\\nthe total error rate is: %f\" % (errorCount / float(mTest)))\r\n\r\n\r\n#test1()\r\n#datingClassTest()\r\nhandwritingClassTest()"
},
{
"path": "Machine Learning/Liner Regression/1.Liner Regression.md",
"content": "## 目录\n- [1.什么是线性回归](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/Liner%20Regression#1什么是线性回归)\n- [2. 能够解决什么样的问题](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/Liner%20Regression#2-能够解决什么样的问题)\n- [3. 一般表达式是什么](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/Liner%20Regression#3-一般表达式是什么)\n- [4. 如何计算](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/Liner%20Regression#4-如何计算)\n- [5. 过拟合、欠拟合如何解决](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/Liner%20Regression#5-过拟合欠拟合如何解决)\n - [5.1 什么是L2正则化(岭回归)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/Liner%20Regression#51-什么是l2正则化岭回归)\n - [5.2 什么场景下用L2正则化](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/Liner%20Regression#52-什么场景下用l2正则化)\n - [5.3 什么是L1正则化(Lasso回归)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/Liner%20Regression#53-什么是l1正则化lasso回归)\n - [5.4 什么场景下使用L1正则化](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/Liner%20Regression#54-什么场景下使用l1正则化)\n - [5.5 什么是ElasticNet回归](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/Liner%20Regression#55-什么是elasticnet回归)\n - [5.6 ElasticNet回归的使用场景](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/Liner%20Regression#56--elasticnet回归的使用场景)\n- [6. 线性回归要求因变量服从正态分布？](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/Liner%20Regression#6-线性回归要求因变量服从正态分布)\n- [7. 代码实现](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/Liner%20Regression/demo)\n\n## 1.什么是线性回归\n\n- 线性：两个变量之间的关系**是**一次函数关系的——图象**是直线**，叫做线性。\n- 非线性：两个变量之间的关系**不是**一次函数关系的——图象**不是直线**，叫做非线性。\n- 回归：人们在测量事物的时候因为客观条件所限，求得的都是测量值，而不是事物真实的值，为了能够得到真实值，无限次的进行测量，最后通过这些测量数据计算**回归到真实值**，这就是回归的由来。\n\n## 2. 能够解决什么样的问题\n\n对大量的观测数据进行处理，从而得到比较符合事物内部规律的数学表达式。也就是说寻找到数据与数据之间的规律所在，从而就可以模拟出结果，也就是对结果进行预测。解决的就是通过已知的数据得到未知的结果。例如：对房价的预测、判断信用评价、电影票房预估等。\n\n## 3. 一般表达式是什么\n\n\n\nw叫做x的系数，b叫做偏置项。\n\n## 4. 如何计算\n\n### 4.1 Loss Function--MSE\n\n^2)\n\n利用**梯度下降法**找到最小值点，也就是最小误差，最后把 w 和 b 给求出来。\n\n## 5. 过拟合、欠拟合如何解决\n\n使用正则化项，也就是给loss function加上一个参数项，正则化项有**L1正则化、L2正则化、ElasticNet**。加入这个正则化项好处：\n\n- 控制参数幅度，不让模型“无法无天”。\n- 限制参数搜索空间\n- 解决欠拟合与过拟合的问题。\n\n### 5.1 什么是L2正则化(岭回归)\n\n方程：\n\n\n\n表示上面的 loss function ，在loss function的基础上加入w参数的平方和乘以  ，假设：\n\n)\n\n回忆以前学过的单位元的方程：\n\n\n\n正和L2正则化项一样，此时我们的任务变成在L约束下求出J取最小值的解。求解J0的过程可以画出等值线。同时L2正则化的函数L也可以在w1w2的二维平面上画出来。如下图：\n\n\n\nL表示为图中的黑色圆形，随着梯度下降法的不断逼近，与圆第一次产生交点，而这个交点很难出现在坐标轴上。这就说明了L2正则化不容易得到稀疏矩阵，同时为了求出损失函数的最小值，使得w1和w2无限接近于0，达到防止过拟合的问题。\n\n### 5.2 什么场景下用L2正则化\n\n只要数据线性相关，用LinearRegression拟合的不是很好，**需要正则化**，可以考虑使用岭回归(L2), 如何输入特征的维度很高,而且是稀疏线性关系的话， 岭回归就不太合适,考虑使用Lasso回归。\n\n### 5.3 什么是L1正则化(Lasso回归)\n\nL1正则化与L2正则化的区别在于惩罚项的不同：\n\n)\n\n求解J0的过程可以画出等值线。同时L1正则化的函数也可以在w1w2的二维平面上画出来。如下图：\n\n\n\n惩罚项表示为图中的黑色棱形，随着梯度下降法的不断逼近，与棱形第一次产生交点，而这个交点很容易出现在坐标轴上。**这就说明了L1正则化容易得到稀疏矩阵。**\n\n### 5.4 什么场景下使用L1正则化\n\n**L1正则化(Lasso回归)可以使得一些特征的系数变小,甚至还使一些绝对值较小的系数直接变为0**，从而增强模型的泛化能力 。对于高的特征数据,尤其是线性关系是稀疏的，就采用L1正则化(Lasso回归),或者是要在一堆特征里面找出主要的特征，那么L1正则化(Lasso回归)更是首选了。\n\n### 5.5 什么是ElasticNet回归\n\n**ElasticNet综合了L1正则化项和L2正则化项**，以下是它的公式：\n\n^2+\\lambda\\sum_{j=1}^{n}\\theta_j^2]+\\lambda\\sum_{j=1}^{n}|\\theta|))\n\n### 5.6 ElasticNet回归的使用场景\n\nElasticNet在我们发现用Lasso回归太过(太多特征被稀疏为0),而岭回归也正则化的不够(回归系数衰减太慢)的时候，可以考虑使用ElasticNet回归来综合，得到比较好的结果。\n\n## 6. 线性回归要求因变量服从正态分布？\n\n我们假设线性回归的噪声服从均值为0的正态分布。 当噪声符合正态分布N(0,delta^2)时，因变量则符合正态分布N(ax(i)+b,delta^2)，其中预测函数y=ax(i)+b。这个结论可以由正态分布的概率密度函数得到。也就是说当噪声符合正态分布时，其因变量必然也符合正态分布。 \n\n在用线性回归模型拟合数据之前，首先要求数据应符合或近似符合正态分布，否则得到的拟合函数不正确。\n\n## 7. [代码实现](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/Liner%20Regression/demo)\n\n------\n\n> 作者：[@mantchs](https://github.com/mantchs)\n>\n> 欢迎大家加入讨论！共同完善此项目！\n\n"
},
{
"path": "Machine Learning/Liner Regression/README.md",
"content": "## 目录\n- [1.什么是线性回归](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/Liner%20Regression#1什么是线性回归)\n- [2. 能够解决什么样的问题](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/Liner%20Regression#2-能够解决什么样的问题)\n- [3. 一般表达式是什么](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/Liner%20Regression#3-一般表达式是什么)\n- [4. 如何计算](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/Liner%20Regression#4-如何计算)\n- [5. 过拟合、欠拟合如何解决](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/Liner%20Regression#5-过拟合欠拟合如何解决)\n - [5.1 什么是L2正则化(岭回归)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/Liner%20Regression#51-什么是l2正则化岭回归)\n - [5.2 什么场景下用L2正则化](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/Liner%20Regression#52-什么场景下用l2正则化)\n - [5.3 什么是L1正则化(Lasso回归)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/Liner%20Regression#53-什么是l1正则化lasso回归)\n - [5.4 什么场景下使用L1正则化](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/Liner%20Regression#54-什么场景下使用l1正则化)\n - [5.5 什么是ElasticNet回归](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/Liner%20Regression#55-什么是elasticnet回归)\n - [5.6 ElasticNet回归的使用场景](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/Liner%20Regression#56--elasticnet回归的使用场景)\n- [6. 线性回归要求因变量服从正态分布？](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/Liner%20Regression#6-线性回归要求因变量服从正态分布)\n- [7. 代码实现](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/Liner%20Regression/demo)\n\n## 1.什么是线性回归\n\n- 线性：两个变量之间的关系**是**一次函数关系的——图象**是直线**，叫做线性。\n- 非线性：两个变量之间的关系**不是**一次函数关系的——图象**不是直线**，叫做非线性。\n- 回归：人们在测量事物的时候因为客观条件所限，求得的都是测量值，而不是事物真实的值，为了能够得到真实值，无限次的进行测量，最后通过这些测量数据计算**回归到真实值**，这就是回归的由来。\n\n## 2. 能够解决什么样的问题\n\n对大量的观测数据进行处理，从而得到比较符合事物内部规律的数学表达式。也就是说寻找到数据与数据之间的规律所在，从而就可以模拟出结果，也就是对结果进行预测。解决的就是通过已知的数据得到未知的结果。例如：对房价的预测、判断信用评价、电影票房预估等。\n\n## 3. 一般表达式是什么\n\n\n\nw叫做x的系数，b叫做偏置项。\n\n## 4. 如何计算\n\n### 4.1 Loss Function--MSE\n\n^2)\n\n利用**梯度下降法**找到最小值点，也就是最小误差，最后把 w 和 b 给求出来。\n\n## 5. 过拟合、欠拟合如何解决\n\n使用正则化项，也就是给loss function加上一个参数项，正则化项有**L1正则化、L2正则化、ElasticNet**。加入这个正则化项好处：\n\n- 控制参数幅度，不让模型“无法无天”。\n- 限制参数搜索空间\n- 解决欠拟合与过拟合的问题。\n\n### 5.1 什么是L2正则化(岭回归)\n\n方程：\n\n\n\n表示上面的 loss function ，在loss function的基础上加入w参数的平方和乘以  ，假设：\n\n)\n\n回忆以前学过的单位元的方程：\n\n\n\n正和L2正则化项一样，此时我们的任务变成在L约束下求出J取最小值的解。求解J0的过程可以画出等值线。同时L2正则化的函数L也可以在w1w2的二维平面上画出来。如下图：\n\n\n\nL表示为图中的黑色圆形，随着梯度下降法的不断逼近，与圆第一次产生交点，而这个交点很难出现在坐标轴上。这就说明了L2正则化不容易得到稀疏矩阵，同时为了求出损失函数的最小值，使得w1和w2无限接近于0，达到防止过拟合的问题。\n\n### 5.2 什么场景下用L2正则化\n\n只要数据线性相关，用LinearRegression拟合的不是很好，**需要正则化**，可以考虑使用岭回归(L2), 如何输入特征的维度很高,而且是稀疏线性关系的话， 岭回归就不太合适,考虑使用Lasso回归。\n\n### 5.3 什么是L1正则化(Lasso回归)\n\nL1正则化与L2正则化的区别在于惩罚项的不同：\n\n)\n\n求解J0的过程可以画出等值线。同时L1正则化的函数也可以在w1w2的二维平面上画出来。如下图：\n\n\n\n惩罚项表示为图中的黑色棱形，随着梯度下降法的不断逼近，与棱形第一次产生交点，而这个交点很容易出现在坐标轴上。**这就说明了L1正则化容易得到稀疏矩阵。**\n\n### 5.4 什么场景下使用L1正则化\n\n**L1正则化(Lasso回归)可以使得一些特征的系数变小,甚至还使一些绝对值较小的系数直接变为0**，从而增强模型的泛化能力 。对于高的特征数据,尤其是线性关系是稀疏的，就采用L1正则化(Lasso回归),或者是要在一堆特征里面找出主要的特征，那么L1正则化(Lasso回归)更是首选了。\n\n### 5.5 什么是ElasticNet回归\n\n**ElasticNet综合了L1正则化项和L2正则化项**，以下是它的公式：\n\n^2+\\lambda\\sum_{j=1}^{n}\\theta_j^2]+\\lambda\\sum_{j=1}^{n}|\\theta|))\n\n### 5.6 ElasticNet回归的使用场景\n\nElasticNet在我们发现用Lasso回归太过(太多特征被稀疏为0),而岭回归也正则化的不够(回归系数衰减太慢)的时候，可以考虑使用ElasticNet回归来综合，得到比较好的结果。\n\n## 6. 线性回归要求因变量服从正态分布？\n\n我们假设线性回归的噪声服从均值为0的正态分布。 当噪声符合正态分布N(0,delta^2)时，因变量则符合正态分布N(ax(i)+b,delta^2)，其中预测函数y=ax(i)+b。这个结论可以由正态分布的概率密度函数得到。也就是说当噪声符合正态分布时，其因变量必然也符合正态分布。 \n\n在用线性回归模型拟合数据之前，首先要求数据应符合或近似符合正态分布，否则得到的拟合函数不正确。\n\n## 7. [代码实现](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/Liner%20Regression/demo)\n\n------\n\n> 作者：[@mantchs](https://github.com/mantchs)\n>\n> 欢迎大家加入讨论！共同完善此项目！\n\n"
},
{
"path": "Machine Learning/Liner Regression/demo/README.md",
"content": "## 目录\n- [1.题目](#1题目)\n- [2.步骤](#2步骤)\n- [3.模型选择](#3模型选择)\n- [4.环境配置](#4环境配置)\n- [5.csv数据处理](#5csv数据处理)\n- [6.数据处理](#6数据处理)\n- [7.模型训练](#7模型训练)\n- [8.完整代码](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Machine%20Learning/Liner%20Regression/demo/housing_price.py)\n\n 这篇介绍的是我在做房价预测模型时的python代码，房价预测在机器学习入门中已经是个经典的题目了，但我发现目前网上还没有能够很好地做一个demo出来，使得入门者不能很快的找到“入口”在哪，所以在此介绍我是如何做的预测房价模型的题目，仅供参考。\n## 1.题目：\n 从给定的房屋基本信息以及房屋销售信息等，建立一个回归模型预测房屋的销售价格。\n数据下载请点击：[下载](https://pan.baidu.com/share/init?surl=kVdwI3d)，密码：mfqy。\n- **数据说明**：\n数据主要包括2014年5月至2015年5月美国King County的房屋销售价格以及房屋的基本信息。\n数据分为训练数据和测试数据，分别保存在kc_train.csv和kc_test.csv两个文件中。\n其中训练数据主要包括10000条记录，14个字段，主要字段说明如下：\n第一列“销售日期”：2014年5月到2015年5月房屋出售时的日期\n第二列“销售价格”：房屋交易价格，单位为美元，是目标预测值\n第三列“卧室数”：房屋中的卧室数目\n第四列“浴室数”：房屋中的浴室数目\n第五列“房屋面积”：房屋里的生活面积\n第六列“停车面积”：停车坪的面积\n第七列“楼层数”：房屋的楼层数\n第八列“房屋评分”：King County房屋评分系统对房屋的总体评分\n第九列“建筑面积”：除了地下室之外的房屋建筑面积\n第十列“地下室面积”：地下室的面积\n第十一列“建筑年份”：房屋建成的年份\n第十二列“修复年份”：房屋上次修复的年份\n第十三列\"纬度\"：房屋所在纬度\n第十四列“经度”：房屋所在经度\n\n 测试数据主要包括3000条记录，13个字段，跟训练数据的不同是测试数据并不包括房屋销售价格，学员需要通过由训练数据所建立的模型以及所给的测试数据，得出测试数据相应的房屋销售价格预测值。\n\n## 2.步骤\n\n\n- 1.选择合适的模型，对模型的好坏进行评估和选择。\n- 2.对缺失的值进行补齐操作，可以使用均值的方式补齐数据，使得准确度更高。\n- 3.数据的取值一般跟属性有关系，但世界万物的属性是很多的，有些值小，但不代表不重要，所有为了提高预测的准确度，统一数据维度进行计算，方法有特征缩放和归一法等。\n- 4.数据处理好之后就可以进行调用模型库进行训练了。\n- 5.使用测试数据进行目标函数预测输出，观察结果是否符合预期。或者通过画出对比函数进行结果线条对比。\n\n## 3.模型选择\n这里我们选择多元线性回归模型。公式如下：选择多元线性回归模型。\n\n\ny表示我们要求的销售价格，x表示特征值。需要调用sklearn库来进行训练。\n\n\n## 4.环境配置\n- python3.5\n- numpy库\n- pandas库\n- matplotlib库进行画图\n- seaborn库\n- sklearn库\n\n## 5.csv数据处理\n下载的是两个数据文件，一个是真实数据，一个是测试数据，打开*kc_train.csv*，能够看到第二列是销售价格，而我们要预测的就是销售价格，所以在训练过程中是不需要销售价格的，把第二列删除掉，新建一个csv文件存放销售价格这一列，作为后面的结果对比。\n\n## 6.数据处理\n首先先读取数据，查看数据是否存在缺失值，然后进行特征缩放统一数据维度。代码如下：(注：最后会给出完整代码)\n```python\n#读取数据\nhousing = pd.read_csv('kc_train.csv')\ntarget=pd.read_csv('kc_train2.csv') #销售价格\nt=pd.read_csv('kc_test.csv') #测试数据\n\n#数据预处理\nhousing.info() #查看是否有缺失值\n\n#特征缩放\nfrom sklearn.preprocessing import MinMaxScaler\nminmax_scaler=MinMaxScaler()\nminmax_scaler.fit(housing) #进行内部拟合，内部参数会发生变化\nscaler_housing=minmax_scaler.transform(housing)\nscaler_housing=pd.DataFrame(scaler_housing,columns=housing.columns)\n```\n\n## 7.模型训练\n使用sklearn库的线性回归函数进行调用训练。梯度下降法获得误差最小值。最后使用均方误差法来评价模型的好坏程度，并画图进行比较。\n```python\n#选择基于梯度下降的线性回归模型\nfrom sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression\nLR_reg=LinearRegression()\n#进行拟合\nLR_reg.fit(scaler_housing,target)\n\n\n#使用均方误差用于评价模型好坏\nfrom sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error\npreds=LR_reg.predict(scaler_housing) #输入数据进行预测得到结果\nmse=mean_squared_error(preds,target) #使用均方误差来评价模型好坏，可以输出mse进行查看评价值\n\n#绘图进行比较\nplot.figure(figsize=(10,7)) #画布大小\nnum=100\nx=np.arange(1,num+1) #取100个点进行比较\nplot.plot(x,target[:num],label='target') #目标取值\nplot.plot(x,preds[:num],label='preds') #预测取值\nplot.legend(loc='upper right') #线条显示位置\nplot.show()\n```\n最后输出的图是这样的：\n\n从这张结果对比图中就可以看出模型是否得到精确的目标函数，是否能够精确预测房价。\n- 如果想要预测test文件里的数据，那就把test文件里的数据进行读取，并且进行特征缩放，调用：\n**LR_reg.predict(test)**\n就可以得到预测结果，并进行输出操作。\n- 到这里可以看到机器学习也不是不能够学会，只要深入研究和总结，就能够找到学习的方法，重要的是总结，最后就是调用一些机器学习的方法库就行了，当然这只是入门级的，我觉得入门级的写到这已经足够了，很多人都能够看得懂，代码量不多。但要理解线性回归的概念性东西还是要多看资料。\n\n## [8.完整代码](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Machine%20Learning/Liner%20Regression/demo/housing_price.py)\n\n------\n\n> 作者：[@mantchs](https://github.com/mantchs)\n>\n> 欢迎大家加入讨论！共同完善此项目！\n\n"
},
{
"path": "Machine Learning/Liner Regression/demo/housing_price.py",
"content": "# 兼容 pythone2,3\nfrom __future__ import print_function\n\n# 导入相关python库\nimport os\nimport numpy as np\nimport pandas as pd\n\n#设定随机数种子\nnp.random.seed(36)\n\n#使用matplotlib库画图\nimport matplotlib\nimport seaborn\nimport matplotlib.pyplot as plot\n\nfrom sklearn import datasets\n\n\n#读取数据\nhousing = pd.read_csv('kc_train.csv')\ntarget=pd.read_csv('kc_train2.csv') #销售价格\nt=pd.read_csv('kc_test.csv') #测试数据\n\n#数据预处理\nhousing.info() #查看是否有缺失值\n\n#特征缩放\nfrom sklearn.preprocessing import MinMaxScaler\nminmax_scaler=MinMaxScaler()\nminmax_scaler.fit(housing) #进行内部拟合，内部参数会发生变化\nscaler_housing=minmax_scaler.transform(housing)\nscaler_housing=pd.DataFrame(scaler_housing,columns=housing.columns)\n\nmm=MinMaxScaler()\nmm.fit(t)\nscaler_t=mm.transform(t)\nscaler_t=pd.DataFrame(scaler_t,columns=t.columns)\n\n\n\n#选择基于梯度下降的线性回归模型\nfrom sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression\nLR_reg=LinearRegression()\n#进行拟合\nLR_reg.fit(scaler_housing,target)\n\n\n#使用均方误差用于评价模型好坏\nfrom sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error\npreds=LR_reg.predict(scaler_housing) #输入数据进行预测得到结果\nmse=mean_squared_error(preds,target) #使用均方误差来评价模型好坏，可以输出mse进行查看评价值\n\n#绘图进行比较\nplot.figure(figsize=(10,7)) #画布大小\nnum=100\nx=np.arange(1,num+1) #取100个点进行比较\nplot.plot(x,target[:num],label='target') #目标取值\nplot.plot(x,preds[:num],label='preds') #预测取值\nplot.legend(loc='upper right') #线条显示位置\nplot.show()\n\n\n#输出测试数据\nresult=LR_reg.predict(scaler_t)\ndf_result=pd.DataFrame(result)\ndf_result.to_csv(\"result.csv\")\n"
},
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"path": "Machine Learning/Liner Regression/demo/kc_test.txt",
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{
"path": "Machine Learning/Liner Regression/demo/kc_train.txt",
"content": 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},
{
"path": "Machine Learning/README.md",
"content": "------\n\n\n\n## 目录\n\n| 模块 | 章节 | 负责人(GitHub) | 联系QQ |\n| -------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ | --------------------------------------- | --------- |\n| 机器学习 | [1. 线性回归(Liner Regression)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Machine%20Learning/Liner%20Regression/1.Liner%20Regression.md) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 机器学习 | [2. 逻辑回归(Logistics Regression)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Machine%20Learning/2.Logistics%20Regression/2.Logistics%20Regression.md) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 机器学习 | [3. 决策树(Desision Tree)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Machine%20Learning/3.Desition%20Tree/Desition%20Tree.md) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 机器学习 | [3.1 随机森林(Random Forest)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Machine%20Learning/3.1%20Random%20Forest/3.1%20Random%20Forest.md) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 机器学习 | [3.2 梯度提升决策树(GBDT)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Machine%20Learning/3.2%20GBDT/3.2%20GBDT.md) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 机器学习 | [3.3 XGBoost](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Machine%20Learning/3.3%20XGBoost/3.3%20XGBoost.md) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 机器学习 | [3.4 LightGBM](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Machine%20Learning/3.4%20LightGBM/3.4%20LightGBM.md) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 机器学习 | [4. 支持向量机(SVM)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Machine%20Learning/4.%20SVM/4.%20SVM.md) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 机器学习 | 5. 概率图模型(Probabilistic Graphical Model) | | |\n| 机器学习 | [5.1 贝叶斯网络(Bayesian Network)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Machine%20Learning/5.1%20Bayes%20Network/5.1%20Bayes%20Network.md) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 机器学习 | [5.2 马尔科夫(Markov)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Machine%20Learning/5.2%20Markov/5.2%20Markov.md) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 机器学习 | [5.3 主题模型(Topic Model)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/5.3%20Topic%20Model) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 机器学习 | [6.最大期望算法(EM)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/6.%20EM) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 机器学习 | [7.聚类(Clustering)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/7.%20Clustering) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 机器学习 | [8.ML特征工程和优化方法](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/8.%20ML特征工程和优化方法) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 机器学习 | [9.K近邻算法(KNN)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/9.%20KNN) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n\n\n\n> 欢迎大家加入！共同完善此项目！NLP学习QQ2群【207576902】\n\n"
},
{
"path": "NLP/16. NLP/README.md",
"content": "## 目录\n- [1. 什么是NLP](#1-什么是nlp)\n- [2. NLP主要研究方向](#2-nlp主要研究方向)\n- [3. NLP的发展](#3-nlp的发展)\n- [4. NLP任务的一般步骤](#4-nlp任务的一般步骤)\n- [5. 我的NLP启蒙读本](#5-我的nlp启蒙读本)\n- [6. NLP、CV，选哪个？](#6-nlpcv选哪个)\n\n## 1. 什么是NLP\n\n自然语言处理 (Natural Language Processing) 是人工智能（AI）的一个子[领域](https://baike.baidu.com/item/领域/4662537)。**自然语言处理是研究在人与人交互中以及在人与计算机交互中的语言问题的一门学科。**为了建设和完善语言模型，自然语言处理建立计算框架，提出相应的方法来不断的完善设计各种实用系统，并探讨这些实用系统的评测方法。\n\n## 2. NLP主要研究方向\n\n1. **信息抽取：**从给定文本中抽取重要的信息，比如时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果、数字、日期、货币、专有名词等等。通俗说来，就是要了解谁在什么时候、什么原因、对谁、做了什么事、有什么结果。\n2. **文本生成：**机器像人一样使用自然语言进行表达和写作。依据输入的不同，文本生成技术主要包括数据到文本生成和文本到文本生成。数据到文本生成是指将包含键值对的数据转化为自然语言文本；文本到文本生成对输入文本进行转化和处理从而产生新的文本。\n3. **问答系统：**对一个自然语言表达的问题，由问答系统给出一个精准的答案。需要对自然语言查询语句进行某种程度的语义分析，包括实体链接、关系识别，形成逻辑表达式，然后到知识库中查找可能的候选答案并通过一个排序机制找出最佳的答案。\n4. **对话系统：**系统通过一系列的对话，跟用户进行聊天、回答、完成某一项任务。涉及到用户意图理解、通用聊天引擎、问答引擎、对话管理等技术。此外，为了体现上下文相关，要具备多轮对话能力。\n5. **文本挖掘：**包括文本聚类、分类、情感分析以及对挖掘的信息和知识的可视化、交互式的表达界面。目前主流的技术都是基于统计机器学习的。\n6. **语音识别和生成：**语音识别是将输入计算机的语音符号识别转换成书面语表示。语音生成又称文语转换、语音合成，它是指将书面文本自动转换成对应的语音表征。\n7. **信息过滤：**通过计算机系统自动识别和过滤符合特定条件的文档信息。通常指网络有害信息的自动识别和过滤，主要用于信息安全和防护，网络内容管理等。\n8. **舆情分析：**是指收集和处理海量信息，自动化地对网络舆情进行分析，以实现及时应对网络舆情的目的。\n9. **信息检索：**对大规模的文档进行索引。可简单对文档中的词汇，赋之以不同的权重来建立索引，也可建立更加深层的索引。在查询的时候，对输入的查询表达式比如一个检索词或者一个句子进行分析，然后在索引里面查找匹配的候选文档，再根据一个排序机制把候选文档排序，最后输出排序得分最高的文档。\n10. **机器翻译：**把输入的源语言文本通过自动翻译获得另外一种语言的文本。机器翻译从最早的基于规则的方法到二十年前的基于统计的方法，再到今天的基于神经网络（编码-解码）的方法，逐渐形成了一套比较严谨的方法体系。\n\n## 3. NLP的发展\n\n1. **1950年前：图灵测试**\n 1950年前阿兰·图灵图灵测试：人和机器进行交流，如果人无法判断自己交流的对象是人还是机器，就说明这个机器具有智能。\n\n2. **1950-1970：主流：基于规则形式语言理论**\n\n 乔姆斯基，根据数学中的公理化方法研究自然语言，采用代数和集合论把形式语言定义为符号的序列。他试图使用有限的规则描述无限的语言现象，发现人类普遍的语言机制，建立所谓的普遍语法。\n\n3. **1970-至今：主流：基于统计**\n 谷歌、微软、IBM，20世纪70年代，弗里德里克·贾里尼克及其领导的IBM华生实验室将语音识别率从70%提升到90%。\n 1988年，IBM的彼得·布朗提出了基于统计的机器翻译方法。\n 2005年，Google机器翻译打败基于规则的Sys Tran。\n\n4. **2010年以后：逆袭：机器学习**\n\n AlphaGo先后战胜李世石、柯洁等，掀起人工智能热潮。深度学习、人工神经网络成为热词。领域：语音识别、图像识别、机器翻译、自动驾驶、智能家居。\n\n## 4. NLP任务的一般步骤\n\n下面图片看不清楚的，可以百度脑图查看，[点击链接](https://naotu.baidu.com/file/f644044a8fb37fdba2d3d0bb4eb350e1?token=fd9855a9fc353aca)\n\n\n\n## 5. 我的NLP启蒙读本\n\n[《数学之美》--吴军]()\n\n## 6. NLP、CV，选哪个？\n\n**NLP：**自然语言处理，数据是文本。\n\n**CV：**计算机视觉，数据是图像。\n\n两者属于不同的领域，在遇到这个问题的时候，我也是犹豫了很久，想了很多，于是乎得出一个结论：**都是利用深度学习去解决现实世界存在的问题，离开了CV，NLP存活不了；离开了NLP，CV存活不了。两者就像兄弟姐妹一样，整个“家庭”不能分割但个体又存在差异！**\n\nNLP/CV属于两个不同的研究领域，都是很好的领域，可以根据自己的爱好作出适合自己的选择，人工智能是一个多学科交叉的领域，需要的不仅仅是单方面的能力，而是多方面的能力。对于每个人来说都有自己的侧重点，毕竟人的精力是有限的。**只要在自己擅长的领域里持续深耕，我相信都会有所成就！**\n\n这里提供一些参考资料给大家阅读阅读，做出适合自己的选择：\n\n- [一文看尽2018全年AI技术大突破：NLP跨过分水岭、CV研究效果惊人]()\n- [《数学之美》--吴军]()\n- [BERT时代与后时代的NLP]()\n\n------\n\n> 作者：[@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> GitHub：[https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> 欢迎大家加入讨论！共同完善此项目！群号：【541954936】\n"
},
{
"path": "NLP/16.1 Word Embedding/README.md",
"content": "## 目录\n- [1. 什么是词嵌入(Word Embedding)](#1-什么是词嵌入word-embedding)\n- [2.离散表示](#2离散表示)\n - [2.1 One-hot表示](#21-one-hot表示)\n - [2.2 词袋模型](#22-词袋模型)\n - [2.3 TF-IDF](#23-tf-idf)\n - [2.4 n-gram模型](#24-n-gram模型)\n - [2.5 离散表示存在的问题](#25-离散表示存在的问题)\n- [3. 分布式表示](#3-分布式表示)\n - [3.1 共现矩阵](#31-共现矩阵)\n- [4.神经网络表示](#4神经网络表示)\n - [4.1 NNLM](#41-nnlm)\n - [4.2 Word2Vec](#42-word2vec)\n - [4.3 sense2vec](#43-sense2vec)\n- [5. 词嵌入为何不采用one-hot向量](#5-词嵌入为何不采用one-hot向量)\n- [6. Word2Vec代码实现](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/NLP/16.1%20Word%20Embedding/word2vec.ipynb)\n\n## 1. 什么是词嵌入(Word Embedding)\n\n⾃然语⾔是⼀套⽤来表达含义的复杂系统。在这套系统中，词是表义的基本单元。顾名思义，词向量是⽤来表⽰词的向量，也可被认为是词的特征向量或表征。**把词映射为实数域向量的技术也叫词嵌⼊（word embedding）。**近年来，词嵌⼊已逐渐成为⾃然语⾔处理的基础知识。\n\n在NLP(自然语言处理)领域，文本表示是第一步，也是很重要的一步，通俗来说就是把人类的语言符号转化为机器能够进行计算的数字，因为普通的文本语言机器是看不懂的，必须通过转化来表征对应文本。早期是**基于规则**的方法进行转化，而现代的方法是**基于统计机器学习**的方法。\n\n**数据决定了机器学习的上限,而算法只是尽可能逼近这个上限，**在本文中数据指的就是文本表示，所以，弄懂文本表示的发展历程，对于NLP学习者来说是必不可少的。接下来开始我们的发展历程。文本表示分为**离散表示**和**分布式表示**：\n\n\n\n## 2.离散表示\n\n### 2.1 One-hot表示\n\nOne-hot简称读热向量编码，也是特征工程中最常用的方法。其步骤如下：\n\n1. 构造文本分词后的字典，每个分词是一个比特值，比特值为0或者1。\n2. 每个分词的文本表示为该分词的比特位为1，其余位为0的矩阵表示。\n\n例如：**John likes to watch movies. Mary likes too**\n\n**John also likes to watch football games.**\n\n以上两句可以构造一个词典，**{\"John\": 1, \"likes\": 2, \"to\": 3, \"watch\": 4, \"movies\": 5, \"also\": 6, \"football\": 7, \"games\": 8, \"Mary\": 9, \"too\": 10} **\n\n每个词典索引对应着比特位。那么利用One-hot表示为：\n\n**John: [1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] **\n\n**likes: [0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]** .......等等，以此类推。\n\nOne-hot表示文本信息的**缺点**：\n\n- 随着语料库的增加，数据特征的维度会越来越大，产生一个维度很高，又很稀疏的矩阵。\n- 这种表示方法的分词顺序和在句子中的顺序是无关的，不能保留词与词之间的关系信息。\n\n\n\n### 2.2 词袋模型\n\n词袋模型(Bag-of-words model)，像是句子或是文件这样的文字可以用一个袋子装着这些词的方式表现，这种表现方式不考虑文法以及词的顺序。\n\n**文档的向量表示可以直接将各词的词向量表示加和**。例如：\n\n**John likes to watch movies. Mary likes too**\n\n**John also likes to watch football games.**\n\n以上两句可以构造一个词典，**{\"John\": 1, \"likes\": 2, \"to\": 3, \"watch\": 4, \"movies\": 5, \"also\": 6, \"football\": 7, \"games\": 8, \"Mary\": 9, \"too\": 10} **\n\n那么第一句的向量表示为：**[1,2,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1]**，其中的2表示**likes**在该句中出现了2次，依次类推。\n\n词袋模型同样有一下**缺点**：\n\n- 词向量化后，词与词之间是有大小关系的，不一定词出现的越多，权重越大。\n- 词与词之间是没有顺序关系的。\n\n\n\n### 2.3 TF-IDF\n\nTF-IDF（term frequency–inverse document frequency）是一种用于信息检索与数据挖掘的常用加权技术。TF意思是词频(Term Frequency)，IDF意思是逆文本频率指数(Inverse Document Frequency)。\n\n**字词的重要性随着它在文件中出现的次数成正比增加，但同时会随着它在语料库中出现的频率成反比下降。一个词语在一篇文章中出现次数越多, 同时在所有文档中出现次数越少, 越能够代表该文章。**\n\n\n\n分母之所以加1，是为了避免分母为0。\n\n那么，，从这个公式可以看出，当w在文档中出现的次数增大时，而TF-IDF的值是减小的，所以也就体现了以上所说的了。\n\n**缺点：**还是没有把词与词之间的关系顺序表达出来。\n\n\n\n### 2.4 n-gram模型\n\nn-gram模型为了保持词的顺序，做了一个滑窗的操作，这里的n表示的就是滑窗的大小，例如2-gram模型，也就是把2个词当做一组来处理，然后向后移动一个词的长度，再次组成另一组词，把这些生成一个字典，按照词袋模型的方式进行编码得到结果。改模型考虑了词的顺序。\n\n例如：\n\n**John likes to watch movies. Mary likes too**\n\n**John also likes to watch football games.**\n\n以上两句可以构造一个词典，**{\"John likes”: 1, \"likes to”: 2, \"to watch”: 3, \"watch movies”: 4, \"Mary likes”: 5, \"likes too”: 6, \"John also”: 7, \"also likes”: 8, “watch football”: 9, \"football games\": 10}**\n\n那么第一句的向量表示为：**[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0]**，其中第一个1表示**John likes**在该句中出现了1次，依次类推。\n\n**缺点：**随着n的大小增加，词表会成指数型膨胀，会越来越大。\n\n\n\n### 2.5 离散表示存在的问题\n\n由于存在以下的问题，对于一般的NLP问题，是可以使用离散表示文本信息来解决问题的，但对于要求精度较高的场景就不适合了。\n\n- 无法衡量词向量之间的关系。\n- 词表的维度随着语料库的增长而膨胀。\n- n-gram词序列随语料库增长呈指数型膨胀，更加快。\n- 离散数据来表示文本会带来数据稀疏问题，导致丢失了信息，与我们生活中理解的信息是不一样的。\n\n\n\n## 3. 分布式表示\n\n科学家们为了提高模型的精度，又发明出了分布式的表示文本信息的方法，这就是这一节需要介绍的。\n\n**用一个词附近的其它词来表示该词，这是现代统计自然语言处理中最有创见的想法之一。**当初科学家发明这种方法是基于人的语言表达，认为一个词是由这个词的周边词汇一起来构成精确的语义信息。就好比，物以类聚人以群分，如果你想了解一个人，可以通过他周围的人进行了解，因为周围人都有一些共同点才能聚集起来。\n\n\n\n### 3.1 共现矩阵\n\n共现矩阵顾名思义就是共同出现的意思，词文档的共现矩阵主要用于发现主题(topic)，用于主题模型，如LSA。\n\n局域窗中的word-word共现矩阵可以挖掘语法和语义信息，**例如：**\n\n- I like deep learning.\t\n- I like NLP.\t\n- I enjoy flying\n\n有以上三句话，设置滑窗为2，可以得到一个词典：**{\"I like\",\"like deep\",\"deep learning\",\"like NLP\",\"I enjoy\",\"enjoy flying\",\"I like\"}**。\n\n我们可以得到一个共现矩阵(对称矩阵)：\n\n\n\n中间的每个格子表示的是行和列组成的词组在词典中共同出现的次数，也就体现了**共现**的特性。\n\n**存在的问题：**\n\n- 向量维数随着词典大小线性增长。\n- 存储整个词典的空间消耗非常大。\n- 一些模型如文本分类模型会面临稀疏性问题。\n- **模型会欠稳定，每新增一份语料进来，稳定性就会变化。**\n\n\n\n## 4.神经网络表示\n\n### 4.1 NNLM\n\nNNLM (Neural Network Language model)，神经网络语言模型是03年提出来的，通过训练得到中间产物--词向量矩阵，这就是我们要得到的文本表示向量矩阵。\n\nNNLM说的是定义一个前向窗口大小，其实和上面提到的窗口是一个意思。把这个窗口中最后一个词当做y，把之前的词当做输入x，通俗来说就是预测这个窗口中最后一个词出现概率的模型。\n\n\n\n以下是NNLM的网络结构图：\n\n\n\n- input层是一个前向词的输入，是经过one-hot编码的词向量表示形式，具有V*1的矩阵。\n\n- C矩阵是投影矩阵，也就是稠密词向量表示，在神经网络中是**w参数矩阵**，该矩阵的大小为D*V，正好与input层进行全连接(相乘)得到D\\*1的矩阵，采用线性映射将one-hot表示投影到稠密D维表示。\n\n \n\n- output层(softmax)自然是前向窗中需要预测的词。\n\n- 通过BP＋SGD得到最优的C投影矩阵，这就是NNLM的中间产物，也是我们所求的文本表示矩阵，**通过NNLM将稀疏矩阵投影到稠密向量矩阵中。**\n\n### 4.2 Word2Vec\n\n谷歌2013年提出的Word2Vec是目前最常用的词嵌入模型之一。Word2Vec实际是一种浅层的神经网络模型，它有两种网络结构，**分别是CBOW（Continues Bag of Words）连续词袋和Skip-gram。**Word2Vec和上面的NNLM很类似，但比NNLM简单。\n\n**CBOW**\n\nCBOW获得中间词两边的的上下文，然后用周围的词去预测中间的词，把中间词当做y，把窗口中的其它词当做x输入，x输入是经过one-hot编码过的，然后通过一个隐层进行求和操作，最后通过激活函数softmax，可以计算出每个单词的生成概率，接下来的任务就是训练神经网络的权重，使得语料库中所有单词的整体生成概率最大化，而求得的权重矩阵就是文本表示词向量的结果。\n\n\n\n**Skip-gram**：\n\nSkip-gram是通过当前词来预测窗口中上下文词出现的概率模型，把当前词当做x，把窗口中其它词当做y，依然是通过一个隐层接一个Softmax激活函数来预测其它词的概率。如下图所示：\n\n\n\n**优化方法**：\n\n- **层次Softmax：**至此还没有结束，因为如果单单只是接一个softmax激活函数，计算量还是很大的，有多少词就会有多少维的权重矩阵，所以这里就提出**层次Softmax(Hierarchical Softmax)**，使用Huffman Tree来编码输出层的词典，相当于平铺到各个叶子节点上，**瞬间把维度降低到了树的深度**，可以看如下图所示。这课Tree把出现频率高的词放到靠近根节点的叶子节点处，每一次只要做二分类计算，计算路径上所有非叶子节点词向量的贡献即可。\n\n> **哈夫曼树(Huffman Tree)**：给定N个权值作为N个[叶子结点](https://baike.baidu.com/item/叶子结点/3620239)，构造一棵二叉树，若该树的带权路径长度达到最小，称这样的二叉树为最优二叉树，也称为哈夫曼树(Huffman Tree)。哈夫曼树是带权路径长度最短的树，权值较大的结点离根较近。\n\n\n\n- **负例采样(Negative Sampling)：**这种优化方式做的事情是，在正确单词以外的负样本中进行采样，最终目的是为了减少负样本的数量，达到减少计算量效果。将词典中的每一个词对应一条线段，所有词组成了[0，1］间的剖分，如下图所示，然后每次随机生成一个[1, M-1]间的整数，看落在哪个词对应的剖分上就选择哪个词，最后会得到一个负样本集合。\n\n \n\n**Word2Vec存在的问题**\n\n- 对每个local context window单独训练，没有利用包 含在global co-currence矩阵中的统计信息。\n- 对多义词无法很好的表示和处理，因为使用了唯一的词向量\n\n\n\n### 4.3 sense2vec\n\nword2vec模型的问题在于词语的多义性。比如duck这个单词常见的含义有水禽或者下蹲，但对于 word2vec 模型来说，它倾向于将所有概念做归一化平滑处理，得到一个最终的表现形式。\n\n\n\n## 5. 词嵌入为何不采用one-hot向量\n\n虽然one-hot词向量构造起来很容易，但通常并不是⼀个好选择。⼀个主要的原因是，one-hot词向量⽆法准确表达不同词之间的相似度，如我们常常使⽤的余弦相似度。由于任何两个不同词的one-hot向量的余弦相似度都为0，多个不同词之间的相似度难以通过one\u0002hot向量准确地体现出来。\n\nword2vec⼯具的提出正是为了解决上⾯这个问题。它将每个词表⽰成⼀个定⻓的向量，并使得这些向量能较好地表达不同词之间的相似和类⽐关系。\n\n\n\n## 6. Word2Vec代码实现\n\n**数据下载**\n\n中文维基百科的打包文件地址为链接: https://pan.baidu.com/s/1H-wuIve0d_fvczvy3EOKMQ 提取码: uqua \n\n百度网盘加速下载地址：https://www.baiduwp.com/?m=index\n\n[Word2Vec训练维基百科文章代码](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/NLP/16.1%20Word%20Embedding/word2vec.ipynb)\n\n------\n\n> 作者:[@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> GitHub:[https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> 欢迎大家加入讨论！共同完善此项目！群号:【541954936】\n"
},
{
"path": "NLP/16.1 Word Embedding/word2vec.ipynb",
"content": "{\n \"cells\": [\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"markdown\",\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"source\": [\n \"## word2vec训练中文模型\\n\",\n \"------\\n\",\n \"### 1.准备数据与预处理\\n\",\n \"首先需要一份比较大的中文语料数据，可以考虑中文的维基百科（也可以试试搜狗的新闻语料库）。\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"中文维基百科的打包文件地址为 \\n\",\n \"链接: https://pan.baidu.com/s/1H-wuIve0d_fvczvy3EOKMQ 提取码: uqua \\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"百度网盘加速下载地址：https://www.baiduwp.com/?m=index\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"中文维基百科的数据不是太大，xml的压缩文件大约1G左右。首先用处理这个XML压缩文件。\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"**注意输入输出地址**\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 9,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [\n {\n \"name\": \"stderr\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"2019-05-08 21:42:31,184: INFO: running c:\\\\users\\\\mantch\\\\appdata\\\\local\\\\programs\\\\python\\\\python35\\\\lib\\\\site-packages\\\\ipykernel_launcher.py -f C:\\\\Users\\\\mantch\\\\AppData\\\\Roaming\\\\jupyter\\\\runtime\\\\kernel-30939db9-3a59-4a92-844c-704c6189dbef.json\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 21:43:12,274: INFO: Saved 10000 articles\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 21:43:45,223: INFO: Saved 20000 articles\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 21:44:14,638: INFO: Saved 30000 articles\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 21:44:44,601: INFO: Saved 40000 articles\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 21:45:16,004: INFO: Saved 50000 articles\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 21:45:47,421: INFO: Saved 60000 articles\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 21:46:16,722: INFO: Saved 70000 articles\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 21:46:46,733: INFO: Saved 80000 articles\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 21:47:16,143: INFO: Saved 90000 articles\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 21:47:47,533: INFO: Saved 100000 articles\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 21:48:29,591: INFO: Saved 110000 articles\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 21:49:04,530: INFO: Saved 120000 articles\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 21:49:40,279: INFO: Saved 130000 articles\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 21:50:15,592: INFO: Saved 140000 articles\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 21:50:54,183: INFO: Saved 150000 articles\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 21:51:31,123: INFO: Saved 160000 articles\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 21:52:06,278: INFO: Saved 170000 articles\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 21:52:43,157: INFO: Saved 180000 articles\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 21:55:59,809: INFO: Saved 190000 articles\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 21:57:01,859: INFO: Saved 200000 articles\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 21:58:33,921: INFO: Saved 210000 articles\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 21:59:26,744: INFO: Saved 220000 articles\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:00:41,757: INFO: Saved 230000 articles\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:01:36,532: INFO: Saved 240000 articles\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:02:26,347: INFO: Saved 250000 articles\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:03:08,634: INFO: Saved 260000 articles\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:03:53,447: INFO: Saved 270000 articles\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:04:37,136: INFO: Saved 280000 articles\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:05:14,017: INFO: Saved 290000 articles\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:06:01,296: INFO: Saved 300000 articles\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:06:47,762: INFO: Saved 310000 articles\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:07:39,714: INFO: Saved 320000 articles\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:08:28,825: INFO: Saved 330000 articles\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:09:11,412: INFO: finished iterating over Wikipedia corpus of 338005 documents with 77273203 positions (total 3288566 articles, 91445479 positions before pruning articles shorter than 50 words)\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:09:11,555: INFO: Finished Saved 338005 articles\\n\"\n ]\n }\n ],\n \"source\": [\n \"import logging\\n\",\n \"import os.path\\n\",\n \"import sys\\n\",\n \"from gensim.corpora import WikiCorpus\\n\",\n \"if __name__ == '__main__':\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" # 定义输入输出\\n\",\n \" basename = \\\"F:/temp/DL/\\\"\\n\",\n \" inp = basename+'zhwiki-latest-pages-articles.xml.bz2'\\n\",\n \" outp = basename+'wiki.zh.text'\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" program = os.path.basename(basename)\\n\",\n \" logger = logging.getLogger(program)\\n\",\n \" logging.basicConfig(format='%(asctime)s: %(levelname)s: %(message)s')\\n\",\n \" logging.root.setLevel(level=logging.INFO)\\n\",\n \" logger.info(\\\"running %s\\\" % ' '.join(sys.argv))\\n\",\n \" # check and process input arguments\\n\",\n \" if len(sys.argv) < 3:\\n\",\n \" print(globals()['__doc__'] % locals())\\n\",\n \" sys.exit(1)\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" space = \\\" \\\"\\n\",\n \" i = 0\\n\",\n \" output = open(outp, 'w',encoding='utf-8')\\n\",\n \" wiki = WikiCorpus(inp, lemmatize=False, dictionary={})\\n\",\n \" for text in wiki.get_texts():\\n\",\n \" output.write(space.join(text) + \\\"\\\\n\\\")\\n\",\n \" i = i + 1\\n\",\n \" if (i % 10000 == 0):\\n\",\n \" logger.info(\\\"Saved \\\" + str(i) + \\\" articles\\\")\\n\",\n \" output.close()\\n\",\n \" logger.info(\\\"Finished Saved \\\" + str(i) + \\\" articles\\\")\\n\",\n \"\\n\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"markdown\",\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"source\": [\n \"\\n\",\n \"### 2.训练数据\\n\",\n \"Python的话可用jieba完成分词，生成分词文件wiki.zh.text.seg \\n\",\n \"接着用word2vec工具训练： \\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"**注意输入输出地址**\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": null,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": [\n \"import logging\\n\",\n \"import os.path\\n\",\n \"import sys\\n\",\n \"import multiprocessing\\n\",\n \"from gensim.corpora import WikiCorpus\\n\",\n \"from gensim.models import Word2Vec\\n\",\n \"from gensim.models.word2vec import LineSentence\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"# 定义输入输出\\n\",\n \"basename = \\\"F:/temp/DL/\\\"\\n\",\n \"inp = basename+'wiki.zh.text'\\n\",\n \"outp1 = basename+'wiki.zh.text.model'\\n\",\n \"outp2 = basename+'wiki.zh.text.vector'\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"program = os.path.basename(basename)\\n\",\n \"logger = logging.getLogger(program)\\n\",\n \"logging.basicConfig(format='%(asctime)s: %(levelname)s: %(message)s')\\n\",\n \"logging.root.setLevel(level=logging.INFO)\\n\",\n \"logger.info(\\\"running %s\\\" % ' '.join(sys.argv))\\n\",\n \"# check and process input arguments\\n\",\n \"if len(sys.argv) < 4:\\n\",\n \" print(globals()['__doc__'] % locals())\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"model = Word2Vec(LineSentence(inp), size=400, window=5, min_count=5,\\n\",\n \" workers=multiprocessing.cpu_count())\\n\",\n \"# trim unneeded model memory = use(much) less RAM\\n\",\n \"#model.init_sims(replace=True)\\n\",\n \"model.save(outp1)\\n\",\n \"model.save_word2vec_format(outp2, binary=False)\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"raw\",\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"source\": [\n \"输出如下：\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:28:25,638: INFO: running c:\\\\users\\\\mantch\\\\appdata\\\\local\\\\programs\\\\python\\\\python35\\\\lib\\\\site-packages\\\\ipykernel_launcher.py -f C:\\\\Users\\\\mantch\\\\AppData\\\\Roaming\\\\jupyter\\\\runtime\\\\kernel-b1f915fd-fdb2-43fc-bcf3-b361fb4a7c3d.json\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:28:25,640: INFO: collecting all words and their counts\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:28:25,642: INFO: PROGRESS: at sentence #0, processed 0 words, keeping 0 word types\\n\",\n \"Automatically created module for IPython interactive environment\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:28:27,887: INFO: PROGRESS: at sentence #10000, processed 4278620 words, keeping 2586311 word types\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:28:29,666: INFO: PROGRESS: at sentence #20000, processed 7491125 words, keeping 4291863 word types\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:28:31,445: INFO: PROGRESS: at sentence #30000, processed 10424455 words, keeping 5704507 word types\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:28:32,854: INFO: PROGRESS: at sentence #40000, processed 13190001 words, keeping 6983862 word types\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:28:34,125: INFO: PROGRESS: at sentence #50000, processed 15813238 words, keeping 8145905 word types\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:28:35,353: INFO: PROGRESS: at sentence #60000, processed 18388731 words, keeping 9198885 word types\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:28:36,544: INFO: PROGRESS: at sentence #70000, processed 20773000 words, keeping 10203788 word types\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:28:37,652: INFO: PROGRESS: at sentence #80000, processed 23064544 words, keeping 11144885 word types\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:28:39,490: INFO: PROGRESS: at sentence #90000, processed 25324650 words, keeping 12034343 word types\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:28:40,688: INFO: PROGRESS: at sentence #100000, processed 27672540 words, keeping 12878856 word types\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:28:41,871: INFO: PROGRESS: at sentence #110000, processed 29985282 words, keeping 13688622 word types\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:28:42,944: INFO: PROGRESS: at sentence #120000, processed 32025045 words, keeping 14477767 word types\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:28:44,048: INFO: PROGRESS: at sentence #130000, processed 34267390 words, keeping 15309447 word types\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:28:45,197: INFO: PROGRESS: at sentence #140000, processed 36451394 words, keeping 16090548 word types\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:28:46,345: INFO: PROGRESS: at sentence #150000, processed 38671717 words, keeping 16877015 word types\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:28:47,483: INFO: PROGRESS: at sentence #160000, processed 40778409 words, keeping 17648492 word types\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:28:48,655: INFO: PROGRESS: at sentence #170000, processed 43154040 words, keeping 18308373 word types\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:28:49,759: INFO: PROGRESS: at sentence #180000, processed 45231681 words, keeping 19010906 word types\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:28:50,826: INFO: PROGRESS: at sentence #190000, processed 47190144 words, keeping 19659373 word types\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:28:51,886: INFO: PROGRESS: at sentence #200000, processed 49201934 words, keeping 20311518 word types\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:28:52,856: INFO: PROGRESS: at sentence #210000, processed 51116197 words, keeping 20917125 word types\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:28:53,859: INFO: PROGRESS: at sentence #220000, processed 53321151 words, keeping 21513016 word types\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:28:54,921: INFO: PROGRESS: at sentence #230000, processed 55408211 words, keeping 22207241 word types\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:28:59,645: INFO: PROGRESS: at sentence #240000, processed 57442276 words, keeping 22849499 word types\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:29:00,988: INFO: PROGRESS: at sentence #250000, processed 59563975 words, keeping 23544817 word types\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:29:02,292: INFO: PROGRESS: at sentence #260000, processed 61764248 words, keeping 24222911 word types\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:29:03,654: INFO: PROGRESS: at sentence #270000, processed 63938511 words, keeping 24906453 word types\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:29:04,900: INFO: PROGRESS: at sentence #280000, processed 66096661 words, keeping 25519781 word types\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:29:06,057: INFO: PROGRESS: at sentence #290000, processed 67947209 words, keeping 26062482 word types\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:29:07,229: INFO: PROGRESS: at sentence #300000, processed 69927780 words, keeping 26649878 word types\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:29:08,506: INFO: PROGRESS: at sentence #310000, processed 71800313 words, keeping 27230264 word types\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:29:09,836: INFO: PROGRESS: at sentence #320000, processed 73942427 words, keeping 27850568 word types\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:29:11,419: INFO: PROGRESS: at sentence #330000, processed 75859220 words, keeping 28467061 word types\\n\",\n \"2019-05-08 22:29:12,379: INFO: collected 28914285 word types from a corpus of 77273203 raw words and 338042 sentences\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"markdown\",\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"source\": [\n \"\\n\",\n \"### 3.测试结果\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 1,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [\n {\n \"name\": \"stderr\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"c:\\\\users\\\\mantch\\\\appdata\\\\local\\\\programs\\\\python\\\\python35\\\\lib\\\\site-packages\\\\ipykernel_launcher.py:11: DeprecationWarning: Call to deprecated `most_similar` (Method will be removed in 4.0.0, use self.wv.most_similar() instead).\\n\",\n \" # This is added back by InteractiveShellApp.init_path()\\n\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"name\": \"stdout\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"排球 0.8914323449134827\\n\",\n \"籃球 0.8889479041099548\\n\",\n \"棒球 0.854706883430481\\n\",\n \"高爾夫 0.832783043384552\\n\",\n \"高爾夫球 0.8316080570220947\\n\",\n \"網球 0.8276922702789307\\n\",\n \"橄欖球 0.823620080947876\\n\",\n \"英式足球 0.8229209184646606\\n\",\n \"板球 0.822044312953949\\n\",\n \"欖球 0.8151556253433228\\n\"\n ]\n }\n ],\n \"source\": [\n \"\\n\",\n \"# 测试结果\\n\",\n \"import gensim\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"# 定义输入输出\\n\",\n \"basename = \\\"F:/temp/DL/\\\"\\n\",\n \"model = basename+'wiki.zh.text.model'\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"model = gensim.models.Word2Vec.load(model)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"result = model.most_similar(u\\\"足球\\\")\\n\",\n \"for e in result:\\n\",\n \" print(e[0], e[1])\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 2,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [\n {\n \"name\": \"stdout\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"女人 0.908246636390686\\n\",\n \"男孩 0.872255802154541\\n\",\n \"女孩 0.8567496538162231\\n\",\n \"孩子 0.8363182544708252\\n\",\n \"知道 0.8341636061668396\\n\",\n \"某人 0.8211491107940674\\n\",\n \"漂亮 0.8023637533187866\\n\",\n \"伴侶 0.8001378774642944\\n\",\n \"什麼 0.7944830656051636\\n\",\n \"嫉妒 0.7929206490516663\\n\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"name\": \"stderr\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"c:\\\\users\\\\mantch\\\\appdata\\\\local\\\\programs\\\\python\\\\python35\\\\lib\\\\site-packages\\\\ipykernel_launcher.py:1: DeprecationWarning: Call to deprecated `most_similar` (Method will be removed in 4.0.0, use self.wv.most_similar() instead).\\n\",\n \" \\\"\\\"\\\"Entry point for launching an IPython kernel.\\n\"\n ]\n }\n ],\n \"source\": [\n \"result = model.most_similar(u\\\"男人\\\")\\n\",\n \"for e in result:\\n\",\n \" print(e[0], e[1])\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": null,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": []\n }\n ],\n \"metadata\": {\n \"kernelspec\": {\n \"display_name\": \"Python3\",\n \"language\": \"python\",\n \"name\": \"python3\"\n },\n \"language_info\": {\n \"codemirror_mode\": {\n \"name\": \"ipython\",\n \"version\": 3\n },\n \"file_extension\": \".py\",\n \"mimetype\": \"text/x-python\",\n \"name\": \"python\",\n \"nbconvert_exporter\": \"python\",\n \"pygments_lexer\": \"ipython3\",\n \"version\": \"3.6.2\"\n }\n },\n \"nbformat\": 4,\n \"nbformat_minor\": 2\n}\n"
},
{
"path": "NLP/16.2 fastText/README.md",
"content": "## 目录\n- [1. 什么是fastText](#1-什么是fasttext)\n- [2. n-gram表示单词](#2-n-gram表示单词)\n- [3. fastText模型架构](#3-fasttext模型架构)\n- [4. fastText核心思想](#4-fasttext核心思想)\n- [5. 输出分类的效果](#5-输出分类的效果)\n- [6. fastText与Word2Vec的不同](#6-fasttext与word2vec的不同)\n- [7. 代码实现](#7-代码实现)\n- [8. 参考文献](#8-参考文献)\n\n## 1. 什么是fastText\n\n英语单词通常有其内部结构和形成⽅式。例如，我们可以从“dog”“dogs”和“dogcatcher”的字⾯上推测它们的关系。这些词都有同⼀个词根“dog”，但使⽤不同的后缀来改变词的含义。而且，这个关联可以推⼴⾄其他词汇。\n\n在word2vec中，我们并没有直接利⽤构词学中的信息。⽆论是在跳字模型还是连续词袋模型中，我们都将形态不同的单词⽤不同的向量来表⽰。例如，**“dog”和“dogs”分别⽤两个不同的向量表⽰，而模型中并未直接表达这两个向量之间的关系。鉴于此，fastText提出了⼦词嵌⼊(subword embedding)的⽅法，从而试图将构词信息引⼊word2vec中的CBOW。**\n\n这里有一点需要特别注意，一般情况下，使用fastText进行文本分类的同时也会产生词的embedding，即embedding是fastText分类的产物。除非你决定使用预训练的embedding来训练fastText分类模型，这另当别论。\n\n\n\n## 2. n-gram表示单词\n\nword2vec把语料库中的每个单词当成原子的，它会为每个单词生成一个向量。这忽略了单词内部的形态特征，比如：“book” 和“books”，“阿里巴巴”和“阿里”，这两个例子中，两个单词都有较多公共字符，即它们的内部形态类似，但是在传统的word2vec中，这种单词内部形态信息因为它们被转换成不同的id丢失了。\n\n**为了克服这个问题，fastText使用了字符级别的n-grams来表示一个单词。**对于单词“book”，假设n的取值为3，则它的trigram有:\n\n**“”**\n\n其中，<表示前缀，>表示后缀。于是，我们可以用这些trigram来表示“book”这个单词，进一步，我们可以用这4个trigram的向量叠加来表示“apple”的词向量。\n\n**这带来两点好处**：\n\n1. 对于低频词生成的词向量效果会更好。因为它们的n-gram可以和其它词共享。\n2. 对于训练词库之外的单词，仍然可以构建它们的词向量。我们可以叠加它们的字符级n-gram向量。\n\n\n\n## 3. fastText模型架构\n\n之前提到过，fastText模型架构和word2vec的CBOW模型架构非常相似。下面是fastText模型架构图：\n\n\n\n**注意**：此架构图没有展示词向量的训练过程。可以看到，和CBOW一样，fastText模型也只有三层：输入层、隐含层、输出层（Hierarchical Softmax），输入都是多个经向量表示的单词，输出都是一个特定的target，隐含层都是对多个词向量的叠加平均。\n\n**不同的是，**\n\n- CBOW的输入是目标单词的上下文，fastText的输入是多个单词及其n-gram特征，这些特征用来表示单个文档；\n- CBOW的输入单词被one-hot编码过，fastText的输入特征是被embedding过；\n- CBOW的输出是目标词汇，fastText的输出是文档对应的类标。\n\n**值得注意的是，fastText在输入时，将单词的字符级别的n-gram向量作为额外的特征；在输出时，fastText采用了分层Softmax，大大降低了模型训练时间。**这两个知识点在前文中已经讲过，这里不再赘述。\n\nfastText相关公式的推导和CBOW非常类似，这里也不展开了。\n\n\n\n## 4. fastText核心思想\n\n现在抛开那些不是很讨人喜欢的公式推导，来想一想fastText文本分类的核心思想是什么？\n\n仔细观察模型的后半部分，即从隐含层输出到输出层输出，会发现它就是一个softmax线性多类别分类器，分类器的输入是一个用来表征当前文档的向量；\n\n模型的前半部分，即从输入层输入到隐含层输出部分，主要在做一件事情：生成用来表征文档的向量。那么它是如何做的呢？**叠加构成这篇文档的所有词及n-gram的词向量，然后取平均。**叠加词向量背后的思想就是传统的词袋法，即将文档看成一个由词构成的集合。\n\n**于是fastText的核心思想就是：将整篇文档的词及n-gram向量叠加平均得到文档向量，然后使用文档向量做softmax多分类。**这中间涉及到两个技巧：字符级n-gram特征的引入以及分层Softmax分类。\n\n\n\n## 5. 输出分类的效果\n\n还有个问题，就是为何fastText的分类效果常常不输于传统的非线性分类器？\n\n**假设我们有两段文本：**\n\n肚子 饿了 我 要 吃饭\n\n肚子 饿了 我 要 吃东西\n\n这两段文本意思几乎一模一样，如果要分类，肯定要分到同一个类中去。但在传统的分类器中，用来表征这两段文本的向量可能差距非常大。传统的文本分类中，你需要计算出每个词的权重，比如TF-IDF值， “吃饭”和“吃东西” 算出的TF-IDF值相差可能会比较大，其它词类似，于是，VSM（向量空间模型）中用来表征这两段文本的文本向量差别可能比较大。\n\n**但是fastText就不一样了，它是用单词的embedding叠加获得的文档向量，词向量的重要特点就是向量的距离可以用来衡量单词间的语义相似程度**，于是，在fastText模型中，这两段文本的向量应该是非常相似的，于是，它们很大概率会被分到同一个类中。\n\n使用词embedding而非词本身作为特征，这是fastText效果好的一个原因；另一个原因就是字符级n-gram特征的引入对分类效果会有一些提升 。\n\n\n\n## 6. fastText与Word2Vec的不同\n\n有意思的是，fastText和Word2Vec的作者是同一个人。\n\n**相同点**：\n\n- 图模型结构很像，都是采用embedding向量的形式，得到word的隐向量表达。\n- 都采用很多相似的优化方法，比如使用Hierarchical softmax优化训练和预测中的打分速度。\n\n之前一直不明白fasttext用层次softmax时叶子节点是啥，CBOW很清楚，它的叶子节点是词和词频，后来看了源码才知道，其实fasttext叶子节点里是类标和类标的频数。\n\n| | Word2Vec | fastText |\n| ---- | ------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------- |\n| 输入 | one-hot形式的单词的向量 | embedding过的单词的词向量和n-gram向量 |\n| 输出 | 对应的是每一个term,计算某term概率最大 | 对应的是分类的标签。 |\n\n**本质不同，体现在softmax的使用：**\n\nword2vec的目的是得到词向量，该词向量最终是在输入层得到的，输出层对应的h-softmax也会生成一系列的向量，但是最终都被抛弃，不会使用。\n\nfastText则充分利用了h-softmax的分类功能，遍历分类树的所有叶节点，找到概率最大的label\n\n**fastText优点**：\n\n1. **适合大型数据+高效的训练速度**：能够训练模型“在使用标准多核CPU的情况下10分钟内处理超过10亿个词汇”\n2. **支持多语言表达**：利用其语言形态结构，fastText能够被设计用来支持包括英语、德语、西班牙语、法语以及捷克语等多种语言。FastText的性能要比时下流行的word2vec工具明显好上不少，也比其他目前最先进的词态词汇表征要好。\n3. **专注于文本分类**，在许多标准问题上实现当下最好的表现（例如文本倾向性分析或标签预测）。\n\n\n\n## 7. 代码实现\n\n清华文本分类数据集下载：[https://thunlp.oss-cn-qingdao.aliyuncs.com/THUCNews.zip](https://thunlp.oss-cn-qingdao.aliyuncs.com/THUCNews.zip)\n\n[新闻文本分类代码](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/NLP/16.2%20fastText/fastText.ipynb)\n\n\n\n## 8. 参考文献\n\n[fastText原理及实践](http://www.52nlp.cn/fasttext)\n\n------\n\n> 作者：[@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> GitHub：[https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> 欢迎大家加入讨论！共同完善此项目！群号：【541954936】\n"
},
{
"path": "NLP/16.2 fastText/fastText.ipynb",
"content": "{\n \"cells\": [\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"markdown\",\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"source\": [\n \"## 使用fastText对文本进行分类\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"清华大学的新闻分类文本数据集下载：[https://thunlp.oss-cn-qingdao.aliyuncs.com/THUCNews.zip](https://thunlp.oss-cn-qingdao.aliyuncs.com/THUCNews.zip)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"下载后进行解压，把相应的中文目录替换成以下英文名，方便程序读取数据\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"['affairs','constellation','economic','edu','ent','fashion','game','home','house','lottery','science','sports','society','stock']\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"**第一步获取分类文本：输出数据格式： 样本 + 样本标签**\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": null,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": [\n \"import jieba\\n\",\n \"import os\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 5,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": [\n \"basedir = \\\"/home/python_home/WeiZhongChuang/ML/Embedding/THUCNews/\\\" #这是我的文件地址，需跟据文件夹位置进行更改\\n\",\n \"dir_list = ['affairs','constellation','economic','edu','ent','fashion','game','home','house','lottery','science','sports','society','stock']\\n\",\n \"##生成fastext的训练和测试数据集\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"ftrain = open(\\\"news_fasttext_train.txt\\\",\\\"w\\\")\\n\",\n \"ftest = open(\\\"news_fasttext_test.txt\\\",\\\"w\\\")\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"num = -1\\n\",\n \"for e in dir_list:\\n\",\n \" num += 1\\n\",\n \" indir = basedir + e + '/'\\n\",\n \" files = os.listdir(indir)\\n\",\n \" count = 0\\n\",\n \" for fileName in files:\\n\",\n \" count += 1 \\n\",\n \" filepath = indir + fileName\\n\",\n \" with open(filepath,'r') as fr:\\n\",\n \" text = fr.read()\\n\",\n \" text = str(text.encode(\\\"utf-8\\\"),'utf-8')\\n\",\n \" seg_text = jieba.cut(text.replace(\\\"\\\\t\\\",\\\" \\\").replace(\\\"\\\\n\\\",\\\" \\\"))\\n\",\n \" outline = \\\" \\\".join(seg_text)\\n\",\n \" outline = outline + \\\"\\\\t__label__\\\" + e + \\\"\\\\n\\\"\\n\",\n \"# print outline\\n\",\n \"# break\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" if count < 10000:\\n\",\n \" ftrain.write(outline)\\n\",\n \" ftrain.flush()\\n\",\n \" continue\\n\",\n \" elif count < 20000:\\n\",\n \" ftest.write(outline)\\n\",\n \" ftest.flush()\\n\",\n \" continue\\n\",\n \" else:\\n\",\n \" break\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"ftrain.close()\\n\",\n \"ftest.close()\\n\",\n \"print('完成输出数据！')\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"markdown\",\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"source\": [\n \"## 第二步,使用fastText进行训练模型(如果数据已经准备好，可以直接运行第二步)\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 1,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [\n {\n \"name\": \"stdout\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"训练完成！\\n\"\n ]\n }\n ],\n \"source\": [\n \"import logging\\n\",\n \"logging.basicConfig(format='%(asctime)s : %(levelname)s : %(message)s', level=logging.INFO)\\n\",\n \"import fasttext\\n\",\n \"#训练模型\\n\",\n \"classifier = fasttext.train_supervised(\\\"news_fasttext_train.txt\\\",label_prefix=\\\"__label__\\\")\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"#load训练好的模型\\n\",\n \"#classifier = fasttext.load_model('news_fasttext.model.bin', label_prefix='__label__')\\n\",\n \"print('训练完成！')\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"markdown\",\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"source\": [\n \"## 测试模型\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 2,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [\n {\n \"name\": \"stdout\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"precision： 0.7845266342650989\\n\"\n ]\n }\n ],\n \"source\": [\n \"result = classifier.test(\\\"news_fasttext_test.txt\\\")\\n\",\n \"print('precision：', result[1])\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"markdown\",\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"source\": [\n \"### 由于fasttext貌似只提供全部结果的p值和r值，想要统计不同分类的结果，就需要自己写代码来实现了。\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 10,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [\n {\n \"name\": \"stdout\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"['__label__economic', '__label__sports', '__label__fashion', '__label__stock', '__label__edu', '__label__lottery', '__label__home', '__label__house', '__label__game', '__label__constellation', '__label__ent', '__label__science', '__label__affairs', '__label__society']\\n\",\n \"['home', 'sports', 'science', 'stock', 'game', 'economic', 'ent', 'house', 'fashion', 'edu', 'society', 'affairs']\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"预测正确的各个类的数目: {'home': 9390, 'sports': 9273, 'science': 9507, 'stock': 4257, 'game': 9387, 'economic': 8844, 'ent': 8509, 'house': 8588, 'fashion': 1236, 'edu': 8165, 'society': 3467, 'affairs': 8318}\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"测试数据集中各个类的数目: {'home': 10000, 'sports': 10000, 'science': 10000, 'stock': 10000, 'game': 10000, 'economic': 10000, 'ent': 10000, 'house': 10000, 'fashion': 3369, 'edu': 10000, 'society': 10000, 'affairs': 10000}\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"预测结果中各个类的数目: {'__label__economic': 9489, '__label__sports': 13467, '__label__fashion': 1305, '__label__stock': 4896, '__label__edu': 8554, '__label__lottery': 396, '__label__home': 15112, '__label__house': 10030, '__label__game': 10532, '__label__constellation': 734, '__label__ent': 9305, '__label__science': 13474, '__label__affairs': 12543, '__label__society': 3532}\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"home:\\t p:0.621361\\t r:0.939000\\t f:0.747850\\n\",\n \"sports:\\t p:0.688572\\t r:0.927300\\t f:0.790301\\n\",\n \"science:\\t p:0.705581\\t r:0.950700\\t f:0.810003\\n\",\n \"stock:\\t p:0.869485\\t r:0.425700\\t f:0.571563\\n\",\n \"game:\\t p:0.891284\\t r:0.938700\\t f:0.914378\\n\",\n \"economic:\\t p:0.932027\\t r:0.884400\\t f:0.907589\\n\",\n \"ent:\\t p:0.914455\\t r:0.850900\\t f:0.881533\\n\",\n \"house:\\t p:0.856231\\t r:0.858800\\t f:0.857514\\n\",\n \"fashion:\\t p:0.947126\\t r:0.366874\\t f:0.528883\\n\",\n \"edu:\\t p:0.954524\\t r:0.816500\\t f:0.880134\\n\",\n \"society:\\t p:0.981597\\t r:0.346700\\t f:0.512415\\n\",\n \"affairs:\\t p:0.663159\\t r:0.831800\\t f:0.737967\\n\"\n ]\n }\n ],\n \"source\": [\n \"labels_right = []\\n\",\n \"texts = []\\n\",\n \"with open(\\\"news_fasttext_test.txt\\\") as fr:\\n\",\n \" for line in fr:\\n\",\n \" line = str(line.encode(\\\"utf-8\\\"), 'utf-8').rstrip()\\n\",\n \" labels_right.append(line.split(\\\"\\\\t\\\")[1].replace(\\\"__label__\\\",\\\"\\\"))\\n\",\n \" texts.append(line.split(\\\"\\\\t\\\")[0])\\n\",\n \" # print labels\\n\",\n \" # print texts\\n\",\n \"# break\\n\",\n \"labels_predict = [term[0] for term in classifier.predict(texts)[0]] #预测输出结果为二维形式\\n\",\n \"# print labels_predict\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"text_labels = list(set(labels_right))\\n\",\n \"text_predict_labels = list(set(labels_predict))\\n\",\n \"print(text_predict_labels)\\n\",\n \"print(text_labels)\\n\",\n \"print()\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"A = dict.fromkeys(text_labels,0) #预测正确的各个类的数目\\n\",\n \"B = dict.fromkeys(text_labels,0) #测试数据集中各个类的数目\\n\",\n \"C = dict.fromkeys(text_predict_labels,0) #预测结果中各个类的数目\\n\",\n \"for i in range(0,len(labels_right)):\\n\",\n \" B[labels_right[i]] += 1\\n\",\n \" C[labels_predict[i]] += 1\\n\",\n \" if labels_right[i] == labels_predict[i].replace('__label__', ''):\\n\",\n \" A[labels_right[i]] += 1\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"print('预测正确的各个类的数目:', A) \\n\",\n \"print()\\n\",\n \"print('测试数据集中各个类的数目:', B)\\n\",\n \"print()\\n\",\n \"print('预测结果中各个类的数目:', C)\\n\",\n \"print()\\n\",\n \"#计算准确率，召回率，F值\\n\",\n \"for key in B:\\n\",\n \" try:\\n\",\n \" r = float(A[key]) / float(B[key])\\n\",\n \" p = float(A[key]) / float(C['__label__' + key])\\n\",\n \" f = p * r * 2 / (p + r)\\n\",\n \" print(\\\"%s:\\\\t p:%f\\\\t r:%f\\\\t f:%f\\\" % (key,p,r,f))\\n\",\n \" except:\\n\",\n \" print(\\\"error:\\\", key, \\\"right:\\\", A.get(key,0), \\\"real:\\\", B.get(key,0), \\\"predict:\\\",C.get(key,0))\"\n ]\n }\n ],\n \"metadata\": {\n \"kernelspec\": {\n \"display_name\": \"Python3\",\n \"language\": \"python\",\n \"name\": \"python3\"\n },\n \"language_info\": {\n \"codemirror_mode\": {\n \"name\": \"ipython\",\n \"version\": 3\n },\n \"file_extension\": \".py\",\n \"mimetype\": \"text/x-python\",\n \"name\": \"python\",\n \"nbconvert_exporter\": \"python\",\n \"pygments_lexer\": \"ipython3\",\n \"version\": \"3.6.2\"\n }\n },\n \"nbformat\": 4,\n \"nbformat_minor\": 2\n}\n"
},
{
"path": "NLP/16.3 GloVe/GloVe.ipynb",
"content": "{\n \"cells\": [\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"markdown\",\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"source\": [\n \"## 1.生成词向量\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"下载GitHub项目：[https://github.com/stanfordnlp/GloVe/archive/master.zip](https://github.com/stanfordnlp/GloVe/archive/master.zip)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"解压后，进入目录执行\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"make\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"进行编译操作。\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"然后执行 sh demo.sh 进行训练并生成词向量文件：vectors.txt和vectors.bin\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"## 2. 词向量生成模型并加载\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 1,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": [\n \"import shutil\\n\",\n \"import gensim\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 3,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [\n {\n \"name\": \"stdout\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"71291\\n\",\n \"71291\\n\",\n \"to --\\n\",\n \"would 0.88327956199646\\n\",\n \"them 0.8333861231803894\\n\",\n \"they 0.8308783173561096\\n\",\n \"but 0.8260759711265564\\n\",\n \"will 0.824319064617157\\n\",\n \"make 0.8223329782485962\\n\",\n \"not 0.8217222690582275\\n\",\n \"could 0.819805920124054\\n\",\n \"it 0.8186241984367371\\n\",\n \"this 0.8162687420845032\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"one --\\n\",\n \"seven 0.974886417388916\\n\",\n \"eight 0.9729028344154358\\n\",\n \"six 0.9693377017974854\\n\",\n \"four 0.9586309790611267\\n\",\n \"nine 0.9584434032440186\\n\",\n \"five 0.9540387392044067\\n\",\n \"three 0.9511278867721558\\n\",\n \"two 0.9247976541519165\\n\",\n \"zero 0.8960137963294983\\n\",\n \"in 0.7726520299911499\\n\",\n \"\\n\"\n ]\n }\n ],\n \"source\": [\n \"def getFileLineNums(filename): \\n\",\n \" f = open(filename,'r') \\n\",\n \" count = 0 \\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" for line in f: \\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" count += 1 \\n\",\n \" return count\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \"def prepend_line(infile, outfile, line): \\n\",\n \" \\\"\\\"\\\" \\n\",\n \" Function use to prepend lines using bash utilities in Linux. \\n\",\n \" (source: http://stackoverflow.com/a/10850588/610569) \\n\",\n \" \\\"\\\"\\\" \\n\",\n \" with open(infile, 'r') as old: \\n\",\n \" with open(outfile, 'w') as new: \\n\",\n \" new.write(str(line) + \\\"\\\\n\\\") \\n\",\n \" shutil.copyfileobj(old, new)\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \"def prepend_slow(infile, outfile, line): \\n\",\n \" \\\"\\\"\\\" \\n\",\n \" Slower way to prepend the line by re-creating the inputfile. \\n\",\n \" \\\"\\\"\\\" \\n\",\n \" with open(infile, 'r') as fin: \\n\",\n \" with open(outfile, 'w') as fout: \\n\",\n \" fout.write(line + \\\"\\\\n\\\") \\n\",\n \" for line in fin: \\n\",\n \" fout.write(line) \\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \"def load(filename): \\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" # Input: GloVe Model File \\n\",\n \" # More models can be downloaded from http://nlp.stanford.edu/projects/glove/ \\n\",\n \" # glove_file=\\\"glove.840B.300d.txt\\\" \\n\",\n \" glove_file = filename \\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" dimensions = 50 \\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" num_lines = getFileLineNums(filename) \\n\",\n \" # num_lines = check_num_lines_in_glove(glove_file) \\n\",\n \" # dims = int(dimensions[:-1]) \\n\",\n \" dims = 50 \\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" print(num_lines) \\n\",\n \" # \\n\",\n \" # # Output: Gensim Model text format. \\n\",\n \" gensim_file='glove_model.txt' \\n\",\n \" gensim_first_line = \\\"{} {}\\\".format(num_lines, dims) \\n\",\n \" # \\n\",\n \" # # Prepends the line. \\n\",\n \" #if platform == \\\"linux\\\" or platform == \\\"linux2\\\": \\n\",\n \" prepend_line(glove_file, gensim_file, gensim_first_line) \\n\",\n \" #else: \\n\",\n \" # prepend_slow(glove_file, gensim_file, gensim_first_line) \\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" # Demo: Loads the newly created glove_model.txt into gensim API. \\n\",\n \" model=gensim.models.KeyedVectors.load_word2vec_format(gensim_file,binary=False) #GloVe Model \\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" model_name = gensim_file[6:-4] \\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" model.save(model_name) \\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" return model\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"if __name__ == '__main__': \\n\",\n \" myfile='GloVe-master/vectors.txt'\\n\",\n \" model = load(myfile)\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" ############# 模型加载 #######################\\n\",\n \" # model_name='glove_model.txt'\\n\",\n \" # model = gensim.models.KeyedVectors.load(model_name) \\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" print(len(model.vocab)) \\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" word_list = [u'to',u'one'] \\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" for word in word_list: \\n\",\n \" print(word,'--')\\n\",\n \" for i in model.most_similar(word, topn=10): \\n\",\n \" print(i[0],i[1])\\n\",\n \" print('')\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": null,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": []\n }\n ],\n \"metadata\": {\n \"kernelspec\": {\n \"display_name\": \"Python3\",\n \"language\": \"python\",\n \"name\": \"python3\"\n },\n \"language_info\": {\n \"codemirror_mode\": {\n \"name\": \"ipython\",\n \"version\": 3\n },\n \"file_extension\": \".py\",\n \"mimetype\": \"text/x-python\",\n \"name\": \"python\",\n \"nbconvert_exporter\": \"python\",\n \"pygments_lexer\": \"ipython3\",\n \"version\": \"3.6.2\"\n }\n },\n \"nbformat\": 4,\n \"nbformat_minor\": 2\n}\n"
},
{
"path": "NLP/16.3 GloVe/README.md",
"content": "## 目录\n- [1. 说说GloVe](#1-说说glove)\n- [2. GloVe的实现步骤](#2-glove的实现步骤)\n - [2.1 构建共现矩阵](#21-构建共现矩阵)\n - [2.2 词向量和共现矩阵的近似关系](#22-词向量和共现矩阵的近似关系)\n - [2.3 构造损失函数](#23-构造损失函数)\n - [2.4 训练GloVe模型](#24-训练glove模型)\n- [3. GloVe与LSA、Word2Vec的比较](#3-glove与lsaword2vec的比较)\n- [4. 代码实现](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/NLP/16.3%20GloVe/GloVe.ipynb)\n- [5. 参考文献](#5-参考文献)\n\n## 1. 说说GloVe\n\n正如GloVe论文的标题而言，**GloVe的全称叫Global Vectors for Word Representation，它是一个基于全局词频统计（count-based & overall statistics）的词表征（word representation）工具，它可以把一个单词表达成一个由实数组成的向量，这些向量捕捉到了单词之间一些语义特性，比如相似性（similarity）、类比性（analogy）等。**我们通过对向量的运算，比如欧几里得距离或者cosine相似度，可以计算出两个单词之间的语义相似性。\n\n\n\n## 2. GloVe的实现步骤\n\n### 2.1 构建共现矩阵 \n\n**什么是共现矩阵？**\n\n共现矩阵顾名思义就是共同出现的意思，词文档的共现矩阵主要用于发现主题(topic)，用于主题模型，如LSA。\n\n局域窗中的word-word共现矩阵可以挖掘语法和语义信息，**例如：**\n\n- I like deep learning.\t\n- I like NLP.\t\n- I enjoy flying\n\n有以上三句话，设置滑窗为2，可以得到一个词典：**{\"I like\",\"like deep\",\"deep learning\",\"like NLP\",\"I enjoy\",\"enjoy flying\",\"I like\"}**。\n\n我们可以得到一个共现矩阵(对称矩阵)：\n\n\n\n中间的每个格子表示的是行和列组成的词组在词典中共同出现的次数，也就体现了**共现**的特性。\n\n**GloVe的共现矩阵**\n\n根据语料库（corpus）构建一个共现矩阵（Co-ocurrence Matrix）X，**矩阵中的每一个元素 Xij 代表单词 i 和上下文单词 j 在特定大小的上下文窗口（context window）内共同出现的次数。**一般而言，这个次数的最小单位是1，但是GloVe不这么认为：它根据两个单词在上下文窗口的距离 d，提出了一个衰减函数（decreasing weighting）：decay=1/d 用于计算权重，也就是说**距离越远的两个单词所占总计数（total count）的权重越小**。\n\n\n\n### 2.2 词向量和共现矩阵的近似关系\n\n构建词向量（Word Vector）和共现矩阵（Co-ocurrence Matrix）之间的近似关系，论文的作者提出以下的公式可以近似地表达两者之间的关系：\n\n)\n\n其中，是我们最终要求解的词向量；分别是两个词向量的bias term。当然你对这个公式一定有非常多的疑问，比如它到底是怎么来的，为什么要使用这个公式，为什么要构造两个词向量 ？请参考文末的参考文献。\n\n\n\n### 2.3 构造损失函数\n\n有了2.2的公式之后我们就可以构造它的loss function了：\n\n\n\n这个loss function的基本形式就是最简单的mean square loss，只不过在此基础上加了一个权重函数)，那么这个函数起了什么作用，为什么要添加这个函数呢？我们知道在一个语料库中，肯定存在很多单词他们在一起出现的次数是很多的（frequent co-occurrences），那么我们希望：\n\n- 这些单词的权重要大于那些很少在一起出现的单词（rare co-occurrences），所以这个函数要是非递减函数（non-decreasing）；\n- 但我们也不希望这个权重过大（overweighted），当到达一定程度之后应该不再增加；\n- 如果两个单词没有在一起出现，也就是，那么他们应该不参与到 loss function 的计算当中去，也就是f(x) 要满足 f(0)=0。\n\n满足以上三个条件的函数有很多，论文作者采用了如下形式的分段函数：\n\n\n\n这个函数图像如下所示：\n\n\n\n\n\n### 2.4 训练GloVe模型\n\n虽然很多人声称GloVe是一种无监督（unsupervised learing）的学习方式（因为它确实不需要人工标注label），但其实它还是有label的，这个label就是以上公式中的 log(Xij)，而公式中的向量 $w和\\tilde{w}$ 就是要不断更新/学习的参数，所以本质上它的训练方式跟监督学习的训练方法没什么不一样，都是基于梯度下降的。\n\n具体地，这篇论文里的实验是这么做的：**采用了AdaGrad的梯度下降算法，对矩阵 X 中的所有非零元素进行随机采样，学习曲率（learning rate）设为0.05，在vector size小于300的情况下迭代了50次，其他大小的vectors上迭代了100次，直至收敛。**最终学习得到的是两个vector是 $w和\\tilde{w}$，因为 X 是对称的（symmetric），所以从原理上讲 $w和\\tilde{w}$ 是也是对称的，他们唯一的区别是初始化的值不一样，而导致最终的值不一样。\n\n所以这两者其实是等价的，都可以当成最终的结果来使用。**但是为了提高鲁棒性，我们最终会选择两者之和** **作为最终的vector（两者的初始化不同相当于加了不同的随机噪声，所以能提高鲁棒性）。**在训练了400亿个token组成的语料后，得到的实验结果如下图所示：\n\n\n\n这个图一共采用了三个指标：语义准确度，语法准确度以及总体准确度。那么我们不难发现Vector Dimension在300时能达到最佳，而context Windows size大致在6到10之间。\n\n\n\n## 3. GloVe与LSA、Word2Vec的比较\n\nLSA（Latent Semantic Analysis）是一种比较早的count-based的词向量表征工具，它也是基于co-occurance matrix的，只不过采用了基于奇异值分解（SVD）的矩阵分解技术对大矩阵进行降维，而我们知道SVD的复杂度是很高的，所以它的计算代价比较大。还有一点是它对所有单词的统计权重都是一致的。而这些缺点在GloVe中被一一克服了。\n\n而word2vec最大的缺点则是没有充分利用所有的语料，所以GloVe其实是把两者的优点结合了起来。从这篇论文给出的实验结果来看，GloVe的性能是远超LSA和word2vec的，但网上也有人说GloVe和word2vec实际表现其实差不多。\n\n\n\n## 4. 代码实现\n\n**生成词向量**\n\n下载GitHub项目：[https://github.com/stanfordnlp/GloVe/archive/master.zip](https://github.com/stanfordnlp/GloVe/archive/master.zip)\n\n解压后，进入目录执行\n\nmake\n\n进行编译操作。\n\n然后执行 sh demo.sh 进行训练并生成词向量文件：vectors.txt和vectors.bin\n\n[GloVe代码实现](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/NLP/16.3%20GloVe/GloVe.ipynb)\n\n\n\n## 5. 参考文献\n\n- [GloVe详解](https://www.fanyeong.com/2018/02/19/glove-in-detail/)\n- [NLP从词袋到Word2Vec的文本表示](https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_41510260/article/details/90046989)\n\n\n\n------\n\n> 作者：[@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> GitHub：[https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> 欢迎大家加入讨论！共同完善此项目！群号：【541954936】\n"
},
{
"path": "NLP/16.4 textRNN & textCNN/README.md",
"content": "## 目录\n- [1. 什么是textRNN](#1-什么是textrnn)\n - [1.1 textRNN的原理](#11-textrnn的原理)\n- [2. textRNN网络结构](#2-textrnn网络结构)\n - [2.1 structure 1](#21-structure-1)\n - [2.2 structure 2](#22-structure-2)\n - [2.3 总结](#23-总结)\n- [3. 什么是textCNN](#3-什么是textcnn)\n - [3.1 ⼀维卷积层](#31-维卷积层)\n - [3.2 时序最⼤池化层](#3-2-时序最池化层)\n - [3.3 textCNN模型](#33-textcnn模型)\n- [4. 代码实现](#4-代码实现)\n- [5. 参考文献](#5-参考文献)\n\n## 1. 什么是textRNN\n\n**textRNN指的是利用RNN循环神经网络解决文本分类问题**，文本分类是自然语言处理的一个基本任务，试图推断出给定文本(句子、文档等)的标签或标签集合。\n\n文本分类的应用非常广泛，如：\n\n- 垃圾邮件分类：2分类问题，判断邮件是否为垃圾邮件\n- 情感分析：2分类问题：判断文本情感是积极还是消极；多分类问题：判断文本情感属于{非常消极，消极，中立，积极，非常积极}中的哪一类。\n- 新闻主题分类：判断一段新闻属于哪个类别，如财经、体育、娱乐等。根据类别标签的数量，可以是2分类也可以是多分类。\n- 自动问答系统中的问句分类\n- 社区问答系统中的问题分类：多标签多分类(对一段文本进行多分类，该文本可能有多个标签)，如知乎看山杯\n- 让AI做法官：基于案件事实描述文本的罚金等级分类(多分类)和法条分类(多标签多分类)\n- 判断新闻是否为机器人所写：2分类\n\n\n\n### 1.1 textRNN的原理\n\n在一些自然语言处理任务中，当对序列进行处理时，我们一般会采用循环神经网络RNN，尤其是它的一些变种，如LSTM(更常用)，GRU。当然我们也可以把RNN运用到文本分类任务中。\n\n这里的文本可以一个句子，文档(短文本，若干句子)或篇章(长文本)，因此每段文本的长度都不尽相同。在对文本进行分类时，我们一般会指定一个固定的输入序列/文本长度：该长度可以是最长文本/序列的长度，此时其他所有文本/序列都要进行填充以达到该长度；该长度也可以是训练集中所有文本/序列长度的均值，此时对于过长的文本/序列需要进行截断，过短的文本则进行填充。总之，要使得训练集中所有的文本/序列长度相同，该长度除之前提到的设置外，也可以是其他任意合理的数值。在测试时，也需要对测试集中的文本/序列做同样的处理。\n\n首先我们需要对文本进行分词，然后指定一个序列长度n（大于n的截断，小于n的填充），并使用词嵌入得到每个词固定维度的向量表示。对于每一个输入文本/序列，我们可以在RNN的每一个时间步长上输入文本中一个单词的向量表示，计算当前时间步长上的隐藏状态，然后用于当前时间步骤的输出以及传递给下一个时间步长并和下一个单词的词向量一起作为RNN单元输入，然后再计算下一个时间步长上RNN的隐藏状态，以此重复...直到处理完输入文本中的每一个单词，由于输入文本的长度为n，所以要经历n个时间步长。\n\n基于RNN的文本分类模型非常灵活，有多种多样的结构。接下来，我们主要介绍两种典型的结构。\n\n\n\n## 2. textRNN网络结构\n\n### 2.1 structure 1\n\n**流程**：embedding--->BiLSTM--->concat final output/average all output----->softmax layer\n\n结构图如下图所示：\n\n\n\n一般取前向/反向LSTM在最后一个时间步长上隐藏状态，然后进行拼接，在经过一个softmax层(输出层使用softmax激活函数)进行一个多分类；或者取前向/反向LSTM在每一个时间步长上的隐藏状态，对每一个时间步长上的两个隐藏状态进行拼接，然后对所有时间步长上拼接后的隐藏状态取均值，再经过一个softmax层(输出层使用softmax激活函数)进行一个多分类(2分类的话使用sigmoid激活函数)。\n\n**上述结构也可以添加dropout/L2正则化或BatchNormalization 来防止过拟合以及加速模型训练。**\n\n\n\n### 2.2 structure 2\n\n流程：embedding-->BiLSTM---->(dropout)-->concat ouput--->UniLSTM--->(droput)-->softmax layer\n\n结构图如下图所示：\n\n\n\n与之前结构不同的是，在双向LSTM(上图不太准确，底层应该是一个双向LSTM)的基础上又堆叠了一个单向的LSTM。把双向LSTM在每一个时间步长上的两个隐藏状态进行拼接，作为上层单向LSTM每一个时间步长上的一个输入，最后取上层单向LSTM最后一个时间步长上的隐藏状态，再经过一个softmax层(输出层使用softamx激活函数，2分类的话则使用sigmoid)进行一个多分类。\n\n\n\n### 2.3 总结\n\nTextRNN的结构非常灵活，可以任意改变。比如把LSTM单元替换为GRU单元，把双向改为单向，添加dropout或BatchNormalization以及再多堆叠一层等等。TextRNN在文本分类任务上的效果非常好，与TextCNN不相上下，但RNN的训练速度相对偏慢，一般2层就已经足够多了。\n\n\n\n## 3. 什么是textCNN\n\n在“卷积神经⽹络”中我们探究了如何使⽤⼆维卷积神经⽹络来处理⼆维图像数据。在之前的语⾔模型和⽂本分类任务中，我们将⽂本数据看作是只有⼀个维度的时间序列，并很⾃然地使⽤循环神经⽹络来表征这样的数据。**其实，我们也可以将⽂本当作⼀维图像，从而可以⽤⼀维卷积神经⽹络来捕捉临近词之间的关联。本节将介绍将卷积神经⽹络应⽤到⽂本分析的开创性⼯作之⼀：textCNN**。\n\n\n\n### 3.1 ⼀维卷积层\n\n在介绍模型前我们先来解释⼀维卷积层的⼯作原理。与⼆维卷积层⼀样，⼀维卷积层使⽤⼀维的互相关运算。在⼀维互相关运算中，卷积窗口从输⼊数组的最左⽅开始，按从左往右的顺序，依次在输⼊数组上滑动。当卷积窗口滑动到某⼀位置时，窗口中的输⼊⼦数组与核数组按元素相乘并求和，得到输出数组中相应位置的元素。如下图所⽰，输⼊是⼀个宽为7的⼀维数组，核数组的宽为2。可以看到输出的宽度为 7 - 2 + 1 = 6，且第⼀个元素是由输⼊的最左边的宽为2的⼦数组与核数组按元素相乘后再相加得到的：0 *×* 1 + 1 × 2 = 2。 \n\n\n\n多输⼊通道的⼀维互相关运算也与多输⼊通道的⼆维互相关运算类似：在每个通道上，将核与相应的输⼊做⼀维互相关运算，并将通道之间的结果相加得到输出结果。下图展⽰了含3个输⼊ 通道的⼀维互相关运算，其中阴影部分为第⼀个输出元素及其计算所使⽤的输⼊和核数组元素： 0 *×* 1 + 1 *×* 2 + 1 *×* 3 + 2 *×* 4 + 2 *×* (-1) + 3 *×* (-3) = 2。 \n\n\n\n由⼆维互相关运算的定义可知，多输⼊通道的⼀维互相关运算可以看作单输⼊通道的⼆维互相关运算。如下图所⽰，我们也可以将上图中多输⼊通道的⼀维互相关运算以等价的单输⼊通道的⼆维互相关运算呈现。这⾥核的⾼等于输⼊的⾼。下图的阴影部分为第⼀个输出元素及其计算所使⽤的输⼊和核数组元素：2 *×* (-1) + 3 *×* (-3) + 1 *×* 3 + 2 *×* 4 + 0 *×* 1 + 1 *×* 2 = 2。 \n\n\n\n以上都是输出都只有⼀个通道。我们在“多输⼊通道和多输出通道”⼀节中介绍了如何在⼆维卷积层中指定多个输出通道。类似地，我们也可以在⼀维卷积层指定多个输出通道，从而拓展卷积层中的模型参数。\n\n\n\n### 3. 2 时序最⼤池化层\n\n类似地，我们有⼀维池化层。textCNN中使⽤的时序最⼤池化（max-over-time pooling）层实际上对应⼀维全局最⼤池化层：假设输⼊包含多个通道，各通道由不同时间步上的数值组成，各通道的输出即该通道所有时间步中最⼤的数值。因此，时序最⼤池化层的输⼊在各个通道上的时间步数可以不同。为提升计算性能，我们常常将不同⻓度的时序样本组成⼀个小批量，并通过在较短序列后附加特殊字符（如0）令批量中各时序样本⻓度相同。这些⼈为添加的特殊字符当然是⽆意义的。由于时序最⼤池化的主要⽬的是抓取时序中最重要的特征，它通常能使模型不受⼈为添加字符的影响。\n\n\n\n### 3.3 textCNN模型\n\ntextCNN模型主要使⽤了⼀维卷积层和时序最⼤池化层。假设输⼊的⽂本序列由*n*个词组成，每个词⽤*d*维的词向量表⽰。那么输⼊样本的宽为*n*，⾼为1，输⼊通道数为*d*。textCNN的计算主要分为以下⼏步：\n\n1. 定义多个⼀维卷积核，并使⽤这些卷积核对输⼊分别做卷积计算。宽度不同的卷积核可能会捕捉到不同个数的相邻词的相关性。\n2. 对输出的所有通道分别做时序最⼤池化，再将这些通道的池化输出值连结为向量。\n3. 通过全连接层将连结后的向量变换为有关各类别的输出。这⼀步可以使⽤丢弃层应对过拟合。 \n\n下图⽤⼀个例⼦解释了textCNN的设计。这⾥的输⼊是⼀个有11个词的句⼦，每个词⽤6维词向量表⽰。因此输⼊序列的宽为11，输⼊通道数为6。给定2个⼀维卷积核，核宽分别为2和4，输出通道数分别设为4和5。因此，⼀维卷积计算后，4个输出通道的宽为 11 - 2 + 1 = 10，而其他5个通道的宽为 11 - 4 + 1 = 8。尽管每个通道的宽不同，我们依然可以对各个通道做时序最⼤池化，并将9个通道的池化输出连结成⼀个9维向量。最终，使⽤全连接将9维向量变换为2维输出，即正⾯情感和负⾯情感的预测。 \n\n\n\n\n\n## 4. 代码实现\n\n清华新闻分类数据集下载：[https://www.lanzous.com/i5t0lsd](https://www.lanzous.com/i5t0lsd)\n\n- [textRNN实现新闻分类](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/NLP/16.4%20textRNN%20%26%20textCNN/textRNN.ipynb)\n- [textCNN实现新闻分类](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/NLP/16.4%20textRNN%20%26%20textCNN/textCNN.ipynb)\n\n\n\n## 5. 参考文献\n\n- [基于TextRNN的文本分类原理](https://blog.csdn.net/sdu_hao/article/details/88080791)\n- [动手学深度学习](https://www.lanzous.com/i5lqo4f)\n\n\n\n------\n\n> 作者：[@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> GitHub：[https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> 欢迎大家加入讨论！共同完善此项目！群号：【541954936】\n\n\n"
},
{
"path": "NLP/16.4 textRNN & textCNN/cnews_loader.py",
"content": "# coding: utf-8\n\nimport sys\nfrom collections import Counter\n\nimport numpy as np\nimport tensorflow.keras as kr\n\nif sys.version_info[0] > 2:\n is_py3 = True\nelse:\n reload(sys)\n sys.setdefaultencoding(\"utf-8\")\n is_py3 = False\n\n\ndef native_word(word, encoding='utf-8'):\n \"\"\"如果在python2下面使用python3训练的模型，可考虑调用此函数转化一下字符编码\"\"\"\n if not is_py3:\n return word.encode(encoding)\n else:\n return word\n\n\ndef native_content(content):\n if not is_py3:\n return content.decode('utf-8')\n else:\n return content\n\n\ndef open_file(filename, mode='r'):\n \"\"\"\n 常用文件操作，可在python2和python3间切换.\n mode: 'r' or 'w' for read or write\n \"\"\"\n if is_py3:\n return open(filename, mode, encoding='utf-8', errors='ignore')\n else:\n return open(filename, mode)\n\n\ndef read_file(filename):\n \"\"\"读取文件数据\"\"\"\n contents, labels = [], []\n with open_file(filename) as f:\n for line in f:\n try:\n label, content = line.strip().split('\\t')\n if content:\n contents.append(list(native_content(content)))\n labels.append(native_content(label))\n except:\n pass\n return contents, labels\n\n\ndef build_vocab(train_dir, vocab_dir, vocab_size=5000):\n \"\"\"根据训练集构建词汇表，存储\"\"\"\n data_train, _ = read_file(train_dir)\n\n all_data = []\n for content in data_train:\n all_data.extend(content)\n\n counter = Counter(all_data)\n count_pairs = counter.most_common(vocab_size - 1)\n words, _ = list(zip(*count_pairs))\n # 添加一个 来将所有文本pad为同一长度\n words = [''] + list(words)\n open_file(vocab_dir, mode='w').write('\\n'.join(words) + '\\n')\n\n\ndef read_vocab(vocab_dir):\n \"\"\"读取词汇表\"\"\"\n # words = open_file(vocab_dir).read().strip().split('\\n')\n with open_file(vocab_dir) as fp:\n # 如果是py2 则每个值都转化为unicode\n words = [native_content(_.strip()) for _ in fp.readlines()]\n word_to_id = dict(zip(words, range(len(words))))\n return words, word_to_id\n\n\ndef read_category():\n \"\"\"读取分类目录，固定\"\"\"\n categories = ['体育', '财经', '房产', '家居', '教育', '科技', '时尚', '时政', '游戏', '娱乐']\n\n categories = [native_content(x) for x in categories]\n\n cat_to_id = dict(zip(categories, range(len(categories))))\n\n return categories, cat_to_id\n\n\ndef to_words(content, words):\n \"\"\"将id表示的内容转换为文字\"\"\"\n return ''.join(words[x] for x in content)\n\n\ndef process_file(filename, word_to_id, cat_to_id, max_length=600):\n \"\"\"将文件转换为id表示\"\"\"\n contents, labels = read_file(filename)\n\n data_id, label_id = [], []\n for i in range(len(contents)):\n data_id.append([word_to_id[x] for x in contents[i] if x in word_to_id])\n label_id.append(cat_to_id[labels[i]])\n\n # 使用keras提供的pad_sequences来将文本pad为固定长度\n x_pad = kr.preprocessing.sequence.pad_sequences(data_id, max_length)\n y_pad = kr.utils.to_categorical(label_id, num_classes=len(cat_to_id)) # 将标签转换为one-hot表示\n\n return x_pad, y_pad\n\n\ndef batch_iter(x, y, batch_size=64):\n \"\"\"生成批次数据\"\"\"\n data_len = len(x)\n num_batch = int((data_len - 1) / batch_size) + 1\n\n indices = np.random.permutation(np.arange(data_len))\n x_shuffle = x[indices]\n y_shuffle = y[indices]\n\n for i in range(num_batch):\n start_id = i * batch_size\n end_id = min((i + 1) * batch_size, data_len)\n yield x_shuffle[start_id:end_id], y_shuffle[start_id:end_id]\n"
},
{
"path": "NLP/16.4 textRNN & textCNN/cnn_model.py",
"content": "# coding: utf-8\n\nimport tensorflow as tf\n\n\nclass TCNNConfig(object):\n \"\"\"CNN配置参数\"\"\"\n\n embedding_dim = 64 # 词向量维度\n seq_length = 600 # 序列长度\n num_classes = 10 # 类别数\n num_filters = 256 # 卷积核数目\n kernel_size = 5 # 卷积核尺寸\n vocab_size = 5000 # 词汇表达小\n\n hidden_dim = 128 # 全连接层神经元\n\n dropout_keep_prob = 0.5 # dropout保留比例\n learning_rate = 1e-3 # 学习率\n\n batch_size = 64 # 每批训练大小\n num_epochs = 10 # 总迭代轮次\n\n print_per_batch = 100 # 每多少轮输出一次结果\n save_per_batch = 10 # 每多少轮存入tensorboard\n\n\nclass TextCNN(object):\n \"\"\"文本分类，CNN模型\"\"\"\n\n def __init__(self, config):\n self.config = config\n\n # 三个待输入的数据\n self.input_x = tf.placeholder(tf.int32, [None, self.config.seq_length], name='input_x')\n self.input_y = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, self.config.num_classes], name='input_y')\n self.keep_prob = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, name='keep_prob')\n\n self.cnn()\n\n def cnn(self):\n \"\"\"CNN模型\"\"\"\n # 词向量映射\n with tf.device('/cpu:0'):\n embedding = tf.get_variable('embedding', [self.config.vocab_size, self.config.embedding_dim])\n embedding_inputs = tf.nn.embedding_lookup(embedding, self.input_x)\n\n with tf.name_scope(\"cnn\"):\n # CNN layer\n conv = tf.layers.conv1d(embedding_inputs, self.config.num_filters, self.config.kernel_size, name='conv')\n # global max pooling layer\n gmp = tf.reduce_max(conv, reduction_indices=[1], name='gmp')\n\n with tf.name_scope(\"score\"):\n # 全连接层，后面接dropout以及relu激活\n fc = tf.layers.dense(gmp, self.config.hidden_dim, name='fc1')\n fc = tf.contrib.layers.dropout(fc, self.keep_prob)\n fc = tf.nn.relu(fc)\n\n # 分类器\n self.logits = tf.layers.dense(fc, self.config.num_classes, name='fc2')\n self.y_pred_cls = tf.argmax(tf.nn.softmax(self.logits), 1) # 预测类别\n\n with tf.name_scope(\"optimize\"):\n # 损失函数，交叉熵\n cross_entropy = tf.nn.softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits(logits=self.logits, labels=self.input_y)\n self.loss = tf.reduce_mean(cross_entropy)\n # 优化器\n self.optim = tf.train.AdamOptimizer(learning_rate=self.config.learning_rate).minimize(self.loss)\n\n with tf.name_scope(\"accuracy\"):\n # 准确率\n correct_pred = tf.equal(tf.argmax(self.input_y, 1), self.y_pred_cls)\n self.acc = tf.reduce_mean(tf.cast(correct_pred, tf.float32))"
},
{
"path": "NLP/16.4 textRNN & textCNN/rnn_model.py",
"content": "#!/usr/bin/python\n# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-\n\nimport tensorflow as tf\n\nclass TRNNConfig(object):\n \"\"\"RNN配置参数\"\"\"\n\n # 模型参数\n embedding_dim = 64 # 词向量维度\n seq_length = 600 # 序列长度\n num_classes = 10 # 类别数\n vocab_size = 5000 # 词汇表达小\n\n num_layers= 2 # 隐藏层层数\n hidden_dim = 128 # 隐藏层神经元\n rnn = 'gru' # lstm 或 gru\n\n dropout_keep_prob = 0.8 # dropout保留比例\n learning_rate = 1e-3 # 学习率\n\n batch_size = 128 # 每批训练大小\n num_epochs = 10 # 总迭代轮次\n\n print_per_batch = 100 # 每多少轮输出一次结果\n save_per_batch = 10 # 每多少轮存入tensorboard\n\n\nclass TextRNN(object):\n \"\"\"文本分类，RNN模型\"\"\"\n def __init__(self, config):\n self.config = config\n\n # 三个待输入的数据\n self.input_x = tf.placeholder(tf.int32, [None, self.config.seq_length], name='input_x')\n self.input_y = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, self.config.num_classes], name='input_y')\n self.keep_prob = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, name='keep_prob')\n\n self.rnn()\n\n def rnn(self):\n \"\"\"rnn模型\"\"\"\n\n def lstm_cell(): # lstm核\n return tf.contrib.rnn.BasicLSTMCell(self.config.hidden_dim, state_is_tuple=True)\n\n def gru_cell(): # gru核\n return tf.contrib.rnn.GRUCell(self.config.hidden_dim)\n\n def dropout(): # 为每一个rnn核后面加一个dropout层\n if (self.config.rnn == 'lstm'):\n cell = lstm_cell()\n else:\n cell = gru_cell()\n return tf.contrib.rnn.DropoutWrapper(cell, output_keep_prob=self.keep_prob)\n\n # 词向量映射\n with tf.device('/cpu:0'):\n embedding = tf.get_variable('embedding', [self.config.vocab_size, self.config.embedding_dim])\n embedding_inputs = tf.nn.embedding_lookup(embedding, self.input_x)\n\n with tf.name_scope(\"rnn\"):\n # 多层rnn网络\n cells = [dropout() for _ in range(self.config.num_layers)]\n rnn_cell = tf.contrib.rnn.MultiRNNCell(cells, state_is_tuple=True)\n\n _outputs, _ = tf.nn.dynamic_rnn(cell=rnn_cell, inputs=embedding_inputs, dtype=tf.float32)\n last = _outputs[:, -1, :] # 取最后一个时序输出作为结果\n\n with tf.name_scope(\"score\"):\n # 全连接层，后面接dropout以及relu激活\n fc = tf.layers.dense(last, self.config.hidden_dim, name='fc1')\n fc = tf.contrib.layers.dropout(fc, self.keep_prob)\n fc = tf.nn.relu(fc)\n\n # 分类器\n self.logits = tf.layers.dense(fc, self.config.num_classes, name='fc2')\n self.y_pred_cls = tf.argmax(tf.nn.softmax(self.logits), 1) # 预测类别\n\n with tf.name_scope(\"optimize\"):\n # 损失函数，交叉熵\n cross_entropy = tf.nn.softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits(logits=self.logits, labels=self.input_y)\n self.loss = tf.reduce_mean(cross_entropy)\n # 优化器\n self.optim = tf.train.AdamOptimizer(learning_rate=self.config.learning_rate).minimize(self.loss)\n\n with tf.name_scope(\"accuracy\"):\n # 准确率\n correct_pred = tf.equal(tf.argmax(self.input_y, 1), self.y_pred_cls)\n self.acc = tf.reduce_mean(tf.cast(correct_pred, tf.float32))"
},
{
"path": "NLP/16.4 textRNN & textCNN/textCNN.ipynb",
"content": "{\n \"cells\": [\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"markdown\",\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"source\": [\n \"## 数据集下载\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"使用THUCNews的一个子集进行训练与测试：[https://www.lanzous.com/i5t0lsd](https://www.lanzous.com/i5t0lsd)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"本次训练使用了其中的10个分类，每个分类6500条数据。类别如下：\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"体育, 财经, 房产, 家居, 教育, 科技, 时尚, 时政, 游戏, 娱乐\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"### cnews_loader.py为数据的预处理文件。\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"- read_file(): 读取文件数据;\\n\",\n \"- build_vocab(): 构建词汇表，使用字符级的表示，这一函数会将词汇表存储下来，避免每一次重复处理;\\n\",\n \"- read_vocab(): 读取上一步存储的词汇表，转换为{词：id}表示;\\n\",\n \"- read_category(): 将分类目录固定，转换为{类别: id}表示;\\n\",\n \"- to_words(): 将一条由id表示的数据重新转换为文字;\\n\",\n \"- process_file(): 将数据集从文字转换为固定长度的id序列表示;\\n\",\n \"- batch_iter(): 为神经网络的训练准备经过shuffle的批次的数据。\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"### textCNN的模型和可配置的参数，在cnn_model.py中。\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": null,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": [\n \"from __future__ import print_function\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"import os\\n\",\n \"import sys\\n\",\n \"import time\\n\",\n \"from datetime import timedelta\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"import numpy as np\\n\",\n \"import tensorflow as tf\\n\",\n \"from sklearn import metrics\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"from cnn_model import TCNNConfig, TextCNN\\n\",\n \"from cnews_loader import read_vocab, read_category, batch_iter, process_file, build_vocab\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 3,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": [\n \"base_dir = 'cnews'\\n\",\n \"train_dir = os.path.join(base_dir, 'cnews.train.txt')\\n\",\n \"test_dir = os.path.join(base_dir, 'cnews.test.txt')\\n\",\n \"val_dir = os.path.join(base_dir, 'cnews.val.txt')\\n\",\n \"vocab_dir = os.path.join(base_dir, 'cnews.vocab.txt')\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"save_dir = 'checkpoints/textcnn'\\n\",\n \"save_path = os.path.join(save_dir, 'best_validation') # 最佳验证结果保存路径\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"def get_time_dif(start_time):\\n\",\n \" \\\"\\\"\\\"获取已使用时间\\\"\\\"\\\"\\n\",\n \" end_time = time.time()\\n\",\n \" time_dif = end_time - start_time\\n\",\n \" return timedelta(seconds=int(round(time_dif)))\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"def feed_data(x_batch, y_batch, keep_prob):\\n\",\n \" feed_dict = {\\n\",\n \" model.input_x: x_batch,\\n\",\n \" model.input_y: y_batch,\\n\",\n \" model.keep_prob: keep_prob\\n\",\n \" }\\n\",\n \" return feed_dict\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"def evaluate(sess, x_, y_):\\n\",\n \" \\\"\\\"\\\"评估在某一数据上的准确率和损失\\\"\\\"\\\"\\n\",\n \" data_len = len(x_)\\n\",\n \" batch_eval = batch_iter(x_, y_, 128)\\n\",\n \" total_loss = 0.0\\n\",\n \" total_acc = 0.0\\n\",\n \" for x_batch, y_batch in batch_eval:\\n\",\n \" batch_len = len(x_batch)\\n\",\n \" feed_dict = feed_data(x_batch, y_batch, 1.0)\\n\",\n \" loss, acc = sess.run([model.loss, model.acc], feed_dict=feed_dict)\\n\",\n \" total_loss += loss * batch_len\\n\",\n \" total_acc += acc * batch_len\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" return total_loss / data_len, total_acc / data_len\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"def train():\\n\",\n \" print(\\\"Configuring TensorBoard and Saver...\\\")\\n\",\n \" # 配置 Tensorboard，重新训练时，请将tensorboard文件夹删除，不然图会覆盖\\n\",\n \" tensorboard_dir = 'tensorboard/textcnn'\\n\",\n \" if not os.path.exists(tensorboard_dir):\\n\",\n \" os.makedirs(tensorboard_dir)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" tf.summary.scalar(\\\"loss\\\", model.loss)\\n\",\n \" tf.summary.scalar(\\\"accuracy\\\", model.acc)\\n\",\n \" merged_summary = tf.summary.merge_all()\\n\",\n \" writer = tf.summary.FileWriter(tensorboard_dir)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" # 配置 Saver\\n\",\n \" saver = tf.train.Saver()\\n\",\n \" if not os.path.exists(save_dir):\\n\",\n \" os.makedirs(save_dir)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" print(\\\"Loading training and validation data...\\\")\\n\",\n \" # 载入训练集与验证集\\n\",\n \" start_time = time.time()\\n\",\n \" x_train, y_train = process_file(train_dir, word_to_id, cat_to_id, config.seq_length)\\n\",\n \" x_val, y_val = process_file(val_dir, word_to_id, cat_to_id, config.seq_length)\\n\",\n \" time_dif = get_time_dif(start_time)\\n\",\n \" print(\\\"Time usage:\\\", time_dif)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" # 创建session\\n\",\n \" session = tf.Session()\\n\",\n \" session.run(tf.global_variables_initializer())\\n\",\n \" writer.add_graph(session.graph)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" print('Training and evaluating...')\\n\",\n \" start_time = time.time()\\n\",\n \" total_batch = 0 # 总批次\\n\",\n \" best_acc_val = 0.0 # 最佳验证集准确率\\n\",\n \" last_improved = 0 # 记录上一次提升批次\\n\",\n \" require_improvement = 1000 # 如果超过1000轮未提升，提前结束训练\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" flag = False\\n\",\n \" for epoch in range(config.num_epochs):\\n\",\n \" print('Epoch:', epoch + 1)\\n\",\n \" batch_train = batch_iter(x_train, y_train, config.batch_size)\\n\",\n \" for x_batch, y_batch in batch_train:\\n\",\n \" feed_dict = feed_data(x_batch, y_batch, config.dropout_keep_prob)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" if total_batch % config.save_per_batch == 0:\\n\",\n \" # 每多少轮次将训练结果写入tensorboard scalar\\n\",\n \" s = session.run(merged_summary, feed_dict=feed_dict)\\n\",\n \" writer.add_summary(s, total_batch)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" if total_batch % config.print_per_batch == 0:\\n\",\n \" # 每多少轮次输出在训练集和验证集上的性能\\n\",\n \" feed_dict[model.keep_prob] = 1.0\\n\",\n \" loss_train, acc_train = session.run([model.loss, model.acc], feed_dict=feed_dict)\\n\",\n \" loss_val, acc_val = evaluate(session, x_val, y_val) # todo\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" if acc_val > best_acc_val:\\n\",\n \" # 保存最好结果\\n\",\n \" best_acc_val = acc_val\\n\",\n \" last_improved = total_batch\\n\",\n \" saver.save(sess=session, save_path=save_path)\\n\",\n \" improved_str = '*'\\n\",\n \" else:\\n\",\n \" improved_str = ''\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" time_dif = get_time_dif(start_time)\\n\",\n \" msg = 'Iter: {0:>6}, Train Loss: {1:>6.2}, Train Acc: {2:>7.2%},' \\\\\\n\",\n \" + ' Val Loss: {3:>6.2}, Val Acc: {4:>7.2%}, Time: {5} {6}'\\n\",\n \" print(msg.format(total_batch, loss_train, acc_train, loss_val, acc_val, time_dif, improved_str))\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" feed_dict[model.keep_prob] = config.dropout_keep_prob\\n\",\n \" session.run(model.optim, feed_dict=feed_dict) # 运行优化\\n\",\n \" total_batch += 1\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" if total_batch - last_improved > require_improvement:\\n\",\n \" # 验证集正确率长期不提升，提前结束训练\\n\",\n \" print(\\\"No optimization for a long time, auto-stopping...\\\")\\n\",\n \" flag = True\\n\",\n \" break # 跳出循环\\n\",\n \" if flag: # 同上\\n\",\n \" break\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"def test():\\n\",\n \" print(\\\"Loading test data...\\\")\\n\",\n \" start_time = time.time()\\n\",\n \" x_test, y_test = process_file(test_dir, word_to_id, cat_to_id, config.seq_length)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" session = tf.Session()\\n\",\n \" session.run(tf.global_variables_initializer())\\n\",\n \" saver = tf.train.Saver()\\n\",\n \" saver.restore(sess=session, save_path=save_path) # 读取保存的模型\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" print('Testing...')\\n\",\n \" loss_test, acc_test = evaluate(session, x_test, y_test)\\n\",\n \" msg = 'Test Loss: {0:>6.2}, Test Acc: {1:>7.2%}'\\n\",\n \" print(msg.format(loss_test, acc_test))\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" batch_size = 128\\n\",\n \" data_len = len(x_test)\\n\",\n \" num_batch = int((data_len - 1) / batch_size) + 1\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" y_test_cls = np.argmax(y_test, 1)\\n\",\n \" y_pred_cls = np.zeros(shape=len(x_test), dtype=np.int32) # 保存预测结果\\n\",\n \" for i in range(num_batch): # 逐批次处理\\n\",\n \" start_id = i * batch_size\\n\",\n \" end_id = min((i + 1) * batch_size, data_len)\\n\",\n \" feed_dict = {\\n\",\n \" model.input_x: x_test[start_id:end_id],\\n\",\n \" model.keep_prob: 1.0\\n\",\n \" }\\n\",\n \" y_pred_cls[start_id:end_id] = session.run(model.y_pred_cls, feed_dict=feed_dict)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" # 评估\\n\",\n \" print(\\\"Precision, Recall and F1-Score...\\\")\\n\",\n \" print(metrics.classification_report(y_test_cls, y_pred_cls, target_names=categories))\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" # 混淆矩阵\\n\",\n \" print(\\\"Confusion Matrix...\\\")\\n\",\n \" cm = metrics.confusion_matrix(y_test_cls, y_pred_cls)\\n\",\n \" print(cm)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" time_dif = get_time_dif(start_time)\\n\",\n \" print(\\\"Time usage:\\\", time_dif)\\n\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"markdown\",\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"source\": [\n \"## 开始训练\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"sys.argv 输出运行文件名\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 5,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [\n {\n \"name\": \"stderr\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"W0826 20:03:59.630935 140222699312960 module_wrapper.py:136] From /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow_core/python/util/module_wrapper.py:163: The name tf.placeholder is deprecated. Please use tf.compat.v1.placeholder instead.\\n\",\n \"\\n\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"name\": \"stdout\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"Configuring CNN model...\\n\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"name\": \"stderr\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"W0826 20:03:59.934021 140222699312960 deprecation.py:323] From /home/python_home/WeiZhongChuang/ML/RNN/cnn_model.py:50: conv1d (from tensorflow.python.layers.convolutional) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"Use `tf.keras.layers.Conv1D` instead.\\n\",\n \"W0826 20:03:59.935921 140222699312960 deprecation.py:323] From /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow_core/python/layers/convolutional.py:218: Layer.apply (from tensorflow.python.keras.engine.base_layer) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"Please use `layer.__call__` method instead.\\n\",\n \"W0826 20:04:00.065614 140222699312960 deprecation.py:323] From /home/python_home/WeiZhongChuang/ML/RNN/cnn_model.py:56: dense (from tensorflow.python.layers.core) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"Use keras.layers.Dense instead.\\n\",\n \"W0826 20:04:00.080801 140222699312960 lazy_loader.py:50] \\n\",\n \"The TensorFlow contrib module will not be included in TensorFlow 2.0.\\n\",\n \"For more information, please see:\\n\",\n \" * https://github.com/tensorflow/community/blob/master/rfcs/20180907-contrib-sunset.md\\n\",\n \" * https://github.com/tensorflow/addons\\n\",\n \" * https://github.com/tensorflow/io (for I/O related ops)\\n\",\n \"If you depend on functionality not listed there, please file an issue.\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"W0826 20:04:00.126461 140222699312960 deprecation.py:323] From /home/python_home/WeiZhongChuang/ML/RNN/cnn_model.py:66: softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits (from tensorflow.python.ops.nn_ops) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"Future major versions of TensorFlow will allow gradients to flow\\n\",\n \"into the labels input on backprop by default.\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"See `tf.nn.softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits_v2`.\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"W0826 20:04:00.317426 140222699312960 module_wrapper.py:136] From /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow_core/python/util/module_wrapper.py:163: The name tf.train.AdamOptimizer is deprecated. Please use tf.compat.v1.train.AdamOptimizer instead.\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"W0826 20:04:00.534005 140222699312960 module_wrapper.py:136] From /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow_core/python/util/module_wrapper.py:163: The name tf.summary.scalar is deprecated. Please use tf.compat.v1.summary.scalar instead.\\n\",\n \"\\n\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"name\": \"stdout\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"Configuring TensorBoard and Saver...\\n\",\n \"Loading training and validation data...\\n\",\n \"Time usage: 0:00:13\\n\",\n \"Training and evaluating...\\n\",\n \"Epoch: 1\\n\",\n \"Iter: 0, Train Loss: 2.3, Train Acc: 10.94%, Val Loss: 2.3, Val Acc: 10.00%, Time: 0:00:04 *\\n\",\n \"Iter: 100, Train Loss: 0.83, Train Acc: 76.56%, Val Loss: 1.2, Val Acc: 66.44%, Time: 0:00:24 *\\n\",\n \"Iter: 200, Train Loss: 0.2, Train Acc: 93.75%, Val Loss: 0.67, Val Acc: 78.18%, Time: 0:00:43 *\\n\",\n \"Iter: 300, Train Loss: 0.14, Train Acc: 95.31%, Val Loss: 0.42, Val Acc: 87.84%, Time: 0:01:04 *\\n\",\n \"Iter: 400, Train Loss: 0.12, Train Acc: 96.88%, Val Loss: 0.37, Val Acc: 90.06%, Time: 0:01:25 *\\n\",\n \"Iter: 500, Train Loss: 0.16, Train Acc: 96.88%, Val Loss: 0.35, Val Acc: 89.48%, Time: 0:01:46 \\n\",\n \"Iter: 600, Train Loss: 0.2, Train Acc: 92.19%, Val Loss: 0.26, Val Acc: 92.38%, Time: 0:02:08 *\\n\",\n \"Iter: 700, Train Loss: 0.13, Train Acc: 96.88%, Val Loss: 0.27, Val Acc: 92.50%, Time: 0:02:30 *\\n\",\n \"Epoch: 2\\n\",\n \"Iter: 800, Train Loss: 0.14, Train Acc: 95.31%, Val Loss: 0.24, Val Acc: 93.20%, Time: 0:02:52 *\\n\",\n \"Iter: 900, Train Loss: 0.061, Train Acc: 98.44%, Val Loss: 0.25, Val Acc: 92.98%, Time: 0:03:14 \\n\",\n \"Iter: 1000, Train Loss: 0.038, Train Acc: 98.44%, Val Loss: 0.24, Val Acc: 92.70%, Time: 0:03:35 \\n\",\n \"Iter: 1100, Train Loss: 0.22, Train Acc: 93.75%, Val Loss: 0.24, Val Acc: 93.82%, Time: 0:03:57 *\\n\",\n \"Iter: 1200, Train Loss: 0.077, Train Acc: 96.88%, Val Loss: 0.2, Val Acc: 94.24%, Time: 0:04:19 *\\n\",\n \"Iter: 1300, Train Loss: 0.098, Train Acc: 98.44%, Val Loss: 0.24, Val Acc: 92.90%, Time: 0:04:40 \\n\",\n \"Iter: 1400, Train Loss: 0.064, Train Acc: 96.88%, Val Loss: 0.19, Val Acc: 94.68%, Time: 0:05:02 *\\n\",\n \"Iter: 1500, Train Loss: 0.12, Train Acc: 95.31%, Val Loss: 0.21, Val Acc: 94.22%, Time: 0:05:24 \\n\",\n \"Epoch: 3\\n\",\n \"Iter: 1600, Train Loss: 0.079, Train Acc: 98.44%, Val Loss: 0.22, Val Acc: 93.52%, Time: 0:05:46 \\n\",\n \"Iter: 1700, Train Loss: 0.083, Train Acc: 98.44%, Val Loss: 0.18, Val Acc: 95.00%, Time: 0:06:09 *\\n\",\n \"Iter: 1800, Train Loss: 0.2, Train Acc: 98.44%, Val Loss: 0.22, Val Acc: 93.70%, Time: 0:06:31 \\n\",\n \"Iter: 1900, Train Loss: 0.17, Train Acc: 98.44%, Val Loss: 0.25, Val Acc: 92.82%, Time: 0:06:53 \\n\",\n \"Iter: 2000, Train Loss: 0.029, Train Acc: 100.00%, Val Loss: 0.2, Val Acc: 94.26%, Time: 0:07:16 \\n\",\n \"Iter: 2100, Train Loss: 0.16, Train Acc: 93.75%, Val Loss: 0.19, Val Acc: 94.92%, Time: 0:07:38 \\n\",\n \"Iter: 2200, Train Loss: 0.019, Train Acc: 100.00%, Val Loss: 0.19, Val Acc: 94.86%, Time: 0:08:00 \\n\",\n \"Iter: 2300, Train Loss: 0.038, Train Acc: 98.44%, Val Loss: 0.19, Val Acc: 95.02%, Time: 0:08:23 *\\n\",\n \"Epoch: 4\\n\",\n \"Iter: 2400, Train Loss: 0.069, Train Acc: 96.88%, Val Loss: 0.23, Val Acc: 94.20%, Time: 0:08:46 \\n\",\n \"Iter: 2500, Train Loss: 0.03, Train Acc: 98.44%, Val Loss: 0.18, Val Acc: 95.40%, Time: 0:09:08 *\\n\",\n \"Iter: 2600, Train Loss: 0.046, Train Acc: 98.44%, Val Loss: 0.21, Val Acc: 94.30%, Time: 0:09:31 \\n\",\n \"Iter: 2700, Train Loss: 0.0095, Train Acc: 100.00%, Val Loss: 0.18, Val Acc: 95.10%, Time: 0:09:54 \\n\",\n \"Iter: 2800, Train Loss: 0.075, Train Acc: 96.88%, Val Loss: 0.18, Val Acc: 95.48%, Time: 0:10:17 *\\n\",\n \"Iter: 2900, Train Loss: 0.064, Train Acc: 96.88%, Val Loss: 0.18, Val Acc: 95.12%, Time: 0:10:40 \\n\",\n \"Iter: 3000, Train Loss: 0.0075, Train Acc: 100.00%, Val Loss: 0.2, Val Acc: 94.98%, Time: 0:11:02 \\n\",\n \"Iter: 3100, Train Loss: 0.094, Train Acc: 96.88%, Val Loss: 0.18, Val Acc: 95.64%, Time: 0:11:25 *\\n\",\n \"Epoch: 5\\n\",\n \"Iter: 3200, Train Loss: 0.0053, Train Acc: 100.00%, Val Loss: 0.19, Val Acc: 95.52%, Time: 0:11:48 \\n\",\n \"Iter: 3300, Train Loss: 0.0098, Train Acc: 100.00%, Val Loss: 0.2, Val Acc: 95.04%, Time: 0:12:11 \\n\",\n \"Iter: 3400, Train Loss: 0.028, Train Acc: 98.44%, Val Loss: 0.17, Val Acc: 95.72%, Time: 0:12:35 *\\n\",\n \"Iter: 3500, Train Loss: 0.0095, Train Acc: 100.00%, Val Loss: 0.26, Val Acc: 93.20%, Time: 0:12:58 \\n\",\n \"Iter: 3600, Train Loss: 0.045, Train Acc: 98.44%, Val Loss: 0.17, Val Acc: 95.56%, Time: 0:13:21 \\n\",\n \"Iter: 3700, Train Loss: 0.013, Train Acc: 100.00%, Val Loss: 0.21, Val Acc: 94.58%, Time: 0:13:44 \\n\",\n \"Iter: 3800, Train Loss: 0.0057, Train Acc: 100.00%, Val Loss: 0.17, Val Acc: 95.52%, Time: 0:14:08 \\n\",\n \"Iter: 3900, Train Loss: 0.0091, Train Acc: 100.00%, Val Loss: 0.19, Val Acc: 95.58%, Time: 0:14:31 \\n\",\n \"Epoch: 6\\n\",\n \"Iter: 4000, Train Loss: 0.0015, Train Acc: 100.00%, Val Loss: 0.2, Val Acc: 95.12%, Time: 0:14:54 \\n\",\n \"Iter: 4100, Train Loss: 0.0022, Train Acc: 100.00%, Val Loss: 0.19, Val Acc: 95.32%, Time: 0:15:18 \\n\",\n \"Iter: 4200, Train Loss: 0.0091, Train Acc: 100.00%, Val Loss: 0.2, Val Acc: 95.46%, Time: 0:15:41 \\n\",\n \"Iter: 4300, Train Loss: 0.00033, Train Acc: 100.00%, Val Loss: 0.24, Val Acc: 94.84%, Time: 0:16:04 \\n\",\n \"Iter: 4400, Train Loss: 0.01, Train Acc: 100.00%, Val Loss: 0.22, Val Acc: 94.52%, Time: 0:16:28 \\n\",\n \"No optimization for a long time, auto-stopping...\\n\"\n ]\n }\n ],\n \"source\": [\n \"type_ = 'train'\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"print('Configuring CNN model...')\\n\",\n \"config = TCNNConfig()\\n\",\n \"if not os.path.exists(vocab_dir): # 如果不存在词汇表，重建\\n\",\n \" build_vocab(train_dir, vocab_dir, config.vocab_size)\\n\",\n \"categories, cat_to_id = read_category()\\n\",\n \"words, word_to_id = read_vocab(vocab_dir)\\n\",\n \"config.vocab_size = len(words)\\n\",\n \"model = TextCNN(config)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"if type_ == 'train':\\n\",\n \" train()\\n\",\n \"else:\\n\",\n \" test()\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"markdown\",\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"source\": [\n \"## 模型测试\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 7,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [\n {\n \"name\": \"stdout\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"Loading test data...\\n\",\n \"Testing...\\n\",\n \"Test Loss: 0.11, Test Acc: 97.05%\\n\",\n \"Precision, Recall and F1-Score...\\n\",\n \" precision recall f1-score support\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" 体育 1.00 0.99 0.99 1000\\n\",\n \" 财经 0.98 0.98 0.98 1000\\n\",\n \" 房产 1.00 1.00 1.00 1000\\n\",\n \" 家居 0.97 0.92 0.94 1000\\n\",\n \" 教育 0.93 0.96 0.95 1000\\n\",\n \" 科技 0.95 0.98 0.96 1000\\n\",\n \" 时尚 0.98 0.97 0.97 1000\\n\",\n \" 时政 0.95 0.96 0.95 1000\\n\",\n \" 游戏 0.97 0.98 0.98 1000\\n\",\n \" 娱乐 0.98 0.97 0.98 1000\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" accuracy 0.97 10000\\n\",\n \" macro avg 0.97 0.97 0.97 10000\\n\",\n \"weighted avg 0.97 0.97 0.97 10000\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"Confusion Matrix...\\n\",\n \"[[990 0 0 0 3 3 0 2 1 1]\\n\",\n \" [ 0 977 0 2 5 4 0 12 0 0]\\n\",\n \" [ 0 0 996 4 0 0 0 0 0 0]\\n\",\n \" [ 0 9 0 916 26 11 5 27 4 2]\\n\",\n \" [ 0 2 0 6 958 12 6 8 4 4]\\n\",\n \" [ 0 0 0 2 4 979 2 1 11 1]\\n\",\n \" [ 1 0 0 4 2 7 972 1 6 7]\\n\",\n \" [ 0 7 0 4 17 11 0 960 1 0]\\n\",\n \" [ 1 1 0 1 3 2 5 0 984 3]\\n\",\n \" [ 1 0 0 4 8 4 4 1 5 973]]\\n\",\n \"Time usage: 0:00:15\\n\"\n ]\n }\n ],\n \"source\": [\n \"\\n\",\n \"test()\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": null,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": []\n }\n ],\n \"metadata\": {\n \"kernelspec\": {\n \"display_name\": \"Python3\",\n \"language\": \"python\",\n \"name\": \"python3\"\n },\n \"language_info\": {\n \"codemirror_mode\": {\n \"name\": \"ipython\",\n \"version\": 3\n },\n \"file_extension\": \".py\",\n \"mimetype\": \"text/x-python\",\n \"name\": \"python\",\n \"nbconvert_exporter\": \"python\",\n \"pygments_lexer\": \"ipython3\",\n \"version\": \"3.6.2\"\n }\n },\n \"nbformat\": 4,\n \"nbformat_minor\": 2\n}\n"
},
{
"path": "NLP/16.4 textRNN & textCNN/textRNN.ipynb",
"content": "{\n \"cells\": [\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"markdown\",\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"source\": [\n \"## 数据集下载\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"使用THUCNews的一个子集进行训练与测试：[https://www.lanzous.com/i5t0lsd](https://www.lanzous.com/i5t0lsd)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"本次训练使用了其中的10个分类，每个分类6500条数据。类别如下：\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"体育, 财经, 房产, 家居, 教育, 科技, 时尚, 时政, 游戏, 娱乐\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"### cnews_loader.py为数据的预处理文件。\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"- read_file(): 读取文件数据;\\n\",\n \"- build_vocab(): 构建词汇表，使用字符级的表示，这一函数会将词汇表存储下来，避免每一次重复处理;\\n\",\n \"- read_vocab(): 读取上一步存储的词汇表，转换为{词：id}表示;\\n\",\n \"- read_category(): 将分类目录固定，转换为{类别: id}表示;\\n\",\n \"- to_words(): 将一条由id表示的数据重新转换为文字;\\n\",\n \"- process_file(): 将数据集从文字转换为固定长度的id序列表示;\\n\",\n \"- batch_iter(): 为神经网络的训练准备经过shuffle的批次的数据。\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \"### textRNN模型和可配置的参数，在rnn_model.py中。\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 2,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": [\n \"from __future__ import print_function\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"import os\\n\",\n \"import sys\\n\",\n \"import time\\n\",\n \"from datetime import timedelta\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"import numpy as np\\n\",\n \"import tensorflow as tf\\n\",\n \"from sklearn import metrics\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"from rnn_model import TRNNConfig, TextRNN\\n\",\n \"from cnews_loader import read_vocab, read_category, batch_iter, process_file, build_vocab\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 3,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": [\n \"base_dir = 'cnews'\\n\",\n \"train_dir = os.path.join(base_dir, 'cnews.train.txt')\\n\",\n \"test_dir = os.path.join(base_dir, 'cnews.test.txt')\\n\",\n \"val_dir = os.path.join(base_dir, 'cnews.val.txt')\\n\",\n \"vocab_dir = os.path.join(base_dir, 'cnews.vocab.txt')\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"save_dir = 'checkpoints/textrnn'\\n\",\n \"save_path = os.path.join(save_dir, 'best_validation') # 最佳验证结果保存路径\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"def get_time_dif(start_time):\\n\",\n \" \\\"\\\"\\\"获取已使用时间\\\"\\\"\\\"\\n\",\n \" end_time = time.time()\\n\",\n \" time_dif = end_time - start_time\\n\",\n \" return timedelta(seconds=int(round(time_dif)))\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"def feed_data(x_batch, y_batch, keep_prob):\\n\",\n \" feed_dict = {\\n\",\n \" model.input_x: x_batch,\\n\",\n \" model.input_y: y_batch,\\n\",\n \" model.keep_prob: keep_prob\\n\",\n \" }\\n\",\n \" return feed_dict\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"def evaluate(sess, x_, y_):\\n\",\n \" \\\"\\\"\\\"评估在某一数据上的准确率和损失\\\"\\\"\\\"\\n\",\n \" data_len = len(x_)\\n\",\n \" batch_eval = batch_iter(x_, y_, 128)\\n\",\n \" total_loss = 0.0\\n\",\n \" total_acc = 0.0\\n\",\n \" for x_batch, y_batch in batch_eval:\\n\",\n \" batch_len = len(x_batch)\\n\",\n \" feed_dict = feed_data(x_batch, y_batch, 1.0)\\n\",\n \" loss, acc = sess.run([model.loss, model.acc], feed_dict=feed_dict)\\n\",\n \" total_loss += loss * batch_len\\n\",\n \" total_acc += acc * batch_len\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" return total_loss / data_len, total_acc / data_len\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"def train():\\n\",\n \" print(\\\"Configuring TensorBoard and Saver...\\\")\\n\",\n \" # 配置 Tensorboard，重新训练时，请将tensorboard文件夹删除，不然图会覆盖\\n\",\n \" tensorboard_dir = 'tensorboard/textrnn'\\n\",\n \" if not os.path.exists(tensorboard_dir):\\n\",\n \" os.makedirs(tensorboard_dir)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" tf.summary.scalar(\\\"loss\\\", model.loss)\\n\",\n \" tf.summary.scalar(\\\"accuracy\\\", model.acc)\\n\",\n \" merged_summary = tf.summary.merge_all()\\n\",\n \" writer = tf.summary.FileWriter(tensorboard_dir)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" # 配置 Saver\\n\",\n \" saver = tf.train.Saver()\\n\",\n \" if not os.path.exists(save_dir):\\n\",\n \" os.makedirs(save_dir)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" print(\\\"Loading training and validation data...\\\")\\n\",\n \" # 载入训练集与验证集\\n\",\n \" start_time = time.time()\\n\",\n \" x_train, y_train = process_file(train_dir, word_to_id, cat_to_id, config.seq_length)\\n\",\n \" x_val, y_val = process_file(val_dir, word_to_id, cat_to_id, config.seq_length)\\n\",\n \" time_dif = get_time_dif(start_time)\\n\",\n \" print(\\\"Time usage:\\\", time_dif)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" # 创建session\\n\",\n \" session = tf.Session()\\n\",\n \" session.run(tf.global_variables_initializer())\\n\",\n \" writer.add_graph(session.graph)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" print('Training and evaluating...')\\n\",\n \" start_time = time.time()\\n\",\n \" total_batch = 0 # 总批次\\n\",\n \" best_acc_val = 0.0 # 最佳验证集准确率\\n\",\n \" last_improved = 0 # 记录上一次提升批次\\n\",\n \" require_improvement = 1000 # 如果超过1000轮未提升，提前结束训练\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" flag = False\\n\",\n \" for epoch in range(config.num_epochs):\\n\",\n \" print('Epoch:', epoch + 1)\\n\",\n \" batch_train = batch_iter(x_train, y_train, config.batch_size)\\n\",\n \" for x_batch, y_batch in batch_train:\\n\",\n \" feed_dict = feed_data(x_batch, y_batch, config.dropout_keep_prob)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" if total_batch % config.save_per_batch == 0:\\n\",\n \" # 每多少轮次将训练结果写入tensorboard scalar\\n\",\n \" s = session.run(merged_summary, feed_dict=feed_dict)\\n\",\n \" writer.add_summary(s, total_batch)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" if total_batch % config.print_per_batch == 0:\\n\",\n \" # 每多少轮次输出在训练集和验证集上的性能\\n\",\n \" feed_dict[model.keep_prob] = 1.0\\n\",\n \" loss_train, acc_train = session.run([model.loss, model.acc], feed_dict=feed_dict)\\n\",\n \" loss_val, acc_val = evaluate(session, x_val, y_val) # todo\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" if acc_val > best_acc_val:\\n\",\n \" # 保存最好结果\\n\",\n \" best_acc_val = acc_val\\n\",\n \" last_improved = total_batch\\n\",\n \" saver.save(sess=session, save_path=save_path)\\n\",\n \" improved_str = '*'\\n\",\n \" else:\\n\",\n \" improved_str = ''\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" time_dif = get_time_dif(start_time)\\n\",\n \" msg = 'Iter: {0:>6}, Train Loss: {1:>6.2}, Train Acc: {2:>7.2%},' \\\\\\n\",\n \" + ' Val Loss: {3:>6.2}, Val Acc: {4:>7.2%}, Time: {5} {6}'\\n\",\n \" print(msg.format(total_batch, loss_train, acc_train, loss_val, acc_val, time_dif, improved_str))\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" feed_dict[model.keep_prob] = config.dropout_keep_prob\\n\",\n \" session.run(model.optim, feed_dict=feed_dict) # 运行优化\\n\",\n \" total_batch += 1\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" if total_batch - last_improved > require_improvement:\\n\",\n \" # 验证集正确率长期不提升，提前结束训练\\n\",\n \" print(\\\"No optimization for a long time, auto-stopping...\\\")\\n\",\n \" flag = True\\n\",\n \" break # 跳出循环\\n\",\n \" if flag: # 同上\\n\",\n \" break\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"def test():\\n\",\n \" print(\\\"Loading test data...\\\")\\n\",\n \" start_time = time.time()\\n\",\n \" x_test, y_test = process_file(test_dir, word_to_id, cat_to_id, config.seq_length)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" session = tf.Session()\\n\",\n \" session.run(tf.global_variables_initializer())\\n\",\n \" saver = tf.train.Saver()\\n\",\n \" saver.restore(sess=session, save_path=save_path) # 读取保存的模型\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" print('Testing...')\\n\",\n \" loss_test, acc_test = evaluate(session, x_test, y_test)\\n\",\n \" msg = 'Test Loss: {0:>6.2}, Test Acc: {1:>7.2%}'\\n\",\n \" print(msg.format(loss_test, acc_test))\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" batch_size = 128\\n\",\n \" data_len = len(x_test)\\n\",\n \" num_batch = int((data_len - 1) / batch_size) + 1\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" y_test_cls = np.argmax(y_test, 1)\\n\",\n \" y_pred_cls = np.zeros(shape=len(x_test), dtype=np.int32) # 保存预测结果\\n\",\n \" for i in range(num_batch): # 逐批次处理\\n\",\n \" start_id = i * batch_size\\n\",\n \" end_id = min((i + 1) * batch_size, data_len)\\n\",\n \" feed_dict = {\\n\",\n \" model.input_x: x_test[start_id:end_id],\\n\",\n \" model.keep_prob: 1.0\\n\",\n \" }\\n\",\n \" y_pred_cls[start_id:end_id] = session.run(model.y_pred_cls, feed_dict=feed_dict)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" # 评估\\n\",\n \" print(\\\"Precision, Recall and F1-Score...\\\")\\n\",\n \" print(metrics.classification_report(y_test_cls, y_pred_cls, target_names=categories))\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" # 混淆矩阵\\n\",\n \" print(\\\"Confusion Matrix...\\\")\\n\",\n \" cm = metrics.confusion_matrix(y_test_cls, y_pred_cls)\\n\",\n \" print(cm)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" time_dif = get_time_dif(start_time)\\n\",\n \" print(\\\"Time usage:\\\", time_dif)\\n\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"markdown\",\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"source\": [\n \"## 开始训练\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 4,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [\n {\n \"name\": \"stderr\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"W0826 20:37:22.551977 140497609688896 module_wrapper.py:136] From /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow_core/python/util/module_wrapper.py:163: The name tf.placeholder is deprecated. Please use tf.compat.v1.placeholder instead.\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"W0826 20:37:22.569656 140497609688896 lazy_loader.py:50] \\n\",\n \"The TensorFlow contrib module will not be included in TensorFlow 2.0.\\n\",\n \"For more information, please see:\\n\",\n \" * https://github.com/tensorflow/community/blob/master/rfcs/20180907-contrib-sunset.md\\n\",\n \" * https://github.com/tensorflow/addons\\n\",\n \" * https://github.com/tensorflow/io (for I/O related ops)\\n\",\n \"If you depend on functionality not listed there, please file an issue.\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"W0826 20:37:22.570458 140497609688896 deprecation.py:323] From /home/python_home/WeiZhongChuang/ML/RNN/rnn_model.py:48: GRUCell.__init__ (from tensorflow.python.ops.rnn_cell_impl) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"This class is equivalent as tf.keras.layers.GRUCell, and will be replaced by that in Tensorflow 2.0.\\n\",\n \"W0826 20:37:22.588945 140497609688896 deprecation.py:323] From /home/python_home/WeiZhongChuang/ML/RNN/rnn_model.py:65: MultiRNNCell.__init__ (from tensorflow.python.ops.rnn_cell_impl) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"This class is equivalent as tf.keras.layers.StackedRNNCells, and will be replaced by that in Tensorflow 2.0.\\n\",\n \"W0826 20:37:22.589862 140497609688896 deprecation.py:323] From /home/python_home/WeiZhongChuang/ML/RNN/rnn_model.py:67: dynamic_rnn (from tensorflow.python.ops.rnn) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"Please use `keras.layers.RNN(cell)`, which is equivalent to this API\\n\",\n \"W0826 20:37:22.668138 140497609688896 deprecation.py:323] From /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow_core/python/ops/rnn_cell_impl.py:558: Layer.add_variable (from tensorflow.python.keras.engine.base_layer) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"Please use `layer.add_weight` method instead.\\n\",\n \"W0826 20:37:22.677227 140497609688896 deprecation.py:506] From /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow_core/python/ops/rnn_cell_impl.py:564: calling Constant.__init__ (from tensorflow.python.ops.init_ops) with dtype is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"Call initializer instance with the dtype argument instead of passing it to the constructor\\n\",\n \"W0826 20:37:22.689308 140497609688896 deprecation.py:506] From /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow_core/python/ops/rnn_cell_impl.py:574: calling Zeros.__init__ (from tensorflow.python.ops.init_ops) with dtype is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"Call initializer instance with the dtype argument instead of passing it to the constructor\\n\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"name\": \"stdout\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"Configuring RNN model...\\n\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"name\": \"stderr\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"W0826 20:37:22.789028 140497609688896 deprecation.py:323] From /home/python_home/WeiZhongChuang/ML/RNN/rnn_model.py:72: dense (from tensorflow.python.layers.core) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"Use keras.layers.Dense instead.\\n\",\n \"W0826 20:37:22.790071 140497609688896 deprecation.py:323] From /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow_core/python/layers/core.py:187: Layer.apply (from tensorflow.python.keras.engine.base_layer) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"Please use `layer.__call__` method instead.\\n\",\n \"W0826 20:37:22.828924 140497609688896 deprecation.py:323] From /home/python_home/WeiZhongChuang/ML/RNN/rnn_model.py:82: softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits (from tensorflow.python.ops.nn_ops) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"Future major versions of TensorFlow will allow gradients to flow\\n\",\n \"into the labels input on backprop by default.\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"See `tf.nn.softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits_v2`.\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"W0826 20:37:22.848501 140497609688896 module_wrapper.py:136] From /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow_core/python/util/module_wrapper.py:163: The name tf.train.AdamOptimizer is deprecated. Please use tf.compat.v1.train.AdamOptimizer instead.\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"W0826 20:37:23.638830 140497609688896 module_wrapper.py:136] From /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow_core/python/util/module_wrapper.py:163: The name tf.summary.scalar is deprecated. Please use tf.compat.v1.summary.scalar instead.\\n\",\n \"\\n\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"name\": \"stdout\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"Configuring TensorBoard and Saver...\\n\",\n \"Loading training and validation data...\\n\",\n \"Time usage: 0:00:13\\n\",\n \"Training and evaluating...\\n\",\n \"Epoch: 1\\n\",\n \"Iter: 0, Train Loss: 2.3, Train Acc: 11.72%, Val Loss: 2.3, Val Acc: 9.28%, Time: 0:00:16 *\\n\",\n \"Iter: 100, Train Loss: 0.9, Train Acc: 70.31%, Val Loss: 1.2, Val Acc: 61.48%, Time: 0:03:20 *\\n\",\n \"Iter: 200, Train Loss: 0.53, Train Acc: 84.38%, Val Loss: 0.82, Val Acc: 74.44%, Time: 0:06:34 *\\n\",\n \"Iter: 300, Train Loss: 0.4, Train Acc: 86.72%, Val Loss: 0.64, Val Acc: 82.04%, Time: 0:09:52 *\\n\",\n \"Epoch: 2\\n\",\n \"Iter: 400, Train Loss: 0.41, Train Acc: 89.84%, Val Loss: 0.61, Val Acc: 82.94%, Time: 0:13:10 *\\n\",\n \"Iter: 500, Train Loss: 0.38, Train Acc: 89.84%, Val Loss: 0.51, Val Acc: 86.54%, Time: 0:16:30 *\\n\",\n \"Iter: 600, Train Loss: 0.23, Train Acc: 92.19%, Val Loss: 0.54, Val Acc: 85.46%, Time: 0:19:51 \\n\",\n \"Iter: 700, Train Loss: 0.11, Train Acc: 96.88%, Val Loss: 0.5, Val Acc: 86.48%, Time: 0:23:13 \\n\",\n \"Epoch: 3\\n\",\n \"Iter: 800, Train Loss: 0.2, Train Acc: 95.31%, Val Loss: 0.49, Val Acc: 87.02%, Time: 0:26:34 *\\n\",\n \"Iter: 900, Train Loss: 0.19, Train Acc: 96.09%, Val Loss: 0.41, Val Acc: 89.22%, Time: 0:29:56 *\\n\",\n \"Iter: 1000, Train Loss: 0.1, Train Acc: 96.88%, Val Loss: 0.4, Val Acc: 90.08%, Time: 0:33:18 *\\n\",\n \"Iter: 1100, Train Loss: 0.18, Train Acc: 94.53%, Val Loss: 0.37, Val Acc: 90.50%, Time: 0:36:41 *\\n\",\n \"Epoch: 4\\n\",\n \"Iter: 1200, Train Loss: 0.11, Train Acc: 96.09%, Val Loss: 0.38, Val Acc: 90.24%, Time: 0:40:03 \\n\",\n \"Iter: 1300, Train Loss: 0.13, Train Acc: 94.53%, Val Loss: 0.34, Val Acc: 91.80%, Time: 0:43:26 *\\n\",\n \"Iter: 1400, Train Loss: 0.28, Train Acc: 93.75%, Val Loss: 0.31, Val Acc: 91.44%, Time: 0:46:48 \\n\",\n \"Iter: 1500, Train Loss: 0.18, Train Acc: 92.97%, Val Loss: 0.31, Val Acc: 92.32%, Time: 0:50:11 *\\n\",\n \"Epoch: 5\\n\",\n \"Iter: 1600, Train Loss: 0.029, Train Acc: 100.00%, Val Loss: 0.47, Val Acc: 87.54%, Time: 0:53:32 \\n\",\n \"Iter: 1700, Train Loss: 0.086, Train Acc: 96.88%, Val Loss: 0.37, Val Acc: 90.70%, Time: 0:56:55 \\n\",\n \"Iter: 1800, Train Loss: 0.21, Train Acc: 93.75%, Val Loss: 0.32, Val Acc: 91.16%, Time: 1:00:18 \\n\",\n \"Iter: 1900, Train Loss: 0.16, Train Acc: 95.31%, Val Loss: 0.31, Val Acc: 91.26%, Time: 1:03:41 \\n\",\n \"Epoch: 6\\n\",\n \"Iter: 2000, Train Loss: 0.059, Train Acc: 98.44%, Val Loss: 0.35, Val Acc: 91.70%, Time: 1:07:03 \\n\",\n \"Iter: 2100, Train Loss: 0.085, Train Acc: 98.44%, Val Loss: 0.34, Val Acc: 90.58%, Time: 1:10:26 \\n\",\n \"Iter: 2200, Train Loss: 0.067, Train Acc: 98.44%, Val Loss: 0.31, Val Acc: 91.86%, Time: 1:13:49 \\n\",\n \"Iter: 2300, Train Loss: 0.035, Train Acc: 99.22%, Val Loss: 0.32, Val Acc: 91.66%, Time: 1:17:11 \\n\",\n \"Epoch: 7\\n\",\n \"Iter: 2400, Train Loss: 0.026, Train Acc: 100.00%, Val Loss: 0.39, Val Acc: 90.64%, Time: 1:20:34 \\n\",\n \"Iter: 2500, Train Loss: 0.027, Train Acc: 98.44%, Val Loss: 0.44, Val Acc: 89.42%, Time: 1:23:57 \\n\",\n \"No optimization for a long time, auto-stopping...\\n\"\n ]\n }\n ],\n \"source\": [\n \"type_ = 'train'\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"print('Configuring RNN model...')\\n\",\n \"config = TRNNConfig()\\n\",\n \"if not os.path.exists(vocab_dir): # 如果不存在词汇表，重建\\n\",\n \" build_vocab(train_dir, vocab_dir, config.vocab_size)\\n\",\n \"categories, cat_to_id = read_category()\\n\",\n \"words, word_to_id = read_vocab(vocab_dir)\\n\",\n \"config.vocab_size = len(words)\\n\",\n \"model = TextRNN(config)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"if type_ == 'train':\\n\",\n \" train()\\n\",\n \"else:\\n\",\n \" test()\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"markdown\",\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"source\": [\n \"## 模型测试\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 5,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [\n {\n \"name\": \"stdout\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"Loading test data...\\n\",\n \"Testing...\\n\",\n \"Test Loss: 0.19, Test Acc: 94.51%\\n\",\n \"Precision, Recall and F1-Score...\\n\",\n \" precision recall f1-score support\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" 体育 0.99 0.99 0.99 1000\\n\",\n \" 财经 0.92 0.99 0.95 1000\\n\",\n \" 房产 1.00 1.00 1.00 1000\\n\",\n \" 家居 0.98 0.83 0.90 1000\\n\",\n \" 教育 0.88 0.91 0.90 1000\\n\",\n \" 科技 0.93 0.97 0.95 1000\\n\",\n \" 时尚 0.90 0.97 0.93 1000\\n\",\n \" 时政 0.96 0.86 0.91 1000\\n\",\n \" 游戏 0.96 0.96 0.96 1000\\n\",\n \" 娱乐 0.95 0.98 0.96 1000\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" accuracy 0.95 10000\\n\",\n \" macro avg 0.95 0.95 0.94 10000\\n\",\n \"weighted avg 0.95 0.95 0.94 10000\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"Confusion Matrix...\\n\",\n \"[[987 1 0 0 8 2 0 0 2 0]\\n\",\n \" [ 1 987 0 0 2 0 0 8 0 2]\\n\",\n \" [ 0 0 996 2 0 0 0 0 1 1]\\n\",\n \" [ 4 26 0 831 27 25 65 4 4 14]\\n\",\n \" [ 5 8 0 5 914 16 13 23 10 6]\\n\",\n \" [ 1 1 0 4 7 967 4 1 11 4]\\n\",\n \" [ 1 0 0 5 8 1 971 1 3 10]\\n\",\n \" [ 0 51 0 2 60 19 1 863 1 3]\\n\",\n \" [ 0 0 0 0 9 5 20 0 957 9]\\n\",\n \" [ 2 3 0 2 2 1 7 1 4 978]]\\n\",\n \"Time usage: 0:01:05\\n\"\n ]\n }\n ],\n \"source\": [\n \"test()\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": null,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": []\n }\n ],\n \"metadata\": {\n \"kernelspec\": {\n \"display_name\": \"Python3\",\n \"language\": \"python\",\n \"name\": \"python3\"\n },\n \"language_info\": {\n \"codemirror_mode\": {\n \"name\": \"ipython\",\n \"version\": 3\n },\n \"file_extension\": \".py\",\n \"mimetype\": \"text/x-python\",\n \"name\": \"python\",\n \"nbconvert_exporter\": \"python\",\n \"pygments_lexer\": \"ipython3\",\n \"version\": \"3.6.2\"\n }\n },\n \"nbformat\": 4,\n \"nbformat_minor\": 2\n}\n"
},
{
"path": "NLP/16.5 seq2seq/README.md",
"content": "## 目录\n- [1. 什么是seq2seq](#1-什么是seq2seq)\n- [2. 编码器](#2-编码器)\n- [3. 解码器](#3-解码器)\n- [4. 训练模型](#4-训练模型)\n- [5. seq2seq模型预测](#5-seq2seq模型预测)\n - [5.1 贪婪搜索](#51-贪婪搜索)\n - [5.2 穷举搜索](#52-穷举搜索)\n - [5.3 束搜索](#53-束搜索)\n- [6. Bleu得分](#6-bleu得分)\n- [7. 代码实现](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/NLP/16.5%20seq2seq/seq2seq.ipynb)\n- [8. 参考文献](#8-参考文献)\n\n## 1. 什么是seq2seq\n\n在⾃然语⾔处理的很多应⽤中，输⼊和输出都可以是不定⻓序列。以机器翻译为例，输⼊可以是⼀段不定⻓的英语⽂本序列，输出可以是⼀段不定⻓的法语⽂本序列，例如：\n\n英语输⼊：“They”、“are”、“watching”、“.” \n\n法语输出：“Ils”、“regardent”、“.” \n\n当输⼊和输出都是不定⻓序列时，我们可以使⽤编码器—解码器（encoder-decoder）或者seq2seq模型。**序列到序列模型，简称seq2seq模型。这两个模型本质上都⽤到了两个循环神经⽹络，分别叫做编码器和解码器。编码器⽤来分析输⼊序列，解码器⽤来⽣成输出序列。两 个循环神经网络是共同训练的。**\n\n下图描述了使⽤编码器—解码器将上述英语句⼦翻译成法语句⼦的⼀种⽅法。在训练数据集中，我们可以在每个句⼦后附上特殊符号“\\”（end of sequence）以表⽰序列的终⽌。编码器每个时间步的输⼊依次为英语句⼦中的单词、标点和特殊符号“\\”。下图中使⽤了编码器在 最终时间步的隐藏状态作为输⼊句⼦的表征或编码信息。解码器在各个时间步中使⽤输⼊句⼦的 编码信息和上个时间步的输出以及隐藏状态作为输⼊。我们希望解码器在各个时间步能正确依次 输出翻译后的法语单词、标点和特殊符号“\\”。需要注意的是，解码器在最初时间步的输⼊ ⽤到了⼀个表⽰序列开始的特殊符号“”（beginning of sequence）。 \n\n\n\n\n\n## 2. 编码器\n\n编码器的作⽤是把⼀个不定⻓的输⼊序列变换成⼀个定⻓的背景变量 c，并在该背景变量中编码输⼊序列信息。常⽤的编码器是循环神经⽹络。\n\n让我们考虑批量⼤小为1的时序数据样本。假设输⼊序列是 x1, . . . , xT，例如 xi 是输⼊句⼦中的第 i 个词。在时间步 t，循环神经⽹络将输⼊ xt 的特征向量 xt 和上个时间步的隐藏状态 变换为当前时间步的隐藏状态ht。我们可以⽤函数 f 表达循环神经⽹络隐藏层的变换：\n\n)\n\n接下来，编码器通过⾃定义函数 q 将各个时间步的隐藏状态变换为背景变量：\n\n)\n\n例如，当选择 *q*(***h***1*, . . . ,* ***h****T* ) = ***h****T* 时，背景变量是输⼊序列最终时间步的隐藏状态***h****T*。\n\n以上描述的编码器是⼀个单向的循环神经⽹络，每个时间步的隐藏状态只取决于该时间步及之前的输⼊⼦序列。我们也可以使⽤双向循环神经⽹络构造编码器。在这种情况下，编码器每个时间步的隐藏状态同时取决于该时间步之前和之后的⼦序列（包括当前时间步的输⼊），并编码了整个序列的信息。\n\n\n\n## 3. 解码器\n\n刚刚已经介绍，编码器输出的背景变量 c 编码了整个输⼊序列 x1, . . . , xT 的信息。给定训练样本中的输出序列 y1, y2, . . . , yT′ ，对每个时间步 t′（符号与输⼊序列或编码器的时间步 t 有区别），解码器输出 yt′ 的条件概率将基于之前的输出序列和背景变量 c，即：\n\n\n\n为此，我们可以使⽤另⼀个循环神经⽹络作为解码器。在输出序列的时间步 t′，解码器将上⼀时间步的输出 以及背景变量 c 作为输⼊，并将它们与上⼀时间步的隐藏状态 变换为当前时间步的隐藏状态st′。因此，我们可以⽤函数 g 表达解码器隐藏层的变换：\n\n\n\n有了解码器的隐藏状态后，我们可以使⽤⾃定义的输出层和softmax运算来计算 ，例如，基于当XQ前时间步的解码器隐藏状态 st′、上⼀时间步的输出以及背景变量 c 来计算当前时间步输出 yt′ 的概率分布。\n\n\n\n## 4. 训练模型\n\n根据最⼤似然估计，我们可以最⼤化输出序列基于输⼊序列的条件概率：\n\n\n\n并得到该输出序列的损失：\n\n\n\n在模型训练中，所有输出序列损失的均值通常作为需要最小化的损失函数。在上图所描述的模型预测中，我们需要将解码器在上⼀个时间步的输出作为当前时间步的输⼊。与此不同，在训练中我们也可以将标签序列（训练集的真实输出序列）在上⼀个时间步的标签作为解码器在当前时间步的输⼊。这叫作强制教学（teacher forcing）。\n\n\n\n## 5. seq2seq模型预测\n\n以上介绍了如何训练输⼊和输出均为不定⻓序列的编码器—解码器。本节我们介绍如何使⽤编码器—解码器来预测不定⻓的序列。\n\n在准备训练数据集时，我们通常会在样本的输⼊序列和输出序列后面分别附上⼀个特殊符号“\\”表⽰序列的终⽌。我们在接下来的讨论中也将沿⽤上⼀节的全部数学符号。为了便于讨论，假设解码器的输出是⼀段⽂本序列。设输出⽂本词典Y（包含特殊符号“\\”）的⼤小为|Y|，输出序列的最⼤⻓度为T′。所有可能的输出序列⼀共有 种。这些输出序列中所有特殊符号“\\”后⾯的⼦序列将被舍弃。\n\n\n\n### 5.1 贪婪搜索\n\n贪婪搜索（greedy search）。对于输出序列任⼀时间步t′，我们从|Y|个词中搜索出条件概率最⼤的词：\n\n\n\n作为输出。⼀旦搜索出“\\”符号，或者输出序列⻓度已经达到了最⼤⻓度T′，便完成输出。我们在描述解码器时提到，基于输⼊序列⽣成输出序列的条件概率是。我们将该条件概率最⼤的输出序列称为最优输出序列。而贪婪搜索的主要问题是不能保证得到最优输出序列。\n\n下⾯来看⼀个例⼦。假设输出词典⾥⾯有“A”“B”“C”和“\\”这4个词。下图中每个时间步\n下的4个数字分别代表了该时间步⽣成“A”“B”“C”和“\\”这4个词的条件概率。在每个时间步，贪婪搜索选取条件概率最⼤的词。因此，图10.9中将⽣成输出序列“A”“B”“C”“\\”。该输出序列的条件概率是0.5 × 0.4 × 0.4 × 0.6 = 0.048。\n\n\n\n接下来，观察下面演⽰的例⼦。与上图中不同，在时间步2中选取了条件概率第⼆⼤的词“C”\n。由于时间步3所基于的时间步1和2的输出⼦序列由上图中的“A”“B”变为了下图中的“A”“C”，下图中时间步3⽣成各个词的条件概率发⽣了变化。我们选取条件概率最⼤的词“B”。此时时间步4所基于的前3个时间步的输出⼦序列为“A”“C”“B”，与上图中的“A”“B”“C”不同。因此，下图中时间步4⽣成各个词的条件概率也与上图中的不同。我们发现，此时的输出序列“A”“C”“B”“\\”的条件概率是0.5 × 0.3 × 0.6 × 0.6 = 0.054，⼤于贪婪搜索得到的输出序列的条件概率。因此，贪婪搜索得到的输出序列“A”“B”“C”“\\”并⾮最优输出序列。\n\n\n\n\n\n### 5.2 穷举搜索\n\n如果⽬标是得到最优输出序列，我们可以考虑穷举搜索（exhaustive search）：穷举所有可能的输出序列，输出条件概率最⼤的序列。\n\n虽然穷举搜索可以得到最优输出序列，但它的计算开销很容易过⼤。例如，当|Y| =10000且T′ = 10时，我们将评估 个序列：这⼏乎不可能完成。而贪婪搜索的计算开销是 ，通常显著小于穷举搜索的计算开销。例如，当|Y| = 10000且T′ = 10时，我们只需评估个序列。\n\n\n\n### 5.3 束搜索\n\n束搜索（beam search）是对贪婪搜索的⼀个改进算法。它有⼀个束宽（beam size）超参数。我们将它设为 k。在时间步 1 时，选取当前时间步条件概率最⼤的 k 个词，分别组成 k 个候选输出序列的⾸词。在之后的每个时间步，基于上个时间步的 k 个候选输出序列，从 k |Y| 个可能的输出序列中选取条件概率最⼤的 k 个，作为该时间步的候选输出序列。最终，我们从各个时间步的候选输出序列中筛选出包含特殊符号“\\”的序列，并将它们中所有特殊符号“\\”后⾯的⼦序列舍弃，得到最终候选输出序列的集合。\n\n\n\n束宽为2，输出序列最⼤⻓度为3。候选输出序列有A、C、AB、CE、ABD和CED。我们将根据这6个序列得出最终候选输出序列的集合。在最终候选输出序列的集合中，我们取以下分数最⾼的序列作为输出序列：\n\n\n\n其中 L 为最终候选序列⻓度，α ⼀般可选为0.75。分⺟上的 Lα 是为了惩罚较⻓序列在以上分数中较多的对数相加项。分析可知，束搜索的计算开销为。这介于贪婪搜索和穷举搜索的计算开销之间。此外，贪婪搜索可看作是束宽为 1 的束搜索。束搜索通过灵活的束宽 k 来权衡计算开销和搜索质量。\n\n\n\n## 6. Bleu得分\n\n评价机器翻译结果通常使⽤BLEU（Bilingual Evaluation Understudy）(双语评估替补)。对于模型预测序列中任意的⼦序列，BLEU考察这个⼦序列是否出现在标签序列中。\n\n具体来说，设词数为 n 的⼦序列的精度为 pn。它是预测序列与标签序列匹配词数为 n 的⼦序列的数量与预测序列中词数为 n 的⼦序列的数量之⽐。举个例⼦，假设标签序列为A、B、C、D、E、F，预测序列为A、B、B、C、D，那么：\n\n\n\n预测序列一元词组：A/B/C/D，都在标签序列里存在，所以P1=4/5，以此类推，p2 = 3/4, p3 = 1/3, p4 = 0。设 分别为标签序列和预测序列的词数，那么，BLEU的定义为：\n\n\n\n其中 k 是我们希望匹配的⼦序列的最⼤词数。可以看到当预测序列和标签序列完全⼀致时，BLEU为1。\n\n因为匹配较⻓⼦序列⽐匹配较短⼦序列更难，BLEU对匹配较⻓⼦序列的精度赋予了更⼤权重。例如，当 pn 固定在0.5时，随着n的增⼤，。另外，模型预测较短序列往往会得到较⾼pn 值。因此，上式中连乘项前⾯的系数是为了惩罚较短的输出而设的。举个例⼦，当k = 2时，假设标签序列为A、B、C、D、E、F，而预测序列为A、 B。虽然p1 = p2 = 1，但惩罚系数exp(1-6/2) ≈ 0.14，因此BLEU也接近0.14。\n\n\n\n## 7. 代码实现\n\n[TensorFlow seq2seq的基本实现](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/NLP/16.5%20seq2seq/seq2seq.ipynb)\n\n\n\n## 8. 参考文献\n\n[动手学深度学习](https://www.lanzous.com/i5lqo4f)\n\n\n\n------\n\n> 作者：[@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> GitHub：[https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> 欢迎大家加入讨论！共同完善此项目！群号：【541954936】\n\n"
},
{
"path": "NLP/16.5 seq2seq/seq2seq.ipynb",
"content": "{\n \"cells\": [\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"markdown\",\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"source\": [\n \"### 通过sin与con进行叠加变形生成无规律的模拟曲线，使用Seq2Seq模式对其进行学习，拟合特征，从而达到可以预测下一时刻数据的效果。\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"### 定义两个曲线sin和con，通过随机值将其变形偏移，将两个曲线叠加。具体代码如下。\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": null,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": [\n \"import random\\n\",\n \"import math\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \"import tensorflow as tf \\n\",\n \"import numpy as np\\n\",\n \"import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 2,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [\n {\n \"name\": \"stdout\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"training examples : \\n\",\n \"(15, 3, 1)\\n\",\n \"(seq_length, batch_size, output_dim)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"WARNING: The TensorFlow contrib module will not be included in TensorFlow 2.0.\\n\",\n \"For more information, please see:\\n\",\n \" * https://github.com/tensorflow/community/blob/master/rfcs/20180907-contrib-sunset.md\\n\",\n \" * https://github.com/tensorflow/addons\\n\",\n \"If you depend on functionality not listed there, please file an issue.\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"WARNING:tensorflow:From :75: GRUCell.__init__ (from tensorflow.python.ops.rnn_cell_impl) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"This class is equivalent as tf.keras.layers.GRUCell, and will be replaced by that in Tensorflow 2.0.\\n\",\n \"WARNING:tensorflow:From :76: MultiRNNCell.__init__ (from tensorflow.python.ops.rnn_cell_impl) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"This class is equivalent as tf.keras.layers.StackedRNNCells, and will be replaced by that in Tensorflow 2.0.\\n\",\n \"WARNING:tensorflow:From /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow/contrib/legacy_seq2seq/python/ops/seq2seq.py:186: static_rnn (from tensorflow.python.ops.rnn) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"Please use `keras.layers.RNN(cell, unroll=True)`, which is equivalent to this API\\n\",\n \"WARNING:tensorflow:From /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow/python/framework/op_def_library.py:263: colocate_with (from tensorflow.python.framework.ops) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"Colocations handled automatically by placer.\\n\",\n \"-----------------\\n\",\n \"9.242047 110.40838\\n\",\n \"Step 0/100, train loss: 8.092094421386719, \\tTEST loss: 9.573272705078125\\n\",\n \"-----------------\\n\",\n \"3.06009 95.16659\\n\",\n \"Step 50/100, train loss: 2.196453332901001, \\tTEST loss: 3.3455898761749268\\n\",\n \"-----------------\\n\",\n \"0.37435877 89.21926\\n\",\n \"Step 100/100, train loss: 0.6822235584259033, \\tTEST loss: 0.6420165300369263\\n\",\n \"Fin. train loss: 0.6822235584259033, \\tTEST loss: 0.6420165300369263\\n\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"data\": {\n \"image/png\": 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\\n\",\n \"text/plain\": [\n \"\"\n ]\n },\n \"metadata\": {\n \"needs_background\": \"light\"\n },\n \"output_type\": \"display_data\"\n },\n {\n \"name\": \"stdout\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"visualize 5 predictions data:\\n\",\n \"(30, 5, 1) (30, 5, 1)\\n\",\n \"(15, 5, 1)\\n\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"data\": {\n \"image/png\": 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\\n\",\n 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\\n\",\n \"text/plain\": [\n \"\"\n ]\n },\n \"metadata\": {\n \"needs_background\": \"light\"\n },\n \"output_type\": \"display_data\"\n }\n ],\n \"source\": [\n \"def do_generate_x_y(isTrain, batch_size, seqlen):\\n\",\n \" batch_x = []\\n\",\n \" batch_y = []\\n\",\n \" for _ in range(batch_size):\\n\",\n \" offset_rand = random.random() * 2 * math.pi\\n\",\n \" freq_rand = (random.random() - 0.5) / 1.5 * 15 + 0.5\\n\",\n \" amp_rand = random.random() + 0.1\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" sin_data = amp_rand * np.sin(np.linspace(\\n\",\n \" seqlen / 15.0 * freq_rand * 0.0 * math.pi + offset_rand,\\n\",\n \" seqlen / 15.0 * freq_rand * 3.0 * math.pi + offset_rand, seqlen * 2) )\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" offset_rand = random.random() * 2 * math.pi\\n\",\n \" freq_rand = (random.random() - 0.5) / 1.5 * 15 + 0.5\\n\",\n \" amp_rand = random.random() * 1.2\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" sig_data = amp_rand * np.cos(np.linspace(\\n\",\n \" seqlen / 15.0 * freq_rand * 0.0 * math.pi + offset_rand,\\n\",\n \" seqlen / 15.0 * freq_rand * 3.0 * math.pi + offset_rand, seqlen * 2)) + sin_data\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" batch_x.append(np.array([ sig_data[:seqlen] ]).T)\\n\",\n \" batch_y.append(np.array([ sig_data[seqlen:] ]).T)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" # shape: (batch_size, seq_length, output_dim)\\n\",\n \" batch_x = np.array(batch_x).transpose((1, 0, 2))\\n\",\n \" batch_y = np.array(batch_y).transpose((1, 0, 2))\\n\",\n \" # shape: (seq_length, batch_size, output_dim)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" return batch_x, batch_y\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"#生成15个连续序列，将con和sin随机偏移变化后的值叠加起来\\n\",\n \"def generate_data(isTrain, batch_size):\\n\",\n \" seq_length =15\\n\",\n \" if isTrain :\\n\",\n \" return do_generate_x_y(isTrain, batch_size, seq_length)\\n\",\n \" else:\\n\",\n \" return do_generate_x_y(isTrain, batch_size, seq_length*2)\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \"sample_now, sample_f = generate_data(isTrain=True, batch_size=3)\\n\",\n \"print(\\\"training examples : \\\")\\n\",\n \"print(sample_now.shape)\\n\",\n \"print(\\\"(seq_length, batch_size, output_dim)\\\")\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"seq_length = sample_now.shape[0]\\n\",\n \"batch_size = 10\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"output_dim = input_dim = sample_now.shape[-1]\\n\",\n \"hidden_dim = 12 \\n\",\n \"layers_num = 2\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"# Optmizer:\\n\",\n \"learning_rate =0.04\\n\",\n \"nb_iters = 100\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"lambda_l2_reg = 0.003 # L2 regularization of weights - avoids overfitting\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \"tf.reset_default_graph()\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"encoder_input = []\\n\",\n \"expected_output = []\\n\",\n \"decode_input =[]\\n\",\n \"for i in range(seq_length):\\n\",\n \" encoder_input.append( tf.placeholder(tf.float32, shape=( None, input_dim)) )\\n\",\n \" expected_output.append( tf.placeholder(tf.float32, shape=( None, output_dim)) )\\n\",\n \" decode_input.append( tf.placeholder(tf.float32, shape=( None, input_dim)) )\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \"tcells = []\\n\",\n \"for i in range(layers_num):\\n\",\n \" tcells.append(tf.contrib.rnn.GRUCell(hidden_dim))\\n\",\n \"Mcell = tf.contrib.rnn.MultiRNNCell(tcells)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"dec_outputs, dec_memory = tf.contrib.legacy_seq2seq.basic_rnn_seq2seq(encoder_input,decode_input,Mcell)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"reshaped_outputs = []\\n\",\n \"for ii in dec_outputs :\\n\",\n \" reshaped_outputs.append( tf.contrib.layers.fully_connected(ii,output_dim,activation_fn=None))\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"# L2 loss\\n\",\n \"output_loss = 0\\n\",\n \"for _y, _Y in zip(reshaped_outputs, expected_output):\\n\",\n \" output_loss += tf.reduce_mean( tf.pow(_y - _Y, 2) )\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \"# generalization capacity)\\n\",\n \"reg_loss = 0\\n\",\n \"for tf_var in tf.trainable_variables():\\n\",\n \" if not (\\\"fully_connected\\\" in tf_var.name ):\\n\",\n \" #print(tf_var.name)\\n\",\n \" reg_loss += tf.reduce_mean(tf.nn.l2_loss(tf_var))\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"loss = output_loss + lambda_l2_reg * reg_loss\\n\",\n \"train_op = tf.train.AdamOptimizer(learning_rate).minimize(loss) \\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"sess = tf.InteractiveSession()\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \"def train_batch(batch_size):\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" X, Y = generate_data(isTrain=True, batch_size=batch_size)\\n\",\n \" feed_dict = {encoder_input[t]: X[t] for t in range(len(encoder_input))}\\n\",\n \" feed_dict.update({expected_output[t]: Y[t] for t in range(len(expected_output))})\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" c =np.concatenate(( [np.zeros_like(Y[0])],Y[:-1]),axis = 0)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" feed_dict.update({decode_input[t]: c[t] for t in range(len(c))})\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" _, loss_t = sess.run([train_op, loss], feed_dict)\\n\",\n \" return loss_t\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"def test_batch(batch_size):\\n\",\n \" X, Y = generate_data(isTrain=True, batch_size=batch_size)\\n\",\n \" feed_dict = {encoder_input[t]: X[t] for t in range(len(encoder_input))}\\n\",\n \" feed_dict.update({expected_output[t]: Y[t] for t in range(len(expected_output))})\\n\",\n \" c =np.concatenate(( [np.zeros_like(Y[0])],Y[:-1]),axis = 0)#来预测最后一个序列\\n\",\n \" feed_dict.update({decode_input[t]: c[t] for t in range(len(c))}) \\n\",\n \" output_lossv,reg_lossv,loss_t = sess.run([output_loss,reg_loss,loss], feed_dict)\\n\",\n \" print(\\\"-----------------\\\") \\n\",\n \" print(output_lossv,reg_lossv)\\n\",\n \" return loss_t\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"# Training\\n\",\n \"train_losses = []\\n\",\n \"test_losses = []\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"sess.run(tf.global_variables_initializer())\\n\",\n \"for t in range(nb_iters + 1):\\n\",\n \" train_loss = train_batch(batch_size)\\n\",\n \" train_losses.append(train_loss)\\n\",\n \" if t % 50 == 0:\\n\",\n \" test_loss = test_batch(batch_size)\\n\",\n \" test_losses.append(test_loss)\\n\",\n \" print(\\\"Step {}/{}, train loss: {}, \\\\tTEST loss: {}\\\".format(t,nb_iters, train_loss, test_loss))\\n\",\n \"print(\\\"Fin. train loss: {}, \\\\tTEST loss: {}\\\".format(train_loss, test_loss)) \\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \"# Plot loss over time:\\n\",\n \"plt.figure(figsize=(12, 6))\\n\",\n \"plt.plot(np.array(range(0, len(test_losses))) /\\n\",\n \" float(len(test_losses) - 1) * (len(train_losses) - 1),\\n\",\n \" np.log(test_losses),label=\\\"Test loss\\\")\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \"plt.plot(np.log(train_losses),label=\\\"Train loss\\\")\\n\",\n \"plt.title(\\\"Training errors over time (on a logarithmic scale)\\\")\\n\",\n \"plt.xlabel('Iteration')\\n\",\n \"plt.ylabel('log(Loss)')\\n\",\n \"plt.legend(loc='best')\\n\",\n \"plt.show() \\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \"# Test\\n\",\n \"nb_predictions = 5\\n\",\n \"print(\\\"visualize {} predictions data:\\\".format(nb_predictions))\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"preout =[]\\n\",\n \"X, Y = generate_data(isTrain=False, batch_size=nb_predictions)\\n\",\n \"print(np.shape(X),np.shape(Y))\\n\",\n \"for tt in range(seq_length):\\n\",\n \" feed_dict = {encoder_input[t]: X[t+tt] for t in range(seq_length)}\\n\",\n \" feed_dict.update({expected_output[t]: Y[t+tt] for t in range(len(expected_output))})\\n\",\n \" c =np.concatenate(( [np.zeros_like(Y[0])],Y[tt:seq_length+tt-1]),axis = 0) #从前15个的最后一个开始预测 \\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" feed_dict.update({decode_input[t]: c[t] for t in range(len(c))})\\n\",\n \" outputs = np.array(sess.run([reshaped_outputs], feed_dict)[0])\\n\",\n \" preout.append(outputs[-1])\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"print(np.shape(preout))#将每个未知预测值收集起来准备显示出来。\\n\",\n \"preout =np.reshape(preout,[seq_length,nb_predictions,output_dim])\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"for j in range(nb_predictions):\\n\",\n \" plt.figure(figsize=(12, 3))\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" for k in range(output_dim):\\n\",\n \" past = X[:, j, k]\\n\",\n \" expected = Y[seq_length-1:, j, k]#对应预测值的打印\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" pred = preout[:, j, k]\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" label1 = \\\"past\\\" if k == 0 else \\\"_nolegend_\\\"\\n\",\n \" label2 = \\\"future\\\" if k == 0 else \\\"_nolegend_\\\"\\n\",\n \" label3 = \\\"Pred\\\" if k == 0 else \\\"_nolegend_\\\"\\n\",\n \" plt.plot(range(len(past)), past, \\\"o--b\\\", label=label1)\\n\",\n \" plt.plot(range(len(past), len(expected) + len(past)),\\n\",\n \" expected, \\\"x--b\\\", label=label2)\\n\",\n \" plt.plot(range(len(past), len(pred) + len(past)),\\n\",\n \" pred, \\\"o--y\\\", label=label3)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" plt.legend(loc='best')\\n\",\n \" plt.title(\\\"Predictions vs. future\\\")\\n\",\n \" plt.show()\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": null,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": []\n }\n ],\n \"metadata\": {\n \"kernelspec\": {\n \"display_name\": \"Python3\",\n \"language\": \"python\",\n \"name\": \"python3\"\n },\n \"language_info\": {\n \"codemirror_mode\": {\n \"name\": \"ipython\",\n \"version\": 3\n },\n \"file_extension\": \".py\",\n \"mimetype\": \"text/x-python\",\n \"name\": \"python\",\n \"nbconvert_exporter\": \"python\",\n \"pygments_lexer\": \"ipython3\",\n \"version\": \"3.6.2\"\n }\n },\n \"nbformat\": 4,\n \"nbformat_minor\": 2\n}\n"
},
{
"path": "NLP/16.6 Attention/README.md",
"content": "## 目录\n- [1. 什么是Attention机制](#1-什么是attention机制)\n- [2. 编解码器中的Attention](#2-编解码器中的attention)\n - [2.1 计算背景变量](#21-计算背景变量)\n - [2.2 更新隐藏状态](#22-更新隐藏状态)\n- [3. Attention本质](#3-attention本质)\n - [3.1 机器翻译说明Attention](#31-机器翻译说明attention)\n - [3.2 注意力分配概率计算](#32-注意力分配概率计算)\n - [3.3 Attention的物理含义](#33-attention的物理含义)\n- [4. Self-Attention模型](#4-self-attention模型)\n- [5. 发展](#5-发展)\n- [6. 代码实现](#6-代码实现)\n- [7. 参考文献](#7-参考文献)\n\n## 1. 什么是Attention机制\n\n在“编码器—解码器（seq2seq）”⼀节⾥，解码器在各个时间步依赖相同的背景变量来获取输⼊序列信息。当编码器为循环神经⽹络时，背景变量来⾃它最终时间步的隐藏状态。\n\n现在，让我们再次思考那⼀节提到的翻译例⼦：输⼊为英语序列“They”“are”“watching”“.”，输出为法语序列“Ils”“regardent”“.”。不难想到，解码器在⽣成输出序列中的每⼀个词时可能只需利⽤输⼊序列某⼀部分的信息。例如，在输出序列的时间步1，解码器可以主要依赖“They”“are”的信息来⽣成“Ils”，在时间步2则主要使⽤来⾃“watching”的编码信息⽣成“regardent”，最后在时间步3则直接映射句号“.”。**这看上去就像是在解码器的每⼀时间步对输⼊序列中不同时间步的表征或编码信息分配不同的注意⼒⼀样。这也是注意⼒机制的由来。**\n\n**仍然以循环神经⽹络为例，注意⼒机制通过对编码器所有时间步的隐藏状态做加权平均来得到背景变量。解码器在每⼀时间步调整这些权重，即注意⼒权重，从而能够在不同时间步分别关注输⼊序列中的不同部分并编码进相应时间步的背景变量。**\n\n在注意⼒机制中，解码器的每⼀时间步将使⽤可变的背景变量。记 ct′ 是解码器在时间步 t′ 的背景变量，那么解码器在该时间步的隐藏状态可以改写为：\n\n\n\n这⾥的关键是如何计算背景变量 ct′ 和如何利⽤它来更新隐藏状态 st′。下⾯将分别描述这两个关键点。\n\n\n\n## 2. 编解码器中的Attention\n\n### 2.1 计算背景变量\n\n我们先描述第⼀个关键点，即计算背景变量。下图描绘了注意⼒机制如何为解码器在时间步 2 计算背景变量。\n\n1. 函数 a 根据解码器在时间步 1 的隐藏状态和编码器在各个时间步的隐藏状态计算softmax运算的输⼊。\n2. softmax运算输出概率分布并对编码器各个时间步的隐藏状态做加权平均，从而得到背景变量。\n\n\n\n令编码器在时间步t的隐藏状态为 ht，且总时间步数为 T。那么解码器在时间步 t′ 的背景变量为所有编码器隐藏状态的加权平均：\n\n\n\n**矢量化计算背景变量**\n\n我们还可以对注意⼒机制采⽤更⾼效的⽮量化计算。我们先定义，在上⾯的例⼦中，查询项为解码器的隐藏状态，键项和值项均为编码器的隐藏状态。\n\n⼴义上，注意⼒机制的输⼊包括查询项以及⼀⼀对应的键项和值项，其中值项是需要加权平均的⼀组项。在加权平均中，值项的权重来⾃查询项以及与该值项对应的键项的计算。\n\n让我们考虑⼀个常⻅的简单情形，即编码器和解码器的隐藏单元个数均为 h，且函数 =s^Th)。假设我们希望根据解码器单个隐藏状态 st′−1 和编码器所有隐藏状态 ht, t = 1, . . . , T来计算背景向量 ct′ 。我们可以将查询项矩阵 Q 设为，并令键项矩阵 K 和值项矩阵 V 相同且第 t ⾏均为  。此时，我们只需要通过⽮量化计算：\n\nV)\n\n即可算出转置后的背景向量。当查询项矩阵 Q 的⾏数为 n 时，上式将得到 n ⾏的输出矩阵。输出矩阵与查询项矩阵在相同⾏上⼀⼀对应。\n\n\n\n### 2.2 更新隐藏状态\n\n现在我们描述第⼆个关键点，即更新隐藏状态。以⻔控循环单元为例，在解码器中我们可以对⻔控循环单元（GRU）中⻔控循环单元的设计稍作修改，从而变换上⼀时间步 t′−1 的输出 yt′−1、隐藏状态 st′−1 和当前时间步t′ 的含注意⼒机制的背景变量 ct′。解码器在时间步: math:t’ 的隐藏状态为：\n\n\n\n其中的重置⻔、更新⻔和候选隐藏状态分别为：\n\n\n\n其中含下标的 W 和 b 分别为⻔控循环单元的权重参数和偏差参数。\n\n\n\n## 3. Attention本质\n\n### 3.1 机器翻译说明Attention\n\n本节先以机器翻译作为例子讲解最常见的Soft Attention模型的基本原理，之后抛离Encoder-Decoder框架抽象出了注意力机制的本质思想。\n\n如果拿机器翻译来解释这个Encoder-Decoder框架更好理解，比如输入的是英文句子：Tom chase Jerry，Encoder-Decoder框架逐步生成中文单词：“汤姆”，“追逐”，“杰瑞”。\n\n在翻译“杰瑞”这个中文单词的时候，模型里面的每个英文单词对于翻译目标单词“杰瑞”贡献是相同的，很明显这里不太合理，**显然“Jerry”对于翻译成“杰瑞”更重要，但是模型是无法体现这一点的，这就是为何说它没有引入注意力的原因。**\n\n没有引入注意力的模型在输入句子比较短的时候问题不大，但是如果输入句子比较长，此时所有语义完全通过一个中间语义向量来表示，单词自身的信息已经消失，可想而知会丢失很多细节信息，这也是为何要引入注意力模型的重要原因。\n\n上面的例子中，如果引入Attention模型的话，应该在翻译“杰瑞”的时候，体现出英文单词对于翻译当前中文单词不同的影响程度，比如给出类似下面一个概率分布值：\n\n（Tom,0.3）(Chase,0.2) (Jerry,0.5)\n\n**每个英文单词的概率代表了翻译当前单词“杰瑞”时，注意力分配模型分配给不同英文单词的注意力大小。**这对于正确翻译目标语单词肯定是有帮助的，因为引入了新的信息。\n\n同理，目标句子中的每个单词都应该学会其对应的源语句子中单词的注意力分配概率信息。这意味着在生成每个单词yi的时候，原先都是相同的中间语义表示C会被替换成根据当前生成单词而不断变化的Ci。理解Attention模型的关键就是这里，即由固定的中间语义表示C换成了根据当前输出单词来调整成加入注意力模型的变化的Ci。增加了注意力模型的Encoder-Decoder框架理解起来如下图所示。\n\n\n\n每个Ci可能对应着不同的源语句子单词的注意力分配概率分布，比如对于上面的英汉翻译来说，其对应的信息可能如下：\n\n\n\n其中，f2函数代表Encoder对输入英文单词的某种变换函数，比如如果Encoder是用的RNN模型的话，这个f2函数的结果往往是某个时刻输入xi后隐层节点的状态值；g代表Encoder根据单词的中间表示合成整个句子中间语义表示的变换函数，一般的做法中，g函数就是对构成元素加权求和，即下列公式：\n\n\n\n其中，Lx代表输入句子Source的长度，aij代表在Target输出第i个单词时Source输入句子中第j个单词的注意力分配系数，而hj则是Source输入句子中第j个单词的语义编码。假设下标i就是上面例子所说的“ 汤姆” ，那么Lx就是3，h1=f(“Tom”)，h2=f(“Chase”),h3=f(“Jerry”)分别是输入句子每个单词的语义编码，对应的注意力模型权值则分别是0.6,0.2,0.2，所以g函数本质上就是个加权求和函数。\n\n\n\n### 3.2 注意力分配概率计算\n\n这里还有一个问题：生成目标句子某个单词，比如“汤姆”的时候，如何知道Attention模型所需要的输入句子单词注意力分配概率分布值呢？就是说“汤姆”对应的输入句子Source中各个单词的概率分布：(Tom,0.6)(Chase,0.2) (Jerry,0.2) 是如何得到的呢？\n\n对于采用RNN的Decoder来说，在时刻i，如果要生成yi单词，我们是可以知道Target在生成Yi之前的时刻i-1时，隐层节点i-1时刻的输出值Hi-1的，而我们的目的是要计算生成Yi时输入句子中的单词“Tom”、“Chase”、“Jerry”对Yi来说的注意力分配概率分布，那么可以用Target输出句子i-1时刻的隐层节点状态Hi-1去一一和输入句子Source中每个单词对应的RNN隐层节点状态hj进行对比，即通过函数F(hj,Hi-1)来获得目标单词yi和每个输入单词对应的对齐可能性，这个F函数在不同论文里可能会采取不同的方法，然后函数F的输出经过Softmax进行归一化就得到了符合概率分布取值区间的注意力分配概率分布数值。\n\n\n\n\n\n### 3.3 Attention的物理含义\n\n一般在自然语言处理应用里会把Attention模型看作是输出Target句子中某个单词和输入Source句子每个单词的对齐模型，这是非常有道理的。\n\n**目标句子生成的每个单词对应输入句子单词的概率分布可以理解为输入句子单词和这个目标生成单词的对齐概率，**这在机器翻译语境下是非常直观的：传统的统计机器翻译一般在做的过程中会专门有一个短语对齐的步骤，而注意力模型其实起的是相同的作用。\n\n如果把Attention机制从上文讲述例子中的Encoder-Decoder框架中剥离，并进一步做抽象，可以更容易看懂Attention机制的本质思想。\n\n\n\n我们可以这样来看待Attention机制（参考图9）：将Source中的构成元素想象成是由一系列的数据对构成，此时给定Target中的某个元素Query，通过计算Query和各个Key的相似性或者相关性，得到每个Key对应Value的权重系数，然后对Value进行加权求和，即得到了最终的Attention数值。所以本质上Attention机制是对Source中元素的Value值进行加权求和，而Query和Key用来计算对应Value的权重系数。即可以将其本质思想改写为如下公式：\n\n=\\sum_{i=1}^{L_x}Similarity(Query,key_i)*Value_i)\n\n其中，Lx=||Source||代表Source的长度，公式含义即如上所述。上文所举的机器翻译的例子里，因为在计算Attention的过程中，Source中的Key和Value合二为一，指向的是同一个东西，也即输入句子中每个单词对应的语义编码，所以可能不容易看出这种能够体现本质思想的结构。\n\n至于Attention机制的具体计算过程，如果对目前大多数方法进行抽象的话，可以将其归纳为两个过程：第一个过程是根据Query和Key计算权重系数，第二个过程根据权重系数对Value进行加权求和。而第一个过程又可以细分为两个阶段：第一个阶段根据Query和Key计算两者的相似性或者相关性；第二个阶段对第一阶段的原始分值进行归一化处理；\n\n\n\n## 4. Self-Attention模型\n\nSelf Attention也经常被称为intra Attention（内部Attention），最近一年也获得了比较广泛的使用，比如Google最新的机器翻译模型内部大量采用了Self Attention模型。\n\n在一般任务的Encoder-Decoder框架中，输入Source和输出Target内容是不一样的，比如对于英-中机器翻译来说，Source是英文句子，Target是对应的翻译出的中文句子，Attention机制发生在Target的元素Query和Source中的所有元素之间。**而Self Attention顾名思义，指的不是Target和Source之间的Attention机制，而是Source内部元素之间或者Target内部元素之间发生的Attention机制，也可以理解为Target=Source这种特殊情况下的注意力计算机制。**其具体计算过程是一样的，只是计算对象发生了变化而已，所以此处不再赘述其计算过程细节。\n\n很明显，引入Self Attention后会更容易捕获句子中长距离的相互依赖的特征，因为如果是RNN或者LSTM，需要依次序序列计算，对于远距离的相互依赖的特征，要经过若干时间步步骤的信息累积才能将两者联系起来，而距离越远，有效捕获的可能性越小。\n\n但是Self Attention在计算过程中会直接将句子中任意两个单词的联系通过一个计算步骤直接联系起来，所以远距离依赖特征之间的距离被极大缩短，有利于有效地利用这些特征。除此外，Self Attention对于增加计算的并行性也有直接帮助作用。这是为何Self Attention逐渐被广泛使用的主要原因。\n\n\n\n## 5. 发展\n\n本质上，注意⼒机制能够为表征中较有价值的部分分配较多的计算资源。这个有趣的想法⾃提出后得到了快速发展，特别是启发了依靠注意⼒机制来编码输⼊序列并解码出输出序列的**变换器（Transformer）模型**的设计。变换器抛弃了卷积神经⽹络和循环神经⽹络的架构。它在计算效率上⽐基于循环神经⽹络的编码器—解码器模型通常更具明显优势。含注意⼒机制的变换器的编码结构在后来的**BERT预训练模型**中得以应⽤并令后者⼤放异彩：微调后的模型在多达11项⾃然语⾔处理任务中取得了当时最先进的结果。不久后，同样是基于变换器设计的**GPT-2模型**于新收集的语料数据集预训练后，在7个未参与训练的语⾔模型数据集上均取得了当时最先进的结果。除了⾃然语⾔处理领域，注意⼒机制还被⼴泛⽤于图像分类、⾃动图像描述、唇语解读以及语⾳识别。\n\n\n\n## 6. 代码实现\n\n**注意力模型实现中英文机器翻译**\n\n1. **数据预处理**\n\n 首先先下载本目录的数据和代码，并执行 [**datautil.py**](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/NLP/16.6%20Attention/datautil.py)，生成中、英文字典。\n\n2. 执行 [**train.ipynb**](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/NLP/16.6%20Attention/train.ipynb)，训练时间会比较长。\n\n3. 测试模型，运行[**test.py**](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/NLP/16.6%20Attention/test.py)文件。\n\n\n\n## 7. 参考文献\n\n[动手学深度学习](https://www.lanzous.com/i5lqo4f)\n\n[注意力机制的基本思想和实现原理](https://blog.csdn.net/hpulfc/article/details/80448570)\n\n\n\n------\n\n> 作者:[@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> GitHub:[https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> 欢迎大家加入讨论！共同完善此项目！群号:【541954936】\n"
},
{
"path": "NLP/16.6 Attention/datautil.py",
"content": "# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-\r\n\"\"\"\r\nCreated on Tue Jul 11 16:11:18 2017\r\n\r\n@author: 代码医生 qq群：40016981，公众号：xiangyuejiqiren\r\n@blog：http://blog.csdn.net/lijin6249\r\n\"\"\"\r\n\r\nimport sys\r\nimport os\r\nimport matplotlib.mlab as mlab\r\nimport matplotlib.pyplot as plt\r\n\r\n\r\nimport numpy as np\r\n\r\nfrom tensorflow.python.platform import gfile\r\nfrom random import shuffle\r\n#from multiprocessing import Process, Lock\r\n#import time\r\n#from math import floor\r\n#import os\r\nimport re \r\n\r\n#获取文件列表\r\ndef getRawFileList( path):\r\n files = []\r\n names = []\r\n for f in os.listdir(path):\r\n if not f.endswith(\"~\") or not f == \"\":\r\n files.append(os.path.join(path, f))\r\n names.append(f)\r\n return files,names\r\n#读取分词后的中文词\r\ndef get_ch_lable(txt_file,Isch=True,normalize_digits=False): \r\n labels= list()#\"\"\r\n labelssz = []\r\n with open(txt_file, 'rb') as f:\r\n for label in f: \r\n linstr1 =label.decode('utf-8')\r\n #labels =label.decode('gb2312').split()\r\n #linstr1 = label.decode('gb2312')\r\n if normalize_digits :\r\n linstr1=re.sub('\\d+',_NUM,linstr1)\r\n notoken = basic_tokenizer(linstr1 )\r\n if Isch:\r\n notoken = fenci(notoken)\r\n else:\r\n notoken = notoken.split()\r\n #labels =labels+notoken_ci#label.decode('gb2312')\r\n labels.extend(notoken)\r\n labelssz.append(len(labels))\r\n return labels,labelssz\r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n#获取文件文本\r\ndef get_ch_path_text(raw_data_dir,Isch=True,normalize_digits=False):\r\n text_files,_ = getRawFileList(raw_data_dir)\r\n labels = []\r\n \r\n training_dataszs = list([0])\r\n #np.reshape(training_dataszs,(1,-1))\r\n if len(text_files)== 0:\r\n print(\"err:no files in \",raw_data_dir)\r\n return labels\r\n print(len(text_files),\"files,one is\",text_files[0])\r\n shuffle(text_files)\r\n \r\n for text_file in text_files:\r\n training_data,training_datasz =get_ch_lable(text_file,Isch,normalize_digits)\r\n \r\n# notoken = basic_tokenizer(training_data)\r\n# notoken_ci = fenci(notoken)\r\n training_ci = np.array(training_data)\r\n training_ci = np.reshape(training_ci, [-1, ])\r\n labels.append(training_ci)\r\n \r\n training_datasz =np.array( training_datasz)+training_dataszs[-1]\r\n training_dataszs.extend(list(training_datasz))\r\n print(\"here\",training_dataszs)\r\n return labels,training_dataszs\r\n \r\n \r\ndef basic_tokenizer(sentence): \r\n _WORD_SPLIT = \"([.,!?\\\"':;)(])\"\r\n _CHWORD_SPLIT = '、|。|，|‘|’'\r\n str1 = \"\"\r\n for i in re.split(_CHWORD_SPLIT, sentence):\r\n str1 = str1 +i\r\n str2 = \"\"\r\n for i in re.split(_WORD_SPLIT , str1):\r\n str2 = str2 +i\r\n return str2\r\n\r\nimport jieba\r\njieba.load_userdict(\"myjiebadict.txt\")\r\n\r\ndef fenci(training_data):\r\n seg_list = jieba.cut(training_data) # 默认是精确模式 \r\n training_ci = \" \".join(seg_list)\r\n training_ci = training_ci.split()\r\n #以空格将字符串分开\r\n #training_ci = np.array(training_ci)\r\n #training_ci = np.reshape(training_ci, [-1, ])\r\n return training_ci\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nimport collections\r\n#系统字符，创建字典是需要加入\r\n_PAD = \"_PAD\"\r\n_GO = \"_GO\"\r\n_EOS = \"_EOS\"\r\n_UNK = \"_UNK\"\r\n\r\nPAD_ID = 0\r\nGO_ID = 1\r\nEOS_ID = 2\r\nUNK_ID = 3\r\n\r\n#文字字符替换，不属于系统字符\r\n_NUM = \"_NUM\"\r\n#Isch=true 中文， false 英文\r\n #创建词典 max_vocabulary_size=500 500个词 \r\ndef create_vocabulary(vocabulary_file, raw_data_dir, max_vocabulary_size,Isch=True, normalize_digits=True):\r\n texts,textssz = get_ch_path_text(raw_data_dir,Isch,normalize_digits)\r\n print( texts[0],len(texts)) \r\n print(\"行数\",len(textssz),textssz)\r\n# texts ->\r\n all_words = [] \r\n for label in texts: \r\n print(\"词数\",len(label)) \r\n all_words += [word for word in label] \r\n print(\"词数\",len(all_words))\r\n \r\n training_label, count, dictionary, reverse_dictionary = build_dataset(all_words,max_vocabulary_size)\r\n print(\"reverse_dictionary\",reverse_dictionary,len(reverse_dictionary))\r\n if not gfile.Exists(vocabulary_file):\r\n print(\"Creating vocabulary %s from data %s\" % (vocabulary_file, data_dir))\r\n if len(reverse_dictionary) > max_vocabulary_size:\r\n reverse_dictionary = reverse_dictionary[:max_vocabulary_size]\r\n with gfile.GFile(vocabulary_file, mode=\"w\") as vocab_file:\r\n for w in reverse_dictionary:\r\n print(reverse_dictionary[w])\r\n vocab_file.write(reverse_dictionary[w] + \"\\n\")\r\n else:\r\n print(\"already have vocabulary! do nothing !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!\")\r\n return training_label, count, dictionary, reverse_dictionary,textssz\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\ndef build_dataset(words, n_words):\r\n \"\"\"Process raw inputs into a dataset.\"\"\"\r\n count = [[_PAD, -1],[_GO, -1],[_EOS, -1],[_UNK, -1]]\r\n count.extend(collections.Counter(words).most_common(n_words - 1))\r\n dictionary = dict()\r\n for word, _ in count:\r\n dictionary[word] = len(dictionary)\r\n data = list()\r\n unk_count = 0\r\n for word in words:\r\n if word in dictionary:\r\n index = dictionary[word]\r\n else:\r\n index = 0 # dictionary['UNK']\r\n unk_count += 1\r\n data.append(index)\r\n count[0][1] = unk_count\r\n reversed_dictionary = dict(zip(dictionary.values(), dictionary.keys()))\r\n return data, count, dictionary, reversed_dictionary\r\n \r\n#把data中的内存问和答ids数据 放在不同的文件里 \r\ndef create_seq2seqfile(data ,sorcefile,targetfile,textssz):\r\n print(\"data\",data,len(data))\r\n with open(sorcefile,'w') as sor_f:\r\n with open(targetfile,'w') as tar_f:\r\n for i in range(len(textssz)-1):\r\n print(\"textssz\",i,textssz[i],textssz[i+1],data[textssz[i]:textssz[i+1]]) \r\n if (i+1)%2:\r\n sor_f.write(str(data[textssz[i]:textssz[i+1]]).replace(',',' ')[1:-1]+'\\n')\r\n else:\r\n tar_f.write(str(data[textssz[i]:textssz[i+1]]).replace(',',' ')[1:-1]+'\\n')\r\n\r\n\r\ndef plot_scatter_lengths(title, x_title, y_title, x_lengths, y_lengths):\r\n\tplt.scatter(x_lengths, y_lengths)\r\n\tplt.title(title)\r\n\tplt.xlabel(x_title)\r\n\tplt.ylabel(y_title)\r\n\tplt.ylim(0, max(y_lengths))\r\n\tplt.xlim(0,max(x_lengths))\r\n\tplt.show()\r\n\r\ndef plot_histo_lengths(title, lengths):\r\n\tmu = np.std(lengths)\r\n\tsigma = np.mean(lengths)\r\n\tx = np.array(lengths)\r\n\tn, bins, patches = plt.hist(x, 50, facecolor='green', alpha=0.5)\r\n\ty = mlab.normpdf(bins, mu, sigma)\r\n\tplt.plot(bins, y, 'r--')\r\n\tplt.title(title)\r\n\tplt.xlabel(\"Length\")\r\n\tplt.ylabel(\"Number of Sequences\")\r\n\tplt.xlim(0,max(lengths))\r\n\tplt.show()\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n#将读好的对话文本按行分开，一行问，一行答。存为两个文件。training_data为总数据，textssz为每行的索引\r\ndef splitFileOneline(training_data ,textssz):\r\n source_file = os.path.join(data_dir+'fromids/', \"data_source_test.txt\")\r\n target_file = os.path.join(data_dir+'toids/', \"data_target_test.txt\")\r\n create_seq2seqfile(training_data,source_file ,target_file,textssz)\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\ndef analysisfile(source_file,target_file):\r\n#分析文本 \r\n source_lengths = []\r\n target_lengths = []\r\n\r\n with gfile.GFile(source_file, mode=\"r\") as s_file:\r\n with gfile.GFile(target_file, mode=\"r\") as t_file:\r\n source= s_file.readline()\r\n target = t_file.readline()\r\n counter = 0\r\n \r\n while source and target:\r\n counter += 1\r\n if counter % 100000 == 0:\r\n print(\" reading data line %d\" % counter)\r\n sys.stdout.flush()\r\n num_source_ids = len(source.split())\r\n source_lengths.append(num_source_ids)\r\n num_target_ids = len(target.split()) + 1#plus 1 for EOS token\r\n target_lengths.append(num_target_ids)\r\n source, target = s_file.readline(), t_file.readline()\r\n print(target_lengths,source_lengths)\r\n if plot_histograms:\r\n plot_histo_lengths(\"target lengths\", target_lengths)\r\n plot_histo_lengths(\"source_lengths\", source_lengths)\r\n if plot_scatter:\r\n plot_scatter_lengths(\"target vs source length\", \"source length\",\"target length\", source_lengths, target_lengths)\r\n\r\n\r\ndef initialize_vocabulary(vocabulary_path):\r\n if gfile.Exists(vocabulary_path):\r\n rev_vocab = []\r\n #with gfile.GFile(vocabulary_path, mode=\"rb\") as f:\r\n with gfile.GFile(vocabulary_path, mode=\"r\") as f:\r\n rev_vocab.extend(f.readlines())\r\n rev_vocab = [line.strip() for line in rev_vocab]\r\n vocab = dict([(x, y) for (y, x) in enumerate(rev_vocab)])\r\n return vocab, rev_vocab\r\n else:\r\n raise ValueError(\"Vocabulary file %s not found.\", vocabulary_path)\r\n\r\n#将句子转成ids\r\ndef sentence_to_ids(sentence, vocabulary,\r\n normalize_digits=True,Isch=True):\r\n\r\n if normalize_digits :\r\n sentence=re.sub('\\d+',_NUM,sentence)\r\n notoken = basic_tokenizer(sentence )\r\n if Isch:\r\n notoken = fenci(notoken)\r\n else:\r\n notoken = notoken.split()\r\n #print(\"notoken\",notoken)\r\n idsdata = [vocabulary.get( w, UNK_ID) for w in notoken]\r\n #print(\"data\",idsdata)\r\n return idsdata\r\n\r\n\r\n#将一个文件转成ids 不是windows下的要改编码格式 utf8\r\ndef textfile_to_idsfile(data_file_name, target_file_name, vocab,\r\n normalize_digits=True,Isch=True):\r\n \r\n if not gfile.Exists(target_file_name):\r\n print(\"Tokenizing data in %s\" % data_file_name)\r\n with gfile.GFile(data_file_name, mode=\"rb\") as data_file:\r\n with gfile.GFile(target_file_name, mode=\"w\") as ids_file:\r\n counter = 0\r\n for line in data_file:\r\n counter += 1\r\n if counter % 100000 == 0:\r\n print(\" tokenizing line %d\" % counter)\r\n #token_ids = sentence_to_ids(line.decode('gb2312'), vocab,normalize_digits,Isch)\r\n token_ids = sentence_to_ids(line.decode('utf8'), vocab,normalize_digits,Isch)\r\n ids_file.write(\" \".join([str(tok) for tok in token_ids]) + \"\\n\")\r\n\r\n#将文件批量转成ids文件\r\ndef textdir_to_idsdir(textdir,idsdir,vocab, normalize_digits=True,Isch=True):\r\n text_files,filenames = getRawFileList(textdir)\r\n #np.reshape(training_dataszs,(1,-1))\r\n if len(text_files)== 0:\r\n raise ValueError(\"err:no files in \",raw_data_dir)\r\n \r\n print(len(text_files),\"files,one is\",text_files[0])\r\n \r\n for text_file,name in zip(text_files,filenames):\r\n print(text_file,idsdir+name)\r\n textfile_to_idsfile(text_file,idsdir+name,vocab, normalize_digits,Isch)\r\n\r\n\r\ndef ids2texts( indices,rev_vocab):\r\n texts = []\r\n for index in indices:\r\n #texts.append(rev_vocab[index].decode('ascii'))\r\n texts.append(rev_vocab[index])\r\n return texts\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\ndata_dir = \"fanyichina/\"\r\nraw_data_dir = \"fanyichina/yuliao/from\"\r\nraw_data_dir_to = \"fanyichina/yuliao/to\"\r\nvocabulary_fileen =\"dicten.txt\"\r\nvocabulary_filech = \"dictch.txt\"\r\n\r\n\r\nplot_histograms = plot_scatter =True\r\nvocab_size =40000\r\n\r\n\r\nmax_num_lines =1\r\nmax_target_size = 200\r\nmax_source_size = 200\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\ndef main():\r\n vocabulary_filenameen = os.path.join(data_dir, vocabulary_fileen)\r\n vocabulary_filenamech = os.path.join(data_dir, vocabulary_filech)\r\n##############################\r\n 创建英文字典\r\n training_dataen, counten, dictionaryen, reverse_dictionaryen,textsszen =create_vocabulary(vocabulary_filenameen\r\n ,raw_data_dir,vocab_size,Isch=False,normalize_digits = True)\r\n print(\"training_data\",len(training_dataen))\r\n print(\"dictionary\",len(dictionaryen)) \r\n#########################\r\n #创建中文字典 \r\n training_datach, countch, dictionarych, reverse_dictionarych,textsszch =create_vocabulary(vocabulary_filenamech\r\n ,raw_data_dir_to,vocab_size,Isch=True,normalize_digits = True)\r\n print(\"training_datach\",len(training_datach))\r\n print(\"dictionarych\",len(dictionarych)) \r\n############################# \r\n vocaben, rev_vocaben =initialize_vocabulary(vocabulary_filenameen)\r\n vocabch, rev_vocabch =initialize_vocabulary(vocabulary_filenamech)\r\n\r\n print(len(rev_vocaben))\r\n textdir_to_idsdir(raw_data_dir,data_dir+\"fromids/\",vocaben,normalize_digits=True,Isch=False)\r\n textdir_to_idsdir(raw_data_dir_to,data_dir+\"toids/\",vocabch,normalize_digits=True,Isch=True)\r\n\r\n##########################分析\r\n filesfrom,_=getRawFileList(data_dir+\"fromids/\")\r\n filesto,_=getRawFileList(data_dir+\"toids/\")\r\n source_train_file_path = filesfrom[0]\r\n target_train_file_path= filesto[0] \r\n analysisfile(source_train_file_path,target_train_file_path)\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nif __name__==\"__main__\":\r\n\tmain()"
},
{
"path": "NLP/16.6 Attention/fanyichina/fromids/README.md",
"content": "\n"
},
{
"path": "NLP/16.6 Attention/fanyichina/toids/README.md",
"content": "\n"
},
{
"path": "NLP/16.6 Attention/fanyichina/yuliao/from/english1w.txt",
"content": "in 1998 , the yili autonomous prefecture cpc committee and the yili prefecture cpc committee made unified arrangements and sent on a trial basis several propaganda teams deep into the schools , villagers ' courtyards , and fields to carry out face - to - face propaganda among the people of all nationalities .\r\nin many rural areas , the masses sat on the grassland , in the football fields , or under the trees and conscientiously listened to the propaganda lectures .\r\nan old man from sadikeweizi village of sadikeweizi township in yining county firmly held a propaganda team member by hand , asking him to go to his house to give a lecture to his children . he said : \" if only you had come here to give us propaganda lectures two years before !\r\nyibulayin , a farmer from alamutuya village of yingyeer township in yining city , said : \" a country is just like a family and the government is just like a parent . if the parent often teaches his children , his children will make fewer mistakes . \"\r\nwhen i first came here , i thought that it would be difficult for us to gather the villagers together and even if we could gather them together , some of them would leave the site before a propaganda lecture ended .\r\nwhile carrying out the propaganda activity , the propaganda team members displayed a spirit of bearing hardships and enduring hard work .\r\nin those seven days , in order to save time , they ate dry crusty pancakes and drank plain boiled water during the day and lived in the herdsmen 's yurts at night .\r\nsometimes , they would especially rush to an area in order to give a propaganda lecture to only a few people .\r\napart from sparing no effort to carry out the propaganda activity from village to village , the propaganda team members also find time to help the local people tackle difficulties and problems in their production and livelihood and joined them in fighting the floods and providing disaster relief .\r\nsong jian , vice chairman of the national committee of the chinese people 's political consultative conference and president of the chinese academy of engineering , attended the appraisal meeting .\r\nthe traditional supercomputers are good at the scientific engineering computing only , while this super - server is good at both , thus being the mainstream of the high - end computers .\r\naccording to the statistics released in november 1999 , among the world 's 500 installed computers with the fastest theoretical operations speeds , 372 were super - servers , with their number tending to increase .\r\nthe peak floating - point millions of theoretical operations per second [ mtops ] of this super - server is 110,000 range ; its aggregate installed capacity is 50 gigabytes , which can be expanded to 80 gigabytes ; and its aggregate disk size is more than 600 gigabytes , which can be expanded to several thousands of gigabytes .\r\nthe shuguang 2000 - ii super server is equipped with abundant and complete software .\r\nchina has manufactured by itself a high - performance machine operation system that is supplemented with many kinds of popular high - class program languages and mainstream parallel programming environments and means .\r\nto support its network information service , this super server is also installed with parallel network and e - mail service software , thus being able to support all kinds of popular database software .\r\neconomists here maintain that the strategy of developing western china was a timely one .\r\naccording to the concept , central and western china should first give consideration to the national interests by supporting the opening up and development of coastal areas in the east .\r\nthen , when the east has reached a certain stage of development , it should help central and western china speed up its development with even more resources in return .\r\nmoreover , owing to the deflation trend , the state has adopted certain active fiscal policies to boost the economy , creating the situation where the government can afford to support the development of the west with even more resources .\r\naccording to zeng peiyuan , minister in charge of the state development planning commission , this year the government will draw up additional preferential policies for encouraging foreign businesses to invest in western china and will spend more loans from international organizations on construction projects in the west .\r\nthis year , the state will continue to tilt its investments toward western china , the next five - year plan will include a special plan for the development of the west , and the government will invest a larger percentage of money incurred from floating national bonds in projects in western china .\r\naccording to the experts , china 's economic development in recent years has been hindered by inadequate demand at home , and considerable portion of technology and labor are seeking new areas of production , new markets , and new areas of development .\r\nchina has basically addressed the problem of feeding the people . its food supply is higher than demand . this has created the rare opportunity for the development of western china .\r\nour forefathers said : preparedness ensures success , and unpreparedness spells failure , which means that in doing everything , it is necessary to make thorough preparations and well - conceived plans .\r\nthe central authorities stressed that in developing the western region , things must be done in accordance with the scientific law , as the formulation of scientific and meticulous plans is both demanded by the intrinsic law governing the regional economic development , and has definite objectives in view .\r\nmaking a scientific plan will help maintain unflagging enthusiasm and enhance the prudent and rational spirit , so that good intentions will reap good results and the large - scale development of the western region will obtain great achievements .\r\na scientific plan has both its guiding function and binding force .\r\nto draw up an authoritative plan , we must also pay attention to coordination and comprehensive equilibrium .\r\nas a dozen provinces , municipalities , and autonomous regions as well as the xinjiang production and construction corps are involved in the western development , various localities , especially the neighboring provinces , municipalities , and autonomous regions , must coordinate with one another in drafting plans .\r\nif they only proceed from the interests of their own provinces , areas , or units regardless of the overall situation of the western development , they are unable to play a harmonious and resonant symphony for the development of west china .\r\n2 ) the masses ' wishes must be respected , and their initiative and creativeness must be brought into full play .\r\nthe practice for many years has shown that even if we do things with good intentions , we must also fully respect the masses ' wishes , and only by arousing the masses ' enthusiasm to work with one heart can we initiate an excellent situation for the western development .\r\nnews that has recently spread here indicates that some localities in the western region have introduced or are studying the introduction of preferential policies , hoping to import funds from the eastern region and foreign countries through various methods .\r\nonce their doubts and misgivings are cleared , they will vie with one another to make bold investment in the western region .\r\ntherefore , making a good plan is conducive to creating a fully appealing investment environment .\r\nscientific , complete water conservancy construction plans must be drawn up in accordance with the demands of the overall mission and overall goals of national economic and social development , and must be in line with overall planning for national economic and social development .\r\nthe ministry of water resources must draw up a comprehensive national plan for water conservancy construction development to be used in guiding the work of water conservancy nationwide .\r\nflood prevention and development plans must also be drawn up for the major river basins .\r\nat the same time , plans for various types of special projects must be put in place .\r\nwater conservancy projects within a river basin must all be carried out under the guidance of the overall plan and the plan for the river basin .\r\nflood prevention is the primary mission , and it is also work that must be done frequently and diligently .\r\nflood prevention must be integrated with water conservation , ecological protection , and pollution prevention and control .\r\nin addition , non - engineering measures such as meteorology , hydrology , monitoring , communications , information systems , and the like must be strengthened .\r\nwater conservancy projects must establish management while placing emphasis on the right things , which means that while project quality must be taken seriously , maintenance and upkeep must also be strengthened .\r\nproper handling requires making the relationships among what is possible , the current situation and the long - term .\r\naccording to the unified plan , major issues relating to the national economy and people 's livelihood and urgent problems are resolved first , and moreover are integrated with the fulfillment of long - range planning goals .\r\naccording to the request made by general secretary jiang zemin , we must insist on taking time to reach decisions , comprehensive consideration , scientific selections and comparisons , and meticulous designs for major water conservancy projects .\r\nfourth , ensure project quality .\r\nin the recent period of time , in accordance with requests from the central government and relevant national regulations , the ministry of water resources has taken a series of measures to strengthen project quality management , and has achieved remarkable success .\r\nhowever , many problems still remain in water conservancy projects .\r\nwen jiabao stressed that flood prevention and drought resistance relate to the lives , property , and security of the people , and must be given high regard at all times .\r\nthird , we must raise the level of modern flood - prevention and drought resistance technology .\r\nestablish modernized meteorological , hydrological , and communications facilities , strengthen analysis and research of rainfall and water conditions , and improve the accuracy of forecasting .\r\nhe called on the comrades at the national prevention office to be faithful in the discharge of their duties , diligent and responsible , and to serve selflessly to raise the scientific level and efficiency of the work .\r\nbeijing , 3 feb (zts) - - the state council recently approved the establishment of a leadership group for the development of west china , to take overall charge of this development work . zhu rongji has been appointed head of the group , with wen jiabao as deputy head . the members include 17 ministerial - level officials .\r\nthe state council leadership group for west china development has an office subordinate to it ; a specific organ has been set up in the state development and planning commission , to undertake the day to day work of the leadership group .\r\nchina formally proposed implementing the strategy of major development of west china at the national economic work conference last year .\r\nhaving been discussed until early this year , this major development strategy is gradually heating up . clues to the thinking on western development are also being gradually revealed .\r\nduring the exchanges and mutual visits , people of the same trades from the trade unions of both sides expressed their feelings of hope for reunification and opposition to separation .\r\nto our regret , however , lee teng - hui [ li denghui ] openly trotted out the \" two - state theory \" when cross - strait relations were developing continuously , thus seriously undermining the foundation for the normal development of cross - strait relations and greatly damaging the interests of taiwan compatriots .\r\nmillions of staff and workers and trade unions at all levels throughout the country resolutely oppose this criminal act to split the motherland .\r\nthe principle of \" one country , two systems \" has been understood and accepted by more and more people .\r\nthe all - china women 's federation will continue to expand the exchanges and contacts with taiwan women and play its due role in achieving peaceful reunification of the two sides of the strait at an early date and opposing the splittist forces in taiwan .\r\nhistory has proven and will continue to prove that only with the reunification of the motherland can the nation be revitalized comprehensively , and only with national unity can a more brilliant tomorrow be created .\r\nbayinqolu said that in the new century , youths on both sides of the strait should cooperate and work hard together to attain the magnificent goal of the great rejuvenation of the chinese nation .\r\nat the moment when we say goodbye to the old year and usher in the new year , the all - china federation of trade unions , the cyl central committee , and the all - china women 's federation extended spring festival greetings to the large numbers of laborers , youths , and women in taiwan .\r\nwhat they regret , however , is that cross - strait ties have developed in tortuous fashion over the past five years .\r\nchen zhengtong said that the taiwan people have a glorious patriotic tradition ; their aspirations to keep their way of life unchanged and to be masters in their own house are fully understood and respected by the cpc and the chinese people 's government .\r\nthis is because there is only one china , and taiwan is part of chinese territory ; this is undeniable fact , and no force can change in any way taiwan 's status as a part of chinese territory .\r\nhe greatly appreciated president jiang zemin 's remarks in the proposals on \" strive to achieve peaceful reunification , chinese should not fight chinese . \"\r\nthe taiwan people can only achieve happiness through reunification ; and only through reunification can the taiwan compatriots , together with the people of all nationalities in china , truly share in the international dignity and honor of the great motherland .\r\npeople on both sides of the strait entertain ardent hopes .\r\nthis is naked hegimonism and power politics , and an obvious violation against the three sino - us communiques . the attempts of anti - china politicians to obstruct china 's great cause of reunification by wantonly interfering in china 's internal affairs and backing up the splittist forces of \" taiwan independence \" is clearly disclosed .\r\ntang jiaxuan notes in his message : china and the world need each other in their development .\r\nit will come up with grand projects and accomplish them , and it will act as a good advisor and assistant to the cpc central committee and the state council .\r\n- - the army , the police force , political - judicial organs , and party and government organs have stopped their involvement in business and in the running of enterprises , depriving some smugglers of their protection and shelter ; the effort against corruption has been intensified , echoing the antismuggling campaign .\r\nthe general administration of customs alone has investigated and handled 13 officials at the level of provincial department head or equivalent and 50 officials at the level of provincial section head or equivalent who have violated discipline and law .\r\n- - measures for comprehensive improvement have been implemented and powerful joint forces have developed in the antismuggling campaign .\r\n- - the law enforcement departments have continually conducted large - scale specialized antismuggling operations by focusing on key areas , key channels , and key commodities and kept up the high pressure on smuggling .\r\nthe responsible persons at customs emphasized that it is necessary to administer customs strictly and resolutely purge each and every \" borer \" discovered with no leniency whatsoever .\r\nan effort should be made to significantly strengthen the leadership groups at various levels in the customs sector , significantly raise the quality of the cadre contingent , markedly improve their conduct and discipline , and effectively check the phenomena of corruption in law enforcement within the next two years .\r\nhis message reads : on the occasion of the joyous spring festival , i wish the motherland to be prosperous , wealthy , and strong , and the people happy and healthy .\r\nnow a task of top priority is to quickly build a mighty contingent of qualified personnel of various types who can meet the strategic needs of the massive development of the western region as well as a contingent of high - quality cadres .\r\nto build a mighty contingent of qualified personnel of various types , it is necessary , above all , for the central authorities to make overall planning , to coordinate efforts to solve problems , and to rationally adjust the distribution and structure of qualified personnel , including the regional structure of quality personnel .\r\nin coordination with relevant departments , the organization department of the cpc central committee is studying and making strategic planning for qualified personnel for the massive development of the western region , strengthening the backbone of the party and government leadership , and assigning high - standard professional personnel to the region through various channels .\r\nby carrying out those measures , we should vigorously improve the age , educational , and professional structures of leading bodies at various levels in order to increase their vitality .\r\nwhile continuing to do a good job in selecting and sending cadres to xinjiang and tibet , we should step up our efforts to train young cadres of various types to meet the needs of the development of the western region .\r\nwe should select in a planned way a number of outstanding young cadres for tempering themselves at central state organs or in economically developed areas with their original positions retained for them , in order to help them widen their field of vision , adopt new ideas , and increase their abilities .\r\nin the past , as a result of rapid economic development and preferential policy on personnel in the eastern region , some qualified personnel in the western region went there to work .\r\nefforts should be made to resolutely eliminate the corrupt phenomenon of spending public funds for wining , dining , and pleasure - seeking and to crack down on economic crimes of embezzling state development funds according to law , such as misappropriating public funds , embezzling public property , and striking deals between money and power .\r\nthe massive development of the western region will benefit future generations , and it has a bearing on the great cause of revitalizing the chinese nation in an all - round way . it will take longer - term , arduous efforts to accomplish the undertaking of massive development of the western region .\r\nhow can s & t training for troops be made scientific ?\r\nguangzhou military region guided its officers and soldiers in adopting a concept of scientific training based on the demands of actual combat as the impetus , talented people as the foundation , s & t as the guide , the masses as the main body , and standardized execution of training .\r\nthe military region proposed that s & t training for troops must have instruction , scientific training , and scientific management .\r\nthese trainers employ new knowledge , new skills , new methods , and new measures as they execute 847 outstanding training subjects .\r\nthe military efforts were effective in improving the quality of s & t training for troops . in s & t training for troops , the guangzhou military region emphasizes transformation of the results of the training .\r\nthrough the spread of training achievements , the achievements are transformed into overall unit combat power . since last year the military region has convened three onsite demonstrations of s & t training to research and discuss the s & t new training methods and new combat methods .\r\nshanghai , 1 feb (zxs) - - at the first shanghai international industrial fair held at the end of last year , results of development in the fields of high technology , electronic information , electrical equipment , biomedicine , and new materials vividly revealed the new face of shanghai 's modern industrial sector .\r\nthe revolution in science and technology that took place in the world economy at the end of the twentieth century , comprised of information technology , biomedicine , new materials , new energy , and aerospace technology , brought with it an inherent tendency toward accelerated development .\r\nonly by accelerating the development of high technology and its related industries will we activate the qualitative leap in industrial structures and technological standards and capacities that will transform china in the 21 st century from a great industrialized nation into an industrial power .\r\nour reporter has learned from relevant sources within the china state planning commission that development of china 's high - tech industry will proceed in conformity with promoting economic and social development and stimulating structural adjustments and upgrading . currently , three main responsibilities have been identified : - - to accelerate the coordinated development of the information industry .\r\nin the 20 th century , beginning from the early 1990 's , china 's information industry has consistently shown an annual growth rate of more than 30 percent , and this makes it one of the most rapidly developing sectors of the national economy .\r\nit is for this reason that the market outlook for the information industry in china is so optimistic . it is estimated that by the year 2010 this industry 's market capacity will reach 6 trillion rmb .\r\nfor this reason we are selecting those key areas or key links that have favorable prospects , where the degree of industrial linkage will be significant , and which can drive the entire mechanism for critical breakthroughs , and through these we will vigorously strive to realize a leap in high - tech development .\r\nthis type of interdependence and mutual stimulus would be difficult to ignore .\r\nhong kong , 5 february (xna) - - people living in the chung uk village of lam tsuen in tai po in the new territories today had an unexpected first day of the lunar new year , the year of the dragon .\r\njust like before , hundreds of villagers gathered at the square in front of the ancestral hall of the chung family to have mass greetings .\r\ntung chee - hwa and his wife conveyed new year greetings to villagers one by one , and gave out chocolate coins as well as lively mini paper dragons , wishing them a smooth - going dragon year and the vigor of a dragon and a tiger .\r\naccompanied by the villagers ' representative , tung chee - hwa and his wife looked over the ancestral hall of the chung family .\r\ntung chee - hwa and his wife conveyed new year 's greeting to the whole family . the family greeted the chief executive and his wife , and treated them to home - made festival food .\r\nlam tsuen has enjoyed a long history . the ancestors of the villagers relocated here in the late years of song dynasty , which was 700 years ago .\r\nchung uk village is a small village in lam tsuen , with about 180 residents .\r\nshelley lau , director of home affairs , and other people accompanied tung chee - hwa and his wife to visit the chung - uk village .\r\nbeijing , 6 feb ( xinhua ) - - the china development bank has adopted effective measures to actively ward off and resolve financial risks .\r\nas a major effort to prevent financial risks , the bank has also strengthened the separation of bad assets . last year alone , the bank separated 100 billion yuan of bad assets and signed 21 framework agreements on conversion of loans into equity , with the sum of converted loans reaching 21.7 billion yuan in renminbi .\r\nmoscow , 6 feb ( xinhua ) - - the russian federation security council , chaired by acting prime minister putin , recently approved the draft of a new military doctrine .\r\nthe new doctrine stresses that when russia itself and its allies suffer aggression , and a war aimed at destroying russia cannot be stopped by conventional weapons , russia has the right to use nuclear weapons .\r\nthis shows that russia will be the first to launch a nuclear attack , when it believes it necessary .\r\nthe russian military emphasizes that the new military doctrine gives russia the right to take the initiative in launching a nuclear strike against the enemy .\r\nthe three baltic states and certain mideast countries are also eager to try to join nato at an early date .\r\nafter that , ignoring the opposition of many countries , including russia , and without un authorization , us - led nato wantonly waged a 78 - day large - scale air war against the yugoslav federation .\r\nacting russian prime minister putin specifically pointed out at the recent russian federation security council meeting that the new military doctrine is \" a reply to nato . \"\r\nthis means that russia now regards us - led nato as its \" no . 1 imaginary enemy . \"\r\nyeshin , director of the military construction bureau of the council , said that due to its economic difficulties and shortage of military funds , russia cannot fight a conventional war with nato for the foreseeable future .\r\nin order to be respected by others , it is essential to maintain nuclear potential and regard nuclear weapons as \" political instruments for curbing the enemy . \"\r\nall kinds of gang crimes have become a major factor affecting social stability and economic growth .\r\nmilitary analysts here believe that the new russian military doctrine is an expansion and extension in the military sphere of the \" russian security concept \" which was adopted in january , and is also a \" war warning . \"\r\nnato will think thrice about taking major military action again that threatens russia and its allies .\r\nnuclear arms will play a still greater deterrent role as the \" trump cards \" preserving russia 's great power status and vital interests .\r\narticle 2 the renminbi stated in these regulations refers to the currency issued in accordance with law by the people 's bank of china , including banknotes and coins .\r\narticle 3 the legal currency of the prc is the renminbi .\r\nall units and individuals should not reject any payments of public or personal debts with the renminbi within the boundary of the prc .\r\narticle 4 the unit of the renminbi is the yuan , and the fractional currencies of the renminbi are the jiao and the fen .\r\none yuan equals 10 jiao , and one jiao equals 10 fen .\r\nthe renminbi is paid by denomination .\r\narticle 6 all units and individuals should take good care of the renminbi , and be prohibited from damaging the renminbi or obstructing the circulation of the renminbi .\r\nchapter ii design and printing article 7 the new version of the renminbi was organized and designed by the people 's bank of china , and submitted to the state council for approval .\r\narticle 11 the original version and the grand master pattern used in printing the renminbi should be sealed up for safekeeping by the people 's bank of china after use .\r\narticle 12 such important items as the particular material , technology , workmanship , and special equipment for printing the renminbi are state secrets .\r\nthe enterprise for printing the renminbi and relevant personnel should guard state secrets . all units and individuals must not provide the information to outsiders without approvals from the people 's bank of china .\r\narticle 13 without approvals from the people 's bank of china , units and individuals must not develop , imitate , import , sell , purchase , or use the specific anti - counterfeit material , anti - counterfeit technology , anti - counterfeit workmanship , and special equipment used in printing the renminbi .\r\nchapter iii issuance and recovery article 15 the renminbi is issued uniformly by the people 's bank of china .\r\narticle 16 when the people 's bank of china issues a new version of the renminbi , it is necessary to report to the state council for approval .\r\nthe people 's bank of china should make a public announcement on the issuing time , denomination , and major features of the corrected renminbi .\r\nthe people 's bank of china must not pay financial institutions with the corrected renminbi before a public announcement on the issuance of the corrected renminbi is made .\r\narticle 18 the people 's bank of china may issue commemorative currencies according to need .\r\ncommemorative currencies are the renminbi of limited issuance and with specific themes , including ordinary commemorative currencies and precious - metal commemorative currencies .\r\nthe people 's bank of china must not pay financial institutions with commemorative currencies before a public announcement on the issuance of the commemorative currencies is made .\r\nthe renminbi issuance funds are the renminbi that have not entered into circulation and kept by the renminbi issuance treasury of the people 's bank of china .\r\nthe allocation of the renminbi issuance funds should be processed in accordance with the regulations of the people 's bank of china .\r\nunits and individuals are not allowed to violate regulations to draw on the renminbi issuance funds , nor are they allowed to disturb or obstruct allocation of the renminbi issuance funds .\r\narticle 21 circulation suspension of any specific version of the renminbi should be reported to the state council for approval , and announced to the public by the people 's bank of china .\r\nthe people 's bank of china must not pay financial institutions renminbi that are flawed or stained , and financial institutions must not use flawed or stained renminbi for external payments .\r\nspecific procedures should be formulated by the people 's bank of china .\r\nchapter iv circulation and protection article 24 the financial institutions that handle the business of the renminbi deposit and withdrawal should handle the business of regulating various renminbi bills based on the principle of reasonable requirements .\r\narticle 26 an approval from the people 's bank of china is required for binding and operation of renminbi that are in circulation .\r\nthe renminbi design stated in the previous clauses includes enlarged and miniaturized renminbi designs and the renminbi designs of the original size .\r\narticle 28 the renminbi prototype is banned from circulation .\r\nthe renminbi prototype management procedures are regulated by the people 's bank of china .\r\nsales and purchases of forged or altered renminbi are prohibited .\r\nthe financial institutions that handle the business of the renminbi deposit and withdrawal should hand over all the confiscated forged or altered renminbi to the local branches of the people 's bank of china .\r\nthe business affairs institutions of the commercial banks owned exclusively by the state and authorized by the people 's bank of china should hand over all the confiscated forged or altered renminbi to the local branches of the people 's bank of china .\r\narticle 36 the financial institutions that handle the business of the renminbi deposit and withdrawal should adopt effective measures to guard against the use of forged or altered renminbi for external payments .\r\nthe financial institutions that handle the business of the renminbi deposit and withdrawal should provide on the business sites the service of verifying the truth and falsehood of the renminbi without asking for compensation .\r\narticle 37 the forged or altered renminbi should be uniformly destroyed by the people 's bank of china .\r\nthe national standard of the anti - counterfeit instrument for verifying the renminbi is formulated by the people 's bank of china and relevant departments , which provide assistance to organizations for implementation of the standard .\r\nthe industrial and commercial administration organs and other relevant administrative law enforcement organs should destroy the renminbi design used illegally .\r\narticle 46 if the people 's bank of china , public security organs , industrial and commercial administration organs , and employees of these organizations violate stipulations of these regulations , the people directly in charge and other personnel indirectly in charge will be given administrative penalties in accordance with law .\r\nat three o ' clock in the afternoon , jia qinglin and his wife lin youfang brought their grand daughter to the ditan temple fair . they , together with a large crowd of people , walked into the west gate of the park .\r\nseeing that children were performing peking opera with an excellent style as well as with a loud and clear voice , jia qinglin asked them how old they were .\r\nthe young performers answered : nine years old .\r\njia qinglin told his grand daughter : you are eight years old now . you should learn from these elder brothers and sisters .\r\nliu qi and others viewed the folk art performances presented by people from various localities .\r\non the united nations ' role , wang guangya emphatically expounded the chinese government 's stand that it hopes the united nations will play a more active role in peacefully settling international disputes .\r\nhe pointed out : the various norms governing international relations , including the five principles of peaceful coexistence , established after wwii meet the requirements of historical development and progress of times .\r\nthese norms , \" particularly the principle of sovereignty equality and non - interference in other countries ' internal affairs , are absolutely not outdated \" .\r\nhe also severely denounced some countries for putting regional organizations above the un security council or even bypassing the un security council to carry out military intervention in a sovereign country , pointing out that such practice has \" severely damaged the existing international collective security mechanism , and the consequences are extremely dangerous . \"\r\nthe two - day international security policy conference closed on 6 february .\r\nabout 200 high - level government delegates and experts from 30 countries attended the conference .\r\nchina , india , and japan sent high - level government delegates for the first time to attend the conference .\r\nthe 23 - minute nine - part fireworks show began at 0800 pm [ 1200 gmt ] .\r\ntung chee - hwa , chief executive of the hong kong special administrative region , presided over the \" ceremony to light the auspicious dragon lantern \" and watched the fireworks show with hong kong people .\r\nin this year 's new year fireworks show featuring a large number of series of varieties , fireworks of more than 200 varieties in 16 series were used .\r\ndifferent parts of the show had different colors and arrangements to create different views .\r\nvarious places and units have laid stress on seriously studying and implementing comrade jiang zemin 's important speech at the fourth plenary meeting of the central commission for discipline inspection .\r\nin sichuan province , the secretary of the provincial party committee and the governor have assumed full responsibility for improving the style of the party , building a clean and honest government , and fighting against corruption . they have divided this year 's anti - corruption work into 10 major tasks and 36 specific tasks .\r\nthey have attached importance to improving relations between party organizations and the masses and between cadres and the masses so as to promote stability and economic development in rural areas .\r\nbush got 30 percent of the vote , placing him second .\r\nanalysts believe that the new hampshire primary means that bush is facing a serious new challenge , and also shows that the struggle for the republican party nomination is getting much hotter .\r\nhowever , this little state occupies a decisive position during the presidential primaries , and not only can it make the next president , it can also bury the political prospects of presidential candidates .\r\nthe situation over the past 10 - 20 years shows that most of those who gain the white house have won in the new hampshire primaries .\r\nhis campaign strategy relies heavily on the economic card , energetically touting the economic achievements since he and clinton took office as well as claiming that only he has the experience and the ability to \" maintain america 's prosperity . \"\r\nbradley tried to turn the situation around in new hampshire after his resounding defeat in the iowa primary , but was ineffective .\r\ngore said that the new hampshire primary was a \" crushing blow \" to bradley .\r\nthe new hampshire primaries have turned the original five - man race in the republican party into a two - man struggle , with fight for the nomination being primarily between bush and mccain .\r\nthere he adopted the campaign strategy of \" concentrating superior forces , \" throwing more time and money into it than any other candidate did and organizing more than 100 voter rallies statewide .\r\nin the polls conducted before the primary , support for mccain exceed that for bush for eight weeks in a row .\r\nduring the campaign , bush stated that his large tax cut plan represents the interest of conservative republicans , and that he is the only one with the ability to take back the white house in the presidential election in november .\r\nhe charged that mccain 's tax cut plan was similar to that of clinton 's .\r\nhe has indicated that he would pursue campaign finance reforms to eliminate money 's influence in politics .\r\npublic opinion believes that in new hampshire , independents voters - - who are neither democratic nor republican - - account for as much as 40 percent , and this part of the electorate played an important role in mccain 's primary victory .\r\nfollowing new hampshire , gore and bradley will start a new round of competition on march 7 .\r\nat that time , 16 states nationwide will conduct primaries on the same day .\r\nprior to the 7 march primaries , the republican presidential candidates will also confront each other again in delaware , south carolina , arizona , and michigan .\r\nthe world economic forum 's first meeting of the new millennium held in the small town of davos in eastern switzerland spanned six days and came to a close on 1 february .\r\nabout 3,000 well - known figures in political , economic , and academic circles from more than 100 countries and territories embraced the theme of \" new beginning , new ideas \" to discuss the future developments and prospects of international politics , economics , and science and technology .\r\nthe focus of this annual meeting is no longer on how to resolve the thorny crisis situation ; rather it is to explore the more basic , long - term issues in world economic development .\r\neconomic globalization has made the countries around the world increasingly more dependent on one another for economic development .\r\nthe united states ' economy has been the engine driving world economic growth in recent years .\r\nto date , that economy has sustained 107 months of continuous growth .\r\nin the \" new economic \" era , when information technology continues to drive economic growth , the united states ' economy continues to have growth potential , but there is also potential danger in their stock market bubble and soaring corporate and personal debt .\r\nin addition , china 's economy as a growing force to be reckoned with in the global economy is another area that attracted much attention .\r\nwu bangguo said china 's development cannot be separated from the rest of the world , and world prosperity also needs china .\r\nupon joining the wto , china will enjoy its rights but will also fulfill its obligations .\r\nin view of the failure of the minister - level wto meeting in seattle , many participants wondered when another round of multilateral trade talks should be launched .\r\nbritish prime minister tony blair said the international community should learn from the failure of the seattle meeting and let a new round of negotiations bring forth more benefits even sooner .\r\njordan 's king abdullah ii said in his speech that today more than half of the world 's population is still subsisting on less than $ 2 a day , while the richest one - fifth of the world 's population owns more than 66 times the resources of the poorest one - fifth .\r\nsouth africa 's president mbeki said that the information revolution brought by the internet has further widened the gap between the developing and the developed countries .\r\nhe said that to narrow the gap , the developing countries must unite and take the same stand in the new round of multilateral trade negotiations to make it a bona fide \" development round . \"\r\nat this annual meeting of the world economic forum , president arafat of the palestinian authority described in his speech a construction blueprint for the middle east after achieving peace there .\r\nhe once again called upon the international community to take steps to salvage the peace process so that the middle east people can look forward to a peaceful , free , and prosperous new century .\r\nthis annual meeting was held at the beginning of the new millennium under fairly good world economic conditions , but klaus schwab , founder of the world economic forum , said at the opening ceremony on the 27 th that people must not be complacent .\r\nwan guoquan , president of the china council for promoting peaceful reunification , spoke at the meeting .\r\nhe expressed the belief that through cross - strait talks , a solution can surely be found that will not only satisfy the wishes and demands of taiwan compatriots but also fully take into consideration the interests of various social classes in taiwan .\r\nmore and more taiwan compatriots will finally come to believe that the \" one country , two systems \" is the best way to safeguard the interests of all concerned .\r\nhe said that hainan will realistically protect the legitimate rights and interests of taiwan investors in hainan , further promote and actuate the building of the cross - strait ( hainan ) agricultural cooperative experimental zone , and give further impetus to exchanges and cooperation between the two islands of hainan and taiwan .\r\nin the meantime , he also affirmed the contributions made by taiwan compatriots in hainan 's development and construction .\r\nrepresentatives of taiwan compatriots , taiwan businessmen , family members of taiwan compatriots and related organs and mass organizations gave speeches at the forum one after another .\r\nlee ch ' iung - mei , vice president of the provincial committee of the all - china federation of taiwan compatriots , said : president jiang zemin 's speech given five years ago showed strong affections and sincerity , having a very strong influential power .\r\nthe reunification of the motherland and family reunion symbolize the love of compatriots and the basic demands of national sentiments .\r\ncai changsong , deputy secretary of the hainan provincial cpc committee ; hong shouxiang , standing committee member of the provincial party committee and director of the propaganda department ; and li dongsheng and wang qiongying , vice governors of hainan province , attended the forum .\r\nit said : life will only become harder if us forces are garrisoned for the long term in kosovo .\r\ni cannot help but recall two old chinese sayings after reading this article : getting enmeshed in a web of one 's own spinning , and lifting a rock only to drop it on one 's own feet , which truly portray the dilemma in which the united states is caught in kosovo .\r\nlast march , us - led nato flaunted the banner of humanitarianism , and wantonly and indiscriminately bombed the federal republic of yugoslavia [ fry ] without un security council authorization .\r\nfor a period of time , the us government , public , and media boasted enormously about their victory and were insufferably arrogant .\r\nhowever , as time goes by , some people have to admit that the severity of the outcome of this war is unexpected .\r\nethnic conflicts have intensified further instead of disappearing after us - led nato troops were garrisoned in kosovo in the name of un peacekeeping .\r\nus defense secretary cohen flew to munich last week , hoping also to work on the european allies .\r\nhe complained : us forces serve as policemen in kosovo but lack the training required , and the us government does not wish them to do such work . the kosovo situation has the tendency to get out of control , and the european allies should shoulder more obligations .\r\naccording to us claims , the european allies have agreed to garrison police units in kosovo , and will form a multinational force before april this year to uphold peace in kosovo , so that us forces can extricate themselves .\r\nsome people even believe that the united states asked for it since it refused to heed advice initially and had made a mess of things .\r\npeople here opined : the prerequisite for the united states to militarily withdraw from kosovo is the agreement of european countries to fill the vacuum left by us forces , but persuading the european allies to help clear up the messy situation is easier said than done .\r\nthe united states has always wanted to become the world 's big brother , and has promoted power politics and hegemonism everywhere . if it continues to be its old self , it will not be able to avoid the disastrous roads of failure it took in north korea , vietnam , somalia , and other places .\r\nprofessor chang lin - chih of taiwan university pointed out in a taiwan tv program that the taiwan authorities have erected obstacles over the question of cross - strait transport links , with the result that it is completely impossible to develop the \" asia - pacific operations center . \"\r\ntaiwan 's chang jung aviation , which is closely following china airlines in establishing an office in beijing , will also soon establish an office in shanghai .\r\nin order to respond to the vast business opportunities in the future when there are direct cross - strait flights , taiwan 's fu hsing aviation has spent a huge sum on buying medium and long - range versions of the european airbus .\r\nas for sea transport , all shipping companies hold that direct routes represent the inevitable trend , and it is absolutely impossible to ignore the important status and impact of the mainland 's vast market in asia .\r\nin the past few years , though cross - strait relations have gone through twists and turns as well as storms , tremendous changes have also taken place in this regard .\r\nall this eloquently proves that the desire of the chinese people to realize the reunification of the motherland is an irresistible historical trend .\r\nhong kong and macao have successively returned to the motherland , and the historic task of striving to settle the taiwan issue and realizing the reunification of the motherland at an early date is now ever more prominently placed before us .\r\nhong kong and macao have returned to the motherland one after the other , and the influence produced by the practice of \" one country , two systems \" has been continuously increasing .\r\nnow more and more people favor \" one country , two system \" ; since it has successfully solved the hong kong and macao questions , it can certainly apply to settle the taiwan issue .\r\nin the course of \" equal consultation and mutual discussion on reunification \" as called by wang daohan , chairman of the association for relations across the taiwan strait (arats) , everything possible should be done to maintain the status quo and to not harm the fundamental interests of the parties concerned .\r\n( 2 ) the course of reunification : the objective of reunifying the motherland can be achieved step by step .\r\nthe \" two - state \" theory has also been rebuffed everywhere in the international community .\r\nthe fact that the principle of one china has been widely accepted by the international community shows that the \" two - state \" theory is but a lost move by the taiwan separatist forces as a result of their misappraisal of the situation .\r\nthe vital interests , major principles , and great justice of the chinese nation require the reunification of the motherland .\r\nit should be particularly pointed out here that the principle of one china is the most important basis of cross - strait relations .\r\nwhen the principle of one china is observed , there will be an opportunity for the development and improvement of cross - strait relations ; otherwise , cross - strait relations will be bound to come to a halt or even retrograde .\r\n( 2 ) to prevent \" taiwan independence \" and interference by foreign forces , we must effectively make preparations for safeguarding the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country .\r\nof course , peaceful reunification cannot be accomplished at one stroke , and the fulfillment of the ultimate objective may include the following stages and measures : ( 1 ) any questions can be discussed during the political negotiations under the premise of one china .\r\nas the first step , the two sides of the strait may first conduct negotiations on the formal end of hostilities .\r\n( 3 ) increasing mutual trust : the chinese people on both sides of the strait are of the same origin , and there is no fundamental conflict of interest between them that cannot be resolved .\r\nbut the \" two - state \" theory is a stumbling block to the development of cross - strait relations .\r\nafter the return of hong kong and macao to the motherland , the chinese nation will certainly be able to usher in a glorious , historical moment of complete reunification of the motherland .\r\nmost of the reports are replete with skepticism over this russian strongman .\r\nthe united states , however , did not respond in kind to dissolve the military bloc of nato on the basis of the \" common values of all mankind . \"\r\nfollowing the disintegration of the soviet union , the russian federation again faced the danger of yet another disintegration because of the \" phenomenon of chechen , \" which is a nation within a nation . \"\r\nwe should say that russia 's major restructuring of its external security system is a response , which russia is forced to make because of the west 's insatiable , step - by - step moves to squeeze its strategic space , and absolutely not because of russia 's bellicosity .\r\nthe fact is that this theory is nothing but a hypocritical subterfuge . who in those developed countries with strong economic growth and lavish consumption habits have given any food to the starving african children struggling on the line of death , basing on the belief that that \" human rights take precedence over sovereignty \" ?\r\nthe first one was britain 's release of chile 's former president , pinochet .\r\nthus , extraditing pinochet to spain would be an extremely complex and sensitive international event , and britain , after considering the issue very carefully , dared not set this dangerous precedence .\r\nthe second incidence was : when chechen 's secessionist force was at the critical point where its very existence was at stake , and sought help , even military intervention , from the united states , the us government , while expressing profound sympathies , flatly rejected the request .\r\nthe us government has been strongly condemning russian troops for creating a \" humanitarian crisis \" in chechen .\r\nif the united states chose to act according to the theory that \" human rights take precedence over sovereignty , \" then it should feel justify to send troops to chechen , just as it did when it invaded yugoslavia during the kosovo war .\r\nbut american people fully understand what will be the consequence of their intervention in the chechen war. they fully understand that it is not in the national interests of the united states .\r\nmany world events happening after cold war have vividly illustrated this fact , namely : although globalization has had a profound impact on the world , the core of international relations remains politics buttressed by strength and national interests .\r\nwhile globalization has weakened the traditional national interests , it cannot replace the fundamental national interests .\r\nthe wealth of the united states belongs to the united states . the resources in china belong to china . british patents belong to britain .\r\nnational interests are still the basic principle that countries all over the world follow in making decisions or taking actions .\r\nin the early winter morning , the great desert seemed sound asleep , and the whole area was in darkness as our cross - country jeep drove in .\r\ninside the jeep we were enjoying the darkness , because no one could find us .\r\nthe date was 20 november 1999 , a day written in the glorious annals of the chinese nation .\r\nour vehicle was so close to the launching tower , and we could clearly see the long arms of the shiny green launching tower embracing a milk - white new type of rocket pointing at the sky .\r\nall kinds of thoughts were thronging my mind at the time , but i did not say anything , i was afraid that the others in the vehicle were in a state of anxiety , for this after all was china 's first test - launch of a spaceship .\r\ndo not think for a moment that i , a female in the military , am stupidly brave , in fact i \" know what 's what \" and i am familiar with the veterans in charge of the spaceship 's destiny .\r\ni just wanted to watch the \" shenzhou \" soar into the heaven from nearby . . .\r\nwang yongzhi [ 3769 3057 1807 ] is the chief designer in china 's manned spaceflight project , and so far the missiles and carrier rockets designed under his charge have never failed .\r\nit is no surprise that chief designer wang attracts young men .\r\ni really admire chief designer wang 's powers of attraction .\r\nsun gongling 's eyes were bright as he said this , as if he had already seen the spacecraft soaring into the sky .\r\nhe quickly added something worth pondering : \" a man 's attraction lies in his wisdom and boldness . \"\r\nthat was in june 1964 , when wang yongzhi went to the gobi for the first time to undertake the task of launching the first medium - short - range missiles developed by china itself .\r\nduring the test firing , the missile 's range was not long enough .\r\nthe experts considered how to add more propellant to the rocket , but as the rocket ' fuel tanks were limited , it was not possible to feed in any more .\r\njust when everyone was racking their brains to think of a solution , a young lieutenant stood up and said : \" if the propellant temperature is high when the rocket is launched , its density will be reduced , thus the motor 's throttle characteristic will change accordingly .\r\nafter calculation , if 600 kg of fuel are unloaded from the rocket , the missile will hit the target . \"\r\nsomeone said impolitely : \" the rocket 's capacity was already insufficient , yet you want to remove some of the fuel ? \"\r\npointing at wang yongzhi , qian xuesen said to the chief designer : \" this young man 's opinion is correct , and do as he says ! \"\r\nit turned out that the rocket 's range lengthened after some of the propellant was removed , and all the three missiles launched hit the target .\r\nthe iron arms on the launch tower opened up , and the long rapier in the crystal palace , outlined against the sky , displayed its heroic posture .\r\ni knew that it would be wang yongzhi controlling the rocket bundle 's \" portrait rights . \"\r\non 16 july 1990 when china successfully launched its first rocket bundle at xichang , he had been the chief person responsible for its development .\r\ni concentrated my gaze on a tall and straight rocket ; it contained a great deal of new technology , such as that used for checking and dealing with faults , and it was completely reliable .\r\nthe manned spaceflight project has seven major subsystems , and each system has a chief designer and director .\r\nliu zhusheng [ 0491 4554 3932 ] , chief designer of the rocket , jokingly said to me : \" chief designer wang has never asked me if the rocket will work properly , i really wanted to tell him that he need not worry , there is no problem with the rocket . \"\r\nthat day i told wang yongzhi what liu zhusheng had said . gratified , chief wang smiled : \" i know liu zhusheng , he is very careful . \"\r\nit seemed that the alarm bell needed to ring for a long time .\r\nat this time the launch tower was completely opened up , and the rocket and spacecraft were all displayed before our eyes .\r\nthe three - cabin scheme for the spacecraft was proposed by wang yongzhi .\r\nit means : the orbital cabin is the place where the astronauts live and work ; the reentry cabin is the spacecraft 's control center , and the astronauts sit in there during the launch and reentry ; and the propulsion cabin provides energy and power for the spacecraft in orbit and in reentry .\r\nthere were different opinions on this .\r\nthe spaceflight departments proposed : the risk of sending up a prototype spacecraft is too great , and we should have a good match to be on the safe side .\r\nwang yongzhi went to consult shen rongjun [ 3088 2837 7486 ] : \" we should attach a spacecraft to the rocket , but what happens if progress on the spacecraft 's motor lags behind ? \"\r\nand for lieutenant general shen rongjun , deputy director of china 's manned spaceflight , the pressure was very heavy , because he strongly advocated that the first launch of the spacecraft must go into space and successfully return .\r\nhis decisionmaking choice was related to whether this undertaking would succeed or fail , and he profoundly felt the great difficulty of his task .\r\nthis china 's first spacecraft launch .\r\nminister cao gangchuan and political commissar li jinai know their subordinates sufficiently well to delegate appropriate responsibilities to them ; they handed to shen rongjun the heavy task of the manned spaceflight and let him take overall responsibility .\r\nwhen the jiuquan satellite launch site was starting construction in the late 1950 's , shen rongjun , who had just graduated from university , volunteered to go to the great desert ; by now he has taken part in and directed more than 50 missile tests and rocket and satellite launches .\r\nhe is a renowned spaceflight observation and control expert and also a launch controller of great experience .\r\nthis means that he shoulders heavy burdens .\r\non 4 october shen rongjun was told in a urgent phone call from the launch site that there was a problem with a part of the spacecraft 's control system .\r\nthe following day he flew to the launch site and immediately convened a technical discussion meeting on whether to open up the craft to carry out crash repairs .\r\nshen rongjun resolutely decided : \" we cannot run the risk in space !\r\nso long as the organization is tight , and the measures effective , mistakes on the ground can be avoided . \"\r\ni looked toward the launch tower ; the tip of the spacecraft atop the rocket glinted in the dark desert as it moved away from the tower . 13 november , the spacecraft arrives at the launch site .\r\nthe road was lined with tall xinjiang poplars standing up fine , straight , and sturdy in the desert , like sentinels guarding a narrow path . they gave people a feeling of exhilaration .\r\ntwo days previously , i and he had passed neat rows of hot houses covering 150 mu , where cucumbers , tomatoes , peppers and other seasonal vegetables were growing sturdily .\r\nthe car stopped in front of a large construction ; the spacecraft was just being transported in the sun to the rocket general assembly and testing plant . we followed behind and entered a brain city .\r\ncommander liu introduced them to me in a very familiar way ; it was not at all easy for so many parameters to be accurate , and i was amazed at his memory ; i even wondered whether or not i needed to put so many hard to remember figures into a microcomputer .\r\nliu mingshan is a good talker ; after graduating from university he left for the gobi , and now he has been there 33 years and has witnessed the launch of 33 satellites from the space city plus various types of missiles and carrier rockets .\r\ni took the liberty to ask : \" does your wife work here ? \"\r\ni remember her with gratitude to the end of my life ! \"\r\nat this moment , the winter sunlight was on his face , and i could see tears in his eyes .\r\nhe suddenly reproached himself : \" she cried out several times that she had stomach pain , why did i not get her to the hospital sooner ? \"\r\nseeing what i was thinking , he said quietly : \" renjin had stomach cancer .\r\ni can never forget her lying on the sick bed , exhorting me with her last breath : you must get the spacecraft into space . \"\r\nthat afternoon i went into the space city history museum ; a photograph of liu mingshan 's wife pan renjin was on an honor board ; a senior colonel , she was smiling , and she appeared young and very pretty .\r\nshe was an outstanding technical cadre standard - bearer here , and also an outstanding party member , who had won many awards .\r\nher main work here was to monitor the site 's electromagnetic compatibility .\r\nin accordance with pan renjin 's will , her ashes were buried in the dongfeng martyrs mausoleum .\r\nthe desert wind blowing outside the mausoleum brings the rockets ' thunder past the neat rows of memorials , and there is peace after the wind has passed ; it is as peaceful as dreamland .\r\nin a man 's life there is a kind of constant remembrance of gratitude , there is one thought that endures for ever , and there is a kind of person who walks alone .\r\nliu mingshan is now alone , he shoulders the important commission of the motherland and people to achieve the hope his wife voiced with the dying breath - - to launch the \" shenzhou ! \"\r\ni have come over from the hustle of the launching site , and many times i have seen lieutenant general shen rongjun and lieutenant general hu shixiang [ 5170 0013 4382 ] , who is now deputy director of the installation department , directing satellite launches .\r\nhowever , they have the posture of generals , and they can disguise their feelings and pull through , until the launch has succeeded .\r\ndawn is just breaking over the launch site , and i am happy to see the rocket pointing at the sky ; \" good weather , favorable terrain , and friendly people \" are all present , and probably nothing frightening will happen .\r\nshen rongjun and hu shixiang exchanged views , then gave the decisive order : \" launch according to plan .\r\nlater i found out that the four \" yuanwang \" ships had overcome seven strong typhoons and passed through many complex and dangerous sea areas in steaming a total of 62,000 nautical miles in 259 days , equivalent to three times around the world , and they completely fulfilled their sea monitoring and control tasks .\r\nat 0630 , the great desert trembled , the firmament shook , and orange flames lifted the rocket and the spacecraft with thunderous roar into the sky and into space .\r\nin his view , manned spaceflight is a life project .\r\nin 1997 , the day after completing the task of astronaut selection , he received an order to enter the jiuquan satellite launch center .\r\non 13 november , i witnessed a huge iron hook installing the spacecraft onto the rocket nose , over 90 meters high !\r\ntense , my hands were sweating .\r\nis there not a saying : the skilled are bold ?\r\ni also saw here xu kejun [ 1776 0344 0193 ] , chief engineer at the launch site .\r\nthe article he wrote entitled \" china 's future launch sites should have two big technological progress features , \" which was published in zairen hangtian [ manned spaceflight ] magazine in 1995 , was praised by china 's famous scientist qian xuesen .\r\none is 30 years older than the other .\r\nchief designer qi said to yuan jiajun [ 5913 1367 6511 : \" i took part in developing china 's first satellite when i was 30 , and you are taking part in directing the development of china 's first spacecraft at the age of 37 . \"\r\nchief qi said : \" i hope that there will be successors in china 's space flight , with each generation getting stronger . \"\r\nhe readily replied : \" i have a clear idea of the technical plans and have considered them quite carefully .\r\ni will not only fulfill on time the task assigned me by the leadership but will ensure that it exceeds the leadership 's expectations . \"\r\ngreeting the first dawn of 2000 , a national flag of special significance was hoisted over tiananmen square - - the five - star red flag that flew through space with \" shenzhou \" fluttered in the first dawn of the new year , to greet new glory for china 's space flight .\r\nin the last 20 years , china 's science and technology research has made achievements which have gained the attention of the people of the world .\r\nin recent years , some domestic departments in charge of scientific research have shown a notably excessive emphasis on evaluating in terms of how many articles are published abroad .\r\nthe evaluation of scientific research personnel by many scientific research departments has frequently indiscriminately considered the publishing of one article abroad as equal to publishing one or more articles domestically , resulting to a great degree in attracting chinese academic articles to publishing abroad .\r\nthis means that in a period of 15 years , the number of articles published in scientific and technical periodicals domestically in china fell relatively by 26.2 percent .\r\nin addition , the isi database manifests a notable regional disparity in regard to the number of publications sourced in regard to certain regions . the number of publications sourced to certain countries or regions in the isi database is not in conformity with the scientific and technological levels or overall power of certain countries or regions .\r\nif china 's high - level scientific research results are for the most part published in foreign science and technical journals , due to the factors of cost and channels of distribution , it will be difficult to see that these results receive simultaneous first reporting domestically .\r\nin addition , the national commission for natural sciences funding and the chinese science association have begun a joint provision of set amounts of funding to 100 outstanding science and technical periodicals . this definitely will promote the further heightening of the quality of these magazines .\r\nin these respects , china 's domestic publications at present include only a minute number of scientific and technical journals , which are in an initial stage of development and await strengthening .\r\nchina 's scientific and technical journals should additionally fully pay attention to publicity and distribution work .\r\ncompared with the complete marketing networks and contacts and advanced advertising methods employed by foreign publishers , the level of china 's distribution work for its scientific and technical periodicals is still relatively backward , and this is extremely obvious in the existing 148 english editions of scientific and technical publications .\r\nwhat is clintonism , and what does it involve ? [ jin yinan ] since monroe was elected president in 1817 , many us presidents have given their name to a \" doctrine . \"\r\nthe new doctrine of \" clintonism \" has emerged since the gulf war and the breakup of the soviet union .\r\nclinton is the first us president in half a century to have done no military service .\r\nnow in the eighth year of his presidency , he has become the president who has issued the greatest number of air strike orders in history .\r\nwhat she said when sounding off against joint chiefs of staff chairman powell in 1993 has already become a famous saying in us political circles : \" you are always talking about our super military forces !\r\nbut what is the point of having these forces if we cannot use them ? \"\r\nthe fiery albright gave the true essence of clintonism : \" use these forces , \" so that the world will know \" the point of possessing them . \"\r\nthis then is the post - cold war world in us eyes .\r\nclintonism is military hegemonism in a unipolar world , which takes us interventionist policy to the limits .\r\nthe unga of september 1999 became a watershed in explaining clintonism .\r\nat the unga , western opinion universally held that the united states would give a comprehensive exposition of clintonism , which was very much in the limelight .\r\nclinton 's address to the unga on 21 september , however , greatly disappointed these people .\r\nthis low - key address caused sparse applause among the delegates , in sharp contrast to his address in 1998 , which was followed by a standing ovation .\r\nit was precisely in the kosovo war , the peak of this military intervention , that clinton looked on helplessly at the inability of his doctrine to equal his ambition .\r\nsince production of combat planes such as the f-16 has ended , there was a serious shortage of parts for round - the - clock bombing , and there was no alternative but to cannibalize aircraft of this type in the united states as an emergency replenishment .\r\na shortage of flight personnel meant that they had to fly when already tired , and it was also necessary to urgently mobilize the reserve at home .\r\na us air force memorandum said : \" the combat units are in a difficult period , there are almost no spare engines available , and the combat equipment is almost exhausted . \"\r\nduring the \" missile crisis \" on the korean peninsula , the americans acted contrary to their moves in the middle east and europe by seeking in various ways engagement and negotiations with north korea , in a bid for a compromise .\r\nwhen li teng - hui dished up the \" two - state theory , \" he expected the americans to pull the chestnuts out of the fire for him , but they resented the retainer turning into the master .\r\nbader , former director of asian affairs in the national security council , said : \" we have not undertaken not to stint the blood of american soldiers . \"\r\nwhen will the us military , which is accustomed to using retainers , personally fight in the vanguard on behalf of a retainer ?\r\nthis is the objective reason why clintonism can hardly be swayed by people like li teng - hui in asia .\r\nits caution and restraint in asia are also based on the following objective factors : first of all , there is no organization like nato in asia .\r\nalthough there is the us - japan security treaty , and the 100,000 troops under the us pacific command , it is extremely difficult for the united states to squeeze the countries of the region together and place them under its standard .\r\nsince the vietnam war , all us military intervention actions have been essentially characterized by \" speed \" and \" not getting in deep \" and have been aimed at weak and small opponents against whom success is easy , and fought in regions where it is easy to break off .\r\nthe peoples nurtured by history , nationality , and culture in asia , however , are completely the opposite of the standard opponents imagined by the united states .\r\nthird , the greatest obstacle encountered by clintonism in asia is precedent when , far from achieving successful intervention , the united states has encountered serious failure in this region since world war ii .\r\nhere it is not so much the \" victories \" in the gulf and kosovo wars as rather the lessons of the korean and vietnam wars that play the role of historical experience .\r\nas a result , the americans are unable to apply the iraq or kosovo pattern to resolve the problems of this region .\r\na number of countries with highly developed information technology [ it ] have emerged since the 1980 's , in the wake of the asymmetrical development of the world information field .\r\nthey exploit their monopoly status in information resources and the related industries to impose it control , penetrate by means of information resources , and dump information products in countries where it is relatively undeveloped , so as to attain their corresponding political , economic , and military goals .\r\nthis is the \" information colonialism \" phenomenon which this article raises .\r\nit is exported like capital , as an intellectual property right ; the information business has become a new growth point ; and in addition the development of the information industry is unbalanced - - these provide a hotbed for information colonizing .\r\naccording to relevant data , in the global information business , the united states accounts for 92 percent of cpu output and 86 percent of systems and parts , and there are now 113 million internet customers .\r\nin this regard , the french complained back in the 1970 's : the entire french databank field is monopolized by the united states ; and in the 1980 's , japan exclaimed : japan may be reduced to the status of america 's \" information colony . \"\r\nforty percent of the source of modern economic development and growth comes from the information industry .\r\noutput value of information industries of many developed western countries accounts for 45 to 60 percent of their gnp , whereas in the developing countries the proportion is only about one percent , the scope is narrow , and the quality is poor .\r\nthus , powerful information countries switch from exporting financial capital to exporting information capital and imposingly occupy the information field in backward countries , thus restricting the development of national information business there .\r\nat the same time they pose a serious threat to the economic security of these countries .\r\nthe progress of it has also sparked changes in the world military scene .\r\nit is also connected to a vast databank which collects information on customers , and when required , this databank can provide the customer 's secrets to political , economic , and military organizations .\r\nby means of an internal sequence code , the pentium iii processor can compare the customer with the information that he gathers and decipher the identity and personal secrets of the customer ; or they can deliberately leave an embedded virus , and install hidden dangers such as concealed channels and codes that can recover code keys .\r\nculture is an important foundation in preserving social stability .\r\nthe people of a given nation in a given age are living in a certain cultural pattern and cultivate their own human qualities .\r\nnorms of language , writing , beliefs , and morals have formed the cultural circle of each country and nation .\r\nin the information age , information has become a major strategic resource , the information industry has become a country 's mainstay industry , information security has become the most important security element , and the information net has become a country 's important strategic infrastructure .\r\nstanding at the threshold of the 21 st century , people do not have only feelings of happiness ; it is evident from the uneven economic development and the countless conflicts and turmoil in the 20 th century that high technology is the core of the competition in all - round national strength .\r\nthe developed countries have unfolded fierce competition in research and development , centering around \" technological hegemony . \"\r\nthe phenomenon of information colonialism will become an important motive cause in future war .\r\nwithout information security , there can be no national political , economic , and military security .\r\nwhen mankind entered the industrial age , the chinese nation had its fill of the bitterness of colonialism and semi - colonialism , and such a state of affairs cannot be restaged when mankind enters the information age .\r\nwe must therefore have full rational awareness and strategic countermeasures .\r\nwe should establish the concept of standing on our own feet .\r\nwe must establish self - defense measures .\r\non 11 january of this year , the number of patent applications across china topped the 1 - million mark , and thus china has entered the world 's rank of big powers of patent applications .\r\nchina 's patent industry has made considerable progress in such areas as patent legislation , patent protection , and training and international exchanges in patent qualified people in a short span of 15 years .\r\naccording to a briefing by a relevant responsible person from the state intellectual property rights bureau , the number of patent applications china handled in 1998 and 1999 totaled 121,989 and 134,240 or an increase of 6.8 percent and 10 percent respectively from the previous year .\r\nof the country 's total patent applications , the number of patent applications by scientific research units and institutions of higher learning increased by 7 percent and 22 percent respectively , while that of patent applications by enterprises at home also increased by 6.7 percent and 20 percent respectively .\r\nan expert from the state intellectual property rights bureau stated : having superiority in patents is an important guarantee for gaining the initiative in competition .\r\nachieving a leap in technological development is an important target of china 's scientific and technological progress and technological innovation and also the only way to expedite china 's modernization .\r\nstate intellectual property rights office director jiang ying also pointed out : it will help vigorously push technological innovation activities among enterprises , scientific research units , and institutions of higher learning to carry out patent work throughout the entire process of technological innovation .\r\nthis being the case , the key to solving the problem of patent quantity lies in improving the scientific and technological level as a whole on which china relies for its patents .\r\nthird , the actual protection of intellectual property rights should be enhanced .\r\nto spark the desire of scientists and technicians for innovations , it is very important to implement a paten - rewarding mechanism . this will help form a benign circle in technological innovation activities among enterprises .\r\nthe publication and implementation of these numerous policies has thus powerfully mobilized the enthusiasm of the institute 's scientific research personnel for innovations . as china 's entry into the world trade organization is approaching , patent departments in china are facing greater pressures .\r\ntherefore , it is all the more necessary to enhance the quality and international competitiveness of patent work , further safeguard national sovereignty and economic security , and promote social progress .\r\nwhy is it that the daya bay nuclear power station can be ranked among the best nuclear power plants in the world ?\r\nestablish the modern enterprise system and successfully probe the way of scientific management of enterprises in which the state has a controlling interest .\r\nthe two 1 million kilowatt - class nuclear power generating units of the daya bay nuclear power station are like two \" money printing machines \" operating around the clock , each of which creates more than $ 1 million in output value every day .\r\nthe daya bay nuclear power station earned $ 560 million in foreign exchange and created 2.3 billion yuan in profits and taxes in 1999 .\r\nwith such an enormous amount of profits , is the daya bay power station very lavish in spending ?\r\nwhen briefed by staff of the daya bay power station , the reporters found that the briefing materials they used were printed on both sides while those distributed to us were printed on one side only .\r\nthe sense of cost and the extent of meticulous management of the staff of the daya bay power station can be seen from this !\r\nthe joint venture company has strict rules , systems , and execution procedures for all its work , from the procurement of staple materials and the suspension , reloading , and overhaul of nuclear power generating units to the distribution of labor insurance goods and small gifts to guests .\r\ndegai [ name as transliterated ] , a foreign expert who had worked in the daya bay power station , said that in a certain sense , what the power station produced was not electricity but documents , because everything had rules to follow and was restricted by procedures .\r\nimplementation of rules , systems , and work procedures hinges on man .\r\nthe influence of the auditing department can be seen everywhere in the daya bay power station .\r\nthe joint venture company 's xerox machines were reduced from 53 to 36 last year because the auditing department discovered that the actual volume of copies printed by the company 's xerox machines was lower than the suggested volume of the machine provider , which was a waste of resources .\r\nmore than 300 tonnes of substandard concrete iron placed on the work site of the lingao nuclear power station were not transported out . the auditing department issued a notice of correction as soon as it discovered this .\r\na nuclear safety culture deeply rooted in people 's hearts , a protective screen more secure than steel - reinforced concrete nuclear power is a clean and highly efficient source of energy .\r\nhowever , 100 percent safety should be ensured .\r\nit has established a virtual protective screen more secure than steel reinforced concrete - - a nuclear safety culture deeply rooted in people 's hearts .\r\non one occasion , leakage of lubricant was discovered on a gas turbine after a grade - seven maintenance worker completed the overhaul of its filter screen .\r\nan inspection showed that an insertion ring was missing .\r\nthe worker said that he did not receive the insertion ring , but the power station 's strict system of registration of material inflow and outflow proved the worker was lying .\r\nthe maintenance department immediately organized personnel to conduct analysis and study and adopted timely measures to eliminate the hidden danger .\r\nsince then , an atmosphere has been established in the power station in which people begin with speaking the truth when they want to correct an error .\r\nit is in such detailed workflow , strict rules and systems , and the sense of safety deeply rooted in workers ' hearts that the nuclear safety culture of the daya bay nuclear power station is reflected .\r\noutside the main control room of the no. 1 generating unit , the reporters saw some banners , reading \" do everything successfully at one stroke , make every person a protective screen \" and \" it is safety not the market that decides everything . \"\r\nthe nuclear safety culture deeply rooted in people 's hearts has laid a solid foundation for the safe operation of the daya bay nuclear power station .\r\nusing the nuclear power station to support nuclear power development and achieving continuous development , the daya bay nuclear power station has become the incubator of guangdong 's nuclear power development .\r\nzan yunlong , the major planner and builder of the daya bay nuclear power station , was appointed chairman of the board of directors and concurrently president of the guangdong nuclear power group company .\r\nby then , the building projects of the lingao nuclear power station had been successfully completed , and the main part of the project entered the period of installation .\r\nin the construction of the lingao nuclear power station , the principle of \" putting safety and quality first \" has been strictly implemented , and quality , progress , investment control has been exercised across the board to ensure that best quality and efficiency are achieved in construction and equipment .\r\non the occasion marking the 4 th anniversary of president jiang zemin 's important speech on the taiwan issue , the committee and the relevant central departments jointly held large - scale commemorative forums .\r\nthey held forums with relevant responsible persons of seven ministries and commissions , including the state economic and trade commission , to discuss problems discovered in the course of investigation , and offered some suggestions for resolving relevant problems .\r\nthe hong kong , macao , taiwan , and overseas chinese committee combined investigation and study with the efforts to help taiwan businessmen eliminate difficulties and anxiety , organized cppcc committee members to visit taiwan - invested enterprises and communicated with relevant departments to solve problems arising with taiwan businessmen 's investments and operations .\r\nmany committee members also actively wrote and published articles and participated in activities to criticize the \" two - state theory . \"\r\nthe committee briefed the hong kong , macao , and taiwan personages and overseas chinese on the great achievements of the motherland 's reform and opening up as well as its principles and policies on \" peaceful reunification and one country , two systems , \" and earnestly listened to their opinions and suggestions .\r\nat the time when the 50 th national day and the cppcc anniversaries were celebrated , this committee also invited and received several hundreds of representatives of hong kong , macao , taiwan and overseas chinese compatriots to beijing to attend celebration activities .\r\nthe israeli government claimed that the places israel has raided are bases of the lebanese hezbollah guerrillas and the air raids have been a retaliatory act against hezbollah 's attacks of israel 's \" security zone \" in southern lebanon which caused injuries and deaths of several israeli soldiers .\r\nisrael 's air raids have triggered anger and condemnations among all lebanese .\r\nthe lebanese government also submitted a petition letter to un secretary general annan asking the international community to stop israel from repeatedly invading lebanon .\r\nthe international community , especially the arab world , also has shown strong concern for israel 's bombings of lebanon 's civilian facilities , causing injuries of civilians , and has criticized one after another israel 's such \" reckless invasion act \" .\r\npublic opinion has widely held that , at the current critical moment when the middle east peace process is facing a trial , israel 's air raids not only have worsened its relations with lebanon , but also will jeopardize the entire middle east region 's peace process .\r\nin 1985 , israel ended its invasive war with lebanon . but , citing need to ensure security in the northern part of its country , israel established in lebanon 's southern border area a \" security zone \" of more than 1,000 square km .\r\nbut , things have turned out to be just the opposite . the bombings not only have not lowered tensions in southern lebanon ; on the contrary , they have deepened hostility between israel and lebanon .\r\non the night of 8 february , after israel carried out the first round of air raids in the early morning , hezbollah guerrillas claimed that they launched another assault against israel 's \" security zone , \" killing one israeli soldier and injuring two .\r\nlebanese prime minister huss resolutely said : it is israel that has failed to abide by the cease - fire agreement of understanding reached between the two countries in april 1996 and launched the air raids . but the air raids cannot shake the lebanese people 's determination to resist and attack israel 's occupation .\r\nsyria , as an ally of lebanon in opposing israel 's illegal occupation , has made particularly strong responses to israel 's air raids .\r\nin december last year , with us mediation , syria and israel began to resume peace talks .\r\nthis undoubtedly has worsened syrian - israeli relations , making the prospects of the peace talks , which already have been at a standstill , even dimmer .\r\nthe palestine issue is an important link in the regional peace process .\r\naccording to the \" sharm el sheikh memorandum \" reached between palestine and israel in september last year , the two sides will sign on 13 february this year a framework agreement on the final - status issue and will reach a permanent peace treaty in september this year .\r\nhowever , over a period that just passed , talks between the two sides on the final - status issue have proceeded very slowly and little progress has been made , and currently they basically are in standstill .\r\nit has been learned that , the united states , france , and other parties concerned have privately initiated diplomatic activities in an effort to prevent the situation in southern lebanon from getting out of control .\r\nbalance of rights and obligations an important wto characteristic the wto is one of the three main international economic organizations in the world today , and it plays an important role in spurring world trade liberalization , organizing multilateral trade negotiations , handling international trade disputes , and so on .\r\nall wto accords and articles have been adopted by its members through negotiations and agreed on the basis of reaching unity through consultations .\r\nany member must while enjoying the rights also undertake the corresponding obligations , so that rights and obligations are basically in balance .\r\nthe wto legal system is basically composed of basic principles and exceptions to these principles .\r\non the basis of abiding by the basic principles and carrying out their corresponding obligations , wto members can also , under the necessary conditions , make use of the exclusion clauses to protect their own rights and interests .\r\naccording to these clauses , when wto members encounter serious imbalance of international payments , or when economic development requires the government to adopt interventionist policies , and so on , they can temporarily readjust their corresponding obligations in order to ensure their economic stability and development .\r\ntrade liberalization , however , has conditions ; the wto permits its members , especially the developing countries , to gradually achieve trade liberalization in line with their own economic and trade situation and competitiveness , to facilitate the provision of opportunities for their domestic industrial restructuring .\r\nif trade disputes occur between wto members , they can have recourse to the disputes settlement mechanism , and these will be adjudicated by specially composed groups of experts ; the adjudication has the force of compulsion , and all members whatever their size must be constrained by it and execute it .\r\nthis has to a very great extent changed the situation in which major treading nations dominated dispute settlement , and gives a certain degree of protection to the interests of developing countries .\r\nat present there are 135 members of the wto , and developing countries and regions account for 81 percent of membership .\r\nuphold balance between rights and obligations when china joins the wto beginning in 1986 , in its 14 - year negotiating process for rejoining gatt and joining the wto , china has consistently upheld the principle of balancing rights and obligations .\r\ngenerally speaking , the obligations carried out should correspond to the rights enjoyed ; we will not accept a price that exceeds what we can bear , but must achieve balance of rights and obligations .\r\nsince the launch of reform and opening up , china 's all - round national strength has increased , and its impact on world economy and trade has continually expanded ; the wto is incomplete without china 's participation , nor does such a situation benefit world economic development .\r\nin the negotiations for china to rejoin gatt and join the wto , we have consistently upheld the principle that china is a developing country , and that we can only join the wto under the conditions for developing countries .\r\nfor instance , during the transition period , taking information technology products as an example , developed countries need to lower their tariffs to zero by 2000 , while for developing countries the period can be extended until 2005 .\r\nthus the results of the negotiations will ultimately benefit china 's reform and opening up and help to preserve our economic security .\r\nchina 's accession to the wto , its observance of wto rules , and its execution of the obligations on market opening which we have given in the negotiations will provide still better and still more stable opportunities for other countries and regions to gain entry into our market .\r\nregarding the question of the balance of rights and obligations in china 's accession to the wto , we must uphold dialectical materialism and look at it from the viewpoint of development ; rights and obligations are not immutable .\r\nafter china joins the wto , we must become familiar with and grasp its rules as quickly as possible , and change to the maximum the rights that we enjoy into actual interests for promoting our economic development .\r\nhe said the agricultural restructuring will be market - oriented , the objective is to improve the quality and returns of agricultural goods , and the restructuring will proceed in farming , animal husbandry , and aquaculture all at the same time .\r\nto succeed in adjusting the agricultural structure , chen yaobang said : first of all , we will adjust the farming structure .\r\nwith respect to regional layouts , coastal areas in the east and outskirts of large and medium cities will develop modern agriculture to produce export - oriented agricultural goods .\r\nthese areas will eventually become bases that export quality agricultural products .\r\nareas in central china , to give play to their high productivity of food grain , will establish large , efficiently managed bases that produce commercial grain and process grain for feed and other purposes .\r\neastern china and the outskirts of large cities will actively develop production of scale .\r\nthey will also develop intensive processing of livestock products and speed up the pace of modernizing their animal husbandry .\r\nthird , we will continue to optimize the structure of fishing operations .\r\nwe will strictly control the their intensity and continue to enforce the \" zero growth \" plan .\r\nbangkok , 13 feb - - the tenth united nations conference on trade and development [ unctad ] was convened on 12 th february in bangkok , thailand .\r\nit marked the first global economic meeting of the new century and was convened under circumstances of stepped up economic globalization , further widening of gap between the rich and poor and north and south , and strong urge from the developing countries to establish a new international economic order .\r\nat the meeting 's inaugural ceremony , people could not forget the unpleasant and fruitless minister - level wto meeting in seattle in the united states at the end of last year .\r\nthe result of that meeting fully demonstrated the heightened conflict between the developing and the developed countries in the ways they handled global economic affairs .\r\nthe progress in science and technology and information technology has accelerated the global exchange of commodities , manpower , capital , talent , and markets ; this trend of economic globalization will prevail .\r\njudging by today 's situation , economic globalization not only has accelerated global economic development but also has widened the gap between the rich and the poor worldwide .\r\ntherefore in the course of economic globalization , it is essential to promptly set up a fair and reasonable new international economic order to remedy the defects brought by the globalization process .\r\ndevelopment is another issue facing the conference on trade and development , and as far as the developing countries are concerned , development naturally is the number one issue .\r\ntoday , the developing countries as a whole have become the source of world economic growth , but fund shortages , backward technologies , lack of qualified management personnel , poor infrastructure , and other problems are seriously hampering the developing countries ' economic growth .\r\nhe pointed out : price regulation and control in 2000 should not only strive to bring about an appropriate and rational pickup in the overall price level to boost the confidence of investors and consumers in the market , but also pay attention to monitoring and controlling any signs of excessive price hikes that may occur in some areas .\r\nhe pointed out : it is necessary to intensify the reform of prices and fees this year and let prices that are suitable for decontrolling be determined by the supply and demand in the marketplace in a timely manner .\r\nthough they are not in great numbers , they do have a major impact on the national economy .\r\nthis responsible person said : steps will be taken this year to set about studying how to reform the price formation mechanism in these industries .\r\nfor example , competitive grid entry prices will be introduced on an experimental basis in the power industry to restrain the construction investment and operating costs of power plants .\r\nthe reform of the rural electricity price control system and the transformation of the rural power grid will be accelerated , introducing the same price on the same grid for both urban and rural areas in phases and in batches .\r\nthe price formation mechanism for crude oil and finished oil products shall be perfected to encourage oil and petrochemical companies to engage in rational competition .\r\nchina 's civil aviation industry has achieved sustained , high - speed growth since the reform . however , the chinese civil aviation industry 's major indices are extremely low in proportion to the world totals .\r\nchina 's general aviation ( meaning aerial photography , remote measurement , mineral prospecting , petroleum services , rainmaking , aerial forest protection , afforestation by aerial sowing , agricultural and pastoral sowing , and aerial chemicals spraying in agriculture and forestry ) market is extremely small in size and in a state of contraction .\r\nin 1997 , proceeds from general aviation only accounted for 0.3 percent of the income of caac - affiliated enterprises .\r\nthe civil aviation industry is one of the emerging industries that are capital - and high - technology - intensive and have the greatest potential for development and is also one of the most important industries with a considerable spillover effect .\r\ngovernment administration remains integrated with enterprise management the civil aviation industry is one of the few industries in present - day china that still retain the planned economy 's characteristic of integrating government administration with enterprise management .\r\nit is necessary to accelerate the transformation of civil aviation administrative departments ' functions .\r\nhowever , china has followed a trend contrary to the development of the world civil aviation industry which sees a constant rise in the unit cost of transportation that causes a corresponding rise in the unit price of transportation .\r\nchina 's airfare per passenger kilometer is fairly high by world standards and , still more , extremely expensive in relation to its level of per capita gdp or per capita consumption expenditure . the development of the civil aviation industry not only has not benefited society at large but instead has increased trading costs throughout society .\r\nfirst , it is necessary to make an early , rational division between military , civilian , and military - civilian joint controls of the air .\r\nfourth , it is necessary to encourage competitive civil aviation enterprises in the country to engage in strategic cooperation and alliance with transnational civil aviation companies .\r\nin order to implement jiang zemin 's directive , a beijing insider disclosed , zhongnanhai has worked out specific plans for the work in 2000 , which include the following : first , it is necessary to strengthen ideological and political building of the leading bodies , strictly administer the party , and exercise management over the leading cadres .\r\nsecond , it is necessary to step up reform of state enterprises and on the whole put an end to enterprise deficits and turn deficits into profits .\r\nthird , it is necessary to step up the building of the legal system , earnestly rule the country by law , and resolutely correct and punish the practices and individuals involved in meddling in the legal system .\r\nviewed from the working plans , figures from beijing 's political circles believe that there will be new progress in this year 's anticorruption struggle .\r\nthe attack on sects will be equated with that on hostile forces , which means that china will not soften its measures towards the sects because of us hegemonist meddling .\r\nmore than a month ago , the chinese government resumed the exercise of its sovereignty over macao .\r\nthis is a great event of the chinese nation , which happened after hong kong 's return to the motherland , marking a new stage in the great cause of the reunification of the motherland .\r\nthe solving of the taiwan issue has been placed more prominently before us .\r\nthe number of taiwan compatriots who traveled to the mainland via macao by air exceeded 2 million . the compatriots coming and leaving the mainland via macao had exceeded 3 million .\r\nthe 8 - point proposal is the inheritance of these principles and planning in the new situation .\r\nthe \" one country , two systems \" principle was first put forward for resolving the taiwan issue , but it was first put into practice in hong kong .\r\nthe steady transition of macao and the smooth handover of power is another successful practice of the \" one country , two systems \" concept .\r\nat present , the msar government headed by edmund ho hau wah is properly operating administration according to law .\r\nthe principle of \" one country , two systems \" is applicable to hong kong and macao , as well as to taiwan .\r\nthe issues of hong kong and macao are historical questions that resulted from foreign colonialist aggression against and occupation of china .\r\nthe issues of hong kong and macao were resolved through the diplomatic means of negotiation .\r\npresident jiang 's 8 - point proposal sincerely calls for conducting negotiations on peaceful reunification between the two sides of the strait on the premise of the one china principle , on which any question can be discussed .\r\nsince china could hold talks with the united kingdom and portugal and successfully resolve the questions of hong kong and macao , why ca n't the fraternal brothers across the taiwan straits hold talks and seek a common understanding ?\r\nwith the deepening of the great practice of \" one country , two systems \" and the dispelling of differences through negotiations , the \" one country , two systems \" policy , which is the best option , will eventually win the understanding of the vast number of taiwan compatriots .\r\nthanks to the cross - strait air service introduced by macao airlines , macao 's role as an important channel between the two sides of the taiwan straits has become more prominent .\r\nregarding taiwan institutions and personnel in macao , they are requested to abide by the macao basic law and not to engage in activities contravening the one china principle .\r\nfor a long time in the past , people of various circles and social organizations in macao , in the activities of contacts and exchanges between macao and taiwan , have done a great deal of work for promoting the peaceful reunification of the mainland and taiwan .\r\nin his important speech on taiwan , president jiang spoke highly of the contribution made by hong kong and macao compatriots and the chinese nationals abroad .\r\nwe believe that macao compatriots with a glorious tradition of patriotism will make continued efforts to actively participate in the various tasks for the application of the \" one country , two systems \" , devote their resources to the steady development of macao and play a still greater role in developing cross - strait relationship .\r\nthe application of the \" one country , two systems \" in macao has exerted positive influence on taiwan .\r\nin the springtime of the year of the dragon , flower - decked shenzhen is imbued with a joyful and celebratory atmosphere .\r\ntoday this place has become one of the mainland 's largest ocean - going container freight ports .\r\nli peng endorsed the success of the port in construction and operations , and expressed the hope that the port will play a still more positive role in stimulating economic development in shenzhen and south china .\r\nthe first stage of the lingao nuclear power plant ( that is , no . 2 ) is proceeding smoothly , and the work has switched from foundation work to installation .\r\nli peng said that guangdong nuclear power has achieved great success in recent years , and i hope you will continue to work hard and do still better .\r\nspeaking on the development of guangdong nuclear power , li peng said that care must be taken to build the no . 2 plant project and ensure it is up to the mark in quality and capacity .\r\nwe are relatively familiar with and have relatively abundant experience in and mastery of the type of reactor and technology of the daya bay plant .\r\nhigh - tech industry is the industry with greatest development prospects in shenzhen ; last year output value of these industries was 8.1979 trillion yuan [ as received ] , accounting for 40.5 percent of total industrial output value .\r\nin developing high - tech industries , apart from factors such as funds , technology , and talent , it is also necessary to have a good mechanism ; the government 's role in macroeconomic regulation and control is also extremely important in marked economy conditions .\r\nthe course of shenzhen 's development has been unusual ; it is the result of the guidance of deng xiaoping theory , the correct leadership of the cpc central committee with comrade jiang zemin as the core , and the common efforts of the 4 million people of shenzhen .\r\nli peng also pointed out that the more the economy develops , the more necessary it is to administer the city according to law .\r\nthe state has granted shenzhen local legislative powers , and shenzhen must take advantage of this strong point to do still better in administering the city according to law .\r\nat the close of , he arrived at the jiuquan satellite launch center to undertake science and technology work after graduating from the university .\r\nchina 's space industry can be described as the model of development of china 's national industry .\r\nchairman shen had the good fortune to participate in the early planning of our country 's manned space flight project .\r\nnow and again , he became excited when talking about the successful launch and recovery of the shenzhou experimental spacecraft .\r\nhe said : the manned space flight project is a massive and complicated systematic project that concentrates today 's high and new technologies . at present , only the united states and russia have the ability to conduct manned space flights .\r\nour country 's complete success in the first launch of the experimental manned spacecraft is yet another miracle created by the chinese nation , which relies totally on its own intelligence and wisdom , and again proved that china 's space industry - - a rising national industry - - has exuberant vitality .\r\nfunds for the foundation have mainly come from voluntary donations from china 's and overseas enterprises , groups , and individuals that show concern for and support the development of china 's space undertakings .\r\nthe foundation will make wholehearted contributions to strengthen the connections , links , and understanding between china 's space industry and national enterprises , and enable china 's space industry and national enterprises to soar together .\r\nthe successful launch and return of the china - designed \" shenzhou \" spacecraft last october marked a major historic breakthrough in china 's technology for manned space missions .\r\nwhen the good news reached our company , we felt a deep sense of pride for china 's space scientists , who relied on their own efforts to scale this world pinnacle of technology . this encouraged and inspired us to work harder and make contributions at our respective posts .\r\nwith the rapid development of economic globalization and knowledge economy today , competition of overall national strength is essentially a competition of technological innovation .\r\nan important reason why we have been able to score such a splendid achievement in space technology is that we persist in technological innovation and are committed to conquering the frontiers of high technology in the world .\r\nwe are deeply aware of this when we look back over the course of our company 's development over the past few decades .\r\nthe nanjing automation company , ltd. of the china power company is the first listed high - tech company of the state electric power system .\r\nour products have all entered the international market and have achieved eye - catching results in china 's foreign - aid projects .\r\nchi haotian , who is inspecting work in nanjing military region [ mr ] , thanked her for bringing up a good son and sending a good soldier to the people 's army , saying she is worthy of the title \" model mother in loving the country and supporting the army . \"\r\nafter her husband died of illness , she endured all kinds of hardships to raise her son and then sent him to the army after he grew up .\r\nchi haotian told ji rongzhen : you and your son 's advanced deeds have aroused strong responses in the entire army and nation . i am deeply moved by your patriotism and your support of the army .\r\nall officers and men should learn from you and your son .\r\nsince he became ill , he has received care and help from the army and all sectors of society in every possible way .\r\nwithout the love of the army and society , he could not have lived today . i am sincerely grateful to the party and the army !\r\nnanjing mr commander liang guanglie and political commissar fang zuqi joined chi haotian in comforting ji rongzhen .\r\nit is necessary to purposefully carry out an education in patriotism , collectivism , and socialism to help the students cultivate correct world outlook , outlook on life , and values .\r\nit is necessary to actively organize the students to participate in community service and social practice , improve their social experience , and cultivate their hard - working spirit and indomitable will .\r\nit is necessary to actively conduct mental health education to help and guide the students in cultivating good moral character and behavioral habits and to enable them to handle well any contradictions and problems they encounter with respect to study , job skill training , job hunting , and interpersonal relationships . 3 .\r\ngreater efforts should be made to reduce the excessive burden of middle and primary school students and ensure success in this regard .\r\nnow , some students ' class work is too heavy , yielding great psychological pressure on them . this will not help young students to grow up healthy and sound ; instead , it tends to create problems in various areas .\r\nstarting immediately after this spring term begins , all middle schools and primary schools must resolutely abolish the practice of publishing students ' test score rankings . 4 .\r\nit is necessary to strengthen the teacher ranks and constantly improve the teachers ' ideological , political and professional quality .\r\na determination must be made to improve order in schools and the public order surrounding schools , resolutely combat crimes that harm young students ' healthy growth , and ensure that the students have a quiet , harmonious , and healthy study environment .\r\npresident jiang also expounded this ideology in detail in the report to the subsequent 15 th party congress ( 1997 ) and in a speech given at the new year tea party held by the chinese people 's political consultative conference .\r\nthe words \" all the more \" fully reflect that we have paid attention to and respected the opinions and role of the taiwan people .\r\nin other words , in addition to allowing taiwan compatriots to reflect their views of developing cross - strait relations and realizing reunification at any time to the party and government , they may also be allowed to participate in the cross - strait talks .\r\nit can be said that each policy relaxation of the taiwan authorities on cross - strait relations and exchanges was the result of the taiwan compatriots ' contention . it is a fact seen by all that the taiwan authorities ' mainland policy has always been pulled forward by the taiwan people .\r\ntaiwan compatriots are also the core force opposing separation and \" taiwan independence . \"\r\nthe relevant taiwan authorities have conducted many opinion polls to support their policies and proposals on splittism .\r\nregarding these polls , only by making in - depth analysis can we see through the appearance to perceive the essence .\r\nthis fully demonstrates our utter sincerity for bringing about peaceful reunification .\r\nthat \" taiwan independence \" would only lead to war is not alarmist talk .\r\ncompatriots on the both sides of the strait should unite to oppose division , stop the plot for \" taiwan independence , \" and join efforts to strive for a bright prospect of peaceful reunification .\r\nduring the current \" vacuum period \" wherein there is no way to contain china , enhancing its relations with taiwan , particularly military cooperation , is undoubtedly a kind of restraint on china .\r\nthis is of course also a product of internal struggle within the united states .\r\nthe passage of the \" taiwan security enhancement act \" bill by the us house is exactly a \" major achievement \" of the \" money diplomacy \" taiwan has promoted in the past years .\r\nwe hope the us government will keep its promise and take resolute action , and that it will proceed from the overall situation of sino - us relations and sensibly handle its relations with taiwan . it should avoid losing the greater for the less , spinning a cocoon around itself , and playing with fire and getting burned .\r\nstimulated by these two major favorable measures , the shenzhen and shanghai stock markets rose strongly on the very first trading day of the year of dragon , opening with an exceptionally huge upward gap and going all the way up under an extremely lively market atmosphere .\r\nfunds raised through the stock market grew from the 5 billion yuan in 1992 to 130 billion yuan in 1997 and more than 150 billion yuan in 1999 .\r\nthe number of listed companies grew from a dozen or so before 1992 to more than 900 in late 1999 , with the market capitalization peaking at over 3.1 trillion yuan in just a matter of a few years .\r\nit can be said that the chinese stock market has developed by leaps and bounds over the past decade to become an emerging market that has drawn worldwide attention .\r\nin recent years , the chinese government has been taking measures to promote the development of the stock market .\r\nwith the implementation of a new mode of stock issue , secondary market investors may participate in new stock subscription , based on the market value of their holdings of securities in circulation on the market .\r\nthe secondary market used to have a \" phobia of new stock issue \" in the past because every new stock issue would mean a dilatation and every time there was a dilatation secondary market stock prices would fall and result in a lacklustre market , which would in turn adversely affect new stock issues .\r\nwhen the new measure is implemented , investors , out of the hope of enjoying the huge price difference between the primary and secondary markets , will actively buy existing stocks before a new stock issue to increase their holdings , thereby increasing their rate of winning the stock allotment lot .\r\nthe borrower shall be the head office of a comprehensive securities company , while the lender shall be a solely state - owned commercial bank or any of its authorized branch offices or the head office of other commercial banks .\r\nwith this move , securities companies will have more relaxed funding in the days to come and this will be beneficial to their operations in the secondary market .\r\nthe new procedures also stipulate that the term of a stock collateral loan shall be six months at the most and that the loan to stock collateral ratio , which is the ratio of the loan principal to the stock collateral 's market value , shall not exceed 60 percent .\r\nany violations of these provisions shall be subject to corresponding punitive measures .\r\nfurthermore , this will draw stock investment funds from various quarters , such as enterprises dealing in \" third - category commodities , \" that have been looking on from the sidelines , thereby increasing capital inflow into the secondary market .\r\nin his letter to li zhaoxing dated on 9 february , helms said he was \" aghast \" at the remarks made by minister liu xiaoming of the chinese embassy at a news conference on 3 february on the passing of tsea by the house of representatives .\r\nhe asked ambassador li zhaoxing to \" clarify \" liu xiaoming 's remarks that the consequences would be more serious than lee teng - hui 's us visit if the tsea is passed by the us congress .\r\nhe said : china has always strongly opposed to the tsea and it has made no attempt to conceal this stand .\r\nfirst , the bill negates the important \" one china \" principle and undermines the basic framework of the normalization of china - us ties by treating taiwan as a state .\r\nsecond , it violates us pledges under the three sino - us joint communiques by calling on the us to greatly upgrade its military ties with taiwan and increase its arms sales .\r\nli zhaoxing said : some congressmen did not have adequate knowledge of the origin of the taiwan issue and the evolution of sino - us relations , especially the us pledge on this issue in the three sino - us joint communiques .\r\nit is hoped that everybody has an even clearer understanding of the situation , and has a clear understanding of their sacred mission as well as the important role of science and technology training of troops in raising combat effectiveness .\r\nwe must do well in learning high technology and new knowledge by persisting in a hierarchical and prioritized manner . we must stress putting knowledge into practice , and realize conversion of knowledge into higher standards and conversion of technological potential into actual combat effectiveness .\r\nwe must exert vigorous efforts to form systems and combat effectiveness out of new equipment , thereby giving full play to the operational effectiveness of new equipment .\r\nthe requirement of \" better to let talent wait for equipment than to let equipment wait for talent \" raised by chairman jiang zemin must be implemented among military units .\r\nzhang wannian said : we must continue to exert efforts in upholding a scientific spirit and a pragmatic attitude .\r\nat present , we must further straighten the guiding thought in science and technological training of troops , conscientiously do a good job of making plans , set hierarchies rationally , handle the relationship between common and individual characteristics correctly , as well as strengthen planning guidance and training management .\r\nbeijing , 15 feb ( xuinhua ) - - using foreign capital is an important aspect of china 's opening - up policy .\r\ninsufficient domestic funds have been made up by utilizing foreign capital ; this has increased the state tax revenue and foreign exchange earnings , promoted economic restructuring and the optimization of the industrial structure , accelerated the blending of china 's economy with the world economy , and created a large number of job opportunities .\r\nour country actually used $ 40.4 billion of foreign capital in 1999 . though we maintained a certain scale in this regard , the utilization of foreign capital dropped by 12.8 percent compared with the previous year ; it was the first negative growth rate in recent years .\r\nin addition to the impact of the asian financial crisis , an important cause was that we still did not quite adapt ourselves to the trend of change in the form of direct international investment .\r\nnow , more than half of direct global investments have been made in the form of merger and acquisition by transnational enterprises , and over 90 percent of such mergers and acquisitions have taken place in developed countries .\r\nsome of the service markets in our country have a tremendous potential , which are very attractive to foreign businessmen , and they will become new hot places to attract foreign businessmen .\r\nthen , we should make vigorous efforts to attract famous transnational corporations to invest in china and encourage such corporations to set up research and development centers here in order to expedite technological progress and industrial upgrading .\r\nshanghai municipality , the largest industrial city in our country , now takes attracting the investment of transnational corporations as the focal point of its work in inviting businessmen from the outside to invest in the municipality .\r\nthose projects in which they have invested is large in scale , high in technological content , and strong in competition . this has raised shanghai 's entire level of using foreign capital and sped up the development of new and high - tech industries .\r\nthe shenzhen special economic zone has gone all out to encourage processing - trade enterprises to shift to high - tech processing ; now in shenzhen , high - tech processing trade has become a new hot place in which foreign businessmen have been investing .\r\nbeijing , 15 feb (zxs) - - foreign ministry spokesman zhu bangzao said here today : china attaches importance to and is willing to strengthen exchanges and cooperation with the g - 8 .\r\nat a news conference held by the ministry of foreign affairs today , zhu bangzao again stressed this issue further .\r\nhe said : china hopes that the g-8 can play an active role in enhancing international cooperation and promoting stable and balanced world economic development , particularly in narrowing the gap between the south and the north .\r\nzhu bangzao pointed out : china has always advocated that consultation , coordination , and decision - making on global issues should have wide representation .\r\nwhen discussing global issues , it is necessary to listen more to opinions of other countries , especially those from the developing countries .\r\nthe spokesman pointed out : china attaches importance to the role played by the g-8 and has always maintained contact with the g - 8 .\r\nit is universally known that china has built its navy mainly by making self - reliant efforts , with imported foreign equipment as a supplement .\r\npeople still remember the grand troop review , which was held on 1 october last year to mark the 50 th founding anniversary of the prc . the navy 's three unarmed formations , four missile formations , and two flight echelon formations participated in the parade .\r\nthe appearance of the marines in a formation was of particular significance because it was the first time the marines participated in the grand troop review . the formations formed by the marines as well as other naval branches showed the world for the first time a complete force structure of the chinese navy .\r\nmeanwhile , the invisibility requirement has also been taken into consideration while designing a warship .\r\nchina also has developed \" 53h2 - type \" guided missile escort ships , which are equipped with \" three defenses \" capability and an electronic war system .\r\nin addition to acquiring new chinese - built warships and submarines , china also has tried to greatly increase its navy 's operational capability by purchasing the most advanced warships and military equipment of the world .\r\nthese missiles , which fly at an altitude of about one meter above sea level , are very difficult for radar to detect .\r\nabout 85 percent of major battleships and naval air force pilots participated in the drills . as a result , naval units have acquired training under conditions similar to a real combat situation .\r\nbeijing , 15 feb ( xinhua ) - - at 4:00 this afternoon , a man killed himself in the southeast part of tiananmen square by detonating an explosive .\r\naccording to investigations by public security , the dead man was li xiangshan , a mental patient from hubei province .\r\nhe said : it is the common aspiration of all mankind to prevent the employment of weapons and an arms race in outer space .\r\nas for the so - called \" sino - russian joint opposition to an arms race in outer space , \" zhu bangzao said clearly that it is inaccurate .\r\nhe said : countries that oppose an arms race in outer space are definitely not only limited to china and russia .\r\nthis fully reflects the common aspiration and pressing demand of the international community .\r\nhe expressed the hope that the conference on disarmament in geneva , as the only multilateral disarmament negotiating forum , should make new contributions to the negotiations and conclusion of international legal articles on the prevention of an arms race in outer space .\r\nhu also sought interests for others who had offered him bribes on many an occasion by taking advantage of his position and had thereby caused huge losses to the state property .\r\nbesides , hu failed to identify legitimate resources for his wealth worth more than 1.61 million , which had obviously outstripped his legitimate income .\r\nwith the penalties added together , the court decided to carry out the execution of hu ; deprive hu of political rights for life ; and confiscate all hu 's property .\r\nhu 's case of accepting and offering bribes and failing to identify sources of a huge amount of wealth is an extremely serious economic crime case involving a senior leading cadre . the way his crime , one of serious nature , was committed was absolutely vile and has exerted a pernicious influence in the society .\r\nthanks to the cooperation of the relevant departments and the jiangxi provincial cpc committee , the central discipline inspection commission investigated and verified in a timely fashion hu 's serious problems of violating the disciplines and the law and handed hu over to the judicial organs for punishment in accordance with the law .\r\non 1 february of this year , jiangxi province 's nanchang city people 's procuratorate instituted legal proceedings against hu and accused him of the crime of accepting bribes , the crime of offering bribes , and the crime of failing to identify sources of a huge amount of wealth .\r\nhu had entrusted two counsels to defend him in the court .\r\nthe trial of hu changqing 's case has fully enshrined the socialist principle of rule of law that all offenders are equal before the law and has fully demonstrated the party 's and state 's resolve to severely penalize corruption in accordance with the law .\r\nzhu bangzao pointed out emphatically : the chinese government has agreed to taiwan being an independent customs area of china , and under the name of independent customs area of taiwan , penghu , kinmen and matsu , taiwan should enter the wto following china 's accession to the organization .\r\naccording to reports , china and the wto members have reached an agreement on that issue , reflected in the council chairman statement of the 1992 general agreement on tariff and trade .\r\nin the meantime , he also explicitly pointed out that foreign minister tang 's visit to iran will not involve military cooperation between the two countries .\r\nzhu bangzao said : during his visits , foreign minister tang will extensively exchange views with leaders of the four countries on further strengthening bilateral relations as well as on international and regional issues of common concern , to achieve the objective of enhancing mutual understanding , deepening friendship , widening consensus , and promoting cooperation .\r\nwhen answering a reporter 's relevant question , the spokesman explicitly pointed out that foreign minister tang 's visit to iran will not involve military cooperation between the two countries .\r\nnow the relations between china and iran are very friendly .\r\nhe indicated that foreign minister tang 's visit to iran will make a positive contribution to the further development of the two countries ' friendly cooperative relations .\r\nin replying to a reporter 's question at a news conference of the ministry of foreign affairs today , zhu bangzao said : as a sovereign country , china has the right to take measures to enhance its national defense capabilities .\r\nhe pointed out : sino - russian military cooperation is aimed at strengthening national defense and safeguarding sovereignty and territorial integrity .\r\nstrobe talbott , us deputy secretary of state , will lead a delegation to attend the meeting .\r\nduring the meeting , both sides will exchange opinions by focusing on such issues as global and regional security situation , ballistic missile defense , and us arms sales to taiwan .\r\nforeign ministry spokesman zhu bangzao also said at the foreign ministry news conference held on 15 february : at the invitation of chairman li peng , speaker yildirim akbulut of the turkish grand national assembly will lead a delegation of the turkish grand national assembly on an official goodwill visit to china from 20 to 24 february .\r\nin addition , at the invitation of the government of the republic of croatia , zhu lilan , chinese minister of science and technology , will leave for croatia on 16 february as the special envoy of the chinese government to attend the inauguration ceremony of new croatian president stjepan mesic on 18 february .\r\nbeijing , 15 feb (zxs) - - foreign ministry spokesman zhu bangzao said here today that while being concerned about the attacks on us and japanese websites , china also objects to any form of bad behavior on the internet .\r\nhe said that the chinese government is very concerned about this incident .\r\nhe said : as the network economy is one of the important factors promoting a country 's sustained economic growth , network security is of particular importance .\r\nwhen amending its criminal law in 1999 , china added explicit provisions to the criminal punishment on illegal intrusion into important areas of the computer information system .\r\nzhu bangzao remarked : the relevant department of the chinese government is actively taking effective measures to really safeguard network security .\r\nany bad behavior on the internet is not welcome .\r\nbeijing , 15 feb ( xinhua ) - - the utilization of foreign capital constitutes an important content of china 's opening up policy .\r\nbut in the face of new challenges brought about by the new trend of international capital flow , china needs new ideas on utilizing foreign capital in the future .\r\nlast year , the real amount of foreign capital used by china approached $ 40.4 billion . although the amount still maintained a certain scale , it decreased by 12.8 percent as compared with 1998 , representing the first negative growth in recent years .\r\nfirst , it was affected by the asian financial crisis . another important reason is that china is not yet quite able to adjust itself to the current trend in the practice of international direct investment .\r\nat present , more than 50 percent of direct investment in the world is carried out in a form of acquisition mergers by multinational enterprises . more than 90 percent of such mergers have occurred in advanced countries .\r\nthese new changes have ushered in new challenges for china in its efforts to attract foreign capital .\r\nthe markets of some service sectors in china have a great potential . these sectors , which have an extremely strong power to attract foreign businessmen , will become new hot spots for attracting their investment .\r\nmoreover , great efforts should be made to invite famous multinational companies to invest in china . besides , we should encourage these enterprises to establish research and development centers in china in a bid to accelerate technological progress and industrial upgrading .\r\nat present , 254 of 500 biggest companies in the world have entered shanghai . the amount of contracted foreign capital for their projects has reached $ 9.3 billion .\r\nmeanwhile , great efforts should be made to attract foreign capital in the higher grade processing trades .\r\nchina has two advantages to attract foreign capital . first , it has tremendous market potential . second , it has a comparatively cheap labor force .\r\ngenerally speaking , china has made continuous efforts to improve its investment environment . among developing countries , china is still a country with the greatest power to attract foreign capital .\r\nin light of the need for the development of a national economy and the promises it has made for wto entry , china will open wider to the outside world . particularly , it will open up such service sectors as banking , insurance , telecommunications , foreign trade , commerce , and tourism in a systematic way .\r\nthese are moves that will provide a fine external environment for expanding the utilization of foreign capital in a positive and effective way .\r\nrecently , the chinese people cannot but express strong indignation at and firm opposition to the \" taiwan security enhancement act \" (tsea) bill passed by the us house of representatives .\r\nthis is a very dangerous political act on the part of the anti - china us forces in its attempt to permanently split china and undermine the great cause of china 's reunification .\r\nonce the bill becomes law , it will only incite \" taiwan independence \" forces into making reckless moves , thereby greatly increasing the possibility of cross - strait and sino - us military conflict and bringing disastrous consequences to sino - us relations .\r\nthe main purpose of the bill , which is divided into six sections , is to supplement and further implement the \" taiwan relations act \" and enhance the united states ' military commitments to taiwan .\r\nthe \" tsea \" bill is the second legal document regulating us - taiwan relations following the \" taiwan relations act. \"\r\nwhen the time comes , whether or not taiwan joins the tmd system , the united states and taiwan have entered a quasi - alliance . once events happen in the taiwan strait , the law will provide a legal basis for us armed intervention .\r\npro - taiwan us congressmen made unwarranted charges against the government 's taiwan policy after president clinton , during his visit to china , openly pledged for the first time to pursue the us \" three nos \" policy on taiwan .\r\nsince last year , more than 30 of 80 anti - china proposals have been adopted by the house of representatives alone .\r\nthe passage of the \" tsea \" bill by the house has demonstrated that anti - china figures in the united states wanted to take the bill as a new force to contain china .\r\nsuch containment can also serve as a bargaining chip in developing relations with the mainland .\r\nsince entering and hosting the white house seven years ago , the democratic party has not done anything that its opponent can hold against it in terms of economy , fiscal deficits , education , employment , and social welfare . the only thing with which the republican party can garner votes is clinton 's china policy .\r\naccording to us media reports , one of the major backstage promoters of the smooth passage of the \" tsea \" bill was cassidy and associates , the us - based public relations firm commissioned by taiwan .\r\nan internal document of the us department of justice showed that the service fees taiwan paid cassidy and associates rose by 37 percent from january to june 1999 alone .\r\nthe document pointed out that a key figure responsible for promoting the adoption of the bill - - gejdenson , ranking democratic member of the house of representatives committee on international relations - - received political contributions five times from cassidy and associates in march 1999 alone .\r\nin fact , since the signing of the sino - us \" 17 august communiqu , \" the united states has never halted arm sales to taiwan . moreover , in recent years , the quantity of the weapons it sold to taiwan has increased dramatically , while their functions and quality have been constantly enhanced .\r\nto placate the congress soon after the release of the \" 17 august communiqu , \" the united states announced that it agreed to cooperate with taiwan again in making 30 f-5e and f-5f fighters .\r\nthe following year the united states sold taiwan military equipment worth $ 500 million , including 60 f-104 fighters .\r\nwhile in office , clinton first set a precedent by allowing lee teng - hui and other senior taiwan officials and military officers to visit the united states . in 1996 , he provided military support for lee teng - hui 's presidential campaign .\r\nthey fight each other in the form of making a fuss together or playing a duet .\r\nthe fundamental interests of the us congress and the government are identical . they are only adopting different means and measures .\r\nin short , when china takes military actions , the united states might assist taiwan . even though the united states wins the war , taiwan will be destroyed in flames of war . there is another implication in oksenberg 's remarks .\r\nin other words , if united states enters the war against china , it will lose its current hegemonist position in the world no matter who wins the war .\r\ntherefore , the act does not conform to the interests of the united states and taiwan .\r\nrecently , president clinton and secretary of state madeleine albright respectively have issued a statement stressing that the us government will eventually veto the act .\r\nhistory has proven that the chinese people never waver in their determination to safeguard the reunification of their motherland . it is extremely dangerous for anyone to try to go one step beyond the limit .\r\nif this aggravates tension in the taiwan strait and sparks a war , the united states will not be able to shirk its responsibility for it in history .\r\na source from beijing said that a central department conveyed a document to the officials at and above the ministerial and commission level , referring the event to xinjiang terrorist activities .\r\nas beijing enters the annual period of the march sessions of the national people 's congress and chinese people 's political consultative conference , armed police and security personnel in beijing are on full alert . witnesses say that \" level three alert \" measures were adopted at the xinhua gate of zhongnanhai near changan avenue .\r\na political bureau meeting scheduled for today is likely to present a report on the latest progress on the event , the source said .\r\npublic security personnel who first arrived at the site used mats to cover the dead bodies .\r\ntiananmen square was unsealed two and a half hours later .\r\nin the more than 20 years since the launch of reform and opening up , china 's socialist construction has achieved successes which have caught the attention of the whole world .\r\nat present , china 's reform and opening up and modernization are in a key period of carrying on the cause and forging ahead into the future .\r\ninternationally , economic globalization is developing rapidly , science and technology are progressing by leaps and bounds , and economic ties between countries are unprecedentedly close and their influence on each other is increasing .\r\njoining the wto will have a profound impact on china 's socioeconomic development and on reform and opening up .\r\nas a result of eight rounds of multilateral negotiations held by the wto and its predecessor , gatt , its member states have greatly lowered their tariff barriers , and this has stimulated the development of international trade and world economy to a tremendous extent .\r\nin the past half century , the weighted average tariff level of the developed countries has dropped from about 40 percent in 1948 to about 3.8 percent at present . the weighted average tariff level of the developing countries has now dropped to about 14 percent .\r\nthird , to settle trade disputes between members .\r\nthe wto 's dispute settlement mechanism plays an important role in ensuring the effective implementing of wto agreements and settling trade disputes between members , thereby creating a stable environment for the smooth development of international trade .\r\nmore and more wto members , especially developing countries , have started to make use of the dispute settlement mechanism ; from the establishment of the wto in 1995 to the end of november 1999 , the wto had taken on 144 complaints , 39 of which have now been settled .\r\njoining the wto and further expanding our opening up to the world will be of great significance for spurring the development of our national economy .\r\ntaking the textile industry as an example , after joining the wto , the developed countries will gradually relax their restrictions on china in line with the provisions of the wto textile accord , and all quota controls will be finally abolished in 2005 ; thus our textile industry will gain more export and job opportunities .\r\ncontinually expanding our opening up to the world , actively taking part in the international multilateral trade setup , and taking the initiative to adapt to the current international rules will help to promote the continual perfection of china 's socialist market economy system and impel the process of our reforms and opening up .\r\nactive participation in international competition will help to spur china 's economic restructuring and industrial upgrading , so that we can make better use of foreign funds , technology , and management experience to enhance and improve the management standards and operating situation of china 's enterprises , and boost our all - round economic strength and international competitiveness .\r\ntake agriculture as an example .\r\na few days ago , nato decided to replace landcent ( the allied forces ' command in central europe ) with the eurocorps , a non - nato staff department , as the head of the peacekeeping force in kosovo (kfor) .\r\nthis spectacular initiative by nato not only signifies the first independent move by eurocorps but also marks the acceleration of the pace in the creation of an independent security setup by eu .\r\narguably , it is truly not easy for eu to get what some have jokingly called \" lieutenant 's command \" from the mammoth military apparatus of nato .\r\nduring their summit held at the end of 1998 , french and british leaders published a \" declaration on european defense , \" asserting that eu should rely on a reliable military force and acquire the ability for independent military action . \"\r\nin 1992 , the armed forces of germany , france , and three other european countries set up the eurocorps without the participation of americans . the eurocorps is under the western european union and has nothing to do with nato .\r\nat the end of last year , eu also decided to establish a 50,000 - men to 60,000 - men rapid reaction force by 2003 as europe 's own security safeguard organization capable of taking action within 60 days of the outbreak of a crisis .\r\nnext month , eu will set up a \" political and security council \" to formulate policies and strategies for its crisis management apparatus , the rapid reaction force .\r\neven though the united states does not oppose the development of \" europe 's unique defense \" in words , deep in its heart it has felt uneasy about the tendency toward europe 's independence in defense matters , fearful that if the tendency continues , us dominance in europe 's defense matters will be difficult to sustain .\r\nin the past , european countries have always depended on the united states for their military and security safeguards . the outbreak of a number of crises hitting the european continent in recent years has made it realize the crisis facing it .\r\nespecially during europe 's internal crises , such as the bosnia - herzegovina and kosovo crises , eu felt helpless and found it difficult to deal with the crisis on their own .\r\nprecisely because of this helplessness , eu has accelerated the pace to establish an independent defense setup , a defense setup that is not \" purely an idea but possesses the ability to enforce . \"\r\nstarting from today , we will run a series of reports by this correspondent on \" moving toward a new millennium , \" briefing readers on the future expectations of various countries , their strategic thoughts on development , and how they seize opportunities to cope with challenges .\r\nin early spring , china 's northern neighbor , russia , is moving toward a new millennium with new hopes .\r\nfor the past few years , russia 's economic indicators have reached the highest level .\r\nin the first 10 months of last year , direct foreign investment in russia hit $ 3.1 billion , 1.6 times more than the corresponding period the preceding year . this is the result of the improvement in the investment environment .\r\nthe new russian state duma was elected at the end of last year .\r\npeople notice that on the issue of chechnya , the russian government not only has enjoyed support from various political forces but also has brought about the unity of the whole nation . this is a political phenomenon rarely seen for many years in russia .\r\nat the first government work conference this year , putin proposed three major tasks for 2000 : first , formulating strategies and plans for national economic development . second , maintaining the present favorable economic momentum . third , consolidating and improving the state power mechanism .\r\nbefore that , putin told some scientists and university students at russia 's first science festival , that : \" science and technology and education are a driving force for resolving russian issues . without being competitive in science and technology , the country will have no future . \"\r\nthe russian government has a better understanding of the situation and the tasks facing it .\r\nfor the past decade , russia has seen a lower economic efficiency , a decrease in investment in science and technology , and a lack of enthusiasm for production investment , thus significantly undermining the social productive forces .\r\nwith the arrival of the new millennium , russia lost a free secondary school education system and a public health services system , for which it strove for many years .\r\nthe gap between rich and poor and the growing number of the poor are social phenomena in russia .\r\nwhile russia 's crime rate is going up , its living standard is declining .\r\nhence , russia first should step up efforts to develop \" locomotive \" products - - scientific and technological products - - and sharpen its competitive edge in the international market in order to spur overall economic growth .\r\nat the turn of the century , a new and dynamic atmosphere indeed prevailed in russia , and the people pinned their hopes on russia 's future .\r\npolitical observers , however , clear - headedly indicated that russia is a state full of variables , and that no one dare guarantee that there will be no further major political changes in the run - up to the presidential election , which is 40 - odd days away .\r\nthese factors are temporary . a country 's positive economic operation depends primarily on the increase in both investment and aggregate demand .\r\nthere is no optimism about these two major economic indicators for russia .\r\nit was also disclosed at the briefings that beijing cracked 21,285 criminal cases , more than half of which were major cases .\r\nover 21,000 suspects were arrested and 2,000 - plus criminal gangs were wiped out .\r\nit was said at the briefings that beijing cracked 526 cases of drug - trafficking , arrested more than 700 drug - traffickers , and seized 138,000 grams of narcotics .\r\nit was also said that beijing carried out raids on over 6,200 venues operating without a license or beyond their licensed scope , as well as venues where prostitution and other services of paid companionship were offered , and closed down more than 4,000 of these according to law .\r\narmey expressed the hope that congress would vote before the end of july .\r\nthe lawmakers also distributed a report of findings by the us congressional research service on the agreement on china 's accession to the wto .\r\nthe report states : china is currently one of the world 's fastest - developing economies , and it is expected to become the world 's largest market for consumer goods and services .\r\nchina 's accession to the wto will provide the united states with an opportunity for massive exports to and investments in china .\r\nciting projections by us secretary of agriculture dan glickman , the report states that implementation of the us - china agreement on china 's accession to the wto may increase us exports of agricultural products to china by $ 2 billion each year .\r\nchina and the united states signed an agreement on china 's accession to the wto in beijing last november . the agreement will take effect only after it is approved by the us congress .\r\nfrom 1994 to 1999 , annual direct import from taiwan rose from $ 1.68 billion to $ 7.02 billion , up by 33.1 percent on an average , and annual export to taiwan from $ 530 million to $ 2.4 billion , up by 35.3 percent on an average .\r\nat the same time , they transferred armed police corps commanders and put into effect a system of rotational transfers .\r\nbesides strengthening their missile defense and attack capabilities , the chinese communists recently went further to deploy the israeli phalcon radar on russian - made illusion-76 transport aircraft , thus possessing a preliminary airborne early warning capability .\r\non china 's unification and taiwan independence , 57.5 percent of those polled favored maintaining the status quo , and those favoring taiwan independence and unification between the two sides of the strait accounted for 13.9 percent and 10.4 percent respectively .\r\ntang yao - ming yesterday held a spring festival dinner party with military reporters from domestic and foreign media .\r\ntherefore , the remaining 32 percent of voters who had not made up their minds have become the key to deciding the results of the election .\r\nresults of the poll showed that the support rating of the ch ' en - lu ticket , which dropped to 21 percent at the end of january due to the stock exchange taxation issue , gained 3 percentage points to reach 24 percent .\r\nas to other presidential candidates , the hsu hsin - liang - chu huei - liang ticket gained 1 percent , and the other ticket did not show any gains .\r\nfurther inquiry about the candidates they will likely support showed that those who had not made up their minds would add 2 percentage points to each of the ch ' en - lu and soong - chang tickets and would likely give the lien - hsiao ticket another 3 percentage points .\r\nalthough the strength of the three tickets was about the same , on favoritism rating , the lien - hsiao ticket stood out .\r\nthe poll showed that 39 percent of voters thought that with the kmt 's huge resources and organizational and mobilization capacity , the lien - hsiao ticket , although its support rating has not risen , eventually will emerge .\r\nchanges in voter support for lien chan were also minimal , with 51 percent of respondents supporting him and 34 percent not supporting him .\r\nthe poll also discovered that voter confidence in the ability of lien , pien and sung in leading the state was the highest for lien chan , with 63 percent of respondents saying that they were confident in putting the state in his hands , and 20 percent saying that they had no confidence in him .\r\nconfidence in sung ch ' u - yu was similar to that shown in the previous poll , with 43 percent of respondents saying that they were confident in his ability to handle state affairs , and 39 percent saying that they had no confidence .\r\nin early january , 42 percent of respondents said that they were confident in putting the country in his hands , and 39 percent said that they did not . in the recent poll , however , 39 percent say that they had confidence , but 43 percent say they had no confidence .\r\nhackers are practically everywhere on the net ; government and military core secrets , enterprises ' commercial secrets , and personal secrets are all among the things they peep at .\r\nit is of an intellectual nature .\r\nit is greatly detrimental to society .\r\na host of facts have proved that the greater the dependence of society on network systems , the higher the incidence of computer crime becomes .\r\nwhen designing their networks , many large foreign websites had attached great importance to their security .\r\nas china 's major organizations are now becoming increasingly dependent on networks , there will be extremely grave consequences should hackers succeed in their assaults .\r\nour country should develop its own anti - hacking technology and must not rely on imports . \" if a lock is bought from others , it can be unlocked by others . \"\r\neven in the virtual space of networks , people still hope to have an unpolluted , blue sky .\r\nbeijing , 16 feb ( xinhua ) - - china 's railroads must stand at the level of the overall situation and strategy of modernization , actively implement the cpc central committee 's great policy decision on major development of west china , and lose no time in going ahead of the rest in promoting this development .\r\nminister of railroads fu zhihuan talked freely about the thinking on railroad development in west china when interviewed by this reporter .\r\nin their policy decision on major development of west china , the cpc central committee and state council have decided to concentrate forces to tackle the important work related to the overall situation of developing west china , and speeding up infrastructure construction is in the primary position .\r\nat present there are 14,858 km of railroad in west china ; there is a shortage of capacity , there are few lines , and they are of low standard ; there are not many lines from west to central china , and inadequate routes between the western provinces and autonomous regions .\r\nit is estimated that investment in large and medium - sized railroad construction projects in west china during the 10 th five - year plan will reach about 100 billion yuan , and that there will be about 18,000 km of railroad in the region by 2005 .\r\nwe should improve communications between the western provinces and autonomous regions .\r\nwe should step up the building of international communications .\r\nwe should intensify improvement of the existing lines .\r\nthe focus will be on completing the capacity expansion of the xining - germu section of the qinghai - tibet line , electrification of the chengdu - kunming line , and the capacity expansion of forming west china railroad electrification into a network , section by section .\r\nfu zhihuan said that while speeding up railroad construction in west china , we should further implement the strategy for increasing speeds .\r\nthe passenger train chart for national day this year should embody the initial results in this respect .\r\nfor instance , passenger train travel time from beijing to urumqi will be reduced from 60 hours now to 48 hours .\r\njiang zemin , general secretary of the cpc central committee and state president , wrote the title of the handbook and also made important comments urging the leading cadres at various levels to conscientiously study taxation knowledge and to pay high attention to and actively support the tax collection work .\r\nin shanghai 's renminbi trading market , the exchange rate of renminbi closed by a slight increase today , which , according to a dealer , was affected by the reduced demand for us dollars .\r\nthe closing quotation of the us dollar against renminbi was $ 1 to 8.2776 yuan , a slight fall from tuesday 's closing rate of 8.2777 yuan .\r\nas china has fixed its economic goals at opening to the outside world in a comprehensive way , absorbing more foreign capital , and intensifying domestic competitive power , the pressure of renminbi depreciation will not exist in the coming few years , instead , there is room and demand for its appreciation .\r\nhe stressed that after entering the wto , china will have a sound equilibrium of international payments , and the exchange rate of renminbi will continue to remain stable .\r\nit is anticipated that the export and investment this year will somewhat increase , and foreign investment will continue to grow as well after china 's accession to the wto .\r\nin terms of exchange rate policy , china still adopts a floating rate system under which exchange rates are controlled and determined by market supply and demand .\r\nthanks to the equilibrium of the international payments , china 's exchange rates have all along been comparatively stable .\r\na financial expert pointed out that , on the whole , there are three major factors that will make renminbi exchange rate continue to remain firm in the future .\r\nfirst , the special characteristics and nature of china 's economic growth have conditioned the value and trend of renminbi .\r\nchina 's economic strength , particularly the foreign economic balancing ability , has been substantially enhanced in the 20 years of development , so that china is capable of accepting such a challenge as opening its financial sector to the outside world , and is powerful enough to maintain a stable currency value .\r\nchina possesses an exchange reserve amounting to over $ 150 billion and , at the same time , after nearly two years of stagnation , the export exhibits a momentum of vigorous growth .\r\nchina 's financial and monetary authorities expect that the implementation of the multi - currency policy and measures in 2000 will also contribute to the stability and appreciation of renminbi 's value .\r\nin the meantime , a relative shortage of domestic resources will arise , making renminbi even more \" valuable . \"\r\nbesides successfully completing the mission of carrying out institutional reform aimed at combining the \" three types of inspections , \" they achieved fairly good results in performing their duty of enforcing inspection and quarantine laws .\r\nin addition , they actively served the export sector and took the initiative in mapping out measures to reduce fees and improve services .\r\nwu yi stressed : faced with the new situation in which china will join the world trade organization , we should expand the role of inspection and quarantine departments .\r\nwe should earnestly improve management , rationalize internal relations , and improve efficiency in law enforcement .\r\nwu yi stressed : we should raise our awareness of service and provide good service to the foreign trade sector .\r\ninspection and quarantine departments should draw on their advantages in technology , information , and service to serve enterprises and help them improve product quality , raise their technological standards , and expand exports .\r\nin particular , inspection and quarantine departments play an irreplaceable role in expanding china 's exports of agricultural products .\r\nin trying to expand the utilization of foreign capital , we also need the coordination of inspection and quarantine departments to create an investment climate that is favorable to improving the quality and standard of utilizing foreign capital .\r\nthe spirit of the plenary session of the central discipline inspection commission should be seriously carried out and attention should practically be paid to the work of leading officials honesty and self - discipline within the financial sector .\r\nfinance is the core of modern economy , he pointed out .\r\nwen jiabao pointed out , in accordance with the actual condition of the financial departments , leading officials must pass \" five barriers \" which includes barrier of politics , power , money , pleasure - seeking , and relatives and friends before they can really act incorruptible and self - disciplined .\r\npassing the politics barrier requires bearing in mind the purpose of the party , insisting on the basic line , abiding by the discipline , maintaining the true qualities of the working class vanguard , and serving the people wholeheartedly , wen jiabao said .\r\npassing the power barrier means to correctly treat and use power , reasonably use power for the people , manage well the money , stop abusing power for personal gain and trading power for money , wen jiabao pointed out .\r\nthe financial sector is in charge of management , use and inspection of credit , bond and insurance fund . under the condition of the market economy , power of controlling financial resource is of vital importance .\r\nthe more power we control , the heavier our responsibility is .\r\nwe must have the public spirit and insist on principle .\r\nwe should by no means be able to take advantage of granting loans to ask for or take bribes and take advantage of stock - issuing and insurance settlement to make power - for - money deals .\r\npassing the money barrier requires remaining uncorrupt , absolutely honest , incorruptible , and completely not getting involved in corruption .\r\nour financial officials who manage money for the country and the people should be able to remain uncorrupted .\r\nthey should do their jobs conscientiously and be faithful in the discharge of their duties to let the party and the people rest assured .\r\npassing the pleasure - seeking barrier needs to bear hardships before enjoying comforts , needs to be diligent and honest in work , and needs to work hard , wen jiabao said .\r\nwe are communists who should \" be concerned before anyone else and enjoy oneself only after everyone else finds enjoyment , \" should emulate work contribution and achievement not enjoyment in life .\r\nwe should start with the leading cadres to set up good examples for cadres at lower levels .\r\nleading cadres should keep a cool head on this issue and must strictly discipline their relatives and children .\r\nleading cadres should also discipline well their staff members .\r\nleading cadres not only should be honest and self - disciplined but also should seriously carry out the responsibility system of improving the work style and building a clean and honest government , wen jiabao stressed .\r\nleading cadres should insist on principles , should have the courage to manage or challenge a powerful opponent .\r\nleading cadres at all levels should put themselves under the management and supervision of the party organization .\r\nthey should further rigorously enforce inner - party living regulations and list investigation of leading cadres honesty and self - discipline as an important content of meeting of democracy practice .\r\nmajor issues must be collectively discussed and determined by the party committee in order to avoid personal arbitrary decision .\r\nwe should accept the social and press supervision .\r\nwe should publicize our work system , work procedure and work result and heed the critical opinions of the masses .\r\ndeputy secretary of the central financial work committee yan haowang presided over the meeting .\r\nthis is an effective way to deepen rectification and reform and to consolidate and enlarge the fruits of education and ensure that the \" three stresses \" education is not done in a superficial way .\r\nfacts have fully shown that the significance of the concentrated \" three stresses \" education is far - reaching and notable results have been achieved .\r\nwe should realize , however , that we cannot overestimate the success achieved ; some of the problems brought to light during the concentrated education have not yet been resolved well , and the task of implementing and completing the rectification and reform scheme remains very arduous .\r\nit should be said that the concentrated education is the \" top sheet \" of the entire composition , and the thorough rectification and reform after the concentrated education is the \" last sheet . \"\r\nif the concentrated education was done quite well , but the thorough rectification and reform work has not matched it , the results of the entire \" three stresses \" education will be greatly devalued .\r\nthe party committees at all levels must fully understand the importance and necessity of \" looking back , \" and make ever greater efforts to grasp \" looking back \" in the same way that they grasped the concentrated education , so as to thoroughly implement the central authorities ' plan .\r\nin \" looking back \" it is first necessary to deepen study .\r\nthe \" three stresses \" education is self - education in marxism for leading cadres .\r\n\" looking back \" is a process of study , enhancement , and unification of thinking , and a process of recalling and summing up , squarely facing the deficiencies , and making continuous progress .\r\nall areas and departments must study in depth the important instructions of the cpc central committee and the important speeches of comrade jiang zemin in close connection with the reality of their areas and departments , and raise to a new level the work of summing up the past and planning for the future .\r\ngenerally speaking , closely centering on stressing politics - - the core - - we should focus on enhancing ideological understanding and resolving the existing problems .\r\nas regards the existing problems , we must analyze the causes in a truth - seeking way , unfold serious and conscientious criticism and self - criticism , and reach the goal of exchanging thinking , helping and enhancing each other , and promoting work .\r\nwe must make full use of the successful experiences of the concentrated education , carry forward the party 's work style of linking with reality , keeping in close touch with the masses , and practicing criticism and self - criticism , and be sure to pursue practical results .\r\nan industry source said that operation of the nuclear power plant marks the end of the period in which china was not able to produce key equipment for nuclear power plants .\r\nthe successful development and manufacturing of the main ducts has filled the gap in china 's manufacture of nuclear power equipment . it also has an important impact on the development of china 's nuclear power industry in the new century .\r\nnuclear power is one of the universally recognized safe , clean , and highly efficient energy sources .\r\ntaking advantage of its aod furnace smelting technology and its 20 - year old centrifugal pouring technology , it began to set foot in the manufacture of nuclear power equipment in 1996 .\r\nhis deeds have reflected the mental outlook of the party 's theoretical workers in the new period and provided profound enlightenment and beneficial lessons for conducting ideological and political work in various military units .\r\nat present , reforms of state and military affairs are intensifying and new situations and problems are emerging constantly . therefore we are faced with many heavy tasks .\r\nparty committees and political departments at various levels must pay great attention to the study of theory and adopt effective measures to grasp this work in a solid manner .\r\nyu yongbo said : the source of consciousness in studying theory is a firm belief in our ideals .\r\nyuan shoufang , deputy director of the general political department , presided over the report meeting .\r\ntang tianbiao and zhang shutian , deputy directors of the general political department as well as more than 300 cadres at divisional or higher level of the organ of the general political department and units directly under the department attended the report meeting .\r\nxiamen caught the attention of the outside world last year when it was in a \" complicated and difficult \" situation .\r\nhong yongshi confessed that the city had not done enough in building a clean government and had not been strict enough politically . due to laxness in education , management , and supervision of leading cadres , some profound problems had not been discovered in time and some leading cadres and personnel were involved in smuggling and corruption .\r\nhe said : the city has given positive support and assistance to the central special investigation team in the thorough investigation of major smuggling cases . it must make profound introspections in its future investigation and handling of smuggling cases , and draw lessons and inferences from mistakes in order to be stricter in running the government .\r\nhong yongshi said : this year we will conscientiously implement the five - year plan , and promote the drive to govern the city by law . efforts will be made to formulate rules for administrative law enforcement , and make the government more transparent by implementing the system of openness in administrative law enforcement .\r\nnew york , 15 feb (zxs) - - zhang hongxi , china 's consul general in new york , said the taiwan issue is what all the chinese people are most concerned about .\r\nzhang hongxi made these remarks when he spoke of chinese ambassador li zhaoxing 's reply letter to us senator jesse helms at a spring festival reception he hosted for overseas chinese media in new york .\r\nzhang hongxi said : we have hoped for many years to use the formula of \" one country , two systems \" to peacefully resolve the taiwan issue .\r\nnow , some people , however , are trying to instigate chinese to fight chinese and compel us step by step to use force .\r\nthey turn a blind eye to things that are very obvious , and refuse to comprehend what is transparent to even ordinary people .\r\nthey talk about human rights everyday as if the 1.3 billion chinese people do not have a voice . they treat a few criminals as guests of honor and talk at length about what they call \" human rights . \" should we not give these people a lecture ?\r\nhe said : some of these people have never been to china and are totally ignorant about tibet . yet , they still stand there making criticism . their standards are truly low , although it goes without saying that the cultural gaps between the east and west are too big .\r\nsince the report on sentencing hu changqing to death was broadcast by the central television station in its news program yesterday evening , it has become the topic of conversation among people in various localities of the province .\r\nin his speech at the forum , vice education minister lu fuyuan said : these incidents seemed to be accidental criminal cases but judged from deeper perspectives , they are the reflection of problems in various fields , such as school education , social education , and home education .\r\nhe expressed the hope that all social sectors and departments will care for and participate in , particularly all parents of students will understand and support , education work .\r\neverything looks fresh and gay in the early spring of the year of the dragon , the happy festival time will soon come , and the bright moon is shining in the sky .\r\non behalf of the cpc central committee , he first extended new spring greetings to participants and comrades of intellectual circles and friends in the whole country .\r\nwe have won major victories in the three political struggles .\r\nhu jintao pointed out : the year 2000 is a year of transit into a new century and is also the final year to accomplish the ninth five - year plan , and important fighting goals at the end of the century .\r\nat the evening party , many old friends met again and some made new friends . the participants drank tea and talked with each other , exchanging sentiments of friendship .\r\nchina has decided to speed up internet development .\r\nli pointed out : \" after reviewing the relevant transcripts and notes , i have come to the conclusion that there was nothing wrong or inappropriate about minister liu 's remarks at the news conference .\r\nthe message he wanted to convey was that if the security enhancement act bill were made into law , the consequences would be even more serious .\r\nthe nearest comparison i can think of is that , as an american academic put it , even primary school pupils know that taiwan is part of china , but many political figures do not seem to know this truth . \"\r\nin fact , a few us congressmen have made some irresponsible remarks about the internal affairs of other countries , but it often happens they do not have even the basic knowledge .\r\nthis has aroused the indignation of the chinese people . the chinese diplomat just told the truth and yet helms and his ilk have flown into a rage . this shows that these congressmen are rude and unreasonable and are lacking in upbringing .\r\ninstead of becoming hysterical , it would be better for senator helms to calm down , comprehensively and objectively ponder sino - us relations , and have a better understanding of china 's present conditions .\r\non 11 february the headquarters for the first time directed the \" routine military exercise \" of using submarines to block the taiwan strait in the name of \" welcoming the vessel . \"\r\ndrill on blocking taiwan strait new deputy chief of staff guo boxiong will be in charge of the headquarters . this will be the first large - scale military exercise he has commanded since assuming the new office . it also is a new move taken by top cpc levels to train a new generation of military leaders .\r\nchen bingde , commander of the nanjing military region ; tao bojun , commander of the guangzhou military region ; and yang guoliang , commander of the second artillery , will be deputy commanders of the operation .\r\ntwo latest model missile destroyers made by china also joined the \" vessel - reception exercise . \" equipped with advanced missiles , the vessels have stealth functions . they are the first batch of china - made stealth missile destroyers .\r\nthe reserve forces at all localities also have started to clean air - raid shelters and examine air - raid facilities .\r\nsome of the transport ships and vehicles have been assembled . these ships and vehicles will be used to deliver troops to take part in the \" routine military exercises . \"\r\nclaiming to be denied entry by the hong kong government chen shui - bian also hoped that hong kong would be able to play a more frequent and positive role in cross - strait affairs .\r\nhe hoped that the hong kong media present at the interview would make more appeals on this matter .\r\ndeciding taiwan 's future by referendum however , chen shui - bian still stressed that taiwan was a sovereign state independent of the prc . he said that this was a fact as well as a reality , and that changing the country 's name was out of the question ( because taiwan is already a country ) .\r\nalleging that lien chan had sent an envoy to beijing chen shui - bian demanded that lien chan clarify this matter to the public , but there was no response from lien chan yesterday .\r\nhe also alleged that lien chan had asked a senior kmt adviser to speak to lee teng - hui , asking the latter to give up the post of party chairman .\r\nin particular , the 15 th national party congress , out of a strategic consideration of party building , state apparatus building and the maintenance of a lasting peace and order , gave a profound explanation and put forward even more clear and definite demands for preventing and correcting corruption at the revenue source .\r\nthe party committees , the governments and the fee and fine collecting departments at various levels have seriously carried out the spirit of the 15 th national party committee and the unified plan of the party central committee and the state council and have achieved noticeable success in practicing \" separation between revenue and expenditure \" in revenue management .\r\nthis year , all the fee and fine collecting departments will comprehensively and thoroughly practice \" separation between revenue and expenditure \" in revenue management .\r\nthe judicial organ and the administrative law - enforcement organ shoulder the heavy responsibility of implementing laws and regulations and their basic code of conduct and mandatory requirement are to manage government affairs in accordance with the law and enforce the law impartially .\r\nso , to practice \" separation between revenue and expenditure \" in revenue management is an effective measure to prevent corruption at the revenue source ; and it will play an important role in improving the work style of government organs , cultivating a good party style and government discipline and keep state functionaries honest and industrious .\r\nwe should see that there still exist some problems in the practice of \" separation between revenue and expenditure \" in managing the revenues of collected administrative service fees , fines and forfeitures .\r\nto solve the aforesaid problems , we should , on the one hand , continue to step up propaganda and education and further strengthen supervision and management , while on the other hand , we should formulate and strictly enforce discipline .\r\nonce the work criteria and requirements are clarified , the discipline should keep pace with them . to back an order with law is an important guarantee for practicing \" separation between revenue and expenditure \" in revenue management .\r\nto promote comprehensive implementation of the \" separation between revenue and expenditure \" provisions , it is necessary to enforce discipline , use the discipline as a guarantee , resolutely investigate violators and apply strict disciplinary sanctions against them .\r\nthe supervisory , auditing , fiscal , commodity price and banking departments at all levels should improve coordination among themselves , do a good job in supervision and inspection , resolutely investigate and deal with any violations of the stipulations on \" separation between revenue and expenditure \" in revenue management , and never tolerate such violations .\r\nthe guangdong ling ao nuclear power station built by the sichuan chemical engineering machinery plant passed a readiness review by the proprietor and shipment was formally started on 16 february .\r\nnuclear power has become one of the safe , clean and highly efficient energy sources universally accepted in the world , and many countries have considered it a key development project .\r\nat present , only the daya bay nuclear power plant and the qinshan nuclear power plant have been built and put into operation .\r\na concerned person is convinced that importing nuclear power equipment from abroad is too costly and building nuclear power equipment at home will be an important factor in developing nuclear power in china .\r\nnouakchott , 16 february ( xinhua ) - - the president of mauritania met chinese foreign minister tang jiaxuan on 15 february , holding that mauritania is willing to strengthen the friendly cooperation relations with china in every field for a better future .\r\ntang jiaxuan , at the invitation of ahmed , mauritania 's minister of foreign affairs and cooperation , arrived in nouakchott on the afternoon of 15 february for a two - day visit to mauritania .\r\ntaya wholeheartedly congratulated the smooth return of macao , and expressed resolute support for china 's great cause of reunification . he wished to see the two sides across the strait to realize the reunification in an earlier date .\r\nafter the meeting , president taya threw a bash on tang jiaxuan as a token of welcome .\r\ntang jiaxuan will wrap up the visit to mauritania on the afternoon of 16 february , and leave nouakchott for tunis .\r\noperation or service fees collected by institutions for rendering certain services do not belong to the category of administrative fees .\r\nsupervisors and other personnel directly responsible for establishing categories of administrative fees or meting out confiscation without authorization and in violation of the regulations shall be given the penalty of demotion or removal from office .\r\nsupervisors and other personnel directly responsible for assigning quotas of fines or confiscation openly or in disguise shall be given the penalty of demotion or removal from office .\r\nsupervisors and other personnel directly responsible for imposing administrative fees in violation of the regulations of the \" fee collection permits \" shall be given the penalty of a disciplinary warning or having a mistake or a serious mistake noted in the person 's personal record in case the nature of violation is serious .\r\narticle 15 . supervisors and other personnel directly responsible for opening a bank account without authorization and in violation of the regulations shall be given the penalty of demotion , or the penalty of removal from office or expulsion from the civil service in case the nature of violation is serious .\r\narticle 22 . anyone who violates these provisions and whose behavior constitutes crime shall be investigated to affix his or her criminal responsibility .\r\narticle 23 . these provisions shall come into force as of the date of promulgation .\r\nthe information industry should grasp the favorable chance that the state is carrying out the strategy of developing the western areas in a big way to accelerate the pace of developing communication infrastructure facilities and the information industry in the western areas .\r\nthe consulate general of the democratic people 's republic of korea [ dprk ] in hong kong was opened officially yesterday .\r\nthe office will process business visas and provide information on the dprk to the outside world .\r\nthis is the first time the dprk has set up a diplomatic organization in hong kong .\r\nthe consulate can provide business visas . however , hong kong residents who want to tour the dprk still need to apply for a tourist visa through a travel agency , and they must visit the dprk with a tour group .\r\nin no way can such an industry be abandoned .\r\nthe united states is a \" country on wheels , \" whose economic development is inextricably linked with automobiles .\r\nduring the 15 years of japan 's fast economic development , the national economy of that country scored a 36 - fold growth , while the output value of its automobile industry increased 57 times .\r\nin contrast , the british economic status has declined with the dwindling of its automobile industry .\r\nsales records of beijing 's major automobile markets show that last year sales of private vehicles accounted for 90 percent of the total sales volume .\r\nbut if we develop it with new ideas and by using new technologies , i think we can open a new way .\r\nin the past , the invention of automobiles certainly brought an earth - shaking change to the world .\r\nthe reason for pessimism among some people at present is that they have no confidence in our own technologies .\r\nfor instance , some of our science and technology experts once visited our big automobile plants and offered to help develop robots for doing the spot - welding and spray - painting work , but the plant managers said that they would not use china - made robots .\r\nunder the new opening condition , of course , we need to acquire technologies from others , but what is more needed is technologies created by ourselves and intellectual property rights that we can use on our own .\r\nwithout developing our own technologies , we will have no way out .\r\nif we rely solely on imported technologies , we will definitely be lagging behind others . can any foreign company give its key technologies to a competitor ?\r\nwe chinese scientists and technicians should launch a struggle : we should get china 's automobile industry involved in international competition .\r\nthe other is that we have advantages in certain fields .\r\nnow , the question of the world is how the world should change automobiles . when it comes to china , the question is how china should change its automobiles .\r\nin addition to the above , we have to solve the question of safety .\r\nto solve the above - mentioned questions , we should understand the different demands and study china 's automobile market .\r\ntake air - pollution control in beijing as an example .\r\nalthough automobile manufactures are concerned about money - - they want to do everything possible to save money - - if the state has a law in this respect , the technology for clean exhaust gas will be developed and popularized .\r\nall in all , there is ample room for development . what is needed is the market 's driving force and the related state policies . but the most fundamental determinant is whether we have the consciousness and resolution in this respect and whether we can concentrate our efforts on overcoming the difficulties involved .\r\nchina 's automobile industry as a whole is still at a relatively low level , and because of this , it has less problems hindering its development in the new direction .\r\nto develop high technologies , we should aim high and have a firm footing .\r\nbeijing , 17 february ( xinhua ) - - the supreme people 's procuratorate today publicized the opinions on a three - year procuratorial reform , which aims to boost the procuratorial reform , improve the procuratorial work , perfect the procuratorial system , and strengthen the procuratorial function .\r\nthe state will encourage foreign - capital banks to set up representative offices or operational branches in china 's western region .\r\nthe state will permit cities in the western region to issue lottery tickets to accumulate funds for the construction of infrastructure facilities , such as museum , stadium and other projects of public welfare nature .\r\nlimits on scale will be removed for a certain period . the state planning commission will administer this work in a strict manner .\r\nthe state will try to establish an industrial investment fund in the western region .\r\nspecial and favorable consideration will be given to the western region since the competitive power there is inferior to the eastern coastal region .\r\nthe eight major transportation lines are : passages from lanzhou to yunnan , baotou to beihai , xinjiang 's altar to hongqilapu , yinchuan to wuhan , xian to hefei , xining to korla , chongqing to tibet 's zhangmu , and changsha to chongqing .\r\nthose projects will be built with state investment and local self - collected funds . construction work will be started in segments in various provinces , autonomous regions , and the municipality . the railways departments will build \" three vertical and four horizontal \" main lines .\r\nfrom 1998 to 2002 , china will invest 250 billion yuan in railway construction . the plan includes the building of 5,340 km of new railways , the expansion of 2,580 km of railways into double - track , electrification of 4,400 km of existing railways and the construction of 1,000 km of local railroads .\r\naccording to the plan of the china power company , in the next 15 years , china will lay stress on developing hydropower plants in the western region . the goal is to realize \" sending electric power from the west to the east \" and establish a national joint power supply network .\r\n\" gas from the western region will be transmitted to the eastern region \" to ensure supply for 30 years .\r\nthe expert revealed that china is building a great energy supply line from xinjiang in the west to shanghai - abundant natural gas produced in the western region will be delivered to the economically developed chang jiang delta through gas pipelines to alleviate the situation of shortage of energy sources in the eastern region .\r\nconstruction work will be done in 10 provinces , autonomous regions and cities .\r\nat present , four main oil fields have been formed in tarim , qaidam , shaanxi - gansu - ningxia and sichuan - chongqing .\r\nit has been a fine tradition and political strength of our party to attach great importance to ideological and political work and give full play to its important role in revolution and construction .\r\nin directing china 's revolution and construction , comrades mao zedong and deng xiaoping attached great importance to ideological and political work .\r\nas the party 's general secretary , comrade jiang zemin , in light of the new historical conditions , has made many important expositions on how to do good ideological and political work in the new situation .\r\nstudying , researching into , and propagating the expositions by the three generations of party leadership core on ideological and political work is of extremely important significance to strengthening and improving ideological and political work .\r\nas far as its contents are concerned , this book has fully presented the expositions of the three generations of leadership core on ideological and political work as an integrated system .\r\nit provides some important teaching material for the vast number of cadres and masses to study , research into , and propagate the basic theory of our party 's ideological and political work .\r\nfu quanyou pointed out : combined operations are an natural product of the development of war ; and the combat effectiveness of an army in conducting combined operations has a direct bearing on both the process and the outcome of a war .\r\nour army has also carried out active studies and explorations in this aspect ; in particular , the essentials of combined operations of the first generation , which was signed and issued by chairman jiang , has marked the beginning of a new development phase for our army in the theory and practice of combined operations .\r\nwe should adapt ourselves to the development needs of the times , and to changes in the pattern of war ; and conscientiously reinforce our awareness of overall interests , awareness of system , awareness of quality , awareness of information , and awareness of efficiency .\r\nmeanwhile , we must step up our work in every aspect of the logistics support of our army , so as to lay a sound material foundation for combined operations .\r\namong those attending the symposium were kui fulin and wu quanxu , deputy chiefs of general staff ; zhang li , assistant to chief of general staff ; and cadres at and above the divisional level from the administrative organs of the general staff headquarters .\r\nq : it is reported that us immigration and naturalization service officials currently visiting hong kong said that the united states might grant asylum to \" falungong \" members from china . what comment do you have on this ?\r\na : the \" falungong \" organization is a cult that endangers chinese society and people .\r\nq : recently , a un mediator responsible for humanitarian affairs in iraq submitted his resignation to secretary general kofi annan to protest un sanctions against iraq , which have lasted nearly 10 years . an iraqi - based representative of the world food program also announced the resignation of his post as a representative for the same reason .\r\ndoes china have any comment on the resignation one after the other of the two iraqi - based representatives of international organizations to protest un sanctions against iraq ?\r\na : china expresses its concern over the resignation of the two high - level iraqi - based officials of international organizations .\r\nwe urge relevant member states to adopt a constructive and responsible attitude to create conditions for improving the humanitarian situation in iraq .\r\nhong kong , 17 feb (zts) - - incidents of hackers doing harm to networks in various parts of various countries have attracted great attention in beijing . a spokesman of the chinese foreign ministry explicitly said not long ago that china is much concerned about hacker incidents and any undesirable behavior on networks is not welcome .\r\nalthough china 's internet made a late start , it has developed rapidly . it is estimated that at the end of this year , the number of internet users will reach 16 million and e - commerce will become a hot spot .\r\nwhat shocked the computer specialists was that the network hackers were able to organize a large - scale attack on the networks so easily .\r\nfor example , on 27 january , hackers invaded into the international travel service vacation website , at which china 's first online tourist auction had just been conducted .\r\nthe computer center of the travel service discovered its secret codes were deciphered by someone with software used by telecommunications departments especially for deciphering secret codes of telephone users , and the hacker entered its chat room in the name of \" wang guan , \" and deleted all data of online friends registered with the chat room .\r\ninitial investigation showed that he is a student of the computer mathematics faculty of the postgraduate school of a well - known university . he has invaded , one after the other , a certain science and technology network and a certain information network in shanghai , causing economic losses of about 100 million yuan .\r\nin recent years , while speeding up the development of the internet , relevant departments in china have energetically adopted effective legal and technological measures to earnestly safeguard the security of networks and to clamp down on network hackers .\r\nhe demanded that the us side respect china 's principled stand on this issue and stop interfering in china 's internal affairs .\r\nthe chinese government 's crackdown on the organization in accordance with the law is aimed at protecting the basic human rights and freedoms of its citizens ; it is also an effective measure to safeguard social stability and to prevent the organization from doing more harm to the public .\r\nthe spokesman said : the us immigration and naturalization service officials disregarded these basic facts and brazenly stated that the united states might grant asylum to \" falungong \" members from china . this is a typical example of the double standard adopted by the us side on the issue of cults . china expresses firm opposition to this .\r\nat a foreign ministry news briefing here , zhu bangzao commended their laudable and active efforts in improving the humanitarian situation in iraq during their terms in office .\r\nhe said china hopes that the secretary general will name suitable personnel to replace them as soon as possible .\r\nthe spokesman said : the chinese side has always maintained that the un \" oil - for - food \" program should be earnestly and comprehensively implemented , so as to ease the humanitarian difficulties facing the iraqi people .\r\nzhu bangzao said : china urges relevant member states to adopt a constructive and responsible attitude and create conditions for the improvement of the humanitarian situation in iraq .\r\nbeijing , 17 feb (zxs) - - speaking here today , foreign ministry spokesman zhu bangzao urged the taiwan authorities to hold negotiations with the mainland to end the state of hostility at an early date .\r\nzhu bangzao once again enunciated the chinese government 's basic principles and positions on the taiwan issue : taiwan is part of chinese territory ; this status cannot be changed .\r\nhe said : at a recent ceremony held by people from all circles in beijing to ceremoniously mark the fifth anniversary of president jiang 's important speech , vice premier qian qichen once again clearly reiterated these principles and expounded them anew .\r\nzhu bangzao pointed out emphatically : china has always maintained that the state of hostility across the taiwan strait should be formally brought to an end through negotiations and under the \" one china \" principle .\r\nthe chinese mainland has repeatedly urged the two sides of the taiwan strait to hold dialogue and negotiations on any issue on the basis of the \" one china \" principle when conditions are ripe .\r\nhaving fully grasped the situation , zhu bangzao answered , at today 's news briefing held by the foreign ministry , relevant questions put forward by reporters prior to this .\r\nat present , china has started implementing the \" agreement . \"\r\nin december last year , china 's animal and plant quarantine departments already sent a pre - inspection group to california , florida , and other parts of the united states to pre - inspect oranges in the united states .\r\nbeijing , 17 feb ( xinhua ) - - state council premier zhu rongji met with visiting world trade organization (wto) director general mike moore at zhongnanhai this afternoon . they had a deep exchange of views on china 's entry into wto .\r\nhe said the wto is incomplete without china 's membership .\r\nmoore said china 's entry into the wto will be a historic event .\r\nthe day china enters the wto will be a great day to china and the world as a whole .\r\nat present , the wto cannot yet be called a world trade organization .\r\nonly after china joins will it be able to really become a world trade organization .\r\nhe said that he and his colleagues will try their best to assist china to join the wto as soon as possible , and this will be of great significance to the wto .\r\nhe will also hold talks with shi guangsheng .\r\nduring the meeting , shi guangsheng and vice foreign minister yang wenchang were present .\r\nbeijing , 17 feb ( xinhua ) - - a second meeting of the state council on clean and honest administration was held in beijing today .\r\nhe then said that in the past year , governments at various levels have given top priority to the building of a clean and honest administration and the struggle against corruption .\r\nzhu rongji stressed : the central authorities ' fundamental policies for reform and development this year have been clearly set , and concrete arrangements have also been made for the government 's work and tasks .\r\nthis is a year at the turn of the century , and it is of great significance for us to carry out our various tasks in reform and development .\r\nclean and honest government depends , above all , on self - discipline .\r\nthey should not only strengthen their self - cultivation and be strictly self - disciplined but also do a good job in controling their family members and relatives as well as those working at their sides .\r\nall major cases must be thoroughly investigated no matter which departments or persons are involved .\r\nthose involved must be unmasked and severely dealt with one by one , and we must not practice favoritism or be soft on them .\r\nthird , we should continue to make vigorous efforts to rectify unhealthy tendencies in trades and departments and conscientiously solve outstanding problems about which the masses are concerned with and are strongly object to .\r\nwe should resolutely stop various activities to compare with one another in reaching certain standards .\r\nwe should vigorously rectify unhealthy tendencies in the buying and selling of medicines , ensure that the medicines taken by the masses are safe and efficacious , and reduce the irrational burdens on the state and the masses .\r\nwe should continue to solve the problem of arbitrarily collecting fees by primary and middle schools and other educational institutions in order to lighten the burden on the masses .\r\nfourth , it is necessary to be diligent , practice strict economy , and combat waste .\r\nthis year , we should step up our efforts to investigate and deal with cases in this regard ; we should seize on typical cases , deal with them severely , and make them known to the public .\r\nwe should continue the reform of government institutions and further change government functions .\r\nwe should establish an administrative system and working mechanism marked by high efficiency , coordinated operations , and standard behavior .\r\nthey should conscientiously enforce the \" regulations on the system of responsibility for improving the party 's work style and building a clean and honest government \" formulated by the party central committee and the state council and strictly implement the system of investigating those who are responsible for failure in building a clean and honest administration .\r\nthe supervision and auditing departments should adhere to principles , have the courage to crack the hard cases , are not afraid of offending people , and continue to improve their work .\r\nresponsible officials of the ministry of supervision , the ministry of finance , the ministry of construction , the state pharmaceutical supervision and administration , the general administration of customs , and the state economic and trade commission separately spoke at the meeting .\r\nresponsible officials of the central discipline inspection commission , the supreme people 's court , and the supreme people 's procuratorate , as well as of the central committees of various democratic parties and the all - china association of industry and commerce , attended the meeting on invitation .\r\nbeijing , 17 feb ( xinhua news agency ) - - \" mao zedong , deng xiaoping , jiang zemin on ideological and political work , \" a book compiled by the propaganda department of the cpc central committee , has now been officially published for distribution .\r\ncomrade jiang zemin 's expositions on ideological and political work represent a continuation , enrichment , and development of the theories on ideological and political work created by the party 's first and second - generation leadership nuclei .\r\nthey are crystallizations of the wisdom of the entire party , are valuable ideological assets , and are powerful theoretical weapons and important guidelines with which we can strengthen and improve ideological work at present .\r\nthis is our honorable mission and sacred duty .\r\nthe party 's leadership nuclei across three generations gave very brilliant expositions on the status and function of ideological and political work .\r\nthey conclude , in a nutshell , that maintaining ideological education is a central link in the process of uniting the whole party in a great struggle ; ideological and political work is a lifeline for economic work and all other work .\r\njudging by the practice in reform , opening up , and socialist modernization in china , the deeper the reform goes , the broader the opening up becomes , and the more developed the socialist market economy is , the more important it is to set great store by the work in this respect .\r\nour comrades across the whole party must be soberly aware that in the context of opening up and developing the market economy , the struggle in the ideological and political domain will not only continue to exist for a long time to come , but is also very complicated and sometimes may even become intense .\r\nstudying and publicizing the expositions made by the three generations of leadership nuclei of our party on ideological and political work requires us to study new circumstances , solve new problems , and actively explore the laws and methods regarding ideological and political work under the new circumstances .\r\nthis is an important idea that all three generations of leadership nuclei of the party have had regarding ideological and political work and also an important and urgent project facing our comrades across the whole party . we must make strenuous efforts to solve well this issue .\r\nstudying and publicizing the expositions made by the three generations of leadership nuclei of our party on ideological and political work should be combined with implementing the cpc central committee 's \" a number of opinions on strengthening and improving ideological and political work , \" striving toward comprehensively accomplishing all the tasks of reform and construction this year .\r\nthe tasks are very arduous . to unify thinking , bring people 's hearts and minds together , boost the morale , and arouse the enthusiasm and creativity of the people depends on our work , especially ideological and political work .\r\nconscientious efforts should be made to strengthen the party 's leadership over ideological and political work , work closely around economic construction as the central task , and implement the guidelines , principles , objectives , and requirements of ideological and political work at the grassroots levels and the mass level .\r\nmesic made those comments when meeting zhu lilan , special envoy of the chinese government and minister of science and technology , and her entourage .\r\nmesic spoke highly of china 's economic achievements .\r\nthe same day new speaker of parliament zlatko tomcic also met the delegation of the chinese government .\r\ntomcic noted that despite changes in its leadership after the parliamentary and presidential elections , croatia will continue to recognize that taiwan is an inalienable part of china .\r\non behalf of state president jiang zemin , national people 's congress chairman li peng , and premier zhu rongji , envoy zhu lilan extended her regards to croatian leaders .\r\nthe spokesman made the above - mentioned remarks while answering a reporter 's question on cross - strait ties .\r\nzhu bangzhao stressed that taiwan is part of china 's territory and that this cannot be changed .\r\nour basic principle on persisting in peaceful reunification and \" one country , two systems \" for solving the taiwan issue has remained unchanged .\r\nit is generally believed that economic issues will be put at the top of the agenda for the third plenary session of the ninth national people 's congress [ npc ] next month .\r\nafter institutional reform in 1998 , state council ministries and commissions , notably the setc , have attracted much attention .\r\nwhen zhu rongji unveiled his cabinet , sheng huaren , then president of the china petrochemical corporation , was unexpectedly named setc minister .\r\nsheng huaren advanced in years ; his achievements mediocre a source familiar with sheng huaren said that a diligent and conscientious official , sheng has a reputation of being an \" old ox \" of the setc .\r\nsheng huaren , 65 , has reached retirement age at the ministerial level , and his achievements for the past two years have been mediocre . it is said that the top chinese leadership is not happy with sheng 's work performance and has decided to remove him from office at this year 's npc session .\r\nsources revealed that sdpc vice minister li rongrong will replace sheng huaren after his recent transfer to the position of setc vice minister .\r\nhis transfer may well be termed \" the resumption of his old profession .\r\n\" concerns over vacant positions of npc vice chairmen two vice chairmen positions are vacant after npc vice chairman xie fei died of illness and another vice chairman , cheng kejie , was placed under investigation for bribery .\r\nthere are concerns over whether the forthcoming npc session will announce and explain cheng kejie 's case .\r\nli and huang have long been regarded as members of the fourth - generation cpc leadership . their transfer to beijing is just a matter of time , but whether the pair will be transferred at this year 's npc session remains to be seen .\r\nwhen cable and wireless officially notified hong kong telecom on 24 january that it was negotiating with singapore telecom on merging the latter two , the market was not at all surprised at the merger .\r\nreportedly , beijing did not give them an immediate response .\r\nif uk cable and wireless is willing to sell hong kong telecom , there are several consortia in hong kong that are capable of taking over hong kong telecom . hence , they indirectly voiced their opposition to the merger between singapore telecom and hong kong telecom .\r\npresident ben ali asked tang jiaxuan to communicate his cordial regards to president jiang zemin .\r\nben ali indicated that the relationship between tunisia and china is very good . he expressed gratitude to the chinese government for its assistance to tunisia 's economic construction .\r\nsince tunisia is an incumbent nonpermanent member of the un security council , china is willing to strengthen consultations with tunisia and to work together with tunisia to safeguard the rights and benefits of developing countries .\r\nben ali said that china has a population of 1.2 billion . china has done a good job in resolving food , housing , transportation , and educational problems for the people , thus embodying its endeavors to respect the human rights .\r\nat the invitation of tunisian foreign minister yahia , tang jiaxuan arrived in tunisia on the evening of 16 february to begin his three - day visit to tunisia .\r\non 17 february , he held talks with yahia on further developing the bilateral ties and the issues of common concern .\r\ntang jiaxuan expressed gratitude to tunisia for its understanding and support of china 's great cause of national reunification and the human rights issue .\r\ntang jiaxuan stressed that the chinese government pays attention to promoting and safeguarding the human rights and basic freedom .\r\nas for the developing countries , the rights to survival and development are the highest human rights .\r\naccording to its own special features , tunisia has selected development ways which are suitable to its national situation and has made noticeable achievements in safeguarding social stability , promoting the development of the economy , and improving the living conditions of the people ; thus tunisia has done its best to safeguard human rights .\r\nafter the meeting , the foreign ministers of the two countries attended the ceremony to sign the agreement on the sino - tunisian economic and technological cooperation .\r\nlike arrows darting away from bowstrings , the missile launching operators , in full battle array , swiftly drew themselves into their combat positions upon the issuance of an order from the commander , \" the antitank missile detachment launches an attack ! \"\r\n\" missile erection is ready !\r\n\" fire ! \"\r\none could only see that a missile launcher pressed a red button lightly with his index finger , and immediately , with the sound of a whistle , a \" hongjian [ red arrow ] \" rose high into the air dragging a fresh red licking flame .\r\non the field , the astonished crowd burst into thunderous applause at once .\r\nuntil now , he has launched 16 antitank missiles , with a marvelous shooting average of 100 percent , enough to be compared favorably with the students majoring in antitank missile command .\r\nin the missile company , there are plenty of expert soldiers like li bin who enjoy such good names as \" miracle - working doctor of missiles , \" \" a wonder shooter of missiles , \" \" artillery expert , \" and others .\r\nas stipulated , a soldier needs to master only two of these weapons .\r\nhow could such a small detachment achieve so many tops ?\r\nthe training method was strongly opposed by experts when first proposed .\r\nwith repeated training of more than 1,000 times , the officers and men finally mastered the unique technique .\r\nchina is a big developing country whose economy is undergoing the process of changing tracks , and the economic growth in china has a very close relationship with the economic structure and adjustment .\r\nlooking back at the track of china 's rapid economic growth over the past 20 years , we can easily find out the fact that economic growth always originates from the structural imbalance , and the realization or disappearance of the growth always depends upon the distorted alleviation or aggravation of the structural contradictions .\r\ntherefore , the structure - related policies can be regarded as the core policies of economic growth in china .\r\nafter entering the year 2000 , what contradictions have emerged in china 's economic structure ? i should like to take this opportunity to advance my own views on two issues .\r\nfirst , let me present my views on the first issue .\r\nrecently i looked up some research data and found that since 1990 , the proportions of the secondary industry and industry in the gdp as calculated at constant prices have been rising continuously , while that of the service industry has been declining , which is an extremely abnormal phenomenon .\r\ncomparing 1998 with 1990 , the proportion of the secondary industry rose from 41.6 percent to 55.6 percent , of which the proportion of industry rose from 37 percent to 51 percent , increasing by a big margin that was seldom seen before .\r\nif we make a comparison of different countries in the world , we will find that the current proportion of china 's service industry is lower by about 10 percentage points than that of the low - income countries .\r\nsecond , it is owing to the incorrect discrimination and prejudice against the service industry as well as the deep - rooted ideas that \" a country cannot be prosperous without industry \" and \" the development of the service industry cannot deviate from the development of industry . \"\r\nthe present proposition is to turn the agricultural population into urban population . however , we should not employ the traditional , planned approach of building a number of new cities and transfer the residents there step by step .\r\nthe genuine question lies in how we should form a more appealing and energetic urban economic development dynamic mechanism that will sufficiently attract the surplus labor power in the rural areas to move into cities by way of marketization .\r\nvery obviously , as a result of this process , a number of cities will come into being .\r\nanother example , the civilian - run economy is now gradually playing the guiding role in the economic growth as a whole , but the structure and system still have partiality for the morbid state - owned sectors .\r\nwhat is more , china 's economy is confronted with the impacts from the global integration and network society , but at present all kinds of rules are seriously unsuitable to this situation .\r\nthe fourth structural contradiction is manifested in the fact that the company and enterprise management structural reform are not in place .\r\nthere is a very definite relationship between the company 's management structure and growth , because the investors ' confidence will not be strengthened unless there is a sound company management structure .\r\nsuggestions on structural adjustment [ subhead ] second , this is about the way of thinking and the orientation of policies for further formulating the structural adjustment policies . taken as a whole , the aforementioned structural adjustment policies are matters relating to further reform .\r\nhence , the structural adjustment in the next step is , in essence , the institutional adjustment .\r\nsince time is limited , i think i will lay stress on the following four problems .\r\nthird , a major precondition of this adjustment is the division of labor between the government and the markets in terms of functions and roles , and what the government should do must be clearly defined .\r\nfourth , a direct starting point for carrying out the adjustment policies is to continue the reform of the government .\r\nbeijing , 18 feb (zxs) - - a steady stream of reports that recently emanated from china 's authoritative organs indicate that the new tax system that china instituted in 1994 faces adjustment as china 's macroeconomic environment changes while it goes through a different stage .\r\nmoreover , china instituted land value - added taxes and regulatory taxes on investment in fixed assets , with a view to reining in overheating in investment through tax regulation .\r\nas a deflationary trend has arisen in china , however , jump - starting investment has become a top priority .\r\nthis requires relevant adjustments to the tax system .\r\nto this end , relevant authorities have decided to stop collecting regulatory taxes on investment in fixed assets this year .\r\ntaxation departments have already taken initial actions in those sectors whose incomes will not suffer greatly as a result of such actions .\r\nrelevant personnel said : china 's mid - term goal is to raise the proportion of its tax revenue to its gross domestic product to the average level of developing countries .\r\nas china 's accession to the world trade organization draws near , the pressure of accession has become a driving force for further reforming and improving the tax system .\r\nthe new trends of development in the international economy are compelling china to adjust its tax system .\r\nthe two most compelling trends are the expansion of multinational operations and the growth of electronic commerce .\r\nrelevant personnel agreed that china 's current tax system is incompatible with these new trends and that efforts must be stepped up to study measures for coping with these trends .\r\nalthough china has adopted some measures in accordance with the demands of the international and domestic economic environments for changes to its tax system , it must proceed prudently with overall tax reform .\r\nin recent years , some students have run away from home and committed suicide as a result of the heavy academic burden from primary and secondary schools . from time to time , fatal incidents have occurred in which students were maimed or killed after their parents had put pressure on them and teachers inflicted physical punishment on them .\r\non 17 january this year , a student at zhejiang jinhua city no. 4 high school beat his mother to death because of his academic results and parental pressure .\r\nalthough this is an extreme case in a tiny minority , it is sufficient to show : reducing the heavy academic burden on students and fostering their fine psychological quality and legal concepts are a pressing task .\r\nsince the prc 's founding , the party and government have all along attached great importance to the healthy growth of primary and secondary school students and have time and again checked the bad practice of increasing the burden on students .\r\nthe three generations of the party leadership cores , mao zedong , deng xiaoping , and jiang zemin , have issued important instructions on this aspect .\r\nto implement the spirit of central leaders ' instructions on easing students ' heavy burden , the state department of education administration released a number of documents , adopted a series of measures , and repeatedly formulated special plans to reduce the heavy burden on primary and secondary school students .\r\nhence , \" the heavy burden on students \" is not only an education problem but also a social issue .\r\nthese examples of effectively reducing students ' burden and helping them establish a correct outlook on the world and life and values have boosted our confidence in overcoming the chronic problem of \" burden reduction . \"\r\nreducing students ' academic , economic , and psychological burden is not only a pressing task at present but also a long - term strategic mission .\r\nwe should educate cadres , headmasters , teachers , and parents to establish correct outlooks on education , quality , and talent so that the comprehensive implementation of quality education and the enhancement of education quality will become a society - wide consensus .\r\nwe should speed up the reform of the course system , structure , and content of primary and secondary schools and set up a new curriculum system compatible with social development .\r\nit is also necessary to further reform the entrance examination system and promptly establish entrance examination and education appraisal systems that meet the requirements of quality education .\r\nas a matter of fact , there is no positive connection between \" burden reduction \" and lowered teaching quality . instead , the purpose of \" burden reduction \" is to raise education quality .\r\ntherefore , parents should acquire a correct outlook on education quality , support school measures for \" burden reduction , \" and help schools genuinely ease the heavy burden on children .\r\ndoing a good job in easing students ' heavy burden has a direct bearing on the comprehensive promotion of quality education , on the healthy growth of the younger generation , and on the position of the chinese nation in international competition in the 21 st century .\r\nshi guangsheng briefed moore on the progress in negotiations on china 's accession to the wto .\r\nshi guangsheng said : after joining the wto , china , as a large country that acts responsibly , will fulfill its obligations , observe wto rules , and implement bilateral and multilateral agreements while enjoying relevant rights as a wto member .\r\nhe said : accession to the wto will bring both opportunities and challenges to china .\r\nhe said that china 's accession to the wto would benefit china , other countries in the world , and the wto itself .\r\nhe said that his goal is clear , and he hoped china would become a wto member at an early date , so that the wto would become a global trading body in the true sense .\r\nat the invitation of shi guangsheng , moore arrived here on 17 february for a three - day visit .\r\nsino - us relations experienced substantial twists and turns last year .\r\nsino - us relations are now faced with opportunities for further improvement and development . there are also challenges .\r\nwe are willing to work with the us side to advance sino - us relations in the direction defined by the presidents of the two countries and toward the goal established by them .\r\nvice premier qian emphatically pointed out : the taiwan issue has always been the most important and the most sensitive issue at the core of sino - us relations .\r\ndeputy secretary of state talbott said : the clinton administration is committed to the development of us - china relations .\r\npresident clinton is firmly committed to urging the us congress to support permanent normal trade relations with china .\r\ntalbott said that the us government opposes the taiwan security enhancement act and will prevent it from becoming law .\r\nbeijing , 18 feb (zxs) - - central military commission vice chairman zhang wannian met with deputy secretary of state strobe talbott , us undersecretary of defense walter slocombe , and vice chairman of the joint chiefs of staff joseph ralston today .\r\nthe two sides talked about the restoration of exchanges and the development of the relations between the chinese and us armed forces .\r\nzhang wannian specially elaborated clearly china 's stand on the taiwan issue , including the issue of us arms sales to taiwan .\r\ntoday , central foreign affairs office director [ zhong yang wai shi ban gong shi zhu ren 0022 1135 1120 0057 6586 0361 1358 0031 0117 ] liu huaqiu and the chinese people 's liberation army deputy chief of general staff xiong guangkai also separately met with talbott and his party .\r\nboth sides expressed the necessity of increasing contacts , enhancing understanding , expanding consensus , and promoting cooperation .\r\nthe chinese side pointed out that the development and deployment of national and theater missile defense systems are not conducive to the global strategic balance and not conducive to regional peace and stability .\r\n\" the day when china joins the wto will be an important day . \"\r\nbefore that , he was the prime minister , associate minister of foreign affairs and trade , and minister of foreign affairs and trade of new zealand .\r\nhe was elected member of new zealand 's parliament at 23 and was the youngest member of the parliament in new zealand 's history .\r\nduring his three - day visit to china , his main purpose is to look into the remaining obstacles to china 's accession to the wto , so that he can coordinate all parties concerned to accelerate the process of china 's accession .\r\nmoore said he was optimistic about china 's accession to the wto within this year .\r\nhe said , currently , all parties concerned hope that a final decision will be made within this year on china 's accession to the wto , and the secretariat of the wto will do its best to accelerate the consultative process .\r\nmoore took note of the opportunities and difficulties china will face after it joins the wto as a developing country .\r\nbut , after china 's accession to the wto , its problems will not disappear . china 's state - owned enterprises need to enhance their competitiveness and some industries will face competitions .\r\nhe expressed the belief that , with the chinese people 's wisdom and industriousness , china 's future is bright .\r\nhe said \" this is an economic issue and more a development issue . \"\r\naccording to cao siyuan , china 's accession to the wto will bring about five big changes : 1 .\r\npromotion of trade liberalization after its entry to the wto , china and the more than 130 wto members will give each other favorable treatment in terms of trade .\r\npromotion of investment liberalization the wto wants to break down not only trade barriers , but also investment barriers .\r\nafter our accession to the wto , the wto 's operational rules will be applicable to china , and it must ask us to radically improve our environment for investment .\r\nthis will open a wide space for soliciting foreign investment .\r\nin the future , apart from sino - foreign joint ventures , sino - foreign cooperative enterprises , and solely - foreign - funded businesses , we must have a new form of foreign investment - - transnational merger and acquisition , that is , merger and acquisition of chinese enterprises by foreign companies .\r\nthis will enormously increase the total amount of foreign capital introduced into this country , hopefully from 1998 's $ 45 billion to $ 100 billion in 2005 . 3 .\r\nthe overall strength of a country is most primarily manifested by the competitiveness of its enterprises and products .\r\nthe competitiveness of enterprises and products , the fine product quality and low prices , and the big market enjoyed by the products represent the most important overall strength of a country .\r\nthe most cardinal effect of this convergence is that it will trigger our demand for further reforming the economic structure , government administration , and the entire political system . 5 .\r\nthe lowering of tariff rates will lead to a lower price level , either directly or indirectly , thus raising the purchasing power of the money in the hands of consumers .\r\nwe should guide the graduates to find jobs in the personnel market and ensure they are employed more rapidly .\r\nlocalities and departments where conditions permit should actively and steadily promote the method of no guaranteed employment and should gradually establish a new mechanism for placing the graduates , which suits the characteristics of personnel distribution and flow under the condition of the market economy .\r\nwhen employing the graduates , state administrative organs at all levels should strictly implement the \" interim regulations on state public servants \" and persist in employment through examination .\r\nthey should extend the period for the graduates to choose their own jobs in line with the spirit of relevant state regulations .\r\npersonnel service institutions under government personnel departments at and above the county level should serve as a personnel agent for the graduates who return to their native towns without having jobs determined , so that these graduates still can choose their own jobs through the personnel market .\r\nthe circular emphasizes : personnel departments at all levels should attach great importance to the employment of graduates , seriously analyze the local situation in this work , and study and resolve new conditions and problems in a timely manner so as to make the work successful .\r\nthey should make work procedures public and simplify the procedures for examination and approval to raise work efficiency .\r\nthey should actively coordinate with relevant departments to explore and establish the social security system for unemployment insurance and medical service that are closely related with the employment of graduates , so that a realistic and effective guarantee can be provided for the employment of graduates .\r\npersonnel departments at all levels should also coordinate and cooperate with education , planning , finance , public security , and grain departments to ensure the smooth progress in the employment of graduates .\r\nguangdong province has made unremitting efforts to investigate and handle large and serious cases .\r\nwang huayuan said : this year guangdong 's discipline inspection and supervision departments will continue to regard investigation of large and serious cases as the priority of the anticorruption work .\r\nmeanwhile , they will increase efforts in investigating the law and discipline violations in the financial , securities , and real estate areas , in the approval and transfer of the lease of land , in material procurement , in the judicial area , and in cadre - related personnel work .\r\nbeijing , 18 feb - - the third session of the ninth national people 's congress [ npc ] and the third session of the ninth chinese people 's political consultative conference [ cppcc ] national committee ( hereinafter referred to as the two sessions ) will open in beijing on 3 march and 5 march , respectively .\r\nin the case of the npc standing committee , however , it is the vice chairman who delivers the report , while the chairman presides over the session .\r\npresident jiang forwarded an eight - point proposal for developing cross - strait relations in the current stage and for advancing the process of reunifying the motherland through peaceful means .\r\nin june 1983 , mr. deng xiaoping proposed six concepts on taiwan policy for achieving the motherland 's peaceful reunification , making the concept of \" one country , two systems \" more specific and systematic .\r\npresident jiang 's speech again reiterated the hope of settling the taiwan issue through peaceful means and implementing two systems for one country , that is , the \" one country , two systems \" concept .\r\nthe successive return of hong kong and macao to the motherland marks major progress in the process of the chinese nation 's reunification , has strengthened the confidence of the chinese people 's fervent hope for early settlement of the taiwan issue , and has made the days of achieving the complete reunification of the motherland even more closer .\r\nthe smooth reversion of hong kong and macao should be a mirror . the confidence of hong kong and macao compatriots has been enhanced tremendously compared to that in 1996 .\r\nin the activity , the news units have brought into full play the superiority of our party 's propaganda work and this is indeed a beneficial try at loudly singing the keynote ; taking the initiative to fight a battle ; persisting in positive education ; and upholding healthy tendencies .\r\nluo gan pointed out : serving the people heart and soul has all along remained our party 's aim .\r\nxu xingwei ( deputy departmental level ) , former deputy general manager of the chang cheng special steel ( group ) company under the sichuan provincial investment group , was suspected of abusing his authority and ganging up with others to embezzle 380,000 yuan , of which 160,000 were pocketed by himself .\r\nfor many developing countries , inequality and aggravation of poverty marked the past 10 years .\r\ndue to their weak foundation , serious shortages of capital and relative backward managerial skill , a large number of developing countries could not gain benefits from economic globalization , and the unequal international trade and financial management system further widened the gap between the south and the north .\r\naccording to a statistical report , the number of the most undeveloped countries has increased from 29 in 1976 to 48 at present .\r\naccording to research released recently by the united nations conference on trade and development , only $ 13 billion would be required to provide basic medical care for all people in the most undeveloped countries . this figure is merely equivalent to the cost of feeding pets in the united states and western european countries in a year .\r\nlooking at the problem from a historical point of view , the developed countries have the responsibility and obligation to provide aid to those developing countries .\r\nit can be said that without frenzied plundering in earlier years , developed countries could not have been so prosperous today .\r\nhowever , the actual situation is that the development aid is not satisfactory in amount , content , and types .\r\nfirst of all , the developed countries ' aid has not reached the standard of 0.7 percent of their gnp , and the amount has been decreasing in recent years .\r\nowing to inadequate funds , those development aids can only be used to cover the deficits of the most undeveloped countries and cannot be truly used for development .\r\nbesides , in providing aid , western countries often put forward many harsh terms on democratization , political system , judicial independence and human rights issues . sometimes , those countries even clearly limit the use of funds .\r\nthis kind of practice of \" meddling in others ' affairs \" not only will be suspected of interfering in internal affairs of other countries , but will often be divorced from the national situation of receiving countries or even bring disasters to receiving countries .\r\nof course , in the face of future challenges , developing countries should also look reality in the face , strengthen internal unity , give full play to their own advantages , and accelerate their pace of development while trying to obtain more and reasonable foreign aid .\r\nbeijing , 20 feb ( xinhua ) - - through the efforts of more than 100 experts in nearly one year , the water conditions of the huang he have basically been determined , thus providing a basis for decision - making in the task of harnessing the flood problems of the huang he .\r\nhistorically , many floods have occurred at the huang he , china 's second - largest river .\r\nthe water conditions of the huang he , especially issues that concern the strategy for harnessing the river 's water volume , standards for floods , and balance of supply and demand of its water resources have attracted much attention .\r\nbesides , the experts have calculated the volume of water flow during the river 's biggest floods in the lower reaches seen in 1,000 years and in 100 years .\r\nthe completion of the xiaolangdi project and the joint operation of the dams at sanmen gorge , luhun , and guxian will minimize the biggest flood in 1,000 years at the huangyuankou section to 22,600 cubic meters per second and the flood in 100 years to 15,700 cubic meters per second .\r\nthe experts have obtained the data for a balanced supply and demand of the huang he 's water resources and the forecast for water shortage .\r\nnew investigations show that the amount of water drawn for use by relevant national economic departments in the huang he valley and relevant areas is about 50 billion cubic meters . however , the actual water consumption is about 40 billion cubic meters , and the consumption of water from various rivers is about 30 billion cubic meters .\r\nover the past year or so , under the cpccc 's leadership , party committees at various levels have strengthened their leadership , made arrangements meticulously , and done solid work to ensure a smooth and healthy development of the \" three stresses \" education .\r\nthe overwhelming majority of comrades are politically reliable , work seriously and diligently , and constantly make progress in various aspects .\r\nthey are in the prime of life , have received a relatively high level of education , are relatively active in thinking , dare to forge ahead in a pioneering spirit , and have done much hard work to implement the party 's line and central policy - decisions , and to promote socialist modernization .\r\nhowever , it is also necessary to be aware that some clear weak points and shortcomings also exist among some cadres at this level .\r\na considerable portion of these comrades have problems here and there to varying degrees in party character and party style , and the problems of some comrades are even relatively serious .\r\ntherefore , it is imperative to seriously do a good job in conducting the \" three stresses \" education at the county ( city ) level .\r\nfirst of all , it is necessary to gain a thorough understanding of the central spirit and deepen the understanding of the importance and necessity of the \" three stresses \" education .\r\non this basis , it is necessary to study intensely and carefully the books on the compulsory list according to the requirements for study stipulated by the central committee .\r\nin carrying out \" three stresses ' education in counties ( cities ) in a profound and down - to - earth manner , it is necessary to use the weapon of criticism and self - criticism to conduct positive and healthy ideological struggle .\r\nan important reason is a lack of positive and healthy ideological struggle within the party and the failure to conduct criticism and self - criticism .\r\nwhether we can seriously and earnestly conduct criticism and self - criticism will directly affect the quality of the \" three stresses \" education .\r\nwe must resolutely overcome the anxieties of facing embarrassment and pains , and must open up our minds , address problems directly , dare to point out weakness , and seriously dissect ourselves .\r\nin conducting criticism , we must be serious and earnest as well as enthusiastic and friendly with people .\r\nwe must communicate our thinking and enhance understanding through heart - to - heart talks .\r\nwe must seek truth from facts to reach the goal of clearly identifying the ideology as well as uniting the comrades .\r\ntop leaders of counties ( cities ) must directly face the grass - roots . the people may have a little more opinions . however , the leaders must not be too anxious because of this and be afraid to directly conduct \" three stresses \" education .\r\nour party members and cadres are to serve the people . listening adequately to the people 's opinions is the precondition and basis for offering good service to them .\r\nwe must correctly handle the people 's opinions and use them as a driving force to improve our work . we will then continue to improve on our ideology and work .\r\nif possible , we must immediately rectify problems the people are concerned about so that they will continue to see the results of the \" three stresses \" education , thus enhancing their confidence in the \" three stresses \" education .\r\nthe members of the standing committee of the cpccc political bureau have shown us an example by engaging in mobilization activities for deepening the \" three stresses \" education in counties ( cities ) .\r\nwe must closely integrate the \" three stresses \" education into the promotion of current tasks so as \" not to delay but improve the education and current tasks . \"\r\non the morning of 20 february , chi haotian went to the zhuhai base of the pla macao garrison to visit officers and soldiers there .\r\nhe said : the historical contributions made by the pla hong kong garrison and the pla macao garrison will shine forever in the annals of the pla 's history . during his inspection , chi haotian respectively heard briefings presented by leaders of the garrisons .\r\nupholding the party 's absolute leadership over the army represents our fundamental principle and our everlasting military spirit .\r\nchi haotian said : the key to building qualified military units lies in building well leading groups of the party committees .\r\nleading cadres at all levels should be clean , honest , and industrious . we should strive to increase the party committees ' rally force and fighting capacity .\r\nchi haotian particularly stressed the importance of administrating the armed forces along legal lines and being strict with them .\r\nhe said : the basic requirement for the pla hong kong garrison and the pla macao garrison as well as for the whole army is this : they should have rigid military discipline , appearance , and bearing . they should have enthusiastic and lofty spirit . they should have civilized manner .\r\nzhu rongji fully affirmed the achievements scored in customs work .\r\ncomrade jiang zemin 's remark greatly jolted and produced a profound impact in the nation .\r\nunder the arrangements of the political and law departments , the customs sector firmly implemented the cpc central committee 's major policies and , together with relevant departments , launched a large - scale special drive against smuggling , scoring marked results and dealing a quick , heavy blow to smugglers .\r\nthanks to stepped up collection and management of customs duties , to strict customs duties calculation , and to in - depth checks , customs revenue went up greatly .\r\nat the same time , reform and building of the customs sector have made major progress .\r\nfirst , it is necessary to continuously intensify anti - smuggling efforts , always keep up the pressure on smugglers , not to let up the effort , guard against smuggling , deal a heavy blow to smuggling , and never to allow the relapse of smuggling activities .\r\nsecond , it is necessary to manage tax collection according to law , strictly supervise and manage tax collection , ensure collection of taxes that should be collected , and ensure fulfilling tax collection tasks .\r\nthird , reform needs to be deepened and modernization of customs system should be enhanced .\r\nreform of customs clearance should be a starting point for the comprehensive promotion of various reforms .\r\na good job needs to be continuously done in establishing computer networks , in accelerating realization of computerization in customs management , particularly in giving full play to the role of a \" national customs declaration form checking system , \" and in accelerating the development of the \" computerized law enforcement system at the nation 's ports . \"\r\nproblems as exposed in the ranks of customs departments need to be correctly recognized .\r\ncorruption cases must be thoroughly investigated and corrupt elements should be severely punished according to law .\r\nunhealthy tendencies at various trades and professions need to be rectified in a down - to - earth manner . all customs personnel must be absolutely fair in enforcing the law .\r\nall customs departments must enhance and improve internal management and concentrate efforts on doing well in management .\r\nsince the introduction of the reform and opening - up policy , gaozhou has made noticeable achievements in economic development and social progress thanks to the guidance of the party 's reform and opening - up policies and the arduous efforts made by the broad masses of the cadres and the people there .\r\non the morning of 20 february , jiang zemin heard reports by the gaozhou city party committee and government on party building and on preparations for conducting the \" three stresses \" education .\r\non the same afternoon , the gaozhou city party committee held the \" three stresses \" education meeting of leading cadres . over 600 people , including town - level party and government leading cadres in gaozhou , attended the meeting .\r\nthe \" three stresses \" education is aimed at pushing the party building forward and further making ideological , political , and organizational preparations for the party to advance forward in the new century .\r\njiang zemin stressed that working in line with the tasks of the party for a certain historical period of time , upgrading the cadres ' ideological and political levels through concentrated study and education , and resolving the conspicuous problems within the party are effective methods that our party takes to strengthen self - construction .\r\nhistorical experiences proved that the party building passes through the entire course which the party leads the people to fight ceaselessly ; it also provides powerful guarantees for the realization of the fighting goal of the party .\r\nthrough the education , the standing committee members all maintained that conscientiously summing up work , strictly conducting self - analysis , and conscientiously hearing the opinions by the comrades and the masses help strengthen the accomplishment and practice of party spirit , improve ideological and political levels , and intensify and improve work .\r\nthe party committees at various levels should pay attention to linking the \" three stresses \" education with the promotion of reform , development , and stability in the current stage .\r\nmeanwhile , standing in the forefront of the education and with the heavy task of reform , opening up , and construction , county ( city ) leaders should firmly take economic construction as a center and carefully arrange and realistically and firmly achieve the work in all areas .\r\njiang zemin accented that the first 20 years of the 21 st century is the most important period of developing the undertaking of the party and the people , as well as one to train the cadres at the county ( city ) level , to enrich their experience , and to bring their talents into play .\r\nonly when counties ( cities ) achieve their work will there be a firm foundation of the masses and a firm social foundation for the long - term order and stability of the party and the state .\r\njiang zemin pointed out that unswervingly implementing the party 's line , policies , and principles to the letter and resolutely carrying out the party 's line , policies , and principles despite repeated setbacks are basic political demands on all leading cadres .\r\nthere are over 2,000 counties ( cities ) in china . each county has its own actual conditions . so , we cannot ask all of them to follow the same pattern in implementing the central policies and principles and carrying out the work in all areas .\r\nat present , the agricultural sector has entered a new stage of development , the agricultural sector and town and township enterprises are under restructuring , and the task for increasing the peasants ' incomes is very heavy .\r\njiang zemin emphasized that the transformation of the objective world and the subjective world is constantly two important tasks ahead of each and every party member and each and every party leading cadre .\r\nthe leading cadres at various levels , including county ( city ) leading cadres , should persist in telling truth , work and behave honestly , and insist on self - respect , self - examination , self - vigilance , and self - motivation .\r\ncommunist party members should further consciously strengthen their ideological accomplishment and the transformation of their own subjective world .\r\nas long as we accurately clarify these questions , then we will be able to behave justly .\r\nchinese foreign minister tang jiaxuan and his iranian counterpart kharrazi held talks in tehran on 20 february .\r\nhe said : iranian - chinese relations have solid historical origins and the two countries have made important contributions to mankind 's civilization ; therefore today we should continue to strengthen cooperation .\r\niran is of the view that no country should impose its own culture and civilization on other countries .\r\ntherefore , president khatami proposed dialogue between civilizations , and the international community has positively responded to his proposal .\r\nhe said : my visit is to further enhance the mutual understanding and friendship between china and iran and to boost development of bilateral friendly cooperation in all fields .\r\nthe \" silk road \" of the past brought closely together the chinese and iranian civilizations , the two great civilizations of the east .\r\nchina is of the view that only by stepping up cooperation and increasing exchanges between countries on the basis of mutual respect and treating each other equally can mutual trust between them be enhanced , can they seek common ground while reserving differences , and can mankind 's civilizations jointly develop and progress .\r\nboth china and iran are developing countries of asia and they hold identical or similar views on many important international and regional issues .\r\nin the new century , china will be willing to make joint efforts with iran to continue to cement and strengthen exchanges and cooperation in various fields between our two countries and to endeavor to build long - term , stable , ever - developing , and friendly relations of cooperation between our two countries .\r\niran expressed its willingness to encourage iranian enterprises to actively take part in developing the western region of china .\r\nit is reported that this southern tour of jiang zemin may be connected with the elevation of shenzhen to a municipality directly under the central government .\r\nin addition , since the march national people 's congress [ npc ] session is imminent , the attention of outsiders has also been aroused by whether this southern trip has anything to do with transferring guangdong provincial cpc committee secretary li changchun .\r\nour reporter yesterday sent a telegram to the propaganda department of the shenzhen city cpc committee to inquire whether jiang zemin 's southern tour is connected with the elevation of shenzhen to a municipality directly under the central government .\r\naccording to reports , the time is now near for clinching the elevation of shenzhen to the fifth municipality directly under the central government ; this could happen this year or next , at the earliest .\r\naccording to reports , on this southern tour jiang zemin may very well console guangdong to help them understand the central authorities ' intentions and agree to shenzhen 's elevation .\r\nif shenzhen is elevated to this status , its administrative setup will be directly subordinate to the state council leadership , and guangdong 's economic strength will be affected to a greater or lesser extent on account of shenzhen 's \" independence . \"\r\naccording to information , jiang zemin arrived to inspect work in guangdong the day before yesterday .\r\npeople concerned have stated that jiang zemin has always attached very great importance to work in guangdong ; when touring guangdong in 1993 , he demanded that guangdong \" create new strong points and climb one story higher . \"\r\naccording to information , during his stay in guangdong , jiang zemin will inspect the army , navy , and air force units stationed in the province .\r\naccording to sources , the cpc is now launching the \" three stresses \" ( study , politics , and healthy atmosphere ) at all levels .\r\noutsiders had previously favored li changchun for transfer to the central authorities sooner or later .\r\ncurrent rumors have it that li changchun may become a vice premier at the npc next month to share responsibility for the work of vice premier wen jiabao , who is reported to be in charge of developing western china .\r\nli changchun was suddenly transferred to the south before the opening of the 1998 npc , and people are watching to see if he will suddenly be transferred north at next month 's npc .\r\naccording to information , the cpc central committee has decided that the several million party cadres through the country must take part in study classes to examine themselves , and also accept assessment by their subordinate cadres ; everyone has to pass the test .\r\nbeginning yesterday afternoon , workers of the shenzhen railway station were on the platform sweeping the building clean , and maintenance men were repairing the wall around the station ; the stored red carpet had also been moved onto the platform .\r\naccording to reports , after arriving in shenzhen , jiang zemin will first hear a work report by city cpc committee secretary zhang gaoli , after which he will inspect some prominent hi - tech enterprises in the city and deliver an important speech to promote high technology as a new development orientation for the sez in the future .\r\nit is reported that an air force division from the jinan military region participated in the exercise , which was conducted after the new year with a view to mustering the fighters of a whole division to engage in long - distance sea - crossing surprise - attack operations .\r\nrecently the pla air force has stepped up exercises noticeably .\r\nafter graduation , they will be the first to be assigned to key units of the air force .\r\nan official of a department for work toward taiwan pointed out that adjustments of the taiwan policy on a \" technical level \" show that the mainland 's basic policy toward taiwan will not change and need not be changed .\r\nthe mainland 's basic taiwan policy is : pursuing peaceful reunification and \" one country , two systems \" under the premise of one china , yet without giving up the use of force .\r\nchina will make minor adjustments on its taiwan policy because of the following facts : first , the issue of national reunification has entered the third phase . hong kong 's return is the first phase , and macao 's return is the second . taiwan 's reunification with the mainland will be the third and last phase .\r\nsecond , lee teng - hui 's \" two - state theory \" further strengthened cpc leaders ' earnest hope that \" an early reunification is better than a late one . \"\r\nthe \" eight - point proposal \" primarily calls for the realization of cross - strait political negotiations .\r\nafter taiwan 's new leaders take power , the premise for resuming cross - strait political dialogue is that the new taiwan leaders must be pragmatic , that is , must not pursue taiwan independence .\r\nsince the longer the reunification issue drags on , the more troublesome the issue will become , resolving the taiwan issue at an early date has become the consensus of cpc leaders .\r\nbeijing , 21 feb ( xinhua ) - - learned by our reporter from the ministry of foreign trade and economic cooperation , the import - export operations right to china 's enterprises is being gradually transitioned from the examination and approval system to the registration system .\r\nthus far , all the manufacturing enterprises and the scientific research institutes that meet the criterion have obtained the import - export operations right after registering with the authorities concerned in accordance with the relevant regulations .\r\nas early as in 1996 , the ministry of foreign trade and economic cooperation began implementing the registration system on a trial basis among the manufacturing enterprises in the five economic special zones .\r\ncurrently , the production enterprises and the scientific research institutes with the right to operate import and export can be found all over the country and in all the national economic spheres .\r\nthis move has enabled numerous manufacturing enterprises and scientific research institutes to directly participate in the international competition , thus having helped expand foreign trade and export .\r\nhowever , such a fair , reasonable , and legitimate regulation was obstructed by a legislative council sub - committee responsible for discussing and examining it and failed to pass through .\r\nas for this , the sar government has reiterated that it will not give up its stand and will submit a new draft regulation to the legislative council for deliberation and examination later on .\r\nfirst , it should be pointed out that the issue of whether or not the hong kong - based central organs should enjoy immunity is not just an issue on making things faster and more convenient . rather , it is an issue concerning the principle of sovereignty .\r\nthis principle has applied to almost all common law jurisdictions , such as britain , new zealand , australia , and so on . \"\r\nthe fact is crystal clear that the sovereign power 's institutions had enjoyed immunity during the period under the british rule . it is definitely not a new thing that has come up since the handover and nor should it be construed as a \" privilege \" on the part of the hong kong - based central organs .\r\nthe fact is : should they refrain from exercising or inheriting such immunity , the hong kong - based central organs would violate the tradition of legal precedents in a common law jurisdiction and run counter to the basic law .\r\nthough the garrison vehicles had a few small accidents , those accidents were properly settled and the garrison has never asked for special treatment or \" bullied others with the backing of power . \"\r\nbeijing has been so short of water resources that recently some media have , on behalf of the water resources bureau , spread the following news : if we are faced with another year of drought , it is likely that there will be no running water in your house .\r\nin the view of qian yi , academician at the chinese academy of engineering and professor at qinghua university , the beijing water crisis has become so serious that it is necessary to consider the issue of moving the capital to another place .\r\nhow should we look at such a great disparity ?\r\nas far as i am concerned , i attach more importance to the water shortage than the index .\r\nbeijing 's annual average volume of utilizable water resources is about 4.1 billion cubic meters . judging from the existing facilities and management level , this does not come up to the requirements for turning beijing into an international metropolis and a city with first - rate environmental quality .\r\neven if the project to \" divert water from the south to the north \" is completed in 2010 , it can only provide 1.2 billion cubic meters of water . and the cost is so high that users can hardly afford it .\r\nyan changyuan , director of the beijing municipal bureau of water resources , told beijing reporters that even after a series of measures were taken , the situation in water supply and demand would still be very serious should there be an extremely dry year and should the dry spell go on for several years .\r\nthe river courses at the lower reaches are mostly filled with super - category 5 water substances , where basically no organisms can survive .\r\ndue to the threat of pollution , the beijing guanting reservoir stopped supplying drinking water in 1997 .\r\nthe \" general report on planning for the sustainable use of water resources in the capital in the early 21 st century \" has named guanting reservoir as a reserve water resource in the event of an emergency .\r\nhowever , it also stresses the need to speed up silt disposal and polluted water treatment .\r\nlast summer and during the spring festival this year , i went twice to hebei , which is the upper reaches of guanting reservoir .\r\nfor this reason , moving the capital to another place is not alarmist talk .\r\nchina 's cities lack 6 billion cubic meters of water annually , with a daily shortage of more than 16 million cubic meters of water .\r\nat present , the surface water that has become undrinkable due to pollution accounts for 40 percent of monitored waters ; 50 percent of underground waters are polluted ; and 64 percent of people drink water from unfit water resources .\r\nnearly one half of the river segment is polluted , and one tenth of the rivers have been seriously polluted for a long time so that the water has lost its use - value .\r\naccording to an expert 's estimate , the peak of china 's water shortage will emerge in 2010 and 2020 .\r\nget into action at once !\r\nno one from the central military commission was with jiang zemin during his current inspection tour of southern china .\r\nhowever , liu shutian , political commissar of the guangzhou military region , was with jiang zemin where he went .\r\nthe sources said jiang zemin may inspect the 42 d army in huiyang .\r\nthe passing of the taiwan security enhancement act ( hereinafter referred to as tsea ) by the us house of representatives on 1 january [ as published ] this year has led to china 's solemn representation and caused tension in sino - us relations once again .\r\nactually , an informed source in beijing has revealed that what liu xiaoming has said is exactly what was in the minds of china 's top leaders .\r\nthe informed source pointed out : once the united states enacts the tsea into law , beijing will react politically , diplomatically , and militarily in substance .\r\nby that time , it would not be surprising at all to see large - scale nationwide anti - us demonstrations .\r\n- - efforts should be made to strengthen technological innovation , accelerate structural readjustment , and foster a number of enterprise groups and key product r & d bases with international competitiveness in key areas like microelectronics , software , computer and telecommunications .\r\nhe said : at present , the \" telecommunications regulations \" have been submitted for review , the work of drafting the \" telecommunications law \" is being carried out in earnest , and the revision of the \" postal law \" and its rules of implementation as well as the \" radio regulations \" are under way .\r\nwu jichuan said that efforts must be made to gradually develop business competition of different forms and at different levels in the sphere of telecommunications and establish a fair and effective framework of market competition through macro - control and the monitoring of market operations .\r\nhe disclosed that china was in the process of speeding up the building of a national internet switching center . the beijing internet center will be completed in the first quarter of this year and plans for the building of other regional internet centers are under way .\r\non the question of standardizing the market for electronic and information products , wu jichuan said that the departments concerned were trying their best to supplement and improve the rules and regulations for market management and rectify improper competition between enterprises , and were intensifying their fight against dumping , monopoly and smuggling .\r\nhe said : china 's entry into the wto is an opportunity as well as a challenge for the information industry .\r\nbeijing , 21 february ( xinhua ) - - in may last year , the cpc central committee and the state council issued a circular , imposing a strict prohibition on building facilities commemorating late leading comrades .\r\nover the past years , center - approved facilities commemorating revolutionaries of the older generation have played an important role in educating cadres and ordinary people at large , especially young people , on revolutionary traditions and patriotism .\r\nhowever , these central regulations still have not been satisfactorily implemented in some localities , and the phenomenon of unauthorized building of facilities commemorating late leading comrades has been becoming ever more serious in a few localities .\r\nto resolutely stop the above - mentioned bad practices , the circular reiterated and issued the following injunctions : 1 . cpc committees , governments , and cpc - member leading comrades at large of all levels should fully understand the important significance of the center 's decision to prohibit the unauthorized building of facilities commemorating late leading comrades .\r\nour party is a party which serves the people whole - heartedly , and the nature and purpose of the party have determined that the party must proceed on the basis of promoting the people 's interest and aim to promote the people 's interest .\r\nlate leading comrades ' purpose of joining the revolution was to promote the people 's interest , instead leaving behind commemorating establishments showing their contributions after their death .\r\nas per capita farmland is small in the first place , the unauthorized use of farmland , forest land , or even land in scenic areas for building tombs of late leading comrades not only constitutes a serious wasting of land and other resources , but is also a practice which is very irresponsible to the future generations .\r\ndeng xiaoping 's exemplary conduct of making immortal contributions to the party and the nation and simplifying his funeral built an eternal monument in the hearts of the masses of the people and set a glorious example for the entire party and the entire country .\r\nin the two years and more since comrade deng xiaoping 's death , some localities have proposed to build facilities commemorating comrade deng xiaoping . but , members of comrade deng xiaoping 's family proposed to the center many times that no facilities commemorating comrade deng xiaoping be built .\r\nin the absence of the cpc central committee 's and the state council 's planning and arrangements , no locality or unit shall build or expand any late leading comrade 's memorial hall , memorial pavilion , monument , tomb park , tomb , statue , former residence , or any other commemorative facility .\r\nlate leading comrades ' ashes should be appropriately placed in accordance wit the relevant rules .\r\nlate leading comrades ' ashes which are in the babaoshan revolutionary cemetery of beijing or revolutionary cemeteries of other cities should , as a general rule , not be moved to other places for burial or placement purposes .\r\nwith regard to approved requests made by late leading comrades ' families to move the ashes to other places for burial or placement purposes , it is necessary to finish all such moving at one time .\r\ncpc committees , governments , and relevant departments at all levels should uphold principles , persist in acting in accordance with the rules , and never give any unauthorized approval for or carry out any unauthorized construction of any commemorative facility because of personal relationships .\r\nif some members of late leading comrades ' families or staffs reject the advice , pressure the localities , and obstinately demand the establishment of facilities commemorating the late leading comrades , such persons ' work units should seriously handle the cases .\r\nno unit or individual shall gather funds , impose levies , collect contributions , or solicit sponsorship in the name of building or expanding commemorative facilities . 6 .\r\nthe late leading comrades discussed in this paper refer to comrades who held leadership positions of the provincial - ministerial level before their death , the circular pointed out .\r\nin regard to the building of facilities commemorating other late leading comrades , the spirit of this circular should be followed where appropriate .\r\nbeijing , 21 feb ( xinhua ) - - today , the state council taiwan affairs office and state council information office issued a white paper entitled \" the one - china principle and the taiwan issue . \"\r\nthis white paper is comprised of five sections as well as a preface and concluding remarks .\r\nthe \" preface \" points out that resolving the taiwan issue and realizing the complete reunification of china is in the fundamental interests of the chinese nation .\r\nthe chinese government has been consistent from beginning to end in upholding the one - china principle and resolutely opposing any attempts to separate taiwan from china .\r\nthe struggle between the chinese government and those splittist forces led by li teng - hui is mainly manifest on the issue of upholding one - china principle or creating \" two chinas \" and \" one china , one taiwan . \"\r\ntherefore , it is necessary to further explain the standpoints and policies of the chinese government about upholding one - china principle to the international community .\r\non the day of its establishment , the central people 's government of the people 's republic of china proclaimed to governments of all countries : \" this government is the only legitimate government representing all the people in the people 's republic of china .\r\nthis government is willing to establish diplomatic relations with governments of any foreign countries on the basis of equality , mutual benefit , and mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity . \"\r\nthe principle of new china for establishing diplomatic relations with foreign countries is that foreign countries must recognize the government of the people 's republic of china to be the only legitimate government representing whole china and sever or not establish diplomatic relations with taiwan authorities .\r\nit is exactly in the developments of normal diplomatic relations between china and foreign countries and the struggles for safeguarding china 's sovereignty and territorial integrity that this one - china principle was produced .\r\nthe above - mentioned propositions constitute the basic connotation of this one - china principle with safeguarding china 's sovereignty and territorial integrity as its core .\r\nthe just stand and reasonable proposition of the chinese government about upholding one - china principle have won the understanding and support of more and more countries and international organizations and this one - china principle has gradually generally accepted by the international community .\r\nat present , there are 161 countries which have established diplomatic relations with the people 's republic of china and all recognized the one - china principle and agreed to handle its relations with taiwan within the one - china framework .\r\nthis basic principle and relevant policies have fulfilled the basic standpoint and spirit of upholding one - china principle and fully respected the wishes of taiwan compatriots for being masters of their own destiny and running taiwan themselves .\r\nthe announcement of the chinese government in 1979 about implementing the guiding principle of peaceful reunification was based on one precondition : namely the taiwan authorities at that time upheld that there was only one china in the world and taiwan was part of china .\r\nwhile adopting the guiding principle of peaceful reunification , the chinese government always indicates that using whatever patterns to resolve taiwan issue is the internal affairs of china and undertakes no obligation to renounce use of force .\r\nundertaking no obligation to renounce use of force is absolutely not directed against taiwan compatriots but those foreign forces attempting to create \" taiwan independence \" and interfering with the reunification of china .\r\nas far as taiwan is concerned , upholding the one - china principle demonstrates recognizing the inseparability of the sovereignty and territory of china , which provides a common basis and precondition for both sides to find out methods of resolving their political disagreements through consultations on equal footing and realize peaceful reunification .\r\nif this one - china principle is not recognized but attempts are made to separate taiwan from the chinese territory , this precondition and basis for peaceful reunification does not exist anymore .\r\ncountries concerned all upholding the one - china policy is favorable to safeguarding peace and stability in the asian pacific region as well as china developing friendly relations with all countries , which is in the interests of the asian pacific region as well as all countries in the world .\r\nthe chinese government hopes that on the basis of one - china principle , the two sides can hold consultations on equal footing to jointly discuss issues of reunification .\r\nin his book of \" taiwan propositions \" published in may , he advocated dividing china into seven regions each enjoying \" full autonomous rights . \"\r\nli teng - hui has become the chief representative of taiwan splittist forces , the destroyer of stability in the taiwan strait , the obstacle to the development of sino - us relations , and the trouble - maker for the peace and stability in the asian pacific region .\r\nagainst all kinds of these splittist activities by taiwan splittist forces represented by li teng - hui , the chinese government and people have always maintained sharp vigilance and waged resolute struggles .\r\nthis struggle has demonstrated the firm resolution and capability of the chinese government and people in safeguarding state sovereignty and territorial integrity and produced important and far - reaching influences .\r\ninternationally , these splittist activities conducted by li teng - hui were also met with severe hits .\r\nmost countries in the world have reiterated upholding the one - china policy .\r\nand the us government also reaffirmed upholding one - china policy and its promise of giving \" three no supports \" to taiwan .\r\nand the taiwan authorities have also been forced to express not to revise its so - called \" constitution \" and \" laws \" in accordance with the \" state - to - state theory . \"\r\non the territory of a single country , there can be only one central government exercising sovereignty on behalf of that state .\r\nit is necessary to resolutely oppose applying the pattern of referendum to change the status of taiwan being part of china .\r\nif anyone attempts to apply the pattern of so - called referendum to separate taiwan from china , it will surely lead taiwan people into disasters .\r\nthe \" module of two germanies \" cannot be used in resolving taiwan issue .\r\nthe split of germany after world war ii and the temporary detachment across the taiwan strait are issues of different nature .\r\nthe issue of germany was created entirely by external factors .\r\nand taiwan issue is left over by the chinese civil wars and an internal issue .\r\nthe split of germany were stipulated by a series of international treaties signed during and after world war ii .\r\nand taiwan issue was stipulated by some international treaties like \" cairo declaration , \" \" potsdam proclamation , \" and so on that japan must return taiwan which it stole from china back to china .\r\nagainst the background of confrontation between the united states and the soviet union , the two germanies which had respectively foreign troops stationed in their territories were forced to recognize each other and coexisted in the international community .\r\nunder the principle of one china , everything can be discussed .\r\nthe so - called \" struggle of democracy and system \" is only an excuse for obstructing the reunification of china .\r\nmoreover , the chinese government has also noticed the different features of taiwan to hong kong and macao , and after peaceful reunification is realized across the taiwan strait , taiwan can be more relaxed than hong kong and macao in terms of the content of \" one country , two systems . \"\r\nin the fifth section entitled \" certain issues relating to the international community in upholding the one - china principle , \" the white paper points out : taiwan does not have the right to join the united nations nor any other international organizations which can only be joined by sovereignty states .\r\nas for some governmental international organizations which allow regions to join , on the basis of one - china principle and in accordance with the natures , charters , and actual conditions of these relevant international organizations , the chinese government can allow arrangement for the participation of taiwan by agreeable and acceptable patterns .\r\nthose countries which have already established diplomatic relations with china cannot sell weapons to taiwan nor enter into any forms of military alliance .\r\nthe united states has repeatedly violated its solemn promise made in the \" august 17 communique . \"\r\nto this , the chinese government resolutely opposes .\r\nthe chinese government applies one - china principle in treating the external activities of taiwan .\r\nthe chinese government protects all the rightful and legitimate rights and interests of taiwan compatriots in foreign countries .\r\nthe chinese embassies and consulates stationed in foreign countries have always regarded strengthening contacts with taiwan compatriots , listening to the opinions and demands of taiwan compatriots , and protecting the interests of taiwan compatriots as their own duties and tried to help them clear away difficulties as much as possible .\r\nafter the realization of cross - strait reunification , taiwan compatriots can share more dignity and honor of the people 's republic of china in the international community together with the people of all nationalities in the whole country .\r\nin its closing remarks , this white paper entitled \" the one - china principle and the taiwan issue \" points out : the 5,000 - year - long chinese history and culture has deeply planted a very strong national sense in the hearts of the chinese people : namely , china must be reunified .\r\nwe firmly believe that with the joint endeavor of all the chinese people in the whole country which include compatriots living on both sides of the taiwan strait and overseas chinese abroad , the complete reunification of china will surely be realized .\r\nchairman li peng chaired the meeting .\r\nexplanations and briefings on relevant topics were offered separately by he chunlin , secretary general of the npc standing committee ; wang weicheng , chairman of the npc law committee and chairman of the npc standing committee 's credential committee ; and yu youmin , deputy secretary general of the npc standing committee .\r\ngovernment departments and various circles in the society have gradually gained a common understanding in the impact of \" entry into wto \" : a short - term shock will be unavoidable , but judging from a long - term point of view advantages will be greater than disadvantages .\r\nchina 's entry into wto will certainly promote china 's link with the world economy and strengthen foreign businessmen 's confidence in making investment in china . it will create a more stable outside environment for china 's economic development and help china realize the strategic goal of a sustained , rapid and healthy development of the national economy .\r\nduring this period , china can take advantage of the wto regulations to develop , protect , and improve ourselves by accelerating reform , improving management , optimally allocating natural resources , raising the technological level , and strengthening market participation and capacity to cope with risks .\r\nwe should also see that china 's entry into wto can bring opportunities for our textile , light industry , clothing industry , machinery and electrical appliances industry , and other labor - intensive industries to develop their international market and extricate themselves from limitations due to discriminatory policies .\r\nbesides , \" entry into wto \" can enable china to utilize two kinds of markets and two types of natural resources at home and abroad to promote the escalation of our industries and eliminate backward enterprises .\r\nin the mean time , npc deputies and cppcc national committee members will pay attention to reinforcing , adjusting and improving laws and regulations involving foreign countries , using law to guarantee the implementation of stipulations of wto and reducing administrative interference .\r\nthe party organizations at all levels must regard the study of \" the expositions of mao zedong , deng xiaoping , and jiang zemin on ideological and political work \" as an important aspect of the party members ' and cadres ' study this year , include it in their plans , and make scientific arrangements for it .\r\nbeijing , 21 feb ( xinhua ) - - the sixth meeting of the china - india joint committee for science , technology , economy , and trade was held at the ministry of foreign economic relations and trade (mofert) this morning .\r\ntoday 's joint committee meeting was jointly presided over by shi guangsheng and indian minister for commerce and industry murasoli maran .\r\nhe said : after china joins the wto , china and india will be able to cooperate within the wto and work together to build a new order of world trade .\r\nafter joining the wto , china will learn from india 's experience of success in meeting both the opportunity and challenge offered by the wto membership .\r\nthe chinese and indian ministers made these remarks at the 6 th session of the sino - indian technology , economy and trade mixed commission held here today .\r\nin 1999 , the bilateral trade volume between the two countries was nearly $ 2 billion , up 3.4 percent from 1998 .\r\nas of the end of 1999 , the agreed amount of china 's investment in india was $ 24.6 million . konka [ shenzhen konka electronic ( group ) company , ltd. ] and haier [ the haier group ] have already set up plants in india .\r\nshi guangsheng believes that the bilateral trade volume is far from meeting the needs of the two sides and is way below the actual capacity .\r\nmaran emphasized that the indian government attaches importance to developing firm and stable relations with china , is devoted to increasing bilateral trade volume , and hopes to promote cooperation in the fields in which both sides are interested .\r\nbeijing , 21 feb ( xinhua ) - - yesterday , the taiwan affairs office of the state council and the information office of the state council jointly issued the white paper \" the one - china principle and the taiwan issue . \"\r\nthe white paper is a proclamation that has further expounded to the international community the chinese government 's adherence to the one - china principled stand and policy , and is also a declaration on the chinese people 's determination to settle the taiwan issue and realize the complete reunification of the motherland at an early date .\r\nafter the return of hong kong and macao to the motherland one after the other , the settlement of the taiwan issue and the realization of the complete reunification of the motherland have entered a new stage .\r\nthe main theme idea that the one - china policy is the basis and prerequisite for the realization of peaceful reunification runs through the whole document .\r\nadhering to the one - china principle in dealing with cross - strait affairs , especially in cross - strait talks , before reunification means adhering to the principles that there is only one china in the world , taiwan is a part of china , and china 's sovereignty and territorial integrity cannot be divided .\r\nwe have proposed holding cross - strait dialogue and talks on the basis of the one - china principle , not mentioning \" talks between the central and local governments , \" negotiating between the two sides on an equal footing and jointly discussing reunification .\r\nhowever , the danger of the separatist forces in taiwan attempting to separate taiwan \" de jure \" from the motherland still exists .\r\nseparating the motherland and seeking \" taiwan independence \" mean heading for war .\r\nwe believe and hope that taiwan compatriots , who choose peaceful reunification of the two sides of the strait , can see through the lies and make a wise choice of their own .\r\nall these situations remind us yet again that we must be highly vigilant , uphold the principle of one china , resolutely oppose \" taiwan independence \" and scheming by taiwan splittist forces , and oppose foreign hostile forces ' intervention in the taiwan issue and their interference in china 's internal affairs .\r\nwe hope the us government will faithfully abide by the three sino - us joint communiques and fulfill its \" three noes \" commitment with regard to taiwan .\r\nwe believe the international community will persistently adhere to the policy of one china and support china 's undertaking of peaceful reunification .\r\nthe principle of one china must never waver and the sacred goal of reunification must be achieved .\r\nall chinese people at home and abroad must unite , uphold the principle of one china , and strive hard to promote the accomplishment of the great cause of motherland reunification .\r\nin 1983 , he fled to japan after being wanted for a larceny case and a bill deception case . later on , he traveled between singapore , thailand , the mainland , and some other places with several forged passports . last may , he was arrested in xiamen for using someone else 's taiwan travel documents .\r\nwu bangguo , member of the cpc central committee 's political bureau and vice premier of the state council , on 21 february met members of the japanese delegation that has offered assistance in sponsoring the beijing international highway relay race .\r\nat the request of the guests , wu bangguo briefed them the situation of the reform of china 's state - owned enterprises , progress in joining wto and other matters .\r\nthe beijing international highway relay race sponsored by the beijing municipal association for promoting friendship with foreign countries and the china track and field association started on 20 february . athletes from 14 countries including china , japan , dprk , vietnam , russia and denmark are taking part in the race .\r\nsince the early 1990 s , lee teng - hui gradually has deviated from the one - china principle , advocating all sorts of separatist arguments and conniving at and providing support for the \" taiwan independence \" separatist forces .\r\nin ideology and culture , the taiwan authorities have endeavored to obliterate the chinese awareness of taiwan compatriots , especially the younger generation , and their identification with the motherland .\r\nthe chinese government and people have fought more resolutely after lee teng - hui cooked up his \" two states \" theory . the struggle has grown in momentum with chinese at home and abroad condemning the \" two states \" theory with one voice , and enabled the international community to strengthen its consensus on one china .\r\nthe white paper is also firmly opposed to the erroneous us practice of wantonly interfering in china 's internal affairs and threatening china 's security , such as selling arms to taiwan and cooking up the \" taiwan security enhancement act. \"\r\nthe principle of one china is the foundation of and precondition for achieving peaceful reunification .\r\nfrom 1978 , when the separation between the two sides of the strait ended , to the end of 1999 , cross - strait personnel exchanges , economic cooperation , and trade advanced by leaps and bounds .\r\nthe white paper stresses : as the chinese government has resumed the exercise of sovereignty over hong kong and macao , the people of the whole country are eager to resolve the taiwan issue at an early date and to realize the total reunification of the motherland .\r\nwe hope that more taiwan compatriots will come to hong kong and macao to have a look and personally experience the rationality and feasibility of the \" one country , two systems \" principle .\r\nthe 5,000 - year - long history and culture of the chinese nation has profoundly implanted strong national awareness in the hearts of the chinese , namely , china must be reunified .\r\nthe principle and stand of the chinese government and people , as openly declared in the white paper , is precisely a firm expression of such national awareness . it is also an irreversible trend of history that china will realize total reunification .\r\nif the talks proceed smoothly , eu trade commissioner pascal lamy will fly to beijing later in the week for the signing of an accord .\r\nin the previous round of technical talks , china and the eu had reached an agreement on most of the issues related to market access , but differences remained on the opening of the automobile and insurance markets , service trade , and tariffs on nearly 100 categories of commodities .\r\nit is understood that the eu asking price for market opening in these areas is higher than that of the united states .\r\nexperts here are generally optimistic about the sino - eu agreement on china 's wto accession , holding that it is very likely to be reached this week .\r\namong the remaining negotiating partners , the eu evidently will be a major obstacle .\r\nin a meeting on 17 february with the visiting wto director - general , mike moore , chinese state council premier zhu rongji expressed the hope that there would be \" breakthrough progress \" in the forthcoming sino - eu talks .\r\nthe sources told our reporters that on the eve of the \" two sessions \" of the npc and the chinese people 's political consultative conference [ cppcc ] , it is a rare occurrence for the central authorities to carry out a \" major reshuffle \" in financial circles .\r\nit is beyond expectation for such sudden personnel changes to take place in the four major banks ( the bank of china , china construction bank , industrial and commercial bank of china , and china agricultural development bank ) .\r\nthis will enable the relevant central departments to investigate their economic problems .\r\nliu mingkang , chairman of the everbright group , will replace wang xuebing and become acting president of the bank of china .\r\nshang fulin , vice governor of the people 's bank of china , will replace he linxiang and become president of the agricultural bank of china .\r\njiang jianqing , executive vice president of the industrial and commercial bank of china , will be promoted to president of the bank .\r\nlocal cultural infrastructures and cultural environment show obvious improvements .\r\nthe experience created by and the pioneering spirit shown by these culturally advanced examples are the motivation and spiritual pillar for the further development of our country 's cultural causes .\r\nwe must study their excellent working styles of going deep into the grassroots , keeping links with the masses , being united and cooperating with others . we must trigger the innovative spirit and working drive of the broad masses of cultural workers .\r\nnow it is at the turn of centuries and millennia . in the great era of building socialism with chinese characteristics , we have much to do in our cultural work .\r\nwang sheng , research fellow of the institute of taiwan studies under the chinese academy of social sciences , also pointed out that the statement \" without the principle of ' one china , ' one cannot start to talk about peaceful reunification \" serves as the core idea of the newly released white paper .\r\nprofessor dai wenbin , research fellow of the institute of taiwan studies under the chinese academy of social sciences , used an eight - character phrase of \" preventing further delay and propelling progress \" to sum up the special significance of the newly released white paper .\r\nspeaking of some people in taiwan who consider the newly released white paper as \" striking up the same old tune , \" wang sheng pointed out that these people have failed to grasp the true essence of the white paper .\r\nprofessor su ge further pointed out : the one - china principle is a principle that the chinese government and chinese people have long been safeguarding with resolute and firm efforts .\r\nprofessor wang sheng also pointed out during the exclusive interview : it was exactly based on the prerequisite of an adherence to the \" one - china \" principle by the taiwan authorities that the chinese government put forward the principle of \" peaceful reunification , one country two systems \" in 1979 .\r\nin 1993 when the taiwan authorities showed signs of a deviation from the \" one - china \" principle , the mainland motherland heightened its vigilance .\r\nthe white paper set forth three prerequisites for the use of force .\r\nthe white paper announces that if taiwan refuses , sine die , to participate in peace talks , then that is a prerequisite for the use of force , and rightly so .\r\non the other hand , it also serves as a signal telling the contenders running for the leadership of taiwan that defining cross - strait relations by basing them on the \" two - state theory \" and sabotaging the reunification of the motherland will be resolutely opposed .\r\npeople in the political circle reiterated : first , the chinese government has been consistent in upholding a positive and sincere attitude in the drive of peacefully resolving the taiwan issue .\r\nfourth , the chinese government announced the principle of peaceful reunification under the consideration of a better external environment at that time , where the united states established ties with china , signed three joint communiques , and admitted the principle of one china .\r\nhowever , although the joint communiques were signed , the united states has been repeatedly violating the communiques and continuously sold advanced weapons to taiwan .\r\ncurrently , in the us congress , some people are concocting the so - called \" taiwan security enhancement act , \" and attempting to include taiwan in the theater missile defense system .\r\nthe moves of the united states are not advantageous to china 's cause of resolving the taiwan issue in a peaceful manner .\r\nfifth , under the principle of one china , any questions can be discussed .\r\nbeijing , 22 feb ( xinhua ) - - the people 's liberation army [ pla ] general political department recently issued a circular calling on the whole army and the armed police force to conscientiously study the book on \" the expositions of mao zedong , deng xiaoping and jiang zemin on ideological and political work . \"\r\nwe should realistically give priority to ideological and political work in the army 's various development fields , and persist in attaining higher standards and setting stricter demands in ideological and political work .\r\nwe should deeply summarize and absorb experiences and lessons from the struggles in the ideological and political field , study and come forward with specific measures for strengthening and improving ideological and political work and grasp them with earnest efforts .\r\nover the past nearly 50 years since it was established , stationed at some 38 airfields one after another , it has flown some 17 types of planes .\r\nin particular , mao zedong , deng xiaoping , jiang zemin , and other state leaders have cordially met with officers and men of \" du fengrui group \" on numerous occasions . the group has also been an advanced unit for 20 consecutive years and has rendered meritorious service or received awards on countless occasions .\r\nlast october , a team sent by the division won the group championship in a large - scale training contest organized by the air force among maintenance units .\r\nthe division was also chosen by the general staff department as a first - class military training unit .\r\nin particular , the division has fulfilled the largest number of combat exercise tasks with the best results .\r\nin a major exercise organized by the nanjing theater in the third quarter of last year , the division 's units kept a close watch on and patrolled over the taiwan straits , thus demonstrating a strong fighting capacity of defending the country 's sovereignty and dignity .\r\nespecially , it has stepped up tactical and technological training on some extremely difficult topics and scored fruitful results .\r\non their way back , as it was raining heavily , the visibility extremely low .\r\ntwo minutes later , all the four planes smoothly landed one after another and this attested to the pilots ' excellent flight skills and bold , vigorous , and brave fighting style .\r\nin light of the needs of a war , it has conducted training on transregional rapid mobility and long - distance strikes ; tempered its pilots ' fighting will ; and trained its pilots ' fighting style .\r\nit has studied and developed a whole set of new tactics , such as confrontation on the sea , surprise attack on the sea , preemptive attack on the enemy , hitting all targets during the first strike , and so on .\r\nall its pilots have learned and mastered with excellent results both flexible and variable tactics and the law of defeating the enemy and winning a victory .\r\nnot long ago , in a live - fire training exercise organized by the higher authorities , in which missiles were fired at air targets , the division 's 10 new pilots buckled on their armor and went into the battle and scored excellent results by hitting all the targets during the first strike .\r\ndivision commander zhang and political commissar su told us that they are fully confident of the division 's fighting capacity .\r\na few days ago , vice mayor of xiamen city lan fu , who fled to australia last month because of his being implicated in the xiamen yuanhua smuggling case , surrendered to the chinese embassy in australia . he was escorted back to beijing by chinese police and detained at the qincheng prison .\r\nin early january , xiamen vice mayor lan fu , accompanied by his wife who worked in the state security bureau in xiamen city , left the country through shanghai customs and fled to australia .\r\non 30 january 1995 , president jiang zemin published his important speech entitled \" continue to strive for the completion of the great reunification cause of the motherland . \"\r\nhowever , awed by this development in the cross - strait situation , the splittist forces on the taiwan island became more reckless in carrying out their splittist activities , in an attempt to prevent the development of the cross - strait relations from moving towards the orientation advocated in the eight - point proposal .\r\nunder our stern criticisms , the \" two - state theory \" has not only given rise to new political struggles and contradictions on the taiwan island ; but has all the more faced a boycott in the international community , and more than 100 countries have reiterated their stand to uphold their one - chinapolicy .\r\nlee teng - hui 's \" two - state theory \" has turned him into an unpopular \" troublemaker . \"\r\nthe industrial and commercial circles have all the more made a greater appeal for changing the policy of \" refraining from impetuosity and exercising forbearance \" which is currently pursued by the taiwan authorities .\r\nmeanwhile , the trend toward a mutually complementary and mutually beneficial economic cooperation across the strait is currently undergoing further growth .\r\nwe deeply believe that a complete reunification of the motherland can surely become a reality .\r\nincreasing numbers of our taiwan compatriots are gaining an ever deeper understanding of and identification with \" one country , two systems \" through its practice in hong kong and macao , now gradually deciding that \" one country , two systems \" is the best way to defend their interests in all areas .\r\nsince china will have to achieve complete reunification for the taiwan strait and the asia pacific region to have real peace and stability and for the basic interests of the taiwan people to not be possibly infringed upon , national reunification is in the real interests of the taiwan people , being the only hope for taiwan .\r\nand the best way to meet that basic goal is to act in line with the basic policy of \" peaceful reunification under one country , two systems , \" through pragmatism , equal consultation , and putting aside differences to seek common ground , to find ways to resolve our differences .\r\nin the last five years , while the separatist forces in taiwan have expanded and \" taiwan independence \" has become rampant , mainland china distinguishes the taiwan authorities from the taiwan people , distinguishing the separatist forces and \" taiwan independence \" from the taiwan people .\r\nmeanwhile , he said clearly that , \" both during the reunification process and after reunification , we will fully respect the aspirations of the taiwan people to be the masters of their own affairs and their calls for the development of political democracy , to preserve and defend the vital interests of our taiwan compatriots . \"\r\nthe history of the development of cross - strait relations shows that the taiwan people are one of the most important forces for opposing separatism , fighting \" taiwan independence , \" and promoting the development of cross - strait relations .\r\nin our bid to settle the taiwan issue and bring true a peaceful unification in line with the principle of \" one country , two systems , \" we can adopt a more flexible approach than that towards hong kong and macao . \"\r\nthe principle of \" peaceful reunification , one country two systems \" was first designed for the settlement of the taiwan issue .\r\nthe taiwan issue has its own specific characteristics that are different from those of the hong kong issue .\r\nwhereas the hong kong issue was a historical issue left over by colonial aggression , the taiwan issue is an issue left over by china 's civil war and is totally an internal affair of china .\r\ntherefore , during the process of implementing the principle of \" one country , two systems , \" there surely exist differences between hong kong , macao , and taiwan ; and concrete policies should also give expression to the different specific characteristics of the three .\r\nvice premier qian qichen also pointed out in beijing the other day : during the process of settling the taiwan issue , we ought to introduce more flexible policies than those designed for hong kong and macao .\r\nfacts over the past 20 years have proved that the factor of the mainland motherland is a strong and positive factor in the economic exchange across the strait , and in the economic growth of hong kong and macao .\r\nall people of insight in taiwan should make serious reflections on this issue , seize this historical opportunity , and make a wise choice .\r\nthe two sides of the taiwan strait has been separated from each other for more than half a century , yet one should understand that the happy reunion and reunification of the chinese nation is an inexorable trend of history .\r\nthe taiwan authorities should value the interests of both taiwan compatriots and the chinese nation above everything else , return to the principled stand of \" one china , \" engage themselves in a political talk on ending the hostile status quo across the strait , and ultimately bring true a peaceful reunification across the taiwan strait .\r\nthe report said that a us company was cloning a sheep for a billionaire , who was willing to pay $ 2.3 million .\r\nno one has the right to interfere in the cats or dogs raised by the rich .\r\nthe question is that living conditions of the poor people , who account for 21 percent of the world 's population , are deteriorating . they even have difficulty surviving . this does accord with the basic principles of the un human rights declaration .\r\nthe bangkok declaration and program of action adopted at the meeting reflected the strong voice of the developing nations .\r\nthe bangkok declaration emphasized the necessity of establishing a fair and regular \" multilateral trade system \" and operating in a nondiscriminating and transparent way , which would be conducive to all the countries , the developing ones in particular .\r\nas the un trade development council has no right to draft international rules and regulations , the developing nations have urged at the meeting the world bank , the imf organization , and the wto to introduce reforms .\r\nfirst , all the member nations should participate in amending the outdated , unfair , and irrational international rules and regulations , and jointly draft new international rules and regulations .\r\nthe number of the most underdeveloped nations increased from 25 in the 1970 's to 48 . the population of these countries account for 13 percent of the world 's total , but the volume of their exports account for only 0.4 percent , a reduction of 40 percent in 10 years .\r\nthe current international rules and regulations mainly safeguard the interests of the developed nations but hinder the economic growth of the developing nations . the most underdeveloped nations have come to the edge of a precipice and it is time to put an end to such a state of affairs .\r\nseveral thousand representatives from more than 100 countries had attended the previous un trade development council meetings , which spent a huge amount of funds .\r\nas to the meaning of deflation , academia differs considerably , certainly not agreeing .\r\nwe hold that , as to the current operating state of the chinese national economy , there is no need to over - debate the meaning of deflation , because these three versions have a common economic focus , or that china 's overall prices have been in a sustained falling trend for over two years since october 1997 .\r\nas to this trend , we should neither treat it lightly or overestimate it .\r\nit is mild .\r\nchina 's overall prices have been falling for just a little over two years , for a drop of around 2 - 3 percent .\r\nit is of a certain corrective nature .\r\nhistorically , while sustained overall price declines have been often accompanied by economic recession or depression , there are also cases in which they have been accompanied by sustained economic growth .\r\nit is also affected by international prices .\r\nso while the financial authorities would subjectively like to ease the monetary credit supply somewhat , such as finding ways to lend more , due to a lack of willingness by borrowers , they can hardly do so .\r\nsince china 's current deflationary trend is due to both overall supply and overall demand , we need to analyze it .\r\nwe will speak of overall demand first .\r\noverseas demand is export demand .\r\ndomestic demand includes investment demand and consumer demand .\r\nin recent years , due to a number of causes , these two domestic demands have both been short .\r\nsince enterprises have gained a somewhat stronger self - restraint awareness through reform but still can hardly overcome their historic debt burden , faced with a soft market and difficulty in finding good projects , their investment decision - making tends to be cautious , for a \" cautious borrowing \" tendency .\r\nand since banks have gained a higher security mentality through reform , placing more emphasis on lending quality , they are subject to a \" grudging lending \" tendency .\r\nsince commercial bank lending was eased somewhat , a considerable amount of credit capital has become arbitrage or hedge funds , divorced from the real industrial sector .\r\nall of this hinders indirect bank - enterprise financing .\r\nto keep the economy growing fast , a definitely high accumulation rate is essential .\r\nin recent years , since economic prospects have declined due to structural reorganization , with more layoffs , the increase in individual immediate income and expected income has slowed somewhat .\r\nconsumer demand by the high - income group is basically saturated , while the masses of low - income individuals lack purchasing power , which tends to weaken the average consumer demand of our whole society .\r\noversupply refers to the excess industrial output capacity and product mix formed by years of blind investment and duplicate construction , as well as a staged surplus of farm products due to successive bumper harvests .\r\nhard supply refers to the low - level surplus production capacity , inefficient supply , and structural distortion formed by years of an extensive growth form . since our market lacks elimination - through - competition forces , with enterprises lacking innovative skills , this hard supply is not corrected promptly and effectively .\r\nsince such hard supply limits both the guiding role of demand on supply and the supply space to create demand per se , keeping supply and demand interaction from forming a good cycle and structural upgrading , it exacerbates the imbalance of gross supply and demand in our society , to promote a sustained decline in overall prices .\r\nin short , as practice develops , our policy is being steadily improved , with the steps growing constantly stronger .\r\nparticularly since the last half of 1999 , the bright spots in china 's economic operations have increased , with the overall price decline trend also tending to be eased .\r\nthe central economic work conference held in november 1999 proposed a series of policy steps to promote economic development such as continuing to pursue an active fiscal policy and bringing into better play the role of monetary policy , making decisions such as expanding domestic demand , sharply adjusting the economic structure , and promoting industrial optimization and upgrading .\r\ni would note that , to control the deflation trend , by either expanding demand or improving supply , it will not do to rely solely on regulation and control through macroeconomic policy , because they [ supply and demand ] are also limited by our current system .\r\nas all know , the impact of economic reform in promoting economic development often needs a process to be shown .\r\nand some reform steps , as to their short - term impact in expanding demand and improving supply , not only cannot play an influential role , rather having a temporarily restraining effect .\r\nwhile such reform steps are particularly essential and imperative , in all future reform steps , we need to do all possible to put them into effect at the right time , for a well - planned reform rhythm .\r\nmeanwhile , we need to intensify our macroeconomic expansionary policy steps , to make up for the temporarily deflationary or tightening effect of certain essential reform steps on supply and demand relations . and we also need to provide the masses with suitable monetary compensation for their temporarily lower income and higher spending due to certain essential reform steps .\r\ninternational experience proves that using an expansionary macroeconomic policy to curb deflation and start up the economy needs adequate intensity and time . otherwise , it could cause a poor policy effect , forcing a restart , with such a stop - and - go method delaying the economic adjustment process , to possibly damage economic growth .\r\nafter the two sides signed the agreement , shi guangsheng said : china and india are important developing countries in the world and also great neighbors .\r\nindia will work in cooperation with china to promote the growth of world trade and for the interests of the developing nations around the world .\r\nincomplete statistics showed that in the first 10 months of 1999 , the government purchase funds across the country had totaled some 7.5 billion yuan with the average saving rate standing at 13.5 percent and some 1 billion yuan saved .\r\nthe state - owned enterprise (soe) reform , without doubt , will be the top economic subject at the \" two sessions \" this year .\r\nof all industries , the most prominent is the textile industry , which has ended the loss - inflicted situation that lasted as long as six years . the economic returns of other industries have been noticeably enhanced too .\r\namong the 6,599 large and medium industrial enterprises that suffered losses at the end of 1997 , which were either state - owned or controlled by soes , a total of 3,100 enterprises no longer suffered losses .\r\naccording to an analyst , the enhancement of soe 's ability in international competition as quickly as possible is the principal direction of the future soe reform and development .\r\nin order to meet with and participate in international competition in a positive attitude , china will concentrate greater efforts on setting up important and crucial sectors to prop up a number of large enterprises and groups with tremendous strength to accelerate their development speed .\r\nthe fierce competition for qualified personnel , which will be triggered by china 's wto entry , has become another hot spot in reform for which people are universally concerned .\r\nthe wto specialists who are familiar with the national conditions , possess rich professional knowledge , and have a relatively high foreign language standard will become the key objects for training by the state and enterprises .\r\nit is generally acknowledged that qualified personnel most needed by the soes are the operators and managers who fit in with the needs of the market economy . if the situation of deficiency in incentive mechanism is not changed as quickly as possible , qualified personnel will inevitably drain away in vast numbers .\r\ntherefore , enabling the soe managers to walk out from the personnel management structure as well as setting up a qualified personnel database and entrepreneur rating system will be one of the significant moves of the soe reform in future .\r\nzhu bangzao made these comments in connection with recent statements by japan and some other g-8 members expressing their willingness to invite china to attend the g-8 summit as an observer or even to join the group .\r\nhe said : the group of seven was originally an organization whereby major developed countries coordinated their economic policies and other issues . it was later known as the group of eight after russia joined some of its activities .\r\nchina 's stands and views on asian - pacific affairs and other major international issues are known to all .\r\nthe chinese side also wants to stress that the important role played by the united nations and its security council in international affairs cannot be replaced .\r\nthis is a common understanding of the international community at large .\r\nthe circular demands : all financial institutions must organize management personnel and business transactors at various levels to earnestly study relevant policies as well as laws and regulations to firmly establish a consciousness of operating in accordance with laws and regulations .\r\nthey must establish a consciousness of cost and benefit and integrate the active organization of deposits with the improvement of the quality of assets as well as business results to comprehensively raise the standard of management .\r\nat the same time , they must give full play to the role of industry self - disciplinary organizations of financial institutions at various localities in mutual supervision .\r\npresident jiang zemin met yildirim akbulnut , speaker of the grand national assembly of turkey , and his party here this afternoon .\r\nthe two sides conducted talks in a cordial and friendly atmosphere .\r\njiang zemin extended welcome to akbulnut on his visit to china .\r\nover the past 30 years ever since the establishment of diplomatic relations between our two countries , the two sides have conducted cooperation in the political , economic , and cultural fields that have yielded fruitful results ; and the mutual relations between our two countries have undergone a considerable growth .\r\nin recent years , there have been frequent mutual exchanges between the top leadership of the two countries , which have given a powerful impetus to a sustained growth in the friendly relations of cooperation between china and turkey .\r\njiang zemin pointed out : stretching over eurasia , turkey is a country which has a vital importance to all regions in the world .\r\nthe chinese government has attached great importance to promoting its friendly relations of cooperation with turkey .\r\nstrengthening sino - turkish relations not only conforms to the fundamental interests of our two countries and two peoples , but is also beneficial to maintaining regional peace and stability .\r\nakbulnut thanked jiang zemin for finding time to meet him in the midst of pressing affairs .\r\nhe also conveyed president demirel 's cordial greetings to president jiang zemin , and expressed hope that president jiang zemin can pay a visit to turkey in the future .\r\nthe achievements already attained by the chinese people have won the admiration of the world .\r\nhe stressed : turkey has all along pursued a one - china policy , and highly respects china 's sovereignty and territorial integrity .\r\nturkey is opposed to any interference in the internal affairs of other countries .\r\nbeijing , 22 feb (zxs) - - chinese foreign ministry spokesman zhu bangzao said here today : the chinese side is deeply worried about the recent tension in kosovo .\r\nat the foreign ministry 's news briefing today , zhu bangzao said : the kosovo issue is a very complicated ethnic and religious problem rooted in a region of yugoslavia .\r\nthe spokesman pointed out : the recent situation in kosovo has once again shown that , since the un peacekeeping troops and civilian organizations established their presence in kosovo , the un security council 's resolution 1244 has not been carried out earnestly and effectively , and kosovo 's security situation has not improved noticeably .\r\nhe said : china 's position on the kosovo issue is very clear .\r\nhe said : china and the united states bear special responsibility for global and regional peace , stability , and security . the us side should act prudently [ shen zhong xing shi 1957 6850 5887 0057 ] when it comes to implementing the national missile defense [ nmd ] plan and approaching the taiwan issue .\r\nthe spokesman pointed out : the issue of ballistic missile defenses was one of the central topics of the consultations .\r\nthis plan is not conducive to the global strategic balance and stability , nor is it conducive to regional peace and security . in addition to damaging the legitimate security interests of other countries , it will eventually work against the united states .\r\nfor this reason , the chinese side hopes that the us side will give more consideration to the political and strategic prices it will have to pay for the nmd plan , and to refrain from testing or deploying the plan , which will undermine stability and harm other countries and the united states itself .\r\nzhu bangzao said : sino - us relations are now faced with opportunities for further improvement and development ; there are also challenges .\r\nhe said that china is willing to join hands with the us side in advancing sino - us relations in the direction defined by the presidents of the two countries and toward the goal established by them .\r\nthe us side said : the clinton administration is committed to developing us - china relations .\r\nbeijing , 22 february (zxs) - - foreign ministry spokesman zhu bangzao pointed out here today : the so - called \" matter of the infra - red camera \" is a sheer rumor . he made necessary elaboration on the report 's details .\r\nzhu bangzao solemnly pointed out : the report was groundless .\r\nthe spokesman said : the chinese company has provided its american counterpart with written explanations on the end - users and purposes of the device .\r\nin order to further alert himself and educate other people , wang shaohong borrowed a video recorder and bought videotapes to record eight tapes of programs shown on tv about ferreting out the true cult nature of falun gong .\r\nwang shaohong also wrote a large number of materials on ferreting out falun gong in which he deeply unmasked li hongzhi 's lies that falun gong has no organization and has \" loose management , \" as well as his evil motives of \" conveying law \" among the cadres and masses .\r\nlan fu , former vice mayor of xiamen and one of the key figures in a big smuggling case involving 80 billion yuan , fled to australia . he recently was arrested by mainland authorities in hong kong , however .\r\naccording to well - informed sources , as lan fu led a hard life in australia , he called xiaman city cpc secretary hong yongshi , asking hong to allow him to work in the xiamen office in hong kong through a \" back - door deal . \"\r\nall major suspects related to the yuanhua smuggling case have been arrested .\r\nunder such circumstances , lan fu was compelled to call xiamen city cpc secretary hong yongshi in an attempt to make a deal with him . lan requested that he be transferred to work in the xiamen office in hong kong provided no judicial investigation was conducted into his case .\r\nit has been learned that upon lan 's arrival at the xiamen office , he first contacted hong yongshi . according to hong 's instructions issued during the telephone conversation , lan did not contact anyone . he directly went to a certain designated house .\r\nafter arriving in xiamen , he again was sent to beijing by plane for investigation .\r\nit also has been learned that on his way back to xiamen under escort , lan fu realized that he had failed to attain his hope .\r\nthen jiang listened to an account of work given by shenzhen officials .\r\nbeijing is now hotly probing and fiercely handling the smuggling shielding case of li jizhu , former vice minister of public security .\r\nfollowing the central commission for discipline inspection 's deployment of massive forces to investigate the xiamen yuanhua smuggling case , the commission now has urged guangdong to investigate and handle the smuggling case involving li jizhou .\r\nguangdong 's efforts to investigate and handle the li jizhou case has achieved some results , and found the case involving several cities such as shenzhen , guangzhou , and qingyuan .\r\nreportedly , when li jizhou , former vice minister of public security , took the post ( temporarily and concurrently ) of deputy director of the guangdong public security bureau , he made the acquaintance of a car dealer . li jizhou took advantage of his power and shielded the businessman 's smuggling .\r\nthe businessman was arrested at the end of last year and admitted that responsible officials from shenzhen and guangzhou customs were involved .\r\nhe was suspected of being involved in smuggling more than 1,700 cars , and the money involved reached more than 100 million yuan . xiao shimu has been arrested . the predecessor of xiao shimu named zhou has also been arrested for involvement in smuggling .\r\nsecond , now hong kong and macao have all been smoothly returned to china and both sides of the taiwan strait will join wto .\r\nthe former has proven by reality that the reunification of china according to the principle of \" one country with two systems \" is totally feasible .\r\nalthough the taiwan issue is different from the situation of hong kong and macao , but the difference must never be used as a pretext to reject peaceful reunification .\r\nif taiwan , hong kong , macao and the mainland of the motherland are combined and cooperation among all regions is strengthened , we are convinced it will be beneficial to economic development in all places .\r\nthird , reform and opening up on the mainland of the motherland are being deepened and expanded .\r\nchina will formulate the \" tenth five - year plan , \" promote a plan of \" great development in the western region , \" and accelerate the three major reforms including the reform of state - owned enterprises .\r\none china is the core content of the white paper .\r\nwhether taiwan and the mainland belong to \" one state \" or \" two states \" is not a general question . instead , it is a question of principle and the cardinal issue of right and wrong .\r\nhowever , people all know that the \" state \" and the \" government \" representing the state are two different things .\r\nnow the taiwan authorities ' so - called \" republic of china \" is in fact nothing but a historical issue left from the civil war between the kuomintang [ kmt ] and cpc . it is illegitimate according to either domestic or international law and it fundamentally has no right to represent china .\r\nthis is even more absurd and ridiculous . did the kmt regime in taiwan ever govern taiwan before recovering taiwan from japan ?\r\nwhy ?\r\nthe reason is quite simple . state sovereignty can only be exercised by the government representing the country . when the old government was overthrown , naturally only the new government could replace the old government to exercise sovereign rights .\r\nbeing afraid to face reality , resorting to sophistry in self - justification , distorting the truth and deceiving the people are the most miserable things done by taiwan 's ruling authorities .\r\nmeanwhile , there are plenty of such things as \" taiwan first , \" \" giving priority to taiwan , \" and \" a community of life in taiwan . \"\r\nall people in taiwan are chinese . the difference is only who went there earlier and who went there later . there is no difference between taiwanese and chinese .\r\nall these can only be done by adhering to and protecting the principle of one china .\r\ntherefore , whether those people can adhere to and protect the principle of on china or not divides those who truly love taiwan and those who falsely love taiwan .\r\nnevertheless , judging from policies of principal candidates in the upcoming taiwan 's general election on mainland affairs , lee teng - hui 's [ li teng - hui 's ] \" two states theory \" still influences many people and cross - strait relations are still full of hidden worries .\r\nfor instance , some candidates are still defending lee teng - hui 's \" two states theory , \" saying it is a \" practical and self - determined position . \" some people consider relations between the two sides of the strait as \" quasi - international relations on the basis of relative sovereignty . \"\r\nthe kmt 's \" two state theory \" and dpp 's \" taiwan independence argument \" are getting closer .\r\nthe \" separatist theory \" advocated by them is definitely not \" loving taiwan \" but \" bringing ruin \" to taiwan . \"\r\nwe can only place our hopes of taiwan 's future and the reunification of the motherland on people in taiwan who have the honorable tradition of patriotism .\r\nfengnan city is a county - level city under the jurisdiction of tangshan city , hebei province .\r\nsince the drive of reform and opening up to the outside world was launched , fengnan city has scored remarkable achievements in economic construction and social development .\r\naccompanied by ye liansong , secretary of the hebei provincial cpc committee and governor niu maosheng , zhu rongji listened to the reports of the fengnan city cpc committee and city government on party building and the preparatory work of \" three stresses \" education the morning of 22 february and discussed the issue with them .\r\nhe delivered a mobilization speech at the meeting on \" three stresses \" education , which was attended by more than 700 leading cadres of fengnan city , the afternoon of the same day .\r\nwe must persist in setting high demands on and be strict with ourselves .\r\nthrough \" three stresses \" education , we must see to it that there are a marked ideological improvement , marked political progress , marked upgrade in work style , marked enhancement in discipline awareness , and a marked improvement in the relations between the party and the masses and those between the cadres and the masses .\r\nsheng huaren , zhang zuoji , wang chunzheng , jia jun , wei liqun , and li wei accompanied zhu rongji in conducting investigation and study of \" three stresses \" education in fengnan city and also attended the meeting of leading cadres on \" three stresses \" education .\r\nthe promulgated \" program on building headquarters \" is the first law specially regulating and guiding the construction of the commanding headquarters in the history of our army .\r\nthe \" program \" goes into effect from the date of its promulgation .\r\nguangzhou , 23 feb ( xinhua ) - - zhang changli , chairman and president of huali industrial company limited in shunde city , guangdong province , colluded with a bank official to illegally gather capital amounting to 13.5 billion yuan by offering high interest rates .\r\nrecently , the shunde city people 's court in guangdong province sentenced zhang changli to 10 years in prison and ordered him to pay a fine of 200,000 yuan on charges of illegally soliciting funds from the public .\r\nin march 1998 , public security organs , through interpol , asked police in new zealand , cuba , tonga , thailand , and malaysia to assist in tracking down zhang changli .\r\nwith the help of the police in a southeast asian country , chinese public security organs arrested and extradited zhang changli back to china in may 1999 .\r\nafter finishing the paperwork , huali industrial company limited paid the depositors either the high - interest portions or all interest in advance . when their deposits reach maturity dates , depositors might go to the beijiao office to withdraw their principal or remaining interest with their passbooks .\r\nhe yingzhi instructed relevant personnel at the beijiao office to transfer 316 depositors ' current deposits , amounting to 1.3 billion yuan , to huali industrial company limited , in violation of the financial administration system and by means of non - passbook account transfers .\r\nzhang changli 's case of illegally soliciting deposits from the public was an economic crime that severely violated the state financial administration system and disrupted the financial order , incurring enormous losses of state , collective , and personal property .\r\naccording to statistics prepared by the chinese customs , the volume of china 's exports with the united states this january hit $ 3.42 billion , up 38.7 percent over the same period last year .\r\namong china 's imports from the united states , the value of processing trade products reached $ 5.3 billion , 27 percent of the gross value of imports from the united states .\r\nthe value of general trade imports came to $ 10.3 billion , up 34.1 percent , and accounting for 52.7 percent of the total value of imports from the united states thus putting an end to the downward glide that has been going on for three years running .\r\nanalysis shows that the value of china 's favorable balance of processing trade with the united states amounted to $ 24.52 billion , which constitutes the main source of china 's foreign trade surplus .\r\nzheng yunmei , deputy director of information bureau of the general office of the npc [ national people 's congress ] standing committee , told this reporter that the website \" china npc news \" introduced last october has been visited by a large number of people .\r\nduring their \" two sessions , \" their websites were visited tens of thousands times a day .\r\nduring the \" two sessions , \" quite a few e - mail messages received replies from the municipal people 's congress deputies and cppcc committee members and some problems were also resolved with the help or under the supervision of the deputies and members .\r\na beijing citizen had complained about a restaurant downstairs , saying that it was noisy and its oil smoke had harassed the residents to a serious extent .\r\nshortly afterwards , it was learned from the departments concerned that the restaurant , which had harassed the residents , had stopped its business for rectification .\r\nthe party central committee also decided to appoint comrades chen yujie ( female ) , xie xuren , and wang chengming as deputy secretaries of its financial work committee .\r\nsince the initiation of the reform and opening - up program , especially since the party central committee and the state council held the national financial work conference in 1997 , china has made notable achievements in the development of the financial work and the reform of the financial system .\r\nthe recent exchanges and reshuffles of the major leading cadres of some financial institutions were decided by the party central committee and the state council after giving prudent consideration to all factors to meet the needs of work and comply with the characteristics and reality of financial institutions .\r\ntheir method will help further develop the financial work , strengthen the leading bodies of financial institutions , train and bring up leading cadres , and make leading bodies younger in average age .\r\nin recent years , henan province has made remarkable achievements in using their own advantages and readjusting its agricultural structure .\r\nthis is an important aspect of the readjustment of the country 's agricultural structure , and , more importantly , it is the main direction of structural readjustment in the major grain - and cotton - producing areas .\r\nsecond , it is necessary to shift from the simplistic grain and cotton production to the simultaneous development of a diversified economy .\r\nthird , it is necessary to shift from extensive to intensive farming .\r\nwhile giving full play to the production scale of major grain - and cotton - producing areas , we should pay close attention to quality , cut the cost , improve the efficiency , and increase our market competitiveness .\r\nthe state should give the necessary support , step up the construction of infrastructure facilities and the ecological environment , improve the conditions for agricultural production , promote agricultural scientific and technological advances , and actively and steadily promote structural readjustment in the major grain - and cotton - producing areas .\r\nagricultural departments at various levels should increase technical guidance , step up the popularization of new technologies , carry out various supportive measures , and regulate the supply of good - quality , special seeds . 2 .\r\nit is necessary to effectively strengthen wheat - field management .\r\nagricultural technicians should be organized to check up on the growth of cereal crop seedlings , the soil moisture content , and plant diseases and insects in the field and to guide peasants in spring field management . 3 .\r\nit is necessary to ensure the supply of materials for spring plowing and sowing .\r\ncredit cooperatives should take the initiative in providing credit for spring plowing and sowing .\r\naccompanying wen jiabao on the inspection tour were ma kai , wan baorui , han changfu , wang mingyi , and other responsible officials of relevant departments .\r\nthis is the common understanding expressed by military and non - military experts at a discussion meeting held today in beijing .\r\nmeeting participants generally felt that the release of the white paper \" the one - china principle and the taiwan issue \" is very essential and timely .\r\nagainst such a backdrop , it is very essential for the chinese government to release the white paper \" the one - china principle and the taiwan issue . \"\r\non the issue related to the principle of the motherland 's reunification , we resolutely cannot compromise and make a concession .\r\nthe meeting participants also pointed out that the release of the white paper is a timely warning to taiwan 's separatist forces .\r\nmeanwhile , it has allowed the international community to have a better understanding of the chinese government 's stand on upholding the one - china principle and achieving peaceful reunification , and further recognize the error and harm of lee teng - hui 's [ li denghui 's ] \" two - state theory . \"\r\nthe release of the white paper is conducive to defending the interest of the country and people ; peaceful settlement of the taiwan issue ; and prompting the international community to understand and handle relevant issues on the one - china principle .\r\nsome of the military experts participating in the meeting said : after the release of the white paper , as soldiers , we feel that the responsibility shouldered by the people 's army is extremely heavy .\r\nwe must watch closely the development of the taiwan situations and make our contributions toward safeguarding the reunification of the motherland .\r\n( 1 ) in the summer of 1997 , a strange phenomenon emerged time and again in the beijiao office of the shunde city branch of the people 's construction bank of china in guangdong : the customers could not withdraw cash from their savings passbook at the bank .\r\nrealizing the seriousness of the problem , the responsible person of the shunde city branch of people 's construction bank of china reported the case to the public security organs at once .\r\nby the time the case was exposed , the company had failed to repay deposits totaling some 6.9 billion yuan .\r\nbeing aware of his serious crime , zhang changli , director and concurrently general manager of huali enterprise company ltd. and also the prime suspect of the case of illegally absorbing deposits in public , immediately and secretly fled the country , carrying with him some funds .\r\nby the end of april 1999 , the public security organs had already found clues and learned that zhang changli had moved about in southeast asia with a forged western samoan passport .\r\n( 2 ) zhang changli had risen as leader of an enterprise run by the people during the big tide of market economy .\r\nwhere could he raise such a huge amount of funds within a short period of time ?\r\nwithin a short space of two - odd years , the units and individuals from anhui , jiangxi , shaanxi , hubei , hainan , guangdong , and some other provinces gradually deposited funds into their savings accounts at the beijiao office of people 's construction bank of china .\r\nin handling the \" deposits , \" huali enterprise company ltd. paid part of the higher interest to the customers in advance , promising to repay both the principal and the remaining interest to the customers who produce the deposit passbook to the bank on the agreed date .\r\nby september 1997 when the case was exposed , huali enterprise company ltd. had illegally raised as much as some 13.5 billion yuan in this way .\r\nhowever , due to blind investment , zhang changli failed to achieve the expected high yields with the huge amount of funds he had raised with the result that huali enterprise company ltd. ran into financial difficulties .\r\nas of july or august 1997 , huali enterprise company ltd. could no longer repay the due deposits to the customers and some customers time and again demanded repayment of their money from both the bank and the company and even reported the case to the departments in charge .\r\nfinally , the plot came to light .\r\n( 3 ) as the violators of law shall be punished , zhang changli has been punished in accordance with the law in the end .\r\nmoreover , the process of illegally absorbing deposits in public also very often gives rise to other economic crimes .\r\noriginally , some enterprises or financial departments hope to rapidly coordinate funds . however , such a highly risky and illegal practice is bound to open a huge loophole in capital without exception sooner or later and a snowballing effect is likely to aggravate the malpractice further .\r\nin order to block up a loophole , some people are bound to be tempted to commit bribery , graft , or swindle or engage in more serious criminal activities .\r\nthe state shall protect the legitimate income of individual citizens or units only and shall choose legitimate savings methods or other legitimate investment methods only .\r\nthe reason is that zhang changli had taken full advantage of a small number of people 's psychological desire for higher interest . besides , seeing zhang shielded by the staff of certain financial organs , some people were willing take a chance even though they were aware that the method had violated the law .\r\nzhang changli 's case of illegally absorbing deposits in public has again sounded a warning to the public : do n't rashly believe in certain people 's promise of higher interest . more importantly , people should see through the illegal activities conducted by certain individuals under the signboard of the state .\r\nthe net of justice is wide but not loose .\r\nstatistics showed that in 1999 public security organs across the country seized a total of more than 110,000 economic criminals and captured more than 20 suspects of economic crimes from nine foreign countries or overseas regions .\r\nzhang changli 's case has once again shown that no matter how cunning they are or no matter which end of the earth they flee to , economic criminals will still be unable to escape the just trial by the people and the stern punishment by the law in the end .\r\nliu fangren believed : the key factors restricting the development of guizhou are poor transport facilities and inadequate information .\r\ntake the four - d - class [ as printed ] guiyang airport , which went into operation two years ago , for example , the number of passengers carried increased from 700,000 to 800,000 in 1997 to 1.31 million in 1999 . the airport has played an important role in opening guizhou wider to the outside world .\r\nduring the ninth five - year plan period , guiyang has been a major site for railway construction in the southwest region , and the state had invested more than 30 billion yuan in this regard in guizhou , accounting for 44 percent of the state 's total investment in railway construction in the southwestern region .\r\nthe zhuzhou - liupanshui , neijiang - kunming , and shuicheng - baiguo railways and the two major marshaling yards at guiyang and liupanshui have been started at the same time , and a massive force of railways builders are fighting a great battle in guizhou 's lofty ridges and towering mountains .\r\nby 2002 guizhou will become the province with the highest railway density in the western region .\r\nthe guizhou plateau is the watershed between the two major river systems of chang jiang and zhu jiang .\r\nstrengthening the protection of ecological environment and controlling soil erosion are an important task in implementing guizhou 's strategy for sustainable development , which also has a bearing on the overall situation in \" lasting stability \" in the vast lower reaches of chang jiang and zhu jiang .\r\nliu fangren stressed : guizhou will resolutely implement the important policy decision of the party central committee and the state council concerning a natural - forest protection project , and it will start first in areas along the lines of communication and in places for sightseeing and scenic resorts with better conditions .\r\nat present , stress is to be laid on returning the reclaimed sloping land above 35 degrees to what it was .\r\nthe reason why anti - corruption is still one of the major issues of the two plenary sessions of the npc and cppcc this year is because it is often discussed but remains a new topic and because it cannot be accomplished only at one stroke .\r\npremier zhu rongji pointed out at the meeting that our government is the people 's government and being honest and incorruptible is the basic requirement .\r\ntaking a broad view of the work of anti - corruption in 1999 , we may say that considerable results have been achieved .\r\nthe work of setting up a visible construction market was further carried forward . visible construction markets were set up at all cities at region level and above except 14 that were approved not to be built , which effectively controlled corrupt dealings in building projects .\r\npositive results were achieved in carrying forward the government purchasing system , account appointment system , audit system of economic responsibility of leading cadres during their tenures , as well as the system of open village work , open factory work , and open government work .\r\none should admit that the chinese government made great efforts and did a solid job in every step of fighting corruption in the past whole year , however , it 's impossible to accomplish the whole task at one stroke as the burden of anti - corruption is heavy and the road is still long .\r\nafter hearing a lecture on network techniques given by relevant experts , zhang wannian delivered a speech . he pointed out : with the development of information and computer technologies , network techniques have developed very rapidly and permeated all fields of people 's life , yielding a comprehensive and profound impact .\r\nzhang wannian said : under the new situation , chairman jiang is paying the greatest attention to two historic problems - - namely , to win in a future high - tech war that might happen , and to maintain the people 's army 's character , true qualities and work style .\r\nto do a good job in arming ourselves with scientific theories is the ideological basis and important guarantee for \" being immune to degeneration . \"\r\nzhang wannian emphasized : to do a good job in arming the pla with high - tech knowledge is a pressing need and important guarantee for \" winning in war . \"\r\nall pla units must study to acquire high - tech knowledge and enhance their capability to win in a high - tech war .\r\nthe leading cadres at all levels in the pla must study to gain high - tech knowledge and enhance their ability of commanding and winning in a high - tech war .\r\nin learning high - tech knowledge , the central military commission and all pla general departments should take the lead in creating a common practice and persist in study to spur on all pla units .\r\nding guangen , member of the political bureau and member of the secretariat of the cpc central committee and chairman of the central commission for guiding the spiritual civilization building , presided over and spoke at the meeting .\r\nit is important to launch more activities which suit the needs of the masses and are well - received by the masses . cities should lay stress on the work of their communities ; rural areas , on the work of their villages and towns ; and industries and trades , on the work of their showcase units .\r\nwe should devote greater efforts to propagating and spreading good experiences gained in the ideological and political work at the grassroots level ; and let the masses feel personally , through the things and people around them , that the ideological and political work is being reinforced in real terms .\r\nwe should show respect , understanding , and care for people ; be good at starting our work by attending the issues that the masses are most concerned , as well as the issues that are most closely related to the immediate interests of the masses ; and complete our work to the full satisfaction of the masses .\r\nwe should reinforce the ideological work among young students , create a sound atmosphere for a healthy mental and physical growth of teenagers and youths , help them establish correct ideals and convictions , and reinforce their concept of observing discipline and the law .\r\ncommunist party members must set an example for the entire society to follow , while leading cadres are required to play an exemplary role for the whole party .\r\nding guangen stressed that we should reinforce our awareness of seizing positions , vigorously propagate the main theme of our time , go all out to develop the healthy tendencies in society , and give a wide publicity to advanced models and work experiences in the ideological and political field .\r\nwe should organize the writing of a number of articles which carry a lot of weight and show depth of thought , so as to provide the masses with clearly aimed and persuasive answers to the questions that they are most concerned .\r\nmembers of the central commission for guiding the spiritual civilization building attended today 's meeting .\r\nspecial article by zts reporter lin ying ( 2651 7751 ) : \" prc will usher in another wave of foreign investment a chinese expert recently forecast that china will usher in a new wave of foreign investment after its accession to the wto this year .\r\nlast year , foreign capital actually used still maintained a considerable scale , reaching $ 40.39 billion , making the prc second only to the united states in the world in absorbing foreign investment for six years in a row .\r\nthe statistics demonstrates that last year alone , the total import and export amount of the foreign - invested enterprises reached 174.5 billion , increasing by 10.7 percent over the previous year , and accounting for 48.8 percent of the total import and export amount of the entire country .\r\n2 ) about 70 percent of the foreign capital used by china came from the asian region and , after the financial storm , the storm - afflicted asian countries further opened their markets and readjusted their economic structures , which has produced a certain negative impact on china 's absorption of foreign capital .\r\n4 ) the slowdown of china 's domestic demand and the comparatively rapid wage increase in the coastal developed areas have , to a certain extent , crippled the power of the china market to attract foreign capital .\r\nnevertheless , the expert pointed out that the emergence of economic recovery in various asian countries and regions such as hong kong , rok , japan , and southeast asian countries would once again contribute to an increase of investment in china in 2000 .\r\nalong with its accession to the wto , china will open more domains to the outside world .\r\nthis new round of opening - up moves will provide new opportunities for foreign investors , thereby setting off another wave of foreign investment in china .\r\nbeijing , 23 feb ( xinhua ) - - on a certain day in january 2000 , fleets of new submarines were sailing across the roaring surface of the bohai sea .\r\nnot long ago , the general staff department circulated a notice of commendation on their advanced deeds .\r\nat 1000 , the officers and men of a certain submarine were steering the iron long whale slowly into the military port after fighting with the stormy sea for dozens of days and nights .\r\nhave not seen you for a long while , motherland !\r\nthis submarine is a piece of new main - battle equipment developed by our country .\r\nin order to test its performance and underwater strike capability and test the combat strength and survival capability of officers and men , this submarine , with the central military commission 's authorization , carried out the special task of an \" underwater long march . \"\r\n\" the success of this long voyage will become an important symbol of the people 's navy 's modernization drive . \"\r\nprior to setting sail , vice admiral shi yunsheng , commander of the navy , issued a marching order to the officers and men going on the long voyage .\r\nfor months , the officers and men - fighting with the stormy waves , keeping away from hidden reefs and crossing island chains deep down the ocean - had been exploring the way in unfamiliar waters , venturing into \" deadly sea areas , \" and struggling with pacific storms .\r\nthis is a test of the ultimate limit of the submarine , the crew , and the weapons .\r\nbut as a commander , he was more preoccupied with the thoughts that his unit should take advantage of the long voyage to undergo rigorous training close to actual combat .\r\nat the mobilization meeting , liu guangyou said in a resounding voice : \" if we stay one more minute under the sea , we will be a bit more certain of winning a naval war .\r\n\" put the helm fully to port , twin screws up by two ! \"\r\nthe submarine sailed deep down in the ocean again .\r\nthe higher authorities ordered the submarine to launch a torpedo attack on an \" enemy \" frigate .\r\nthe sun quietly rose above the horizon , and the submarine was slowly rising to the surface .\r\non the quay , welcoming bunting fluttered in the breeze and the celebrating sound of gongs and drums resounded through the sea and the sky .\r\nwith chest and head high , the officers and men stepped down from the submarine in proper order .\r\nover the past 20 years , this submarine unit has successively organized dozens of oceangoing voyages , with all of its submarines having gone through the test of pacific storms , and set dozens of records in the building history of submarine units of the people 's navy .\r\nin june 1999 , a professor from the naval submarine academy specially came to a certain submarine to ask noncommissioned officer [ nco ] wang changlai about the operating procedure of a certain new type of torpedo and invite him to compile together teaching material for using the torpedo .\r\nwang changlai , 42 , is the most senior submarine nco of the navy .\r\nover the past 20 - plus years , he , through assiduous self - study , has mastered the professional skills of firing four models of submarine torpedoes and become a \" soldier professor \" of high - tech equipment .\r\nsonar is the \" ear \" of a submarine .\r\nafter becoming a sonar soldier , chou yuping is well aware of his heavy responsibility .\r\na year later , he became very skillful in \" determining what it is just by listening \" .\r\nchou yuping has also compiled a two - volume \" sonar operation manual \" and published three academic theses .\r\nin 1999 alone , the unit made over 160 scientific and technological innovations .\r\nsubmarine torpedo nco zheng wenfa boldly suggested the research and development of a set of new equipment for simulated submarine torpedo attack training .\r\na year later , when zheng wenfa connected his newly - developed simulator with the torpedo attack director , they were incompatible .\r\nhe did not flinch from the failure .\r\nhe successively went to science research institutes in beijing and then shanghai to ask experts for advice and gather information , made 30 - plus major changes in the design plan , and eventually solved the difficult problem of compatibility between the simulator and the director .\r\non 9 october 1998 , 30 - odd experts and professors at home were in beijing to hold , for the first time ever , a high - level scientific and technological achievement authentication meeting for a submarine soldier .\r\nsoon afterwards , the navy formally reported this achievement to higher authorities as winner of the army 's science and technology progress class two award .\r\nthe south china sea , stormy sea and rapid waves .\r\nfollowing a several thousands nautical miles long - range raid , a new - model submarine led by unit chief liu guangyou , came here to take part in a real - strength drill on an unprecedented scale .\r\non the evening when the exercise was over , the moon cast its bright reflection in the water .\r\nat that moment , it was pressure that liu guangyou , who had gone to military academies four times for further studies and taken submarines to oceangoing voyages for a dozen times , felt the strongest .\r\nin january 1999 , the unit 's party committee held three enlarged meetings to promote science and technology training .\r\nat the meetings , liu guangyou unequivocally noted : \" method of operation is the key to fighting for the battlefield initiative .\r\n\" torpedo attack has three great risks , how to tackle that ? \"\r\nyou just go ahead boldly , we will hold ourselves responsible if there is anything wrong ! \"\r\non this basis , they organized officers and men to carry out simulated training more than 100 times .\r\nwith the suddenness of a thunderbolt , two of our submarines launched a preemptive attack on the \" enemy . \"\r\naccording to this plan , the mine - laying depth would be several times greater than normal .\r\nin july , hot summertime - - members of the standing committee of the detachment [ zhi dui 2388 7130 ] , including unit chief liu guangyou and political commissar huang yaonian , repeatedly went to the submarine despite the high temperature to find an answer together with the officers and men .\r\nunit leaders and grass - roots officers and men gradually came to a common understanding , and drills on this new method of operation went on .\r\na new drill began .\r\nthe submarine went deep down the sea , 20 meters , 30 meters , 40 meters . . .\r\nthe new submarine 's first great - depth fully - loaded mine - laying was a complete success !\r\nin 1999 , this underwater mighty force achieved repeated successes in drills organized for various new methods of operation , including attack , mine - laying , and anti - submarine .\r\nall these successes indicate that the people 's navy 's submarine unit has the extraordinary capability to attack its opponents !\r\nli dezhu called on nationalities affairs commissions at all levels to take the opportunity of the large - scale development of the western region to change their concepts , work style , and work mode , and liberate themselves from their conventional and habitual work mode .\r\nli dezhu emphasized that in the large - scale development of the western region , it is necessary to uphold \" five principles . \"\r\nhence , li chunting believes that to adapt to the requirements of wto accession , the bad must provide strong financial backing for the state in building a highly effective and secure grain and cotton reserve system .\r\njudging by current conditions in china , a grain reserve on an initial scale has formed due to the recent bumper harvests and the implementation of the policy of open purchase of the peasants ' surplus grain .\r\nthe amount of these reserves has already reached the 17 to 18 percent proportion laid down by the un food and agriculture organization .\r\nhowever , since china is a large agricultural country with a big population , there is a certain gap between our current reserve capacity and regulation and control measures on the one hand and our national condition on the other .\r\nchinese foreign ministry spokesman zhu bangzao 22 february stated in explicit terms that china has no intention to attend the g-8 summit and its related activities .\r\ngerman chancellor gerhard schroder said : \" judging from a medium - range point of view , i think we should seriously consider the question of whether or not china 's joining g-8 is meaningful . \"\r\nfrench president jacques chirac said : \" in view of the fact that china has become a main force in preserving world stability , i am personally in favor of inviting china to join g-8 and forming a group of 9 . \"\r\ntherefore , china is necessary to express its own point of view .\r\nthe remarks by the chinese foreign ministry 's spokesman were quite equivocal . he emphatically pointed out the important and desirable role of the un .\r\nchina cannot accept this kind of practice .\r\nchina is one of the five permanent members of the unsc with veto power on major issues .\r\ng-8 bypassing the unsc to act last year was in effect bypassing china and weaken china 's legitimate rights to take part and exert its influence on major international affairs .\r\ntherefore , since last year , china has actively sought measures to alter this unfavorable situation in order to protect china 's interests .\r\non the one side , china has made efforts to protect the legality and authority of un and to reaffirm the correct track of handling world affairs by un at an earlier date .\r\nchina 's pork and eggs respectively account for 46 and 38 percent of the world 's totals ; china is indeed a major country for animal products , but not a power .\r\nwe must therefore strive to enhance the market competitiveness of our livestock industry .\r\nin that case , what are the new features of china 's livestock industry which is scattered into tiny pieces and which has undergone 50 years of development , especially the extraordinary development of the past 20 years , and what are the focal points in its development in the 21 st century ?\r\nin particular , in some coastal provinces half the peasants no longer raised pigs and chickens , while there also emerged households or villages specializing in the livestock industry , with households raising 100 pigs and 1,000 chickens .\r\nthe integration and industrialization of livestock raising also led forward and spurred the regionalization of the livestock industry and its formation into large scale .\r\nwhat is particularly gratifying is that the three northeast provinces , which were originally big importers of animal products , now rank among the country 's top 10 producers . meat production in jilin and liaoning respectively ranks 11 th and 12 th in the nation , and their granaries have turned into \" meat stores . \"\r\nalthough china 's livestock industry still mainly consists of scattered operations at present , large - scale pig farms now account for 15 percent of the total number of pigs ready for slaughter ; and regions with developed animal product processing industries now account for over 30 percent of large - scale stockraising .\r\nthis policy , however , led to seriously irrational distribution of animal products between the urban and rural areas , and there were many mistakes in taking simultaneous account of the interests of the agricultural producers and those of the urban consumers .\r\nthe procurement policies for the main animal products were abolished in 1985 , and the basic role of the market in resource allocation was gradually brought into play .\r\nthe supply and marketing cooperatives have consistently taken part in handling animal products , but the biggest change after the reform compared with previously was that they changed from being purchasing agents into undertakings truly making their own decisions .\r\nthe original foreign trade and state - run and cooperative commerce undertakings mentioned above expanded from circulation to the processing of animal products and livestock and poultry production and integrated operations , in order to consolidate their position and develop and boost their strength in handling animal products .\r\nthey emerged in the years when procurement quotas were still being set for the main animal products ; they broke through the old pattern of only engaging in the livestock industry , and were the first modern enterprises to carry out integrated production and sales of animal products .\r\nthis way of doing things achieved the dovetailing of scattered production with concentrated sales markets , reduced the links in the circulation chain , lowered circulation losses , and acted as a tremendous boost to developing the livestock industry .\r\nsome which have developed relatively well have succeeded in integrating production , processing , and sales and in industrialized operations .\r\nthe switch of the livestock industry from scattered and extensive stockraising to large - scale stockraising , and from a family sideline undertaking to an intensive and modernized form is also a switch from traditional to modern economy .\r\nas a result of the construction of several \" shopping basket programs , \" livestock and poultry production bases have extended from the inner to the outer outskirts of cities and into neighboring provinces , and this accords with the laws of the development of productive forces .\r\nviewing the worldwide conditions , beef is also a big item ; in the past 10 years , centered on raising cattle through producing citrus , the state has invested a great deal of funds to support cattle raising , with the result that there has been a big increase in beef production .\r\ncompared with pork and eggs , however , it is a \" little brother . \"\r\nin accordance with china 's national condition and with reference to foreign experiences , in the next 10 years , and even throughout the entire 21 st century , china 's livestock industry should focus on developing table hens and dairy products .\r\nthe government at all levels should raise table hens and the dairy industry to an important position , and give these great support as key industries . 1 .\r\nthe production cycle of table hens in short , the fodder conversion rate is high , and chicken prices are the cheapest on the international market , where consumption has registered a big increase .\r\nfor several successive years we have imported several times more chicken products than we have exported , and unless we speed up the development of raising table hens , then once we join the wto , china 's market will certainly be occupied by the main chicken - producing countries .\r\nthe main producing areas for table hens in china are the outskirts of several large cities and a few provinces and municipalities including shandong , jilin , hebei , and henan .\r\nit appears that china 's table hen industry should attach importance to developing the big domestic market ; of course it should also make still greater efforts to win exports , because chicken production in neighboring japan is declining each year , and this is a market that we should exert great efforts to occupy . 2 .\r\nstrengthen the dairy industry , the weakest point china leads the world in several aspects of the livestock industry , but its weakest point is dairy products .\r\nyet milk is gradually being accepted by middle - aged and older people as a replenisher of calcium , and this also comprises part of a stable consumer market .\r\nmilk and milk products can only increase year on year .\r\nin particular , when they become adults , children who grow up clutching a milk bottle will not just drink a little in the morning , like today 's adults , but will consume 500 to 1,000 grams a day , and this is already quite common among middle and primary pupils .\r\ndeveloping the livestock industry is for the sake of improving living standards and improving the people 's physique ; at the same time the livestock industry solves the job problem for 80 million laborers , and is a major industry for increasing peasant incomes .\r\nthe domestic consumption market for animal products is very great .\r\nbeijing , 23 feb (zxs) - - today , this staff reporter learned from the eu representative office in china that china and the eu will continue negotiations on china 's accession to the world trade organization on 24 february .\r\nby the time this reporter filed this dispatch at 1715 [ 0915 gmt ] today , neither side had disclosed whether the negotiations had made any progress .\r\nbeijing , 23 feb ( xinhua ) - - from 21 to 22 february , chinese assistant foreign minister wang yi and vietnamese assistant foreign minister le cong phung held the seventh round of sino - vietnamese government - level talks on border issues in beijing .\r\non 22 february , chinese vice foreign minister yang wenchang met le cong phung 's delegation and attended a ceremony on signing the \" summary of minutes \" of the seventh round of sino - vietnamese government - level talks on border issues .\r\nvietnamese ambassador to china bui hong phuc attended the meeting and the signing ceremony .\r\nat the start of the new year , the public security contingent building , a long - standing focus of attention of all walks of life in the society , has made a major stride forward .\r\nthe public security ministry today decided to introduce some 12 forceful , quick - yield , user - friendly , and easy - for - mass - supervision measures with an eye on bringing about a fundamental turn for the better in the face of the public security contingent through unremitting efforts over the next three years or so .\r\nin order to grasp problems on an earlier date , we should work hard to identify and tackle problems of tendencies and symptoms of problems and exert our utmost to resolve the problems in the embryonic stage .\r\nbeijing , 23 feb - - chinese and european union [ eu ] representatives will continue talks today on china 's wto accession .\r\nit is noteworthy that both sides have attached great importance to the negotiations .\r\napart from the eu , there are still 10 - odd countries that have not signed bilateral agreements with china .\r\nin spite of this , the official remained optimistic about china 's wto accession within a year .\r\nthe publication of this white paper has evoked strong repercussions in the international community .\r\nover the past seven years , tremendous changes have taken place in the domestic and international situation .\r\nrunning through the whole white paper is a central theme , that is , the one - china principle is the basis and precondition for realizing peaceful reunification .\r\nwhy is it necessary to launch the struggle against the \" two states \" theory ?\r\nthis is because the \" two states \" theory has undermined the development of cross - strait relations , as well as the basis and precondition for peaceful reunification .\r\nthanks to the resolute struggle waged by the mainland side , the taiwan authorities could not but announce that the \" two states \" theory will not be \" incorporated into the constitution , \" nor has it been turned into a major policy keynote in the present election .\r\ntaiwan is an inalienable part of china . this is the consensus of the entire chinese people .\r\nany attempt to separate taiwan from china will bring disasters to taiwan .\r\nit will enable the people of taiwan to make a clear distinction between right and wrong , work for peaceful reunification , and opt for peaceful reunification rather than war .\r\nall this reflects the chinese government 's stand to resolutely safeguard the one - china principle .\r\nthey should not talk nonsense with regard to the taiwan issue or encourage \" taiwan independence , \" much less should they underestimate the chinese people 's determination and capability to safeguard china 's sovereignty and territorial integrity and achieve total reunification .\r\ntherefore , i think that it is impossible for two different operational mechanisms and rules to exist in a unified social economic structure for a long time .\r\nmoreover , these problems cannot completely disappear by means of education , supervision , and even crackdown .\r\nonly after the new structure comes into shape and the old structure basically withdraws from the historical scene through in - depth reform can the problems be fundamentally resolved .\r\nnie : according to the analyses you have just made of the stages of the \" progressive reform , \" we are now in the stage of storming the heavily fortified positions , which means changing from the old structure to the new one .\r\nordinarily , various kinds of social contradictions are very conspicuous , but why does everybody , from top to bottom , emphasize that the key point of storming the fortified positions of reform lies in the reform of state - owned enterprises ?\r\nit is still a rather long distance from the establishment of a property rights boundary and interest boundary of multiple input , as well as from an explicit market main body and legal entity as required by the modern enterprise system .\r\nfor instance , the layout of the state - owned economy is irrational , the proportion of the solely state - owned enterprises is too large , and some enterprises have failed to set up appropriate state assets management organizations or lacked capital contributors after they broke off their links with the government departments .\r\nit is precisely because of this that the problem of state enterprise reform has for the first time become the central committee plenum 's principal subject for discussion .\r\nzang : according to my macroscopic ideas on reform , we should have a good grasp of the following relationships : 1 .\r\nhowever , reform cannot replace development , so we should pay serious attention to the issue of industrial structural adjustment and upgrading .\r\njust as comrade xiaoping said : reform and opening up is a move that will determine china 's destiny , to which we must keep a clear head . 2 .\r\nanother expression of the reform of the public ownership realization forms is the reform of the enterprises ' property organizational forms , which means changing the enterprises ' ownership from their extremely pure public - owned or state - owned nature to a mixed ownership with the state controlling or jointly holding enterprises ' stocks .\r\nintensification of management is an eternal theme of enterprises .\r\nin the final analysis , we need a good structure and mechanism .\r\nthat is why departing from reform to grasp management will do in a small number of enterprises but will not do in a majority of them ; and it will work for a short period of time but will not work for a long time .\r\nwe face arduous tasks in strengthening and improving our ideological and political work in the new period .\r\nideals and beliefs are a practical embodiment of people 's political convictions and world perspectives .\r\nour party 's goal is to realize communism . in the current phase , our party 's goal is to construct socialism with chinese characteristics .\r\ncommunist ideals and beliefs are the most lofty ideals and beliefs in the history of humankind . they not only generate the most wonderful and reasonable social system in the history of humankind , but also provide scientific perspectives on the world , values and life with which perspectives of all other beliefs cannot compete .\r\nfirm ideals and beliefs are the soul of communists . they are the spiritual pillar and source of energy for communists who never stop struggling , and no sooner does one of them fall than another steps into the breach .\r\nso , strengthening and improving ideological and political work while focusing on strengthening people 's ideals and beliefs is an arduous and urgent task faced by party committees and political units at all levels .\r\ncurrently , we are in an important historical period at the turn of two centuries . our country 's reform is in the period of storming the fortifications . faced with the changeable situation in the world and various complicated social phenomena , some people are at a loss and puzzled .\r\nto strengthen our ideals and beliefs , the most basic issue is that we must strengthen the study of marxism , leninism , mao zedong thought and , especially , deng xiaoping theory .\r\nonly marxism can lead us to deeply understand the objective laws of social development , grasp the nature of the development of the world 's situation , and not be influenced by whirlpools and adverse currents in the river of history .\r\nto do well the work of strengthening our ideals and beliefs , we must correctly deal with the relationship between our ideals and interests .\r\nin the past , influenced by far - left ideological trends , we indulged in empty talk about our ideals and were forbidden to talk about our interests .\r\nthe move is another cornerstone for the strengthening of japan - us military cooperation , and it signifies the military cooperation of the two sides is going deeper .\r\nin this visit , clinton and the then - japanese prime minister hashimoto signed a programmatic document to reinforce the japan - us alliance , that is , \" the us - japan joint declaration on security : alliance for the 21 st century . \"\r\nthe declaration redefined the alliance as not limited to the purpose of pure defense , but with an aim to intervene in regional and even global affairs .\r\nthis means that the japan - us military alliance will see a change in nature .\r\nthe second phase is giving legal status to the alliance .\r\nthe governments of japan and the united states released the new \" guidelines for japan - us defense cooperation . \"\r\nthis , undoubtedly , has sowed the seeds of misfortune for the security of the region or even the globe .\r\nthe first big move was to join hands to develop tmd [ theater missile defense ] under the pretext of the \" dprk launched a long - range ballistic missile . \"\r\non 16 august 1999 , japan and the united states exchanged notes and signed a memorandum on developing tmd together .\r\nright after that , on 21 august , the japanese defense agency , listed 2.1 billion japanese yen in the budget of 2000 for the single purpose of developing tmd .\r\nreportedly , in future japan - us joint military maneuvers , the organ will be responsible for deploying the two armies , collecting information , and stipulating and transmitting joint maneuver plans for logistics support .\r\nit is obvious that the establishment of the new headquarters will move japan - us military cooperation to a newer and higher level .\r\nall the signs have led to the conclusion that with the establishment of the joint command headquarters , a series of moves will be observed from the japanese - us military cooperation endeavor .\r\ninstead , the central bank will adopt a more flexible exchange rate system and widen the yuan 's floating scope against the us dollar .\r\nthe chinese government has never announced any target exchange rate , and therefore is not obliged to maintain the yuan exchange rate at a particular level .\r\nunder the current exchange rate system , the trend of the yuan exchange rate against the us dollar is mainly determined by the balance of payments .\r\na surplus in international balance of payments suggests that demand for the us dollar will be smaller than supply and that the pressure of the yuan 's devaluation this year is virtually non - existent .\r\nit is perhaps more appropriate to call the exchange rate the outcome rather than the reason of economic activities .\r\nif this misunderstanding can be righted , the government will be able to win some space for resolving its domestic economic problems .\r\nfor example , it can further lower interest rates to stimulate domestic demand without having to worry about the pressure of the yuan 's devaluation .\r\nfree convertibility will definitely become a reality in the long term , this also represents the direction for the development of the yuan exchange rate system .\r\non an operational level , the combination of a more flexible exchange rate system with a more freely convertible foreign exchange system is easier to implement than the combination of a fixed exchange rate system with free convertibility .\r\nthis position has remained consistent from then until now , solid and unmoving . we will in no way allow any power to change in any way the status of the resolve that taiwan is one part of china .\r\nchairman jiang 's talk set out the essentials of the \" peaceful unification , one country , two systems \" policy , thereby giving expression to the consistency and continuity of our party and government with respect to solution of the taiwan question .\r\nthe successful practice of \" one country , two systems \" in hong kong and macao confirms that this is the best way of resolving the taiwan question .\r\nofficial conclusion of cross - straits antagonism under the one china principle is an essential step in carrying forward the development of cross - straits relations .\r\nany and all issues are negotiable under the one china principle , including all the various issues that are of concern to the taiwan government .\r\nthe media and the academic , industrial and business circles on taiwan island have been the most enthusiastic and the most active in expressing their opinions . people are all expecting that the cross - strait relations will continue to develop toward reunification .\r\nthe reunification of the motherland accords with the feelings of the people and the general trend of events ; it is where the fundamental interest of all the chinese people , including the people in taiwan , lies ; and it is an irresistible historical trend .\r\nduring the five years , the political , economic , social and other achievements made by our country have attracted worldwide attention . we have deepened our reform , increased our strength , raised our international standing , expanded our influence and improved our living standard .\r\nthe facts have proven that deng xiaoping 's \" one country , two systems \" concept has a great vitality and it is the best way to solve the taiwan question .\r\naccording to the bilateral agreement on joining wto as a member , china 's reduction of tariffs will go through a gradual course and the import of international commodities , which are sold cheaper than domestic products , will also increase gradually year by year .\r\nusing the consumer price index will be conducive to conforming with international customs and also conducive to making comparison and analysis with most countries in the world .\r\nthese measures play an important role in improving the natural environment and promoting the continuous development of the economy and society . however , there are still problems in some areas of cutting trees , using forest lands for unauthorized purposes and damaging forests without restraint .\r\nthis further damages the natural environment and causes severe losses in state and collective assets . the masses respond strongly to this .\r\ndriven by short - term interests , some areas cut forests and denude areas on the sly . management departments of some areas connive and shield people who cut and steal trees . sometimes management departments even cooperate with people who cut and steal trees .\r\nmoreover , some areas will become poor again . so it is imperative and urgent to take effective measures and strengthen law enforcement in order to protect forest resources and improve the natural environment . we must further improve our understanding of the importance of protecting forest resources .\r\nthey must fully understand that protecting and developing forest resources have important meaning for society . it is a long - term and arduous task . it is also an important duty for party committees and governments at all levels .\r\nparty committees and governments at all levels must conscientiously implement the system in which leading cadres at all levels are responsible for attaining given objectives for protecting and developing forest resources when they are in their posts .\r\nwe must further strengthen publicity of this cause .\r\nwe must take care to sum up , promote and cultivate progressive exemplary figures who emerge in protecting forest resources and improving the natural environment . at the same time , we must also deal severely with criminals who damage forest resources and the natural environment despite the government 's effort to crack down on them .\r\nwhen protecting forest resources , we must persist in managing forests according to law .\r\nwe must severely crack down on various activities which damage forest resources , such as cutting trees without authorization , cutting trees secretly and stealing them , using forest land for other purposes without authorization , turning forests into cultivated lands , transporting wood illegally , operating wood - related businesses illegally and processing wood illegally .\r\nwe must comprehensively improve the quality of forest - resource management and law enforcement personnel . we must improve the level of administration according to law . leading cadres at all levels , especially leaders of forestry - management departments , must become examples of abiding by the law and executing the law .\r\nit is rare to have such a variety of opportunities joining the wto means that china , a leading trader in agricultural products , will gain its rightful place in the world 's largest trade organization , and this will bring a variety of opportunities for china 's agriculture and grain production operations .\r\ni now focus on explaining the following three points .\r\nin the 21 st century , the scope of international trade will be mainly formulated by a variety of multilateral trade structures , with the wto as the main player .\r\nso long as we further improve the variety structure and optimize quality , these agricultural products will enjoy advantages in both quality and price , and we can further expand our exports and take a bigger share of the international market .\r\nit will help us in importing new varieties and new technology for restructuring agriculture and grain , modernizing china 's agriculture and grain industry is a systems project that includes innovation in industrial system , changes in operational methods , and optimization of market structure and resource allocation .\r\nsince the agricultural and grain production resources are not evenly distributed , optimizing their allocation needs to be carried out through the country and indeed throughout the world ; we should launch exchanges of technology and varieties to make up for each other 's deficiencies from each other 's strong points .\r\nbefore the reform and opening up , china 's agricultural and grain plate was basically \" confined \" in a self - enclosed circle , and its development was seriously constrained .\r\nthe wto is an open and free international trading organization based on market economy .\r\nas far as grain trade is concerned , the tariff rate within the quota is 1 to 3 percent , and outside the quota it is 66 to 80 percent .\r\nthe challenge to the agricultural products market .\r\nchina has reaped bumper harvests year after year since the mid-1990's , and grain and other main products have changed from constraint by resources to dual constraint by market and resources ; a situation of phased and structural excess of supply over demand has emerged .\r\nin the past 10 years , however , china 's grain production costs have been increasing at an average annual rate of 10 percent , and the prices are now higher than those on the international market .\r\nunder these supply - demand and price conditions , increased entry into the quota market may bring three challenges to our agricultural produce market , namely in quality , quantity , and price , which will have an unfavorable impact on the main producing areas of grain and other leading products .\r\nand abundant resources and arable land are the advantages of certain countries , where production is on a large scale , production costs are low , and returns are high .\r\nthis determines that after joining the wto , many of china 's agricultural products are bound to face the challenge of low - tariff imports .\r\nthe challenge to peasant incomes and the employment of labor .\r\nthe import of foreign agricultural products will have an impact on the income sources and job opportunities for china 's peasants , who are small - scale producers .\r\nin particular , in north and northeast china , which are the main producing areas of wheat , maize , and soybeans , nonagricultural sectors are relatively weak , so the pressure on peasant incomes and employment will be somewhat greater .\r\nobjectively speaking , the pressure and challenges posed by wto accession are normal .\r\nthere are all kinds of misunderstandings in china regarding wto accession .\r\nthe main reasons for these misunderstandings are : lack of understanding of the wto and its rules ; lack of clear understanding of the all - round situation in china 's agriculture and grain production and world economic development trends ; and inability to understand in a dialectical way the relations between two kinds of resources and two markets .\r\nagain , the view that grain imports will threaten china 's grain security is also groundless .\r\ncalculating from the current domestic grain production of 500 million tons , 5 percent grain import is 25 million tons .\r\nsupposing that by the end of the buffer period in 2004 the whole amount permitted into the quota market has been imported , the maximum amount imported would be only 21.8 million tons , 3.2 million less than 25 million .\r\nmoreover china 's all - round grain production capacity is stable at 500 million tons , and we firmly control the state grain reserves and initiative in grain import and export .\r\nwto accession is not an industrial concept but a concept of setup or organizational system .\r\nto grasp the initiative after wto accession , we must deepen the reforms , and establish a circulation setup and enterprise system suited to the demands of an open and liberalized trade setup and the intensive international market competition .\r\nafter wto accession , it will be all the more urgent to establish a highly efficient and flexible agricultural produce foreign trade system with few links and low costs .\r\nthe current reform of breakthrough significance is the new setup that coordinates and unifies the separate internal and external trade systems for agricultural produce , that is , achieving integration of domestic and foreign trade in this produce in the form of joint management or joint operations , and adopting the new form of agency services in foreign trade .\r\nfor instance , wto member - states can take antidumping measures in accordance with antidumping and antisubsidy accords .\r\nby referring to foreign methods , china should formulate an \" agricultural produce antidumping law \" as soon as possible as a precaution against lawless foreign speculators and in order to effectively protect our domestic market stability .\r\ntherefore , no matter whether viewed from an economic or a political angle , this is an event of both great immediate importance and profound historic significance .\r\nto successfully carry out our work in these fields , we should proceed from the country 's overall economic situation and strategic needs , suit measures to local conditions , make an overall plan and coordinate work in different aspects , adopt a leading approach as appropriate , and accelerate the construction of infrastructural facilities in the western region .\r\nwe should uphold the strategy of invigorating the country through science and education , and work hard to enhance the scientific and technological level of the western development .\r\nwe should give priority to the development of education ; particularly , we should make nine - year compulsory education universal and wipe out illiteracy among young and middle - aged people .\r\nto promote the large - scale development of the western region , we should gear ourselves to changes in the country 's economic structure and its economic growth pattern , adopt a new way of thinking , explore new methods , and build up new mechanisms .\r\nthrough our unremitting efforts , we aim to build up a new western region with beautiful mountains and rivers where the economy is flourishing , the society is undergoing constant progress , and people of different nationalities are united as one .\r\nthe construction of rural grassroots party organizations is long - term basic task . in the new period of the development of agriculture and the rural economy , we can only strengthen this work and cannot weaken it .\r\nso we must continuously and truly improve the general level of the construction of rural grassroots party organizations .\r\nhowever , some areas sometimes work hard in this field and sometimes slacken in this work .\r\nthis shortsighted activity in the work of constructing rural grassroots party organizations must be corrected as soon as possible .\r\nwe must not only attach importance to the consciousness of party committees in all areas in focusing on their own party construction , but also rely on party committees in all areas in supervising , urging and checking lower - level party committees .\r\nthey must go deep into townships and villages and directly listen to the opinions of grassroots cadres and masses . they must obtain firsthand information , help grassroots people solve their problems and promote the development of their work .\r\nall this has fed the swollen arrogance of lee teng - hui [ li denghui ] and the taiwan independence forces of splitting up the motherland , and is an important root cause of tension in the situation of the taiwan strait .\r\nat the end of this century , hong kong and macao were returned to the motherland one after another within the \" one country , two systems \" framework .\r\npresident jiang zemin pointed out at the new year reception of the cppcc national committee that the return of hong kong and macao to the motherland indicated that the country had made important headway in achieving the motherland 's complete reunification .\r\nmeanwhile , the changes in taiwan 's political situation have also made the settlement of the taiwan issue more urgent .\r\nwhile the two sides of the strait are still in a state of hostility since the taiwan issue appeared several decades ago , the two sides do agree on one fundamental issue , namely there is but one china and taiwan is part of chinese territory .\r\nin the 1980 's , the situation in the taiwan strait began to ease , the two sides were not as estranged as before , and personnel contacts and economic and cultural exchanges between the two sides also began to develop rapidly .\r\nin recent years , however , what used to be covert secessionist activities of \" taiwan independence \" advocates have become increasing more overt and rampant .\r\nwhat is even more worrisome is the fact that certain leaders of the taiwan authorities have brazenly gone against the one china principle step by step .\r\ngovernment leaders of the motherland maintain that , while the fight against the \" two - state theory \" has achieved significant results , the taiwan strait is still ridden by potentially serious crisis , and that they must still be highly alert of the development of the political situation on the island .\r\nas the \" presidential campaign \" is currently going on in taiwan , people are particularly concerned with the development of taiwan 's political situation .\r\nthe media have come to notice that the third \" if \" is unprecedented and its meaning is clear and specific . it states in no uncertain term that the chinese government will not allow the taiwan issue to remain unresolved indefinitely .\r\nwhen the \" two sessions \" were held last year , jiang zemin , qian qichen , tang jiaxuan and other leaders stated time and again that the taiwan issue could not remain unresolved indefinitely , and many cppcc national committee members also stated the need to intensify cross - strait exchanges and promote national reunification .\r\nnow significant changes have taken place in taiwan and cross - strait relations during the past year . more than ever before people are following closely the motherland 's reunification process , which is now at a crucial period .\r\nthe taiwan issue has become a national topic of discussion .\r\nas we were limited by a lack of sufficient data at the time , we just made calculations for that 10 - year period in concluding that grain production costs in china ( the costs per 50 kg of grain ) had risen at an annual average of about 10 percent during that period .\r\nwhen analyzing the changes in grain production costs during the 20 years of rural reforms , we have taken 1978 as the base year and 1997 as the comparison year .\r\nin china , the main grain crops are rice , wheat , maize , millet , sorghum , and soybeans ; rice , wheat , and maize account for over 86 percent of the country 's grain production .\r\nwhen analyzing the grain production costs over 20 years , if we use the relevant figure for production costs per mu , its comparability is affected by the increase in the per - mu yield .\r\nif however we use the figure for production costs per 50 kg of grain , we can more accurately reflect the real trends of change over many years .\r\nthe people 's commune system was still in effect in 1978 . the investigation was carried out on 273,264 mu of grain in 1,978 production teams ; in 1997 it was carried out on 191,219 mu of grain farmed by 10,592 households in 1,652 counties .\r\nthe grain production costs in china are mainly divided into three main parts , namely material expenditure , the cost of labor , and tax .\r\nin 1978 the tax - inclusive production cost of 50 kg of grain was 11.14 yuan , and in 1997 it was 51.93 yuan , from which we reached the figure of an annual rise of 8.44 percent over the 19 years .\r\nin 1978 the average state price for procuring 50 kg of grain was 11.28 yuan , and in 1997 the average sale price was 68.56 yuan , having increased by 9.96 percent a year over the 19 years .\r\nin the statistical analysis , the average figures may cover quite big fluctuations .\r\nhence , it is necessary to carefully analyze the actual data for the tax - inclusive grain production costs and average selling prices for each year , and the changes in them ( the relevant material is in attached tables 1 and 2 ) [ tables not displayed ] .\r\nhence , it can be said that the rise of grain production costs has the nature of a trend .\r\nthe net return rate on production costs was only 1.15 percent .\r\nafter the rural reforms , the peasants gained operational decision - making powers , and changes gradually occurred in grain production costs .\r\nagain , 2.8 draft animal work units [ xu gong , 3964 1562 ] were required per mu in 1978 , but only 1.16 in 1997 , the latter being 41.43 percent of the former .\r\nas for labor units [ yong gong liang , 3938 1562 6852 ] per mu , the figure dropped from 28.6 in 1978 to 13.5 in 1997 , a decline of 52.8 percent .\r\nlabor costs only rose during the period because the cost of a working day rose from 0.8 yuan to 10 yuan .\r\nlabor expenditure in taiwan is only nearly one - third of total production costs ; the rest is material expenditure ; whereas on the mainland material and labor expenditure each account for half the total .\r\ntaiwan uses two labor units per mu , while the mainland uses about 20 . 2 .\r\nexpenditure on fertilizer in taiwan is relatively low , accounting for about 8 percent , whereas on the mainland the proportion exceeds 19 percent . 4 .\r\nunder these production cost structures , taiwan 's paddy production costs in 1990 were at least 100 percent higher than the international level , while the mainland 's costs were below that level at the time .\r\nonly three or four years later , however , around 1994 , china 's grain production costs , including paddy rice , were higher than the international average , and so far there has been no way of reversing this .\r\nin reality , although the cost of land - substitute technology is increasing , it cannot catch up with the increase in the cost of labor - substitute technology .\r\nthis trend of development has caused the situation today where china 's grain production costs are already higher than the international level even though china 's agriculture is far from achieving modernization .\r\nthis has already had a major impact on the process of china 's modernization , and it will play a role in the next one or two decades or even longer .\r\nhence , it is expected that for quite a long time to come , it will be very important to strive to reduce the proportion of labor costs in grain production costs .\r\ngiven also the impact of natural disasters , fluctuations in china 's grain production can hardly be avoided ; in particular , since 1984 there has roughly been a three - year small cycle and a six - year large cycle fluctuation .\r\nthe marketable rate of china 's grain is generally held to be about 30 percent ; not more than 50 percent of the marketable grain - - that is , 15 percent of total grain output - - is ordered or bought at negotiated prices by the state .\r\nhence , over half the peasants ' surplus grain is sold in the market , and the fluctuations in its price are rather greatly affected by supply - demand relations , and quite a small shortage or surplus will cause quite big fluctuations in market price .\r\nin particular , although the state has openly bought the peasants ' surplus grain at protected prices since 1996 , the average selling price has actually declined year on year ; by 1998 the cumulative drop was 20.02 percent , and the selling price that year was lower than in 1995 .\r\nthis was because working day costs dropped from 10 yuan in 1997 to 9.6 yuan in 1998 , a drop of 4 percent .\r\nin 1998 the number of working days was the same as in the previous year , and the number of people supported by each agricultural laborer fell slightly from 1.56 to 1.55 compared with 1997 , a small change ( 0.64 percent ) .\r\nthe reason for this reduction , as verified by the state planning commission , was that their actual income from grain declined , and not because they reduced their expenditure in expectation of reduced income .\r\nfrom the formula for calculating the cost of the working day , we can see that the number of peasant working days over the whole year ( 254 ) is identical to the working days of urban workers ( after excluding two days of rest and festivals and holidays ) .\r\nit is worth discussing whether this calculation fully accords with china 's national condition .\r\nthe tax - inclusive production costs of grain in china rose by 8.44 percent a year from 1978 to 1997 ; in that case , will the production costs rise by such a great percentage in the next three to five years or longer ?\r\nthe year 2000 may very likely be a turning - point year ; after china joins the world trade organization [ wto ] , it is extremely likely that the speed of our economic development will increase .\r\nif the economy heats up again in the next two or three years , and there is another big movement of peasant laborers , grain consumption is sure to rise , with the result that the grain price will increase again , the peasants ' production input will increase , and grain production costs will correspondingly rise .\r\nsummarizing the above analysis , we estimate that there will be a big decline in the rate of increase of grain production costs in the next three to five years .\r\nin order to avoid big fluctuations in grain price , in the future it would be best if the government can readjust the grain procurement price each year in light of the supply - demand and price situation .\r\nafter china joins the wto , we must protect the interests of our grain - growing peasants as far as possible , and cannot allow too much foreign grain to hit our domestic market .\r\nalthough they use different compositions of technology and key elements , the united states and japan have achieved roughly similar speed in agricultural growth .\r\nthis example is indeed very typical .\r\nthe chinese government and people by no means can tolerate ' taiwan independence ' and other splittist plots . \"\r\nthis was the remark made by li zhaoxing , chinese ambassador to the united states , at a meeting today with more than 60 assistants to us congressmen .\r\nli zhaoxing said : according to the central government 's instructions , the chinese embassy in washington will continue to strengthen contacts with taiwan compatriots , ensure their legitimate interests , and do everything we can to help them solve their difficulties .\r\nli zhaoxing stressed : defending national sovereignty and territorial integrity is a major principle upheld by all sovereign countries .\r\nthis is the typical hegemonist logic of confusing right and wrong and calling white black and black white .\r\nthe chinese government and people ardently love peace , and \" one country , two systems and peaceful reunification \" is our basic principle for settling the taiwan issue .\r\nif tensions arise in the taiwan strait , it could only be the consequence brought about by the \" taiwan independence \" force with li teng - hui [ li denghui ] as its general representative , with the connivance and support of some seemingly gentlemanly foreign forces which are hostile to china .\r\nto ensure that sino - us relations develop steadily and are not impaired , the united states should abide by the principles laid down in the three sino - us joint communiques and its relevant commitments - - this is the most basic thing .\r\nfrom 15 to 23 february , foreign minister tang paid an official visit to mauritania , tunisia , kuwait , and iran by invitation .\r\nhe said the \" white paper \" was issued within a setting of the taiwan separatist forces intensifying their efforts to block cross - strait reunification , and of some americans meddling more actively in the taiwan matter .\r\nit was certainly not aimed at the taiwan \" election , \" and was not a military threat .\r\nthe only way out for taiwan is for the taiwan authorities to abandon their \" two - states theory , \" and return to their \" one china \" stand .\r\nyu shuning cited deng xiaoping 's words back then .\r\nand he reemphasized that the \" one china \" principle is the key to solving the taiwan problem .\r\nthe technical negotiations this time began on 21 february and lasted four days .\r\nthe date for the next negotiations has not yet been fixed .\r\nbeijing , 24 feb (zxs) - - speaking here today , chinese foreign ministry spokesman zhu bangzao formally asked the japanese government not to allow the dalai lama into japan .\r\njapan 's tokyo governor shintaro ishihara yesterday said that he would receive and hold talks with the dalai lama in his capacity as governor .\r\nhe sternly reiterated that the dalai is a political exile who has chronically engaged in separatist activities under the cloak of religion .\r\nchina solemnly urges the japanese government to earnestly honor the commitments it has made to the chinese side and refrain from allowing the dalai into the country , so as not to create new obstructions to relations between the two countries .\r\ncommenting on this , the spokesman said that china hopes relevant activities could contribute to regional peace and stability .\r\nli ruihuan went to yuhang city in zhejiang province from on 20 - 21 february to investigate and study the \" three stresses \" education of the city 's leading body and leading cadres in accordance with the unified arrangement of the central authorities and direct mobilization of the city 's leading cadres to participate in the education .\r\nhe called some retired veteran comrades and responsible persons of relevant units to a forum ; listened to the report of the city party committee on the preparatory work concerning \" three stresses \" education ; and delivered a speech at the meeting of the city 's leading cadres on \" three stresses \" education .\r\naccompanied by provincial party secretary li dejiang , governor chai songyue , and cppcc provincial committee chairman liu feng on 21 - 24 february , li ruihuan inspected hangzhou , jiaxing , and other places .\r\nleaders of the older generation attached particular importance to the opinions of the masses ; stressed that people should consult with the masses when matters arise ; encouraged people to first become pupils of the people before becoming their teachers ; and urged people to get the opinions of the masses and refer them back to the masses .\r\nhowever , nowadays in some places the masses are less consulted and their opinions are less heeded when matters arise .\r\nhe pointed out : very often we say that serving the people wholeheartedly is the purpose of the party and the government . if we do not heed the opinions of the masses in a regular basis , how can we clearly understand what and how we should serve and how we can render better service ?\r\nvery often we say the party and the masses maintain flesh - and - blood ties , are as inseparable as fish and water , and forge a relationship of public servants ; if we do not heed the opinions of the masses on a regular basis and the two are separated , what situation and results will occur ?\r\nas far as leading cadres are concerned , politics means uniting more people ; capability means bringing the enthusiasm of the masses into full and rational play ; and authority means making the masses satisfied and happy and enjoying their support .\r\nwe must heed the opinions of the masses on a regular basis whether circumstances are difficult or favorable or when we have free time or are fully occupied , and strive to develop it into a habit , a conscious action , and a general practice to heed the opinions of the masses .\r\nhu xiaodi pointed out that since mankind started the utilization of outer space , acts of military utilization of outer space have never stopped .\r\neither prospect will annul all efforts in nuclear disarmament and the prevention of proliferation .\r\nzhou tienong , vice chairman of the cppcc national committee and executive vice chairman of the central committee of the chinese kuomintang revolutionary committee , said : the white paper was published in good time , which has clearly pointed out a direction for the development of cross - strait relations .\r\nthe one - china principle is the cornerstone of the chinese government 's policy toward taiwan .\r\nit is best to achieve cross - strait reunification by peaceful means , that is , we should first hold dialogues and consultations .\r\nthe publication of the white paper is a great encouragement to all chinese and foreign personages who advocate and support the peaceful reunification of china and a powerful deterrent to all hegemonists , interventionists , and separatists .\r\nthe china democratic league fully supports the chinese government 's adherence to the one - china principle and policy .\r\nwe should make every possible effort to promote the settlement of the taiwan issue at an early date .\r\ndu yijin , vice chairman of the central committee of the china zhi gong dang , said : the two sides are closer to each other during the ebb tide ; china will become prosperous after its reunification .\r\nhong fuzeng , vice chairman of the central committee of the jiusan society , stressed : the complete reunification of the motherland is not only a lofty ideal all chinese people have been hankering for but also a historic opportunity for achieving the great rejuvenation of the chinese nation in the 21 st century .\r\nthe jiusan society sincerely hopes that the chinese people on both sides of the taiwan strait will join hands at an early date and satisfactorily settle the taiwan issue and realize the complete reunification of the motherland in accordance with the basic principle of \" peaceful reunification , one country , two systems . \"\r\nli minkuan , vice chairman of the taiwan democratic self - government league , said : cross - strait relations are at a critical moment .\r\nresolution of the pntr issue represents the consensus in the agreement reached by china and the united states on china 's accession to the wto ; it conforms with the common interests of the people of china and the united states .\r\non the issue of choosing a new managing director to the international monetary fund [ imf ] , zhu bangzao expressed the hope that the imf would choose a new managing director as soon as possible , for the sake of normal progress in the organization 's work .\r\nthe chinese side is of the view that conditions for holding ministerial - level talks between the two sides have ripened .\r\nshi guangsheng , chinese minister of foreign trade and economic cooperation , welcomes eu trade commissioner lamy to visit china to finally conclude the sino - eu talks on china 's wto entry .\r\njiang zemin stayed at guangzhou 's zhuhai guesthouse , a garden - like guesthouse used by guangdong exclusively to accommodate central leaders . ordinarily , the guesthouse is open to the public , but it had been closed for business since the afternoon of the day before .\r\narmed policemen and public security personnel could be seen guarding along a way several hundred meters long inside the compound .\r\nin addition , departments concerned have also found proof that he threw away money , like his dirty gambling in las vegas during his trip to the united states .\r\nwhen he was mayor of shanghai , zhu rongji thought highly of zhu xiaohua , now 51 years old , when he served as vice president of the people 's bank of china shanghai branch in the 1980 s .\r\nin 1993 , zhu rongji began to launch a large - scale rectification drive of the financial industry . after personally assuming the post of the central bank governor , he named zhu xiaohua vice governor of the central bank . zhu xiaohua was transferred to serve as director of the state administration of exchange control the next year .\r\nwhen he took over the post from zhu xiaohua on 29 july 1999 , liu mingkang said : \" chairman zhu is being transferred back to the mainland in a routine reshuffle . there are other arrangements waiting for him . i hope you will not give credence to rumors . \"\r\nhowever , later when the asian financial crisis broke out , the group 's assets greatly declined .\r\nin the new millennium , the chinese people are welcoming the upcoming \" two sessions . \"\r\nthe \" two sessions \" to be held at the turn of the century are of extreme significance .\r\nprior to the convocation of the \" two sessions , \" this reporter had interviews with some npc deputies and cppcc members on the topic of economic reform .\r\nthe deputies and cppcc members maintained that reform is advancing wider and steadily , great efforts have been made in reform , and achievements are noticeable .\r\nthe \" debt - equity swap \" program draws the attention of the people most .\r\nfor instance , some large key enterprises , such as anshan iron and steel company , benxi iron and steel company , china faw group corporation , and china second motor company , have turned nearly several billions of debts or nearly 10 billion yuan of debts into shares .\r\nat present , state departments concerned have recommended , through examinations , 601 enterprises to carry out the \" debt - equity swap \" program and expect to help them turn 459.6 billion yuan of debts into shares .\r\nthe year 1999 was one when greatest efforts were exerted to realign and technologically transform state - owned enterprises .\r\nafter basically resolving the problems of separating government functions from enterprise management , the two large petroleum groups have materialized the integration of upper - stream products with downstream ones and made their production , supply , and marketing a coordinate process .\r\nnon - ferrous metal industries witnessed a slash in deficits after establishing aluminum , rare earth , and copper industrial groups .\r\nlast year , the central party and government organizations cut ties with the economic entities run by themselves and the enterprises under their jurisdiction ; and the army , the armed police forces , and public security , procuratorial , and judicial organs smoothly transferred the economic enterprises run by themselves to localities .\r\nof the 530 enterprises which were divorced from the central party and government organizations , most have put their settlement plans in place . meanwhile , plans for taking over and handling more than 6,000 such economic enterprises are basically put in place .\r\nsome deputies and cppcc members maintained that thanks to the implementation of reform and various measures , a turn has been taken for getting state - owned enterprises out of plight in three years through reform .\r\nsuch achievements laid a foundation for the final realization of the goal of getting state - owned enterprises out of plight in 2000 .\r\nfrom now on , state - owned enterprises should conscientiously implement the spirit of the 15 th national party congress and the fourth plenary session of the 15 th cpc central committee , strategically readjust their structures , and carry out the modern enterprise system in real terms .\r\nat present , there are more than 11 million laid - off workers from state - owned enterprises and over 27 million retirees nationwide .\r\nlast year , basic living expenses were distributed to over 90 percent of the laid - off workers , and the majority of the localities ensured to pay 98 percent of the old - age pensions in full and on schedule .\r\nin july last year , the central authorities made a decision on raising the salaries of the urbanites with low - and medium - level incomes , thus making 80 million people nationwide enjoy this treatment .\r\nthe housing reform has constantly been a hot - debated issue affecting the people 's feelings .\r\nin august last year , the general offices of the cpc central committee and the state council forwarded and implemented the \" plan for further intensifying the housing reform among the central and state organs stationed in beijing . \"\r\nthird , the pace of selling public houses was accelerated .\r\nlast year , more than 50 percent of the marketable public houses in most provinces and municipalities throughout the country were sold while over 80 percent of such houses in 10 - odd provinces , municipalities , and autonomous regions , such as chongqing , henan , and guangxi , were sold .\r\nfourth , more efforts were made to readjust house rents .\r\nbeijing has worked out methods for readjusting house rent rates and giving house rent subsidies . after the central and state organs and beijing municipality readjust their house rent rates , the spending on house rents will account for about 10 percent of the household 's incomes .\r\nye rutang , deputy to the npc and vice minister of construction , said that the replacement of house distribution by payment of house subsidies and the opening of second - class house markets accord with the will of the people and the general trend .\r\nthe new system will be able to greatly help check the corrosive phenomena arising in the distribution of houses , improve the people 's living conditions , and facilitate the development of the building industry , which is a pillar industry of the national economy .\r\nthe financial , taxation , and banking reform advance steadily last year , the reform work in the financial , taxation , and banking sectors advanced steadily .\r\nin june last year , the state once again cut banking institutions ' deposit and credit interest rates ; it was the seventh time to cut interest rates after 1996 .\r\nin november , the state began collecting income taxes on individual deposit interests with a tax rate of 20 percent .\r\nat the same time , the restoration of interest taxes may help promote consumption and readjust distribution , so that the state will find it convenient to concentrate increasingly more financial resources to increase the salaries of the people with low - and medium - level incomes and to promote social stability .\r\nlast year , the central bank canceled the regional restrictions on the operating branches of foreign - funded banks , thus expanding foreign - funded banks ' renminbi business scale .\r\non the threshold of the new century , we should be more deeply aware of the fact that reform is the motivation of development .\r\nthe gigantic achievements we made in 1999 were closely related to the in - depth reform .\r\neditor 's note : as a member of the chinese delegation , liu yuzhu , deputy director of the market department of the ministry of culture , has on many occasions participated in the negotiations on china 's accession to the wto .\r\nif the government manages and guides them properly , they will bring considerable benefits to the vast number of cultural consumers , to the investors engaged in cultural production and operation activities , and to the country 's economic construction .\r\nthe social system and ideology of the united states and other western countries are different from ours , and there is a great disparity in the cultural understanding and management between them and ourselves .\r\nthe management means and methods adopted by the chinese government differ a great deal from those of the western countries , which also clash with the wto 's rules .\r\nnow if we revise and abandon the original effective management means that we have been familiar with and learn the new rules with which we are unfamiliar , it will lead to the conflicts in understanding and the problem that the actual results of management do not come up to people 's expectations .\r\nthe negative impacts on china 's fine national culture .\r\nthere will be a rising trend and demand for foreign cultural programs in domestic markets not only in quantity but also in quality , as more cultural consumers will have a weakness for them .\r\nthese cultural programs that gain access to china , on one hand , suit people 's consumption requirements for diversified culture , but on the other hand have a potential impact on the traditional national culture , which will bring new challenges to the protection and development of our national culture .\r\nthe pressure on the existence of china 's cultural production units .\r\ngiven our advantages of possessing cultural resources and being the host country , it is rather difficult for our cultural production units to change the inferior position to superior position , and continue to grow and expand to be still more superior in the short term .\r\nthe opportunities exist objectively the benefits of helping people to once again realize the nature , functions , and effect of the cultural industry and cultural markets , and promoting the change of their concepts and the emancipation of their minds .\r\nthe acceleration of the process of cultural institutional building . in china , the management of cultural undertakings mainly depends on policy appeals and administrative measures , and lacks legal means to guide and protect the smooth progress of cultural building and cultural activities .\r\nonly by refusing to be committed to renouncing the use of force against taiwan will it be possible to ensure taiwan 's lasting security historically , since ancient times taiwan has been an inalienable part of china , and taiwan has never changed its character of being part of china .\r\nin terms of its geographical location , taiwan is next to the pacific ocean in the east , faces the mainland of the motherland across the taiwan strait in the west , and borders on the bashi channel in the south , being called the \" fence for seven provinces \" since ancient times .\r\nthe possession of taiwan , a strategically important maritime location , is critical to china 's national security .\r\nin history , taiwan was occupied by spain , holland , and japan , respectively , and was later also used by the united states as an \" unsinkable aircraft carrier . \"\r\nevery time there was a breakup of china 's territory in a context of incessant warfare , china would be invaded by foreign forces ; meanwhile , several episodes of thriving development in the history of the chinese nation have all been achieved under the precondition of national unification .\r\na failure for taiwan to return to the embrace of the motherland will provide an exploitable opportunity for foreign intervention , a situation which will seriously threaten taiwan 's security and harm the interest of all the people of china , including taiwan compatriots .\r\nthis is one of the fundamental reasons why the government of the motherland has refused to commit itself to renouncing the use of force , while persisting in using the principles of \" peaceful unification and one country , two systems \" for resolving the question of taiwan .\r\nonly by returning to the embrace of the motherland at an early date will taiwan be able to have the most reliable guarantee for its security .\r\nby committing itself to renouncing the use of force , the chinese government will no longer be able to suppress and deter attempts by \" taiwan independent \" forces and foreign anti - china forces to break up china .\r\nif the government of the motherland commits itself to renouncing the use of force , \" taiwan independence \" forces will brazenly collude with foreign intervention forces in an effort to break up china . on the other hand , the taiwan authorities are doing everything possible to militarily confront and resist the mainland .\r\ntaiwan 's military is the taiwan authorities ' important pillar and tool for maintaining the rule of the taiwan authorities .\r\nto achieve their evil goal of \" taiwan independence , \" the taiwan authorities have adopted various measures to enhance the construction of taiwan 's military .\r\nthe purpose of these military activities carried out by the taiwan authorities has been to militarily resist the mainland , peace , and unification .\r\nany attempt by foreign or domestic forces to break up china will be doomed to failure . \"\r\nin terms of action , li has been indulgent toward and supported splittist forces advocating \" taiwan independence \" and their activities , resulting in the rapid development of \" taiwan independence \" forces and the spread of the ideological current of \" taiwan independence . \"\r\nunder the direction of li denghui , the taiwan authorities have adopted a series of actual splittist steps .\r\nin the diplomatic sphere , the taiwan authorities have been carrying out so - called \" pragmatic diplomacy \" and \" money diplomacy \" in a big way , in an attempt to broaden taiwan 's so - called \" international space for survival \" and to create a situation of \" two chinas . \"\r\nby continuing to follow this self - deceptive approach designed to deceive others , li denghui and the taiwan authorities will only end up walking in circles inside the \" blind alley , \" getting blooded by bumping into walls , and destroying themselves .\r\nit is necessary to adhere to the principles of \" peaceful unification and one country , two systems , \" while refusing to be committed to renouncing the use of force , so that the taiwan authorities will be subject to deterring effects and have to think twice , while feeling that there is a way out .\r\nany deterioration of the political and economic environment will bring disastrous consequences to taiwan 's economy .\r\nthe announcement of li denghui 's \" two - state doctrine \" has created a taiwan strait crisis and resulted in popular uneasiness in taiwan , drastic declines in stock prices , and large capital outflows , thereby directly affecting taiwan 's normal economic order and social stability .\r\nonly by being based on ties to the mainland of the motherland as in the cases of hong kong and macao will it be possible for taiwan to provide favorable guarantees for its economic development .\r\nthe unification of the motherland is in the fundamental interest of taiwan compatriots , and the refusal of the government and people of china to be committed to renouncing the use of force against taiwan is an important condition and guarantee for successfully realizing this fundamental interest of taiwan compatriots .\r\nthis is in the fundamental interest of the people on both sides of the strait , including taiwan compatriots .\r\ntherefore , the government and people of china firmly upholds the policy of refusing to be committed to renouncing the use of force against taiwan , in an effort to seek an early return of taiwan to the embrace of the motherland .\r\nbeijing , 24 february - - faced with a large - scale influx of foreign capital into china 's cable tv network , a relevant person of the state administration of radio , movie , and television , stated : \" all shall be temporarily suspended pending the introduction of policies . \"\r\nas for the existing relations of cooperation , the relations of interests shall be considered . he disclosed : the relevant ministries and commissions of the state council are still discussing the policies concerned and have yet to decide on when to introduce the specific policies .\r\nhowever , some listed companies in hong kong still continued their business talks on investing in the hinterland cable network business at that time , believing that the policy had little to do with them .\r\nas for the distribution networks , the departments in charge of radio , movie , and television affairs shall build relatively comprehensive networks for special uses , namely , no two - way innovation projects for cable tv networks shall be built for the time being for the purpose of providing telecommunication services .\r\nwu jichuan , state minister of information industry , the other day disclosed to zhongguo xinwen she that several decrees are still being formulated , including \" regulations for managing foreign investment in telecommunication service trade \" and \" regulations for managing computer networks and information security . \"\r\nby the end of 1999 , china had built cable tv transmission networks stretching for nearly 2.5 million km , boasting nearly 100 million clients , and ranking first in the world , with some 14 provinces and cities connecting themselves to a national cable tv network .\r\nthe issuance of the white paper has evoked strong repercussions in the taiwan community and shocked taiwan 's political circles .\r\nthe white paper imposes a restriction , urging taiwan to hold a dialogue and talks with the mainland within the framework of one china , and releases a strong message , \" there will be no peace without the one china principle across the strait . \"\r\nit is aimed at the tricks and means played by li teng - hui and other \" taiwan independence \" forces that attempt to bypass the forms of \" declaring taiwan independence \" to attain their objective of realizing \" taiwan independence \" in reality .\r\nin order to evade the white paper , the chen shui - bian camp attempted to lessen the attack of the white paper against chen , saying that the contents of the white paper do not target chen alone .\r\nthis is indeed a clumsy denial that has resulted in self - exposure .\r\nat the forum to mark the fifth anniversary of jiang zemin 's 8 - point proposal , vice premier qian qichen warned that \" taiwan independence \" was tantamount to war across the taiwan straits .\r\ntaiwan 's splittist forces should not play with fire that may burn them .\r\nthe white paper that expresses china 's determination against separation and to realize reunification clearly targets li teng - hui and chen shui - bian .\r\nchen shui - bian also promised his voters : we will uphold taiwan 's \" sovereign independence , \" not allow china to \" annex \" taiwan , and safeguard peace across the taiwan straits ; and there will be no more wars in taiwan . this again is deceptive talk .\r\nif chen shui - bian 's dream of \" taiwan independence \" is realized , he will throw taiwan into catastrophe .\r\ntaiwan compatriots , who have a glorious tradition of patriotism , are against separation and \" taiwan independence . \"\r\nfor the sake of the fundamental interests of the compatriots across the strait and on the question of right and wrong related to taiwan 's future , it is believed that taiwan compatriots will make a correct choice conducive to reunification of the motherland .\r\nbeijing , 24 feb ( ta kung pao ) - - the negotiations between china and the european union (eu) on china 's accession to the world trade organization (wto) have ended this afternoon .\r\nin the view of experts here , the 15 - member eu has outstripped the united states in terms of gross domestic product and commercial capability .\r\nzhu rongji positively assessed the momentum of development in bilateral relations in recent years .\r\nover the past year , the npc standing committee examined and deliberated 30 draft laws and adopted 19 of them , fulfilling in the main the annual plan for legislation .\r\nto meet the need of the continuous development of reform , opening up and modernization drive , the npc standing committee timely made revisions on related laws , such as the income tax law , the highway law , the criminal law and the company law .\r\nas a result , those laws have become more suitable to objective reality and can play more active roles in regulating social and economic activities .\r\nlast year , attention was also paid to ensuring the impartiality of various departments and the work of drafting laws by special committees was further improved .\r\npeople of various circles have expressed their opinion that the members of the npc standing committee have attached greater importance to supervision and practical results and have gone down to the grassroots level without pomp .\r\nthe standing committees of people 's congresses at various local levels also gave full play to their supervisory roles , had the courage of exploring truth , and gained numerous experiences in supervising individual cases and evaluating and redressing erroneous cases .\r\nthe npc standing committee has paid good attention to those experiences .\r\nthis is a situation that warrants our great attention .\r\nthe incident , which occurred on 25 april last year when \" falungong \" practitioners illegally gathered around the zhongnanhai , is something that merits special attention .\r\ntherefore , it still is an urgent task to strengthen education on the scientific spirit .\r\na book entitled \" mao zedong , deng xiaoping , and jiang zemin on ideological and political work \" was published recently . the contents of the book have fully embodied , in a systematic manner , expositions of the leading leaderships of the three generations on ideological and political work .\r\namong these problems and contradictions , the most outstanding one is this : the condition of spiritual civilization in our society still cannot meet the need of the drive of reform and opening up as well as the construction of the market economy .\r\nbeing unable to stand the tests under the new situation , a small number of people have wavered in their ideals , faith , and sense of values .\r\nthis is the reason deputies and representatives to the current \" two sessions \" show their special concern about the construction of spiritual civilization .\r\ncao yaqin , a falungong practitioner , changed his mind many times but ended up refusing to come to his senses on the question of falungong .\r\nzhang xiaozhen , former head of the economic police unit of the public security department of the jinxi machinery plant , had been a falungong practitioner . to educate and help him , the plant party committee arranged to have him work on night shifts .\r\nzhang , who had stayed home after being dismissed from his work and encountered economic difficulties , was deeply moved . he pledged of his own accord to completely break away from falungong and return to the correct position on the side of the party and the people .\r\nmany prefectures , counties , and units in shanxi province have instituted a system of responsibility at every level for educating and transforming falungong practitioners .\r\ngrass - roots organizations in fenxi county instituted a system of responsibility for converting falungong practitioners . the county set up a network for helping and educating falungong practitioners . lin yuping , secretary of the zuoquan county party committee , contracted to help and convert several falungong practitioners .\r\ndu litao , a student of the 9752 class of the computer science and engineering department at the taiyuan heavy machinery college , began to practice falungong in 1996 out of curiosity .\r\nafter his return to the college , the college party committee continued to educate and help him , insisting on chatting with him once every week .\r\nli lanqing said emphatically that general secretary jiang zemin takes education very seriously , so we must conscientiously study and put into practice his important instructions on intensifying and improving the education work and correctly guiding and helping young students in their healthy growth and their all - round development in morality , intelligence , physique , and aesthetics .\r\nit is necessary to guide the schools and teachers in carrying out the education on quality through their teaching materials , teaching programs , teaching methods , teaching means , appraisal by examination , and other contents and methods .\r\nthe surroundings of schools must be seriously renovated . the schools and pertinent departments must take a clear - cut stand to oppose the unhealthy trends and evil practices among the students so that schools will become places filled with the atmosphere of devoted study to make progress under good discipline .\r\nthey must seriously set right the situation in some places where the students ' burdens of lessons are too heavy and their psychological pressures are too large to be tolerated .\r\nli lanqing said : education is a systems engineering , and the education at school , at home , and in society are the three major pillars of education , which call for all social sectors to create a good environment for the healthy growth of the adolescents with concerted efforts .\r\nli lanqing also made important suggestions on how to accelerate the existing educational structural reform and adjustment , enhance the quality of the teachers , achieve a diversified educational structure at multiple levels , and intensify the building of a contingent of teachers .\r\ncomrades in charge of pertinent sections including xu rongkai , zhang zhixin , and zhang baoqing also accompanied li lanqing in his inspection .\r\na batch of battleships , aircraft , land weapons , precision - guidance missiles , and electronic telecommunications equipment of advanced performance has been successfully developed and used to equip our troops .\r\nmeanwhile , breakthroughs have also been made in the project of manned space flight .\r\nour study and research of high technologies has successfully shortened our gap with the world 's advanced level , and has provided both a technological source and a strong driving force for efforts to accelerate the weaponry modernization of our army .\r\nthe presentation and distribution ceremony was presided over by li jinai , political commissar of the general weaponry department .\r\nchangsha , 25 february ( xinhua ) - - yiyang city 's heshan district people 's court made a judgement days ago , sentencing cai youwei , former deputy director of the flood prevention office under the yiyang water resources and hydropower bureau , to 10 years in prison for embezzling flood prevention funds .\r\nfrom october 1993 to november 1997 , cai youwei , individually or together with others , embezzled money by hiding income and making false reports of expenditures . he made such offenses five times and embezzled 29,000 yuan .\r\nas of 7 january this year , the heshan people 's court has concluded trials and examinations in the cases and also sentenced cao lilin , liu guming , and jiang lianke to set terms of imprisonment .\r\nluo gan said : in strengthening the construction of the grassroots contingent of judicial , procuratorial , and public security personnel , we should focus on the following five aspects : first , it is necessary to conscientiously strengthen the construction of the leading groups of grassroots judicial , procuratorial , and public security personnel .\r\nin accordance with the plan made by the cpc central committee , we should do a good job in conducting the \" three stresses \" campaign among the leading groups of people 's courts , people 's procuratorates , and public security departments at the county level .\r\nthird , we should set a rigid requirement for recruiting judicial , procuratorial , and public security personnel and help those who are not suitable for their work to leave .\r\nwe should carry out a special task to reform organizations and consolidate those people who have not been recruited in accordance with regulations and who are not suitable for their jobs . in this way , we can continuously strengthen the invigoration and fighting capacity of the contingent of judicial , procuratorial , and public security personnel .\r\nfourth , we should continue to carry out the \" civilization promotion \" activities and promote law enforcement with justice .\r\nfifth , we should run the party strictly . we should conscientiously strengthen the construction of grassroots party organizations and bring into full play the model and leading role of party members .\r\nluo gan emphatically said : party committees , governments , as well as judicial , procuratorial , and public security departments at all levels should put the work high on their agenda . they should conscientiously strengthen their leadership .\r\nmembers of the central commission of political science and law , including xiao yang , han zhubin , jia chunwang , xu yongyao , gao changli , zhou ziyu , and wang shengjun , attended the meeting .\r\nresponsible comrades of the supreme people 's court , the supreme people 's procuratorate , the ministry of public security , and the ministry of justice spoke at the meeting . they explained their own systems ' plans for strengthening the construction in this aspect .\r\nalso around that time , chen haiyan and others fraudulently obtained business registrations by false capital investment to successively set up in xiangtan and shenzhen phantom companies such as the dayang limited - liability company and dayang industrial company and then contracted for the xiangtan yuhu trading company .\r\nyou must have dayang in mind , show concern for dayang , and care for dayang . \" he also assigned rigid profit targets to the private companies under their charge to encourage and support their serving the interest of the private companies by various means at the expense of the xwcgc .\r\nin name , the \" dayang company \" paid no salary to these so - called \" life senior staff members ; \" in reality , it deposited their salaries into their special personal accumulation fund accounts .\r\nin addition , the xwcgc bore the \" dayang company 's \" loan interest losses totaling over 850,000 yuan .\r\nto change these companies into \" joint - venture \" or \" cooperative \" enterprises overnight , his gang cheated intermediary institutions by providing false financial information and proceeded to obtain business registrations by fraud .\r\ndraw lessons from bitter experience that stimulates deep thought chen haiyan 's gang did great damage to the xwcgc 's production and operation as well as social stability with their premeditated , organized , planned , and wanton transferring and embezzlement of state - owned assets .\r\nthrough the voluminous archival materials , the course of decline and bitter lesson of the xwcgc stimulate deep thought .\r\nlesson no. 1 : it is a long - term , arduous task to reform soes .\r\nin 1993 , the xwcgc leaders then wanted to introduce foreign capital on the occasion of putting its electromagnetic wire branch factory into full - scale production .\r\nin the absence of in - depth investigation and study , they simply listened to chen haiyan 's sweet talk and blindly believed him and then rashly reached a final decision to close the deal .\r\nyet , the xwcgc leaders , whose brains were muddled with eagerness for quick success and instant benefit , still decided to contract for the operation of this joint - venture enterprise and entrusted chen haiyan , who had long left the xwcgc , with the powers for operation and management .\r\nthe xwcgc case has sounded the alarm once again for us .\r\njiang zemin was very happy to see the economic development , urban construction , and the tremendous changes in the people 's material and cultural life in shenzhen .\r\njiang zemin pointed out that after carrying out reform and opening up in the past 20 years and more , tremendous achievements have been made in the economic and social development of our country and the people 's living standard has been remarkably improved .\r\nthe reason for doing so is to encourage all the people of the country to bravely forge ahead along the correct road of reform , opening up and socialist modernization , and to realize the magnificent goal of the cross - century development of our country .\r\non 22 february , jiang zemin went deep into nanling village of buji town , longgang district , shenzhen city , and had an informal discussion on party building at the grass - roots level with members of the party branch and party - member representatives of the villagers .\r\nduring his inspection tour , jiang zemin came to the shenzhen city high - tech industry park , listened to reports on the development of the high - tech industries in shenzhen city , and went to see exhibits of high - tech products .\r\nat that time , china was in a miserable state of political darkness , and turmoil and the chaos of war , and the chinese had no means of livelihood . it was totally impossible for china to catch up with the advanced current of the world 's science and technology development .\r\nthe socialist china of today certainly has the conditions and ability to catch up with the advanced current of the development of the world 's science and technology and to bring about greater development of the chinese nation .\r\nthe conditions of the eastern region are relatively better and this region should strive to basically realize socialist modernization first and make greater contribution to building socialism with chinese characteristics .\r\nin this sense , our tasks of promoting reform , opening up and modernization are even more formidable .\r\nspeaking about the implementation of the strategy for the general development of the western region , jiang zemin said that speeding up the development of the central and western regions is an important policy - decision made by the party central committee to promote the cross - century development of our country .\r\nthe strategy for the general development of the western region will also inevitably provide more opportunities for the development of the eastern region , and the eastern region can make fuller use of the resources and market of the western region to promote its own development .\r\nparty committees and governments at all levels must earnestly and properly grasp the building of the spiritual civilization while persistently taking economic construction as the center , and continue to obtain excellent results in the building of both the material civilization and the socialist spiritual civilization .\r\nif management is properly carried out and the rule of law is strengthened , loopholes for violations of law and crimes will be plugged . meting out punishment according to law for those who have violated law and discipline will serve to warn and educate the broad masses of cadres and people .\r\nit is necessary to step up ideological and political education for leading cadres at all levels .\r\nwith the development of the economy and the improvement in livelihood , leading cadres still have to maintain the fine style of working hard and perseveringly .\r\nall communists , especially leading cadres , must be loyal and devoted , and work hard for the party and the people without being upset by criticism . with such a spirit , one will certainly be able to make achievements in work .\r\njiang zemin fully affirmed the guangzhou military region for comprehensively strengthening army building and for satisfactorily fulfilling various important tasks assigned by the party central committee and the cmc .\r\nparticipants in the forum pointed out that the one - china principle is the foundation for the cross - strait peaceful reunification as well as the cornerstone of cross - strait economic and trade development .\r\nthe chinese government and people did not , do not , and will not compromise and change in this issue , nor allow anyone to challenge the one - china principle .\r\nyu xiaosong maintained that along with the smooth return of hong kong and macao to the motherland , the cross - strait relations have entered a new stage and face a major opportunity of development while entering the new millennium .\r\nthis has also showed the chinese government 's determination to persistently implement the principles of \" peaceful reunification and one country , two systems \" and chairman jiang zemin 's eight proposals and to promote the sound development of the cross - strait relations under the one - china principle .\r\neconomic and trade contacts and exchanges between the two sides of the straits have opened more markets and opportunities for the further development of taiwan 's economy . the mainland china has already become one of the most essential trade partners of taiwan and the biggest market of taiwan 's products .\r\nthis has been shown by the data of the direct trade transactions between the two sides over the past five years .\r\nwhile accelerating the pace of entering the world trade organization , the mainland china will further open its markets , expand its investment reach , and improve its investment environment . as a result , taiwan compatriots will face a huge market filled with boundless business opportunities and development potentials .\r\nthe two sides exchanged in a deep - going way views on how to further develop the ties between the two countries and reached an extensive common understanding .\r\nat the turn of the century , general secretary jiang zemin and general secretary le kha phieu set a framework for relations oriented toward the 21 st century and characterized by \" long - term stability , future orientation , good - neighborliness , and all - around cooperation , thus marking a new era for bilateral relations .\r\ntang jiaxuan said : at the beginning of this year , the chinese and vietnamese peoples solemnly celebrated the 50 th anniversary of the establishment of bilateral diplomatic ties .\r\nnguyen dy nien said : vietnam and china are friendly socialist neighbors who are linked by common mountains and rivers .\r\nthe peoples of the two countries have showed mutual empathy and support throughout the long - term revolutionary struggle .\r\nthe vietnamese communist party , government , and people will never forget the tremendous support and assistance provided by the chinese communist party , government , and people .\r\nthe \" china - vietnam land border treaty \" formally signed by the two countries on 30 december 1999 is of great historic significance .\r\nthe two sides also extensively exchanged opinions on international and regional issues of common concern .\r\nwhat do the people 's congress and its standing committee supervise ?\r\nin a nutshell , they supervise the enforcement of the constitution and laws and the work of the \" government , the people 's procuratorate , and the people 's court . \"\r\nbased on the content , the supervision includes legal supervision and work supervision .\r\npresident jiang 's inspection in guangdong will propel guangdong to move up to a new stage in the undertaking of opening up and reform and the building of socialist modernization , and take a bigger step forward on the path of progress .\r\npresident jiang emphasized : the key to handling well the affairs in china lies in the communist party , and in the ideology , style , organization , discipline situation , capacity to struggle , and the level of the leadership of the party .\r\nthe \" three stresses \" education is still the core of the main emphases in the work of party building this year , and the party committees at all levels must make conscientious efforts to implement the education .\r\nhe urged the cadres to be honest in performing their official duties , work diligently in defiance of difficulties , be upright , work honestly and sincerely , and serve the people wholeheartedly .\r\nthis year marks the 20 th anniversary of the establishment of the special economic zones in china .\r\nthe instruction of deng xiaoping says the correct line , principles , and policies regarding the reform and opening up and modernization formulated by our party is the fundamental guarantee for bringing about rapid economic and social development of our country .\r\npresident jiang is very interested in and attaches great importance to the adjustment of the economic structure and the development of the industry of high new technology . he inspected some enterprises in shenzhen , and watched the exhibition of products of high new technology .\r\nhowever , it was utterly impossible for china , overwhelmed by a dark political situation and turmoil and chaos of war , with the masses living in dire poverty and in a miserable state , to catch up with the advanced trend of developing science and technology in the world .\r\nnowadays , at the dawn of the 21 st century , regardless of the look of china , or the economic and social life of the world , there have been great changes of historic significance in comparison with the situation 100 years ago .\r\nafter the chinese government published a white paper on the taiwan issue , there has been a noise from across the great ocean that is against china 's resorting to force against taiwan to accomplish the great cause of reunifying the motherland when it has no other choice .\r\nafter the white paper was published , spokesman for the us state department rubin indicated , \" we reject the use of force or the threat of force as a way of settling the taiwan issue . \"\r\nthat this issue has dragged on for a half century and remained unresolved precisely is the result of intervention by foreign forces including the united states .\r\nall this has fed lee teng - hui [ li teng - hui ] and pro - taiwan independence forces ' arrogance of splitting the motherland and constituted a major root of tensions in the taiwan strait .\r\nin the meantime , however , china cannot but get well - prepared for settling the taiwan issue in a non - peaceful way .\r\nthe chinese government and people have all along been uncompromising and lived up to their word on such major issues of principle as defending state sovereignty and territorial integrity .\r\nthe us government 's professing of rejection of the use of force or threat of force against taiwan is just like a war monger reciting \" peace scriptures . \"\r\nthe united states has showed off its military prowess around the world and has at every turn used force or threatened to use force , playing the bully and interfering in the internal affairs of other countries .\r\nlast year it unleashed violent strikes in kosovo , wantonly and indiscriminately bombing the federal republic of yugoslavia for more than 70 days .\r\nthe common people of iraq may become victims of us warplanes practically any day .\r\nat a time when there is a possibility that china would use force to defend its state sovereignty and territorial integrity , under circumstances essentially different from those when the united states resorts to force , the united states has come out to obstruct unreasonably , making its hegemonist features all too clear .\r\nthe taiwan issue is an internal affair of china ; if the united states insists on intervening in it , sino - us relations certainly will suffer a serious setback and the chinese government and people will have to steel themselves to take on the united states right to the end .\r\nin bringing about reunification of the motherland lie the chinese nation 's overall interests , major principle , and cardinal principles of righteousness .\r\nmr. sun yat - sen [ sun zhongshan ] once said : \" unification is the hope for all the people of china .\r\nif we can unify , the whole nation will live in ease and comfort ; if we cannot , the whole nation will live in misery . \"\r\nno force on earth can stop the chinese people from accomplishing the great cause of reunifying their motherland and they will surely achieve the magnificent goal of bringing about national reunification .\r\nby adhering to the principle of \" persistently building both material and spiritual civilizations and attaching equal importance to both , \" zhangjiagang city has launched extensively various activities of building the spiritual civilization , and remarkable success has achieved in this regard .\r\nin zhangjiagang on 23 february , li peng listened to the work reports on jiangsu province , suzhou city , and zhangjiagang city , and held a forum to discuss with the responsible comrades in the province and cities on the situation of implementing the \" three stresses \" education .\r\nhe first explained in an all - round way the necessity , importance , and urgency of the \" three stresses \" education .\r\nli peng pointed out : it is necessary to implement in an all - round way the demands of the central authorities regarding the implementation of the \" three stresses \" education in counties ( cities ) , and resolve the outstanding problems existing in the party character and party style .\r\ncomrade jiang zemin said : \" the three stresses on learning , politics , and healthy trends are closely linked and mutually unified , and the core lies in the stress of politics . \"\r\nit is necessary to formulate plans and measures of rectification and reform , and make conscientious efforts to implement various measures of rectification and reform .\r\nrectification and reform should not be postponed and conducted at the last stage , instead , it is necessary to closely integrate rectification and reform with the reality of the work , learning while conducting reforms , and rectifying while conducting reforms .\r\nfrom 22 to 25 february , accompanied by hui liangyu , secretary of the jiangsu provincial cpc committee , chen huanyou , chairman of the jiangsu provincial people 's congress standing committee , and governor ji yunshi , li peng successively went to jiangyang , zhangjiagang , and wuxi cities to conduct inspections .\r\nhe went deeply into enterprises and rural areas to understand the development situation , and listen to opinions and suggestions .\r\nli peng pointed out : after more than 20 years of engaging in the reform and opening up , various localities throughout the country have made considerable progress of different degrees in terms of the economic level .\r\nthis is an issue concerned with by the party central committee and the people throughout the nation , and one of the important topics on the agenda of the upcoming third session of the ninth npc .\r\nin jiangyang city 's huaxi village , li peng learned about the current economic development situation in this village , and talked cordially with the villagers at their homes .\r\nit is necessary to continue consolidating agriculture 's place of being the basis , and seize favorable opportunities to accelerate the agricultural structural adjustment by closely centering around the issue of increasing peasants ' revenues .\r\nli peng fully affirmed jiangsu 's achievements made in the recent years in such aspects as water conservancy , communications , other infrastructural constructions , environmental protection , and the building of spiritual civilization .\r\nhe said : the third session of the ninth npc is a great event of the political life in china at the turn of the century .\r\nif a country 's sovereignty and territorial integrity are infringed upon or carved up , its fate will only be trampled upon at will by others and it will be bullied and humiliated by others .\r\nthis was the most heartfelt lesson for the chinese nation in modern history since the opium war .\r\njiang dianming pointed out : history has repeatedly proven that the stand of the cpc and the chinese government on adhering to the principle of one china will never change .\r\nduring that period , the chinese government repeatedly asked the united nations to change this illegitimate and unreasonable situation and restore the legitimate rights of prc in the united nations .\r\nin recent years , lee teng - hui [ li teng - hui ] has constantly advocated \" two chinas \" and other fallacies and openly carried out splitting activities .\r\nchoosing \" taiwan independence \" means choosing war and undermining the principle of one china and will endanger the prospect of peaceful reunification .\r\nwe hope and believe the broad masses of compatriots in taiwan can see through the untruthful lies of politicians , who advocate \" taiwan independence , \" distinguish between right and wrong , and make their wise choice .\r\nwei jianxing pointed out : the party central committee attaches great importance to making the \" three stresses \" education a success .\r\nduring his stay in jinzhou city , wei jianxing conducted an investigation and study on the work of improving the party style , building a clean and honest government and combating corruption .\r\nwei jianxing held a discussion with the township ( town ) leading cadres of beining city and listened to their views on how to improve the party style and promote ethical integrity in the leading groups of township ( town ) party committees and among township ( town ) leading cadres .\r\ngenerally speaking , the great majority of township ( town ) leading cadres are good , diligent , honest in performing official duties and working hard regardless of criticism ; and they have made important contributions to the development of the various rural undertakings .\r\nfor this reason , while we are focusing on improving the party style and the ethical integrity among the leading cadres at and above the county ( department ) level , we must also seriously solve the conspicuous problems existing among the grassroots cadres , particularly the township ( town ) leading cadres .\r\nhe called on the township ( town ) leading cadres to strictly exercise self - discipline , work diligently for the people , and make new contributions to building a new countryside .\r\nduring those inspection tours and meetings , he was accompanied separately by wen shizhen , secretary of the liaoning provincial party committee ; zhang guoguang , governor of liaoning province ; sun chunlan , deputy secretary of the provincial party committee ; and wang weizong and wang dongming , members of the standing committee of the provincial party committee .\r\nbeijing , 26 feb ( xinhua ) - - in answering a question raised by a reporter here today , foreign ministry spokesman zhu bangzao refuted the accusation on the human rights situation in china made in the 1999 \" human rights report \" by the us state department .\r\nzhu bangzao answered : the chinese government has consistently respected the universal principles on human rights and actively worked to promote and protect the human rights and fundamental freedom of the people in line with the national conditions of china .\r\nafter long - term and unremitting efforts , the human rights and basic freedom enjoyed by the chinese people have been upgraded to an unprecedented historical level . this is a fact known to all .\r\nto such an action of the united states , china expresses its strong displeasure and firm opposition [ qiang lie bu man he jian jue fan dui 1730 3525 0008 3341 0735 1017 0414 0646 1417 ] .\r\nhe then pointed out : shifang city has advanced in the van of the province in some work of economic and social development these years . in conducting the \" three stresses \" education , attention should be paid first to overcoming \" complacency and then to persisting in setting high and strict demands on oneself .\r\nit is necessary to use the experiences of provinces and ministries in carrying out \" three stresses \" education as reference and to work creatively according to the realities of the city .\r\nwhile visiting the qingquan group in sichuan , an enterprise practicing the cooperative shares system , he learned of the beneficial results achieved by the enterprise by changing to the production of miscellaneous goods , such as curtain and clothes rods ; he gladly said : miscellaneous goods can also take over a big market .\r\nat lingquan village under shifang city 's yuanshi town , hu jintao enthusiastically heard peasant li shugui 's briefing on how his family had become rich by raising chickens in a scientific way and spurred other people nearby to do the same .\r\nhu jintao said to the cadres on the scene : this proves that when we help peasants enhance their awareness of the market , grasp and apply science and technology , and readjust the agricultural structure , they will be able to get into a position with broad prospects .\r\nat chengdu 's pioneer garden set up by returned personnel who had studied abroad , hu jintao attentively acquainted himself with the situation in which such personnel had started undertakings ; he viewed the achievements on display and asked them what other assistance they still needed from the government .\r\nhe stressed once again : economic development cannot be made without science and technology , and new and high - tech industries cannot develop without talented people .\r\nshortly before the end of his inspection , hu jintao heard the work briefings by the sichuan provincial cpc committee and the provincial government and made a speech .\r\nthe whole party should fully understand the economic and political as well as the immediate and long - term significance of this policy decision .\r\nin conclusion , hu jintao pointed out : sichuan is now faced with a new situation and new opportunities in development , and leading bodies and leading cadres at various levels are also confronted with new , arduous tasks and rigorous tests .\r\nwe should profoundly grasp these remarks and conscientiously carry them out .\r\nthe standing committee has also examined the draft legislation law .\r\nin line with the needs continuously emerged from the course of development of reform , opening up , and modernization drive , the npc and its standing committee revised laws with good timing , thus making the laws better fit into the objective reality and play a stronger role in setting up norms for social life .\r\nthe other characteristic of the legislative work of the npc standing committee in the past year was to bring the explanations of laws into the agenda of the standing committee meetings .\r\nbesides explaining the regulations related to the basic law of the hong kong special administrative region , the npc standing committee also examined the draft explanation related to the criminal law .\r\nover the past year or so , the leading cadres above the navy 's division level presented more than 300 theses in connection with the topic research , of which all were exchanged at the cadre theoretical study classes or in the study of the central teams of the party committees .\r\nthe move to introduce theoretical study topics and genuinely integrate theory with practice has vigorously promoted nnvy building in an all - round way .\r\nbeijing , 27 february ( xinhua ) - - the eighth session of the standing committee of the national committee of the ninth chinese people 's political consultative conference (cppcc) has adopted a decision on revising parts of the constitution of the cppcc .\r\nbeijing , 27 february ( xinhua ) - - the eighth standing committee meeting of the ninth national committee of the chinese people 's political consultative conference [ cppcc ] was held today in beijing .\r\nli ruihuan , standing committee member of the central political bureau and chairman of the cppcc national committee , attended the meeting .\r\nye xuanping , vice chairman of the cppcc national committee , chaired the meeting this morning .\r\nthe meeting first approved the agenda of the standing committee meeting ; the decision on convening the third session of the ninth cppcc national committee ; the decision on revising the regulations of the cppcc national committee ; and the decision on resuming making a report on the motions work at the opening meeting of the cppcc plenary session .\r\nbefore the meeting began , attendees of the meeting expressed profound condolences to hou jie , a standing committee member who passed away after the seventh standing committee .\r\ni hope that all of you can conscientiously fulfill your duties , stick to principles , improve work systems , remain clean and self - disciplined , and work hard to fulfill the glorious tasks entrusted by the party central committee with a highly developed sense of political responsibility and mission .\r\nwu bangguo noted : under the leadership of the party central committee with comrade jiang zemin at the core and thanks to the unremitting efforts of the whole party , the entire country , and the vast numbers of enterprise cadres and workers , the reform and development of state enterprises have attained remarkable results .\r\nthroughout the country , 26 provinces , autonomous regions , and municipalities have attained better economic results than they did last year .\r\nsecondly , the \" decision \" of the fourth plenary session of the 15 th cpc central committee has further unified the thinking of the whole party .\r\nwe should constantly improve the work contents and the activity forms of party organizations in enterprises , and explore better ways and methods for giving play to their role as a political core .\r\nthe building of a sound party work style and a clean administration in state enterprises should be closely combined with the work of investigating and handling major and serious cases , and should run through all management systems of an enterprise .\r\nstrengthening the effective supervision of state enterprises and ensuring that the value of state assets is preserved and increased is a major content of the establishment of a modern enterprise system , and also a realistic issue that we are facing today .\r\nthe present year is the final year for the fulfillment of the three - year target for the reform and the difficulty - relief work of state enterprises , stressed wu bangguo .\r\nthe fulfillment of this target is the essential among essentials in this year 's economic work .\r\nthe key state enterprises directly under the control of the central authorities are the vanguards of state enterprises , and a major pillar of the state economy .\r\nthis is not just an economic issue , but a major political issue as well .\r\nsecondly , we should quicken the pace of structural readjustment and the restructuring of enterprises .\r\nkey state enterprises should take an active part in the large - scale development of the country 's western region , and make due contribution to the development of the western region .\r\nthird , we should take active steps to promote the building of a modern enterprise system .\r\nit is important to standardize the policy - making procedure of enterprises , and enhance their level of making scientific policy decisions .\r\nfourth , we should take earnest steps to ensure the stability of enterprises , and see to a successful fulfillment of the target of \" two ensures . \"\r\nwe should give full rein to the role of grass - roots party branches as a powerful fighting force , and to the exemplary vanguard role of party members .\r\nleading cadres are required to set an example with their own conduct ; and take the initiative to show concern for , and to help resolve , the practical problems that are currently faced by workers living in straitened circumstances and by retired personnel .\r\nwu bangguo also urged the cwce to work hard and turn itself into a work organ which is honest and diligent in performing its official duties , aims to attain tangible results with a high efficiency , and dares to forge ahead in a pioneering spirit ; and which is trusted by the central authorities and welcomed by enterprises .\r\npublic opinion generally maintained : it stands to reason that the white paper was released prior to taiwan 's general election , which will be held in mid - march this year .\r\nencouraged by the united states , lee teng - hui [ li denghui ] dished up the \" two - state theory \" in support of \" taiwan independence \" in a flagrant way and in an attempt to separate taiwan from china forever .\r\nfollowing beijing 's fierce criticism , the \" two - state theory , \" however , finds it difficult to go anywhere in the international arena , and lee teng - hui was forced to slightly restrain his \" overt independence \" activities .\r\nhowever , he still firmly upholds the \" two - state theory . \" one of lee teng - hui 's trusted followers once said with confidence that communist china will have no excuse to use force if we do not include the \" two - state \" theory in the constitution or declare \" taiwan independence . \"\r\nunder such circumstances , it is imperative for the chinese government to reiterate the \" one - china \" principle and the policy of \" peaceful reunification , \" to redefine the three prerequisites for using force for reunification , and to give a direct sharp warning to relevant figures in taiwan .\r\nif one has a real understanding of the white paper , he should find that the theme of the white paper is still the \" one china \" principle and that beijing 's policy toward taiwan is still \" peaceful reunification \" and \" one country , two systems . \"\r\nthe central committees of eight democratic parties and the all - china association of industry and commerce made 63 proposals , and subcommittees put forward 26 .\r\nas of 20 february 2000 , 3,004 proposals had been handled , and replies given to their respective sponsors , accounting for 96.3 percent of the total number of proposals made .\r\naccording to briefings , under the leadership of the standing committee of the cppcc national committee , various special committees have given priority to studying and investigating actual conditions and setting forth their views with the focus on the central tasks and striven to raise the level of their research on special topics .\r\nbesides , the cultural and historical data committee and the foreign affairs committee have also done a lot of work within the limits of their functions .\r\nthe main tasks include beautifying the living environment , maintaining public order , enriching people 's cultural and sports life , disseminating scientific knowledge , promoting community service , and cementing closer interpersonal ties .\r\nliu yunshan emphasized the need to grasp two key points in work . the first task is to develop community services .\r\nefforts should be made to extensively launch a rich variety of cultural and sports activities and promotions of scientific knowledge that are convenient to the masses . the people should be guided to make conscious efforts to change their old customs and habits and foster healthy and civilized habits .\r\nliu yunshan emphasized the need to do a good job in building three contingents .\r\nin the building of these contingents , special attention should be paid to bringing into play the role of retired party members , cadres , teachers and workers as well as old labor models in conducting ideological education .\r\ngarrison units should be encouraged to share their cultural and sports grounds and facilities with members of the public while stepping up the building of community facilities .\r\nthird , persistence in making joint efforts to grasp problems and exercise management .\r\nthe role of relevant functional departments should be brought into full play and the enthusiasm of all quarters should be aroused in order to produce a combined force through their coordination and cooperation .\r\nfourth , increased media publicity .\r\nefforts should be made to promptly report on the progress of activities , introduce advanced experience , and increase the intensity of media supervision .\r\nhu zhenmin , deputy director of the general office of the central guidance committee of spiritual civilization construction , chaired the conference .\r\nit goes without saying that in this wide , wide world , every country has its particular problems and circumstances . if the united states wants to publish a \" human rights report , \" it should do so about its own domestic conditions .\r\nwhat is strange about the us \" human rights report \" is that it is preceded by the word \" global . \" in other words , the united states wants to judge and criticize the human rights conditions of every other country in the world and even lecture and chide a given country for its human rights conditions .\r\nmore importantly , all those accusations by the us state department are pure fabrications and pure nonsense . on no account do they reflect hong kong 's real situation , where human rights and rule of law have been well protected since its reversion . those accusations can only show americans ' blind arrogance and ignorance .\r\nand , the first spring of the new millennium was especially warm and invigorating to shenzhen 's high - and new - technology industries .\r\nthe general secretary 's caring attitude , sincere teachings , and warm encouragement greatly encouraged and stimulated shenzhen and shenzhen 's high - and new - technology industries .\r\nseveral thousand zhongxing employees were expecting an important guest .\r\nwith smiles on his face , general secretary jiang cordially said to the microphone : \" how are you , comrades !\r\nthe accompanying mayor of shenzhen , li zibin , mentioned : \" this came from the company headquarters 20 km away . \"\r\nupon learning this , general secretary jiang nodded his head to show his appreciation .\r\nafter inquiring about the enterprise 's operation and management in a detailed manner , general secretary jiang expressed his support for the company 's proposal to conduct stock futures pilot projects within the enterprise .\r\nthere is , hou weigui reported , fierce competition for qualified personnel , the principal resource for a high - tech enterprise , without which we would have nothing , and consequently the greatest challenge presented by china 's joining of the wto to us will be competition for qualified personnel .\r\non his way to inspection spots , general secretary jiang mentioned to accompanying leaders that those engaged in processing and assembling were also working in high - tech areas and should , according to personnel requirements different from the past , also be \" high - tech \" workers .\r\nin front of the zhongxing communications company 's mobile communication stall , general secretary jiang picked up a zhongxing 189 dual - band mobile telephone characterized by autonomous intellectual property rights ; he examined the telephone carefully and inquired about its performance and structure in a detailed manner .\r\ngeneral secretary jiang said : \" as the development of mobile telephones is rather rapid , it is necessary to master core technologies such as chip technology as soon as possible . \"\r\narriving at the integrated circuit stall , general secretary jiang picked up a special 0.35 - millimeter integrated circuit chip developed by the company independently , carefully examined the chip , and inquired about its sale and prices on markets at home and abroad in a detailed manner .\r\npresident hou weigui of the company said : \" the cost of producing a sdh single board on the basis of using the chip developed by ourselves is less than $ 100 , but the cost will reach more than $ 2,000 if an imported chip is used .\r\nby mastering the development and designing of chips , we will be able to cut costs significantly . \"\r\nthis machine of yours , general secretary jiang said very happily , is a robot , and it is wonderful that you have been able to export automated equipment designed by yourselves .\r\nat the huawei technology company , ltd. , base in tian , general secretary jiang excitedly viewed a modernized production line based on equipment characterized by autonomous intellectual property rights .\r\nchairman zeng peiyan of the state planning commission mentioned that our country was now proceeding with the transformation of rural power grids .\r\nafter entering into the modern electronic home office demonstration area , general secretary jiang happily invited accompanying provincial and municipal leaders to sit down .\r\nthe company 's sales , wang zhirong reported , totaled less than 200 million yuan in 1988 but reached 700 million yuan in 1994 , and now the company 's assets total 3.66 billion yuan rmb , with last year 's sales revenues and net profits representing increases of 430 percent and 590 percent , respectively , over 1994 .\r\nthe growth of kaifa science and technology illustrated the development of shenzhen 's high - and new - technology industries in microcosm .\r\nat zhongxing communications , hou weigui reported to the general secretary on the company 's ownership reform , operational and management reform , and internationalization development since the company 's inception in a detailed manner .\r\nat 9:10 am on the 22 nd , general secretary jiang came to the taiwan - invested fushikang enterprise group at longhua township , baoan district . he made a drive - through inspection of the fushikang 21 st - century information science , technology , and industry park which occupied 106 square km of land .\r\ngeneral secretary jiang was very happy to see flowers everywhere , large numbers of trees , the orderly production areas , and the quiet and comfortable living areas in the park .\r\nhe encouraged fushikang to further expand the investment in shenzhen . if there is an investment project and plan , it is necessary to diligently pursue implementation , he said .\r\nbut the propaganda department has warned some of these providers for carrying foreign media reports .\r\nthe authorities said that it relayed last year some reports from the media in hong kong , taiwan , and overseas .\r\nthe reports were reprinted or relayed by more than 10 traditional media outlets and websites in the mainland , thus causing a negative social impacts .\r\ninternet chinese hotmail told this newspaper that it has never received from the government 's press administration any documents concerning internet news regulations .\r\nit was learned that the press and publications administration recently published the names of more than 10 publications that had been suspended for deviating public opinion orientation and other reasons .\r\nhow should we gain a correct understanding of the issue ?\r\nhow can we reap the benefits while avoiding the pitfalls ? 1 .\r\nthe pros and cons and gains and losses in wto accession joining the wto is an inherent demand of deepening the reforms , expanding our opening up to the world , and building socialist market economy in china , and the demand of our economic development .\r\nafter joining the wto , china must carry out its obligations under wto rules and gradually open its domestic market ; this will further improve the investment environment for foreign companies and strengthen the attraction of our market for those companies , and this will help to bring in more foreign capital , technology , and management experience .\r\nit will benefit the effort to speed up our industrial restructuring and optimization .\r\nwto accession will create a favorable international environment for carrying out this strategic task .\r\nit will benefit us in continuing to deepen the reforms of china 's economic setup .\r\nthe goal of reforming our economic setup is to build a socialist market economy setup , and its basic demand is to fully exploit the market competition mechanism .\r\nit will benefit china in participating in the process of economic globalization .\r\nin order to suit the new situation of economic globalization , we need to seek the guarantee of a stable , transparent , and predictable multilateral trade mechanism , so that we can do still better at reaping the benefits and avoiding the pitfalls and protect and strengthen ourselves in the process of economic globalization .\r\nin joining the wto , china and the other members must strictly act in accordance with the international rules and mutually open up the markets .\r\nthis will benefit china in fully participating in international competition and cooperation and in fully exploiting our relative strong points .\r\nat the same time , joining the wto will also benefit china in engaging in broad cooperation with multinational companies , in importing their funds , technology , and management experience , and in using their sales channels and networks to expand our exports .\r\nof course , in joining the wto , we will both enjoy the legitimate rights and also undertake corresponding obligations , which will inevitably pose a certain degree of pressure and challenge for us .\r\nfirst of all , further opening up markets will cause certain products , enterprises , and industries to face intense competition .\r\nin opening up our market in the past , china made its own decisions on permitting market entry , reducing tariffs , and abolishing nontariff measures in accordance with the demands of economic development and the process of economic system reforms .\r\nthird , the adjudication in resolving multilateral disputes may have unfavorable consequences for us .\r\ntake a dialectical view of the pros and cons and gains and losses how should we view the pros and cons and gains and losses in china 's wto accession ?\r\nwe must view this problem in an all - round , developmental , and dialectical way ; we must stand at the overall and strategic level of reform , opening up , economic development , and modernization to analyze the pros and cons and gains and losses of china 's wto accession .\r\nwe must look at single industries and the whole of industry ; we must look at the present and also at the long term .\r\nin analyzing the pros and cons and gains and losses of china 's wto accession , we cannot just look at one or a few industries but should focus on our entire economic development .\r\nwto accession , however , will also hit and pressurize some domestic industries to a certain extent , such as grain in agriculture , the automobile industry , and banking and insurance in the service trades ; all these will face competition pressure from the developed countries .\r\nfrom the angle of industry as a whole , wto accession will bring china 's industry more opportunities than blows , and the majority of our industries will gain more development opportunities .\r\nwto accession is not only of positive significance for economic growth in the short term but will also have a far - reaching impact on economic development in the long term .\r\nwe must also take a dialectical view of the pros and cons and gains and losses in joining the wto .\r\nmeet the challenges , promote the prose and eliminate the cons wto accession is both an opportunity and a challenge for china , and we must seize the opportunity and meet the challenge .\r\nwe must unify our thinking , take precautions against a rainy day , work hard , and do a good job of making full preparations in all respects .\r\nenhance understanding and unify thinking .\r\nwto accession is a major event in the process of china 's reform , opening up , and modernization , which will have a far - reaching impact on our economic development in the new century .\r\nall levels in the country , especially the cadres at all levels , must fully understand the strategic significance of joining the wto , and be mentally prepared for the pressure and challenges that it may bring .\r\nall trades and sectors must study and propose targeted and practical measures in light of the wto demands and our commitments , so as to meet the wto pressure and challenges .\r\nin accordance with the provisions of the wto \" accord on agricultural produce , \" we should rationally protect our domestic agricultural production and guard against and lighten the blows from agricultural imports .\r\nwe must speed up the establishment of a complete agricultural produce quality standards setup , perfect the plant and animal disease prevention standards , and strengthen the monitoring and inspection of diseases in china and abroad .\r\nwe must deepen the enterprise reforms , and build an enterprise management system and operational mechanism that meet the demands of socialist market economy , so that the enterprises will become legal entities and main players in market competition , making their own decisions on operations and taking responsibility for their own profit and loss .\r\nwe should speed up the strategic reorganization of the enterprises , form a rational economic scale , and develop a number of powerful large enterprises and consortia .\r\nwe must strengthen management , adopt modern management technique , methods , and measures , and strengthen production cost , fund , and quality controls .\r\nat the same time , we must make rational use of the trade remedial measures permitted by the wto , such as emergency import guarantee measures and antidumping measures , to ensure the healthy and steady development of industries related to china 's economic security and major interests .\r\nat the same time , in accordance with chinese law , we must strictly enforce the examination and approval system and strengthen supervision and control of the service trades .\r\nfourth , strengthen the control of cultural products .\r\nat the same time , we must strictly enforce examination and approval of the import of foreign cultural products , to prevent the intrusion of unhealthy culture .\r\nmany of the contents of the wto behavior regulations and its operational mechanisms are new to us , and we can only meet the wto 's demands by changing our concepts and mechanisms .\r\ngoverning the country according to law is the basic principle for the party in leading the people to govern the country .\r\nwe must ensure that there are laws to follow , that those who violate them are prosecuted , and that laws are strictly enforced , and comprehensively raise the level of law enforcement .\r\nat the same time we must vigorously train domestic enterprise managers , to ensure that they will become familiar with international trade regulations as soon as possible and enhance their ability to develop the international market .\r\nobservers point out : the essential difference between the readjustment to be made now and that in the past lies in the fact that a market - oriented strategy for the current readjustment has been clearly set forth .\r\nmeanwhile , people who generally live a relatively comfortable life are no longer satisfied only with enough to eat and enough to wear , and they now make higher demands on the quality of agricultural products .\r\nas china 's accession to the world trade organization [ wto ] is approaching , china has for the first time felt the pressure of the international market agriculturally .\r\nto solve the problem of surplus labor in rural areas , the government advocates making vigorous efforts to develop village and town enterprises as well as small cities and towns .\r\neconomists believe that this is conducive not only to the diversion of rural surplus labor and an increase in peasants ' incomes but also to bringing about the growth of demand for investment and consumption and promoting the sustained , rapid , and healthy development of the national economy .\r\nexperts forecast that china 's population will increase to 1.6 billion in the next 30 years and that it will need to increase its grain production by 30 percent if per capital annual consumption of grain is 400 kilograms .\r\ntherefore , the chinese government has required all localities to do everything possible to maintain their grain - producing ability in order to meet any possible emergency when necessary .\r\nbeijing , 28 feb ( xinhua ) - - to rapidly and correctly investigate cases of dereliction of duty , we need the vigorous cooperation and close coordination of all departments concerned .\r\nsome producers of audio - visual products can hardly subsist by merely counting on their main business , and markets selling non - pirated audio - visual products are withering .\r\nthat was a statement made by minister of culture sun jiazheng at the 14 th session of the ninth national people 's congress [ npc ] standing committee today [ 28 february ] .\r\nin view of the problems in the chinese markets of cultural goods , the npc standing committee met today to hear a special report prepared by the ministry of culture on the management of the markets of cultural goods .\r\nsun jiazheng said : pirated audio - visual products come primarily from three sources : 1 ) they are smuggled into the country from the outside .\r\n2 ) second , they are produced by the underground producers at home .\r\n3 ) they are products produced by legitimate producers that have succumbed to the onslaught of pirated products and to the temptation of high profits .\r\nsun jiazheng analyzed : the main causes of the chinese markets being replete with pirated audio - visual products are as follows : - - consumers ' growing needs and the inadequate supply of legitimate products have created an enormous capacity for pirated audio - visual products .\r\nsome consumers buy pirated goods because they are inexpensive . it is hard for them to reject pirated goods voluntarily .\r\nthis being the case , it is difficult to create a force that can eliminate pirated audio - visual products from all sides .\r\n- - inefficient management and difficulty in enforcing the law .\r\nwith respect to management , it is still multilateral , especially in local areas .\r\ndifferent departments have different policies , which crisscross with each other laterally and vertically . in actual operations , certain illegal elements , harbored by administrators , are not punished . some administrators , under constant retaliation and threat , dare not handle the problem seriously .\r\nall relevant departments - - the ministry of culture , the ministry of public security , the state administration of industry and commerce , the state press and publications administration , the national working group for wiping out pornography and pirated goods - - must work to address the problem together .\r\nwe must energetically compress and consolidate the areas that sell audio - visual products , and strictly crack down on unlicensed stalls and roving sellers .\r\nthe ministry of culture issued a notice in march 1999 on compressing and consolidating the nation 's 162 sites , each had at least 10 stores that sold audio - visual products . efforts are being made to cut the number in half by the end of this year . 3 .\r\nwe must continue to improve all administrative measures , streamline the administrative system , and tighten day - to - day market controls . 5 .\r\na sound coordination is required as concerns the concrete work arrangements of the supervision .\r\nat the same time , they stressed the need to have a proper understanding of problems exposed in the customs ranks and to promote clean administration and combat corruption in a deepgoing manner .\r\nin this connection , these reporters interviewed qian guanlin , director of the general administration of customs [ gac ] .\r\nqian guanlin gave us a brief introduction to the development of the customs ranks since the national anti - smuggling work conference in july 1998 .\r\nthe customs departments will comprehensively strengthen the development of the customs ranks by laying stress on the arrangement of three anti - corruption work as determined by the central authorities .\r\nfirst , to \" put the customs under strict administration , \" we must start with putting the officials under strict administration and strengthening the administration of and supervision over leading cadres .\r\nsecond , we will center on the proper handling of our relationship with the objects of our work to conduct deepgoing education and rectification and conscientiously check unhealthy tendencies in the profession .\r\nsuch malpractices will be strictly dealt with as soon as detected and there shall be absolutely no leeway for \" offsetting faults against merits \" or \" giving the offender a second chance . \"\r\nanyone found violating the \" rules for clean administration by the customs \" shall be severely punished in accordance with the maximum penalty .\r\nat the same time , he pointed out , the main problems facing china 's economy were the problems of insufficient social demand and supply , conspicuous contradictions in the irrational economic structure , slowing down in the growth of farmers ' income , and increasing pressure on labor employment .\r\nthe quality of economic operation has further improved .\r\nthe volume of losses suffered by loss - making industrial enterprises with a certain operation scale dropped by 15.2 percent .\r\noverall investment in fixed assets has continued to maintain a growth momentum .\r\nin 1999 social investment in fixed assets increased by 5.2 percent from the previous year , of which investment in the state - owned economy and other types of economic sectors was up 6.1 percent .\r\nin foreign trade , the export sector has picked up .\r\nin 1999 , total volume of exports amounted to $ 194.9 billion , up 6.1 percent from the previous or a noticeably better improvement than expected at the beginning of the year .\r\nin the first half of 1999 , market sales were relatively dull .\r\ntotal sales volume of social consumer goods throughout the year increased by 6.8 percent from the previous year , of which the increased figure in the last quarter alone was 8 percent .\r\nalthough the growth rate in 1999 as a whole could not be considered high , the market had begun to show a level of activism in dynamic terms .\r\nparticularly the successful experimental flight of the \" shenzhou \" spaceship marked that china 's manned spaceflight cause had made an important step .\r\nthe \" regulations \" consist of 13 chapters with 92 articles .\r\nthe \" regulations \" point out : education programs run by army academies and schools are an important component part of the state 's education undertaking , and the basic means for the training of military professionals .\r\nthese \" regulations \" took effect on the day of promulgation .\r\nthe status of water resources has been a key factor restricting western development .\r\nthe west particularly northwest china is rich in land resources , but plagued by fragile ecological environment such as the scarcity of water resources and worsening and soil erosion problems .\r\ntherefore , water resources are the resources with most strategic significance of this region and their optimal development and utilization is significant in carrying out western development strategy .\r\nfourthly , proceeding from a long - term point of view and consideration of overall situation , carry out cross - region and cross - valley water transfer . these four aspects come to a conclusion of handling well optimal allocation of water resources and making effort in improving level of scientific utilization of water resources .\r\ndue to unawareness of effective allocation and scientific utilization of water resources , ecological environment was destroyed by good intentions in making wrong things , from which a lesson must be drawn in the development of water resources in western china .\r\nunrealistic enlargement of irrigation area of talimu ( tarim ) water upstream has caused excessive use of water , made the river shorten for several hundred kilometers , caused almost one - third of poplars to die , and worsened desertification on the lower reaches of the river , wang shucheng said .\r\nthe ascension of the groundwater level of the upstream has also caused salinization or alkalinization of soil .\r\nsome similar examples can be found in western china .\r\nevery province , municipality , and region will be allocated certain projects in line with special emphasis on local condition .\r\nbeijing , 28 feb ( xinhua ) - - this afternoon , lt. gen. xiong guangkai , deputy chief of general staff of the chinese people 's liberation army [ pla ] , met here with adm. dennis blair , commander - in - chief of the pacific command of the us armed forces .\r\nprior to this , vice adm. shi yunsheng , commander of the navy , met with blair and his delegation .\r\nblair 's delegation arrived in beijing yesterday afternoon for a visit at the invitation of the chinese pla general staff department .\r\nafterward , the vice presidents signed such responsibility letters with the top leaders of the courts , departments , bureaus , and offices under their jurisdiction .\r\nmeanwhile , disciplinary penalties should be imposed on those leaders who seriously practice bureaucracy , who neglect the duty of supervising personnel , and who are directly responsible for poor management .\r\nlax discipline and the failure to make the enforcement of laws known to the public are major enemies affecting the construction of the contingent of cadres . only by so doing will leading cadres not lag behind others and be ever victorious in the course of advancement .\r\nunder strict management and strict supervision , we will be able to forcefully carry forward justice , to vigorously check unhealthy trends , and to completely change the mental outlook of the contingent of judges .\r\nit has been learned that , in the speech , jiang zemin again reiterated the following important principles : - - he stressed holding cross - strait talks on an equal basis under the one - china principle and did not mention \" talks between the central and local authorities . \"\r\n- - after reunification , taiwan does not need to be subjected to the cpc 's leadership , and the cpc will not develop its organizations in taiwan .\r\nthe white paper fully shows the sense of urgency and mission china has in resolving the taiwan issue .\r\non no account must china allow the \" taiwan independence \" forces to do whatever they like on the island .\r\nif the one - china principle is scrapped and taiwan is even separated from china in whatever means and with whatever forms , this will lead the two sides of the strait to the abyss of war .\r\nthis us strategy serves its global strategy designed to control the european and asian continents , prevent the rise of powers that can sit as equals at the same table with the us , and safeguard its global hegemony .\r\nhence , with this hegemonist strategy and desire , the us views the increasingly powerful china as a major hidden strategic opponent .\r\nthe actions taken by the us and japan may possibly spark a confrontation between big powers in east asia and will thus endanger peace in the asia - pacific region and the world at large .\r\nafter the us department of defense issued a report on military strength in the taiwan strait at the beginning of last year , the us has noticeably increased arms sales to taiwan with a clearer objective in mind and intensified technical upgrades of weapons sold to taiwan .\r\nit has not only improved the after - sale service of the f-16 fighters but also insisted on selling early warning systems to taiwan in disregard of china 's strong opposition . moreover , it considered selling and transferring aegis destroyers , \" patriot \" - iii missiles and technologies relating to the tmd [ theatrical missile defense ] .\r\nthe chinese government has never compromised in the slightest degree on the major issue of the principle of safeguarding national sovereignty and territorial integrity and china means what it says in this regard .\r\nto safeguard national security and achieve the motherland 's reunification , china must speed up the pace of national defense modernization and continuously enhance its military strength .\r\nthe purpose for china to strengthen its military strength is for self - defense . this is conducive to peace and stability in the asia - pacific region and peace in the world .\r\ngdp rose by 7.1 percent , which exceeded the expectations at the beginning of the year .\r\nforeign exchange reserves totaled $ 154.7 billion , and tax revenue broke through 1 trillion yuan ; both figures were records .\r\nnational people 's congress [ npc ] deputy yao zhenyan said that expanding domestic demand and practicing a positive fiscal policy and corresponding monetary policy have played a key role in these achievements .\r\nthis happened to be the year of the 50 th anniversary of the founding of the prc and the reversion of macao , and we were also facing imminent entry to the wto , thus further embroiling us in the opportunities and challenges of world economy .\r\nat that time , the stock market , termed the barometer of the national economy , was sagging .\r\nin 1998 the newly issued state bonds were mainly used in infrastructure construction , but in 1999 some of them were used as discount payments on enterprise technology loans , to encourage the enterprises to update their technology and plant and increase hi - tech input .\r\naccording to calculations , 9 billion worth of fiscal discounting can draw forth about 180 billion worth of investment in technical improvements .\r\nthird , in developing the economy , we have persisted in adopting the guideline of expanding domestic demand , and there is no contradiction between this and expanding our opening up to the world and fully exploiting both domestic and foreign markets and resources .\r\nthe tax rebate on exports was raised in january and again in july , with the result that the overall rebate rate on export commodities exceeded 15 percent ; the progress of rebate was also speeded up , and a total of 62.5 billion yuan in rebate was dealt with .\r\nin april the ministry of finance readjusted the policy regarding tax on imported plant , thus appropriately increasing imports , while in addition the customs cracked down hard on smuggling , with the result that the strategy of spurring exports and market diversification through imports achieved its predicted results .\r\nby the end of 1999 , the slide in china 's exports had halted and they were rising ; the increase was 6 percent over the 1998 figure ; this made a valuable contribution to increasing foreign exchange reserves , maintaining the stability of the renminbi , and leading forward economic growth over the whole year .\r\nsome of the deputies gave this evaluation : \" with no duplicate construction , we have done things that we wanted to do for many years . \"\r\nxie ping , a deputy to the ninth npc and director of the research bureau of the people 's bank of china , said that practice has proven that the orientation of the state bond investment set by the central authorities is correct .\r\nthe merit is here now , and the benefits will be long term .\r\nthere was a decline of 84 percent in relatively big danger spots and 90 percent in dangerous gushers .\r\nhe said that the effects of building water conservancy products and taming the river and the lakes are evident .\r\nsuch a change results from the large - scale project to improve the rural power grids which started in the second half of 1998 .\r\nin 1999 china 's economy tasted to the full the vexations of surplus production , and advanced toward new life amid gradual restructuring and technical improvement .\r\nthe sown areas of grain , cotton , and sugar crops were reduced in 1999 , since the storehouses were \" bursting at the seams \" or else there were stockpiles of these crops , and their respective output declined by 1 , 11 , and 10 percent compared with the previous year .\r\nsome peasants learned the lesson of \" increasing output without increasing income , \" and no longer blindly pursued quantity ; instead , they paid attention to market changes , improvement of varieties , and science and technology input , and there was no lack of people whose returns steadily increased as a result .\r\nat the same time , spurred by market forces and supported by bank loans , a number of new - style domestic electrical appliances , computers , mobile phones and so on , with high science and technology content , low energy consumption , and a variety of functions rapidly sprang up , thus further improving market supply .\r\nthe rate of decline of the price level , which has been in negative growth for more than 20 successive months , has gradually lessened as domestic demand is stimulated , and the categories of commodities whose prices are rising is now increasing .\r\nwe believe that so long as we stick to the guideline of expanding domestic demand and practice a positive fiscal policy , china 's economy will certainly be able to enter a virtuous circle as the international economy takes a turn for the better , policies are perfected , reforms are deepened , and systems are replaced .\r\nformulating , amending , and interpreting laws - - legislation more mature , of better quality by the day the formulation of our law on legislation has attracted world attention over the past year .\r\nchina has speeded up its legislative work in recent years .\r\nfollowing two examinations and discussions by the national people 's congress [ npc } standing committee , the draft of the law on legislation will be submitted to the third session of the ninth npc for examination and discussion .\r\nmore than quantity , legislation requires quality .\r\nher request was supported by the state general administration for environmental protection .\r\nms. yao 's experience has proven one fact : the law must ensure that the administrative organs carry out their duties according to law , and also prevent abuse of administrative powers and protect citizens ' rights and interests .\r\nms. yao 's appeal has also proven a fact : only by carrying out administration according to law can functions be correctly exercised and can the masses ' support and cooperation be gained .\r\nprior to the law on administrative review , administrative powers were constrained by a series of laws such as the law on administrative procedure , the law on state compensation , and the law on administrative punishment .\r\nspeaking of carrying out administration according to law , some deputies and committee members held : \" for the government at all levels , administering according to law is the inevitable demand and the best choice . \"\r\nintensify supervision , improve supervision methods , perfect supervision procedure - - supervision yields practical results intensifying supervision has consistently been an issue of concern to the masses .\r\nafter the second session of the ninth npc , standing committee chairman li peng pointed out : assign supervisory work a position of equal importance with legislative work , further intensify supervision , improve supervision methods , perfect the supervision procedure , and attach importance to practical results .\r\nto formulate a law on supervision has been the common call of deputies and committee members in recent years .\r\nthe villagers of bailian village of pandai township of this city were unhappy over the vagueness of the village 's financial accounts , and a meeting of over 600 villagers was held which lawfully dismissed village committee head he guangshou from his post .\r\nma xianzhang , a npc deputy and vice chairman of the henan provincial people 's congress , said : \" nine hundred million of the 1.2 billion people of china live in the rural areas ; this is china 's basic national condition .\r\nwe must attach importance to mobilizing the masses ' initiative and creativity in the process of strengthening the building of grassroots democracy and the legal system . \"\r\nthe revised organic law on village committees sets down in the form of law the \" four democracies , \" that is , democratic elections , decisionmaking , management , and supervision ; apart from giving the villagers the enthusiasm to exercise their democratic rights , it has also given them the legal right to exercise democratic management .\r\nwe are informed that making village affairs public and democratic management have been implemented throughout the country since last year .\r\nwhen the court makes a judgement , it should be enforced , otherwise , where is the fairness ? \"\r\naccording to statistics , from january to october last year , courts throughout the country completed the enforcement of judgments in 1.65 million cases , 31 percent more than in the corresponding period of 1998 ; the price tag for those involved was 143.7 billion yuan .\r\non 10 july 1986 , qian jiadong , ambassador of china 's permanent delegation to the united nations in geneva , presented a note to gatt director - general arthur denker , officially applying for china 's return to gatt ( known as wto after 1995 ) as a signatory power .\r\nafter 1989 , as the western countries headed by the united states made unrealistic demands on china , sino - us negotiations on china 's return to gatt hit a standstill .\r\nan analysis by experts here stated that china 's \" entry into wto \" has quickened since last year and this is the outcome of a strategic decision made by the hierarchy of the chinese government by judging the hour and sizing up the situation .\r\njust as an article published recently by \" renmin ribao \" stated , quickening china 's \" entry into wto \" negotiations and enabling china to accede to wto on an earlier date is at once a natural choice for china in developing a socialist market economy and a need for china in furthering her reform and opening up .\r\ntherefore , the bilateral agreement reached between china and the united states has removed the biggest obstacle on the road leading to china 's \" entry into wto . \"\r\nas a matter of fact , china 's earlier accession to wto will benefit not just china but also the countries the world over , wto , and the global economic development .\r\njust as wto director - general mackell muir pointed out during an interview with reporters in beijing the other day : without china 's participation , wto would be a semi - world trade organization . only after china becomes its member will wto turn into a real world trade organization .\r\nthe day china accedes to wto will be a historical event and a great day for china and the world .\r\nsome symposiums or study classes on the theme of china 's entry into wto have also been welcomed by the public at large .\r\nan analysis by some experts stated that as the day china accedes to wto is drawing near day by day , the issues concerning \" entry into wto \" are likely to be major topics of concern for discussion at this year 's forthcoming \" two sessions . \"\r\nduring the era of deng xiaoping and chiang ching - kuo , in particular , cross - strait relations were moving in the direction of relaxed and steady development .\r\njiang zemin , the leader of the third generation of the chinese government , has all the more spared no effort in pushing forward the great reunification cause of the motherland .\r\nthis has been the most relaxed atmosphere and the most sincere benevolence ever offered by the cpc to the kmt , and by mainland compatriots to taiwan compatriots , since the founding of new china .\r\nhowever , lee teng - hui , head of those in power in taiwan , has acted in a diametrically opposite way , and has gradually taken the separatist road of \" taiwan independence . \"\r\nbased on the moral principles of mankind and in line with international law , a country has the power , the responsibility , and the obligation to safeguard its sovereignty and territorial integrity and to realize its unification .\r\nin this aspect , the chinese people enjoy a glorious tradition and have a sincere love for their own motherland ; and they will never allow themselves to be bullied by foreign invaders , or tolerate the loss of even one inch of the sacred land of their country .\r\nas early as 1950 , with the aim of guarding our home and protecting our people , we carried out the great patriotic and international struggle of resisting us aggression and aiding korea , and successfully defeated us aggressors in the end .\r\nin 1969 , we launched a counterattack against the then vietnam in self - defense , and successfully guarded our frontier .\r\nit is beyond any doubt or reproach that all these were patriotic and just moves aimed at protecting and safeguarding china 's sovereignty and territorial integrity .\r\nif the taiwan authorities indefinitely refuse a peaceful settlement of cross - strait reunification through negotiations , which is the third scenario pointed out in the white paper , the chinese government will be forced to settle the issue by use of force .\r\nadhering to the one - china principle is the basis and prerequisite for cross - strait negotiations .\r\nin addition to this , this year is the last year for china to fulfill the ninth five - year plan and important objectives for the end of this century , an important year for chinese people to make preparations for attaining the great rejuvenation of the nation in the new century .\r\nmajor items on the agenda of the \" two sessions \" this year 's \" two sessions \" will have the same characteristic of a short duration as last year 's .\r\nthe third session of the ninth national people 's congress [ npc ] will be held from 5 to 15 march , the same as last year .\r\nthe third session of the ninth national committee of the chinese people 's political consultative conference [ cppcc ] will be held from 3 to 11 march , a period two days shorter than last year 's .\r\nli peng to give work report personally what merits attention is that the past practice of having a npc standing committee vice chairman deliver the standing committee work report will be changed this year , and chairman li peng will give the standing committee work report personally .\r\njudging from the npc history , when liu shaoqi was the chairman of the first npc standing committee , the standing committee work report was distributed in written form directly to deputies instead of being read by the chairman .\r\nthat li peng delivers the standing committee work report is conducive for the npc to open up a new situation in the new century , to make its work more transparent , and to gear its work more to the needs of the society and the public .\r\nin addition , the press center of the \" two sessions \" will also make arrangements for local provincial and municipal leaders to be interviewed collectively by chinese and foreign reporters .\r\nit plays the role of the \" head \" and carries out important functions in commanding troops in fighting and in the construction of troops . at the entire military chief of staff conference , president jiang pointed out the profound truth that currently great changes are taking place in the world 's militaries .\r\nespecially in the field of commanding wars , the changes are larger than ever . handling information takes much less time than it did previously . the commanding of strategies , campaigns and tactics are all merged . the efficiency and working quality of commanding units have a decisive influence on the outcome of wars .\r\nthis theme will promote new developments in the campaign of learning from lei feng and li xiangqun and is significant .\r\nduring the spring 37 years ago , president mao zedong wrote a few words of commendation himself , calling on from comrade lei feng .\r\nold - generation revolutionaries , including liu shaoqi , zhou enlai , zhu de , deng xiaoping and chen yun , also wrote words of commendation to highly praise the lei feng spirit .\r\nthe whole party , entire military and the people of the whole country warmly responded , and a mass campaign of learning from lei feng burgeoned rapidly in china .\r\nwe must educate and direct the young rank and file to strengthen their revolutionary beliefs like lei feng and li xiangqun did .\r\nif we implement this principle in the campaigns of learning from lei feng and li xiangqun , we must arouse and mobilize the enthusiasm and creativity of the broad masses of the young rank and file to the utmost extent and let them maintain high enthusiasm in their training .\r\nwe must educate the young rank and file to do as lei feng and li xiangqun did , assiduously research military technology , skillfully master their weapons , master strong skills for wars , and achieve a perfect combination of people and weapons .\r\nwe must effectively carry out the campaigns of learning from lei feng and li xiangqun into the new century .\r\nif one were to abandon the one - china principle and even try by various means to seek different forms of independence with the aim of separation , however , it would only draw the two sides of the strait to the abyss of a war .\r\nin recent years , the separatist forces in taiwan represented by lee teng - hui ( li denghui ) have turned a deaf ear to the solemn warnings of the chinese government , wantonly carrying out , under various political pretences , separatist activities in a bid to create independence .\r\ntheoretically , they gradually have deviated from the one - china principle , trumpeting \" two governments , \" \" two reciprocal political entities , \" and \" taiwan is already a state with independent sovereignty . \" they connive at and provide support for the separatists who advocate \" taiwan independence \" and their activities .\r\nthere is only one china in the world ; taiwan is part of the chinese territory ; and china 's territory and sovereignty must not be separated .\r\npersisting in \" taiwan independence \" means war between the two sides of the strait .\r\nin the major event that taiwan is separated from china under whatever name , we shall be duty - bound to take drastic measures , including the use of force , to defend china 's sovereignty and territorial integrity .\r\nalso precisely because of this , us policymakers have in recent times been forced to recognize that avoiding the reoccurrence of conflicts and confrontation in the taiwan strait and the unsettling of the foundation of sino - us relations is a prudent choice and is in its best strategic interests .\r\nlarge amounts of fact have demonstrated that even though the united states has affirmed and reaffirmed its \" one china \" position all these years , the anti - china forces in the united states have in practice consistently treated taiwan as a political entity , pledging to \" improve relations with taiwan . \"\r\neven as the taiwan relations act continues to cast a dark shadow on sino - us relations , the anti - china forces in the us congress are now clamoring to pass the taiwan security enhancement act .\r\nnot only is it flagrant interference in china 's internal affairs and a serious threat to china 's security as it obstructs china 's peaceful reunification process , it is also endangering peace and stability in the asia - pacific region and the world as a whole .\r\nof the above mentioned \" three ifs , \" it is fully reasonable regard foreign interference as one of the major obstacles to the peaceful settlement of the taiwan question .\r\nincomplete statistics showed that in the 1950 - 1987 period , the contract value of the us arms sales to taiwan reached almost $ 6.4 billion . however , in a 10 - year period between 1988 and 1997 , it rose to as high as $ 11.38 billion .\r\nin february of this year , noisily advocated by some anti - china congressmen , the us house of representatives flagrantly passed a bill called \" taiwan security enhancement law \" and tried to turn it into a binding document in the form of law .\r\nthe anti - china forces in the united states are not only the root cause of the taiwan question but also a major external factor for delaying the settlement of the taiwan question for a long time .\r\nsettling the taiwan question and realizing the complete reunification of the motherland as early as possible is where the fundamental interests of the whole chinese people , including the taiwan people , lie and is beneficial to the sino - us relations development for a long time to come .\r\nhe reiterated his government 's stance of sticking to the \" one - china \" policy .\r\nhe said the white paper \" the one - china principle and the taiwan issue \" manifested the chinese government 's consistent stand on the taiwan issue and reflected all chinese people 's aspiration . the great cause of china 's reunification is irresistible .\r\nblair and his entourage is the first high - level us military delegation to visit china officially since us - led nato bombed the chinese embassy in the federal republic of yugoslavia in may 1999 .\r\nchi haotian urged the united states to handle the taiwan issue appropriately by strictly adhering to the principles and relevant commitments established in the three sino - us joint communiques , stop arms sales to taiwan , and do things that truly promote the great cause of china 's reunification .\r\nhe also stressed that china has all along been pursuing a foreign policy of peace and independence and advocating resolving differences among countries peacefully through consultations and dialogue on an equal footing .\r\nthe united states upholds the principle of one china .\r\nbeijing , 29 feb (zxs) - - with an expanding population and a rapid economic and social development , shortage of water resources has become increasingly severe in china , which is an enormous threat to china 's future sustainable development .\r\nduring ordinary years , the amount of water shortage in irrigated areas across the country is 30 billion cubic meters per year and in urban areas is 6 billion cubic meters .\r\nthe total amount of waste water produced each year is nearly 60 billion tonnes , 80 percent of which was discharged directly into water areas without being processed .\r\ninvestigation and evaluation of china 's more than 700 key rivers shows that nearly 50 percent of river stretches and more than 90 percent of urban riverside water areas are polluted .\r\npolitburo member and vice premier qian qichen addressed the meeting , noting that : that the taiwan problem cannot go unsolved indefinitely , is the consistent chinese position , nothing new .\r\nthe white paper that we issued recently on the one - china principle aroused widespread attention internationally , bringing a zealous response from the masses of overseas chinese .\r\nafter the white paper was issued , certain foreign media held that china 's policy on solving the taiwan problem had changed sharply , which is not so .\r\nas to the fact that the taiwan problem cannot go unsolved indefinitely , that is also the consistent chinese position , nothing new .\r\nqian qichen said that : as long ago as october 1984 , comrade deng xiaoping noted clearly in a speech that : \" while we insist on pursuing a peaceful solution of the taiwan problem , we will never renounce the possibility of a non - peaceful solution , which commitment we cannot make .\r\nhow could we renounce national reunification ? \"\r\nqian qichen said that : we issued the white paper on \" the one - china principle and the taiwan problem , \" noting that the taiwan problem cannot go unsolved indefinitely , precisely to promote the development of cross - strait relations , to spur the taiwan authorities to sit down in dialogue and negotiation with us .\r\nqian qichen affirmed in his address the outstanding accomplishments of the all - china federation of returned overseas chinese and its overall 2000 work requirements .\r\nthe all - china federation of returned overseas chinese has proposed placing its 2000 work focus on better \" organization and dynamism , \" which new substance is very good .\r\nwe need to focus on the key strategic plans for national economic development , mobilizing the advantage of overseas chinese resources to the service of the strategies of revitalizing china through science and education and sharply developing western china .\r\nwe need to establish widespread contacts with s & t talent among returned overseas chinese , their relatives , and our overseas chinese compatriots , to build a go - between bridge for the work of the new generation of returned overseas chinese and s & t academic interaction .\r\nand we need to stress the good attraction of capital , technology , and intelligence , for a contribution to the development of central and western china and the s & t cause .\r\nall - china federation of returned overseas chinese chairman lin zhaoshu gave a work report at the meeting .\r\nand some of the members who attended the plenary session held a forum today on the white paper on \" the one - china principle and the taiwan problem . \"\r\ncommittee chairman li peng took part in today 's group deliberations .\r\nhong fuzeng , zhang xiao , and other committee members indicated : supervisory work occupied an important place in the npc standing committee 's work in the past year ; inspections of law enforcement became even more to the point and more efficient ; and the actual effect of supervision was clearly enhanced .\r\nthe people were satisfied with the npc standing committee 's legislative work last year .\r\ngu shanqing and other committee members suggested that it is essential to normalize legislative activities and constantly improve the efficiency and quality of legislative work in order to accomplish the arduous tasks of legislation .\r\nin legislative work , care should be taken to remove departmental colors , to prevent and avoid the interference of departmental interests and protectionism , and to conscientiously uphold impartiality and fairness of the law .\r\nsome other committee members opined that in inspecting law enforcement it is necessary to further improve the ways of inspection so as to really be able to carry out inspections without pomps and strictly avoid formalism .\r\nthe ninth npc standing committee today also held group deliberations on the draft agenda for the third session of the ninth npc and other matters .\r\nthe three - day eighth session of the chinese people 's political consultative conference [ cppcc ] ninth national committee standing committee ended this afternoon in beijing .\r\nli ruihuan , member of the cpc central committee political bureau [ politburo ] and cppcc chairman , presided over the meeting this afternoon .\r\nthe session is of great significance for the conclusion and beginning of cppcc undertakings at the end of this century and for the next century and for the promotion of the cross - century development of building socialism with chinese characteristics .\r\nhowever , the us government has remained silent about the human rights situation in its own country .\r\nthe \" 1999 country reports on human rights practices \" released by the us state department on 26 february , which finds fault with the human rights conditions in some 100 countries , has provoked a chorus of condemnation from many countries .\r\nthe day before , the new york state supreme court had rendered a verdict acquitting four white police officers who had fatally shot amadou diallo , an innocent black man .\r\nthis has inevitably aroused strong displeasure among the public .\r\nas a matter of fact , the diallo incident was by no means an isolated case .\r\naccording to us reports , in 1996 , 3,000 people accused the chicago police of wantonly resorting to violence , and more than 1,000 complaints are filed against the police in san francisco each year . and los angeles is asking itself : \" why has police conduct gotten so bad ? \"\r\nwanton application of violence by the police is only one example of how americans ' civil rights are being trampled upon .\r\nit is no wonder that , upon learning of the court verdict in the diallo case , angry crowds shouted : \" there is no fairness and justice to speak of \" in the united states .\r\nthe federal bureau of investigation and the justice department have promised an investigation into the trial of the diallo case .\r\nthe diallo case has once again shown that the \" international human rights defender \" is trampling upon human rights .\r\nbeijing , 29 feb ( xinhua ) - - foreign ministry spokesman zhu bangzao today expressed indignation at accusations on hong kong 's human rights situation made by the united states regardless of actual facts .\r\nzhu bangzao said that after hong kong 's reversion , china 's central government and the hong kong special administrative region [ hksar ] government implemented the policy of \" one country , two systems , \" \" hong kong people governing hong kong , \" and a high degree of autonomy .\r\nprotected by the basic law , the broad masses of hong kong people continue to enjoy extensive human rights , democracy , and freedom , a fact widely acknowledged by the international community .\r\nthe hksar government and people of all circles in hong kong have criticized the report .\r\nhe said the chinese government expresses its firm opposition to that .\r\nbeijing , 29 feb (zxs) - - speaking here today , foreign ministry spokesman zhu bangzao refuted taiwan 's distorted statement that \" there is one china , with each side having its own interpretation , \" and offered a detailed explanation in this respect .\r\nhe pointed out that no separatist schemes could possibly succeed .\r\nzhu bangzao said : this argument is a distortion of the consensus reached by the two sides at that time .\r\nthe specific formulation employed by arats is : \" both sides of the taiwan strait uphold the one - china principle and strive for national reunification .\r\nhe pointed out : the distortion by relevant people in taiwan of the consensus on \" one china \" into \" one china , with each side having its own interpretation \" is not consistent with the actual situation ; its purpose is to slip in separatist views in the name of different interpretations .\r\nhe once again said that the white paper recently released by the chinese side is yet another comprehensive exposition that china offers to the international community on its principled stand on resolving the taiwan issue .\r\nbesides , china welcomes the democratic people 's republic of korea [ dprk ] to improve and develop its relations with western developed countries .\r\nchen yaobang , chinese minister of agriculture , and tokuichiro tamazawa , japanese agriculture , forestry , and fisheries minister , had just held talks and reached a consensus on when the agreement should take effect .\r\nhe expressed hopes that the visit will benefit peace , stability , and development on the korean peninsula .\r\nthe chinese government is cooperating with the un high commissioner for human rights office to hold the eighth asia - pacific human rights seminar in beijing on 1 - 3 march .\r\nmrs. mary robinson , un high commissioner for human rights , will attend the seminar on invitation .\r\nmrs. robinson will meet qian qichen , vice premier of the state council , during her stay in beijing .\r\nrelevant leaders of the foreign affairs committee of the national people 's congress [ npc ] and the ministry of foreign affairs will separately hold talks with her to exchange views on issues of mutual concern , including cooperation between the two sides .\r\nsince signing the two convenants , relevant departments of the chinese government have actively prepared for the ratification of the two convenants and have conducted massive , comprehensive , and meticulous study on the contents of the convenants .\r\nwhile doing that , the chinese side had numerous exchanges with western countries on issues concerning the ratification and enforcement of the convenants .\r\nall these show that the chinese side adopts a serious and responsible attitude toward the ratification of the two convenants .\r\nas for the international convenant on civil and political rights , relevant departments of the chinese government are currently studying it in detail .\r\nzhu bangzao said the visit is part of a consensus reached with the us side on the sino - us military exchange program in 2000 when deputy chief of general staff xiong guangkai visited washington at the beginning of the year .\r\nzhu bangzao said that , during his visit in china , admiral blair will meet chinese military leaders and hold consultations with deputy chief of general staff xiong guangkai on sino - us military exchanges and on regional and international issues of mutual concern .\r\nblair will also visit nanjing during his china visit .\r\nreports on china 's economic and financial budget situations will be provided to npc deputies and members of the national committee of the chinese people 's political consultative conference [ cppcc ] , and chinese and foreign media also will be given relevant information , so the reports will be quite transparent .\r\nthe \" report on work of the government , \" to be delivered by premier zhu rongji , is an authoritative document reflecting china 's latest political and economic situation , and has already received attention at home and abroad .\r\nit is expected that the report will sum up china 's development experience in 1999 , set forth the government 's general administrative program for 2000 , and provide prospects for china 's intermediate - and long - term development .\r\nthe \" report on work of the government \" and reports on the state 's plan and financial budget will contain last year 's economic development situation and this year 's development targets .\r\naccording to the state statistics bureau 's initial forecast , china 's gdp in 1999 was 8.2054 trillion yuan ( renminbi ; same for the following ) . computing using comparable prices , it was 7.1 percent higher than the year before , reaching the set growth target .\r\nan economist of the chinese academy of social sciences revealed that the gdp growth target for 2000 also will be set at about 7 percent .\r\nrecently , based on estimates , relevant departments of the state put forward three optional proposals - - setting growth at 8 percent , 7.5 percent , or 7 percent .\r\nrelevant reports also will analyze whether the current domestic and international situations are favorable for china to achieve its economic growth target .\r\nthis situation will have a positive effect on china 's foreign trade growth .\r\nbesides , china will enter the wto some time in the middle of this year , and this also is a good news for china 's exports .\r\nconsidering these factors , it is expected that china 's exports growth will be higher than last year , and the growth probably will approach 10 percent .\r\nmost economists have been of the view that economic growth of 7 percent for this year is attainable ; if things go smoothly , it is possible to reach 7.5 percent .\r\nin relevant reports , it also will be announced that a positive financial policy will be implemented this year - - the third consecutive year . by issuing treasury bonds , the state will make financial investments to increase domestic demand and ensure economic growth .\r\nin the foreseeable future , not only will the renminbi not devalue , but there will be room of its appreciation .\r\nthis assures a continued surplus in china 's international payments and for maintaining the stability of the renminbi rate of exchange .\r\nin the science and technology training of troops , it is necessary to put training on joint operation in an outstanding position , improve the mechanisms for joint operation , lay a solid foundation for joint operation , and deeply explore methods for training in joint campaigns .\r\nthe \" opinions \" demanded that units at all levels should mainly and properly grasp the building of the four contingents of commanders , staff personnel , professional technical personnel and instructors , especially the training and bringing up of a large number of military commanding personnel with high comprehensive quality and great ability to carry out renovation .\r\nboth sides exchanged views on sino - russian relations and other international issues of interest to both sides in a cordial and friendly atmosphere [ zai qin qie you hao de qi fen zhong 0941 6024 0434 0645 1170 4104 3049 3050 0022 ] .\r\ntang jiaxuan said : in recent years , china and russia have cooperated very well in broad fields of endeavor and their strategic cooperation expanded continuously with noticeable results .\r\nchina would work together with russia to inherit and carry forward all the precious wealth the two countries have accumulated to promote bilateral cooperation in various fields to a new high .\r\nivanov , for his part , expressed his warm welcome for tang jiaxuan 's first visit to russia and believed that the visit would further promote russian - chinese ties .\r\nhe said : russia is satisfied with the strategic cooperation with china .\r\nrussian deputy prime minister ilya klebanov will visit china shortly and discuss with his hosts bilateral cooperation in the fields of politics , economy and trade . he expressed the hope that klebanov 's trip will achieve positive results .\r\nthey exchanged views on the exchange of mutual visits by top leaders this year .\r\ntang jiaxuan reiterated the chinese government 's support for the russian government 's stance on the chechen issue and the actions taken in fighting separatism and religious extremism .\r\nivanov expressed his high appreciation for china 's just stance on the chechen issue .\r\nthe two ministers also discussed other regional and international issues and reached broad consensus .\r\nthey pledged to further strengthen cooperation in international affairs .\r\nat the end of their meeting , the two ministers signed the \" agreement of the governments of the people 's republic of china and the russian federation on exchange of visits by citizens \" on behalf their own governments .\r\ntang jiaxuan arrived in moscow the evening of 28 february and thus started his official visit to russia .\r\nrussia 's acting president vladimir putin was scheduled to meet foreign minister tang jiaxuan on 1 march .\r\nlhasa , 1 march ( xinhua ) - - purbu zhoima , director of the tibet autonomous regional family planning commission , said to xinhua reporters today : \" the government of the tibet autonomous region has never interfered in or restrained tibetan women 's rights to give birth .\r\nshe stressed : \" most tibetan women in the rural and pastoral areas now choose to have two or three children while the educated women prefer one child , because their concept of having children has undergone changes and more and more people attach greater importance to rational childbearing . \"\r\ndixing , a 45 - year - old woman in the rural area of nedong county in tibet has 11 children .\r\nshe said that having too many children constituted a very heavy burden to the family .\r\nreportedly , china 's armed forces staged five large - scale military exercises codenamed \" chun \" [ 2504 spring ] in the southern waters , north china plain , and the northwest plateau over the past two months .\r\nmilitary figures say that the features of \" chen chun \" and \" ming chun \" are aimed at attacking us aircraft carriers .\r\non 15 february , the airforce of the jinan military region used a number of jets to conduct the cross - sea exercise codenamed \" chang chun . \" air refueling aircraft were used in the exercise to support the fighters ' long - distance flight .\r\nthe air refueling aircraft of china 's airforce , a new model aircraft improved from the 6 - d bomber , was on display for the first time at the national day parade on 1 october last year .\r\nthe military figure pointed out that china has studied ways to deal with aircraft carriers for seven to eight years . viewed from the latest achievements , if a war starts across the taiwan straits , there probably will be no aircraft carriers that cannot be sunk .\r\n\" feibao \" can be favorably compared with the f - 16 . its load of bombs , range , speed and electronic equipment is far better than other fighter planes in the service of the chinese air force .\r\nthe radar equipment on the fbc-1 can be favorably compared with that of the f-16, made by the united states , and phantom-2000 fighter planes , made by france , in taiwan .\r\nthe displacement of the \" song \" - class attack submarine is 2,250 tonnes , its maximum underwater speed is 22 knots , and its noise is the lowest of the submarines in the chinese navy .\r\nthe 039 is quite completely equipped with weapons , and is capable of launching at its full depth linear - guided [ xian dao 4848 1418 ] torpedoes and anti - ship missiles , and of laying mines .\r\ntoday 's guangming ribao also reports that the parent of a student in anyang city , henan , took some people to beat up the class teacher because the student had not been assessed \" three good \" and made a young pioneers team leader .\r\ni also saw some reports like this before , and they are really shocking and cause me deep reflection .\r\ncorrectly guiding and helping the healthy growth of youths and juveniles to enable them to achieve all - round moral , academic , physical , and artistic development is a major issue with a bearing on the orientation of the development of education in china .\r\nsince the founding of new china , the party and government have attached great importance to developing the people 's education and devoted great efforts to it ; there have been tremendous developments in china 's education and large numbers of outstanding talented people have been trained for socialist construction .\r\nchina now has a population of 1.25 billion , 240 million of whom are at school .\r\nthis is an amazing achievement .\r\neducation is systems engineering ; to continually enhance the quality and standards of education , we must not only step up education in cultural knowledge for the students but also tangibly step up their ideological and political education , moral education , discipline education , and education in the legal system .\r\nas \" architects of the human soul , \" teachers must not only teach well but also cultivate their students well , and be paragons of virtue and learning .\r\nwe absolutely cannot bring about certain negative or even reverse consequences as a result of improper handling of these issues . the burdens on some students are too heavy at present , and this forms very great mental pressure on them .\r\nit is right that the schools and the homes demand and encourage youngsters to study intensively and assiduously ; unless they assiduously study and temper themselves , it is very hard for young people to grow up , but there must be correct guiding ideas and teaching methods .\r\nthere are many lessons in this respect , and we should take warning from them .\r\nwe cannot shut up young students in books and rooms all day ; we must let them take part in some social practice to broaden their vision and enhance their social experience .\r\nschools are important gardens for cultivating talent , and education is a lofty undertaking for the good of society .\r\ntertiary education is now developing very rapidly in china , and there was a big increase in the number of its students last year .\r\nsociety needs all kinds of talented people .\r\n\" all the 360 trades produce the very best . \"\r\nwe cannot look at the question in this way today .\r\nin the 21 st century , china needs to develop knowledge - intensive industries and also still needs to develop labor - intensive industries ; economic construction and social development set a variety of demands on talent .\r\nthis is the objective demand of china 's national condition and of all - round economic and social development .\r\nwe should conduct good publicity on this viewpoint throughout the whole of society .\r\nthis work should be done not only by the education departments but also by the propaganda and ideological departments , the political departments , and other departments , and by the whole party and the whole of society .\r\nit is necessary to develop a healthy atmosphere in the schools and among the students ; we must certainly not allow unhealthy trends to raise their heads .\r\nwe must step up ideological education regarding bad student behavior , severely punish violations of law according to law , and absolutely not indulge them .\r\nwe must concentrate efforts on sorting out the bad social order situation that has recently been apparent in and around certain schools .\r\nwe must regularly conduct education in discipline and legal system for the students , to strengthen their concept of discipline and legal system , so that they will understand that they must observe discipline and law .\r\nwe must ensure a peaceful , harmonious , and healthy environment for the students ' studies .\r\nours is a socialist country under communist party leadership , and we must and can succeed in this respect .\r\nthese are : reforming the state - owned enterprises and extricating them from difficulty ; the large - scale development of west china ; china 's entry into the world trade organization [ wto ] ; rejuvenating the country through science and education ; opposing corruption ; and the taiwan problem .\r\nthis is the third year in achieving this goal , and attention to whether the chinese government can win decisive victory is redoubled .\r\ntwelve of the 14 existing industrial departments have reversed their loss - making situation , the exceptions being the defense industry and coal .\r\nwhile reducing the losses in the original loss - making enterprises , is it possible to prevent the emergence of new loss - makers ?\r\nhas extricating the state enterprises from difficulties depended too much on help from the state 's favored treatment policy , or is it built on the firm basis of deepening the reforms and strengthening management ? . . .\r\ninstituting the large - scale development of west china is a major policy decision of the central authorities , made at the turn of the century , which involves the overall situation .\r\nthe central authorities ' call for great development of the west has evoked a response throughout the country ; people pin great hopes on this , and tremendous enthusiasm is mounting .\r\nthe time is not far off when china will join the wto this year .\r\nwto accession is a major affair in the process of china 's reforms , opening up , and modernization , and it will have a far - reaching impact on china 's economic development in the new century .\r\nhow can china reap the benefits while avoiding the pitfalls ?\r\nthis will naturally be a topic of concern to all the deputies and committee members .\r\nas the new century opens , every country in the world is working to enhance its science and technology competitiveness in the expectation of occupying a favorable position in the competition in all - round national strength during the century .\r\nwe should realize that although science and technology in china is developing with every passing day , the general level lags far behind that of developed countries .\r\nalthough the massive smuggling case involving yuan hua is still being dealt with , and details and results of the case will not be announced at the \" two sessions \" this year , a series of major cases previously dealt with have already aroused a strong reaction among all sectors of society .\r\nhistory has pushed the taiwan problem to an important juncture when there can be no evasion or long delay .\r\nthis important policy statement demonstrates the mainland 's resolve and sense of urgency for spurring the process of peaceful reunification .\r\nli urged the province 's entry and exit inspection and quarantine institutions to do well and work in real earnest in four aspects ; help the province 's enterprises open up the international market ; and contribute more to the province 's two civilizations building .\r\nonly by complying with the general trend of globalization of the world economy and further merging with the international economy will it be possible to grasp the opportunity and speed up our development .\r\nli stressed : we must take the initiative to fight a battle in the face of economic globalization .\r\nwe must take the initiative to go out to serve our modernization building by making full use of two types of resources , two markets , and two technological sources , namely , those at home and abroad .\r\nli pointed out : under the present circumstances , the entry and exit inspection and quarantine institutions , which are in the forefront of opening up to the outside world , are also faced with a series of new situations .\r\nthe central government recently made a policy decision to carry out a \" large - scale development of the western region . \"\r\nsince reform and opening up , the central authorities have put the focus of development on the eastern ( and southern , the same below ) region along the coast .\r\nhitherto , it is a correct decision to place the focus of development on the eastern region .\r\nbesides , foreign investors were encouraged to make investment in the central and western regions , and the eastern region was also encouraged to give assistance to the central and western regions in various ways .\r\naccelerating the exploitation of the rich natural resources in the western region brooks no delay , otherwise the development of the eastern region and even the entire country will be restricted by the inadequacy of natural resources .\r\nthird , in the geographic distribution of china 's population , the eastern and western regions respectively account for approximately 40 and 60 percent of the total .\r\nfourth , focusing the development on the eastern region has led to the wider gap between the eastern region and the central and western regions .\r\nthe proportions of the total output value of the eastern , central , and western regions in the gdp were respectively 50.1 percent , 34.3 percent , and 15.6 percent in 1978 , and 58.3 percent , 27.9 percent , and 13.8 percent in 1998 .\r\nthis is what people often say \" peacocks flying to the southeastern land . \"\r\nif we fail to reverse the direction of the flow of resources , the development of the central and western regions , the latter in particular , will be impaired .\r\nfifth , china is a country with multiple ethnic groups , and a harmonious ethnic relationship is one of the major prerequisites for the society to maintain stability , the economy to attain development , and the people 's lives to be improved .\r\nthe western region is where numerous chinese minority ethnic groups live in compact communities .\r\nthe central government has always showed concerns for the economic development and the enhancement of the people 's living standards in the regions inhabited by minority nationalities , and granted them enormous support in financial aid and other aspects .\r\nthe practice of the omnidirectional opening up has turned the western region to be a forward position and has enabled china to maintain considerably closer economic contacts with the contiguous countries in the north , west , and southwest .\r\nconditions for western development the large - scale western development is a great strategic change in china 's distribution of economic areas which has tremendous and profound significance .\r\nat present , there are a lot of favorable conditions that have made this momentous change possible .\r\nthird , china 's market economic structure is getting into shape so that we can make use of the market strength to expedite the development in the western region .\r\nfourth , after years of development , the western region has initially possessed the soft environment for attracting foreign investment , and more and more overseas enterprises , having realized the enormous potential for the western development , have come one after another to make investment in the western region .\r\nof course , it is not easy to develop the western region , and it is even more difficult than the development of the eastern region at the early stage of reform .\r\nfor this reason , the central authorities should render all - out assistance , the western region itself should make great efforts , and the eastern region should extend its support to and cooperation with the western region .\r\nseveral steps that should be taken with regard to the central government 's assistance , first of all , it is drafting a plan for the large - scale development of the western region so as to push forward the work step by step .\r\nthe development of the western region can only surge forward wave upon wave .\r\nfourth , the central government should grant greater decisionmaking powers to the western region in devising economic development policies and in issues related to reform and opening up in light of local conditions in order to arouse the initiative and enthusiasm of the local governments .\r\nso far as the western region is concerned , first , it should give impetus to the further emancipation of the minds among the cadres and masses and smash the trammels of the outmoded ideas , traditions , styles , and habits to suit the situation of the large - scale western development and the market economic order .\r\nsecond , the western region should create favorable soft and hard environments for attracting resources from other regions and outside the country , and particularly for absorbing qualified personnel and technologies .\r\nthird , it should adopt various policies and measures to encourage the local resources , particularly the nongovernmental resources , to be used in its own development .\r\nthe low proportion of nonpublic sectors and slow growth is another major cause that the western region was unable to make faster advance .\r\nalthough quite a few areas in the western region have rich resources , owing to the abominable natural conditions such as shortage of water , extremely poor transport facilities , harsh climate , and others , it needs serious exploration into how they should exploit their favorable conditions to the full and avoid the unfavorable ones .\r\nlet us just talk about overcoming the unfavorable factors of the long distance between the producing areas and markets and high transportation costs , it is imperative to ensure that the locally made products have the merits of good quality , low costs , high added value , small size , light weight , and be convenient for transportation .\r\nthis is another example of making the best use of the advantages while bypassing the disadvantages . finally , the greatest shortages of resources in the western region are cadres , and technical and managerial personnel .\r\nfor this reason , it should not only import qualified personnel from other regions , but more importantly , it should step up the training of local talented people .\r\nhowever , it seams that this ideal is still far away from the chinese .\r\nhowever , this might in fact represent a misunderstanding zone .\r\nsince the may fourth movement , the struggles engaged by the chinese people in their pursue of democracy have always been accompanied by fierce political movements , with passionate mass parades and fervent slogans which are spread nationwide in a short period of time .\r\ndemocracy must have vigor and vitality . democracy must have closed ties with mass parades or similar actions such as strikes staged by workers or students .\r\ndemocracy must serve to resolve contemporary urgent social , political , or economic problems . a parallel thinking is this : whenever a political , economic , or social problem cannot be resolved , people naturally pin their hopes on democracy . when there is no crisis , it seems that the progress of democracy is not very important .\r\nthey have accustomed to this idea : the first thing to do is to destroy all the things that are old .\r\nthe appearance of this situation has something to do with our tradition , which is as long as our history .\r\nparticularly at a time when china met with imperial invasion and the survival of the chinese nation was at a critical moment , various elements for reforms will naturally demand to put democracy into practice in this land of ours . they want to realize this fine political culture and system with an unprecedented enthusiasm and speed .\r\nanother factor has something to do with the chinese people 's persistent goal - - a situation where everything is perfect .\r\ndue to these objective factors , neither the broad masses of people nor the leading elite of democratic movement has conducted profound thinking from a rational viewpoint before they adopt democracy , which is considered as a good medicine to cure china 's political and social problems .\r\nas a result , the above - mentioned abnormal phenomena have been created . in fact , no one should be blamed for the phenomena .\r\nthis kind of democratic movement , which is innately insufficient , naturally has left with many sequels .\r\none of the most serious problems is this : it is very easy that a democratic movement is turned into a ruffian movement [ pi zi yun dong 4028 1311 6663 0520 ] or an opportunity for some people to change their own situation .\r\nit will be very easy for many sincerer people to change their political attitude from extremely enthusiastic to sternly cool one .\r\nwhen lord ye saw the real dragon thrusting in its head through the window of his study and its tail moving in his palace , he was frightened out of the house for his life .\r\nclearly , what lord ye loved was not the real dragons . ] many chinese intellectuals long for the advent of democracy ; but they fear that once democracy indeed arrives , it will cause an inevitable social calamity , thus destroying the results of progress that society has achieved .\r\nthe chinese people 's political consultative conference has been resuming its role . people have paid more attention to the calls of the national people 's congress . various laws have been promulgated . lawyers who specialize in different legal domains have begun to be an indispensable part of our social life .\r\nduring the course of economic development , china successfully achieved a soft landing .\r\nfor example , some primary and middle schools place undue emphasis on the rate of pupils advancing to higher grades , burden pupils with heavy schoolwork , and slacken ideological education , thereby giving rise to adverse consequences .\r\nthe recent string of vicious incidents involving some primary and middle school pupils and their parents have caused concern among the people .\r\nat a time when people are worried , comrade jiang zemin gave a \" talk concerning educational issues . \"\r\nthe talk shows strategic insight and has rich substance and far - reaching significance .\r\nto study and act on the spirit of the talk , first and foremost , it is necessary to deeply understand the extreme importance of comrade jiang zemin 's talk .\r\ncomrade jiang zemin 's call for approaching educational issues \" from the perspective of the rise or fall of a nation 's fortunes and national rejuvenation \" has enlightened us .\r\nwe should never develop education at the expense of the younger generation 's ideological and political quality ; otherwise , the future of the country as a whole , not just that of a generation or several generations of young people , will be adversely affected .\r\nschools are not the only one to blame for the various problems associated with some young people ; these problems also reflect the influences of society .\r\ntreating education as an integrated system will help mobilize all sectors of society to show concern and support for education and to promote educational reform and development .\r\neducational administrative departments and schools at all levels must steadfastly implement the educational policy of \" making education serve the socialist cause and combining education with social practice , \" and devote great efforts to improving school administration .\r\nto study and act on the spirit of the talk , it is necessary to fully recognize the importance and urgency of \" reducing the course load \" of primary and middle school pupils .\r\ncomrade jiang zemin said : \" the rise or fall of a nation 's fortunes depends on education ; the vigorous development of education is the responsibility of all the people . \"\r\nthe broad ranks of young pupils are the future and hope of our nation .\r\ntheir healthy growth and all - around development have a direct impact on the success of our endeavors and on china 's bright prospects in the 21 st century .\r\nhe has been devoted to the supervision and management of banks for a long period of time , so that he acquires a higher understanding of specialized theories and financial policies .\r\nthey believed that real philosophy in a specific era represents the quintessential ideological achievements of that era and gives a concentrated expression to the spiritual essence of civilization of every specific society .\r\nthis profound scientific conclusion has not only pointed out the position and the role of philosophy in the entire human life , but has also provided a most important and most reliable clue for people to understand the historical conditions and fate of philosophy .\r\nhis remarks gave an extremely penetrating explanation to the social significance of advanced philosophy .\r\nif the human society is to make further development , progress , and innovation , it has to , first of all , emancipate its mind and cast itself from spiritual shackles ; and only in this way can it enjoy the motive power and develop the ability to make creations .\r\nwere it not for the exposure and criticism made by modern materialist philosophy against religious theology , no one would know how many more giordano burno would have been sent to the execution ground .\r\nas it is known to all , marx discovered the law of surplus value , and turned socialism from an utopian idea into a science , thus changing the history of the mankind .\r\nhowever , the \" credit \" to his great contribution should also to a revolutionary change in philosophy - - his founding of historical materialism , a brand - new system of world outlook and methodology that can scientifically reveal the law of the historical development of mankind .\r\na comparison of the two shows clearly that the latter is a fundamental condition , which serves as the foundation and precondition of the former .\r\nthat explains the reason why the founders of our great cause , that is , the founders of marxism and their successors , have all set an extremely high value on philosophy .\r\nto temper and enhance our ability and our level of theoretical thinking , there is no better way than studying the past history of philosophy .\r\nin the early 1980 s , comrade deng xiaoping once criticized the trend of drowning oneself in the routine work , \" knowing nothing about philosophy , \" neglecting the importance of philosophy , and handling affairs with oversimplified and one - sided mentalities and work methods among some of our leading cadres .\r\nin recent years , comrade jiang zemin published many important speeches , in which he has repeatedly urged the comrades of the whole party , especially the leading cadres of the party , to approach and strengthen their theoretical studies from the high plane of stressing on politics .\r\nthey do not understand this because they have failed to approach our cause from the high plane of an overall social development ; in other words , they still need to emancipate their minds on a constant basis .\r\ncomrade deng xiaoping said : \" the cause we are currently engaged in is a brand - new cause . \"\r\nbuilding socialism with chinese characteristics is a great pioneering undertaking without parallel in history .\r\njudging by the requirements mentioned above , we cannot say that the task of ideological emancipation has already been completed .\r\nat present , china 's reform has entered a difficulty - tackling stage , and its development is in the middle of a crucial moment .\r\nto accomplish this , we need the guidance of philosophy .\r\nto gain such an understanding on the objective law , we must rely on theoretical thinking , and this can by no means be accomplished through observations of experiences or a direct - view thinking .\r\neveryone with sufficient experiences in life will have certain philosophical thinking , and certain concepts and methods , in his mind .\r\nsuch thinking is acting on us all the time .\r\nthe point is that we should know clearly what kind of a philosophy it is ; and should ask ourselves the question as whether it is an advanced or backward , correct or erroneous , philosophy .\r\nof course , stressing the importance of philosophy has a more extensive implication .\r\nthis refers to the role of philosophy as a foundation and guidance in the entire spiritual civilization .\r\nphilosophy is a science that deals with the outlook on the world , the history , the life , and values ; and instead of simply providing a tool for us to understanding our work in different fields , philosophy also has the task of providing necessary basic theories , concepts , and methods for the entire spiritual cultural .\r\nin other fields of the spiritual civilization in society , such as science , culture , education , ethics , art , law , politics , and the way of daily life of the common people , we can always see the infiltration and the expression of certain philosophical thoughts , beliefs , concepts , and ways of thinking .\r\ntherefore , the conditions of philosophy will inevitably have an effect on the conditions of the spiritual civilization at a deeper level .\r\na man who understands and knows how to use philosophy will be a wise man , a man with a rich and happy spiritual life , for he has already taken onto a road which leads to \" the realm of freedom . \"\r\nat the turn of centuries and millenniums , the human society is experiencing a most extensive and most profound change in history .\r\nthe changes in the world have brought new opportunities to the chinese nation which has a population of over 1.2 billion and enjoys an over 5,000 - year - long civilization .\r\nthis road is the product of an integration between marxism and china 's realities , and also a new creation china has made in the face of the new situation in today 's world .\r\nduring this process , we still cannot do without , but have a greater need than others , to value a flourishing and innovative growth of philosophy .\r\nwithout philosophy , and without the development of marxist philosophy along with the development of our time in particular , there can hardly be any emancipation of the mind in real terms ; and without the emancipation of the mind , there can hardly be any high - level and creative work or a spiritual civilization .\r\nto further emancipate the mind at the current critical juncture of comprehensively pushing our cause into the 21 st century , we ought to attach great importance to philosophy , promote the growth of philosophy , and give full play to the role of philosophy as \" an emancipated mind . \"\r\n( this article is abridged and revised from a speech made by the author at an academic symposium named \" the 50 years of philosophy in new china \" in october 1999 )\r\na plenary meeting of the 14 th session of the national people 's congress [ npc ] standing committee was held this morning to again deliberate on the npc standing committee 's decision on stepping up supervision over economic work , and the meeting approved the decision .\r\nthe decision said : the npc standing committee exercises its power to supervise the state council 's economic work according to law in order to truly perform the duty entrusted to the npc and its standing committee by the constitution and law to ensure sustained , rapid , and healthy development of the national economy .\r\nthe seventh article of the decision said : entrusted by a chairmanship meeting , relevant special committees of the npc may hold a plenary meeting to hear special reports by relevant departments of the state council .\r\nmembers of the npc standing committee were of the opinion that establishment of the decision has created necessary conditions for establishing a supervision law , and will help local people 's congresses step up supervision over local economic work as well .\r\nbeijing , 1 mar ( xinhua ) - - li peng , chairman of the national people 's congress [ npc ] standing committee , said here today that the upcoming third session of the ninth npc is an important meeting held at the turn of the century .\r\nthe session examined the draft work report of the npc standing committee . it decided that the draft , after having being amended in accordance with the opinions offered by members of the npc standing committee , will be submitted to the third session of the ninth npc for examination .\r\nchairman li peng chaired and addressed the forum .\r\nhe emphasized that the marxist theory of state power is a major part of marxist political science .\r\nchina 's people 's congress system is precisely the outcome of the integration of the marxist theory of state power with the specific practice of china 's revolution .\r\nwang huiyan , professor at jilin university , was invited to give a lecture today . the title of his lecture was \" several basic issues of marxist theory of state power . \"\r\nbefore the lecture began , li peng made a speech .\r\nthis should become a system and be carried on because it is very important to the work of the npc standing committee .\r\npolitics belongs to the superstructure , and all of the state , political power , democracy , legal administration , rights , duties , equality , and freedom belong to the realm of politics . meanwhile , political science is a science to research political phenomena and the related laws .\r\nto this end , senior cadres are required to study hard not only political science and economics but also the knowledge of laws , science - technology , history , and culture , particularly the marxist political science .\r\nthis is the only way to secure a correct political stand and viewpoint , to enhance their political sharpness and discernment , and to always keep sober - minded and have scientific understanding and firm confidence on the road of advance .\r\nthe cpc - led cause of building socialism with chinese characteristics is an unprecedented great cause .\r\nalso attending were he chunlin , secretary general of the npc standing committee .\r\nhe said : different countries face different situations . it is normal to have differences in our approach and means of promoting and protecting human rights , and we should handle these differences appropriately through dialogue and exchanges on an equal footing .\r\nthe overwhelming majority of asia - pacific countries have had painful experiences of being bullied by big powers in modern times . therefore these countries all the more cherish their sovereign rights and national pride .\r\nasia - pacific countries are also one of major forces with whom the international community have vigorously promoted dialogue and exchanges in recent years . the asia - pacific human rights workshop is a concrete manifestation of such spirit of cooperation based on equality .\r\nqian qichen stressed that asia - pacific countries should strengthen their joint actions in realizing economic , social , and cultural rights as well as development rights .\r\nwe cannot simply copy from foreign countries when learning from their experiences . only by following our own country 's characteristics and our people 's needs , and adopting appropriate measures that suit local situations , can we effectively expand and improve democracy , and promote and strengthen the rule of law .\r\nuniversality does not mean blind identity . all measures that can truly promote and protect human rights and all organizations and plans that can play an effective role should be encouraged and given recognition .\r\nthe enormous vitality shown by china today reflects in a lively manner the fact that the chinese people have vast room to freely and democratically give play to their creativity .\r\nthe asia - pacific human rights workshop is an important forum where asia - pacific countries discuss how to strengthen cooperation on human rights in the asia - pacific region .\r\nthe meeting elected wang guangya , chinese vice minister of foreign affairs , to be the chairman .\r\nhong kong , 1 march (zts) - - in china , embezzlement and bribe - taking cases of government officials happen from time to time , and the situation of anticorruption is still grave .\r\nto administer the country , it is first of all necessary to administer the party whose affairs must be strictly administered , and in this respect it is fist of all necessary to do a good job of administering leadership teams and leading cadres , jiang zemin pointed out .\r\naccording to reports , \" emphasizing three things \" education has been concluded for the current phase at the level of central ministries and departments , the provincial and municipal level , and the department and bureau level , but \" emphasizing three things \" education is still being carried out at the county ( city ) level nationwide .\r\nthe county ( city ) level occupies the important position of linking the lower levels with the upper levels in the cpc 's organization structure , the government structure of the state , and overall work and is also an important foundation for china 's economic development , social stability , and the solidity of state power .\r\ntherefore , it is of special , great significance to do a good job of carrying out \" emphasizing three things \" education at the over 2,000 counties ( cities ) nationwide .\r\nimmediately after the spring festival , the seven members of the standing committee of the political bureau of the cpc central committee went to different provinces and municipalities to conduct inspections , investigations , and study and to personally speak to county - level leadership teams on \" emphasizing three things . \"\r\nthis year will be a critical year for achieving objectives of anticorruption work set by the 15 th cpc congress , and the cpc top leadership has called for focusing on prevention at the sources and rectification , so as to produce new achievements in party conduct and clean government construction and in the anticorruption struggle .\r\nthe communique of the fourth plenary meeting of the central disciplinary inspection commissions also said that it was necessary to concentrate forces , so as to break a number of big , major cases .\r\ncurrently central judicial departments are investigating the extra - large smuggling case of the yuanhua company of xiamen , a case in which the deputy secretary of the cpc municipal committee and the deputy mayor were involved in the case ; the results of the investigation may be announced shortly .\r\nin fact , to eliminate sources of corruption , the authorities have already adopted a series of measures .\r\naccording to a source , to regularize anticorruption struggle , the national people 's congress session this year will , in addition to adopting decisions on supervising economic work , also consider area - specific supervision laws and the issue of establishing effective and practicable supervision mechanisms , so as to gradually implement clean government construction .\r\nzhou yongkang , former minister of land and resources , was appointed secretary of the sichuan provincial cpc committee prior to this .\r\ntian fengshan , who was born in zhaoyuan county , heilongjiang province , took part in work since july 1961 and joined the cpc in march 1970 .\r\nin 1964 , he concluded his study at the xian second artillery technical academy of the people 's liberation army and became a teacher , secretary of the party committee of the commune , director of the revolutionary committee , and deputy secretary of the party committee , and deputy head , of zhaoyuan county , his hometown .\r\nhe has great ability in organization and coordination work , has rich experience in leadership work , has seriously implemented the principle of democratic centralism , has the style of going deep into matters , and is an appropriate person for the post of minister of land and resources .\r\nbeijing , 1 mar ( xinhua ) - - decision of the national people 's congress [ npc ] standing committee on strengthening supervision over economic work adopted at the 14 th standing committee meeting of the ninth npc on 1 march 2000 .\r\nthe draft annual national economic and social development plan , draft five - year plan , and draft long - term plan formulated by the state council should be submitted to the npc standing committee one month before the npc session is held . 3 .\r\nwhenever necessary , the npc standing committee may hear , examine , and discuss the state council 's special reports on economic work .\r\nthe npc standing committee should supervise the implementation of the national economic and social development plan .\r\nthe financial and economic committee should hold plenary meetings in the first half of april , july , and october to hear , analyze , and study the reports given by relevant state council departments on the economic operations of the first quarter , the first half , and the first three quarters of the year . 9 .\r\nwhen the npc standing committee holds a meeting to examine and discuss the items listed in this decision , the state council should provide relevant information and explanations in a timely manner whenever necessary and send state council responsible officials or responsible officials of relevant departments to attend the meeting to hear opinions and answer questions .\r\nthe ministry of land and resources has already sent the inspection report to the respective departments in charge for their further studies , and relevant departments have also put forward their preliminary opinions on work improvements .\r\nhe pointed out : this inspection shows the implementation of the system of multi - party cooperation and political consultations under the cpc leadership , and has proved to be a good way for democratic parties and non - party personages to participate in state affairs .\r\nin recent years , the work of protecting and making rational use of national land and resources has undergone further improvements .\r\nthe \" law of the people 's republic of china for the protection of the marine environment , \" which was promulgated by the npc not long ago , will be of great significance in promoting a sustainable growth in marine resources .\r\nin view of this , we must unremittingly educate our vast numbers of cadres , especially party and government leaders at all levels , on the policies and laws that are designed for the protection and rational use of resources , so as to enhance their understanding on the importance of this task .\r\nwe should tighten control over the implementation of land resource plans .\r\nat present , out of their local and immediate interests , some localities have illegally occupied farmland for other purposes under all sorts of different pretexts , and have issued land - use and mineral - production licenses beyond their authority .\r\ndeepening scientific and technological training is a pressing task for the training of the whole army and preparations made for military struggles .\r\nit is the sacred mission of the whole army to defend the country 's security , unification , and territorial integrity .\r\nas future wars will be fought under hi - tech conditions , we should train our soldiers in the hi - tech background .\r\nwe must closely associate our military training with our army 's preparations for military struggles , strive to deepen scientific and technological training , make efforts to improve the troops ' combat effectiveness with science and technology , and ensure that our troops can \" win wars . \"\r\nthe editorial pointed out that training soldiers with science and technology is a deep reform representing a milestone in the history of our military training .\r\nit should be noted that military training is the basic way to produce and enhance combat effectiveness in the peaceful period and that it would be very difficult to achieve a leap forward in the quality of military training only through increasing the intensity and prolonging the time of training .\r\nto change ways of increasing combat effectiveness and follow a new road of training and development , the only choice is to seek combat effectiveness through science and technology .\r\nthe difficulty with respect to china 's modernization does not lie in the east , but rather in the west .\r\nand the important way station in china 's modernization may well turn out to lie in the western region .\r\nthis view was made public by wang mengkui in his talk at a recent seminar .\r\naccording to wang mengkui , our nation is a large developing country with extensive border regions ; because there exist great inequalities between the prevailing conditions for and basis of economic development in these various regions , the challenges presented by and the pace of realizing modernization in each place are also different .\r\nwe should be prepared to concentrate on the issue of opening up the west for the duration of the 21 st century .\r\nspeaking about the phased nature of opening up the west , wang mengkui stated that the opening up of the western region requires careful planning , an ordered sequence and gradual steps .\r\nwang mengkui said that opening up the west requires expansion of the functions of government ; this point is a certainty .\r\nquestions that need further investigation are : what are the resources that can be provided by government ?\r\nwhat policies can be applied by government ?\r\nincreasing the dynamics of shifted payment will provide much more support to infrastructure construction in the western region ; this is something that is already underway at the national level , and will without doubt continue .\r\nbeijing , 1 march ( xinhua ) - - after accomplishing all the agenda satisfactorily , the 14 th meeting of the standing committee of the ninth national people 's congress [ npc ] concluded today in the great hall of the people .\r\nthe meeting today also passed in principle the draft work report of the npc standing committee . the draft work report will be revised at the chairmanship meeting in line with the opinions proposed by standing committee members , and then being submitted to the third session of the ninth npc .\r\nthe appointment and removal of the minister of land and natural resources and other personnel were also approved at the meeting .\r\nhe said : the standing committee meeting reexamined and approved the decision of the npc standing committee on strengthening economic supervision .\r\nthe decision summed up the basic experiences of the npc standing committee over the past years in economic supervision , adopted the opinions posed at the first examination meeting , and suggested practical methods for carrying out the work in this respect .\r\nthe decision is of great importance in terms of manifesting the npc standing committee 's performance of duty enshrined by the constitution and the law , in enhancing and standardizing the supervision over the government 's economic work , and in ensuring the national economy to develop in a sustained , rapid , and healthy manner .\r\nli peng held , since reform and opening up , china 's culture market has witnessed great development , but faced some problems that should be quickly resolved as well .\r\nit is imperative for us to improve the management of culture market , and steer it to a correct direction with a proper handling of the relationship between the development of culture market and social advancement , the relationship between social benefits and economic returns , and the relationship between the culture market 's prosperity and management .\r\nli peng said : another important task of the meeting was to prepare for the third session of the ninth people 's congress .\r\nthe third session of the ninth npc will be an important meeting at the turn of the century .\r\nthe standing committee members should take the initiative to receive supervision from the people 's congress . standing committee members should listen to deputies ' opinions modestly in a bid to improve the work of the standing committee hereafter and honor the duty enshrined by the constitutions and laws in a down - to - earth manner .\r\nthank you mr. chairman , thank you all for graciously attending this seminar .\r\nmy own life is linked to the cause of china 's reforms .\r\nthe fact that reform is the main topic of this seminar today is a tremendous honor for mew , and also a spur to me .\r\ni will now give my own observations in reviewing the more than 20 years of reform in china and will also look toward the future of the reforms ; please make your criticisms .\r\nchina 's reforms have achieved very great success .\r\nthe basic yardstick of this success is that the outline of a market economy based on mixed ownership has now emerged .\r\ntake industry , for instance ; the output value of state enterprises in industry as a whole declined from 78 percent in 1978 to 33 percent last year , while the share of non - state - owned economy has risen from 22.2 percent to 67 percent .\r\nunder the impetus of market forces , china 's economy has developed at flying speed in the past 20 years , and living standards have risen everywhere ; this point is recognized by the world .\r\nwe must also realize however that from the angle of changing the pattern of resource allocation , we have not yet made the big breakthrough in reform .\r\nthe 14 th party congress specifically pointed out that the basic content of economic reform is to change the pattern of resource allocation and switch from planned economy to market economy which exploits the basic nature of the market in resource allocation .\r\nalthough the proportion of state - owned economy in gdp is not high now , being only about one - third , in terms of the amount of economic resources it takes up , state - owned economy still occupies the main position .\r\nand the reform of the state - owned economy is by no means satisfactory , and we are very far from being able to say that the market is now playing a basic role in this part of resource allocation .\r\nfor instance , the system root of the problem of \" duplicate construction \" which we have discussed a great deal and which greatly concerns the government lies in the fact that state - owned economy has not been fundamentally reformed and reorganized , and occupies the most important position in resource control .\r\nwe could cite many similar problems ; for instance , the lowering of the efficiency of state - owned economy leads to fragility in the financial system , and so on .\r\nthat the income level and living standards of the peasants cannot be improved has now become a serious economic and social problem .\r\nhow can they be enabled to get rich ?\r\nfrom the viewpoint of economics , a key condition is to shift 150 to 200 million surplus rural laborers to nonagricultural occupations .\r\nit is because our industry and commerce lack creative vitality , or else their vitality has not been exploited .\r\nthere are two aspects to this question , one is that state - owned economy has not been fundamentally revamped , and the other is that non - state - owned economy has not been properly developed .\r\nwhy did this state of affairs come about ?\r\ni think an important reason is that some people possess extremely complex and deep - rooted vested interests in the old state - owned economy .\r\nin particular , the cream of society has major interests in the old state - owned economy .\r\nthus , we will encounter very great resistance in reforming and reorganizing state - owned economy and developing non - state - owned economy .\r\ni recently spent some time in hungary .\r\nis there a similar problem in china ?\r\nin addition , in 1984 the third plenary session of the 12 th cpc central committee issued the famous \" decision of the cpc central committee on reform of the economic system . \"\r\nreforms in this respect , however , have not proceeded very smoothly .\r\nas everyone knows , in line with the \" three benefits \" principle , the 15 th party congress decided to readjust and perfect the ownership structure of the national economy and establish the basic economic system for a long time to come .\r\nlast year 's fourth plenary session of the 15 th cpc central committee made the guidelines of the 15 th party congress more specific .\r\nit should be said that the guidelines and policies of the cpc central committee and the chinese government are correct , and the problem now is to implement them .\r\nin the past two years a phenomenon has existed which causes anxiety , that is , there is a trend in the state - owned departments to neglect reform and reorganization and to enthusiastically engage in \" rushing to the ministries for money . \"\r\nif , however , this is turned into a long - term policy for mobilizing nongovernmental resources and saving state enterprises , this will cause a whole series of negative microeconomic and macroeconomic consequences .\r\nin addition , using this method over a long period will excessively increase the treasury burden and threaten economic and social stability .\r\nwhat are the ways out for us in these circumstances ?\r\nall this work is very arduous .\r\nwhat is the correct guideline for resolving these problems ?\r\nhowever we nave not done anything like enough regarding what practical steps to take to ensure true vitality for our native economy .\r\nunless we break through these areas of misunderstanding , it will be very hard to implement the decisions of the 15 th party congress and the fourth plenary session of the 15 th central committee .\r\naccording to the spirit of the 15 th party congress and the fourth plenary session of the 15 th central committee , there are two things that must be done : first , completely let go those state - owned medium - sized and small enterprises in places where they have not been completely let go .\r\nwe are glad that a number of regions have now emerged that have implemented the central policies and guidelines relatively well , with the result that their economy is flourishing and there is full employment and social stability .\r\nfor example , this new atmosphere has emerged in most parts of zhejiang province .\r\nsince these areas where objective conditions are not particularly good can achieve this , other areas where conditions are better can naturally do the same .\r\nfrom this angle , the prospects for china 's development are optimistic .\r\nthe meeting stressed that the party central committee with comrade jiang zemin at the core has placed the task of strengthening and improving the ideological and political work before the whole party as a major issue of an overall , strategic , and leading significance .\r\nwe must act in line with the requirement of general secretary jiang : the more we need to deepen reform , expand the scope of opening up , and develop a socialist market economy , the more we should set a great value on and should strengthen the ideological and political work .\r\nwe should keep to a correct orientation in our work , give wide publicity to the main theme of our time , carry forward and develop healthy trends in society , and occupy the front of mass culture with healthy and beneficial activities .\r\nexhibition halls , museums , science museums , libraries , cultural centers , cinemas , entertainment venues , and tourist spots are all required to propagate a spiritual civilization , oppose feudal and superstitious ideas , and resist vulgar interests .\r\nthe meeting urged efforts to summarize a number of advanced models and experiences in the ideological and political work .\r\nit is necessary to organize the publication of a batch of articles that carry a lot of weight and enjoy great profundity , with a view to providing clear and persuasive answers to the specific questions that are concerned by the masses .\r\nding guangen stressed : the \" three - stresses \" education has a vital importance to the future and the fate of the party ; to the overall situation of reform , development , and stability ; and to the great cause of rejuvenation of our nation .\r\nbeijing , march 1 - - the taiwan authorities have been using every means in their power to purchase \" western weapons \" in large quantities . after nearly 20 years of spare - no - expense military purchases , taiwan 's troops are indeed equipped with a large quantity of advanced arms and equipment .\r\nhowever , if war breaks out because of taiwan 's quest for independence , these western weapons will not be able to play a decisive role in cross - strait military conflicts .\r\nthe practice of modern wars as well as historical experience and lessons both show that a couple of new weapons cannot stop the advance of history .\r\nthese were comments made by wang weixing , a research fellow at the institute of strategic studies of the academy of military science .\r\ntoday 's jiefangjun bao devoted a full page to this interview , entitled \" western weapons cannot stop the reunification of the motherland . \"\r\nwang weixing said : on the surface , the weaponry of taiwan 's troops appears quite well - developed in terms of scale and systems .\r\nhowever , if we analyze it more carefully , we will discover that very little of its weapons , particularly hi - tech weapons , are locally manufactured . most of them were acquired from western countries . the most striking problem about them is that they come in many varieties and have different origins .\r\ndepletion is alarming in modern hi - tech wars . the more advanced the weaponry , the greater the depletion due to destruction from attacks and the war itself .\r\nif the \" pro - independence \" splittist forces are bent on splitting the motherland and war breaks out as a result , the weaponry of taiwan 's troops simply cannot afford the depletion .\r\nmoreover , since taiwan cannot make any of the hi - tech weapons , the initiative to make replenishments is in the hands of others .\r\nit has no say in the matter at all .\r\ntaiwan 's geographical environment is such that it is impossible to bring the maximum capability of high - performance weapons into play .\r\non the close links between the military purchases of the taiwan authorities and the pace of li teng - hui 's quest for taiwan 's independence , he pointed out : put more plainly , military purchases out of political objectives are political gambles by li teng - hui and a handful of irresponsible politicians .\r\nfirst , they are doing their best to please the united states by making military purchases and trying to drag the americans down into the water by putting more money in their pocket .\r\nthey are hoping to obstruct the reunification of the motherland by forming an alliance with the united states and japan . second , they are trying to highlight us support and assistance to the taiwan authorities through us arms sales to taiwan in order to deceive the public .\r\nthe taiwan authorities spent more than us $ 43 billion on arms purchases over the past two decades . on this question , wang weixing said : the money spent by the taiwan authorities on arms purchases is essentially the hard - earned money of people on both sides of the strait .\r\nthe taiwan authorities are doing the biggest blaspheme against peaceful cross - strait trade and hurling the biggest insult at the chinese people on both sides of the strait by purchasing arms to split the motherland and seeking independence .\r\nthere were three deputies dismissed , namely , han jingchang from jiangxi , zhang kuntong from henan , and yu guoxin from guangxi .\r\nthis announcement was hereby published . [ signed ] npc standing committee [ dated ] 1 march 2000\r\nmoscow , 1 mar ( xinhua ) - - a joint communiqu on the visit of russia by the foreign minister of the people 's republic of china was published on 1 march in moscow .\r\nfull text of the communiqu as follows : at the invitation of igor ivanov , foreign minister of the russian federation , tang jiaxuan , foreign minister of the people 's republic of china , made an official visit to the russian federation between 28 february and 1 march 2000 .\r\nvladmir putin , acting president and premier of the russian federation , met with foreign minister tang jiaxuan .\r\ntang jiaxuan handed a letter from jiang zemin , the president of the people 's republic of china , to putin .\r\nboth sides reaffirmed that there would be another sino - russian summit meeting this year .\r\nboth sides agreed to make earnest preparations to achieve marked and practical results in the regular meetings between the sino - russian premiers .\r\nduring the talks , tang jiaxuan and ivanov satisfactorily pointed out that the mutual cooperation between china and russia was not directed at third countries and that such a cooperation would increasingly become a major factor promoting a multi - polar world and the establishment of a just and reasonable international order .\r\nboth sides stressed that any acts that aim at undermining sovereign nations ' territorial integrity are unacceptable .\r\nboth sides pointed out that maintaining global strategic stability under the present situation is of special significance to safeguard world peace .\r\nboth sides agreed to continuously enhance and deepen the two countries ' cooperation in this area .\r\nthe two countries ' foreign ministers reaffirmed that the two nations have consensus on the issue of ensuring security and stability in their peripheral regions , such as asia - pacific , central asia and south asia .\r\nboth sides expressed the willingness to comprehensively promote the cooperation within the framework of the \" shanghai five . \"\r\nchina and russia support the active organizational efforts made by asia - pacific regions in maintaining regional security . the two countries reaffirmed their support for the call of some countries in asia in creating non - nuclear weapon zones .\r\ntang jiaxuan and ivanov signed the \" agreement between the government of the people 's republic of china and the government of the russian federation on the exchange of visits by the two countries ' citizens . \"\r\nwith pleasure , ivanov accepted the invitation for the visit , whose date will be decided by diplomatic channels .\r\ndai xianglong said : in recent years , the banking sector has steadily increased its credit support to the western regions .\r\ndai xianglong emphasized that since the strategy of developing the western regions is a long - term and complicated project of systems engineering , everything must be done in accordance with objective laws .\r\nin keeping with the state 's policy of increasing financial investment to infrastructure construction in the western regions , commercial banks should be positively urged to subscribe treasury bonds and grant supporting loans in a timely manner .\r\npositive steps should be taken to issue tuition loans and housing loans to students to promote personnel training .\r\nfifth , supporting economic cooperation between the eastern and western regions and promoting the opening of the economy of the western regions to the outside world .\r\nthe gun fired , and the girl fell drenched in blood .\r\nshe was kayla rolland , a six - year old first - grader .\r\nhowever , the one who killed her is not a vicious adult criminal , but a boy classmate of the same age .\r\nthe appalling news shocked the whole country .\r\nin may of the same year , at a high school in georgia , a student opened fire and wounded six schoolmates .\r\n\" the gun - related disasters at schools are more dangerous than tigers . \" this is the true portrayal of tragic cases at schools today and has become a serious issue of human rights in the united states now .\r\naccording to us mass media , at least one serious criminal case took place in 10 percent of schools in the united states each year and more and more cases involved gunshots .\r\nfrom 1985 to 1995 , the number of juvenile criminal cases increased by 200 percent , of which gunshot cases increased by 300 percent .\r\nin 1997 , 6,044 gun - killing cases involved youngsters from 15 to 24 years old .\r\nthe gun - shooting crimes committed by american youngsters , including those by children , are the direct evil consequence of an overflow of guns .\r\nin recent years , the broad masses of american people strongly called for banning guns . nevertheless , their appeals were obstructed by the american rifle association , which has great economic power and political backing .\r\nthe violent culture and environment in the united states bring on the frequent gunshots on campus .\r\naccording to another study , a child in the united states will have seen 40,000 \" performing \" killers and 200,000 theatrical violent actions when reaching the age of 18 .\r\nexperts of the mental disease institute of yale university made a survey of 107 american youngsters and found that 51 percent of them admitted that they had encountered one or more instances of violence in their neighborhood and 12 percent of them said they had been attacked or threatened by guns and knives .\r\nthe frequent happenings of campus disasters have , in one aspect , deeply exposed the worrisome human rights situation in the united states .\r\nan ironic thing was that , shortly before the disaster at buell elementary school , the us government released its annual \" country reports on human rights practices . \"\r\nthe report criticizes human rights situation in other countries and stops at nothing to attack other countries , while not uttering a single word about its own deteriorating human rights situation .\r\nthis has fully exposed the dual standards and hypocritical nature of the united states on the issue of human rights and can only be ridiculed by people in the world .\r\nbeijing , 1 march ( xinhua ) - - the chinese - language internet portal operator - - the sohu company - - and the mobile telephone supplier - - the nokia company - - signed an agreement in beijing today on a joint bid to provide upgraded mobile internet service to mobile telephone users in china .\r\nthis marks a great advance in the application of chinese - language mobile internet technology .\r\naccording to the agreement , both sides will actively establish a nokia wap ( wireless application protocol ) platform for mobile internet service and the sohu company will be responsible for providing the platform with network information content .\r\nthis cooperation will enable mobile telephone users in china to rapidly download the sohu website , acquire real - time information in fields , such as news , finance , and leisure , and complete mobile electronic commercial deals through handsets .\r\nmoreover , the upgraded mobile internet service will help further upgrade or improve traditional technologies so that the users also can get information and service when they are not on - line and thus greatly enhance the practical function of mobile internet service .\r\nit has been reported that china has more than 400 million mobile telephone users at present and moreover , the number of the users is expanding continuously every year .\r\nthe ministry of education issued a notice today calling on the educational front to conscientiously study , deeply understand , and resolutely implement the spirit of the \" remarks \" and to strive to create a new situation in china 's educational reform and development .\r\nit is necessary to conscientiously study the situation with young students ' thinking and moral characters in the new situation ; to conduct education on patriotism , collectivism , and socialism ; and to help students foster accurate world outlook and accurate outlook on life and value .\r\nthe ministry points out that with the focus on improving teachers ' moral characters and work styles , we should realistically strengthen the construction of the contingent of teachers and make ceaseless efforts to improve teachers ' ideological and political quality and professional ability .\r\nit is imperative to further expand the dynamics of lightening the excessive heavy burdens of primary and middle school students and to comprehensively improve the educational and teaching quality .\r\nthe ministry notes that we should pay high attention to family education so as to acquire the support and cooperation of students ' parents .\r\nthe ministry stresses that education is a systems engineering .\r\nthe party and society as a whole should show concern over and support the work of strengthening and improving education .\r\nextra - school educational institutions , such as children 's palaces , should conduct rich and useful extracurricular activities for young students .\r\nit is now time for thoroughly resolving the issue of giving permanent normal trade relations to china .\r\nhe said : both the us government and enterprises have paid great attention to and supported the issue of giving permanent normal trade relations to china and have done much positive work . president clinton has also designated commerce secretary daley as the chief negotiator to take charge of this work .\r\nsun zhenyu said that he believed that this issue would be rapidly resolved through the efforts of all sides .\r\nin view of the fact that the us congressmen are more concerned about the issue of china carrying out bilateral trade and agricultural agreements , sun zhenyu said : china has already started carrying out the bilateral trade agreement and conducting special training for personnel and has checked and amended the existing regulations , systems and laws .\r\nin the implementation of the agricultural agreement , china has done much work . after sending an orange delegation to california for observation , china also sent the wheat delegation to montana for observation and signed a contract on importing 5,000 tonnes of wheat from the united states .\r\nthis is the first time for the chinese government to import wheat from the western part of the united states , indicating the chinese government 's sincerity in carrying out the agreement .\r\nsun zhenyu was invited by the us department of commerce to attend the three - day sino - us commercial discussions with an aim to preparing for the ministerial meeting of the joint committee of the sino - us business council to be held in beijing on 6 - 7 april .\r\nshanghai , 2 mar ( xinhua ) - - two grand talent exchange fairs were held in shanghai a few days ago . for a while , many merchants and professionals gathered in shanghai , making the city bustling and thriving .\r\nseeking the most excellent professionals is our urgent task to actively enter the chinese market , \" said pu xiaojun , senior manager of the human resources department of the ( china ) lucent technologies , who specially came from beijing to personally advertise for talented persons .\r\ninstead of spreading advertisement data , many foreign - invested enterprises participating in these talent exchange fairs simply , clearly , and vividly displayed their images by showing pictures and eye - catching charts with videos .\r\n\" we do not set employment quotas . no matter how many they are , all the talents will be employed , as long as they are outstanding and are needed by our corporation , \" said a pertinent responsible person of shenzhen huawei technology corporation .\r\nthe shanghai municipal overseas service corporation , a large state - owned corporation specialized in providing human resources and service for foreign - invested enterprises and agencies , sent last year some 23,000 employees to foreign enterprises and helped 300 - plus foreign agencies settle down in shanghai .\r\nshen jianguo said : \" foreign enterprises are entering shanghai at an obviously quickened pace .\r\nthe only way to satisfy their market demands is to build up an even bigger and brisker \" reservoir \" of talented people . \" this reporter met zhang jie , a master degree candidate of tongji university in shanghai , at the crowded talent exchange fair .\r\nthis student majoring in information management , who is about to graduate this year , has finally signed , through repeated observations , a contract with datang telecommunications and technological corporation .\r\nhe said with feeling that the talent market was been increasingly open and job opportunities are increasing , but the requirements of employers are increasingly high .\r\nwang shaochang , deputy head of the shanghai municipal personnel bureau , told this reporter that shanghai invited 7,000 professionals of various kinds from abroad last year , some 2,000 more than in the previous year .\r\nand , the ranks of returned students initiating enterprises and consulting agencies in china have also expanded by 10 percent these years . he added that only by opening wide the door and setting up a vast stage for talent exchange and training can shanghai consistently enhance its international competitiveness .\r\nthis matter goes beyond a theoretical debate and becomes a major issue that directly puts the fate of the world 's six billion people at risk .\r\ndoes the idea \" human rights are above sovereignty \" really stand to reason ? a brief analysis exposes that idea is not only specious but also absolutely untenable .\r\nthe state belongs to the people and the state sovereignty is the collective human rights of the people of a country .\r\nlosing sovereignty means loss of human rights .\r\npatriotism has always been most revered by the people .\r\nthis is because the disaster of losing sovereignty far exceeds that of class oppression .\r\ndisaster does not hit a particular group only . when it strikes , no one can escape unscathed .\r\ntherefore to enjoy human rights , one must first of all have sovereignty .\r\nthe chinese people and people of other developing countries have known that without sovereignty there would be no human rights ; they have suffered from it and have taken the path of first striving for sovereignty before improving human rights .\r\ndeng xiaoping said : \" honestly speaking , state rights are more important than human rights .\r\nthat is to say that the act of one country 's violation of another country 's sovereignty is no longer the main danger to the international security .\r\nunjust and unreasonable international political order and international economic order are the most striking facts .\r\neconomic globalization has become a justifiable reason to violate another country 's sovereignty .\r\nthe new york times on 24 april 1999 noted that economic globalization has caused \" the inevitable and voluntary weakening of the state sovereignty by the global economic juggernaut . \"\r\neconomic globalization is often described as a double - edged sword with its accompanying pros and cons .\r\nbut now it does not equally treat all the countries ; it greatly favors some developed countries .\r\nsuch unequal and unjust order seriously jeopardizes international peace and security and hurts the human rights of several billions of people in the world .\r\nthis is several times more serious than the acts of violation of human rights in some countries .\r\nfaced with such inequality and injustice , maintaining sovereignty becomes even more important to small and weak countries .\r\nit is no wonder that the algerian president uttered at the united nations that \" sovereignty is our last line of defense against an unequal world system . \"\r\nthe state is a product of the development of human society .\r\nit helps maintain certain \" order \" among people with different interests ; avoids the destruction of itself and society in clashes ; and externally it maintains sovereignty and guards against foreign aggression .\r\nalthough individuals form a state , an individual cannot survive without the state .\r\nmarxists hold that a state may fall but that is the result of a future society .\r\nat this stage , an individual cannot survive without the state .\r\nif the state does not exist , what will people become ?\r\nit will be in a state of anarchy . people will be led astray and become stateless . or people will become other country 's slaves .\r\nin whichever condition , there will be no protection of people 's life , dignity , and freedom and people will lose the value as human beings .\r\nthat is why we chinese often say there will be no homes without a country .\r\nsome western countries describe the violation of another country 's sovereignty on the pretext of human rights as \" not a dispute over interests but a fight over value . \"\r\nthe value that is dear to the west can only be value in some western countries .\r\nwhen talking about the war against the federal republic of yugoslavia , us president clinton said that the united states has \" won a victory for our democratic value concepts and for an even stronger united states . \"\r\nthose rich countries \" think that they have done the right thing but other countries consider that a threat to their own security . \"\r\nwhat will the putting into practice of the \" new interventionism \" under the excuse of \" human rights are above sovereignty \" lead to ?\r\nbut as many acts involving human rights and as the line to decide on what is wrong and what is right remains blurred , the international community has yet to reach a consensus over that .\r\nfrench daily \" le figaro \" wrote on 22 june 1999 : \" as there has been so far not a single political organization that can determine the progress of the matter , a country 's sovereignty is thus trampled upon . \"\r\nas a matter of fact , western countries set the \" standard . \"\r\non 5 july 1999 , the us boston globe wrote , \" countries are told that if they do not abide by the western standards , they incur the risk of interference . \"\r\nit is only the special privilege of a small number of western countries that interfere in other countries ' internal affairs under the pretext of \" human rights are above sovereignty . \" to be sure , small and weak countries do violate human rights .\r\nsome big and powerful western countries also violate human rights , some of them quite serious .\r\nin fact , some already openly advocated practicing imperialism .\r\n\" the united states and nato have practically turned their backs on the stipulations of the un charter that strictly restrict international intervention in regional conflicts ( the may - june 1999 issue of the bimonthly foreign affairs ) .\r\nto negate the un charter , some in the west even absurdly maintained that the un charter and the \" world declaration on human rights \" are contradictory .\r\nbritain 's new statesman on 9 april 1999 wrote that even if there is no basic contradiction between the stipulations of world order in the un charter and the rights expounded in the \" world declaration of human rights \" there also exists at least conflicts between the two .\r\nwhereas the charter forbids the use of force to violate a state 's sovereignty , the declaration guarantees the right of an individual to fight against a tyrannical state .\r\nthis is really incredible .\r\nthis shows that the united nations has the responsibility and right to stop any acts , including violation of human rights , which put international peace and security at risk . this also demonstrates that it is up to the united nations , not to any country , to decide on which acts endanger international peace and security .\r\ntherefore those who blame the un charter for giving protection to acts of human rights violation is nothing but an excuse .\r\nthe us chicago tribune stated that rather explicitly in an article published on 6 june 1999 : \" a thorough change is taking place with regard to the concept of sovereignty over the past 10 years .\r\nlike it or not , the united states , the only superpower in the world , must assume leadership responsibility .\r\nit follows that the united states must involve itself in every intervention act one way or another in the world . \"\r\nthe paper continued : \" if we want security at home , we must exercise leadership abroad . \"\r\nbritain 's new statesman weekly on 9 april 1999 stated in an even explicit manner : \" the united states has long waged an open campaign against international laws and the un charter . \"\r\nthe articles cited above revealed the secrets of the call of \" human rights are above sovereignty . \"\r\nfirst , the crux of the argument of \" human rights are above sovereignty \" is that sovereignty of a country can be violated .\r\nsecond , countries that advocate and practice the argument \" human rights are above sovereignty \" are no other than \" former colonial powers \" ( to borrow the phrase of the french daily \" le figaro \" ) .\r\na country whose sovereignty is violated should be deeply grateful for the good deeds done by the violator country . if it does not understand that or even raises an objection , it is ungrateful and deserve death by thousand cuts !\r\nthe eighth workshop on regional cooperation for the promotion and protection of human rights in the asia - pacific region , which was jointly sponsored by the chinese government and the office of the united nations high commissioner for human rights , was held in beijing from 1 - 3 march .\r\nin a letter of congratulations to the workshop , chinese president jiang zemin said : it is an important task facing the international community to further strengthen international cooperation in the field of human rights and promote the development of the international cause of human rights in the new century .\r\nwe have both opportunities and challenges .\r\nalthough we have differences on the issue of human rights due to different national conditions , we share common goals in promoting and protecting human rights . all countries should conduct dialogues and exchanges in the spirit of equality and respect to deepen mutual understanding , narrow differences , and expand common ground and seek common progress .\r\nhuman rights , which is a historic product , represents a concept of development . it is a common aspiration of all mankind to promote the progress of the undertaking of human rights .\r\ndifferent countries have different focuses and methods to achieve their goals of human rights . in light of its own national situation , each country sets its own key goal of human rights to achieve . this action itself represents an item of basic human rights .\r\nthe chinese government has always attached great importance to human rights . in light of the universal principle of human rights and its concrete situation , it has made tremendous efforts to continuously promote the cause of human rights in china .\r\nso long as china continues to follow the road of development that is in line with its national situation , china will achieve major progress in its social and economic development and the chinese people will enjoy an even higher level of human rights .\r\nchina has signed the international covenant on economic , social and cultural rights as well as the international covenant on civil rights and political rights . now relevant departments of the chinese government have made active preparations for the approval of these two covenants .\r\nalthough countries in the asia - pacific region do not share a common position and viewpoint regarding human rights , it is obvious that they have more common points than differences .\r\nchina has been consistent in its position regarding the issue of human rights . china 's position has been to carry out dialogue and cooperation on the basis of equal consultation .\r\neconomic car competition has become more acute generally speaking , economic cars are referred to those cars whose prices are less than 10,000 yuan and the air displacement of engines is less than 1.3 liters .\r\nbecause these cars are cheap , economical and practical , they have strong competitiveness in the rental car and household car markets .\r\nin particular , if the fuel tax can be formally put into implementation this year , then , economic cars may probably get the greatest profits .\r\nwe cannot deny that at present china 's economic cars still have these characteristics , namely the structure of demand is fairly unitary , relying too much on the rental car and household cars markets .\r\nlast year , under the situation in which other types of cars showed no noticeable decline in their prices , there was an acute price war among china 's economic cars . this indirectly showed that the market demand for economic cars was not brisk .\r\nexperts said that viewed from a long - term basis , naturally , the prospects for china 's economic cars will be vast , but this does not imply that the economic cars market has completely started .\r\naccording to statistics , in five years , from 1988 to 1992 , the medium - and - high - class cars accounted for 12 percent of the number of cars used by civilians in china on average . however , by 1998 , the average number of these cars dropped to eight percent or so .\r\nbieke and yage , the two brand - new car models introduced to the world market are more competitive in prices as compared with cars of the same category in foreign countries .\r\nso , they have effectively stimulated the growth of china 's car market . meanwhile , the consumption structure of cars in china has gradually changed from mainly institutional purchase to mainly individual purchase to meet various demands . the increasing rise in the ratio of individual purchase of cars has determined the pattern of china 's car market .\r\nthat is , economic cars and medium - class cars should be the leading car models in the market . in spite of this , the technical level , manufacturing quality , the marketing idea , and the sales pattern of yage , bieke and audi a6 have brought fresh air to china 's car market .\r\nmost of these cars are produced by certain regions or enterprises , so the products can only be confined to economic cars or to sales only in a province .\r\nshould its subordinates get in touch with the ministry of state security , they will be considered as violating the law of heaven .\r\nusing other identities as disguise , personnel of the ministry of state security engage in intelligence gathering and infiltration activities . in hong kong , state security special agents have conducted their activities silently for many years .\r\non 1 february , in defiance of the chinese people 's strong objection and the overall situation of sino - us relations , the us house of representatives passed the so - called \" taiwan security enhancement act \" with 341 votes ( including 200 republicans , 141 democrats ) versus 70 votes .\r\nthis bill was initially proposed by jesse helms , chairman of the us senate foreign relations committee , and senator robert torricelli on 24 march 1999 .\r\nfaced with the tense cross - strait situation after the birth of the \" two state theory \" , the us executive branch , in order not to provoke already worsened sino - us relations , once explicitly expressed its objection to this bill , thus making it shelved for a while .\r\nthis time , the us congress , in defiance of the repeated warnings by the chinese government and the righteous strength at home , acted against the current of history and passed this notorious bill , the main driving force came from taiwan authorities ' bribes .\r\nin the name list of senators and congressmen with whom the cassidy company is in frequent contact , half of them co - signed the \" taiwan security enhancement act \" in the senate and house of representatives .\r\nit is understood that in order to expedite the introduction of the \" taiwan security enhancement act \" , the taiwan side last year paid the cassidy company 37 percent more public relations fees in six months , up from $ 400,000 in the second half of 1998 to $ 550,000 in the first half of 1999 .\r\nus congress : why anti - china again and again ?\r\nthe development path of bilateral ties since the unfreezing of sino - us relations indicates that the nature of us taiwan policy has not been changed . the united states has always been the biggest obstacle to settling the taiwan issue and realizing the reunification of china .\r\nthe passage of the \" taiwan relations act \" not only brought sino - us relations , which had just been normalized , to the verge of retrogression , but also preset factors of instability in the development course of cross - strait relations , thus making the development of cross - strait relations something always ridden with crisis .\r\nit is something left over in the history of sino - us relations that is contrary to the goodwill wishes of both the chinese and american peoples , so that sino - us relations entered the stage of developing amid struggle and progressing amid friction .\r\nthe us congress many times has played an ignominious role in sino - us relations and on the taiwan issue .\r\nthe adoption of the so - called [ \" public law \" ] [ guo nei fa 0948 0355 3127 ] towards the area of taiwan under china is obviously the united states ' wanton interference in china 's internal affairs .\r\nbut nevertheless , people have also noticed that the us government has time and again declared its objection to this bill , and president clinton has repeatedly said he \" will veto this bill . \"\r\nhence , if this bill is finally passed , it will certainly aggravate the tense situation across the taiwan straits and undermine the asia - pacific region 's peace and stability .\r\nas a spokesman of the white house said , the clinton administration would not accept this bill because it \" will create instability for that region \" .\r\nthe united states has also declared its stand of not supporting \" taiwan independence , \" not supporting \" two chinas \" or \" one china , one taiwan \" , not supporting taiwan 's accession to international organizations with country as the unit of membership .\r\nthey said : defending the people 's peace labor and safeguarding national sovereignty and territorial integrity constitute the sacred mission entrusted by the constitution on the pla as well as the most collective manifestation of the army 's basic functions during the new historical period .\r\nthe pla should always , in the past , at present , or in the future , firmly and unswervingly consider the will of the state and the nation as the supreme will and consider the interest of the state and the nation as the supreme interest .\r\nlike revolutionaries of the older generation , we will certainly not hesitate to sacrifice our all for the reunification of the state and the happiness of the people and will never allow an inch of our territory to be separated from the motherland .\r\nthis unit 's party committee has guided officers and men to conduct an extensive discussion under the title \" how to win the future regional war under high - tech conditions in the face of the complicated international situation . \"\r\nthey said : no matter how science and technology develop , the decisive factor for the victory or defeat always lies in the people rather than materials . what we fight for is justice , and an army dedicated to a just cause will never be defeated .\r\nthe education conducted by this unit has the prominent characteristics of regarding the education process as the process to prepare for military combat and turning the enthusiasm aroused from this education to the actual act of scientific and technological training .\r\nduring the education , officers and men of this unit have earnestly examined and found out the weak links in the preparations for military combat .\r\nin early spring , education is a hot topic for discussion across the country .\r\nthey generally agreed : the education sector did a lot of major , good , practical , and new things last year , a year marked by real and fruitful enforcement of the strategy of national rejuvenation through science and education , from which people saw the hope of the chinese nation 's great rejuvenation !\r\nin the course of national rejuvenation through science and education , science and technology are the key and education the foundation and the two supplement , complement , and are indispensable to each other .\r\nlast year saw two national conferences convened one after another , which beat the battle drum of national rejuvenation through science and education loud across the vast divine land - - the first was the third national education work conference convened in beijing in june , 1999 .\r\n\" as a country 's rise or fall hinges on education , the whole people are duty - bound to rejuvenate education , \" stated general secretary jiang zemin at its opening ceremony , whose remarks reverberated in the hearts of the country 's people for a long time just like a forceful strike at a big bronze bell .\r\nin october , a month in golden autumn , the first china international hi - tech achievements trade fair was held in shenzhen to promote china 's economic and technological cooperation with various countries in the world .\r\nby the end of the 20 th century , the ordinary people and government officials had acutely sensed the firm steps taken in national rejuvenation through science and education .\r\nhow could the strategy of national rejuvenation through science and education be implemented to the letter ?\r\nthe cpc central committee and the state council gave an explicit answer : we must positively push forward through coordination a scientific and technological structural reform , an education structural reform , and an economic structural reform in order to fundamentally resolve the problem of science , technology , and education being divorced from economy .\r\non 1 july of last year , the state economic and trade commission began to run all 242 scientific research academies or institutes affiliated to some 10 state administrations under its control as enterprises , this being a substantial step forward in the scientific and technological structural reform .\r\nearly this year , beijing general academy of nonferrous metal studies was the first unit to receive an enterprise legal person license from the state administration for industry and commerce and turn from an institution into a scientific and technological enterprise , this being a historical transformation .\r\nthe education reform was also enforced as required .\r\nfaced with a new situation , the contradiction between the education thinking , system , structure , contents , and methods on the one hand and the needs of socialist modernization development became more conspicuous with each passing day .\r\nspeaking of this , huang renjian , a member of the ninth cppcc national committee , excitedly stated : \" the call for quality education , which has been heard for so many years , finally made a breakthrough in practice .\r\ni sincerely hope that comprehensive development of ethical , intellectual , and physical quality is no longer an empty talk ! \"\r\nboth the system transformation for scientific research academies and institutes and conceptual reform for the education structure have just entered the stage of storming fortifications .\r\nliu jiren , a member of the cppcc national committee and director of dongdaaerpai software company ltd. , pointed out : our country still lags far behind developed countries in scientific , technological , and education standard . look at the whole country , scientific and education standard still varies greatly from one region to the other .\r\nthe deputies and members maintained : apart from seeing challenges and knowing about shortcomings , we should also see more clearly a golden opportunity .\r\n\" do n't let slip an opportunity as it may never come again . \"\r\n\" the screams of monkeys on either bank had scarcely ceased echoing in my ear , when my skiff had left behind it ten thousand ranges of hills . \"\r\nthe well - informed person said : the judicial department in beijing approved chen xitong 's request for medical parole on the eve of spring festival in view of his poor health and need to receive medical treatment . arrangements were made to let him rest and receive medical treatment in a quiet village on the outskirts of beijing .\r\nit was learned that , although chen xitong is on medical parole , he is still a prisoner serving a sentence and must observe relevant stipulations , including not having any contact with the outside world without approval from the concerned department .\r\nit was learned that , at the prison , chen xitong could subscribe to various domestic newspapers and watch tv . his favorite papers were beijing ribao and beijing wanbao . chen xitong 's lunch includes two dishes with soup .\r\nhis dinner was quite abundant with special privileges , including four dishes and a soup .\r\nchen xitong is the first member of the cpc political bureau sentenced by the court for corruption and dereliction of duty since cpc assumed the reins of government .\r\nthe first political bureau member who was sentenced by the court .\r\nshortly afterward , chen xitong 's \" resignation to hold himself responsible for a serious mistake \" was approved . his post of secretary of the beijing municipal cpc committee was removed and secretary of the central commission for discipline inspection wei jianxing took over the post and investigated the case .\r\non 31 july 1998 , the beijing higher people 's court found chen xitong guilty of accepting 22 valuable articles , leading a luxurious life and wantonly spending public money when he was mayor and secretary of beijing municipality , and the court sentenced him to 16 years of fixed - term imprisonment .\r\nin late november 1999 , chen shui - pien [ chen shuibian ] issued a so - called \" constitutional amendment white paper \" as a key part of his campaign policy position .\r\nbut both the focus of his campaign document and his related position on the definition of cross - strait relations are permeated with an essentially \" taiwan independence \" spirit .\r\nthe highest principle of the so - called \" national security \" is the strategic security of the asia - pacific region , which involves the common interests of the united states , japan , and taiwan in the western pacific , and which is undoubtedly aimed at containing china .\r\nchen shui - pien is a radical \" taiwan independence \" figure . meanwhile , he is a typical opportunist politician , being good at playing political tricks , and at exploiting the news media to embellish and concoct , to camouflage himself .\r\nbut in certain major incidents , his \" taiwan independence \" essence has been endlessly exposed .\r\nhe has stabilized his voter base and expanded his support base .\r\ndue to the strong pressure of the chinese government and international opinion , the taiwan authorities have not yet made the reckless move to make a \" constitutional amendment \" of the \" two - state theory . \"\r\nthis can only show that chen shui - pien 's past so - called guarantees that \" he will not declare taiwan independence once he takes power , \" \" will not arbitrarily promote a referendum , \" and \" will not play with the lives of the taiwan people \" are nothing but lies .\r\nvice premier qian qichen noted clearly in a speech at the forum in beijing of all circles marking the fifth anniversary of president jiang 's eight points that , so - called \" taiwan independence \" can only mean cross - strait war , absolutely not cross - strait peace .\r\nsince chen shui - pien 's tone essentially violates taiwan public opinion , severely endangering the security and interests of the taiwan public , there will definitely be no way for it to escape its fate of failure .\r\namong the various work reports that are to be submitted for the deliberation of the npc and the cppcc at the \" two sessions , \" premier zhu rongji 's government work report can be said the center of attention .\r\nlooking back at 1999 , one can see that it was a year of many major events , many knotty issues , and many contingencies .\r\ntherefore , the government is expected to make it one of the focuses for this year 's work to further expand the scope of exports , make a better use of foreign investment , and accelerate the reform of its foreign trade system .\r\nit has been learned that china 's accession to the wto is not elaborated in great length in the government work report , and this serves to show the prudent and low - key approach adopted by the government on this issue .\r\nas a matter of fact , all government departments are currently engaged in revising and perfecting relevant policies , rules , and regulations on the basis of both the wto 's requirements and china 's promises .\r\nreinforcing the modernization building of national defense is an important guarantee to china 's economic construction , and to a lengthy and peaceful reign of the country .\r\nthis year , the government will increase input in the army building , with a view to enhancing the comprehensive ability of the troops to win technological wars and to adapting the army to the new situation that faces china 's national security and military struggle in the new century .\r\nthe year 1999 was also one which witnessed the greatest change in both the international situation and international relations ever since the end of the cold war .\r\nbeijing , 1 mar - - a social survey organization showed here : 91 percent of interviewees held that the taiwan issue should be settled sooner rather than later . all respondents shared the view that \" taiwan independence \" only meant a war rather than peace between the two sides of the taiwan strait .\r\nthe release of a white paper entitled \" the one - china principle and the taiwan issue \" has evoked repercussions at home and abroad .\r\nthe white paper stated that \" if the taiwan authorities indefinitely reject the settlement of the reunification issue through peace talks , \" the mainland may be compelled to use force and set a \" timetable without a time frame . \"\r\nhowever , if the taiwan authorities cling obstinately to their pursuit of taiwan independence , then the mainland 's only option will be the use of force ; the taiwan authorities will force the mainland to pursue that one option .\r\nthe senior taiwan issue expert is convinced that , under such circumstances , the speed of reunification between the two sides of the taiwan strait will be accelerated . the taiwan problem can be basically solved in three to five years or no longer than 10 years .\r\nli jiaquan pointed out : the day to elect taiwan authorities ' leader will come soon . on the issue of cross - strait relations , with the exception of ch ' en shui - pien , all principal candidates will be better than li teng - hui when elected .\r\nas to whether ch ' en shui - pien can be elected to be the leader or not , i have three views : first , we oppose him .\r\nregarding his taiwan independence party platform , we will wage resolute struggle and never make compromise with him .\r\nsecond , we will not be afraid .\r\nch ' en shui - pien is a downright representative of those who stick to the idea of \" taiwan independence . \" if he becomes the one who can formulate and execute policies for taiwan , he will not only ideologically follow but also take action to promote \" taiwan independence . \"\r\nin this way , a war between the two sides of the taiwan strait will be unavoidable .\r\nprofessor li jiaquen analyzed the situation and said : if ch ' en shui - pien is elected , there will be two possibilities .\r\nthe first possibility is that he will declare that he will not practice \" taiwan independence , \" but this possibility is not likely .\r\nhis being elected will certainly encourage elements of \" taiwan independence \" to go all out to practice separatist activities and increase anti - china forces ' illusion of \" taiwan independence . \"\r\nthe dpp inside is rent by disunity with many factions . some people are not firm in following the \" taiwan independence \" line .\r\nthe us government has made an announcement to the world that it \" will not support taiwan independence . \" in consideration of its national interests , the united states cannot possibly provoke a \" major war between china and the united states \" in order to support \" taiwan independence . \"\r\nhe said : in the face of the result of a certain failure , people with some political consciousness should consider changing the party 's stand . there are fierce disputes within dpp in this respect .\r\nsecond , it is necessary to revise its \" taiwan independence \" party platform .\r\ntaiwan was never independent in the past . taiwan cannot be independent at present and will never be allowed to be independent in the future .\r\nthis is one more important event in the development history of our college and university education .\r\nit marks the fact that our college and university education has moved further along the road of legalized management . this is very significant for strengthening the construction of revolutionizing , modernizing and regularizing our college and university education and ensuring the healthy development of college and university education .\r\nformulating laws for education as soon as possible and managing education according to laws are president important thoughts for developing the college and university education in the new period .\r\nour military always attaches great importance to the construction of laws and regulations in the colleges and universities .\r\nfacts prove that the college and university education will not develop in a healthy and continuous manner without mature laws and regulations .\r\nin the current real situation in our colleges and universities , the phenomena of having laws but not following them , of unprincipled behavior concerning the execution of the law and of not prosecuting law - breakers , exist to different extent in some departments and units .\r\nthe new millenium is a new starting point .\r\nas our military changes from traditional training to training soldiers with science and technology , it is urgent to solve many problems , from the thought and concept of training to the content and method of training and from the training system to logistical support .\r\npresident jiang repeatedly emphasizes : \" we launch the movement of training soldiers with science and technology , improve our training quality relying on scientific and technological progress and narrow the difference between training and actual wars .\r\ndeepening the movement of training soldiers with science and technology is a strategic choice made by our military after it considers the development of the times .\r\ndeepening the movement of training soldiers with science and technology is an urgent task of our military 's training in the preparation for military fighting .\r\nat the turn of the century , the war in kosovo again warns that high - tech wars are not far away from us . the increasingly rampant forces for the independence of taiwan show that the fight for the unification of our motherland is acute and complex .\r\nbecause future wars will be fought under the condition of high technology , we should train our soldiers in the background of high technology .\r\ncurrently , the rapid development of science and technology provides an excellent opportunity for troops to deepen the movement of training soldiers with science and technology .\r\nwe must make full use of various advantageous conditions to speed up our steps in deepening the movement of training soldiers with science and technology . at the turn of the century , we face severe challenges and rare opportunities .\r\nthe cyber century : the \" fourth territory \" has come to the surface .\r\nwhether technology can touch off the contention for \" territory \" and \" sovereignty \" depends primarily on the questions whether various countries can expand the new space where they can get benefits and whether they can successfully control this \" new space . \"\r\nwhen other countries waked up to reality , they found the \" expressway \" of the united states had already become the \" new territory \" of the united states , and those who wanted to enter this \" space \" had to \" apply for an entry visa \" from the united states .\r\nadditionally , the people have come to realize the fact , that was indicated by pertinent specialists , that even though atom bombs can destroy everything on the earth , they can only become the tool to contend for hegemony or to defend sovereignty but cannot become the \" territory \" and \" sovereignty \" themselves .\r\nin a cyber century , the economic , political , and cultural sovereignty as well as the military security of a country depend more and more on its effective jurisdiction over the \" virtual territory . \"\r\nalthough there are neither tall buildings nor boundary monuments in this space , the information flowing there is more important than the petroleum resources in the earth and is as strategically important as the efforts to defend the sovereign right over territorial sky , waters , and land .\r\nnowadays , a country 's sovereignty can be regarded integrated only when it has fully tapped the potentials of its \" virtual territory \" and effectively controlled this territory , in the course of safeguarding the sovereign right over its territorial sky , waters , and land .\r\nin history , technology not only hastened the birth of \" territory \" but also continuously changed national boundaries .\r\nat present , member states of the association of southeast asian nations unanimously maintain that it is necessary to formulate appropriate laws to not only promote the development of the internet but also protect the interests of various countries .\r\nthe french government has stipulated that the web sites releasing information within the territory of france must set up their french version web pages simultaneously . moreover , the singaporean authorities have set up the information filter sites with a high pay , whereby all the information entering and exiting singapore are subject to strict examination .\r\nofficials of the united nations educational , scientific , and cultural organization have also proposed the drawing - up of a cyber space \" law \" that is acceptable globally .\r\njust for this reason , the unclear virtual national boundaries have led to the hidden nature and complexity of the virtual territory and the sovereign contention .\r\nas a kind of cooperative competition , the competition for the network sovereignty lacks a clear rule .\r\nthe space of network competition is still under expanding . as long as a country has seized the opportunity , it may become the \" spider \" on the web that has the sovereignty .\r\nclinton regarded the information expressway as the weapon to contend for hegemony in the world , and kennedy declared that \" whoever controls the space will control the earth . \" both of them are the specific manifestation of \" theory of high borderland . \"\r\nthis is not only because that the united states is the place where the internet originated but also because that the us people have already embraced a very strong sense of the internet , thus giving birth to countless \" small spiders . \"\r\nthe us huge cyber information service culture is now invading the cyber information space of other countries . and the formulation of the world - level new criteria for the network technology has boldly predicted and offered a network theory , which has developed from the \" mohr 's law \" to the \" yahoo rule . \"\r\nthus , the internet is a revolution initiated by americans , with americans dominating the game rules .\r\nhowever , refusing to enter the internet in any form means nothing but give away our cyber territory and sovereignty with both hands . so the only choice is to actively and positively plunge into the development of the internet , cultivate our own \" spiders , \" and open our own nets .\r\nthe cyber world is one advertising freedom and peace . in fact , the act of seeking hegemony can be seen everywhere in this world . meanwhile , the behaviors of luring others with \" turnips \" and acting arrogantly with \" big sticks \" coexist , with their forms becoming increasingly varied and concealed .\r\nfor a long period of time , the united states has depended on its technological and information advantages to display its fist of hegemony everywhere .\r\nfor instance , china began applying for entering the internet for many times as early as june 1992 . however , the united states rejected china on a variety of excuses . it is until early april in 1994 that the united states agreed china to enter the internet .\r\nsecond , it has taken improper means to artificially hinder the cyber technological progress of other countries . in fact , the united states has deprived others of the right of sharing information in cyberspace .\r\ncurrently , all countries , including european countries , have come to realize the united states ' ambition of seeking hegemony in cyberspace , and therefore are striving to explore new ways of development .\r\nthe internet was designed for preventing physical destruction , and that it did not give full consideration to the security of information transmission . although it has been patched up continuously , it remains very weak .\r\nin the gulf war , because iraq had bought the printers implanted with virus chips by us special agents , the network of some iraqi air defense systems were broken down by the virus activated by the united states with the remote control system .\r\nbeijing , 2 mar (zxs) - - state council vice premier qian qichen pointed out in beijing this afternoon that to promote and protect human rights , it is necessary to properly talk about them , but it is more necessary to properly work for them .\r\nbecause of different national conditions , it is normal for different countries to have different views on the human rights issue .\r\nconfrontation is not a solution to differences and it is better to have dialogue .\r\nqian qichen made this remarks during a meeting at ziguangge , zhongnanhai , with mrs. mary robinson , un high commissioner for human rights who has come to attend the eighth seminar on human rights of the asia - pacific region in beijing .\r\nqian qichen said that in a country with a large population like china , we emphasize more on \" working \" for the promotion and protection of human rights .\r\nqian qichen said that the chinese government speaks positively of the two un human rights conventions .\r\nthis is of great significance to improving the living standard of the people of various ethnic groups in china 's western region and to enabling them to enjoy various human rights .\r\nchina hopes to obtain the support of the international community .\r\nhe hoped that the cooperation between the two sides , which has been built on the basis of equality and mutual respect , will constantly develop . the office of the un higher commission for human rights has made positive contribution to promoting dialogue on human rights between china and the international community .\r\nthe \" opinions \" stressed : we should give full rein to our functions and roles of adjudication , provide a guarantee for the smooth progress of the state enterprise reform , and bring about a common development to economies of multiple ownerships which mainly relies on the public ownership .\r\nwe will crack down , according to the law , on various crimes which have undermined the country 's economic order .\r\nwe will deal heavy blows to such crimes as open plunder , theft , sabotage , and intentional damage of the means of production and the equipment of state enterprises ; particularly , we should protect the assets of state enterprises by cracking down on the crime of group theft against state enterprises .\r\nwe should take strong measures against the crime of killing and injuring the leaders and workers of state enterprises by retaliatory means , or other crimes that harm the personal rights of the leaders and workers of state enterprises , with a view to creating a sound security environment for the production and operation of state enterprises .\r\nwe should properly handle cases , according to the law , which involve disputes that have occurred among state enterprises during the process of establishing and perfecting a modern enterprise system ; and provide legal protection for the autonomy enjoyed by enterprises in handling their own operational affairs , and for the control of the state over state assets .\r\nwe should lay stress on the handling of such cases which involve labor and social security , protect the legitimate rights and interests of laborers according to the law , and step up the reform of the labor system ; at the same time , we should also support enterprises to strengthen and improve their management .\r\nwe should provide equal protection for the legal rights and interests of all parties involved in a lawsuit according to the law , and strive to bring about a healthy development to the market economy .\r\nzhu mingshan , vice president of the supreme people 's court , indicated that it is the historical responsibility of people 's courts to provide an impartial , highly efficient , and high - quality judicial guarantee and judicial services for the economic construction and the social progress of our country .\r\nforeign minister tang jiaxuan returned home today after paying an official visit to russia from 28 february to 1 march at russian foreign minister igor ivanov 's invitation .\r\nduring the meeting , putin stressed that the russian side would strictly adhere to the principles set forth in all the joint documents issued by both countries .\r\nboth sides reaffirmed that another sino - russian summit meeting would be held this year and that serious preparations would be made for the chinese premier and the russian prime minister to hold regular meetings .\r\nboth sides pointed out with satisfaction that mutual cooperation between china and russia is not targeted at a third country and that this kind of cooperation is increasingly becoming an important factor in promoting a multipolar world and in establishing a just and rational international order .\r\nhe pointed out : the two sides stressed that any actions aimed at undermining the territorial integrity of a sovereign country are unacceptable .\r\nthe russian side reiterated that it would steadfastly pursue a one - china stance .\r\nthe chinese side voiced support for the russian government 's fight against terrorism in chechnya .\r\nin closing , the spokesman said : china believes that deputy prime minister ilya klebanov 's visit to china will play a positive role in boosting the strategic cooperative partnership between the two countries .\r\nin the last 50 extraordinary years , the chinese armed forces have developed from a unitary land force into powerful armed forces composed of various armed services , such as the army , the navy , the air force , and the second artillery corps .\r\nthe documentary , which is composed as independent series , is characterized by vast scenes and tremendous momentum .\r\nthe training and exercise sites were all shot on the spot by the army television working personnel and therefore , the shots are really moving and have a strong visual pounding effect .\r\nthe documentary composed of 15 series will be broadcast in the cctv program four at 20:30 on 3 march , with each series taking 30 minutes .\r\nbeijing , 2 mar (zxs) - - foreign ministry spokesman zhu bangzao said here today that the visit to china by dennis blair , commander - in - chief of the us pacific command , is conducive to promoting mutual understanding of the two sides .\r\ndennis blair , commander - in - chief of the us pacific command , ended his visit to china and returned to the united states today .\r\na report says during his visit to china , he made a verbal statement saying china and the united states had an exchange of views on the taiwan issue with a substantive connotation [ shi zhi nei han 1395 6347 0355 3211 ] .\r\nat today 's news briefing held by the foreign ministry , zhu bangzao briefed reporters on admiral blair 's visit to china .\r\nhe pointed out that blair and his party are the first us high - level military delegation that has officially visited china since the embassy bombing incident in may last year .\r\nblair and his party expressed that the united states will adhere to the \" one - china \" principle and relevant commitments .\r\nzhu bangzao said this visit to china is conducive to promoting mutual understanding between the two sides .\r\nat the invitation of the general staff headquarters of the chinese people 's liberation army , admiral blair , commander - in - chief of the us pacific command , visited beijing and nanjing from 27 february to 2 march .\r\nblair also met deputy chief of the general staff xiong guangkai and vice foreign minister wang guangya , and they extensively exchanged views on international and regional security , sino - us bilateral relations , and other issues .\r\nblair said that the policy of the us government remains to be adherence to the \" one - china \" principle .\r\nthe chinese delegation led by long yongtu , chief negotiator of the ministry of foreign trade and economic cooperation , and the eu delegation led by baseler , eu director general of trade , held bilateral consultations on 21 - 24 february .\r\nbeijing , 2 march ( xinhua ) - - the third session of the ninth national committee of the chinese people 's political consultative conference [ cppcc ] ceremoniously opened in beijing today .\r\nthis is an important meeting held at the turn of the century , shouldering a special mission and having a very unusual meaning .\r\nlet us extend warm greetings to the cppcc committee members who are charged with important tasks and have come from all parts of the country .\r\nthe cppcc has traversed the glorious course of more than 50 years .\r\nfor half a century , the cppcc has played an irreplaceable role in the country 's political , economic and social lives and has accumulated rich and valuable experiences .\r\nexercising unity and democracy under the leadership of the cpc is the concentrated expression of the nature of the cppcc , the historical basis for electing and developing the cppcc , and the orientation of the cppcc for breaking new ground for the future and for carrying out its missions . \"\r\nthis has chartered a new orientation and put forward policies and principles for successfully carrying out the cppcc work in the new century .\r\nlast year marked a very unusual year in our country 's history of development .\r\nin these activities , the cppcc firmly grasped the two tasks of unity and democracy and made major contributions to closely working around the central tasks , serving the overall situation and discussing national affairs .\r\nthe democracy of the cppcc is one with consultations , discussions , offering of suggestions and plans , and democratic supervision as the main content .\r\nthrough extensively promote democracy , and fully mobilize the enthusiasm of all parties , mass organizations , and the people of all ethnic groups and all walks of life in building socialism with chinese characteristics ; the cppcc should play a positive role in the formulation and implementation of the party and government 's policy decisions .\r\nupholding and unceasingly improving this democratic form is the inevitable demand and important content of developing socialist democratic politics and building socialism with chinese characteristics .\r\nchina hopes that the united states will deal with the taiwan matter appropriately , to prevent another setback in china - us relations .\r\nand in november , both countries signed a bilateral agreement on china 's wto membership , which effectively promoted improvement and development in china - us relations .\r\npresident jiang said that : china - us relations have been hard to come by , being the result of the joint efforts of both sides , as well as two - plus decades of joint efforts by both us parties and successive us administrations .\r\nthis is in line with the interests of both the united states and china .\r\nand he said that he will continue to make unremitting efforts to develop us - china relations .\r\nthe \" smile train \" has cooperated with the chinese benevolent association since 1999 , having done successful operations on over 2,000 chinese children suffering from labio - dental rifts or harelips .\r\nbush and his retinue came to visit china at the invitation of the china people 's overseas friendship association .\r\nofficials such as overseas friendship association president qi huaiyuan and central foreign affairs office director liu huaqiu attended the meeting .\r\nthe release of president jiang zemin 's \" speech on education issues \" evoked a strong echo among the whole party and the whole society especially the educational circles .\r\ncomrade jiang zemin 's important speech from the height of the rise and decline of the nation 's fortunes and national rejuvenation expounds the great significance of paying attention to education and youngster 's ideological work , li lanqing said in his report .\r\nresponsible officials from districts and counties and related departments under beijing municipality and tianjing municipality and about four thousand representatives of secretaries , schoolmasters and teachers from some colleges , high schools and primary schools joined the meeting .\r\nchinese foreign ministry spokesman zhu bangzao expressed the belief that the russian deputy prime minister 's current visit would play a positive role in boosting the strategic cooperative partnership between china and russia .\r\nzhu bangzao said : during tang jiaxuan 's visit to russia , the two sides reaffirmed that another sino - russian summit meeting would be held this year and that serious preparations would be made for the chinese premier and the russian prime minister to hold regular meetings .\r\nbeijing , 2 mar ( xinhua ) - - state president jiang zemin met with former us president george bush and his wife barbara bush at zhongnanhai this afternoon .\r\njiang zemin expressed welcome to bush and his party 's revisiting china and expressed appreciation to bush for his energetic efforts for sino - us relations over a long time .\r\njiang zemin briefly reviewed sino - us relations in the past year .\r\nhe said that although sino - us relations experienced relative big twists and turns last year , the two sides reached consensus on continuing to work for the establishment of the constructive strategic partnership while the meeting of the asia - pacific economic cooperation was in session in september .\r\njiang zemin said that the development of sino - us relations today has not come easily . it is the outcome of the joint efforts of china and the united states in the past 20 years and more and is also the outcome of the joint efforts of the two us parties and the successive us governments .\r\nwe hope that in the new century , sino - us relations will maintain a steady and healthy development . what is crucial is that both sides should proceed from the common interests of the people of the two countries , and really look at and deal with sino - us relations in a strategic light .\r\nhe said we are willing to strengthen contacts with the leaders of the two us parties and people of various circles in order to make joint efforts to improve and develop the relations between the two countries .\r\non the taiwan issue , jiang zemin said that recently , some words and deeds of the united states cannot but cause our serious concern [ yan zhong guan qie 0917 6850 7070 0434 ] .\r\nwe hope the united states will properly deal with the taiwan issue and avoid setbacks in sino - us relations again .\r\nbush said that he is very happy to have the opportunity to visit china again .\r\nhe briefed jiang zemin on the general election in the united states .\r\nbush said he firmly supports china 's accession to the world trade organization and supports granting permanent normal trade status to china because they conform with the interests of both the united states and china .\r\nhe said he will continue to make unremitting efforts to develop us - china relations .\r\nsince its cooperation with the china charity council beginning last year , the \" smiling train \" has successfully carried out operations for over 2,000 chinese children with harelips .\r\npresident qi huaiyuan of the association and liu huaqiu , director of the central foreign affairs office , were present at the meeting .\r\nshe said : under the current international situation , the constant development of strategic partnership of cooperation and the strengthening of cooperation in various fields between the two countries will be of great significance .\r\nshe believed that so long as the two sides adhere to the principle of mutual trust and mutual benefit , change thinking and concepts and adapt themselves to the market situation , cooperation between the two countries can certainly be further developed .\r\nklebanov pointed out that russia has attached great importance to cooperation with china and feels satisfied with the progress in recent years .\r\nwu yi introduced china 's strategy to vigorously develop the western region and noted that as china 's neighboring country russia has the geographical advantage in cooperation .\r\nshe said the chinese side welcomes russia to take part in the development of china 's western region .\r\nilya klebanov arrived in beijing today for a formal visit at the invitation of the chinese government .\r\nblair reaffirmed that the us policy remains to be adherence to the one - china principle and the united states is willing to scrupulously abide by the three communiques .\r\nthis was disclosed by chinese foreign ministry spokesman zhu bangzao at today 's regular press conference .\r\ncentral military commission vice chairman chi haotian and chief of the general staff fu quanyou separately met with him . deputy chief of the general staff xiong guangkai and vice foreign minister wang guangya also met him and they exchanged views on international and regional security and sino - us relations .\r\ntheir visit has not only greatly inspired and educated local cadres and people , but also evoked warm repercussions among all the party members and the broad masses of the people .\r\nto make the members of the central political bureau standing committee directly handle the \" three stresses \" work in counties ( cities ) was an important measure taken by the party central committee with comrade jiang zemin as the core to concentrate its attention on party building .\r\nit was the first time in the history of our party building that all the comrades of the central political bureau standing committee , led by the party 's general secretary , visited and stayed in some counties ( cities ) for a period of time and directly handled the party building there .\r\nthe direct handling of the \" three stresses \" in counties ( cities ) by the members of the central political bureau standing committee fully shows the high degree of importance attached by the central authorities to the \" three stresses \" education and particularly to the \" three stresses \" in counties ( cities ) .\r\nin attaching a high degree of importance to the \" three stresses \" in counties ( cities ) , the emphasis should be put on practice and action .\r\nin this regard , the members of the central political bureau standing committee have already set an example for us .\r\nthe strength of good example is infinitely great .\r\nthis was the first press conference held by tian zengpei , news spokesman of the third session of the ninth national committee of the chinese people 's political consultative conference [ cppcc ] , at the great hall of the people this afternoon .\r\n\" i would like to answer reporters ' questions concerning the current cppcc session , \" said tian zengpei with smile , after reading out the briefing message .\r\na hand was raised high .\r\n\" what valuable opinions and proposals have been offered by the cppcc national committee since last year ?\r\nhow have these opinions and proposals been adopted ? \"\r\na radio station reporter asked first .\r\nthen , it worked out the \" proposals on several issues of china 's environmental protection , \" after summarizing the opinions of its standing committee members and the results of the investigations and studies conducted by its special committees .\r\nthese proposals have attracted high attention of central leading comrades and departments concerned .\r\nraising motions is a major method for cppcc members to perform their functions .\r\nthe method of resuming the motions work report at the opening ceremony of this year 's cppcc session has aroused great interest from reporters .\r\ntherefore , the current session will resume the method of making the motions work report at the opening ceremony of the cppcc session . \"\r\nas soon as tian zengpei stopped , some reporters raised their hands to ask questions .\r\n\" there is a loud voice of intensified supervision in society .\r\nvice chairman ye xuanping emphasized in his standing committee work report last year that the democratic supervision of the cppcc should be intensified .\r\ni would like to ask , what progress has been made in this aspect over the past year ? \"\r\na hong kong reporter asked how the cppcc national committee played its role in building a clean and honest government .\r\ntian zengpei answered : \" the building of a clean and honest government has always been a hot issue of concern by the cppcc .\r\ncppcc members have exploited their advantages to conduct intensive investigations and studies and have actively offered suggestions and ideas , thus playing a key role in opposing corruption and advocating administrative honesty .\r\nduring the current session , we will hold a domestic and foreign press conference for the questions concerning the extensive development of western regions . \"\r\na reporter asked : \" hong kong and macao have already returned to the motherland .\r\ntian zengpei said resolutely : \" the taiwan issue cannot be put off indefinitely , and it must be resolved as early as possible .\r\nas long as our party thinks and acts under this guidance , our party will surely lead the people of our country to create new glory in the new century .\r\nthey said that the speech 's incisive exposition on the importance of party building holds profound meaning historically and practically for our endeavor to move forward the reform , opening up , and modernization drive .\r\nwe should continue to administer our party in a strict manner so to make the organism of the party healthier and lead the people across the country to advance forward .\r\nthe speech is a representative of the highest interest of the cpc as well as the fundamental interest of the broad masses of the chinese people . \"\r\nhe continued : \" the contemporary world is now characterized by the rapid development of high and new technology . high - technology industry is booming and the time of knowledge economy is coming .\r\nin economic development , science and technology is the crucial point and education is the foundation .\r\ndeputy li xiaoping , from the water sport school of jiangxi , was greatly inspired by general secretary jiang zemin 's speech .\r\nin the cpc history over 70 years , the cpc has won the support of people because of doing a down - to - earth job in the \" three representatives . \"\r\nmember wang chaobin , vice chairman of henan federation of industry and commerce , spoke of the grand undertaking of developing the west region . he said , \" whether the grand cause of developing the west region posed by the party central committee can succeed or not lies in the strengthening of party building .\r\non the one hand , we should boost the training on party - member cadres to enhance their political integrity and working ability , and , on the other hand , we should expand the exchanges between cadre contingents in a bid to broaden their vision and improve their work style .\r\nwith party building strengthened and work style of cadres consolidated , we will be able to accelerate the modernization drive of the west region . \"\r\nthe taiwan issue is an internal affair of china .\r\nin the three joint communiques , the us government acknowledged that there is only one china , and that taiwan is part of chinese territory .\r\nthe united states should respect china 's sovereignty and territorial integrity . it should not preach or support taiwan 's pursuit of separatism , nor should it create two chinas or support taiwan independence .\r\nin recent years , the united states has constantly supplied taiwan with weapons ; this is the root of the deteriorating situation in the taiwan strait .\r\nrecently us state department spokesman james rubin openly stated : despite china 's opposition to us arms sales to taiwan , \" it has been very much in the us national interest \" to meet the proper defense needs of taiwan in accordance with the \" taiwan relations act. \"\r\nthis is an absurd formulation .\r\nwhy does the united states obstruct china 's peaceful reunification and support separatist activities by means of arms sales ?\r\nis taiwan a dependency of the united states ?\r\nafter beijing released a white paper on \" the one - china principle and the taiwan issue , \" us officials have assumed a hegemonist posture . presidential spokesman lockhart said : \" we refuse to accept the use of force or a threat of force in such a case . \"\r\n\" in 1996 , we made an appropriate response to what was seen as a threat . \"\r\nso far , clinton 's position is somewhat prudent . he said that the chinese government 's white paper contains \" specific suggestions \" on opening cross - strait dialogue .\r\nrecent statements by some us officials are detrimental to the development of sino - us relations and foment unrest across the taiwan situation .\r\nus officials should be discreet in word and deed and put the overall interests of sino - us relations above everything else .\r\nin the new century , the us side should handle sino - us relations from a strategic viewpoint and refrain from doing anything to sacrifice the interests of sino - us relations because of their temporary political interests in the run - up to the general elections .\r\nthis was actually intended for the development of the great northwest .\r\nthe chinese communists have adopted the development of the great northwest as an important policy decision for promoting china 's cross - century development .\r\njiang zemin pointed out last year : how can we modernize the whole country without developing the western regions ?\r\nwith the implementation of the strategy for developing the western regions , the central authorities will be giving preferential treatment to these regions in policies , funding and project approval .\r\nhe also hoped that the coastal regions would \" think of progress after becoming rich \" and embrace the idea of thinking of the whole country as a single entity by actively providing support to the western regions in terms of funding , technology , manpower , information and management and promoting their development through industrial transfer and coordination .\r\neffects not as good as \" deng 's southern inspection tour \" the propaganda department of the central committee had hoped that the media would go all out to publicize jiang zemin 's southern inspection tour so that it could match the effects of deng xiaoping 's southern inspection tour in 1992 .\r\nhowever , a subsequent review by the authorities concerned shows that it has fallen short of the anticipated results .\r\njiang zemin raised the issue of \" three representatives \" during his inspection tour . this was meant to match deng xiaoping 's \" three favorables , \" but did not get good media publicity .\r\nbeijing , 3 mar (zxs) - - the recently finished shenzhen building on beijing 's guanganmenwai avenue received over 100 personages from guangdong province last night [ 2 march 2000 ] who are here to participate in the third session of the ninth npc .\r\nwhile cantonese food has long since been world - famous , and though li changchun has gradually grown accustomed to and to enjoy many kinds of food , he still best likes the regular fare that his family makes .\r\nli changchun praises the cooks in cantonese for their culinary arts , and for showing consideration to the differing tastes of southerners and northerners .\r\nin these three completely different types of provinces , what leadership aspects has li changchun stressed ?\r\nwhile a few cities are being required to meet this goal ahead of time in 2005 , guangdong province is absolutely not setting hard targets for all cities , even less so acting in an across - the - board manner .\r\nwe are being objective in all aspects .\r\nin which respect , li changchun says that all of guangdong is now conscientiously studying jiang zemin 's instructions .\r\nwhile there seems to still be much to chat about , since a number of other [ npc ] deputies are waiting to chat with this reporter , i am forced to stop here .\r\nbeijing , 3 mar ( xinhua ) - - general zhang wannian , vice chairman of the central military commission , met with russian deputy prime minister ilya klebanov here this morning .\r\nthe development of sino - russian friendly relations conforms to the fundamental interests of the peoples of the two countries and to peace and stability in the asia - pacific region and the world at large , zhang said .\r\nzhang said he firmly believed that klebanov 's current visit to china would further promote friendly cooperation between the two countries in all fields .\r\nklebanov said that russian - chinese exchanges and cooperation in all fields and at various levels constitute an integral part of the strategic partnership .\r\nthe great hall of the people , 1505 , 3 mar ( xinhua ) - - the third session of the ninth national committee of the chinese people 's political consultative conference (cppcc) opened at the great hall of the people at 0300 this afternoon .\r\njiang zemin , li peng , zhu rongji , li ruihuan , hu jintao , wei jianxing , li lanqing , and other party and state leaders sat on the rostrum and congratulated the opening of the session .\r\npresided over by chairman li ruihuan , the agenda for the current session was first approved at the opening session of the third session of the ninth cppcc national committee .\r\nat today 's meeting , the \" revised cppcc constitution ( draft ) \" will also be submitted for the deliberation of the committee members .\r\nye xuanping said the year 2000 is the year in which one century succeeds the other .\r\neducation on our military 's fundamental functions is gradually launched in the entire military and armed police troops .\r\nthis is an important measure to deeply implement the military 's strategic principles for the new period .\r\ndoing well in the education of our military 's fundamental functions is an important and regular task in our troops ' ideological and political work . at the turn of the century , the general international situation continues to develop toward mitigation .\r\ndeeply conducting the education of our military 's fundamental functions in the new situation is significant for promoting the continuous development of the movement of training soldiers with science and technology , to preparing well for military fighting and to pushing forward the construction of troop quality .\r\nunits at all levels must highly emphasize and truly do well in the education .\r\nwe must set the goal of the education on helping the rank and file establish a firm sense of function .\r\nsolidifying our national defense , protecting our motherland and ensuring that the people can work in a peaceful situation are sacred missions entrusted by the constitution .\r\nthe 2 characters that form the word \" function \" are supremely important .\r\nonly after we have each member of the rank and file keep in mind the missions of our military can they prepare well for military fighting on their own initiatives , can they stop or delay the eruption of wars and can they have absolute confidence in winning decisive wars once wars break out .\r\nwe must conscientiously investigate well and understand the thoughts of the rank and file . we must conduct education by targeting problems in the minds of the rank and file .\r\nour experience shows that strengthening soldiers ' sense of function relies on the infiltration of basic theories and on guidance from their everyday experience .\r\ntherefore , the ul mark is a pass for the entry of relevant products ( particularly electromechanical products ) into the us and north american markets .\r\nthe saic trademark bureau had examined and approved the registration of the ul mark as a certification trademark , which bears an exclusive right of trademark use according to the law .\r\nthe saieciq and the other four departments have now started dividing the work among themselves based on their respective duties and carrying out work to crack down on the counterfeiting practices according to the plan of implementation .\r\nthe emergence of low - quality bogus products has adversely affected the prestige of chinese export products and violated the legitimate rights and interests of more than 4,000 ul - registered enterprises in the country .\r\naccording to information , the enforcement of the punishment method will ensure that china will se the most stringent measures in the world to manage land .\r\nsun wensheng , vice minister of land and natural resources , said : the new land management law explicitly stipulates that state workers who commit acts that violate land law in purchases and sales , or by using other means to illegally transfer land , illegally occupy land , and illegally approve land , will be given disciplinary sanctions .\r\nhowever , since the management law does not clearly define the corresponding criteria for measuring discipline , it therefore lacks operational , specific methods for law enforcement .\r\nsun wensheng said : the promulgation of the method of punishment will improve the land - related legal system in which the management law is the mainstay , so that the \" land management law is more operational in the enforcement process .\r\naccording to information , there has been an upward trend in the suspected involvement of government functionaries in land - related law violation .\r\nsome grass - roots governments and leading cadres who are eager for quick success and instant benefits , have not hesitated to act against the law in order to score achievements in their official careers .\r\nmore than 95 percent of these lawbreaking cases that involved government officials could not be processed .\r\nzhang xinbao said : in the past , fines and confiscation were the forms of punishments used for land - related law violation acts .\r\naccording to the newly promulgated method of punishment , such disciplinary sanctions as demotion , removal from office , and discharge from employment will be applied to government officials according to the seriousness of their cases .\r\nchina began to enforce a newly amended and more stringent management law in 1999 to provide stronger protection for cultivated land , and to apply more severe legal sanctions on illegal acts of land approval , management , and utilization .\r\nhe said that the return of hong kong and macao to the motherland marked important progress made in the great cause of the motherland 's reunification .\r\nthe sacred mission of settling the taiwan issue and realizing the complete reunification of the motherland has become more outstanding before all the people of the country , including the taiwan compatriots and overseas chinese .\r\nbeijing , 3 mar ( xinhua ) - - state council premier zhu rongji met with russian deputy premier ilya iosifovich klebanov at the great hall of the people this morning .\r\nhe asked klebanov to convey his cordial regards and good wishes to acting president and concurrently premier putin .\r\nklebanov conveyed putin 's regards to zhu rongji .\r\nhe said that the purpose of his visit to china is to promote the continuous development of cooperation in various fields between the two countries .\r\nhe said that acting president and concurrently premier putin said on many occasions that russia resolutely stands for the establishment of a multi - polar world externally and the defense of state sovereignty and territorial integrity internally .\r\nrussia is willing to strengthen close cooperation with china in the political , economic and international fields .\r\nwe should comprehensively and seriously make preparation for such meetings now .\r\nhe said that the establishment and development of the sino - russian strategic cooperative partnership conforms to the fundamental interests of the people of the two countries , and will produce an important positive impact on maintaining global strategic stability and promoting peace and development of the world .\r\nin the past year since then , both sides have made considerable progress in implementing these agreements .\r\nchina agrees to comprehensively develop cooperation with russia in various fields and hopes to constantly deepen and expand cooperation between the two countries in various fields through the joint efforts of the two sides , on the basis of necessity and possibility , and in the spirit of mutual understanding and mutual trust .\r\nstate councilor wu yi and state development planning commission minister zeng peiyan also attended the meeting .\r\nprior to the meeting , wu yi and klebanov signed \" minutes of talks \" and officials responsible for relevant departments of the governments of the two countries signed an exchange of notes on russia 's providing nuclear fuel for china 's tianwan nuclear power station .\r\nwe are determined to live up to the central leaders ' expectations and do a solid work in carrying out our \" three stresses \" education .\r\nthe members of yuhang city 's leading group said : the analyses made by general secretary jiang and other central leading comrades on the current situation and the party 's tasks are thorough . as soon as we heard them , we were suddenly enlightened .\r\nthe central authorities are so concerned for us and devoting so much attention to us . we must make the \" three stresses \" education a success to lay a solid ideological foundation for reform and construction .\r\nthe members of beining city 's leading group said : the mobilization speeches of general secretary jiang and other central leading comrades have made us feel that we must further step up the \" three stresses \" education by enhancing our understanding , adopting the necessary measures and making greater efforts to analyze and rectify problems .\r\nwe must live up to the expectations of the party central committee and the people .\r\nwe should sum up and make a list of those things that remain to be done .\r\nthe speeches of general secretary jiang and other central leading comrades have shaken us up a lot , enhanced our understanding of the great significance of stepping up party building and the building of spiritual civilization , and helped us overcome the mistake of \" self - satisfaction . \"\r\nat the same time , they have solicited opinions from the general public and persistently engaged in study while correcting mistakes .\r\nthe report made by ye xuanping on behalf of the standing committee of the cppcc national committee is one of the major items on the agenda at today 's opening session .\r\nhe said the cppcc national committee has carried out consultation and discussion on important state affairs through holding plenary meetings of the committee , meetings of the standing committee and meetings of special committees .\r\nin the spirit of a very strong sense of political responsibility and responsibility to the people , it has energetically made proposals and offered advice , reflected the demands of various circles , and put forward many important and valuable motions , suggestions and proposals .\r\nafter the \" proposal \" was submitted to the cpc central committee and the state council , it has attracted great attention of central leaders and relevant departments .\r\nstate - owned enterprises are the pillar of china 's national economy . properly carrying out the reform of state - owned enterprises is of extremely great importance to the establishment of the socialist market economy structure .\r\nye xuanping said that at various kinds of cppcc meetings , committee members have enthusiastically aired their views and put forward proposals on implementing the general plan of administering the country according to law .\r\nbeijing , 3 march ( xinhua ) - - the turn - of - the - century third session of the ninth national committee of the chinese people 's political consultative conference (cppcc) opened at the great hall of the people here this afternoon .\r\nat 1500 [ 0700 gmt ] , when cppcc national committee chairman li ruihuan declared the session open , everyone in the meeting hall stood up , and a band began playing the national anthem of the people 's republic of china .\r\nparty and state leaders jiang zemin , li peng , zhu rongji , hu jintao , wei jianxing , and li lanqing were seated in the rostrum , congratulating the opening of the session .\r\nentrusted by the standing committee of the ninth cppcc national committee , vice chairman ye xuanping delivered a report on the standing committee 's work .\r\nwe face unprecedented challenge as well as unparalleled opportunities .\r\nentrusted by the standing committee , cppcc national committee vice chairman zhou tienong gave a report to the meeting on the motions raised since the second session of the ninth cppcc national committee .\r\nin addition , 2,542 proposals , or 84.6 percent of the total , have been disposed of or incorporated into plans for handling .\r\nresponsible persons of the relevant departments of the cpc central committee and the state council observed the session on invitation .\r\nspeaking in fluent putonghua , he said the grand development of the western region would be a hot topic discussed at the \" two sessions \" this time .\r\nhe revealed that the proposal in which he participated concerns how china 's economically advanced coastal regions should play their due role in the grand development of the western region .\r\n\" this is the time to develop the western region , \" renowned economist and member dong fureng said .\r\n\" it will provide new development opportunities for the eastern region .\r\nknowledge economy - - challenge of new millennium member pan zongguang , president of the hong kong technological university , is very concerned about how tertiary education should tie in with the strategy of developing a knowledge economy in the new century . he and other members have specially studied the issue and have submitted a proposal .\r\nmember huang dawei , researcher at the animal research institute of the chinese academy of sciences , are working out a plan together with his colleagues to build a museum where kids can learn and play .\r\nhe said : \" future society needs creative talents . only talents who can break new grounds can ensure china remains invincible in the new century . \"\r\nfeng lida is the daughter of renowned patriotic general feng yuxiang .\r\nshe told this reporter that she would air her political view on the motherland 's reunification at the cppcc session .\r\nshe added that lee teng - hui 's [ li denghui 's ] \" two - state theory \" wins no popular support and will definitely be despised by chinese at home and abroad .\r\nhe said folks of the native place are greatly concerned about taiwan 's future .\r\nit is believed that the outline of the 10 th five - year plan concerning china 's development during the next five years ( 2000 - 2005 ) will make its debut at the upcoming \" two sessions , \" and is expected to become one of the hot discussion topics among the delegates and members of the meeting .\r\nover the past two years , many government departments have conducted thoroughgoing investigations and studies , among which the state planning commission has been assigned with the responsibility for the formulation of the 10 th five - year plan , and has extensively solicited suggestions from people of all circles in society on the formulation of the plan .\r\ntherefore , when formulating the 10 th five - year plan , we should take these special characteristics into full consideration , so that the plan can reflect and suit the special requirements of the new situation that china is to face in the future .\r\nthis marks the beginning of a new development phase in china 's social and economic development , that is , the phase of a gradual transition from a modest level of prosperity to modernization .\r\nsuch a fact will inevitably give rise to many significant changes in china 's social and economic lives , for many contradictions and problems in a country 's social and economic lives are related to changes in its economic development .\r\ntherefore , the 10 th five - year plan must take into account the change in the phase of the country 's economic development , so as to ensure a good beginning for its implementation of the third - step strategic target .\r\nthird , significant changes are taking place in the international political setup , economic setup , and military setup today . in the face of increasingly acute international competitions , china needs to seek further development amidst international competitions .\r\nafter examining these proposals , the motions committee made a total of 3,118 motions and treated 223 of these proposals as members ' letters .\r\nthe number of members who raised proposals was 1,756 , or 79.5 percent of all cppcc members . central committees of eight democratic political parties and the all - china federation of industry and commerce submitted 63 proposals while various cppcc committees raised 26 proposals .\r\nafter receiving these opinions and suggestions and conscientiously studying and processing them , units - in - charge adopted quite a number of them in formulating policies and work improvement .\r\nproposals concerning economic construction constituted 42.9 percent of all proposals and covered many areas .\r\npremier zhu rongji and vice premier wu bangguo both gave important comments and instructions on the report .\r\nrejuvenating the country through science and education and spiritual civilization were also important topics of proposals .\r\ndemocratic political parties and cppcc members raised numerous proposals on narrowing gaps among schools in providing compulsory education and truly reducing workloads of middle and primary school students . these proposals dwelled on problems that drew strong reactions from the public and are being tackled by education departments at all levels .\r\nmany leaders personally made arrangements and handled the proposals , intensified their handling efforts , and established and perfected a system of handling proposals , thereby ensuring their implementation .\r\nin november 1999 , the cppcc national committee held the fourth forum on proposal handling in beijing . the forum conscientiously summed up experiences and exchanged views on ways of raising the quality of proposals , quality of handling proposals , and quality of service , setting clear directions to strive for in future proposal handling .\r\nthe motions committee did a lot of work focusing on raising the quality of proposal handling and on facilitating proposal handling .\r\nthe supreme people 's procuratorate stressed : it is important to strictly enforce the responsibility system for the building of a sound party style and an a clean administration , further deepen the work of ensuring honesty and self - discipline among leading cadres , and see to a continued implementation of the guiding principles for a clean administration .\r\nstrictly forbidden is the malpractice of handling \" cases involving social connections , \" \" cases involving personal favors , \" and \" cases involving money . \"\r\nthe third session of the ninth cppcc national committee opened here today . on behalf of the ninth cppcc national committee , ye xuanping reported on the work of the standing committee and put forward the outlines for the work of the cppcc this year .\r\non the need to make full use of the cppcc 's important role in expanding friendly exchanges with other countries , he said : we will positively and steadily develop friendly exchanges with other countries in accordance with the overall arrangements for china 's diplomatic work .\r\nye xuanping said that the cppcc national committee had energetically developed friendly exchanges with other countries and had played an important role in enlivening china 's diplomatic efforts , promoting understanding , friendship and cooperation between china and other countries during the past year .\r\nnine vice chairmen headed delegations visiting countries in asia , europe , america and oceania or attending meetings of the international interaction council , the international association of economic and social councils and similar institutions as well as the davos world economic forum .\r\nthe exhibition was well received . the committee of foreign affairs issued a statement to lodge the strongest protest against the brutal us - led nato bombing of the chinese embassy in the federal republic of yugoslavia .\r\nprofessor pan rixuan said : speeding up army modernization is a need for fighting and winning a modern war which may break out , especially a local war under hi - tech conditions , and for safeguarding the motherland reunification and territorial integrity .\r\npan emphatically stated : the motherland reunification can not drag on indefinitely .\r\nthe historical experiences have proven that peace can only be secured by \" ability to fight \" and peace is based on \" ability to fight \" only .\r\nhow to take the strategy of building a strong army through science and technology as an important means of realizing army modernization ?\r\napparently , this pattern cannot meet the needs of leaving everything to the market at home and abroad after china 's wto entry .\r\nsecond , the impact on agricultural product prices .\r\nif the agricultural structure is not restructured , the variety structure is not upgraded , and the quality of agricultural production is not improved as soon as possible , it will be very difficult for china 's agricultural products to enter the international market .\r\nthe tariff concessions and the loss of non - tariff policy fiats will create favorable conditions for foreign agricultural products to occupy the chinese market on a large scale and thus impact china 's macro regulation and control efforts .\r\nfifth , the agricultural marketization in china is not sound enough to meet the needs of the situation resulting from china 's entry into the wto .\r\nalthough the resulting situation will be grim , the experts universally agreed : china 's wto will benefit both the country and the people .\r\nin reality , this favorable factor is also the result of china 's effort to take the lead in carrying out rural reforms and a contracted responsibility system based on the household with remuneration linked to output .\r\nthe formation of china 's most dynamic , independent production and operation units is the root of china 's economic development and the base for china to face competition after it becomes a member of the wto .\r\nmoreover , china 's market system and foreign trade pattern have now taken shape initially .\r\nthe establishment of this three - layer market system means that china 's rural market system has taken shape initially and farmers have a base on which they get involved in the operation of both domestic and international markets .\r\nin the face of tremendous challenges resulting from china 's wto entry , the experts proposed that the government actively cope with them and formulate a corresponding policy .\r\nin march , the spring breeze brings warmth to the people in beijing .\r\nat 1400 , jiang zemin , li peng , zhu rongji , li ruihuan , hu jintao , wei jianxing , li lanqing , and other party and government leaders arrived here one after another to extend cordial greetings to cppcc national leading comrades and congratulate them on the opening of the session .\r\ncppcc national leaders and members went down to grass - roots areas last year to conduct investigations and studies on the central work of the state and offered many valuable opinions and suggestions .\r\nyang rudai and wan guoquan , vice chairmen of the cppcc national committee , sat together to talk about their investigation and study results .\r\nvice chairman yang rudai , who has been concerned with agriculture for years , led some members to sichuan and gansu to investigate and study the situation in agricultural restructuring .\r\nhe said , investigations and studies are the foundation for cppcc members to participate in and discuss government affairs , therefore the work in this aspect should be intensified .\r\nreportedly , the cppcc national committee conducted special investigations and studies on 43 issues last year and submitted 37 reports on these issues .\r\nbefore the opening of the session , members warmly talked with one another in the east hall .\r\nwe must depend on the unity and struggle of the people of all nationalities to accelerate the development of western regions . \"\r\nsun qi , chairman of the cppcc liaoning provincial committee , was soliciting the signatures of other members at the great hall by holding in his hand the motion : \" the state should begin collecting the social security tax as early as possible , \" that was carefully considered and written by himself .\r\njust at this moment , chen hongduo , academician of the chinese academy of engineering , solemnly signed his name because he had long studied this issue and agreed with it .\r\nhe said : \" it is cppcc members ' duty to investigate and study the conspicuous issues in economic and social activities and to offer advice and suggestions to relevant government departments . \"\r\nmember dong shilin from zhejiang university asked for statistical data from working staff and planned to bring them back to his lodging place for careful study .\r\nmember chen yu stood in front of the computer , searching and reading the data and figures concerning the counties below the poverty line .\r\nthis member , who used to work in qinghai and guizhou , said with a strong feeling : \" this year is the last year to fulfill the seven - year poverty reduction plan , while the task remains very arduous .\r\ni want to offer a suggestion on this issue during the current session .\r\nchecking some data here can make my suggestion more scientific and accurate . \"\r\nholding consultations on state affairs and serving the interests of the whole .\r\nhe said : the strategy of sustainable development is one of our country 's basic policies , which is also an important area where the cppcc national committee participates in the administration and discussion of state affairs .\r\nin recent year , the cppcc national committee conducted quite a number of investigations and studies around the implementation of this strategy in many areas , achieving important results . last year , the question of environment and development was put on the agenda of the sixth meeting of the standing committee of the cppcc national committee .\r\nmembers of the standing committee of the cppcc national committee conducted in - depth discussions on the question of environmental protection in china .\r\naccording to the work arrangements made by the cpc central committee and the state council , the standing committee of the cppcc national committee listed the reform of state - owned enterprises as a key subject for study and concentrated its personnel on the investigation and study of it .\r\nat its various meetings , members of the cppcc national committee positively spoken and made proposals on implementation of the strategy for governing the country according to law .\r\nmembers of the cppcc national committee who attended these briefings held that such briefings were conducive to their understanding of the situation and better performing their functions . 2 .\r\nconducting investigations and studies and putting forward views and proposals .\r\nye xuanping said : the standing committee of the cppcc national committee gave top priority to conducting in - depth investigations and studies and putting forward views and proposals around the central task and made efforts to raise the level of research on special topics .\r\nreporting on social conditions and popular sentiments through unclogged democratic channels .\r\nthese proposals involved a wide range of issues concerning every aspect of the state and social life ; some of them reflected the situation , while others included countermeasures and proposals .\r\nin the process of handling such proposals , we made a point of selecting some important proposals and urged the relevant authorities to address them , achieving very good results .\r\nmembers of these groups went among the masses in the grass - roots units to acquaint themselves with the social conditions and popular sentiments there ; then , they conscientiously wrote their inspection reports , providing important data for relevant departments under the central authorities to grasp the actual situation and improve their work .\r\nparticularly around the topics discussed at the sixth and seventh meetings of the standing committee of the cppcc national committee , two standing committee inspection groups were organized to inspect the protection of the agro - ecological environment and the reform of state - owned enterprises , achieving better results .\r\npremier zhu rongji and vice premiers li lanqing , wu bangguo , and wen jiabao , as well as other leading comrades of the central authorities , made important written comments and instructions concerning the submitted information on many occasions .\r\nat the same time , the cppcc national committee actively assisted the party and the government in the work of coordinating relations and defusing contradictions .\r\naccording to the principle of \" peaceful reunification and one country , two systems , \" the cppcc national committee made friends abroad and worked to promote the reunification of the motherland in various ways and through various channels .\r\nunder the conditions of \" one country , two systems , \" we vigorously explored effective ways to increase our contacts with members of the cppcc national committee from hong kong and macao and with compatriots of various circles there .\r\nye xuanping said : the cppcc national committee worked vigorously to develop friendly exchanges with other countries , playing an important role in enlivening the country 's diplomacy , promoting the understanding of china by other countries , and furthering our friendship and cooperation with them .\r\nas of february this year , the cppcc national committee had conducted friendly exchange of visits with 123 institutions in 76 countries and four international organizations , of which 18 institutions in eight countries established contacts with us following the second session of the ninth cppcc national committee . 6 .\r\nat the same time , we also paid attention to establishing systems , revised the \" general rules on the work of special committees \" and the \" regulations governing the work of proposals handling , \" and conscientiously made preparations for revising the cppcc charter .\r\naccording to the unified arrangements made by the cpc central committee , organs under the cppcc national committee conducted education in party spirit and the party 's work style , with \" laying stress on study , politics , and healthy trends \" as its main content , \" among cpc members at leading posts .\r\non the arrangements for the work of the cppcc national committee in 2000 , ye xuanping put forward his views in six aspects : 1 . putting forward views and offering advice on major issues in the construction and development of the country .\r\neffectively stepping up research on special topics .\r\nfurther strengthening democratic supervision .\r\nwhile continuing to carry forward the cppcc democratic tradition and making full use of existing forms such as regular meetings , proposals , inspections , and information , we should take the initiative in exploring effective ways to strengthen democratic supervision in the new situation in order to make such supervision more effective .\r\nissues to be particularly monitored should be selected from matters of special concern to the party and the government and those about which the masses of people are strongly complaining .\r\nwe should bring the comprehensive efficiency of democratic supervision into full play and gradually establish a standardized , orderly , and truly effective mechanism for exercising democratic supervision . 4 .\r\nwe should continue to maintain close ties with persons of all walks of life in hong kong and macao , give full play to the role of the hong kong and macao members of the cppcc national committee , and strive to maintain long - term stability and prosperity in hong kong and macao .\r\naccording to the overall arrangements for china 's diplomatic work , we should actively and properly develop friendly exchanges with other countries .\r\nhe said that acting president putin is looking forward to meeting president jiang as soon as possible .\r\nklebanov gave a briefing on russia 's economic situation .\r\nhe said : russia 's various economic sectors are showing steady growth . the russian government is determined to overcome the crisis and lead the country gradually onto the path of prosperity and development .\r\nhe said : china thanks russia for its support on the taiwan issue ; it supports the russian government 's stand on the chechnya issue and the actions taken there . this will not change .\r\nfalungong has harmed so many people ! \"\r\ncppcc member he zuoxiu was besieged by reporters at the opening cppcc session today .\r\ntoday , an educational activity centering around the main theme of \" always remembering where our wealth comes from and always remembering to make further progress after becoming better - off \" is being carried out in an extensive and thoroughgoing way in china 's developed coastal areas .\r\nli changchun , member of the political bureau of the cpc central committee and provincial party secretary of guangdong , indicated : in our efforts to \" always remember where our wealth comes from , \" we should know where the \" source \" of our wealth lies .\r\nthe \" source \" lies in deng xiaoping theory , the party 's basic line , and the correct leadership of the party central committee .\r\nin this development is embodied the painstaking work of the people of the entire country , including the people in poverty - stricken areas .\r\ngeneral secretary jiang 's important speech has enhanced the awareness of the vast numbers of cadres and masses for the overall situation and the overall interests of the country .\r\nthe city party committee of shenzhen stressed that shenzhen will take the overall situation into account and successfully carry out its work in all aspects by way of \" creating new advantages , scaling new heights , and taking the lead in basically realizing socialist modernizations . \"\r\nthe city will make vigorous efforts to push forward the building of a socialist spiritual civilization , and lay stress on a successful implementation of the educational activity of \" always remembering where our wealth comes from and always remembering to make further progresses after becoming better - off . \"\r\ngeneral secretary jiang zemin 's speech delivered in guangdong has greatly aroused the enthusiasm of coastal areas in further participating in the large - scale development of the country 's western region .\r\nmeanwhile , suzhou city has carried out in depth an education on the party 's basic theories , basic line , and basic principles , as well as an education on patriotism , collectivism , and socialism ; and has taken steps to strengthen people 's common ideal of building socialism with chinese characteristics .\r\nbeijing , 3 mar ( xinhua ) - - having been a municipality for just three years , chongqing will soon be involved in the large - scale development of the western region .\r\nthey propose that it is necessary to understand and arrange the work of the large - scale development of the western region with the interests of the whole in mind , with a sense of responsibility , in a reform spirit , and in consideration of strategic needs .\r\nas a prelude to the strategy of large - scale development of the western region , the decision on turning chongqing into a municipality was made at a meeting of the first session of the ninth npc three years ago .\r\nchongqing should resolutely participate in and support any projects so long as they can greatly promote the development of the western region , even if they are of little benefit to chongqing .\r\ndeputy zhao gongqing said : in infrastructure construction , chongqing will focus on building as soon as possible a number of large projects that have a bearing on the entire western region and promote regional development , and build a three - dimensional transport network connecting the region with other parts of the country .\r\nwe should keep a clear head and must not make any strategic mistake again .\r\nin development , the western region should strive to learn from the eastern region and from the experience of developed countries .\r\none is to make a new breakthrough in the management systems by fine - tuning the municipal administrative system and economic regulation and control system , adapting them to chongqing 's actual conditions and making them highly efficient .\r\nit is necessary to make great efforts to properly \" clear up doubts and uncertainty \" of taiwan 's new leader and the taiwan people so that they will really understand the meaning of \" one country , two systems \" and really understand the sincerity of the cpc and the central government .\r\nit has been learned that jiang zemin also said although we have extremely great sincerity , unilateral willingness will not work . we are not bellicose elements and we hope to have peace and need a stable situation for economic development . however , we cannot tolerate splitting up the country .\r\nthe third session of the ninth cppcc national committee opened in beijing yesterday ; the third session of the ninth national people 's congress [ npc ] will open tomorrow .\r\nmore than 5,000 npc deputies and cppcc members gathering in beijing from all quarters to attend the two sessions in this early spring is a major annual event in china 's political life .\r\nlast july , the motherland launched a resolute struggle against lee teng - hui 's [ li denghui ] \" two states theory , \" and the struggle has led to in the theory 's complete bankruptcy .\r\nlike what it has done in the past when it actively participated in the development of the eastern coastal region , hong kong 's business community can also find new development opportunities if it invests in the western region . china is expected to join the wto this year .\r\nit will have a far - reaching impact on china in all fields .\r\ncurrently , china 's official circles are providing in - depth explanation to all circles on the opportunities and challenges china 's accession to the wto will bring about .\r\nit is expected that the two sessions will help create greater consensus on china 's accession to the wto and help china better prepared for its entry .\r\nnotes on starting the column this year 's \" two sessions \" were held in an important period at the turn of the century .\r\nat the fourth plenary session of the 13 th cpc central committee a decade ago , comrade jiang zemin made clear that we must unswervingly and fully implement the line of building socialism with chinese characteristics and a series of basic policies , which were formulated and formed by the cpc .\r\nthis shows that the party has a completely mature understanding of this scientific theory and upheld the theory more conscientiously , clearheadedly , and firmly .\r\nchina 's basic rural changes are attributable to the correct guidance of deng xiaoping theory and to the firm leadership of the third - generation leading core .\r\nfarmers thank deng xiaoping at heart and considered deng xiaoping theory the most useful theory of contemporary china that has brought tangible benefits to them .\r\nwithout such conscientiousness and staunchness , the reform and development of state enterprises are out of the question .\r\nin the face of keen competition in recent years , handan has shifted its focus to product development and quality improvement and has developed new high value - added products . though limiting the production of overstocked commodities and reducing its inventory , it reaped 410 million in profits last year .\r\nthis theory achieved tremendous success in the return of hong kong and macao to the motherland .\r\nthe fact that hong kong has enjoyed economic prosperity and social stability and that its people have lived in peace and contentment since its reversion two years ago has proved and will continue to prove the greatness and correctness of the theory .\r\ncurrently , i have seven enterprises on the motherland with the first one established in shanghai in 1985 .\r\nit is scientific because it is feasible , as evidenced by its successful practice in the reversion of hong kong and macao . it is the sole theory because mr. deng xiaoping fully understood the international and domestic situations and found the only correct road to realizing the motherland 's reunification by peaceful means .\r\nit is also the common aspiration of all chinese people , including the taiwan compatriots .\r\nzeng jianhui said : we hope that the taiwan authorities will not run against the historical trend and will not create obstacles to the development of cross - strait relations and reunification of the motherland .\r\nwe hope that the two sides across the taiwan strait conduct dialogue and negotiations based on the principle of \" one china \" and develop healthy cross - strait relations .\r\njiang zemin stressed that : hong kong and macao have both returned to the embrace of the motherland .\r\nthis was a crucial victory on our path to complete national reunification .\r\nthe chinese government and people have the confidence and ability to solve the taiwan problem soon , to complete our great cause of national reunification .\r\nchinese kmt central committee standing committee member and gansu province people 's political consultative conference vice chairman deng chengcheng noted that faster environment building and infrastructure construction are the grounds and basis for the grand development of western china .\r\njiang zemin listened and took notes , joining in at times on certain matters and joint debates by committee members .\r\nupon hearing statements by committee members , jiang zemin spoke .\r\njiang zemin said that to solve the taiwan problem , we will continue to pursue the basic policy of \" peaceful reunification under one country , two systems , \" continuing to implement the eight - point position set forth in 1995 on developing cross - strait relations to promote national reunification .\r\nthe white paper that we issued recently on \" the one - china principle and the taiwan problem \" fully expresses our firm position on insisting on the one - china principle .\r\nin the basic interests of our cross - strait compatriots , we are making the greatest efforts , doing all possible to solve the taiwan problem peacefully .\r\nof course , the prerequisite is that we must adhere to the one - china principle .\r\nbut we will absolutely not promise to renounce the use of force .\r\nthus , we are continuing as always to place our wholehearted hopes on the taiwan people .\r\ni want to take this opportunity to solemnly state again that we fully respect the aspirations of the taiwan people to be the masters of their own affairs and their economic development , defending the vital interests of our taiwan compatriots .\r\nwe urge our taiwan compatriots to fully understand and correctly interpret our principles and policies on taiwan , intensifying their understanding of their native mainland china , to create favorable terms for an early solution of the taiwan problem .\r\njiang zemin said : all of you cppcc members have done much outstanding work to help the party and government implement our taiwan principles and policies , uniting our taiwan compatriots both in china and abroad .\r\nthe discussion was chaired by cppcc vice chairman and chinese kmt central committee permanent vice chairman zhou tienong .\r\nthis remark made zhu rongji and other participating members laugh .\r\n' we would like to ask members from hong kong to air more views ' [ subhead ] originally , there was no member from hong kong among those scheduled to speak at today 's meeting .\r\nduring the discussion , zhu rongji said : we have members from hong kong , do we not ?\r\nwe would like to ask members from hong kong to air more views . do not just talk in hong kong , please also air your views here .\r\nhe expressed hope that hong kong 's economy can recover in all aspects as soon as possible ; and he also believed that hong kong will have a more magnificent prospect as a result of china 's upcoming accession to the wto .\r\n' i dared to offend you because you are my fellow townsman ' [ subhead ] in view that too many people wished to speak at the meeting , those members who got a chance to speak were asked to make their points as brief and clear as possible .\r\nhowever , member li juewen , director of the sanxiang group company ltd. , failed to come to the point long after he started to talk .\r\nseeing this , zhu rongji interrupted and said : my fellow townsman , you had better go directly to substantive issues now .\r\ni would not have made such a rash act if you were not my fellow townsman . i dared to offend you because you are my fellow townsman .\r\n' i have an opportunity to speak tomorrow ' [ subhead ] at today 's meeting , 17 members aired their views and made suggestions on issues concerning the rural economy , state enterprise reform , the development of the western region , and increases in salary .\r\nall members at the meeting wanted zhu rongji to give a speech , yet zhu rongji said : i have an opportunity to talk tomorrow , talk for the whole morning . if you have more to say today , please feel free to do so .\r\nafter the members finished giving their views , zhu rongji indicated : all your suggestions and opinions are good . i have written them down in my notebook , and will surely study them with all seriousness . all these views are of great value , and they are also what the state council is studying day and night .\r\nyour views are of great help to improving the work of the government , and will prove highly constructive to promoting our democratic and scientific decision - making process .\r\ntherefore , i would like to express my sincere thanks to all of you here .\r\naccording to him , this is one of the major aspects of the current npc 's legislative target of forming a preliminary socialist legal system with chinese characteristics by the end of its term of office .\r\nthe third session of the ninth npc today held its first news conference at the great hall of the people .\r\nin addition , the state council has drawn up more than 800 sets of administrative laws , and regulations and local people 's congresses and their standing committees have drawn up more than 7,000 local laws and regulations .\r\nzeng jianhui said : one of the current npc 's focuses in legislation is to pay close attention to drawing up relevant laws according to the needs of reform , development , and stability in the country at present .\r\nin advancing the development of socialist democratic politics , the npc revised the law governing organization of villagers ' committees and drew up and adopted the administrative reconsideration law .\r\nzeng jianhui also revealed that relevant departments in china are currently studying and revising some laws to prepare for accession to the wto .\r\nzeng jianhui said : cheng kejie has asked the npc and its standing committee for a leave , and the npc standing committee , after studying his request , has decided to approve his request for absence from the npc session and to agree that he does not become a member of the presidium of the npc session .\r\ncheng kejie has served as chairman of the guangxi autonomous regional government and is a deputy elected by the guangxi autonomous regional people 's congress .\r\nzhang zhaozhong , noted military theoretician and professor at the national defense university , is of the view that peaceful reunification is the guiding principle on the resolution of the taiwan issue .\r\nas taiwan 's presidential elections are to be held soon , we can still wait patiently to see if a better opportunity will come .\r\nfor the first 30 years of the 50 years after new china was founded , the mainland was preparing for war . only for the remaining 20 years did it launch reform and opening up , as well as economic construction .\r\nour country has become increasingly prosperous and its comprehensive national strengthen has been enhanced significantly .\r\nthe state should not consider making war for the sake of war .\r\nregarding the issue of china 's accession to the world trade organization (wto) , zeng jianhui said various relevant departments in china are making preparations , including relevant legal preparation , for joining wto in accordance with the principles of wto and the commitments made , as well as the principle of rights being commensurate with obligations .\r\nhe said that china takes a solemn and responsible attitude toward the commitments it has made in the process of joining wto .\r\nafter joining wto , china can entirely fulfill its commitments and perform its due obligations .\r\nthrough election , zhang wannian acts as the head of the delegation , and chi haotian and yu yongbo act as the deputy heads of the delegation .\r\nzhang wannian made a speech at a meeting to mark the formation of the delegation yesterday .\r\nit is necessary to actively study , explore and discuss the general plan for the country 's economic construction and the invigoration and development of the society , and study and explore thoroughly new ideas and new methods for the armed forces to support and take part in the economic construction of the country .\r\nit has been learned that the pla delegation to the third session of the ninth npc numbers 267 people and the delegation is divided into eight groups for various activities .\r\nthis morning , li lanqing came to the 21 st century hotel in beijing to attend the joint meeting for the members of the cppcc national committee from the educational circles .\r\nhe disclosed that a general principle on a two - level running of schools will be established in this year 's program for the reform and development of higher education .\r\nafter the members aired their views , which took a whole hour , a smiling li lanqing said : i know it is my turn to speak ; in fact , i also feel the great urge to talk .\r\nthe student answered : \" the school has opened a ' si - pin ' course for us . \"\r\nli did not understand : \" a ' shi bing [ dried persimmon ] ' course ? \"\r\nwhen talking about the issue as how education can support the development of the country 's western region , li lanqing said : elementary education is of utmost importance .\r\nthe country 's eastern region can consider to provide counterpart support to the western region by sending them both exchange teachers and teaching equipment . we should have the determination to enhance the level of elementary education in china 's western region .\r\nat the meeting , li lanqing also exchanged views with the members on such issues as vocational education , network education , and civilian - run education .\r\n\" qiao bao \" quotes an observer in a 4 march report noting that : some media have previously claimed that since the white paper issued by the chinese government on \" the one - china principle and the taiwan problem \" has had a certain \" negative effect , \" they expect the prc to soften its stance .\r\nbut the position portrayed in the ongoing tv series \" chinese army \" shows that china 's leaders and the chinese government will absolutely not soften their stance at all on the matter of any form of \" taiwan independence . \"\r\nany \" taiwan independence \" plot will be nothing but a case of \" an egg breaking on the rocks . \"\r\nthe report says that : since the impressive martial display of the 1999 [ national day ] parade , why is the display continuing through the tv series \" chinese army ? \"\r\nan official military source says that the 1999 parade showed a static exterior view of the weaponry , while the \" chinese army \" shows its real combat effectiveness integrating man with machine .\r\nso it is undoubtedly an empirical interpretation of the \" resolve and capability to defend national reunification \" that the chinese army has repeatedly declared .\r\nin which respect , a beijing taiwan expert notes that on basic matters involving national sovereignty and reunification , there is no issue of threat versus no threat , because the armed forces per se are a deterrent force to defend national security .\r\nthe \" chinese army \" is a show for sensible people . if certain diehard \" taiwan independence \" figures do not understand , they are fooling either themselves , the voters , or the common people .\r\n\" qiao bao \" is acting in line with the 15 - part tv series \" chinese army \" to specially run 10 exclusive issues on \" a sharp display of china 's military might . \"\r\nthe first one today has graphics and text comprehensively introducing the march of the chinese army into the 21 st century .\r\n\" shijie ribao \" stresses that \" the scenes of various exercises shown at the opening of the cppcc to taiwan on the eve of its general election will have a strong visual impact . \"\r\nthe atmosphere was lively and enthusiastic at the meeting where over 100 people attended and the committee members took the floor one after another .\r\ncommittee member he zhukang said that the central authorities decision to regard readjusting the structure of agriculture and the rural economy and improving quality and efficiency as the central task is entirely correct .\r\nbesides , the government should also provide help and support .\r\ncommittee member lai yaowu put forward that to implement the strategy to develop the western region , it is necessary to focus efforts on improving the investment environment of the western region . it is necessary to improve both the hard environment and the soft environment , and the crux is to attract capable personnel and keep them there .\r\nwhile listening to the speakers , zhu rongji seriously made notes .\r\nwhen he discovered committee members from hong kong had not yet made any speech , he said with special concern : \" let committee members from hong kong have some time to air their views . \"\r\nwith the premier 's \" special concern , \" tian beijun , zhuang qicheng , lu zonglin , and other committee members from hong kong spoke at the meeting one after another .\r\nthey gave a account of the economic development in hong kong and aired their views and made proposals on the economic policies of the country .\r\nafter listening to the speeches of 17 committee members , zhu rongji spoke .\r\nhe thanked members of the national committee for their support to the government 's work in the past year and for their valuable views and proposals .\r\nso long as we seriously implement a series of central policies and measure to promote reform , opening up and economic development , correctly handle the relationship between reform , development and stability , we shall certainly be able to do this year 's work even better .\r\ncppcc vice chairmen chen junsheng , hu qili , chen jinhua and jing shuping attended today 's joint - group meeting .\r\nhe said that the due to the lack of adequate mineral resources china 's national economic development does not have sufficient support .\r\nhe proposed establishing a mineral resources reserve system and increasing efficiency in the use of mineral resources .\r\nhe proposed strengthening humanities education in primary and middle schools and in colleges , paying more attention to developing humanities courses , and creating a healthy humanities environment in society .\r\nchen zongde , zhao zhanyue , su jilan , tian zhaowu , liang yuning , qu qinyue , and deng tuanzi , cppcc members without party affiliation , expressed their views on developing the western region , supervising the cadres , and developing ethnic minority regions .\r\nzhao yufen , li dawei , xue chao , ge jian , and guo guoqing , cppcc members from the communist youth league and the all - china youth federation , spoke on the issues of developing the country through science and education , building civilized youth communities , and promoting early reunification of the motherland .\r\nduring his discussion with cppcc members without party affiliations , hu jintao said : people without party affiliations are an irreplaceable and important force in china 's socialist modernization drive .\r\nin the discussion with cppcc members from the communist youth league and the all - china youth federation , hu jintao stressed : young people in the contemporary era are a cross - century generation shouldering the historical responsibility of carrying forward the cause pioneered by our predecessors and forging ahead into the future .\r\nwhether working to accomplish their current mission or to achieve the long - term development objectives , political awareness and struggle are indispensable for our young people today .\r\ncommunist youth league and all - china youth federation organizations must proceed from the overall and strategic perspective and do a good job of uniting , educating , and training the vast number of young people in order to bring their role into better play .\r\ncppcc national committee vice chairmen zhang siqing and sun fuling attended this afternoon 's discussions .\r\nbeijing , 4 mar ( xinhua ) - - an important speech made by general secretary jiang zemin during his inspection of guangdong has evoked strong , nationwide repercussions .\r\nfor the last few days , cadres at various levels in various localities have been conscientiously studying the spirit of this speech and extensively conducting the \" three stresses \" education , promoting the development of various undertakings .\r\ndistricts and counties under beijing municipality have held meetings of cadres one after another , conveying the spirit of the important speech made by general secretary jiang in guangdong and having lively discussions on the speech according to actual conditions .\r\nji lin , secretary of the miyun county cpc committee , said : general secretary jiang 's speech systematically summed up the work achievements and successful experiences over the past 10 years , comprehensively analyzed the domestic and international situation , and clearly pointed out the major problems to be solved at present .\r\nwe should take the \" three stresses \" education as a turning point , vigorously perform our work in various fields , and promote economic development and social stability throughout the county .\r\nthe important speech made by general secretary jiang in guangdong has inspired cadres at various levels in various localities .\r\ntan xianchao , secretary of the dahua yao autonomous county cpc committee in guangxi , said : his county is one of the poverty - stricken counties receiving priority aid from the state and also a unit selected for making experiments in the conduct of the \" three stresses \" education at the county level .\r\nparty organizations at various levels throughout the country have been conscientiously studying the spirit of the speech made by general secretary jiang zemin in guangdong and taking the \" three stresses \" education as a driving force for improving the style of work and economic work .\r\ncadres throughout the county will firmly seize the opportunity offered by the large - scale development of the western region and , in an ever more positive spirit , lead the people of various nationalities in the county in shaking off poverty and getting better - off .\r\ncadres at various levels in various localities said : with the guidance of the spirit of general secretary jiang 's speech and the correct leadership of the party central committee and party committees at various levels , tangible results will certainly be achieved in the conduct of the \" three stresses \" education .\r\nas far as the work of the city commission for the reform of the economic structure is concerned , the stress of work is to put on resolving outstanding contradictions in the reform of state - owned enterprises this year .\r\nyin guangli , secretary of the funan county cpc committee in anhui , held : effectively conducting the \" three stresses \" education will be an important sign of doing a good job in this regard across the country .\r\nlegislation should serve the central work of the nation and should be integrated with major reform policies and policies aimed at speeding up economic development and ensuring social stability .\r\nlegislation is one of the npc 's major tasks and responsibilities . the npc has a clear legislation goal .\r\nit is of major practical significance and far - reaching historical significance . through two decades of reforms and opening up , china 's comprehensive national strength has notably increased and a socialist market economic system has been preliminarily established .\r\nli peng also stressed the need to accelerate the development of infrastructure in the western region .\r\nli peng made a special point of discussing the question of combating corruption . he said : fellow cppcc members have just given us their good suggestions .\r\nwe must set up a sound system and related mechanisms and intensify our efforts to punish corrupt officials .\r\nspeaking of china 's accession to the wto , li peng pointed out : the multipolarization of the world , the economic globalization , and the rapid advance of science and technology have brought risks and rigorous challenge as well as rare development opportunities to the chinese nation .\r\nat the joint cdl and cdnca group discussion , cppcc members from different regions and professions took the floor one after another to express their views on a wide range of issues .\r\nbearing with them the hopes and trust of the 1.2 billion people , nearly 3,000 npc deputies from various parts of the motherland gathered in beijing to attend the third session of the ninth npc being held here .\r\nthis is a conference held at the important moment of the turn of the century and the millennium .\r\nthis major event in the political life of the people of all nationalities in china will have an important meaning in china 's reform , development and stability .\r\nthe advance from 1999 and 2000 marked a major turning point , an important opportunity for development .\r\nas the new century is just round the corner , the achievements and experiences of the past year and the situation and tasks of the new year become even more special as a link between the past and the future .\r\nin the past year , we upheld the party 's basic line , fully implemented the policy of expanding domestic demand , actively promoted various reforms , met the anticipated economic growth targets , and achieved new successes in various undertakings .\r\nsince this year is the final year in meeting the important targets before the end of the this century , the tasks of deepening the reforms , promoting development , safeguarding stability and strengthening ideological and political work are very arduous .\r\ndoing this year 's work well means a lot to the realization of china 's cross - century development targets .\r\nin his spring festival greetings to the people of all nationalities in china and all ethic and oversea chinese abroad , comrade jiang zemin wished \" prosperity , richness and strength for the motherland and happiness and good health for the people . \"\r\nthese well - meant words of greetings reflect the aspirations of the sons and daughters of the chinese nation , express the strong will of the chinese nation to achieve its great rejuvenation , and represent the long - cherished ideal of the chinese people .\r\nemancipating the mind , seeking truth from facts , and creatively unfolding work within the scope of the constitution and the laws will be of great importance in further bringing into play the superiority and role of the system of people 's congresses .\r\nat all times and under all circumstances , the starting and goal in all our work must be in the fundamental interests of the broadest masses of the people .\r\nthese are the essential factors leading to the emergence of communists , and also to the inexorable victory of the socialist system .\r\nscience and technology are primary productive forces .\r\njiang zemin pointed out : after their return to the motherland , both hong kong and macao have entered a new period of historical development .\r\njiang zemin stressed : it is the common desire of the people of all nationalities throughout the country to maintain the long - term prosperity , stability , and development of hong kong and macao .\r\njiang zemin and li ruihuan participated in a joint meeting held by members of the cppcc national committee from hong kong and macao and heard their speeches at the meeting .\r\nin his speech at the joint meeting , hsu szu - min [ xu simin ] , director of the hong kong paper \" ching pao , \" said : documents of the 15 th cpc national congress made reference to giving play to the role of supervision by public opinion .\r\nafter hearing the speeches by members of the cppcc national committee , jiang zemin delivered an important speech .\r\nhe first briefed the members of the cppcc national committee on the situation in our country 's reform , opening up , and modernization drive .\r\nreferring to hong kong , jiang zemin said : when i met with you here on 4 march last year , hong kong 's economy had yet to be eased up from the impact of the asian financial crisis .\r\nthis is why i then hoped that you would keep up your spirits and tide over the difficulties together .\r\ntoday we meet again , but the situation is quite different .\r\nthe practice of hong kong in the past two - odd years since its return to the motherland shows that the concept of \" one country , two systems \" is all correct and that hong kong people running hong kong with a high degree of autonomy is feasible .\r\nreferring to macao , jiang zemin pointed out : macao smoothly returned to the motherland on 20 december last year .\r\nwe believe that the future of macao will be bright and beautiful .\r\nqian qichen , member of the cpc central committee political bureau and vice premier of the state council , participated in the joint meeting .\r\na warm atmosphere prevailed at a joint meeting held by members of the cppcc national committee from educational circles , and those present took the floor one after another .\r\nwang zhongmin , member of the cppcc national committee , suggested that attention be paid to the on - the - job training of qualified personnel in the western region .\r\nzhao pengda , president of china geologic university and member of the cppcc national committee , proposed that institutions of higher learning take part in planning and carrying out the development of the western region .\r\nwe should make full use of our advantages and improve the living and working conditions for the scientists and educators in the western region in order to fully arouse the initiative of the scientists , technicians , and educators . we should retain and attract qualified personnel and bring their role into full play .\r\nwe should vigorously promote the combination of production with institutions of higher learning and research institutes ; we should be market - oriented , turn scientific and technological achievements into commodities , and accelerate the development of high - tech industries in the western region .\r\nli lanqing also exchange views with members of the cppcc national committee on the reform of the educational system in institutions of higher learning and on questions concerning vocational education , li lanqing also took part in a joint meeting held by members of the cppcc national committee form literary and art circles in the afternoon .\r\nshang changrong , vice president of the chinese dramatists association and member of the cppcc national committee , proposed that traditional arts be combined with the needs of the times .\r\nwei minglun , vice president of the chinese dramatists association and member of the cppcc national committee , suggested that great efforts be made to develop the national theater .\r\njin shangyi , member of the standing committee of the cppcc national committee and president of the central academy of fine arts , proposed that attention be paid to carrying out cultural construction and maintaining architectural culture with distinguishing qualities .\r\nnima zeren , first - grade artist at the sichuan provincial research institute of culture and history and member of the cppcc national committee , suggested that effective measures be taken to protect the cultures and arts of minority nationalities in the western region .\r\nin doing literary and art work , we should adhere to the policy of \" letting a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend \" and take effective measures to promote the thriving of literary and artistic creation .\r\nwith stress on reflecting reality and giving full scope to the central theme of our times , it is necessary to create a large number of literary and artistic works loved by the people . the reform of literary and art undertakings should be accelerated so as to advance the building of the socialist spiritual civilization .\r\nalso , we should absorb results of other nations ' advanced civilizations ; by learning from others ' strong points to make up our deficiencies , we will be able to bring about ever greater literary and art prosperity .\r\nsong jian , qian zhengying , luo haocai , and wang wenyuan , vice chairmen of the cppcc national committee , and responsible officials of relevant departments attended today 's joint meetings .\r\nin face of the new century , we should hold still higher the great banner of deng xiaoping theory , firm up our faith in the ideal of socialism with chinese characteristics , and victoriously stride into the new century .\r\nin the past few days , the deputies in our delegation have been thinking over what are the \" sources \" of the rapid economic development in fujian .\r\nthese \" sources \" include the great banner of deng xiaoping theory , the conviction on the party 's basic line , the faith in the ideal of building socialism with chinese characteristics , and the staunch and powerful leadership of the party 's central committee with comrade jiang zemin at the core .\r\nover the past 20 - odd years , earthshaking changes have taken place in fujian 's economic and social appearances with the aggregate quantity of the economy continuously increasing .\r\nin the final analysis , the party 's basic theory and basic line have conformed to the will and common aspirations of the people .\r\nthe earthshaking changes have enabled the people in the old liberated areas to profoundly cherish in their hearts the conviction of steadfastly following the road of socialism with chinese characteristics .\r\nreporter liu ruijia reported from the group of scientific and technological circles of the chinese people 's political consultative conference ( cppcc ) : the cppcc members had deep feelings when they talked about their faith in the ideal of socialism with chinese characteristics .\r\nin a bid to narrow the gap between the western developed countries and ourselves , it is imperative to vigorously develop our economy , quietly immerse ourselves in hard work , and firmly grasp the center of economic construction .\r\nreporter jiang wei reported from the hainan npc delegation : deputies from hainan maintain that deng xiaoping theory , which combines marxism with the practice of contemporary china and the special characteristics of the times , is a scientific theory that has made exploration , summation , and verification in practice .\r\ndeputy wang guangxian said : the promotion of hainan to a provincial status and as a special economic zone was a significant move personally initiated by comrade deng xiaoping , which is a major indication of faster economic development , deeper reform , and wider opening up in china .\r\ndeputy gu changchun said : since reform and opening up , it is precisely because we have all along firmly cherished the faith in the ideal of building socialism with chinese characteristics and unswervingly adhered to deng xiaoping theory and the basic line that we have been able to attain such tremendous achievements .\r\nworkers and staff members should be organized to conduct extensive labor emulation , to make rationalization proposals and technological innovations , and to carry out other economic and technological - innovation activities .\r\nall such work is set according to the nature and tasks of the trade unions , which meets the requirements for safeguarding the overall interests of the people across the country and for safeguarding the specific interests of the workers and staff members .\r\nto prevent infringing on the legitimate rights and interests of workers and staff members and effectively perform this work , trade unions must be good at mobilizing and organizing workers and staff members to do a good job in democratic supervision .\r\ncomrade deng xiaoping warned us long ago that it is necessary to have a mass supervision system and to let the masses and party members supervise the cadres , especially the leading cadres .\r\ncomrade jiang zemin also repeatedly required us to widen the supervision channels and give full play to the supervisory role of the masses of people .\r\norganizing workers and staff members to exercise democratic supervision is a right entrusted to the trade unions by the law .\r\nto properly exercising this right , it is necessary to do the following : 1 . supervision should be exercised according to law .\r\nactual results should be achieved in democratic supervision .\r\nefforts should be made to strengthen effective supervision mechanisms to restrain the acts of infringing on the democratic - supervision right of workers and staff members .\r\ndong wande , member of the standing committee of the liaoning provincial cpc committee , president of the liaoning provincial federation of trade unions , and member of the cppcc national committee , said : carrying out trade unions ' various tasks depend on the strengthening of organizations at the grass - roots level .\r\ndealing with the work of the all - china federation of returned overseas chinese , he tianfa , vice chairman of the hong kong , macao , taiwan , and overseas chinese affairs committee under the cppcc national committee , held that the leadership system of local federation of returned overseas chinese should be further straightened out .\r\nwu chengye , president of overseas chinese university and member of the cppcc national committee , said that considerable progress has been made in education in the chinese language abroad in recent years , however , measures are yet to be taken in the supply of teaching materials and teachers .\r\nli guixian , zhu guangya , and mao zhiyong , vice chairmen of the cppcc national committee , also participated in the discussion held by members of the cppcc national committee from trade unions and from among the returned overseas chinese .\r\nbeijing , 4 mar ( xinhua ) - - responding to reporters ' questions , zeng jianhui , news spokesman for the third session of the ninth national people 's congress [ npc ] , stressed today that the current npc and its standing committee will place great emphasis on exercising their legislative and supervision functions .\r\nzeng jianhui said : the current session will examine a draft legislative law .\r\nhe said that , focusing on establishing a socialist market economic system , the current npc and its standing committee formulated a number of laws and law - related decisions , such as the contract law , securities law , public bidding law , sole - proprietor enterprise law .\r\nthis aspect of work can be summed up with the words \" three , four , and five . \"\r\nthe npc standing committee also adopted various approaches , such as carrying out law enforcement inspections and hearing work reports of law enforcement organs , in order to strengthen its supervision on whether administrative organs , judicial organs , and officials of these organs fulfil their duties according to law .\r\nhe said that , over the past year , the npc standing committee has made definite progress in its supervision work and has accumulated experiences for formulation of the supervision law .\r\nbased on individual decisions and laws on supervision work , the npc standing committee will sum up practical experiences and make earnest efforts to draft the supervision law .\r\nzeng jianhui spoke to reporters about the above issues at a news conference held at the great hall of the people this morning .\r\nzhang wannian said : bringing about total reunification of the motherland is a common will and wish of all chinese people , including taiwan compatriots .\r\nsince hong kong 's and macao 's reversion to the motherland , settling the taiwan issue to finally accomplish the motherland 's reunification has more prominently lain in front of us .\r\nover the years , we have adhered to the principle of \" peaceful reunification and one country , two systems , \" forcefully promoting development of cross - strait relations and laying an important foundation for accomplishing the great cause of motherland 's reunification .\r\nwhat calls for our vigilance is that the splittist forces in taiwan have insisted on doing things their way , tried to strengthen their hands with foreign forces , confused and poisoned people 's minds , and gone further on the road of splitting the motherland .\r\nzhang wannian solemnly and justly pointed out : the pla is a great wall of steel for defending the motherland , and it shoulders the sacred duty of ensuring china 's national security and territorial integrity and the motherland 's reunification .\r\nthis is our long - held stand .\r\nthe chinese pla completely has the resolve , confidence , ability , and way to defend national sovereignty and territorial integrity , and by no means will tolerate and sit by idly watching any plot to split the motherland succeed .\r\npeaceful reunification between taiwan and the mother mainland is in line with the fundamental interests of compatriots on the two sides of the strait and of the chinese nation .\r\nthe two sides of the strait must not remain separated forever and the taiwan issue must not drag on indefinitely .\r\nwe also believe that the large number of taiwan compatriots , including officers and men of taiwan 's military , will make a wise choice at a moment affecting china 's overall national interest and their own fates .\r\nwe firmly believe that , under the strong leadership of the party central committee with comrade jiang zemin at its core , and with common efforts of all chinese people , including taiwan compatriots and overseas chinese , the motherland 's total reunification definitely can be achieved .\r\nbeijing , 5 mar (zxs) - - jiefangjun bao will publish tomorrow a commentator 's article , entitled \" ' taiwan independence ' means war. \"\r\nthe article says the white paper \" the one - china principle and the taiwan issue \" published by the chinese government has evoked strong repercussions at home and abroad .\r\nputting an end to the situation of the separation of the two sides of the strait at an early date and realizing complete reunification of the motherland is where the fundamental interests of the chinese nation lies , and is an irresistible historical trend .\r\nbecause of this , the cpc and the chinese government have shown the greatest sincerity and made the greatest efforts to strive for the realization of peaceful reunification in accordance with the \" one country , two system \" principle .\r\nthe \" constitutional white paper \" published not long ago is in essence a \" taiwan independence declaration . \"\r\nwe must never be misled by his sweet words .\r\nbesides , we have consistently opposed foreign forces ' meddling in the taiwan issue and opposed the attempts of some people in the us congress to sell advanced weapons to taiwan under all kinds of pretexts and by means of concocting the \" taiwan security enhancement act. \"\r\nhowever , this principle is based on the principle of adhering to the one - china principle , which is also the prerequisite of the former .\r\nwe hope to have peaceful reunification and know fully well that the taiwan compatriots are also eager for peace . we do not hope to see a war and believe the taiwan compatriots do not want to see a war and do not want to see compatriots of the same flesh and blood resorting to arms against each other .\r\nwe have the greatest sincerity to realize peaceful reunification , and will do all we can and make the greatest efforts to strive for peaceful reunification .\r\nhowever , we must explicitly point out : \" taiwan independence \" means war and splitting up cannot result in peace .\r\nthis is because \" taiwan independence \" and a split will only undermine china 's sovereignty and territorial integrity , will only split taiwan from the motherland , and will only make it impossible to have peaceful reunification of the motherland .\r\ncreating a split and seeking independence under whatever name and in whatever way by the \" taiwan independence \" and splittist forces is the most serious provocation against china 's sovereignty and territorial integrity .\r\nrealizing the complete reunification of the motherland is in the highest interest of the country and the nation , is the firm and unshakable will of all the chinese people , and is a great goal that can never be changed .\r\non this major issue of principle on which the future and destiny of the chinese nation hinge , there is no room for compromise at all .\r\nhowever , regarding \" taiwan independence \" and the splittist forces , the millions of bold warriors of the pla are ready in full battle array , maintain high vigilance , and will never tolerate or sit idly by to see the success of any attempt to split up china .\r\nthere is an old saying in china : good will be rewarded with good , and evil with evil . if it is not rewarded , the time has not yet come . once the time comes , everything will be rewarded .\r\nall chinese people , including the taiwan compatriots and the taiwan officers and men , let us unite to oppose a split , stop \" taiwan independence , \" and jointly strive for the peaceful reunification of the motherland .\r\nbeijing , 5 mar (zts) - - a number of high - ranking military officers of the people 's liberation army [ pla ] attending the national people 's congress [ npc ] said today that \" taiwan independence \" means war , and that settlement of the question of taiwan cannot be delayed indefinitely .\r\nthere is no question that the pla can beat taiwan , including fighting the united states .\r\nzhao guojun , commander of a naval fleet [ bureau record shows him as deputy chief of general staff of the navy ] , said : there are overseas reports saying that the pla does not have the power to attack taiwan .\r\nthere are currently forces in the united states that do not want to see china reunified .\r\njin renxie , chief of staff of the chengdu mr , said : the key now is whether the new leader to be elected in taiwan will promote one china or two china 's after he assumes the post .\r\nearly one morning several days ago , press photographers were sauntering outside a bank . that was because the people of beijing were queuing up here .\r\nit seems that more people are taking out bank deposits to buy tax - free long - term treasury bonds this year since the introduction of the interest tax last november .\r\npeople may notice that in his \" report on the work of the government \" today , premier zhu has rongji devoted a lot of paragraphs to discussions of the economy .\r\n- - we should make reform measures more transparent , improve people 's psychological expectations , and encourage people to increase immediate spending .\r\n- - we should actively promote service - type consumption , such as telecommunications , tourism , and cultural , recreational , health care and sports facilities .\r\nanalysts believe that the use of these new terms in the government work report highlights the new response and new policies of the government leadership in coping with the new economic situation .\r\nin its new proposals , the government has come to understand the importance of \" consumption \" and \" service \" and that these two markets represent the real \" domestic demand . \"\r\nhowever , some risks seem to be present all the time .\r\nit goes like this : \" when control is lifted , things become lax ; when control is lax , things become chaotic ; when the situation is chaotic , strict control is imposed ; when control is strict , things become rigid ; when things become too rigid , control is lifted . \"\r\nzhu rongji says that this has been \" controlled within a tolerable scope \" and that \" the ability of fiscal repayment is guaranteed . \"\r\nobservers here believe from what they see of the government 's new response under the new economic situation that china can still expect steady economic growth this year .\r\nboth the chinese and foreign media have noticed that in the work report delivered on behalf of the cppcc standing committee , ye xuanping lashed out three times at li denghui 's \" two - state theory \" by name , and strongly condemned the attempts of the taiwan authorities for their moves to split the motherland .\r\naccording to a cppcc member , by criticizing li denghui by name , ye xuanping aimed to tell the several \" presidential candidates \" in taiwan to make a clean break with li denghui , the \" chief representative of taiwan independence \" ; and to part from the \" li denghui line . \"\r\nhe also reiterated : we have placed hopes on the taiwan authorities , and have all the more placed hopes on taiwan people ; and we are willing to , together with the vast numbers of taiwan compatriots , make continued efforts to promote the cross - strait relations and to realize the peaceful reunification of the motherland .\r\nthe chinese people have the determination and the absolute ability to bring about an early settlement to the taiwan issue , and to complete the great cause of the reunification of the motherland .\r\nboth inside and outside the meeting place of the \" two sessions , \" topics on the taiwan issue and the reunification issue still remain the focus of discussion among the delegates and members .\r\ncppcc member yun damian expressed his support for the one - china principle , and reiterated his resolute opposition to separatist activities of various forms .\r\nhe pointed out : throughout the history , taiwan has always been one part of the chinese territory and a province in china ; therefore , no matter how hard one may try to advocate the \" two - state theory , \" he cannot change anything .\r\nli denghui 's \" two - state theory \" is a ridiculous statement .\r\nas regards the timetable for the settlement of the taiwan issue , he believed it is hard to tell for sure , and the crux of the matter is that the issue cannot be dragged on indefinitely .\r\ncppcc member shi ziqing noted : china always pursues a peaceful reunification .\r\nno matter who wins the upcoming taiwan election , he cannot split the motherland . he hopes that the appearance of a new leader in taiwan can help prompt political negotiations between the two sides of the strait .\r\nhong kong , 5 mar (zts) - - the white paper entitled \" the one - china principle and the taiwan issue \" issued by the state council of china has constituted a great shock to taiwan society , in political and academic circles as well as the \" presidential \" election .\r\nin particular , they have no clear policies and propositions for taiwan 's crucial position during political talks and concerning the definition of one china , which makes the taiwan people in all walks of life feel extremely anxious .\r\ntaiwan public opinion held that cross - strait relations have reached an extremely important critical moment and that during the last stage of taiwan 's presidential election , the cross - strait issue will continue to ferment and become the biggest variable which influences the results of the election .\r\nand after the presidential election , no matter which group of candidates wins , it cannot avoid the cross - strait issue . they must realistically face the white paper on the one - china principle and formulate feasible policies on cross - strait relations that can make the people on both sides of the strait feel at ease .\r\nhe said : we should fully understand the great strategic significance in the work of actively developing west china . we should seize precious opportunities , work urgently , and take immediate actions .\r\nbuhe pointed out : the work of actively developing west china is a large - scale and systematic project . we must stress key tasks and systematically implement them .\r\nwe should strengthen leadership , intensify propaganda , and improve laws and regulations .\r\nwe should enable the broad masses of cadres and people to earnestly , comprehensively , and correctly understand the central authorities ' strategic plans so that we can properly carry out this great undertaking which has eternal impacts on future generations .\r\nsoon after taking a seat at the beijing hall of the great hall of the people , li said : \" as an npc deputy of the beijing municipality , i am going to deliberate the government work report with you .\r\ni hope we shall center our discussion around the report .\r\nthe main topics discussed by the deputies today involve reducing the burdens of primary and middle school students , advancing quality education , and stepping up moral character education among teenagers .\r\nin their speeches , zhang gongqing , sun weigang , and li jinhai said that education should serve the cause of socialism and meet the growing needs of society .\r\njiang xiaoke , who has been engaging in environmental protection work for many years , has repeatedly talked about this issue at panel discussions .\r\nin her view , the beijing municipality has taken air pollution control as a focus of its work and has attained some results .\r\nin the future , it will be necessary to continue to take effective measures to step up environmental protection work in the whole of society .\r\nli peng listened attentively to the views of the deputies and seriously took notes . after the deputies finished speaking , he expressed his views .\r\nfirst of all , he said he agreed with the government work report made by premier zhu rongji on behalf of the state council .\r\nlater , he put forward his views on various issues , such as the correct handling of the relationship between reform , development , and stability ; china 's accession to the world trade organization ( wto ) ; the advancement of quality education ; and intensified control of the environment .\r\nin line with central planning , the beijing municipality should grasp well the intensity of reform in order to maintain social stability and make the people live and work in peace and contentment .\r\neconomic globalization , which is the trend of the times , presents us with both opportunities and challenges .\r\nwith regard to the question of advancing quality education , li said : \" with a mighty force passing through a difficult path , \" this baton is affecting our quality education .\r\nsociety needs all kinds of talented people . it is necessary to change the outdated concept concerning talented people and advocate the need for \" every profession to produce its own leading authority . \"\r\nhe said : last year , the beijing municipality made a lot of progress in all fields of endeavor , and the face of its urban construction changed considerably . it has contributed to the grand celebrations marking the 50 th anniversary of the founding of the prc .\r\nas a beijing resident , i agree that beijing should submit an application to sponsor the olympic games in 2008 .\r\nit is hoped that beijing will continue to exert great efforts in environmental protection work and intensify environmental control .\r\njia qinglin , member of the political bureau of the cpc central committee and secretary of the beijing municipal cpc committee , and he luli , vice chairman of the npc standing committee , also attended the meeting .\r\nhe pointed out that whatever work we are tackling , we must seek truth from facts and base our work on reality .\r\nwe can only achieve solid and tangible results by formulating policy and carrying out work in close connection with local reality .\r\nhainan deputies du qinglin , wang xiaofeng , wang faren , wang yuquan , and du bilan spoke on speeding up hainan 's economic development , enhancing overall economic quality , enlivening the state enterprises , meeting the challenge of entry into the world trade organization , developing fishery resources , and developing marine economy .\r\nthe atmosphere at the meeting of both delegations was enthusiastic ; jiang zemin listened by the side , interposed at times , and held discussions with the deputies on a number of issues .\r\nit is necessary to step up the party 's ideological , organizational , and work style building and the building of the leadership groups at all levels and of the cadre force in connection with the new historical conditions , and in particular , do a good job in building the grassroots party organizations .\r\nspecial economic zones must advance in the forefront not only in reform and opening up and economic development but also in building socialist spiritual civilization .\r\nonly by doing an ever better job in building material and spiritual civilization can we fully display the superiority of socialism with chinese characteristics .\r\nthe western provinces and autonomous regions must seize the opportunity , base their work on reality , be clear about the idea of development geared to the new century , and speed up their development .\r\njiang zemin pointed out that in speeding up infrastructure construction with state support , the western areas must give priority to developing education and science and technology .\r\nthe key to developing the west lies in talent , and the key to cultivating talent lies in education ; it is first necessary to concentrate forces for promoting primary education .\r\nthe key to whether the opportunity can be seized and development speeded up lies in the leadership and in the quality of the personnel .\r\nthe leading party and government cadres at all levels must achieve great improvement , from ideological style to work style , so as to meet the demands of the new situation and tasks .\r\nbuilding a strong and effective cadre force is an important guarantee for making a success of the big development of the west .\r\nin connection with \" three stresses \" education , we should enhance the quality of the cadre force and the cohesion and combat strength of the party organizations .\r\nhe emphasized the necessity to vigorously implement the strategy of rejuvenating the nation by applying scientific and technological advances and promoting education , and to take a further step to promote the reform of the medical care system .\r\nin the jiangsu room of the great hall of the people , the deputies concentrated their discussion on the government work report and expressed their views in light of their actual work .\r\nhe also suggested that network information techniques be adopted to develop long - distance education .\r\nthen he expressed his views .\r\nhe said : with the rapid development of science and technology at the turn of the century , there has been some inkling of a knowledge - based economy , and the trial of strength among nations is becoming more and more intense day by day . we are facing very rigorous challenges as well as tremendous opportunities .\r\nso long as we seize the opportunities and vigorously implement the strategy of rejuvenating the nation by applying scientific and technological advances and promoting education , we will be able to achieve great development .\r\nlegqog , chairman of the tibet regional government and an npc deputy , took the floor first .\r\nthis is the specific manifestation of comrade deng xiaoping 's strategic thinking on the \" two overall situations . \" it is an inevitable requirement for realizing the grand objective of china 's development transcending the century . it also offers a golden opportunity for tibet 's development in the new century .\r\nin the final analysis , the implementation of the strategy to develop the west means continuously improving the living standards of the people and attaining common prosperity of all ethnic groups .\r\nin the entire process of the implementation of the strategy , we should think of the masses , work for them , unite the people of all nationalities , and ensure that the strategy will bring practical benefits to all the ethnic groups in tibet .\r\nthe continuous development of tibet 's economic construction and other social undertakings and the achievements attained in recent years are inseparable from our efforts to maintain social stability .\r\nin the new situation , it is inevitably required by the stability of the overall situation of the whole country to maintain the stability of tibet . herein lies the fundamental interest of the people of all nationalities in tibet and the guarantee for tibet 's development .\r\nhe warned taiwan 's splittist forces that those playing with fire are bound to get burnt .\r\ntaiwan is a part of the sacred territory of china , and the chinese people will by no means allow even an inch of territory to be split from the motherland .\r\nwe want to sternly warn those splittist elements that those playing with fire are bound to get burnt , and troublemakers who undermine reunification will certainly come to no good end .\r\nany plot to split china is fated to fail .\r\nchi haotian also offered his opinions on further reforming and improving the national defense mobilization system , the military 's participation in and support for the great development of the western region , and other issues .\r\nbeijing , 5 mar ( xinhua ) - - jiefangjun bao on 6 march is to carry a commentator 's article entitled \" ' taiwan independence ' means war. \"\r\nin his government work report made at the third session of the ninth national people 's congress [ npc ] , premier zhu rongji further expounded on the chinese government 's consistent position on resolving the taiwan issue .\r\nterminating the separate state of the two sides of the strait and realizing the complete reunification of the motherland at an early date are where the fundamental interests of the chinese nation lie , as well as an irreversible historical trend .\r\nto this end , the cpc and the chinese government have shown greatest sincerity and made utmost efforts to realize peaceful reunification in the form of \" one country , two systems . \"\r\nhowever , the \" taiwan independence \" and separatist forces who concocted the \" two - state \" theory have by no means given up their attempt to split up the motherland and their ambition to achieve the so - called \" de jure \" separation of taiwan from the motherland .\r\nthe so - called \" white paper on constitutional policies \" which was issued not long ago is , in fact , a \" letter of declaration on taiwan independence . \"\r\nthe chinese government 's adherence to the policy on \" peaceful reunification and one country , two systems \" has remained unchanged , nor does president jiang zemin 's eight - point proposal for developing the cross - strait relations and promoting the progress of peaceful reunification of the motherland .\r\nhowever , persisting in the one - china principle is the basis and prerequisite for this policy .\r\nwe hope to have peaceful reunification . we are also deeply aware of the taiwan compatriots ' yearning desire for peace . we do not hope to see a war and also believe that the taiwan compatriots are not willing to see a war , or a battle between the compatriots of the same flesh and blood , either .\r\nwe will have full determination , confidence , capability , and ways to safeguard the country 's sovereignty and territorial integrity and will never allow an inch of land to be separated from the territory of the motherland .\r\nthere is an old saying in china . good will be rewarded with good , and evil with evil . if the reward is not forthcoming , it is because the time has not yet come .\r\nwith the successive return of hong kong and macao to the motherland , the early settlement of the taiwan issue has been put high on the agenda .\r\nchina issued a white paper on the taiwan issue not long ago , comprehensively expounding its principled position regarding the taiwan issue .\r\ntherefore , the taiwan issue has become one of the hottest topics at the third session of the ninth national people 's congress [ npc ] that was held on 5 march .\r\nhe particularly stressed : we will not sit idly by and watch any serious separatist activities that undermine china 's sovereignty and territorial integrity , promote the \" two - state theory , \" or the \" independence \" of taiwan .\r\nsenior generals of the pla delegation to the npc have expressed their support for this statement .\r\nlieutenant general jin renxie of the chengdu military region said : we have a very clear understanding of the government 's policy toward taiwan , that is , \" peaceful reunification and one country , two systems . \"\r\nbut if the taiwan independence elements want to act arbitrarily and insist on independence , then we have to resort to the use of force .\r\nrear admiral jin mao , deputy director of the armament and repairs department of the navy and major general zheng hongtao , commander of certain base under the general armament department , said : the taiwan issue cannot be postponed indefinitely .\r\nlieutenant general ge zhenfeng , chief of staff of the shenyang military region said : the indefinite postponement of the taiwan issue means the provocation of a war .\r\nlong - term postponement means separation . it goes without saying that we should adopt measures .\r\nlieutenant general jin renxie said : as military personnel , we are most concerned about two things : first , economic development and social stability of our country . second , the taiwan issue .\r\nsafeguarding the motherland 's sovereignty and realization of the motherland 's reunification is an unshakable responsibility of military personnel .\r\nwe must , first of all , try every possible way to resolve the taiwan issue in a peaceful way . but if we cannot resolve the taiwan issue in a peaceful way , and the issue of the reunification of the motherland is postponed indefinitely , we must adopt resolute measures .\r\nmaking military preparations to go to the front lieutenant general li fengzhou , vice minister of the commission of science , technology and industry for national defense , said : it is a duty for military personnel to safeguard the unification and territorial integrity of the motherland .\r\nwe are capable and resolute to safeguard the reunification and territorial integrity of the country .\r\nli fengzhou said : indefinite postponement , in essence , means to substitute independence with postponement , for the final attainment of independence .\r\nchinese people , including taiwan compatriots , will not allow indefinite postponement .\r\nas a military person , i wish the motherland would reunify at the earliest possible date .\r\nparticularly , i wish to see the realization of reunification before i retire from the army . li fengzhou emotionally said : the moment the motherland needs me , i hope i can go to the front in my combat uniform .\r\nlieutenant general ge zhenfeng said succinctly : \" we can say for sure that we are definitely making preparations .\r\nas zhu rongji said in his report , the chinese people are determined and absolutely able to settle the taiwan question at an early date and realize the great cause of reunification of the motherland .\r\nonce there are people trying to separate taiwan from mainland china , the chinese people 's liberation army [ pla ] is ready to adopt any measures , dauntlessly remove all interventions and sabotage activities , and safeguard state sovereignty and land integrity in a resolute manner .\r\nvice admiral xu zhenzhong , former deputy commander of the pla navy , held : the principle of striving for peaceful reunification but not renouncing the use of force will not be changed .\r\nmajor general li tongmao , from the second artillery corps , said : if pro - \" taiwan independence \" elements announce \" taiwan independence , \" it means a brazen provocation to the chinese government and is tantamount to declaring war .\r\nmajor general fan changlong , commander of the 16 th group army , held : taiwan is going to hold the election for new leadership , and the chinese army is closely watching the election .\r\nlieutenant general jin renxie held : we will watch the policy of the new leader of the taiwan authorities on whether it will shift back to the principle of \" one china , \" or pursue \" two chinas . \"\r\nif the new leader declares taiwan independence , our government 's stance has been very clear and we will adopt resolute measures , including the use of force .\r\nwe are fully confident to resolve the taiwan issue .\r\nwhen he was asked of his opinions on premier zhu rongji 's government work report section on the taiwan issue , lieutenant general jin renxie held : the report by premier zhu comprehensively expounds the chinese government 's policy toward taiwan , and we agree with it .\r\nxiong ziren added , hong kong and macao have both returned to the motherland . taiwan is part of the motherland 's sacred land , and we should make it return to the embrace of the motherland as soon as possible .\r\nif taiwan 's lee teng - hui and a handful of people in taiwan still want to pursue the \" two - state theory \" and \" taiwan independence , \" the chinese government will not sit watching , and the chinese people and the pla will never approve it .\r\nif the pro - \" taiwan independence \" force is dead set on having its own way , we also have countermeasures to make taiwan return to the embrace of the motherland at an earlier date .\r\nrear admiral zhao guojun , deputy commander of the nanjing military region and commander of the east china sea fleet , held : the outside world 's estimation that china is unable to realize the reunification of the motherland is not correct .\r\nwe wish for peaceful reunification , but we also have the full capability to safeguard the motherland 's sovereignty and land integrity .\r\nlieutenant general li fengzhou , vice chairman of the science and technology commission under the general armament department , held that the people across the strait would not allow the taiwan issue to procrastinate indefinitely .\r\nindefinite procrastination , in essence , is \" another form of independence . \"\r\nlieutenant general zhu yongqing , political commissar of the air force of the chengdu military region , held : the reunification of the motherland will be realized .\r\nwe insist on the principle of \" peaceful reunification , and one country , two systems . \" however , if the three situations mentioned in the white paper happen , the people 's army will resolutely adopt any measures possible .\r\nlieutenant general ge zhenfeng , chief of staff of the shenyang military region , held : the white paper has expounded very clearly on the resolution of the taiwan issue , and has made it public to the world , and it is for sure that we will suit our action to the words .\r\nrear admiral jin mao , director of the armament department of the pla navy , said : the answer to the question of whether the pla has the ability to resolve the taiwan issue will be very clear if we review the history of the pla .\r\nit is not so hard to fix a target for the development of the national economy .\r\nit is necessary to increase the output of readily marketable products and to reduce or stop the production of unmarketable products in line with market demands .\r\nthe provinces and municipalities where production and sales are not enlivened should study ways to stimulate domestic demand and expand consumption . first of all , we should enable the peasants and backward areas to rest and build up strength and increase revenues .\r\nthe central government has fighting targets in its mind . not including the fighting targets in the government work report is an indicator for respecting the economic law and handling affairs according to the economic law .\r\npremier zhu pointed out that \" realizing the goal of getting state - owned enterprises out of difficulties through reform in three years is the most important task of the government . \"\r\nenterprises should intensify the reform of labor , personnel , and distribution systems ; set up encouragement and restraint mechanisms ; carry out the debt - to - equity transformation program ; raise the proportion of raising funds by enterprises themselves ; and experiment with the annual salary and stock options systems among enterprise managers .\r\nstrictly ruling the government and strengthening the anticorruption struggle are one of the key points in the government work report .\r\nwe believe that the central authorities will thoroughly investigate unlawful and undisciplined cases , cases of embezzling state - owned assets , and cases of corruption ; and will neither give personal consideration nor be softhearted in handling these cases .\r\npremier zhu 's exposition on \" promoting the great cause of peaceful reunification of the motherland \" has aroused worldwide attention .\r\nthis indicates that the chinese leading echelon and the chinese people will never barter away principles in order to safeguard state sovereignty and territorial integrity and that they will neither have any illusions about the separatist forces with lee teng - hui [ li denghui ] as representative nor tolerate them .\r\nprovided that \" taiwan independence \" succeeds , not only the great cause of national reunification will be sabotaged , but china 's four modernizations drive will also be hindered .\r\nmeanwhile , the people 's liberation army leaders made known their positions one after another , notifying that they are prepared against \" three kinds of circumstances \" at all times . obviously , it was a serious warning to the separatist forces and foreign forces ' interference .\r\nthe npc session transmits the chinese people 's strongest desire for settling the taiwan issue at an early date .\r\nwu houfou seriously violated relevant stipulations , as well as falsified facts , during the housing purchases for himself and cadres , workers , and staff members of the newspaper office . he was given serious inter - party warning as punishment , and removed from the post of dalian ribao editor - in - chief .\r\nin july , zhao wei arrived in the hong district local taxation bureau to withdraw checks worth 180,000 yuan and 150,000 yuan each , which were secretly divided between him and wang - - 150,000 yuan to zhao wei and 180,000 to wang yushan - - before the money could be entered into the unit 's account book .\r\nzhao wei did not use his 150,000 yuan to purchase a house . instead , he asked people to cash the check for 100,000 yuan , and issued another check for 40,000 yuan to be deposited into his wall card , and another one for 10,000 yuan to be used for his children 's school fees .\r\nwhen sorting out the housing problem , liaoning province stressed that we should establish and implement the work responsibility system for sorting out the housing problem , and that we should not only investigate individuals who violate rules and discipline , but also implement the system of affixing responsibilities on their immediate leaders .\r\nat the opening ceremony of the third session of the ninth npc committee , premier zhu rongji delivered to the meeting his second government work report since he assumed office as premier .\r\nwith a realistic approach which aims at attaining tangible results , a content which lacks no novelty , and a wide vision which covers not only this year but also the new century , this report won warm applause as many as six times from the npc delegates and cppcc members attending the meeting .\r\nthis is the first time in 10 years that the mainland side has ever criticized lee teng - hui by name in the form of a government work report and has equated the \" two - state theory \" with \" taiwan independence . \"\r\nthe report pointed out : \" the chinese people have the determination and the absolute ability to settle the taiwan issue at an early date and to complete the great reunification cause of the motherland . \"\r\nalthough some issues are not elaborated in separate sections in the government work report , they are each given several paragraphs of concentrated and accented expositions in the report ; and this serves to show the intensity of the government 's work on these issues in the coming period .\r\nthe large - scale development of china 's western region is a hot topic at the two sessions this year , and the issue is discussed under the section \" vigorously pushing forward the strategic readjustment of the economic structure . \"\r\nin the subsequent paragraph , he talked about the need for bringing about a well - coordinated growth between china 's eastern region and its central and western regions , with a view to helping certain localities remove their misunderstanding that this policy treats different regions with partiality .\r\ncomprehensively strengthening management though also touched upon in all previous government work reports , the issue of strengthening management has been discussed with the greatest emphasis in this year 's government work report .\r\nthroughout the report , the concept of the \" new century \" has appeared in four places .\r\nsince internet is a value - added business to the telecommunication sector , all commercial networks should acquire the approval by the ministry of information industry in order to be listed on the market .\r\nrecently there was a rumor spreading on market that the ministry of information industry asked china united telecommunications corporation to suspend the cooperative development of the cdma service with qualcomm incorporated . on this question , wu jichuan said that \" there is no such a kind of rumor . \"\r\nwang guixiu held that under the cpc 's centralized leadership structure , the concepts that \" the party is above the npc \" and that \" the party is above the law \" are deep - seated in china .\r\nbeijing , 6 march ( xinhua ) - - zeng peiyan , minister of the state development planning commission , delivered a report at the third session of the ninth national people 's congress today on this year 's regulation and control targets and main tasks of economic and social development .\r\nthe most important starting point of this year 's economic work is to maintain a relatively rapid growth of the national economy .\r\nthis is of crucial importance in resolving pronounced contradictions arising in china 's economic life , maintaining social stability , and boosting confidence at home and abroad in our country 's economic development .\r\nnaturally , what we are seeking must be a growth rate based on ready markets and sound efficiency and void of exaggeration .\r\nwhat is difficult in achieving the expected economic growth target for 2000 is to strive for a relatively rapid growth in investment .\r\nvigorously promoting the strategic restructuring of agriculture and the rural economy and improving the overall quality and performance of the rural economy .\r\ncontinued efforts will be made to strengthen the construction of agricultural infrastructure with the stress on water conservancy .\r\nthe activities to manufacture and sell fake and shoddy commodities will be cracked down on severely .\r\nefforts will be made to continue to implement a proactive fiscal policy and issue long - term treasury bonds worth 100 billion yuan so as to expand investment needs , and give effective greater financial support to economic development .\r\ncarrying out a strategy of large - scale development of the western region to promote coordinated growth of regional economies . 7 .\r\ncontinuing to raise the level of opening up and making still better use of both domestic and international markets and resources .\r\nthe combination of industrial pollution prevention and control and industrial restructuring will be upheld . 9 .\r\nand stepping up efforts to invigorate the nation through science and technology as well as education and comprehensively developing all social undertakings .\r\nreform of the management structure of scientific research institutions throughout the country will be completed basically this year .\r\nzeng peiyan , minister of the state development planning commission , stressed today at the third session of the ninth npc national committee : substantive steps should be taken this year in implementing the strategy of a large - scale development of china 's western region .\r\nwe should speed up the building of basic facilities in such fields as water conservancy , communication and transportation , telecommunications , and radio and television ; and strive to transform the resource advantage of the western region into an economic advantage .\r\nwe should persistently place a rational exploration and an effective utilization of water resources on a prominent position , and give priority to the development of water - economizing projects .\r\nhe indicated : strengthening the ecological building and the environmental protection is a major content of the large - scale development of china 's western region .\r\nthis year , the total acreage of returned grain plot in pilot areas is expected to stand at about 5 million mu , and the total acreage of land returned to forestry should exceed 10 million mu [ as published ] .\r\nwe should adapt ourselves to the present world situation featured by a rapid development of science and technology ; and earnestly rely on scientific and technological progresses for the exploration of resources , for the upgrading of industries , and for the improvement of the environment .\r\nzeng peiyan said : the state will make a greater input in the country 's central and western regions , and will increase the intensity of financial transfers and payments .\r\nthe practices of national - debt investment , \" turning debts into equity , \" and putting aside a reserve fund for offsetting bad debts , as well as the use of loans provided by foreign governments and foreign financial institutions should all favor the development of the country 's central and western regions .\r\nthe people throughout the country should enthusiastically support the large - scale development of the western region ; and entrepreneurs , scientific and technological personnel , and college and university graduates should be encouraged to render meritorious services in the western region .\r\nwe should not blindly expand productive capacity that finds no market , still less should we carry out construction of low - level duplicated projects .\r\nzeng peiyan expounded on the measures for expanding effective demand to be adopted in four fields : - - vigorously open up the urban and rural markets and vigorously expand consumption and demand .\r\n- - vigorously advance reform of investment and money - lending systems and strive to formulate system and create conditions for increasing effective demand .\r\nthe government will only examine whether the investments made by enterprises are in line with the state development plan , macroeconomic policy , laws and regulations , and will not directly intervene in the investment and money - lending activities of enterprises .\r\nsecond , the money - lending channels for enterprises should be developed and enterprises ' strength to expand investment should be intensified .\r\nin reforming the pricing system for electricity , we should form a mechanism and adjust the structure of the prices of electricity .\r\nstrenuous efforts should be made to consolidate the order of prices .\r\nbeijing , 6 feb ( xinhua ) - - addressing the third session of the ninth national people 's congress [ npc ] today , chinese finance ministry xiang huaicheng said : the central budget for 2000 has focused on the following five aspects : first , we will continually strengthen infrastructure development .\r\ninvestment in capital construction from the central budget will total 89.3 billion yuan ( including subsidies for local authorities ) .\r\nwe will continue to properly facilitate technological upgrading in key trades and industries , key enterprises , key products , and key technologies . funds and subsidies on interest payment from the central budget for technological upgrading of enterprises will be 16.5 billion yuan ( including subsidies for local authorities ) .\r\nthird , we will invest more in enhance social security and fully implement the policy to readjust income distribution introduced in 1999 .\r\nfourth , we will strive to increase investments in education , science , technology , and agriculture and ensure that the rate of increase is higher than that of the regular revenue .\r\nxiang huaicheng said : total revenue in the central budget for 2000 is 690.4 billion yuan , 50.8 billion yuan more than the actual figure of the previous year , or an increase of 7.9 percent .\r\ntotal expenditures in the central budget are 920.3 billion yuan ( including interest on debts ) , 101 billion yuan more than the actual figure for 1999 , or an increase of 12.3 percent .\r\nsuch an arrangement does not involve an issuance of additional treasury bonds . on the contrary , it is beneficial for china to reflect the overall expenditures of its central budget and to monitor and control its debts .\r\naccording to the method of calculation used last year , the deficit in the central budget would be 155 billion yuan , 24.7 billion yuan less than the 1999 figure .\r\nxiang huaicheng said : total revenue in the local budgets for 2000 amounts to 1.0434 trillion yuan , an increase of 7.8 percent over the actual 1999 figure .\r\ntotal expenditures in the local budgets amount to 1.0434 trillion yuan , an increase of 8.3 percent over the actual figure for 1999 .\r\nxiang huaicheng specifically explained : china has formulated the central budget for 2000 two months earlier than previous years . in the future , we will gradually schedule the formulation even earlier .\r\nspeaking on the central and local draft budgets for 2000 at today 's third session of the ninth national people 's congress , finance minister xiang huaicheng said that there will not be major risks associated with the implementation of the proactive fiscal policy because the state has the necessary conditions .\r\ncompared with international practice , there is still considerable room for china to issue treasury bonds .\r\ndespite an increase in both the fiscal deficit and the size of debts , the implementation of the proactive policy has safeguarded social stability , maintained sustained rapid and healthy national economic growth , and raised the living standard .\r\nin addition , during the actual operation , we must require meticulous design , scientific construction , and strict supervision to ensure project quality .\r\nstrengthening tax collection and management to ensure sustained and steady increase in revenue .\r\neffective this year , the locally formulated policy of refunding collected tax payment shall , without exception , cease to be enforced .\r\ntightening budgetary management and steadily promoting the reform of the budget system .\r\nhe said : the main content of the on - going reform of the budget system is to further divide the budgetary categories and compiling departmental budgets .\r\nefforts should be made to comprehensively review the budgetary unit 's revenue and expenditure to lay a good foundation for reforming the budget compiling process .\r\nsteps should be taken gradually to expand the scope of government procurement to include all office stationery , equipment , facilities , and related services .\r\nin addition , efforts should be made to study the implementation of a centralized treasury disbursement system as a fundamental measure for strengthening management , combating corruption , and promoting clean government . 4 .\r\nintensifying efforts to readjust the pattern of expenditures to put more emphasis on key items and ensure that major principles and policies of the party and the government are implemented .\r\nthird , we should gradually reduce our direct investment in competitive areas to create a good environment for fair competition among enterprises .\r\nxiang huaicheng said : the main emphasis of social security work at present is to ensure that the basic cost of living allowances for laid - off workers of state - owned enterprises , pensions for retired personnel of enterprises , and subsistence allowances for urban residents are handed out on time and in full . 6 .\r\nat present , we have completed the legislative procedures for reforming the transportation and vehicle tax and fees , and preparations for implementing regulations on fuel and vehicle procurement tax are basically completed .\r\nrural tax and fee reform is another major reform measure adopted in the wake of the land reform and the implementation of the household - based contract responsibility system in new china over the last 50 years . the party central committee has established the ideological guidelines , basic principles , and important policy measures for this reform .\r\nother provinces , autonomous regions , and municipalities directly under the central government may also select a small number of counties and cities for this reform on a trial basis . 7 .\r\nstrengthening financial supervision and management and rectifying financial and economic order .\r\nfifth , we should further improve financial laws , step up financial law enforcement efforts , improve the administrative appeal system in financial departments , establishment and implement a system of responsibility in financial law enforcement and a system of performance evaluation , and vigorously promote the use of funds in accordance with the law . 8 .\r\nadhering to the principle of hard work , plain living , and building the country through diligence and thrift , and fostering awareness of practicing frugality and utilizing funds in an economic manner .\r\nthe masses are very unhappy about this .\r\nwe must carry forward this principle and persist in it indefinitely from the high plane of strengthening political awareness .\r\nwe should establish the necessary system and mechanism in financial work to ensure that this principle is implemented . we should do so by reforming our budgetary management system and improving the financial supervision system .\r\nin a way , this regulation contradicts another document previously issued by the ministry of information industry and other departments requiring foreign firms to hand over their encrypted communications keys ( codes ) to the public security department for national security reasons .\r\nimpractical and difficult to implement china 's compulsory requirement for foreign firms to hand over their encrypted keys for internet security reasons has aroused strong resentment .\r\nmany foreign firms are using internet encryption technology in their communications . this method of communications can be done through a multitude of channels and is full of variations . with china 's existing technology , it is very difficult to conduct a full investigation unless it is locked on a particular target .\r\nsources said that china 's internet security technology is at least five years behind taiwan , and 90 percent of its websites are not safe .\r\nbeijing , 6 mar ( xinhua ) - - to echo the coastal open belt in east china , which abruptly rose in 20 years or so , china is now devoted to building the second \" golden belt \" of opening up to the outside world in the vast western region .\r\nspecialists predicted that the construction of the new \" golden belt \" will not only be conducive to optimizing the overall economic structure of china , but this new belt will also be able to spread its influence over the central part of eurasia and further help enhance china 's international competitiveness .\r\nthe reporters were informed by the deputies from the western areas that the provinces , municipality , and autonomous regions in west china have successively worked out a package of new policies on opening themselves up wider to the outside world , assimilating foreign investment , and attracting various kinds of high - technology talents .\r\nchairman abulahat abdurixit of the xinjiang uygur autonomous regional government , who was in beijing to attend the npc session , said to reporters today that \" our goal is to build xinjiang into an internationally commercial and trade center in west china , as well as a \" bridgehead \" of opening up to the outside world . \"\r\nthe tibet autonomous region , as the \" roof of the world , \" also decided to open itself to all investors with a new appearance . it also made public its decision on opening nearly 10 key sectors to the outside world , such as infrastructure construction , agriculture , animal husbandry , and tourism .\r\nlegqog , chairman of the tibet autonomous regional people 's government , said that \" in addition to striving for obtaining the state policy and monetary assistance , we should assimilate investment through various channels according to the law governing the market economy . \"\r\nin the next 15 years , the ministry of railways will invest a record high amount of 100 billion yuan in the construction of railways in the western areas , including the construction of two big international thoroughfares - - railway lines linking china with kyrgyzstan and uzbekistan and the pan - asian railway lines .\r\nspecialists maintained that although the west lags behind the east in many aspects , such as technology , talents , and infrastructure facilities ; the western areas , bounded by 10 - odd countries , have favorable conditions for comprehensively opening themselves to the outside world .\r\nparty and state leaders jiang zemin , li peng , zhu rongji , hu jintao , wei jianxing , and li lanqing attended the meeting .\r\nas entrusted by the state council , zeng peiyan , director of the state development and planning commission , delivered a report on the execution of the national economic and social development plan for 1999 and the draft national economic and social development plan for 2000 .\r\nhe said that on the basis of steady growth in the national economy , the execution of the 1999 central and local budgets was relatively good .\r\nrevenue and expenditure were counterbalanced , with expenditure exceeding revenue by 175.9 billion yuan .\r\nthe new millennium has arrived and all trades and professions are flourishing .\r\nwhile continuing to cut down on cotton spinning and personnel , the textile industry , which is listed as a potential area of breakthrough in reforming soe 's and extricating them from their predicament , intensified efforts to make readjustment to bring about distinct improvements in its economic returns .\r\nthe petroleum and chemical industries realized a profit of 23.52 billion yuan , an increase of 5.99 times over the same period of the previous year , and were expected to realize an annual profit of up to 30 billion yuan , an increase of almost three times over the previous year .\r\nthe metallurgical , power , tobacco , and gold industries continued to enjoy fairly good profits .\r\nmost industries could achieve or surpass their annual profit targets .\r\nmost localities saw distinct improvements in their economic results .\r\nkey state enterprises ' economic returns rose quite rapidly .\r\nby implementing those projects , we should be able to reduce the number of losing large and medium - sized enterprises by more than 860 .\r\nso far we have made arrangements for 647 such projects in three batches that involve a total investment of 171.8 billion yuan , including 12.76 billion yuan out of the proceeds from the issuance of treasury bonds ( 6.98 billion yuan was arranged during 1999 ) .\r\nafter these three batches of projects are put into production , the major industries will achieve or basically achieve the projected symbolic targets .\r\nas the supply of some products in a number of industries has substantially outstripped demand at the moment , it has become inevitable to control the production and processing volume of some major products .\r\nin the first 11 months , the coal industry produced 10.3 percent less raw coal than in the same period of the previous year and its annual output could be kept within 1.03 billion metric tons .\r\nin the first 11 months , the tobacco industry produced 30.7259 million boxes of cigarettes , down 0.68 percent from the same period of 1998 .\r\nthe projected targets for controlling the aggregate supply of cement and glass also could be achieved .\r\nthe coal industry should further consolidate and enlarge the achievements in closing pits and cutting down on production to control raw coal output and check the trends of continuous fall in prices and continuous increase in delinquent payments for goods .\r\nwe will comprehensively accomplish the task of shutting down small coal mines and , by shutting down and stopping the production of a number of small steelworks , weed out 10 million metric tons in backward steel rolling capacity .\r\nsheng huaren said : to fit in with the needs of tackling difficult problems in reform , this year efforts would be intensified to execute bankruptcies and closures .\r\nthe reserve funds for writing off banks ' bad debts after verification would be used mainly on the bankruptcies of large and medium - sized soe 's and closures of mines exhausted of resources .\r\nmarket exploitation , particularly the vigorous opening up of rural markets , is listed by the setc as an important task for this year .\r\nwe should make full use of export credit , export insurance , foreign trade development funds , and other means to advance the diversification of the export market .\r\nat the same time , we should take practical , forceful measures to expand the export of coal , metallurgical , and refined oil products .\r\npay close attention to studying impact of wto accession as china and the united states have reached an agreement on china 's accession to the wto , the day is not too distant when china accedes to the wto .\r\ninformation industry 's 2 major technical take - offs minister wu jichuan pointed out : computer and communication technologies , as two major technologies of the information industry , have been developing by leaps and bounds in the 20 th century .\r\nat the same time , the telecommunication networks evolved from human , analog , and single processing services to automatic , digital , and diversified processing ones .\r\nin the meantime , mobile telephone , digital communications , and some new businesses developed more rapidly .\r\nof this total business volume , the value by china telecommunications corporation came to 134.63 billion yuan , up 16.6 percent ; that by china mobile telecommunications corporation was 125.74 billion yuan , up 69.5 percent ; and that by china united telecommunications corporation reached 22.06 billion yuan .\r\nin this period , the telecommunications sector created 220.08 billion yuan in revenues , an increase of 21.3 percent .\r\nof the total revenues , china telecommunications corporation created 143.9 billion yuan , an increase of 14 percent ; china mobile telecommunications corporation , 62.74 billion yuan , an increase of 26.9 percent ; and china united telecommunications corporation , 13.09 billion yuan , an increase of 215 percent .\r\nhe added that this corporation has had great success and has been concerned and commended by all foreign investors since it completed its realignment and registered itself with the hong kong authorities in september 1997 .\r\nin the latter half of 1999 , this corporation successfully raised $ 2.6 billion by issuing new shares to the people and fixing prices for dollar bonds .\r\nit was the largest occasion in hong kong where enterprises issued securities for the second time through markets and in a bookkeeping form .\r\nso , both developed and developing countries should consider forcefully developing information technologies and speeding up the pace of informationization as a cross - century strategic task . the world 's competition for information technologies and information industrial development is getting more and more intense .\r\nwu jichuan predicted that china 's telecommunications market will have the following development trends in the next 10 years : there will be great potential for developing fixed telephone services , with the number of main - line telephone subscribers to be expanded more than two times and to reach 200 million to 300 million .\r\nrelevant specialists predicted that the value of such products will reach 6 trillion yuan by 2010 .\r\nwhile building perfect basic transmission networks and economic and applicable broadband access networks , we should appropriately set up special networks and local area networks based on the basic transmission networks and broadband access networks to be developed , in an effort to make the distribution of modernized networks suitable to the requirements of informationization .\r\nfourth , the development and utilization of information resources is the key to developing the information industry .\r\na series of supporting policies and measures should be worked out to encourage all sectors and all levels to forcefully develop various kinds of information resources and to extensively use all kinds of information services .\r\nat the same time , we should strive to strengthen market standardization , technical norms , credit security , and the supervision over law enforcement ; ensure that such resources can be shared by all ; and make information resources better serve the economic construction and social development .\r\nfifth , information technologies should further be popularized among and applied by all trades and professions .\r\nchina 's economy , technology and development are in a very crucial historical period .\r\nfirst , with the gradual formation of the integrated pattern of the world 's economy , economic competition among countries has become more and acute .\r\nthird , deng xiaoping 's conclusion that \" science and technology are the primary productive force \" has been understood by more and more people .\r\nspeaking about the current situation of the development of high technology in china , zhu lilan pointed out that at present , the gap between china and the developed countries in high technology research and development and the industrialization of high technology still remains and this is determined by the difference in the level of economic development .\r\nbesides , viewed from the dynamic and historical angle , our growth momentum is also very great although our actual strength and scale are still quite small at present .\r\nthe existing 53 new and high - tech development zones are the main forces of china 's information industry .\r\nthe total amount is not big when compared with the developed countries , but its annual growth rate is 70 to 80 percent .\r\nin the process of promoting technological renovation , developing high technology , and realizing the industrialization of high technology , science and technology management departments undoubtedly have undertaken unshirkable important historical responsibility .\r\nregarding this , minister zhu has deliberated the key points of the work in the next step of the ministry of science and technology : first , it is to shift the center of work to the orbit of developing the social productive forces .\r\nonly in this way will they be able to comprehensively understand and grasp the connotation of science and technology work , and to better guide and promote the healthy development of science and technology work .\r\nsecond , it is necessary to shift the focus of work to creating a policy environment .\r\nthis does not mean to reduce the role of science and technology management departments at all , but is to establish functional departments that react rapidly , operate efficiently , and regulate and control effectively .\r\nthird , it is necessary to have a comprehensive view of the overall situation , give prominence to key points , and bring about leaps and bounds in science and technology development .\r\nit is necessary to resolutely smash the structural fetters resulted from barriers between departments and regions , and solve the longstanding problems of scattered strength , waste caused by duplication , and poor efficiency .\r\nto strengthen technological renovation , it is necessary to resolutely get rid of traditional demarcation lines between departments , regions and branches of sciences that have been formed under the planned economy structure . it is necessary to systematically promote work in various aspects through widening our visions and in the spirit of good cooperation .\r\nbesides , the ministry of science and technology will pay greater attention to giving play to the role of local governments and science and technology departments , encouraging them not to stick to conventions , but to boldly carry out experiments and explore modes and roads of development that are suitable for their respective conditions .\r\nin particular , after changing the structure of science and technology institutions and the localization of management , various localities have greater space for the allocation of science and technology resources , and they have better conditions for playing a positive role in technological renovation .\r\nfor example , the level of china 's computer integrated manufacturing systems (cims) in 1980 could not be compared with that of other countries at all . at that time , no one was willing to cooperate with us even if we wanted to .\r\ntoday , over 200 enterprises are carrying out cims demonstration projects and have obtained very good results . the beijing no. 1 machine tool plant has even been awarded a leading industrial prize by the united states .\r\nbe brave to blaze new trails , usher in situation of opening up wider to outside world minister zhu specially mentioned the renovation system of the country and emphasized that it is not a simple project .\r\nshe pointed out that being the government , it should create an environment for all sectors to display their creativeness and enthusiasm .\r\nenterprises must become the main body in technological renovation before they are able to participate in the international competition today .\r\n\" in the 1950 's , it took 50 years to double the total volume of human knowledge , but by 2020 , it will take only 73 days to do so .\r\nof course , the so - called \" knowledge \" is not general knowledge , but knowledge that can be used for renovation .\r\nthe world 's competition does not believe in tears .\r\nshe said that once the sense of renovation is changed into concrete actions , very big changes will take place .\r\nfor example , in a remote place in yunnan where the ecological environment was quite poor , a system for upgrading agriculture has been jointly promoted by the government , technological personnel and local peasants and fundamental changes have taken place in the entire ways of production .\r\nwhile discussing the \" report on the work of the government , \" the hainan delegation attending the third session of the ninth national people 's congress [ npc ] completely echoed a call in the report to forcefully carry out strategic adjustment of the economic structure .\r\nthe deputies said , having suffered from being eager for quick success and instant benefits , they have begun to realize the good of being down - to - earth .\r\nin 1999 , hainan achieved marked results in adjusting its industrial structure - - historical breakthroughs were made in developing its tropical high - efficiency agriculture and island tourism industry , which are the two pillars and key industries of hainan .\r\nthe province 's agricultural added value was 18.153 billion yuan , up 11 percent , and the agriculture 's contribution to the province 's economic growth was 47 percent . the province played host to 9.29 million tourists in 1999 , with a total revenue of 72.5 billion yuan , of which both were all - time highs .\r\ndeputy wang xiaofeng , governor of hainan , said : in carrying out industrial structural adjustment , we must seek truth from facts and have a long - term plan .\r\na few years ago , when hainan was established as a province and a special economic zone , attracting many people from other provinces and abroad to hainan to seek development opportunity , the province bore the notion that it might get rich overnight .\r\nthe \" bubble economy , \" which was mainly demonstrated by a trade and real estate fever , caused serious damages to hainan 's economic development , pushing the economy to a low ebb at one point .\r\nthe practical industrial structural adjustment has laid a sound industrial foundation for hainan , enabling the province 's economy to develop rapidly and the economic results to improve ; as a result , the quality of its economic growth has improved notably .\r\nsichuan 's failure to keep up will affect the overall situation of western region development and hold back national development .\r\ndeputy liu yingming pointed out : we should give priority to educational development during the information era because education determines a nation 's rise and fall .\r\nto develop the western region , we should first focus on training professional people , and create a fine environment for innovative people to grow .\r\nafter listening to the speeches of eight deputies , li lanqing asked relevant state council departments to earnestly study the deputies ' opinions and suggestions , and expressed his opinions on issues concerning the implementation of the strategies for the development of the western region and for developing the country through scientific education .\r\nchi haotian said : we should vigorously train and cultivate new types of military personnel with high quality , conduct deep - going training in science and technology , and strive to improve our ability in directing military affairs and mastering a modern war .\r\nwe should further carry out reform and improve the mobilization system for national defense and actively take part in and support the massive development project in the western region .\r\ntaiwan is an inalienable part of china 's sacred territory . the chinese people will never allow the split of an inch of land from the motherland 's territory .\r\nlast year , li denghui [ li teng - hui ] openly dished out the \" two states theory , \" took an extremely dangerous step on the road to split the motherland , and seriously undermined the cross - strait relations .\r\nthe chinese government and people have always kept a high degree of vigilance toward splitting activities by taiwan 's separatist forces and have waged resolute struggles . this has shown the strong determination of the chinese people to oppose a split and protect unification .\r\nwe must tell taiwan 's separatists in all seriousness that those who stir up a fire will burn themselves , and choosing \" taiwan independence \" means choosing war .\r\nthe deputies spoke in enthusiastic fashion , and at times interposed in the discussion on the issues raised .\r\nwu jihai , a deputy from a minority - nationality area , spoke first . he proposed that the state should support the development of minority - nationality areas and intensify the work of tackling tough problems in poverty relief .\r\nthe minority - nationality areas should display the spirit of relying on their own efforts and going all - out to make the country strong , and adopt measures such as restructuring , returning farmland to forest , and developing medium - sized and small enterprises , in order to change their backward state .\r\ndeputy zheng maoqing said in his speech that the reforms of state enterprises have achieved great progress in eliminating losses and increasing profits , restructuring industry and products , and establishing a modern enterprise system .\r\nin view of the flood - fighting situation in the dongting lake region last year , deputy cai lifeng from yiyang in hunan proposed a series of measures for self - salvation through production in the disaster areas .\r\ndeputies duan youlin and li youmei also gave their views on a number of problems in grassroots rural work .\r\nas a major agricultural province , hunan particularly needs to further consolidate and strengthen agriculture and speed up agricultural restructuring .\r\nguided by the market , it is necessary to respect the peasants ' wishes , and adopt effective measures in production and circulation to guide the peasants to reduce production of varieties that do not sell well and expand output of agricultural produce of high quality and high returns .\r\nzhu rongji emphasized that it is essential ; to do everything possible to increase peasant incomes .\r\nall localities must strictly carry out the state 's policy measures on lightening the peasants ' burdens and take proper stock of all types of irrational charges levied in the rural areas such as for education , the peasants ' house building , and the use of electricity .\r\nfurther stabilizing and strengthening agriculture as the foundation of the country and promoting the strategic adjustment of agricultural structure are key points of deliberation by members of the heilongjiang delegation today .\r\ndeputy wang guoxue suggested that we should further protect the farmers ' enthusiasm in production and increase warehouse and storage facilities in principal grain producing areas .\r\ndeputy yang xin suggested that we should actively guide the rational flow of surplus labor force in rural areas and make greater efforts to implement the policy of procuring grains at protective prices .\r\ndeputy wu nanjun , who is from the grassroots level , made the following suggestion on behalf of the vast peasant friends : the government should strengthen services for farmers , promote the development of rural economy , and quicken the pace of enabling farmers to increase their income .\r\nwe should stress party spirit and principle , and always put strictly observing political discipline in the first place .\r\nwe should establish an ideological and moral defensive line in addition to a line of defense with party discipline and state law , but the key lies in strictly keeping to the ideological and moral defense line against corruption and placing this line in the front .\r\nin light of the developing situation , we should promptly set new norms for our behaviors , remind party members in advance , and integrate the cadres ' official work and code of ethics with the norm for a socialist market economy .\r\nwhile laying stress on strengthening self - discipline of leading cadres at county ( department ) or above levels , we should also set strict disciplinary demand on leading members of state - owned enterprises and leading cadres at township and town level and strengthen supervision and administration of those personnel .\r\nwhile strengthening and improving the work of handling the people 's letters and visits , we should take the initiative to supervise and check the situation . the party organization 's supervision should be closely linked with leading cadres ' performance of official duties and other activities .\r\nwe should continue to promote openness in government administration and in factory and village affairs . the important thing is to overcome the situation of over - concentration of power by leading members of some organizations and their lacking supervision and engaging in covert activities .\r\nwe should strengthen the practice of mutual supervision among members of a leading group .\r\nwe should attach importance to the role of news and public opinion in supervision .\r\nthe present supervision system and mechanism should be further improved and strengthened .\r\nhowever , we must not simply copy the democratic mode of the western bourgeoisie .\r\nwei jianxing pointed out : we should supervise matters before problems occur . at present , we mostly supervise matters after problems happen . this is necessary .\r\nhowever , there are many problems that are hard to investigate if we do not supervise them at the beginning .\r\nthose problems will likely happen again . from now on , we should supervise matters early .\r\nto strengthen supervision , we must proceed from studying the system , mechanism and administration of units to be supervised , get at the root of problems , and prevent and bring corrupt cases under control at the beginning .\r\nwei jianxing stressed : to implement the policy of tightening party discipline , the key lies in being strict in discipline .\r\nby exercising discipline in a strict manner , we can curb the spread of corrupt tendencies at the beginning .\r\ntoward those corrupt and degrading cadres who dare to disregard party discipline and state law , we must punish them in a severe manner .\r\nnot forcefully punishing those cadres will only generate negative results .\r\ntoward those who hide the truth and not report corrupt cases , delay the handling of those cases or set up obstacles to obstruct investigation and handling of those cases , discipline inspection and supervision organizations must seriously deal with them .\r\nexercising discipline in a strict manner is not practicing punitiveness or punishing without prior warning .\r\nwe always advocate a prudent attitude in dealing with people and we will pay attention to dealing with each case on its merits according to policies and law .\r\nthe tianjin delegation held a plenary meeting this afternoon at the tianjin room in the great hall of the people .\r\nwhile discussing the government work report , tianjin 's deputies vied with one another in expressing their ideas in line with tianjin 's actual circumstances .\r\ndeputy lu jinfa said : at the turn of the century , the situation spurs us on . the key to fulfilling the fighting goals defined in the government work report lies in drawing - up of measures and firm implementation of these measures .\r\ndeputy pi qinsheng said : to keep abreast of the situation in entering the world trade organization , we should earnestly conduct research , accelerate the transformation of government functions , and do our work in an expeditious , painstaking , and practical fashion .\r\nli ruihuan made a speech after listening to the deputies ' ideas .\r\nhe said : we must fully affirm the achievements ; otherwise , we cannot inspire the people 's morale and enhance their coherence . however , we must face up to the existing problems and difficulties ; otherwise , we cannot keep sober - minded and improve our work .\r\nalong with the deepening of reform and opening up and with the development of a market economy , they will face more and more problems , especially problems with the interests of the masses .\r\ngiven such a circumstance , the mass work has become the key link in the effort to smoothly promote all social causes .\r\nours is a socialist country where the people are the masters . so the purpose of the party and the government is to wholeheartedly serve the people . everything we do is inseparable from the masses . it is either the mass work or the work for the masses .\r\ntherefore , being skilful in doing the mass work is the basic requirement and the essential technique of leading cadres .\r\nit is the comprehensive test to the quality of a leader that whether he can mobilize the masses , enliven and activate the masses , scientifically organize the masses to engage in various causes , and eventually achieve the ideal results .\r\nmany things must be reformed . without reform , they cannot develop . however , there are many difficulties in reform .\r\ncadres should straighten out their attitude and treat the people equally , sincerely , and reasonably . never should they look down the people from a height , nor should they be slipshod and unresponsive in work .\r\na person who is \" a giant in words but a dwarf in deeds \" cannot achieve good results in doing the mass work .\r\nthese are the remarks made by wang qiren , deputy to the national people 's congress [ npc ] and director of the liaison office of the central people 's government in the macao special administrative region [ sar ] , during an interview given to this reporter .\r\nwang qiren , who previously attended the npc sessions on numerous occasions in the past , experienced a different feeling this year .\r\nwang qiren pointed out that issues deliberated by the macao npc deputies will not constitute interference in the internal affairs of the macao sar .\r\non the situation following macao 's reversion , wang qiren stated that as a macao deputy , he profoundly witnessed how the central government resolutely implemented the policy of \" one country , two systems \" and followed the basic law in assisting the sar government in developing macao 's economy and maintaining macao 's social stability .\r\nas an official in charge of the liaison office of the central people 's government in the macao sar , wang qiren added , \" we will firmly implement the principle and policy of the central government on implementing ' one country , two systems ' in macao . \"\r\nthe liaison office will resolutely support the macao sar government led by edmund ho hau wah in carrying out administration according to the basic law so as to bring about the further stability of macao . the liaison office will not meddle in the internal affairs of the macao sar . \"\r\nin the two months or so since the reversion of macao , wang qiren told this reporter , all localities in the interior have shown concern for macao . macao has also become the focus of world attention .\r\nthanks to the concern and support of the macao compatriots , the macao sar government has done a great deal of work . the administrative departments have enormously increased their efficiency .\r\nfollowing the reversion of macao , wang emphatically pointed out , the original capitalist system and lifestyle remain unchanged . the political framework is operating as usual .\r\nmacao 's laws also remain unchanged .\r\nthe implementation of the \" one country , two systems \" policy in macao over the past few months has been good on the whole .\r\nthe taiwan authorities should judge the hour and size up the situation , relinquish the splittist plot as early as possible , and bring about cross - strait dialogue on an equal footing at an early date .\r\ndeputy zhang yongjun said : undoubtedly , the one - china principle is the basis and precondition for realizing the peaceful reunification of the motherland , because the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the motherland allow no provocation .\r\nhowever , we do not want to see the separation of the motherland all the more . it is hoped that the taiwan authorities would rapidly see relinquish the splittist plot to avoid the consequences that people on both sides of the strait do not want to see .\r\nzeng peiyan said preliminary work of the high - speed railroad has been carried out for several years and currently is still going on , and , because of the importance of it , a very cautious and positive attitude has been adopted .\r\nduring this year 's \" two sessions , \" experts in railroad construction have offered many suggestions on speeding up the construction of the beijing - shanghai high - speed railroad .\r\nbeijing , 6 mar (zxs) - - china 's economic situation this year is expected to be better than last year , with an annual economic growth rate higher than the expected goal . the current tendency toward deflation would hopefully have been alleviated by the end of this year .\r\nin the draft plan for this year 's national economy and social development submitted by the commission , economic growth rate is set at about 7 percent .\r\nwhile answering a question raised by a reporter , zeng peiyan said : since we already submitted the plan , we are very confident that this goal can be achieved . if the plan is carried out smoothly , the economy will grow at a rate higher than 7 percent .\r\nzeng peiyan said : the prediction is mainly based on the following reasons : first , the overall international economic environment is getting better and better . last year , the domestic economy developed in a sustained , healthy , and rapid way and with a certain rate and good quality and efficiency .\r\nsecond , this year 's draft plan and the government work report already have mentioned that investment in fixed assets will be increased to push forward economic development . if approved by the national people 's congress , this year 's government bonds would be released earlier than before , which in turn will help boost annual economic operation .\r\nhe said : to boost economic development , the state is studying relevant measures to further promote the whole society 's investment , including investment by non - governmental sectors and individuals .\r\nwhile answering a question whether there is a deflation in china , zeng peiyan emphatically said : what china witnesses is a tendency toward deflation , not a situation of deflation .\r\nmoreover , such a tendency is mainly reflected from commodity price . although retail commodity sales have decreased for 22 months in a row , monetary supply has remained normal and economic growth also has maintained a fairly rapid speed .\r\neconomic operation in january this year shows that the price index in many provinces and cities have witnessed a positive growth .\r\nin addition to the development of thermal power projects , we have made rapid headway in the construction of hydropower projects .\r\nat present , efforts should be concentrated to ensure a good completion of the ongoing nuclear power projects as quickly as possible .\r\nwhen speaking on the issue of whether it is necessary to build new nuclear power projects in the \" 10 th five - year plan \" period , zeng peiyan said that we should first consider expanding the capacity of the existing nuclear power stations when necessary .\r\nzeng peiyan , minister of the state development planning commission , said today : we are very confident that this expected goal can be achieved . if the plan is carried out smoothly , the economy will grow at a rate higher than 7 percent .\r\nzeng peiyan held a news conference this afternoon and answered reporters ' questions .\r\nthird , financial input will be further increased this year and the whole society 's investment in fixed assets is expected to increase by about 10 percent . moreover , efforts will be made to study some measures for stimulating social investment so as to spur economic growth .\r\nwhile admitting that in the inland there was a tendency toward deflation , zeng peiyan did not think that the inland was facing a serious situation of deflation .\r\nthese weaknesses have affected the transparency and solemnity of the central budget , and to a certain extent have also weakened the roles of people 's congresses in deliberations and supervision .\r\nhowever , from another perspective , the npc has shown its efficiency in playing the supervisory role while urging the mof to speed up the process of the reform of budgetary planning .\r\nthe budget will be drawn up and collected item - by - item and level - by - level , beginning with the grass - roots units ; compiled by competent government departments ; examined and approved by the mof ; submitted to the npc for deliberation ; and then implemented after it is ratified .\r\npersonnel concerned believe the reform will help improve the standard of budgetary management , prevent random budgetary allocation , improve the efficiency in financial resource distribution , and maximally enhance the benefits from utilizing financial funds . at the same time , it also will promote the construction of the financial legal system , and regulate government actions .\r\nof course , this will also help people 's congress deputies to more effectively fulfill their supervisory functions and facilitate financial supervision by all circles .\r\nwhen answering questions from journalists on the economic situation this year , zeng peiyan held : our economy maintained sustained , speedy , and healthy development last year , and the situation can be continued this year . the target to realize the seven - percent economic growth target is absolutely possible .\r\nat present , the world 's economic situation is tending to be good , and our country 's investment , consumption , and import and export will all see improvement .\r\nin the mean time , the state will also employ economic leverages such as price , tax rate , and interest rate to further expand domestic demand , so the national economy can continue to advance toward the good .\r\nthe issue of implementing the strategy of the grand development of the western region has aroused the concerns of people at home and abroad .\r\nin the course of development , resources will be allocated in line with the market , and the mechanism of the market will be observed .\r\nhe added : this year , the grand development of the western region will achieve substantial progress . at present , a \" 15 - year \" plan and a plan for the grand development of the western region are under construction .\r\nin the fixed assets investment , 70 percent of the proceeds from the treasury bond , government - appropriated funds , and preferential loans from foreign governments and international financial organs will be used in the middle and western regions . a batch of large - scale projects will be unfolded in the western region this year .\r\nin the mean time , the early work for a batch of important projects such as \" transferring gas from west to east , \" \" transferring electricity from west to east , \" and building a rail line to tibet should be accelerated .\r\nthe 78 large - and medium - scale ongoing projects in the western region should be sped up with the kick - in of more than 30 billion yuan this year .\r\nzeng peiyan also pointed out : the grand development of the western region is a long - lasting and arduous mission and a systems engineering project on a grand scale . it will take the efforts of several generations .\r\nto bring forth the best talent , we should create necessary living and working conditions for them . in the course of the grand development of the western region , it is imperative to explore new thoughts and employ new methods .\r\nwhen answering journalist 's question on deflation , zeng peiyan held : at present , our country is indeed witnessing a trend of deflation , but we are certainly not in a serious deflation situation .\r\nalthough the consumer price and retail sales price index experienced negative growth 22 and 28 months in a row , respectively , the money supply and the loan scale of financial organs maintained normal growth rates , and the economic growth remained to be relatively speedy .\r\njudging from the situation in january , the monthly link index rebounded , and the prices of some means of production saw some increases . twelve provinces , regions , and municipalities have reported growth in price index . the deflation trend is expected to be relieved this year and reversed at the end of this year .\r\nin deepening reform , we are now faced with new situations , new contradictions , and new problems which we never encountered before ; particularly after our country accedes to the world trade organizations [ wto ] , we shall be facing rigorous challenges .\r\nli tieying called for further emancipating the mind , seeking truth from facts , and daring to explore and practice .\r\nit is necessary to further deepen the reform of the economic structure , with attention focused on removing the systemic obstacles to economic development .\r\nreform measures should be conducive to bringing deflation under control , promoting the readjustment and upgrading of the industrial structure , increasing job opportunities , and adapting ourselves to the requirements of our country 's accession to the wto .\r\nnow the world economic structure is also being readjusted . advantageous industries in some developed countries are being relocated , and this offers an opportunity for us .\r\nwu bangguo encouraged beijing municipality to make use of its advantages , such as many universities and scientific research institutes situated in the municipality , to continue its vigorous development of high - tech industries and to explore new mechanisms for applying new and high technologies in industrial production .\r\nall officers and men , especially leading cadres at various levels , must have a very clear head , take a very firm and clear - cut stand , and act conscientiously on this point .\r\njiang chunyun said : in making the strategic readjustment of the economic structure , special attention should be paid to solving several problems : 1 .\r\nwe should gain an understanding of the market and adapt ourselves to it .\r\nrestructuring should be market - oriented ; we should first take market demand into consideration before making arrangements for production . 3 .\r\njiang chunyun said : besides , attention should be paid to combining the east with the west and making them complement each other .\r\nall industries in various parts of the country should be concerned about and support the large - scale development of the western region and successfully carry out this campaign which is of decisive significance to realizing the rejuvenation of the chinese nation and to making the people prosperous and the country strong .\r\nnow we should making an extensive review of the \" three stresses \" education among the leading cadres and conduct education in \" bearing in mind how one has become rich and forging ahead after getting better - off \" among the cadres and masses .\r\nwe should continue to put aiding the poor through development in an important position in national economic and social development and do this work with perseverance .\r\nwen jiabao said : this is the last year of the state plan for assisting 80 million people in having sufficient food and clothing within seven years .\r\nparty committees and governments at various levels , especially responsible officials in poverty - stricken areas , should have a sense of urgency and mission and , with an attitude of being highly responsible to the party and the people , focus their attention on the work of aiding the poor through development .\r\nthey should further carry out various policy measures for aiding the poor through development , continue to follow the principle of aiding the poor by carrying out developmental programs , and combine aiding the poor through development with the strategic readjustment of the agricultural and rural economic structures and with the large - development of the western region .\r\nsupervision over leading cadres , especially principal leading cadres , should be strengthened , and efforts should be made to establish and improve effective supervision and restraint mechanisms and to ensure through systems that governments at various levels will be diligent and highly efficient and that cadres will be clean and honest .\r\nzeng qinghong said : besides , it is also necessary to strengthen the building of primary party organizations particularly in state - owned enterprises and rural areas , to do a good job in the education and management of party members , and to basically change the state of weakness and slackness in primary party organizations .\r\nmeanwhile , we should note , however , that tremendous changes have taken place in our economic structure and macroeconomic environment through many years of reform and opening up . this requires us to raise the level of importing things from abroad .\r\nwu yi pointed out : to further open wider to the outside world , we also need to \" export \" things - - our products , personnel , and enterprises all should be \" exported . \"\r\nevery possible effort should be made to increase exports , especially mechanical and electrical products and high - tech products .\r\nthe report particularly attaches great importance to the development of education , science , and technology .\r\nwe shall face severe challenges agriculturally after our country accedes to the wto .\r\nismail amat said : it is necessary to do mass work well in order to maintain national unity .\r\nto maintain national unity , we must implement the party 's policy toward nationalities in an all - round way .\r\nismail amat said : in the 50 years since the founding of the prc , the relations among various nationalities have been harmonious , and various undertakings have been thriving . one important reason for this is that we have developed a correct theory and formulated and implemented a wise policy in handling the relations among various nationalities .\r\nwang zhongyu said : china now has a population of 1.259 billion , and there are about 10 million new births every year .\r\nwith the population base so large , the task is extremely arduous to maintain this level .\r\nhe hoped that henan province , with a population of 93 million , would continue to effectively control its population and do a good job in family planning in order to lay a foundation for all - round social and economic development .\r\nbeijing , 7 march ( xinhua ) - while examining and deliberating on the government work report , npc [ national people 's congress ] deputies from xinjiang and tibet stressed that development and stability are the two themes of the work of xinjiang and tibet .\r\nin order to implement the strategy of large - scale development of western regions and bring about a leap forward in ethnic minorities regions ' economic development , we must resolutely safeguard social stability .\r\nxinjiang should grasp development on the one hand and stability on the other by \" persisting in firmly grasping the two aspects at the same time . \"\r\nsocial stability is not only important to ordinary people but also vital to investors , for only in a stable social environment will investors find it possible to do business with a sense of security .\r\nwe have already benefited in this regard : the number of individual industrial or commercial operators in qamdo prefecture has risen from more than 3,600 in 1998 to more than 5,800 early this year and the majority of them have come from the eastern provinces or regions . \"\r\ndeputy shadike kariaji , vice president of xinjiang 's kaxgar prefecture islam association , stated : our country 's current religious policies are the best ones ever in history , for the people of all nationalities have been guaranteed freedom of belief .\r\nshenyang , 7 mar ( xinhua ) - - in the dragon year at the turn of the century , a giant dragon - - the state - owned economic sector of liaoning - - raises its head up high .\r\nthe state - owned industries , which were incurring losses for 57 consecutive months , made up their deficits and increased surpluses instantaneously last year .\r\nthe losses by fushun petrochemicals and lcfc , were as high as 2.843 billion yuan in 1998 .\r\nthe increase and the decrease reflected the key role of a few . last year , state - owned and state - owned shareholding enterprises in liaoning province made 1.31 billion yuan profits after canceling out losses from the profits , and their losses dropped from around 50 percent to 35.5 percent .\r\nby focusing on a few , we could seize the core of the issue of making up deficits and shaking off difficulties in liaoning 's state - owned economic sector .\r\nwhat was more exciting was that the previous aisc , with outdated equipment and backward techniques , was replaced by a modern new aisc , equipped with full - fledged converters , continuous casting , and continuous hot - rolling machines .\r\naisc general manager liu jie said : new aisc already possesses the international standard for advanced iron and steel smelting , and can fully participate in international market competition .\r\ndeep - seated conflicts have been solved gradually , and benefits from reform have started to occupy dominant position [ subhead ] last september , lcfc officially turned over the entire hongwei district government and its functions , which lcfc managed for 20 years , to the liaoyang city government .\r\nthe kindergarten ; school ; shops ; hospital ; bank ; post office ; public security , procuratorial , and court organs ; township ; town ; and numerous streets that sit on an area within a 20 - square - kilometer circumference were totally separated from the enterprise .\r\nin the initial phase of construction , lcfc , whose construction began in the , established a city proper - - hongwei district - - to serve production . every year , the enterprise paid the local government 55 million yuan management fee , and dispatched many enterprise personnel to participate in government management .\r\nthe heavy burden of running society directly affected the enterprise 's participation in market competition and in building a modern enterprise system . the separation from hongwei district was the biggest maneuver made by liaoning in the reform of separating the main bodies of soes from their supplementary units .\r\ndisg , the earliest special steel production base in our country , was the first among others in the same trade in the country to slide downward because of products that were not competitive .\r\nin dalian city , in the two years of 1998 and 1999 , soes in the entire city trimmed a total of 180,000 workers and saved 2.7 billion yuan in costs and expenditures .\r\nbeginning last year , this law was replaced by the market law of survival of the fittest .\r\nlast year , liaoning declared bankruptcy on and closed down two especially big coal mines and seven large nonferrous metal mines whose resources were dried up , and plugged the black hole that drained profits .\r\nliaoning provincial governor zhang guoguang said : the grave difficulties that have emerged in soes are labor pains that must be experienced when switching to a new system . we must go through a difficult period of transformation and labor pains before we can produce tremendous benefits from the reform .\r\nsome soes did not have high profit margins , and obtained rather weak economic returns .\r\nlast year , local state - owned industrial enterprises in liaoning completed 71.146 billion yuan in gross industrial output value , but made only 614 million yuan in profits , with a sales profit rate of less than 1 percent .\r\nwhen the dragon raises its head , it 's a signal that it is to about to fly .\r\nthe reporter asked general li laizhu whether the mainland 's cruise missiles are capable of hitting lee teng - hui 's desk just like the outside world said ?\r\nli said : \" technologically speaking , any technology has the probability of error , but it is impossible for our cruise missiles to miss their target at the desk of lee teng - hui ! \"\r\nli gave a soft smile after making these comments .\r\nnow is in a normal state of war preparedness general li maintained that as combat forces , the pla is always prepared to smash all \" taiwan independence \" schemes .\r\nfaced with taiwan 's current general election , the reporter asked if the mainland has to enhance the state of war preparedness ?\r\nli answered : \" it is not necessary to do so . \"\r\nin regard to the unfriendly statements that the taiwan presidential contenders made during the presidential election period , general li said : \" candidates always make such statements in order to win the election .\r\nthe \" kitty hawk \" aircraft carrier under the us seventh fleet moved in a high - profile manner not long ago after beijing released the \" white paper . \" li laizhu consented that this was a move that the united states took to show its strength to china .\r\nminister of finance xiang huaicheng yesterday [ 2 march ] made a report on financial work to the national people 's congress [ npc ] session .\r\ncentral expenditures exceeded revenue , leaving a deficit of 179.7 billion yuan or 600 million yuan more than the amount allowed by the npc standing committee last year .\r\nthe total local revenue exceeded expenditures , leaving a surplus of 3.8 billion yuan .\r\non the whole , china 's current financial situation is relatively stable and in a sound condition .\r\nfirst , the increase of deficit is related to the need of stimulating the domestic demand .\r\nwe must use the expansion of domestic demand as a main motive force to stimulate economic development .\r\nunder such circumstances , the central government has decided to implement a proactive financial policy .\r\nthis year , expenditure for national defense has increased by more than 10 percent and some commentators have made incorrect criticism .\r\nas is known to all , the income of officers and soldiers of the chinese army has been relatively low for a long time , and this situation is unfavorable to the improvement of national defense .\r\nin fact , china 's national defense expenditures with a total amount of 120.5 billion yuan only account for 1 percent of the gdp , much lower than the world average of 3 percent .\r\nin reality , the greatest increase of china 's budget for this year is in education .\r\nnevertheless , some western mass media only watch china 's increase in national defense expenditures , and disregard the increase in the budget for education .\r\nafter the conclusion of yesterday 's morning session , general xiong ziren walked out of the assembly hall with other deputies and warmly shook hands with the hsing kang shang pao ( hong kong commercial daily ) news reporter who was waiting outside .\r\nat the request of the reporter , xiong ziren discussed his views on the npc session .\r\nhe said : from premier zhu rongji 's report , we can see that china has accumulated rich experience in running the country .\r\nin the 50 years since the founding of the prc , particularly in the 20 years since the beginning of reform and opening up , china has summed up and accumulated much experience , both positive and negative , in controlling the whole situation and correctly appraising the situation in national construction .\r\non the taiwan question , xiong ziren said : taiwan is an alienable part of china 's sacred territory and no attempt to split the country and promote taiwan independence can be tolerated .\r\nwe are closely watching the developments of the taiwan situation , and the pla is in full battle array .\r\nxiong ziren 's advice to taiwan compatriots was that choosing independence would bring disaster because it meant choosing war .\r\nhe said : the chinese government has made it clear that it will not sit idle .\r\nthe chinese people will not let it happen . the pla is duty - bound to fulfill its sacred mission in protecting china 's unification and national interests .\r\nwe have the determination , the confidence , the ability and the means to protect hong kong 's security and maintain hong kong 's prosperity stability while resolving the taiwan question . hong kong compatriots can set their mind at rest .\r\nenterprises ' transformation accelerates most of china 's existing enterprises will face the problem of having to accelerate their transformation when the time comes .\r\nalthough china has made progress with its market - oriented reforms , and in some sectors especially , the markets are quite well - developed , its overall market development is still a problem .\r\nif we look at the petroleum industry , although the oilfields are large in scale , the local population tends to be territorial [ shu di hua 1466 0966 0553 ] , and capital circulation is sluggish . it simply cannot compete with the versatile operations of the large foreign petroleum enterprises .\r\nchanging the government 's economic management mode relative to the market and the economic structure , the government 's economic management mode is much more susceptible to the impact of the country 's wto entry .\r\nreform is incontrovertible it is exactly because china will face intense competition and challenges after its wto entry that it must follow through with its reforms during its economic development .\r\nfor 40 years , we have subscribed to the theory of making agriculture the foundation , but practice has proved that china 's agriculture is a weak industry . the farms are small ; the family - and household - based rural production structure hampers the future development of china 's agriculture .\r\nthis is because although families are the natural foundation , society 's wealth is created by enterprises .\r\nonly if we recognize this point can we change today 's abnormal situation of enterprises revolving around the government . instead , the government should revolve around , and serve , enterprises to create the conditions for enterprise development .\r\nreform should also plant its foothold on the county towns ' economy .\r\nthis exposition which involves the development of china 's financial policy in the early period of next century has aroused the attention of people at home and abroad who care for china 's economic prospects .\r\neconomic observers here pointed out : this report has disclosed four major points of information on the development of china 's financial policy .\r\nfirst , two years of practices and theoretical explorations proved that \" no big risks would appear \" in the pro - active fiscal policy . it will not trigger inflation or debt crises to the chinese government . this has become the consensus of all government departments .\r\nthird , the state finance will regulate the relations of income distribution .\r\nchina will take into account the collection of inheritance tax , gradually raise the wages of personnel such as public functionaries , and study and formulate policies for increasing wages .\r\nfourth , china will strengthen the management of finance and taxation and consolidate the financial and economic order .\r\none thing that merits our attention is that the state council and some authorized units will send general accountants to large state - owned enterprises .\r\nthe people have noticed that last year 's financial report given by the financial minister stated that \" viewed from a long - term perspective , china needs to implement an appropriately tight financial and monetary policy . \" this formulation has not been mentioned again in this year 's financial report given by the minister of finance .\r\nin this year 's financial report , the financial minister emphatically pointed out that \" viewed from the practical needs of the current national economic development , the pro - active fiscal policy needs to be further implemented . \"\r\nthen , will the \" big deficit \" policy implemented for several years running trigger inflation and lead the chinese government to a debt crisis ?\r\neconomic observers here made an analysis and pointed out that in addition to the continued implementation of the essential pro - active fiscal policy , there are also some objective conditions .\r\nthe current financial deficit and debt scales are still controlled within the warning line .\r\nthe deficit in 1999 accounted for 2.8 percent or so of the gdp , which was lower than the level of the world - acknowledged warning line .\r\nthe national income of china did not exceed its income distribution , and the potentials of china 's domestic market is enormous . under the current development stage where the average per capita national income is several hundred us dollars , rapid economic growth will continue for a fairly long period of time .\r\ntherefore , we still have room for issuing bonds .\r\nhe said : the ministry of finance has all along \" strictly monitored the financial operational trend and paid attention to guarding against financial risks . \"\r\nin the financial expenditures in 2000 , major breakthroughs should be made in the following five fields : first , continue to strengthen the building of infrastructures .\r\nthird , increase social security input and comprehensively implement the policy for readjusting the distribution of income issued in 1999 .\r\nfifth , appropriately increase expenditures on state security .\r\nwhat merits our attention is that the increased amount of funds this time will be mainly used for raising the wages and allowances for military officers and men and for the expenses for troops stationed in macao .\r\neconomic observers here pointed out : beginning 1 january this year , the wages and allowances of the army will increase by 30 percent .\r\nand based on this , another 20 percent of increase will appear in their wages and allowances .\r\nhe worked as vice governor for 14 years before he assumed the job as vice chairman of the shaanxi provincial people 's congress . one of his major tasks as vice chairman is the legislature .\r\nsome said that great importance should be attached to the environmental issue while carrying out the project . according to xu shanlin , these suggestions have some merit . but the most important thing is to standardize and ensure the project with laws .\r\nxu shanlin and 30 other npc deputies have jointly put forward a resolution entitled the \" law of the prc governing economic development in the western region . \"\r\nxu shanlin said : the project has a great bearing on more than 10 provinces and several hundred million people . it is a systematic project that requires long - term efforts on the part of people of several generations .\r\ntherefore , it is an urgent need to enact a law to guarantee the project . besides , the project is not only a matter for people living in the western region . the project needs the participation of people across the country .\r\nwe have used successful experiences of foreign countries as our reference . china also has accumulated many experiences in carrying out development and enacting law .\r\nin this way , we can carry out the project in an even more orderly , healthy , and effective manner .\r\nsmuggling activities undermine normal economic order in the country , causing huge economic losses .\r\nthe smuggling syndicate corrupted a handful of local officials with illicit money obtained from smuggling , having an adverse effect on fujian and xiamen .\r\nchen noted that the fujian provincial cpc committee and the provincial government all along have been in unison with the central authorities in the crackdown against smuggling ; once smuggling activities are uncovered , they will resolutely stem them .\r\nthird , giving full play to the exemplary role of an investment zone for taiwan businessmen . fourth , speeding up the construction of the pilot zone for cross - strait agricultural cooperation .\r\nfifth , stepping up pilot direct shipping and exploring the possibility of direct passenger shipping .\r\nthird , continuing to expand their academic exchanges . fourth , continuing their cultural and art exchanges .\r\nthis directive introduces an important task the whole party 's ideological and political education .\r\nmarked by the party 's third plenary meeting of the 11 th party congress , our country entered a new historical development period of reform , opening up and construction of socialist modernization .\r\nin the past 20 years , great changes recognized by the world have taken place throughout china . the social productive forces have been going through new emancipation . the political situation of stability and unity has been solidified . the level of the masses material and cultural lives has been rising by large margins .\r\n\" we tell stories about events happening in spring , we become wealthy after reform and opening up . \"\r\nthis song , which is popular in both south and north of the chang jiang river , is a vivid portrayal of our country 's great historical changes .\r\nin this sense , launching the education of \" one must never forget where one 's wealth comes from and should strive for progress after becoming wealthy \" is the most alive and real education in ideals , beliefs , the party 's basic lines and supporting reform and opening up .\r\nthe saying \" people wish for changes when they are poor \" shows a spirit , an ambition and their awareness .\r\nat the same time , people are often satisfied with their situations . this is proved by the saying , \" people become stable when they are a little wealthy . \"\r\nso \" one should strive for progress after becoming wealthy \" is a better spirit , ambition and awareness and is more commendable .\r\nat no time can we stand still , refuse to make progress or become complacent with our current situations .\r\ninstead , we should press forward with keen determination and make unremitting efforts to improve ourselves .\r\nan area and an individual should act like this . a country and a nation should act like this even more .\r\nespecially in the current world , new technological revolutions are developing rapidly , market competition is becoming increasingly fierce , international politics is facing a changeable situation and the challenges we face are urgent and severe .\r\nin wartime , we launched the education campaign of \" recalling the bitterness inflicted on the laboring people by the old society and reactionaries and checking soldiers class , work and fighting will \" and greatly enhanced troops cohesiveness and fighting power .\r\nnow we advocate the education campaign of \" one must never forget where one 's wealth comes from and should strive for progress after becoming wealthy . \" this is a nationwide ideological and political education campaign under the conditions of reform , opening up and a socialist market economy .\r\nif our reasons are detailed , our education will become deep , effective , timely , close to the people who receive the education and targeted at real problems .\r\nat the auspicious time on the auspicious day , all rank and file of the armed forces convey their warm congratulations to these two conferences and hope they will succeed satisfactorily .\r\nthe military also successively organized a multi - arm joint sea - crossing and landing military maneuver and smoothly stationed troops in macao for defense . the military successfully completed the task of military review for the 50 th anniversary of the founding of the prc and fully displayed the image of powerful and civilized troops .\r\nat the turn of the millennium , when recalling the past and looking into the future , we feel an upsurge of emotion and are filled with pride and enthusiasm .\r\nin the current world , we have seen new development in hegemonism and power politics . a new doctrine of interfering in other countries affairs and a new policy severely threaten the peace and security of the world .\r\nbecause forces for the independence of taiwan and for separating the mainland and taiwan cling obstinately to their course , the great cause of uniting the motherland features more acute conflicts and a more complicated situation .\r\nsome foreign forces which are reluctant to see unification strengthen their military support for taiwan with various excuses and measures .\r\nwe must conscientiously study and deeply understand the strategic significance in striving to develop western china .\r\nthe pla should be out in front of the whole society in the aspect of the construction of socialist civilization .\r\ntoday , the meeting invited four cppcc members to give a news conference to both the chinese and foreign media , at which questions concerning the ideological emancipation , environmental protection , development of a specialty agriculture , and ways to attract foreign investment during the process of the large - scale west development were answered .\r\npeople 's political consultative conferences at all levels and democratic parties have a galaxy of talent , enjoy an intelligence advantage , have extensive social connections , and can play an important role in the large - scale development of the western region .\r\nas soon as the central authorities put forward the strategic decision of implementing the strategy of a large - scale west development , people 's political consultative conferences at all levels and all democratic parties have given a positive response , gone into immediate action , and unfolded the work in many aspects .\r\nthe central committee of the revolutionary committee of the chinese kuomintang has sent several inspection groups to the northwest , held symposiums for experts and scholars , and submitted five motions to the cppcc committee concerning the large - scale development of the western region .\r\nthe western region is at the upper - and middle - reaches of china 's major rivers , and accelerating the building of the ecological environment in the western region is therefore of a decisive significance to china 's sustainable development , he indicated .\r\nmember chen zongxing , vice chairman of the chinese peasants ' and workers ' democratic party and vice governor of shaanxi province , said when answering a question on how to readjust the agricultural structure during the large - scale development of the western region : agricultural development should not follow the same track of a traditional development .\r\njust he did seven time previously when he came to beijing to attend the npc sessions , the imam from kashi 's aitigaer mosque would pray five time daily in a room at the session venue .\r\nhe told the reporters : \" china 's current policy on religion is the best . \"\r\ncommenting on the allegations of some people abroad with ulterior motives that tibet does not have freedom in religious beliefs , he said : \" it is utter nonsense ! \"\r\nhe said : we can see people offer joss sticks to the buddha everywhere in lhasa and other parts of tibet .\r\nthe tibet autonomous regional legislative organs also incorporated tibetan traditional festivals , including \" tibetan calendar new year \" and the \" xuetun festival [ name as transliterated ] , \" as public holidays in the tibet autonomous region .\r\nlegqog said : since china carried out reform and opening up , the state has allocated and used over 300 million yuan and a lot of gold and silver to repair and protect tibetan temples .\r\ntong fu , vice chairman of the npc standing committee foreign affairs committee , who recently accompanied a foreign delegation to visit tibet , said : \" the best way is to let foreigners personally see the actual tibet themselves .\r\nover there , you can see that the temples are very well kept . people are not restricted in religious beliefs . \"\r\nthe founding of new china , in a radical way , eradicated the economic foundation and class division that had led to suppression and bullying of women . women in our country have won enormous liberation and have actively devoted themselves to the great undertaking of socialist construction .\r\nthe great practice of the women 's movement in china also tells us that the women 's movement must merge with the entire trend of social development and the international women 's movement of achieving liberation , realizing gender equality , and seeking peace and development , in order to fulfill women 's liberation goals in a better way .\r\nat the fourth world conference on women , president jiang zemin solemnly pointed out the need to make seeking gender equality a basic national policy in china 's social development .\r\nparty committees and governments at all levels must further stress women 's progress and development , conscientiously implement the basic national policy of gender equality , work hard to realize the goals stipulated in the chinese women 's development outline , and create a more conducive social environment for women 's progress and development .\r\nindustries where production capacity is excessive should be diverted , through assets displacement and reorganization , to the public sector or new industries , which the government should strengthen .\r\nenterprises that suffer serious losses in operation , with their assets short of paying their debts , and do not have a promising future for development should be ordered to go bankrupt according to the law . 2 .\r\nto speed up financial reform to ensure a comparatively high growth of the economy .\r\npresently , in addition to continuing expanding government expenditures , attention should be paid to the proper readjustment of the expenditure structure and proper coordination of financial revenue and expenditure in terms of role and orientation . 3 .\r\nto speed up the development of the western region of china and the process of urbanization , in a bid to boost a coordinated development of regional economies as well as urban and rural economies .\r\nto vigorously implement the strategy of developing the nation with science and technology and education so as to accelerate industrial upgrading .\r\nthe government 's input in r & d [ research and development ] should be increased by a wide margin .\r\nonly in this way can we make the most of the development opportunities to be brought about by china 's wto entry and minimize its pounding effect .\r\nli peng said that he was very pleased to discuss and examine the government work report today with the hong kong deputies and he expressed hope that all participants would speak out and say what they want to say to him .\r\nshe made suggestions on how to strengthen environmental protection and achieve sustainable development while developing the economy .\r\ndeputy wu ching - hui said : on the issue of corruption , effective measures should be adopted and effective supervision in various forms should be strengthened .\r\nhe proposed speeding up the enactment of a \" press law \" and effectively guaranteeing the supervisory role of the media .\r\ndeputy fei pei offered suggestions and expectations on the npc 's work toward foreign countries .\r\nhe said : the work toward foreign countries of the current npc has made successes , including innovative advances . for instance , hong kong and macao representatives were included in bilateral friendship groups with foreign parliaments , and very good results have been achieved in this regard .\r\nshe proposed summing up and popularizing all these practices . deputy wen chia - hsuan spoke on the implementation of the hong kong basic law. the npc standing committee 's interpretation of the relevant provisions of the basic law last year was entirely correct and most authoritative .\r\nhe also made suggestions on the popularization and implementation of the basic law .\r\nhe proposed improving the legal system , strengthening the supervision by the npc , promoting constant improvement of the inland 's investment environment , and expanding cooperation between hong kong and the inland .\r\nhe said : inter - parliamentary exchanges are a key component of china 's diplomacy .\r\nthe npc has set up bilateral friendship groups with parliaments of more than 50 foreign countries . the figure may increase in the days to come .\r\nto include hong kong deputies into these groups is a way for them to take part in the administration of state affairs .\r\nhe also aired his views on the issues which hong kong deputies were concerned about , such as environmental protection , the strategy to develop the western region of china in a big way , china 's accession to the world trade organization , the security of the banking industry , and reform of state - owned enterprises .\r\nhe hoped that hong kong deputies would speak out what they want to say , discuss state affairs with other deputies , and make greater contributions to the country .\r\nhong kong delegation head wu kang - min presided over today 's discussion meeting , which was attended by he chunlin , secretary general of the npc standing committee .\r\nthe third session of the ninth cppcc committee held its first session for members to air their views in the great hall of the people this afternoon .\r\na total of 12 cppcc members gave their constructive views and made suggestions on such major issues as reform , opening up , economic construction , and a sustainable development .\r\nmember dong fureng , well - known economist and honorary director of the institute of economics under the chinese academy of social sciences , spoke on the issue of using the finance to pull along the economy .\r\nhe suggested that taiwan businessmen be given \" citizen 's treatments \" and be allowed to run any industry and trade that a chinese citizen is allowed to run by legal means .\r\nthe fields which are to be opened to foreign investment as agreed by china upon its accession to the wto should first be opened to taiwan businessmen .\r\nthe present year is the first year of macao 's return to the motherland .\r\nthe executive chairmen of today 's meeting were ye xuanping , ngapoi ngawang jigme , song jian , qian zhengying , zhu guangya , wan guoquan , zhao nanqi , jing shuping , and zhang kehui .\r\nbeijing , 7 mar (zxs) - - foreign ministry spokesman zhu bangzao said here today that china 's defense expenditures will not increase substantially if no incidents that seriously threaten china 's national sovereignty and security arise this year .\r\nzhu bangzao said : china 's defense budget for this year is 120.5 billion yuan .\r\nalthough this is an increase in absolute terms , china is still among the countries with the lowest per capita expenditures .\r\nthe spokesman said : this year 's increased defense expenditures will mainly cover the increases in salaries and allowances for officers and soldiers in the armed forces , the costs of housing reform , medical insurance , and the expenditures for troops stationed in macao .\r\nhe said : china 's defense construction is firmly subordinate to and serves the overall interests of national economic construction .\r\nthis is china 's long - term basic policy .\r\nzhu bangzao said : since the 1980 s , although china 's defense funding has increased annually in absolute terms , its proportion to the gross national product and national financial expenditures has declined by the year . there is a certain gap between the funding requirements of defense construction and military modernization and the actual funding .\r\nthe spokesman reiterated that an early realization of china 's reunification is the common desire of all chinese people , including the taiwan compatriots .\r\nhe said : the taiwan authorities are trying to move against the historical trend . not only is this futile , but it will also seriously jeopardize the relaxation and development of cross - strait relations and endanger peace and stability in the asia - pacific region . it is doomed to failure .\r\nthis stand of china 's is firm and unshakable [ jian ding bu yi de 1017 1353 0008 4448 4104 ] .\r\nbeijing , 7 mar ( xinhua ) - - foreign ministry spokesman zhu bangzao today pointed out emphatically that , for a long period of time , lee teng - hui [ li denghui ] has constantly undermined china 's friendly relations with other countries , and has carried out activities to create \" two chinas . \"\r\nhe said : lee teng - hui 's acts of going to foreign countries , in whatever capacity , to carry out political activities of creating \" two chinas \" will be opposed and condemned by the chinese government and the chinese people .\r\nhe said : china has all along advocated that lebanon 's sovereign rights and territorial integrity should be respected and that israel should implement the un security council 's resolution no. 425 and withdraw from southern lebanon .\r\nthe total issue of treasury bonds this year will reach 438 billion yuan , 26.5 billion yuan more than last year . the chinese government is trying to increase domestic demand and promote economic development through fiscal input .\r\nxiang huaicheng 's clear answer to these skeptics is : practice and theoretical explorations over the past two years have proved that the proactive fiscal policy involves no major risks and will not trigger inflation or a debt crisis .\r\nalthough china 's economy has been operating well in recent years , the problem of insufficient effective demand has also been quite pronounced .\r\neconomists taking part in the two sessions believe that the implementation of a proactive fiscal policy is the most direct and effective means of increasing domestic demand .\r\nin terms of the effects of financing through government bonds , the 210 billion yuan of long - term bonds issued by the government through banks over the past two years only made use of some of the savings deposits .\r\nthe government no longer talks about \" a moderately tight fiscal and monetary policy \" in its fiscal report this year . a moderate increase in money supply has in fact dispelled worries that fiscal deficit will trigger inflation .\r\nas pointed out by authoritative sources in beijing , china 's level of deficit and government debt is still within a safety zone . a small increase in deficit is not all that risky in the longer term either . the decisive factor is the overall trend of economic growth .\r\nas long as china can maintain rapid economic growth and continue to optimize its economic structure and achieve better economic results , the government 's repayment ability can still be guaranteed .\r\naccording to last year 's method , the forecast central budget deficit this year should be 24.7 billion yuan less than the actual deficit last year .\r\naccording to the report on the national economic and social development plan delivered by state planning commission minister zeng peiyuan , china 's economic growth rate is expected to reach about seven percent this year .\r\nbeijing , 7 mar (zts) - - the year 2000 is the last year , as well as a decisive year to realize the three - year goal of reforming state - owned enterprises and getting them out of their plight .\r\nas a breakthrough point to carry out reform and eliminate poverty , state - owned textile enterprises created 800 million yuan in profits last year , putting an end to the money - losing situation for six consecutive years .\r\nsheng huaren pointed out that this year , we should do our best to fulfill the three - year goal of reforming state - owned enterprises and getting them out of their plight .\r\nhe said : we will strive to help more unemployed workers find jobs than the total number of new layoffs this year . it is necessary for the state to provide basic needs to a monthly average of 6.5 million to 7 million laid - off workers .\r\nthe central authorities will continue to give financial support to the central and western regions and to old industrial bases .\r\non the premise of maintaining a certain economic growth rate , we will make great efforts to create more jobs by developing the tertiary industry , particularly the community service industry .\r\nthey pledged one after another to conscientiously study and grasp this exposition and guide their thinking and actions with it in order to advance the cause of building socialism with chinese characteristics in an all - round way .\r\nin his speech in guangdong , general secretary jiang zemin pointed out : our party \" always represents the requirements for the development of china 's advanced social productive forces , represents the orientation for the progress of china 's advanced culture , and represents the fundamental interests of the broadest possible masses of people in china . \"\r\nparty members and cadres in various localities held that the brilliant three - way \" representing \" exposition given by general secretary jiang points out the direction for party building and is of great guiding significance for further promoting reform , opening up , and the cause of building the material and spiritual civilizations .\r\nto make the country strong and the people rich is the starting point and the final goal of all the work of the party .\r\nnow the reform of state - owned enterprises has entered the stage of surmounting the most serious difficulties , and this is a crucial period for development . the three - way \" representing \" exposition is of great practical and guiding significance .\r\nin the present age , we communists should take the improvement and development of the productive forces as our own duty and vigorously carry out reform in order to better represent the requirements for the development of the advanced productive forces in china .\r\nin the new historical period , we should uphold and implement the party 's basic line and accelerate economic development and social progress .\r\nwhether a party , country , or nation represents the orientation for the progress of an advanced culture will determine the quality , ability , and rise or decline of the party , country , or nation .\r\nwhen an area is backward economically , it has no status ; when a culture is backward , it has no quality .\r\nin recent years , baishan city has been making efforts to build itself into a \" culturally rich city \" in which photography , painting , handicraft , radio , television , and other cultural undertakings have been developing rapidly .\r\nthe general secretary 's three - way \" representing \" exposition means looking at culture according new historical conditions and the basic nature of the party , which is bound to guide the direction for all - round progress in the motherland .\r\nwithout an accumulation of scientific and cultural knowledge , it will be impossible to scale the heights of science or the heights of ideology and morality ; in that case , china would not be able to advance ahead of the times .\r\nthus , large numbers of residents of the municipality have highly spoken of the communist party and socialism one after another .\r\nthe conduct of security dialogue will help enhance mutual understanding between the two countries , expand consensus between the two sides , and promote cooperation in relevant areas .\r\non israeli 's withdrawal of its troops from lebanon , zhu bangzao said : china expresses its appreciation of israel 's decision .\r\nchina has always maintained that lebanon 's sovereignty and territorial integrity should be respected and that israel should implement un security council 's resolution no. 425 and withdraw its troops from southern lebanon .\r\nhe said : china hopes that the move will help promote overall progress in the middle east peace talks and achieve peace and stability in the middle east at an early date .\r\nat the panel discussion , six cppcc members made speeches , respectively . they set forth opinions on the government work report and the cppcc work .\r\nthey maintained that last year , the government and the cppcc made noticeable achievements in their work , and the achievements were gratifying and pressed the people to advance bravely .\r\njanabil , chairman of the cppcc xinjiang uygur autonomous regional committee ; and ma sizhong , chairman of the cppcc ningxia hui nationality autonomous regional committee , set forth opinions on the large - scale development of the western areas .\r\nhe said that the cppcc is an organization for consultation . consultation is the cppcc 's main function and major work method .\r\nfundamentally speaking , consultation is a kind of discussion .\r\npractice shows that when we come across a question , discussions are better than non - discussions , more discussions are better than fewer discussions , and quick discussions are better than late discussions .\r\nli ruihuan said that one person 's practice and understanding have limitation , in general .\r\na leader is wise not because he is smarter than others , but because he is good at learning from others and at pooling , understanding , and generalizing increasingly more people 's practice , experience , intelligence , and wisdom .\r\nto do a good job on discussions , we should treat others equally and sincerely .\r\nequality is the basis for discussions . with equality , we will be able to create an atmosphere for mutual respect and harmony and to have others directly express their opinions , talk freely , and set forth all kinds of opinions and proposals .\r\nli ruihuan emphatically concluded that the question of whether communist party members pay attention to and achieve discussions is by no means a minor matter .\r\nchairman mao exhorted the party as a whole early in the yanan era : \" we are not a small faction which considers itself in the right . we must learn the method of opening our gate to conduct democratic cooperation with non - party personages and be good at discussing matters with others . \"\r\nli ruihuan urged the communist party members in the cppcc organizations to cultivate the habit of discussing questions and strive to be experts in the united front work and the cppcc work .\r\nye xuanping , yang rudai , wang zhaoguo , song jian , li guixian , chen junsheng , zhang siqing , qian zhengying , zhu guangya , hu qili , chen jinhua , zhao nanqi , mao zhiyong , and bai lichen attended the panel discussion .\r\nduring discussions with gansu and ningxia delegations , zhu rongji gave opinions mainly on the extensive development of the western region .\r\nthe central and western regions are facing an unprecedented development opportunity . it is hoped that all of you would firmly grasp this historical opportunity and be fully prepared in terms of thoughts , organizations and actions .\r\nwe should be farsighted , make our work keep abreast of development , set a higher starting point , and strive to make all fields of work enter a new stage , attain a new level , and see new progress .\r\nhe said : over the past 20 years , china has opened up its coastal regions of guangdong and fujian and unceasingly spread its efforts to the vast inland areas , scored achievements of worldwide attention and accumulated valuable experiences .\r\nthe delegates of taiwan province gave an enthusiastic response to the expositions carried in the government work report on the settlement of the taiwan issue and the realization of the great reunification cause of the motherland .\r\nthey showed resolute support , one after another , for the chinese government 's adherence to the principled stand of one china , and for its move to adopt all measures possible in order to safeguard the country 's sovereignty and territorial integrity .\r\nthe delegates noted : as taiwan compatriots , we have a greater sense of urgency and a greater sense of mission on the settlement of the taiwan issue .\r\nthe principle of \" peaceful reunification , one country two systems \" tallies with the maximum interests of all the chinese people , including taiwan compatriots ; and is therefore the best solution to the taiwan issue .\r\nwe firmly believe that any attempt to deliberately create \" taiwan independence , \" \" two chinas \" and \" one china , one taiwan , \" whomever it may come from and whoever it may draw support from , will never have its way and will inevitably be foiled completely .\r\nthe delegates also expressed hope that their loved ones on the island can make a careful choice for the safety and well - being of taiwan and themselves .\r\nhe noted : after the successive returns of hong kong and macao to the embrace of the motherland , the task of settling the taiwan issue and realizing a complete unification of the motherland has been emphatically placed before all chinese .\r\nour stand against an indefinite delay on the settlement of the taiwan issue has been consistent , noted qian qichen .\r\n\" taiwan independence \" forces and separatist force , as well as foreign anti - china forces , all hope to put off the settlement of the taiwan issue indefinitely .\r\nthis is something that we cannot tolerate .\r\nhe added : the concept of \" one country , two systems \" has been successfully practiced in hong kong and macao , and is also totally applicable to the settlement of the taiwan issue .\r\na settlement of the taiwan issue by way of \" one country , two systems \" will bring nothing but benefits to taiwan compatriots . by rejecting the practice of \" one country , two systems \" on various pretexts , the taiwan authorities are , in essence , showing their opposition to reunification .\r\ntaiwan compatriots enjoy a glorious patriotic tradition , and we sincerely place hopes on the vast numbers of the taiwan people .\r\ni believe that the taiwan people will surely make a correct choice on issues that have a vital importance on sovereignty and territorial integrity , on the fundamental interest of the chinese nation , and on the future and fate of taiwan .\r\nwith the common efforts of the people on both sides of the taiwan straits , the taiwan issue can surely be settled at an early date .\r\nthis afternoon , qian qichen also attended the discussions of the hong kong delegation and the macao delegation .\r\nin his respective speech to the two delegations , qian qichen again reiterated the consistent stand of the chinese government on settling the taiwan issue in line with the principle of \" peaceful reunification , one country two systems . \"\r\nwen jiabao said : xinjiang , with vast land and abundant resources , has an advantage in resource exploration .\r\nhe said : in the aspect of infrastructure , besides accelerating the building of railways , highways , and communications , xinjiang should also make great efforts to develop aviation , the aviation within the autonomous region in particular .\r\nin his government work report delivered at the third session of the ninth npc committee , chinese state council premier zhu rongji stressed the need to adopt more powerful measures to unremittingly push forward both the building of a clean and honest government and the struggle against corruption .\r\nhe also noted that all major cases , whichever department and whoever they may involve , should be investigated thoroughly and completely ; and no one is allowed to show partiality or be soft in the handling of such cases .\r\nthe section on the anti - corruption work in zhu rongji 's report won the warm applause of all the delegates attending the meeting .\r\naccording to an expert , during the initial years of china 's reform and opening up , corrupt practices started to emerge among a number of cadres , which was regarded as the cost of reform .\r\nthe year 1992 , however , could be seen as a watershed : prior to 1992 , corruption practices , which were resulted from frictions of the then double - track pricing system , were scattered and isolated , involving small amounts of money .\r\nmeanwhile , the total number of officials at the prefectural - departmental level who have been given disciplinary punishment within the party and the government for corrupt practices has presented a shocking figure .\r\nchina 's top leadership has taken the problem of corruption seriously , and has approached the anti - corruption struggle from the high plane that it has a vital importance to \" the very existence \" of the ruling party .\r\nthis has made the common people doubt as whether corruption can ever be prevented in real terms .\r\nprofessor yan qiang held that introducing a political structural reform is the greatest mission for this npc session and the coming several sessions , for only in this way can corruption be eliminated and prevented in terms of system .\r\nunder this system , any state civil servant who is found to have been involved in any undesired activities should be deprived of his professional qualifications as a civil servant , even if his error have yet to lead to any serious consequences , for overindulgence will nurture evil .\r\nnow that rural areas have already possessed the necessary conditions for such practice , we should go on to spread the practice to townships , counties , and cities .\r\nmeanwhile , instead of engaging ourselves in a nominal change , we should make use of the opportunity of a wage raise and conduct a strict appraisal on the performance of civil servants , and should optimize the personnel quality of civil servants while improving their benefits and remunerations .\r\nover the past several years , the cpc 's decision - making leadership has constantly increased the intensity of the anti - corruption struggle , and has begun to guard against and punish corruption by first building up sound systems .\r\nbeijing , 7 march ( xinhua ) - - li peng , member of the cpc politburo standing committee and chairman of the national people 's congress [ npc ] standing committee , came to the shaanxi hall of the great hall of the people this afternoon to join the shaanxi delegation in examining the government work report .\r\nli peng emphasized the need to pay attention to key points and give full scope to advantages so to achieve success in the grand development of the western region .\r\nbefore the formal beginning of the discussion , li peng smiled and said with a typical shaanxi accent : \" i lived in shaanxi for five years and have a deep affection for this place . \"\r\napplause and laughter rose in response to this remark , and then the deputies vied with one another to express their opinions .\r\ndeputy han wei mentioned in his speech that in developing the west , we should also pay attention to the protection of cultural relics , and integrate the protection drive with the development of tourism .\r\ndeputies chen xuchu , gong deshun , shan lun , and chen youde also made some suggestions on developing the western region in line with shaanxi 's situation .\r\nwhen deputies spoke , li peng took notes conscientiously , and continuously asked for more details and discussed them with the deputies .\r\nafterwards , li peng also expressed his opinions .\r\nhe said : today everybody spoke with focus on the grand development of the western region , showing everybody 's concern about this issue .\r\nshaanxi has quite a few advantages , such as basic manufacturing industry , scientific and technological forces , and energy .\r\nin the course of developing the west , the important thing is that every locality finds their own key points of development and focuses effort on them .\r\nli peng noted : shaanxi has had an important status in chinese history , and has made tremendous contributions to china 's revolution .\r\nfor example , shaanxi could work on boosting high - and new - technology , biology engineering , information engineering , water - saving agriculture , and fruit planting .\r\ngreater efforts should be made to create a good legal environment , to closely link the drive of ruling the country in line with law with the development of the economy .\r\nfinally , li peng held that in developing the northwest , we need to update our thoughts and depend on the support of the state .\r\nbeijing , 7 mar (zxs) - - qian qichen , political bureau member of cpc central committee and state council vice premier , pointed out here today : the chinese government has not changed its policies toward the taiwan issue and that the taiwan issue should not be unresolved indefinitely .\r\nthis does not mean that the chinese government has changed its policies toward taiwan . that the settlement of the taiwan issue cannot be indefinitely delayed is our consistent stance .\r\nqian qichen pointed out : reunification is an issue concerning the righteous cause of the nation . it is hoped that compatriots in taiwan would have a fuller understanding of the \" one country , two systems . \"\r\nafter their return , hong kong and macao have really kept its original social systems , life styles and laws basically unchanged .\r\nli lanqing expressed his opinions after listening attentively to the deputies ' views .\r\nthere is no doubt that we should seriously study how to reduce excessive schoolwork at middle and primary schools .\r\nhowever , we must never simplify the work of strengthening the ideological and moral education for youngsters , comprehensively implementing the party 's educational principles , and carrying out an allaround quality education .\r\nqian qichen smiled , saying : \" when we issued the white paper , they said it was a threat . when the people 's liberation army [ pla ] spoke , they also said it was a threat . actually , there is nothing of the sort . it merely indicates they have a guilty conscience ! \"\r\nqian qichen said : \" the sooner the better ! \"\r\nhis words won warm applause from the deputies .\r\nafter his participation in the hong kong delegation 's discussion , qian qichen went to the macao delegation .\r\nthis is the first time that deputies from macao have formed a delegation to attend the npc session . out of the 12 deputies , seven are new .\r\ndeputy wang qiren , who was nearby , said : \" it shows that the central authorities attach great importance to macao ! \"\r\nqian qichen 's opening remarks won the warm applause from the 12 macao deputies .\r\n( end summary ) this morning cpc general secretary and president jiang zemin took part in a full - member meeting of the shanghai deputies to the third session of the ninth national people 's congress [ npc ] .\r\nfocusing on the government work report , the deputies actively expressed their views in light of their local conditions .\r\ndeputy wang qifan was the first to talk about shanghai 's industrial enterprise reform and development as well as speeding up technological innovations .\r\nas a member of the shanghai delegation , jiang zemin was very interested in shanghai 's reform and construction .\r\nhe took notes while listening and sometimes chipped in to exchange views with the deputies . he also asked them about shanghai 's reform and development .\r\nhe pointed out : over the last few years , shanghai has made new achievements in reform and development .\r\njiang zemin pointed out : facing economic globalization , world scientific and technological progress , and the changing situation , we should speed up our country 's economic and social development , emancipate our minds , seek truth from facts , be brave in carrying out innovations , and advance with an enterprising spirit .\r\nin the course of modernization , blazing new trails by means of science and technology and blazing new trails in the economic structure are decisive factors .\r\nit is also necessary to continue to carry out explorations and practice in promoting state enterprise reform , in strengthening the establishment of the market system , in speeding up the transformation of government functions , and in forming the social security system .\r\njiang zemin pointed out : following the constant development of our economy , we should take an active part in international economic competition and make efforts to gain the initiative in this respect .\r\nwe should seize every opportunity to carry out the strategy of \" going out , \" closely combine \" introduction from abroad \" with \" going out , \" and utilize in a better way two kinds of resources and two kinds of markets of foreign countries .\r\nthis is the only way for us to gain the initiative in international competition .\r\nthis will help carry out an economic structural adjustment and the optimized deployment of resources in an even broader arena and will thus continuously increase china 's economic development ability and impetus and promote its long - term economic development .\r\nchinese territory is vast and the development of different regions is not balanced .\r\nregions that have developed ahead of others should not forget how their prosperity has come and should think of making further progress ; they should continue to work hard and actively help and encourage those less developed regions to speed up their development .\r\nwe should observe economic rules . we should bring into play the guiding role of policies and the regulatory role of the market mechanism as well . we should actively encourage enterprises in eastern regions to participate in the development of central and western regions by various means .\r\nin this new stage , we should , in accordance with the requirements of the \" three deputies , \" educate comrades in the entire party , particularly all levels of leading cadres , to comprehensively strengthen party building .\r\nwu bangguo , huang ju , wu jieping , and han zhubin also took part in the shanghai delegation 's meeting .\r\nwu yi noted that the overseas development of powerful enterprises in processing with their own materials is an important aspect of china 's opening up to the outside world .\r\nas to konka group 's establishment of a plant in india and a research and development base in silicon valley in the united states , wu yi expressed her appreciation .\r\nwu yi also placed particular emphasis on personnel training and expressed her hope that guangdong will explore experience for the whole country in overseas development .\r\nattending the panel discussion included guangdong party secretary li changchun , provincial people 's congress chairman zhu senlin , and governor lu ruihua .\r\nbeijing , march 7 - - wei jianxing , member of the standing committee of the political bureau , secretary of the secretariat and secretary of the commission for discipline inspection of the cpc central committee , today attended the government work report discussion of the guangxi delegation to the third session of the ninth npc .\r\nduring the discussion , he emphasized the need to combine honesty and self - discipline on the part of leading cadres with strict supervision .\r\nthe deputies earnestly discussed the report and spoke one after another in the light of reality . cao bochun [ 2580 0130 4783 ] said : our principle and tasks are clear .\r\nwe must arm party members with deng xiaoping theory and take resolute measures to improve party style and build a clean and honest government .\r\nafter the deputies had taken the floor , wei jianxing pointed out : the three anti - corruption tasks determined by the central committee concern two issues : the rectification of unhealthy tendencies and the punishment of corrupt elements .\r\nlocalities and departments where unhealthy tendencies prevail are also places where erring cadres , major cases and corrupt elements abound .\r\nwe must pay attention to unhealthy tendencies and self discipline and start off by grasping concrete problems .\r\nwe must strengthen supervision over these cadres . some of them must be subject to strict disciplinary action , which is intended to educate and help them .\r\ninstead , they merely seek good relations with everyone at the expense of principles , and practice vulgar skills of establishing connections .\r\nwe should conscientiously study and implement the spirit of the important speech by general secretary jiang zemin on strictly running the party , stress study , politics and uprightness , and effectively improve the daily management and supervision of leading cadres .\r\nwe must continue to exert great efforts to carry the anti - corruption struggle to greater depths .\r\nding guangen , member of the political bureau and secretary of the secretariat of the cpc central committee , also attended the discussion of the guangxi delegation .\r\nwhen deputy fu chuanyue said that it is possible not only to return farmland to forest and pasture but also , in light of the actual conditions of zunyi , to \" return farmland to bamboo groves , \" hu jintao agreed , saying : \" that is a good idea .\r\nafter earnestly listening to the deputies ' speeches , hu jintao said , the inauguration of the strategy of great development of the west is an extremely precious opportunity for promoting china 's modernization , especially the development of the western regions , including guizhou .\r\nguizhou must base its work on its natural conditions and socialist economic conditions in thoroughly implementing the relevant central guidelines and policies and embarking on a new path of development .\r\nhu jintao said , we are carrying out the great development of the west in conditions of developing socialist market economy , and there is no ready - made experience and pattern to follow .\r\nif we stick to old conventions we will simply miss the opportunity , and we will hesitate to move forward if we fear and shrink back from difficulties .\r\nthe leading cadres at all levels must strengthen their sense of responsibility , mission , and urgency , consistently maintain high spirits , be bold and resolute in advancing , press forward despite the difficulties , and exert every endeavor to open up a new situation in work .\r\nthey must establish the work style of pragmatically seeking truth and grasping work in a down - to - earth way , go deep into reality , investigate and study , have their feet planed on solid ground , immerse themselves in hard work , and solve practical problems in a thoroughgoing way .\r\nnpc standing committee vice chairman cao zhi attended the guizhou discussion .\r\nbeijing , 7 mar (zxs) - - on 7 march vice premier qian qichen examined the government work report at the taiwan hall of the great hall of the people together with the taiwan delegates attending the third session of the ninth national people 's congress [ npc ] .\r\nhe said it is our consistent position to oppose the indefinite delay of the taiwan issue .\r\nhe added that it is inadmissible for taiwan independence advocators , splittist forces , and foreign anti - chinese forces to hope to delay the taiwan issue indefinitely .\r\ntaiwan province delegates commented enthusiastically about the passage in the government work report on resolving the taiwan issue and on realizing the great cause of the motherland 's reunification .\r\nthey said they firmly supported the chinese government 's principled stand on one - china and all the chinese government 's measures to maintain the state sovereignty and territorial integrity .\r\nthe delegates said that as taiwan compatriots , we feel the greater sense of urgency and sense of mission over the taiwan issue .\r\nthe \" peaceful reunification , one country , two systems \" are in accord with the greatest interests of all the chinese people , including those of the taiwan compatriots , and are the best ways to resolve the taiwan issue .\r\nwe firmly believe that the conspiracy of intentional creation of \" taiwan independence , \" \" two chinas , \" and \" one china and one taiwan \" will not succeed and will be surely doomed to complete failure no matter who they are and no matter who their supporters are .\r\nhe said that following the reversion of hong kong and macao , the task of resolving the taiwan issue and of realizing the motherland 's complete reunification is thrust before all the chinese people .\r\nin the \" one - china principle and the taiwan issue \" white paper published this year the chinese government reaffirmed its consistent position on resolving the taiwan issue , which elicited strong reactions at home and abroad .\r\nusing the \" one country , two systems \" to resolve the taiwan issue will only bring benefits to the taiwan compatriots . the taiwan authorities , however , by putting forth all kinds of excuses to oppose the \" one country , two systems , \" are in reality opposing the reunification .\r\nas the taiwan compatriots have the glorious tradition of patriotism , we sincerely place hope on the people of taiwan .\r\nwith the joint efforts of the people on both sides of the strait , the taiwan issue can surely be settled early .\r\nthe chinese people 's eager desire for reunification and determination to oppose separation will not waver .\r\ndeputy yu yongbo said : this year the whole army should regard successfully carrying out ideological and political work under the situation of deepening reform and guaranteeing that the troops are more conscious in serving and safeguarding the overall situation of reform , development and stability as the important task and grasp it firmly and successfully .\r\nit is necessary to promptly and resolutely integrate the ideology and actions of the army with the policy decisions and instructions of the party central committee and the central military commission , and guarantee the smooth implementation of government and military orders and keep a correct orientation for army building .\r\nyu yongbo said : to strengthen ideological and political work under the situation of deepening reform , we must prominently grasp the key point of upholding and supporting reform and education .\r\nwe must see to it that the more we deepen reform the more the army should be educated so as to enhance the officers and men 's understanding of reform and unceasingly enhance their consciousness in upholding and supporting reform .\r\nafter the return of hong kong and macao , the settlement of taiwan issue has become more prominent in front of us .\r\nwe should concentrate financial resources to guarantee the building of equipment and further enhance the capacity to deal with emergency and to provide strategic and campaign logistics support .\r\nwe should strengthen logistics management in an all - round manner , persist in working hard and building up the army industriously and thriftily and managing logistics work strictly in line with law , urge leaders and organs to take the lead in strengthening logistics management , and continue to promote logistics reform and construction .\r\ndeputy wang ruilin said : cultivating high - quality military personnel is the fundamental plan for accelerating the building of a modern army .\r\nin addition , they must have strong political sharpness and discernment , maintain unity in terms of ideology and action with the party central committee with comrade jiang zemin at the core , and resolutely safeguard the party 's absolute leadership over the army .\r\nthey must have a good knowledge of science and culture , be good at many things and expert in one , and have an innovative spirit .\r\nwang ruilin said : to cultivate and foster a great number of high - quality military personnel of a new type , we must also have a pioneering and enthusiastic mental state .\r\nand leading comrades who went to join the discussion meetings of various delegations today are : tian jiyun , li changchun , wu guanzheng , jiang chunyun , jia qinglin , qian qichen , wen jiabao , wu yi , ismail amat , and wang zhongyu .\r\njiang chunyun stresses grasping both economic construction , management according to laws while joining the discussion meeting of anhui delegation , jiang chunyun , member of cpc central political bureau and vice chairman of npc standing committee , stressed that it is necessary to grasp both economic construction and management according to laws .\r\nespecially , we should be good at applying legal means to ensure an orderly and healthy development of market economy , because legal means are of universal , specific , stable , and mandatory features .\r\nit is necessary to proceed from the height of implementing the general plan of administrating the country according to laws and building a socialist country governed by laws to study this big subject and write this long article well .\r\nqian qichen said that it should be selective in making developments and opening up and that ningxia can develop tourism of its own characteristics .\r\nas long as there are sources of tourists , investment can be absorbed .\r\nhe said that although ningxia is situated inland and its natural conditions are not excellent , its ancient irrigation works , splendid xixia civilization , and unique customs and cultures are wholly capable of attracting tourists at home and abroad to bring along local economic developments .\r\ntherefore , it is imperative to develop tourism first and then develop suitable characteristic economy in the light of its own actual conditions .\r\nwhile joining the discussion meeting of jiangxi delegation , wen jiabao said that in order to push forward the strategic readjustment of the economic structure of agriculture and rural areas , it is imperative to master four principles : 1 ) to regard market as a guide .\r\nin readjusting structure , it is necessary to respect the wishes of peasants and realistically ensure peasants ' land contracting rights as well as decision - making rights in production and management .\r\nthe tasks for cadres at all levels are strengthening policy guidance and scientific and technological direction , adopting measures suiting local conditions , and adroitly guiding actions according to circumstances .\r\nthey should never issue arbitrary orders nor give blind directions .\r\nin conducting visits and inspections abroad and other foreign affairs activities , it is necessary to pay attention to promoting our own products and enterprises .\r\n2 ) enterprises should have the guts and courage to \" go out . \"\r\nit is necessary to have a correct analysis and understanding of the environments and conditions of foreign countries and learn how to correctly make good use of domestic and international markets .\r\nafter going out , it is necessary to attach importance to safeguarding our own image and reputation , because it has a bearing on the image and reputation of china .\r\n3 ) it is necessary to have a whole set of coordinative laws and regulations .\r\nand those outward going enterprises should also avoid malignant competition and killing each other , thus harming the interests of enterprises and the country .\r\nwu yi emphasized that \" introducing into \" and \" going out \" are two mutually complementary aspects of our country 's reform and opening up .\r\nwang zhongyu pointed out that party central committee and state council attach great importance to the work of xizang .\r\nduring a recent period , with its stress laid on its highway construction , gansu has speeded up its comprehensive construction of railways , airports , water conservancy , energy , gas pipeline , telecommunications , radio , and urban infrastructure .\r\nby then , lanzhou , as the geographic center of china , will enjoy more convenient and fast links with its neighboring regions .\r\nthis shows that so long as we can tell the masses the gist of the central authorities ' instruction exactly as it is and successfully arouse the enthusiasm of the masses , we can surely put to an end once and for all the ecological problems left over by history .\r\nif we can successfully seize the historical opportunity of exchanging grain for forests and grass and take the initiative to readjust the structure , it is totally possible for us to build gansu into a production base of forestry and animal husbandry .\r\nalong with the growth of a market economy , the formulation of a buyer 's market , and the development of the trend of an economic globalization , this structural contradiction has been fully exposed .\r\nsun ying noted : gansu 's basic conditions have already undergone certain improvement , and what counts today is its soft environment , for there still exist many inadaptabilities in people 's ideological concepts , and in the province 's structure and mechanisms .\r\nat present , basing our efforts in lanzhou , we are currently engaged in a number of reforms , including handling official affairs on a collective basis , simplifying formalities , and enhancing the affair - handling efficiency ; and such reforms will be gradually spread to every part of the province .\r\nsecond , we have established a leading group for the autonomous region 's implementation of the strategy on a large - scale development of the western region , so as to strengthen the leadership , organization , and command over the region 's work of developing the western region .\r\nsixth , we have worked out supporting policies for attracting the participation of able personnel , funds , and technology from other parts of the country and the world in the development and construction of inner mongolia .\r\nthis shows that the opportunity of building yunnan into a \" province strong in a green economy , \" and the opportunity of building up a \" china biological valley \" in yunnan , has already arrived .\r\nchina is making major review of laws and various departments ' regulations which are rather complicated and the number of such regulations exceed 900 . various departments are reviewing those regulations so as to avoid contradicting those of the wto .\r\nthe agreement was signed by chinese vice minister sun zhenyu of the ministry of foreign trade and economic cooperation , and colombian vice foreign trade minister angela maria orozco .\r\nthe accord would help expand bilateral trade and further promote the economic and trade relations between the two countries , said colombian foreign trade minister maria lucia ramirez de rincon after the signing ceremony .\r\non behalf of the committee on education , science , culture , public health and sports of the cppcc national committee , member xu guanhua said : we should fully understand the potential of china 's talents and the urgency of this issue .\r\nat present , the extra heavy burden of students of middle and primary schools has become a social problem much concerned by people in the society .\r\nhe also suggested a series of specific measures to adjust the structure of education , reform the evaluation and examination system , raise the standard of education and improve the overall quality of teachers .\r\nthe fleet commander , who came from a grass - roots submarine commander background , was interviewed by reporters and said : to resolve the taiwan issue and realize the complete reunification of the motherland will manifest the fundamental interest of the chinese people , and it is the development trend of the chinese history .\r\nthe party central committee and the central military commission with comrade jiang zemin as the core made a series of important instructions on the taiwan issue with great foresight and by taking the overall situation into consideration .\r\npremier zhu rongji , in his government work report , expounded again on the chinese government 's basic principle and stance in resolving the taiwan issue .\r\nzhang wannian , vice chairman of the central military commission , in a group discussion also noted solemnly that our army would not tolerate and sit watching any attempts trying to split the motherland to prevail .\r\ndeputy zhao guojun held : the east china sea fleet , located along the southeast coast , is at the forefront of the military struggle against taiwan .\r\nour armament has been conspicuously improved ; new armament has become combat - ready ; and the fleet 's capability of comprehensive operation has also been greatly boosted .\r\nthe us navy says its vessel - carried \" aegis \" air - defense system can detect any target in the air .\r\non that evening , the f-117 fighters attacked about 35 percent of the strategic targets .\r\nthey flew into the most risky zones and were exposed to risks over considerable time .\r\nbecause of their characteristic of being invisible , f-117 fighters do not need all kinds of support and protection in the air as other visible airplanes do .\r\nduring the war , f-117 fighters flew 1,296 sorties , which accounted for 2 percent of the total sorties of the multinational troops , but 40 percent of the strategic targets in iraq were hit by f-117 fighters .\r\nall of a sudden , f-117 fighters increased its status and one fabulous story after another was told about them .\r\nnevertheless , facts were different from what the us air force said : no one is able to detect its f-117 fighters .\r\nfrom their appearance during the us troops ' attack on panama in 1989 to being shot down in yugoslavia on 27 march 1999 , self - destruction of the f-117 fighters occurred on many occasions .\r\nin 1995 and 1997 , two f-117 crashed in the process of training and another crashed at an aviation exposition .\r\nit was only several days later that the us defense department was compelled to admit that one f-117 fighter had been downed .\r\nsuch \" wonderful \" airplanes were unable to \" display \" their skills in the gulf war. besides , two of them crashed in the balkan region .\r\nin the gulf war , another arms system that was always in the limelight was the \" patriot \" defense missile .\r\nin a report on the gulf war , the us defense department pointed out : the \" patriot \" missiles were first used to shoot at airplanes . later the ground force modified it into an anti - strategic missile system .\r\naccording to the assessment of the us armed forces , the \" patriot \" missile companies provided valuable defense for the ports and airports of saudi arabia .\r\nthe defense department said the \" patriot \" missiles attained political success by excluding israel from the war and strengthening the confidence of the multinational troops .\r\nsuch confidence was attributed to the \" patriot \" missiles as well as to a large number of news propagandists employed by the us armed forces .\r\nby means of the media , the \" patriot \" missiles became famous air defense missiles in the world .\r\nin the beginning , a report by the us armed forces said the \" patriot \" missiles successfully intercepted over 90 percent of iraq 's \" scud \" missiles .\r\nthe us - led multinational troops evidently made use of some weapons and equipment they had for psychological warfare to scare the iraqi military and people and to boost their own morale .\r\nwe have noticed that procuratorial organs last year deliberately stepped up lawsuit supervision and seriously investigated committing crimes by judicial personnel , which was the cause of judicial injustice . [ han ] you are right .\r\nlast year , procuratorial organs widely stepped up supervision over putting cases on file for investigations , trial of civil and administrative cases , execution of criminal punishment , and other legal actions .\r\nwhat results have been achieved in carrying out these six reform measures over the last year ? [ han ] reform of procuratorial work has brought us not only innovations in the systems and mechanisms , but also progress in our understanding and perception of law enforcement .\r\na total of 168 prefectural and city procuratorates and 1,159 grass - roots procuratorates throughout the country have instituted the prosecuting procurator case handling responsibility system . by means of competition , we selected 3,689 prosecuting procurators .\r\nprocuratorial organs at all levels have continued to reform the cadres management system - - so far 2,332 procuratorates have implemented a system to promote intermediate - level leaders through competition and 2,086 procuratorates have the choice to pick their cadres , and vice versa .\r\nin the central authorities ' structural reform spirit , the supreme people 's procuratorate adjusted its internal organs and currently is conducting investigations and studies on carrying out structural reform within the procuratorial establishment . [ reporter ] to supervise others , one first has to supervise himself .\r\ni have held more than 10 meetings with npc deputies and cppcc national committee members to directly hear their suggestions and opinion .\r\nthe us state department recently trotted out a so - called appraisal report to make improper comments on the anti - drug efforts of some 20 countries .\r\nfollowing are the major reasons for mexico 's opposition to this appraisal report : the appraisal conducted by the united states constitutes the interference in other countries ' internal affairs as well as the infringement of other countries ' sovereignty .\r\nthe anti - drug campaign is an internal affair of a country , and that it should be launched with the country 's own actions . then , what right has the united states to dictate , from a high position , others to do this or not to do that ?\r\nthe mexican government has put in a colossal sum of money to crack down on drug - related crimes . last year , 1.607 billion mexico pesos ( approximately 9.2 peso amounts to 1 us dollar ) was put in this effort , and this year , the figure has increased to 4.267 billion pesos .\r\nshould someone do not obey its direction , it will use this big stick to threaten it or easily impose sanctions on it .\r\nits purpose is to impose its will on other countries and force others to completely obey its directions .\r\nthe united states is fault - finding with other countries ' anti - drug campaign but carefully avoids mentioning the serious drug abuse problem existing in its own country .\r\nin fact , the united states is the number one narcotics consuming state in the world , and it is precisely the united states that most needs to review the drug abuse problem .\r\nwhy does n't the us government appraise its own anti - drug effort ?\r\nfailing in its own affair , what right has the united states to find fault with other countries ?\r\nthe crackdown on drug abuse needs international cooperation . however , this should be based on the respect to national sovereignty and peace .\r\namong the several important issues which must be further studied and emphasized in resolving , the first issue is to emphasize pushing forward the construction of the ideology , organizations and working style .\r\nthis is an important issue in the reform , opening up and the construction of socialist modernization . this is also an issue highly emphasized by representatives and committee members at the third meeting of the ninth congress and the third meeting of the ninth cppcc .\r\nnow the number of our party members has hit 61 million .\r\nsome grass - roots party organizations have been slack , weak , at a standstill or almost at a standstill for a long time . they fail to play the role of fighting forces or political centers for the masses . what good can this kind of party organizations and their party members do ?\r\nmoreover , they will definitely affect the effect , reputation and image among the masses .\r\nwhen we conduct construction of the party , we must focus on managing grass - roots party organizations and on educating each party member cadre in his thought , working style and organizational discipline .\r\nplus , we must focus on these unyieldingly . our party is , in general , in an important period of replacing old cadres with young ones .\r\nthe trend of diversification in social components , economic components , organizational forms , material interests and hiring methods will further develop in the future .\r\nunder this kind of new historical condition , we face an extremely important and real task in the new period . this task is how we can from beginning to end preserve the situation that comrades of the whole party conform to the struggling goals and maintain and strengthen the firm and high unity .\r\nthese need further study and we must formulate a set of feasible policies and measures as soon as possible .\r\nwe must not only unremittingly focus on the construction of the working style and of a clean government as well as the anti - corruption struggle , but also continuously explore and establish some truly effective supervisory systems .\r\nin some serious criminal cases which involved some leading cadres and were exposed in the past several years and recently , the seriousness of the crimes and the large quantity of money involved are astounding .\r\nthese leading cadres were shot by sugarcoated bullets of money and sex and made tradeoffs between money and their power and between sex and their power . they went so far as to being blinded by lust for gain , being audacious in the extreme and becoming absolutely lawless .\r\nwhen analyzing these cases from the aspect of system , the largest problem is that we have not formed the most effective supervisory and management system .\r\nemphasizing pushing forward the construction of the ideology , organizations and working style is related with the big picture and significant .\r\nour causes success or failure , our security or danger and the happiness or misery is determined by the strength or weakness and prosperity or decline .\r\ncomrades of the entire party must , under the leadership of the party central committee with comrade jiang zemin as the core , strive to build our party and make it more vigorous , united and rich in fighting power .\r\nadvanced cultures are the crystallization of the development of human civilization . they also provide spiritual motivation and intellectual support which promote the development of human society . they influence people 's spirit and souls and permeate all quarters of society .\r\nadvanced political parties represent not only the necessities of the development of advanced productive forces but also the development direction of advanced cultures .\r\nonly in this way can advanced political parties let material civilization and spiritual civilization develop in coordination and can they promote the comprehensive progress of society .\r\nthe quality , ability , and rise and decline of a political party , a country , or a nation is determined by whether or not they have advanced cultures and represent the development direction of advanced cultures .\r\nadvanced cultures include two components : ideological morality and scientific culture .\r\nthe reasons for communists being advanced include that communists have not only advanced ideological morality but also advanced scientific and cultural knowledge . the two parts complement each other and cannot be separated .\r\nthe culture of ideological morality decides the social nature of the whole culture , leads the development of the whole culture and promotes the progress of society , economy , and politics .\r\nin the construction of ideology and culture , we must persist in treating marxism as our guide .\r\nscientific and cultural knowledge is the basis of social civilization and the bridge for mankind 's progress .\r\nwe must establish a scientific spirit , master scientific methods , study scientific knowledge , eliminate ignorance , oppose feudalism and superstition , and comprehensively improve our quality of science and culture .\r\nthis move for purging the party of corruption and eliminating harm to the people is resolutely supported by the whole party and people .\r\nthe hu changqing case is an extremely serious case of economic crime which created an extremely bad impact in society because he was a senior cadre .\r\nthe investigation and handling of the hu changqing case shows that the cpc central committee with comrade jiang zemin as the core is unswerving in being strict with party members , ruling the country according to law , and severely punishing corruption .\r\nthe higher their post and the greater their power , the more must they strictly discipline themselves .\r\nin addition to setting strict demands on themselves , they must also strictly educate and manage their spouses , children , and colleagues .\r\nthe severe punishment of hu changqing according to law is an alert for the leading cadres , a warning for those who refuse to come to their senses , and an encouragement and stimulus for the masses .\r\non behalf of jiushan ( 3 september ) society member huang qixiang delivered a speech , which , called for the introduction of an intellectual property rights system and the promotion of fast - paced hi - tech industrial development .\r\nmember you qingquan delivered a speech in which he proposed : in order to push forward the organic integration of finance , science and technological education , and economics sectors , we must enlarge the financial investment for science and technological education , and reform investment structure .\r\nmember gu shengzu delivered a speech , stressing the need to practically lighten the excessively heavy homework burden on the part of students ; quicken the pace of turning examination - based education into quality education ; and mobilize the whole society to conduct comprehensive management through all sorts of channels .\r\nmember li yongan delivered a speech on behalf of all - china federation of trade unions , calling for bringing about a turn for the better in the rigorous situation of safe production and for safeguarding the rights and interests of staff and workers and promoting economic development .\r\nmember shi sihao delivered a speech on behalf of the central committee of taiwan democratic self - government league and all - china federation of taiwan compatriots , stressing : \" one country , two systems \" conforms with the fundamental interests of taiwan compatriots .\r\nthe implementation of the strategy of developing china 's western region has brought an unprecedented development opportunity to the country 's western region . how should the western region catch the time and seize the right moment to boost its development ?\r\nsome npc delegates and cppcc members have come out with good ideas and suggestions .\r\nhowever , more investigation and study needs to be carefully conducted , and scientific and effective solutions need to be worked out , on such issues as how much subsidies we should extend to peasants who have returned their grain plots and how we can find more ways for peasants to increase their income .\r\nmeanwhile , we should integrate ecological projects with a rational operation of peasants , instead of simply ordering peasants to return their grain plots and stop felling trees .\r\ngovernment departments should think of more ways to create jobs for peasants , increase their income , and turn the protective operation of forests and meadows into a means for arousing the enthusiasm of peasants in the practice of returning their grain plots .\r\nmember liu yonghao : protection of the ecological environment is closely linked to the development of the economy .\r\nrelying on new and high technologies to make breakthroughs [ subhead ] delegate zhou houjian : innovation is the soul of progress for a nation , and should all the more be the soul of our large - scale development of china 's western region .\r\nin recent years , there has been a feverish price war in china 's industry of home electrical appliances , causing a malignant competition in the industry .\r\nin view that the conditions in some central cities in china 's central and western regions are no poorer than the conditions in india 's central region , accelerating the development of the software industry in china 's western region can be seen as a easier way to narrow the gap between the country 's eastern and western regions .\r\nin comparison with the manufacturing industry , developing the software industry is a more ready approach for attracting major foreign corporations into china 's central and western regions .\r\ndelegate sun guoqiang : the development of new and advanced technologies should be fully integrated with both the realistic conditions and the market demands of the western region .\r\nevaluating our advantage in resources from the angle of the world development trend delegate shi jun : people often say that the western region has a vast territory , abundant resources , and huge development potentialities .\r\nadvantage in resources can only be seen through the market ; therefore , if the market does not need your advantage , you cannot say that you enjoy an advantage .\r\nmember han yingxuan : we qinghai province enjoys four major resource advantages , namely salt lakes , gas , hydropower , and non - ferrous metals .\r\nthe meeting was held in a lively atmosphere , and the delegates took the floor one after another .\r\nwe will make continued efforts to readjust the industrial structure of old industrial bases in liaoning through such means as bankruptcy , merger , and technical transformation .\r\naccording to a briefing given by delegate liu jie from the angang group corporation , through transforming its operating mechanisms , strengthening its management , and conducing a technical transformation , the angang group corporation has made some improvement in its operation .\r\ndelegate lin zuoming believed that the work of establishing a modern enterprise system and reinforcing management is key to extricating large and medium state enterprises from their present difficulties .\r\ndelegate cheng gengdong suggested that the state should adopt relevant policies to help colleges and universities gear themselves to the demands of the market and readjust their structure of subjects taught in school , so that they can bring up more able personnel who are urgently needed by the country 's modernization building .\r\ndelegates gao yirong , zuo changlin , and wang dacao gave their respective views on such issues as extricating enterprises from their present difficulties , establishing a social security system , and maintaining the stability of the society .\r\nafter hearing the views of the delegates , zhu rongji also gave a speech to the meeting .\r\nhe pointed out : liaoning is an old industrial base where state enterprises are grouped in a relatively large number . over the past couple of years , you comrades have done a great deal of work . we should consolidate our achievements , sum up our experiences , and seize the right moment to attain further progress .\r\nparticularly , we should strengthen the ideological and political work among these workers , so as to ensure a sound stability in society .\r\nbeijing , 8 mar ( xinhua ) - - this morning , president jiang zemin showed up in the hong kong room of the great hall of the people to join the hong kong delegation of deputies in their deliberations .\r\n\" president jiang : if the two sides of the taiwan strait go to war , is it not internecine strife ? \" a reporter asked loudly as soon as president jiang zemin had taken his seat .\r\n\" this phrase of yours is taken from the verse of cao zhi [ a poet in the wei dynasty ] , \" jiang zemin said .\r\nhe then recited : \" they were boiling beans over a fire made of beanstalks .\r\n' we sprang from the selfsame root ' - - from one china . why should one promote taiwan independence ? \"\r\njiang zemin 's reply won warm applause from the hong kong deputies and chinese and foreign correspondents present on the scene .\r\nthen , another reporter asked : are you afraid of interference by foreign forces on the taiwan issue ?\r\njiang zemin spread out his hands and said : \" do you have to ask ?\r\nof course , i am willing to go .\r\nbut how can i go when someone is promoting a ' two - state theory ' ? \"\r\nglancing around at the dozen or so cameras and television cameras and the crush of reporters in the hong kong room , jiang zemin said with a smile : \" we are having a virtual news conference today . \"\r\nbeijing , 8 mar ( xinhua ) - - the third session of the ninth national people 's congress [ npc ] today continued group discussion of the government work report delivered by premier zhu rongji as well as the reports on the economic and social plan and the budget .\r\njiang zemin , li peng , zhu rongji , li lanqing , and other central leading comrades separately joined delegations from macao , hong kong , xinjiang , liaoning , qinghai , and chongqing in the discussion .\r\nresponsible officials of relevant state council departments also went to various delegations to hear their views .\r\nbeijing , march 8 - - some of the deputies attending the third session of the ninth npc here believe that although wto access will bring pressure and challenge to china 's agriculture , what matters more is that it spells development opportunities .\r\nthe chinese government promises that after entering the wto , it will lower its tariffs on some agricultural products and guide and encourage foreign investment in agriculture .\r\nchina 's agriculture has achieved tremendous progress through more than 20 years of reform and opening up . it spite of its limited arable land , the problem of feeding 1.2 billion people has been resolved .\r\nwto access and the further opening of the country will no doubt hasten the solution of this problem .\r\ndeputy mao daru anticipated that the merger of the chinese and international markets following china 's wto entry would accelerate the process of the marketization of agriculture and increase the export of vegetables , fruit , animal products and aquatic products for which china has a leading edge .\r\npositive guidance by the government and more foreign investment in the agricultural sector will play an important part in this process .\r\nvice minister of agriculture wan baorui said after the signing of the sino - u.s. agreement on the wto last year that following its wto access , china would further improve its policies and laws to attract more foreign funds , technologies and managerial experience into the agricultural sector .\r\nchina would also increase its input in agricultural infrastructure construction , make more intense efforts to engage in agricultural scientific research and promote practical technologies , and actively develop and import new varieties and technologies .\r\nin fact , both public and private sectors have started their preparations for entry into the wto .\r\nmao daru said : as china slowly merges with the international market , the explorations being made today are valuable and meaningful first steps whether or not they turn out to be successful .\r\nli peng , member of the political bureau standing committee of the cpc central committee and chairman of the npc standing committee , came to the xinjiang hall in the great of the people this morning to join the xinjiang delegation in its discussion of the government work report .\r\nhe stressed : the people of all nationalities in xinjiang should strengthen national unity , seize the present new opportunity , and boost the economic development of the region .\r\ntaking the floor one after another , delegates of different nationalities from xinjiang conducted a thoroughgoing deliberation of the government work report .\r\nli peng listened to the opinions of delegates carefully , and took notes from time to time .\r\nhe said : if xinjiang wants to attain great development , it has to vigorously develop its scientific and technological , as well as educational , undertakings .\r\nto do this , we should mobilize all means to bring up and attract able personnel , and create a sound environment for the able personnel to show their ability and talent .\r\nthe central authorities should extend appropriate preferential treatments to xinjiang in terms of policy , with a view to supporting a number of dominating scientific research fields in xinjiang and to promoting both the scientific and technological development and the growth of able personnel in areas inhabited by minority nationalities .\r\nhe noted : we should treasure the present situation of stability and unity in xinjiang , and promote the unity and harmony among all nationalities ; and only in this way can we ensure a smooth implementation of the strategy of large - scale western development .\r\nmeanwhile , we should reinforce the building of infrastructure ; make readjustments to xinjiang 's economic structure , especially its agricultural structure ; explore and develop resources ; and improve the living standards of our people .\r\ndelegate amudong niyazi indicated in his speech that a sound policy environment is key to the success of a large - scale development of the western region .\r\ndelegate mamatmin yasheng gave his views on the issue of making readjustments to xinjiang 's agricultural structure ; while delegate guo minjie spoke on such issues as developing xinjiang 's railway transport facilities and promoting the state enterprise reform .\r\nnational unity is the core of \" favorable human conditions \" in xinjiang .\r\nwith these three favorable conditions , xinjiang can surely cut a striking figure in the large - scale development of the country 's western region .\r\nxinjiang should continue to pay close attention to reinforcing its basic industries and infrastructure construction , stressed li peng .\r\nonly when xinjiang has a well - developed economy can it successfully consolidate national unity .\r\nabdulahat abdurixit , chairman of the xinjiang uygur autonomous regional people 's government , also pointed out that the region plans to solve the problem of food and clothing for 300,000 people before the end of this year .\r\ntong fu , member of the npc standing committee and vice chairman of the npc 's foreign affairs committee , said that this would be china 's important progress in human rights .\r\nhe emphatically pointed out that , in a developing country like china , we must first solve problems of the right of survival and the right of development .\r\ntibet plans to make an unprecedented investment of six billion yuan to improve transportation , electric power and communications and speed up the pace of enriching the peasants and herdsmen and developing the economy .\r\ntoward those peasants with very low income , agricultural tax will be waived .\r\nchina started to implement the national plan to assist poor people in 1993 with a goal to solve the problem of food and clothing for 80 million people in rural areas within seven years .\r\nhe pointed out : in the wake of the continual practice of \" one country , two systems \" in hong kong and macao , our experiences will become more enriched with each passing day , and \" one country , two systems \" is sure to be practiced still better .\r\njiang zemin spoke after earnestly listening to the speeches of the hong kong deputies .\r\nthis achievement was not easily gained .\r\nduring this period hong kong has undergone a number of storms and encountered many difficulties .\r\njiang zemin emphasized that it is necessary to grasp \" one country , two systems \" as a complete concept .\r\nin practicing \" one country , two systems \" it is necessary to keep unchanged the socialist system in the main body of the state and the capitalist system in the sars , and ensure that the sars exercise a high degree of autonomy in accordance with the basic law .\r\nit is necessary to resolutely and consistently implement the things set down in the basic law ; this is the fundamental guarantee for maintaining hong kong 's long - term stability and prosperity .\r\ni have said many times that the hong kong basic law is a nationwide law which must be observed by the whole country , not just hong kong .\r\neveryone must support the work of the sar chief executive .\r\npeople in all walks of life in hong kong should strengthen unity on the basis of upholding the fundamental interests of the state and hong kong .\r\nwe must have confidence in this .\r\nstate council vice premier qian qichen and state council hong kong and macao affairs office director liao hui attended the meeting of the hong kong delegation today .\r\nstate president jiang zemin this morning [ 8 march ] attended a discussion meeting of the macao delegation attending the third session of the ninth national people 's congress [ npc ] .\r\ncompatriots and people of various circles in macao should work with concerted efforts to turn the wish of people of the entire country for \" a more magnificent macao tomorrow \" into a reality .\r\nat the meeting , deputies expressed their opinions one after another on the report on the work of the government .\r\ndeputy he yicheng , who is director and general manager of the macao hetian industrial company , ltd. , expressed his support to the central government 's strategy of massive development of china 's western region and put forward specific suggestions .\r\ndeputy wu shiming , who is chairman of the macao neighborhood affiliation , offered his suggestions on giving full play to the intermediary role of macao in developing cross - strait relations .\r\ndeputy yang yunzhong , who is a professor of the macao university , spoke on matters of implementing \" one country , two systems \" and ushering in a more magnificent future .\r\ni wish to extend my heartfelt congratulations to you .\r\nthe overall situation in the past three months since macao 's return to the motherland has been good .\r\nthe work of the msar government has achieved an initial success .\r\njiang zemin emphatically said : the successful return of macao is the inevitable result of the motherland 's becoming strong and prosperous .\r\nin the 50 years since the founding of new china , especially in more than 20 years since the beginning of reform and opening up , the cpc has led people of various nationalities in the whole country to advance the socialist cause and make great achievements which have attracted worldwide attention .\r\njiang zemin pointed out : in observing and evaluating the situation in macao , we think it is necessary to take hold of four basic things or , in other words , four \" firm beliefs . \"\r\ntherefore , we must firmly proceed from the actual conditions in macao and fully implement the policies of \" one country , two systems \" and \" macao people administering macao \" with a high degree of self - autonomy , and constantly sum up experiences in practice .\r\nafter the return of macao , public security has been improved significantly under the effective management of the msar government .\r\nthis has fully explained that the msar government is fully capable of improving public security .\r\nthe central government will give full support to the msar government 's efforts to improve public security .\r\nthe issue of macao 's public security is related to the vital interests of the broad masses of residents in macao , macao 's tourism and economic development in all fields , and macao 's international image .\r\nwe must properly solve this problem and truly turn macao into a peaceful and auspicious society .\r\nvice premier of the state council qian qichen and head of the state council 's office for hong kong and macao affairs liao hui attended the macao delegation 's meeting today .\r\ntang xinqiao , head of the macao delegation , presided over today 's discussion meeting .\r\nzhou yongkan , together with xie shijie , chairman of the sichuan provincial people 's congress standing committee , and provincial governor zhang zhongwei , answered questions from chinese and foreign reporters at the taiwan hall of the great hall of the people on great development in china 's west .\r\na reporter asked what is the main objectives and measures sichuan will pursue in the great development of china 's west .\r\nzhou yongkang said : sichuan 's population and gdp account for nearly one - third of the total of the 10 provinces , autonomous regions , and municipality in china 's west .\r\nhe said : through appropriately raising the speed of infrastructure construction , with five years ' efforts , the backward and insufficient conditions of transportation facilities in sichuan will be basically changed . such infrastructure facilities as water conservancy , electric power grids , gas supply networks , water transportation routes , and information networks will all be enhanced .\r\nover more than 10 years in the past , sichuan absorbed and used $ 13.2 billion of foreign funds , and $ 6.7 billion was actually spent . more then 50 transnational companies have made investment or set up offices in sichuan .\r\nzhou yongkang also answered other questions raised by chinese and foreign reporters .\r\ncommander ma said : the air force of china 's navy has thus far gradually developed from having only one type of aircraft right after its founding to having a relatively modernized comprehensive combat capacity equipped with many types of airplanes , relatively advanced function , and the offensive - defensive capacity .\r\nit can also blockade the sea area , sea routes , and ports of the opponents and lay mines . the future development of the naval air force can be summarized as : optimizing structure , giving prominence to major aspects , intensifying training , and building a picked and combined unit .\r\nwhen china avoided the heavy impact from the asian financial crisis , the renminbi non - convertibility was regarded as an important \" firewall . \"\r\nhowever , during the market management , whenever a large number of illegal purchase of foreign exchanges or illegal remittance of foreign exchanges are likely , the authorities will tighten the management , creating tedious formalities and causing conveniences .\r\nthis is mainly because the renminbi capital accounts have not yet been decontrolled . to differentiate the two different types of accounts , many additional stipulations are set to ensure that the foreign exchanges from the renminbi capital accounts remain under a strict control .\r\nhe believes that accession to the wto will be a rare great opportunity to china and the connection between china and international market will be even more closer .\r\naccording to the sino - us agreement , after china joins the wto , china 's various economic departments must open to the outside world between two to five years to conform to the international norm of market economy . to meet this requirement , decontrolling the renminbi capital accounts is inevitable .\r\nwe should relax restrictions on the proportion of foreign companies ' technology transfer and domestic sales and on the proportion of their investment in certain sectors , and encourage foreign companies to invest in agriculture , infrastructure , the environmental protection industry , and hi - tech industries .\r\nas everyone knows , for china to open up to the world in the fields of commerce , foreign trade , finance , insurance , securities , telecommunications , tourism , and intermediary services is a matter of great caution .\r\nduring the sino - us negotiations on wto entry , there was protracted argument over the process of opening up these sectors .\r\nhe pointed out that this year china will further improve its investment environment and expand the methods and sectors for using foreign investment .\r\nit will relax restrictions on the sectors and areas where foreign companies can invest and on technology transfer , technology content , foreign exchange balance , and foreign investment proportions .\r\nat the same time , the deputies and members attending the \" two sessions \" in beijing have submitted motions ; in particular , the greatest concern has been shown for opening up telecommunications , over which there has been controversy in opening up and in the wto entry negotiations .\r\ncentral connecticut state university started to establish exchange and cooperation with a number of schools of higher learning in china since 1972 . in 1996 , the university set up a china resources management center to help china train specialists in economic , financial , education and other fields .\r\nthe provinces will make careful arrangements so that their speakers can directly reflect their problems and make suggestions to the central authorities in order to get help .\r\nwhen xian mayor feng xuchu [ 7458 3563 0443 ] suggested building a hi - tech securities exchange in xian , wen jiabao interrupted his speech by saying : \" i would also like to make a suggestion . \"\r\nthe average cost of over - the - counter transaction is $ 1.07 , that of telephone transaction is $ 0.52 , and that of electronic teller machines is $ 0.27 , but it only costs $ 0.01 per transaction on the internet .\r\ni suggest that xian should study and work out its strategy for the development of information industry . the earlier it starts , the earlier it can reap the benefits .\r\nshaanxi should make use of its own leading edge in science and technology . you have the conditions .\r\nlistening , jotting down notes , and raising questions are wen jiabao 's \" trilogy \" at these meetings .\r\nthe third was that the village party branch secretaries who accompanied me on the inspection were wearing patched garments .\r\nthe development of the western region was the hottest topic under discussion by members of the two npc delegations .\r\non the question of developing qinghai through science and technology , they analyzed the situation in province 's reform and development in science and education and put forward suggestions .\r\ndeputies he guoqiang , xiao yunhui , chen guofen , chen wanzhi , chen wanli , chen shanghua , and xu zhiqin , as well as mayor bao xuding of chongqing municipality who attended the meeting as an observer , spoke successively at the meeting .\r\nat the two meetings , deputies tried to get the floor before others , and the atmosphere was very lively .\r\nli lanqing expressed his views at the two meetings .\r\nhe said : the policy decision of the party central committee and the state council on the strategy for the development of the western region has received support from the whole nation .\r\nthe development of science and technology should start off first in the development of the western region , and multiple measures should be taken to train , retain , and attract qualified personnel from home and abroad and to bring their role into full play .\r\nin education , special efforts should be made to do a good job in elementary education and in fulfilling the targets of making nine - year compulsory education universal and wiping out illiteracy among the young people and those in the prime of their life .\r\nduring the meeting , li peng cordially shook hands with macao npc deputies .\r\nt ' ang hsing - ch ' iao , head of the delegation , made an introduction of the delegates and then invited delegates to express their opinions .\r\ndeputies huang feng - hwa , yang hsiu - wen , and li ch ' eng - jun , talked about how they felt about the session .\r\nli peng held : i am very happy to call on you deputies , especially in the macao hall of the great hall of the people .\r\nhe added , after macao 's return , macao compatriots elected through voting the deputies of macao special administrative region [ sar ] to the npc . the election was a success , and embodied the principle of opening , justice , fair , and honesty .\r\nit spelled out the fact that under the principle of \" one country , two systems , \" chinese citizens in macao enjoy the right of administering the state affair according to the law . this is an unprecedented experience for macao .\r\nhe noted : since the establishment of the macao sar , the principle of \" one country , two systems \" and the basic law for macao sar has been thoroughly implemented , and all the work of the sar has been smoothly operated .\r\nwe believe that with the backup of the great motherland and the 1.2 billion people , macao compatriots will do a good job in running macao , and will also be able to maintain macao 's long - term prosperity and development .\r\nwe are full of confidence to macao 's future .\r\nli peng held , in line with the principle of \" one country , two systems \" and the stipulations of the basic law , macao 's deputies to the npc participated in the exercising of the state 's power and fulfill the deputies ' obligation in observance of the constitution and the law .\r\nthe deputies of macao to the npc should continue to carry forth the glorious tradition of loving the country and macao , and make contributions to the maintenance of macao 's long - term stability and development .\r\naccompanying chairman li peng to call on macao sar deputies were cheng siwei , vice chairman of the npc standing committee and secretary general he chunlin .\r\nanswering questions raised by reporters of agence france - presse and a norwegian television station , abulahat said : xinjiang currently enjoys social stability , national unity , and economic development .\r\nthis is not a nationalities nor a religious issue . rather , it is an issue of splitting the country .\r\nthe so - called \" independent activities \" they carry out under the banners of nationality and religion have won no popular support and therefore have been cast aside by the people of various nationalities in xinjiang and smashed every time .\r\ntherefore , the struggle between splittism and antisplittism is a long - term one in xinjiang .\r\npeople of various nationalities in xinjiang wholeheartedly welcome other provinces and municipalities to work hand - in - hand with xinjiang and participate and support xinjiang 's large - scale development .\r\nxinjiang 's large - scale development , which is bound to result in rapid economic development and improved living standards in xinjiang , will only further consolidate national unity .\r\nleading comrades of the cpc central committee , national people 's congress [ npc ] standing committee , and state council , separately joined npc delegations from guangdong , shandong , gansu , shaanxi , beijing , guizhou , hainan , anhui , shanghai , tianjin , and yunnan , in discussing premier zhu rongji 's government work report .\r\nthese leading comrades were li tieying , wu bangguo , wu guanzheng , jia qinglin , huang ju , wen jiabao , wu yi , zhou guangzhao , and wang zhongyu .\r\nli tieying said : the state council attaches great importance to the constructive and theoretical role of philosophy and social sciences .\r\nlast year , china 's social sciences circle scored notable achievements - - 53 subjects of study were given state - level awards .\r\nli tieying pointed out : social sciences should go deep in exploring the important theoretical and practical issues concerning building socialism with chinese characteristics , and in studying important strategic issues brought about by the new situation and changes .\r\nin practice , we should actively explore for and gradually build laws in line with social sciences development and a modern system of social sciences institutes that parallels the socialist market economic system .\r\nsupport of governmental departments at all levels for social sciences research units should be reflected in presenting research subjects , assigning research tasks , increasing research units ' responsibility , and creating necessary conditions , so that they can achieve more research results to ensure that local economic and social development is sustained , rapid , and healthy .\r\nover the first two months of this year , the country 's economic situation was not bad and all targets were better attained than the same period of last year . however , we should soberly perceive the existing problems .\r\ninadequate effective demand and contradictions resulting from the unreasonable economic structure are still very prominent , and no new consumption hot spots are on the horizon . problems in our economic life accumulated over the years have all cropped up and the international market still has many uncertain factors - - we should place adequate importance on these problems .\r\nhe stressed that this year 's difficulties should be more adequately taken into consideration , that we must not be ideologically slack or numb , and that all work should be done in a better and down - to - earth manner .\r\nhe stressed : carrying out the great development of the western region also will provide a rare opportunity for beijing 's economic and social development .\r\nthe western region is vast , has rich resources , is a huge market , and has huge potential .\r\nwhile greater efforts are made to implement the project to protect natural forests resources , we should return farmlands to forests and grasslands in ecologically fragile areas in a systematic and planned manner .\r\n( by reporter han zhenjun ) wu yi points out that the western region should have greater consciousness in opening up ( subhead ) deputy wu yi , alternate member of the cpc central committee political bureau and state councilor , separately took part in the discussions of the guizhou and hainan delegations .\r\nduring her discussion with the guizhou delegation , wu yi pointed out that the western region should have greater consciousness in opening up , boost development making use of opening up , and broaden the scope of opening up taking advantage of great development .\r\nin discussing the government work report with the hainan delegation , wu yi said : hainan should make use of the preferential policy for the special economic zone and its unique geographical location to accelerate development of an economy with local characteristics .\r\nas long as we implement in a down - to - earth manner the relevant principle guidelines , policy , and various plans decided by the party central committee , and truly improve enterprise management , the targets of reforming state - owned enterprises and enabling them to free themselves from difficulties can completely be attained .\r\nthe state 's macroeconomic regulation and control policy eventually should be implemented at enterprises and should serve its purpose by means of enterprises . if enterprise management lags behind , it will be difficult for the policy and measures , however good they are , to yield good results .\r\nthe western region is vast in territory and rich in resources , and enjoys huge market and development potentials .\r\n( by reporter sun jie [ 1327 2638 ] )\r\nthis morning , after the official announcement was made about the execution of hu changqing , our reporters fanned out to do interviews at places where the npc deputies and cppcc members are stationed .\r\nupon hearing the news , many of them applauded with satisfaction .\r\nin the evening , they all watched tv news on hu changqing 's execution and got the details about the hu changqing case through the \" focal interview \" program of the central television station .\r\nzhang xusheng , npc deputy and board chairman of the yijianmei [ 0001 0477 2734 ] group company in jiangsu , said : \" we must make arrests in carrying out anti - corruption work .\r\nat the same time , he pointed out , it is also necessary to start with the system in order to solve the corruption problem once and for all . otherwise , when you arrest someone today , another one or even more than one will emerge tomorrow .\r\nzhou yaoting , npc deputy and board chairman of the hongdou [ 4767 6258 ] group , said severe punishment must be meted out in a corruption case , which has been the practice against a corrupt official in the past or present , in china or anywhere else in the world .\r\nmoreover , everybody is equal before the law . anyone committing a crime must be severely punished , no matter how high or low a position he holds .\r\nmember hsu ssu - ming and director of hong kong \" ching pao \" monthly magazine said in a written statement that it is necessary to establish and perfect a framework for strict rule by law and punish the corrupt who are a bane to the country .\r\nonly by doing so will there be the guarantee that all public servants are clean and honest and always in an unassailable position .\r\nto prevent crime at one 's official post is the fundamental approach to suppressing and cutting down corruptive practices by state organ functionaries . it is also a new task of the new period 's campaign against corruption and for honest government .\r\nbeijing , 8 mar (zxs) - - while examining the government work report with deputies of the national people 's congress [ npc ] from shaanxi today , vice premier wen jiabao said : in developing the country 's vast western region , we need new thinking .\r\nshaanxi also needs new thinking in carrying out this project . wen jiabao said : we do not have any experiences in carrying the development of the country 's vast western region .\r\nwen jiabao said : the construction of infrastructural facilities represents the foundation of the country 's vast western region . shaanxi should give the construction of water conservancy projects the highest priority in its work . water resources represent an important factor in social development in shaanxi .\r\nwater resources are also an important factor for the improvement of agricultural and ecological condition in shaanxi . creating a better ecological environment represents a fundamental part in the development of the country 's vast western region . shaanxi should focus on a comprehensive project to prevent soil erosion .\r\nhe said : over the past five years , china enjoy sufficient water supply , without consecutive large - scale droughts . but we should be clearly aware of the fact that our agricultural industry is poor in resisting natural disasters .\r\nhe also suggested that shaanxi should utilize modern technologies to upgrade its traditional industry . shaanxi should develop its high and new technological industry and tourism .\r\npeople in fujian and people on taiwan are related by blood , share similar customs , and use the same language .\r\nfujian needs to comprehensively develop relations with taiwan and promote the early realization of the \" three links . \"\r\nsince the establishment of npc , the npc standing committee work reports have been delivered by the vice chairman of the npc standing committee .\r\nduring the \" cultural revolution \" period , the country 's political life was in a chaotic state and the npc work was in an abnormal situation . during this period , the npc standing committee did not report its work to the congress sessions .\r\nafter the third session of the 11 th cpc central committee , the npc work was gradually standardized and institutionalized .\r\nat the second session of the fifth npc held in 1979 , the npc standing committee resumed delivering work report to the congress session , but it was still delivered in the form of a written report .\r\nfrom the third session of the fifth npc in 1980 to the second session of the ninth npc in 1999 , the work reports of the npc standing committee were delivered by the vice chairmen .\r\non 21 february this year , the chairmanship meeting adopted the deputies ' suggestion of making chairman li peng deliver the npc standing committee report to the third session of the ninth npc .\r\nthis was approved by the 14 th standing committee meeting of the ninth npc .\r\nas learned by this reporter , many deputies believed that this is a new scene in the work of the people 's congress , having a positive significance in promoting the building of the people 's congress system .\r\nbeijing , 9 mar ( xinhua ) - - the third session of the ninth national people 's congress [ npc ] held its third meeting this morning to hear the work report of the standing committee of the npc and the explanation of the draft law on legislation .\r\nparty and state leaders jiang zemin , zhu rongji , li ruihuan , hu jintao , wei jianxing , and li lanqing attended the meeting .\r\nbu he , executive chairman of the npc session and executive member of the presidium of the npc session , chaired the meeting .\r\nit is the first time in the npc 's history that the chairman has delivered the work report of the npc standing committee .\r\nall the previous work reports were delivered by the vice chairmen .\r\nthe party being the \" representative of three aspects \" has been determined by our party 's character and guidelines .\r\nas the loyal representative of the people of various nationalities in china , our party must embody the selfless character of the working class .\r\napart from the people 's interests , our party has no other interests to pursue .\r\ncomrades in the entire party must always uphold the principle of wholeheartedly serving the people and make selfless contributions to materializing , developing , and safeguarding the people 's interests .\r\nhistorical experience suggests that the party being the \" representative of three aspects \" is the foundation of the party , the origin of our strength , and the basis of our lives .\r\nin the economic field , the process of globalization has speeded up , knowledge economy has rapidly emerged , and the competition of comprehensive national strength has become increasingly acute , focusing on carrying out innovations by means of knowledge , blazing new trails with science and technology , and building high - tech industries .\r\nthese major and in - depth changes provide us with development opportunities and also pose challenges and tests for our party .\r\nthrough 20 - odd years of reform and opening up , china has made tremendous achievements in economic and social development and the people 's standard of living has also markedly improved .\r\nin present - day china , no achievements can be made at all without the leadership of the party and the socialist road .\r\nwe should profoundly understand that as science and technology are rapidly developing today , there still a big gap between the level of china 's social productive forces and that of developed countries . remaining pleased with small - scale prosperity and small - scale progress is not the ideological realm and breadth of vision of communist party members .\r\nto be the \" representative of three aspects , \" the party 's leading cadres have to meet new and higher demands .\r\nwhether the \" three requirements \" can be put into effect is , in a sense , whether the cpc central committee 's requirements can be met and whether a high - quality cadres contingent can be formed .\r\nrepresentatives from the dprk and the united states held official talks in new york on 8 march to prepare for a us visit by high - ranking dprk officials and a high - level bilateral meeting to be held next month in washington .\r\nthe talks took place on the premises of the us permanent mission to the united nations .\r\nbefore the talks , neither yi in - kyu , chief of the dprk mission and vice minister of foreign affairs , nor his us counterpart , charles kartman , us deputy assistant secretary of state , gave details of the meeting to reporters waiting outside the venue .\r\nit was reported that both the dprk and the united states had made preparations for several months for senior dprk officials ' visit to the united states . however , the two sides still have to discuss the date for the visit and other details .\r\nif senior dprk officials can visit the united states as planned , it will be in response to a visit to the dprk last may by former us defense secretary perry .\r\ndeputy jia qinglin said : in recent years , the agricultural and rural work in beijing municipality 's suburbs has been full of vitality , and a new situation has been brought about in this regard .\r\nthe main signs are : the party 's basic rural policies have been implemented , the work of extending land contracts has been proceeding smoothly , the status of peasants as principal investors and operators has been established , and the peasants ' enthusiasm has reached an all - time high .\r\nbreakthroughs have been made in the reform of the system of property rights , a multiple investment system has initially taken shape , and the rural economy under public ownership has been fresh with vitality .\r\nthe rural economy is healthily developing , and six kinds of agriculture - - quality - product , seed , facilities - required , foreign exchange - earning , processing , and tourism agriculture - - are developing rapidly , and agriculture as the foundation of the economy has been consolidated .\r\nvillage and town enterprises have extricated themselves from difficulties through reorganization and restructuring , and they are playing a more important role as pillars .\r\npeasants ' incomes noticeably and quickly increased to percent [ no percentage figure - - as received ] last year , reaching the highest level in recent years .\r\nagricultural and rural development in beijing 's suburbs is giving birth to a quality leap forward .\r\ntown construction is lagging behind , which restricts economic and social development .\r\ndevelopment has been made to some extent in recent years , but , overall , the level of town construction in beijing 's suburbs is not high enough , which lags behind its level of economic development and the requirements of social development .\r\nin the face of the new situation in the development of the rural economy in beijing 's suburbs , what measures should beijing take with regard to its agricultural and rural work at present and for some time to come ?\r\ndeputy jia qinglin pointed out : first , vigorous efforts should be made to carry out strategic economic restructuring .\r\nthe basic way out for beijing 's suburbs lies in making vigorous efforts to promote the development of secondary and tertiary industries .\r\nwe should vigorously optimize the agricultural structure , raise the proportion of animal husbandry and cash crops in agriculture , develop special crop farming and aquaculture , and gradually build beijing 's suburbs into centers for the production of special products and green foods .\r\nin the course of structural readjustment , efforts should be made to increase scientific and technological content by a big margin .\r\nwe should innovate in the science and technology management system , apply market forces to combining science and technology with the development of the rural economy , and let more scientists and technicians walk out of their big offices and go to the suburbs to engage in scientific and technological development or technological popularization .\r\nwe also should make vigorous efforts to improve peasants ' cultural knowledge and their scientific and technological level , to arouse their strong thirst for scientific and technological knowledge , and to make it possible for them to have an ability to use science and technology .\r\nwe should further establish the status of household operation and arouse peasants ' long - term enthusiasm .\r\nin this regard , we should implement the party 's rural economic policies to enable peasants to conscientiously and voluntarily take the initiative in making structural readjustment .\r\nsecond , we should make vigorous efforts to step up town construction .\r\ntown construction is an important measure for beijing 's suburbs to reach the level of a moderately developed country in agricultural and rural modernization , and it is also a very arduous task to carry out . 1 .\r\nplanning should be done before everything else .\r\nplanning will decide on the direction , layout , scale , and functions of town construction and on a series of other questions , which is the first thing to be done .\r\nattention should be focused on forming a rational system of towns and the distribution of villages , which should be conducive to the distribution of industries and population .\r\nonce planning is determined , it must be carried out in earnest and without any willful changes so as to ensure the sustained and healthy development of town construction . 2 .\r\na rational industrial structure and solid economic strength constitute an important foundation for the existence and development of towns as well as their basic conditions for forming their strong stimulating ability and for bringing along economic and social development in their areas .\r\nwe should pay close attention to environmental construction and make sustainable development .\r\nin areas where conditions permit , advance arrangements should be in this regard , and room should be left for long - term development .\r\na - bu - du - re - he - man ai - li , who has no party affiliation , graduated from the beijing teachers college in the 1960 , and in his own words , he is an minority cadre who is the product of more than 50 years of education by the party .\r\nbeijing , 9 mar - a draft legislative law designed to standardize legislative activities and safeguard uniformity of the state 's legal system was submitted today for deliberation by the third plenary session of the national people 's congress [ npc ] being held here .\r\nthe draft legislative law had been deliberated twice earlier by the npcsc .\r\nit is the only bill on law submitted for deliberation by the current npc session .\r\nthe current practice of having the npc and its standing committee authorize the state council to legislate is reserved in the draft law .\r\nwith regard to legislation procedure , the draft law stipulates that in general the system of three deliberations shall be practiced by the npcsc in reviewing a bill of law .\r\nltd. , the kunming machine tools company , shenzhen express , the shanghai industrial company , and yanzhou mining corporation , and other government departments and large state - owned enterprises are the clients of this accountant agency .\r\nthis wednesday , through public bidding , this accountant agency signed a cooperative contract with china 's ministry of finance on providing consulting service for the finance ministry to reformulate the accounting rules .\r\nthe world bank has granted loans to china to support this project .\r\nat the signing ceremony , vice minister of finance zhang youcai , said : the reform of the accounting system has played an important role in china 's accession to the wto and enabling the chinese economy to march towards the world .\r\nganbowen [ name as transliterated ] , administrative general director of the deqin accountant agency of asian and african regions , said : the participation in this project shows again that this accountant agency has worked to keep its commitment of developing long - term cooperation with the chinese government .\r\nthe npc received delegations send by over 50 countries to china last year , li peng said .\r\nthrough visits to china , the parliamentary figures of a number of countries had a better idea of china , dispelled their misunderstanding , and increased common understanding .\r\nli peng said : this year , the npc standing committee will inspect the way the organic law of urban neighborhood committees , the land management law , the law on town and township enterprises , and the criminal procedure law are implemented .\r\nit is necessary to further improve the way we conduct inspections by doing away with pomp and circumstance , by going down to the grass - roots level and among the masses , and by stressing practical results and guarding against formalism .\r\nif necessary , we may publish in the news media typical cases of illegal acts found during the course of inspecting law enforcement , so that the broad masses of the people can exercise supervision .\r\nli peng said : all this is aimed at supervising public finance in accordance with the law , at opposing waste and corruption , and at bringing into play the role of public finance in promoting reform and development and in maintaining social stability .\r\nli peng said : the npc standing committee should follow and uphold the principle of the party 's leadership in exercising supervision over judicial and procuratorial work , the principle of not exercising judicial and procuratorial powers by proxy , and the principle of collectively performing supervisory functions .\r\nthe purpose of exercising supervision is to spur judicial organs to activate their internal monitoring mechanisms , and to urge judicial and procuratorial organs to handle cases in accordance with the law and administer justice fairly and to support them in this respect .\r\nli peng also called for earnestly examining and entering into official records statutes , regulations on autonomy , and special regulations in accordance with the provisions of relevant laws .\r\nhe pointed out that falungong is a cult , and the central authorities acted correctly in deciding to ban it .\r\njiang zemin went to the hong kong room in the great hall of the people this morning to attend a discussion meeting of the hong kong delegation . shi zhihui , one of the delegates [ from hong kong precious lotus monastery ] , spoke on the falungong issue .\r\nhe said that he himself is a buddhist monk and sympathizes with the \" falungong \" followers ; because their souls were empty , they mistakenly fell into perplexity and erroneously thought that by practicing \" falungong \" they would toughen their bodies , but that was not at all the case .\r\nafter shi zhihui spoke , jiang zemin introduced in detail the origin and development of the central government 's decision on banning \" falungong \" ; he spoke for about 30 minutes .\r\nhe said that when \" falungong \" followers besieged zhongnanhai last 25 april , he drove around zhongnanhai in a jeep to have a look , and also bought relevant books to find out about things .\r\nmaster hong yi 's original name was li xutong , and he was famed for poetry , writing , and painting .\r\nmaster hong yi later passed away in quanzhou , fujian .\r\njiang zemin said he went to quanzhou once , since he wanted to see the place where master hong yi passed away .\r\njiang zemin accused \" falungong \" of being a cult like japan 's aum shinrikyo .\r\nthis friend was originally the chief accountant at the changchun automobile plant , but refused to see a doctor when she contracted heart disease , saying that li hongzhi had called her up to heaven ; in the end her family broke up .\r\npublishing houses in the interior have produced many books about \" falungong , \" and in addition the reading materials produced for youngsters by certain publishing houses are of poor quality and do harm to the next generation .\r\npresident jiang said , \" in certain areas , therefore , china has too much freedom [ preceding three words published in english ] because of lack of controls . \"\r\nmore than 1,000 people in china have died because of their superstitious belief in \" falungong . \"\r\njiang zemin told him that the situation in china is that these people are mentally normal and they only became abnormal after believing in li hongzhi 's \" falungong . \"\r\nwhen the world trade organization meeting was held in seattle last year , the meeting eventually could not go on because of being besieged by demonstrators .\r\nas a result , the united states used tear gas\r\nin a recent meeting with the sar chief executive edmund ho , qian qichen also stated that it was up to the macao sar government to decide on the matter of the renewal of gambling contract .\r\nbeijing , 8 march - - at a panel discussion held today by the hong kong delegation to the third session of the ninth national people 's congress [ npc ] , state president jiang zemin talked about the issue of how to comprehend \" one country , two systems . \"\r\nsome have quoted \" river water not interfering with well water \" only whereas others have quoted \" well water not interfering with river water \" only . as a matter of fact , these two sentences should be quoted together so as to form an integral concept . please do not take what you need only .\r\nma li also quoted president jiang as saying : since the basic law is a national law , the hinterland shall abide by the basic law , including the central government and various provinces , municipalities , and autonomous regions , which shall also handle matters in accordance with the basic law .\r\naccording to ma li , president jiang also said : in order to enforce and implement the basic law in the hong kong sar , someone has to take the lead .\r\nshould such a situation come up , the central authorities shall deal with it in accordance with the provisions of the basic law .\r\nfinancial secretary donald tsang yesterday submitted a fiscal budget entitled \" the 2000 - 01 budget - - scaling new heights \" with an eye on reducing spending and enhancing efficiency ; pushing forward hong kong 's continued economic recovery ; and providing hong kong 's economic growth with stronger reserve strength .\r\nit is a fiscal budget with great foresight .\r\ninsofar as international experiences are concerned , the united states began to reduce spending , enhance efficiency , increase scientific and technological investment , and consolidate its foundation and reinforce its internal strength in the 1990 s and has attained excellent results .\r\nhowever , japan has chosen to raise taxes without reducing public spending with the result that the japanese economy has stagnated .\r\nas the hong kong economy has just seen a momentum of recovery , the momentum of recovery would most likely be killed if taxes were to be raised .\r\nthe decision on not raising taxes will help disclose whether the current fiscal deficit is a structural one or one caused by an economic cycle .\r\nthe decision has not only won public support but will , also enable the financial policy aimed at \" benefiting the public and surmounting difficulties , \" which has been implemented over the past two years , to bring into play its reserve strength and generate a concrete effect in promoting economic recovery .\r\nafter enduring the financial storm over the past two years , quite a few residents have sustained such blows as salary cuts or lay - offs . however , they have carried forward the spirit of working hard despite hardships and accepted the challenge from a new century marked by knowledge economy .\r\nthis shows that in a scientifically and technologically developed society marked by knowledge , the entire workforce stands to gain as long as the economy remains vibrant and consumption continues to grow .\r\nnow that hong kong 's revenue from land sales and stamp duty has been restored to the level of 1997 , the fiscal deficit is in fact the result of a rise in cost prices of public undertakings and a sharp rise in welfare spending .\r\nthis situation calls for redoubled efforts to \" cut spending . \"\r\none year ago , the government mapped out a civil service structural reform plan , which has helped cut spending .\r\nthe 1999 fiscal deficit went down by a large margin thanks in part to some hkd10.7 billion of spending \" cut \" by the government .\r\nthe fiscal budget proposed that a significant amount of public funds and resources \" thus saved \" be allocated to tide three groups of people over their difficulties .\r\nas for the first group of people , namely , the young people who have just left schools and have since remained jobless , the government plans to provide them with vocational training .\r\nas for the second group of people , namely , middle - aged people who have lost their jobs during economic transformation , the government plans to not only take care of their livelihood , but also help them master new technology and knowledge for \" making a living . \"\r\nthe residents have seen that \" spending cut \" has lowered the cost of public undertakings without sacrificing their service quality and increased the funds for negotiating public difficulties .\r\nby recruiting qualified personnel from the public and reinforcing its professional contingent , the government is bound to drastically alter its way of thinking , way of doing things , and service quality and this will give a forceful impetus to hong kong 's robust economic recovery and help turn hong kong into an international commercial metropolis .\r\namudun niyaz said : rebiya is suspected of providing intelligence to foreign countries , sabotaging national unity , subverting the government and endangering state security , and now the evidences are conclusive .\r\nno similar incident of violence has occurred recently . there have been only such activities as distributing leaflets and writing letters of threat , but they were immediately reported to the authorities by the masses .\r\nthe activities of a handful of splittists cannot affect the large - scale development of the western region , nor can they affect xinjiang 's economic development .\r\namudun niyaz believes that if xinjiang is to participate in the large - scale development of the western region , it has to import technology and hire specialized personnel from outside xinjiang and its population may somewhat increase .\r\nto represent the demand for developing advanced productive forces , to represent the advancing direction of progressive culture , and to represent the fundamental interests of the majority of the people , these three are a closely linked and dialectically unified whole .\r\nthe grasp of power , ruling , reform , opening up , and emancipating and developing the productive forces are all done for the people .\r\nthis has also become the life of chinese communists , and it is where their strength lies .\r\nthe power in our hands can only be used to serve the people . it cannot be used to seek private gain or for the interests of a group , a small group , or the minority .\r\ndoing everything for the people and relying on the people for everything are two important aspects of representing and realizing the fundamental interests of the people ; they cannot be separated .\r\nthis requires that the lines and policies we formulate and all the deeds we perform be in keeping with the laws of science and subjective reality , and in keeping with the fundamental interests of the majority of the people .\r\nthe situation of commodity shortages , which existed a long time in china , have already fundamentally changed . this is a tremendous achievement .\r\nit has become the urgent task now to conduct in - depth studies and quickly solve the problem concerned with adjusting economic structure .\r\nif this task is not quickly accomplished , we will lose the initiative in future intensive international competition .\r\nin this adjustment we must pay special attention to the role of the market in resource distribution and on no account go back to the old methods and old models of a planned economy .\r\nwith an increasingly intensified global market competition , in order to strengthen china 's economic development potential and guarantee long - term development , we must rely on the progress of science , technology and innovation .\r\nwe must aggressively push forward the building of a national innovation system in technology , especially strengthening innovation in the basic and key fields of high and new - technologies . we must accelerate the development and application of high - tech industries , especially new industries with strategic significance , and actively cultivate new economic growth points .\r\nat the same time , we must accelerate the turning of science and technological research into actual productive forces .\r\nwe have already established a multiform distribution system , with distribution according to labor as the main form . and pot phenomena in distribution have been greatly overcome .\r\nin solving income distribution problems , we must adhere to a system of allowing different forms to co - exist while having distribution according to labor as the main form .\r\non the one hand , we must adhere to the priority of efficiency while giving consideration to fairness . this is good for optimizing resource distribution , can promote economic development , and maintain social stability .\r\non the other hand , with the development of the economy , we must continuously improve the life of the broad masses of workers , farmers , intellectuals , and cadres , and gradually get rich together .\r\nchina is a large agricultural country . we must always pay attention to strengthening and consolidating the fundamental position of agriculture .\r\nwe must continue to stabilize the party 's rural policy , and emphasize the adjustment of agricultural and rural economic structure .\r\nat the same time we must strengthen the building of rural infrastructure and improve production conditions in agriculture and the ecological environment .\r\nin facing the trend toward economic globalization , we must take part actively and be clever in protecting ourselves , and strive to turn unfavorable factors into favorable ones .\r\nwe must fully understand the opportunities and challenges facing china 's economy after china joins the wto , take active measures so that we can grasp the opportunities and use them , and welcome the challenges and win them .\r\nhe also said that if taiwan pursues \" independence , \" this will mean \" what need each the other fry , \" because the compatriots on both sides of the strait are \" sprung from the same stalk . \"\r\nbefore the discussions started , he specifically answered reporters ' questions on the motherland reunification issue .\r\njiang zemin : \" the beacons blaze for three moons , a letter from home is worth ten thousand pieces of gold . \" are you quoting from du fu 's poem ?\r\nreporter : president jiang , this is the first time that a macao delegation has come to beijing for the two sessions , is this of important significance ?\r\nreporter : if cross - strait war indeed breaks out , will this not be a case of \" what need each the other fry ? \"\r\njiang zemin : fortunately i like poetry , you are probably quoting from a poem of cao zhi : \" beans in flame that beanstalks feed , out from the pan cry , ' sprung from the same stalk , what need each the other fry ? ' \"\r\n\" sprung from the same stalk \" means from one china , so why do they need to pursue taiwan independence ? ( applause ) reporter : are you afraid of foreign intervention ?\r\njiang zemin : i am an optimist , i believe that we will ultimately reunify this great chinese nation .\r\nreporter : are you afraid of foreign intervention then ?\r\njiang zemin : are you saying that we should rely on foreign pressure to achieve reunification ?\r\nreporter : i am asking if you are afraid of foreign intervention ?\r\njiang zemin : what did you say , i could not hear .\r\nif i go on talking i will be affecting your ( hong kong delegation ) discussion , and it will also be turning into a news conference .\r\nreporter : do you hope to go to taiwan ?\r\njiang zemin : naturally i hope to go .\r\nreporter : when ?\r\njiang zemin : that depends on the circumstances , do you think i could go in these ( today 's ) circumstances ?\r\neffectively reducing the excessive schoolwork burden on primary and middle school students is a need in training high - quality modern personnel .\r\nhaving the courage to bring order out of chaos , china 's educational front has restored the college entrance examination system and graduate student system since the third plenary session of the 11 th party central committee , thus bringing up group after group of outstanding personnel for china 's modernization drive .\r\nfollowing continuous social development , however , the original system and methods for education have become increasingly incompatible with the requirements of the modernization drive , and the examination - oriented education is met with an increasingly narrow path .\r\neducational management departments , schools , and teachers hold the key to reducing the burden but not the quality .\r\ngood teachers are able to make thick books \" thin \" in their teaching , but bad teachers make thin books \" thick . \"\r\nthe large numbers of teaching and administrative staff on the educational front have worked hard and brought up group after group of outstanding personnel for developing the motherland over a long period of time , thanks to the guidance of the party 's educational policy .\r\ncomrades from many educational management departments and schools said that not only primary and middle school students , but also the government and the parents should \" reduce the burden , \" and the entire society should create a good atmosphere for \" reducing the burden . \"\r\nwhat we want to reduce is the excessive and unnecessary burden on students . we do not mean that students should not have any schoolwork burden .\r\n\" studying hard for the tomorrow of the motherland \" should become the conscious deed of every student who has lofty ideals and ambitions .\r\nreducing the excessive schoolwork burden on primary and middle school student never means to reduce and cancel the necessary tests and examinations .\r\nthe various effective methods to inspect students ' academic study and to examine and assess their mastery of knowledge remain effective and necessary .\r\nthe world is entering an era of knowledge economy and economic globalization . the party central committee has established the principle of rejuvenating the country with science and education , and educational reform and development play a decisive role in realizing great strategy of rejuvenating the country with science and education .\r\ngeneral secretary jiang zemin 's important speech discussed education from the strategic perspective of the rise and fall of the state and the rejuvenation of the nation .\r\nwe must adhere to that \" development is the last word \" ; work closely in line with the orientation of developing the capital 's economy ; obtain new edges through scientific and technological , structural , and managerial innovations ; and lay a solid foundation for being the first in the whole nation to materialize modernization .\r\njia qinglin , deputy to the npc session , said that beijing should exert efforts to study and resolve three major questions in the year 2000 .\r\nfirst , great efforts should be made to develop new high - technology industries and to facilitate the strategic readjustment of the economic structure .\r\nin line with the principle of \" strengthening the primary industry , readjusting the secondary industry , and developing the tertiary industry , \" beijing should rely on scientific and technological progress and innovations to strategically readjust its economic structure .\r\naccording to the requirements for basically materializing modernization ahead of others , the agricultural sector should introduce , grasp , and apply advanced technology to transform the traditional cropping industry , cultivate and develop new agricultural industries , make the peasants wealthier , and continue to strengthen and consolidate its role as the foundation of the national economy .\r\nthe secondary industry should work hard to readjust the internal structure ; enhance the technical innovation capability ; apply advanced technologies and high technologies to transform and upgrade traditional industries and to transform metallurgical , chemical , machinery , building materials , and some other basic industries ; and eliminate backward production techniques .\r\nwith regard to the tertiary industry , we should give priority to developing tourist , financial and insurance , real estate , and cultural industries , as well as network - based information service industries .\r\nsecond , great efforts should be made to promote the reform and development of state - owned enterprises and to set up a socialist market economic system .\r\nthe year 2000 is the last year , as well as a decisive year to realize the goal of reforming state - owned enterprises and lifting them out of their difficulties in three years .\r\nwe should continue to improve the ownership structure where the public ownership plays a dominant role and various economic elements develop simultaneously and to develop nongovernmental scientific and technological enterprises , three types of joint ventures , and private and individual economic sectors , so as to make the economy of the capital full of vigor and vitality .\r\nthird , great efforts should be made to improve and develop the environment and to comprehensively upgrade the modernization levels of the urban construction and management .\r\nsynopsis : - - large - scale development of the west is a key strategy of our country 's cross - century macroeconomic development that is of vital significance .\r\n- - large - scale development of the west is a magnificent project that requires overall planning and all - round consideration as well as long - term struggle , that must adhere to certain basic principles .\r\nbut since reform and opening up , the economic development of the west has been relatively slow , leading to a wider gap with the economy of the east .\r\nthe vital significance of speeding up development of the west large - scale development of the west is a key strategy of our country 's cross - century macroeconomic development that is of vital significance to pushing ahead with the reform and development of the whole nation , enhancing national unity , and upholding social stability .\r\nover the past 10 years , owing to the government 's moderately preferential macroeconomic policy , the economy of the west has been growing at a markedly improved rate , with certain important indexes even higher than that in the east .\r\nfor example , from 1978 to 1997 , as far as the proportion to the nationwide gdp is concerned , the east was up from 52 percent to 61.4 percent , while the west was down from 17 percent to 14.8 percent .\r\nthe gap in per capita gdp is also getting wider and wider .\r\nin the early days of reform and opening up , the per capita gdp of northwestern provinces and regions was higher than that of fujian , and the figure of qinghai was even higher than that of guangdong .\r\nbut in 1997 , the nationwide per capita gdp was 6,392 yuan , while the per capita gdp of the west was merely 4,009 yuan , which was about 62.7 percent of the national average .\r\nin 1998 , the per capita gdp of guangdong and fujian exceeded 10,000 yuan , while for the five northwestern provinces and regions , only xinjiang reached 6,435 yuan , but the rest were less than 4,500 yuan , and the difference was over 100 percent .\r\nthe central authorities , at the turn of the century , have timely proposed implementation of the strategy of large - development of the west , and the aim is precisely to narrow the regional gap , harmonize regional development , and gradually alter the goal from getting rich first to common prosperity .\r\nthey also have very rich tourism resources .\r\nhowever , owing to insufficient capital investment and slow exploitation , rich resources have not been fully utilized , their resources superiority has not been translated into economic superiority , and their latent superiority has not been translated into practical superiority . this not only affects local economic development , but also lowers the speed of nationwide economic development .\r\nspeeding up development of the west helps increase domestic demand .\r\nsince reform and opening up , our country 's market situation has undergone thorough changes , from a shortage of materials to relative superfluity , from a seller 's market to a buyer 's market , from insufficient supply to insufficient effective demands . in recent years , there has been a trend shifting from inflation to deflation .\r\nby the end of 1999 , the factory price index of production means and the overall retail price level of social consumables have dropped for 27 consecutive months .\r\nin particular , under the current situation of extremely fierce competition in the international market , a growing number of factors of price uncertainty , and volatile market changes , taking the expansion of domestic demand as the mainstay is also an important measure to lower economic risks .\r\nspeeding up development of the west helps raise the material and cultural living standard of residents in the west .\r\nat present , there is a fairly large gap between the material and cultural living standard of urban and rural residents in the west and their counterparts in the east .\r\nin 1998 , the national telephone popularization rate was 10.68 percent , whereas it was 5.10 percent in shaanxi , 3.82 percent in gansu , 4.50 percent in qinghai , 7.07 percent in ningxia , and 6.96 percent in xinjiang . the average was approximately 4 percent lower than the national level .\r\nlarge - scale development of the west will certainly quicken the pace of economic growth in the west , increase local urban and rural residents ' job opportunities and earnings , and create conditions for improving residents ' material and cultural lives .\r\neconomic development is the material foundation of social stability , political unity , and strong ethnic cohesiveness .\r\nwith a faster pace of development of the west and a higher speed of economic development , people of all nationalities will earn more and be better off , which will undoubtedly help consolidate and foster great unity among various nationalities , thereby safeguarding once and for all the social stability of minority nationality areas .\r\nthe basic principles of development of the west large - scale development of the west is an undertaking of great strategic significance and a cross - century project that requires overall planning and all - round consideration , as well as long - term struggle .\r\nsmash the limitations of the theory of economic and technological evolution , dare to develop by leaps and bounds .\r\nfor a long time , the concept of evolution has been popular , holding that economic and technological development can only proceed from the east to the west step by step .\r\nunder the conditions of a planned economy , regional economic development relies entirely on the state 's investment and policy support and can only evolve according to the state 's set plan .\r\nsome people hold that economically backward areas should also lag behind in reform .\r\nso in order to speed up development , reform must be expedited .\r\nto speed up reform , we must , first of all , change the way people think , particularly changing the way leading cadres think .\r\nreform will bring about some new problems and new contradictions , or even infringe on certain people 's interests .\r\nbut if there is no reform and no economic development , there will be even more problems and more intense contradictions , and not only the interests of certain people but also the interests of the overwhelming majority that will be infringed upon .\r\nreform of course brings risks , but there will be greater risks if we do not reform or put off reform .\r\nhence , as far as large - scale development of the west is concerned , we must reform with greater intensity and promote development with reform .\r\nto speed up development of the west , the government has to implement policies of foreign investment that are even more preferential than in the east , so as to attract more foreign capital .\r\nto develop the west , we must not only utilize foreign resources and markets , but also utilize the resources and markets of the east and of the central part of the country .\r\nsticking to the two opening - up drives is a must for speeding up development of the west .\r\nthe non - public economic sector is an important component of the socialist market economy .\r\nvigorously developing the non - public economic sector is a must for speeding up development of the west and is of vital significance .\r\nenable market - oriented development of the economy of the west in accordance with the law of market economy .\r\nunder the conditions of a planned economy , for example , \" remote - area \" construction prior to reform and opening up was totally conducted by governmental , planned , and mandatory means , which caused all kinds of maladies and serious damage and taight us a big lesson .\r\nintegrating the \" invisible hand \" with the \" visible hand \" helps quicken the pace of development of the west .\r\nattach equal importance to speed and quality , focus mainly on quality improvement .\r\nthe economic gap between the east and the west is being widened , precisely because since reform and opening up , the development pace of the west has been far slower than that of the east .\r\nan important reason of economic underdevelopment of the west is the long - term negligence of sustainable development - - unrestrained lumbering of forest reserves , serious soil erosion , a growing trend of desert - like deterioration of land , and predatory exploitation of mineral resources , and it is a very profound lesson .\r\nin developing the west , we must attach importance to protecting the environment and resources , upholding ecological equilibrium , and bring about sustainable development .\r\ndevelopment of the west is a long - term undertaking , the establishment of a socialist market economic system , economic modernization , and the very improvement of the material and cultural living standard of urban and rural residents cannot be done in a short while .\r\nvigorously develop infrastructure such as communications and transportation , communication networks , water and power supply , improve the investment environment .\r\ndeveloping infrastructure such as railways and highways can not only lower the cost of transportation , quicken the pace of freight transport , economize on the consumption of goods and materials , and improve the investment environment , but can also forge close economic ties with the east and facilitate technological and talent exchange .\r\nin the 21 st century , information will play a bigger and bigger role in economic development .\r\nthe information popularization rate in the west is lower than the national average .\r\nhence , out of the greater investment in infrastructure , greater investment in the information industry is really essential .\r\ndevelop the undertakings of education and science , improve workforce and talent quality .\r\nsince reform and opening up , the outflow of talent has been very prominent phenomenon in the west .\r\nit is a joyful thing that through the flow of talent , qualified personnel can fulfill themselves and achieve a higher quality ; yet it is also a cause for concern as there is a shortage of talent for the development of the west .\r\nsome of the western provinces , such as shaanxi and sichuan , are relatively strong in science and technology and have a fairly large number of scientific and technological achievements .\r\nexchange resources for capital , raise funds for development .\r\nviewed from the current situation , greater government investment is necessary but has little potential , also it does not conform to what is demanded by the law of market economy if we totally rely on government investment .\r\nhence , local fund - raising is the principal way .\r\nbut due to economic backwardness , capital accumulation is so slow that it is difficult to meet the demand for rapid development .\r\nfor example , in such respects as land utilization , resources exploitation , efforts should be made to offer investors with preferential terms , in a bid to attract investors from other parts of the nation and from foreign countries .\r\nfinance is the nucleus of a modern economy .\r\nto develop the economy of the west , we must pay full attention to the financial market and make use of it .\r\nreform the household registration management system , facilitate a flow of workforce and talent .\r\npeasants ' city - going practice and transformation of some of the rural workforce into urban workforce are the inevitable tendencies of economic development , and an important sign of social progress as well .\r\nthe existing household registration management system neither meets the demands of a market economy nor the needs for development of the west , and policy revisions and breakthroughs should be made .\r\nsmall town construction , because of its small investment , can bring into play the enthusiasm of every sector , which also helps overcome the \" city disease \" and the \" rural disease \" and prepare the ground for the balanced development of urban and rural areas .\r\nfirst , since the introduction of the reform and opening - up policy , china 's nominal tariffs have constantly kept a downward trend .\r\ninstead of disasters , a sound development of the economy was brought to china through its sustained efforts to cut the nominal tariffs over the past eight years .\r\nsecond , 17 percent of our country 's current nominal tariff rates are still 10 percent higher than those of the developing countries and three percent more than those of the developed countries .\r\nthus , it is obvious that the key to protecting the domestic economy lies in the perfect tariff system , but not the maintenance of high nominal tariffs .\r\nfirst , china currently occupies the first few positions in the world in terms of the output of some major industrial products . but , its industrial growth forms are still based on consumption of natural resources .\r\ntherefore , from now on , the capital - and technology - intensive industries should give up the orientation of relying on extensive reproduction to make development and grasp the favorable chance of \" joining the wto \" to introduce the market competition mechanism and to quicken the change of the economic growth forms .\r\nsecond , the distribution of interests among the industries at home is not reasonable . some of our industries with strong international competitiveness , such as the textile industry , once comprehensively experienced losses while at the same time some trades without international competitiveness witnessed \" profits . \"\r\nso , further opening up our banking sector to the outside world in the next few years will affect both chinese - and foreign - funded banking institutions .\r\nin short , we must neither excessively exaggerate nor be blindly optimistic about the possible impact of the \" wto entry \" on china 's economy . on the basis of objective analyses , we should calmly cope with the situation , grasp favorable opportunities , and meet challenges .\r\nli peng said upholding party leadership in the npc 's work is entirely in line with giving full play to the role of the organ of state power .\r\nin the same way , upholding party leadership is also entirely in keeping with handling affairs according to law and safeguarding the sanctity of the constitution and other laws .\r\nit is precisely in this sense that the npc 's supervision over \" the government , the courts and the procuratorates \" is also a kind of support to them . through supervision , it can give them better support in carrying out administration according to law and in justly carrying out judicial work .\r\npractice has proved that understanding and handling matters in this way will not weaken the npc 's supervision work , but instead , will improve and strengthen such work and will help better realize the goal of the npc 's supervision .\r\nin the past two years , the people have been extremely concerned about , and have given great support to , the work of the npc standing committee .\r\nso long as we continue to fully depend on the people , the standing committee will have a solid mass foundation for its work , will be able to really represent the people 's will , and will maintain exuberant vitality .\r\nli peng said many laws formulated by the npc standing committee have condensed the painstaking practice of local people 's congresses over many years .\r\nthe laws approved by the standing committee also depend on local people 's congresses for their correct and effective implementation .\r\ntherefore , strengthening ties with local people 's congresses , and constantly improving the work of the npc standing committee through seriously summing up the experience in work of local people 's congresses is the objective demand in promoting the building of the socialist democracy and legal system .\r\non 21 february , the taiwan affairs office and the information office of the state council issued the white paper \" the one - china principle and the taiwan issue , \" which has systematically and comprehensively expounded the chinese government 's stand and policy on adhering to the one - china principle .\r\nthese two speeches and one document have evoked strong repercussions and attracted universal attention in taiwan as well as in the international community as a whole .\r\nthe article says since 1979 , the motherland always hoped to realize peaceful reunification of the two sides of the strait through holding talks and has shown the greatest sincerity .\r\nall this has created favorable conditions for developing the cross - strait relations in future .\r\nthis shows the motherland has all along been considering cross - strait dialogues and talks in future , and has tried to include in the topics for discussion as many of the issues the taiwan people and the taiwan authorities are concerned about as possible .\r\nfor the sake of the interests of all the chinese , including the taiwan compatriots , it is imperative to stop \" taiwan independence \" and strive for the prospect of peaceful reunification .\r\ncomrade deng xiaoping spoke about this viewpoint on many occasions .\r\neach of us chinese must work hard for this and strive to realize the motherland 's complete reunification at an early date .\r\nli said that the npc standing committee should first focus on the state 's central task and further integrate legislative work with major policy decisions on state reform , development , and stability .\r\nto this end , it will further study the revision of the company law in order to meet the needs of the reform and development of state enterprises .\r\nit will step up legislation in education and science and technology to promote the implementation of a general plan for reinvigorating the nation through science and education .\r\nli peng noted that efforts should be concentrated on drafting and examining several basic bills .\r\non the basis of individual legal documents concerning relevant supervision work , the npc should sum up practical experience and intensify the drafting of the supervision law .\r\nit will strive to complete the amendment to the regional national autonomy law this year .\r\nit will speed up the drafting of the property rights and state asset laws and will establish and improve a socialist property rights system with chinese characteristics .\r\nto complete arduous legislative tasks , li added , it is necessary to standardize legislative activities and constantly raise the efficiency and quality of legislative work .\r\nin accordance with the limits of legislative authority and procedures as prescribed by law , the npc should earnestly carry out legislative work and strengthen guidance , supervision , and coordination in legislative planning and the implementation of annual legislative plans .\r\nit should also sum up the standing committee 's experience in examining draft bills , improve the system for the three - deliberations of important draft bills , and unceasingly raise the quality of deliberations .\r\nwhile enacting new laws , it should actively carry out legislative interpretation as an important supplementary form of legislation .\r\nbeijing , 9 mar ( xinhua ) - - the third session of the ninth national people 's congress [ npc ] held its third full meeting in the great hall of the people this morning , to listen to a report on the work of the npc standing committee and an explanation of draft legislation .\r\nli peng pointed out that in the past year the standing committee has assigned an important position to supervisory work , attaching equal importance to legal supervision and work supervision , thus strengthening the practical effects of supervision .\r\nthe standing committee has arranged the drafting and examination and discussion of three single - item regulations and decisions on supervisory work , launched four checks of law enforcement , and listened to five reports on specialized topics .\r\nhe said that the work of checking on law enforcement has been further intensified and improved , with attention being paid to focusing the work on the state 's key tasks and the problems of concern to the masses ; we have intensified work supervision ; and we have started to make progress in standardizing supervisory work .\r\nli peng said that in the past year the standing committee has attached importance to dealing with the motions , suggestions , criticisms , and views put forward by the deputies .\r\nhandling of all the 229 motions put forward by the deputies at the second session of the ninth npc has been completed , and many of their views have been accepted .\r\nthe standing committee has also strengthened links with the masses ; during the year it received overt 60,000 letters from the masses , received over 10,000 visits from them , and investigated and dealt with the problems reflected in their letters and visits .\r\nhe also spoke on the standing committee 's external work during the past year .\r\nli peng pointed out that it is two years since the ninth npc standing committee was composed .\r\ncontinue to intensify supervisory work and pay attention to its practical effects .\r\nseriously implement the standing committee decisions on stepping up examination and supervision of the central budget and strengthening supervision over economic work .\r\nchina has achieved notable success and accumulated much experience in legislative work since 1979 , but there are also a number of problems in actual work .\r\ngu angran also gave explanations regarding the scope of application of the draft law on legislation , the basic principles to be followed in legislative activities , the demarcation of the extent of legislative powers , legislation authorization , legislation procedure , interpretation of the law , norms to be applied , and putting rules and regulations on record .\r\nthis detachment is a heroic unit which accomplished several major missions , including the launching of carrier rockets underwater ; it is also called an underwater great wall defending the republic .\r\nchallenges reach the limits the submarines \" drew \" a deep breath and \" abruptly \" jumped deep to the bottom of the sea .\r\nthe officers and men of the detachment could not clearly remember how many underwater long voyages they had ever made . but they knew that this voyage was a test for their maximum self - sufficiency capabilities and that it would be an abnormal underwater \" marathon . \"\r\nunlike the previous long voyages crossing the pacific ocean , this would be the longest and farthest underwater voyage in the history of china 's conventional submarines .\r\nthis was a test to assess the maximum self - sufficiency capacities of the weapons , equipment , and crew of these two submarines .\r\nunder the conditions that the submarines had no supplies and the crew could not take a rest , the weapons and equipment should operate at full capacity , and the crew would meet extra - ordinarily , extreme challenges for both their willpower and bearing capabilities .\r\nwhen running submerged , the crew lived a \" complete dark life . \"\r\nand , the dirty air within the submarines caused much suffering to the crew .\r\nalthough the submarines were surrounded by water , the crew had to economize on water .\r\nonly a small cup of water could be used by each person a day to wash one 's face , brush teeth , wash feet , and drink . even the top officer liu guangyou , chief of the detachment , was no exception .\r\nliu guangyou told the reporters that before the long voyage , each of the crew should prepare at least four or five sets of underwear because submarine soldiers could not wash their clothes during the long journey .\r\non the threshold of returning to the base , all the crew were looking forward to returning to the land .\r\njust at that moment , the commanding group sent a direction - - \" continuing the long voyage for another five days . \"\r\nso , staying longer for another one minute under water would be several dozen times more dangerous than the ordinary times . calamities happened in foreign countries for several times due to the weariness of the crew and the wear - out failures of the equipment after long voyages .\r\nthe officers and men , under the leadership of liu guangyou , won first place in terms of the time duration and distance of the voyages by china 's conventional submarines and the number of items that had been tested and assessed .\r\naccording to the comments by the specialists , the underwater \" marathon \" was by no means a report back on consuming strength , but it was a miracle created with conviction and will .\r\nwhales play tricks concealment is the life of submarines and where the charm of the life on submarines lies .\r\nthe farther the submarines run , the more important concealment becomes .\r\nat zero hours in the midnight , the submarines ran submerged under a complicated sea area . machinery and power systems gave a warning - - \" the hydraulic pressure system was out of order . \"\r\nthis system is a \" nervous \" system for controlling and regulating the balance of submarines . once it does not work , the submarine will sink to the bottom of the sea like a piece of iron .\r\nsome people suggested breaking the surface to be more stable . under the psychological conflicts between \" concealment \" and \" exposure , \" liu guangyou gave the same order - - all departments should strive to control the direction of submarines and eliminate trouble in order to keep on running submerged .\r\nthe hydraulic pressure system eventually returned to normal 14 hours later .\r\nunlike nuclear submarines , the conventional submarines , after a certain period of running , must break the surface to \" charge batteries . \"\r\nas soon as the submarines broke surface on a certain sea area , an anti - submarine helicopters flew over it . so , the submarines immediately went deep into the water for concealment .\r\nafter the anti - submarine helicopters flew away , the submarines once again broke surface . this time , an unidentified warship appeared on the nearby sea area .\r\nso , they could not help but run submerged . passive concealment was not the best plan for the submarines . how could the submarines gain the initiative in the face of the conflict between concealment and pursuit ?\r\nsubmarines ' concealment is inseparable from sonar .\r\nsonar serves as submarines ' \" eyes . \" submarines rely on sonar for voyages , catching targets , and determining attacking elements .\r\nso , sonar servicemen should judge water - surface and underwater targets according to the signals they get through sonar receivers .\r\nduring the test , the officers and men discovered that unidentified acoustic waves on the high seas shadowed their submarines for hours . they judged that the signals of the acoustic waves sounded like destroyers , large - sized sea traffic boats , or nuclear submarines .\r\nthrough tense analyses and judgments , they did not find accurate answers .\r\nat that time , chou yuping , a sonar serviceman at an age of more than 40 years , affirmatively told the commander that the acoustic waves were caused by a flock of whales .\r\nso , the submarines tried to stand still . at last , the whales impatiently swam away .\r\nafter the test was over , the tapes recorded with the signals of the acoustic waves were sent to beijing for inspections . chou yuping 's judgments were completely identical with the oceanologists ' .\r\nacting as a sonar serviceman for 24 years , he has a habit ; that is , he records all kinds of sound he hears .\r\nin order to judge two kinds of sound which were very close to the signals of warship propellers , he worked for more than 4 hours and finally told the slight differences between the two signals .\r\naccording to the signals that the sonar receivers get , chou yuping is now able to tell the differences between commercial boats and warships and to tell you how far the targets are , what tonne classes the ships belong to , and how fast the ships are running .\r\nconquering the enemy and winning a victory are submarines ' masterly skills .\r\nthese were questions of whether those exhausted crew might make mistakes and of whether the equipment that had been operating at full capacity for a long period of time might be out of order .\r\ntwo torpedoes were seen flying from the submarines directly toward the \" enemy \" warships . along with the tremendous noises , dense smoke rolling far away from the submarines gave a signal of victory .\r\nalthough such a kind of test was conducted on shore for several times , an unexpected situation took place on the day when the test was conducted on the sea .\r\nthen , the commander used \" sign languages \" to issue orders , but no desired targets were attained .\r\nthe third test was launched on the sea as scheduled .\r\nthe submarines ran submerged deeper and deeper from 10 meters to 20 meters , 30 meters , and so on .\r\non the day when the \" submarine - to - submarine \" practice was launched , one of the leaders in the detachment went to the submarine which was taken as a \" target \" and told the soldiers there that this time their bodies were used as targets in order to reduce victims in future sea warfare .\r\nwith such a leader , what miracles cannot be created ?\r\nwith such an underwater great wall , what worries will the republic have ?\r\na reporter asked : it has been reported that on 7 march , the us defense department officially notified the us congress that the united states is ready to sell to taiwan 162 upgraded hawk anti - aircraft missiles and items needed to upgrade taiwan 's existing tps-43f anti - aircraft radar to the tps-75v configuration .\r\ndo you have any comment on this ?\r\nzhu bangzao answered : we are seriously concerned about the above report and have lodged solemn and just representations with the united states .\r\nhe emphasized that the chinese government and people have consistently and resolutely opposed the united states selling advanced weapons to taiwan .\r\nchina strongly demands the united state scrupulously abide by the three sino - us joint communiques and relevant us commitments , fully understand the serious harm of us arms sales to taiwan , immediately correct its mistake , and stop all arms sales to taiwan .\r\nas they stand in the wto 's doorway , do chinese enterprises have the confidence and ability to participate in international market competition ?\r\nhousehold electrical appliances have had more than 100 years of development history in the world . china , however , saw practically a blank in the field of household electrical appliances before 1949 and also during the three decades after 1949 , when it did produce some low - grade household electrical gadgets but managed only slow development .\r\nnow china 's household electrical appliance industry is able to manufacture products of more than 100 varieties and of several hundred series of specifications that fit in with the demands of different regions and different strata of the world .\r\nit already ranks first in the world in the output of refrigerators , washing machines , electrical fans , and rice cookers .\r\nthe export of chinese household electrical appliances also has showed a rising trend .\r\nhow did china 's household electrical appliance industry achieve such rapid , vigorous growth in a matter of just a dozen years ?\r\nthe introduction of advanced technology from abroad laid a solid foundation for china 's household electrical appliance industry to get a foothold at home and then march to the world .\r\nthe second factor is that market competition has promoted the development and expansion of china 's household electrical appliance industry .\r\nthe result was : china 's household electrical appliance industry enhanced its overall standard amid competition , with a number of noted enterprises having made their way through the competition and a number of noted brands finding the market amid competition .\r\nin the face of the trends of market and economic globalization , china 's household electrical appliance enterprises became aware that the way for enterprise survival and development lied in taking the path of internationalization .\r\nthe process of creating a name brand by the haier group over the past 15 years has been a process of taking the path of internationalization .\r\nhowever , entry into the international market was not something that could be accomplished in one move .\r\nhaier 's reply was : \" we rely on technological innovation . \"\r\nas technological innovation is an important guarantee for enhancing competitiveness and achieving internationalization , chinese household electrical appliance enterprises have not relaxed in technological innovation even for a moment after making it into the international market , investing massive human , material , and financial resources in technological innovation as well as marketizing , internationalizing , and commercializing it .\r\nto conduct research on technology that is a decade in advance , haier invested 500 million yuan to set up a central research institute and to establish a design company in a joint venture form with foreign partners to bring in internationally first - rate designs .\r\norientation towards the market and a human - centric approach are starting points in making technological innovations for household electrical appliances as well as key elements of success in opening up the international market .\r\na \" name brand \" was what haier called a \" life brand . \"\r\nchinese household electrical appliance enterprises strengthened their marketing networks and extended their international market in various ways .\r\nfind market prestige through quality after - sales service household electrical appliances are expensive durable consumer goods ; only part of an appliance is sold when it leaves a store , as a sale in its true meaning is completed only when it is fully installed and fit for safe usage .\r\nwith its direct bearing on an enterprise 's market prestige and market share , after - sales quality assurance is an even more important factor .\r\nin their general plans for competition , the numerous chinese household electrical appliance enterprises take quality service after sales as a good tool indispensable in competition .\r\nthis means the conventional way of domestically producing goods for export is no longer the only practice or even has taken a back seat .\r\nwhile exporting products , they correctly judged the hour and assessed the situation and set up factories abroad by way of technological exports or joint ventures .\r\nbeing ahead of the rest , enterprises such as haier , chunlan , xiaotianer , and kelong have not only reduced cost and extended their international markets but have also laid a foundation for further internationalization .\r\nconfronted with china 's imminent accession to the wto , chinese household electrical appliance enterprises are speeding up the process of internationalization even further .\r\nhaier has even set an unequivocal target of making greater efforts to set up factories abroad . it wants to set up common production bases for household electrical appliances in ten of the larger economic regions in the world to make haier a truly \" internationalized haier . \"\r\nfrom the experiences in getting chinese household electrical appliances into the international market , we can get a great deal of helpful enlightenment .\r\nall we can see from the process of chinese household electrical appliances ' march towards the international market is the track of competition .\r\nby daring to participate in international market competition , chinese household electrical appliance enterprises drew a driving force from competition , generated vitality amid competition , gained experience amid competition , and enhanced their quality amid competition .\r\nnormalized international market competition all boils down to a competition of strength .\r\nalthough various strategies may be employed in forming a marketing network , a high - quality brand is still the most fundamental element .\r\nit would be unimaginable for a product of uncompetitive quality and brand to appear worldwide .\r\nsuperior quality and technological innovation were precisely what chinese household electrical appliances had relied on to make it into the international market .\r\nthis droplet is reflecting the spirit and mettle of us , the chinese nation , as well as the courage and resourcefulness of chinese entrepreneurs , all of which have been fully developed and incarnated amid china 's reform and opening up to the outside world .\r\nwith the development of economic globalization and the attraction of china 's powerful market , foreign enterprises will integrate with chinese enterprises . under mutually beneficial cooperation , chinese enterprises will enjoy even greater development compared to now .\r\nthe 12 th and 13 th meetings of the ninth npc standing committee deliberated over the draft legislative law , and further amended and improved the draft law .\r\nthe aforementioned matters are major matters that concern the state 's basic political system , economic system , and civil , criminal , and other legal systems .\r\nthe draft law also stipulates , in principle , the procedures for formulating administrative and local rules and regulations .\r\nthe draft law also makes relevant stipulations on the procedures for proposing , drafting , deliberating , putting to a vote , and promulgating legal interpretations .\r\ngu angran also provided explanations on the applicable areas of the draft legislative law ; applicable rules and regulations ; putting rules and regulations on record ; and other issues .\r\nnow the central authorities decided to build a project to deliver xinjiang 's natural gas to shanghai with a total length of 4,200 km .\r\nthis will be a very large gas - shipping project rarely seen in the world and its construction costs will be only next to the chang jiang three gorges project . it was learned that the construction costs might go as high as $ 40 billion or more than 300 billion yuan .\r\nin the course of large - scale development of the western region , xinjiang will fully take advantage of those favorable points and attach importance to intensive processing of products . we will keep benefits in xinjiang and distribute benefits into the hands of people in xinjiang .\r\nthe development in the western region must be done within the scope of law from the beginning .\r\nwang lequan warned : \" we have the responsibility to remind the people from the beginning that in order to have a happy life we must depend on hard work and it will take a quite long period . we should have mental preparation to avoid seeking quick success and instant benefits . \"\r\nbeijing , 9 mar (zxs) - - foreign ministry spokesman zhu bangzao said here today that the chinese government hopes the us congress will approve granting china permanent normal trade relations status smoothly and cleanly [ gan jing li luo 1626 0403 0448 5507 ] and without attaching any conditions .\r\nat today 's news briefing held by the foreign ministry , zhu bangzao said mutually granting the most - favored - nation trading status is something normal between countries .\r\nif this issue cannot be timely and thoroughly resolved , it will greatly damage the interests of us enterprises in china , and will be harmful to the united states in its competition with other members of the world trade organization (wto) for china 's market .\r\nthe bilateral talks between china and the united states have entered the final stage of conclusion .\r\nhowever , relevant extant us domestic laws have set up obstacles to granting china the normal trade relation status . this does not conform to the wto principles and is a big obstacle to the development of bilateral trade and economic cooperation between china and the united states .\r\nthe spokesman said that the reason china and the united states have been able to reach a bilateral agreement on china 's accession to wto is that the united state has promised to unconditionally grant china most - favored - nation trading status .\r\nhe said that the chinese government appreciated the efforts made by the us government and industrial and commercial circles to promote resolving this issue .\r\nchina will try its best to coordinate .\r\nparty committees at all levels should further enhance their understanding , step up their efforts at work , and effectively strengthen their leadership .\r\nthe key to successfully conducting the \" three stresses \" education at the county ( or city ) level lies in party committees at the provincial , prefectural , and city levels , and party committees at the prefectural ( or city ) level are directly responsible for this education .\r\nfollowing the example set by central leading comrades , responsible officials of party committees ( at the prefectural level ) should take up matters personally and strengthen their supervision , inspection , and guidance .\r\nwith a boundless sense of being responsible to the party 's cause , inspection teams should take the initiative in performing their work and bring their due role into play . the tasks in reform , opening up , economic construction , and the maintenance of stability will be arduous this year .\r\nzhang quanjing said : the party central committee attaches great importance to the conduct of the \" three stresses \" education at the county ( or city ) level , and large numbers of cadres and the masses place high hopes on it .\r\nwang xudong and bai keming , members of the central joint conference on \" three stresses \" education , took part in the informal meeting .\r\na number of deputies and members attending the \" two sessions \" in beijing have explored this question .\r\nlong yongtu , vice minister of the ministry of foreign trade and economic cooperation , said at a national people 's congress [ npc ] panel discussion that the departments concerned are now amending or abolishing rules that conflict with the wto .\r\nfor instance , when foreign companies invested in china in the past , there may have been provisions in the agreement provisions that these companies must transfer technology , or else on restricting the sales in china of the products of foreign - funded enterprises .\r\nafter china joins the wto , most of these restrictions must be abolished , and the relevant regulations must be amended or abolished to avoid future conflict .\r\nthey also proposed in their motion that legislation be adopted as soon as possible to ensure through the form of law the credit reliability of public information .\r\nin this way china will gain an international reputation after wto entry .\r\nwu jinglian , a cppcc member and well - known economist , told reporters covering the \" two sessions \" that china must get a good grasp of preparations for joining the wto ; it is necessary to make a \" countdown \" plan for how to open up the renminbi [ rmb ] capital account .\r\nat the same time , the problem of being unadapted and unaccustomed to many of the rules requires that we gradually change our old behavior standards .\r\nbeijing , 9 mar (zts) - - raidi , deputy secretary of the tibet autonomous regional party committee and chairman of the regional people 's congress standing committee , said today that the channels of contact between the chinese government and the dalai lama are free of obstacles [ chang tong 2545 6639 ] .\r\nhe also said that the boy designated by the dalai as the \" reincarnated soul boy \" of the panchen is doing very well [ sheng huo de hen hao 3932 3172 1779 1771 1170 ] .\r\nwhen asked at today 's news conference whether the chinese government and the dalai still maintain channels of dialogue , raidi said : consultation between the chinese government and the dalai is entirely a domestic affair . there are still channels of contact , which are unimpeded and free of obstacles .\r\n( summary ) the army should further understand the historical mission it shoulders and provide a firm and strong security support for safeguarding the state sovereignty , unification , and security , for defending the peaceful labor of the people , and for carrying out reform , opening up , and socialist modernization .\r\nto promote army modernization , the motivation lies in reform , and the outlet also lies in reform .\r\nthe education on ideals and convictions and the education on army 's historical mission and fundamental functions should be intensified to further incorporate the energy , will , intelligence , and wisdom of all military officers and soldiers to army modernization .\r\nthe army should take an active part in the extensive development of western regions , make active explorations for new forms and methods to participate in and support the extensive development of western regions under the new economic conditions of the socialist market , and give even better play to the advantages of the army .\r\nhe said : last year the armed forces and the people 's armed police forces withstood the trials from three major political struggles and made new progress in comprehensive construction .\r\nmeanwhile , remarkable results were achieved in the \" three - stress \" education , and the coherence and combat capacity of party committees at all levels were strengthened as well .\r\nthe upsurge of mass scientific and technological training was set off across the pla units , and joint military exercises of all services and arms of nanjing and guangzhou theaters were thoroughly organized and conducted .\r\nmajor headway was made in building national defense - oriented science and technology as well as armaments , and a long - range surface - to - surface missile and the experimental spacecraft \" shenzhou \" were successful launched .\r\nthe socialization of logistics support and other reform items were promoted positively , and all the preparations for kicking off the joint service system were completed on schedule .\r\nthe macao troops were smoothly stationed in macao to perform their defense duties , and they were warmly received by macao compatriots .\r\nchairman jiang pointed out : this year is at the turn of the century .\r\nall armed forces should clearly understand their historical mission and continue to comprehensively push army building to the new century with a new outlook .\r\nchairman jiang indicated : peace and development remain the two major themes in today 's world .\r\nthe trends of political multi - polarization and economic globalization continue to develop , science and technology progress with each passing day , and the international situation tends to ease up in general .\r\nwithout a solid national defense , there is no strong army , and it is impossible for us to wholeheartedly engage in economic construction .\r\nchairman jiang pointed out : keeping the society and politics stable constitutes the necessary precondition for economic and social development .\r\nhowever , we should clearly notice that various unstable factors remain .\r\nso the army should vigorously support local party committees and governments to maintain social and political stability in strict accordance with the spirit of the directions of the cpc central committee .\r\nchairman jiang indicated : the army should successfully perform its fundamental function of safeguarding state sovereignty and security and should , at the same time , actively participate in and support the economic construction of the state .\r\nthis is an important thinking of comrades mao zedong and deng xiaoping .\r\nsince the commencement of reform and opening up , our army has consistently subordinate itself to and facilitate the overall task of economic construction and has vigorously helped localities develop the economy , thus making great contributions in this aspect .\r\nthe central authorities set forth the strategy of extensively develop western regions with a view to accelerating the development of these regions . this is a major strategic policy decision related to the overall situation of china 's modernization drive .\r\nthe central military commission is about to put forward an overall plan for supporting the extensive development of western regions after soliciting the opinions of various pla general departments .\r\nreferring to the issues of further intensifying the modernization of national defense and the army , chairman jiang emphasized : the modernization of national defense and the army has witnessed noticeable achievements along with the advances in reform , opening up , and modernization drive .\r\nhe said : to quicken the modernization of our army , we need to do a lot of things .\r\nthe modernization of our army is a systems engineering project . all levels of party committees and leading cadres should have a firm grip on the overall situation and pay attention to thinking of and handling issues from an overall perspective .\r\nchairman jiang stressed : to push forward the modernization of the army , the motivation lies in reform , and the outlet lies in reform as well .\r\nmilitary , political , logistics , and armament work should all be actively and appropriately reformed with a view to enhancing the army 's combat capacity .\r\nwe should continue to emancipate the mind , proceed from reality , and stress actual results when doing a thing . we should positively and actively resolve contradictions and problems and strive to probe into the characteristics and laws of army administration during the new period .\r\nhowever , it should be noted frankly that the current situation in our army 's ranks of senior cadres still lags behind the requirements of the new situation and new tasks , and some problems in these ranks still warrant our attention .\r\ntherefore , we should continue to firmly grasp ideological and political construction , the education on discipline and work style , and the improvement of leadership . we should also actually promote the building of the senior cadre ranks in order to ensure that the modernization of national defense and the army will proceed successfully .\r\nthey believed that the work report was practical , brief and to the point , and full of novelty ; and that it has provided explicit solutions to specific problems .\r\nat the meeting , the delegates said that they were all inspired by the report ; and at the same time , they also brought forward some ideas and suggestions on the npc work in the future .\r\nspeaking at the meeting on the work report of the npc standing committee were delegates chen mingyi , he shaochuan , zhang binsheng , and yuan qitong , as well as nonvoting delegate xi jinping from the fujian delegation ; and delegates xie tieli , zeng xiaozhen , zhang mingyuan , and wu changshu from the jilin delegation .\r\nit is of particular importance to study and propagate the constitution , which is a body of basic laws ; and this is a task which we need to carry on persistently for a long period of time in the future .\r\nli peng listened attentively to the speeches of the delegates , and expressed appreciation for their views and suggestions . meanwhile , he fully reaffirmed the results attained by the vast numbers of cadres and masses in fujian and jilin in their conscientious implementation of the principles and policies of the central authorities .\r\nli peng pointed out : building socialism with chinese characteristics is a brand - new undertaking ; therefore , the npc also needs to display a pioneering spirit when promoting its legislation and supervision work .\r\nthe more we develop our economy , the more we need to strengthen our legal building . this is a need of our economic development , a need of the people in their daily life , and a need of our efforts to build up a sound investment environment .\r\nwe should give a better play to the roles of people 's congress and its deputies at all levels ; and this is a need for building up socialism with chinese characteristics , and a need for strengthening democracy and the legal system , stressed li peng .\r\ncoming from all walks of life , the deputies of the people 's congress in our country can fully reflect the popular will of the people in society , and can represent the interests of the people .\r\nby bringing into full play the roles of people 's congress deputies in the legislation and supervision work , we can enrich the work connotation of the people 's congress .\r\nthe 17 th karmapa left for india at the end of last year .\r\nraidi rebuked foreign media reports on the arrest of the karmapa 's parents and the lamas of the monastery as \" groundless and harboring ulterior motives . \"\r\nhe said that the karmapa 's parents not long ago extended their gratitude to the party and government for the care given to the family . for the sake of spring plowing and taking care of their cattle , sheep , and land , they have left lhasa for home . they are now leading a good life .\r\na xinhua correspondent asked : \" how does chongqing consider its position in the project of extensively developing western regions ? \"\r\nhe guoqiang , secretary of the chongqing municipal party committee , answered : chongqing is the only municipality in western regions as well as the key industrial and commercial city in the southwest region . the chang jiang golden waterways have linked chongqing to both eastern and western regions .\r\nthus , chongqing should serve as a bridge linking the east with the west and making them promote each other . development of western regions is a long - term strategy as well as the overall task of the country .\r\nto this end , chongqing is accelerating the infrastructure construction with communications projects as the mainstay , is vigorously improving the ecological environment , and is planning for the future based on the present .\r\nsecond , we will strengthen the cooperation with the southwest fraternal provinces . third , through the chang jiang golden waterways , we will strengthen the cooperation with the eastern coastal areas and the 29 provinces , municipalities , and regions that are supporting the construction of the three gorges project .\r\nin addition , we will seize this opportunity to accelerate development with a view to fulfilling as soon as possible the strategic objective of \" striving to build chongqing into the economic center on the upper reaches of chang jiang , \" that was raised by general secretary jiang zemin .\r\nfrom now on , we will go further to intensify prevention , supervision , examination , investigation , and punishment to such cases .\r\nrecently , the central financial authorities increased the transfer allocations to chongqing , 40 percent of which have already been specially used to ensure the livelihood of laid - off workers .\r\nalong with the deepening and perfection of reform , the situation has begun to improve . in addition , with the development opportunity brought about by the strategy of the extensive development of western regions , all these problems will be resolved in a short period of time .\r\nas for the guangming ribao reporter 's question that the extensive development of western regions may lead to the destruction of the environment , he guoqiang answered : we should have new ideas and new methods in developing western regions , and should never develop the west at the cost of destroying the ecological environment .\r\naccording to the arrangements of the central authorities , chongqing has already begun the experimental projects of protecting natural forests , reversing farmlands to forests and pasturelands , and afforesting barren hills .\r\nthe three gorges reservoir areas and the upper reaches of chang jiang have been designated as the key state areas for pollution control . so we will fight a hard - fought battle of environmental improvement at the three gorges reservoir areas and in major urban areas of chongqing municipality .\r\nhenan deputy xiao hong [ 5135 4767 ] said : the npc standing committee has made new headway in legislation this year and has played a positive role in ensuring the smooth progress of china 's reform and opening up .\r\nin particular , the standing committee has provided a powerful legal guarantee for the healthy development of our social and economic development by closely combining legislation with major decisions in china 's reform , development , and stability .\r\nthe present session will be discussing the draft legislation law. this piece of legislation will play an important role in standardizing legislative work .\r\nhunan deputy wang keying [ 3769 0344 5391 ] said : in developing socialist democratic politics , it is necessary to proceed from china 's actual conditions and uphold the party 's leadership . on no account should we mechanically copy western democratic models .\r\non the future work of the standing committee , many deputies believed that in accordance with the requirement of building a socialist legal system with chinese characteristics , the primary task of the npc should be to do legislative work well .\r\none of the reasons for the spread of corruption in society is the lack of supervision and constraint over power .\r\nin future , the npc and its standing committee should continue to conduct propaganda and education on socialist democracy and the legal system in a thorough and sustained way in order to enhance the legal awareness and legal concept of the whole nation .\r\ngovernment functionaries , particularly leading cadres , must exert to study laws and regulations and improve their ability to act in accordance with law .\r\nin addition , the npc and its standing committee should further unfold their work in a creative manner in better relying on npc deputies to properly conduct the work of the standing committee , making continuous efforts to strengthen the building of the standing committee , discharging their duties in accordance with law , and in other respects .\r\nin the meantime , they also reviewed the government work report together with the deputies .\r\njiang chunyun said : since the introduction of reform and opening up , china has made remarkable achievements in legislation , but there are still such problems as legislation rights being inexplicit , legislation procedures being unstandardized , and legislation quality being low .\r\nsecond , legislation should focus on the central task of the party and the state and cater to the overall interests of reform , development , and stability .\r\nthird , legislation should give full expression to democracy and abide by the mass line .\r\nfourth , legislation should proceed strictly according to the legally prescribed rights and procedures .\r\nfifth , the legislators contingent should be further strengthened and a high - quality contingent of legislation cadres should be fostered .\r\nsixth , strengthening party leadership is the fundamental guarantee for making a success of legislation .\r\nthere is a need to upgrade the party 's proposals to state ideas through legal procedures , and to ensure the implementation of the party 's line , principles , and policies by means of law , rules , and regulations .\r\nzou jiahua stresses importance of protecting environment when joining the anhui delegation 's discussion today , npc vice chairman zou jiahua pointed out the need for the entire society to strengthen its awareness about environmental protection to improve environmental protection .\r\nnow sewage treatment departments in localities are undertakings with a heavy financial burden ; these can be changed to enterprises that can turn sewage water into a product for the market , to gain economic benefit .\r\nwang guangying urges all levels of people 's congresses to improve work when joining the tianjin delegation discussion , npc vice chairman wang guangying said : in the past year , the npc standing committee has done lots of fruitful work .\r\nthe people 's congress has consciously accepted cpc leadership in its work and has organically combined its supervision and support for the government , the courts , and the procuratorates , thus creating a good experiment and practice and making new contributions to the formation of the socialist democratic and legal system in this new situation .\r\nit is necessary to popularize the education on law among the masses to strengthen the mentality about law .\r\nall levels of cadres should take the lead in studying and observing law and in carrying out administration according to law .\r\nsince its establishment , the people 's congress system has achieved remarkable results , thus displaying the superiority of this system .\r\nthe nature , position , and role of the people 's congress has been gradually understood by more and more people .\r\nzhou guangzhao says equal stressed should be laid on science and education to turn the burden of \" population \" into wealth npc vice chairman zhou guangzhao joined the hunan delegation 's discussion .\r\nhe pointed out : only when we earnestly implement the strategy of invigorating the country by means of science and education , improve the population 's quality , and turn the burden of the 1.2 billion people into wealth , can we seize the new round of development opportunity brought about by the rapid progress of science and technology .\r\nwe should pay attention to \" improving the people 's quality \" - - which is a basic project .\r\nwe should understand that in comparison with foreign countries , china 's biggest advantage is \" human resources . \" we should improve the people 's quality and turn the burden of \" population \" into wealth so as to carry china into a knowledge economy and achieve modernization at an early date .\r\ncao zhi stressed the need to profoundly conduct education on popularization of law .\r\nhe pointed out that it is necessary to carry out propagation and education on the democratic legal system in various forms , to improve the people 's awareness about law and the legal system , so that the masses will study , observe , and apply law better .\r\nhe pointed that china should uphold the systematization , progressiveness , uprightness , and scientific nature of legislative work , to establish a socialist legal system suited to china 's national conditions .\r\nhe also pointed out : people 's congress supervision is a very important job . without the power to supervise , corruption will crop up ; without supervision over the power , everything will only remain formalism .\r\nto do a good job in supervisory work , people 's congress deputies should first be brave in executing the duties entrusted by the constitution , earnestly do something for the masses , and carry out the supervisory power according to law .\r\nxu jialu says supervision should be strengthened over government , courts , and procuratorates when joining the gansu delegation 's discussion , npc vice chairman xu jialu said that it is a prolonged , arduous task for the npc standing committee to strengthen its supervision over the government , the courts , and the procuratorates .\r\nxu jialu said : supervision is an eternal subject , and at no time can we say that supervision is adequate .\r\nhe hoped that all levels of governments , particularly leading cadres , will conscientiously study law and popularize legal knowledge .\r\njiang zhenghua says laws should be constantly revised and improved npc vice chairman jiang zhenghua took part in the qinghai delegation 's discussion , during which he pointed out that following china 's social and economic development , laws should be constantly revised and improved to cope with new situations and the development of the socialist market economy .\r\njiang zhenghua said : the responsibility of the ninth npc is to build a legal framework under market economic conditions and keep improving it . there are mainly six laws : constitutional law , criminal law , and civil law , which includes commercial law .\r\nthe other three are procedural laws , namely , criminal procedural law , civil procedural law , and administrative procedural law .\r\nprocedural laws and substantive laws are closely linked to each other .\r\nonly by strictly implementing procedural laws , can substantive laws display their role .\r\nchina 's reforms , opening up , and modernization continued to forge ahead in all - round fashion in 1999 amid a complex internal and external environment ; new achievements were scored on all fronts , and the predicted work targets were attained .\r\nthis is because china is still far from resolving the problem of management .\r\nnot only must the enterprises strengthen management ; industry , agriculture , finance and taxation , financial institutions , trade , science and technology , education , culture , and public health must also strengthen management .\r\ngovernment organs must still more give prominence to strengthening management , further change their functions , transform their work methods and style , and greatly enhance their standard of service and work efficiency .\r\ncomprehensively strengthening management is an urgent task at present .\r\nwe must further realize that after china joins the world trade organization , our opening to the world will enter a new stage , and we will be facing ever more intense international competition ; this is both a fine opportunity and also a severe challenge .\r\nif we fail to set high standards and strict demands in management , it will be hard to enhance china 's economic competitiveness and ability to resist risks .\r\nhence , whether in seriously implementing the guidelines , policies , and measures laid down or adapting to the demands of developments , we must have the sense of urgency to vigorously grasp management , and achieve marked results as soon as possible .\r\nthere is no light and handy path to follow in reforming and developing china 's state enterprises , and we must honestly improve and strengthen their operational management and establish a set of modern enterprise systems .\r\nthe state enterprises must turn their vision inward and be strict in managing their affairs , centering around building modern enterprise systems and achieving the target of reform and extrication from difficulty .\r\nwe must further rectify the enterprise leadership groups , and in particular select young cadres with ability and political integrity to augment the enterprise leadership groups .\r\nthe people 's bank of china must step up its study of methods for comprehensively checking on the commercial banks , formulate a set of scientific index systems , and make a correct evaluation of the operational state of the commercial banks , so as to truly implement the responsibility system and ensure impartiality in giving awards and punishments .\r\nwe must vigorously straighten out social credit , and strictly enforce discipline in settling accounts .\r\nthe establishment of supervisory boards in large and medium - sized state enterprises and key financial institutions must be carried on ; these boards are appointed by the state council and are responsible to it , and they represent the state council in exercising supervision over the quality of state assets and the state of maintaining and increasing value .\r\nthird , further straighten out and regulate order in the circulation and construction centers and intensify market supervision and control .\r\nat present violations of law of various kinds are still quite serious in china 's circulation field , and some continue despite repeated prohibition ; these seriously affect and interfere with the normal development and operation of socialist market economy .\r\nhence , we must severely and ruthlessly crack down , according to law , on the manufacture and sale of counterfeit , fake , and inferior goods , smuggling and peddling of contraband , and other illegal commercial swindles .\r\nat the same time , we must resolutely put a stop to various kinds of local protectionism and abnormal competition practice such as carving up or blockading markets , and ensure normal market order with fair competition , to promote the establishment of a unified market throughout the country .\r\nwe must achieve marked results in straightening out the construction market this year .\r\nconstruction , survey , design , building , and project supervisory units must take responsibility for project quality ; those who violate project quality regulations must be resolutely punished according to law .\r\nin devoting great efforts to comprehensively strengthening management , it is essential to straighten out rules and establish systems , cure both the symptoms and the cause , and establish and put on a sound basis strict responsibility systems .\r\nif people do not comply with the rules or have no set blueprints , it is essential to ensure that there are rules to follow , that they are followed , and that violators are held accountable .\r\nthe most important thing in strengthening management is to work in the spirit of being highly responsible to the party and the people , and be bold in sticking to principles and tackling tough problems .\r\notherwise , strengthening management will turn out to be just empty talk .\r\ncomrade jiang zemin emphasized at the fourth plenary session of the central commission for discipline inspection : \" in governing the party it is first necessary to govern the party , and the party must be governed in strict fashion . \"\r\nwe must seriously implement the spirit of comrade jiang zemin 's important speech , grasp stepping up the building of honest government and struggling against corruption as an important content of being strict in managing government affairs , and promote the all - round strengthening and deepening of management .\r\nstrengthening the building of honest government and punishing corruption are related to the rise or fall of the state .\r\nthe government must be honest , hardworking , pragmatic , and efficient , and it must put honesty in first place .\r\nit must first be honest , and then hardworking ; without these two attributes , it fundamentally does a disservice to the people .\r\nit cannot be hardworking , pragmatic , or efficient unless it is honest .\r\nours is the people 's government , and the fundamental duty of the people 's government is to wholeheartedly serve the people , and exercising honest administration is the most elementary demand .\r\nthere is an old saying that rulers must be upright .\r\nthe government organs at all levels and all their work personnel must succeed in being upright and honest , scrupulously carry out their duties , and not disappoint the people 's earnest expectations .\r\nan important reason why corruption continues despite repeated prohibition is that certain departments and units fail to educate , manage , and supervise the cadres .\r\nit is essential to further deepen the reform of the administrative and management system , intensify the supervision and constraint mechanism , strictly carry out the laws and regulations and systems , and prevent and cure corruption right from its beginnings .\r\nhowever , when they arrived at the great hall of the people today as the first group , they lined up and entered the hall in perfect order , instead of in a relatively scattered manner just like they did in the past .\r\nthis npc deputy from the pla proposes that the npc should draw up as soon as possible the \" national defense mobilization law \" and the \" war mobilization law \" to provide legal stipulations for the overall requirements and the overall issues concerning the national defense mobilization .\r\nhe added : air attack constitutes the major operation form of wars under the high - tech condition .\r\nwe should also realize the scattered distribution of key targets and the covered distribution of key projects and build well the urban people 's air defense system .\r\nbecause of the exposure of the problem of \" falungong , \" we more clearly understand that it is of utmost importance and urgency to strengthen the party s ideological and political work in the new period .\r\nfacts prove that if marxism and proletarian thoughts do not occupy the field of ideology , various non - marxist and non - proletarian thoughts , and even anti - marxist thoughts , will occupy it .\r\nin our ideological and cultural work , we promote letting a hundred schools of thought contend . however , the goal of letting a hundred schools of thought contend is meant to develop marxism and socialist thoughts and cultures .\r\nif the leading position of marxism is shaken , people will lose their correct ideological basis for making progress together and will be caught in ideological turmoil . this is very dangerous . currently , some party member cadres are confused about or even are wayward in their ideals in communism and beliefs in socialism .\r\nwe must conscientiously investigate and study various social developments as well as the new situations and changes in the masses ' spiritual development . we must target the masses ' real problems and do well our work of ideological education and guidance .\r\nthis is an important starting point in the work of strengthening the party 's ideological and political work .\r\nwhat we are developing is a socialist market economy , so we must form a moral standard for the socialist market .\r\nin terms of development project , investment pattern , enterprise organization , business management , goods production , and sales service , it is necessary to act according to the market law and compete under the principle of being just , fair , and open .\r\nthe development of the western region is a great strategic plan , in which the government plays a very important role .\r\nthird , it is necessary not only to accelerate speed but , more importantly , to improve quality .\r\nin developing the western region , we should not concentrate on development speed alone , but should integrate development speed with quality improvement .\r\nfifth , close attention should be paid to protecting the environment and resources .\r\nsixth , infrastructure construction , such as communications and transportation , communication network , and water and electricity supply , should be speeded up .\r\nseventh , educational and scientific undertakings should be developed .\r\neighth , it is necessary to exchange resources for capital .\r\nninth , financial support for the development of the western region should be intensified .\r\ntenth , construction of small cities and towns should be speeded up .\r\nin the past , the report on the work of the npc standing committee was always made by a vice chairman of the npc standing committee .\r\nmaking a report on the work of the npc standing committee by the chairman himself is the first time in the history of china 's npc .\r\nobservers in beijing held that there are three reasons as follows : first , making the report by the chairman has reflected the acceptance of suggestions by npc deputies .\r\nover the past two years , the ninth npc continued to work and make improvements in a pioneering manner on the basis of work done in previous years , adopted new thinking and new work methods in light of the new situation , and made new and solid progress in its work .\r\nnpc deputies have commented favorably on the work of npc during the past two years and suggested that chairman li peng personally make a report .\r\nsecond , making the work report by the chairman in person shows that he attaches importance to the work of the npc .\r\nafter reading the report extensively , we can see that the report devotes about half of its space to explain this year 's work of the npc standing committee . \" concentrating on the central task , seeking breakthroughs in difficult legislative work and raising the quality of legislation \" are listed in the first place .\r\nthe work of \" achieving breakthroughs in difficult legislative work \" now has a solid foundation .\r\nduring 1999 , \" important achievements \" were made in legislative work , and thus \" making another stride in initially forming a socialist legal system with chinese characteristics within the current legislative term . \"\r\nthe goal of \" achieving breakthroughs in legislative work \" is to compile a relatively complete civil code . if the work can be accomplished within this term of the npc , it will be a major breakthrough in npc 's legislative work .\r\nthe supervision work of the ninth npc is characterized by its clear planning , early arrangements , breakthroughs in key issues , concrete measures , and solid efforts to make progress despite difficulties .\r\nin the current report , chairman li peng stressed the need to forbid formalism in supervision work .\r\ncompared with last year 's report , li peng emphasized that in making investigations , it is necessary to arrive without pomp and go down to the grassroots level .\r\nin his report , in addition to stressing \" legislative work \" and \" supervision , \" chairman li peng has also attached great importance to promoting exchanges with foreign parliaments and giving full play to the role of deputies from hong kong and macao .\r\nchairman li peng pointed out : since last year , npc delegations have made contacts with us congressmen of both parties and held \" frank dialogs and opened channels for constant exchanges \" on the taiwan issue , the tibet issue , the human rights issue , and religion and other issues .\r\nas to npc 's \" exchanges and cooperation with parliaments of other countries and international organizations \" in the future , chairman li peng noted the need to \" further create a new situation . \"\r\nthe part in dealing with foreign affairs in the report has explained that npc will take the initiative to further develop its role in the foreign affairs arena .\r\nbesides , in looking into the future npc work , the progress of the work of npc deputies from hong kong and macao has been listed in the paragraph on \" relying on the deputies to further improve the work of the npc standing committee \" of the current report .\r\nthe report holds that npc deputies from hong kong and macao can play a dual role .\r\nthe report has pointed out : \" since the return of hong kong to the motherland , the npc deputies from hong kong special administrative region have been very enthusiastic in taking part in managing state affairs and they have conscientiously carried out their duties .\r\nthe npc deputies from macao special administrative region have also organized an independent group to take part in managing state affairs in the current session .\r\nwu jichuan said : at present , we are evaluating and approving the \" regulations governing the telecommunications industry \" which includes internet operations .\r\nhe said : telecommunications charges are uneven in china . charges on international calls and domestic long - distance calls within china are relatively high . however , among the 206 cities across the world , china 's charges on local calls and mobile phone calls are relatively low . consequently , we must structurally readjust telecommunications charges .\r\nhe said : at present , china maintains unified accounts on charges for domestic and international operations . to attain international standards , we should , first of all , separate the accounts on charges for domestic and international operations .\r\nhe is very capable . \"\r\nhe also said smilingly he had to learn from him .\r\nhow do npc deputies from hong kong take an active part in the management of state affairs and exercise their functions in line with the principle of \" one country , two systems \" ?\r\nat the recent npc session , an explicit definition has been given to this issue .\r\nas it is known to all , \" one country , two systems \" is a complete concept .\r\nwe should first uphold \" one country \" ; in other words , we must ensure a unified state sovereignty and tolerate no separatism .\r\nit is china 's long - term basic national policy that following the return of hong kong and macao as well as the final settlement of the taiwan issue , china will establish special administrative regions in these three areas and allow them to continue practicing their original capitalist system .\r\nthe autonomy of a high degree is endowed to a special administrative region by the central government through the basic law .\r\nthe hong kong basic law is a national law , which should be observed not only by hong kong but by the entire country as well .\r\nboth hong kong and china 's inland areas have the responsibility to implement the concept of \" one country , two systems . \"\r\nneither will inland areas interfere in the affairs of the hong kong special administrative region [ sar ] .\r\nwhen hong kong npc deputies are attending npc sessions and are exercising functions as npc deputies , they are participating in the management of the state affairs of the socialist country .\r\nwhen they are residing in hong kong between sessions , they are the citizens of the hong kong sar , and will enjoy the same rights as those enjoyed by hong kong residents .\r\naffairs that fall within the jurisdiction of hong kong 's high - degree autonomy have already been clearly stipulated in the basic law : hong kong 's chief executive is responsible for the administration of hong kong , and the chief executive holds himself responsible to both the central government and the special administrative region .\r\na special administrative region needs a leader in its implementation of the basic law , and this leader is the chief executive .\r\nso long as all of us can work with one heart and one mind , hong kong 's affairs can surely be handled satisfactorily .\r\nin china , the implementation of the ninth five - year plan for environmental protection and the long - term goals for the year 2010 , the system for controlling the total quantity of pollutant , and the program of cross - century green project is under way without a hitch and has made substantive progress .\r\nby the end of 1997 , there were 7,617 environmental protection enterprises in china , with the total fixed assets amounting to 62.09 billion yuan . they have formed a pattern under which the state - owned enterprises are developing alongside the township collective enterprises and private enterprises .\r\nat present , the countries that hold a dominant position in the international markets of environmental protection industries are mainly the united states , germany , and japan .\r\nin 1993 , the volume of trade in the world environmental protection markets was $ 356 billion , and by 2000 , it will rise to $ 600 billion , which is a very huge market space .\r\nthis calls for the chinese environmental protection enterprises to concentrate their efforts on the invigoration of national environmental protection industries . if they take a passive attitude to evade challenges and stick to the old practice of mechanical development rather than actively participate in international competition , they will eventually lose the domestic markets as well .\r\nthe foreign environmental protection enterprises introduced the mechanism of competition a relatively long time ago , took the market as an orientation for developing production , and acquired the advantage in structure that was developed earlier than others .\r\nit is not as simple as building some large projects , \" said wang lequan , a deputy to the national people 's congress , and secretary of the party committee of xinjiang uygur autonomous region , in an interview with this reporter .\r\nwang lequan said : the extensive development of western regions constitutes a major readjustment of the layout of china 's modern economic development .\r\nthis is not only a geographic concept but also a kind of concept that embodies the economic development situation .\r\nto develop the west , the state will certainly invest enormous funds in it . however , instead of depending on state investment , xinjiang should give full play to its own efforts , because the opportunity can be seized with its own efforts only .\r\nhow much opportunity it can seize depends on how much effort it makes .\r\nwhen practicing the strategy of extensively developing western regions , it is necessary to conduct scientific appraisal in line with actual circumstances and accelerate the preparations in all aspects .\r\nin this aspect , xinjiang has plenty of opportunities . for instance , there are such \" red industry \" as tomatoes , safflowers , and wolfberry . there are also many unique melons and fruits .\r\nxinjiang will also intensify the prospecting of natural petroleum gas resources and the chemical industrial resources , two of xinjiang 's three major industries .\r\nxinjiang will do realistic and reliable work to facilitate the early start of the magnificent project of \" transmitting gas from the west to the east , \" to shanghai .\r\nat the same time , we will gradually carry out the plan of \" building another beautiful grand northwest . \"\r\nwang lequan maintained : in carrying out the strategy of extensively developing western regions , there are still many unfavorable factors in xinjiang , the most serious one of which is the factor of people .\r\nxinjiang is a region where a variety of ethnic nationalities live in compact communities and where a variety of languages are used .\r\nthus , it is particularly important and urgent to rapidly train professionals and improve the quality of the entire labor force .\r\nbeijing , 10 mar ( xinhua ) - - last spring , the second session of the ninth national people 's congress [ npc ] made a constitutional amendment , affirming the position and role of individual , private , and other non - public economies as an important component part of the socialist market economy .\r\nmembers of the ninth national committee of the chinese people 's political consultative conference [ cppcc ] warmly discussed the gratifying changes in this aspect at third session of the committee , and also actively offered their proposals and advice and made frank comments on how to further develop the non - public economies .\r\nthey not only absorbed large quantities of rural surplus labor force , but also absorbed large numbers of workers being laid off by state - owned enterprises . in 1998 , more than 4.6 million people were absorbed by these enterprises . \"\r\nin recent years , some people - owned enterprises also made investment in the central and western regions in response to the party and the government 's call , opened up rural markets , and used their concrete actions to promote economic development in the less developed areas .\r\ncommittee member jin yi said : \" the situation in jiangxi shows that non - public economies have become a major pillar of the county economies . the development conditions of the non - public economies have become a key factor that determines the growth speed of the county economies . \"\r\ndifficulties in implementing the support policies and in providing the national treatments [ subhead ] \" now , no one still openly indicates that importance should not be attached to the development of non - public economies , but in some areas , those in authority only pay lip service to the development of non - public economies . \"\r\nit is also hard to implement the financial policies .\r\nmost non - public enterprises are operating by renting land or property , and cannot take much fixed assets as collateral or find guarantor institutions . as a result , it is very difficult for them to contract loans from the banks as working funds .\r\nindividual and private enterprises are facing many \" managing \" institutions , and find it hard to engage in a lawsuit .\r\ncommittee member li zuke said : individual and private enterprises are beyond the management of the governments , but they are still facing the \" management \" of many institutions .\r\nevents of infringing upon the legitimate rights and interests of the enterprises occur from time to time . due to the lack of pertinent laws and regulations , individual and private enterprises find it hard to file complaints and launch a lawsuit .\r\nsome enterprises simply stop lodging complaints while being victimized and just take the events as their bad luck , or resort some illegal means to seek \" justice . \"\r\nsuch state of affairs should be changed .\r\nfind the right positions again , turning themselves into modern enterprises , upgrading their own quality [ subhead ] \" most owners of non - public enterprises do business according to their intuition in the market competition , and are short of the basic expertise in industrial management . \"\r\nwu zhendde , vice chairman of the democratic league central committee and vice chairman of the cppcc sichuan provincial committee , said , \" when their products are in shortage on the market , such operational mode may still grasp some opportunities by luck .\r\nwhen products become abundant , without a certain level of management means and business insight , it will be hard for them to continue to survive and develop . \"\r\nwu zhengde said : non - public enterprises should change their developmental mode of being \" small and comprehensive , \" and reshape themselves in the orientation of being \" small and specialized and streamlined . \"\r\nthey need to correctly grasp the trend of the market , and carry out technological innovations .\r\nentrepreneurs who run the non - public enterprises should pay attention to \" upgrade \" themselves .\r\ncommittee member xia shouchun said , \" we should place the development of non - public economies in the across - the - board plan for national development so that a joint force can be created in the adjustment of the industrial structure while meeting with the challenges from global integration .\r\nbeijing , 10 mar ( xinhua ) - - some 10 years ago , zhang hongwei was merely a responsible person of an engineering team in harbin .\r\nnow , his business , the eastern group , has established its footholds in dozens of countries and regions in the world .\r\nspeaking of competition , cppcc member zhang hongwei says : the economic globalization trend has intensified competition in the market .\r\nsetting up a number of big internationally competitive transnational companies based on modern enterprise management is the only choice that china should make if it is to stand firm in the world economy .\r\nonly by \" doing both at the same time , \" he adds , can we have a big motive power for our economic takeoff . \" international competition is not an empty talk , but a test of strength between real entities , \" says cppcc member xu guanju .\r\nfor this reason , he says , we should encourage robust enterprises to make investments and set up plants abroad , develop processing trade , or engage in such overseas business projects as cooperative development of resources , contractual construction work , and labor cooperation .\r\ncultivate competitive businesses and become a strong country the cppcc members have made this comment : with the in - depth progress of china 's reform and opening up , chinese products are gaining a more and more important position in the international market , and the \" made in china \" tag has become commonplace .\r\nso far , however , few chinese brands are well - known internationally .\r\nthere is no denying the fact that chinese - invested overseas enterprises are comparatively small businesses , their scales far below the average of those of developed countries .\r\nin addition , we must boost the competitiveness of our big enterprises , including transnational companies , by improving the properties and quality of their products , lowering their production costs and product prices , and raising the level of their after - sales service .\r\njust as cppcc member chen kaizhi has said , at the crucial movement of the turn of the century , we should focus on cultivating a number of enterprises with great potentials so that they may distinguish themselves and display our national strength on the international arena .\r\nthe cpc has taken marxism as its guiding ideology since the day it was founded .\r\nrecalling the past and comparing it with the present , the deputies and committee members pointed out that the banner is the soul of the party 's ideological and political work .\r\nthis has been proven not only by the practice of the chinese revolution and construction in the past , but also by the great practice of building socialism with chinese characteristics since the launch of reform and opening up .\r\nin particular , since the launch of reform and opening up , with the shift of the party 's work focus to \" centering on economic work , \" emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts have imbued the process as the core of the party 's ideological and political work .\r\nthe reason why ( paul kochakin ) has immortal vitality lies in his staunch ideals and faith and his high - spirited attitude to life .\r\nencouraging people with outstanding artistic works is an important aspect of ideological and political work .\r\nin particular , the cpc central committee 's decisive handling of the \" falun gong \" problem last year enabled the cadres and masses to gain further understanding of the importance and urgency of stepping up and improving ideological and political work .\r\nideological and political work is essential in cultivating a high - quality force to give the enterprise cohesion .\r\ndeputy wang zhaohua , deputy secretary of the fengning county cpc committee in hebei , held that the \" three stresses \" education is an important exploration in party building in the new period and also an important form of ideological and political work .\r\nthe deputies and committee members have fully endorsed this , holding that the more that reform and opening up proceed , the more must ideological and political work be stepped up ; and the more that this is done , the more can it spur the healthy development of reform and opening up .\r\ndeputy zhang weiji , secretary of the general party branch of nanling village of buji town in longgang district of shenzhen , spoke of how he is still moved by the scene when general secretary jiang zemin inspected nanling village .\r\n\" think of the source when getting rich , advance in thinking when getting rich \" ; this is general secretary jiang zemin 's call to the cadres and masses , especially those in regions where development is relatively fast .\r\nguangdong 's npc deputies said : building socialism with chinese characteristics includes the two aspects of developing material civilization and socialist spiritual civilization , and it is necessary to achieve coordinated economic and social development and all - round progress .\r\nfaced with the imminent new century , the deputies and committee members pointed out that china 's future brilliance must be forged by high - quality talent .\r\ncppcc national committee member zuo tieyong , fellow of the chinese engineering academy , said that the cultivation of ideological and moral qualities reflects the quality of talent at a deeper level than specialized knowledge and ability , and is the most fundamental and important aspect of education in all - round quality .\r\nthe \" falun gong \" phenomenon which appeared not long ago shows that there are still weak links in ideological and political work .\r\nit is necessary to bring into play the role of the ideological and political work departments , and also depend on all sectors of society , to form a combined force in ideological and political work .\r\nin the negotiation process for china 's wto bid , 37 members asked to conduct bilateral negotiations with china .\r\naccording to shi guangsheng , china is speeding up its negotiations with the remaining 11 members . its negotiations with several of them have basically been completed or are nearing completion , with bilateral agreements due to be signed soon .\r\nboth of them also exchanged views on other issues of common concern .\r\nbeijing , 10 march ( xinhua ) - - the ninth standing committee meeting of the ninth cppcc [ chinese people 's political consultative conference ] national committee was held in beijing this afternoon .\r\nentrusted by a meeting of the cppcc national committee chairmen , zheng wantong , secretary general of the cppcc national committee , reported to the meeting on the situation and progress of the third session of the ninth cppcc national committee and the main situation of its panel discussions .\r\nthe 48 groups of members have held seven rounds of panel discussions respectively .\r\nthis has fully attested that the cpc central committee and the state council have set much store by and given support to the cppcc work and has embodied a democratic style on the part of the third - generation leading collective of the cpc central committee with comrade jiang zemin as the core .\r\nthe members also advanced some views on how to revise this year 's government work report . the secretariat of the session has generalized and passed on those views to the general office of the state council .\r\nzheng said : the members generally held that the work report of the standing committee of the cppcc national committee is a report aimed at seeking truth from facts and marked by comprehensive contents , clear - cut emphases , concise wordings , and salient characteristics .\r\nmoreover , the members also put forth some views on how to revise the work report , which have been summed up and divided into some 40 categories .\r\nthe secretariat of the session has instructed the document drafting group to conscientiously revise the work report in accordance with the members ' views , stressing : the work report should be revised in accordance with the members ' views wherever it may or may not be revised .\r\nthe meeting mourned with deep grief the loss of gongtangcang danbeiwangxu and xie xide , two standing committee members who had passed away due to sickness , since the eighth standing committee meeting of the ninth cppcc national committee .\r\nbeijing , 10 mar ( xinhua ) - - wen jiabao , member of the political bureau of the cpc central committee and vice premier of the state council , recently attended , as a deputy to the national people 's congress , the discussion of shaanxi delegation on the government work report .\r\nwen jiabao said : the extensive development of western regions was a grand systems engineering involving various economic and social aspects .\r\nwhen studying and making plans , we should proceed from reality , observe the objective law , and give full consideration to various localities ' natural and geographical conditions as well as the real condition of economic and social development in order to make the plans more scientific .\r\nwen jiabao said : in extensively developing western regions , we must have good ideas .\r\nto this end , we should actively promote the transformation of economic structure and economic growth pattern and strive to improve the utilization efficiency of natural resources in western regions , the utilization benefit of funds , and the quality of economic growth .\r\nfor this , we should conduct scientific study and appraisal of the major problems related to the west development , organize the vast numbers of scientists and technicians to plunge into the main battlefield of the development , and vigorously create conditions and apply advanced sciences and technology to accelerate the development of western regions .\r\nhe said : we should make positive explorations , summarize experience in a timely manner , suit measures to local conditions , and give different guidance based on different situations .\r\nwe should give full play to political advantages to mobilize the whole society to support the development of the west .\r\nevery time china increases its military spending , the western media will certainly play up the move and link with the so - called \" china threat theory . \"\r\nhowever , such a phenomenon was rather rarely seen this year .\r\nthe military will get a pay increase of about 30 percent this year , which is not considered an enormous rise compared to local cadres in terms of salary and allowances .\r\nat a news conference , chinese foreign ministry spokesman zhu bangzao pointed out : the proportion of defense expenditures against china 's gross national product [ gnp ] and national financial expenditures has actually dropped , despite the continual growth in the absolute sum of defense budget since the 1980 s .\r\ncompared to the state budgets of the united states and japan , in china 's state budget , expenditures for national defense are very low .\r\nrecently , the us government put forth an national defense budget bill for the next fiscal year , in which the general military expenditure will amount to $ 305.4 billion , a rise of $ 14.4 billion over the previous year or the increased portion about the same as china 's general military expenditure for the entire year .\r\nthis shows china 's per capita military expenditure is at such a low level .\r\nnevertheless , the chinese army , which is celebrated for its industriousness and stamina , can bring its enthusiasm and creativity into full play , push national defense and army modernization to a new stage , and enhance its defense combat capability to a new level .\r\nwhen speaking at a meeting of the chinese people 's liberation army [ pla ] deputies to the npc attending a npc session , chairman jiang zemin pointed out : last year the army and armed police forces withstood the trials from three major political struggles and made new progress in comprehensive construction .\r\nthe stronger our national defense strength is , the greater the guarantee for our country 's security and fulfillment of the great cause of reunification will be .\r\nat the npc session and group meeting , central military commission members fu quanyou , yu yongbo , wang ke , and wang ruilin said : the pla is a great wall of steel guarding our motherland and is shouldering a sacred mission to defend national security and territorial integrity and safeguard the reunification of the motherland .\r\nat his speech at the npc session , a certain military region 's deputy commander said : china has made full military preparations .\r\nmeanwhile , on the same occasion , a local military commander proposed the npc enact a \" national defense mobilization law \" or a \" war mobilization law \" as soon as possible in view of the present situation and work out legal provisions concerning issues of overall significance .\r\nhe stressed that the eastern coastal areas should advance in greater strides in taking the lead in realizing modernization in main areas .\r\nthe principle of expanding domestic demand should be firmly carried out , thus guaranteeing the sustained , high speed , and healthy development of the national economy .\r\nsecond , it is necessary to carry out strategic adjustments of the economic structure , and enhance the quality of efficiency of economic growth .\r\nfourth , it is necessary to further deepen the economic structural reform with focus on reforms in state - owned enterprises , and further improve and perfect the socialist market economic structure .\r\nthe scope of opening up should be further expanded .\r\nwhile continuing to do a good job in attracting foreign funds and technologies , it is also necessary to pursue the opening strategy of \" going out \" and enhance the international competitive power of our country 's enterprises and products .\r\nsixth , it is necessary to further enhance the level of our people 's material and cultural lives , and make our people better - off on the basis of reaching the standard of being comparatively well - off .\r\ngong zheng , a deputy from jiangxi , said that the judicial contingent in general has carried out intensive education and revamp with significant results .\r\nin the struggle against the cult organization \" falungong , \" the judicial contingent strictly applied the criminal law and relevant judicial explanations and sternly cracked down on criminal activities of organizing and using cult organizations to undermine enforcement of laws , cause deaths , and obtain state secrets illegally .\r\nrecent sentencing of hu changqing for his crimes of taking bribes , offering bribes , and possessing enormous wealth of ambiguous origin shows that the judicial contingent has investigated major cases thoroughly and resolutely , no matter what departments and who are involved , thus further indicating the party and country 's determination to fight corruption and crimes .\r\nthe act of abusing one 's power in exchange for money is polluting the social trend , causing extremely severe harm and affecting economic development and social stability .\r\nmember chen kaichi said that , in recent years , some verdicts of the people 's courts were not enforced and legal rights and interests of litigants were not protected in a timely and effective way , to which the masses have expressed strong opinions .\r\nestablishment and perfection of these systems will provide a strong and powerful guarantee for promoting governing of the country according to law and for building our country 's socialist market economy .\r\njiang zemin attentively listened to their speeches and frequently discussed some issues with the deputies .\r\nafter the liberation , shanxi has become an important base of energy resources and heavy chemical industry , and energetically supported the economic construction of the entire country .\r\nwe must deepen our understanding , intensify our sense of urgency , and enhance our consciousness and initiative in the structural adjustment .\r\njiang zemin emphasized that the economic structural adjustment should be taken as the principal point for concentrated efforts in the economic work this year and in a period of time to come , and that the structural adjustment should be accelerated in the course of economic development and economic development be promoted by the structural adjustment .\r\nit is necessary to pay particular attention to the following aspects : 1 ) stabilizing and strengthening the position of agriculture as the foundation , further stepping up the construction of agricultural infrastructure facilities , protecting cultivated land , and heightening the ability of agricultural comprehensive production .\r\n2 ) adjusting the industrial structure and product mix , cutting down the excessive production capabilities , reducing the industries that produce unmarketable products , and shutting down and eliminating the enterprises using backward technologies , polluting environment , wasting resources , and lacking conditions for safe production .\r\n3 ) adjusting the structure of the enterprises which are excessively decentralized and unable to form a sufficient scale , and vigorously pushing forward enterprises ' association , merger , and reorganization .\r\n4 ) using new high technology to transform the traditional industries and adjusting and transforming the old industrial bases to enable the traditional industries and old industrial bases to radiate new vitality .\r\n6 ) energetically developing the tertiary industry , particularly in such trades as information , finance , tourism , service , and so on , and broadening the paths for employment .\r\n7 ) promoting the rational distribution and coordinated development of the regional economy and urban - rural economy , making efforts to display the advantages of various localities , and reasonably developing and utilizing resources to bring about the healthy development of the regional economy .\r\nwhile vigorously developing the new hi - tech industries and transforming the traditional industries , we should positively develop the labor - intensive industries in light of china 's national conditions , as they call for smaller investment and absorb more labor forces .\r\nit is necessary to positively import advanced applicable technologies , enhance our ability to make innovation by ourselves , and vigorously develop new technology and new craft that have our own intellectual property rights .\r\nthe crux of scientific and technological advancement and innovation lies in the talented personnel , so we must concentrate our efforts on cultivating scientific and technological talent . in particular , we must create conditions for bringing up young scientific and technological talent , and set up incentive mechanisms to release and display their initiative and creativity .\r\nmeanwhile , on the premises of persistently taking the public economy including the state - owned , collective , and other economic sectors as the main body , we should positively encourage and guide the development of the nonpublic economy including the individual , private , and other economic sectors .\r\nfifth , in accelerating the structural adjustment , it is imperative to properly perform the mass work and maintain social stability .\r\njiang zemin pointed out that the strategy for the large - scale development in west china put forth by the central authorities is aimed at expediting the development in the central and western regions and promoting the coordinated development of the regional economy .\r\nsince reform and opening up , particularly since the middle of 1980 's when the state started the development of assisting the poor on a large scale in a planned way , tremendous achievements have been scored by china in its poverty relief work .\r\nin the impoverished areas , the solution of the food and clothing problem for the masses should be taken as the most important and urgent task at the moment , which should be placed in the foremost position for accomplishment .\r\nthe initial stage refers to the historical stage in which the situation of the impoverished population accounting for a large proportion and the people 's living standards being comparatively low will be gradually changed so that the entire people will become comparatively prosperous .\r\nafter the state 's plan of resolving the 80 million people 's food and clothing problem in seven years is carried out , the task of poverty relief will not come to an end . instead , it will enter a new stage .\r\njiang zemin said emphatically : at present , to do a good job of poverty relief and push forward the rural economic development , first , we should adhere to the principle of assisting the poor through development .\r\nto this end , it is necessary to vigorously reinforce the capital construction on irrigation and water conservancy , improve the production and living conditions , help the poverty - stricken masses develop farm production , animal raising , and fish breeding , and steadily resolve the problem of food and clothing .\r\nsecond , we should accelerate the development in education , popularize applicable techniques , and universally elevate the laborers ' quality .\r\nin the impoverished areas , agriculture holds a large proportion in the economy , the source of peasants ' income mainly depends on agriculture , and a considerable portion of the local financial revenue also comes from agriculture .\r\nit is necessary to develop agriculture with high yield , fine quality , and great efficiency , heighten the economic results of agriculture , and increase peasants ' incomes .\r\nbeijing , 10 mar ( xinhua ) - - the third session of the ninth national people 's congress (npc) held its fourth meeting at the great hall of the people this morning to listen to reports on the work of the supreme people 's court and the supreme people 's procuratorate .\r\njiang zemin , li peng , zhu rongji , hu jintao , wei jianxing , li lanqing and other party and state leaders were seated on the rostrum .\r\nthe level of trying cases and implementing rulings should be further raised , new achievements should be made in court reform , and new progress should be made in the building of personnel .\r\nhan zhubin , procurator general of the supreme people 's procuratorate , made a report to the meeting on the work of the supreme people 's procuratorate .\r\nhe said in 1999 , procuratorial organs at all levels severely cracked down on serious crimes according to law , and made positive contribution to safeguarding social stability .\r\nhan zhubin said procuratorial organs at all level must persistently regard the quality of handling cases as the lifeline of law - enforcement work , and persistently take the people 's satisfaction as the highest standard .\r\nthey must punish criminals , help those who have taken a wrong step in life , educate those who have made mistakes , protect the innocent , and support reformers .\r\nthe npc deputies and cppcc members raised the view that judicial justice is a fundamental guarantee for promoting the implementation of the principle of ruling the country by law .\r\nif the masses lose their confidence in their judicial organs , the image of the party and government among the masses will be seriously undermined . thus , the phenomenon of judicial corruption simply cannot be taken lightly .\r\nthere is a close relationship between judicial justice and the protection of the interests of the masses by judicial organs .\r\ninjustice in law enforcement and corruption in the judiciary have occurred from time to time .\r\nthe npc deputies and cppcc members were deeply aware of the seriousness of the problem of violation of law and discipline among a handful of judicial officials .\r\nnpc deputy sun guihua [ 1327 2710 5478 ] , an old - timer in judicial work , said : judicial justice is the basic requirement for ruling the country by law . it is the strong aspirations of the masses and the lifeline of judiciary organs .\r\nif a society loses judicial justice , it cannot begin to talk about social justice .\r\nturning ardent hopes into a powerful drive the ardent hopes of npc deputies and cppcc members have turned into a powerful drive in improving the work of the \" two supremes , \" and a substantial step forward has been taken .\r\nif you want to work with iron , you must be tough yourself .\r\nhaving learned from the opinions and suggestions of npc deputies and cppcc members , the \" two supremes \" made continuous attempts to improve their mechanism of constraint and intensified their reform and rectification .\r\nthis produced a strong response from the public , who hailed it as \" trial under the sun . \"\r\nthe supreme people 's court and the supreme people 's procuratorate unfolded activities of education , rectification and law - enforcement inspection in an all - round way with salient problems among their officials in mind .\r\n\" personal favor cases , \" \" social connection cases \" and \" money cases \" became the key targets of this education and rectification .\r\nin october 1997 , the standing committee of the hainan provincial people 's congress passed the regulations on the investigation of wrongly - charged cases .\r\nthrough practice , \" the investigation of wrongly - charged cases \" was promoted throughout the country . this effectively checked and prevented corruption in law enforcement .\r\nsince implementing the system of investigating wrongly - charged cases , hangzhou has called to account 13 people who were responsible for the trial of these cases .\r\nsincere efforts have won the genuine support of npc deputies and cppcc members .\r\nas an old deputy , i will give positive support and assistance to the judicial organs in their judicial and procuratorial work .\r\nthey saw the strengthening of supervision as an important measure for ensuring judicial justice .\r\nnpc deputy yu wanling [ 0060 8001 1545 ] said : as the supreme organ of state power , the npc should play a bigger role in judicial supervision .\r\nwe must further intensify our efforts , improve on the methods and procedures , and pay attention to quality , in order not to let the people down .\r\nthe standing committee of the provincial people 's congress subsequently adopted a resolution dismissing this judge .\r\nin order to beef up the system of supervision and defend judicial justice , it is also necessary to improve the mechanisms of internal supervision and constraint in judicial organs .\r\njiangsu deputy yu guangzhou [ 0060 1639 3166 ] held that in truly defending the dignity of the law and maintaining judicial justice , the key lies in institutional guarantee .\r\nimproving the process of supervision and making it more than a mere form is a new task confronting the judiciary .\r\nthese strict measures have built an escape - proof net against corrupt officials in the judiciary .\r\nthe masses not only can effectively supervise the judicial process and improve the law - enforcement environment , but can educate themselves in the process .\r\neffective supervision is an important guarantee for judicial justice . we believe that when all law - enforcement personnel are subject to strict supervision and act according to law , the target of judicial justice can definitely be met .\r\nzhang qinhua urged enhancing the training and managing public servants ' education and training , fostering in them the concept of administration according to law , raising work efficiency , and increasing awareness for services .\r\ndelegate zhao jun suggested quickening pace of reforming court personnel system and training a contingent of quality judges as soon as possible .\r\ndelegate yu tianrui put forth the suggestion of earnestly strengthening grassroots party organization building in rural areas and of raising the quality of grassroots party - member cadres .\r\nfirst , serving the people wholeheartedly is the fundamental purpose of our party . we should enhance the education of party member cadres , leading cadres in particular , and help them establish a correct world outlook and outlook on life .\r\npunishment should be meted out according to law to whomever who breaches disciplines and violate laws .\r\nthird , efforts are needed to stem out areas that breed corruption .\r\nbeijing , 10 mar ( xinhua ) - - hu jintao , member of the cpc central committee political bureau and vice president , joined the anhui delegates to the third session of the ninth national people 's congress [ npc ] on the afternoon of 10 march to examine various reports .\r\nhe also said that changing fees into taxes is a fundamental measure to lighten farmers ' burdens and as anhui was made a pilot province to experiment with changing fees into taxes , the preparations work in that regard has been in full swing .\r\nhe added that anhui would surely engage in meticulous organization , make conscientious arrangements , and implement measures in a planned manner .\r\nhe pointed out that china has always prioritized solving well the problem of feeding 1.2 billion people .\r\nparticular attention should be given to preventing the tendency of neglecting , and of becoming lax toward the agriculture , and to further consolidating and enhancing the basic position of agriculture at a time when china is enjoying back - to - back bumper harvests and when china faces structural surpluses in farming output .\r\nthere is also a need to gradually establish a sound supervision and encouragement mechanism for grassroots cadres , and to actively explore effective ways and methods of standardizing management of grassroots cadres in rural areas .\r\nat present , both sino - us relations and cross - strait relations are at an extremely important and crucial moment .\r\ndespite such a sensitive time , the us government has ignored china 's strong opposition and is ready to sell advanced weapons to taiwan , deliberately undermining sino - us relations and intensifying the tense situation in the taiwan strait .\r\ntang jiaxuan pointed out that what the united states has done has encouraged the arrogance of the splittist forces in taiwan and the united states bears unshirkable responsibility for the tense situation in the taiwan strait .\r\nover a long time , the successive us governments have regarded taiwan as an \" unsinkable aircraft carrier \" for containing china .\r\nafter china and the united states established diplomatic relations , the united states was compelled to withdraw its troops from taiwan , but it immediately adopted the \" taiwan relations act \" bill and undertook the responsibility of using force to defend taiwan .\r\nthis is another attempt , following the \" taiwan relations act , \" of the us anti - china forces to strengthen us - taiwan ties , and to provide , through domestic legislation , a so - called legal basis for the united states to sell to taiwan various kinds of advanced weapons , equipment , and technology .\r\nwhat the united states has done has fully revealed its features of hegemony and power politics in interfering in china 's internal affairs , and has enabled the chinese people to see once more that the united states is the biggest obstacle to china 's settlement of the taiwan issue .\r\ntherefore , to settle the taiwan issue , it is imperative to get rid of us interference and to properly make preparation for military struggle .\r\nspeaking about the taiwan issue on 4 march , president jiang zemin pointed out , \" the chinese people have never been afraid of ghosts and have never believed in fallacies . we resolutely oppose any evil move that will endanger the fundamental interests of the chinese nation .\r\nthe greater the national defense strength is , the better china 's security and the realization of the great cause of reunification are guaranteed .\r\nsino - us relations are of utmost importance to peace and stability in the asia - pacific region , and to peace and stability of the world as whole .\r\nat present whatever the united states says on the taiwan issue will have a direct bearing on the direction along which sino - us relations will move , and will also have a direct bearing on peace and stability in the taiwan strait and the asia - pacific region .\r\nin what direction will sino - us relations move lies entirely with the united states .\r\nthey should seize the opportunity brought by the ' wto accession ' to meet the challenges , \" said lu tsung - lin , member of the chinese people 's political consultative conference [ cppcc ] from the hong kong special administrative region [ hksar ] and president of the hong kong - mainland international co .\r\nltd. [ name as transliterated ] .\r\nmany members have offered views and suggestions on how hong kong and the mainland should strengthen cooperation .\r\ndeputy rita fan hsu lai - tai said such a report made by a big country is quite below the standard .\r\nthe hong kong issue mentioned in the report is completely groundless . it says hong kong is a special place for sending illegal immigrants to the united states .\r\nin the process of interpreting the basic law , the npc standing committee respected the views of various quarters and did not interfere in the final decision made by the court of final appeal of the special administrative region .\r\nas a matter of fact , the americans are very clear about this . however , they have deliberately used this as a pretext to attack our human rights situation and interfere in the internal affairs of another country .\r\nbeijing , 11 mar ( xinhua ) - - last year , 11 deputies from the beijing municipal people congress , including deputy zhang guochu , suggested : written replies should be given to signed letters of accusations , complaints , and appeals .\r\nafter receiving the suggestion from the people congress , the beijing municipal higher people court relayed to people courts in the entire municipality provisions on promptly handling signed letters and other documents of accusation , complaint , and appeal by the masses .\r\nthis is a living example of how beijing courts implement suggestions by people congress deputies and the masses .\r\nthe beijing municipal people court and procuratorate set up departments and organizations that are specially responsible for handling criticism from people congress deputies and committee members of the chinese people political consultative conference [ cppcc ] .\r\nit also specially invited national people congress [ npc ] deputies who were in beijing , and municipal people congress deputies and cppcc committee members to inspect judicial and procuratorial work , and criticize work by all levels of courts and procuratorates .\r\nto ensure judicial fairness , all levels of courts in beijing implemented the open trial system in 1999 , and the procuratorates implemented the open system for procuratorial matters .\r\nall courts in the municipality opened their gates wide , and opened a passage for the masses to sit as visitors at meetings and for reporters to gather news materials .\r\nto uphold judicial fairness , the judicial organs took a series of new measures to promote impartiality by being open .\r\nthe procuratorates implemented a system under which deadlines are set for making replies to reports , complaints , and appeals , and the system of supervisory cards that are clearly displayed to the masses .\r\nat present , courts in the entire municipality have invited more than 150 social supervisors , and produced over 1,200 new people jurors .\r\nnine procuratorates in the entire municipality established expert consultation committees , and employed 76 expert consultation and supervisory members .\r\nthe courts established the system of consultations by experts and scholars , and employed 48 considerably high - caliber experts and scholars to serve as members of the higher people court consultation committee , and to provide consultations and proofs for difficult and unprecedented cases .\r\nto ensure that social supervision is widespread , courts and procuratorates adhered to the system of eception days for court presidents and chief procurators .\r\nlast year in the entire municipality , 83 court presidents received over 4,500 people on more than 600 occasions , and solved over 3,000 problems facing the masses , including rectifying four erroneous cases .\r\nbeijing , 11 mar ( xinhua ) - - the presidium of the third session of the ninth national people 's congress [ npc ] held its second meeting on the morning of 11 march at the great hall of the people .\r\nli peng , executive chairman of the presidium , chaired the meeting .\r\nthis examination report was put to a vote and adopted at the meeting , which will be distributed in printed form to all delegates following the meeting .\r\nguo zhenqian , vice chairman of the npc financial and economic committee , made an examination report on the execution of the central and local government budgets in 1999 and on the draft 2000 central and local government budgets .\r\nthe financial and economic committee suggested approval of the state council 's draft 2000 central government budget and agreed to the \" report on the execution of the 1999 central and local governments ' budgets and the draft 2000 central and local governments ' budgets \" made by finance minister xiang huaicheng at the request of the state council .\r\nbeijing , march 11 - - it is that time of the year again , when the spring breeze brings forth the green in trees , for us to be ushering in our 21 st arbor day .\r\nit is an important pioneering move for china 's ecological development to have an arbor day for unfolding a nationwide voluntary tree - planting campaign and launching key forestry and ecological projects in areas with a fragile ecological environment . this move has attracted keen response and active participation from people throughout the country .\r\nover the past 21 years , several billion people have taken part in voluntary tree planting activities nationwide , and more than 32 billion trees have been planted .\r\nthe acreage of our man - made forests is the largest in the world , and we have made the historic achievement of scoring continuous growth in afforested area and reserves .\r\na total of 50 million hectares of trees have been planted in 10 key forestry and ecology projects , and a new pattern of afforestation and ecological development has taken shape .\r\nan ecological environment with green hills and clean rivers has now appeared in certain parts of zhejiang , fujian , guangdong , anhui and hunan , and green corridors have been built along railways , highways and rivers .\r\nhowever , problems of soil erosion , desertification and frequent drought and flooding still have not been fundamentally checked . they are holding back , even threatening , economic construction and social development .\r\nat the turn of the century , general secretary jiang zemin issued to the nation the great call to rebuild the beautiful mountains and rivers of the motherland . the state council announced the \" national plan for building the ecological environment , \" which put forward new tasks and requirements for afforestation .\r\nin order to accelerate the pace of afforestation , we need to continuously explore new mechanisms and formulate new methods and measures on the basis of effective practices of voluntary tree planting in the past , and encourage more people to take part in afforestation .\r\nthe measure of \" offering grain in relief instead of outright grant and contracting afforestation to individual households \" in returning land for farming to forestry is also a new creation in the new period .\r\nin order to accelerate afforestation , we need to determine the types of forests to be built , the types of trees to be planted , the method of operation and the mode of management in accordance with the aim of making afforestation dictate utilization , and increase the efficiency and benefits of afforestation .\r\nthe western parts of china have very poor natural conditions , and the restoration of vegetation is very difficult in these areas . there , afforestation will depend on the application of science and technology .\r\nin the building of ecological forests for the public good , the important thing is to tackle the issues of increasing the survival and preservation rates of forests and pastures in the arid and semi - arid areas and in river valleys that are both hot and dry .\r\nin the building of commercial forest bases , it is necessary to address the questions of achieving rapid growth , bumper harvest , fine quality and high efficiency .\r\nat present , problems of the indiscriminate felling of trees , the destruction of vegetation , the indiscriminate granting of land - use approval and the uncompensated use of land for afforestation remain serious . with some people chopping trees as others are busy planting them , china 's forested acreage increases very slowly .\r\nthe new \" forestry law \" and the \" rules for the implementation of the forestry law \" provide effective weapons for the protection of forests .\r\nit is necessary to increase investment and adopt effective measures to strengthen the prevention and treatment of forest pests and diseases in order to protect the achievements of afforestation that have not been easy to come by .\r\nas long as we can exert efforts together , intensify our protection of the ecological environment and persist in our endeavors at afforestation , we will definitely be able to build our motherland into a country with beautiful mountains and rivers .\r\nbeijing , 11 mar ( xinhua ) - - the main differences between motions and suggestions , criticisms , and opinions are as follows : 1 .\r\nmotions are original bills submitted in line with legal procedures by legal organs and deputies to the people 's congresses and their standing committee meetings for file as meeting agenda . then , people 's congresses and their standing committee meetings should examine and discuss the motions and make decisions .\r\nsuggestions , criticisms , and opinions are opinions and suggestions on the work in all fields raised by deputies at people 's congresses and their standing committee meetings . 2 .\r\nmotions must be put forward by either legal organs or a legal number of deputies in line with legal procedures .\r\nsuggestions , criticisms , and opinions may deal with the work in all areas . 4 .\r\nthere are no legal requirements for writing suggestions , criticisms , and opinions . 5 .\r\nduring the eight and a half day session , more than 2,000 committee members from various nationalities and sectors freely expressed their views , sought consensus , and pursued development .\r\na century ago , the cannons of an eight - nation alliance were bombarding china 's gateway ; 50 years ago , the chinese people finally stood up ; today , standing at the threshold of the world , china , which has been completely transformed , is considering and planning a vast blueprint for the new century .\r\neveryone is agreed about that .\r\nthe committee members held that this is an encouraging report that seeks truth from facts .\r\nthe report is shorter than before , but contains more experiences ; there is less stereotyped and empty talk , and more specialized and technical language . this fully proves that our government is pragmatic , knows the business , and has great energy .\r\nthroughout the whole of 4 march , the afternoon of 5 march , and the morning of 7 march , party and state leaders jiang zemin , li peng , zhu rongji , li ruihuan , hu jintao , wei jianxing , and li lanqing separately called on members of 24 panels and took part in their discussions .\r\nthe members said that this showed the importance and support given to cppcc work by the cpc central committee and state council , and embodied the democratic style of work of the third - generation leadership collective of the cpc central committee with comrade jiang zemin as the core .\r\nduring the third session of the ninth national committee of the cppcc , more than 40 leaders of the cpc central committee and the state council and responsible persons of ministries and commissions went to listen to the members ' views and suggestions ; never before have as many as 40 done this .\r\nserve overall situation , focus on central tasks a missed opportunity may never come again .\r\nthe members said that this shows that the role of motions has become still more conspicuous in the cppcc 's functions of political consultation and democratic supervision , and illustrates the great importance that the standing committee attaches to motions .\r\nas an important channel for participating in and discussing political affairs , the cppcc members ' enthusiasm for submitting motions was very high during the session .\r\nby 1700 on 7 march , the motions group had received a total of 3,316 motions , of which 3,061 had been put on record , the highest number ever .\r\na further 300 were submitted to the motions group after that deadline , related to the economy , politics , culture , and so on .\r\nthe 688 speech materials submitted at the full sessions also set a new record .\r\nserving the overall situation by focusing on the central tasks is a basic principle in cppcc work . as a policy decision of farreaching strategic significance , the great development of west china became a focal issue for the members at this year 's session .\r\nthis topic was a category of its own in the speech materials this year , with 120 speech materials on this issue received by the speeches group , nearly one quarter of the session 's speech materials .\r\none of the full speechmaking sessions specifically concentrated on the great development of the west ; work personnel have told us that this was the first time that the cppcc has had a speechmaking session specifically devoted on one topic .\r\nthe members have been concerned for the hot , difficult , and crucial points in china 's onward advance .\r\n- - \" great development is not the same as large - scale reclamation of barren land or exploitation of minerals . \"\r\nwang dianzuo , president of the china engineering academy and a cppcc national committee member , thus vividly expressed the views of many cppcc members that the development of the west should proceed in parallel with ecological construction .\r\n- - how can hi - tech industry occupy the commanding height ?\r\n- - committee member gu wenqing said it is necessary to establish a perfect supervision mechanism in order to cure both the symptoms and the cause in opposing corruption and promoting honest government .\r\n- - quality education must highlight the spirit of innovation and pioneering and cultivate practical ability .\r\nfacing future with full confidence the stately great hall of the people has witnessed the development and strengthening of the republic and also the trials and hardships of the cppcc .\r\ncppcc national committee chairman li ruihuan said at the closing ceremony : \" in fulfilling the tasks of reform and development and enhancing the standard of cppcc work , we must make efforts to improve our work methods and vigorously advocate going into the midst of practice . \"\r\nas they left the great hall of the people . the members felt the heavy burdens on their shoulders .\r\nsome members said , we must be concerned for the major national political and economic issues , carry out thorough investigation and study , and contribute ideas on the great development of the west , expansion of domestic demand , the building of small towns , state enterprise reforms , and so on .\r\nthis historical fact fully proves that the great unity of the chinese nation is an important prerequisite for us to accomplish the great cause of reform , opening up , and modernization .\r\ndeputy dabeng from the nanyi lhoba autonomous township in tibet 's mainling county explained to these reporters the great significance of national unity by citing the changes in the history of the lhoba nationality .\r\nafter the democratic reform , the people of the lhoba nationality , with the solicitude of the party and the government , began to move out of caves in mountains to settle down in a river valley with a smooth terrain , power stations , and highways .\r\nlhoba people brought wasteland into cultivation and developed agriculture , animal husbandry , and sideline production according to local conditions , bringing about a tremendous change in their mode of production .\r\nas a result , the people of the lhoba nationality improved their lives day by day . he said emotionally : \" the people of the lhoba nationality are small in number , but we have gained the same political rights as other fraternal nationalities have and are participating in the administration of state affairs .\r\nwithout the party 's policy toward nationalities , we lhoba people could not have become what we are today . \"\r\nhe said : we have enforced the \" law on regional national autonomy \" to protect the legitimate rights and interests of minority nationalities and to maintain the equality and unity of all nationalities , and such practice has harmonized the relationship of various nationalities and brought about a situation favorable to economic development .\r\nin xinjiang , a multinational region , all nationalities ' freedom of faith is respected and protected by law .\r\nnpc deputies and members of the cppcc national committee unanimously held that only by consolidating the great national unity will it be possible to achieve progress and prosperity for the whole nation - - this is a kind of precious historical experience the chinese people have gained through practice for thousands of years .\r\nin kashi , various fresh vegetables are now available in the market all the year round .\r\ndeputy legqog , also from the snow plateau of tibet said : tibet cannot develop without the support of fraternal nationalities .\r\nthese years , tibet and 15 provinces and municipalities , which have provide aid for tibet , have achieved very good results in association and cooperation with each other in various ways and at various levels .\r\nsince 1995 , shanghai municipality has assisted tibet in building scores of projects , including the lhasa hospital for infectious diseases , the xigaze water supply project , and the shanghai square in xigaze , expressing the shanghai people 's deep friendly feelings for the tibetan people .\r\nnow areas inhabited by minority nationalities are no longer closed to the outside world , markets in such areas have quickly become national ones , and goods made in these areas are entering markets in the interior of the country in an endless stream .\r\nnpc deputies and members of the cppcc national committee believed that the increasing economic and technological exchanges between various fraternal nationalities have promoted national economic development , brought about brisk markets , and improved the nation 's international competitiveness .\r\nonly by accelerating economic development will we be able to achieve long - term national unity , to ensure social stability , and to bring about the common prosperity of the chinese nation [ subhead ] in socialist construction , areas inhabited by minority nationalities in our country have scored achievements attracting worldwide attention .\r\nowing to the limitations of natural conditions and for historical reasons , however , there is still a certain gap between the minority - nationality regions and the more developed inland and eastern coastal areas in the levels of economic and cultural development .\r\nsuch a gap has always received the close attention of the party and the government , and the pace of narrowing the gap is being quickened at the turn of the centuries .\r\nunity and stability are a prerequisite and guarantee for development and progress , and the great unity of nationalities can be strengthened and maintained only through development .\r\nhistory shows that only in the big family of the chinese nation will tibet be able to have opportunities to develop itself and to build a bright future .\r\nbased on the opinions of all of the delegations and relevant special committees , the npc finance and economic committee examined the report .\r\nthe central financial revenues were 639.6 billion yuan , 51 billion , or 8.7 percent , more than the budget ; the central financial expenditures were 819.3 billion yuan , 50.4 billion , or 6.6 percent , more than the budget .\r\nthe central financial deficit was 179.7 billion yuan , 600 million yuan less than the budget ; total local financial surplus was 3.8 billion yuan .\r\nafter last year 's central budget was approved , in the light of changes in the domestic and international situations , the party central committee and state council decided to step up implementation of a positive financial policy .\r\nexport rebate rates of some commodities were increased twice ; direction regulatory taxes for fixed asset investments were halved ; a tax supportive policy was adopted for some industries and trades .\r\nthese policies and measures played a positive role in boosting economic growth and maintaining social stability .\r\naccording to the state council 's draft central and local budgets for 2000 , the country 's financial revenues are projected at 1.2338 trillion yuan and the financial expenditures are at 1.4637 trillion yuan , resulting in a central government deficit of 229.9 billion yuan .\r\ncomputing using last year 's specifications , this year 's central government deficit will be 24.7 billion yuan less than last year .\r\naccording to the state council 's draft central government budget for 2000 , the central government 's financial revenues are projected at 690.4 billion yuan , of which 630.6 billion yuan will be revenues of the central government itself and 59.8 billion yuan will be turned to the central government by local governments .\r\nlocal budgets were separately prepared by local people 's governments at various levels and should be submitted to the local people 's congress at the same level for examination and approval . 3 .\r\nwe should regularly re - examine the budgets according to law and monitor re - examinations of the central government budget .\r\nfinance departments at all levels should manage things strictly in accordance with the budgets .\r\nall departments and units should strictly execute the approved budgets ; without approval , they are not allowed to make fund readjustments between different budgetary subjects .\r\nthe binding authority of the budgets should be enhanced to maintain the seriousness and authoritativeness of the budgets .\r\n( 2 ) we should take into consideration interests of all concerned and assure key expenditures .\r\nwe should properly arrange and make use of funds for supporting the great development of the western region and for improving production and living conditions of people living in poor areas .\r\nwe should continue to step up infrastructure construction , forcefully support reform and development of state - owned enterprises , and assure expenditures for education , science and technology , agriculture , and national security .\r\nwe should enable the budget to better serve the general situation of reform , development , and stability .\r\n( 3 ) we should strive to improve the economic results of fund utilization .\r\nwe should properly manage and use all funds , do things strictly according to established procedures , and standardize management work .\r\nwe should properly carry out preliminary work for state - invested projects , ensure availability of funds for supportive projects , strictly prohibit embezzlement , and tighten fund supervision and auditing .\r\n( 4 ) we should tighten financial management and rectify the financial and economic orders .\r\nwe should further implement the principle of \" stepping up taxes collection and management , plugging up loopholes , punishing corruption , and clearing up taxes in arrears \" .\r\nwe should actively and steadily promote reform of the taxes and fees collection systems .\r\nwe should continue to straighten out unauthorized fees collection , fine imposing , and expenses apportioning [ the three illegalities ] in various names . currently , we should especially straighten out the \" three illegalities \" in rural areas , in enterprises , and in the educational field .\r\nall funds are from the people , so government organs and personnel at all levels , especially leading cadres , should always bear in mind national interests and the masses ' hardship , and treasure funds .\r\nthose putting up new office buildings or other buildings for entertainment use , expanding the original buildings , or decorating buildings in a big way , in violation of established regulations ; and those entertaining guests , offering gifts to guests , or indulging in dining and wining using public fund must be severely investigated and punished .\r\nwe should sum up experience in a timely manner , improve and refine budget preparation methods , standardize departmental budgets drafting , and expand the scope of departmental budgets drafting .\r\nwe should reform the system of budgetary subjects , scientifically establish standards of fund expenditure , straighten out revenues and expenditures of budget units , and reasonably define their work and financial authority .\r\nsome people even optimistically predicted that china and the eu would conclude an agreement at the beginning of this year and china 's wto entry was just around the corner .\r\na reporter of the weekly \" jingji daobao , \" which just published its latest issue , dispatched back a report telling where the crux of the problem lies .\r\naccording to the report , after making an detailed analysis of the contents of the agreement reached by china and the united states , the eu stated that there was still \" 20 percent of special interests \" calling for negotiations with china .\r\nthe impact of this incomprehensible , abnormal mentality should not be underestimated .\r\nmoreover , the eu set some conditions for china to follow in entering the wto \" in line with the treatment of developed countries , \" including that after china gets wto membership , the eu will still impose restrictions on or maintain the quota system on some chinese export commodities .\r\nif china stays outside the wto a little longer , this will naturally ease the pressure on the eu for competition .\r\ndeputy shadike kariaji , who is 68 years old and vice chairman of the islamic association in kashi prefecture , has been consecutively elected as an npc deputy for two terms .\r\ndeputy shadike kariaji is now also a moslem mullah of the most famous kashi aitida mosque .\r\nhe said : \" china has enforced a policy of religious freedom . people of various nationalities have freedom to profess a religion or not to profess a religion .\r\nthe government protects legitimate rights of all religious believers .\r\nthere are more than 20,000 [ as published ] mosques in xinjiang with some 30,000 islamic religious workers .\r\nhe is now reading the \" report on the work of the government \" in uygur language .\r\nhe said : \" now a handful of people are practicing separatism in the name of religion and sabotaging social stability . the broad masses of religious believers are firmly against such things .\r\nas a representative of the religious circle , i am very much concerned about the massive development in china 's western region like deputies of other nationalities .\r\ndeputy legqog , who is chairman of the tibet autonomous regional people 's government , said : in lhasa and tibet , you can see people worshipping buddha everywhere .\r\ntibet has included the tibetan new year and \" shoton \" and other tibetan festivals as holidays of the autonomous region .\r\nlegqog said : \" since the beginning of reform and opening up , the state has used more than 300 million yuan and large quantities of gold and silver to repair and protect lamaseries and monasteries in tibet .\r\nthe unesco has listed the potala palace as a \" world cultural heritage \" . this year , tibet will continue to repair the potala palace and sajia and other temples in xigaze included in the national cultural protection list .\r\nthis is the best proof of the implementation of the party 's policies on nationality and religious affairs .\r\nthe excellent situation of unity of people of various nationalities has created favorable conditions for construction and economic development in xinjiang . after 50 years of construction , infrastructure facilities have been greatly improved in xinjiang and the comprehensive economic power has been significantly strengthened .\r\nonly in the great family of nationalities of the socialist motherland , can the prospects of people of various nationalities in xinjiang be better . \"\r\nwhile fully affirming the achievements , we should also note that many difficulties and problems still existed in our economic and social life .\r\nthere were mainly such problems : the effective demand was not sufficient ; the contradictions in the economic structure remain prominent ; the employment pressure increased ; peasants ' income increased at a lower rate .\r\nthere remained a big gap between the result in fixed capital investment and the target set at the beginning of the year ; and in particular , the investment in technological transformation declined .\r\nthe debt burdens borne by state finances continued to increase ; financial fraud became more serious ; financial risks could not be neglected .\r\nenvironmental pollution and the worsening of the ecological environment remained rather serious in some cities and areas .\r\nin accordance with the opinions of the deputies , the financial and economic commission put forward following proposals .\r\n( 1 ) actively expand domestic demand , keep a comparatively fast growth rate of the national economy .\r\nit is necessary to make efforts to achieve an economic growth rate of about 7 percent this year and achieve other major targets for economic and social development .\r\nit is necessary to support the healthy development of small and medium - sized enterprises , change the low increase rate of social investments .\r\nthe income level of workers and low - income residents should be further raised . people should be encouraged to increase consumption . the rural market should be further expanded . consumption in the fields of housing , education , telecommunication , tourism , culture , and sports should be guided and promoted .\r\nefforts should be made to explore the diverse forms of the public ownership system and to advance the work of establishing the modern enterprise system .\r\nsmall and medium - sized enterprises owned by the state should be enlivened in various forms .\r\na good job should be done in upgrading technology , updating equipment , lowering energy consumption and costs , increasing the variety of products , enhancing product quality , increasing enterprises ' competitive power , raising their economic efficiency .\r\nwhile continuing to keep the public - owned economy as the main body , it is necessary to encourage and guide the healthy development of individual , private , and other non - public economic sectors .\r\nthe comprehensive agricultural productivity and competitive power should be further enhanced . peasants should be guided to readjust their production structure and develop high - quality , high - efficiency farming .\r\nanimal husbandry , forestry , and aquiculture should all be developed . the production of milk and diary products should also be increased .\r\nthe rural economic structure should be adjusted . non - farming production should be developed . township and town enterprises ' management and technology should be raised to a higher level .\r\nfinancial institutional reforms should be further deepened .\r\nthe financial order should be straightened out . supervision over banking , securities , and insurance industries should be strengthened . activities of financial fraud should be suppressed . financial risks should be prevented and reduced .\r\n( 5 ) implement the strategy for the great development of china 's west , speed up the development of the central and western areas .\r\nthis year , substantial steps should be taken in the implementation of the strategy for the great development of china 's west .\r\n( 6 ) further improve foreign trade , raise the level of opening up to the outside world .\r\nit is necessary to grasp the current favorable opportunity brought about by the improvement of the international economic environment and the advance of the process of our country 's participation in wto , strive to make new increases in foreign trade and in the use of foreign funds . the export management system should be reformed .\r\nthe policy for promoting exports should be improved .\r\nthe channels and scope of using foreign funds should be expanded .\r\nthe investment environment should be improved . the level of using foreign funds should be raised .\r\nsevere actions should be further taken to crack down on such criminal activities as evading foreign exchange control , evading taxes , and smuggling , thus safeguarding normal economic and trade order .\r\n( 7 ) implement the strategy for basing national regeneration on science and education and the strategy for sustainable development .\r\nthe cultural lives of urban and rural residents should be enriched . socialist spiritual civilization should be advanced .\r\nreform of the public health system should be advanced steadily .\r\necological construction and environmental protection should be improved . resolute measures should be adopted in cities and enterprises where environmental pollution is serious . there , responsibilities should be fixed on individual leaders , results in controlling pollution should be achieved within a definite time .\r\nfinancial input to various social undertakings should be guaranteed , and the use of such funds should achieve better results .\r\n( 8 ) work conscientiously to solve problems which the masses are concerned about , and make great effort to safeguard social stability .\r\ngovernments at all levels should adjust the expenditure structure , guarantee the issuance of basic livelihood allowances for laid - off workers , pensions for retired personnel , minimum livelihood guarantee allowances for urban residents , and salaries for civil servants in full amounts and on time .\r\nthe struggle for building a clean government and against corruption should be carried forward . resolute actions should be taken to promote leading cadres ' honesty and self - discipline . various corrupt conduct should be severely investigated and punished .\r\nafter chairing the meeting of the presidium of the third session of the ninth npc , li peng went to the meeting hall of the chongqing delegation to attend the plenary meeting of the delegation .\r\nin line with the work report of the npc standing committee , deputies gan yuping , peng fusheng , li chengkun , sun yongfu , yao jianquan , he guoqiang , and wang yunlong , and comrade bao xuding gave speeches , in succession .\r\nthey maintained that the npc standing committee work report , concise and comprehensive , was made from a commanding height , sought truth from facts , better summed up the standing committee 's work in 1999 , and involved strong directions and instructions .\r\nthe deputies also gave speeches on chongqing 's economic development , the construction of the reservoir area , the resettlement of the residents living along this area , the readjustment of the economic structure , and the development of the poverty - stricken areas and the areas inhabited by the people of minority nationalities .\r\nafter that , li peng gave a speech at the meeting .\r\nhowever , it is still confronted with some difficulties and undertakes arduous tasks in finding jobs for laid - off workers , supporting the people under the poverty line , helping ailing enterprises get out of their plight , and resettling the people living in the reservoir area .\r\ngrasping the opportunity of developing the western areas in a big way and building the three gorges project and making use of our own advantages , we should take market as a direction to readjust the industrial structure , to upgrade the competitiveness of products , and to develop the economy .\r\nsmall and medium - sized enterprises should operate in line with market demands .\r\nthe areas inhabited by the people of minority nationalities should strengthen the construction of highways and some other infrastructure facilities .\r\nlocalities should first foster confidence in self - development and strive to turn poverty into wealth as quickly as possible .\r\nbeijing , 11 mar ( xinhua ) - - after satisfactorily completing its agenda , the third session of the ninth national committee of the chinese people 's political consultative conference (cppcc) ended at the great hall of the people this afternoon .\r\nthe meeting was presided over by cppcc national committee vice chairman ye xuanping .\r\nparty and government leaders jiang zemin , li peng , zhu rongji , hu jintao , wei jianxing and li lanqing were seated on the rostrum .\r\naccording to the agenda and separately decided by vote , ye liansong , chen guangyuan , chen bangzhu , and zhukang tudengkezhu became additional members on the standing committee of the ninth cppcc national committee .\r\nthe correct understanding and effective use of time is of special important significance to our country , nation , cause and comrades .\r\nhe pointed out that in the course of exploring the building of socialism with chinese characteristics , comrade deng xiaoping always put the issue of time in a very important position .\r\nwe should inherit and carry forward the chinese nation 's spirit of treasuring time as though it were gold and making progress every minute , strengthen our confidence , concentrate our efforts , bury ourselves in hard work , and enable our motherland to move toward modernization in bigger strides .\r\nspeaking about \" taking part in practice , \" li ruihuan said that historical experience is important , the experience of foreign countries is important , and book knowledge is also important . however , all such indirect experience can have real significance only if it is integrated with the reality at present and becomes direct experience .\r\nat present , we are facing many knotting problems and some of them have remained unsolved over a long time . of course , these problems are complicated . however , some of them are the result of divorcing from reality , practice and the masses of people .\r\ndepending on practice and the masses of people is the most fundamental way to do all our work well , and is also the most fundamental way to discover and bring up capable personnel .\r\nhe said emphasizing practice is the basic way of thinking for the work of people 's political consultation , and is also the task and direction of endeavor of people 's political consultation .\r\ncommittee members spoke highly of the new achievements in various aspects of work in our country in the past year under complicated circumstances , and put forward many opinions and proposals on promoting reform , opening up and modernization ion our country .\r\ni. human society has entered 2000 ad .\r\nin particular , the invention , spread , and use of paper making , gun powder , printing , and the compass became huge levers advancing changes in human society .\r\nto achieve national independence and liberation , the chinese people carried out arduous struggle , achieved great victories , and eventually established a new china under the leadership of the communist party of china .\r\nthe trend toward globalization is accelerating ; the impact of the world market on national economies are becoming more prominent and international competition and cooperation are further deepening .\r\nit is proper to say that as the world is getting smaller amid ever faster development , being slower by one step will lead to a difference of a thousand miles and that missing one opportunity will result in being many years behind .\r\nancient sages all attached the greatest importance to time , regarding time as speed and power and likening time to money and life ; they regarded the wasting of other people 's time as murder and regarded the wasting of one 's own time as committing slow suicide .\r\nas far as our country and nation are concerned , time means development , future , and fate .\r\ntime makes no allowance for anyone , waits for no one , and does not come back .\r\nwe should inherit and apply the chinese nation 's spirit of treasuring time and moving with the times and should have firm convictions , concentrate forces , and be devoted to hard work , so that our motherland can reach the splendor of modernization more quickly in the 21 st century .\r\nunity and democracy are the main themes of work of the cppcc and also the basic conditions for our country 's effort to hurry up in the work of achieving development .\r\nour country is in general characterized by unity and stability .\r\nthe policy of reform and opening enjoys popular support ; economic development has brought actual benefits to the masses ; the goal of modernization construction has powerful cohesive effects and appeal on the people of the entire country ; and the foundation of unity and stability has been further strengthened .\r\nwith a desirable state of popular will , everything will be desirable ; and with stability in popular will , there will be social stability .\r\nwithout democracy , there will be no socialism and there will also be no socialist modernization .\r\nthe socialist cause is a cause of the masses of the people themselves ; the responsibility of the leader is to make the masses of the people understand their own interests and get united in struggle for their own interests , and is also to fully mobilize and properly exploit the enthusiasm of the masses of the people .\r\nwithout the masses ' enthusiasm and the masses ' voluntary support and proactive participation , nothing will be accomplished .\r\npresently , intellectual resources have increasingly become an important foundation of economic development , and innovation capability has increasingly become a factor critical to economic development ; consequently , it is all the more necessary to have a social environment which will enable people to speak freely and feel happy and stimulate people 's creative spirit .\r\nthe methods of combining unity with democracy , ensuring the health and order of our democratic process through having strong unity , and ensuring full vigor of our unity with full democracy represent our tradition as well as our strength which should be steadfastly maintained and applied .\r\ncomrade jiang zemin pointed out : \" practicing unity and democracy under the leadership of the communist party of china constitutes a concentrated embodiment of the nature of the cppcc , the historical ground for the emergence and development of the cppcc , and the direction and mission of the cppcc in its effort to continue work . \"\r\nit is the responsibility of the cppcc to enhance unity , to maintain stability , to apply democracy , and to advance development ; we should do a good job of discharging this responsibility .\r\nthe building of socialism with chinese characteristics is an unprecedented , entirely new cause as well as the chinese people 's great practice of creating history , and will not be successful without practice of the masses of the people .\r\nthe principle of practice is the first and basic principle of marxist epistemology .\r\nsuch insufficiencies have been caused by problems of understanding and capability , but the most fundamental issue is that of practice .\r\nmembers and comrades : this session of the cppcc is a session of the turn of the millennium and the turn of the century .\r\nit is a rare opportunity for one to experience two millenniums and two centuries . it is truly excellent that a session of the cppcc can be held at this moment to perform the heavy tasks of taking part in and discussing government affairs .\r\na solemn sense of historical responsibility is stimulating us : do not fail to live up to the people 's weighty trust ; do not waste the good opportunity !\r\nhong kong , 11 mar (zts) - - tung chee - hwa , chief executive of the hong kong special administrative region , met in his office today with visiting us defense secretary william cohen .\r\ntung chee - hwa briefed cohen on the successful implementation of the \" one country , two systems \" principle in hong kong . he also said hong kong has overcome the difficulty brought by the financial storm in asia and economic growth has resumed .\r\ntung chee - hwa also mentioned the business opportunity to be brought by china 's joining the world trade organization .\r\nin accordance with the \" regulations on the handling of cppcc national committee proposals , \" the subcommittee for handling proposals examined the proposals it received and put 3,061 proposals on file , accounting for 92.3 percent of the total .\r\nof the proposals put on file , 1,423 , or 46.5 percent , were about economic construction ; 899 , or 29.4 percent , related to education , science and technology , culture , health , and sports ; 739 or 24.1 percent , were about politics and law , the united front , and personnel .\r\nhowever , environmental protection has still fallen behind environmental sabotage and pollution in terms of speed .\r\nexperts estimated that direct economic losses caused by atmospheric or river environmental pollution have taken up 4 - 8 percent of the gnp [ gross national product ] , reaching approximately between 320 billion yuan and 640 billion yuan .\r\nwe must step up planning and policy guidance for this work ; respect the farmers ' will ; make a success of experiments in selected areas ; and gradually popularize experiences .\r\nwe must resolutely put an end to new land reclamation that would destroy forests and grassland .\r\nsun zhigang , npc deputy and secretary of the yichang city cpc committee , pointed out : the changjiang valley is china 's economic center . to enact laws to protect the ecological environment of the changjiang valley is a need of the state sustainable development strategy .\r\ntian junliang , cppcc national committee member and vice president of northwest university of agricultural and forestry science and technology , said : protecting the ecological environment is a major subject to be solved in the large - scale development of the western regions .\r\nwe must set great store by and bring into play the supporting role of science and technology in carrying out this work . tian pointed out : the western regions are rich in natural resources but have a rather fragile ecological environment . in particular , they are short of river resources and have suffered from serious soil erosion .\r\nthe original article four of general work principles and other articles that follow shall become the articles that follow in order . 4 .\r\nwe want to warmly congratulate the successful conclusion of the meeting !\r\nthis has been a democratic , pragmatic , united , and inspiring meeting , which made due contribution to the comprehensive fulfillment of the goals set by the party and by the state for this year and to the promotion of the magnificent cause of socialist modernization construction .\r\nduring the session , cppcc members attentively heard and examined a work report of the national committee of the third session of the ninth cppcc , attended as observers the third session of the ninth national people 's congress [ npc ] , and heard and discussed the government work report and other important reports .\r\ncppcc members have demonstrated strong awareness to participate in and discuss politics as well as better capability to involve in politics .\r\ncppcc has traversed 50 years of glorious road .\r\nwhy did this legal phenomenon occur in which legislative activities came first , followed by their standardization ?\r\nqiao xiaoyang said : there have always been clear standardization stipulations concerning legislative activities .\r\na reporter asked : after the legislation law is adopted , what measures will the npc adopt so as to make the laws and regulations worked out by the state council and local people 's congress identical with the laws and decisions made by the npc and its standing committee ?\r\nthrough examination , specialized committees are entitled to make a report to the npc standing committee if they find regulations contradict the constitution and laws .\r\nin reply to a reporter 's question whether the draft legislation law is also applicable to military regulations , qiao xiaoyang said : in the draft legislation law there are stipulations on military regulations . this shows that military regulations are part of our country 's legal system .\r\nmoreover , the formulation of such a civil code will also help promote the formation of a socialist legal system with chinese characteristics .\r\nhe said : generally speaking , a relatively perfect legal system should include the constitution , a criminal law , criminal procedure law , administrative law , administrative procedure law , civil law , and a civil action law .\r\nqiao xiaoyang said : none of the prohibited deeds mentioned above is allowed in any country and region in the world by law , and a similar law existed before hong kong was returned to china .\r\nbut legislation takes time ; and it is up to the hksar to decide when to enact . but it wo n't do not to legislate . \"\r\nthe purpose of amending the marriage law is to further improve our country 's marriage and family system , protect the legitimate rights and interests of women and children , safeguard the equal , harmonious , and civilized marriage and family relationship , and promote socialist spiritual civilization building and social progress .\r\nall departments directly under the hainan provincial government conscientiously studied jiang zemin 's important speech and expressed their determination to build hainan province into a still better place in line with the development orientation defined by the general secretary .\r\nlai qinwei , director of the hainan provincial foreign economic and trade department , said : hainan will have a brilliant future in its foreign economic and trade work as long as it follows the road chartered by general secretary jiang zemin .\r\nhaikou city held its enlarged standing committee meeting of the city party committee on 9 march to relay and study the spirit of general secretary jiang zemin .\r\nthey said : in his speech , the general secretary pointed out that in addition to moving towards the forefront of reform , opening up , and economic construction , hainan should also move toward the national front rank of spiritual civilization . this has placed a higher demand on us .\r\nafter the issuance of general secretary jiang zemin 's speech , sanya city party committee immediately held an enlarged standing committee meeting to study measures for implementation .\r\nthey held that since sanya boasts richer tropical resources , it should be in the front rank of the province in the development of tropical and highly efficient farming and ecology .\r\nthe meeting proposed efforts be made this year to energetically adjust and optimize the economic structure with priority given to the development of holiday and ecological sightseeing , and really turn the rich tropical resources and good ecological farming into the advantages of sanya 's economic development .\r\nthe amended \" cppcc committee constitution \" will go into force as of today .\r\nhandling cases in strict accordance with the law and protecting the legitimate rights and interests of the citizens is part and parcel of judicial impartiality .\r\naccording to statistics , last year people 's courts across the country directly acquitted 3,403 defendants according to the law due to a lack of evidence and 2,475 defendants because their cases had not formed a crime .\r\nthe above - mentioned statistics show that judicial organs at all levels stepped up their efforts to correct the acts of abusing judicial and administrative powers and people 's court enforced the law impartially rather than perverting it and letting criminals go unpunished .\r\nthey punished criminals according to the law while placing stress on saving those who took a wrong step in life , protecting those who acted according to the law , and supporting the reformers .\r\ntang yinlong said zhao yanhong purposely did not take her us passport with her to cover up her real identity and disguised herself as a chinese citizen .\r\nthat zhao yanhong has taken such inglorious means to boost the arrogance of \" falungong \" can explain nothing other than showing her own immorality and the features of the \" falungong \" cult .\r\nwhen the public security departments found zhao yanhong was an american citizen , they immediately and officially notified the us embassy in china and asked the embassy to provide information about zhao 's passport and to confirm her identity .\r\nafter zhao 's passport was received , zhao was released from criminal detention .\r\nafter learning zhao would soon be repatriated , no official of the us embassy went to see zhao .\r\nat noon on 12 february , zhao was repatriated .\r\nthe spokesman also pointed out that after returning to the united states , zhao lied that while she was detained , she was \" cuffed and kicked , was not allowed to take a bath , and was maltreated . \"\r\nas a matter of fact , the detention center zhao was in is strictly managed according to standards and no detainee has ever been cursed or maltreated .\r\nchina also tried to persuade zhao to get a lawyer on its own initiative , but this was rejected .\r\nafter zhao returned to the united states , zhao herself also said on different occasions that she had never been beaten , and took a bath on three occasions according to regulations , and that the so - called maltreatment is mere fabrication .\r\nit expresses its gratitude to all units that undertake the handling of national cppcc committee motions for supporting cppcc work .\r\nthe most crucial issue in socialist modern commercial construction is to proceed from the ideology of serving the people whole - heartedly , use modern means to meet consumer demand to the greatest extent , sell genuine goods at reasonable prices , and practice fair transactions , thereby giving enterprises the greatest economic returns .\r\nhunan road has indeed been moving along this correct direction and has become prosperous because of that , indicating that the \" no fake goods in malls and shops \" activity is indeed a new and good form through which propaganda and ideological work can serve economic construction under the new situation .\r\nthe success of hunan road is attributed first to the great attention and direct participation of the nanjing city party committee and government and the gulou district party committee and government . they created a path through ideological and political work , provided funding , personnel , and planning , built the hardware environment , and standardized business operations .\r\nthese facts show that attention and strong leadership by party and government leading departments guarantees the prosperity of model streets of the \" no fake goods in malls and shops \" activity .\r\narduous and meticulous ideological and political work as well as strict management is another important experience learned at hunan road .\r\nsome are state - owned and some collectively owned .\r\nbeijing , 12 mar ( xinhua ) - - the 11 th issue of lioawang weekly , to be published on 13 march , carries a signed article entitled \" returning to common sense . \" the article points out that it is a hoax that \" falungong \" practitioners do not need medical care when they are sick .\r\nthe full text of the article is as follows : as a mortal , people sometimes fall sick . no one can guarantee that he is always healthy and free from illness .\r\nwhen a person is in poor health , he needs to see the doctor at the hospital . one can only resume healthy condition with the help of medical expertise and proper medication .\r\nin his poem , du fu said : \" it has been rare since the ancient times that a man can live until 70 years old . \"\r\nbut it is now a common thing that a person can live until 70 years old or older . the extension of the average life span is exactly the result and hallmark of the achievements of science and technology .\r\nnow even a peasant woman who has a low educational level and lives in remote area will bring her sick child to the doctor if conditions permit . she will not seek help from a \" fairy . \"\r\nbut what kind of \" magic \" power does \" falungong \" have in controlling people ?\r\nas a matter of fact , there is no \" magic \" if we see it through .\r\nwith the improvement of the living standard , it is only natural that people wish to live longer . it is said that so long as people learn \" falungong , \" it will help cure all kinds of diseases and improve people 's health condition .\r\ntherefore , it seems that \" falungong , \" which is able to manipulate the weakness of human nature , has an \" unimaginable \" power .\r\nanother \" magic \" point about \" falungong \" lies in this fact : it claims that so long as you practices it , you can cure your disease at no cost .\r\nif so , it will be the greatest thing in the whole world . hospitals will be closed and doctors will have to find some other jobs . the whole world should thank \" falungong \" for its benefits .\r\ntheir accusations alone can prove that it is a big lie to say that \" falungong \" can cure diseases \" at no cost . \"\r\n\" master \" li hongzhi , the \" savior , \" said : if you want to learn the great law , you have to do some reading , you have to watch video and audio tapes .\r\ntherefore , \" falungong \" organizations have continuously \" introduced \" a large amount of books , audio - video tapes , vcd , clothes and cushions for practicing \" falungong , \" and statues of master li .\r\nin master li 's own words , \" you get what you paid for . \" many practitioners pay a little sum of money , which becomes a large sum for master li. as a result , master li 's wallet has become fatter and fatter .\r\nthat 's why \" falungong \" particularly stresses the importance of \" sincerity . \"\r\nhis remarks also mean that \" falungong \" practitioners can cure their diseases only when they do not take medicine and therefore they should not be allowed to take medicine .\r\nhere is a trick : if your disease is cured , it is because you are \" sincere . \" if you have not recovered from your disease , it means you are not \" sincere \" enough .\r\nyou should not have an iota of doubt about \" falungong . \" if you have any doubt about it , then you are not \" sincere . \" the only thing you can do is absolutely obey it and absolutely believe in it .\r\nto get rid of the spiritual fetter of \" falungong , \" one should first of all overcome the superstition of \" sincerity \" and examine the stupid superstition with a scientific viewpoint .\r\nany theory that pretends to be very abstruse and mystic is always a fallacy that serves to perplex the people .\r\ndeputy zhang leling said : during the 50 years since new china 's establishment , chinese peasants ' incomes rose nearly 40 times . the increase occurred mainly during the past 20 years since china carried out reform and opening up to the outside world .\r\nchina 's east regions could develop earlier than other parts because of its coastal opening - up policy .\r\nif we fail to make progress amid fierce international competition , we will regress . ( subhead ) comrade deng xiaoping , a great man of the 20 th century , earnestly and patiently taught us : \" the period from the present moment to mid-21st century will be a very important period .\r\nwe think of the source because we aim to make further progress .\r\nonly by thinking of the source can we aim to make further progress .\r\nchina has attained decisive breakthroughs in restructuring its state enterprise . however , they still yield economic benefits inadequately and many deep - seated problems remain .\r\nwe must deepen reform and expeditiously develop to resolve problems which have popped up while china is carrying reform and opening up to the outside world .\r\nif we are complacent and do not intend to forge ahead , the gap between china and developed countries will widen .\r\nthe only way out is to continually redouble our efforts and work attentively and diligently .\r\nthis was the consensus reached by the deputies and committee members .\r\nthinking of making further progress is the beginning of our advancement . the deputies and committee members have objectives , methods , and confidence in gearing toward the future . ( subhead ) a nation which does not think of making further progress is a nation which will fail to seize the future .\r\nto think of making further progress after attaining prosperity , we should eliminate our sense of contentment , operate large undertakings , pursue major development , strive to make advancement , and continually explore in a pioneering spirit .\r\ndeputy tang shunyi , a major producer of grain from hebei 's yutian county , said : while growing wheat which is used to make salable gluten and special high - protein bread , i will also grow various high - quality vegetables and fruits so as to industrialize our household farming undertakings .\r\ncppcc committee member xu guanju , a private entrepreneur , revealed that he was formulating specific plans to actively join in developing china 's west regions . he said : \" these plans do not merely aim to develop our enterprises . they also aim to contribute our share to rejuvenating the chinese nation . \"\r\nwe have invigorated the spirit gearing toward the future , rallied the will to welcome challenges , gathered the wisdom to overcome difficulties , and radiated a vitality for continually facilitating renovation .\r\ngiven the convictions and pursuits of the npc deputies and cppcc committee members , we can visualize the whole nation 's mentality of forging ahead amid difficulties and exploring in a pioneering spirit , and hear china 's powerful strides which are firmly and effectively advancing toward the 21 st century .\r\nthis bilateral agreement was signed after the chinese government delegation and the argentine government delegation concluded their bilateral talks on china 's accession to wto following friendly and constructive negotiations .\r\nafter the signing ceremony , sun zhenyu and chighizola told the press the signing of the sino - argentine bilateral agreement on china 's accession to wto will help expand bilateral trade and further promote the development of trade and economic relations between the two countries .\r\nbeijing , 12 mar ( xinhua ) - - the central forum on population , resources , and environment was held this morning at the great hall of the people .\r\njiang zemin , general secretary of the cpc central committee , and president of the state presided over the forum and delivered an important speech .\r\nthis is one of the arduous and important tasks which face the comrades of the whole party and the people throughout the country .\r\njiang zemin pointed out : china is a developing country which is most densely populated in the world . its average per - capita resources is very limited . so we must always attach strategic importance to controlling population , economizing resources and protecting the environment .\r\nonly thus , can we realize the sustainable development .\r\nduring the 21 st century , we should continue to exert efforts to grasp the work of keeping a low birth rate , and rationally using and strictly managing resources in order to protect and create a good ecological environment .\r\nwhether we can persist in doing a good job in population and resources work has a bearing on china 's economy and social security , the quality of living of the people in china , and the long - term plan concerning the survival and development of the chinese nation .\r\njiang zemin said : implementing the strategy of extensively developing the western region and promoting the accelerated development of the central and western regions is one of the party central committee and the state council 's major policy decisions affecting the overall situation of china 's modernization drive .\r\nto successfully implement the strategy of extensively developing the western region , we must realize a benign cycle in population , resources and environment .\r\nstrengthening the protection and construction of ecological environment should be regarded as an important content and urgent task for extensively developing the western region . it is necessary to persist in putting prevention in the first place , give priority to protection , and do a good job in supervising and managing environmental development and construction .\r\nwe must make earnest efforts to avoid following the old track of carrying out improvement and restoration efforts before pollution and damages are seen .\r\njiang zemin noted : during this new century , we should strengthen , not weaken , the work on population , resources and environment in china .\r\nfamily planning , resources prospecting and management , and environmental protection work are public welfare undertakings having obvious social efficiency . all localities should act in line with the central demands , and ensure that the investments in these fields are in place .\r\nit is necessary to boost the enthusiasm of all sectors and establish an investment mechanism with a great diversity of investors and multiple channels .\r\nwe should strengthen the building of ranks of workers to take charge of the work on population , resources and environment , and strive to raise the quality of the work on population , resources and environment in the grass roots .\r\njiang zemin stressed : in carrying out family planning , resources management and environmental protection work , we will not change the system of making top party and government leaders personally grasp the work and assume overall responsibility and the system of responsibility for implementing the established population , resources and environmental policies and targets .\r\nthe party and government principal leaders should coordinate the work and organize the efforts of all sectors to comprehensively tackle the population , resources and environmental problems .\r\ndepartments in charge of the administrative work on population , resources and environment should supervise and manage this work in a unified manner and in line with law , and raise the results of law enforcement .\r\nthe party committees and governments at all levels should manage things strictly in line with the law , policies and plans .\r\nwe should uphold the operating principle of believing in , relying on , respecting and serving the masses .\r\nin doing our work , we must guard against bureaucracy , dogmatism , and formalism .\r\nthe whole party and the whole nation from leadership to the masses should redouble their efforts , guarantee the smooth realization of the targets for the work on population , resources and environment in china in the new century , and bring better benefits to the chinese nation .\r\npremier zhu rongji gave a speech at the forum on how to study and implement the spirit of general secretary jiang zemin 's speech and to successfully carry out the work on family planning , resources management and environmental protection .\r\nalso attending the forum were central leading comrades , including ding guangen , li changchun , wu guanzheng , jiang chunyun , jia qinglin , huang ju , wen jiabao , zeng qinghong , peng peiyun , and wang zhongyu .\r\nprincipal responsible comrades of the party committees and governments of various provinces , autonomous regions and municipalities , and responsible comrades of relevant departments of the central and state organs , and of the liberation army and the armed police forces also attended the forum .\r\nbeijing , 12 mar (zxs) - - implementation of the strategy for the great development of the western region provides xinjiang with a historical chance for self - development on a large scale .\r\nabulahat abdurixit , deputy to the national people 's congress session and chairman of the xinjiang uygur autonomous regional government , is always full of confidence while talking about the issue on the great development of xinjiang .\r\nabulahat maintained that xinjiang has possessed good conditions to welcome the great development of the western region , as well as itself .\r\nxinjiang serves as a bridgehead opening china to the west . the countries in central asia have provided xinjiang with great chances for expanding itself wider to the west .\r\nxinjiang at present has a good foundation for developing its economy on a large scale .\r\nhe maintained that speeding up the construction of infrastructure facilities is the foundation for great development .\r\nalthough xinjiang has made great headway in the construction of infrastructure facilities , it still has a long way to go in order to catch up with the national average levels and the eastern coastal areas .\r\nin particular , xinjiang 's water conservancy and transportation conditions are in urgent need of improvement .\r\nit is imperative to improve the functions of urumqi and kashi airports and to start , as quickly as possible , the expansion of hetian and karamay airports .\r\nthe construction of the \" information expressway \" will be facilitated .\r\nit is necessary to build long petroleum pipelines between xinjiang and lanzhou and the key project of sending natural gas from \" western china east \" to shanghai .\r\nwater conservancy projects are of great momentum , too .\r\nwater conservancy projects will be developed with the focus on developing and harnessing three major rivers , namely ili he , ertix he , and tarim he .\r\nat the same time , ground water should vigorously be developed and utilized ; and high - quality , water - saving irrigation projects should be developed on a large scale , so as to eliminate the influence by floods and drought .\r\nabulahat maintained that acceleration of ecological protection and construction is the focus of large - scale development .\r\nxinjiang will improve the ecological environment by returning grain plots to forestry , closing hillsides to facilitate afforestation , planting trees , and growing grasses .\r\nthe region arranges a project of diverting water from the north to the south , plans to build water conservancy projects and improve river courses to protect and build the ecological environment along tarim he and to further bring the ever - worsening ecological environment under control .\r\nit is imperative to strengthen the environmental protection and improvement of bosten hu , the largest inland fresh water lake in china ; and ebinur hu , that is going to dry up .\r\nmeanwhile , efforts should be made to quicken the pace of comprehensively improving the environment of urumqi , known as a polluted city in china .\r\nthrough the efforts in the next two or three years , xinjiang , as the largest cotton production base in china , should reduce its cotton sown areas by a big margin , with its total cotton output still remaining at the 1999 level of over 1.35 million tonnes .\r\nactively in response to the state strategic shift of petroleum and natural gas industries , xinjiang should build itself into the country 's largest petroleum and natural gas industrial base and a key petrochemical industrial base in west china and cultivate tourism into a new important economic growth point .\r\nto this end , he stressed the need to help the poverty - stricken areas vigorously develop education , strengthen the training of officials and the cultivation of talented persons of minority nationalities , and work out preferential policies to attract talented persons at home .\r\nduring and after the second session of the ninth cppcc national committee , various democratic parties , the people 's organizations concerned , and the cppcc members put forth a total of 3,341 motions .\r\nthe motions committee also examined and processed in a timely fashion the motions it had received after the session wound up .\r\nby 20 february , 2000 , some 3,004 motions had been handled or answered , accounting for 96.3 percent of the total , while some 2,542 opinions and proposals had been handled or listed in the handling plan , accounting for 84.6 percent of the total .\r\non the basis of their previous motions , some parties and members again suggested that a system for bank savings deposit holders to use their real names be introduced and people 's bank of china decided to incorporate this proposal when drafting the relevant plans or regulations .\r\nas for the motion on further lowering the electricity fees in urban and rural areas , the state planning commission incorporated this view in its \" opinions on implementing the reform of the policy of charging electricity fees with both principal and interest . \"\r\nvice premier li lanqing wrote the following instruction on the report : \" please assemble and sort out the opinions on this issue and study them together after the committee for the aged is established . \"\r\nnow that the national work committee for the aged has been established , the country 's 10 th five - year development plan is expected to incorporate the proposals provided for in the investigation and study report as a key content .\r\n( 1 ) in order to make the work on motions meet the demand of the situation development , the cppcc national committee held its fourth forum on work on motions in beijing in november , 1999 .\r\nsince the second session of the ninth cppcc national committee , the motions work has made significant headway but has still fallen far behind the situation development and the demand of the cppcc work .\r\nthough there are quite a few high - quality motions at the moment , the general standard has to be raised further .\r\nlacking in investigations and study , some motions have contained relatively empty contents or proposals that are too general and hard to implement and this has impaired the effect of the motions ; second , some handling units have failed to fully understand or effectively conduct the handling work .\r\nsome members reported that certain units had handled motions in a formalistic way or failed to answer questions to the point ; third , the motions committee has to further improve its service work .\r\nthis year marks the turn of the century .\r\nshanghai definitely will be deeply influenced by \" wto entry , \" but , in general , there will be more advantages than disadvantages .\r\nxu kuangdi said that shanghai had begun preparing for \" wto entry \" three years ago , and whether it could achieve success in coping with \" wto entry \" would provide experience to other places of china .\r\nthe pillar industries , such as telecommunications , computers , car - making , and medical industries , established over the past two decades will be the second to be influenced .\r\nthese industries require large amounts of investment , their technological level is high , and most of them are joint ventures , but their production scale is small , and it is difficult for them to compete with their foreign counterparts .\r\nservice industries , including financial , insurance , postal and telecommunications services , are the third to be influenced .\r\nshanghai has sent a large number of selected young people to receive training in the united states and europe .\r\nwhen foreign capital enters on a large scale , shanghai will be able to guarantee its competitive edges and establish joint ventures smoothly with foreign firms .\r\nxu kuangdi said : to meet the international competition , shanghai has established one economic development zone in latin america and another in africa . discussion is underway on building an industrial zone in central asia in order to expand the market in east europe .\r\nit is working on the project of connecting the internet , the post and telecommunications network , and the cable television network , which is the first such project in china and which will lay a foundation for competition when foreign capital enters shanghai on a large scale .\r\nreform is the motive force of development , and is the only way toward modernization ; stability is the basic precondition of reform and development , because without stability we cannot accomplish anything ; hence we should handle the relations of the three aspects appropriately .\r\ndeputy li jiating pointed out that the idea of development being an absolute principle put forward by comrade deng xiaoping is of momentous significance to china at the turn of the centuries .\r\nunder the new situation , we must more soberly handle the relations between stability , reform , and development , as the negligence in any aspect will bring adverse impacts to the economic and social development .\r\ntalking about the correct handling of the relations between stability , reform , and development , some deputies stressed the importance of instituting a social security system .\r\ndeputy dong wande from liaoning said : as the issue of social security has a bearing on the process of social stability and enterprise reform , we must have a good grasp of this important matter from the high plane of reform , development , and stability .\r\notherwise , the reform will lack mass foundation and trigger destabilizing factors , for which we must pay an enormous price .\r\nstability is the precondition of development , and unity is the foundation for stability .\r\ndeputy li zhaozhuo from guangxi said : the practice in guangxi over the past few years has demonstrated that it is impossible for guangxi to score such achievements in its economic development but for the unity of the people , including the unity of all ethnic groups , which gave guarantee to social stability .\r\n2 ) vigorously promoting economic construction and seeking stability through accelerated development .\r\nagriculture is an important condition for the stability of a country .\r\ndeputy wang ping is of the opinion that in order to stabilize and intensify the position of agriculture as a foundation , the urgent tasks at the moment are to increase peasants ' incomes and open up rural markets .\r\nat present , the principal problem that affects the increase of peasants ' incomes is the irrational structure in stages , which must be reasonably adjusted by facing the markets .\r\nanother principal problem is peasants ' excessively heavy burdens . if this problem is not properly settled , it will directly endanger social stability and development .\r\nthe method of settling the rural problems , first of all , is to develop productive forces , arouse the initiative and creativity of the vast numbers of peasants in the structural adjustment , enable the peasants to become the main body of the adjustment , and increase their incomes .\r\nthe extent of close relations between cadres and masses has a bearing on rural stability .\r\nmoreover , they should concentrate their efforts on the two major issues of developing the economy and lightening the burdens of the peasants while increasing their incomes .\r\nlooking forward to the future , the deputies are full of confidence .\r\ndeputy wang shikun from yunnan said : after many years of practice , we have gained an intimate knowledge that stability is the precondition , reform is the motive force , and development is the aim , and initially accumulated the experience of correctly handling the relations between stability , reform , and development .\r\nthe chinese party , government , and military leaders recently made consistent remarks over the taiwan issue .\r\nzhang wannian , vice chairman of the central military commission , stressed that declaration of taiwan independence will mean war .\r\nli peng , chairman of the national people 's congress [ npc ] , said that zhang wannian 's remark represents the cpc central committee 's policy toward taiwan .\r\na source in beijing revealed that the recent remarks on the taiwan issue made by the chinese party , government , and military leaders were in line with the spirit of a resolution on the taiwan issue adopted by the cpc central committee political bureau .\r\nin mid - february , the cpc central committee political bureau adopted the resolution no. 9 of 2000 on the taiwan issue .\r\nthe \" one - china principle and the taiwan issue \" white paper published by the state council taiwan affairs office and information office on 21 february was based on the resolution of the political bureau .\r\nthe main points of the political bureau 's resolution are as follows : 1 .\r\ntry to the utmost politically and on the policy level and do everything possible to strive to solve the taiwan issue in a peaceful manner under the \" one - china \" premise . 4 . the problem of the united states ' intervening in the taiwan issue has become serious .\r\nthere is a need to make good military preparations for using force to solve the taiwan issue and to enhance high - technology deterrent deployment .\r\non 2 march jiang zemin told former us president bush in a clear manner that china must be reunited , that china has been quite patient , and that it will not wait for another ten or twenty years .\r\nthis again demonstrates china 's strong determination to solve the taiwan issue .\r\na source disclosed that top mainland military levels have inspected the fujian military base on the eve of taiwan 's general elections to get first hand information about the combat readiness of the frontline people 's liberation army [ pla ] and to boost the morale of officers and men .\r\nin order to prevent the taiwan authorities from indefinitely dragging out the cross - strait talks , the mainland 's top military levels have kept on exerting certain pressure on taiwan .\r\nthe military action will be focused on stepped up monitoring and patrols .\r\nthere is no need to be panic because it is quite normal and reasonable for the troops stationed along the coast to be on alert and to be prepared for all contingencies .\r\nhohhot , 13 mar ( xinhua ) - - as we bid farewell to the last century and herald in a new century , the cpc central committee and the state council made a strategic decision on the grand development of china 's western regions .\r\ncovering for this article , this reporter found that some regions simply see the grand western development strategy as the state 's injecting money to their regions , as the state 's granting preferential policies to their regions , and as an increase of more projects for their regions .\r\nwhen drawing up a blueprint for the development of western regions , one must consider things in line with the market economic laws , one must rely on policies to regulate and control the market , and one must let the market do the promotion and development .\r\nconcept renewal is the \" advance guard \" for the grand development of western regions .\r\n\" it can be said that in producing and selling these commodities , we are truly equipped with advantages in terms of manpower , natural resources , technology , and scope .\r\ngiven the new situation that china will soon join the world trade organization (wto) , we can give fuller play to our abilities on the international market , \" said sun hui , deputy general manager of the meiliu glass ( group ) company , limited , in zibo city , shandong province .\r\nmoreover , country - to - country competition and commodity competition in this field will also be sharper .\r\nthe departments concerned should adopt measures to give better services so that a larger number of traditional commodities can take advantage of the opportunity of joining the wto to develop a broader export space .\r\nthe resolution of the taiwan issue is now realistically ahead of us after the smooth return of hong kong and macao to the motherland .\r\nthe early resolution of the taiwan issue and the realization of the complete reunification of the motherland are tidal currents and trends and have a bearing on the righteous cause , major principles , and key interests of the country and the nation .\r\nour government 's stance is firm and remains unchanged .\r\nthe early settlement of the taiwan issue is the common aspiration and strong voice of the people of all nationalities throughout the country , including the taiwan people .\r\nso , we should judge the hour and size up the situation and make firm preparations for the early settlement of the taiwan issue .\r\nwe began waging a resolute struggle against the \" two - state theory \" soon after lee teng - hui [ li teng - hui ] dished out it in july last year .\r\nour struggle against the separatist forces headed by lee teng - hui is a concentrated expression of the question of whether to adhere to the one - china principle or to create \" two chinas \" or \" one china , one taiwan . \"\r\nthe taiwan issue should be resolved in line with the policy on \" peaceful reunification and one country , two systems . \"\r\nlee teng - hui 's \" two - state \" theory was an essential result from his attempt to split up the motherland over the past 10 years . therefore , it is impossible for him to retract the theory .\r\nso , preparations should be made against various problems and their consequences .\r\nthe aim of \" taiwan independence \" and separatist forces and foreign anti - china forces to indefinitely delay the taiwan question is intolerable to us .\r\nthe policy on \" one country , two systems \" has successfully been carried out in hong kong and macao ; meanwhile it can completely be applied to resolving the taiwan question .\r\nthe resolution of the taiwan issue with this policy can merely bring about advantages to the taiwan compatriots . however , the taiwan authorities use various kinds of excuses to oppose this policy ; in reality , they oppose national reunification .\r\nwe want to seriously tell \" taiwan independence \" forces that advocating independence and creating splittism under any pretext and in any form are crimes against the motherland and the nation , as well as dangerous activities of playing with fire .\r\nwe must never sit idly by to see any serious separatist activities of sabotaging china 's sovereignty and territorial integrity , carrying out the \" two - state theory , \" and advocating \" taiwan independence . \"\r\nif \" taiwan independence \" forces insist on separating taiwan from the motherland , we will adopt resolute measures to safeguard the country 's sovereignty and territorial integrity .\r\n\" taiwan independence \" means war . there will be no peace under splittism .\r\nhowever , he said : china 's policy toward taiwan is still \" stressing peace . \" our basic policy on peaceful reunification remains unchanged , and the pla is striving to attain peaceful reunification .\r\nthe troops ' responsibilities are to safeguard national reunification . it is their historic mission and duty .\r\nhowever , it is very hard for the army to formulate a reunification timetable . mainland china 's next move on taiwan will basically depend on the newly - elected taiwan president 's policies .\r\ncommenting on using force to attain reunification , mi zhenyu said : \" we treasure the format for peace out of all the strategies .\r\nboth sides will benefit in peace , whereas both will be hurt in war . however , taiwan will suffer more than mainland china in war . \" he said : the chinese government has been very specific in its stance and attitude : it still hopes both sides of the strait can reunify peacefully .\r\nwhile admitting that the current military strength of china 's navy and air force lags 20 years behind that of advanced countries in the world , mi zhenyu said : \" we are unsure that we can beat it ( the united states ) .\r\nwe have our formats . \" mi zhenyu said : \" what the united states fears most is that some people are killed . it regards the deaths of a few people as something desperately serious .\r\nhe said : the united states has enormous interests in china . it will not easily discard its friendly diplomatic ties with china .\r\nlooking at the united states ' military power as clearly outlined in the gulf war and the recent war in kosovo , we can see how the fast - developing military revolution has changed the traditional military strength and the modes of warfare and has widened the gap between china 's and the united states ' military strength .\r\nit maintains that only by striving to supersede the west 's military principles , and only by crossing the line of conventional warfare , including attacking the enemy in domains that are traditionally non - military , can future wars be won .\r\nthe concept of \" unrestricted warfare , \" which advocates breaking today 's rules of war , and the kind of nationalism that opposes globalization advanced under these circumstances are two sides of the same tendency .\r\ntwenty - first century modes of combat and means of war and traditional rules of war at the crossroads between the old and new centuries , all countries are fully assessing their security situation in the 21 st century .\r\nat the same time , military attacks will also target certain crucial civilian facilities such as telecommunications , electronics , transportation , and power plants to damage the opponent 's potential ability to make war .\r\ntoday , we censure wars around the world on moral and legal grounds , and that is because the many rules in the military domain allow us to do so .\r\nno country currently is as strong as the united states , but even a superpower like the united states cannot do as it pleases or conduct a so - called \" unrestricted war \" in total disregard of human morals , conscience , and laws and blatantly destroy today 's international order .\r\nfrom the hague conference on the laws of war and the geneva convention to today 's developing international humanitarian laws and regulations , and including the martens article , they all restrict the reckless and arbitrary use of force by the military in war , armed confrontations , and other situations .\r\nit is not the weaker side 's prerogative to ignore the rules ; the stronger side can do the same , and in fact they are more equipped to do so .\r\nthese so called \" tactics of war \" that had absolutely no scientific or technological bases were the \" unrestricted warfare \" of bygone years , and they went bankrupt long ago .\r\ntoday , science and technology and economic strength are the most important sources of human development , including the development of military strength .\r\nwhen it comes to war , like in any other domain in international society , mankind has long wandered out of the wilderness .\r\nthe international society is now an arena where there are many rules , and these rules , including military and economic rules , were written under the guidance of the western countries .\r\nthe key to china 's strength and development lies in obeying the common laws and rules of human development , which include accepting all kinds of restrictions , so that we can develop as fast as possible within the confines of international order .\r\nbeijing , 13 mar ( xinhua ) - - without the armed forces , the people will lose everything .\r\nwith the party 's absolute leadership , the people 's armed forces are invincible and will march from victory to victory .\r\ndeputy zhou kunren said comrade mao zedong , chief founder of the people 's armed forces , made tremendous historical contribution to establishing the party 's absolute leadership over the armed forces .\r\nsince then , the people 's armed forces have grown in strength .\r\nin the past 10 years in particular , we have obviated and overcome numerous dangers and difficulties on the road of our advancement .\r\nthe most fundamental thing in stressing political awareness is to ensure the party 's absolute leadership over the armed forces , and ensure the nature of the people 's armed forces .\r\nin the past 10 years , our armed forces have further increased their ability in high - tech defensive operations , and made new and great progress in national defense research and in developing weapons and equipment . our armed forces are forging ahead in big strides toward becoming crack troops with chinese characteristics .\r\nreportedly , two deputy provincial - level officials of hubei suspected of taking bribes when approving the listing of local companies were suspended from work by the central commission for discipline inspection and asked to confess within a certain time in certain place .\r\ncurrently , they were also under custody for investigation . deputies attending the session held that the government 's current anticorruption momentum needed to be greatly enhanced .\r\nthe reports of the supreme people 's court and supreme people 's procuratorate this year failed to mention the eye - catching yuanhua case and the case of cheng kejie . some deputies held that this spells out why the anticorruption drive still needs more transparency .\r\nreceiving share capital and ratifying listing of companies as was learned , many enterprises in hubei had applied for listing their enterprises in the stock market previously , but only very few were approved due to the very large number of applications in recent years .\r\nconsequently , some people went into contacts with former vice governors li daqiang and gao ruike , who were in charge of this matter , through middlemen , and promised to give them tremendous amount of share capital as a repayment .\r\nwith the approvals of vice governors , several enterprises successfully listed their enterprises .\r\nlast year , the central commission for discipline inspection knew about this and formed a special inspection committee , and asked li daqing , who had left the post , and gao reike , then still the vice governor , to confess within a certain time and in certain place .\r\nhe also referred to the passage stating that large and medium - sized state - owned enterprises to which the stockholding system is applicable should make use of the stock market and quickly implement the stockholding - oriented reform , and that we should strive to develop a number of large enterprises that are internationally competitive .\r\nin the main , this can be achieved through the capital market . for instance , the state can use the capital market to reduce its shares in those enterprises that are to be privatized .\r\nthis way , the state can change its relationship with the enterprise from holding absolutely controlling shares to holding relatively controlling shares then to holding semi - controlling shares to holding ordinary shares and eventually achieve the goal of a complete withdrawal from the enterprise .\r\ndevelopment of the new emerging capital market is a significant step toward improving and developing the socialist market economy . 4 . the capital market is required for developing new - and high - tech industries . 5 .\r\nthe capital market can diversify the risks involved in developing new - and high - tech industries . 3 .\r\nwith a high growth potential , high - tech stocks can give good returns to investors .\r\nto meet international competition , it is a must to establish a high - tech stock market on the mainland or to give preferential treatment to high - tech companies on the mainland 's regular stock market .\r\ncurrently , high - tech stock markets are developing rapidly in the world . unless we speed up our pace to catch up , our outstanding high - tech enterprises will tend to list their stocks on foreign markets . 5 .\r\ni am very glad that my suggestion has been accepted .\r\nbut some related questions have to be discussed and solved . an example is the question on the p / e ratio .\r\nnow , there is a pretty big gag between the p / e ratios for stocks on the primary and secondary markets .\r\nat the turn of the century , a critical moment , the party central committee put forward the strategy for grasping the opportunity to \" move out \" on the basis of sizing up the situation with a broad and long - term view .\r\nthis strategy and the strategy for the great development of china 's west complement each other , and will enable us to make full use of the resources and the markets at home and abroad , thus restructuring the economy and optimizing the distribution of resources in a broader scope .\r\nit is a far - reaching and also immediately realistic objective , and requires us to make down - to - earth explorations and practice .\r\nit is necessary and possible for shanghai to grasp the opportunity to shift the pattern of opening up from \" ushering in \" in the past to both \" ushering in \" and \" moving out \" in the future .\r\nsecond , it is necessary to strengthen across - the - board planning and guidance .\r\nwork should be done urgently to formulate and implement concrete plans and relevant policies and measures for carrying out the \" moving out \" strategy and enhancing the \" moving out \" capability .\r\nthird , it is necessary to explicitly determine the orientation and key points of \" moving out . \"\r\nfourth , it is necessary to comprehensively implement the \" diversification \" principle .\r\ndeputy huang ju finally said : in the process of economic globalization , shanghai will consistently pursue the principle of serving the whole country and facing the world , and will make efforts to maintain sustained , high - speed , and healthy economic development in the future .\r\nsolving the taiwan issue according to the principle of \" one country , two systems \" and accomplishing the motherland 's reunification has become our more and more urgent historic mission .\r\nrecently , this reporter interviewed jiang enzhu , a deputy to the national people 's congress [ npc ] and director of the central people 's government liaison office in the hong kong special administrative regions [ sar ] .\r\nhe pointed out : the successful practice in the past nearly three years after hong kong 's return has fully demonstrated the correctness , scientific nature , and feasibility of the \" one country , two systems \" principle .\r\ndeputy jiang enzhu enunciated the following four conclusions having been proved by hong kong 's experience : first , the principle of \" one country , two systems \" is completely feasible .\r\nin the past , many people in hong kong had misgivings and doubted whether the concept of \" one country , two systems \" would be practicable .\r\nhowever , under the guidance of the \" one country , two systems \" principle , hong kong not only smoothly accomplished the return , but also successfully overcame various difficulties after the return and maintained social stability and prosperity .\r\npractice shows that the principle of \" one country , two system \" is feasible , and is in keeping with the fundamental interests of the entire chinese people , including taiwan compatriots , hong kong and macao compatriots , and overseas compatriots .\r\nonly with the adoption of the \" one country , two systems \" principle can the taiwan issue be resolved peacefully .\r\nsecond , the principle of \" one country , two systems \" is of broad compatibility and flexibility .\r\nin the nearly three years after hong kong 's return , the central government firmly implemented the principle of \" one country , two systems , \" supported the hong kong sar government 's operation on the basis of the basic law .\r\nto solve the taiwan issue according to the \" one country , two systems \" principle , more flexibility can be brought to taiwan than to hong kong and macao in the arrangements of peaceful reunification .\r\nthird , the principle of \" one country , two systems \" is conducive to the maintenance of social stability and prosperity .\r\neconomically , hong kong enjoys strong support from mainland china .\r\nthe state did not and will not take away a penny from the hong kong sar ; instead , it gave full support to hong kong in resisting the impact from the asian financial crisis and maintaining its economic prosperity .\r\nin foreign relations , hong kong shares the glory and dignity of the motherland in the international community , and has expanded its economic and cultural ties with the international community .\r\nfourth , the principle of \" one country , two systems \" is conducive to promoting the comprehensive regeneration of the chinese nation .\r\nsolving the taiwan issue according to the principle of \" one country , two systems \" and thus safeguarding our state sovereignty and territorial integrity will then promote the comprehensive regeneration of the chinese nation .\r\nenterprises are the main body of market competition .\r\nto the vast numbers of enterprises , they will be confronted with new development opportunities as well as challenges to varying extent .\r\nenterprises should have a correct understanding of the opportunities and challenges that they will be confronted with after entering the wto the correct understanding of the opportunities and challenges after entering the wto is the foundation and precondition for enterprises to work out correct countermeasures .\r\nthe principle of a most - favored - nation is a basic principle of the wto , which is an important guarantee for the wto member countries to carry out trade on an equal footing .\r\nas a developing country , china can also enjoy the rights for the developing member countries and make use of the protection means and transitional period arrangements to rationally and legally give necessary protection to the infant industries , markets , and industrial safety .\r\ncertainly , while noting the opportunities brought by the wto entry , the vast numbers of enterprises should also note soberly the grim challenges that they may be confronted with . in particular , the impacts on the enterprises in the technology - intensive and fund - intensive industries will be even greater .\r\nsumming up the analyses on the opportunities and challenges facing the accession to the wto , it should be said that the opportunities outweigh the challenges .\r\nwhether or not the enterprises can attain even greater development in the huge economic arena in the world and be in an invincible position in the bitter international competition essentially hinges upon their comprehensive quality and competitive power .\r\nto be adapted to the needs of the wto entry , they must further deepen reform , institute a modern enterprise system as soon as possible , and set up operational mechanisms with vigor and vitality .\r\nlarge - sized enterprises should carry out reform to institute a company system in line with the requirements for the modern enterprise system characterized by explicit proprietary rights , definite power and responsibility , separated government functions from enterprise administration , and scientific management .\r\nit is necessary to establish a standardized legal person management structure , form a scientific and rational enterprise leadership structure and organizational system , and build up a set of effective incentive and restraint mechanisms .\r\nif china 's large enterprises will really compete with multinational enterprise groups in the international markets , they must further resolve the problem of irrational enterprise structure and , in light of the law governing the market economy , form a more reasonable economy of scale as quickly as possible through merger , association , and reorganization .\r\nthe small enterprises should take the road of being \" specialized , refined , and unique , \" establish their own competitive superiority , set up close ties of cooperation with the large enterprises , and heighten their level of socialized production .\r\n3 ) the pace of technological progress should be accelerated to enhance the ability in technological innovation .\r\nenterprises ' ability in technological innovation is the core of their competitiveness . today when science and technology are advancing by leaps and bounds , enterprises ' competitiveness increasingly hinges on their ability in innovation .\r\nto meet with the challenges brought by the wto entry , enterprises must quicken their tempo of technological advancement , so that their ability in technological innovation can be elevated to a new and still higher level .\r\nall enterprises should adopt advanced technologies , repeatedly transform the existing technological facilities , adjust product mix , raise product grades , and achieve the upgrading and updating of products and technologies . 4 .\r\nthe ability of opening up markets should be increased to enhance the level of international operations .\r\nit is necessary to repeatedly heighten the quality of products , organize production according to the international advanced standards for product quality , those recognized by the international authoritative organs in particular , and institute and amplify an internationally certified quality assurance system as early as possible .\r\nwe need to have a strong awareness of product brands , set up the international image of china 's products by using a variety of forms , learn to use modern marketing means , intensify sales networks , and do a good job of the after - sale service .\r\nenterprises that have sufficient conditions can develop their overseas distributors and set up their own marketing networks abroad .\r\nwhere conditions permit , enterprises can go out of the territory to make investment and set up factories in foreign countries , so as to make better use of the two resources and two markets at home and abroad . 5 .\r\nthe management of enterprises should be intensified and improved to enhance their overall quality .\r\nthe intensification and improvement of enterprise management and the enhancement of the scientific management level are major components of instituting a modern enterprise system , and also important ways of elevating competitive power .\r\nto exercise strict management and run enterprises with strict discipline , they should institute and amplify a clear responsibility system to resolutely overcome and check the phenomenon that nobody undertakes responsibility .\r\nthe leading cadres of enterprises should unceasingly enhance their own management ability and level so that they are bold and good at exercising management .\r\nall the enterprises should extensively adopt the modern management methods and means and pay attention to constantly studying and using foreign and domestic advanced experiences for reference so as to bring about a greater improvement in management level as quickly as possible . 3 .\r\nfirst , the enterprises should study and understand the relevant knowledge and rules of the wto as quickly as possible .\r\nenterprise leaders and managerial personnel should take the lead in studying and understanding the wto 's basic knowledge such as its functions , basic principles , related agreements , and so on , familiarize themselves with the wto 's pertinent rules in order to lay a foundation for the application of the wto rules .\r\nin the meantime , they should abide by these rules and prevent the unnecessary economic and trade frictions and disputes arising from the ignorance of the rules .\r\naccording to the disparity in economic development level among the members and some unfair competitive conducts in international trade , the wto has formulated some protective clauses related to antidumping and antisubsidy , import protection measures , and so on .\r\nsubsequent to the abovesaid antidumping case , some enterprises have made antidumping applications regarding some countries ' dumping of low - priced goods into china , and the cases are currently being accepted and heard .\r\nthese practices conform to the wto rules and have avoided undeserved industrial damages .\r\nthird , the training of special personnel should be accelerated .\r\nso long as the enterprises , government , and society make proper preparations to cope with the situation with concerted efforts , china 's enterprises certainly can attain new and still better development in the ever fierce international competition .\r\nsince last july , the chinese people have been carrying out resolute struggle against lee teng - hui 's \" two state \" theory , dealing blows to the arrogant separatist force in taiwan . this forced the taiwan authorities to promise \" not to include the two state theory in the constitution and other laws . \"\r\nnow , more than 130 countries in the world have reiterated adherence to the one - china policy .\r\nthe article says : president jiang 's speech , vice premier qian 's speech , and the white paper all explicitly expressed the solemn attitude against \" taiwan independence \" and against any activity of splitting up china 's sovereign and territorial integrity .\r\nit must be pointed out here that advocating that \" taiwan is a country with independent sovereignty \" is equal to advocating \" taiwan independence . \" saying that they will not pursue \" taiwan independence \" on such a premise is just to openly tell a lie to deceive taiwan compatriots and the international community !\r\non 22 october 1984 , deng xiaoping said at the third plenary meeting of the central advisory commission : \" we constantly strive to solve the taiwan issue in a peaceful way , but we have never ruled out the possibility of a non - peaceful solution .\r\n\" last year tibet autonomous region , which has a population of 2.5 million , saw its economic development staying above the national average level of growth for the sixth consecutive year and turned in a gdp of renminbi 10.335 billion yuan , up 9.1 percent from the previous year .\r\nlegqog , a deputy to the third session of the ninth national people 's congress and chairman of the tibet autonomous regional people 's government , was full of confidence throughout when speaking of tibet 's development .\r\nlegqog said : because of historical , geographical , and many other reasons , the tibetan economy is lagging behind others and has a weak foundation . nevertheless , tibet , as part of a vigorously growing china , must quicken its pace of progress to bring about constant qualitative leaps in the tibetan economy .\r\nto this end , both the central authorities and tibet will take forceful measures .\r\nin conjunction with the state 's implementation of the strategy of developing the western region on a large scale , tibet will accelerate infrastructure construction .\r\nhe considers tibet 's present industrial structure as irrational . with the primary industry carrying too much weight , the secondary industry carrying too little weight , and the tertiary industry being undeveloped , it has the typical characteristics of an agricultural economy .\r\nit is particularly important to do a good job of settlement to solve as soon as possible the problem of peasants and herdsmen 's subsistence in areas with harsh conditions .\r\nwe will strive to build within five years a backbone highway network that is readily accessible and facilitates unimpeded transportation , work hard for an early start of the project of building a railroad into tibet , and develop aviation undertakings .\r\nin the area of energy , we will do all we can to set up large power plants and large power grids .\r\nwe are going to build a number of small cities and towns centering about lhasa and the seats of various administrative offices by laying stress on county seats and some transportation hubs .\r\nspeaking of tibet 's opening up to the outside world , legqog said : this year we are doing all we can to make foreign direct investment grow more than three times over last year .\r\nwe are also taking the nationwide support for tibet as a turning point and developing extensive contacts and cooperation with inland provinces and municipalities , particularly the 15 provinces and municipalities providing specific assistance to tibet .\r\nthe 10 th conference of the 6 th central standing committee of the taiwan democratic self - government league convened on 8 march in beijing .\r\ntaiwan league honorary chairman cai zimin and others attended as nonvoting delegates .\r\nthe conference endorsed in full the government work report delivered by premier zhu rongji , and the work report of the political consultative conference standing committee delivered by vice chairman ye xuanping .\r\nthe conference believed that the previous year was an extraordinary one in the history of china development .\r\nunder the leadership of the central committee of the chinese communist party with jiang zemin as its core , china reform and opening up , and all of its undertakings in construction , achieved new and important results .\r\nthe conference pointed out that , after the return of hong kong and macau to the motherland , the sacred mission of resolving the taiwan issue and realizing complete unification of the motherland soon has an even more prominent position facing all of china sons and daughters , including taiwan compatriots and overseas chinese compatriots .\r\nthe conference endorsed in full the principles and policies expounded in the state council office for taiwan affairs and state council news office white paper , one - china policy and the taiwan issue .\r\nthe conference studied key points of this year work of participating in the administration and discussion of state affairs , and relevant items of work for the 11 th conference of the 6 th central standing committee of the taiwan democratic self - government league .\r\njust as zhang wannian , vice chairman of the central military commission , stressed at a group discussion meeting held by the pla delegation to the national people 's congress [ npc ] session : we absolutely have the determination , confidence , capability , and ways to resolve the taiwan issue . \"\r\nwhile commenting on \" the statement that taiwan independence means war and that secession will bring no peace \" at a recent interview , su longxu , senior engineer of a certain research institute of the pla second artillery corps , expressed the above views .\r\nfemale senior engineer su longxu , aged 37 , has developed over 40 scientific and technological accomplishments over the past 10 years . out of the total , seven were first - class and second - class awards for military scientific and technological progress , and eight items were awarded national patents .\r\nin 1999 , she was awarded the title of the third \" young outstanding national scientific and technological pioneer . \"\r\ncommenting on the reporter 's remark that foreign news reports saying taiwan has military superiority at present , su longxu maintained : whether there is military superiority will comprehensively depend on the levels of weapons , personnel , and environment .\r\nare the imported weapons in completely complementary sets ?\r\nare they advanced weapons ?\r\ndo the weapon users have a specific objective whereby they understand for whom they are drilling and fighting ?\r\nare they competent ?\r\nis the geographic environment conducive ?\r\nafter comprehensively analyzing the above factors , su longxu said that she could not see how taiwan could have any military superiority over mainland china .\r\nat the meetings respectively held by shandong and hebei delegations , shandong deputies zhao zhibing , wang jiarui , wang xiujun , su shoutang and jiang cuibo , and hebei deputies cheng weigao , zhang zhixue , yan wenbin , and wang shaohua took the floor one after another .\r\nthe deputies expressed their satisfaction with the report on the work of the npc standing committee and believed that it is of great guiding significance in helping local people 's congresses successfully carry out their work .\r\nit is hoped that supervisory law would be formulated rapidly so as to standardize supervision work in the form of law .\r\ndeputies suggested that the npc further strengthen guidance for local people 's congresses and broaden the channels for contacts between deputies and the masses .\r\ndeputies also raised questions on democracy , the legal system , reform of state - owned enterprises , and quality education .\r\nli peng gave speeches at both of the meetings held by the delegations .\r\nhe first affirmed the achievements made by shandong and hebei provinces in developing the economy , advancing reform , and ensuring stability , and gave opinions on the future development thoughts of these two provinces .\r\nin line with the speeches given by deputies , he made remarks on the supervision work of people 's congresses .\r\nhe pointed out : in carrying out supervision work , the people 's congresses should follow the principle of upholding the party 's leadership , not exercising judicial authority and procuratorial power on a commission basis , and collectively exercising function and power .\r\nli peng also offered opinions on state - owned enterprise reform , quality education , and opening up to the outside world .\r\nwu guanzheng , member of the cpc central committee political bureau and secretary of the shandong provincial party committee , and cheng siwei , vice chairman of the npc standing committee , both attended the meetings held by shandong and hebei delegations .\r\nafter earnestly listening to the deputies ' views , wei jianxing spoke on taking a correct view of the anticorruption situation .\r\nwei jianxing pointed out that having a correct understanding of the anticorruption situation is the premise for correct policymaking and also the basis for strengthening confidence in opposing corruption .\r\nin looking at the anticorruption situation , we must first look to see whether the anticorruption line , principles , and policies are correct .\r\npractice has proven that the central authorities ' series of policy decisions and arrangements are completely correct , practical , and effective , and have laid the foundation and pointed out the orientation for us to explore and embark on an anticorruption path suited to our basic national condition in the current stage .\r\nthis is a decisive factor in judging the anticorruption situation .\r\nas a result of many years of effort , the anticorruption struggle is now gradually embarking on the track of switching from emphasizing curbs to curing the symptoms and the cause and gradually intensifying the effort to deal with the cause .\r\na good situation of in - depth development has emerged . the momentum of the spread and development of negative corruption phenomena has slowed down somewhat in places and departments that have done the work relatively well , and a number of deep - seated corruption problems are now being gradually exposed .\r\nthe notable results gained in each stage of the struggle have provided the necessary conditions and an important guarantee for preserving and promoting the overall situation of reforms , development , and stability .\r\nthis struggle involves all aspects of strengthening the building of the party and political power in the new era .\r\nwe must realize that the main stream of the party member and cadre force is good , the building of socialist democracy and law is being continually stepped up , and china 's reforms and construction will be further promoted .\r\nso long as we unswervingly implement the important policy decision and arrangements of the cpc central committee with comrade jiang zemin as the core , uphold the guideline of being strict with party members , and further intensify supervision , the anticorruption struggle will certainly develop in depth and continually achieve new and still greater results .\r\nthis year is the last one for the implementation of the \" eight - seven \" [ ba qi 0360 0003 ] program to tackle difficult problems in poverty relief , when there are still 12 million people with food and clothing problems to be basically solved through the poverty relief and development program .\r\nin 1994 , implementation of the \" eight - seven \" program to tackle difficult problems in poverty relief work was formally launched . in 1999 , the central authorities convened a poverty relief work conference in beijing . all these have clearly indicated the orientation for tackling difficult problems in poverty relief work .\r\nthrough active probings in the past few years while tackling difficult problems in supporting the poor , all localities have accumulated an abundance of experiences .\r\nafter years of efforts , out of guizhou 's 10 million poor people , 7.13 million have extricated themselves from poverty .\r\nsmall loans in support of the poor have reaped tremendous results .\r\nnow , the vast majority of the rest of the poor are those living in remote areas which are hard to get to and lacking in resources and where the ecological environment is extremely bad .\r\naccording to the npc deputies , this concentrated training has enabled the whole country to be more clear about how to tackle difficult problems of poverty relief work and to take more concrete steps with more confidence .\r\nnpc deputy yang caishou of guangxi said guangxi will do poverty relief and development work in combination with the grand development of the western region to do well in building infrastructure projects in the poor areas and further improve their production and living conditions .\r\nnpc deputy li fashen of gansu said all provinces and autonomous regions in the west will set up an exclusive fund to increase the input to help the poor with science and technology .\r\nin response to this question , shi guangsheng made the aforementioned remarks .\r\nthis is because the wto 's nondiscriminatory principle demands mutual granting of most - favored - nation status .\r\nthe bilateral wto agreement that china and the united states concluded last november is a win - win and mutually beneficial agreement as a result of hard work on both sides .\r\nhe pointed out : a pntr status that is clean and neat [ gan jing li luo 0051 3228 0448 5507 ] with no strings attached is the basis and prerequisite for implementing bilateral agreements , including the sino - us agricultural agreement ; it is also a commitment made by the us side .\r\nif the us side misses the golden opportunity , it will lose the vast chinese market .\r\nshi guangsheng said : most us politicians and the overwhelming majority of american enterprises firmly support resolution of the issue of pntr with china .\r\nhe said : this is a very important opportunity . in the words of president clinton , failure to seize this opportunity will cause regret over the next 20 years or the next generation .\r\nwhether china can join the wto is c ompletely up to a vote in favor by two - thirds of the wto members at the multilateral level following the conclusion of bilateral negotiations ; whereas pntr is a matter affecting the implementation of the sino - us bilateral agreement .\r\nin the course of seriously enforcing law and trying cases , judicial organs throughout the country also raised judicial proposals to the relevant department in light of the problems they had discovered from specific cases , thus making positive contributions to promoting reform and opening up , ensuring steady economic development , and safeguarding social stability .\r\nbeijing , 13 mar ( xinhua ) - - shi guangsheng , minister of foreign trade and economic cooperation , said today : china has already concluded negotiations and reached bilateral agreements with 27 world trade organization [ wto ] members , out of a total of 37 wto members which requested to hold bilateral talks with china .\r\nbilateral negotiations between china and wto members on china 's entry to the wto have entered the final concluding stage .\r\nthe eu is an important trading partner of china , and has been supporting china 's bid to join the wto for a long time .\r\nshi guangsheng said : these two rounds of talks have attained important progress .\r\ncommenting on the issues that the united states may not grant china permanent normal trade relations [ pntr ] status and its impact on china 's entry to the wto , shi guangsheng said : china does not want to see the united states fail to resolve the issue of pntr with china .\r\na pntr status that is clean and neat [ gan jing li luo 0051 3228 0448 5507 ] with no strings attached is the basis and prerequisite for implementing bilateral agreements , including the sino - us agricultural agreement ; it is also a commitment made by the us side .\r\nalthough they are regular sessions , the focus of the government work and the administrative policies for the near future has attracted the attention of the people .\r\nfrom premier zhu rongji 's government work report and the examination and discussion of the report of npc deputies and cppcc members , the people have strongly felt that the chinese government has been consciously readjusting its own role and functions in developing market economy under the new situation .\r\nattach great importance to management .\r\nunlike the \" dislocation \" of government and enterprise management in the past , the strengthening of management this year is focused on readjusting \" game rules \" and maintaining market order .\r\nthus we can see that in the future , china 's effort in readjusting government functions will be concentrated on the playing of the role of \" referee \" in market economy .\r\npay close attention to the people 's livelihood .\r\nin addition , the promotion of state enterprise reform has increased the number of laid - off workers , and the reform of housing , medical , and educational systems has added burdens to the people .\r\nthe increasingly great concern over the people 's livelihood has indicated that the government has been expanding the range of \" humanism \" and mapping out ideas in an even more balanced way .\r\nappropriately control the economy .\r\nhowever , from the new atmosphere of this year 's \" two sessions , \" we have already heard about the \" spring footsteps \" of the self - improvement of the chinese government .\r\nshi guangsheng , minister of the chinese ministry of foreign trade and economic cooperation , said today that china 's wto accession will be conducive to the development of the chinese mainland 's ties of trade and economic cooperation with hong kong and macao .\r\nbeijing , 13 march (zts) - - the grand development of the western region is an important policy of china in the new century .\r\nsecond , foreign - funded enterprises in central and western regions still enjoy a 15 - percent income tax rate for three consecutive years after the expiration of the preferential policies granted to them .\r\nthird , if a foreign business re - invests in another project in the west with the money it earns , and its investment ratio exceeds 25 percent , the project will receive the same preferential treatment as a foreign - funded project .\r\nbeijing , 13 mar ( xinhua ) - - foreign - invested enterprises in china 's central and western regions enjoying the state 's encouragement policy on foreign investment projects will still be entitled to 15 - percent income tax for another three consecutive years upon completion of the existing preferential policy .\r\nthis was disclosed by shi guangsheng , minister of foreign trade and economic cooperation , at a news conference during the third session of the ninth people 's congress today .\r\nhe said that the chinese government will allow foreign - invested enterprises in coastal regions to contract for the operation and management of foreign - invested or chinese - invested enterprises in central and western regions .\r\nto this end , china will make corresponding adjustments and revisions to those laws , regulations , and policies that are incompatible with wto rules after its accession to the wto .\r\nit is now making preparations for this , mainly by sorting things out .\r\nhe said : of course , we must open up further and implement wto rules when making revisions and improvements . at the same time , we must take full advantage of wto rules to protect the country 's economic security .\r\nwhether as gatt or the wto , the organization has played an important role in promoting the development of world trade and in establishing a new and just international economic order .\r\nfourth , economic and trade disputes among members can be resolved and dealt with on an equal footing through the wto 's dispute settlement mechanism . shi guangsheng pointed out : accession to the wto will also bring some challenges and pressures to bear on china .\r\nthe deputies freely aired their views , and the atmosphere at the two meetings was very lively .\r\nafter the jilin deputies had spoken , jiang zemin said that jilin is a major agricultural province which makes a great contribution to the state as a major grain - growing area and an important marketable grain base .\r\njilin 's agriculture has developed very rapidly in recent years , and grain processing and conversion has also been grasped very well .\r\nthis is what the chinese people have dreamed of for thousands of years , and is a stupendous achievement .\r\njiang zemin emphasized that at a time when we have reaped bumper harvests in successive years and there is a surplus of agricultural produce , we must be sure to guard against tendencies to neglect and slacken off in agriculture , and firmly embrace the idea of strengthening the foundation status of agriculture .\r\nat present our agricultural infrastructure is not very strong ; in many places there has been no fundamental change in the conditions for agricultural production ; agriculture has not fundamentally been extricated from dependence on heaven , and a retrogression may occur when we encounter a major natural disaster .\r\nwe must absolutely not lightly say that agriculture has already made the grade ; we cannot say that for several decades .\r\nthis is a long - term guideline .\r\njiang zemin pointed out that at present it is necessary to focus on grasping three things in not slackening off in agriculture : first , unceasingly step up the construction of agricultural infrastructure .\r\nthe most important thing is to protect the arable land and the peasants ' enthusiasm .\r\nthird , we must vigorously promote the progress of agricultural science and technology .\r\nwe must develop animal husbandry and the processing of agricultural produce , and increase the value of grain through conversion .\r\nafter listening to the gansu delegates ' speeches , jiang zemin said , gansu 's geographical location in west china is extremely important ; the province has rich mineral resources and also abundant tourism resources .\r\ni visited gansu in 1992 and 1995 , when the spirit of the people of all nationalities of gansu in laboring amid hardship and waging arduous struggle made a profound impression on me .\r\ngansu 's economy has developed relatively rapidly since the launch of reform and opening up , and the province has achieved successes in all its work .\r\nthe great development of the west is a vast project ; it is necessary to adapt to the new situation in developing socialist market economy , respect objective laws , highlight the focal points , and carry out the work in a measured way , step by step .\r\nstill more important , the western regions must mobilize the initiative of all sectors ; through deepening the reforms and expanding their opening up to the world , they should form new mechanisms and methods and attract talent , funds , and technology .\r\nthey should fully exploit their own characteristics , do a good job in infrastructure construction , cultivate strong - point industries , develop science and technology education , improve protection of the ecological environment , and enable the economy of the west to develop still better and faster in the new century .\r\njiang zemin emphasized that reform of the state enterprises is the key link in the entire reform of the economic structure and is also the most important task in economic work this year .\r\nstate enterprise reform has achieved major progress and enterprise economic returns have markedly turned for the better in recent years , as a result of the common efforts of the whole party and the cadres and workers .\r\nthis year is the last year for achieving the goal of extricating the state enterprises from difficulty in three years , and the whole party must work with concerted efforts to achieve this goal .\r\nat present it is necessary to focus on doing a good job in the following respects : first , speed up the establishment of a modern enterprise system and change the enterprises ' operational mechanism .\r\nthe key to running the state enterprises well lies in establishing new systems and mechanisms ; external conditions can help the enterprises to overcome temporary difficulties , but cannot solve their fundamental problems .\r\nsecond , carry out a strategic readjustment of the pattern of the national economy and reorganization of the state enterprises .\r\nthe important thing is , it is necessary to sensitively grasp the trends of domestic and foreign economic development , carry out timely readjustment of the pattern and structure of state - owned economy , promote enterprise combination and reorganization , and enhance the overall quality of state - owned economy .\r\nthe state must focus on cultivating a number of strong and competitive large enterprises and consortia , and turn them into pillars of the national economy and the main force in participating in international competition .\r\nat the same time , we should adopt a variety of forms to let go and enliven medium - sized and small state enterprises , and actively encourage and support the development of non - public ownership such as individual and private ownership .\r\nthe progress of science and technology has become the decisive factor in the development of the enterprises and of the entire economy .\r\ngansu must speed up the revamping of its traditional industries , to bring new vitality into old enterprises .\r\nthe enterprise party organizations must fully play their part as the political core , and wholeheartedly rely on the worker masses .\r\nthe more that an enterprise is in difficulties , the more must the leading cadres there have a good mental outlook , and the more must they be honest and self - disciplined and share weal and woe with the worker masses .\r\nwe must properly handle the relations between reform , development , and stability .\r\njiang chunyun and wen jiabao respectively attended the jilin and gansu delegation meetings .\r\nthe npc delegates said that the mutual exchange of the most - favored - nation treatment is a normal trade arrangement between states .\r\nthe long practice of the yearly review of giving china the most - favored - nation treatment with conditions attached has seriously impacted the stable development of the economic and trade relations between china and the united states .\r\ncurrent us domestic laws , however , set obstacles on giving china the pntr treatment , which not only runs counter to the wto principles but also constitutes a major stumbling block to the development of the bilateral economic and trade relations between china and the united states .\r\ndelegate wang huabin said the us administration has made a wise choice over this issue .\r\nchina 's joining the wto will benefit both countries .\r\nhe said that whereas most us congressmen support giving china pntr status , some congressmen are against it due to their lack of understanding about china or to their being influenced by some ideologies .\r\nhe said these us congressmen should go out and listen to genuine calls , which will then help change their views .\r\nbeijing , 13 mar ( xinhua ) - - zhu rongji , member of the standing committee of the cpc central committee and premier of the state council , this morning attended a discussion meeting of the anhui delegation to the third session of the ninth national people 's congress .\r\nhe emphasized that the government work personnel at all levels must not come out with empty talk but must truly go deep into the grass roots , care for the masses ' woes , and handle well those affairs related to the masses ' vital interests .\r\ndeputy wang taihua spoke on the overall situation of work in anhui and the line of thinking on future development . he declared that it is necessary to follow the central authorities ' arrangements and do a good job in organizing trial points for the reform of rural taxes and charges .\r\ndeputy huang haisong gave views on establishing a modern enterprise system and doing a good job of reforming state enterprises and extricating them from difficulty .\r\ndeputy zhao shucong gave views on stepping up the building of systems , and administering the government and managing things with strictness .\r\ndeputy cai qinhua spoke on improving water conservancy construction , he suggested that the intensity of investment in this work be maintained in the next few years .\r\ndeputy sun guangyun reflected the views of the rural grassroots cadres and masses on the restructuring of rural industry .\r\ndeputies ma yuanfei , zhu weifang , and zang shikai also spoke .\r\nzhu rongji spoke after earnestly listening to the deputies ' speeches .\r\ngovernment at all levels and enterprises of all types must attach great importance to safety in production , discover and eliminate in good time hidden dangers that could cause accidents , and truly ensure the safety of life and property .\r\nin order to achieve sustained economic development and social stability in the rural areas , in present circumstances when it is quite difficult for the peasants to increase income , it is necessary to focus on tackling the work of lightening the peasants ' burdens .\r\nzhu rongji emphasized that it is essential to continue to step up water conservancy construction ; investment in this work can only be increased and not reduced .\r\nwe must ceaselessly work to tame the big rivers and lakes .\r\nwang mingshan , zhou shaosen , and li yanling respectively delivered speeches on stepping up rural water conservancy works . they also made proposals on deepening the reform of the education and management systems .\r\nhe said that the strengthening of political power and organizations at the grassroots level is very important . it is a systems engineering and an essential foundation for developing the west .\r\nas a result , there will be no market for \" falungong \" and other heresy , ignorance , and superstition .\r\nthe political power at the grassroots level directly faces the masses so it is extremely important to strengthen the building of the basic level cadres and ensure proper distribution of them .\r\nafter some years , we will certainly be able to train a contingent of outstanding cadres who have been tempered at the grassroots levels and who cherish an affection for the masses .\r\nzeng qinghong , alternate member of the cpc central committee political bureau , secretary of the secretariat , and minister of the central organization department , was present on the occasion .\r\nthis year is the 20 th anniversary of the founding of china 's special economic zones ( sezs ) .\r\nthe abovesaid \" source \" is the greatness and correctness of deng xiaoping theory , and the abovesaid \" advance \" is the demand on the sezs to create more advantages and scale new heights .\r\ntouchstone of basic national policies , milestone of reform , opening up at the current \" two sessions , \" the deputies and members said that the chapter on the sezs in reform and opening up will not be omitted in the future textbooks of history , even in any kind of their abridged versions .\r\nshenzhen , the modern metropolis that grew from a small fishing village , will never forget where all this has come from .\r\nin 1980 , deng xiaoping , with his great foresight , proposed the momentous strategic decision to set up sezs .\r\nsince then , china has opened a new chapter in the annals of reform and opening up .\r\ndeputy li changchun passed on his experience saying : during the past 20 years , earthshaking changes have taken place in guangdong , and remarkable achievements have been scored in the sezs and the area of the chu jiang delta , which first obtained the benefits of reform and opening up .\r\nhere , with its cultivated land less than one - fourth of the entire province , its total output value and financial income respectively reached about 70 percent and 80 percent of the province 's total , and has become one of the most developed areas in china .\r\nmember li youwei said : the development history of the sezs can be called the history of practice with regard to the establishment and perfection of the socialist market economic structure .\r\nin order to develop economy and advance toward the market , it is necessary to shake off the yoke of the old structure , make bold exploration , and dare to do pioneering work ahead of others .\r\nin this regard , a good many new practices and systems have originated from the sezs .\r\nthis is the momentous contribution of the sezs which has radiated the entire nation .\r\nin promoting reform and opening up in a still larger scope , innumerable pieces of glittering genuine gold have been discovered through this touchstone of the sezs .\r\ndeputy wang jun said : the experience gained by the sezs also produced positive effects in the formulation of laws and regulations .\r\nas the market economy developed comparatively earlier in the sezs , some new problems cropped up in the course of the development . as some laws and regulations in the past were no longer suited to the new situation , there arose the demands for legislation with stress on the economic legislation .\r\nsome of the local laws and regulations practiced in guangdong marched at the head of the entire nation and played the role as an experimental plot for the fraternal provinces , cities , and even the whole country .\r\nif we are content with just being better off and make no effort to forge ahead , we will lag behind the age very soon .\r\nif we do not make advances , we are unable to return the kindness of the party in practicing the \" policy to enrich the people \" so that the sezs are able to become prosperous earlier than other places .\r\nwe should take advantage of the development which claims precedence over others and the environment which is favorable to starting an undertaking to become the best junctures for merging china with the world .\r\nthe chinese academy of social sciences [ cass ] today convened a meeting on the work of party secretaries and disciplinary inspection to earnestly implement the spirit of the fourth plenary session of the central commission for discipline inspection [ ccdi ] .\r\nli tieying stressed the need to fully understand that safeguarding the party 's political and propaganda discipline is of paramount importance to running the cass well .\r\nli tieying pointed out that if marxism or proletariat ideas do not occupy the ideological field , various non - marxist , nonproletarian ideas , or even anti - marxist ideas , will capture it .\r\nin conducting research in philosophy and social sciences , we should conscientiously and resolutely implement the principle of \" letting a hundred flowers bloom and a hundred schools of thought contend , \" while upholding and strengthening the guiding position of marxism in the ideological field .\r\non behalf of the cass leading party group , wang luolin , deputy secretary of the cass leading party group and cass vice president , clearly stated the requirements on the implementation of the fourth plenary session of the ccdi , the strengthening of party building , and the maintenance of political discipline .\r\nthe meeting was presided over by li shenming , member of the cass leading party group and cass vice president .\r\nthough taiwan is part of chinese territory , the united states enacted laws to protect taiwan . despite china 's protests , the united states asserted in self - justification that it has to protect taiwan in accordance with the law because china has threatened taiwan . what logic is this !\r\nproposing three possible cases of counterattack according to the source , zhang wannian said that whether there will be a sino - us military conflict in the taiwan strait hinges on the us china strategy .\r\nhowever , china does not promise that it will not launch nuclear counterattacks if a foreign country launches hegemonic military aggression against it .\r\nrecently the people dumped their stocks in the market , which reflected to a certain degree the sentiments of the taiwan populace .\r\nthe cppcc meeting also adopted a resolution on resolutely opposing the \" two - state theory \" and \" taiwan independence . \"\r\nthe early settlement of the taiwan question has become the national policy .\r\nso , beijing must make full preparations and strive for the best result . however , it also prepares for the worst .\r\nthe cross - strait talks cannot be carried out because the united states has played a part in backing the \" taiwan independence \" forces .\r\nso china must work out plans for constraining and checking the schemes of the anti - china forces in foreign countries .\r\nthe \" renmin ribao \" commentator 's article stresses : we should strengthen study , establish our footing on coping with the complicated situation , analyze in an all - round manner all kinds of problems and consequences that may occur , and take precautions beforehand .\r\nthe chinese people will not sit watching any acts of damaging china 's sovereignty and territorial integrity .\r\nthe \" taiwan independence \" forces led by lee teng - hui should not miscalculate the determination of the chinese people .\r\nwithout stability , nothing can be accomplished , and we will lose what we have gained .\r\nalthough the current situation of china 's efforts to carry out in - depth reform , promote development and maintain stability is excellent , we also need to be soberly aware of the fact that we face many difficulties and problems , which if badly handled will affect the situation of stability .\r\nmaintaining social stability and state security are the basic conditions for promoting reform , opening up , and modernization construction .\r\nit is necessary to harshly crack down on domestic and foreign hostile forces ' sabotage and on various criminal activities .\r\ncrackdown emphasis needs to be placed on serious economic crime , violent crime , drug - related crime , organized crime , hooligans , robbery , thefts , abduction and selling of women and children , cultist organizations like \" falungong \" according to law and protect the people 's lives and ensure their property safety .\r\nthere is a need to further implement the measures of the comprehensive management of public order and to create an excellent public order environment .\r\nreform means profound social change .\r\nhow to correctly master such a profound change that not only promotes social development but also maintains social stability is a major matter that will impact on the overall situation and that involves an important art of leadership .\r\nat present , people in the nation are comprehensively implementing various tasks set forth at the 15 th cpc national congress and are working hard to realize the magnificent cross - century construction goals with one heart and one mind and in an enterprising spirit .\r\nboth domestic and foreign hostile forces do not want to see the development of a strong , prosperous , and stable socialist china . they hope for chaos in china . they are constantly trying to \" westernize \" and \" divide \" china so as to achieve change amid chaos and to fish in troubled waters .\r\nwe should cherish the situation of stability and the situation of stable development in our country we cherish our own eyes and help create an excellent social environment for reform , opening up , and socialist modernization construction .\r\nat present , people of our country are no longer worried about the question of whether china should join wto , but are concerned with making good preparations to face the changes after china 's entry into wto .\r\nalthough china and the european union have not yet reached an agreement , it is believed the agreement can be reached before long .\r\namong the 36 countries wishing to hold negotiations with china , 25 member countries have reached agreements with us . negotiations with the remaining countries are being stepped up .\r\ntherefore , we should unify our thinking and make full preparations to meet the challenge . the entry into wto will have a profound influence on china 's political and economic affairs and social life .\r\nthe degree of openness , making public various kinds of information , standardization , and the opening of the cultural market as required by wto will have apparent and potential influence on our country 's political system and management methods .\r\nthe entry into wto will have an impact on our traditional industries . jobs in coal , machinery processing , steel , and mining industries will be reduced by a great extent . the free trade in agriculture may reduce the income of our peasants .\r\nactually , all government departments , all trades and enterprises and people should carefully study and analyze difficulties they may face when china enters the wto , formulate appropriate policies , and appropriately adjust the direction of development .\r\nthe government departments should pay attention to modifying government functions , changing management methods , promoting the separation of the functions of government from those of enterprises , reducing direct administrative intervention , improving work methods , and raising efficiency and managerial ability .\r\nthe people are the final ones to be affected by china 's entry into the wto . the entry into the wto can bring certain benefits to them , but meanwhile they will also face many challenges . those who can grab opportunities first in the transitional period will be able to gain true benefits .\r\nrecently , all principal newspapers and networks have set up special columns on china 's entry into the wto , carried related articles to introduce knowledge and regulations related to the wto , and explained advantages and disadvantages of joining the wto .\r\nsome organizations and research institutes have held symposia on the subject of china 's entry into the wto , and people welcomed those meetings .\r\nin this global information network era , it only takes 600 milliseconds for a piece of information to transmit from the united states to china , and a hacker from across the ocean might arrive on your computer in one second .\r\na national people 's congress [ npc ] deputy from the people 's liberation army [ pla ] who engages in internet research said that a hacker attack occurs every 20 seconds in the present - day world .\r\nwhen discussing internet security , awareness about hidden dangers cropped up in these deputies ' minds - - national defense information security is facing a serious challenge .\r\npla deputies said that foreign armed forces take serious account of information .\r\nthe us military officially announced that it had listed information war as regular military war , and the taiwan authorities not long ago also claimed that they had created several thousand kinds of computer viruses in preparation for information war .\r\ndeputies li chunhe and yang yunzhong were of the opinion that the hidden dangers in our internet information security are prominently as follows : first is the \" technological traps \" unknown to us in the large amount of technology and equipment introduced from abroad .\r\nsecond is the weakness in our preventive measures when using high technology to obtain information from abroad .\r\nin face of war without gunpowder , these deputies called for more rapid development of china 's information security technology .\r\nsome deputies said that internet battles are battles between high - tech forces . to thoroughly get rid of the \" technological traps \" in imported equipment , the fundamental way is to master the key technology in software and hardware .\r\nfor example , we should develop reliable computer security check technology as soon as possible ; install chinese - made security and secret system and devices on imported equipment ; and initiate china 's internet transmission agreements .\r\nas long as the state concentrates human , material , and financial resources to overcome difficulties in key information security technology , there will be much hope of success .\r\nan urgent task now is to enact a national defense information security law .\r\ndeputy li chunhe pointed out the need to establish national defense information security regulations as soon as possible to protect , among other things , national defense information security , leading organs for national defense information security , and national defense information network management .\r\nthe \" proposal on enacting a national defense information security law \" raised by deputy yang yunzhong aroused strong responses among the deputies .\r\nthe deputies said that only when our national defense information system remains safe with the construction of a solid national defense network , will the information network enable the chinese armed forces to take off .\r\nthe us media described the political change in domestic iran as \" an encouraging sign to the west . \"\r\nwashington has claimed that it stands by the pro - khatami \" democratic reformists . \"\r\nit seems that the united states is being a little foolishly sentimental .\r\nan article carried in the british newspaper \" independent \" dated 22 february questioned : \" if the united states sincerely supports the implementation of democracy in iran , why does it not support the same in saudi arabia ?\r\ndoes the united states truly want a tehran with freedom of speech and a parliament that can without limit turn down the us proposals on policy making ?\r\nif khatami supports all along the guerrilla forces which want to drive the israeli occupants off of their soil , what 's to be done ?\r\nthe insight of this british writer is very cruel , with each of the words sharp as a knife and striking at the very center of the issue .\r\nthe grounds of the argument for this conclusion are as follows : after the election in iran , the traditional allies of the united states in the middle east began to dispel their fear towards the islamic regime in tehran .\r\nking fahd of saudi arabia has officially invited iran 's supreme leader khamenei to pay a state visit to saudi arabia .\r\npresident khatami has emphasized the joint efforts of the people of all countries in the gulf to ensure regional peace and security , and \" the foreign elements and their military power must leave this region . \"\r\nthe reason and support for the us military presence in the gulf have disappeared .\r\nin addition , president khatami has all along expressed support for the guerrilla struggle in southern lebanon , a political attitude which is obviously unfavorable for the strategic and geopolitical interests in the middle east conceived by the united states .\r\nthe analysis above seems to carry an inherent logic .\r\nhistory and experiences tell people that it is exactly the us involvement and interference in iran which leads to the strong cultural backlash from the people in iran .\r\nif the united states defines its strategic interests as controlling the gulf region , and ignores the interests , demands , and cultural characteristics of the people in that region , it may only mean plenty of trouble and no sign of seeing days of peace for the united states .\r\nchen kuiyuan , deputy to the national people 's congress [ npc ] and secretary of the tibet autonomous regional cpc committee , said : protecting social and political stability is an important subject .\r\ndeputy chen kuiyuan said : for decades , people in tibet have always longed for a stable and peaceful social environment .\r\nhowever , the separatist clique headed by the 14 th dalai lama has been continuously making trouble and sabotage with the support of western hostile forces . this has greatly delayed the pace of the tibetan people 's development and progress .\r\ndeputy chen kuiyuan pointed out : we must be sober - minded , never forget for a single moment the reason of \" stability being a matter of paramount importance , \" and guarantee social and political stability .\r\nat present the root cause of disruption of stability in tibet is the separatist force headed by the 14 th dalai lama with the support of the western hostile forces .\r\nunder the signboard of minority nationality and religion , they attempt to split the country and turn tibet into a vassal state of the western forces .\r\nthey also make every attempt to instigate and direct turmoil and disturbances to obstruct tibet 's economic construction , social stability , and national rejuvenation .\r\nwe must never slacken our vigilance for a moment and must be ready at all times to smash their plots and schemes to harm the country and tibet .\r\nmeanwhile , some corrupt and vile things , and remnants of feudalism may also emerge to interfere with our socialist modernization drive .\r\nin short , we should use the forces of economic development , the legal system , and moral principle to guarantee a healthy and orderly development and progress of the society .\r\nit is the common aspiration of sons and daughters of the chinese nation to see the motherland reunify and it is the firm faith in the hearts of sons and daughters of the chinese nation both at home and abroad to safeguard reunification of the motherland .\r\nthe present relations across the taiwan strait are faced with a severe test .\r\nhow to settle the taiwan issue has become a topic of conversation for all the people as well as the focus of attention of deputies attending the national people 's congress [ npc ] session and committee members attending the session of the national committee of the chinese people 's political consultative conference [ cppcc ] this year .\r\njin kaicheng , vice chairman of the central committee of the jiusan [ september 3 ] society and member of the cppcc national committee , said : of the chinese nation 's fine historical and cultural traditions , a strong consciousness of reunification is the most infectious and appealing .\r\nhanded down through thousands of years , this strong national cohesion has neither weakened with the passage of time nor been shaken by the changes of dynasty and instead has become a lofty standard of value and passionate political belief that has taken root in the depth of the heart of every chinese .\r\nwu kangmin , an npc deputy from hong kong , believes a great majority of chinese hope china will accomplish the great cause of reunification at an early date and chinese of the older generation , having gone through protracted national tribulations , are even more eager to see china reunify and become powerful .\r\nfrom the angle of overall national interest , we cannot let the taiwan issue drag on indefinitely either .\r\nliang zhongqiu , vice chairman of the council of returned macao chinese and member of the cppcc national committee , said : national reunification and national rejuvenation are the common aspirations of sons and daughters of the chinese nation around the world .\r\nwe would under no circumstances consent to any attempts to disrupt national reunification and split the motherland .\r\nan engineer of taiwan origin who was in his fifties said that our compatriots in taiwan have suffered much tribulation because of the separation and deeply understand that china will have strength only through reunification and unity .\r\nin hoping to maintain the status quo , our compatriots in taiwan mean to keep taiwan 's present socioeconomic system and way of life unchanged and absolutely not to maintain for an extended period the \" status quo \" of separation from the mainland of our country as some people from the taiwan authorities have attempted .\r\nit is impossible to fulfill the desires to seek advancement , seek development , and raise their international status with china being in a state of separation .\r\nlin donghai , chairman of the tdsgl guangdong provincial committee and member of the cppcc national committee , said : there is no bargaining for the one - china policy .\r\nzeng yucheng , a cppcc national committee member from hong kong , said : compatriots in hong kong would under no circumstance approve of \" taiwan independence \" or the \" two states \" theory ; this counter - current finds no market at all in hong kong .\r\nafter reviewing the taiwan people 's anti - aggression history , xie yuchen , a cppcc national committee member from the cultural and art circles , said : the \" taiwan independence \" [ proposition ] has met with the resolute opposition of the taiwan people who have a patriotic tradition and cannot possibly prevail .\r\nthe \" taiwan security enhancement act \" [ tsea ] bill will be reviewed by the senate after being passed by the house of representatives . if the senate or clinton veto the bill , it will not become law .\r\nthe actual situation is far from simple , however .\r\nwhile the bill was adopted by the house , those who opposed it were in the majority in the house .\r\na small minority of us congressmen and anti - china forces took the opportunity to make unwarranted charges against china 's stand on not pledging to abandon the use of force against taiwan and to play up china 's move to increase its threats of force against taiwan .\r\nothers believed that the majority of congressmen supported the bill .\r\nonce senators who advocate passing the bill feel confident of winning a majority , they will prompt the senate to hold a vote .\r\nso far , clinton himself , secretary of state albright , and berger , assistant to the president for national security affairs , have explicitly opposed the \" tsea \" bill and made clear that the president will exercise his veto power .\r\nthe statement was deliberately made by the us government to foreshadow future events .\r\nmoreover , is clinton 's pledge to veto it reliable ?\r\nclinton will be helpless if both houses overturn his veto by a two - thirds majority and pass the bill into law .\r\nthe house passed the \" tsea \" bill by a vote of 342 to 69 , well exceeding a two - thirds majority .\r\nwhen the congress holds another vote on the presidential veto , the government must secure one - third of congressmen 's votes against the bill .\r\nit is not difficult to imagine how great the influence of the outgoing president can be .\r\nif anti - china congressmen are determined to pass the \" tsea \" bill into law , many legislative methods are available to them .\r\nthey can take the bill as an amendment and link it to certain important government - backed legislation related to foreign countries . thus , the president has to either accept or veto it completely .\r\nif it is linked with the appropriations legislation to be adopted annually , it will be almost impossible for clinton to veto it ; otherwise he will risk the shutdown of government departments .\r\nthey can also take part of the \" tsea \" as a separate bill or link it to other legislation . because this will be less harmful , the possibility of meeting congressional opposition and the presidential veto can be reduced significantly .\r\nthey can dilute the text of the bill and weaken the \" tsea \" to the extent that the majority of congressmen can accept it before holding a vote .\r\nthe fourth is the issue of the compromise between the government and the congress .\r\nto meet their respective political needs , the congress will not deliberate on overturning the presidential veto if clinton agrees to implement what is required by the bill while vetoing it .\r\nthis form of secret deal is a major characteristic of us politics and is not uncommon on the issue of us china policy .\r\nso long as there are people who promote the bill , its threat will always exist .\r\nthe chinese government has attached importance to sino - us relations and valued the friendship between the peoples of the two countries . it is willing to develop bilateral relations on the basis of equality and mutual respect .\r\nthe chinese people will never waver in their determination to defend national sovereignty and territorial integrity and to realize national reunification .\r\nchina is not what it was 150 years ago . it absolutely will not allow any foreign country to meddle in its internal matters , nor will it tolerate the separation of its territory .\r\nwe advise a small minority of congressmen not to underestimate the chinese people 's determination and ability to defend national sovereignty and territory ; otherwise they will only bump their heads against a wall .\r\nprof wang believes that the accession to the wto will speed up the development of the rule of law in china .\r\nin this connection , we first of all need to do away with discriminative regulations and those which contravene the principle of fair trade ( such as the past policy on compulsory export of foreign - funded companies ' products ) .\r\nregarding the ban on foreign investment in some specific fields in certain localities , some cases are justifiable while others are not necessarily so .\r\nsome particular cases even do not conform with our commitment to the wto . this is a very important point because the chinese government and people have been known to be faithful to commitments .\r\nwe must stand by commitments that we have ever made . whatever articles of laws or regulations contravene our commitment should be changed as soon as possible and should not be kept valid any longer . through this process of consolidation and improvement , our laws , administrative ordinances , and administrative regulations will be substantially upgraded .\r\nupon joining the wto , china will have to further relax restrictions on investments by foreign businessmen in 10 areas , including banking , insurance , telecommunications , commerce , foreign trade , and air transport , thus china 's service trades will be facing tremendous impacts .\r\nthis will be a very great challenge to us indeed and will surely impose an unprecedented pressure on us .\r\nthe pressure will first of all stem from the following problems - - how we are going to develop a whole package of mutually supporting laws and systems and how china will adapt itself to the new situation by perfecting its economic legislation .\r\nby the way , i would like to also mention a few more things regarding the perfection of economic laws . 1 .\r\nthe perfection of intellectual property rights .\r\ntrips ( trade - related intellectual properties rights system ) mainly provides a system of regulations on intellectual property rights .\r\nour current foreign trade agency and license systems do not fully meet the wto 's requirements . we should also consider allowing more entities to run foreign trade and alleviating control in this regard . 4 .\r\nafter china 's accession to the wto , the current three laws concerning foreign - funded companies should be merged into the prc company law , partnership law , and sole proprietorship law .\r\nthe reason why this merger is necessary is because the wto requires that its members give national treatment to each other in mutual investments , but our laws still do not meet this national treatment requirement in certain aspects .\r\nfirst of all we must further implement the principle of fair competition and do our best to simplify government examination and approval procedures and minimize some inappropriate interference .\r\nsecond , we must further adjust our economic legislation to international practice .\r\nstanding member of the politburo of the ccp central committee and chairman of the npc standing committee li peng this morning attended the plenary session of the npc hubei delegation at the great hall of the people .\r\nafter conscientiously hearing the speeches of the delegates , he counseled delegates to seize the great opportunity presented by the opening up of the west and to accelerate the regional economic development of central and western china .\r\nat the scene of the hubei delegation meeting , delegates gave their speeches one after the other in an atmosphere of lively enthusiasm .\r\neach delegate expressed his or her own views on such issues as the mission of the current npc , the three gorges project , and the problem of population resettlement , economic development of the early liberated areas and minority regions , and reform of state enterprises , setting off related discussion .\r\nli peng expressed the view that if minority and impoverished regions are to develop successfully , they must first do a good job of infrastructure construction , and this includes transportation infrastructure .\r\nli peng pointed out that comrade [ deng ] xiaoping had previously articulated the strategic ideas known as \" two general situations \" [ liang ge da ju ] . one idea was to fully exploit the fact that the region of eastern china was well situated to be developed first .\r\nat present , the basic conditions are in place to implement the great opening up of the west and to accelerate the regional development of central and western china .\r\nli peng said that the great opening up of the west represents a valuable opportunity to the whole country and to every region .\r\nsince the advent of the reform and open policies , the economy of every region in china has undergone substantial development , but such development has been uneven .\r\nli peng counseled that certain impoverished locales of eastern china also must seize this opportunity to change their backward situation .\r\nespecially with respect to construction in areas with large natural - resource reserves , as well as population resettlement , hubei must make sound financial arrangements , standardize procedures within reason , and address the relationship between development of production and improved living standards .\r\nalternate member of the politburo and state council member wu yi also attended today 's meeting .\r\nat today 's news conference , a reporter asked : on 9 march , the us senate passed a resolution on \" national day of tibet . \"\r\nthis move of the us senate disregards the facts and the basic norms of international relations . it is a gross interference in china 's internal affairs . the chinese government and people express strong resentment over and firm opposition to this .\r\nhe said : tibet is part of china . tibet 's affairs are purely the internal affairs of china , in which no foreign countries have a right to interfere .\r\nthe chinese side strongly demands that the us senate strictly honor its commitment and immediately stop all acts that seek to exploit the tibet issue to interfere in china 's internal affairs .\r\njiang zemin , general secretary of the cpc central committee and president , respectively , attended the plenary meetings of the zhejiang and beijing delegations of the third session of the ninth national people 's congress in the great hall of the people this morning .\r\njiang zemin listened to the views of the delegates attentively and wrote down the key points of views of the delegates .\r\nafter listening attentively to the views of zhejiang delegates , jiang zemin delivered a speech at the meeting .\r\ni hope that all of you can conscientiously sum up the past , work hard to open a new prospect in the future , and strive to take the lead in basically realizing socialist modernizations .\r\nbuilding socialism with chinese characteristics is a great cause without parallel in history , stressed jiang zemin .\r\njiang zemin pointed out : if china wants to gain a firm foothold and remain in an invincible position in acute international competitions , it has to give shape to its own development superiorities .\r\nthe eastern region has its own favorable conditions , and so do the central and western regions .\r\ntherefore , what counts is how different regions can analyze and study their own favorable conditions in a realistic approach , establish a development strategy that suits each 's local conditions , and give a better rein to the existing superiorities while turning potential superiorities into realistic ones as soon as possible .\r\nso long as all regions can give shape to their own development superiorities and can make the superiorities of different regions complement one another , china can surely attain a faster and better growth .\r\nin brief , we should step up our efforts in studying and resolving major strategic issues which have a far - reaching significance to the country 's economic and social development ; and constantly open up a new prospect in reform , development , and stability .\r\nafter listening to the views of beijing delegates , jiang zemin noted : the vast numbers of cadres and masses in beijing are working hard in unity , and have achieved new results in all aspects of their work .\r\njiang zemin pointed out : in the face of the surging waves of economic development and a scientific and technological revolution in our time , either we go forward or we will be left behind .\r\nwe should seize the present favorable opportunities , have the courage to make innovations , speed up our development , and come up from behind with keen determination .\r\nwe should step up efforts to study countermeasures against any defects and negative influences that may be caused by an economic globalization .\r\nproduction relations should suit the requirements of the development of productive forces , while the development of productive forces can also promote the change and improvement of production relations ; and this is a basic principle of marxism .\r\nwe should bring into full play the advantages of both the cpc 's leadership and the socialist system , and make conscientious efforts to push forward the process of bringing about a mutually complementary and mutually promotive development to china 's productive forces and its production relations .\r\nat the same time when we uphold economic construction as the central task , we must also make earnest efforts to step up the building of a socialist spiritual civilization ; and must bring about a comprehensive progress to both the material productive forces of our society and the ideology , ethics , and culture of our society .\r\nthe position of economic construction as a central task should remain unshaken at all times ; yet if we failed to do a good job in other social undertakings , the development of our economy will inevitably be affected and hindered in the end .\r\ntherefore , we must gain a profound understanding of the dialectical relations between an economic development and a social development .\r\ncomprehensiveness is a basic requirement of materialist dialectics , and it is extremely important for leading cadres to take an all - round view of things .\r\nhe urged the us congress to immediately stop interfering in china 's internal affairs .\r\non 9 march , the us senate passed a resolution on so - called \" national day of tibet . \"\r\nhe pointed out : tibet is part of china . tibet 's affairs are purely the internal affairs of china , in which no foreign countries have a right to interfere .\r\nthe spokesman pointed out : this move of the us senate disregards the facts and the basic norms of international relations . it is a gross interference in china 's internal affairs . the chinese government and people express strong resentment over and firm opposition to this .\r\nthe chinese side strongly demands that the us senate strictly honor its commitment and immediately stop all acts that seek to exploit the tibet issue to interfere in china 's internal affairs .\r\nbeijing , 14 mar (zts) - - chinese foreign ministry spokesman sun yuxi today emphatically said : china strongly demands that the us senate immediately stop all its acts of interfering in china 's internal affairs by taking advantage of the tibet issue .\r\nhe stressed that tibet is part of chinese territory and the tibet issue is purely an internal matter for china , which allows no foreign intervention .\r\nhe said : the us government has for a long time recognized that tibet is part of chinese territory and not supported the \" independence of tibet , \" which constitutes a binding international commitment .\r\nchina strongly demands that the us senate should honor the commitment and immediately stop all its acts of interfering in china 's internal affairs by taking advantage of the tibet issue .\r\nfacts show that a majority of the members of the human rights commission have shown their support for china 's position as mentioned above .\r\nhowever , we must unremittingly pay attention to problems such as corruption , social order , unhealthy practices , pornography , gambling and drugs , about which the masses of cadres and the people have strong opinions .\r\nhe said , it is necessary to persevere in carrying out the mass activities to create and establish models of spiritual civilization with \" stress on civility and new social practice \" as the dragon head of these activities in order to achieve true results .\r\nwe should create a fine environment to attract tourists and bring about circulation of funds .\r\nqian qichen said , yunnan should step up developing its rich tourist resources . it should , while maintaining and repairing some of its traditional tourist spots , pay attention to developing some new tourist centers to attract local and foreign tourists .\r\nat the same time , it should further improve policies related to the development of tourism to promote a sustained , steady and healthy development of tourism .\r\nshe said , in the past two years the supreme people 's court and supreme people 's procuratorate have been making serious efforts to fulfill their duties .\r\nnevertheless , she said , judging from what the people have to say and from the letters sent by them , there still are cases of judicial injustice and judicial corruption , and there are many problems which are very difficult to solve at the grassroots level .\r\nwe should make still more serious efforts to explore and to accumulate experiences so as to enable the system of people 's congresses to make still greater contributions to broadening socialist democracy and building ours into a country of socialist legal system .\r\nat the turn of the century and the millennium , the chinese nation has arrived at a new historical starting point .\r\nthe grand blueprint of making china a modern and strong socialist country has motivated people throughout the country to work diligently . the great motherland 's bright future is prompting the billion of chinese people to exert themselves .\r\nbecause the feudal production relationship constrained social productive forces and because of the mentality of \" looking at the sky from the bottom of a well \" which cut off the country from the outside world , china gradually became backward .\r\n\" modernization \" has become a dream pursued by chinese people of several generations and countless numbers of people with lofty ideals .\r\nsince then , realizing the \" four modernizations \" has become a goal pursued by all of the nation .\r\nreflecting on the past in the light of the present , the npc deputies and cppcc national committee members were filled with all sorts of feelings - - it is reform and opening up that has made the dream possible .\r\nin 1995 , we again attained five years ahead of time the goal of quadrupling the country 's gnp , pushing the gnp to 5.76 trillion yuan .\r\nsince then , we have kept on striding toward the goal of quadrupling per capital gross product by the end of the century .\r\nthe deputies and committee members held that this actually was a new \" three - step \" development strategy .\r\naccording to this new development strategy , after china becomes a society at the end of this century in which the people live a relatively comfortable life , we will attain the modernization goals in three steps - - respectively by the year 2010 , 2020 , and 2050 .\r\nby the standards normally used by developed countries to define a relatively comfortable life , the level of a relatively comfortable life in china is still relatively low . we still lag far behind in drinking water safety , educational level , culture and entertainment , the ecological environment , and other aspects .\r\nin implementing the \" three - step development strategy , \" reform has always served as a driving force for materializing the goals .\r\nestablishment of a socialist market economic system is the key to ensuring achievement of the development goals .\r\ncommittee member ai feng said the basic framework of a market economy has initially been built ; however , we still need to do quite a great deal of work to build a complete system .\r\nthis is because constraints on market demand , resources , and exports have all increased and the development speed will lower to some extent .\r\nreform currently is in a critical stage ; therefore , we must pool our efforts to develop productive forces and to solve problems in the course of development .\r\na new round of structural adjustment is being carried out throughout the world ; new - and high - technology industry and newly emerging industry are developing robust ; intellectual economy has raged like a storm , and world economic competition has become increasingly intense .\r\nto soberly perceive the difficulties , we should enhance our sense of urgency and sense of having a crisis , and muster our courage and strength to catch up with the world .\r\nthey said our generation not only should carry forward the dream long pursued by the countless of people with lofty ideals , but also have the opportunity to realize great national rejuvenation in our hands .\r\nthese ideals and pursuits are based on social needs of the times .\r\nat the turn of this century , our ideal is to basically achieve modernization and to bring about the chinese nation 's great rejuvenation .\r\ndeputy wang tianxi said : the first line concerning the future work in the government work report is about development - - this fully reflects comrade deng xiaoping 's idea that \" development is the last word . \" this has great significance for achieving the third - step development strategic goals .\r\ndeputy zhao zhihao said only if the economy develops fast and well can we have a good future and enjoy high international status , and , if we are slow in development , we will be left behind and beaten .\r\nthe \" western region fever \" actually is a \" development fever . \" the western region hopes to take this advantage to rise rapidly , and the eastern region hopes to seize the opportunity to actively participate in the development , accelerate adjustment of their industrial structures , and seek a larger development room .\r\nmy understanding of the words is that the \" sources \" refer to the cpc 's leadership , the socialist road with chinese characteristics , and the guidance of deng xiaoping theory - - only with these can we become better off .\r\nafter we become better off , we should think of making new progress and developing toward a higher target , and this higher target is to achieve the third - step development strategic goals .\r\ninformation brought by the deputies and committee members indicated that special economic zones in beijing , shanghai , tianjin , jiangsu , and guangdong , and the zhujiang delta , all have formulated ambitious development plan to strive to take the lead in materializing modernization in 2010 .\r\nthe \" two sessions \" are about to close , the bugle call is sounded , and the chinese people are striding toward the future with full confidence .\r\nat a routine press conference held today , a reporter asked what impact it will have on cross - strait relations if candidates that smack of \" taiwan independence \" are elected under the current situation .\r\nbeijing all along has persisted in conducting dialogue and talks under the \" one - china \" principle to develop cross - strait relations .\r\nbeijing has upheld the principle of \" peaceful reunification and one country , two systems \" and state president jiang zemin 's eight - point proposition on taiwan to fully develop cross - strait relations and promote the process of reunification .\r\nthe majority of the taiwan compatriots are against separation .\r\nthey have explicitly expressed their opposition to \" taiwan independence . \" seeking peace , stability , and development and maintaining the status quo of taiwan has been the mentality of the taiwan compatriots .\r\nthe stability and prosperity of taiwan in the future are related to the life and property of every taiwan resident . naturally , it is a matter of concern of the 23 million taiwan residents and also has become the \" commanding height \" that all the three candidates are trying to seize .\r\nthe current situation is that the three candidates are running neck and neck , and the proportion of undecided voters is still high .\r\nthe white paper issued by the motherland has further enhanced the importance of the \" stability card \" in the current elections .\r\nin order to gain more votes by swindling , dpp candidate chen shui - bian tried his utmost to cleanse his \" taiwan independence \" image at the final stage of the elections . he made use of academic sinica president lee yuan - tseh to prettify himself .\r\non the one hand , chen shui - bian shouted the slogan , \" long live taiwan independence , \" and on the other hand , he claimed himself to be a \" peace - lover . \" it is believed that the majority of taiwan voters will not be fooled .\r\nthe two sides of the taiwan straits have already paid a huge price for the temporary state of separation .\r\nthe taiwan issue is related to the honor or disgrace and rise or fall of the chinese nation .\r\nwhoever is elected in the current elections , he must forsake lee teng - hui 's \" two - state theory , \" return to the \" one - china \" principled stance , and create necessary conditions for improving cross - strait relations .\r\nhe should clearly state his \" one - china \" position and must not be allowed to play a \" vague card . \"\r\nif the new leader sticks to the \" taiwan independence \" position or intentionally drags on the cross - strait talks and dialogue , the motherland will adopt necessary measures .\r\nthe motherland will not sit idly by at the practices of people playing with fire on the question of \" taiwan independence \" and creating a split .\r\nthe chinese government and the people are determined and have the ability to resolve the question of taiwan and realize the great cause of reunification of the motherland at an early date .\r\nthe news has sent shock waves among many people and set off unease .\r\nas is known to all , chen shui - pian is one of the notorious advocates for the \" taiwan independence \" of the taiwan 's democratic progressive party [ dpp ] . as early as at the legislative yuan election in 1985 he was seen raising hands to shout \" long live taiwan independence . \"\r\nduring the current election campaign , he shouted again \" long live taiwan independence . \"\r\nit should be made very clear for all to see the consequences if he were to be thrust onto the summit of power in taiwan . taiwan is an inalienable part of china 's territory .\r\n' taiwan independence ' can only mean a war and absolutely not peace between the two sides of the strait . \"\r\nthe mainland made the \" peaceful reunification , one country , two systems ' proposal \" with the sole purpose of hoping for peace and hoping for a peaceful resolution to the cross - strait relations under the one - china principle .\r\nthe chinese leaders ' remarks and the chinese government 's twice publication of the white papers on the taiwan issue have all been based on such a spirit and wish .\r\nmany of those big shots who support li teng - hui and chen shui - pian , like li teng - hui , are also inflicted with the \" japanophile complex . \"\r\nhere i would like to mention in passing about mr li yuen - che .\r\nhe is a scholar with academic achievements to his credit and has always prided himself for upholding \" academic neutrality \" and for being above the fray .\r\nthe only way to avoid war is first to reject the \" two - states theory \" and second to reject \" taiwan independence . \"\r\nnever go consorting with foreign anti - chinese forces and inviting a pack of wolves among the sheep just because of some remaining problems since that will only lead to an avoidable war and fratricide .\r\nto benefit from china 's entry into the wto , the united states must first grant it pntr .\r\nseparately , according to media reports , us commerce secretary william daley and house speaker dennis hastert separately spoke to business people in the united states on 13 march , calling on various sectors to support china pntr and urging congress to discuss and vote on president clinton 's proposed legislation as soon as possible .\r\nas everyone knows , taiwan has two taiwan independence forces : one force is in power , being represented by lee teng - hui [ li denghui ] in general .\r\nit is precisely the chinese government 's refusal to renounce the use of force that has made him to shrink back and refrain from transgressing the bounds .\r\nin the form of a non - ruling party , those people openly clamor for \" a hundred million years of taiwan independence \" and \" long live taiwan independence \" which even lee teng - hui does not dare to say although he would like to .\r\nthis shows that not renouncing the use of force is precisely an important prerequisite for achieving peaceful reunification .\r\nthe western countries have never wanted to give any explanation regarding this question .\r\nchina is after all no longer the country at the beginning of the 20 th century , and the chinese people will never allow the repeat of historical tragedies .\r\nthe fact is only by \" never tolerating , never appeasing , and never sitting by and doing nothing toward any scheme to split china \" can suppress the arrogance of taiwan independence , guarantee peace in the taiwan strait , and protect state sovereignty and territorial integrity .\r\ncan those people who call on china to renounce the use of force tell us who can , and by what means , guarantee and protect china 's reunification ?\r\nblaming the chinese government 's not renouncing the use of force as the cause of tension in the taiwan strait is inverting cause and effect .\r\nbesides , the united states provided large quantities of advanced weapons to taiwan in violation of the three sino - us joint communiques , and the us congress also vainly attempted to adopt the \" taiwan security enhancement act. \" those activities have further enhanced the arrogance of taiwan independence forces .\r\nhe also described the draft as the most difficult of all bills submitted by the clinton government to congress this year .\r\nat the same time , he warned congress that \" if congress passes the motion on granting china pntr the united states will benefit , and if congress does not pass the bill , the ones who will benefit will be our competitors . \"\r\nbreak the normal procedure in submitting the draft the white house originally planned to submit this legislative draft to congress after china and the european union reached an agreement .\r\nthis means if the european union gets even better treatments in its negotiation with china , the united states will also enjoy these treatments .\r\nit was reported that the white house changed the usual practice on submitting legislative drafts to congress , submitting the draft to the senate first and then to the house of representatives for vote .\r\nshould the senate pass the bill , it would surely give a push to the house .\r\naccording to a survey , 52 out of 100 senators expressed that they would vote for the draft . this is precisely the number of votes needed to have the bill passed in the senate .\r\nthe voice of opposition faction is very loud since last november when china and the united states signed the agreement , the voice of the opposition faction in the united states has become increasingly loud .\r\ndemocratic presidential candidate gore also indicated at a closed - door meeting with labor unions that if he were elected president , he would add environmental protection criteria , labor rights , and human rights to the sino - us trade agreement .\r\nhe has delivered speeches frequently at many public places , hoping to drum up support for the bill with forces from various circles .\r\nclinton used to say that china 's \" accession to the wto \" would provide an opportunity for generations of americans , and that \" if we fail to grasp this opportunity , this generation as a whole will regret it . \"\r\nclinton has also invited about 60 congressmen , who either hold an opposition stand or who have remained undecided , to the white house to have a face - to - face discussion with them in an effort to try to convince even more of them to support the agreement .\r\nthis has only attracted more attention to china 's wto accession .\r\ngood news kept pouring in during this period .\r\non 7 march , china signed an agreement with colombia on china 's wto accession .\r\non 8 march , president clinton asked the united states congress to grant china permanent normal trade relations status . it is hopeful the bill will pass before june .\r\non 10 march , china and thailand signed an agreement .\r\nthe survey showed 96 percent of the public hoped the sessions would discuss china 's wto accession .\r\nninety - five percent of those polled believed that entry to the wto would benefit china 's economic development ; 89 percent believed that wto would bring competitive pressure to some sectors and enterprises .\r\nthe wto concerns everybody .\r\npeople expect some problems , but for 14 years , china has pursued in - depth reform and opening up , and in terms of ideology , system , and measures , much has been done to prepare the country to become a part of the wto .\r\nsome people call this no less important an event than the creation of the sezs by the deng xiaoping - led second generation leading group . the whole nation has come together , and unity means strength .\r\nbeijing , march 14 - - (i) this is a meeting of democracy , truth seeking , unity and valiant advance .\r\nthe holding of the third session of the ninth npc in a special year is thus given special meaning .\r\nwith a sense of responsibility to history , deputies have been discussing state affairs and formulating state policies , summing up experience and planning for the future , drawing collective wisdom , and making joint efforts to achieve fruitful results for the session since its opening on march 5 .\r\n(ii) practice , knowledge , again practice , and again knowledge . constantly making explorations , constantly surpassing existing achievements and constantly winning victories .\r\nthese are the common thoughts of deputies from the whole country .\r\nas the deputies pointed out , general secretary jiang zemin 's idea of being the \" representative in three ways \" can arouse such strong response in the party and among the people of the whole country because it is very target - specific .\r\nin order to make a success of every task in china , the key lies in the party and in the people .\r\nwith the advent of the new century , the deputies are inspired by the aim of wholeheartedly serving the people , which the chinese communists have emphasized that they will always uphold . they have strengthened their confidence in the party leading the whole nation in the quest for national rejuvenation .\r\n\" we should think about the source in achieving prosperity . \"\r\nthese valuable experiences which embody the painstaking efforts of the whole party and the whole nation will become china 's guide in its march toward the new century and in its efforts to create a bright future .\r\n(iv) the \" legislation law ( draft ) \" was tabled before the deputies at the third session of the ninth npc .\r\nif no prompt counter measures are taken in rural areas , he continued , the consequence would be grave . he stressed the need to take it as \" the most important of the important tasks \" in rural areas today to meet the challenge in connection with china 's entry into the wto .\r\nbased on his practical experience , yao hui feels that the most urgent and crucial task at present is to restructure our agriculture and rural economy .\r\nas he told this reporter , the effort to restructure the crop mix in tieling has produced initial results . the ratio between grain and cash crops was adjusted to 75:25 last year and is expected to reach 65:35 this year . an economy with regional characteristics is developing rapidly .\r\nin contrast with the decline in farmers ' income in most other localities , the average per - capita income of farmers in tieling increased by 100 yuan to 2,700 yuan last year , higher than the average figure for the entire province .\r\nafter hong kong and macao were returned to the motherland one after the other , the sacred mission of resolving the taiwan issue and achieving the complete unification of the motherland is more prominently placed before the people of all ethnic groups , including the taiwan compatriots , across the country .\r\nwhat will fujian province , which is linked up with taiwan only by a strip of water , strive to accomplish in promoting the exchange and cooperation between fujian and taiwan and in contributing to the great cause of the unification of the motherland ?\r\nwith this question in mind , this reporter has interviewed the fujian delegation of the national people 's congress (npc) .\r\nby the end of last year , a grand total of 5,894 taiwan - funded projects were approved in the entire province , with the contract amount reaching $ 10.989 billion , and the actual paid - up funds amounting to $ 8 billion .\r\nwe should seize the opportunities and make further efforts to increase economic , trade , scientific , technological , and cultural exchanges and cooperation between fujian and taiwan .\r\nhe has a sense of urgency , yet is full of confidence .\r\nin recent years , apart from doing a good job of the urban environmental construction and the service work for the taiwan compatriots , we have particularly promoted cooperation with taiwan in the areas of economy , trade , science , and technology .\r\nweng fulin said : \" the excellent development momentum that emerged in fuzhou over the past few years has made the taiwan compatriots exclaim with admiration . they said that fuzhou is indeed undergoing changes every year , and that it will certainly catch up with taiwan in just a couple of years .\r\nthe key to achieving the great cause of unifying the motherland lies in development , so we must work hard to accelerate development , narrow the gap , and make our own contributions to accomplishing the great cause of the unification of the motherland at an early date . \"\r\nthe session fully endorsed the efforts made in government work in the past year for enhancing the quality of growth of china 's national economy , promoting state enterprise reform , rejuvenating the country through science and education , and for all - round development of social undertakings .\r\nthe session sincerely hoped that the building of the government itself will be stepped up , that the government will be administered with strictness , and that an honest , hardworking , pragmatic , and highly efficient government will be built .\r\nthis was a democratic , truth - seeking , united , and enthusiasm - rousing session .\r\nduring his inspection of work in guangdong , comrade jiang zemin made an important speech on stepping up party building in the new period .\r\nthis is an important guiding idea on strengthening party building , and is also an important guiding idea for doing a good job in people 's congress work and all other work .\r\nthe year 2000 is the last year of this century .\r\nwe firmly believe that the victorious convening of the third session of the ninth npc is bound to effectively promote china 's reforms , opening up , and modernization .\r\nthe session is of the opinion that review of last year 's work of the government in the report is practical and realistic , and the overall targets and specific plans on this years ' work of the government proposed in the report are positive and feasible .\r\ndoing well this year 's work of the government will have great significance .\r\nwe should insist on implementing the policy of increasing domestic demand , strive to increase effective demand , continue to implement a positive financial policy , and further give play to the monetary policy .\r\nwe should keep on pushing forward reform of the economic system centering on reform of state - owned enterprises and reform in other fields , and take effective measures to attain the target of reforming state - owned enterprises and enabling them to free themselves from difficulties within three years .\r\nwe should open wider to the outside world , endeavor to open up international market , and actively and efficiently make use of foreign fund .\r\nwe should implement the party 's educational policy in an all - round manner , step up quality education , develop students ' creativity and practice ability , and bring about students ' moral , intellectual , physical , and aesthetic development .\r\nwe should ensure ecological and environmental protection and building .\r\nwe should place great importance on and properly deal with internal contradictions among the masses in the new situation ; we should further improve the people 's livelihood ; we should work harder to overcome difficulties in helping the poor .\r\nwe should actively and properly promote managing the agriculture as an industry , do whatever we can to increase peasants ' incomes , strictly implement relevant policies on lightening peasants ' burden , and actively promote reform of rural taxation and fees collection practice , in order to lighten peasants ' burden at the bottom .\r\nwe should uphold and refine the system of ensuring basic living needs for laid - off staff members and workers of state - owned enterprises , of unemployment insurance , and of ensuring minimum living expenses for urban residents , and should truly build up the social security system .\r\nwe should further transform government function and press ahead with government structural reform .\r\nwe should promote working diligently and oppose extravagance and waste .\r\nwe should build a clean , pragmatic , and highly efficient government which performs government work diligently .\r\nthe session pointed out : we should adhere to a independent foreign policy of peace , oppose hegemonism , safeguard world peace , and resolutely defend national sovereignty and territorial integrity .\r\non the basis of the five principles of peaceful coexistence , we should further develop friendly relations of cooperation with all countries .\r\nbeijing , 15 mar ( xinhua ) - - after completing all items on its agenda , the third session of the ninth national people 's congress [ npc ] was concluded this afternoon .\r\na total of 2,778 deputies attended the closing meeting of the npc session .\r\nduring the 11 days of the npc session , the attending deputies conscientiously deliberated on the government work report . at the same time , the third session of the ninth national committee of the chinese people 's political consultative conference [ cppcc ] also discussed the same report .\r\naccording to the opinions and proposals expressed by the npc deputies and cppcc national committee members in their discussions , the state council revised the report .\r\nat this afternoon 's closing meeting , the congress first voted and adopted a resolution on ratifying the government work report .\r\nthe law includes 94 articles in six chapters on general principles , laws , administrative regulations , local regulations , autonomy regulations , stand - alone regulations , decrees , applicability and recording , and appendixes . it will come into force as of 1 july 2000 .\r\nthrough voting , the congress also adopted a resolution on the npc standing committee 's work report , a resolution on the supreme people 's court work report , and a resolution on the supreme people 's procuratorate work report .\r\nthe congress also adopted a decision on endorsing the npc standing committee 's accepting of the resignation of ho hau wah from the npc standing committee .\r\nat 1545 , after the military band played the national anthem , li peng announced the conclusion of the third session of the ninth npc .\r\nresponsible people of various central party , government , military departments , mass organizations , democratic parties , the national federation of industrialists and businessmen , and representatives of people without party affiliation also attended the closing meeting as observers .\r\nforeign diplomatic envoys to china also attended the meeting as observers .\r\nthe meeting held that in 1999 , the supreme people 's procuratorate vigorously implemented the spirit of the second session of the ninth npc and its requirements on procuratorial work , conscientiously carried out its procuratorial function , intensified judicial reform , and achieved new progress in all fields of endeavor .\r\nthe meeting calls on the supreme people 's procuratorate to pay persistent attention to the development of its ranks , make further efforts to improve the political and professional quality of public prosecutors , and resolutely eliminate corruption in the judicial ranks .\r\nthanks to every deputy 's spirit of being highly responsible to the country and the people , every reports , resolutions and laws adopted at the session fully reflects the party 's right propositions , the country 's overall interests , and represents the fundamental will of the people .\r\nthis year is the year at the turn of the century and is also the last year of realizing ninth five - year plan and accomplishing our country 's strategic goals for the second step of the socialist modernization drive .\r\nafter returning to your respective work unit , every deputy should actively publicize and take the initiative to carry out every resolution passed at the session and unite the masses to perform well this year 's work .\r\nlet us more firmly unite around the cpc central committee with comrade jiang zemin at its core , hold high the great banner of deng xiaoping theory , forge ahead along the socialist road with chinese characteristics , and hail the arrival of the new century with new mental outlook and excellent work achievements .\r\npremier zhu rongji submitted to the presidium of the session an explanation of the amendment of the government work report .\r\nin the second part : under the discussion of the results of the proactive fiscal policy , the sentence \" many cities saw conspicuous changes in their appearance \" was changed to \" many cities saw considerable changes in their appearance . \"\r\nadded to the discussion of the key areas of investment for proceeds from this year 's long - term treasury bonds were the specific expressions of \" water conservancy , transportation , communication , and other infrastructure projects . \"\r\nadded to the paragraph on conscientiously strengthening scientific management in enterprises was the following content : \" they should fully rely on the masses of workers and staff members and bring their initiative into full play . \" 5 .\r\nthe phrase \" attract students studying overseas and outstanding qualified personnel living outside our territory [ jing wai 1064 1120 ] to return and work in the country \" was changed to \" attract students studying overseas and outstanding qualified personnel living abroad [ guo wai 0948 1120 ] to return and work in the country . \"\r\nthe following content was added to the part on \" opening up even wider to the outside world : \" \" the mix of import commodities should be optimized and the import of key equipment , technology , and major raw materials that are urgently needed in the country be increased .\r\nthe npc session agreed with the proposals included in the examination report of the npc financial and economic commission for the fulfillment of the central and local budgets in 2000 .\r\nthe session required that the state council and local people 's governments at all levels strictly exercise budgetary management , examine and carry out budgets on time , conscientiously organize budgetary revenue , and required that all departments and units strictly carry out the approved budgets .\r\nto promote economic development and maintain social stability , it is necessary to continue to pursue a positive financial policy this year .\r\nall funds should be properly managed and used . the preparatory work , in - process supervision , and post - construction auditing for all state investment projects should be improved , thus enhancing the efficiency in using financial resources .\r\nit is necessary to straighten out the financial and economic order , strengthen supervision over budgetary execution and the management of extra - budgetary funds , examine and stop all kinds of irregular and unauthorized charges , fines , and levies .\r\nthe transparency and binding force of budgets should be enhanced . local people 's congresses at all levels and their standing committees should carry out more effective supervision over the execution of budgets .\r\nlet us more closely rally around the party central leadership with comrade jiang zemin at the core , hold high the great banner of deng xiaoping theory , keep firm confidence , work hard with one heart and one mind , and comprehensively fulfill the budgetary tasks in 2000 .\r\nin the process of implementing the plan , it is essential to devote vigorous efforts to the implementation of policies and measures .\r\nit should speed up the reform and development of state enterprises , step up management , enhance enterprises ' competitiveness , and increase economic efficiency .\r\nit should actively adjust agricultural and rural economic structures , speed up scientific and technological progress in agriculture , push forward the process of agricultural industrialization , and actively develop the deep - processing of agricultural products .\r\nit should continue to implement and perfect policies designed to promote foreign trade , develop the fields that use foreign capital , improve the investment environment , strive for new growth in foreign trade and in the use of foreign capital .\r\nit should conduct overall planning , do solid work , implement the strategy for the extensive development of the western region , speed up the development of the central and western regions , and strive to make substantial progress this year .\r\nit should attach great importance to the issues of labor employment and social security , strive to increase employment opportunities , and enhance social security capacity .\r\nit should act in strict accordance with the law , conscientiously implement the npc decision on intensifying the supervision of economic work .\r\nthe report summed up the work for the past year in a down - to - earth manner and made feasible arrangements for the main tasks for the coming year .\r\nthe session demanded that the npc standing committee continue to implement fully and in depth the spirit of the 15 th cpc congress and the third and fourth plenary sessions of the 15 th cpc central committee , and to further push ahead with the building of a socialist democratic legal system .\r\nthe npc standing committee should also give full play to npc deputies , forge close ties with local people 's congresses , and subject itself to the supervision of the npc and the people .\r\nit should actively push ahead with propaganda for the democratic legal system and with popularizing law education and strive to increase the legal knowledge and law awareness of the whole nation .\r\nunder the cpc central committee leadership with comrade jiang zemin as the core , let us hold high the great banner of deng xiaoping theory , advance in a pioneering spirit , do solid work , and strive to complete various tasks set by the session .\r\nthe report summed up the work of the supreme people 's court in 1999 in a spirit of seeking truth from facts . the major tasks of the supreme people 's court for 2000 as put forward in the report are practical .\r\nthe meeting urged that the supreme people 's court should unswervingly carry out the construction of the contingent of judicial personnel , further improve the political and professional quality of judges , and resolutely eliminate corruption existing in the contingent of judicial personnel .\r\nbeijing , 15 mar (zts) - - during an interview today , several high - ranking military officers of the people 's liberation army [ pla ] said that they would pay close attention to taiwan 's election and believed that the people in taiwan would make a correct choice .\r\nif someone tries to seek \" taiwan independence \" after coming to power , that means war .\r\nat the closing ceremony of the national people 's congress [ npc ] today , pla deputies became the focus of the media again .\r\nif someone tries to seek \" taiwan independence \" after he comes to power , the pla as well as the chinese people will surely not allow it .\r\nlieutenant general wang zuxun said : the white paper to taiwan issued by the chinese government has clearly said that china would use force against taiwan under the condition of \" three ifs . \" the pla has the confidence , ability and determination to fulfill the great cause of the reunification of the motherland .\r\nthe naval force would listen to the order of the central military commission and is preparing for war at any time .\r\nrear admiral fu bohai said : the settlement of the taiwan question cannot be indefinitely delayed . there should be a time schedule .\r\njudging from the geographical condition and the strength of china 's current naval , ground and air forces as well as the second artillery corps , in case a campaign really occurs on the taiwan strait , china may win .\r\nprofessor chen jiaquan , researcher of the institute of taiwan studies of the chinese academy of social sciences , said : if chen shuibian comes to the peak of power or continues to uphold his \" taiwan independence \" party program and line , war will be unavoidable .\r\nduring his participation in the election of taiwan leaders this time , he also shouted \" long live taiwan independence . \" it is a very serious matter if such a person comes to the peak of power .\r\nxu bodong , director of the research institute of taiwan studies of beijing union university , said : the mainland believed that chen shui - bian is the most dangerous and deceptive candidate . he pursued goal of establishing \" taiwan republic \" and never admitted that he is a chinese .\r\nxin qi , researcher of china peace and development research center , pointed out : chen shui - bian 's recent policies are aimed at confusing the taiwan people .\r\nin face of the development of taiwan election , xin qi hoped that during this critical moment of cross - strait relations , the people in taiwan would think sensibly while selecting their future leader and would link the election with their immediate interests .\r\nhe said : \" if chen shui - bian assumes office , there will be no peace on both sides of the strait , and the people in taiwan will face the disastrous consequences .\r\nthis is absolutely not just an exaggeration to frighten people .\r\nthe taiwan people will cast votes on 18 march . this is not only a question of electing whom to be the leader , but actually , it is a question of choosing peace or war .\r\nli jiaquan stressed : the chinese people in taiwan region has the right to elect the leader they want . we hope that the people in taiwan can correctly exercise their rights and avoid the appearance of any dangerous situation that might lead to \" taiwan independence . \"\r\ngore stated that \" if china enters the world trade organization (wto) and develops normal trade relations with the other member countries , while we stay aloof so there is no way to develop normal trade relations with china , in the future our ability to take advantage of the capabilities of the wto will be limited . \"\r\nhe noted that china 's accession to the wto would result in an improvement in its [ china 's ] labor situation and further advances in its efforts to protect the environment .\r\naccording to the 15 march edition of the \" wall street journal , \" gore directed the above statement at individuals in some labor and environmental protection groups who are opposed to giving china permanent normal trade relation status .\r\nat the same time , the other day [ thomas ] donohue , president and ceo of the u.s. chamber of commerce , published an article in \" commerce business daily \" entitled \" unite to support trade with china . \"\r\nthe article maintained that the various concerns that u.s. labor , environmental , and human rights organizations have voiced over china 's accession to the wto are baseless .\r\nthe present situation in the taiwan strait is at a stage of crucial importance .\r\nthe result of taiwan 's election on 18 march will determine war or peace across the taiwan strait in a certain sense .\r\nthe taiwan people are now facing a historic choice of peace or war .\r\npeople believe in the taiwan people 's political wisdom and believe that taiwan compatriots will made a wise historic decision .\r\nhe warned taiwan compatriots to heighten vigilance while casting their votes and absolutely not act impulsively .\r\nzhu rongji stated : whoever endorses the one - china principle will get our support . we will hold talks with him on any issue . we can make concessions . we are making concessions to chinese .\r\nthis fully shows beijing 's sincerity in treasuring the interests of the chinese nation and pushing cross - strait dialogue and negotiations .\r\nthe history of china 's civilization development is centered on national unity .\r\nof all matters in the world , reunification is the most important . the idea of achieving a happy reunion in the end after long separation has long been part of the chinese nation .\r\nachieving a complete reunification of the motherland has become a more urgent wish and demand of the entire chinese people . moreover , having waited and worked for a solution to the issue over the last 50 years , the chinese government and people will not allow the taiwan issue to be dragged on indefinitely .\r\nthe motherland hopes for peaceful reunification and is fully aware that taiwan compatriots desire peace .\r\nhowever , we must clearly point out : \" taiwan independence \" means war .\r\nthe settlement of the taiwan issue at an early date is conducive not only to china 's modernization but also to its national security .\r\nthe third session of the ninth national people 's congress [ npc ] and the third session of the ninth chinese people 's political consultative conference [ cppcc ] closed on 11 march and yesterday , respectively .\r\nof the series of important agendas of the \" two sessions , \" premier zhu rongji 's strategic and realistic government report won high appraisal from the npc deputies and cppcc members as well as hong kong and overseas media .\r\npremier zhu rongji stressed in his government work report : \" we will not sit idly by and watch any serious separatist activities that undermine china 's sovereignty and territorial integrity , promote the ' two - state theory , ' or taiwan independence .\r\nhe further pointed out : \" the chinese people are determined and absolutely able to settle the taiwan question at an early date and realize the great cause of reunification of the motherland . \"\r\nthese remarks , which represented the firm will and determination of the people of the whole country , evoked a thunderous applause .\r\npremier zhu pinpointed and penetratingly exposed the political tricks played by the taiwan separatist forces represented by lee teng - hui in manipulating the elections in an attempt to let the \" taiwan independence \" forces assume power .\r\nhowever , \" taiwan independence \" runs counter to the desire , will , and interests of the chinese nation , including taiwan compatriots .\r\npremier zhu 's remarks voiced the concern of the taiwan compatriots .\r\nyesterday , taiwan 's stock market index continued to slide downward , which fully indicated taiwan compatriots ' worries over \" taiwan independence \" forces assuming power .\r\npremier zhu earnestly advised : \" taiwan people are now facing an urgent historic moment . they have to decide what path to follow . they absolutely should not act impulsively . otherwise , it will be too late for regrets . \"\r\nif \" taiwan independence \" forces are allowed to assume power , \" taiwan independence \" forces are likely to lead taiwan to war .\r\neven yan chuo - yun , director of the taiwan federation of women , pointed out in a televised speech : \" if chen shui - bian assumes power , it will mean leading our next generation to war and the battlefield .\r\nin order not to let our children go to the battlefield , we mothers should not cast our vote for chen shui - bian . \"\r\ntaiwan compatriots , you must be on your guard !\r\nwhoever is elected absolutely will not be allowed to engage in \" taiwan independence . \" we will not allow any form of taiwan independence . premier zhu said that this is our bottom line , which also represents the will of the 1.25 billion chinese people .\r\nhumiliated by foreign powers , china was weak and poor in contemporary times . china 's territory was annexed and its people were bullied .\r\nfor the sake of reunification of the motherland , territorial integrity , national dignity , and revitalization of the chinese nation , numerous figures with high ideals advanced wave upon wave and shed their blood in the battlefields .\r\nnow that the chinese people have arisen , how can we allow taiwan , which has been part of china 's territory since ancient times , to secede from the motherland ?\r\nhowever , in the current restructuring period , because the functions of the governmental institutions have not been completely changed and the quality of rural grass - roots cadres and peasants has yet to be enhanced , some contradictions among the people have appeared in rural areas and must be resolved carefully .\r\nalthough such contradictions exist among people who share the same fundamental interests in all aspects , we must still pay serious attention to their settlement .\r\nover a long period , the strength of rural collective economies was built up substantively in some areas , especially in the suburban areas of some large cities . such a favorable condition should be brought into full play .\r\nat the same time , it is also necessary to further arouse and give play to the initiative and enthusiasm of individual peasant households in making investment and tapping production potential .\r\nas household operation remains comparatively weak at present , great support should be given to household operation in economic development .\r\nat present , individual peasants or collective economies are still short of resources and strength for accomplishing many things in most areas , so local governments should give them necessary assistance .\r\nstrengthen grassroots democratic system in rural areas [ subhead ] further boost the sense of democracy among grass - roots cadres .\r\nwhether grass - roots cadres have a strong sense of democracy has a great bearing on the democratic atmosphere and the condition of the democratic system in a village .\r\ndemocracy should be guaranteed by a system .\r\nsecond , the system for democratic decision making . all major affairs in a village should be decided by villagers through democratic discussions , and should not be decided by a small number of people .\r\nvillagers ' self - government should be exercised according to relevant laws , regulations , and policies . villagers should be able to manage their own affairs . fourth , the system of democratic supervision .\r\nthrough the establishment and improvement of various democracy systems , democratic life in rural areas should be gradually standardized .\r\nenhancing basic quality of rural grassroots cadres , masses [ subhead ] give theoretical , policy , and legal training to grass - roots cadres in rural areas .\r\nthrough such training , enhance their ideological consciousness and policy implementation skills , and enable them to work conscientiously for the implementation of party policies and instructions from upper authorities , properly handle various types of contradictions , do a good job in various aspects , and turn themselves into competent public servants and leaders for villagers .\r\nhelp them increase scientific and general knowledge and increase the ability to lead villagers to get rich .\r\nimprove propaganda and education for peasants .\r\nsome peasants attributed problems caused by the backward means of production and the weak ability to adapt themselves to the market to local governments or collective economies . they do not know that only those who can adapt themselves to the market can survive .\r\nsome peasants raised unreasonable demands on the policies and measures set forth by the party and the government , and judge what is good and what is bad according to their personal interests .\r\nso they were not satisfied with things in certain aspects . on the other hand , some peasants became extremely egotistic and adopted money fetishism . they improperly stressed their self - interest and did not care about state interests and collective interests .\r\ntherefore , enhancing peasants ' moral integrity will be a long - term task and also an urgent task .\r\nfirst , conduct ideological education for peasants , prompt them to love the state and their collectives , correctly understand and handle relations between state , collective , and individual interests , and be clearly aware of their responsibilities and duties .\r\nthird , give publicity to major affairs . the masses should be informed of all major affairs so that they can understand and support our measures and policies . mass participation should be mobilized .\r\nfourth , help peasants study and master advanced techniques and enhance their competitive power on the market .\r\nthis is the basic requirement for leading cadres at all levels , and is also a thinking method they must always maintain .\r\ndo down - to - earth work for the benefit of the people .\r\na pressing task of the moment is to provide effective services for peasants to develop production . local governments should take care of things that individual peasant households find it difficult to accomplish on their own , or the economic efficiency may not be good for them .\r\ngovernment departments should organize and mobilize social forces to provide services for peasants in every stage of their production . at present , it is particularly necessary to provide information service and marketing service .\r\nwhile having the necessary social conditions for developing production , the peasants will fully display their abilities .\r\nif production is developed , peasants will become richer . this will not only improve their living conditions , but will also make more contributions to the state and society .\r\nhelp the population living in poverty shake off poverty as soon as possible .\r\nthe local governments should focus their assistance on improving the production conditions and help peasants in poverty - stricken areas blaze a new trail for getting rich .\r\nconcrete livelihood assistance should be given to households which cannot be freed from the poor conditions so soon , and they should be helped in leading a comparatively stable life .\r\nthe work in this field is an important channel for the masses to express their feelings and voice their wishes and requirements . to a certain degree , this is also a barometer for measuring the state of contradictions among the people .\r\nit is necessary to take the work of handling letters and visits from the masses as a major means of resolving contradictions among the people , and do a solid good job in this aspect .\r\nfirst , the system for leading cadres to receive visitors from the masses should be established .\r\nprincipal leaders in a county or a township should arrange a fixed schedule to personally meet with the masses who come to express their opinions .\r\nmost complaints lodged by the masses in their letters and personal visits are not unreasonable or trouble - making . the party organizations and the local governments should represent their interests and help them solve problems .\r\nthe taiwan issue became a hot topic for the npc deputies and cppcc national committee members right from the start of the \" two sessions \" this year .\r\nthe deputies and committee members condemned the \" taiwan independence \" forces which pay no attention to the fundamental interests of the state and nation , while feelings were aroused among the deputies from the pla , which has always regarded preserving state sovereignty and territorial integrity as its own mission .\r\nwhen this reporter visited on 7 march the place where the pla deputies were staying , i profoundly felt the sense of mission and responsibility of this army in upholding the motherland 's unity and defending state sovereignty and territorial integrity .\r\nthe third is for the secessionist forces to stubbornly cling to the path of ' taiwan independence . '\r\nhowever , what i want to tell the taiwan authorities is that the latter two are dead - ends and there is no way through .\r\n\" we do not undertake not to use force , but this is absolutely not aimed at the taiwan compatriots . \"\r\none could say that li xianyu 's words truly represent the voice of the officers and men of the whole army .\r\nwhen visiting the pla delegation , this reporter was moved by their lofty spirit of dedication , \" use me in the first battle , use me throughout all the fighting , you must win if you use me . \"\r\nthis shows that the officers and men of the navy are brave and stubborn and unafraid of sacrifice ; it is a force that is particularly proficient in combat .\r\n\" on arriving at the assembly area , we did not requisition civilian housing but pitched camp on the spot ; the camping ground of one regiment was a paddy field that had just been harvested .\r\nthe party and people should not worry , therefore , we will certainly not sit and ignore ' taiwan independence ' and secessionist forces .\r\nwe are closely watching the moves of the taiwan authorities , and all the officers and men stand firmly at their posts in combat readiness to obey the call of the motherland at any time .\r\nwith the all - round strength of the country built up over many years as our backing , we are certain to win ! \"\r\n\" hong kong and macao have reverted , but the mainland and taiwan have not been reunified , so china has not achieved its great reunion .\r\nwe hope that the taiwan authorities will regard the interests of the country and the nation as the most important thing , and the pla will absolutely not allow them to go against the tide of history if they are really bent on doing so .\r\nit is essential to establish among all the citizens the national defense concept that \" it is dangerous to forget about war \" [ subhead ] the chinese people have always loved peace ; as far as the taiwan issue is concerned , our government has repeatedly devoted the greatest sincerity and effort to resolving it peacefully .\r\ndeputy zheng jinlei , representing people of his own age , appealed to young people to take practical action to be concerned for the future and destiny of the motherland and make still greater efforts to achieve the reunification of the motherland .\r\nhe said , this is an acute problem that we are now facing .\r\nwe understand that quite a number of taiwan compatriots are still apprehensive about cross - strait reunification , and we also hold that reunification needs time .\r\nhowever , state president jiang zemin and premier zhu rongji have clearly pointed out that if the consequence of \" taiwan independence \" emerges , and if the prospects for peaceful reunification are undermined and become impossible to attain , the chinese people will defend national sovereignty and territorial integrity with their blood and lives .\r\ntang shubei said , we uphold the one china principle and the guideline and policy of \" peaceful reunification , one country , two systems , \" and will exert maximum efforts to bring about the peaceful reunification of the motherland .\r\nthere has been no change on this point , and this is stated very clearly in the white paper \" the one china principle and the taiwan issue . \"\r\nin the past 10 and more years , cross - strait economic and trade exchanges have been expanding all the time , and the compatriots of both sides have seen a lot of each other , which has benefited both sides .\r\nthis current favorable situation for the compatriots of the two sides is now , however , being seriously harmed .\r\nwe extend our warm congratulations for the complete success of the congress and conference .\r\nrepresentatives and commission members present at the \" two sessions \" who are from the military spoke their minds freely , gave plans and brought up many good suggestions for the construction , reform and development of the state and military .\r\nall rank and file of the people 's armed forces must associate this speech with the principles of the \" two sessions , \" transmit the speech , study it , conscientiously comprehend its principles and resolutely implement it .\r\nestablishing an advanced marxist political party is the basic assurance for us to implement our transcentury historical mission .\r\ncultivating the working styles of focusing on reality , telling the truth and seeking real results is an important condition ensuring the fulfillment of our transcentury historical mission .\r\ndoing solid work will make the country prosperous and hollow talk will harm the country .\r\nif one raises his working style to the height of the quality of the party , one can see that his working style embodies a high spiritual status in the great cause of building socialism with chinese characteristics .\r\nshe also stated that entry into the world trade organization [ wto ] is both an opportunity and a challenge for china 's high - tech development , and the ministry of science and technology will continue to create a still better environment for the development of high - tech industries .\r\nalso present and answering journalists ' questions were xu guanhua , vice minister of the ministry of science and technology ; shaanxi provincial governor cheng andong ; chen liangyu , shanghai vice mayor in charge of routine affairs ; meng xuenong , beijing vice mayor in charge of routine affairs ; and shenzhen city mayor li zibin .\r\nzhu lilan first reviewed economic developments in the country 's high - tech industrial development zones .\r\nshe said , in 1999 these 53 zones made an income of $ 656 billion from technology industry and trade ; their total output value was $ 566 billion ; these figures were respectively up by 35.7 percent and 30.6 percent over 1998 .\r\nprofit was 35.6 billion yuan , and foreign exchange earning from exports broke through the $ 10 billion barrier , reaching $ 10.6 billion .\r\nshe said that this shows that quite a number of high - tech enterprises have achieved rapid growth through taking advantage of the good environment provided by the high - tech zones .\r\nanswering a journalist 's question on the situation facing high - tech development in china after wto entry , zhu lilan pointed out that wto entry is both an opportunity and a great challenge for china 's high - tech development .\r\nthe wto will bring a still more open environment for the development of high technology ; while promoting technical innovation amid more international cooperation , it will also spur innovation in the structure of high - tech development .\r\njournalists from 94 chinese and foreign media units were present .\r\nbeijing , 16 mar ( xinhua ) - - the state press and publications administration has just issued a circular stipulating that no newspaper or periodical shall download and reprint unverified news and information from the internet at random .\r\nit also urged newspapers and periodicals to put social benefits in the most important position in downloading and reprinting items , and not to download and reprint vulgar , pornographic , violent , feudalistic , ignorant , and other contents harmful to the minds and bodies of teenagers .\r\nthe state press and publications administration urged news administrative and management departments in various localities to earnestly strengthen supervision and management and solemnly deal with newspapers and periodicals that have violated regulations .\r\ncurrently , a financial legal system , including the financial laws , financial administrative regulations and financial administrative rules , has been preliminarily set up in our country . the system has played an important role in effectively formulating and implementing the monetary policy and strengthening financial supervision and management .\r\nthe central bank must have a corresponding management system for every type of financial institutions and a corresponding management procedure for every category of financial businesses .\r\nthe person in charge emphasized : in addition to strengthening legislation , it is necessary to promote in an all - round way administration in accordance with law .\r\nonce found , any unlawful practices of the financial institutions have to be handled immediately and earnestly with no tolerance allowed .\r\nhan zhubin , vice chairman of the central committee for comprehensive management of social security and procurator general of the supreme people 's procuratorate , attended and addressed the forum .\r\nthe white paper on \" the one - china principle and the taiwan issue \" has once again expounded the consistent policy and stand of the chinese government on the settlement of the taiwan issue .\r\npremier zhu rongji 's remarks on the taiwan issue at the press conference have reflected the common will of the 1.25 billion chinese people .\r\nding shisun , chairman of the central committee of the china democratic league , noted : the one - china principle is an irrefutable fact , not something that we are forcing onto taiwan .\r\nit is exactly out of the need to bring about a peaceful reunification of the motherland that we refuse to renounce the right to use force ; therefore , what we are against is not the taiwan compatriots , but the interference of foreign forces and the splittist forces in taiwan .\r\nxu lujia , chairman of the china association for promoting democracy , expressed the belief that today , taiwan has reached the crossroads of choosing peaceful reunification or choosing splittism and war , and the taiwan people need to make a wise decision as what course to follow .\r\nluo haocai , chairman of the central committee of the china zhi gong dang , pointed out : the gist of premier zhu rongji 's remarks is consistent with the chinese government 's long - term policy towards taiwan .\r\nthe three \" if 's \" stated in the white paper on \" the one - china principle and the taiwan issue \" have proved a major guarantee for a peaceful reunification across the strait ; were it not for the three \" if 's , \" taiwan might have been separated long ago .\r\nif things like that really happened , they would bring about disastrous consequences .\r\ntherefore , the taiwan people should remain sober and sensible , and use their own power to stop \" taiwan independence \" elements from assuming power .\r\nwu jieping , chairman of the central committee of the jiusan society , believed that premier zhu rongji 's remarks are another important declaration on the taiwan issue .\r\nhowever , the chinese people have had firm determination to safeguard china 's sovereignty and territorial integrity .\r\nthe constant growth in the national strength of our country has also endowed us with the ability to safeguard china 's sovereignty and territorial integrity .\r\nthe fate of taiwan is in the own hands of the taiwan people and is determined by the will of the people , not in the hands of a handful of politicians . the taiwan compatriots should let their voices be heard .\r\nwang guangying , honorary chairman of the all - china federation of industry and commerce , said : we are never vague on the stand of upholding the one - china principle .\r\nwe hope that the industrial and commercial circles on both sides of the strait can exert common efforts and make contributions to promoting the economic and trade exchange and cooperation across the strait , and to completing the grand cause of the reunification of the motherland .\r\nthe meeting held by the general staff headquarters attended by leading cadres at the department and bureau levels was presided over by fu quanyou , member of the central military commission and chief of the general staff . guo boxiong , member of the central military commission and executive deputy chief of general staff , attended the meeting .\r\nparty committees and leaders at all levels should properly arrange the work of relaying and implementing the spirit of the npc session with a strong sense of political responsibility in accordance with the unified arrangements of the central military commission .\r\nxu caihou , member of the central military commission and executive deputy director of the general political department , also attended the meeting .\r\nyu yongbo pointed out : the npc session was an important meeting of far - reaching significance at the turn of the century , and the meeting has attracted extensive attention in the world .\r\nthe general political department organs should do a good job in relaying , studying , and implementing the spirit of the npc session .\r\nbeijing , 16 mar ( xinhua ) - - the general political department of the people 's liberation army [ pla ] issued a circular today urging the entire army and the people 's armed police force to conscientiously relay and study the spirit of the third session of the ninth national people 's congress [ npc ] .\r\nthe circular states : the third session of the ninth npc was an important meeting held at the turn of the century .\r\nin his important speech delivered at the plenary meeting of the pla delegation , chairman jiang zemin expounded , from the perspective of the strategic task of attaining the grand objective of modernization , the important historical mission of our army in the new period and set new demands on promoting army building and reform across the board .\r\nthe session discussed and approved the government work report and other reports , decided on the principles and tasks for the state 's economic construction and social development for this year , and endorsed the \" prc law on legislation . \"\r\nparty building should be further strengthened with the focus on making the party \" always the three representatives . \"\r\nit is imperative to firmly embrace the idea of war preparedness , carry out extensive and in - depth military training with science and technology , step up preparedness for military struggles , and be always ready for performing the sacred mission of safeguarding the reunification of the motherland .\r\non 9 march , the us senate passed the so - called \" tibet day \" resolution proclaiming 10 march 2000 as \" tibetan national day. \"\r\ncertain us politicians with ulterior motives have made every effort to push the passage of the \" tibet day \" resolution . this in essence was an advocacy of \" tibetan independence \" in order to serve the purpose of splitting china , undermining china 's political stability , and containing china .\r\nnever in the world is there a country recognizing tibet as an \" independent state . \"\r\nthe so - called \" tibet issue \" is in fact a smokescreen made by the dalai lama clique for its vain attempt to split the motherland and seek tibet \" independence . \"\r\nin us congressional resolutions , anti - china politicians have wantonly distorted historical facts about tibet and maliciously attacked and smeared the chinese government .\r\nin fact , it is perfectly obvious that the chinese government has made tremendous efforts to develop tibet .\r\nbefore the peaceful liberation of tibet , 95 percent of the tibetan people had been made slaves for generations . now they are the masters of the country . the average projected life expectancy of tibetan people has been extended from 36 years in 1949 to 65 years at present .\r\nsome in the united states do see all these achievements but refuse to recognize them .\r\nthe us government has long recognized tibet as part of china and has pledged not to support \" tibet independence . \" now the us senate has set a so - called \" tibetan national day. \" did it not contradict itself ?\r\ntibet issues are purely china 's internal affairs , in which no foreign country has the authority to interfere . what did the senate base its irresponsible remark on !\r\nis there any legal basis for it ?\r\nif another country sets a certain day as \" independence day \" for a certain state in the united states , how will us senators feel ?\r\nsome in the united states have repeatedly vowed to \" safeguard human rights in tibet . \" now they are willfully and illegally meddling in china 's internal affairs . is this not a violation of the human rights of all the chinese people , including the tibetan people ?\r\nas a matter of fact , paying attention to the basic human rights of ethnic minorities in the united states is a serious issue the us senate should handle .\r\nevidently , it is precisely the united states itself which should give a historical explanation of the destruction of native american culture and which should review its ethnic minority policy !\r\nhe added : the two sides can sit down and talk only under the condition that \" taiwan independence \" will not emerge .\r\ntang shubei said this at a news conference here .\r\nhe directed this remarks to the person who used to be a guest of the chinese consulate general in san francisco in the 1980 s .\r\nthey have always discussed which is the best to taiwan , \" reunification , \" \" independence , \" or maintaining the status quo .\r\n\" reunification \" or \" independence \" is not the ultimate purpose of taiwan . the ultimate purpose is the welfare of its own .\r\ncan we consider the russia - chechen problem and the british - northern ireland problem ? although they were unified , they are still bothered by these problems . is this beneficial or harmful to them ?\r\ni think mainland china can think over these problems .\r\ni think this opinion had been clearly indicated in premier zhu rongji 's speech yesterday and in general secretary jiang zemin 's speech a few days ago at the meeting of the all - china federation of taiwan compatriots .\r\nour premier has clearly stressed that if \" taiwan independence \" occurs , the chinese people will defend the territorial and sovereign integrity of the motherland with their blood and lives .\r\nhowever , if there comes the \" taiwan independence , \" we cannot talk about peaceful reunification .\r\ntherefore , the two sides cannot sit down and talk until it ensures that there will be no \" taiwan independence . \"\r\nwe can find a solution to both sides under the one - china principle .\r\nthe mainland official authorities have repeatedly stressed that the one - china principle is a precondition and foundation for the development of cross - strait relations .\r\nthis is precisely the problem we care about at the moment .\r\nduring these 10 years , i have personally seen the increased economic and trade contacts between the two sides and the close contacts between the compatriots on both sides .\r\nhowever , if the proposal that \" the two sides of the taiwan strait are two nations , and taiwan is not a part of china \" becomes a policy and an action , i will worry very much that the relations extremely favorable to the compatriots on the two sides formed during this period may be seriously damaged .\r\nthen , we cannot imagine whether taiwan can get a favorable trade balance of $ 15 billion from the mainland china every year , nor can we imagine that the compatriots on the two sides can marry each other , can attend each other 's schools , and can visit each other .\r\nnevertheless , we would like to hear the opinions of the taiwan side and find a solution that can be further supported by taiwan people , that can give even better consideration to the interests of taiwan people and the compatriots on all circles , and that can be accepted by both sides .\r\nhowever , should there be the case of \" taiwan independence , \" everything will become a withered flower of yesterday .\r\nreporter of the taiwan - based broadcasting corporation of china : can taiwan 's new leader visit mainland china on or after \" 20 may , \" no matter who is elected , so long as he returns to the consensus of \" one china respectively interpreted by each side \" reached in 1992 ?\r\ncan the two sides conduct political talks then ?\r\ncan chairman wang pay a return visit to taiwan ?\r\ntang shubei : i think the election platform of taiwan leaders are varied .\r\ni think no one should help a person who sticks to the \" two states theory \" and the idea of the two sides on the taiwan strait are \" two nations , \" under such a circumstance , although he was my friend in the 1980 s .\r\nprior to taiwan 's presidential election on 18 march , some people are playing with their powers in hand , causing unexpected changes in the election situation . some people are trying to create confusion to push \" taiwan independence \" elements into the arena .\r\nthis is a practical question .\r\nunder the propagation of \" taiwan independence , \" \" taiwan being not a part of china , \" and \" the two sides of the strait being two chinese states , \" there will be no talks about peaceful reunification .\r\nbeijing 's efforts to conduct dialogue between arats and sef and enter into political negotiations in the future are based on the precondition of \" one china . \" everything can be discussed between chinese on both sides of the strait , concessions can be made , and all kinds of plans can be worked out .\r\nfrom the 1950 s to the early 1990 s , both sides of the strait recognized that \" there is only one china and taiwan is a part of china . \" this is a consensus between both sides of the strait .\r\nclear - cut measures include a blockade and the use of force . some people have close relations with lee teng - hui . they hold high posts under lee teng - hui 's power structure . why is it that they have suddenly become election campaign aides for \" taiwan independence \" elements ?\r\nwhy is it that they are playing dirty tricks to defame james sung by creating a scandal , and then throw mud on the kmt ?\r\nlee teng - hui said that he supported lien chan , but only in abstract and perfunctory terms .\r\ntaiwan is at a crossroads .\r\nwang yung - ching 's three - point proposal on peace , stability , and prosperity for all should represent the genuine interests of taiwan compatriots .\r\nsome \" taiwan independence \" elements have blind faith in foreign missiles , aircraft , and bombs , thinking that foreign arms sales to taiwan will boost their courage .\r\nwhile reprinting news , the newspapers \" must firmly follow the political guidance for the media and not carry reports that run counter to the principles and policies of the party and state . \"\r\nthe newspaper had to openly express its \" apology . \" there are also some smart newspapers , which reprint readable stuff that are not related to politics or sensitive issues , such as chinese - made aircraft carrier , advanced aircraft , and anecdotes of celebrities to attract readers .\r\nas the authorities cannot do anything even though they do not like it , the only thing they can do is to issue a document to reiterate \" publicity discipline . \"\r\nthe area of cultivated land that makes use of improved varieties of crops and advanced , applicable technology has been constantly expanding .\r\nmarked progress was made in readjusting the internal structure of industries . development of electronic information and other high - tech industries was accelerated .\r\nin 1999 the composite economic performance index for industrial enterprises was 99.3 , an increase of 8.4 percentage points .\r\nthe added value of tertiary industry grew by 7.5 percent .\r\ndevelopment of the tourism , information , and consulting service industries was quickened . [ providing the unit of area in \" mu \" in sentence 7 , and adding the word \" internal \" in sentence 9 ] the investment pattern continued to improve and there was better quality in construction projects .\r\ntotal fixed asset investment for 1999 reached 2.9876 trillion yuan , an increase of 5.2 percent over the previous year .\r\nimplementation of a proactive fiscal policy , issuance of additional treasury bonds , and expansion of investment played an important role in promoting economic development .\r\nmore than 60 percent of the capital from treasury bonds issue was invested in the central and western regions .\r\nthe responsibility system for project quality at all levels was introduced throughout the country .\r\nwe effectively promoted fairly rapid growth [ jiao kuai zeng zhang 6525 1816 1073 7022 ] of revenue by strengthening tax collection and management , putting more effort into resolving tax arrears and severely cracking down on smuggling .\r\nnational revenue for 1999 ( excluding revenue generated through debt ) totaled 1.1377 trillion yuan , an increase of 15.2 percent over the previous year .\r\nexpenditures exceeded revenue by 175.9 billion yuan , with a deficit of 179.7 billion yuan for the central budget and a surplus of 3.8 billion yuan in local budgets .\r\nm2, m1 and m0 were up by 14.7 percent , 17.7 percent , and 20.1 percent respectively at the end of 1999 compared with the figures for the end of 1998 .\r\nwe deepened financial reform and tightened financial supervision and management , which played an important role in preventing and reducing financial risks .\r\nefforts to merge some enterprises , declare some enterprises bankrupt , and reorganize some industries were intensified .\r\na large number of new large enterprise groups were formed in the defense - related , nonferrous metals , and telecommunications industries .\r\nlosses of state - owned enterprises and of enterprises with controlling share held by the state decreased by 15.9 percent over the previous year .\r\nthe textile , building materials , nonferrous metals , and railway industries took their operations out of the red and into the black .\r\nover 4.9 million workers laid off from state - owned enterprises found new jobs ; 93 percent of those who did not find new jobs registered with re - employment service centers , 97 percent of whom received basic cost of living allowances .\r\nwe basically ensured that all retired people of enterprises received their pensions on time and in full .\r\nreform of the system of medical insurance for urban workers continued . [ providing stcs for \" clear progress in sentence 1 ] price relationships were further rationalized .\r\nwe adjusted prices for railway freight transport , medical services , and postal and telecommunications services , and raised public housing rents and charges and fees for higher education , urban water supply , and environmental protection .\r\nwe decreased electricity fees for high power - consuming enterprises and lowered electricity rates in rural areas .\r\nwe also rectified import and export charges for external trade by appropriately lowering some fees that were too high , thereby reducing the burden on export enterprises . [ adding the words external trade in ultimate sentence ] continued progress was registered in the reform of the grain and cotton distribution system .\r\nreform of the cotton distribution system proceeded smoothly . [ changing very poor performance to losses in penultimate sentence and providing stcs ] imports and exports grew fairly rapidly and there was continued improvement in the utilization of foreign funds .\r\nwe stuck to a strategy of success through quality and diversification of market outlets , working energetically to expand exports by granting more export credits , raising comprehensive tax refunds for exports , and giving more authority to producing enterprises to independently engage in export .\r\nfor the year the total volume of china 's imports and exports reached $ 360.7 billion , an increase of 11.3 percent over the previous year .\r\nas a result of this reform , 80 percent of the 242 scientific research institutes affiliated to 10 state administrations were restructured and incorporated into enterprises .\r\nour support for research topics in basic research , industry - specific technology , major technology , and high technology was strengthened .\r\nthe launch of the national key basic research development project and the technological innovation fund for small and medium - sized science and technology enterprises went smoothly .\r\nin 1999 , colleges and universities enrolled 1.6 million students , an increase of 47.4 percent over the previous year .\r\nwe vigorously supported the improvement of conditions for operating schools offering elementary education in economically depressed areas .\r\nsome 80 percent of the country 's populated areas have now made a nine - year compulsory education basically universal and eliminated illiteracy among young and middle - aged residents .\r\nefforts to develop new disciplines in colleges and universities were strengthened .\r\nthe natural population growth rate was 8.77 per mill .\r\nthe project to extend radio and television coverage to every village went into full swing , enabling about 40 million rural residents to enjoy radio and television broadcasts in their homes for the first time .\r\nretail sales of consumer goods for the country totaled 3.1135 trillion yuan in 1999 , an increase of 6.8 percent over the previous year , or an increase of 10.1 percent in real terms after allowing for price decreases .\r\non july 1 1999 , the incomes of lower - income urban residents and government employees were raised .\r\nthe registered unemployment rate was 3.1 percent in cities and towns .\r\nfresh progress was registered in anti - poverty work and about 8 million more poverty - stricken people now have adequate food and clothing .\r\nall these great achievements of 1999 created a sound environment for celebrating the 50 th anniversary of the founding of new china and welcoming the return of macao to our motherland . they also strengthened confidence both at home and abroad in the development of china 's economy .\r\nthe pace of increase in fixed asset investment has slowed .\r\nsecond , unemployment pressure has grown .\r\nfewer people are now employed in township and town enterprises .\r\nthere is a great deal of surplus labor in rural areas that needs to be absorbed elsewhere .\r\nthird , the growth of rural incomes has slowed .\r\nsuccess in economic work for this year will have a major impact on our effort to attain all of the strategic targets for the second stage of our modernization drive and to move on to reach the targets for the third stage .\r\nwe should further stabilize the position of agriculture as the foundation of the economy , making diligent efforts to restructure agriculture and the rural economy and using every possible means to increase the peasants ' incomes .\r\ntaking the reform of state - owned enterprises as the key link , we should energetically make up deficits and increase surpluses and promote the establishment of a modern enterprise system .\r\nwe should correctly handle the relations between reform , development , and stability to ensure sustained , rapid , and healthy development of the national economy and promote all - around social progress so that we can greet the new century with outstanding achievements .\r\nprojects will be well selected and funds properly used . supervision , auditing , and project quality control will be tightened to prevent shoddy workmanship on projects . [ inserting the word and providing stcs in sentence 1 , and providing stcs in sentence 3 ] 2 .\r\nconstruction of the projects to reinforce dikes on chang jiang , huang he [ yellow river ] , and other big rivers will be accelerated . rivers and lakes will be dredged and desilted and new towns built for the displaced people . major dilapidated reservoirs will be reinforced .\r\nthe application of key technology for the integrated use of agricultural resources , intensive farming , forecast and control of biological disasters , and production of highly processed agricultural products will be vigorously expanded . projects to improve seeds and the varieties and breeds of livestock , poultry , and aquatic products will be earnestly carried out .\r\ntownship and town enterprises should be advised to integrate production with industrialized operation of agriculture to promote the processing of agricultural products and the conversion of such products into other products to increase their added value .\r\nwe will mobilize the whole society to join in the anti - poverty program .\r\nbeijing , 16 mar ( wen wei po ) - - today , several famous taiwan issue experts in beijing issued warnings here , saying that if a candidate maintaining taiwan independence took office in the current election of the new leader among taiwan authorities , the consequences would be explosive .\r\nin that case , the timetable for solving the taiwan issue would become short , or even very short . the situation across the straits may change within 24 hours .\r\nthe taiwan issue experts also indicated that as a matter of fact , it is impossible for the mainland to come into contact with somebody who shouted \" long live taiwan independence . \"\r\nfirst , that will be a challenge to the interests of the entire chinese people . in addition , it will be a challenge to the security of the asia - pacific region and to world peace .\r\nprofessor li jiaquan said : as to whether there should be a timetable , the white paper \" the one - china principle and the taiwan issue \" has already given an explicit answer .\r\nthere should be a timetable for solving the taiwan issue . \" the taiwan issue cannot be left unsolved indefinitely . \" this in essence refers to the timetable . the white paper refers to a \" timetable without mentioning the timetable . \"\r\nin view of taiwan 's development in the past decade , we saw that there was first \" one country , two governments , \" then came the arguments of \" separate establishment and separate government , \" \" independent political entity , \" then came the \" two - state theory . \"\r\nprofessor xu bodong took over the topic and further pointed out : the timetable for solving the taiwan issue is not only held in the hands of the mainland side , but also in the hands of the taiwan authorities .\r\nif one who can return to the one - china principle is elected the new leader , the line of \" peaceful reunification \" may be followed and the time may be longer .\r\nas long as the one - china principle is observed , there is a realistic likelihood for cross - strait exchanges and even high - level exchanges between the two sides of the straits .\r\nhuang jiashu , professor of the chinese people 's university , said : we certainly hope that a new leader who can return to the one - china principle will appear .\r\nof course , it is possible that a figure who continues to maintain the \" two - state theory \" or even a figure who is inclined to \" taiwan independence \" more obviously than the \" two - state theory \" may appear .\r\nif that is the case , that will just worsen the tension in cross - strait relations .\r\nat this moment , taiwan compatriots should be able to use their brains not their feelings to determine the direction of their votes .\r\nof course , the masses in taiwan have a desire for \" holding up their heads . \" such feelings were caused by a special history .\r\nif some people try to play certain political tricks to direct taiwan people 's wishes to a kind of extreme populism or to the extreme target of \" taiwan independence , \" i think such popular will does not represent the real wishes of the taiwan people .\r\nmoreover , we also found that current opinion polls in taiwan and various political opinions actually showed the diversity of public opinion in taiwan , and that the mainstream of public opinion remained on the point of seeking a stable , developing , reform - oriented , and relaxed cross - strait relationship .\r\nthis option itself goes against the interests of the chinese people on both sides of the straits .\r\nonce a state of war appears across the straits , the so - called reforms against \" dark gold politics \" and the so - called improvement of governmental institutions and even taiwan 's future political development will all become nothing .\r\nwhen facing such a major event , the chinese government certainly needs to express its firm attitude .\r\nthat is , we must make it crystal clear that no matter who is going to take power and pursue \" taiwan independence , \" and no matter in what form he is going to pursue \" taiwan independence , \" he will not be tolerated .\r\nthe position and attitude of the chinese government on this issue is consistent and firm .\r\nthis is not merely an attitude expression for influencing the election .\r\nthe taiwan issue is china 's internal affair , but from the very beginning , this issue has been closely related to the role played by the united states .\r\nhowever , the separatist force on taiwan island should also be soberly aware that the us ' support for taiwan is all based on us interests .\r\njiang zemin said princess sirindhorn is an old friend familiar to the chinese people . she has visited china many times , as though she visits relatives .\r\njiang zemin happily recalled his state visit to thailand upon invitation in september last year .\r\nhe said the china - thailand relations date back to ancient times and the traditional friendship between the people of the two countries is just like that between relatives .\r\nin particular , since the establishment of diplomatic relations , the frequent exchanges of visits and contacts between the leaders of the two countries and the frequent exchanges between people of various circles have built up good trust and friendship .\r\nat present , both sides are making joint efforts to develop all - direction , good - neighborly , friendly , and cooperative relations in the new century .\r\nsirindhorn said she loves china 's culture and has been studying chinese for a long time . she hoped she can understand china better and make greater contribution to promoting thailand - china friendship .\r\nthe officers and men of the pla and the armed police force , following the example of lei feng and li xiangqun , are actively carrying forward socialist new ethics and practices .\r\nsince last year , the young officers and men of the pla and the armed police force have paid \" special communist youth league dues \" exceeding 8 million yuan in support of the \" action to protect the mother river . \"\r\ncurrently , the chinese navy is speeding up the efforts of enhancing its modern combat capacity . all of the major warfare vessels of the equipment series of the navy are china - made and equipped with missiles .\r\ndeputy director zhu xinmin of the people 's daily newspaper [ renmin ribao ] and others were also present at the meeting .\r\nrees - mogg is visiting china as the guest of the people 's daily newspaper .\r\nthis was a practice which chairman mao and comrade deng xiaoping had stressed consistently and is a basic experience derived by our party from the long practice of leading the people in carrying out revolution , construction , and reform .\r\nthis extremely important guiding ideology not only has great immediate significance in strengthening and improving the party 's leadership but also will surely have a more extensive and far - reaching historic impact .\r\nthe \" three represents \" are interrelated and form a dialectical and unified integral whole . they have reflected in a clear - cut manner our party 's nature , mission , and purpose and fully embodied the essential demand of the party - led great cause of building socialism with chinese characteristics .\r\nit has enriched the treasure - house of marxism - leninism - mao zedong thought and deng xiaoping theory and will add a glorious chapter in the annals of our party 's party building theory and practice .\r\n( \" selected works of mao zedong \" edition 2 , volume iii , p 1079 ) . in china , the working class is the representative of the advanced productive forces and also a main force for liberating and developing the productive forces .\r\nduring the new - democratic revolution , our party led the people in fighting bloody battles and thus seized state power with a view to putting an end to the old production relations that fettered the productive forces and liberating the productive forces .\r\nafter new china was founded , our party led the people in carrying out socialist revolution and construction so as to liberate and develop the productive forces , constantly enhance the state 's economic strength , meet the people 's material and cultural needs , and strive for the realization of the people 's fundamental interests .\r\na certain culture is the conceptual reflection of the economy and politics of a certain society .\r\nadvanced productive forces determine and influence advanced culture while advanced culture which is scientific and progressive represents the orientation of future development and propels the advance of society , thus serving the development of the social productive forces .\r\nthe party does not have its own special interests outside the interests of the working class and the broad masses of the people .\r\nthe final criterion for the success of our reform and construction and the soundness of our work done is whether or not the people support , endorse , and accept it with pleasure .\r\ntherefore , the \" three represents \" are the concentrated embodiment of the advanced and revolutionary nature of our party and the essential demand of socialism and constitute the foundation for founding the party , the source of the party 's strength , and the base for its life .\r\nin the face of complex and acute international competition and in the historical condition of carrying out the drive of reform and opening up and developing a socialist market economy , we must seize opportunities , meet challenges , and realize the great rejuvenation of the chinese nation . what counts here is our party .\r\nto achieve the \" three represents \" with better results , we must always adhere to taking economic construction as the center and concentrate forces on developing the productive forces .\r\nif the productive forces are not developed and our country comprehensive is weak , we will find it difficult to maintain stability and home and will have no right to speak in the international community .\r\nour country has increasingly grown and its international standing has increasingly expanded since the drive of reform and opening up was carried . one basic experience is so doing is to remove obstacles and concentrate forces on accelerating the development of the productive forces , which is also the key to solving the numerous problems now facing us .\r\nwe must adopt practical and effective measures , always maintain a relatively rapid growth rate while improving economic efficiency , and continuously enhance the state 's economic strength .\r\nexperiences , both positive and negative , tell us : we should not strive to achieve temporary economic development at the expense of spiritual civilization at any time .\r\nadherence to marxism - leninism - mao zedong thought and deng xiaoping theory as the guide is the base for founding the party and the state and also for developing socialist ideology and culture and it determines the nature and orientation of our country 's ideological and cultural development .\r\nwe must strive to inherit and develop all outstanding cultural traditions of the chinese nation , learn and absorb all outstanding foreign cultural achievements , and apply them to the great practice of reform , opening up , and socialist modernization .\r\nto achieve the \" three represents \" with better results , we must always adhere to the party 's purpose of serving the people wholeheartedly and effectively realize , develop , and safeguard their interests .\r\nwe must pay close attention to these phenomena and adopt practical and effective measures to correct them resolutely .\r\nwe must implement the party 's mass line in all fields of work ; give first place to the interests of the party and the people while conducting reforms , thinking over problems , making decisions , and handling affairs ; and do everything for the people and rely on them in so doing .\r\nwe must correctly use the powers in our hands ; take the lead in observing discipline and abiding the law ; perform official duties honestly for the people , and wage a resolute struggle against the negative and corrupt phenomena , such as abuse of government power for personal , extravagance and waste as well .\r\nall acts of divorcing from the masses , violating their will , and endangering their interests are not allowed .\r\nbeijing , 17 mar ( xinhua ) - - on 11 march , an extraordinarily serious accidental explosion occurred in a private firecracker workshop in shangli county of pingxiang city in jiangxi province , leaving 33 people dead .\r\nover the past 50 - odd years since the prc was founded , we have formulated some rules and regulations for safe production in various trades and professions . however , some trades and professions and some localities have failed to implement them to the letter .\r\nthose factories or workshops had turned a blind eye to the state decrees concerned , had had many hidden dangers of accidents , and had carried out operations in violation of rules and regulations to an alarming extent .\r\nstrictly managing the issuance of business licenses is the first major link in safety management .\r\nstrengthening supervision over the enterprises ' safe production is an important guarantee for preventing serious accidents .\r\nsafety is always unified with production and efficiency .\r\nat present , as our country is in a crucial period of economic development , the enterprise operators must set great store by safe production so as to create a favorable and stable environment for reform and development .\r\nall of us should take warning from the \" 11 march accident . \"\r\nthe decision is of great significance to expand domestic demand and bring about sustained growth of national economy , to promote coordinated economic development in all regions and eventually achieve a common prosperity , and to strengthen ethnic unity , maintain social stability and fortify border defense .\r\nfor the implementation of the strategy for large - scale development of the western region , the necessary conditions are now available and the time is ripe .\r\nthe available conditions are as follows : after more than 20 years of reform , construction and exploration , the eastern region has achieved a comparatively rapid development and accumulated a certain amount of capital , talents , technology and managerial expertise .\r\non the one hand , the eastern region , while continuing to develop and strengthen itself , is willing and able to support the development of the western region . on the other hand , the abundant natural resources and great market potential of the western region have become important conditions for the eastern region to continue its development .\r\nto carry out the large - scale development of the western region is a magnificent plan to transform the objective world . we must integrate our subjective desire with objective reality and also integrate the state 's macroscopic regulation and control , including the guidance role of state policies , with the practice of acting according to economic law .\r\nin carrying out the large - scale development of the western region , we should take an active attitude , seize the opportunity , and make bold explorations . we must not be overanxious for quick results , nor be roused to precipitate action or start new projects blindly .\r\nthe large - scale development of the western region involves the building of both material civilization and spiritual civilization .\r\nthe cmc has ordered the institution of air control over the southeastern coast , and some units are immediately entering combat - readiness status to deal with a possible situation .\r\nit was also within beijing 's expectations that the united states would make react strongly to the white paper on taiwan and zhu 's speech .\r\nthe top level in beijing believes that peaceful reunification must be guaranteed by powerful military force and correct strategic design , otherwise , the initiative in cross - strait relations will be lost .\r\nwithout a trial of strength , taiwan society will not truly understand beijing 's resolve regarding territorial integrity and pursuit of reunification , nor will it understand the price to be paid for secession , and that china can hardly maintain its international reputation .\r\nhowever , all of these proposals are short of a major precondition ; that is , the one - china principle .\r\nchen shui - bian even more recklessly clamored that it is the duty and mission of taiwan 's future leader to safeguard taiwan 's sovereignty and prevent taiwan from becoming another hong kong or macao .\r\nhe attempts to maintain taiwan 's \" sovereignty \" for ever and does not want to make taiwan a part of china .\r\npremier zhu rongji already issued an unprecedented warning against \" taiwan independence . \" at the same time , he also set forth the demand on holding political talks between the two sides of the straits under the one - china principle .\r\nthe mainland side of the motherland is willing to listen to the opinions of various parties , strata , and social circles in taiwan .\r\nthis position gives full expression to the mainland side 's sincerity and utmost tolerance and patience . it is hoped that the taiwan authorities will not miss another good opportunity and will really do something positive to improve cross - strait relations .\r\nthe \" taiwan independence \" forces and the separatist forces , and the foreign anti - china forces hope that the taiwan issue will remain unsettled indefinitely .\r\nnational reunification is the ardent hope of the people , and the trend of the times . china will never allow taiwan to be separated from china .\r\nchen shui - bian , candidate for the democratic progressive party , took first in the voting .\r\nthere were five candidates in total participating in this election in the taiwan region .\r\ntang jiaxuan said with the cordial concern of the leaders of the two countries , the traditional prc - dprk friendship has further developed .\r\nthe good development of the relations between the two countries has not only brought important interests to the people of the two countries , but also made a positive contribution to safeguarding peace , stability and security in the korean peninsula and the region .\r\ntang jiaxuan emphasized that the stand of china 's party and government of attaching importance to the development of the traditional friendship between the two countries is consistent and firm .\r\nin the future , china will , as always , make unremitting efforts to this end .\r\npaek nam - sun said with the profound concern of the leaders of both sides , the dprk - prc friendship continues to develop very well .\r\nboth sides unanimously held that general secretary kim chong - il 's recent visit to the chinese embassy in dprk has fully expressed the great friendship between the people of the dprk and the prc .\r\nthe foreign ministers of the two countries also exchanged views on the situation in the korean peninsula and the region .\r\nboth sides held that china and the dprk have important consensus on many issues , and both sides should , in the future , strengthen communication , contacts and cooperation on relevant issues , and make joint efforts to safeguard peace and stability in the korean peninsula , northeast asia , and the world as a whole .\r\ntang jiaxuan reaffirmed china 's consistent stand of supporting the two sides of korea in their efforts to improve relations and realize independent peaceful reunification .\r\nthe foreign ministers of the two countries also briefed each other on the domestic situation and the diplomatic work of the respective countries .\r\nafter the talks , tang jiaxuan feted paek nam - sun and his party .\r\npaek nam - sun arrived in beijing by plane today on his official visit to china at the invitation of foreign minister tang .\r\npeaceful reunification is predicated on the one - china principle .\r\nwe will judge taiwan 's new leader by his deeds , not just [ original version omits \" just \" ] by his words [ ting qi yan guan qi xing 8126 0366 6056 6034 0366 5887 ] .\r\nwe are willing to exchange views with all political parties , organizations , and public figures in taiwan that endorse the one - china principle on cross - strait relations and peaceful reunification .\r\ntehran , 18 mar ( xinhua ) - - us state secretary albright announced on 17 march that the united states would allow imports of blankets , caviar , melons and fruits , and other foodstuff from iran .\r\niranian foreign ministry spokesman assefi immediately expressed welcome to this , saying that this step of the united states was \" positive \" and that iran would also adopt corresponding measures to allow imports of farm produce and medicines from the united states .\r\nwhile announcing lifting of some sanctions on iran , albright also said that the united states would provide convenience for more iranian scholars , artists , specialists , sportsmen , and nongovernment organizations to visit the united states so as to enhance mutual understanding and trust .\r\nshe said that the united states were prepared to make efforts to settle the pending legal issues with iran , including the issue on the iranian assets frozen in the united states .\r\nalbright said that the purpose for the clinton administration to adopt these measures was to tear down together with iran the \" wall of distrust \" between the two countries as described by president khatami .\r\nin january 1998 , khatami openly called on the people of the two countries to conduct cultural exchanges in order to tear down the \" high wall of distrust \" between the two countries .\r\nhowever , protracted confrontation between the two countries has led to a lack of necessary trust between the two sides , and no breakthroughs have been made in the relations between the two countries .\r\non 18 february this year , iran 's reformists beat the powerful conservatives with an absolute majority and won a majority of seats in the parliament .\r\nthe us government expressed welcome to this election .\r\nthe announcement of the united states to lift some sanctions on iran will no doubt help further improve the us - iran relations , but only a small part of the sanctions are lifted .\r\nthis shows that necessary trust between the united states and iran is still lacking and that it will still take a fairly long process for the united states and iran to truly achieve reconciliation and normalization of relations .\r\nthis shows that lee teng - hui 's all - out efforts in attacking james soong caused the kmt 's split and final failure .\r\nboth chen shui - bian and lu hsiu - lien are \" taiwan independence \" elements advocating \" taiwan independence \" in the past and during the current presidential election . naturally , they have aroused the motherland 's vigilance and met with criticism from the island and overseas .\r\nwill taiwan 's political situation and society remain stable after taiwan new leaders assume office ?\r\nwhat kind of impact will chen shui - bian 's \" taiwan independence \" flavor have on cross - strait relations and cross - strait economic , trade , and cultural exchanges that have grown over the last 20 years ?\r\ntaiwan 's political and social unrest inevitably restricts its economic development and the improvement of its people 's lives and also affects the development of cross - strait relations .\r\nwe should fully appraise the complexity of taiwan 's situation in the future .\r\nlee teng - hui is the chief representative of taiwan splittist forces .\r\nthe perpetrators will be punished by history . taiwan 's current election is of a regional nature . the outcome of the election will absolutely not change the fact that taiwan is a part of china , still less can it become a pretext to split or carve out chinese territory .\r\nthe position of the chinese government and people is quite clear and firm on this issue .\r\nthe chinese people highly value state sovereignty and territorial integrity .\r\nto defend state sovereignty and territorial integrity , the chinese people will resolutely crush all \" taiwan independence \" attempts and acts at the expense of their flesh and blood .\r\nwhoever underestimates the chinese people 's determination and power to defend their sovereignty and territorial integrity will commit an irremediable big mistake .\r\nthe precondition for peaceful reunification is \" one china . \"\r\nchen shui - bian 's cross - strait policy trend after he assumes office will be judged by his words and deeds .\r\nbeijing has made it clear that it is willing to exchange views on cross - strait relations and peaceful reunification with all political parties , mass organizations , and people in taiwan who favor the \" one - china \" principle .\r\nwe hope to see a positive response from the taiwan side .\r\nthe cpc central committee central office for taiwan affairs and the state council taiwan affairs office on 18 march issued a statement on the election of a new taiwan regional leader . they pointed out : there is only one china in the world and taiwan is an inalienable part of china .\r\nthe election of a new taiwan regional leader and its results cannot change the fact that taiwan is a part of china .\r\nwhen lien chan [ lian zhan ] and james soong [ song chuyu ] fought , democratic progressive party [ dpp ] candidate chen shui - bian [ chen shuibian ] won as a result .\r\nthe victory of chen shui - bian , who advocates \" taiwan independence , \" will further complicate taiwan 's political situations and cross - strait ties .\r\nduring a period of nearly 12 years since lee teng - hui became president , he has intentionally engaged in splittist activities , and vainly attempted to create \" two china 's \" or \" one china , one taiwan \" so as to permanently secede taiwan from china .\r\nin 1999 , he openly publicized the \" two - state theory \" and pushed both sides of the strait to the brink of war .\r\nduring this election , we can distinctly notice : by seemingly supporting lien chan , lee teng - hui was surreptitiously helping chen shui - bian .\r\nlee teng - hui has not only supported chen shui - bian while discarding lien chan , but also discarded the kuomintang .\r\nhowever , the prerequisite for improving cross - strait ties is to uphold \" one china . \"\r\ndoes he intend to discard his \" taiwan independence \" stance ? even \" taiwan independence \" advocators cannot reject the deduction that \" taiwan independence \" will probably spark a war .\r\nthe mother mainland also repeatedly warned that \" taiwan independence \" means war .\r\ntaiwan people have also clearly understood the 1.2 billion chinese people 's stance in resolutely opposing \" taiwan independence \" and secession .\r\nthe results of polls of taiwan people showed : less than 10 percent of taiwan people supported \" taiwan independence , \" 13 percent of taiwan people supported reunification , and 60 percent of taiwan people advocated maintaining the status quo .\r\nat present , cross - strait ties are at a crucial juncture . to accommodate the taiwan people 's wishes for stability and their expectations for improved cross - strait ties and sustained peace in the taiwan strait , taiwan 's new leader should return to the \" one - china \" principled stance .\r\nto become unrestrained and boundless , taiwan 's new leader should also make some concessions .\r\nthe mother mainland authorities are willing to exchange views on cross - strait ties and peaceful reunification with all those parties , groups , and figures from taiwan who endorse the one - china principle .\r\nthanks to all these policies , china has been able to outshine others and maintain a fairly fast economic growth at a time when all its neighboring countries are suffering from a declining economy .\r\nfacts have showed clearly that all these are fundamental measures for making the market prosper ; resolving the problems of employment , reemployment , and the transfer of redundant labor forces ; and promoting social security .\r\nparticularly , china has speeded up the reform of the scientific and technological structure ; and made great headway in developing risk investment funds , encouraging the growth of medium and small high - tech enterprises , and in exploring the secondary market .\r\nsixth , in the aspect of the overall regional development strategy , china has already started to implement the strategy of a large - scale development in its western region , with a view to bringing about a balanced development between its eastern and western regions .\r\nseventh , as regards structural reforms , china has made considerable breakthroughs , in both theory and practice , in all its structural reforms , including the readjustment of its ownership structure as well as the structural reforms of social security , housing , and education .\r\nninth , as concerns the level of socialization , at the same time when china strives to build up a socialist market economy , it has also taken steps to promote the socialization of enterprise capital , the socialization of investment risk , and the socialization of employment .\r\ntokyo , 19 mar (zxs) - - chen jian , chinese ambassador to japan , reiterated in tokyo today that china objects to lee teng - hui 's [ li deng - hui ] visit to japan under whatever name and in whatever capacity after resigning from his post .\r\nchen jian made these remarks when attending a \" sunday discussion \" on invitation - - a live program carried by a privately run japanese station , asahi television station .\r\nchen jian pointed out that the core of the \" one country , two systems \" formula proposed by mr. deng xiaoping is \" one china . \" under the \" one china \" principle , we are willing to discuss everything , nor will we exclude anyone .\r\nchen jian also expressed the chinese side 's stand on the cross - strait situation and sino - japanese relations .\r\nnews from tokyo : chinese ambassador to japan chen jian said today [ 19 march ] : after winning the election , chen shui - bian [ ch ' en shui - pien ] should make a decision on his own attitude within the framework put forward by premier zhu rongji that nobody should practice taiwan independence .\r\nchen jian held that the superior limit of the framework is that the chinese government would support all those who advocate \" one china \" and would hold talks with all those who advocate \" one china . \"\r\nzhu rongji also pointed out the bottom line - - that is , nobody should be allowed to practice taiwan independence , and taiwan independence in any form will not be allowed .\r\nnow that chen shui - bian has won the election , he should make a decision on his own attitude within the framework put forward by premier zhu rongji .\r\nchen jian also noted that in the current election in the taiwan region , the votes received by the three main candidates were quite close . it was very hard to predict who could win the election beforehand .\r\nthe election charts can explain two points : the first point is that the difference between chen shui - bian and james soong [ sung ch ' u - yu ] was only 2 percent . the second point is that chen shui - bian received less than 40 percent of the total votes .\r\ntherefore , while we see that chen shui - bian won the election with a relatively greater number of votes , we should also take note of the above - mentioned two points .\r\nchen jian emphatically pointed out in the program that taiwan has historically been a part of chinese territory .\r\nthe chinese people first discovered the taiwan island and settled down on the island .\r\nambassador chen jian reiterated that there is only one china in the world and that taiwan is an inalienable part of the chinese territory . \" one china \" will be the prerequisite for the peaceful reunification .\r\ntherefore , we should enable the masses to understand the principle , program , and policy concerning development ; consolidate to the maximum the thinking , spirit , and strength of people of all nationalities ; and enable them to demonstrate greater enthusiasm , initiative , and creativity .\r\ngovernment structural reform and reform of housing in urban areas , medical insurance , health and medical care , also should be carried out step by step .\r\nto reduce and eliminate factors of instability , we must correctly distinguish contradictions of two different natures and deal with them using various means and in various approaches .\r\nit is hoped that the new taiwan leader will earnestly listen to the \" statement \" of the central authorities , conscientiously think about the attitude and sincerity of the central authorities , and show response with actual deeds .\r\nnpc standing committee member zeng xianzi pointed out : if the new taiwan leader thrusts taiwan toward independence , there will be lots of trouble on both sides of the strait .\r\nit is still too early to identify the cross - strait policy after chen shu - bian 's election victory . we must see chen shui - bian 's political program and judge him by his deeds , not just by his words .\r\nnpc deputy zeng decheng pointed out that the consistent stand of the united states is to give no support to taiwan independence , and in the several sino - us joint communiques , the us side has recognized that there is only one china and that taiwan is a part of the chinese territory .\r\nhe said : the successful implementation of the \" one country , two systems \" policy in hong kong is a very good example for taiwan , playing a special role in cross - strait relations . maintaining hong kong 's prosperity and stability may contribute to the accomplishment of the great cause of the reunification of the motherland .\r\nnpc deputy ma li said : after coming to power . chen shui - bian must handle the political pressure he faces from all sides and must deal with destabilizing factors .\r\nthe cross - strait question will become unclear because of chen shui - bian 's election victory . though he once said he would quit the democratic progress party and stand ready to talk about the reunification question if elected , we have to see how he behaves in this respect and watch him for a short time .\r\nnational cppcc member lu wenduan stressed : what the taiwan people are most concerned about is cross - strait relations . to properly deal with the cross - strait relations , chen shui - bian must abandon his line of \" taiwan independence . \" otherwise , taiwan will have no future .\r\nnational cppcc member zhou an dayuan stressed : in taiwan , no matter who comes to power , he must uphold the \" one - china \" principle .\r\nit is hoped that the people of taiwan and the insightful people from all walks of life in taiwan will pay attention to overall national interests and realize the reunification of china with an earnest attitude during this critical moment when we have to determine which way we should choose , reunification or separation .\r\nlu dong noted that the 1999 country reports on human rights practices issued by the us department of state once again make presumptuous comments on the human rights conditions in some 190 countries and regions , including china . recently , the united states lodged a draft resolution concerning china at the un conference on human rights in geneva .\r\nlu dong said that turning the old china , which had long been weak , poor , and subject to all kinds of humiliations , into an independent and initially prosperous new china was an outstanding contribution made by the chinese nation to the civilization of mankind and the human rights cause in the world .\r\nsince the start of reform and opening up , china has found a road suited to its national conditions for promoting and developing human rights : putting the rights to subsistence and development in the first place while promoting human rights in an all - round way under the conditions of reform , development , and stability .\r\npractical experience has proved that this is a must - take road and a road to success for the long - term development of china 's human rights cause on an institutional and legal track .\r\nlu dong continued : while consistently making indiscreet criticism of human rights in other countries , the united states turns a deaf ear to and refuses to talk about its own bad records of human rights .\r\nas borne out by a lot of evidence obtained from the united states , last year there were instances of serious infringement on civil , political , economic , and social rights as well as the rights of women and children , and racial discrimination existed everywhere in that country .\r\nwhat is most intolerable is that the united states often appears as \" the world 's human rights police \" in the international community , engaging in wanton military aggression here and there and encroaching on the sovereignty and human rights of other countries .\r\nfallacies such as \" human rights above sovereignty \" and \" human rights have no national boundaries \" are merely the false reasoning and excuses it uses for disregarding the international law and for grossly interfering in the internal affairs and unscrupulously encroaching on the sovereignty of other countries .\r\nin conclusion , he said that the chinese people , loving peace and seeking human rights , will never submit to the pressures of hegemonism and power politics , while any schemes to contain china 's development and to westernize and divide china are doomed to failure .\r\nhuang hua , honorary director of the fund , said that no one should be allowed to use human rights as a pretext to meddle in the sovereignty of other countries .\r\nin old china , huang hua said , the chinese people could not even secure their right to subsistence , to say nothing of other rights .\r\nthanks to reform and opening up , china now has an abundant supply of goods , and the legal system is improving with each passing day . china 's current human rights situation can be regarded as unprecedented .\r\ni have spent half my life on new china 's diplomatic front , huang hua said , and i profoundly understand that it would be impossible for a country to talk about human rights without sovereignty .\r\nchina has stressed that the right to subsistence and development is the primary human right precisely because it proceeded from its own national conditions and put it into practice .\r\nover half a century in the past , some countries and people have failed in trying all means to interfere in china 's internal affairs . today , they also are doomed to failure in any attempt to use human rights to interfere in china 's internal affairs .\r\nchina has become strong and prosperous . gone forever are the days when china was bullied by foreign powers .\r\nhuang hua said that the chinese human rights development fund is working hard towards this direction .\r\nshanghai , 19 mar ( xinhua ) - - ambassador richard c. holbrooke , representative of the united states to the united nations , arrived in shanghai this morning , starting a four - day visit to china .\r\nit is learned that holbrooke and his entourage will leave for beijing later tonight .\r\ntaiwan people 's \" anti - lee teng - hui [ li denghui ] \" flames of anger have finally erupted .\r\ntaiwan 's \" presidential election \" has ended , and while chen shui - bian ( ch ' en shui - pien , ) the president - elect , was jubilantly travelling around to thank his supporters , voices demanding the ouster of lee teng - hui have thundered throughout taiwan .\r\nduring the incident , the situation became chaotic and was out of control several times , and many people were injured .\r\nthe reason lee teng - hui has been universally condemned is not only his \" bad character , \" but more because , from the very beginning to the end , he has pursued a mistaken cause that is in violation of the fundamental interests of the people of taiwan .\r\nto consolidate his power and position , he did not balk at inviting large numbers of \" taiwan independence \" elements who had posed threats to taiwan 's security to return to taiwan , has connived at \" taiwan independence \" forces ' \" legal \" activities , and even allowed them to gain partial political powers .\r\nfollowing chen shui - bian 's victory in taiwan 's general election , the mainland chinese military and government departments concerned were immediately on a high state of alert .\r\nhowever , the authorities especially stressed the need to ensure the safety of taiwan tourists and businessmen on the mainland and banned protests against taiwan - funded enterprises .\r\nin a brief statement issued last night on the election of a new leader on taiwan , the taiwan affairs offices of the cpc central committee and the state council reiterated that the election result cannot change the fact that taiwan is part of chinese territory .\r\n\" we will judge taiwan 's new leader by his deeds , not his words . we will wait and see in which direction he will lead the cross - strait relations . \"\r\naccording to the news , beijing has analyzed the possibilities of chen 's election on the principle that \" we have no illusions about chen shui - bian . \"\r\nair - raid drill in southeastern coastal cities according to the news , beijing had prepared for the worst - case scenario of chen 's election and worked out several plans . its plan for dealing with lien chan 's election was more or less the same as that for dealing with soong chu - yu 's election .\r\nhowever , its countermeasure against chen shui - bian 's election is to dampen the \" arrogance of taiwan independence forces . \"\r\nthe news also indicated that the shenzhen garrison troops , as well as the people 's armed police and public security officers , have been instructed internally to cancel all leave for the next 10 days and await orders at any time .\r\nmoreover , over the past few days , the three armed services and the missile unit of the pla quietly have beefed up their military strength in the front line of fujian province .\r\nunlike the military exercises held before taiwan 's general election in 1996 , the present move to increase military strength \" will be a real one , \" and there is no need to hold any exercises in advance .\r\nif the dpp dares to show its teeth and clamor for \" independence , \" the chinese government can then logically use force to strike at the traitors .\r\nthe us state department 's annual country reports on human rights practices are in themselves hegemonist behavior .\r\nthere is no basis or acknowledged international authorization for doing this , it is simply done on the authorization of the us congress .\r\nif other countries followed us hegemonist logic and bad example , and , as authorized by their parliaments , made irresponsible remarks and unwarranted charges concerning the internal affairs under the jurisdiction of other countries , what normal international order could there be , and would the world not be in total chaos !\r\nobviously , this is not true concern for human rights but hypocrisy for the sake of attaining political goals .\r\nof course , this does not mean that there are no human rights problems in china .\r\nhegemonism is also manifest in the fact that the united states is enthusiastic in attacking the human rights situation in other countries but makes no mention of its own human rights problems .\r\nin fact , the human rights situation in the united states is not wonderful , and its human rights record is not brilliant .\r\nthe us state department imagines itself to be the example for human rights , as if its concept , system , standard , mode , and practice of human rights are the most perfect and the only things of universal significance .\r\nin fact , that concept , system , standard , and model are products of the evolution of american history , and are a process ; this process has not yet ended , so how can these things be regarded as completely perfect ?\r\nin fact , it is not possible that the government of every country in the world will use identical methods of promoting and protecting human rights .\r\nas former un secretary general butros - ghali said , \" if everyone wears the same clothes , speaks the same language , and has the same customs , we will be facing the danger of a kind of global fascist empire . \"\r\nwhat is world economic integration ?\r\nto be more incisive , while market competition is becoming increasingly internationalized , an interrelated pattern of interest has gradually taken shape among the countries in the world in the fields , such as economy , trade , finance , and investment while political and regional barriers have gradually decreased or diminished .\r\nit is precisely because of this that during the current election in taiwan , when the \" taiwan independence \" forces ran rampant for a time , taipei 's stocks drastically plunged by 600 points or so .\r\nthis shows that most taiwan people do not agree with \" taiwan independence . \"\r\nwe must make an analysis of this phenomenon in terms of economic interest .\r\nin the recent dozen years or so , with the end of the cold war , various countries have a large stockpile of strategic materials and arms dealers have found it more and more difficult to do their business .\r\nif a country does not follow what they say , then they will \" keep peace \" for the country .\r\nsoon afterwards , amid gunfire , the government of the country has to buy weapons to stimulate its economic growth .\r\nthe middle east is now in a state of cease - fire and hostilities in yugoslavia have come to a temporary conclusion . under these circumstances , who will buy arms any more ?\r\nmoreover , in a buyer market , obviously the buyer will get a discount , which may be in the economic or political form or both .\r\nrecently , scandals have arisen one after another on taiwan 's political arena . however , the future 's biggest scandals will perhaps be scandals relating to arms trade .\r\nthe taiwan people and the world people must be aware of this .\r\naccelerating development is fundamental way out zeng peiyan , minister in charge of the state development planning commission , recently pointed out at a relevant symposium : the past journey of the chinese nation has fully proven the truth expounded by deng xiaoping : development is the last word .\r\nin the meantime , residents ' income also increased . we increased the income of middle - and low - income residents considerably , thereby directly expanding consumption demand and effectively pulling along economic growth .\r\nchina is now in the process of trying to resolve them and has achieved initial success in resolving some .\r\npreliminary statistics show state - owned industrial enterprises and industrial enterprises where the state held a controlling interest made around 90 billion yuan in profits , an increase of around 70 percent from the previous year , to achieve the high level of the past few years .\r\nfirst , to accelerate readjustment of the economic structure .\r\nit is necessary to pay greater attention to practical results and do what is within our means and to integrate it with the development of the eastern and central regions .\r\nit is necessary to accelerate infrastructure construction in the western region ; strengthen protection of the ecological environment ; vigorously readjust the industrial structure ; develop science , technology , and education and accelerate the fostering of qualified personnel ; and intensify the efforts of reform and opening to the outside world .\r\nthird , to advance urbanization .\r\nfifth , to persist with sustainable development .\r\nthe surging tide of acquisitions and mergers among international enterprises is breeding yet another major industrial transfer . after accepting the market for labor - intensive industries in the 1970 s , developing countries may have to brace themselves again for the full - fledged onslaught of multinational companies .\r\nit is precisely when we look at how guangdong prepares itself for the wto against this backdrop that we are seeing the following inspiring picture .\r\nrelevant departments in guangdong have been busy making preparations since the new round of sino - us wto negotiations began in the spring of 1999 . they have gone down by groups to various prefectures and cities in the province to conduct investigations and organize discussions for enterprises , and have invited experts to offer suggestions .\r\nit was precisely li changchun who chose this topic of discussion .\r\nas soon as sino - us negotiations came to an end on november 19 , the general office of the guangdong provincial government invited long yongtu , vice minister of foreign trade and economic cooperation , to a high - level seminar .\r\non the day of the seminar , the huge sun yat - sen memorial hall was packed with nearly 3,000 people . all tickets , which cost a hefty 800 yuan each , were sold out , and there were still people waiting eagerly in the cold wind for returns .\r\nwas it worthwhile spending nearly 1,000 yuan to hear reports ?\r\na deputy general manager of a feed company in guangdong said : \" of course it is money well spent . our general manager and myself have come in the hope of hearing the latest information and discovering business opportunities at this high - level seminar . \"\r\nwe have seen to our pleasure that , with the determination of \" creating new advantages and scaling new heights \" and under the correct leadership of the cpc central committee , the people of all walks of life in guangdong have resolutely chosen the road of further reform and opening up .\r\nguangdong has started preparing for entry into the wto .\r\nsince guangdong still has a leading edge with its low - cost processing plants , which have all the necessary basic facilities , multinational companies will continue to subcontract or transfer their labor - intensive processes to the province . this will give new room for guangdong 's labor - intensive industries .\r\npositive involvement in competition in the international trade in services will also bring about a swift improvement in guangdong 's service sector and make guangdong one of the first provinces to basically achieve modernization in social , cultural , ideological , and other respects .\r\nfrom these , we can see that guangdong is clear in its thinking and is taking positive and sure - footed steps in preparing for china 's wto entry . it is also taking positive involvement in international competition of a high order as a process of the total enhancement of the economy as a whole .\r\nwhat will the specific situation be ?\r\nguangdong is 65 percent self - sufficient in grain and 76 percent self - sufficient in meat .\r\nas for those high - tech products which have yet to develop , such as chip production , the task of getting started will be quite arduous in the face of the technological advantages of foreign enterprises .\r\nin the services sectors , banking , telecommunications , insurance , and commercial retailing will be affected to varying degrees primarily because there is an obvious gap between our services and those of developed countries . however , guangdong 's service trades are confident that they will be able to grow to maturity while \" dancing with wolves . \"\r\nstepping out and opening up a new world during the 20 years of reform and opening up , guangdong has benefited from the opportunity of the international division of industrial labor ahead of other parts of the country .\r\nguangdong subscribes to the view that \" inviting in \" is necessary for its growth while \" stepping out \" is inevitable in competition .\r\nlooking at guangdong at the turn of the century , everything seems to be galloping ahead .\r\npeople have every reason to believe that guangdong will definitely be able to achieve greater achievements under the correct guidance of the cpc central committee .\r\njust as is considered by international public opinion , the united states ' \" annual country reports on human rights practices \" is entirely a hodgepodge \" full of falsehoods , exaggerations , unwarranted criticisms , and one - sided assertions \" .\r\nif you read in a little more carefully , you will also discover that throughout these reports , american values are espoused , with every other nation 's actions that are not in accord with \" american values \" being criticized by the united states as \" violating human rights . \"\r\nin other words , what is the human rights situation in the united states itself ?\r\neveryone is defensive : where will this mess end ?\r\nuncle sam may not make any comments , but he cannot stop up the ears .\r\njust as if the \" annual country reports on human rights practices \" were to serve as a footnote , not even two days after the report was published , a gunshot rang out at michigan 's bell elementary school .\r\nin the short expanse of only 11 days , four shooting cases had successively occurred in the united states , and nine innocent lives were lost forever in the smoke emitted from the gun barrels .\r\naccording to estimates from the united states department of justice , more than 1 million gun - related cases occur every year in the united states .\r\nsince 1972 , the number of people dying in the united states every year from gun - related homicides , suicides , and accidents has already surpassed 30,000 people .\r\non 27 february , several thousand demonstrators amassed at the square across from the general headquarters of the united nations , protesting the diallo ruling - - deemed conspiratorial with domestic racism .\r\ndiallo was shot to death on the evening of 4 february 1999 , and only because those four white plain clothes officers arbitrarily considered that he was a \" suspicious character , \" and they suspected that he was reaching into a pocket to \" pull out a gun \" , so they jointly fired 41 shots into him .\r\nand the 22 - year old black youth diallo that lay in a pool of his own blood , at the time was only trying to reach into his pocket to pull out his wallet with identification , or get some money to \" give up some money to avert disaster . \"\r\nthis case being tried for a year , and then facing a verdict of \" not guilty \" from the courts , could not help but leave the american public - - whether they be black - skinned , white skinned , or otherwise colored - - feeling defenseless .\r\nhuman rights diplomacy : wave the \" righteousness \" banner implementing human rights diplomacy has been a basic component of american foreign policy ever since the 1970 s .\r\naccording to the theory of the founder of american human rights diplomacy , former president jimmy carter , an american foreign policy \" rooted in the belief of the american people in freedom and human rights , \" \" truly possesses strength . \"\r\nsince the 1990 s , as stressed even more by the american government , upholding \" human rights , \" \" democracy , \" and \" freedom \" are concepts constituting a firm conviction of the american people , and are also where the strength of american foreign policy lies .\r\nat first hearing , human rights diplomacy embodies the mom and pop \" cosmopolitan humanitarianism \" of the \" heartwarming world . \"\r\nhowever , one should judge by actions and not words . the greater facts show that the human rights diplomacy of the united states is only a gilded banner for \" holy crusades , \" while secretly it is a means for selling hegemonism and power politics .\r\nalways nothing is said .\r\nthe united states , mouthing human rights , in the end utilized concentrated bombing and depleted uranium bombs - - weapons prohibited by international law , and bombed residential sites , schools , hospital , and other civilian targets , even flagrantly bombing chemical installations , causing the spread of chemicals and reagents , seemingly carrying out chemical warfare .\r\nthis type of frenzied , anti - human rights action that left several thousands injured in yugoslavia and millions without food and clothing , revealed that when the united states had no way to subvert a person 's will , it would then want to physically eliminate the hideous demeanor of its foe .\r\namerica at such a moment , would even cast aside the wolf 's clothing of \" human rights , \" and become a totally people - eating machine , without a shred of \" morality \" to speak of .\r\nindeed the aim of the united states is to use \" humanitarian intervention \" to weaken or injure the sovereignty of other nations !\r\namerican scholar huntington , in his 1999 \" lonely superpower \" article , succinctly pointed out that the united states , in the eyes of many nations , is entirely a \" rogue superpower \" .\r\neven if it has not reached the time for coming out into the open , the human rights diplomacy of the united states also is not that soft .\r\nulterior motives : where is there any \" trust \" to speak of ?\r\nthe united states again and again loudly proclaims that we must \" uphold human rights , \" but has only entered the \" convention to prevent and curb crimes of euthanasia \" - - which is only one of seven international human rights conventions .\r\nthis type of ironic phenomenon has allowed the people of the world to clearly recognize that when mom and pop talk human rights , it is really with ulterior motives .\r\nthus , the objectivity of the pakistan government toward this report brought up doubts regarding the report .\r\nthe spokesman said that the united states ' attack on russia in the russian country report was \" unacceptable , \" and was \" subjective , \" and \" held preconceptions \" toward russia .\r\nhe stressed that the criticism of the american so - called human rights report toward the russian military 's actions in chechnya was \" without basis \" because the materials cited in the report \" had not gone through any verification . \"\r\nif uncle sam intends to play \" global human rights police persons , \" at least he should wipe clean his own behind .\r\nnow , on 20 march , the united states once again wants to submit the anti - china motion on \" censuring china 's human rights situation \" to the 56 th un human rights meeting held in geneva .\r\nthis is because more and more countries disagree on tackling the divergence of human rights through confrontation .\r\nthere is a picture - like view . the international human rights issue is precisely like \" a vivid paste - up picture . \" although a rough picture has been sketched already , there are still several odd pieces that cannot be inserted to their places until they are polished and processed .\r\nthe question at the moment is how to redress the wrong colors and pieces with a view to showing a complete picture to the people .\r\nhowever , western countries led by the united states have always adopted a dual standard for the human rights issue , pursuing interventionism and power politics .\r\nat the moment , the clinton government has resolutely opposed this bill .\r\nhowever , once the united states applies the policy of \" new interventionism , \" that is being pursued in europe , to the east asian affairs on the excuse of safeguarding human rights , the inner contradictions and even the inner tension factors concerning the us policy towards china will surely become increasingly sharp .\r\nzhu rongji said : the traditional friendship between china and the dprk was personally established and nurtured by the older generation of leaders of the two countries . it is a common valuable asset of the people of china and the dprk .\r\nas entrusted , paek nam - sun conveyed cordial greetings from general secretary kim chong - il to president jiang zemin , chairman li peng , and premier zhu rongji , as well as cordial greetings from premier hong song - nam to premier zhu rongji .\r\nhe said : it is the consistent position of the dprk party and government to further develop the dprk - china friendship that was personally established and nurtured by the older generation of leaders of the two countries .\r\nno matter what changes may occur in the international situation , the dprk - china friendship will never change .\r\npaek nam - sun also extended his congratulations to the chinese people on the achievements they had made in reform , opening up , and modernization .\r\nthey also pointed out that power changed hands because lee teng - hui had sold the kmt out .\r\ncppcc standing committee member hsu szu - min pointed out that lee teng - hui was under fire from all quarters and beset with troubles both inside and outside following chen shui - bian 's election , and the mass protests in taiwan showed people 's extreme infuriation over his underhanded tricks .\r\nhsu szu - min said : the kmt has lost so pathetically in the elections after ruling taiwan for so long all because of lee teng - hui 's double dealings .\r\nhe supported lien chan on the one hand but groomed chen shui - bian on the other . the taiwan people resented his deeds , which explained the strong mass protests over the past two days .\r\nthey hoped that chen shui - bian would take things into careful consideration and renounce his \" taiwan independence \" line .\r\nhe hoped that after taking office , chen shui - bian would have the vision and wisdom to change his taiwan independence line , because there is no future for taiwan independence .\r\nsince chen shui - bian is a politician , we need to observe him for some time . we should judge him not just by his words but also by his deeds .\r\nthe fourth plenary session of the 15 th cpc central committee has made strategic arrangements for further promoting the reform and development of state enterprise .\r\never since the four assets management companies of xinda , dongfang , changcheng , and huarong were established and opened for business in china , more than 80 enterprises have so far signed agreements or framework agreements with financial asset management companies and the state development bank concerning the practice of changing debt into equity .\r\ntoday , the positive role of this policy measure is gradually manifesting itself .\r\nmaking a breakthrough in the present double predicament , and striving to attain the goal of killing two birds with one stone triggered by the devaluation of the thai baht , the asian financial crisis took place in 1997 and lasted throughout 1998 .\r\na responsible person of the people 's bank of china has warned that if the problem of huge debts remains unsolved for a long period of time , it \" will not only cause great harm to the national economy , but will also bring about direct economic losses to the vast numbers of the masses . \"\r\nlike a coin which has two sides , the large amount of bad creditor 's rights of banks also has another side , that is , the large amount of bad debts incurred by state enterprises .\r\nstatistics have shown that the average ratio of liabilities among state enterprises has gone over 70 percent .\r\ntherefore , relieving enterprises of their debt burdens has become an obstacle that must be removed in the current difficulty - relief campaign of the state enterprise reform .\r\nin the face of the double predicament which is currently plaguing both banks and state enterprises , the party central committee and the state council have made the major decision to introduce the practice of changing creditor 's rights into stock rights .\r\na responsible person of the state economic and trade commission has pointed out : the so - called practice of \" changing debt into equity \" refers to a practice of changing the creditor 's rights originally held by commercial banks in qualified state enterprises into the stock rights possessed by asset management companies in these enterprises .\r\nunder this practice , asset management companies will become a principal investor and a shareholder of these enterprises ; and they will exercise the rights of a shareholder according to the law , and participate in the decision - making process concerning the major affairs of the enterprises .\r\nunder the practice of changing debt into equity , the liabilities ratio of enterprises can be lowered by a considerable extent , the bad assets of banks can hopefully be brought into circulation again , and financial risks can be effectively averted .\r\nit has been learned that , as early as the mid 1980 's , countries like chile had already used the method of changing creditor rights into stock rights for the purpose of averting huge debts .\r\nas for asset management companies , their emergence originates from a debt restructuring trust company in the united states ( also known as the \" us bad debt bank \" ) .\r\nthe beijing cement factory is the first enterprise that gets involved in the practice of changing debt into equity .\r\ntherefore , viewed from the angle of enterprises , the practice of changing debt into equity is tantamount to giving them another chance to go to the battlefront without any burden .\r\nto get things done in china , the worst thing to fear is that good policies are twisted and misrepresented by those with confused ideas .\r\nthe practice of \" changing debt into equity \" is a policy put forward by relevant sides upon repeated studies and careful deliberations , and therefore has a strict policy demarcation line .\r\nwe should set strict requirements on the qualifications of enterprises , carry out the work in line with relevant stipulations and standards , conduct strict examinations and verifications , guard against any loss of state assets and any negative influences , and refrain from rushing headlong into mass actions or acting in haste without due consideration .\r\nfrom this we can see that enterprises qualified for the practice of changing debt into equity are limited to a small number of key state enterprises which have a vital importance to the national economy and people 's livelihood .\r\nas a principal investor , asset management companies have set even higher requirements on the enterprises qualified for the practice of changing debt into equity .\r\ntherefore , we should keep a strict control over the implementation of the practice , ensure a standardized operation , act in line with the market law , and guard against excessive administrative interference .\r\nthe practice is not a magic drug for all ills ; what counts is system innovation bringing enterprises back to life is key to the success of the practice of changing debt into equity .\r\nonly when enterprises are brought back to life can asset management companies have the \" profits \" to share and can they sell the enterprises for a good price in future cash realization . otherwise , bad creditor 's right will become back stock rights , and these financial asset management companies will get into hot water .\r\nonce an acquisition becomes necessary , the asset management company will stand to greater losses .\r\nthis is because that once the creditor 's rights originally held by banks are turned into the stock rights of a company , they will no longer be given priority in compensation but will become the last to receive a compensation .\r\nto bring enterprises back to life , it will not do if we only rely on the practice of changing debt into equity .\r\ntherefore , to extricate state enterprises from their present predicament , we should suit our measures to the actual conditions of these enterprises , and find comprehensive solutions to their problems ; and any hope for miraculous changes that may result from the application of the practice of changing debt into equity will prove nothing but an unrealistic illusion .\r\nas an effective means of debt restructuring , the practice of changing debt into equity can be said a good medicine for reducing the debt burdens of enterprises , yet it is not a \" magic drug \" that can guarantee to cure all ills .\r\nthe practice of changing debt into equity cannot substitute the efforts of enterprises to improve their production and operation and to reinforce their management , still less their efforts to change their operating mechanisms and establish a modern enterprise system .\r\nviewing from this angle , we can say that \" there is no savior and we have to rely on ourselves \" in the difficulty - relief campaign of the state enterprise reform .\r\nother enterprises have also made similar arrangements .\r\nan analyst here believes that the practice of changing debt into equity is a very heavy task , for it is linked with state enterprises at one end and state - owned commercial banks at the other .\r\njudging by the present implementation of the practice , the overall program has proved well - knit and the operation , fairly standardized ; and this will help greatly lower the risks that are hidden in the policy of changing debt into equity .\r\nbeijing , 20 mar ( xinhua ) - - in the past years , evasion of foreign currency payments and acquisition of foreign currency by fraud caused great losses to the state 's foreign exchange resources .\r\nalthough relevant departments did their utmost to deal blows to such activities , very little effect was produced .\r\nover the past 1 year or so since this network was applied , the problems caused by forged foreign exchange declaration forms have effectively been resolved ; thus greatly helping increase the country 's foreign exchange reserves .\r\nin the year 1998 , china 's trade accounts registered a favorable balance of $ 43.5 billion foreign exchange , but only more than $ 7 billion foreign exchange were created .\r\nalthough the 1999 trade accounts recorded a favorable balance of $ 29.1 billion foreign exchange earnings , $ 22 billion foreign exchange were created . all the surplus foreign exchange earnings were handed over to the state treasury in 1999 .\r\nmeanwhile , the tax evasion activities that some enterprises underreport the prices and the amounts of goods when writing declaration forms have effectively been prevented .\r\nin 1999 , the customs nationwide created 159 billion yuan , an increase of more than 80 percent over 1998 partially thanks to the contributions of the network .\r\nthe application of this network makes things convenient for enterprises to lawfully go through foreign exchange procedures .\r\nin the past when enterprises submitted applications for foreign exchange , banks and customs had to examine enterprises ' declaration forms through mails and it took about half a month or even longer time to complete the entire process of each case .\r\nwhile handling foreign exchange business with this network , enterprises and banks may judge whether declaration forms are genuine or not just in a few minutes after inserting different discs into their computers .\r\nwe have been deeply enlightened from the fact that several departments made concerted efforts to curb the raging tide , which ran rampant for a while . many departments become aware of how powerful sincere cooperation and information technology are .\r\nrelevant specialists maintained that if other sectors adopt such a method , some of our problems will effectively be resolved .\r\nchangchun , 20 mar ( xinhua ) - - changchun city recently made public 10 cases involving 14 cadres who have been punished for abusing their power to barbarously enforce law and swindle , check , extort from , and harm the public .\r\nan official in charge of chunyang market under luyuan branch of the city 's industrial and commercial bureau took clothes and daily necessities from stalls in chunyang mall numerous times .\r\nin shisanjiazi village of shengyang township , dehui city , money spent on official dining and wining exceeded 28,000 yuan in two years .\r\nthe jurisdiction for the examination and approval of foreign business investment projects is lowered one level .\r\nxinhua domestic service announced on 20 march that the state development planning commission and the state economic and trade commission made an announcement regarding changes in the examination and approval procedures for foreign business investment which will lower restrictions on foreign business concerns and expand foreign business investment .\r\nthe permit for the recommendation document and feasibility study of the business projects must correspond with stated business types of the state development planning commission and the state economic and trade commission for it to be put on record .\r\nwithin the month from the day the state development planning commission and the state economic and trade commission receive notice that a project has been put on record , permission will be granted if there is no disagreement .\r\nthis announcement emphasizes that to avoid redundancy , all related departments must strive to connect interrelated policy to make the \" put on record \" system strong .\r\nbeijing , 20 mar ( xinhua ) - - the end of the taiwan region 's new leader election and the kuomintang 's defeat in the election and its loss of ruling party status have caused tremendous repercussions on taiwan society .\r\nthe kuomintang 's chung - yang jih - pao [ zhongyang ribao ] also published a special article pointing out that the \" effect of abandoning lien and supporting bian , \" which spread like a raging fire at the beginning of the campaign , was a crucial factor in voters ' last - minute decision .\r\na chung - kuo shih - pao editorial says : the biggest worry given the people by the dpp is its \" taiwan independence \" character .\r\nhe said : taiwan 's local election is over . as we have said in the past , we still maintain that whoever comes to power in taiwan is welcome to the mainland for talks . moreover , we can also go to taiwan .\r\nanything can be discussed under this premise .\r\nbeijing , 18 mar ( xinhua ) - - the people 's republic of china [ prc ] presidential decree no. 31 : the legislation law of the prc was adopted by the third session of the ninth prc national people 's congress standing committee on 15 march 2000 .\r\nwe will listen to what the new leader in taiwan says and watch what he does and we will observe where he will lead the cross - straits relations .\r\nding shisun , chairman of the china democratic league central committee , expressed his firm support for the chinese government 's consistent policy and stand with respect to solution of the taiwan question .\r\nany compatriot who loves the chinese nation and chinese culture will not tolerate \" taiwan independence \" in whatever form and will support the government to take any necessary means to stop it .\r\njiang zhenghua , chairman of the central committee of the china peasants ' and workers ' democratic party , said : the taiwan regional leader 's election ended with various complex factors .\r\nwu jieping , chairman of the central committee of the jiusan society , pointed out : the one - china principle is the prerequisite for peaceful reunification . \" taiwan independence \" in whatever form will never be allowed .\r\nwe will listen to what the new leader in the taiwan region says and watch what he does and we will observe where he will lead the cross - straits relations .\r\nin addition , we can also go to taiwan .\r\nhowever , dialogue and negotiations require a basis - - namely , acknowledging first the principle of one china ; on this premise , anything can be discussed .\r\nbeijing , 20 apr ( xinhua ) - - state council vice premier li lanqing , a long - standing member of the chinese communist central political bureau , today invited all members of the fourth committee of the national natural science foundation council to zhongnanhai to conduct informal discussions .\r\nli lanqing spoke after listening to the speeches made by the committee members and scholars .\r\nhe initially related the trends of the present world economy and scientific development to china 's urgent demands for science and technology to develop economic society , in order to emphasize the importance of basic scientific research .\r\nli lanqing stated that the party and the country attach great importance to basic scientific research .\r\nthe nation has greatly increased its concentration on basic scientific research , continuously promoted several important moves , and the strategic position of basic scientific research has unceasingly been enhanced .\r\nhe pointed out the development of basic scientific research requires striving to stress innovation from the basic level .\r\npromoting innovation at the basic levels is the common responsibility of scientists and technical managers .\r\nwe should thoroughly respect and protect scientists ' pioneering spirit , and encourage in them a consciousness to establish arduous research within academic circles , dare to innovate , and dare to pioneer .\r\nbecause of this , we must emphasize the construction of these disciplines , and perfect and develop a basic research studies system that has china 's special characteristics , and is also in accordance with the trends of contemporary scientific development .\r\nsome of the results obtained from research within these disciplines have aroused widespread interest and repercussions in international circles .\r\nthe fourth committee of the national natural science foundation council has a total of 26 members , 18 of whom are scholars in two ministries .\r\nat about two in the afternoon of march 19 , more people arrived at the kmt headquarters with placards bearing the words \" down with lee teng - hui . \"\r\nmembers of the standing committee of the kmt central committee who were making their way to their headquarters were surrounded by the protesting masses , and the scene turned chaotic at times .\r\nhowever , the decision failed to appease the crowd . they continued their protests all through the night demanding lee 's immediate resignation .\r\nthe masses continued their protests today .\r\nseveral protests also flared up outside the local kmt headquarters in southern taiwan .\r\nthe angry masses took to the street in taipei and strongly demanded that lee teng - hui step down at once and assume full responsibilities for the kmt 's electoral defeat .\r\nthe recent election has fully borne out that lee teng - hui has come to no good end for promoting \" taiwan independence . \" he has not only ruined the kmt with his own hand but also accelerated his own downfall .\r\npeople have seen clearly that during the past 12 years since he came to power , lee teng - hui has implemented an out - and - out \" taiwan independence \" line .\r\nthus it was by no means strange that he resorted to the trick of \" abandoning lien ( lien chan ) and protecting bian ( chen shui - bian ) \" in the final stage of the recent election .\r\ntolerated and connived at by him , the \" taiwan independence \" forces on the island have grown stronger with each passing day , and the dpp has gained control of almost two - thirds of some 21 counties and cities .\r\nno wonder some news media have pointed out that lee teng - hui had already handed over \" half of the country \" to the dpp a few years before .\r\nover the past 12 years , lee teng - hui has all along tried to intensify tension in cross - strait relations and constantly made trouble .\r\nas he has reared a tiger to court calamity , the dpp candidate has won out in the recent local election held in taiwan .\r\nshouting \" lee teng - hui , step down immediately ! \" people gathering in front of the kmt central committee office have staged their protest for several days in a row .\r\nled by county councilor liu te - lin , more than 100 kmt members in the fengshan area of kaohsiung county staged a protest in front of the county party office to express their dissatisfaction .\r\nburning with rage , they showered lee teng - hui with abuse .\r\nthe first group of supporters , about 400 people , went north by tourist bus at midnight 19 march , and the second group , 500 people , also went north individually early this morning .\r\nwe said before and still hold today that whoever comes to power in taiwan , he is welcome to the mainland for talks , and we can also go to taiwan .\r\nunder this prerequisite , everything can be discussed .\r\n( end of a passage published in boldface ) during the talks , jiang zemin extended a warm welcome to sassau - nguesso on his current visit to china .\r\njiang zemin stressed : both china and congo ( brazzaville ) are developing countries ; and we are facing a common task of safeguarding peace and seeking further development at the present moment when the trend of a world multipolarization and an economic globalization is undergoing a constant development .\r\nfurther promoting the friendly relations of cooperation between our two countries tallies with the common interests of both .\r\nchina has consistently attached great importance to africa , and has regarded its friendly cooperation with african countries as an important component part of its foreign policy , jiang zemin indicated .\r\nwe support the efforts made by african countries in safeguarding their sovereignty and territorial integrity , maintaining a stable political situation , developing their economy , improving the living standards of their people , and settling conflicts on their own continent by relying on their own strength and through dialogues and consultations .\r\njiang zemin expressed belief that this conference will be of a great significance to further promoting a comprehensive cooperation between china and africa in the new century .\r\nthe chinese people have attained tremendous achievements during the process of reform and opening up over the past more than 20 years , which command the rejoice and the great admiration of the vast numbers of developing countries , he added .\r\nsassau - nguesso expressed appreciation for the proposal of the chinese side on holding a \" china - africa cooperation forum - - the year 2000 beijing ministerial conference \" in october this year .\r\nhe said that congo ( brazzaville ) is in support of the holding of this conference , and will send its delegation to the conference .\r\nwe congratulate china on its recovery of sovereignty over hong kong and macao , and believes that china will surely settle the taiwan issue and complete its great reunification cause of the motherland at an early date .\r\namong those attending the talks from the chinese sides were state council vice premier qian qichen , minister of foreign trade and economic relations shi guangsheng , minister of culture sun jiazheng , chinese ambassador to congo ( brazzaville ) qu fujun , deputy foreign minister ji peiding , and deputy minister of public health wang longde .\r\nwei jianxing sincerely welcomed the delegation .\r\nhe introduced to the guests china 's political and economic situations , especially the situation with the implementation of the strategy for developing the western region in a big way ; and hoped that both sides would continue to strengthen exchanges and cooperation .\r\nthe delegation visited china at the invitation of the chinese workers foreign exchange center .\r\nzhang junjiu , vice chairman of the all - china federation of trade unions and first secretary of the secretariat of the federation ; and some others joined the meeting .\r\naccording to the central arrangements , the first group of counties ( cities ) began the education one after another .\r\na start has a bearing on the overall situation .\r\nso , the first group of counties ( cities ) should make specific arrangements to conscientiously and repeatedly study the speech and to acquire a profound understanding of it .\r\nunhealthy styles of study , such as being unable to sit still , failing to study intensively , skimming over the surface , and being satisfied with a smattering of knowledge , should resolutely be prevented .\r\nwe should closely proceed from ideological and working reality and actually devote ourselves to the study .\r\nwe should think over the questions , such as why \" we participate in revolution , what we should do at our official posts , and what we will leave for the coming generations ? \"\r\nwe should firmly remember the party 's earnest teachings , work hard , and certainly fulfill the expectations of the party .\r\nthe purpose of the study is application .\r\nthe counties ( cities ) that have not yet conducted the \" three stresses \" education in a concentrated manner should also conscientiously study the speech .\r\nwe should penetrate the study of the speech into the entire process of the \" three stresses \" education for counties ( cities . )\r\nat a meeting yesterday afternoon with kuomintang [ kmt ] legislators , kmt chairman lee teng - hui [ li denghui ] said he should take the greatest responsibility for the party 's disastrous defeat in the presidential election .\r\nas far as the spirit of democracy is concerned , taking turns by political parties is a normal thing , and not even one of the third - batch of democratic countries in the world is excepted from this .\r\nhowever , as long as our party is concerned , the election loss really was unprecedented and a major defeat . we must accept the fact of the failure and conduct a thorough self - examination as soon as we can .\r\nthere are many reasons .\r\nthe people are not deeply impressed by the outstanding achievements we have scored during our party 's rule ; instead , they endorsed the opposition party 's call for \" taking turns by political parties \" and \" terminating money and gang - linked politics . \"\r\nnow that the results of the election have been announced , it helps nothing to just try to affix the responsibility and to make all kinds of censures and criticisms . the important thing is to learn a lesson from our defeat and to stand up as quickly as we can to get prepared for future competitions .\r\nat the ah hoc party central committee meeting yesterday , a resolution was adopted on forming a \" chinese kuomintang reform committee . \" it is hoped that the party 's organization will be strengthened as quickly as possible and the party 's strength will be consolidated to cope with the new situation .\r\ni ' ld like to particularly point out that , in future political situations , the legislative yuan inevitably will play a crucial role , because , in accordance with the additional and amended articles of the constitution , the roc 's current constitutional system is the so - called \" two heads system . \"\r\nfor this reason , although the premier is nominated by the president without the legislative yuan 's agreement , the president must respect the opinion of the majority at the legislative yuan .\r\nunder such circumstances , in the election defeat , what our party has lost is just the executive power . if the legislator comrades of our party can unite together , our party still will have substantive legislative power , and , four years from now , we still will have a good opportunity to regain the executive power .\r\non the contrary , if legislators of our party do not work with one heart and one mind , our party very likely will remain an opposition party for a long time .\r\nfor this reason , i particularly instructed the party 's policy body to hold this symposium so i can hear the opinions of all of you . i hope that these opinions will be summed up as soon as possible so that they can be used as an important reference for the party 's reform and consolidation .\r\nas long as all of us unite together , pull ourselves together , and carry out all - round reform , our party definitely will make a comeback and regain the people 's endorsement and support .\r\nwhoever is in power in taiwan is welcome to come to the mainland to hold talks .\r\nbut there must be a basis for a dialogue or negotiations , that is , it is necessary to recognize the one - china principle .\r\nthe iron will of the chinese people , who are determined to safeguard state sovereignty and territorial integrity with their blood and life , is unshakable .\r\nwhenever we sing our national anthem , we always think of defending our land and state sovereignty as the sacred duties of the citizens .\r\nin terms of the legal principle , united nations resolution 258 also confirms the one - china principle and opposes the practice of two chinas .\r\nin 1978 the united states established diplomatic relations with china on the prerequisite that it severed diplomatic relations with taiwan , withdrew the seventh fleet from taiwan , and broke off all treaties with taiwan .\r\ntherefore , as far as the international legal principle is concerned , the one - china principle is totally indiscussible and indubitable .\r\ncross - strait talks are for the sake of peaceful reunification . if they are not based on the one - china principle , what is the use of the talks ?\r\nthey will only play the role of helping chen shui - bian engage in real \" taiwan independence \" and sham talks .\r\nthe npc session has approved the government work report and confirmed , in the form of a resolution , early resolution of the taiwan issue under the principle of one china .\r\nthe chinese government 's stand is firm , serious , and earnest .\r\nchen will overrate his own abilities if he wants to embrace foreigners to earn himself dignity and attempt to change the one - china principle .\r\nchen has risen to power to lead a weak government . if the dark cloud of \" taiwan independence \" is not removed , taiwan 's politics and economy will be thrown into chaos . he must seriously consider this situation and weigh the pros and cons .\r\nthe chinese people know that the early resolution of the taiwan issue depends , in the final analysis , on china 's economic and national defense strength , meticulous planning , and strong measures .\r\nfor this reason , the people of the entire country must concentrate all forces to build the motherland and expand the state 's comprehensive national strength as quickly as possible in order to make contributions to the early resolution of the taiwan issue .\r\nthe announcement of taiwan 's election results has immediately evoked large - scale mass demonstrations and a sharp fall in the stock market , which indicates that chen shui - bian will have to traverse a path beset with difficulties in his future administration .\r\n\" taiwan independence \" has always been the \" box - office poison \" for chen shui - bian in running for the elections .\r\ninstead of recognizing the one - china principle , chen shui - bian said that one - china can be a topic for discussion . that is unacceptable to the mainland .\r\nthe one - china principle is the prerequisite for cross - strait political talks because the ultimate aim of cross - strait political talks is to realize reunification of the country .\r\nif one cannot even recognize this principle , cross - strait political talks will be meaningless .\r\nchen shui - bian is still taking an evasive attitude on this key issue .\r\nsuch a practice of pressing forward step by step and storming the mainland 's bottom - line has pushed the motherland to the limit of its forbearance , making it prepared to resort to force when necessary .\r\nhowever , it is estimated that the period of observation will not be too long .\r\nchen shui - bian must make a choice between the one - china principle and his \" two countries across the strait . \"\r\nto be sure , there will be no way out for \" taiwan independence , \" which is not acceptable to the people across the taiwan straits and which will also get no support from the international community .\r\nthe military situation across the taiwan strait has become tense again .\r\nsources disclosed that chi haotian went down south to fujian for an inspection .\r\nfor the past few days , chi has inspected the equipment of the three armed services and logistical organizations , such as military hospitals , in the xiamen area . 300 mainland fishing boats pressing on towards dongsha pla hospitals in xiamen and zhangzhou have been open to the public in recent years .\r\ndespite an atmosphere of calm in xiamen , gun covers for warships at military ports have been removed , indicating that naval vessels have been on the alert .\r\nhowever , the source was unable to confirm whether the mainland will conduct massive military exercises . the night before last some 300 mainland fishing boats began approaching the open waters of dongsha . it was not until yesterday that some of them left .\r\nbeijing , 21 mar ( xinhua ) - - on 21 march , the cpc central committee sent a telegram to the lao people 's revolutionary party central committee warmly celebrating the 45 th anniversary of the founding of the lao people 's revolutionary party .\r\nbeijing , 21 march ( xinhua ) - - having enjoyed a high - rate growth for 15 years , china 's economic growth rate registered a successive fall year in and year out as of 1993 and the trend has grown more obvious over the past five years .\r\nin an exclusive interview with this reporter , ma jiantang , director of comprehensive department of the state economic and trade commission , believed that the fall has been both inherent and natural .\r\nthird , the traditional mainstream consumer goods have relatively reached a saturation point .\r\nif one of these three factors fails to be tackled , china 's economic growth rate is bound to fall .\r\nover the next five to 10 years , china will still be in a readjustment period of digesting her surplus capacity and eradicating the backward .\r\nbefore these two tasks are accomplished , china 's economy is expected to maintain a growth rate of about 7 percent and this is both inevitable and natural .\r\narticle 8 the relevant departments under the state council and the departments concerned under the local people 's governments must support and cooperate regarding the work of the board of supervisors , and provide information on situations and relevant data to the board of supervisors .\r\narticle 9 the board of supervisors should promptly write an examination report every time after the board concludes examination on an enterprise .\r\nthe board of supervisors should not disclose to the enterprise the contents of the examination report listed in the preceding article .\r\nany members of the board of supervisors who have different opinions in principle on contents of the examination report should explain in the report .\r\nthe administration of the board of supervisors should strengthen its contact with the state economic and trade commission , ministry of finance , and other relevant departments .\r\narticle 12 the enterprise should hand over regularly to the board of supervisors financial reports that are strictly according to the facts , and report promptly situations of major operating management activities . the enterprise should not refuse to disclose information , conceal , or give false information .\r\narticle 14 the board of supervisors is composed of one chairman and several members .\r\nthe board of supervisors include full - time and part - time members : those chosen and appointed from relevant departments and units are the full - time members ; representatives from the relevant departments or units under the state council and workers ' representatives from the enterprise are the part - time members on the board of supervisors .\r\narticle 15 the candidates for the chairman of the board of supervisors should be decided in accordance with stipulated procedures , and the chairman is appointed by the state council .\r\nthe chairmanship is a full - time post and generally the chairman is under 60 years old .\r\nthe full - time members are appointed by the administration of the board of supervisors .\r\nthe workers ' representatives of the enterprise on the board of supervisors are democratically elected at the meeting of the workers ' representatives of the enterprise , and should be reported to the administration of the board of supervisors for approval .\r\narticle 16 the term of service for members on the board of supervisors is three years . the chairman and full - time and appointed members of the board of supervisors should not hold positions successively in an enterprise .\r\nthe chairman and full - time and appointed members on the board of supervisors can hold corresponding posts on the board of supervisors in up to three enterprises .\r\narticle 17 the chairman of the board of supervisors should have know well the policies , adhere to principles , be honest and exercise self - restraint , and be familiar with economic work .\r\narticle 21 the members of the board of supervisors should not accept any presents from the enterprise , or join banquets , entertainment activities , traveling , or visits arranged , organized , or paid by the enterprise . they should not seek personal gain for themselves , their relatives or friends , or others .\r\nthe chairman and full - time and appointed members of the board of the supervisors should not accept any payments or material benefits from the enterprise , or apply for reimbursement for any expenditures with the enterprise .\r\narticle 26 enterprises which find that members of the board of the supervisors violate articles 21 and 22 of these regulations have the rights to report to the administration of the board of supervisors , or may directly report to the state council .\r\narticle 27 for those state - owned enterprises to which the state council does not appoint the board of supervisors , the people 's governments in the provinces , autonomous regions , or municipalities should appoint the board of supervisors according to the stipulations of these regulations .\r\narticle 28 the board of supervisors at the key state - owned financial institutions appointed by the state council should implement duties in accordance with the \" interim regulations on the board of supervisors at the key state - owned financial institutions . \"\r\narticle 29 these regulations come into force upon promulgation .\r\nthe \" regulations on supervision and management on property of state - owned enterprises \" issued by the state council on 24 july 1994 are abolished at the same time .\r\non 4 january , the dprk established diplomatic relations with italy , one of the g-7 nations .\r\non 5 march , the dprk 's paramount leader , kim chong - il , was a guest at the chinese embassy .\r\non 18 march , dprk foreign minister paek nam - sun visited china .\r\ntalks on the normalization of dprk - japanese relations will begin in april .\r\nmeanwhile , the dprk has had frequent contacts with australia and some southeast asian nations and quickened the pace of engagement with western countries , including britain , france , and germany .\r\nat the turn of the century , the dprk 's diplomacy has become increasingly active , and the new characteristics of its multilateral diplomacy have been even more evident .\r\nin recent years , tensions on the korean peninsula have been eased gradually , thanks to the efforts of all the parties concerned .\r\nfor the past year , in particular , peace , reconciliation , and cooperation have been the new theme of the peninsula .\r\nat the same time , the dprk and rok stepped up exchanges in the fields of economy and recreation and sports , yielding marked results .\r\nunder this situation , the dprk promptly readjusted its foreign policy and quickened the pace of active multilateral diplomacy , in which it has made encouraging progress .\r\nthe dprk 's pursuit of the multilateral foreign policy shows its wishes to improve relations with other countries , including the western nations , and is welcomed by the international community .\r\nalthough tensions on the korean peninsula have been eased gradually , the dark clouds of the cold war have not completely vanished .\r\nit is hoped that the dprk will actively push ahead with its multilateral diplomacy and make progress while constantly overcoming difficulties .\r\nby key state - owned financial institutions , these regulations refer to policy banks , commercial banks , financial asset management companies , securities companies , and insurance companies that are owned by the state and to which the state council appoints boards of supervisors ( hereafter referred to as state - owned financial institutions ) .\r\nthe relationship between a board of supervisors and a state - owned financial institution is a relationship between one who supervises and one who is being supervised . a board of supervisors shall not participate in or interfere with operational policy - making or operational and management activities of a state - owned financial institution .\r\nin general , a board of supervisors shall conduct inspection on a state - owned financial institution twice every year and may conduct ad hoc special inspection on a state - owned financial institution depending on actual requirements .\r\ndepending on supervision and inspection requirements , the chairman of a board of supervisors may attend or send other members of the board to attend meetings of the board of directors or other relevant meetings of a state - owned financial institution .\r\narticle 11 . after members of a board of supervisors have examined and verified the inspection report , and opinions of relevant departments have been sought on the report , the report shall be signed by the chairman of the board of supervisors and submitted to the state council through the administrative organization of boards of supervisors .\r\nany disagreement in principle expressed by members of the board of supervisors on the report shall be explained in the report .\r\narticle 13 . a state - owned financial institution should submit truthful financial reports and fund operation reports to a board of supervisors regularly and report to the board major business activities and operational situations . a state - owned financial institution must not refuse to report information and must not hide information or report false information .\r\narticle 15 . a board of supervisors shall comprise a chairman and several supervisors .\r\narticle 16 . the chairman of a board of supervisors shall be decided according to stipulated procedure and appointed by the state council .\r\narticle 17 . the chairman of a board of supervisors should have a fairly high level of policy consciousness , have principles , honesty , and integrity , and is familiar with financial or economic work .\r\narticle 22 . members of a board of supervisors must keep an inspection report confidential and must not leak out commercial secrets of a state - owned financial institution .\r\narticle 23 . members of a board of supervisors who show outstanding performance in supervision and inspection work and have made important contributions in safeguarding state interests shall be given awards .\r\narticle 27 . these regulations shall come into effect on the day of their promulgation .\r\nthe interim provisions on board of supervisors of wholly state - owned commercial banks that were approved by the state council on 20 october 1997 and promulgated by the people 's bank of china on 12 november 1997 shall be annulled at the same time .\r\nxu mingyang said : last year 's \" three - stresses \" education subjected tibet 's party - member leading cadres to a profound education on party spirit , party style , and party discipline , thus enhancing their awareness of party spirit and administrative honesty .\r\nthis new situation has brought new opportunities as well as new challenges to hong kong .\r\nafter china 's accession to the wto , will there be any more \" shows \" in which hong kong can play a part ?\r\nhow should hong kong create new advantages on the basis of solidifying the original advantages ?\r\nwhile looking forward to the magnificent prospects , people are also conscientiously considering what they can do at present and in the future . [ end editor 's note ] the unique role the unique geographical advantage and historical background have enabled hong kong to become the most important gate for exchange and linkage between china and the world .\r\nin the meantime , hong kong also became china mainland 's most stable source of foreign exchange .\r\na lot of merchants gather in hong kong , where there are more than 90,000 trading companies . over 1,000 multinational corporations set up their regional headquarters or regional offices in hong kong , which are exclusively responsible for the marketing business in the mainland markets .\r\nlast year , the total trade volume of hong kong with mainland exceeded 1 trillion hong kong dollars , accounting for approximately 40 percent of the total trade volume in hong kong .\r\naccording to the estimation of tsang yam kuen , financial secretary of the hong kong special administrative region (hksar) , after china 's accession to the wto , the hong kong - related export business will continue to grow and , compared with the present business volume , it will increase by 15 percent by the year 2010 .\r\nafter china accedes to the wto , its trade partners cannot unilaterally carry out discriminative measures , and this will help safeguard china 's even hong kong 's economic interests .\r\nthe hksar is exerting itself to intensify the link with the mainland in a bid to further create a business environment which will facilitate the economic and trade activities of the two sides .\r\nfor example , the geographical adjacency to the mainland , the same language , the similar culture , and the kindred feelings are the advantages of hong kong that no country or region can draw a parallel .\r\nanother example , the hong kong business sector has woven a gigantic commercial and trade network on the mainland over the past 20 - odd years , which is a very plentiful resource , and its familiarity with the mainland markets is another advantage with which others are too inferior to bear comparison .\r\nsuch a metropolis with so many advantages collected in it is rare in the world .\r\nnot a metropolis in the world resembles hong kong , which is situated beside a huge market with a population of 1.2 billion , whose purchasing power may burst out like a volcano .\r\nhong kong , being in this favorable position , will certainly take the precedence over others in gaining special benefits .\r\nthe brilliant prospects in which specific aspects can hong kong do something worthwhile ?\r\nthe hong kong businessmen must take the lead in promoting mainland 's exports so as to contribute to the trade development in hong kong .\r\nalong with the reduction of nontariff barrier measures , numerous hong kong - funded processing trade enterprises on the mainland will have a better environment for development , and their products can make access to the international markets with less impediment .\r\nthe state 's policies of encouraging investment in the interior regions and in the large - scale development of western and northern china will certainly bring about vast and prolonged flows of materials , which will provide a broader vista of development for the hong kong businessmen .\r\nhong kong can also do something worthwhile in the field of service trade as well .\r\nthe beijing academic huang danhan is of the opinion that as hong kong businessmen have a more comprehensive and deeper understanding of the mainland than those from europe and the united states , they absolutely can seize hold of this juncture to open up new businesses .\r\nthe chinese side is willing to increase bilateral cooperation in the area of un affairs .\r\ntang jiaxuan stressed : the taiwan issue is an internal affair of china .\r\ntaiwan recently held local elections .\r\nwe will judge taiwan 's new leader by his deeds , not just by his words .\r\nwe take these commitments seriously ; we take even more seriously practical actions taken by the us side to honor these commitments . we hope the united states fully recognizes the sensitivity and complexity of the current situation and act prudently on the taiwan issue .\r\ndifferences between china and the united states on the human rights issue should be settled through dialogue on the basis of equality and mutual respect .\r\nhong kong , 20 mar (zts) - - after the election , taiwan 's industrial , commercial , financial , and securities circles as well investors are very worried about taiwan 's future . consequently , taiwan 's financial markets fluctuated suddenly . on 20 march when the taiwan stock markets opened , stock prices plummeted .\r\nat the end , they dropped over 200 points . the volume of foreign exchange transactions increased enormously . various futures with taiwan price indices successively plunged to the lower limit .\r\nafter the election , to stabilize taiwan 's financial and securities markets , taiwan 's \" finance ministry \" announced on 19 march that the daily limit for a share market slide would be reduced drastically : it would not be allowed to plunge more than 3.5 percent , instead of the original limit of 7 percent .\r\nmoreover , since taiwan investors are worried about the prospects of cross - strait ties , they will rush to sell off their shares .\r\ninfluenced by a plunge of 200 - plus points on monday , taiwan 's stock market opened with a loss of 97 points . the stock index hit rock bottom when it fell more than 180 points to 8,355 .\r\nbeijing , 21 mar (zts) - - the residents ' consumer price index rose for the first time in february this year following the fall for 22 consecutive months . this shows that china has seen achievements in implementing the policy on expanding demand for consumption .\r\nto ensure this good momentum , famous scholar wei jie maintained that china should stimulate demand for consumption primarily in line with the following six major measures which may change consumption demand . first , consumption tendency .\r\nto stimulate the growth of consumption demand , we should accelerate the improvement of the social security system . to improve the social security system , we may completely take state credits as a foundation and accelerate the improvement of the social security system in the form of borrowing .\r\nthird , price policy .\r\nconsumption demand should be stimulated with price leverage .\r\nin line with the status quo featured by continuous price declines and lacking of capability to boost consumption demand , we should appropriately raise prices and pay particular attention to preventing wanton price declines which may possibly arise through undue competition .\r\nsuch a kind of wanton price declines not only sabotage the interests of the state but they are also not conducive to stimulating the demand for consumption . so , efforts should be made to prevent them .\r\nchina is currently faced with the upgrading of the consumption structure featured by three new items , such as private houses , private sedans , and personal modern communications facilities .\r\nrecently , the government has implemented a series of policies on readjusting the distribution of incomes . it should be said that such policies will be conducive to stimulating consumption . however , the income growth rate is not enough to stimulate the consumption of society as a whole .\r\ntherefore , under the conditions where the people 's expected expenditures are expanded , we need to further increase the people 's income levels . in particular , we should make full use of fiscal and monetary policies to increase the people 's income levels .\r\nsixth , fiscal policy .\r\nin consideration of china 's actual conditions , interest rates must not be reduced any more .\r\nfully affirming the \" port electronic law enforcement system , \" comrade wu yi said : this is an innovative attempt to comprehensively manage import - export inspection and control and reform the port clearance management structure .\r\nshe highly praised the professional and technical experts participating in the development of the system and thanked them for their selfless utter devotion to the development of the system .\r\nwu yi said : the rapid development of information technology and the emergence and swift popularity of the internet mark that a global information - based society has been taking shape gradually . the economy , society , and people 's life rely increasingly on modern information technology .\r\ngeneral secretary jiang zemin incisively pointed out : \" none of the four modernizations is separable from informationization . \"\r\nwe must understand , from this height of view and from the broad background and development trend of informationization and globalization , the importance and necessity of speeding the construction of the \" golden customs project , \" the informationization of port management in particular .\r\nthe development of information technology provides us with a powerful means to strengthen management while the accelerated construction of the \" golden customs project , \" the accelerated informationization of port management in particular , is also a vigorous implementation and direct embodiment of the state council 's decision on strengthening management .\r\n2 ) forming a network among relevant departments is of crucial importance .\r\n3 ) we must concentrate our energy on the development of applied projects , with the stress on the development , construction , and network formation of projects , such as processing trade management , import - export custom clearance management , quotas license management , and foreign exchange settlement and sale management .\r\nthe fundamental purpose of forming a network among relevant departments is to exchange and share information resources , plug up loopholes in management , and improve efficiency .\r\nfourth , the \" golden customs project \" construction must ensure that relevant departments will handle official business openly , with one supervising and checking the other .\r\ngenerally speaking , sino - us relations at the turn of the century are faced with good opportunities for development as well as grim challenges . the biggest challenge is the taiwan issue .\r\nproper handling of this issue is of vital importance [ zhi guan zhong yao de ying xiang 5267 7070 6850 6008 4104 1758 0742 ] to the direction of development [ xiang he chu fa zhan 0686 0149 5710 4099 1455 ] of sino - us relations .\r\nwe take the view that the two sides of the taiwan strait can talk about anything under the premise of the one - china principle .\r\nqian qichen said : peace and development continue to be the two main themes of this era .\r\nbeijing , 21 mar ( zxs ) - - chinese foreign ministry spokesman sun yuxi today briefed chinese and foreign reporters that a us special envoy would visit china soon and about the current china visit by ambassador holbrooke .\r\nat today 's news conference held by the chinese foreign ministry , sun yuxi said : at the chinese government 's invitation , samuel berger , adviser to the us president for national security affairs , will visit china in the last few days of this month .\r\nby then , chinese leaders will meet and exchange views with berger and his party on sino - us ties and issues of common concern .\r\nhe said : according to bilateral prior arrangements and at the chinese foreign ministry 's invitation , ambassador holbrooke , us permanent representative to the united nations , is visiting china and conducting consultations with china on un affairs .\r\nbeijing , 21 mar (zxs) - - china 's foreign ministry spokesman sun yuxi said here today that the chinese government requires the us side to only develop non - official relations [ min jian guan xi 3046 7035 7070 4762 ] with taiwan , and to halt the sale of advanced weapons to taiwan .\r\nduring today 's foreign ministry news conference , sun yuxi reiterated that in the world there is only one china , and taiwan is an inseparable part of chinese territory .\r\nsun yuxi pointed out that the election for a leader of the taiwan region and its results cannot alter the aforementioned facts .\r\nand the us government has made solemn international commitments with regard to the taiwan question .\r\nhe said that china advocates dialogue , not confrontation , in the international arena on the issue of human rights .\r\nif some countries want to engage in confrontation at the human rights meeting in geneva , then china will take it on and fight to the end [ feng pei dao di 1144 7111 0451 1646 ] .\r\nsun yuxi said china holds the view that the attempt by some countries to use the issue of human rights to interfere in china 's internal affairs is doomed to failure .\r\nby handling the \" falungong \" issue according to law , the chinese government is indeed protecting chinese citizens ' basic human rights and freedom .\r\nbeijing , 21 mar (zxs) - - foreign ministry spokesman sun yuxi , commenting here today on dprk foreign minister paek nam - sun 's visit to china , said that the exchange of high - level visits between china and the dprk is conducive to the development of friendly relations between the two countries .\r\nthey said that they would continue to attach importance to developing the traditional friendship between their countries and would work for the constant development of relations between their countries .\r\non the exchange of high - level visits between china and the dprk , sun yuxi pointed out : china and the dprk have a tradition of exchanging high - level visits . the exchange of leadership visits is of great significance to the development of friendly and cooperative relations between the two countries .\r\nzhu rongji said : mr president 's previous visit to china was in 1987 .\r\nwe express appreciation for mr president 's efforts for the development of sino - congolese relations over a long period .\r\nwhen talking about reconstruction in the republic of congo , zhu rongji said : china is willing to offer assistance to the republic of congo within its capability , and will encourage and support chinese companies with capability to make investments in the republic of congo and thus carry out mutually beneficial cooperation .\r\nour bilateral economic and trade cooperation gives full expression to the friendship between our two peoples .\r\npresident sassou spoke highly of the cooperation between his country and china in various fields and the achievements .\r\nhe said : the friendship between the two nations has lasted over a long period and stood the test of the time .\r\nduring my current visit , i saw with my own eyes the achievements made by china in economic development over more than 10 years , and believe that the visit will certainly further promote and enhance the existing friendly relationship between the two countries .\r\nsassou stressed : there is only one china in the world . congo ( brazzaville ) will continue to maintain the one china principled position .\r\nzhu rongji expressed gratitude and appreciation for the congolese government 's position of adhering to the one china principle , and emphatically pointed out : yesterday , president jiang zemin already solemnly states : \" no matter who is in power in taiwan , we shall welcome him to hold talks on the mainland . \"\r\n\" however , there must be a basis for dialogues and negotiations . that is , the one china principle must be first recognized . under this prerequisite , everything can be discussed . \"\r\npresident sassou once again indicated that the congolese government will fully support china for the holding of \" china and africa - - 2000 cooperation forum \" in october this year . the forum will further open up new grounds for cooperation between africa and china .\r\nli peng said : china and the republic of the congo enjoy a traditional friendship , despite the fact that they are located in two different continents .\r\nli peng added : china appreciates and is grateful for president sassou - nguesso 's visiting china many times and attaching importance to developing relations with china , as well as the congo government 's insistence on the stance of one china and consolidated support for china on such international issues as human rights .\r\nin january this year , we received with pleasure mr. justin koumba , president of the congolese national assembly and i held fruitful talks with him in this very hall .\r\nli peng said : china will stay strictly faithful to the five principles of peaceful co - existence , especially the principle of non - interference in each other 's internal affairs .\r\nchina respects the independent choices of development patterns that fit the particular conditions of their states undertaken by the african peoples , including the people of the republic of the congo .\r\npeace and stability are the prerequisites and basis of development , and we hope that the republic of the congo will make new progress in stabilizing its political situation and reviving its economy .\r\nhe said : i have made seven visits to china since 1964 , and i am deeply impressed by china 's development throughout these years .\r\nmy dialogues with president jiang , chairman li of the npc , and premier zhu during this visit have all proved completely successful , and i will return to my homeland with a satisfied heart .\r\nwe urge the us side to strictly observe the three sino - us joint communiques and honor the \" three noes \" commitment .\r\nthe us side should take concrete actions to uphold the one - china policy . only by doing so can sino - us relations avoid setbacks [ bo zhe 3134 2124 ] and experience improvement and development .\r\njiang zemin said : this year is a presidential election year in the united states . some people in the united states have tried to bring the politics of the us presidential election into sino - us relations in an effort to obstruct the improvement and development of sino - us relations .\r\ndefending china 's sovereignty and territorial integrity and realizing the motherland 's complete reunification represents the common aspiration and sacred mission of all chinese people .\r\nchina 's accomplishment of the great cause of reunification not only represents the common aspiration of all chinese people and serves the chinese nation 's fundamental interests , but is also conducive to the healthy and stable development of sino - us relations .\r\njiang zemin said : we are closely following the developments on the island of taiwan .\r\ni have openly stated that leaders on the two sides of the taiwan strait can hold talks , but the premise must be the one - china principle .\r\nholbrooke conveyed president clinton 's regards to president jiang zemin , who , in turn , asked holbrooke to send his regards to president clinton .\r\nholbrooke agreed that the united states and china should take a long - term and strategic view and establish a stable , mature , and cooperative bilateral relationship .\r\nthe us side is aware of the importance and sensitivity of the taiwan issue and will strictly observe the one - china principle , the three sino - us joint communiques , and the \" three noes \" commitment .\r\nhe pointed out : in the new century , the commission should take on a new face and discard all \" cold war \" practices ; and in particular , it should not bring a country 's domestic political struggle into its meetings , because doing so will obstruct its normal work and affect the cooperation among its members .\r\nhe emphasized : human rights are not the rights of a few countries nor the rights of the rich , but the rights of all people .\r\nto realize the right to subsistence and the right to development is the basis for fully realizing other human rights .\r\nhe expressed his support for the suggestions made by some regions and countries on reducing the session to four weeks by reclustering and biennializing of agenda items , and on improving the efficiency of the commission .\r\ngeneva , 21 mar ( xinhua ) - - ambassador qiao zonghuai , chinese permanent representative to the united nations ' geneva office held a news briefing 21 march in geneva on the chinese government 's stand to ban the heretical cult organization of falungong .\r\nqiao zonghuai pointed out : falungong is an out - and - out heretical cult . the series of lies and malicious fallacies concocted and spread by its founder , li hongzhi , have caused serious damage to our society .\r\nfalungong has seriously impaired social stability in china and brought intense sufferings to the victims ' families and relatives .\r\nthe chinese government 's action to ban falungong , he added , not only conforms to the stipulations contained in international human rights documents , but is also an action that any responsible government in the world would take when faced with a heretical cult .\r\nafter that , qiao zonghuai answered questions asked by participants .\r\nas for those very few people who still persist in using the falungong issue to interfere in china 's internal affairs , he urged them to make a complete change .\r\nhe said that if someone uses the falungong issue as a pretext to lodge a draft resolution concerning china at the human rights conference and thus supports that heretical cult , he will certainly lose all his standing and reputation and come to a very disgraceful end .\r\napparently , this is directed at lee teng - hui who has delayed his resignation until september .\r\nfor four days in a row , large numbers of kmt members have demonstrated in front of the kmt headquarters , calling for lee to step down immediately . this will develop into a tide sweeping the whole of taiwan .\r\nthis is precisely a case in which a person resorting to trickery has been defeated by his own trickery . \"\r\nin the next few days , by holding rallies or jointly signing petitions , more and more kmt members will call for lee to step down to prevent the kmt from taking the road of \" taiwan independence \" again and to prevent taiwan from sliding toward the brink of war again .\r\nas the \" father of taiwan independence , \" lee teng - hui has found himself under fire from all quarters and reached a dead end .\r\nhistory will prove that those who betray and split the motherland are unpopular and are doomed to failure .\r\nbeijing , march 21 - - the dust over the elections in taiwan has settled , but the prospects of cross - strait relations remain unclear . which way the new taiwan leadership heads has a bearing on the well - being of the people of taiwan and the great cause of reunification .\r\nthis renowned military expert pointed out : apart from the road of reunification , the new taiwan leadership also has three roads before it , but these are roads that lead nowhere .\r\ntaiwan has been building up its troops in recent years in its efforts to prevent its recovery by force .\r\ntoday , it has over 400,000 troops in addition to more than 400 combat aircraft and 300 - plus naval vessels .\r\nhowever , the \" hardware \" of foreign weapons cannot make up for the drawbacks in the quality and morale of the taiwan troops .\r\nshould they really resort to force to resist reunification , they will be fighting an unjust war that goes against the tide of history .\r\neven taiwan 's \" defense minister \" tang fei was shocked to find \" military discipline so lax and neglected . \"\r\nin terms of military strategies , although the taiwan troops claimed that they had repeatedly examined and proved the feasibility of their present strategies of \" tenacious defense and effective deterrence \" and \" anti - blockade , \" international military experts are skeptical about these strategies .\r\nthe second impasse is to resist reunification by procrastination .\r\nhu siyuan pointed out that procrastination would lead nowhere .\r\nprofessor hu held that the third of these three \" if 's \" fully reflected the firm determination of the chinese government and people to oppose \" taiwan independence , \" eliminate foreign interference , thoroughly solve the taiwan issue , and ultimately fulfill the complete reunification of the motherland .\r\nall chinese people understand that procrastination does not work , because it will be counterproductive to reunification , to the cross - strait economy and to the compatriots on both sides of the taiwan strait .\r\neven before the ink of the chinese government 's white paper on \" the one - china principle and the taiwan issue \" had dried , taiwan concluded another arms deal with the united states , with the united states selling 162 air defense missiles and the corresponding radar equipment worth $ 260 million to taiwan .\r\ninvestigations found that these were due to the poor quality of the plane engines . the taiwan authorities were infuriated over the quality of this batch of f-16 planes . it was even said that the f-16 planes sold by lockheed martin to taiwan were second - hand planes .\r\nthe performance of the e-2t early warning planes sold by the united states to taiwan is a whole generation behind the e-2c used by the united states itself and by countries like japan .\r\nchina is a big country with nuclear weapons . we have never compromised on important issues relating to the reunification of the motherland and territorial integrity , and are willing to make enormous national sacrifices .\r\non the other hand , the united states will be unwilling to pay too big a price for the independence of taiwan .\r\nin fact , the united states has been pursuing an \" indirect strategy \" in asia , that is , striving to maintain a balance of forces in the asia - pacific region , in recent years .\r\nthe bitterness of the vietnam war has left a long aftertaste in the minds of the american people for many years . it will go against this strategy for the united states to get directly involved in another large - scale local war like the vietnam war. besides , the loss will outweigh any possible gain .\r\nlastly , professor hu noted that for the new leaders of taiwan , these three impasses would get them nowhere . which way should they go ?\r\nthe cross - strait situation is filled with the atmosphere of unrest .\r\nwhat direction will cross - strait relations follow totally depends on the attitude of taiwan 's new leader towards the one china principle .\r\nit is estimated that beijing will focus attention on chen shui - bian 's inauguration speech delivered on 20 may. this is an opportunity for chen shui - bian 's new government to show its sincerity in improving cross - strait ties .\r\n\" however , there has to be a basis for cross - strait dialogues and negotiations , that is , the one china principle should first be recognized . under this prerequisite , everything can be discussed . \"\r\nthis is our bottom line .\r\nour consistent principle on the settlement of the taiwan question has been \" peaceful reunification \" and \" one country , two systems . \"\r\nwe will never allow any form of \" independence \" in taiwan and will never hold talks with political parties and figures that advocate taiwan \" independence . \"\r\nthe position of the mainland is very clear .\r\nby sticking to the one china principle , it means that although the two sides are not yet reunified , they recognize that there is only one china and china 's territory and sovereignty cannot be cut apart .\r\nregarding the meaning of \" one china , \" the two sides may carry out dialogue and exchange views . when they cannot reach common understanding , they can seek common ground while reserving differences . but the two sides should have a common commitment to the one china principle .\r\nif chen shui - bian intends to open the door to cross - strait dialogue , there is only one way : other than recognizing the one china principle , there is no other way out .\r\nsticking to \" taiwan independence \" will mean war across the strait .\r\nchina 's attitude of never tolerating , never accommodating , and never sitting idly by in any attempt to split the country has punctured the arrogance of \" taiwan independence , \" ensured peace across the taiwan straits , and safeguarded state sovereignty and territorial integrity .\r\nthe military 's literary and artistic workers must clearly understand the situation and shoulder their own historical mission . they must create more and better works worthy of the requirements of the times and make new contributions to the modernization construction of the country and the military .\r\nfor the military 's literary and artistic workers to shoulder their historical mission , the key lies in whether they can deeply understand and precisely grasp the nature of the great times in which we live .\r\nfrom military skill training , war exercises , preparation for war and on - duty watch to emergency , difficult , dangerous and arduous tasks such as rushing to deal with an emergency and relieving disasters , soldiers have the most shining and lofty characteristics in our times .\r\nrecently , president jiang again emphasized and pointed out that marxism must have a leading position in the field of ideology .\r\nin the past more than half a century , remarkable and glorious achievements were created in the military 's work in the literary and artistic field .\r\nwell - known writers , artists and their famous works from the military are innumerable and , among these famous works , many are worthy of being called classical works which can be handed down to posterity . the military 's work in the literary and artistic field is facing a new century .\r\nthe \" mutual - support \" ( civilians support military personnel and give preferential treatment to military dependents while the military supports the government and loves the people ) variety show held at this year 's spring festival , \" spring of the century , \" was like a spring songbird , making the first resoundingly loud call .\r\nthe success of this variety show again gave us enlightenment that the life of culture lies in creation and the road of development of culture is , in fact , a road of continuously blazing new trails .\r\nso , under new historical conditions , we must implement the thought of \" weeding through the old to bring forth the new \" in order to further develop the military 's literature and art and make it more prosperous .\r\nwhether or not we can create more , newer and higher - level excellent works is an important mark of whether or not the military 's literature and art are prosperous .\r\nin this aspect , we did well in the past and have accumulated rich experience in creativity .\r\nhowever , we should also see that traditional performances and works which enjoy great popularity can only prove and represent our past . the new times provide us with new lives and raise new and higher requirements on our creativity .\r\nto weed through the old to bring forth the new , we must strive to offer opportunities to new people .\r\nthe military 's literature and art have a huge and consistent influence on society . this is directly related to the fact that the military has groups after groups of writers and artists who are quite popular and that new writers and artists are springing up .\r\nso focusing on and doing well the cultivation of talented literary and artistic people is , from beginning to end , a fundamental task in the military 's work in the literary and artistic field .\r\ntake the military 's performing arts as an example . we must have old and famous actors and actresses . at the same time , new actors and actresses must continuously spring up . only in this way can we have successors to our current performing artists and can the performing arts become prosperous .\r\nif , in the past , only old and famous actors and actresses were performing on stage , it would be difficult for today 's famous actors and actresses to emerge and become famous .\r\nsimilarly , if today 's new and promising actors and actresses with potential cannot find opportunities to exercise or display themselves , it would be difficult for them to spring up , become outstanding successors of the military 's rank of actors and actresses and truly become pillars of the military 's work in the literary and artistic field .\r\nif things go on like this for a long time , there would be a lack of , or even no , successors in our rank of actors and actresses .\r\nso continuously giving opportunities to new performers is both the requirement for the cause of literature and art and the requirement of the times .\r\nleaders at all levels must both take care to give full play to the effects of old and famous actors and actresses and create conditions for the growth and progress of new actors and actresses .\r\nfacing the coming new century , how can the military 's literature and art be accepted by society , go out to foreign countries and develop into the future with its own unique aesthetic form ? this is a new task faced by each of our military workers in the literary and artistic field .\r\nthe key to completing this task lies in focusing on creativity .\r\nso , improving the quality of creative works and offering a larger quantity of excellent works involving producers ' great efforts is the most important task among important tasks of the military 's literary and artistic work in the future period .\r\nwe can find it true through the success of the 2000 mutual - support ( civilians support military personnel and give preferential treatment to military dependents , the military supports the government and loves the people ) variety show , \" spring of the century . \"\r\nthe fact proves that the success of performances on stage relies on focusing on creativity . it is the same that we must also focus on creativity in other artistic fields if we want to make achievements .\r\nfocusing on creativity is the basis of the prosperity of the military 's literature and art and the key for producing excellent works .\r\nthe fundamental issue of creativity is the issue of going deep into the lives of the rank and file .\r\nthe production of excellent artistic works requires creators long - term accumulation of life experiences and solid artistic skills .\r\nneedless to say , some of our military 's literary and artistic workers are not doing very well in this aspect .\r\nsome of them are affected by their material desires , are impetuous , are eager for quick success and instant benefit and lack enthusiasm for going deep into the lives of rank and file . a few of them do not even want to become close to or understand the lives of the rank and file .\r\nif he takes out his feet and puts them into the same river again , the water his feet touch is different from the water his feet touched last time . \"\r\nthe life of art lies in blazing new trails . the key for improving the quality of art and producing more excellent works also lies in blazing new trails .\r\nonly by doing these can we provide a new aesthetic sense for the broad number of rank and file .\r\nart is eternal , while artistic form is a production of the times .\r\nthe experience proves that many excellent literary and artistic works were initially produced by amateur producers .\r\nat the same time , we must deal well with the relationship between literary and artistic workers and their leaders .\r\nparticularly , leaders must pay attention to the field of politics in literary and artistic works . leaders must give their opinions and suggestions about art to literary and artistic workers . leaders must let literary and artistic workers create works and give full play to their abilities while associating their works with reality .\r\nin addition , strengthening the construction of ranks of literary and artistic workers and striving to look for more and high - quality literary and artistic workers is also another important assurance for improving the quality of creative works and offering more excellent works .\r\nwe can foresee that a new peak period will unquestionably appear in china 's military literature and art in the 21 st century .\r\nhowever , this does not mean that the \" three stresses \" education has ended .\r\nthe issue of systems is fundamental and related to the general situation and stability . an important reason for how real effects were achieved in the group study of the \" three stresses \" education is that , under the basis of stimulating self - motivation , the party formulated some regulated procedures and specific requirements .\r\nto persist in the regularization of \" three stresses \" education , we must also strive to carry forth the spirit of exploration .\r\nblazing new trails is the soul of development of a country , an ethnic group and a political party .\r\nwe believe that , if we persist in the regularization of the \" three stresses \" education , we can unquestionably promote new progress in the construction of party committee groups and leading cadre ranks and push our military to make greater achievements in its construction and reform .\r\non 2 october last year and 18 january this year , the us military conducted two tests of missile intercepting technology under the nmd program . the first test was successful , but the second test ended in failure .\r\naccording to an officer of the defense department , a leak in the interceptor weapon occurred , in a metal tube that transfers nitrogen gas , and caused failure in finding the target during the second test .\r\nthe us department of defense plans to make a report on the feasibility of missile intercepting technology to president bill clinton in june this year , so that the president can make a decision on whether to deploy the nmd system .\r\nopen to the domestic sectors before opening to the outside world reporter : as china is about to enter the wto and the door will soon open wide , how will mainland china meet this situation ?\r\nnot only the telecommunication domain , but other domains should also be treated in this way . the national treatment should be granted to the domestic sectors before granting it to foreign businessmen .\r\nin the investment domain , the domestic nongovernmental investors should be allowed access to all areas that are opened to foreign investors .\r\ni am prudently optimistic about the mainland 's economic situation .\r\naccording to the mainland 's situation at present , it is impossible that the financial crisis will break out as it did in other developing countries . there are three reasons for this proposition : first , the mainland is now in a period of sufficient material reserves .\r\nthird , all the financial crises in the developing countries are related to the unstable political situation .\r\nwhen the political situation is not stable , the ordinary people cannot set their minds at ease , then they will rush to buy goods and withdraw their deposits from the banks , which will even lead to the outflow of funds and other conditions .\r\nmoreover , what is to be done if the newly formed government will not recognize the originally issued treasury bonds ?\r\nli : the economic operation in mainland china is relatively stable , but there is no significant improvement . why ?\r\nto let the markets really operate steadily , the nongovernmental investment must be mobilized .\r\nwto entry is good for china ; for hong kong , it goes without saying that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages .\r\nthird , hong kong will play a greater role as an international financial center , because mainland enterprises will need financing and its financial institutions will have to intensify cooperation with the international community as a result of china 's wto entry .\r\nhong kong financial circles look favorably on this aspect .\r\nli : educational industrialization is not equal to educational commercialization , nor is it equal to turning educational institutions into enterprises .\r\nof course , educational commercialization is wrong .\r\nhow can civilian - run schools be set up ?\r\nthey cannot be set up by using reserve funds , because with commodity prices falling , there will not be enough reserve funds , and the interest earned thereby is very limited .\r\nwhen the situation changes , it is very difficult to fulfill the original commitments . people who donate money to set up schools are , after all , very few , so most of the schools are set up by raising funds among the masses .\r\nin zhejiang , some localities run schools by applying the shareholding system . will it work ?\r\nli : i should like to talk on the following three issues : first , where will the funds for the western development come from ?\r\npreferential policies should not be granted to foreign businessmen alone , and the prices offered to foreign businessmen should also be offered to domestic businessmen , whom the western development mainly relies upon .\r\nfourth , china securities regulatory commission has announced some new measures , broadening the financing channels of securities firms . this year , the stock markets will be steady with a slight advance , and a favorable development of the stock markets is beneficial to the state enterprise reform , too .\r\nli : a little profit is better than none , anyway . in this sense , i am optimistic about the soe problems .\r\nhowever , i certainly do not feel very satisfied with the soe reform .\r\nonly 90 - odd billion yuan were earned from assets that exceed several trillion yuan . the profit rate is too low ; what is more , the state has paid a very high price for it by , for example , lowering interest rates , so that enterprises were able to pay much less money as interest .\r\nunder these circumstances , they just earned 90 - odd billion yuan .\r\nif you slow down the structural changes and the soes still suffer losses like that , their debts will be increasingly accumulated .\r\nthe issue of changing structures should be put in a more important position now .\r\nthe peasant issue is a big problem reporter : domestic demands is insufficient . where is the root of the problem ? li : the rural population accounts for 70 percent of the total population in mainland china , yet its purchasing power only accounts for 35 percent .\r\nhow to increase peasants ' incomes ?\r\ntoday , people like to eat rice of better quality , as ordinary rice is to be eaten during difficult times . what is the use of storing this stuff in the barns ?\r\nwho eats sour apples now ?\r\nscience and technology go down to the rural areas to help popularize agricultural technologies , financial departments go there to help peasants readjust their product mix , and companies make contracts with peasants in the form of placing orders .\r\nthe peasants should get information from the markets , but they live in the villages , so how can they have time to go to the markets every day to see what they should grow ? it is necessary to vigorously cultivate brokers for agricultural products , which is what we call companies plus peasant households .\r\npeasants are responsible for production , while brokers are responsible for marketing . no quota should be fixed for debt - to - equity swaps reporter : to rid soes of their difficulties , the method of debt - to - equity swaps seems to receive both praise and censure . what do you think about it ?\r\nsome enterprises are bearing very heavy debt burdens , and once they discharge their debts , they can immediately go forward without any burdens to make profits , which is a very good way for enterprises to rid themselves of their difficulties .\r\nthe problem of debt - to - equity swap needs to be resolved ceaselessly .\r\nthe internet version will carry mainly party and state leaders ' articles , editorials , commentator 's articles , and important theoretical articles published in the current issue of \" qiushi 's \" hardcopy version . articles carried in the internet version will be relatively theoretical , instructive , and authoritative .\r\nas the journal \" qiushi \" gradually upgrades its internet version , it is preparing to successively carry service items , including \" information files on special theoretical topics \" on the internet so as to provide better services for the reader .\r\nthe website has been linked with the homepages of newspapers including renmin ribao and guangming ribao .\r\nhoward said that since the establishment of the diplomatic relations between australia and china , australia has only maintained the unofficial economic and trade relations with taiwan .\r\nzeng qinghong appreciated australia 's adherence to the one - china policy and its support for china 's great cause of reunification .\r\nhe hoped that the australian government will continue to adhere to the one - china policy and oppose \" taiwan independence . \"\r\nhe pointed out that this will be conducive to the peaceful resolution of the taiwan question and the peace and stability of the taiwan strait , the asia - pacific region , and even the whole world .\r\nthe australian government has paid full attention to its relations with china and will further push forward the development of the overall cooperation ties between the two countries .\r\non the same day , zeng qinghong also met with mark vaile , australia 's acting foreign minister and trade minister ; and kim beazley , leader of the labor party .\r\nzeng qinghong and his party began their visit to australia from 21 march at the invitation of the australian government .\r\nhong kong 22 mar (zxs) - - news from taipei : five university professors in central taiwan held a news conference in taichung today to issue a joint statement urging lee teng - hui [ li denghui ] to step down immediately .\r\ntheir common appeal was for lee teng - hui 's immediate resignation [ from the kmt chairmanship ] .\r\nreports say that professor sun jo - yi [ sun ruoyi ] from national chungshing university , professor chiang an - kuo [ jiang anguo ] from feng chia university , and professor kuo ta - ming [ guo daming ] from chao yang science and technology university agreed with professor hsieh yu - sheng 's statement .\r\nin mid - june , nato and the fry signed a cease - fire agreement and an international peacekeeping force of 37,000 troops entered kosovo under the un banner .\r\nhowever , after one year , the peacekeeping troops have not brought peace and security to the people in kosovo .\r\naccording to the latest statistics of the fry , 4,354 terrorist incidents have occurred in kosovo since june , 910 innocent civilians lost their lives , more than 800 people were wounded , 821 people were kidnapped , some 360,000 non - albanian residents were forced to leave their homes , and more than 50,000 houses were destroyed .\r\nun secretary - general kofi annan in a recent report noted that the \" security situation is seriously deteriorating \" in kosovo and \" if the situation continues , it will seriously undermine the united nations ' peace efforts \" and that the un peacekeeping efforts in kosovo is facing an \" unprecedented challenge . \"\r\nun special envoy in the fry ( dinstbil ) even more straightforwardly said that \" the peacekeeping action has ended in failure \" and that \" it is in a tight corner and we must find another way . \"\r\nmoreover , the un delegation and international peacekeeping force have adopted a series of measures to seriously infringe upon the sovereignty of the fry in violation of the unsc resolution .\r\nregarding the albanian extremists ' wanton and violent activities , the international peacekeeping force just folds its arms and looks on under the pretext of a lack of funds and not being in charge of public security .\r\nafter the ending of the war in kosovo , the strength of albanian hard - liners quickly expanded .\r\nthe deterioration of the kosovo situation has another reason .\r\nmeanwhile , due to nato 's partiality to the albanians , relations between the serbs and peacekeeping troops have become increasingly tense and the situation in kosovo has become even more complicated and confusing .\r\nthe two sides held friendly talks [ you hao jiao tan 0645 1170 0074 6151 ] .\r\nthe chinese government has always worked for a peaceful resolution of the taiwan issue . however , peaceful reunification is predicated upon the one - china principle .\r\nwe will never allow any form of \" taiwan independence . \"\r\nzeng qinghong said : we appreciate australia 's adherence to the one - china principle and support for china 's great cause of reunification .\r\nhe expressed the hope that the australian government would continue to adhere to the one - china principle and oppose \" taiwan independence . \"\r\nhe maintained that this is conducive to the peaceful resolution of the taiwan issue , and peace and stability in the taiwan strait , the asia - pacific region , and even the world at large .\r\nin reply , howard said that the australian government would not change the one - china policy that it had always upheld .\r\ntoday , zeng qinghong also met australia 's acting foreign minister and trade minister mark vaile and labor party leader kim beazley .\r\naccompanying zeng qinghong on his trip are li chengren , deputy director of the cpc central committee international liaison department , and zhang bailin , deputy director of the cpc central committee organization department .\r\nsince ancient times , taiwan has been a part of china 's territory , and its social development has all along carried on the chinese culture .\r\nwe are waiting to see how the new leader of the taiwan region will act .\r\nyang guoqing said : taiwan compatriots living on the mainland are paying close attention to the recent situation in taiwan .\r\nhe said that president jiang 's remark is entirely reasonable , for it not only shows a firm determination to safeguard the integrity of our national territory and sovereignty , but also manifests absolute sincerity , adding that it is bound to be endorsed and supported by the chinese people at large .\r\ntokyo , 22 mar (zxs) - - the result of the \" election \" in the taiwan region and the future development of relations between the two sides of the taiwan strait have aroused great attention among overseas chinese and people of chinese descent in japan .\r\nchen jian , chinese ambassador to japan , attended the forum and made a speech .\r\nthe \" two - state theory \" advocated by lee teng - hui [ li denghui ] , he continued , has done radical harm to the kmt rule , and the majority of the taiwan people have not changed their stance of aspiring for stability and not supporting \" taiwan independence . \"\r\nchen jian expressed the hope that the chinese compatriots residing in japan would continue to make contributions to the basic interests of the motherland and the chinese nation .\r\nthey said that to have an integrated china is a common aspiration of the chinese at home and residing abroad , adding that all overseas chinese , including taiwan compatriots in japan , will unite as one to energetically promote the early reunification of the motherland .\r\nfuzhou will open about 320 projects in fields such as agriculture , industry , science and technology , tourism , real estate , commerce , and trade , to foreign investment this year , which require a total investment of $ 10.5 billion .\r\nan hour later , the train went on its way south , arriving safely in guangzhou at noon today .\r\nat 0550 today , the train pulled into pingshi station , and the nine wounded passengers were rushed to the hospital .\r\nthe cause of the blast is still under investigation .\r\nshanghai , 22 mar ( xinhua ) - - \" moving the spark westward \" has been regarded as an important principle of the spark program for the 10 th five - year plan period in our country .\r\naccording to a national meeting of spark office directors held in shanghai today , tilting the center of the spark planning and development program westward is of positive significance to promoting the great program of developing the western region .\r\nyan anlin , deputy director of the shanghai institute of taiwan studies , said , because currently a foundation of mutual trust has not been built between the two sides , he did not see the possibility of a visit by wang daohan to taiwan .\r\nhe said : the beijing authorities have very clearly expressed their stand on chen shui - bian 's being elected , that is , to judge him not only by his words , but also by his deeds , and to see what he will do .\r\nthe most important thing between the two sides is mutual trust . the reason why wang daohan was unable to visit taiwan last fall as scheduled was that lee teng - hui put forward the \" two states theory \" in july last year .\r\nit is still a question whether chen shui - bian 's invitation is a trial balloon or he is sincere .\r\nnew york , 21 mar (zxs) - - chinese political commentator fang yan in the united states today issued an article , entitled : \" is one china a topic or a principle ? \"\r\nthe article points out : the meaning of the \" one china \" principle is different from that of the \" one china \" topic . maintaining state territorial and sovereign integrity and unification is a fundamental principle which we should not discuss , consult , negotiate , compromise or make concession .\r\nafter being elected , chen shui - bian [ chen shuibian ] said that he would not accept the \" one - china \" principle , but would take \" one - china \" as a topic and place it in the content of the cross - strait discussion .\r\nas an overseas chinese , i welcome the cross - strait dialogue and talks .\r\nthe article points out : it seems that \" principle \" and \" topic \" are just two different words , but the meaning is absolutely different .\r\nhowever , we cannot discuss , consult , negotiate or even compromise or make concession to the non - fundamental principle .\r\nso the chinese people has a bloody historical experience that they can accept and conduct all kinds of negotiations with foreign countries but they would not and cannot accept any negotiation aimed at ceding china 's territory and sovereignty .\r\nthe article points out : people may say that china has conducted talks on boundary with many neighboring countries and signed border treaties with them , but ask how can it say that the question on territory cannot be negotiated ?\r\nthere was no formal negotiations or signing of treaties between both sides while delimiting the state boundary line . after the founding of the people 's republic of china , in order to establish friendly relations with the neighboring countries , china successively conducted talks on boundary demarcation and signed boundary treaties .\r\nwhy is this \" president \" - elect suffering from \" hong kong phobia ? is hong kong that horrible and terrible ? naturally , chen shui - bian is not afraid of hong kong .\r\nhe also does not hate hong kong people . his statement actually refers to the \" one country , two systems \" formula .\r\nthe \" one country , two systems \" formula implemented in taiwan in the future definitely will go beyond people 's understanding and imagination .\r\nhow to make this grand blueprint more picturesque and beautiful depends on the talent and political wisdom of the large numbers of taiwan compatriots and all the chinese people .\r\nall this is inseparable from the vigorous support of the central government , the administration of the special administrative region [ sar ] government led by tung chee - hwa , and the concerted efforts of all hong kong people .\r\nthe international community and leaders of all countries have spoken highly of this . they hold that the \" one country , two systems \" formula is feasible .\r\nrecognizing the \" one china \" principle and accepting the \" one country , two systems \" formula will be a fundamental issue that chen shui - bian cannot evade .\r\nto save the kmt , it is imperative to uproot the \" taiwan independence \" forces led by lee teng - hui and the gang - related and money - oriented forces .\r\nhe also disclosed that he would visit the united states , japan , and singapore .\r\nhowever , from these performances , one can see that chen shui - bian was eager to pursue \" visit - based diplomacy \" and \" pragmatic diplomacy \" and put lee teng - hui 's \" two states theory \" into effect .\r\nhowever , he wanted to negotiate with beijing . his thinking is to ask beijing to abandon the one - china principle and allow taiwan to pursue \" a state on each side of the strait . \" this is a very fantastic idea . taiwan has always been part of china and china 's sacred territory .\r\nit is wishful thinking for chen shui - bian to accomplish what the americans failed to do .\r\nthe observation period will not be a long one and beijing has already had a set of countermeasures .\r\nchen shui - bian is aware that without the kmt superiority of being \" a monopoly party , \" he will have quite limited political capital .\r\nat the same time , taiwan compatriots urged him to abandon the \" taiwan independence \" stand at an early date , relax the tense cross - strait relations , and speed up the cross - strait economic and trade contacts . pinned down by the situation , chen shui - bian has very limited room for political maneuvers .\r\nhe has only one way out , that is , publicly announcing his recognition of the one - china principle .\r\nif chen shui - bian refuses to abandon them , our persistent policy is \" peaceful reunification and one country , two systems \" as premier zhu rongji reiterated the day before yesterday .\r\nwe shall absolutely not allow any form of taiwan \" independence \" and absolutely not have negotiations with political parties and individuals favoring taiwan independence .\r\nif chen shui - bian refuses to abandon the lee teng - hui line and still wants to play the role of joshua , he will not be accepted by beijing , and thus he will surely aggravate the already tense cross - strait relations and even lead them to war .\r\n\" alabama \" captain semmes was born in maryland . he once served in the us navy and as a lieutenant colonel .\r\nin the civil war , he resigned from his post and threw in his lot with the rebel force in the south .\r\n\" alabama \" was a small , powerful warship .\r\non its way back to the atlantic , its crew looted all the northern merchant ships it met and even destroyed them when nothing could be looted . the warship became the most hated pirate ship among the northern people .\r\non 11 june 1864 , when sailing to cherbourg , france , for repairs , the \" alabama \" was discovered by northern warships which had been waiting there a long time .\r\non 19 june , the \" alabama \" fiercely fought the north 's warship \" kearsarge on the open waters off cherbourg .\r\nbritain continued to secretly build warships and other weaponry for the south .\r\nin this period , us envoy to britain yadangsi [ name as transliterated ] lodged several protests to the british government , and the britain government had no response .\r\nin july 1862 , britain 's liwupulaideer [ name as transliterated ] company built two ironclad ships and planned to send them to the south .\r\non behalf of the us government , yadangsi once again warned the british government , indicating that what britain did interfered in the internal affairs of the united states and sabotaged the unification of the south and the north .\r\nhe solemnly pointed out that as for the united states , britain 's continuous efforts to build ships for the south \" meant war . \"\r\nthe us government strongly condemned the british government 's unfriendly moves to support the split during the us civil war .\r\nthe us government said that such unfriendly moves had brought great losses to the united states . therefore , the us government resolutely asked the british government to give compensation .\r\ncharles sumner , who was then acting as the chairman of the us foreign relations committee , pointed out that britain 's support for the rebel forces in the south doubled the length of the civil war .\r\nso britain must compensate the united states for the losses caused by britain .\r\nin march 1871 , the united states and britain officially agreed to establish a compensation committee and began their negotiations on compensations for the \" alabama . \"\r\nthis was the famous \" alabama \" compensation case in the history of the united states .\r\nsince the establishment of diplomatic ties with the prc , the united states has never stopped the sales of arms and equipment to china 's taiwan . the weapons and equipment sold to taiwan in the past few years were even high in quality and large in amounts .\r\nin reality , during china 's civil war in the early 1940 s , the united states sold guns and cannons to china , in an effort to help the chiang 's dynasty engage in the civil war . countless chinese were cruelly killed by us - made guns and cannons .\r\n[ ou chan ] since the beginning of reform and opening up , the role of foreign trade and economic cooperation in the national economic and social development of our country has been remarkable .\r\nwe can see from the successful practice in opening up and developing the coastal areas in the eastern region that opening up wider to the outside world and making great efforts to develop foreign trade and economic cooperation are important propelling forces for the economic development of the coastal areas , and the country as a whole .\r\nhowever , we can see that the western region also has many advantages in developing foreign trade and economic cooperation .\r\nfor example , yunnan is rich in biological resources . sichuan 's processing industries are relatively more developed . shaanxi 's high - tech industries have developed to a considerable scale . xinjiang 's oil and cotton have initially become its advantages .\r\nsecond , it is necessary to make use of the advantage of location and make great efforts to develop border trade .\r\nit is necessary to build passageways linking the western region with neighboring countries for transportation ; seriously implement various preferential policies for border trade ; and encourage the western region to make great efforts to develop border trade and carry out economic and technical cooperation with neighboring countries .\r\nthird , it is necessary to pay attention to nurturing and developing new growth points of foreign trade and economic cooperation , and give play to the role of potential advantages .\r\nwhat are the state policies and measures in the respect ? [ shi guangsheng ] opening up wider to the outside world is an important part of the strategy for developing the western region .\r\nthird , all projects in the central and western regions with investment by foreign - invested enterprises enjoy similar treatment to foreign - invested enterprises if the portion of foreign investment exceeds 25 percent .\r\nfourth , approved experimental projects for opening up can , in principle , be carried out at the same time in the eastern , central and western regions .\r\nfifth , foreign - invested enterprises in the coastal areas are allowed to contract the management and operation of foreign - invested enterprises and domestic - invested enterprises in the central and western regions .\r\nthe first category is the basic telecommunication , including the fixed telecommunication , the mobile telecommunication , and the satellite telecommunication .\r\nonly state - owned and state - owned holding enterprises will be allowed to manage this category , and foreign investors and domestic private enterprises will be allowed to buy shares but not control the shares .\r\nthe second category is the telecommunications value - added business , including the internet business and its related services .\r\nif everything goes smoothly , these regulations will be published within the first half of this year .\r\ntherefore , it has attracted extra attention whether the new regulations will fix the ceiling of the foreign - owned shares at 50 percent .\r\nnow , the number of internet users in china has exceeded 10 million , and this number will develop at an even faster speed .\r\nfuerth said that , at present , there is still \" sufficient time \" to obtain the information necessary for clinton to make the decision .\r\nobservers here pointed out that while the united states is doing research and development on the nmd system , it is also speeding up its development of the \" theater missile defense \" system .\r\nthe kosovo crisis was a bad thing , but it also taught the world many principles .\r\nregardless of the perspective from which we talk about the matter , the chinese people have reason to treat the crisis seriously and to think deeper and further about it .\r\nit has been a full year today since the us - led nato launched a brutal airstrike on the federal republic of yugoslavia [ fry ] .\r\nin connection with the development of events in the past year , there is a great necessity for us to reexamine the unprecedented , big debates conducted in china 's intellectual circle and media after the kosovo crisis ; to forecast future complicated trends in europe and global politics ; and more comprehensively and accurately assess the crisis .\r\nas a cold war military alliance , nato not only has not disappeared along with the cold war , but would expand its sphere of influence , and has driven a wedge deep into the balkan region .\r\nthis is the meaning of the \" new concept \" or \" new strategy \" established by nato half a century after its founding .\r\nthe most obvious reality at present is that under the biased mediation of nato 's kosovo forces , local racial segregation and hostilities have constantly intensified and have been difficult to clear up .\r\nseveral major events that took a turn for the worse in the international arms region in the past year unfortunately fulfilled this prediction , and made people of all countries in the world who love peace especially worried .\r\nin this sense , nato airstrikes on the fry symbolize the vicious swelling of unipolar hegemonism after the cold war , and the restart of a new large - scale arms race .\r\na disputable and yet unverified major issue is the limits and timetable of nato 's expansion .\r\nright now , people still cannot estimate the time , place , and method of nato 's next expansion .\r\nthe third outstanding issue that requires long - term study and discussion is criticism on the contemporary international system that has been triggered by the kosovo crisis .\r\nhowever , when we analyze the situation from many aspects , the united nations ' future is not so simple , and the un security council 's moral authority has an irreplaceable role .\r\nsince recently , there has been an inclination inside the united nations to intensify interventions by this international organization , and reconsider and formulate a guiding principle for international interventions under un guidance .\r\nin the final analysis , the international guarantee for state sovereignty cannot be divorced from unity and progress inside a nation .\r\nthe fry and some developing nations that have been seriously endangered by \" neo - interventionism \" have learned profound lessons in this respect .\r\n- - the \" three represents \" put forth by comrade jiang zemin is an interrelated and mutually integrated organic whole , which has comprehensively and wholly revealed the dialectical relations between grasping well the building of the party and maintaining the advanced nature of the party and handling well things in china .\r\nit is proven by history that the key to handling well things in china lies in maintaining and carrying forward the advanced nature of our party .\r\non the basis of summing up historical experiences and proceeding from the height of historical materialism , comrade jiang zemin has explicitly put forth that the party should always be the \" three represents , \" which is a new , comprehensive , and complete epitome of the advanced nature of the party .\r\nthis should be of important theoretical and practical significance to our party under the new historical conditions in further strengthening self building , always maintaining advanced nature , leading the people of the whole country in waging concerted struggles , pushing forward reform and opening up and modernization building , and realizing the magnificent transcentury objectives .\r\n' three represents ' comprehensively embodies advanced nature of party [ subhead ] the advanced nature of our party is determined by our party being the vanguard of the working class and formed over long - term struggles and trials .\r\nin \" the communist manifesto , \" marx and engels expounded in a deepgoing way the advanced nature of communists in revolutionary movements : \" communists should strive for the nearest aims and interests of the working class but they also represent the movement future in the current movement . \"\r\nthe elder - generation proletarian revolutionaries represented by mao zedong and deng xiaoping always attached importance to maintaining and displaying the advanced nature of our party in the practice of revolution and construction .\r\nas vanguard of china 's working class , it has always represented since its birth the development needs of advanced social productive forces in china .\r\nsecond , it led the people through long - term exploration and practice to have found a road of emancipating and developing social productive forces suitable for china 's national conditions , namely a road of building socialism with chinese characteristics .\r\nand the core of building socialism with chinese characteristics is emancipating and developing social productive forces .\r\nduring the early days of its founding , the party 's publications started discussing cultural issues .\r\nalong with the further deepening of our party 's understanding about the building of socialist culture , in 1997 comrade jiang zemin made some systematic expositions in the report of the 15 th party congress on the basic objectives and policies regarding the building of socialist culture with chinese characteristics .\r\nrecently , during his inspection tour in guangdong , comrade jiang zemin also further integrated the building of the party with the building of socialist culture with chinese characteristics and expounded in a deepgoing way the important significance of our party always representing the forward direction of advanced culture .\r\nour party not only represents the development needs of advanced social productive forces and the forward direction of advanced culture in china but also faithfully represents the fundamental interests of the broadest masses of people in china .\r\nmao zedong very explicitly pointed out that communists were \" to maintain the closest links with the broadest masses of the people .\r\nserving the people wholeheartedly is the fundamental aim of the party .\r\nsince the founding of new china , under the leadership of the party , the people has thoroughly changed the backward state of falling to pieces and being economically poor and culturally blank in old china .\r\nthe \" three represents \" embodies the dialectic unity between carrying forward excellent traditions and making constant developments and renovations in party building .\r\nthat comrade jiang zemin asks our party to always become the \" three represents \" is asking us to carry forward the excellent traditions of the party , always maintain the true color of the party , and bring them to a greater height of development .\r\nduring the war years , as the \" three represents \" our party spearheaded the struggles directly against the \" three mountains , \" with the aim of thoroughly smashing those shackles restricting the development of china 's advanced social productive forces and advance culture and totally liberating the chinese people from oppression and enslavement .\r\nafter winning the revolutionary victory , in order to adapt itself to new situations , the party has been leading the people in conducting large - scale economic , political , and cultural buildings .\r\nsince the third plenary session of the 11 th cpc central committee , the party has even more made constantly meeting the growing material and cultural needs of the masses of people as its conscious actions . through waging arduous struggles and making unremitting advancements , it has attained achievements of world interests .\r\nthe \" three represents \" embodies the dialectic unity between remolding the objective world and the subjective world in party building .\r\nproductive forces determine productions relations and economic bases determine superstructure .\r\nhowever , while liberating and developing social productive forces , we must also handle numerous issues about production relations and superstructures , especially those issues in the ideological and cultural realms and must let the building of material civilization and the building of spiritual civilization coordinately develop .\r\nan advanced political party represents not only the development needs of advanced social productive forces but also the forward direction of advanced culture .\r\nwhether possessing and representing the forward direction of advanced culture also determines the appeal and vitality of a political party .\r\nonly by possessing and representing an advanced culture can we provide spiritual motive and intellectual support for the building of material civilization .\r\ntherefore , in order to represent the forward direction of advanced culture and direct the development process of the spiritual civilization building , our party must make all the communist party members , especially those party - member leading cadres , take the lead in remolding the subjective world .\r\nwhile remolding the objective world , efforts should be made to remold the subjective world . dialectically unifying the \" two remoldings \" is an important link in grasping well the party building during the new era and maintaining the advanced and representative natures of the party .\r\nthe \" three represents \" embodies the dialectic unity between maintaining the advanced nature of ourselves and keeping the extensiveness of our contacts with the masses in party building .\r\nthe advanced nature and representativeness of our party take roots in her class nature and the extensiveness of her links with the masses .\r\nthe masses of people are the creator of history .\r\ntherefore , at any time , as long as our party truly transforms those undertakings she represents into conscious actions of millions of people , can it truly become powerful and vitalized and establish itself in an unassailable position .\r\nrepresenting the interests of the masses is the starting point as well as finishing point of representing advanced social productive forces and advanced culture .\r\nthe fundamental aim of the party is serving the people wholeheartedly . our seizing political power , exercising political power , carrying out reform and opening up , and liberating and developing productive forces are all for fundamentally realizing the interests of the broad masses of people .\r\nto represent the fundamental interests of the masses of people , we must concentrate our energy on developing productive forces and creating more material wealth as well as spiritual wealth .\r\nthe \" three represents \" fully embody the dialectic unity between completing the fundamental tasks of the party and practicing the fundamental aims of the party .\r\nthe important expositions of comrade jiang zemin on the \" three represents \" were made from the most commanding height and with the greatest vision , which has not only scientifically summed up the historically experiences in party building but also set forth even higher demands for party building in the new situation .\r\nhowever , there still exist some quality problems in scientific research and production of national defense - related products , and in the use of weapons and equipment ; and such a situation is not in keeping with the present requirements of national defense building .\r\nlast year , the scientific and technological industry for national defense carried out the work of quality rectification in the entire industry , and achieved certain results .\r\nthe 30 clauses have also drawn on the experiences of countries in both europe and america in the aspect of providing product guarantees , and have urged the entire industry to spread and make use of these experiences .\r\nxu penghang , deputy party group secretary and deputy executive minister of the commission of science , technology , and industry for national defense , delivered a report at the meeting under the heading \" unifying the ideological understanding , increasing the intensity of management , and enhancing the quality level of national defense - related products . \"\r\nif the local authorities in the western region adopt local protectionism and set up barriers , then that is tantamount to rejecting development .\r\nthe central authorities have repeatedly stressed the need to adopt new ideas for the development of the western region .\r\nthe most important new idea is to play to the role of the market mechanism , create a benign investment environment and market environment , and promote the flow of funds , technologies , human resources , and other production factors at home and abroad into the western region .\r\ngovernment financial input is definitely an important factor , but it will just play a starting role .\r\nthe \" main force \" for the development is the funds from society at home and abroad .\r\nall parts of the western region should do their best to attract the inflow of domestic funds with a more favorable environment and a more widely open market .\r\nthe market resources should be one of the most attractive resources in the western region . the opening of the market is an inevitable trend . local protectionism will eventually fail to protect the local market .\r\nhow does the chinese government look at this important incident that occurred at the end of the 20 th century ?\r\nis there any change in the chinese government 's policy toward the kosovo issue ?\r\nto date , the situation in kosovo remains tense , national antagonism there has not weakened , and conflicts continue .\r\nhe said : \" we hope that countries of the us - led nato will rethink deeply and draw lessons , and should not create again this kind of incident that runs counter to the wish for ' peace and development ' of the people of the world at a time when mankind has entered the new century . \"\r\nhe said : the procuratorates will squarely face the existing problems and make effectively improvements .\r\nthe election of leaders in the taiwan region and its result cannot change this fact .\r\nhe said : the chinese government firmly opposes engagement in any form of official contact with taiwan by any country which has established diplomatic relations with china .\r\nthe chinese side demands that they adhere to the one - china principle with practical actions , observe relevant commitments made to the chinese side , and allow for no visits by chen shui - bien in any capacity .\r\nthis is of utmost importance to ensuring a healthy development of relations between china and the countries concerned .\r\nbarshefsky said the bilateral agreement will promote the export of us products and create a tremendous opportunity for employment related to exports . besides , the united states may relax restrictions on the export of high - tech products to china .\r\nafter emphasizing once more the importance of china 's entry into wto , she urged the us congress to approve granting china permanent normal trading relation status before the end of may. barshefsky made the above remarks at a special meeting for her to deliver a speech .\r\nover 100 noted personalities from various trades and professions in the united states attended the meeting .\r\nthere are reports about chen shui - bian preparing to visit the united states and japan .\r\nat a foreign ministry news conference today , sun yuxi said the relevant countries have made solemn international commitments to the chinese government on the taiwan issue ; china urged them to uphold the \" one china \" principle through actual actions .\r\nhe reiterated that there is but one china in the world and taiwan is an inseparable part of china ; it is a fact universally acknowledged by the international community , and the leadership election in the taiwan area and its result cannot change this fact .\r\nthe prospect for resolving human rights talks between china and the united states hinges on whether the us side can truly give up being confrontational and return to the path of dialogue .\r\nsun yuxi said : on human rights issues , there indeed are different opinions and divergences between china and the united states .\r\nchina has done a huge amount of work to improve and protect human rights .\r\nthe current human rights condition in china is at its best in history .\r\nthe differences between china and the united states on human rights issues should be resolved through dialogue on the basis of equality and mutual respect .\r\nbeijing , 23 mar (zxs) - - foreign ministry spokesman sun yuxi commented on settling the south china sea issue here today .\r\nthe spokesman pointed out that the bilateral negotiations on the south china sea issue held in recent years between china and relevant countries of the association of southeast asian nations (asean) , including the philippines , have made positive progress .\r\nthe bilateral negotiations and coordination mechanism are effectively operating .\r\nchina believes that through the joint efforts of both sides , the relations of good neighborliness between china and the asean countries will certainly be consolidated and developed continuously .\r\nin future , china will continue to do so .\r\nin addition , at the invitation of state president jiang zemin , federated states of micronesia president leo a. falcam and his entourage will visit china from 26 to 31 march .\r\n23 mar (zts) - - news from taipei : james soong [ song chuyu ] and his camp held a news conference on the afternoon of 23 march asking election units to conduct a complete recount of the votes , in order to ensure the election was a fair one .\r\nchang chao - hsiung [ zhang zhaoxiong ] , james soong 's election partner , indicated that the explanation given by the relevant unit about the misplacement of soong - chang ballots at minte junior high school in tainan city is not a credible one . he suspected the incident was the result of a systematic fraud .\r\nthey questioned incidents in kaohsiung city , kaohsiung county , and tainan city , in which james soong 's ballots were miscounted . they also voiced many suspicions and asked the commission to conduct a complete recount of votes .\r\nin addition , james soong , who lost in the election with a high percentage of votes , will organize a political party , and his party will become the largest opposition party whose role is not to be ignored in taiwan 's political situation .\r\nthese may constitute destabilizing factors in the future political situation in taiwan .\r\nli yihu ( li i - hu ) , professor at the international relations college of beijing university , held : the macro objective situation at present will pressure chen shui - bian to adjust his policy attitude and will not allow him to continue to make trouble as lee teng - hui has done .\r\nthe number of votes with which he was elects was less than 40 percent ; so , he will not have much room to maneuver in formulating policies for the island or in handling cross - strait relations .\r\nhe will be restrained by public opinion , the \" legislative yuan , \" and a new pattern of political parties .\r\nin such a political environment and such public opinion , how far will chen shui - bian who advocates the \" independence of taiwan \" go will have a direct influence on cross - strait relations .\r\nas far as chen shui - bian himself is concerned , he is standing at the crossroads of history ; whether he will change by conforming to public opinion , people will wait and see .\r\ntransmitting messages to each other is only the beginning of an initial stage for solving problems , but this depends on a longer period in which whether the policies of the two sides can link up with each other .\r\nno one can avoid the prerequisite of \" one china \" for a dialogue with the mainland .\r\nif chen shui - bian insists on the dpp prepositions , it will be very difficult for him to have a dialogue with the mainland .\r\nhsu hsin - liang made the above remarks at an academic meeting sponsored by the \" council for promoting cross - strait relations \" and held at the hong kong science and engineering university [ name translated literally ] today .\r\nas taiwan 's leader , chen shui - bian has neither the time nor the room to stall .\r\nhu jintao said vice president arroyo has over a long time made efforts to develop sino - philippine friendship and has made a positive contribution to this end . we would like to express our appreciation for this .\r\nthis year is the 25 th anniversary of the establishment of the sino - philippine diplomatic relations .\r\nbilateral trade has grown in a sustained manner , and trade and economic cooperation have constantly expanded .\r\nin particular , president jiang zemin visited the philippines in 1996 and reached consensus with the philippine leader on establishing sino - philippine good - neighborly , mutual - trust , and cooperative relations geared to the 21 st century .\r\nspeaking about the taiwan issue , hu jintao emphatically pointed out that the chinese government has consistently made efforts to peacefully settle the taiwan issue , but peaceful reunification takes the one - china principle as the prerequisite .\r\nthe chinese people will never agree to anyone abandoning the one - china principle to seek any form of \" taiwan independence , \" no matter who he is .\r\narroyo said this year is the 25 th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the philippines and china . she felt very happy to have the opportunity to be invited to visit china at this moment with special significance .\r\nshe said since the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries , the cooperation in various fields has developed smoothly .\r\nshe reaffirmed the philippine government 's one - china policy .\r\nshe said that this is the political foundation for the establishment of the philippine - chinese diplomatic relations , and there is no change whatsoever in the stand of the philippines .\r\nduring the talks , the two sides also briefed each other on their respective domestic situation and exchanged views on issues of common concern .\r\nbefore the talks , hu jintao presided over a ceremony to welcome arroyo at the northern hall of the great hall of the people .\r\ni am greatly appreciated with your consistent support of china on issues concerning taiwan , tibet , and human rights .\r\nwe are glad to notice that in recent years , both governments have actively supported and promoted relevant departments and enterprises of both sides with a positive and pioneering spirit , and to try new ways to cooperate in economy and trade , and have achieved initial results .\r\nthe chinese government stands ready to work together with the tanzanian government to further deepen unity and cooperation and enable friendly cooperative relations between the two countries to yield more fruitful results in the new century .\r\non the other hand , i hope to gain a better understanding of china 's economic construction , to discover how china has made such important achievements in such a short period of time , and to study and to draw lessons from china 's experience .\r\nwe are glad to see the efforts of president mkapa and the tanzanian government in keeping national unity , safeguarding national stability , and implementing economic reforms , which have led to a steady growth of the national economy and an increase in the people 's living standard in tanzania .\r\nin the 1960 's and 1970 's , tanzanian won a worldwide reputation from the international community for its steadfast support of the political emancipation of the african continent .\r\ntoday , tanzania , while sticking to its principle of non - alliance and good - neighborliness , actively participates in regional affairs and stimulates regional economic integration . it has made great contribution to regional peace and development , and is playing an important role in africa , especially in southeastern africa .\r\nwe would like to express our appreciation for this .\r\nthe taiwan authorities today held a meeting to discuss the \" small - scale three links \" article , which was added to the draft resolution entitled the \" regulations concerning the construction on off - shore islands . \"\r\nthe caucus of the democratic progressive party at the \" legislative yuan \" pointed out that the \" executive yuan \" already agreed on the article . it asked : what do they mean by opposing the article ?\r\nhigh - level exchanges between the two countries have promoted the comprehensive development of friendly cooperation in all fields between the two sides .\r\nli peng pointed out that the npc and the british parliament have constantly strengthened their relations .\r\nwe think that inter - parliamentary exchanges constitute an important part of relations between the two countries .\r\nchapman said that the britain - china group , with more than 100 members , is the largest group in the british parliament , demonstrating the great interest of british legislators in getting to know more about china .\r\nto understand china better , it is necessary to visit the country personally .\r\nthe britain - china group of the british parliament is ready to further their efforts to develop the relations between britain and china and between the parliaments of the two countries .\r\nwe firmly oppose \" taiwan independence \" in any form .\r\nonly when taiwan 's new leader recognizes and accepts the one china principle can cross - strait political talks and dialogue be conducted , and cross - strait relations be realistically eased up and developed .\r\nit will be very dangerous if he continues to uphold the \" taiwan independence \" stand , an act which will only bring extremely grave disasters to the compatriots in taiwan .\r\nas members of the taiwan democratic self - government league , a party participating in government and political affairs and composed of compatriots who are native of taiwan province and living in the motherland , we look forward to the peaceful reunification of the two sides of the taiwan strait .\r\nhowever , the one china policy is a prerequisite to peaceful reunification , and \" taiwan independence \" of any form is absolutely inadmissible .\r\nthey said : now is the crucial moment for taiwan 's new leader .\r\nhe either recognizes one china principle , brings about cross - strait political dialogue and negotiation , and walks on the path of peace ; or denies the one china principle , adheres to engaging in separatism and \" taiwan independence , \" and sets off a cross - strait war .\r\nwe hope the broad masses of countrymen in taiwan will urge taiwan 's new leader to choose the correct path , so as to ensure the stability and prosperity of taiwan .\r\nsu mingsheng , vice president of the all - china federation of taiwan compatriots , chaired the forum .\r\nshanghai 's federation of trade units set up an employee legal aid center in august 1997 , a first in china , and it has now set up 30 sub - centers in various districts , counties , and industrial bureaus .\r\naccording to incomplete statistics , some 30,000 employees have received legal aid of various forms ; of these , nearly 40 percent was employees of foreign - invested enterprises .\r\nli lanqing , member of the political bureau standing committee of the cpc central committee and premier of the state council , visited tonight a large photo exhibition named \" advocating science and civility , and opposing superstition and ignorance , \" which was opened in the military museum yesterday .\r\nding guangen , li tieying , and zhu guangya also visited the exhibition .\r\nli lanqing visited every part of the exhibition attentively , tried to operate the various models displayed at the exhibition , and listened to the explanations given by experts on the basic operational principles of these models .\r\naccompanying the leaders at the exhibition were the responsible persons of relevant departments , including liu yunshan , wang shengjun , and zhang yutai .\r\nqiao zhonghuai said : china has always attached importance to promoting and protecting human rights .\r\nthe chinese constitution explicitly provides that chinese citizens are entitled to freedom of speech , assembly , association , and religious belief .\r\nunder the protection of the constitution and other laws , chinese citizens lawfully and freely exercise the aforesaid rights ; the question of \" persecution \" does not exist at all .\r\non the one hand , the united states is severely cracking down on cult organizations in their country ; but on the other , it is making carping comments on china dealing with cults .\r\nqiao zhonghuai said : the united states is always finding fault [ ping tou lun zu 6097 7333 6158 6398 ] with the status of other countries ' human rights .\r\nbut there are very serious human rights problems in the united states itself - - notorious racial discrimination , incessant police violence , torture in prisons , infringements on women 's rights , and campus gun killings .\r\na country like the united states with such a poor human rights record is not qualified to judge the status of other countries ' human rights at all at a un forum .\r\nwe hope that the united states will spend more time paying attention to its own human rights status , instead of interfering in others ' internal affairs under the pretext of human rights .\r\nduring his meeting with us ambassador to the united nations holbrooke on 21 march , president jiang zemin stressed that the taiwan issue is the biggest barrier to the improvement and development of sino - us relations .\r\ndefending china 's sovereignty and territorial integrity and realizing the motherland 's complete reunification represents the common aspiration and sacred mission of all chinese people .\r\nchina 's accomplishment of the great cause of reunification not only represents the common aspiration of all chinese people and serves the chinese nation 's fundamental interests , but also is conducive to the healthy and stable development of sino - us relations .\r\nhow to handle this question well will have an important bearing on the development of sino - us ties .\r\nthe chinese side has urged the united states to abide by the three sino - us joint communiques and the \" three no 's \" commitment .\r\nforeign ministry spokesman sun yuxi said yesterday : the chinese government demands that countries concerned adhere to the one china principle and allow for no visits by chen shui - bian to these countries in any capacity .\r\nthe chinese government firmly opposes engagement in any form of official contact with taiwan by any country that has established diplomatic relations with china .\r\nthe us government has made solemn international commitments with regard to the taiwan question and has promised that it will not have official contacts in any form with taiwan .\r\nif the two sides resort to force , there is a danger that the united states will get involved .\r\nfor this reason , president clinton took the lead in reiterating the \" one china \" position . he repeatedly emphasized that the \" policy of the united states towards taiwan remains unchanged , \" which shows the strategic determination of the united states in placing us - prc relations above us - taiwan relations .\r\nunder the pretext of maintaining a balance across the taiwan straits , the united states has sold large amount of modern weapons to taiwan . the united states also attempted to adopt the \" taiwan enhanced security act , \" which further fed the arrogance of the \" taiwan independence \" forces .\r\nif the united states cannot understand the importance and sensitivity of the taiwan issue , and fails to prudently handle it , the united states is likely to harm others as well as itself .\r\nas is known to all , if the \" taiwan independence \" elements brazenly advocate a separation , they will compel the chinese government to resort to force to settle the taiwan issue .\r\nand if the united states is substantially involved , it must be prepared to pay a huge price . a conflict between china and the united states is not in the interests of the united states .\r\nif that occurs , then the asia - pacific security system , with china and the united states as the center , will no longer exist . naturally , there will be no peace and stability in the asia - pacific region and the strategic interests of the united states in this region will be undermined .\r\nthose in power in the united states must think twice about this question .\r\nfollowing chen shui - bian 's election , president clinton issued a statement , reaffirming that the united states will scrupulously abide by the one - china policy .\r\nthe result of electing a new leader in the taiwan region does not change the fact that taiwan is part of chinese territory .\r\nholbrooke said , however , that the us side understands the importance and sensitivity of the taiwan issue , and will scrupulously abide by the one - china principle , the three sino - us joint communiques , and the \" three nos \" commitment .\r\nnow that its visiting representative has made a commitment , the united states should implement it to the letter , including not issuing a visa for chen shui - bian to enter the united states .\r\nthis is because chen has so far refused to abandon his \" taiwan independence \" stand . he has even openly indicated that he cannot accept president jiang zemin 's formulation , which regards one china as a prerequisite for cross - strait talks .\r\nif the united states takes a wrong step , it will push the taiwan strait situation to a dangerous edge . should that happen , the united states must bear the consequences for the serious situation .\r\nas a us official recently put it , at a time when a conflict or war may break out , it is wise for the united states not to have a hand in cross - strait disputes .\r\nby instigating chen shui - bian 's visit to the united states at this moment , the anti - china forces in the us congress aim to create trouble for the clinton administration and push the united states into a vortex .\r\nthings between the two sides of the strait can be solved peacefully only under the one - china principle .\r\nus involvement will only make things worse and strain the situation .\r\nif only people can take warning from the overturned cart ahead , things can be handled much more appropriately .\r\nif foreign countries do not meddle in this , there will be peace on the taiwan strait .\r\nwashington , 23 march ( xinhua ) - - the finance committee of the us senate held a hearing on granting china permanent normal trade relations [ pntr ] status , at which committee chairman william ruth appealed congress to settle the problem facing the trade relations between the united states and china through legislation .\r\nruth said that he and democrat senator patrick moynihan jointly introduced in the senate a bill of granting china pntr status and required president bill clinton 's continued active support to the bill .\r\nit has been reported that us president clinton submitted a bill of granting china pntr status to congress on 8 march and urged congress to pass the bill as soon as possible .\r\naccording to procedures , the bill will be decided by vote in the finance committee , which is responsible for trade legislation , before it is submitted to the senate and the house of representatives for examination and approval .\r\nhe said : korean - chinese friendship was personally established and nurtured by leaders of the older generation of both countries .\r\nthe recent visit to the chinese embassy in korea by korean leader kim jong il shows that comrade kim jong il values and shows concern for korean - chinese friendship .\r\nchen jiping said at the meeting : sino - korean friendship dates back a long time . it is cemented in fresh blood and can stand the test of time .\r\nthe chinese party , government and people assign great importance to the development of sino - korean friendship and puts sino - korean friendship in an important position in its foreign relations .\r\nhe said : the further development of sino - korean friendship is not only in the interest of the people of both countries but will contribute to peace and stability on the korean peninsula , even in the world .\r\nthe two sides also briefed each other on their economic construction and party building work .\r\nli bin [ 2621 3453 ] , charges d ' affaires ad interim of the chinese embassy in korea , was present at the meeting . the delegation of representatives of cpc workers arrived here for a week - long visit at the invitation of the international department of the wpk on 18 march .\r\nlien chan [ lian zhan ] , vice chairman of the kmt , will be the acting party chairman and will also become the convenor of a newly established \" reform committee of the kmt . \"\r\naccording the kmt party constitution , after the party chairman resigns , the first vice party chairman will be the acting party chairman and the kmt will call a congress within three months to elect a new party chairman .\r\nafter the humiliating defeat of the kmt in the activities of changing the leader of the taiwan area on 18 march , demands for lee teng - hui 's stepping down became louder and louder .\r\non march 19 , the higher echelons of kmt leadership announced that lee teng - hui would resign at a provisional party congress , which was scheduled to be held in september .\r\nzhang linsheng [ 1728 2651 3932 ] , deputy director of the guangzhou city judicial bureau and former chief of the traffic control sub - bureau under the city public security bureau , and his wife were recently held in custody for investigation by the judicial authorities on charges of smuggling and bribery .\r\nhowever , the work of investigation met with considerable obstructions .\r\nat the same time , zhang linsheng was transferred to fill the position of deputy director of the city judicial bureau . in addition to zhang linsheng , most of the responsible officials of the traffic control sub - bureau and vehicle administrative office were transferred to other units .\r\nthrough investigation , zhang linsheng 's crime has been basically confirmed : he received bribes to have licenses issued for smuggled vehicles .\r\nit is said that , through investigation , a large sum of money - - as much as nearly 100 million yuan - - was found in zhang linsheng 's house .\r\nthrough more than a half year 's investigation , the joint investigation group has by and large uncovered the principal malpractice of the vehicle administrative office of the guangzhou city public bureau , namely , illegally issuing licenses for thousands of smuggled automobiles .\r\nafter being replaced by zhang linsheng , he was promoted to deputy director of the city public security bureau , in charge of vehicle administration work .\r\nin private , people called them father and son . a few years ago , zhang rong had reached the retirement age and submitted his application for retirement .\r\nthen , what should the western region - based national defense industry do in order to seize the present favorable opportunity , give rein to its own advantages , and take an active part in the country 's large - scale development of the western region ?\r\ni would like to give my views on this issue : first , we should further emancipate the mind , change our concepts , and take an active part in the large - scale development of the western region .\r\nmeanwhile , they should also open themselves wider to other parts of the country and the world , change their operating mechanisms , bring true an army - civilian integration at a higher level , and inject a greater vigor into the national defense economy .\r\nthe publication of this speech has caused strong reactions across the party and society , and an enthusiastic wave of thoroughly studying and implementing the spirit of the speech and working to enhance and improve education work is occurring .\r\non 12 february , the first day of work after the spring festival , the standing committee of the cpc municipal committee held a meeting to relay and study the general secretary 's important speech .\r\nas an important foundation of economic development and comprehensive social progress , education represents the fundamental way to improve the overall quality and creativity of a nation .\r\n\" examination - tackling teaching \" and the practice of \" teaching and studying for good examination results , \" mainly characterized by the one - sided pursuit of a high admissions rate , constitute the main source of the excessive school work burden on students and are seriously harming the comprehensive development of children and youths .\r\nto comprehensively implement the cpc 's education policy , schools of various levels and categories citywide must organically integrate ethical , intellectual , and physical education into all aspects of education activities to create a situation of mutual infiltration and coordinated development , so as to advance the comprehensive growth of students .\r\nthe focus of personal quality education is to develop the spirit of innovation and the capability for practice on the part of students .\r\nwe must work effectively to do a good job of carrying out the important work of ideological and political education of young students , according to the requirements raised by general secretary jiang in his speech .\r\nschools have major responsibilities for enhancing the ideological education of young students .\r\nparents of students at large should actively support and cooperative with schools in ideological education .\r\nby being oriented toward social practice , comprehensively improving their own qualities , and making continual efforts , young students will definitely be able to develop themselves into useful personnel for socialist modernization construction .\r\nreform , opening , and socialist modernization construction require diverse personnel , and there are diverse ways of becoming qualified personnel .\r\nit is necessary to clearly expound this idea to young students at large and to support and encourage their going the road of comprehensive development and healthy development .\r\nvigorously enhance the construction of the pool of teachers the hope of national rejuvenation lies in education , and the hope of revitalizing education lies in teachers .\r\non the whole , teachers in our city are good . under rather harsh conditions , they have worked diligently for education , producing great achievements and making important contributions .\r\nhowever , it is also necessary to see that because of the constraints of previous education conceptions and models and the rapid development of education , the overall quality of teachers at large does not adequately meet the requirements of the implementation of personal quality education and the high standard of education desired by the masses of the people .\r\nfurther deepen the reform of the education system and comprehensively carry out personal quality education under the correct leadership and with the untiring efforts on the part of education workers at large as well as vigorous support from the entire society , the capital city 's education has undergone encouraging changes , resulting in substantial development .\r\nbeijing has become not only the largest education base nationwide , but also a renowned international education center in the asia - pacific region , thereby laying a good foundation for deepening education reform and comprehensively carrying out personal quality education .\r\nthese problems concern the development direction and level of education in the capital city , affect and constrain the comprehensive implementation of the cpc 's education policy , and are linked to the issue of whether children and youths can achieve comprehensive and healthy growth .\r\nit is necessary to properly adjust education deployment , to continually deepen the reform of the personnel system , to further improve the quality and efficiency of operation of schools .\r\nthrough reform , comprehensively carry out personal quality education and make education truly combined with social practice , so as to train high - quality personnel characterized by comprehensive and healthy development for socialist modernization construction .\r\nv. effectively strengthen the cpc 's leadership over education work and create a good social environment for the healthy development of children and youths leadership is the key to implementing the spirit of the general secretary jiang zemin 's speech and effectively enhancing and improving education work .\r\ncpc committees and governments at all levels should attach great importance to education work , in the spirit of being highly responsible to the state , nation , and offspring .\r\non the other hand , fully perform the functions of leadership , organization , and coordination , mobilize all social forces , and show concern and support for education work .\r\ncurrently , all in the city should study the spirit of general secretary jiang 's important speech in an in - depth manner , improve understanding , unify thinking , and more resolutely and consciously implement the cpc 's education policy in a comprehensive manner .\r\nfamily education is the foundation of students ' personal quality education and will be of critical importance to the healthy growth of children and youths .\r\nsecond , work vigorously to purify social conduct and to create a good social environment .\r\nin contemporary society , the cognitive capability of children and youths not only come from classrooms and books , but are also affected by society .\r\nsuch bad phenomena as superstition , ignorance , devious ideas , and vulgar culture currently existing in social life have large effects on them .\r\nthird , it is necessary to fully utilize and actively open activity places , so as to enrich extracurricular cultural life for children and youths .\r\nfourth , it is necessary to strength the comprehensive improvement of public security in areas around schools .\r\non the basis of public security improvement last year , it is necessary , this year , to continue to clean up trading markets and unlicensed venders in areas around schools and to continue to combat various illegal and criminal activities of disrupting normal school order and infringing upon the rights and interests of children and youths .\r\ncomrade jiang zemin 's \" speech on the issue of education \" is another important document for guiding education work oriented toward the new century , following the \" decision of the cpc central committee and the state council on deepening education reform and comprehensively carrying out personal quality education . \"\r\nwhen submitting the \" sewage discharge declaration and registration form , \" an enterprise or public institution that discharges more pollutants than the pollutant discharge standards set by the state or the locality shall also clearly state the reasons for exceeding the pollutant discharge standards and the measures to effect an improvement within the time limit .\r\narticle 5 an enterprise or public institution that needs to demolish or lay aside its pollutant treatment facilities shall make a prior declaration to the environmental protection department of a people 's government at or above the county level at the locality where it is located and shall state the reasons clearly .\r\na total discharge volume control enforcement scheme shall determine the units required to reduce their waste discharge volume and shall define the varieties of major pollutants from each waste discharging unit and its total discharge volume control quota , the necessary reduction in its waste discharge volume , and the time limit for the reduction .\r\nmeasures for assigning total discharge volume control quotas shall be drawn up by the state council 's environmental protection department after consulting with relevant departments of the state council .\r\nthe specific measures shall be drawn up by the environmental protection department of the state council .\r\narticle 11 units that are identified under the total discharge volume control enforcement scheme as having to reduce their pollutant discharge volume shall install their waste outlet in accordance with the rules of the state council 's environmental protection department and shall install monitoring equipment for total discharge volume control .\r\narticle 12 the people 's governments of provinces , autonomous regions , and municipalities located in the state - defined major river basins shall enforce state council - approved water environmental quality standards that are applicable to water bodies that cut across provincial boundaries .\r\narticle 13 the monitoring of the state of water environmental quality of water bodies that cut across provincial boundaries in state - defined major river basins shall be carried out in accordance with the specifications drawn up by the state council 's environmental protection department for monitoring water environmental quality .\r\narticle 14 urban construction administrative departments shall , in accordance with the overall urban planning , organize and draw up specialized plans for urban drainage and sewage treatment and shall , in accordance with the planning requirements , organize and construct centralized urban sewage treatment facilities .\r\narticle 15 the water quality of effluents from centralized urban sewage treatment facilities shall be maintained at or above the pollutant discharge standards set by the state or the locality .\r\nunits operating centralized urban sewage treatment facilities shall be accountable for the water quality of effluents from the centralized urban sewage treatment facilities .\r\nafter causing a water pollution accident , a vessel shall forthwith report it to a maritime administration nearby .\r\nin the event of an accident that has polluted fishery waters , it shall forthwith report it to the fishery administration at the place of accident .\r\nupon receiving the report , the maritime or fishery administration shall notify the circumstances to the environmental protection department of a people 's government of its level and shall promptly carry out investigative and handling work .\r\nconservation zones for surface sources of domestic potable water are divided into class one conservation zones and class two conservation zones .\r\narticle 22 the conservation of class one conservation zones for surface sources of domestic potable water shall be carried out in accordance with article 20 of the lpcwp .\r\nreconstruction projects in class two conservation zones for surface sources of domestic potable water shall effect a reduction in the pollutant discharge volume .\r\narticle 26 vessels engaged in inland navigation shall hold anti - pollution documents or logs specified by the maritime administration .\r\narticle 27 harbors or wharves shall be equipped with facilities for receiving and disposing of oily sewage and garbage .\r\nvessels engaged in inland navigation shall not discharge waste oil , residual oil , or garbage into the water body .\r\narticle 29 when a vessel is loading or unloading oils and other toxic and harmful , corrosive , or radioactive cargoes at a harbor or wharf , the ship and the operation unit shall take preventive measures to prevent pollution to the water body .\r\nthe category ii standards of the state 's \" underground water quality standards \" shall be applicable to the quality of water in conservation zones for underground sources of domestic potable water .\r\narticle 36 for the discharge of toxic , harmful wastewater from mine shafts and pits , water catchment works shall be put up along the periphery of the mineral deposit and effective measures shall be taken to prevent the pollution of underground water .\r\narticle 37 the quality of water for artificially recharging and replenishing underground potable water shall conform to the water quality standards for domestic potable water sources and shall be subject to the approval of the health authority of local people 's governments at or above the county level .\r\narticle 41 those who are punishable by a fine according to the provisions in article 48 of the lpcwp shall be liable to a fine below 100,000 yuan .\r\narticle 42 those who are punishable by a fine according to the provisions in article 52 , section 1 of the lpcwp shall be liable to a fine below 200,000 yuan .\r\narticle 48 the payment of waste discharge fees or extra - quota waste discharge fees by a unit or the punishment of a unit by a warning or fine shall not relieve it of the responsibilities of eliminating pollution , removing harms , and paying compensation for losses .\r\nproceeding from the requirements of future local wars under hi - tech conditions , this general unit has taken the initiative to raise the starting point and level of difficulty of training and made positive efforts to explore new training programs , such as comprehensive training for naval formation , in recent years .\r\nthe n1101 vessel of this general unit set a number of firsts among the army ship and boat units : the first to sail across different sea areas on its own and coming first in terms of total distance of navigation , volume of transport , and navigation span .\r\nthe general unit has taken part in several combined - arms theater exercises in recent years and accomplished its tasks with flying colors . in last year 's inspection of war preparedness training by headquarters , it showed excellent performance in all respects and was cited by headquarters as \" an advanced unit in war preparedness training . \"\r\non the morning of 24 march 2000 , chinese state president jiang zemin met with philippine vice president gloria macapagal arroyo at zhongnanhai .\r\ni also met with president estrada twice during apec meetings and we held excellent talks [ tan de hen hao 6151 1779 1771 1170 ] .\r\ni also invited president estrada to pay a state visit to china in may 2000 .\r\ni am looking forward to exchanging views with him on bilateral ties and issues of common concern .\r\npresident jiang said : china and the philippines are close neighbors . friendly exchanges between the two countries date back to ancient times .\r\nwe still propose to resolve the existing differences between the two countries through friendly consultations based on the principle of \" shelving disputes and facilitating common development \" [ ge zhi zhen yi gong tong kai fa 2364 4999 3630 6231 0364 0681 7030 4099 ] .\r\njiang zemin also briefed the guest on china 's economic situation and development . he said : both china and the philippines are developing countries . both are encountering the tasks of developing their economies and upgrading their peoples ' living standards .\r\narroyo said : this is my fourth visit to china . i have participated in promoting bilateral friendship between the two countries long before china and the philippines established diplomatic ties .\r\narroyo said : this year is an important year for sino - philippine ties : president estrada would soon visit china on invitation . the philippine government and people expect the visit to be successful , and hope that both countries will further enhance economic , trade , agricultural , cultural , scientific , and technological cooperation .\r\njiang zemin made positive assessment of the progress made in bilateral relations between china and south africa since the two countries forged diplomatic ties .\r\nhe said : south africa is a large country in africa and an important developing country . china and south africa share the same sufferings and the same destiny . china attaches importance to the development of friendly and cooperative relations with south africa .\r\nwhen talking about sino - african relations , jiang zemin said : the chinese government always attaches importance to africa and maintains close , friendly , and cooperative relations with african countries . sino - african friendship has stood the test of time and changes in the international situation . we are trusted friends for each other .\r\nhe said : \" sino - african cooperation forum - - the 2000 ministerial meeting in beijing \" will be convened in october this year .\r\nthe chinese government proposed the holding of this meeting for two purposes : first , to discuss the establishment of a new international political and economic order ; second , to discuss the new form and new way for sino - african cooperation .\r\nzuma conveyed the greetings from south african president ( mbeki ) and former president mandela to president jiang zemin . jiang zemin also asked zuma to convey his regards to ( mbeki ) and mandela .\r\nzuma said south africa attaches great importance to her relations with china , and regards china as a major strategic partner of south africa and also african development as a whole . south africa takes bilateral cooperation with china as a major component part of south - south cooperation .\r\nsouth africa is satisfied with the rapid and comprehensive development of bilateral relations with china and the level of bilateral cooperation since the establishment of diplomatic ties , and hopes both sides will further increase and expand cooperation .\r\nshe said south africa appreciates china 's proposal for the holding of \" sino - african cooperation forum - - the 2000 ministerial meeting in beijing \" and is willing to make contributions to the success of the meeting .\r\nsince ancient times , the chinese people 's national sense and national awareness has been very strong , leading to the emergence of a host of national heroes , such as yue fei , wen tianxiang , and guan tianpei .\r\nin the past century , the chinese people have realized even more the importance of national unity and self - improvement after experiencing untold sufferings from aggression by great powers and from fighting among warlords .\r\nin word and in deed , lee teng - hui wantonly aggravated cross - strait relations , pushing the two sides of the taiwan strait to the brink of war . it is only natural that he met with opposition from the overwhelming majority of the chinese people , including the people of taiwan .\r\nin the recent \" presidential \" election , lee teng - hui employed all sorts of tricks and ruses .\r\nthe meeting has relayed and studied the spirit of the central authorities ' instructions on the taiwan issue , studied the current situation concerning taiwan - related work , and arranged taiwan - related tasks under the new circumstances .\r\nqian qichen , member of the cpc central committee political bureau and vice premier of the state council , attended and delivered an important speech at the meeting .\r\nhe said : we have distinctly and resolutely waged struggles against \" taiwan independence \" and other splittist forces . the 1.2 - odd billion chinese people have fully demonstrated their firm determination to safeguard china 's national sovereignty and territorial integrity .\r\nmost countries in the world have reiterated their upholding the one - china policy and promised to handle their ties with taiwan within the one - china framework .\r\nmost taiwan compatriots do not support \" taiwan independence , \" and wish for stability and to develop cross - strait ties .\r\nif some people who disregard the security of the 23 million taiwan compatriots ' lives scheme to carry out \" taiwan independence \" activities , they absolutely will not end well [ mei you hao xia chang de 3093 2589 1170 0007 1034 4104 ] .\r\nqian qichen emphatically pointed out : the election of a new taiwan regional leader and its results cannot change the fact that taiwan is a part of china .\r\nthe chinese government and people absolutely will not compromise or concede on cardinal issues of right and wrong , such as safeguarding the one - china principle and china 's national sovereignty and territorial integrity .\r\nwe should increase contacts with all the political parties and all the figures from various circles in taiwan who support the one - china principle , who oppose \" taiwan independence , \" and who advocate enhancing cross - strait ties .\r\ncompatriots on both sides of the strait and all those who support china 's reunification should be united , and make joint efforts to strive to develop cross - strait ties and to advance the process of peacefully reunifying the motherland .\r\nchen yunlin , director of the cpc central committee central office for taiwan affairs and the state council taiwan affairs office , delivered a work report at the meeting .\r\nalso attending the meeting were responsible officials from relevant departments of the cpc central committee and state organs as well as heads of taiwan affairs offices from various provinces , autonomous regions , municipalities , and cities with provincial - level economic decision - making authorities .\r\nit is necessary to consciously place this campaign high on the agenda of the party committees and leading party groups , and grasp it firmly and well .\r\nzhang quanjing said : during this \" review \" campaign , we should put study in the first place and keep eyes on improving ourselves in terms of ideology and politics .\r\nwe must realistically resolve the issues that some comrades are confused and have wavered in their ideals and conviction , unceasingly increase the accomplishment in party spirit and enhance our ability to resist corruption and prevent evolution .\r\nzhang quanjing said : in reviewing the work , we must base ourselves on summing up experiences and find out where we have lagged behind .\r\non this basis , they should hold party committee ( leading party group ) meetings or special democratic party life meetings to analyze the reasons for the existing gaps , conduct criticism and self - criticism and study measures for deeply carrying out rectification .\r\nzhang quanjing pointed out : in conducting the \" review \" campaign , we must grasp and think deeply the major issues that affect the overall situation , and further clearly define the orientation to which we should exert efforts .\r\nwhile implementing the rectification measures , it is necessary to step up efforts to resolve problems in economic , political and cultural construction and in the party 's self - development such as not complying with or running counter to the advanced production forces and cultural demands and the interests of the people .\r\nwe should properly handle the relations between the \" review \" campaign with other work and see to it that \" both will not be delayed and that both will promote each other . \"\r\npresident of xinhua news agency guo chaoren , agricultural minister chen yaobang , and minister of foreign trade and economic cooperation shi guangsheng , respectively introduced their methods and experience in conducting the \" review \" of the \" three stresses \" education .\r\nprincipal leaders of various departments of the central party and government organs or persons in charge of certain departments , director of the \" three stresses \" education office and chief of the central \" three stresses \" education inspection group attended the meeting .\r\nthe notice reads as follows : 1 . a license - based system should be applied to the online sales of audio - video products .\r\nnone are allowed to arbitrarily engage in the online sales of audio - video products if they do not register themselves with tape market administrative departments or if they do not get approvals by such departments . 2 .\r\nthe units engaged in the publication , wholesale or retail distribution , and renting of audio - video products are allowed to engage in the online sales and renting of such products through their own websites and webpages .\r\nonline business units should provide the names of publishing units , the standard codes of products , and the numbers of the documents for approving the imports of such products .\r\nit is imperative to stop the sales of the audio - video products with prohibited contents defined in the article 3 of the \" regulations on management of audio - video products , \" as well as of smuggled , pirated , and unlawful products .\r\nthe mp3 music products downloaded from the internet must not be sold .\r\nnone are permitted to make wholesale distribution of audio - video products via the internet . 6 .\r\nthe units engaged in the online sales of audio - video products should put in prominent positions their business license numbers and the telephone numbers of their registration organizations and the license registration organizations . 7 .\r\nthe online business of audio - video products should be done strictly in line with the regulations and systems governing the tape markets and be supervised and controlled by the tape market administrative departments .\r\nlee teng - hui 's ancestral home is yongding county , fujian province , and he was born in january 1923 in sanzhi township , taipei [ taibei ] county , taiwan .\r\nafter graduating from the danshui junior high school , he entered the taipei high school .\r\nhe was arrested in april 1949 and was later released after he betrayed the party .\r\nafter he graduated from taiwan university , he taught at the school .\r\nlater , he served as a lecturer , associate professor , and professor at taiwan university .\r\nin 1957 , he was appointed assistant engineer , and later promoted to engineer , with the \" china rural rejuvenation committee . \"\r\nin july 1988 , he was elected kmt chairman , chairman of the \" constitutional study committee of the national assembly , \" and chairman of the \" national security council . \"\r\nin march 1990 , he was elected the eighth \" president \" of taiwan , in october of the same year was elected chairman of the \" national unification committee , \" and in november 1990 he was appointed concurrently as president of the \" chinese cultural rejuvenation movement promotion committee . \"\r\nin 1993 , he put forward the theory of \" two chinas as a phase \" and launched a campaign to push taiwan back into the united nations .\r\nthe statement also claimed that the two sides of the strait are \" equal political entities \" and said \" political entity \" can be interpreted as a country .\r\ntibet is an autonomous region of china , and tibetan compatriots are members of the big family of the chinese nation .\r\ntibet has made rapid progress in all fields following its democratic reform , especially since the program of reform and opening up was launched .\r\nwe express firm opposition and strong resentment over the way the new york city council followed in the footsteps of the us congress and passed the so - called resolution supporting \" tibet national day. \"\r\nzhu rongji said that he had just visited the philippines last november and felt great warmth having the opportunity to meet with vice president arroyo again so soon after that visit .\r\nhe said : \" during my visit to the philippines , i had the pleasure of having cordial and friendly meetings with president estrada , the vice president herself and the heads of the philippine senate and house of commons , and i was warmly entertained by the government and people of the philippines .\r\nthe visit left me a very good impression . \"\r\nhe noted that through the visit , he deeply felt the immense potential of cooperation between the two countries .\r\nhe also expressed his appreciation to the philippines for its support in china 's bid to gain wto accession .\r\nzhu rongji also asked arroyo to convey his cordial greetings to president estrada .\r\narroyo said that she was glad to have the opportunity to visit china and meet zhu rongji again .\r\nshe said : premier zhu rongji 's recent visit to the philippines was a great success .\r\nin recent years , a good momentum has appeared in the relations between the two countries .\r\nbilateral trade is heading toward a balance .\r\nthe two sides have reached an agreement on china 's accession to the wto .\r\nthe philippines believes that ties between the two countries will definitely see further growth in the new period .\r\nthe two sides also exchanged views on issues of common concern .\r\nmrs zhu rongji [ lao an ] , minister of civil affairs doje cering , minister of foreign trade and economic cooperation shi guangsheng , vice foreign minster yang wenchang , and others attended the meeting .\r\nli peng warmly welcomed speaker ba - du - le 's return visit in nearly 20 years .\r\nhe said , in the more than 20 years since diplomatic relations were established between china and djibouti , our relations have developed smoothly . i believe mr. speaker 's visit will be conducive to promoting relations between china and djibouti and between the npc of china and the chamber of deputies of djibouti .\r\nli peng stressed , we advocate a multipolar world , because a multipolarized structure will be good for peace and development .\r\nall countries in the world , big or small , rich or poor , strong or weak , are equal members in the international community and have the right to participate in international affairs on an equal footing .\r\nin international relations , china is opposed to the big bullying the small , the strong bullying the weak , and advocates building a new international political and economic order which is peaceful and steady as well as just and reasonable .\r\nli peng said , china attaches importance to developing relations with djibouti , and is happy to see djibouti has successfully realized national reconciliation and ceased the civil war .\r\nchina supports the efforts of the multitude of african countries , including djibouti , to break free of poverty and invigorate their economy .\r\nba - du - le said , i first visited china in 1981 .\r\nthis time i am here again and i am very impressed by the drastic changes that have taken place in china .\r\nthe realities demonstrate once again that anyone who attempts to promote \" taiwan independence \" and split the motherland will certainly come to no good end .\r\nthis is historic dialectics .\r\nlee teng - hui obtained his power from the kmt . it was the kmt that lee teng - hui depended on when he climbed up the summit of power as taiwan 's leader .\r\nbut when lee teng - hui took the stage , he changed the kmt 's line of upholding one china and opposing \" taiwan independence . \" he gradually led the kmt to a dangerous road of promoting separatism and \" taiwan independence . \"\r\nwithout exception , all of taiwan 's political and economic institutions as well as organizations representing people 's will have been seriously affected . the people have been very indignant . the kuomintang 's reputation has been tarnished .\r\nin dealing with taiwan 's future , he truly and surreptitiously engaged in \" taiwan independence \" activities , while publicly claiming that he aimed for reunification . in taiwan 's politics , he \" genuinely aimed for tyranny while faking democratic acts . \"\r\ninside the kuomintang , he used one faction to persecute another faction . . . [ ellipses as printed ] lee teng - hui 's deeds led to major splits within the kuomintang , and eventually pushed the kuomintang to the brink of destruction .\r\nlee teng - hui 's slimy schemes could only fool people temporarily but not for long .\r\nas the chinese people at home and abroad voiced their opposition in unison , increasingly more taiwan compatriots have distinctly realized lee teng - hui 's true colors of taiwan independence , tyranny , fake democracy , and fraudulence .\r\nlee teng - hui 's reputation has collapsed . his deeds have encountered widespread indignation and discontent .\r\nthe one - china principle is the touchstone for testing whether one is pursuing \" taiwan independence \" or truly advocating peace for both sides of the strait and gradually attaining reunification .\r\nthose people - - who are still attempting to disguise their \" taiwan independence \" stance with flowery statements , who cheat and fool the taiwan people , who stubbornly reject the one - china principle , and who attempt to secede taiwan from china - - should learn the lesson from lee teng - hui 's example .\r\nnew york , 23 mar (zxs) - - china 's newly appointed ambassador to the united nations wang yingfan today [ 23 march ] warned [ gao jie 0707 6135 ] the taiwan region 's new leader : practicing \" taiwan independence \" will be a dead end road .\r\nambassador wang yinfan made the above remarks while attending a banquet hosted by the new york association of chinese communities to celebrate the new spring and welcome the ambassador .\r\nthis evening was wang yinfan 's first social activity with the overseas chinese since his assumption of office . reporters immediately surrounded him as he arrived at the banquet room . reporters asked him about his views on relations between the two sides of the taiwan strait after the election in the taiwan region .\r\nambassador wang said : the result of election in the taiwan region and future developments are of concern to all people of chinese descent throughout the world because this is related to the big issue of the reunification of the motherland .\r\nnow the new leader in the taiwan region still will not accept the principle of one china , and this is very unwise .\r\nhe hoped the new leader in the taiwan region would give up his stand of \" taiwan independence \" and advance along the correct road of realizing the reunification of the motherland .\r\nliang guanjun , chairman of the new york association of chinese communities expressed his welcome to ambassador wang yingfan on behalf of the overseas chinese .\r\nliang guanjun pointed out : \" one must not counter the will of the people and go against the tide . we hope mr. chen shui - bian will think it over three times before making a decision on which direction to go . \"\r\nlee teng - hui has betrayed the kuomingtang [ kmt ] and the chinese people . it serves him right to have such a shameful end .\r\nthe kmt 's crushing defeat in the election triggered off massive protests by the people .\r\nthere were loud cries for lee teng - hui to resign immediately to take responsibility for the election defeat .\r\nlee teng - hui , who has governed taiwan for 12 years , suddenly became a rat crossing the street [ a person who provokes a hue and cry ] and completely has only himself to blame for such a sad and shameful end . he deserves to be punished .\r\nafter becoming a ruler in 1988 , lee teng - hui continued to expand his power , got rid of dissidents , went on his own ways , and allowed widespread money and gang - linked politics .\r\nlee teng - hui has deliberately engaged in splittism and vainly attempted to create \" two chinas \" and \" one china , one taiwan \" in the international community to split taiwan from china forever .\r\nin the past decade or more , the taiwan society was all split up by the so - called \" lee teng - hui line , \" that is , the \" taiwan independence \" line . cross - strait relations have become dangerously explosive and the taiwan situation continues to be turbulent .\r\nthe reunification of the motherland is the greatest interest of the chinese people and a sacred goal commonly pursued by the chinese people on the two sides of the taiwan strait .\r\ncompatriots on the two sides are seeking and hoping for peaceful reunification , chinese people overseas are also expecting the reunification of the motherland ; and the international community is also recognizing one china .\r\nhowever , lee teng - hui has gone against the historical tide , and overrated himself and tried to hold back an overwhelming superior force .\r\nlee teng - hui is a betrayer of the taiwan people 's interest .\r\nthis conforms to the taiwan people 's interest and is currently the people 's greatest aspiration .\r\nthere is definitely no way out for the former , whereas there is a bright road for the latter .\r\nthis is just to give the new taiwan leader new opportunities and time to study and formulate cross - strait policies afresh . the people hope that the new taiwan leader can draw on lee teng - hui 's lessons and seize this opportunity to make a wise choice .\r\ndirected at the results of the taiwan presidential election and the emergence of a new situation on the two sides of the taiwan strait , high - level cpc authorities held a national meeting of taiwan office directors in the past two days in beijing .\r\nit is learned that the theme of the meeting is \" accelerating peace talks and promoting the reunification of the motherland . \" the mainland maintains a careful attitude of \" continued observation \" on taiwan president - elect chen shui - bian [ chen shuibian ] and does not disclose its position any further .\r\nat the meeting , vice premier qian qichen , who is mainly in charge of taiwan affairs , stressed : if there is anyone who ignores the safety of the lives of 23 million taiwan compatriots and attempts to engage in \" taiwan independence , \" he absolutely will not end up well .\r\nit is pointed out that this meeting indirectly responded to chen shui - bian 's recent argument that \" ' one china ' is not a principle but a ' topic for discussion ' . \"\r\nwe absolutely do not allow any form of \" taiwan independence . \"\r\nso long as they recognize the \" one - china \" principle , taiwan leaders may come to mainland china any time to hold talks ; we are also willing to go to taiwan ; and the association for relations across the taiwan strait and taiwan 's strait exchange foundation can also make contacts and facilitate exchanges .\r\nqian qichen added : the chinese government and people absolutely will not compromise or concede on cardinal issues of right and wrong , such as safeguarding the \" one - china \" principle and china 's national sovereignty and territorial integrity .\r\ncompatriots on the two sides of the taiwan strait and all those who support china 's reunification should be united and make joint efforts to strive to develop cross - strait relations and advance the process of the motherland 's peaceful reunification .\r\nthe circular stipulates : the license system is applied to the on - line business activities of audio - video products .\r\nthe circular stipulates : information and network business units with foreign investment or of sino - foreign joint ventures are forbidden from engaging in on - line business activities of audio - video products . the audio - video products sold on - line must be legal audio - video products released by domestic audio - video publishing units .\r\nsales of smuggled , pirated , and other illegal audio - video products are prohibited , so are the on - line sales of foreign imported audio - video end products .\r\nthe circular said : on the web sites or web pages , the on - line business units should prominently indicate the numbers of their licenses for operation and the telephone numbers of the organs that put the units on file and the license - issuing organs .\r\nany violation of this circular will be punished by the audio - video market administrative department in accordance with the \" regulations on management of audio - video products \" and relevant laws and regulations .\r\ngan yuping , deputy director of the state council three gorges project construction committee and vice mayor of chongqing , told this reporter the other day that the number of inundated industrial and mining enterprises will total as many as 1,397 .\r\nchongqing will relocate , build , and transform the inundated enterprises in line with the principle of integrating the relocation and building of enterprises with their structural readjustment .\r\ncapitals coming from outside chongqing can take over these enterprises through acquisition or merger ; and can also participate in the business of these enterprises by shares or acquire a holding power over these enterprises .\r\ninvestors coming to chongqing to participate in the relocation of enterprises in the reservoir areas can enjoy a policy environment more relaxed and flexible than that offered by open cities and development zones in the country 's coastal areas .\r\nall capitals , state - owned or civilian - run , which merge enterprises in the reservoir areas are entitled to the preferential state policies originally designed for merges among state enterprises .\r\naccording to the briefing given by gan yuping , chongqing also hopes to attract investors from both inside and outside the country to participate in the building of small cities and towns in the three gorges reservoir areas .\r\nthe inundated area of the three gorges project will affect 237 townships and towns , and 101 market towns are expected to be inundated and therefore need to be relocated and rebuilt .\r\nthe chengdu - wanzhou high - class highway is currently under an intensified construction section by section , and some of the sections have already been opened to traffic .\r\nthe daxian - wanzhou railway will be opened to traffic within this year .\r\nthe wanhaha group from hangzhou and the beidou group from wuhan have both made handsome profits in the reservoir areas ever since their entry two years ago .\r\nhow to stabilize the country 's current low birthrate is the biggest challenge china is facing in its population control in the new century . this was pointed out by the experts attending the symposium on \" china 's low birthrate - - the status quo and the future , \" which was held in beijing the other day .\r\ntoday , a low birthrate has become a basic demographic fact , and the initial formation of the present population situation featured by a low birthrate has marked the beginning of a new development period for china 's population control and family planning .\r\nthe issue of population is , in essence , an issue of development , and a stable low birthrate needs to be based on a fundamental change in people 's concept on child birth .\r\nthe 10 - year - long sanctions have caused countless harms to iraqi civilians , and this is by no means the original intention or the aim of the security council when it first decided to impose sanctions against iraq .\r\non its handling of the humanitarian issue , the security council should treat different regions or countries on the same footing ; not only should it avoid politicizing the issue , but it should also avoid adopting a double standard on the issue .\r\nit is an integration of upper , middle and lower reaches and is a wide range of systematic projects of trans - region and trans - industry .\r\nhe suggested handling well the relationship between the exploitation of natural gas resources and exploitation of other energies , as well as the relationship between shipping natural gas from western regions to eastern regions and exploitation of natural gas in the east china sea .\r\nduring the implementation of the project , we should further open china wider to the outside world , actively utilize foreign investment , and attract international cooperative partners with actual strength to participate in investment , construction and management work .\r\nthe project of shipping natural gas from western regions east is one with big investment , a long construction period , and a formidable coordination task , he said .\r\nit is understood that under the approval of the state council , a leading group in charge of the construction of the project was set up . zhang guobao , vice director of the sdpc , was assigned as the group leader .\r\namid a wave of protests staged by the taiwan public , lee teng - hui ( li denghui ) was compelled to resign from the post of kuomintang chairman and stepped down earlier than planned .\r\nsecondly , he sought to control the political power , and had paved the way for the dpp 's rise to power even at the cost of ruining the kmt .\r\nif taiwan compatriots fail to wipe out the pernicious influences of the \" two state theory , \" taiwan is unlikely to enjoy stability and tranquillity .\r\nthe struggle of the chinese nation to oppose taiwan independence and splittism and to realize \" one country two systems , and peaceful reunification \" will be carried on in a more deepgoing way .\r\nthe \" editorial \" of ta kung pao pointed out that lee teng - hui 's disgraceful end serves as a gave warning to taiwan 's new leaders : anyone who advocates taiwan independence will certainly come to no good end .\r\nduring a current period when the cross - straits relations prove extremely uncertain , any unexpected event may take place at any time ; and failure to handle things well will lead to extremely serious consequences .\r\ntaiwan 's new leaders are faced with a choice of utmost importance : sticking to the practice of taiwan independence or striking out on a new path , recognizing the principle of \" one china , \" and improving cross - strait relations ?\r\namid island - wide opposition and protests , lee teng - hui [ li denghui ] resigned as kuomintang [ kmt ] chairman ahead of time on 24 march .\r\nafter learning that lee teng - hui had stepped down , the masses protesting around the kmt headquarters in taipei [ taibei ] celebrated by applauding .\r\nsome newspapers in taiwan even described lee teng - hui 's various political measures as \" rottener than one another , \" and the masses of taiwan have profoundly hated all these .\r\nit was lee teng - hui who , after he took power , played political tricks all the way , cheated the masses , and frequently swallowed his own words , loosing the minimum moral requirements which a political figure should have .\r\nfacts show that tricks and deceptions cannot survive for long .\r\nfrom the very beginning to the end , the game had been manipulated behind the scenes by lee teng - hui . \" but , it was so unexpected to him that he had to resign so early , so awkwardly , and in so unpopular a way .\r\nthese are the ill consequences of what lee teng - hui had done which have brought about his ouster .\r\nall these should be a lesson for future politicians of taiwan .\r\nbarshefsky , hua mei bank president wu chien - ming , chinese consul general an wenbin , and others attended the banquet .\r\nbarshefsky made the aforesaid remarks at a speech entitled \" the us - chinese trade agreement - - a policy formulated for the security and strategy in the 21 st century . \"\r\nno matter how the debate at the congress will turn out , china will join the wto all the same and will , as always , continue its exports to the united states , adding that their only duty is to grant china normal trade relations .\r\nhowever , it is very important for the congress to grant china a permanent normal trade status .\r\naccording to the wto agreement , each member is entitled to a permanent normal trade status .\r\nbarshefsky added : we should view the sino - us agreement in a wider sense .\r\nfuture us - chinese relations will be very important in the strategy for this century .\r\nin the past , we won great victories in revolution and construction by overcoming tremendous difficulties and dangers , because our party persistently educated party members , guided the masses , united people 's minds , and boosted people 's morale with the lofty ideal and with the objectives for the struggle in every historical stage .\r\nat present , this is the main theme for the ideal and belief education .\r\nat the turn of the century , the international situation is complicated , and our country is situated in a critical period of reform and development . the ideological struggle will continue to exist over a long time , and may sometimes become intense .\r\nthe guiding position of marxism in the ideological field must be consolidated and strengthened in our country , and no pluralization is allowed .\r\nat present , it is particularly necessary to intensify education in marxist materialism , atheism , and scientific spirit .\r\nwhether we can arm the whole party with the correct ideal and belief and rally the people will first depend on whether leading cadres , especially senior and intermediate - level leading cadres , can really maintain the correct ideal and belief .\r\nsuch negative figures as hu changqing gave us a warning that the vacillation in ideal and belief is the most dangerous vacillation .\r\nprofound changes have occurred in the social life of our country in the new period .\r\nideal and belief education should be combined with efforts to solve the actual difficulties and problems that the masses are facing . the work of educating the masses should be combined with effective services given to the people .\r\nparty organizations at all levels should give prominence to ideal and belief education in the course of \" three stresses \" education , party members ' progressiveness education , education around the subject of \" thinking of sources and making progress after getting rich , \" and other education activities .\r\na visit to india was the highlight of clinton 's six - day tour , during which he spent five days in india and stayed for only a few hours in the past us ally , pakistan .\r\nfirst , the united states tried very hard to talk india into abandoning its nuclear program and into signing the \" comprehensive nuclear test ban treaty . \"\r\nthe united states failed to attain its object of having india sign the treaty during clinton 's visit .\r\nin a meeting between talbottt , us deputy secretary of state , and indian foreign minister singh , the us side failed to persuade india to participate in an international conference on ending the production of fissionable material for nuclear weapons .\r\nsecond , on the kashmir issue , clinton repeatedly stressed that india and pakistan should end their conflict , restore dialogue , and increase exchanges to gradually iron out differences and ultimately resolve issues .\r\nhe indicated that he is willing to act as a mediator for the two sides .\r\nnevertheless , india said it has no intention of resuming talks with pakistan on the kashmir issue in the near future and flatly rejected clinton 's offer of mediation .\r\nindian prime minister atal bihari vajpayee maintained that the countries in the region should settle the issue among themselves .\r\nindia , however , indicated that it is unable to do it now because of a tight budget .\r\none may well say that india gained more than it lost from clinton 's trip .\r\nin addition to securing sizeable aid and investment , india took the opportunity to lobby us officials , enabling the us side to \" have a more profound understanding of india 's plight and stand . \"\r\nthus , although the united states and india declared that their bilateral ties entered a new era , in fact the path of the new era does not seem to have been paved .\r\nhong kong , 26 mar (zxs) - - with the progress in talks on china 's accession to the world trade organization (wto) , the issue of how to face china 's entry into the wto has recently become the focus of the people 's conversations .\r\nregarding this , high - level officials of the special administrative region have recently expressed one after another that after china 's entry into the wto , its trade and investment activities with other countries of the world will further increase and this will promote economic growth in hong kong .\r\nlast year , the total volume of trade between the mainland and hong kong exceeded 1,000 billion hong kong dollars , accounting for nearly 40 percent of hong kong 's total trade volume .\r\nthe economic advisers of the hong kong government estimated that after china 's entry into the wto , hong kong 's export related to the mainland will increase by 1.3 percent in 2010 as compared with the present .\r\nchou tak - hay pointed out that after china 's entry into the wto , hong kong 's trade will benefit . besides , hong kong , being a financial center , will continue to play an important role in raising funds for enterprises on the mainland .\r\nto date , a total of 87 mainland enterprises have been listed on the stock exchange , raising as much as 245.6 billion [ monetary unit not specified ] .\r\nhong kong 's position as an international financial center will also help branches of mainland financial institutions in hong kong to expand their overseas financial markets in order to merge with the international framework .\r\nbesides , hong kong 's enterprises and the mainland 's operation businessmen can seize the immense space for cooperation in telecommunications and information technology , and can jointly promote the development of china 's information technology infrastructure and e - commerce .\r\nchau tak - hay said that china 's population has exceeded 1.2 billion and the population itself is already a very attractive consumption market .\r\nthe best thing to do in supporting hong kong 's efforts to develop a technology - intensive economic system with renovation as its guidance in the 21 st century is to establish closer economic ties with the mainland .\r\nfrom now on , hong kong 's role is not confined to being mainland 's gate for opening up , but should be acting as an economic system that regards providing service as its guiding factor , and directly takes part in the mainland 's economic development .\r\nthe public opinion is that the \" vincent siew [ xiao wanchang ] cabinet , \" which will resign en masse in a month and a half , should not do so to continually jeopardize the kuomintang 's [ kmt 's ] creditability .\r\nthe taiwan \" legislative yuan \" has bombarded the \" vincent siew cabinet \" for its continued act of machiavelliansm and stubbornness in carrying out the policy of \" guarding against haste and exercising patience . \"\r\nas revealed by a public - opinion poll conducted by taiwan 's lienho pao [ united daily news ] , 61 percent of the people approved of the trial - implementation of the \" small - scale three links \" by the off - shore islands , while only 19 percent opposed it .\r\nin particular , \" legislators \" elected by the off - shore islands have raised serious warnings against this proposal .\r\nchen ch ' ing - pao , a kmt \" legislator \" from quemoy , noted that he would quit the party to express his stand if the \" executive yuan \" dares to file the reconsideration proposal .\r\ntogether with some \" national assembly \" delegates elected from the off - shore islands , they visited the \" executive yuan \" and submitted a six - point statement .\r\nthe opening of the \" small - scale three links \" propelled by the recent adoption of the above - mentioned statute by the \" legislative yuan \" is a major breakthrough in taiwan 's mainland policy . now , the \" executive yuan \" has said differently , however .\r\nwhile strongly criticizing the disregard of reality by the \" vincent siew cabinet , \" officials and people on the off - shore islands are prepared for a full - scale protest .\r\n\" in no way can the people of the offshore islands accept the reconsideration proposal , and if the proposal is passed , the people of all walks of life in penghu will protest further , \" stressed su k ' un - hsiung [ su kunxiong ] , speaker of the penghu county council .\r\nby further inference , solving the taiwan issue under the principle of \" one china \" is an unquestionable moral truth and so both sides of the strait must follow this principle . under this principle , the two sides can be completely equal and will not have the problem of inequality as said by chen shui - bian .\r\nthis is the logic of the chinese people as well as the logic of the chinese people in the whole world . it is also the logic publicly recognized by more than 100 countries in the world and the logic based on the resolution adopted by the united nations long time ago .\r\nthey recognize the first proposition but do not recognize the second proposition .\r\naccording to his logic , jiang zemin and chen shui - bian are in an equal position and the two sides of the strait can start to hold talks immediately .\r\nfor peace between the two sides , we earnestly hope that mr. chen shui - bian will stop practicing his unworkable \" tai chi chuan [ chinese shadow boxing ) \" and genuinely and sincerely think about the right way to open the door for cross - strait talks !\r\nchen shui - bian took the us information seriously and recently sent a \" secret envoy \" to beijing to express his greatest goodwill and to further understand beijing 's real intention .\r\nif the issue is dealt with too urgently , it could lead to unusual complications in the political situation on the island and instability in the new government , which will not be conducive to the future development of cross - strait relations .\r\nsecond , the basic principle for taiwan is \" peaceful reunification and one country , two systems . \"\r\nthere must be a basis for talks , that is , recognizing that there is only one china on earth . this is a major principle and there is no room for bargaining .\r\nfifth , chen shui - bian is a representative figure of the taiwan independence forces .\r\nit is beijing 's unswerving position to struggle with and shatter the plot of taiwan independence .\r\nin light of the changing situation in taiwan , beijing will respond and take corresponding measures .\r\nseventh , on the question of taiwan , it is necessary to prepare for both eventualities : we should be determined to fight a war of liberation to shatter taiwan independence , win a local hi - tech war , and win a war to defend the country and to fight against hegemonist military interference and aggression .\r\na beijing expert on the taiwan issue said that the resolution of the political bureau indicates that beijing will observe chen shui - bian for some time and then take corresponding measures .\r\nsino - u.s. relations may be considered the most important bilateral relationship in the asian - pacific region .\r\nbecause there are significant differences between china and the united states with regard to their national interests , social systems , level of economic development , and cultural traditions , it is inevitable that various contradictions and friction will crop up in relations between the two countries .\r\nat the same time , both countries have also decided not to target the other with their respective strategic nuclear weapons .\r\nin addition , both countries have also agreed to make a joint effort to maintain peace and stability on the korean peninsula and in south asia .\r\nin recent years , there have been rapid developments in sino - russian relations .\r\nin addition to maintaining the stable development of bilateral relations , both countries have also enhanced their cooperation in the area of arms control , actively promoting the trend to a multipolar situation in the world and also establishing a bilateral strategic cooperation and partnership relationship for the 21 st century .\r\nalthough there are various problems in relations between the united states and russia , on the whole bilateral cooperation is the primary aspect .\r\nthe negative impact of the readjustment of relations between the united states and japan on peace and stability in the asian - pacific region has been rather significant , but enhanced economic cooperation between the two benefits regional prosperity and stability .\r\nsome progress has also been made in sino - japanese relations .\r\nthe chinese head of state has already visited japan , indicating that relations between the two countries are basically stable .\r\nhowever , the strategic foundation of cooperation among the major powers will undergo some stiff tests .\r\nat the end of 1999 , the committee on international relations in the house of representatives also passed the so - called \" taiwan security enhancement act , \" making an all - out effort to draw taiwan into the u.s. - japan tmd system .\r\nin particular , in recent days the right wing in japan has openly denied the nanjing massacre , and the japanese diet is also preparing to revise the constitution .\r\nincreasingly intense struggle between old and new views of security ; wider models of cooperative security serious differences exist between the various countries with regard to what approach to use in establishing peace and stability in the asian - pacific region .\r\ncountries like china and russia advocate the establishment of a new concept of security , stressing that the security of a given country cannot be established on the basis of the insecurity of another country , using the approach of cooperative security to safeguard regional peace and stability .\r\nto this end , the strategic cooperation and partnership relationship established by china and russia is of a non - alliance , non - confrontational nature , and is not targeted at any third party countries at all .\r\nchina and india have already reached an agreement for the establishment of military territory confidence building measures along the line of actual control (lac) in the border regions .\r\nat present , arf ( asean regional forum ) is the largest forum for multilateral security dialogues in the asian - pacific region .\r\nthe first level is the promotion of confidence building measures ; the second level is the development of preventive diplomatic mechanisms ; and the third level is the establishment of conflict resolution mechanisms .\r\nat present arf is primarily involved in the first level .\r\nbecause there are various historical and realistic contradictions among the countries of the asian - pacific region , the establishment of confidence building measures conforms to the realities of the region and benefits regional stability .\r\nsenior military leaders from the united states have visited japan and south korea on numerous occasions , coordinating the positions of the three countries .\r\nbecause there are substantial differences between the old and new views of security with regard to strategic goals , modes of cooperation , and cooperation mechanisms , and because they also reflect the different strategic concepts and intentions of various countries , the struggle between these two views of security will be a prolonged one .\r\nnuclear arms development is emerging quietly , and it is becoming more difficult to prevent the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction .\r\nsince 1998 , india and pakistan in the asian - pacific region have conducted a succession of nuclear tests , in effect bringing both countries into the ranks of nuclear states .\r\nas everyone knows , the technology for abm systems is still primarily based on ballistic missile technology , and tmd primarily involves the use of ballistic missiles to intercept other ballistic missiles , so the technology is perfectly capable of being turned to offensive goals .\r\nthe tmd development on the part of the united states and the claim that they will employ armed force to protect taiwan are essentially strategic steps to check china .\r\nalong with economic development the mutual economic reliance of various countries has intensified , and the prosperity of any given country is inseparable from the economic development of the entire region .\r\nfrom an overall perspective , for a certain time to come , maintaining stability will still be the main trend in the asian - pacific region .\r\nthe strategic relationships among the major powers are relatively stable , which has reduced the uncertainty in relations among these countries and has also created a tacit agreement among them not to use armed force to resolve their differences , and therefore the likelihood of a large - scale conflict breaking out in the area is relatively small .\r\nhowever , in comparison to the initial period following the cold war , destabilizing factors in the region are on the rise , and these factors can still lead to the deterioration of the situation in the overall region .\r\nby february this year , the average opec crude oil price had risen to $ 26.84 per barrel . it even rose sharply to $ 31.26 per barrel on 7 march , marking a highest price since the 1990 gulf crisis .\r\njudging from a long - term point of view , however , it is also detrimental to oil exporters because excessively high oil price would ultimately lead to shrunken demand .\r\naccording to relevant experts , this is another reason for the different views on increasing production emerging within opec .\r\nconcerning the time for increasing the output and the decision on the increase volume , analysts maintain that in view of the seasonal weak market demand in the second quarter and the inevitable oil price decline as a result of overproduction , the daily increase volume should be lower than 1 million barrels .\r\nin the proved crude oil reserves throughout the world , opec possesses 76.6 percent , and its export volume accounts for 55 percent of the trade volume of the world market .\r\nunder the current situation , therefore , it will be a major test for opec ministers whether they can coordinate their stance , strengthen unity , and make sure both the interests of oil producers are safeguarded and the international oil market is stabilized .\r\njudging the hour and sizing up the situation in a flexible manner after the outbreak of the asian financial crisis in july 1997 , many countries successively asked for aid from international financial organizations .\r\nfor instance , these countries did not apply the same methods in straightening out the banking order . the banks whose assets could not offset their debts were not forced to close down immediately ; instead , they merged with others or closed down according to the degree of impact .\r\nthe east asian countries relied mainly on their people 's higher savings deposits for development . therefore , during the crisis , they were still able to maintain certain economic growth rates with flexible methods , such as mobilizing domestic funds and pioneering domestic markets .\r\nhowever , under the situation featured by under - supply and sluggish individual consumption , the retrenchment policy did not work in some countries or could not last long even though it was applied in some countries .\r\nin fact , instead of retrenchment methods , the east asian countries applied positive methods , such as expansionary fiscal policy , to stimulate consumption and to achieve economic recovery .\r\nin 1999 , the thai government also worked out a package of fiscal measures , involving $ 6.5 billion , to stimulate consumption and expand exports .\r\nin the past few years , the philippines increased budgeted expenditures by 21.9 billion pesos , thus making its financial deficits four times the original budgetary figure .\r\nafter the outbreak of the financial crisis , the rok was quite honest in observing its agreement with the imf . it carried out the highly financial retrenchment policy , increased tax revenues , reduced expenditures , and closed down , merged , or straightened out the banking institutions that did not reach bis standards .\r\nbut after less than half a year 's implementation , president kim tae - chung declared that the rok would no longer enforce the economic retrenchment policy and was going to stimulate economic development with measures such as expanding currency supplies , increasing expenditures , promoting domestic consumption , and reducing the interest rates of bank loans .\r\nat the end of 1998 , japan began implementing the proactive fiscal policy and the unbalanced budget , slashed income taxes and taxes for legal persons , and increased public investment by issuing a large amount of treasury bonds , in an effort to promote the economic recovery .\r\nthe east asian economy relies greatly on exports . therefore , export increase plays an extremely noticeable role in reviving the economy . electronics and manufacturing industries are major export sectors of east asia . the export of such products will fuel the overall economic growth .\r\nafter the outbreak of the financial crisis , enterprise bankruptcies , slump markets , and sharp increases in unemployment appeared in many east asian countries .\r\nmost of the employees and employers resolved problems through dialogue and coordination .\r\nthe governments streamlined their structures and reduced the workforce to minimize expenses . trade unions accepted \" flexible labor markets \" and accommodated a number of laid - off workers . industries were exchanged and realigned among enterprises and consortiums .\r\nsuch a kind of unity and cooperation among the people from higher levels downward throughout the whole country created a good social environment for the economic recovery of korea .\r\npaying attention to reform and displaying initiative in readjustment after the outbreak of the financial crisis , the reform trend of comprehensively readjusting the national economy , with the financial reform as a starting point , was generally arising in east asia .\r\nin the course of reforming the banking institutions , the thai government successively closed down 56 banking institutions and took over four commercial banks and seven banking companies . at the same time , korea forced 91 banking institutions to suspend business and enabled nine comparatively large banks to merge with one another .\r\nthe industrial restructuring was more important to east asia .\r\ngreatest efforts were made in the enterprise reform and the tasks for enterprise reform were most arduous .\r\nat present , large enterprise groups in korea vie with one another for \" shrinking . \" through sales and transfers , many enterprises subordinate to these consortiums completely become independent enterprises .\r\nthe signs show that , under a series of macroeconomic regulation and control policies in recent years to expand domestic demand and stimulate consumption , china 's consumer market prices have rebounded , and this rising trend is expected to continue .\r\n1 ) service prices will rise markedly , to play a leading role in the rise of overall prices .\r\n2 ) capital goods prices will rise slightly , to play a slight driving role on overall prices . besides , farm product and manufactured consumer goods prices will both stay balanced , to play a stabilizing role on overall prices .\r\nsince the last half of 1997 , the chinese economy has been subject to a consumption slump and a sustained price decline .\r\nfor many years , the extensive growth of the national economy had made the economic structure quite irrational .\r\non the supply side , china is focusing on speeding up the adjustment and reorganization of its domestic economic structure .\r\nat the same time , armament production accounted for a rather large proportion of its gross domestic product , reaching 8 percent , according to official pronouncements , and 25 percent , according to estimates made by scholars .\r\nsome sectors , such as the machine building industry , devoted 70 percent of their capacity to armament production .\r\nthe former soviet union erred in regard to its understanding of the position and role of tertiary industries , had deep - rooted notions of emphasizing production and slighting circulation , and regarded service sectors as nonproductive spheres , resulting in the prolonged backwardness of the tertiary industries .\r\nthe value of output of goods constituted a large proportion of its gross domestic product , while the value of output of services constituted a small proportion .\r\naccording to data provided by the russian state statistical commission , the value of output of services constituted 35.9 percent of the gross domestic product in 1991 ; but the figure was only 24 percent , according to statistics published by the russian economics ministry .\r\nbasic industries have become \" sunset industries , \" and the high - and new - technology industries , especially information technology and industry , have boomed on the basis of the foundation provided by the basic industries and have been developing rapidly .\r\nin russia there have been three views and plans on changing from being military - oriented to being civilian oriented , that is , the \" gradualist \" approach to changing products , the \" avalanche \" approach to changing products , and the \" slowing down \" approach to changing products .\r\nwith the transition to a market economy , the basic completion of small privatization , and the emergence and development of market - based service entities , russia 's tertiary industries have developed rapidly , accounting for a growing share of the gross domestic product , while the shares of the primary and secondary industries have declined .\r\nrelatedly , the relationship of proportion between the mining industry and the processing industry has also become more unbalanced .\r\nthis shows that russia 's industrial structure has not succeeded in shaking off its characters of being heavy and low efficiency , but , instead , has become even heavier ; industrial production is not oriented toward final products , but has a strong raw - material character .\r\nthe deformed industrial structure has determined the anti - industrialization tendency of russia 's foreign trade structure , resulting in a situation of a low - standard circle of exporting energy and raw materials ( constituting 75 percent of exports ) in exchange for foodstuffs and consumer goods ( constituting 30 - 50 percent of imports ) .\r\nthe main task for this phase will be to expand investment and to follow a sound structural policy , so as to stimulate rapid economic growth .\r\nto change the abnormal state of structural changes in the previous period , the putin government has emphasized that its is necessary to shake off the lasting crisis as soon as possible and to stimulate rapid economic growth first and , then , to carry out sound economic structural adjustments on the basis of rapid economic growth .\r\nin today 's world , putin emphasized , the popularization and application of new knowledge and new technologies account for 90 percent of economic growth .\r\ntherefore , \" the government 's industrial policy is to give priority to the development of sectors with leading positions in the area of scientific and technological progress , \" while taking account of the reality of the existing economic structure and advantage - enjoying industrial sectors .\r\nrussia 's rejuvenation , putin pointed out , will not be possible without the rejuvenation of russia 's rural areas and the revitalization of agriculture .\r\nthe state will earnestly help the agricultural sector and will also help millions of farmers , so that they will provide the state with high - quality products .\r\naccording to the original arrangements of the central authorities , guangdong has the mission of giving unit - to - unit assistance to guangxi , guizhou , and tibet , which will be further carried out appropriately under the guiding ideology of the policy decision on the grand western development .\r\nguangdong should take the grand western development as a new opportunity for self - development and participate in the development by using market economic methods .\r\nthis work is under hectic preparations . the provincial government has planned to enlist some guangdong entrepreneurs to make an observation tour of xian next month .\r\naccording to the policy decision on the grand western development , the central authorities have set higher demands on the eastern region .\r\nwhen general secretary jiang inspected the work in guangdong shortly ago , he called on guangdong to create new advantages , scale new heights , and take the lead in basically achieving the socialist modernization , clearly pointing out guangdong 's direction of the cross - century development .\r\nthrough the accelerated development , guangdong will take the lead in basically achieving modernization , so that it can provide more tax revenue and hand in more foreign exchange to the state , transfer payments for the state , and provide a solid material foundation for giving support to the western development .\r\nin the course of taking the lead to basically achieve modernization , guangdong will continue to march at the head of the country in several spheres and provide fresh experience for the country 's reform and opening up , which is also a powerful support to the western development .\r\nthe people of the entire province , from top to bottom , must take this important four - point instruction as a powerful dynamic and ideological weapon to promote their work in various fields and to put into effect the party central committee 's policy decision on the grand western development with actual deeds .\r\nthe two documents emphasize an important thought : reform and blazing new trails .\r\nreform and blazing new trails should be included in the task of strengthening and improving ideological and political work . they are also necessary requirements for allowing ideological and political work to function as a lifeline in the new situation .\r\nthe basic theories , strategies , principles and systems for ideological and political work formed in our long - term activities of understanding and remolding society with their own initiatives have been our political advantages in the past , now and in the future . we must from beginning to end stick to them .\r\nhowever , some concrete policies , systems , working content and measures must change as the situation , our tasks and the social environment change , and they must develop as the times develop .\r\nin the new situation of reform , opening up and developing a socialist market economy , the diversification of economic sectors , economic interests , social lifestyles , social organizations , posts in society as well as the employment situation brings a series of new conditions and problems in and raises higher requirements for ideological and political work .\r\nhowever , the current ideological and political work , to some extent , has not yet adapted to the diversification . this is a relatively outstanding contradiction .\r\nthe goal of our emphasis on strengthening and improving ideological and political work , on reform and on opening up is to better solve this contradiction and to promote the development and perfecting of ideological and political work under the premise of sticking to our fundamental principles and systems .\r\nif we fail to make progress , reform or blaze new trails when the times develop , we will not be able to maintain the vigor and vitality of ideological and political work or to complete the historical tasks of providing strong spiritual motivation for wars and reliable political assurance for not changing the quality .\r\nreforming and blazing new trails in our ideological and political work demands emancipating our thoughts .\r\nthey must start from things that they are doing and they can do , gradually accumulate achievements in reform , and develop forward steadily and solidly .\r\nthe central authorities have decided to implement the strategy for large - scale development of the western region , and the advance has been sounded .\r\nthis is one of the advantages we enjoy when joining the program of large - scale development of the western region .\r\nour region is even not qualified to be rated at all in terms of various economic development indicators . this is the true case of tibet , not in terms of the aggregate economic size alone .\r\nsince our region has a small population , our aggregate economic size is of course not comparable to those provinces whose aggregate economic size each is several times or even several tens of times larger than ours .\r\nto be sure , tibet 's falling behind by far the country 's average development standard is due to both historical and natural factors . however , we must not lay the blame on objective factors alone . after all we need to calmly and realistically analyze subjective and operational factors as well .\r\nto seize this opportunity offered by the large - scale development of the western region , we certainly must resolutely break away from unenlightened and conservative concepts and overcome the mentality of inertia .\r\nto close a gap equivalent to decades of development and to make up the deficiencies of this plateau region are by no means easy .\r\nwe can hardly achieve it without a special opportunity . in proposing the strategy of large - scale development of the western region , the central authorities are now offering an opportunity for us to narrow and close the gap in development between our region and other provinces and municipalities .\r\nwhat new features does the current opportunity have in the large - scale development of the western region , as compared with those opportunities before ?\r\nthe central authorities did give several special opportunities to tibet in the past .\r\nthe very primary and key factor for tibet to participate sooner and more efficiently in the large - scale development of the western region lies in whether organizations and leading cadres at all levels in the tibet autonomous region can keep up a positive and enterprising spirit .\r\nwe should not take the old road in large - scale development .\r\nneither should we totally copy the mode of having other provinces or regions build projects for tibet , which was the method practiced after the second and third conferences on tibet affairs .\r\nwhile considering acquiring state investment to help us run infrastructure projects , we should also consider other policies and measures , seeking lateral association with all sectors and encouraging and attracting enterprises from other parts of the country and from abroad to invest in resource development projects in this region .\r\nwe may put some development projects on the market .\r\nlh2703putin beijing , 27 march ( xinhua ) - - on 27 march , on the occasion of vladimir putin 's election as president of the russian federation , prc president jiang zemin sent a congratulatory telegram to putin .\r\ni highly admire the vigorous efforts you have made in developing sino - russian relations , am ready to establish a good working relationship and personal friendship with you , and jointly promote the constant expansion and deepening of strategic cooperation between our two countries .\r\nmay you score greater successes in this lofty post and may the country of russia , our friendly neighbor , prosper and its people enjoy happiness in the new century .\r\nchina 's wto membership will probably bring challenges to its economy in four respects .\r\nthey are : challenge to the international competitiveness of some trades and enterprises in china ; challenge to the chinese government 's management system ; challenge to china 's efforts to upgrade industrial structure ; challenge to china 's ability in exercising macroeconomic regulation and control .\r\nspeed up reform of the financial and banking structure to ensure a faster economic growth .\r\nstep up reform of the government management structure and gradually improve the market economy 's foundation of rule by law .\r\nvigorously implement the strategy of \" invigorating the country with science and education \" to speed up upgrading the industrial structure .\r\nit is necessary to increase government input in r & d by a large margin .\r\nwe must unswervingly , actively and steadily continue to press forward with opening up to the outside world .\r\nonly in this way will it be possible for us to make the best use of the development opportunities brought about by , and reduce the impact of , our \" accession to the wto . \"\r\nmoscow , 27 march ( xinhua ) - - the preliminary results of the russian presidential election have shown that acting president putin has won 52.52 percent of the votes , thus defeating his rival with a massive lead and becoming the third elected russian president .\r\nputin 's election victory was not accidental . it shows that the voters have recognized his official achievements and placed , in the meantime , new hopes on him .\r\nputin 's election victory has been determined by a variety of factors .\r\nsecond , during the period when he served as the prime minister and later the acting president , the country 's economic situation witnessed a turn for the better and the trend of decline , which had lasted for almost 10 years , was reversed .\r\nlast year , russia 's gdp rose by 3.2 percent . this year , russia 's industrial production has displayed a stronger momentum of growth .\r\nfourth , putin has advocated taking the road of building a prosperous country and a strong nation .\r\nhe also stood for a legal system and called for resolutely cracking down on graft , corruption , and other criminal activities and restricting the oligarchic forces from interfering with politics .\r\nhe has stood for building a strong country ; regaining national dignity ; and formulating foreign policies by proceeding from the domestic interests .\r\nfifth , putin is in the prime of life and has a firm will and has thus cultivated a fine image in public .\r\nhaving experienced upheavals for 10 years , the russian public is anxious to see stability and many people have placed hopes on putin .\r\nit should be noted that the other nine candidates each received between 5.58 percent and 0.08 percent of the votes . therefore , there was no such situation that the votes were excessively scattered and putin received less than 50 percent of votes .\r\nhaving been elected the president , putin is expected to face a series of rigorous challenges .\r\nat present , though having picked up , the country 's economy has not yet extricated itself from a crisis .\r\nbesides , the burden is heavy and the road is long for eliminating graft and corruption and cracking down on organized crimes .\r\nin recent years , the dprk has sustained serious natural calamities and come across temporary economic difficulties in the course of persisting in national construction through independence and self - reliance .\r\nthe united states and other countries have also time and again brought pressure to bear on the dprk over the nuclear and missile issues .\r\nunder such circumstances , the dprk diplomacy , which is growing active with each passing day , has created a favorable international environment for the dprk development .\r\nlast june , kim yong nam , chairman of the standing committee of the dprk supreme people 's assembly , paid an official and friendly visit to china with the result that the two countries resumed bilateral exchange of high - level visits .\r\nlast october , chinese foreign minister tang jiaxuan paid a visit to the dprk where he attended the activities marking the 50 th anniversary of the establishment of the sino - dprk diplomatic relations .\r\non 5 march of this year , dprk supreme leader kim jong - il paid at invitation a visit to the chinese embassy in the dprk , which showed that the dprk is determined to strengthen its friendly relations of cooperation with china .\r\nthe sound development of the sino - dprk relations has positively contributed to the maintenance of peace , stability , and security on the korean peninsula and in the region .\r\nin recent years , the united states has readjusted its policies towards the dprk . while carrying out a policy of containment , the united states has stepped up its dialogues with the dprk .\r\nafter a \" missile crisis \" broke out between the dprk and the united states , the dprk undertook to temporarily freeze its missile development program , thereby creating conditions for the united states to announce the lifting of its economic sanctions against the dprk , which had lasted for half a century .\r\nin october of last year , after william perry submitted to the us congress the newly revised policies towards the dprk , the two sides stepped up bilateral diplomatic contacts .\r\ninvited by the dprk , a delegation of the japanese political parties , led by former japanese prime minister murayama , paid a visit to the dprk where the two sides reached a three - point agreement on improving relations between the two countries .\r\nafter the visit , the japanese government announced its comprehensive lifting of sanctions against the dprk .\r\nrecently , the dprk and japan have decided through consultation to resume as of the first 10 days of april the talks , which have been suspended for more than seven years , between the two governments on establishing diplomatic relations , .\r\nhaving been readjusted for years , the dprk - russian relations have of late made marked headway .\r\nthe two sides have signed \" the dprk - russian treaty on friendly and good - neighborly cooperation , \" replacing \" the dprk - russian treaty on friendly cooperation and mutual assistance \" signed in 1961 .\r\nwhile enhancing or readjusting its relations with the neighboring big powers , the dprk has also further enlarged its diplomatic space .\r\nin february of this year , invited by the dprk , an australian delegation paid a visit to the dprk where the two sides discussed the question of restoring diplomatic relations , which have been suspended for 25 years .\r\nthe dprk and the philippines have also had contacts aimed at restoring diplomatic relations on an earlier date .\r\nchina 's exports amounted to $ 494 million , a year - on - year increase of 141.5 percent , and imports amounted to $ 644 million , a year - on - year increase of 49.6 percent .\r\nkazakh ambassador to china k. sultanov pointed out in an exclusive interview with our reporters that the tremendous progress made in bilateral trade between kazakhstan and china should be attributed to the concern and support shown by kazakh president nazarbayev and chinese president jiang zemin and other leaders of both countries .\r\nthe ambassador said : \" the friendly partnership established between the leaders of both countries has not only provided an important guarantee for economic and trade cooperation between kazakhstan and china but has instilled new vitality to its continuous development . \"\r\nmeanwhile , relations of good - neighborly and friendly cooperation have been continuously consolidated and strengthened in the eight years since the establishment of sino - kazakh diplomatic ties , and consensus has been reached on major issues in their bilateral relations .\r\nthe good political relations between the two countries provides a solid foundation for economic and trade cooperation between the two countries and opens wide prospects for further cooperation .\r\nthe chinese and kazakh economies are complementary in many respects and there is a huge potential for bilateral economic and trade cooperation .\r\nchina has changed from a petroleum - exporting country into a net oil importer since 1993 .\r\nexperts predict that by 2010 , oil import may amount to 40 percent of china 's total annual consumption .\r\nthus , they pointed out that in addition to buying oil , china should make positive efforts to take part in the exploitation of foreign petroleum resources as a means of obtaining new oil sources in order to overcome oil shortages at home .\r\npeople in the industry believe that xinjiang should continue to bring into play its leading role in sino - kazakh economic and trade ties in getting other provinces , especially the coastal regions , to develop trade with kazakhstan .\r\nafter this , another spokesperson of the us \" falungong \" chapter zhang erping [ 1728 5079 1627 ] who was also sitting at the table in front asked the journalists to field their questions , but pointed out that they could only direct their questions to the four \" victims . \"\r\nhowever , the expressions on the face of the journalists showed that no one believed such nonsense .\r\nanother woman journalist asked : \" what is your purpose coming here to stage activities during the human rights conference ? \"\r\nli hongzhi claimed that \" falungong \" had nothing to do with politics . the fact is , \" falungong \" had been very active supporting the anti - china activities of western countries .\r\nwhen us secretary of state madeleine albright wantonly slandered against and attacked china 's human rights conditions at the human rights session on 23 march , some \" falungong \" members worked closely with her by holding another gathering on the square .\r\nshe said she did not understand what \" falungong \" practitioners were doing .\r\nholding the \" falungong \" press conference circular in hand , a guangming ribao reporter asked : \" your circular asks : who is afraid of ' falungong ' ?\r\nin my opinion , it is the people , of course , because ' falungong ' is a cult .\r\nlast night ( 19 th ) we saw on television the tragic story of the collective self - burning of cult followers in uganda , africa . similar incidents have also occurred in switzerland and france .\r\na correspondent from jingji ribao stood up and asked to see pictures of people who killed themselves by slitting their belly , jumping off buildings , hanging themselves and slashing their wrist practicing \" falungong \" as well as videotapes of victims who made exposures against \" falungong , \" so that the reporters present could make comparisons .\r\nthe \" falungong \" members hastened to prevent this and refused to show the chinese videotapes .\r\nat the end , there were not as many people in the press gallery as those in front .\r\nbeijing , 27 mar ( xinhua ) - - foreign ministry spokesman sun yuxi spoke this afternoon about the election of putin as president of russia .\r\nsun yuxi said : on 26 march , russia held a general election for the presidency , and putin was elected president of the russian federation .\r\nthis election result reflects the aspirations and expectations of the broad masses of the russian people .\r\npresident jiang zemin has sent a telegram to putin expressing heartfelt congratulations for his election on behalf of the chinese government and the chinese people .\r\nwe sincerely hope that , under president putin 's leadership , russia will have social stability and economic development , and the people will live and work in peace and contentment .\r\nwe believe that with the direct promotion of the heads of state of china and russia , and with the joint efforts of the two sides , sino - russian relations will develop continuously in the new century .\r\nbeijing , 27 mar ( xinhua ) - - lee teng - hui [ li denghui ] , who was arrogant for a time , finally has been compelled to step down ahead of time amid the angry current of people denouncing him in all parts of taiwan .\r\nhow could lee teng - hui , the initiator of evils , have not fallen from power ?\r\ntoday , his true colors have finally been thoroughly exposed within the kuomintang and before the taiwan people and he has become a person hated by everyone .\r\nall this shows history will decide which is right and which is wrong and the people know what is right and what is wrong .\r\nin the end , he ate his own bitter fruit . his miserable end has given enlightenment to the people of the world : anyone who seeks \" taiwan independence \" and a split will absolutely come to no good end no matter who that person may be !\r\nthe growth of the \" taiwan independence \" forces have intensified tension in the cross - strait relations . the broad masses of taiwan people are worried not only about the future of the development of the cross - strait relations , but also about taiwan 's security .\r\nwe have consistently proposed holding cross - strait dialogue and talks with the prerequisite of the one - china principle and whatever issue can be discussed .\r\nhowever , if the one - china principle is negated or evaded , there is no way to talk about improving the cross - strait relations , holding cross - strait political talks , or exchanging visits between leaders on two sides of the strait .\r\nwe have always looked at the essence of matters .\r\nif his successor follows the same old disastrous road and negates the one - china principle , he will not be able to cover up his true colors of \" taiwan independence \" no matter how he may disguise himself .\r\nhe applauded china 's developing friendly relations with asean countries , including the philippines .\r\nqian shugen said : the purpose of the chinese military delegation 's visit to the philippines at a time marking the 25 th anniversary of the establishment of sino - philippine diplomatic relations is to \" enhance mutual understanding , strengthen mutual trust , develop friendship , and promote cooperation . \"\r\nthe chinese military delegation , led by qian shugen , arrived in the philippines on 26 march at the invitation of the philippine armed forces for a five - day visit .\r\npresident jiang zemin this afternoon made a hot - line phone call to putin , who was just elected russian president . jiang zemin extended warm congratulations to putin on his being elected and expressed his appreciation to putin for his efforts to ensure steady development of sino - russian relations while he was acting russian president .\r\njiang zemin said that both the fundamental interests of china and russia and the two countries ' special responsibility for the world demand that the two countries keep on strengthening and deepening the sino - russian strategic cooperation relationship .\r\npresident jiang zemin also expressed the belief that , with common efforts of the two sides , sino - russian relations definitely will develop even better in the new century .\r\nputin expressed his heart - felt thanks for this .\r\nhe said : you are the first foreign leader to extend congratulations to me . developing and deepening our strategic cooperation relationship with china is a firmly - held foreign policy of russia .\r\ni also believe that russian - chinese relations will develop in an all - round manner in the new century .\r\nwe will not only need to solve the legacy problems left over from history , but also need to face new issues in the development of the times .\r\nhowever , as long as we persistently carry out reforms and pursue opening - up , and adhere to the path of building socialism with chinese characteristics and persistently made advances through development , then it is certain that we will be able to properly solve these problems step by step .\r\nthe forum with the theme of \" china 2010 : goals , policies , and future prospects \" was jointly organized and sponsored by the state council 's development research center and shenzhen development bank .\r\nat the two - day meeting , domestic and well - known foreign scholars , responsible people of some international economic organizations , and leaders of some transnational companies will discuss such issues as china 's economic development goals and china 's participation in wto .\r\nin these new and high - tech zones , production of scale is implemented through joint promotion of the government and market and through bringing together talents , funds , and technology ; and development of the regional economy has been brought along as a result .\r\nso far , many new and high - tech industrial belts which have begun to take shape have been formed in such regions as the areas along the chang jiang in jiangsu ; the areas along the beijing , tianjin , and tanggu railway ; the zhu jiang delta ; and the central shannxi plain .\r\nhe stressed : it is necessary to comprehensively advance and deepen the reform of the medical and public health system so that the masses can enjoy good - quality basic medical services with comparatively low prices .\r\non 25 march , in the company of zhang lichang , secretary of the tianjin municipal cpc committee , and li shenglin , mayor of tianjin , li lanqing inspected the third central hospital of tianjin , and held a discussion meeting on the reform of the medicine and public health system in the hospital .\r\nhe said : the general office of the state council recently transferred the \" guiding opinions on the reform of the medicine and public health management system in cities \" drafted by the eight ministries and state commissions , and this is a guidance document on the reform of the medicine and public health system .\r\nsecond , a hospital 's pharmacy should conduct accounting separated from the hospital proper . their revenues and expenditures should be managed separately . the government will provide subsidies for non - profit - making hospitals .\r\nthird , hospitals ' internal management should be improved .\r\nwhen seeking medical care in a hospital , a patient should have the right to select doctors and nurses . at the same time , the income distribution system should be reformed so that better work can be linked to better income , and more work can be linked to more income .\r\nin this regard , reforms in the third central hospital of tianjin were successful , and its experience should be popularized .\r\nfourth , medical resources should be reasonably reorganized so that advantages can complement each other and can be brought into full play .\r\nafter the first central hospital of tianjin and other hospitals organized a hospital group , and achieved marked results .\r\nfifth , hospital logistics should be shifted to society , so that hospitals can lessen their burdens and lower the costs of logistics service , thus enhancing their service quality .\r\non 26 march , li lanqing held talks with responsible people of the educational , public security , and propaganda departments and some middle and primary schools in tianjin .\r\nin tianjin customs administration , li lanqing visited the import - export container inspection system developed by qinghua university . the equipment holds a leading position in the world .\r\nli lanqing also inspected the work of industrializing science and technology in nankai university and tianjin university , and inspected tianjin 's economic and technological development zone and the work of community services for the elderly . he also held a discussion meeting on reforming tertiary education .\r\naccompanying vice premier li lanqing were the following departmental leaders : duojicairan , zhang tianbao , wang longde , liu jin , and li jiange .\r\na statement issued by us white house spokesman lockhart after the talks said that the talks were earnest and fruitful , but that the differences between syria and israel were still quite large , with the american side pressing the two sides to work hard to reduce their differences .\r\nhowever , the syrian side indicated that the obstacles set up by israel for resuming peace talks still exist .\r\nsyria consistently demands that israel carry out the united nations security council resolution number 242 , withdrawing from the golan heights to the pre-1967 six day war line of actual control between the two sides .\r\nthe problem of security arrangements .\r\nthe problem of water resources .\r\nfrom perspective , which presently regards tiberias lake as a \" domestic lake , \" this is without a doubt a huge loss .\r\nbecause of this , whether or not the peace talks between syria and israel can resume and develop in the near future , hinges to a great degree on whether or not they can find a reasonable plan to solve the problems of dividing the border and water resource distribution .\r\nbeijing , 27 mar - - at the china development forum held here today , shi guangsheng , minister of foreign trade and economic cooperation , said : both the bilateral talks and the multilateral process for china 's accession to the world trade organization (wto) have entered a final stage .\r\nhe pointed out that after joining the wto , china , as a responsible great power , will , together with other wto members , play a constructive role in promoting economic and trade cooperation among wto members , working out multilateral trade rules , and expediting the establishment of a new international economic order .\r\nhe said china will also participate in the new round of wto talks , step up mutual coordination among member countries , and allow more countries , including developing ones , to share the opportunities and benefits brought by the multilateral trade regime and achieve common development .\r\nmore than three months ago , during his term of office as prime minister , putin was handpicked by yeltsin as his successor .\r\nsince yeltsin announced that the general election was to be held ahead of time , other candidates were hastily fielded . meanwhile , putin , as the acting president , could make use of various advantages for his presidential race .\r\nthe result is that putin has been successfully elected president , and that russia has a new president for a new millenium .\r\nthe old and feeble yeltsin frequently replaced the premier , with a record of changing the premier thrice in a year .\r\ninternationally , russia has been reduced to a second - class country .\r\nunder this situation , a young , energetic , pragmatic , and capable putin , who was born in 1952 , has enjoyed widespread popularity in russia . last year when putin acted as prime minister , he took resolute action and ordered that the russian army recover chechnya occupied by illegal armed forces .\r\nalthough the russian army suffered heavy casualties , this move received the support of the people and the military .\r\nfor the first time last year russia recorded the first economic growth in years , and its inflation declined from 84 percent in 1998 to 36 percent ; price hikes in oil dramatically drove up russia 's foreign exchange revenue .\r\nthe move also enjoyed tremendous popular support . after being appointed acting president , putin signed an order guaranteeing that no action will be taken against yeltsin and his family . on the other hand , he apparently distanced himself from yeltsin , as evidenced by his policy and personnel arrangements .\r\nhe emphasized that russia will neither return to the era of the soviet union nor pursue wholesale westernization ; instead , it will take the path of a powerful nation with russian characteristics .\r\nhis chief aides and assistants are middle - aged highly - educated elite without clear ideological coloring . they stress national interest in formulating and implementing policy .\r\nall of this is evidently different from the era of yeltsin . this is also an important reason why the voters opted for putin .\r\nafter winning the election , putin pointed out that one should not expect a miracle soon after his election , but that he will work hard for russia 's future .\r\nhe endorses china 's position on the taiwan issue . he supports neither \" taiwan independence \" nor \" two chinas , \" nor \" one china , one taiwan . \" it does not allow taiwan to join international organizations to which only sovereign states are admitted , neither does it provide weapons for taiwan .\r\nin accordance with a sino - russian agreement , putin will make a visit to china in may. it can be expected that the sino - russian strategic cooperative partnership [ zhong e zhao lue xie zuo huo ban guan xi 0022 0192 2069 3970 0588 0155 0129 0133 7070 4762 ] will witness stable development .\r\nthe united states interfered in russia 's internal affairs and tried to intimidate russia into halting its military action in chechya . putin did not attention at all to the us threat .\r\na russian - us conflict is hard to avoid .\r\nhistory has given putin an important opportunity , and whether russia can restore its prestige under his leadership will be a major issue for him .\r\nduring the talks , fu quanyou set forth china 's view on the current international situation and gave briefings on china 's foreign policy .\r\non the issue of bilateral relations , fu quanyou said that in recent years , the favorable momentum has been maintained in the development of sino - german ties , and that cooperation and exchanges between the two sides have been unceasingly expanded in various fields .\r\nthe constant development of friendly cooperative military ties has increased mutual understanding and trust .\r\nchina is willing to make joint efforts with germany to further develop the friendly exchanges and cooperative relationship between the chinese and german armed forces at different levels and in various fields .\r\nvon jisabahe noted that fu quanyou 's trip , the first visit to germany by the chief of general staff of the chinese armed forces , is a milestone in the history of german - sino military relations .\r\nhe stressed that developing the german - china friendly cooperative military relationship is in the interest of the two countries and is of great significance for safeguarding world security and stability .\r\nthat day fu quanyou also met with stigler , german defense ministry secretary for national affairs , and briefed him on china 's views on international affairs and the development of sino - german ties .\r\nfu added that one of the purposes of his trip to germany was to learn from and use the german military 's advanced experiences for reference .\r\nthe chinese armed forces are willing to intensify exchanges with the german military , learn from each other , and further develop the friendly cooperative relationship .\r\napart from bilateral talks , he will also visit german military academies and units .\r\nfrom a political perspective , the kosovo war demonstrated that the united states ' attempt to dominate the world after the end of the cold war had become more and more evident and the \" neo - interventionism \" had been further intensified .\r\nthe enormous superiority that the united states holds in the field of military technology has aroused the desire of its interventionism and caused it to inflate even further .\r\nthe kosovo war demonstrated that the united states ' manpower was insufficient to fight two large - scale theater wars that took place almost at the same time .\r\nhigh technology still has many weaknesses when it tackles lower technology . in particular , when the enemy have a high morale and use flexible operational methods , the effectiveness of high - technology weapons will be greatly weakened .\r\nin the gulf war , where first signs of informationized warfare began to emerge , the us armed forces did not have much informationized equipment ; it had but very limited means to capture and transfer battlefield information ; and precision guidance munitions only accounted for 8.4 percent of the total munitions used .\r\nby the time the war in kosovo broke out , the percentage of informationized equipment that the us army had had reached 53 percent and , for its navy and air force , as much as 70 percent .\r\nas an alliance , nato must obtain unanimous consent from all its members before any military action can be taken , but one can imagine that reaching a political consensus on a war of aggression to interfere in another country 's internal affairs could not have been an easy job .\r\nbesides , in consideration of the various domestic political factors of the allies , nato was also compelled to maintain the stability of the alliance by sacrificing the effectiveness of military strikes and increasing the budget for operations .\r\nbut with unfavorable terrain and weather conditions , it was impossible to effectively attack mobile tactical targets and concealed targets at such altitudes , let alone tell genuine and false targets apart .\r\nin the kosovo war , the us army put the theory of \" nonsymmetrical operations \" through its paces .\r\nthe united states deployed all its most advanced high - technology aerospace weapons and operational support systems to strike all kinds of ground targets of the fry in an all - out manner .\r\n\" parallel operation \" is also a new campaign operation theory put forward by the us army . at the heart of this theory is the simultaneous aerial offensive of various kinds to strike the enemy 's strategic , campaign , and tactical targets .\r\nfrom \" desert storm \" to \" desert fox \" and then to \" allied force , \" the role of high - technology air power in winning a war has been confirmed time and time again and such role has become increasingly evident .\r\nthe future air - raid operations will take on a brand - new format of combat . it will be initiated from the other end of this planet and will utilize all military resources , including space - based weapon systems and computer networks .\r\ntherefore , counter - air - raid operations must not confine themselves to striking only those planes that have come near or cruise missiles that have come right before one 's eyes .\r\nthe counter - air - raid operations must have the means to resist a variety of threats .\r\nthe united states led nato to conduct military intervention in the ethnic dispute inside the fry and to openly support the \" kosovo liberation army , \" a terrorist and splittist organization . this created a bad precedent in supporting national splittism and terrorist activities in the domain of international relations .\r\nthis is something that all freedom and peace - loving people all over the world have to be very wary of .\r\nin ending , the commercial called on congressmen to vote against the bill on permanent normal trade relations [ pntr ] status for china .\r\na voice - over said : \" with 1.3 billion people , china is the world 's largest marketplace .\r\nthe focal point of the dispute between the two commercials is currently the hottest topic in the united states , that is , china 's entry into the wto and whether the united states will grant the pntr treatment to china .\r\nprior to this , he repeatedly spoke on the issue and urged the congress to approve the pntr for china as soon as possible .\r\nthe opposition forces , represented by labor organizations , however , throw filthy water on china . they attempt to block the motion from being approved , using the human rights issue as an excuse .\r\nhowever , congressmen on capitol hill seem to be waiting for the right price to sell and cannot make up their minds .\r\npntr is not a \" favor \" from the united states [ subhead ] in november 1999 , china and the united states signed the agreement on china 's entry into the wto . as a fundamental requirement and the prerequisite for the agreement to become effective , the us congress needs to grant pntr to china .\r\n\" gatt \" clearly asks all wto members to \" immediately and unconditionally \" grant other member nations the mfn treatment .\r\nif the us congress does not approve the pntr treatment for china , the two countries will not be able to conduct trade in accordance with the wto 's arrangement of mutual preferential treatment after china 's entry into the wto .\r\nit can be said that whether to grant china the mfn treatment is a \" trump card \" of the united states for checking china .\r\nthe sino - us agreement on china 's entry into the wto has provided an opportunity for solving this problem permanently .\r\nhowever , because of the sharp conflict of political and economic interests , the fight between various circles in the united states on whether to grant china the pntr treatment has turned white - hot .\r\n\" we will regret it for at least 20 years if we reject china \" [ subhead ] on 24 february , the us business council headquarters in washington was packed with distinguished guests and wealthy people .\r\nclinton said : \" if we do not seize this opportunity , we will be regretting it for a generation . \"\r\nclinton 's remarks were not exaggerated .\r\na survey report on the agreement on china 's wto entry announced by the us congress research and service bureau says that china is one of the countries in the world with the fastest economic development , and will become the world 's largest consumer goods and services market .\r\nus secretary of agriculture dan glickman has predicted that if the us - chinese agreement on china 's entry into the wto is implemented , us agricultural exports to china alone will increase by $ 2 billion annually .\r\nchina is now the world 's fastest growing semi - conductor market , second largest mobile telephone market , 4 th largest computer market , fastest growing internet market , and fastest growing software market .\r\nbecause of tremendous business interests , the huge lobbying groups , formed by the business roundtable and the business council generously donated and successively invested a big sum of $ 12 million to conduct massive lobbying activities .\r\nunder the plans of major enterprise organizations such as the us business council , us - china national trade committee , and the business roundtable , responsible persons of 50 large us enterprises jointly conduct intense and blanket lobbying among congressmen and their assistants on the capitol hill .\r\na choice of isolation or engagement ? [ subhead ] meanwhile , forces that are opposed to granting the pntr treatment to china are also actively working . the afl - cio , principal opponent of the bill consists of 10 million members and 68 large trade unions .\r\nthe afl - cio threatened not to support the election of congressmen for the next term and launched a massive offensive in the congress , asking it to vote against granting pntr to china and maintain the current system of annual review .\r\nsome human rights and environmental protection organizations also followed suit closely . they echoed each other to strive to stop the smooth passage of the pntr for china bill at the congress .\r\nthis year happens to be an election year in the united states - - a new president , all congressmen , and one - third of senators will be elected .\r\nthis is because the opposition forces of the house are more powerful , while the senate , which has always supported foreign trade , is likely to pass this bill .\r\nthe white house hopes that the pntr bill can be passed by the senate by the end of april , and by the house in june .\r\nthis is because the congress will be adjourned in july and will be busily deliberating the fund allocation bill for the next year when it resumes sessions at the end of august .\r\nin addition , as the election stage will begin in august , congressmen will not be in the mood to attend to the pntr issue by then .\r\nto play for time , a small number of congressmen exploited the release of the \" white paper on taiwan issue \" to accuse china of threatening taiwan 's security to painstakingly block the voting on pntr .\r\na small number of anti - china congressmen are still considering linking all or part of the \" taiwan security enhancement act \" to the pntr .\r\nwhether the us congress agrees to grant pntr treatment to china will not affect china 's entry into the wto .\r\nmaybe this is what us congressmen need to firmly remember when casting their votes .\r\nthe corporation has a complete nuclear industrial system and is composed of 246 industrial enterprises , corporate scientific research and design institutes , institutions , and units .\r\nthe chronicle of developers and builders of china 's nuclear industry and science and technology , which will go down in history , is as follows : on 10 october 1964 , china 's first atomic bomb was detonated successfully .\r\nin the 1970 's - 80 's , china mastered technologies to design neutron bombs , miniaturize nuclear weapons , and launch guided missiles underwater .\r\nwhat impact will china 's entry into the wto ( world trade organization ) have on china 's nuclear industry ?\r\nwhat stance will china 's nuclear industry take to meet new challenges ?\r\nletting nuclear energy benefit mankind is the goal our country 's nuclear scientific and technological developers are striving to pursue .\r\ni would like to ask , what opportunities and challenges will china 's wto entry bring to its nuclear industry ? [ li dingfan ] this is a very good question .\r\nas everyone knows , one important principle concerning china 's wto entry is to relax restrictions on exports of high technology to china .\r\nhowever , opportunities and challenges exit side by side .\r\non 6 december 1999 , world famous nuclear energy power generation enterprises france 's framatome and germany 's siemens announced that they would join hands to set up a world 's largest nuclear industrial enterprise in the civilian - use nuclear sector .\r\nin the face of such a powerful competitor , we must soberly notice that our country 's nuclear industry is still at the stage of small - scale construction , and compared with nuclear countries in the world , china still has a long way to go in terms of technology , funds , and service .\r\nnuclear energy is playing an important role in national economic construction .\r\npresently , the opportunities to be created by china 's wto entry and the large - scale development of western china are rare . we will bring our strong points into play , actively plunge ourselves into the development of western china , and open up more domestic markets .\r\nthe reform of the structure of science , technology , and industry for national defense is aimed at better integrating military and civilian production .\r\ntherefore , no matter how the international situation changes , the task facing china 's nuclear industry will be more arduous , and the burden is heavy and the road is long for china 's nuclear industry to survive and develop .\r\npolyester film and kapton plated with aluminum , either on one side or two , make one of the thermal - control coatings for the thermal - control system of the spacecraft .\r\nchina used to import thermal - control coatings for its spacecraft . not only were they expensive , but also their import was restricted .\r\ncomparing these two domestically produced products with foreign - made ones , , their major performance indices are almost the same , the domestically made ones are even superior in some special performance indices , and our manufacturing cost is much lower .\r\nto put a space flight unit into space at a low cost is a matter of public concern . a breakthrough in this respect will make it possible for man to enter space frequently .\r\nto put a flight unit into space , the use of the relevant ionic propeller is inseparable from the assistance of a microthrust test system .\r\nthe research institute concerned had worked hard to tackle the key problems to build an experimental prototype of the microthrust test system , and thus provides a reliable experimental means for the study of the project . the performance and various qualifications of the prototype are better than its russia or japan - made counterpart .\r\nat the russian government work meeting on the early morning of 27 march , first vice premier kasyanov walked toward acting russian president putin with a bouquet of fresh flowers in his hands , and on behalf of all government members congratulated him on his election victory as the third president of the russian federation .\r\nthe ordinary people also expressed satisfaction over this outcome .\r\na university student said to our reporter that he was relieved putin was elected , and \" putin has the ability to reinstate order in russia , which cannot continue to be chaotic ! \"\r\nhe has taken a clear - cut stand and has acted decisively on the chechen issue , and he has resolutely struggled against terrorism and ethnic splittist forces .\r\nin a few months of military operations , russia liberated most parts of the chechen region in which splittist elements were entrenched for nine long years , and annihilated 13,000 illegal armed personnel .\r\naction won praises from most of the electorate . as commander of the three armed services , putin has advocated stronger position for the military , and unequivocally supported his generals military operations in chechnya .\r\nalthough the west has pressured russia on the issues of eastward expansion and chechnya , putin has always taken a resolutely uncompromising stand . this has psychologically satisfied russians , who do not want to be bullied internationally , and who want to become citizens of a great and strong nation .\r\nof course , some other factors also contributed to victory . for example , there was a split in the russian communist party before the election , when tuleyev , one of the ex - russian communist party leaders , decided to run for the election and siphoned off votes .\r\nveshnyakov , chairman of the russian central election commission , said : the final result of the election will be announced on 4 april . the election outcome will essentially not change because of that , but there may be a 0.5 percent fluctuation in the number of votes won by each election candidate .\r\naccording to the russian constitution , putin will be sworn in as president on 8 may. people felt that putin does not have an easy task .\r\n\" the theory of human rights overriding sovereignty \" is a new theory which has emerged in the west in recent years . it is a key component of the western theory on human rights and has become an important basis of the western \" new interventionism . \"\r\nafter the second world war ended , the new countries which had gained independence moved onto the international political stage . they called for safeguarding state sovereignty and national natural resources , opposed colonialism , and challenged the old international political order .\r\nhowever , \" the theory of human rights overriding sovereignty \" is nothing but a sort of reaction to the developing countries which have safeguarded the principle of sovereignty , and its aim is to interfere in the internal affairs of third world countries .\r\nas a matter of fact , the vast number of developing countries have scored achievements obvious to all with regard to human rights , whereas certain large western countries have maintained a rather poor human rights record .\r\nfor example , the united states has seen serious human rights violations at home , and until now , the situation has continually worsened rather than improved .\r\nthe us government has turned a blind eye to and kept its mouth shut about this . instead , it has issued the so called \" report on human rights \" in other countries , wantonly distorting or attacking the human rights situation in other countries .\r\nthis has naturally invited strong protests from a large number of third world countries .\r\nwithout pondering the question , i answered , \" of course sovereignty is above human rights . \"\r\naccording to my friend , this kind of perplexity is no longer something confined to a few individuals within the country .\r\nand gradually , an idea formed . it made itself clearer and clearer . this is \" a concrete analysis of a concrete problem . \"\r\nthey raised the slogan \" all men are born equal \" to demand the creation of a new order . doubtless this was a progressive movement .\r\nthe westerners , on the pathway toward planning their own personal liberation , were full of the spirit of discovery .\r\nhowever , when the bourgeoisie managed to seize power , after productive capability was developed , they began to expand overseas , and the dark era of colonialism began .\r\nbut if he had actually been found tried and found guilty and had had to go to prison , he would be one of those qualified to carry rancor to the grave .\r\nvictims of his repression and killing included many communists and progressives .\r\nwhat is that called ?\r\nor take kosovo .\r\nbut the west took one look and concluded that yugoslavia was involved in ethnic cleansing , and that was in violation of human rights .\r\nand so the call to arms went out , to help the albanian separatists kill the innocent yugoslav civilians . china was the voice of reason . but even the chinese embassy was bombed , and chinese people were killed .\r\nwhy ?\r\nin the same way , they receive the west 's unconditional support . but russia 's military offensive against chechnya has already dragged on for months , and the westerners are again yelling about \" human rights ! human rights ! \" but they do n't dare to use military force to interfere .\r\nagain , why is that ?\r\nit 's not that they are not doing anything , it 's that they are unable to do anything .\r\nthey can attack iraq , they can attack yugoslavia , but russia is a tougher nut to crack .\r\nif a nuclear war really did begin , russia would suffer .\r\nif they were , and russia had no effective shielding system , just watch . there 's no way they would n't interfere !\r\nand what is that called ?\r\nit 's called \" intimidate the weak and fear the strong \" .\r\nin the past few years , china has been a thorn in the side of certain western politicians . it has also been one of their targets for \" expansion \" as well as one of the hindrances to that \" expansion . \"\r\nwe have never believed americans talking about how \" a strong , prosperous china is beneficial to the us \" .\r\nin their hearts , they ca n't help but anxiously hope that taiwan will split away , that xinjiang will break off , that tibet will leave !\r\nand they also ca n't help wishing that china will come a cropper and be unable to sustain itself as a nation in the future . bow down before their feet !\r\nwhy is the dalai lama enshrined as a vip ?\r\nso why do they say all these things ?\r\nchina is simply not the china of 50 years ago , if they want to get it on with china , it definitely wo n't be something they do with such courage as they did in yugoslavia .\r\nconsequently , they want to see china screw up on her own .\r\nthey support people whose strategy is to encircle the south china sea , they support people who want to establish some kind of \" democratic party , \" and they support all the so - called political dissidents .\r\nwith the political and cultural qualities of these people , how many chinese believe that they can bring democracy and stability to the chinese people ?\r\nafter things are disordered , the situation will be much easier to handle . those who lived through the \" cultural revolution \" all know that there were serious problems with human rights in china during that period . even the human rights of the nation 's chairman were not protected . so what about the common people ?\r\nif you wrote a wrong character , if you said something wrong , you could be beaten or even killed . and these were not uncommon occurrences .\r\nbut it was just during that period of time , that nixon crossed the pacific to shake hands with zhou enlai .\r\nthey did n't talk about \" human rights \" back then .\r\nand today , the human rights situation in china has improved considerably . take a stroll around among the common people . are they talking ?\r\nbut it is during this period of time , that americans are unceasingly entangling themselves in the human rights question . what they are thinking in their hearts , who knows ?\r\nhuman rights is a bat to beat people with . whenever it 's beneficial , that 's when you drag it out .\r\nthere 's another point which i want to explain here . that 's how western politicians or rather a few politicians , or even a few people who are n't politicians , back home in their own countries , have an empty consciousness of human rights .\r\nwhite policemen pump dozens of shots into a black man without reason , and get an innocent verdict . if this kind of thing happened in china , who knows how loudly they would yell !\r\nthe united states and her followers want to take advantage of the end of the cold war and the loss of balance in world power to enlarge the fruits of war , and unify everything under the sun to obtain the greatest possible economic benefit .\r\nthis is where i think of the great stick of \" human rights \" .\r\nto help them do what they want to do , they think once again of removing the obstacles posed by the boundaries and walls between nations , so once again the \" high principle \" of \" human rights \" gets trotted out .\r\nhaving written such a long article on this topic , i think i 'll close by bringing out this question : leaving the practical aside , divorcing ourselves from the political realities , the way those in their ivory towers discuss whether human rights is higher than sovereignty - - is that intelligent ?\r\nborn into an old serf family , cering lamo began her serf career at the age of six .\r\nin the democratic reform , cering lamo joined the broad masses of serfs in struggling against rebellion , forced labor , and personal enslavement and fighting for reduction in rent and interest .\r\n\" in old , dark tibet , the millions of serfs had not the slightest human rights , \" she said .\r\nin old days , they were trampled underfoot ; now , they control their own destiny .\r\nwhen we were on a news - gathering tour in changzu town of nedong county in shannan prefecture , elections were being held for the local people 's congress and government .\r\namid the strains of melodious tibetan music , representatives of the people were casting their votes for leading members of the town government and people 's congress .\r\nforty - one years ago , on a summer day , it was at the kesong manor in this town that emancipated serfs organized , on their own initiative , the first farmer association in tibetan history , thereby taking the first step on the road of democratic reform .\r\nwhat 's more , the tibetan people 's right to freedom of religious belief is truly respected and protected in accordance with the law .\r\nthis always confuses new comers .\r\nhearing this , they wonder where lhasa is and how big it is .\r\nbefore the democratic reform , lhasa was less than three square kilometers .\r\nnow , the potala place is still there under the blue sky , but what it overlooks are no longer the low and poor houses and shabby tents for poor people .\r\nafter crossing the green tanggula shan , we came to a vast expanse of prairie - - qiangtang prairie .\r\nin debao village of baingoin county in northern tibet , some 4,700 meters above sea level , a herdsman named taba showed us his new home , a stone and wood structure , which he uses as a permanent dwelling place for all the four seasons of the year .\r\nwith the yoke of the old relations of production totally smashed , productive forces have been considerably liberated . in a very short period , tibet 's economy has taken a historic leap forward .\r\nin 1999 , tibet 's gdp broke the 10 - billion - yuan mark for the first time in its history , reaching 10.335 billion yuan . for the past six years , its annual gdp growth rate has been maintained at a level above the nation 's average rate .\r\nwhile traveling in ngari prefecture , known as the \" roof of the world , \" we saw elliptic signs reading \" direct dialing for international and domestic calls \" in every cities and towns on our route .\r\nnow , all telephones in the six prefectures and one city of tibet are incorporated into the national automatic exchange system .\r\nzeng zhongyi , director of the regional post and telecommunications administration , told us : \" at present , a number of new telecommunication services are being inaugurated on this plateau , including the internet , electronic mailboxes , videoconference facilities , information service , and multimedia information - search service . \"\r\nas for air transportation , there are direct flights linking lhasa with chengdu , katmandu , chongqing , xian , beijing , xining , guangzhou , qamdo , and banda .\r\nthough it has been over 1,000 years , the inscription on the tablet in both han and tibetan languages is still readable : tang and fan , which are two close states , have formed an alliance of great harmony . they will never breach it as witnessed by heaven and man .\r\n\" were it not for the party 's special policy toward ethnic minorities and the support of other ethnic groups in this country , we , the lhoba people , would not be what we are today , \" said dadeng with emotion .\r\ntibet is a region inhabited mostly by tibetans . of the total population , tibetans account for 95 percent , while the han , hui , lhoba , monba , and other minority people take up the remaining 5 percent .\r\nafter tibet 's peaceful liberation , especially since the democratic reform , the people of all ethnic groups on this snow plateau have been living in harmony and sharing weal and woe with one another . they have gradually formed a socialist ethnic relationship marked by equality , unity , and mutual assistance .\r\nin the xigaze valley in rear tibet , shanghai municipality has invested in dozens of projects , including a water works , a sewer system , and the shanghai square . this fully indicates the shanghai people 's fraternity toward their tibetan brothers and sisters .\r\nthe party central committee are deeply concerned about tibet 's construction and development , while all localities throughout the country have given selfless assistance to this autonomous region .\r\nsince the 1950 's , financial subsidies given to tibet and investments made there by the central authorities have totaled more than 40 billion yuan .\r\nthe 62 construction projects initiated in celebration of the 30 th founding anniversary of this autonomous region have a total amount of investment of 4.8 billion yuan , of which 4.484 billion yuan came from outside units , including the pertinent ministries and commissions at the central level and various provinces and municipalities around the country .\r\nat present , the western development has become the hot spot that all social sectors are following with interest .\r\nreporter : minister shi , what do you think about the advantages of the central and western regions in the foreign economic and trade development ?\r\n3 ) owing to their respective characteristics in social economic development , various provinces and autonomous regions in the central and western regions have their specific development advantages .\r\ni think that the development of foreign trade in the central and western regions must be combined with the local advantages , take the international markets as their orientation , make best use of their advantages , bypass their disadvantages , exploit their favorable conditions to the full , and form their own unique features .\r\nreporter : some experts and scholars suggested that foreign capital be enthusiastically absorbed to participate in the large - scale development of the central and western regions .\r\nforeign - invested enterprises in the coastal areas will be guided and encouraged to make re - investment and participate in the reorganization and transformation of the state - owned industrial enterprises in the central and western regions .\r\nthe party central committee 's strategic decision on a large - scale development of the western region has been put forward in good time , and is also in keeping with the development realities of our country .\r\nduring both the present period and coming period , with a view to laying a solid foundation for the large - scale development , all localities in the region are required to devote great efforts to accelerating their construction of infrastructural facilities , and to strengthening their protection and building of the ecological environment .\r\nrich in natural resources , china 's northwestern region enjoys a considerably high manufacturing and technological level , as well as a fairly strong ability in scientific research and development ; and some of the region 's products have proved fairly competitive in the international market .\r\nwu bangguo noted : the large - scale development of the western region entails huge amounts of funds and a large number of able personnel .\r\nto do this , they should not only constantly strengthen the building of a hard environment , but should all the more improve the building of a soft environment .\r\nwe should actively push forward the reform and development of state enterprises , and give full rein to their guiding role as a mainstay in the large - scale development of the western region , pointed out wu bangguo .\r\nthe present year is the final year for the fulfillment of our three - year reform and difficulty - relief targets of state enterprises , and is therefore a year in which we make a final bid for victory .\r\nwe should see to it that state policies on running state enterprises well favor the western region .\r\nwe bangguo pointed out : our efforts to promote the large - scale development of the western region , readjust the country 's economic structure , and step up the reform and development of enterprises all call for a stable social environment .\r\nwe should actively create necessary conditions , step up a socialized management over social securities , and provide a better system guarantee for social stability .\r\nalso accompanying wu bangguo on his inspection trip were the responsible persons of relevant departments , including sheng huaren , zhang zuoji , zheng silin , zhang wule , shi xiushi , wang ruixiang , and wei liqun .\r\nafter her graduation in march 1999 , she found a job but quitted the job soon afterward and returned home .\r\nback at her home , she refused to do any farm work or spoke to her parents . instead , she hid herself in her room to practice \" falungong . \"\r\nbeginning from november 1999 , she fell into a trance , felt herself to be living in another space , and frequently dreamed that \" master \" li hongzhi and numerous other men , including huang daisheng , wanted to sleep with her .\r\nyuan 's parents cried hard for their daughter , saying : \" we worked so hard to fork out 10,000 yuan each year for her to attend school in the city .\r\nshe received more education than everybody else in the family . how would one know she would read this kind of stuff ?\r\nit was \" falungong \" that inflicted such harm on my little daughter . \"\r\non 23 december 1999 , zou gang , aged 39 , a cadre of the forest management section of heilongjiang provincial general administration of forest industry and a \" falungong \" practitioner , hacked his section head lu qingsheng to death with a knife and seriously injured three other colleagues - - including one whose name is zhou yajie .\r\naccording to zou gang , he began to practice \" falungong \" in august 1995 . since november 1999 , he started having hallucinations and always heard li hongzhi 's voice telling him that \" lu qingsheng and zhou yajie are your jinxes ; you have to kill them to be relieved . \"\r\nso zou gang bought a chef knife from the market on 22 december and carried out the killing on 23 december .\r\nafter entering the middle school in september 1998 , she became more and more obsessed with \" falungong \" and her school results dropped drastically .\r\nwhen her teachers and relatives spoke to her parents and advised them to let xu focus on her study , her parents said : \" studying is useless . practicing ' falungong ' at home will do . \"\r\nin early 1999 , dong ning , aged 26 , a \" falungong \" practitioner in weihai city changhong electromechanical company limited , shangdong province , thought his practice of \" falun dafa \" was complete and began to formulate a plan of \" relieving other people and himself . \"\r\non 7 january , he picked up a molding instrument to violently hit his fellow worker xiao liu on the head . out of nervousness , he did not manage to hit fatally and the victim was able to quickly flee the place .\r\non the following night , still obsessed with his plan of \" relieving people , \" he grabbed a kitchen knife and attempted to hack his father when the latter was making dinner . fortunately , his father was able to dodge and escape injury .\r\nhearing jiang 's cry for help , jiang 's son rushed to the scene and was stabbed several times in the stomach and thighs when he was wrenching the knife from dong ning .\r\nfortunately , the 110 police arrived at the scene rapidly and arrested dong .\r\nin these cases , all the \" falungong \" practitioners killed and harmed other people and themselves when they were in a state of insanity .\r\nthey had been turned from a perfectly normal person into a \" lunatic \" who went to extremes . this is the resultant evil consequence of the spiritual control exerted by li hongzhi 's \" falungong \" on practitioners .\r\nthis sort of spiritual control was itself an act of violating human rights and trampling on freedom .\r\naccording to psychiatrists , if a normal person experiences great nervous tension , pressure , awe , and fear for a long period of time , he will likely have a nervous breakdown and become pathologically stubborn and maniacal .\r\naccording to incomplete statistics , practicing \" falungong \" has already resulted in over 1,400 deaths . in addition , it also led to over 100 cases of mental problems reported by seven medical institutions in beijing , tianjin , hebei , and shandong alone .\r\na substantial proportion of these patients also \" think there is a falun rotating in their abdomens , \" \" feel there are five or six tangible matters attaching to their bodies , \" have other sense of spiritual possessions and control , or believe themselves to \" have a celestial eye . \"\r\nall these cannot be tolerated by the law of justice and state laws .\r\nall these blood - drenched facts indicate that the \" falungong \" does not safeguard human rights ; instead , it tramples on human rights .\r\nif a person loses his life and his health , then all other rights have no meaning at all .\r\nwithout the skin , how can the hair stand ?\r\nmany \" falungong \" practitioners took up the practice with the initial intention to \" cure illnesses and improve health . \"\r\nall these blood - drenched facts indicate that the \" falungong \" does not guarantee freedom but strangles freedom .\r\nall these violate the citizens ' freedom of faith and speech , and imprison the citizens ' thoughts .\r\nbeing unable to tell the good from the evil and the truth from falsehood , he would carry out acts that harm himself and others and become a sacrificial object of a cult organization .\r\nall these blood - drenched facts indicate that the \" falungong \" does not respect the law ; instead , it shows contempt for the law .\r\nthe stability and order of modern society is based on democracy and the rule of law , which requires all citizens and social organizations to act within the scope of the constitution and the law , and respect and safeguard the authority of the government that is established according to the law .\r\nonly by persisting in doing things according to the law , will there be social stability and order ; and only by respecting the government 's authority , can we make modern civilization construction even more successful .\r\nhowever , the \" falungong \" rejects all the above common sense which modern man should possess .\r\nall in all , the cult \" falungong \" makes a normal person abnormal , turns a psychologically healthy person into a psychopath , and changes a law - abiding citizen into someone that is hostile and harmful to society .\r\nthe cpc and the people 's government of china , who regard the people 's interests as paramount interests , will absolutely not tolerate a cult organization such as the \" falungong \" to carry on its misdeeds and harm society .\r\nthe daily circulation of its major newspapers is nearly two million , accounting for more than 60 percent of the total in beijing .\r\nwith the authority of its political news , the extensive dissemination of public opinion , and the rapid rolling reports of its daily , evening , and morning papers , the beijing ribao group will provide more comprehensive services for the daily life of the people .\r\nbeijing , 28 mar ( xinhua ) - - the cpc central organization department general office and the cpc central propaganda department general office recently issued a joint circular calling on party members and cadres to earnestly study the \" popular version of deng xiaoping theory . \"\r\nthe \" circular \" pointed out : the 15 th cpc congress proposed that the entire party should attach importance to and be good at studying , and effecting a new upsurge in the study of marxism - leninism , mao zedong thought , and in particular , deng xiaoping theory .\r\n\" the cpc central circular on the entire party 's in - depth study of deng xiaoping theory \" demanded that an activity designed for party members to study deng xiaoping theory and the party constitution should continue so that it will become a regular practice and become an institution .\r\nthe book , targeted at party members at the grass - roots level , can serve both as a reference book for grass - roots party members to study deng xiaoping theory independently and as teaching material for the training of party members at leading grass - roots party groups and party schools .\r\nchina began to reprint the \" bible \" in 1980 , and by late last year more than 23 million copies had been distributed throughout the country .\r\nhan wenzao believes that this is a reflection of the increase in china 's christian colony . last year , in the shanghai area alone , there were more than 20,000 christian converts .\r\na few days ago , han wenzao led the delegation of chinese christian representatives to kentucky for a meeting of friendship with the society of american christian elders .\r\nthe elders society pledged to continue exchanges between us and chinese christian associations and develop friendly relations with their christian sisters and brothers in china .\r\nhong kong , 28 march (zts) - - in the process of economic globalization , market integration , and the turning of capital into securities , lively discussions have been conducted throughout the world on the \" new economy \" based on the knowledge economy since the beginning of 2000 .\r\nmany scholars in china maintained : china must expedite the research and development of a new economic pattern with chinese characteristics so as to meet the challenges of the era of the new economy .\r\nsince the 1990 's , there has been a development trend different from that in the past in the economies of the united states and other developed countries in west europe , with the knowledge economy playing a leading role . hence , there is the era of a \" new economy . \"\r\neu president romano prodi recently said : it is the priority of the tasks facing the eu summit to get well prepared for the new economy and urged the governments of the 15 members to carry out extensive economic and social reforms so as to create a common european knowledge economy .\r\nthese \" three lows and one high \" are precisely the goal of endeavor all economies have been striving to achieve for many years .\r\nman is a decisive factor for guaranteeing innovations .\r\nthe information economy , which rose abruptly in the 1990 's , is now undergoing three stages of development ranging from \" personal computers , \" \" the internet , \" and \" electronic commerce . \" this clearly shows that the core of the \" new economy \" is the internet economy .\r\naccording to an analysis by economists , the new economy originated from the united states .\r\nthe sustained american economic growth is faced with some crises , such as technology stock bubbles , but the economy is now in a state of high growth , low unemployment , and low inflation .\r\nhe pointed out : in the face of the surging economic and s & t trend of today , we must move forward , otherwise we will fall behind .\r\nwe must seize opportunities , dare to make innovations , accelerate development , and try hard to catch up .\r\nwe must step up efforts to study countermeasures to deal with the drawbacks and negative impacts that may crop up in the course of economic globalization .\r\neconomists pointed : thanks to the rapid development of high and new technology industries , the american economy has grown in a sustained way for many years .\r\nmeanwhile , electronic networks of all types have mushroomed in china .\r\nin the past 30 years , great developments have been made in the friendly cooperation in various fields between the two countries .\r\nhe said that china is willing to make joint efforts together with the italian government to continue to fully supplement each other 's strong points to raise the level of the friendly cooperation between the two sides to a new level .\r\nzhu rongji also had a deep exchange of views with dini on bilateral relations and on international issues of common concern .\r\nzhu rongji pointed out that china is making efforts to carry out reform at a deeper level , improve the socialist market economic structure , open wider to the outside world , and strive to provide a good investment environment for foreign enterprises .\r\ndini said the reform and opening up in the past 20 years have brought tremendous incomparable changes in china .\r\nitaly highly treasures , and hopes to expand , its cooperation with china in various fields .\r\nbeijing , 28 mar ( xinhua ) - - over the last few years of reform and opening up , china 's rural areas have seen earth - shaking changes , and the work concerning rural areas has also encountered many new situations and new problems .\r\nin making a success of the work concerning peasants in this new situation , we should be good at allowing them to exercise management over themselves and educate themselves . their initiative and creativity should be displayed well , guided well , and protected well by exercising open administration over village affairs and other measures .\r\nin making a success of the work concerning peasants in this new situation , it is even more necessary for us to use deng xiaoping theory to put the people 's minds together .\r\nthe practice of longtang village under liuyang city jurisdiction , hunan province , has proved the correctness of this theory : when peasants ' minds are put together under the banner of deng xiaoping theory , they will keep the \" mainstay \" in mind , and all aspects of work in rural areas will develop healthily .\r\ni am speaking on the status and means of china 's state - owned enterprise [ soe ] reform .\r\ni. china 's soe reform is at key time , in critical stage by the mid-1990's , the business climate had undergone a qualitative change .\r\nthe greatest impact on enterprises was : - - market forces were replacing planning .\r\n- - our short - supply economy was changing toward a balance of supply with demand or a state of long supply .\r\n- - the opening to the outside world of the chinese market was evolving further .\r\nit was a time of many challenges , as well as a host of opportunities .\r\na number of enterprises converted their operating ideas earlier , converting their operating forces fast , and emerging through competition , to seize the opportunity for fast development .\r\nmeanwhile , longstanding deeper soe conflicts were also being full exposed .\r\n- - the conflict of lagging business institution innovation and operating forces unsuited to market competition .\r\nin recent years , a sizable number of enterprises have been in a state of stopped or semi - stopped production , with up to 10 million soe employees being laid off or seeing their wages stopped or reduced .\r\nthis involved a host of enterprises being converted to other production , separated , merged , and even shut down and put into bankruptcy , which impacted employee layoffs , severance , and reemployment , to affect the whole society .\r\nwhile state - owned industrial enterprises now account for roughly two - thirds of our industrial capital and 70 percent of banking loans to industry , they create only one - half of our gvio .\r\nsoe inefficiency has affected china 's potential for sustained economic growth .\r\nthese are two basic problems for intensifying soe reform and fully stimulating the growth potential of our national economy . at present , market restraints are growing markedly stronger .\r\nbut a polarized soe order is evolving quickly .\r\nsuperior enterprises aspire to low - cost expansion , while problem ones are urgently seeking ways to survive .\r\n- - we need to shift our stress on running each soe well to a strategic adjustment of our state - owned economic order , concentrating on fields that the state must control and provide public service in , to bring into better play the irreplaceable role of the state - owned economy .\r\ngovernment needs to create fair competition terms for enterprises of all ownership forms , to give superior enterprises room to grow and develop , and to give enterprises that are failing in the competition a means of withdrawing from the market .\r\n- - we need to shift from trying to revitalize every soe to stressing the large and deregulating the small , making a strategic reorganization of soe 's , to focus on stressing the crucial minority that affect the pulse of our national economy . 2 .\r\nwe need to separate government administration from business management to do this , we need to do a number of things simultaneously : we need to proceed with government organ or structural reform , to convert government functions .\r\nenterprises need to undergo corporate reform , to set up a business structure of corporate management . meanwhile , we need to cultivate intermediary social agencies , bringing into full play functions such as service , coordination , notarization , and oversight , to create the necessary terms for separating government administration from business management . 3 .\r\nwe need to make strategic adjustment of our state - owned economic order since competitive lines have already converted to a buyer 's market , it is neither possible or essential at this time for state finance to support a state - owned economy with so many lines and of such large size .\r\nas an economy of diverse ownership forms develops quickly , it is both possible and essential for our state - owned economic order to undergo a strategic adjustment .\r\nthis means that , in national security and fields needed for national economic development where private investment cannot or is unwilling to access , the state - owned economy needs to advance , creating the essential terms for national security and national economic development , to give the state the relevant regulation and control capacity over economic development .\r\nform a scientific corporate management structure .\r\nwe need to act in line with the \" company law \" to set up an enterprise leadership and organization system , to evolve enterprise incentive and restraint forces .\r\nthe soe transformation to a corporate system is now facing the major difficulty of how to set up a standardized and effective corporate management structure . 5 .\r\nwe need to make strategic reorganization of soe 's , stressing the large and deregulating the small china now has around 230,000 soe 's , which are duplicative and decentralized in their industrial distribution , with the large not having evolved an economy of scale , while the small lack market vitality .\r\nmeanwhile , we need to use diverse means to deregulate and revitalize medium and small soe 's , enabling them to choose suitable forms of business asset organization , to move toward the market independently .\r\nbetween large enterprises and medium and small businesses , we need to evolve an enterprise group structure of specialized production and socialized coordination , to raise overall operating efficiency . 6 .\r\nwe need to downsize for efficiency , increasing equity and lowering debt due to historic reasons , soe 's are generally subject to surplus personnel , heavy debt , and heavy social burdens .\r\nthe state has already taken steps since our social security system is not yet perfect , such as setting up reemployment service centers , developing the labor market , and encouraging employees to find their own jobs and innovate independently , with around 5 million employees likely to be separated from soe 's a year .\r\nto improve the enterprise equity - debt makeup , we first need to stop inefficient or low - efficiency enterprise investment , conscientiously ending low - level duplicate construction , while supporting many means for enterprises to attract new investors and increase their equity .\r\nqualified ones can attract foreign investment for grafting and cooperating .\r\nwe need to experiment with debt trusteeship and the conversion of debt into shares .\r\na current major difficulty in soe bankruptcy is the basic subsistence security and reemployment placement for bankrupt soe employees .\r\nwe need to develop corps of enterprise operators a key current factor affecting intensified reform and an improved operating state is the lack of operating and management talent that is familiar with a market economy .\r\nwe need to speed up related reforms this means mainly that we need to : speed up our establishment of a better pension , health care , and unemployment security system .\r\nbuild a stronger market legal system , improving market management , to maintain market order .\r\nin light of china 's two decades of reform practice , as well as the international expertise that we can draw on , i believe that reform will succeed through our sustained and steady efforts and explorations .\r\nin addition , the chinese government and people are opposed to and denounce lee teng - hui 's [ li denghui 's ] going to foreign countries in any capacity to conduct activities to split up china .\r\nthis is of utmost importance to the healthy development of the relations between china and relevant countries .\r\nthe spokesman also said that lee teng - hui has already stepped down .\r\nhe pointed out that lee teng - hui has , over a long time , continuously undermined the friendly relations between china and other countries and conducted activities to create two chinas in the international community .\r\nhe said again that lee teng - hui 's going to foreign countries in any capacity to conduct activities to split up china is opposed and denounced by the chinese government and people .\r\nyu yongbo said in his speech that it was approved by the cmc to launch \" three stresses \" positive education in the whole army 's grass - roots party organizations , which is a major event of the whole army 's political work in this year .\r\ngrass - roots party organizations are the foundation of the party 's all work and combat capability , and are the party 's cell .\r\npaying great attention to party building at the grass - roots party organizations is the fine tradition of our army and is also the consistent ideology of the third generation of the party 's leading core .\r\nour army has consistently subjected to the command of the party and has constantly strengthened for dozens of years , which are closely related to our consistent emphasis on party building at the grass - roots level .\r\nparty committees at all levels and all leaders should fully understand the necessity and importance of \" three stresses \" positive education among all army grass - roots party organizations and practically pay special attention to and handle well this event related to the overall situations with strong political responsibility .\r\nduring the third session of the ninth npc , chairman jiang further stressed this ideology .\r\nwe must deeply understand the practical and historical significance of the important ideology of the \" three representations \" and voluntarily utilize the important ideology of the \" three representations \" to guide party building in the army .\r\nyu yongbo pointed out that chairman jiang 's important ideology of \" three representations \" further points out the way and raises new higher requirements .\r\nwe must consistently regard it as the general guiding ideology at this \" three stresses \" positive education at the grass - roots level .\r\n\" three representations \" is the centralized reflection of \" three stresses \" and \" three stresses \" is the basic requirement of practicing \" three representations . \"\r\ntherefore , we should regard this \" three stresses \" positive education as a centralized study and education activity of the \" three representations \" in order to firmly establish the ideology of \" three representation \" in the minds of vast numbers of party members and cadres .\r\nyu yongbo stressed that studying and practicing chairman jiang 's important ideology on \" three representations \" not only requires to handle well the grass - roots party organizations but also requires to pay attention to party committees and high - ranking and middle - ranking cadres at regiment level and above .\r\nhe required party committees at all levels to practically deepen their understandings , practically master the guiding ideology and principle of education , practically solve problems , and practically strengthen leadership to guarantee solid results of this \" three stresses \" positive education among grass - roots party organizations .\r\nthe meeting fully commended 43 units in china 's news system which demonstrated exemplary roles in promoting spiritual civilization construction , in establishing a good image of journalists while conducting journalistic work , in better serving the people , in serving socialism , and in serving the overall work of the party and the country .\r\nxu guangchun , deputy director of the cpc central committee propaganda department , delivered a summary speech .\r\nji bingxuan , deputy director of the guangdong administration of radio , film , and television , chaired the meeting .\r\nthe meeting held : since a similar national televised and teleconference was held last year , most central and local media units have striven to separate news - reporting activities from commercial activities , and to separate news - covering and editing personnel from commercial departments , and attained remarkable results in this regard .\r\nboth the party central committee and the people have been satisfied with the work .\r\nthe meeting pointed out : while the overall work of the mass media demonstrated positive and healthy trends , some newspapers and periodicals , and certain small newspapers and small periodicals in particular , have shown some acute problems in their propaganda work .\r\nwe should learn our lesson from shanghai 's experiences in this regard .\r\nto purchase and replace cars , the county government , county people 's congress , county committee of the chinese people 's political consultative conference , and departments concerned also went around borrowing money totaling 539,600 yuan .\r\nit auctioned off vehicles that the county party committee , county government , and departments involved had purchased by embezzling and holding back the funds concerned or borrowing money and ordered the units involved to recover and return the embezzled , retained , and borrowed funds within a time limit .\r\nwithout even an examination , lei yuande agreed to handle the approval formalities for the self - paying thailand tour of the 16 symposium participants from the city audit bureau and their ordinary passports for going abroad ( leaving the territory ) for private purposes .\r\nthe chenzhou city party committee decided to give kuang chushen a serious warning as a measure of party discipline and remove him from the post of secretary of the audit bureau 's leading party group and , after going through relevant procedures of the people 's congress , removed him from the post of bureau director .\r\nit also gave tao jianzhong and lei yuande a warning as a measure of party discipline .\r\nhe said during his visit , all china 's principal leaders will meet with berger and his party .\r\nforeign minister tang jiaxuan will hold talks with him on sino - us relations and issues of common concern .\r\nhe said the chinese government has always attached importance to promoting and protecting human rights .\r\nlast year , with the energetic efforts of the chinese government , the level of economic , social , cultural , civil , and political rights enjoyed by the chinese people was further raised .\r\nin its speech , the united states did not seriously examine its own human rights situation , but wantonly made gratuitous attacks and accusations on other countries . this is a typical expression of practicing dual standards and hegemony .\r\nchina advises the united states to get a clear understanding of the historical trend and not to go farther and farther along the erroneous road of political confrontation .\r\nbeijing , 28 mar ( xinhua ) - - premier zhu rongji met with visiting italian foreign minister lamberto dini at zhongnanhai today . in a cordial and friendly atmosphere , the host and the guest had an in - depth exchange of views on bilateral relations and on international issues of common concern .\r\nzhu said : china attaches great importance to developing its relationship with italy .\r\nthis year marks the 30 th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries . over the past three decades , great development has been attained in friendly cooperation between the two countries in all fields .\r\nthis will provide foreign enterprises , including italian ones , with an enormous practical possibility to expand and develop in china .\r\ndini said : the reform and opening up over the past two decades have brought china tremendous changes beyond comparison by any country in the world . italy treasures very much and hopes to constantly expand its cooperative relations with china in all fields .\r\nitaly 's economic and business circles , especially small and medium - sized enterprises , will certainly take an active part in it .\r\nzhu rongji also asked foreign minister dini to give prime minister d ' alema his kind regards .\r\neducation on the current situation has always been a major content of the ideological and political work .\r\nrelevant responsible persons from 20 provinces , autonomous regions , and municipalities including those from beijing and shanghai exchanged experiences and talked about methods in the work of conducting education on the current situation in various localities .\r\ncomrades at the meeting noted that 2000 is a year of historical and symbolic significance .\r\nas the task of conducting current situation education is rather heavy and as there are many concrete contents , localities should integrate the education with the local situation , concentrate on major areas , and meticulously organize the education .\r\nmeeting participants made several important points on doing well this year 's work on conducting education on the current situation .\r\nfirst is to continue organizing various levels of report meetings on the current situation .\r\nover the years , relevant local departments have consistently conducted report meetings on the current situation for the cadres and the masses , and the holding of such meetings has become institutionalized .\r\nsecond is to organize mass educational activities with \" looking back on 100 years of vicissitudes and looking forward to a beautiful future \" as the major content of such mass educational activities .\r\nthe central propaganda department , the science and technology department , and the china association of scientists will jointly sponsor a large science popularization drive called \" let science be closer to life and let the general public understand science \" from the second quarter through the fourth quarter .\r\ncentral propaganda department deputy head liu peng spoke at the forum .\r\nbeijing , 28 mar ( xinhua ) - - this afternoon , li lanqing , vice premier of the state council , met with us secretary of education richard riley and his party at zhongnanhai .\r\nli lanqing and riley exchanged views on enhancing sino - us educational exchanges and cooperation , as well as other issues of common concern .\r\nchinese education minister chen zhili and us ambassador to china joseph prueher also attended the meeting .\r\nriley came to visit china on 26 march at the invitation of the chinese education ministry .\r\nduring his visit , chen zhili and riley signed , on behalf of their respective governments , the \" agreement between the government of the people 's republic of china and the government of the united states of america for the cooperation in educational exchanges . \"\r\nbeijing , 28 mar ( xinhua ) - - foreign minister tang jiaxuan held talks with visiting italian foreign minister lamberto dini here today .\r\nthe two sides had a deep exchange of views on bilateral relations and international issues of common concern in a friendly , frank and sincere atmosphere [ zai you hao tan cheng de qi fen zhong 0961 0645 1170 0982 6134 4104 3049 3050 0022 ] .\r\nitaly is china 's important trade partner in the european union and the potential for trade and economic cooperation is very great . the two countries also share identical and similar views on some important international issues .\r\nchina is willing to make joint efforts together with italy to promote the long - term and stable development of sino - italian relations .\r\ndini said that the italian government is willing to maintain high - level state - to - state contacts with china and to further develop cooperation in various fields , including encouraging italian enterprises to actively take part in the development of the western region in china .\r\nhe also reaffirmed support for china 's entry into the world trade organization at an early date .\r\nthe foreign ministers of the two countries also exchanged views on the taiwan and human rights issues .\r\ntang jiaxuan pointed out that the recent election in taiwan was a local election in china . no matter who has been elected , the fact that taiwan is a part of chinese territory cannot be changed .\r\nfacts have proved that dialogue is the only correct way to deal with differences on the human rights issue between the two sides .\r\nhe expressed appreciation for italy 's stand of holding dialogue and not practicing confrontation and hoped it will continue to play a positive role in this respect .\r\ndini emphasized that the italian government will continue to adhere to a one - china stand , and will not have any official relations with taiwan at present or in future .\r\nthe international community should acknowledge china 's achievements in human rights , and italy will continue to stand for carrying out dialogue and exchanges with china in this field .\r\ndini arrived in guangzhou on 26 march to begin his visit to china at the invitation of tang jiaxuan .\r\nthe national conference for secretaries of the discipline inspection commission under public security departments and bureaus is being held in beijing 28 - 29 march .\r\nhe urged public security organs to reinforce their law - enforcement measures against specific problems ; and put to an end , to the maximum degree , a number of practices that have violated the law and discipline , such as extorting confessions by torture .\r\namong the measures they should take for this purpose are the establishment of a system for open hearings , open mediations , and open trials of public security cases and traffic accident cases ; as well as the establishment of a system for the masses to report cases to the security authorities and to give feed - back .\r\nlee teng - hui used to denounce the beijing authorities ' demand that taiwan observe the \" one china \" principle as \" duck despot \" behavior and \" hegemonism . \"\r\nthe \" one china \" principle was not beijing 's invention , nor is a patent of the chinese mainland government .\r\nthe \" one china \" principle is a principle of the whole chinese nation , a principle upheld and observed by the entire chinese people in all parts of the world . the mainland authorities just inherit and safeguard this principle .\r\nfirst , taiwan belongs to china , the settlement of the taiwan issue must be based on the \" one china \" principle , which is the valuable legacy of the chinese nation . it is a sacred principle safeguarded by the ancestors and older generations of the chinese people with their blood and lives .\r\nthe offspring of the chinese nation has no right and is not eligible to change or abandon this principle .\r\nas early as in the qin and han periods , taiwan was already part of china 's territory .\r\nat the news conference , zhu rongji announced that the chinese people will stop taiwan independence with their blood and lives . this was immediately denounced by some people as being \" unfriendly , \" \" irresponsible , \" and \" unfavorable to the settlement of the taiwan issue . \"\r\nin fact , zhu rongji just followed the teachings of the chinese nation 's ancestors and said what chinese people should say .\r\nduring the eight - year anti - japanese war , the chinese people safeguarded the \" one china \" principle on the taiwan issue for the second time .\r\nif beijing gives up the \" one china \" principle and allow or connive at taiwan 's independence , will they live up to the wishes of the ancestry ?\r\naccording to opinion polls , over 90 percent of people on the chinese mainland support cross - strait reunification , and over 80 percent agree that action be taken to stop taiwan independence even at the costs of blood and lives .\r\nthe opinion poll published by taiwan 's \" china times \" on 15 march showed that only 9 percent of people in taiwan support taiwan independence .\r\nhowever , it is certain that the number people support one china far exceeds the number of people supporting taiwan independence .\r\ntherefore , there are sufficient grounds in terms of international law for claiming that taiwan is part of china , and this is a fact commonly accepted by the international community .\r\nwhen the un general assembly adopted the resolution on restoring the legal seat of the prc in the united nations and at the same time expelling the representatives of the \" republic of china , \" the action itself showed that the international community only recognizes one china , that is , the people 's republic of china .\r\nin recent years , the taiwan authorities tried to return to the united nations every year , but they were rebuffed every year . last year , taiwan 's attempt was rejected jointly by all the five permanent members of the un security council .\r\nthe united states also repeated again and again that it adheres to the \" one china \" policy and the \" three noes \" policy without change . is all this just a simple \" commonplace \" ?\r\nbeijing has once again declared that there will be no foundation and prerequisite for any peace talks if the taiwan leadership does not accept \" one china \" principle , and they will never come into contact with any party and people who advocate taiwan independence .\r\nit is hoped that the new leader in taiwan will really commit himself to seeking cross - strait peace and will prudently make a correct decision before it is too late , thus letting people on both sides of the strait and overseas chinese set their minds at rest .\r\ntwo minutes later , moftec minister she guangsheng arrived at the venue for negotiations .\r\neach of the teams consists of two dozen or so people .\r\nwhen the talks started , the atmosphere was very harmonious . on behalf of the chinese government and the chinese negotiating team , minister shi guangsheng extended a warm welcome to the eu negotiating team .\r\nwhen asked about the prospects for the talks , he expressed his belief that the present round of negotiations was moving in a positive direction and that the chinese side is optimistic about this .\r\nthe official also stressed that whether a substantive outcome can be achieved at this round of talks , depends , to a large extent , on eu 's attitude , that is , their asking price .\r\nexcept for those terms to which china is unable to commit with all wto members , china will give active consideration and response to other eu demands .\r\nhe hoped the eu team will hold talks with the chinese side with a pragmatic and positive attitude in order to reach a bilateral agreement on china 's wto accession at an early date .\r\nafter the last round of negotiation , which was held between 21 and 24 february , the chinese side said that differences between both parties were very small .\r\nat about 0200 this morning , an explosive accident took place at the laoke station of the qichun county motor transport company , damaging nine automobiles at varying degrees .\r\na nearby resident called chen told this reporter that at the time when the explosion took place , he heard three loud sounds and then saw flames rising high toward the sky .\r\ngan xuebao , director of the county public security bureau , said that after receiving the report on this accident , the public security and fire - fighting department sent two fire engines to the site and controlled the spreading of the fire .\r\nit was guessed that the person who was suspected of causing this explosion was a worker of this company .\r\nthis person hanged himself after exploding automobiles with dynamites .\r\nthe details of this accident are still under investigation .\r\nboth sides held friendly and frank talks on the issue of china 's entry into the world trade organization .\r\nchinese state councillor wu yi , minister of foreign trade and economic cooperation [ moftec ] shi guangsheng , vice minister of foreign affairs wang guangya , and moftec chief representative for negotiations long yongtu were present at the meeting .\r\ni. china 's state - owned enterprise [ soe ] reform is at a key time and in a critical stage by the mid-1990s the business climate had undergone a qualitative change .\r\nthe greatest impact on enterprises was : - - market forces were replacing planning .\r\n- - the opening to the outside world of the chinese market was evolving further .\r\nas to enterprises , the most direct impact was that the critical moment for the excellence through competition of a market economy had really arrived .\r\nit was a time of many challenges , as well as a host of opportunities .\r\nmarket share and profits were concentrated in these enterprises , with their name - recognition growing quickly .\r\nmeanwhile , long - standing deeper soe conflicts were also being fully exposed .\r\nthey were mainly : - - a system conflict caused by the lack of separation between government administration and business management .\r\n- - the conflict of lagging business institution innovation and operating forces unsuited to market competition .\r\nin recent years , a sizable number of enterprises have been in a state of stopped or semi - stopped production , with up to 10 million soe employees being laid off or seeing their wages stopped or reduced .\r\nthe exposure of such conflicts lowered the overall operating efficiency of our state - owned economy .\r\nwhile state - owned industrial enterprises now account for roughly two - thirds of our industrial capital and 70 percent of banking loans to industry , they create only one - half of our gross industrial output value .\r\nsoe inefficiency has affected china 's potential for sustained economic growth .\r\nat present , market restraints are growing markedly stronger .\r\nbut a polarized soe order is evolving quickly .\r\nthis has left the desired state that should have appeared of large - scale enterprise reorganization , structural adjustment , and institution innovation unfulfilled .\r\nmeans of intensifying soe reform grounded in years of reform practice , the fourth plenary session of the 15 th central committee issued a \" resolution \" on soe reform and development in september 1999 , to better clarify the means of intensifying soe reform . 1 .\r\n- - we need to shift our stress on running each soe well to a strategic adjustment of our state - owned economic order , concentrating on fields in which the state must control and provide public service , to bring into better play the irreplaceable role of the state - owned economy .\r\nwe need to make a strategic adjustment of our state - owned economic order since competitive lines have already converted to a buyer 's market , it is neither possible or essential at this time for state finance to support a state - owned economy with so many lines and of such large size .\r\nas an economy of diverse ownership forms develops quickly , it is both possible and essential for our state - owned economic order to undergo a strategic adjustment .\r\nso we need to change the state in which the state - owned economic front is too long and has endemic control of all fields of our national economy , so that our state - owned economy can enter some fields and withdraw from others , doing some things but not others .\r\nset up a corporate asset system , in which enterprises independently operate corporate assets and are liable for their own profits and losses . 3 .\r\nform a scientific corporate management structure .\r\nwe need to act in line with the \" company law \" to set up an enterprise leadership and organization system , to evolve enterprise incentive and restraint forces .\r\nwe need to make a strategic reorganization of soes stressing the large and deregulating the small china now has around 230,000 soes which are duplicate and decentralized in their industrial distribution , with the large not having evolved an economy of scale , while the small lack market vitality .\r\nbetween large enterprises and medium and small businesses , we need to evolve an enterprise group structure of specialized production and socialized coordination , to raise overall operating efficiency . 6 .\r\nwe need to downsize for efficiency , increasing equity and lowering debt due to historic reasons , soes are generally subject to surplus personnel , heavy debt , and heavy social burdens .\r\ncertain areas have also taken steps to take over from government enterprise - run social service agencies such as hospitals and schools , with 3,000 such agencies likely to be transferred a year nationally .\r\nto improve the enterprise equity - debt makeup , we first need to stop inefficient or low - efficiency enterprise investment , conscientiously ending low - level duplicate construction , while supporting many means for enterprises to attract new investors and increase their equity .\r\nqualified ones can attract foreign investment for grafting and cooperating .\r\nthe state has assigned boards of supervisors to wholly state - owned enterprises , to oversee enterprise finances and operating achievements . 9 .\r\nfor reform to succeed , we need to not only design good reform plans , but also reform our related innovation climate , dealing properly with all related interest relations , to overcome resistance .\r\nin light of china 's two decades of reform practice , as well as the international expertise that we can draw on , i believe that reform will succeed through our sustained and steady practice and exploration .\r\nbeijing , 28 march - - it is understood that the financial regulatory authorities in china will implement a system of using real names for savings accounts starting next month .\r\ndai xianglong , governor of the people 's bank of china [ pboc ] , revealed this january that the plan for a real - name savings system has been drawn up , and is expected to be introduced this year .\r\nthat is , before the implementation of the real - name savings system , money deposited under pseudonyms can be withdrawn under pseudonyms . however , starting from the day of the implementation of the real - name savings system , real names must be used .\r\ndai xianglong noted : when implementing the real - name savings system , it is not difficult to request savings account holders to use their real names . however , we need time and a lot of investments to form a national network .\r\nhe indicated : after the implementation of the real - name savings system , banks will keep account holders information strictly confidential .\r\nin specific terms , the main benefits of implementing the real - name savings system compared with the system of registering names for deposits , are as follows : first , the real - name system helps protect depositors interests .\r\nsecond , the system helps improve depositors credit .\r\nthe reason is that banks and other financial organs no longer have to worry too much about debtors defaulting on due debt payments , and thus do not have to resort to all kinds of terms to guarantee the recovery of principal and interest for loans .\r\nfourth , the system helps improve the tax collection system .\r\nmoreover , it is imperative to collect inheritance tax as the market economy develops .\r\nunder the real - name system , personal funds can be deposited in many financial organs . however , there is only one real name and one set of identification card numbers for one person .\r\nit is therefore easier to make inquiries and statistical compilations on a person . this will impose an objective restriction on people who attempt to receive bribes and ill - gotten wealth . in other words , it makes it difficult to hide ill - gotten wealth .\r\nlast monday , on its international page , the \" nanfang dushi bao , \" an affiliate of \" nanfang ribao \" of the guangdong provincial cpc committee , published a photo of \" tianfang , \" a islamic sacred place in saudi arabia and , above the photo , was another photo of five cloned piglets .\r\nthe incident quickly drew reactions from muslims in other provinces .\r\nit has been learned that , the shenzhen city party committee , the guangdong provincial cpc committee , and even high - level leadership in beijing , have been concerned about the incident .\r\nnanjing , 29 mar ( xinhua ) - - china will have a law to abide by while patrolling its borders and administering the social order of vessels along its coasts .\r\nthe \" provisions governing border patrol and administering social order of vessels along the coasts [ hereafter termed ' the provisions ' ] , \" published by the ministry of public security on 15 february , will be formally enforced on 1 may 2000 .\r\nat present , new situations and new problems concerning the administration of marine social order continue to pop up . problems where offshore fishing vessels operated beyond their designated marine areas or territories recurred repeatedly . criminal activities including illegal emigration , smuggling , drug - trafficking , piracies , and marine thefts rose gradually over the years .\r\nin the past , our rules and regulations governing border patrol lagged behind ; in particular we did not have unified national provisions governing vessels along the coasts .\r\n\" the provisions \" have 42 articles in six chapters . they are china 's first departmental regulations for facilitating a standardized and regulated administration over border patrol and social order of vessels along the coasts .\r\nthe meeting urged : while implementing \" the provisions , \" various local frontier guard departments under the ministry of public security must persistently enforce them according to law . they must strictly abide by law - enforcement procedures . they are strictly forbidden to levy fines which are beyond their authority , or which are too excessive .\r\nthey should intensify the examination and supervision over law - enforcement in some key links , including how law enforcement personnel handle cases and their administration over certificates and vessels .\r\nthey should abide by the requirement that police affairs must be open , and self - consciously accept the masses ' supervision by publicizing various operational systems and work procedures .\r\nin the first spring of the new millennium , \" deng xiaoping on tourism \" edited by the central documentary research office and the state tourism bureau was officially published .\r\nthis is an important event in the tourist industry throughout the country , and will play a major guiding role and produce far - reaching historical influence for further speeding up the development of the tourist industry in our country in the new century .\r\nbeing general architect for reform and opening up in our country , comrade deng xiaoping consecutively made five speeches in the period between october 1978 and july 1979 to stress the need to greatly develop tourism .\r\ncomrade deng xiaoping pointed out : \" the tourist industry may make great accomplishments . prominence should be given to its development , and its development should be speeded up . \" \" tourism should become a comprehensive industry . \"\r\nall these important ideas put forth by comrade deng xiaoping concretely embodied the spirit of the third plenary session of the 11 th cpc central committee , and represented deng xiaoping 's ideological line of emancipating people 's minds and seeking truth from facts .\r\nwhile studying comrade deng xiaoping 's ideas about developing tourism , we should comprehensively implement the government guidance strategy , and actually run tourism as a comprehensive industry .\r\nefforts should be made to enhance the economic efficiency , social effects , and environmental effects . all departments concerned should actively cooperate and support the development of the tourist industry .\r\nwhile studying comrade deng xiaoping 's ideas about developing tourism , we should give full play to the resources advantages and speed up the pace of developing tourism in the central and western regions of our country .\r\nby reviewing comrade xiaoping 's instructions in those years and then viewing the situation in the central and western regions , we find that tourist resources definite constitute a major part of the capital for development and regeneration .\r\nwhile studying comrade deng xiaoping 's ideas about developing tourism , we should give better play to the role of tourism in the building of socialist spiritual civilization .\r\ntourism is not only an economic sector , but also an important position in the building of spiritual civilization .\r\nat present , the tourist industry in our country is facing a very favorable opportunity for its development .\r\nthe most important factor is that the party central committee and the state council attach great importance to the tourist work and pin ardent hope on the development of tourism . president jiang zemin , chairman li peng , premier zhu rongji and other leading comrades have made many important instructions in this regard .\r\nsuccessfully carrying out work this year will have the significance of continuing the cause .\r\nto implement the spirit of the two conferences , it is first of all necessary to closely grasp the center , that is , economic construction .\r\nto implement the spirit of the two conferences , it is necessary to work hard to successfully carry out the construction of socialist politics and culture and to advance coordinated economic and social development , under the precondition of being dictated by and serving the center , that is , economic construction .\r\nit is necessary to unwaveringly adhere to the policy of \" pursuing two matters and being tough on both \" and to continually improve the standard of construction of socialist spiritual civilization .\r\nit is necessary to vigorously implement the strategy of using science and education for revitalizing the country and the strategy of sustainable development and to accelerate the development of science and education ; especially , it is necessary to vigorously to develop high science and technology and to further enhance the effort to combine science and education with economics .\r\nit is necessary to correctly grasp the relationships among reform , development , and stability and to attach great importance to , and properly handle , contradictions among people under the new situation .\r\ncpc and government leading cadres at all levels must conscientiously arrange for cadres and ordinary people at large to study the spirit of the two conferences in an effort to comprehensively , accurately , and deeply understand the spirit of the documents .\r\nit is necessary to diligently pursue implementation and to work creatively , so as to rapidly turn the spirit of the two conferences into work practice of one 's own locality , department , and unit .\r\nit is necessary to vigorously promote the practice of open government affairs , to encourage the masses of the people to supervise cpc and government workers at all levels , especially leading cadres , and to give full play to the supervising role of public opinion .\r\nthe people 's congress system is a system of socialist democracy suited for our national conditions .\r\ndeputies to people 's congresses at all levels should continue to maintain extensive contact with the masses , perform their duties as deputies , and participate in the handling of state affairs , so as to play an important role in advancing reform , development , and stability .\r\nthe cppcc represents a system of political consultations of multiparty cooperation under the leadership of the cpc .\r\nthe 21 st century is just around the corner .\r\nbeijing , 29 march ( xinhua ) - - the party central committee and state council made a major policy decision of actively restructuring agriculture and devoting major efforts to developing agriculture that gives higher economic returns , on the basis that our country 's agriculture has entered a new stage of relative surplus in agricultural products .\r\nmany localities gained successful experiences in that aspect after they made efforts to explore . however , some other localities reported a series of problems . to sum up , peasants have fears [ san pa 0005 1830 ] .\r\nfirst , peasants fear cadres who issue confusing orders [ xia zhi hui 4219 2172 2264 ] .\r\ndespite the fear of incurring debts instead of increasing incomes , peasants have to plant and fine strains that have been blindly introduced by cadres who have not analyzed the market thoroughly before forcefully popularizing the strains .\r\nsecond , peasants fear that they will purchase bogus or inferior seeds and seedlings , or backward and outdated agricultural technologies .\r\nthe peasants fears highlight and reflect existing problems in agricultural restructuring . they show that restructuring is a formidable job . we should actively push restructuring forward , but should pay more attention to finding ways to solve present problems , and strive to ensure that the restructuring work proceeds healthily and steadily .\r\nhow do we carry out agricultural restructuring ?\r\nagricultural restructuring is needed because of changes in the relations of market supply and demand . things produced according to old lines of thoughts are no longer marketable .\r\nif one fails to study markets in a serious and thorough manner , one cannot accurately tell the directions and trends of markets . as a result , one will be exposed to tremendous risks during restructuring .\r\nagricultural restructuring is a major matter that requires us to study market demand , and at the same time understand clearly suitable strains for us to plant and breed .\r\nin other words , we should solve the problem of combining ideals with realities .\r\nif we make the most of our strengths while avoiding our weaknesses , we will truly find a meeting point for local characteristics and markets .\r\nwe will be placed in an invincible position in market competition if we work on this meeting point .\r\nthird , we should insist on respecting the peasants wishes . historical experience proved that we could whip up mass enthusiasm , and our work would proceed smoothly , if we fully respect the wishes of the masses .\r\nrespecting the masses wishes does not mean cadres at all levels will have nothing to do or accomplish .\r\nby providing service , one has to sincerely and wholeheartedly think in terms of the masses , and earnestly solve all kinds of problems encountered by the peasants pre - , during , and post - production .\r\nwhen cadres at all levels solidly accomplish their jobs , they will provide powerful support for peasants to develop agriculture that is oriented toward quality and economic returns , and peasants will be able to discover new ideas for achieving prosperity in agricultural restructuring .\r\naccurate analysis and assessment of the situation with the anti - corruption campaign is the prerequisite for correct policy as well as the basis for strengthening confidence in the fight against corruption .\r\nfull confidence in the anti - corruption campaign primarily stems from the correct line , guiding principle , and policy for anti - corruption established by the party .\r\nmaintenance of healthy development of momentum throughout the anti - corruption campaign along with continually deepening advances as a result of the consistency of anti - corruption policies and practices have brought full confidence in the anti - corruption campaign .\r\nonly if we take hold of this excellent development impetus can we continually make strides in the anti - corruption campaign .\r\ncurrently , the anti - corruption campaign situation is still as grim as before . the gaining momentum of some of the negative corruption phenomena has still not been effectively contained , and the results that have been achieved are still far short of the demands of the central committee and the expectations of the masses .\r\nwe must recognize the seriousness and the urgency of this campaign as well as its long - term nature , complexity , and formidability .\r\nit is necessary to resolutely implement the principles and policies on placement of demobilized army officers formulated by the central authorities by proceeding from the high plane of ensuring good circulation and publicizing of government decrees .\r\nsong defu , head of the leading group for placement of demobilized army officers under the state council and personnel minister , presided over the meeting .\r\nguangzhou , 29 mar (zxs) - - guangdong governor lu ruihua met and feted a trade delegation from the us state of massachusetts , led by governor argeo paul cellucci , in guangzhou last night .\r\nlu ruihua welcomed cellucci 's delegation .\r\nlu ruihua briefed the visitors on guangdong 's economic development in the past two years . he said that guangdong is working to develop industries that adopt new and high technologies , primarily the information industry , and expressed the belief that the visit by governor cellucci 's delegation would promote bilateral cooperation in this respect .\r\ncellucci 's delegation is visiting guangdong province at the invitation of lu ruihua .\r\nthe state of massachusetts and guangdong province formally established sister ties in november 1983 . for many years , the two sides have engaged in rather fruitful cooperation in economics , trade , science and technology , health , education , and other fields .\r\nwhoever pursues \" taiwan independence \" will not come to a good end - - lee teng - hui is just a living teaching material by way of negative example .\r\nin the early days after he took power , before he was able to stand firm by himself , he also loudly chanted \" one china \" and advocated \" unification . \"\r\nhowever , not long after that , with his appeasement and shielding , \" taiwan independence \" elements and \" taiwan independence \" organizations in exile returned to taiwan one after another ; as a result , \" taiwan independence \" activities became increasingly open and legalized in taiwan .\r\nand , his own so - called \" one china , one taiwan , \" \" one country , two governments , \" \" two political entities , \" \" two chinas as a phase , \" \" two states theory , \" and other absurd theories came out one after another .\r\nhe let people cherish illusions of him , yet not dare to really trust him , and he made use of such a situation to carry out step by step his splittist plot .\r\ntake the recent activity to change taiwan 's leaders for an example : the word in taiwan had it that it was a \" switch - over voting \" plot manipulated by lee teng - hui , and some people 's \" theory of being deceived . \"\r\nover the last few years , lee teng - hui has pushed cross - strait relations to an extremely dangerous situation .\r\nhe used up all of his tricks , but the consequences were that the kmt was split and he himself was forced to step down ; contradictions between taiwan 's social groups have deepened and social conflicts have intensified ; and the \" taiwan independence \" force has become rampant and stability in the taiwan strait has been undermined .\r\nthe demand by the people of taiwan for his ouster was an inevitable result of development of the situation .\r\nthey play political tricks , deceive the people , consider themselves clever and act accordingly , but actually they are the most foolish .\r\nlee teng - hui was like this and those following his steps can also be like this , and eventually will inevitably end up utterly discredited .\r\nif they do not think so , they may wait and see .\r\nthe standard for giving annual relief grain for each mu of grain plot that is returned to forests and grasslands are 300 jin for areas on the upper reaches of chang jiang , and 200 jin for areas on the upper and middle reaches of huang he .\r\nthe sources of relief grain for areas where grain pots are returned to forests and grasslands will be arranged locally or in the neighborhood in an overall manner by the provincial people 's governments .\r\nin principle , the supply will be mainly based on the circulating commodity grain of state - owned grain purchasing and marketing enterprises in the locality . when necessary , the provincial authorities may use local reserve grain or apply for central reserve grain .\r\ngrains that are not examined or not up to standard are not allowed to be supplied to peasants in these areas .\r\nthese procedures state : the grain departments at all levels should be responsible for the organizational work of grain supply and state - owned grain enterprises will be entrusted to undertake the issuance of grain and the cashing business .\r\nthe grain transportation expenses would be undertaken by the local finance .\r\nenterprises undertaking the grain supply task should issue grain to peasants in areas where the grain plots are returned to forests and grasslands according to forestry departments ' proof of the progress of returning grain plots to forests and grasslands and the quality examination and acceptance and in line with the state stipulated standard for giving subsidy .\r\ntownships and towns without purchasing networks may set up temporary supply networks and should basically attain the goal that each and every township and town undertaking the relief grain supply task will set up one supply network to make things convenient for peasants to receive grain .\r\nconsequently , the issues have attracted global attention . the chinese government is doing its utmost to ensure the project of actively developing china 's western regions as a national strategic policy decision can be materialized smoothly .\r\nthe question has become a focus of new exploration .\r\nthe gdp per capita in china 's western regions is only about 60 percent of the national average level . its industrialization level is 5.0 or 6.0 percent lower than the national average level . its industrial output value is only about 10 percent of china 's total industrial output value .\r\ntherefore , the government has thought about the fund - gathering issues long ago .\r\nin 2000 , the state will begin to construct 10 major projects in china 's western regions .\r\nthe preparatory work for the project of transporting gas from western to eastern china was started recently . its first - phase construction investment amounted to 120 billion yuan .\r\nthe ratio of funds allocated for china 's western regions from treasury bonds raised in 2000 ( amounting to 400 billion yuan ) will be increased to 70 percent from 60 percent in 1999 .\r\nthough state fiscal polices are important for developing china 's western regions , the financial sector should also play important roles .\r\nat present , the sdb proposed : to better accommodate the project of developing china 's western regions , we should establish new fund - gathering mechanisms with new concepts and new formats .\r\nat present , we should strengthen coordinated interactions between state fiscal policies and banks , including the central government 's fiscal and monetary coordinated support , the local governments ' fiscal and monetary coordinated support , enhanced market mechanisms , and strengthened support from economies with special characteristics .\r\nit has been learned : in 2000 , various financial organizations in xinjiang expect to provide nearly 10 billion yuan of funds to support local construction projects .\r\nsome localities in china 's western regions have improved their investment environment , whereas investors in eastern china have encountered relatively stiff competition .\r\nthe new york life insurance corporation recently signed letters of intent to invest $ 350 million with the governments of sichuan province and chongqing municipality .\r\nvarious sectors also pay close attention to ways of mobilizing china 's nongovernmental funds to invest in china 's western regions .\r\nonce these polices are truly formulated and implemented , nongovernmental funds will greatly advance the process of developing china 's western regions .\r\nafter listening carefully to the participants , li lanqing addressed the meeting .\r\nhe said : basic research is the force driving the advancement of human civilization . it is also the source and backup force of scientific , technological and economic development , the precursor of new technologies and inventions , as well as the cradle for the fostering and training of scientific and technological personnel .\r\nli lanqing pointed out : we have scored great achievements in basic research and made outstanding contributions to national economic and social development in the 50 years since the founding of new china .\r\nwe have scored achievements of international advanced standards in our basic research .\r\nfirst , we should introduce the mechanism of competition .\r\nthere must be open , equal and fair competition in the support to be given to basic research institutions as well as in the approval of research projects , the selection of academic leaders , and the formation and growth of basic research teams .\r\nthird , we should raise the level of the management of scientific research and improve the overall planning and arrangement of basic research work .\r\nthe spirit of science is extremely rich in content , the quintessence of which is the quest for truth and innovation .\r\nmaking intensified efforts to foster and select outstanding personnel should be one of the basic tasks of our basic research for some time to come . on the question of fostering and selecting outstanding middle - aged and young academic leaders , we must have a sense of urgency and greatly emancipate our mind .\r\nli lanqing emphasized that we must continue to increase investment through multiple channels and at various levels .\r\nstate investment in basic research has been increasing these past years .\r\nwhile mainly relying on government investment , we should positively guide and encourage investment in basic research through multiple channels .\r\nli lanqing pointed out : party and government leaders at all levels , especially scientific research management departments , must show concern for the work and life of people engaged in basic research and help them solve actual problems so that they will not have anything to worry about .\r\nscientists who have made outstanding contributions in basic research should be given the material and spiritual rewards they deserve . energetic efforts should be made to publicize their advanced deeds in order to create throughout our society a rich atmosphere and a good environment for respecting knowledge and upholding science .\r\nzhou guangzhao , vice chairman of the npc standing committee , also addressed the meeting .\r\ncppcc vice chairmen song jian and zhu guangya and responsible officials of the departments concerned , including chen zhili [ 7115 5267 4539 ] , lu yongxiang [ 6424 3941 4382 ] , li zhuqi [ 2621 0031 0366 ] , and chen jiaer [ 7115 9163 3167 ] , attended the meeting .\r\ngeneral zhang wannian , vice chairman of the central military commission , today [ 29 march ] met with visiting rear admiral abu taher , chief - of - staff of the bangladesh navy , and his party .\r\nin international affairs , china and bangladesh always have mutual understanding and support and help each other with close coordination .\r\nzhang wannian said : the chinese government appreciates very much and is grateful to bangladesh for its firm support and help on taiwan , tibet and human rights issues .\r\nthe development of military relations between china and bangladesh not only accords with the basic interests of the two countries but are also conducive to promoting peace and stability in the region .\r\ntouching on the taiwan issue , zhang wannian said : the taiwan question is an issue left by the history . the election in taiwan is a local election . whoever won in the election must adhere to the principle of \" one china . \"\r\nchang wannian also introduced china 's current domestic situation and military building to the guests .\r\nthe government of bangladesh greatly cherishes and will continue to develop friendship between bangladesh and china .\r\nbangladesh will continue to adhere to the policy of \" one china . \"\r\nlieutenant general wu quanxu , deputy chief of the pla general staff , had a meeting with rear admiral abu taher earlier .\r\nthe bangladesh guests arrived in china for a visit at the invitation of the chinese pla navy commander vice admiral shi yunsheng .\r\nwhen vladimir putin was elected president of the russian federation , chinese state president jiang zemin immediately sent a greeting message and warmly congratulated him through the hot line .\r\njiang zemin said : in the fundamental interests between china and russia or the special responsibility of the two countries for the world , it all calls on us to constantly strengthen and deepen the sino - russian strategic partnership [ zhong e zhan lue huo ban guan xi 0022 0192 2096 3970 0129 0133 7070 0190 ] .\r\nchinese analysts are convinced that putin 's being elected president of the russian federation is favorable to the stable development of sino - russian relations .\r\nhis \" four - no \" policy is one more than the \" three - no \" policy put forward by us president clinton , namely \" will not provide weapons to taiwan , \" to show russia 's support to china 's efforts to protect national unification and territorial integrity .\r\nchina is a friendly neighbor of russia and so stability and development in russia will naturally be favorable to china .\r\nanalysts in china are also convinced that one of the reasons of putin 's winning in the election with an absolute majority is a good political foundation laid down for him by yeltsin .\r\nyeltsin has not been in good health in recent years and was eager to find a successor , so he changed the post of the chairman of the government three times in one year .\r\nlast september , he promoted putin to the post of chairman of the government and tested putin 's ability to administer the country on the chechnya issue .\r\nputin succeeded in doing well what was expected of him , took resolute measures and dispatched a powerful force to besiege and suppress the chechen rebel force . in three months , the capital and the chechen rebel leader were captured . he mollified and raised the prestige of the russian troops .\r\nas to putin himself , he also has his strong points .\r\nalthough he is sprung from the federal security service , he also has profound knowledge on economic issues .\r\nhis first challenge is how to handle the economic issue , especially the huge debts ( including some $ 200 billion foreign debts ) , and alter the past trend of relying on western loans .\r\nit was learned that putin made a plan to rectify the economy together with his ministers and pledged to carry out reform of the market economy , change the situation of no control in the financial field , and strengthen the administration of state affairs in accordance with the law .\r\nin the past few days , the police of uganda discovered some other mass graves of the murdered followers , making the death toll reach 760 , including 160 children .\r\nafter conducting investigations and collecting evidences , the pertinent authorities of uganda admitted that it was caused by the cult leader who murdered his followers for money . this has fully exposed the cult 's ugly and vicious nature of anti - mankind , anti - society , and anti - science .\r\ncults are the cancer in the development of human civilization , and anti - science is the common characteristic of all cults .\r\nuganda 's \" movement for the restoration of ten commandments of god \" was founded by joseph kibwetere in 1989 .\r\nbecause all the doors of the church were nailed shut , all the people in the church , including 78 children , were burned to death by the raging flames , together with the church itself .\r\nthus , kibwetere and his colluders outrageously and ferociously created this \" mass suicide incident . \"\r\nthe leader of this cult claimed that all the believers burned to death in this church \" volunteered to go up to heaven . \"\r\nhowever , this is not the fact , according to the investigation of uganda police .\r\nthat day , many people tried hard to run out of the church for their lives , because many corpses were found piling up in front of the church 's doors .\r\namong the 230 corpses dug out from the mass graves , it was found that many were hanged to death with ropes or were poisoned .\r\nthe uganda government already began investigating this incident and adopted a series of measures to prevent such incidents from happening again .\r\ncracking down on cults is not only the urgent task of the afflicted countries but also the common duty of the international community .\r\nrecently , some countries afflicted by cults have adopted resolute measures one after another to crack down on cults in order to ensure social stability .\r\nzhu rongji elaborated on china 's principled stand on the taiwan issue , emphatically pointing out that whoever in taiwan takes power must not pursue \" taiwan independence , \" and that \" taiwan independence \" in any form will not be allowed .\r\nzhu rongji asked the united states to fully realize the importance and sensitivity of the taiwan issue .\r\npresident jiang zemin and president clinton have set forth the direction and established a framework for the development of sino - us relations facing the 21 st century . china and the united states should continue to work jointly for this .\r\nzhu rongji said : facts show that developing economic and trade cooperation between china and the united states benefits both sides .\r\nchina and the united states reaching a bilateral agreement on china 's wto entry was a \" win win \" result .\r\nchina hopes that the united states will conscientiously perform its relevant commitments .\r\nthose attending the meeting included chinese vice foreign minister yang jiechi , sun zhenyu , chinese vice minister of foreign trade and economic cooperation , and prueher , us ambassador to china .\r\nhe said : developing friendly and cooperative relations , including military relations , with china is kazakhstan 's important priority policy .\r\nin recent years , the relations between chinese and kazakh armed forces have also maintained a good development momentum , and the friendly and cooperative relations at all levels and in all fields between the two armed forces have developed continuously .\r\ncooperation between china and kazakhstan on the issue of opposing national separatism is conducive not only to the security and stability of the two countries but also to the peace and stability in the central asian region and even the world at large .\r\nwe hope that both countries will continue to expand cooperation and make concerted efforts to strike blows at national separatist and extremist religious forces and international terrorism .\r\ntokpakbayev said : just after kazakhstan was founded , president nazarbayev stressed opposing any form of national separatism .\r\nthis kazakh stand has remained unchanged up to now .\r\nthe chinese side attaches great importance to sino - kyrgyz relations and is willing to make a solid effort to build trans - century good neighborly , friendly , and cooperative relations with kyrgyzstan together with the kyrgyz side so that the peoples of the two countries will be friendly to each other from generation to generation .\r\nhe said : when kyrgyzstan met difficulties , it was china that gave it sincere help . \" a friend in need is a friend indeed . \" the chinese people are our trustworthy friends , and the kyrgyz government and people will never forget this .\r\nkyrgyzstan is willing to actively develop good - neighborly , mutually trustworthy , friendly , and cooperative relations with china and strengthen the exchanges and cooperation with china in various aspects with a view to building the 1,100 - km - long common boundaries of the two countries into an example of peace , friendship , and tranquility .\r\ntopoyev said : kyrgyzstan will never allow the national splittist force to unfold china - splitting activities within its territory . pertinent departments of the two countries should strengthen coordination and take measures to commonly strike at the activities of national splittist religious extremism , and international terrorism .\r\nsergeyev expressed great joy over the meeting again with chi haotian two months after their last meeting .\r\nthe maintenance of regular contact between high - ranking leaderships of the two armies is conducive to promotion of further development of friendly cooperative relations between the two armies .\r\nchi haotian said he was very happy for the opportunity of meeting his excellency the minister today to continue exchanging opinions on bilateral cooperation , regional situation and issues of common interest .\r\nchina and russia support and closely cooperate with each other on major international issues . both have played an important role in safeguarding world peace and stability , and opposing hegemonism and power politics .\r\nthe chinese side maintains that the chechnya issue is an internal affair of russia , and china fully understands and completely supports the action taken by the russian government to safeguard national unity , territorial integrity and social stability .\r\nthe election of the regional leader in taiwan and its result cannot change at all the fact that taiwan is part of chinese territory .\r\nthe chinese side appreciates the russian side for its consistent understanding on the taiwan issue .\r\nrussia and china bear the important responsibility of safeguarding world peace , and will continue to cooperate with each other in this regard .\r\nhe reiterated : russia has supported all along the principled stand of the chinese government on the taiwan issue , and maintained that the taiwan issue is an internal affair of china , and taiwan is an inseparable part of chinese territory .\r\nchi haotian gave the people in russia the good wish of building a more prosperous and powerful country and a happier life under the leadership of new president putin .\r\nelmer feng said explicitly : \" i believe the mainland has already made proper military preparations . \"\r\nhe indicated that he arrived at the above conclusion based on information provided to him by the relevant beijing side and his own assessment .\r\nbeijing , 29 mar - - the new round of negotiations between china and the european union (eu) on china 's accession to the world trade organization (wto) entered a second day today .\r\nthe representatives of both parties talked for about two and a half hours this afternoon without making any breakthrough progress .\r\nthey have decided to continue the talks tomorrow morning .\r\nthe meeting lasted about 75 minutes .\r\nat the end of the meeting , lamy 's spokesman anthony gooch indicated that the talks were still at an \" initial stage . \"\r\nhe said : \" our purpose in coming to beijing this time is to bring about a bilateral agreement between china and the eu .\r\nthe ongoing contacts and some others that will soon be held will help us reach this objective . \"\r\ngooch did not make any direct comment about the talks between lamy and premier zhu .\r\nlooking at it from another angle , however , chen shui - bian is inclined to form a temporary cabinet government .\r\nhe emphasizes that the real key lies in whether chen shui - bian will himself declare his position on the \" one china \" principle . chen shui - bian 's personnel will certainly not focus on it .\r\nthe rights of black people and all other people of color are not protected .\r\nhistorically , the united states had practiced slavery for a long period and was the only country among so - called western \" civilized countries \" enforcing slavery at home .\r\nas early as in 1926 , the \" slavery convention \" was signed by countries in the world to ban slavery . in 1956 , a \" supplementary convention to ban slavery , buying or selling slaves and systems and customs similar to slavery \" was adopted in the world . the united states joined the two conventions .\r\nin other words , slavery was legal in that state before the approval of the 1995 resolution .\r\nthis is indeed a big joke in a country that calls itself a \" human rights defender . \"\r\nsince the united states says it respects human rights , why did n't it take care its mississippi state problem first ?\r\nthis explains that racism and racial prejudice are deep - rooted in the united states .\r\nsecond , the united states is a country that worships violence for serious criminal cases .\r\neach day , when one opens the newspaper , there will be many reports on frightening crimes of violence .\r\nbefore the ending of the investigation , another vicious shooting case happened in texas with four people being killed and two others wounded by a ruffian .\r\nthe fundamental cause of those killing cases is a result of not banning people from owing private guns according to the us constitution and laws .\r\naccording to a news dispatched by afp in washington : \" during a period of six weeks after the new millennium , the number of criminal law offenders in the united states reached one - forth of the total number of criminals in the world . \"\r\nthe large increase of crimes shows the serious and common nature of violent crimes in the united states and explains that human rights are not protected in the us society .\r\nthird , the united states is a country with the biggest economic gap among its own people in the world .\r\naccording to a report by the \" chicago tribune \" on 6 september 1999 , in the past 20 years , the wages of almost all workers have decreased while their working hours have increased .\r\nwhen they are seriously ill , they can only wait to die .\r\nfourth , the united states is a country that adopts a warlike policy toward other countries and practices hegemony .\r\nas everyone knows , the military expenditures of the united states ranks first in the world .\r\nfor the united states having such a large military budget is certainly for the purpose of launching aggressive wars abroad and interfering in other countries ' internal affairs .\r\nthe united states relies on its strong military power to engage in unjust military ventures everywhere and infringe upon sovereignty and human rights of other countries .\r\nsince the beginning of the 1990 s , the united states used forces abroad more than 40 times .\r\nin short , the us human rights records are very poor at home and abroad .\r\npyongyang - - after entering the new millennium , the dprk party , army , and youth papers published a joint editorial calling on the entire dprk people to work hard and \" set off a greater upsurge for the second 1,000 - mile horse movement . \"\r\ndprk is a country whose mountainous areas account for 80 percent of the territory . with only limited arable land , the per capita arable land of dprk stands at only 0.2 acre .\r\nthe dprk party and government have energetically launched all types of huge and grand mass movements and is setting off an upsurge of production in all areas across the country .\r\nits electric power and industrial sectors have conscientiously implemented and carried out the principle of simultaneously building large , medium - sized , and small hydropower stations and vigorously popularized cijiangdao 's experiences in building small hydropower stations .\r\nby the end of last june , more than 5,000 small and medium - sized hydropower stations had been built and put into operation in the country and this has gradually eased its power shortage , a longstanding problem .\r\nall types of grand and spectacular movements have greatly mobilized the lofty sentiments on the part of the broad masses of people in building the motherland and \" live for tomorrow \" has turned into a standard slogan upheld by various papers in recent years .\r\nthis year , the government has called for mainly strengthening and stepping up production in several key bottleneck sectors , including electric power , coal , metallurgy , railroad transportation , and some other sectors .\r\nover the past year , the dprk has improved its relations with the united states , japan , and some other countries and has widened its channels of economic cooperation with the outside world . the whole dprk people have also displayed ardent enthusiasm in production and construction .\r\nfaced with hardships , the dprk people have demonstrated a super ability of endurance and perseverance as well as a staunch will .\r\nwhen interviewed by this reporter , dprk comrades unanimously stated with firmness : \" no matter how rigorous the test or how dangerous the road ahead is , we will resolutely forge ahead by braving difficulties and march forward with a smile . \"\r\nsuch an optimistic spirit , a staunch will , and a thirst for a better future displayed by the dprk people will certainly become a powerful motive force behind the dprk 's economic development .\r\nthe task of perfecting income distribution structure and pattern is arduous , and it is a pressing matter of the moment to further merge china 's economy with the world economy , increasingly internationalize the domestic markets , and enhance industrial competitiveness .\r\ntaking into account the internal and external environments for china 's economic development from all aspects , we are entirely capable of maintaining a comparatively high speed of growth to lay a solid foundation for basically realizing the drive for modernization by the mid 21 st century .\r\nthe sustained and rapid growth of the past 20 years has laid down a comparatively solid material and technological foundation for the giant advance of infrastructure construction , particularly in the fields of communications , telecommunications , energy , and so on , and has augmented the reserved strength of economic development .\r\nthe relatively high ratio of resident deposits , which has all along maintained at about 38 percent since the 1990 's , has been the source of funds supporting the rapid economic growth .\r\nthe rich human resources , high proportion of young and middle - aged population , notable cost advantages , and the state 's measures to lighten the burdens of state - owned enterprises , divert surplus personnel to other jobs , and separate the functions of running social undertakings are all conducive to heightening labor productivity .\r\ntherefore , long - term and painstaking efforts are still needed to enhance the people 's living standards .\r\nthe current phenomena of inadequate effective demand and excess of some products and production capacities have emerged under the condition of low social productive forces and low overall living standards of the people .\r\nhow to expand domestic demand and open up domestic markets is a momentous issue that has a bearing on the overall situation of china 's future development .\r\nthe adjustment and optimization of the economic structure is the fundamental measure for precipitating economic development and heightening the quality and effectiveness of economic growth .\r\nbeing a large developing country , china still has extremely arduous missions for achieving industrialization , and its task in infrastructure construction is far from being completed .\r\n- - pushing forward the quality education in a comprehensive way and quickening the tempo of scientific and technological advancement to heighten the ability of technological innovation .\r\nscience and technology and education are the leading forces of economic and social development , and innovation is the soul of national progress and the inexhaustible motive force of a country 's prosperity .\r\nwe need to expedite scientific , technological , and educational restructuring to fundamentally break with the structure that hampers their development , resolve the problem of science and technology being divorced from the economy , and institute a national innovation system to enable enterprises to genuinely become the main body of technological innovation .\r\nwhile continuing to positively import foreign advanced , applicable technologies , we should put in a lot of time and energy to digest and absorb them and enhance the ability of conducting research and development by ourselves in a bid to bring about a big leap in technology at a higher level .\r\nit is necessary to steadily expand the scale of enrollment for tertiary education , raise the attendance rate of colleges and universities , positively develop various kinds of vocational education , adult education , and modern distance education , constitute a lifetime education system , and broaden the channels for bringing up talented personnel .\r\n- - implementing the strategy of developing the western region on a large scale , quickening the pace of central and western development , and promoting the coordinated regional economic development .\r\nimplementing the strategy of urbanization and accelerating the tempo of urbanization is both an impassable historical stage toward modernization and a crucial move to solve numerous contradictions in economic and social development .\r\nall the enterprises with foresight and sagacity which came to china in the earlier period to make investment and enthusiastically transfer technologies have effectively opened up china markets , yielded excellent returns , and scored achievements that could hardly be attained in other countries or regions .\r\nin the next 10 years , china will continue to further the modernization drive on a large scale and become the world 's fastest \" board \" of economic growth and largest market with growth potential .\r\nthe advance of china 's development , reform , and opening up will certainly open vast vistas for trade development and economic cooperation between china and various countries in the world .\r\nwashington , 29 mar ( xinhua ) - - at a white house news conference on 29 march , us president clinton again stressed that the us government will continue to pursue the policy of one china .\r\nhe said us - chinese relations will plunge into a \" critical stage \" if the united states abandons the policy of one china .\r\ncommenting on the us - chinese agreement on china 's entry to the wto reached in november 1999 , clinton said the agreement will increase employment opportunities and promote economic development in the united states .\r\nhe said that from the perspective of long - term international economic and national security interests , there is no issue more important than that of supporting china 's entry to the wto .\r\nif the united states refuses to give that status to china while the latter enters the wto , then benefits gained by the united states through negotiations will flow to europe , japan , and other wto members . \" the economic consequences will be bad . the national security consequences will be worse , \" he said .\r\nhe called for the congress to grant china the status of permanent normal trade relations this spring .\r\ncomrade jiang zemin 's \" talk on education issues \" contains profound , penetrating expositions on a series of major issues of a fundamental and orientation nature in china 's education work .\r\nit stresses particularly the urgency and necessity of comprehensively implementing the party 's education policy and of grasping well the ideological education of young people .\r\nhe stressed the need to make ideological - political education a top priority in schoolwork , and this has helped lay the foundation of ideological education in school .\r\nin the late 1980 s , the situation at home and abroad became very complicated , and chaos appeared on the ideological front .\r\nthis statement played an enormous role in changing the passive situation that once plagued the ideological education of young people .\r\nat last year 's national education conference , he again earnestly admonished comrades on the education front : \" ignoring ideological - political education , education in historical knowledge , and personality cultivation will result in a large degree of one - sidedness , and this often affects people 's entire life .\r\nthis fully demonstrates the party central committee 's strong resolve to implement the strategy of developing the country through science and education and its strong emphasis on education work . it fully reflects the concern and expectation of the party and government about the healthy growth of the younger generation .\r\nstrengthening and improving young people 's ideological work is an urgent task facing the education front in the new period since the beginning of our reform and opening up , we have scored enormous achievements in reforming and developing education .\r\nloving the party and the country , being active in their thinking , and aspiring to become qualified personnel are the mainstream among the vast number of young people .\r\nhowever , we must also soberly realize that great changes have taken place in both the external environment surrounding the growth of young people and the characteristics of their physical and mental development .\r\non the other hand , money worship , pleasure - seeking , individualism , and other decadent ideologies and all kinds of ugly phenomena appearing in society today have also had a great deal of negative impact on our young people .\r\non top of this , our several - thousand - year old feudal culture still exerts its influence on us .\r\nall these have interfered with the formation of correct ideals , faith , outlook on life , values , and morality among young people .\r\nin his speech , comrade jiang zemin pointed out : \" correctly guiding and helping the healthy growth of young people to enable them to achieve all - round moral , academic , physical , and artistic development is a major issue with a bearing on the orientation of the development of education in china . \"\r\nour vast number of education workers should realize that strengthening and improving young people 's ideological education is the inevitable requirement and concrete manifestation of the comprehensive implementation of the party 's education policy . to comprehensively implement the party 's education policy , the paramount task is to strengthen and improve young people 's ideological education .\r\nthis is the fundamental principle that guarantees our education goal and orientation do not deviate from the correct course .\r\ntherefore , we must always comprehensively implement the party 's education policy in concrete practice and truly ensure that young people 's ideological education has a clear objective and is effective and consistent .\r\nhe profoundly pointed out : \" as to quality , ideological - political quality is the most important quality .\r\nconsequently , strengthening and improving young people 's ideological education is an important measure for comprehensively conducting quality education and improving education quality in an all - round way .\r\nimproving school 's ideological education is an important link in grasping well young people 's ideological education .\r\nthey should make an effort to establish an ideological education contingent with homeroom teacher , lecturing teachers , young pioneers , and communist youth league and students management cadres as the backbone .\r\nwe must strengthen and improve young people 's ideological education and regard this task as systems engineering .\r\nto understand this idea , it is important to understand how to analyze and resolve education issues from the point of viewing the interaction of systems and matters .\r\nwe should realize that in systems engineering , the success of ideological education directly affects and determines the success of the entire education project .\r\nat the same time , ideological education itself is also systems engineering .\r\nnot only education guidelines , principles , contents , approaches , and methods are interconnected , but educators , the educated , and the education environment are also interconnected through interaction and mutual checks .\r\nonly through coordination and concerted efforts can ideological education produce good results .\r\nin systems engineering of ideological education , family education constitutes the foundation of the healthy growth of young people .\r\nbecause ideological education is rich in content and involves a broad range of issues and complicated operations , we need to make constant effort to increase our understanding of it and explore its theory and practice .\r\nin conducting work , education departments should profoundly understand the role of ideological education in the entire education process while fully realizing the role of school , family , and society in young people 's ideological education .\r\nschool should strive to do a good job of ideological education for young people . at the same time , we should urge families and society as well as other quarters to show concern for and support young people 's education and help develop a general environment conducive to the healthy growth of young people , physically and mentally .\r\nyoung people and students are the most enthusiastic , vigorous , and creative forces in our society . they are the future and hope of the motherland .\r\nthe fifth anniversary of the promulgation and entering into force of the \" people 's police law of the people 's republic of china \" fell on 28 february 2000 .\r\nthe people 's police law is a law that establishes the basic people 's police system of china and is a foundation and safeguard for the comprehensive codification of the public security work into the legal system .\r\ni. public security organs all across the country have been performing their duties according to law , bestowed upon them by the people 's police law , and continuously strengthening organizational management and the building of the police force , thus ensuring the comprehensive enforcement of the people 's police law .\r\nas a basic law for public security work , the people 's police law contains stipulations that cover all aspects of public security work and the building of the police force . the enforcement of the people 's police law by public security organs permeates all aspects of their work .\r\nadvanced collectives and individuals that have served the people outstandingly , such as the traffic police corps of jinan , 110 command center of zhangzhou , donglai police substation , and qiu eguo [ 6726 1230 0948 ] , have been given much praise by the party and the public .\r\nthe definition of the powers of the people 's police is the core of the people 's police law .\r\nstringently performing their duties according to law is a basic requirement on public security organs in enforcing the people 's police law .\r\nthird , they have reinforced the supervision on law enforcement and developed and improved both internal and external supervisory mechanisms .\r\nfourth , they have been administering the police strictly with a view to building a high - quality public security force .\r\nbuilding a powerful public security force is the precondition and basis for making a success of public security work .\r\nbesides , the implementation of the method for compensating bereaved families of policemen , the setting up of the pension fund for public security heroes and martyrs , and the implementation of the \" golden shield project \" have steadily strengthened the policing safeguard .\r\nfifth , the body of public security laws and regulations has improved steadily and the building of the legal system for public security has developed comprehensively .\r\nthanks to many years of efforts , there are laws to go by for many principal aspects of public security work and various tasks related to public security work and the building of the police force have been gradually brought onto the track of the legal system .\r\nfirst , it is necessary to conduct , in greater depth , the education on the aim of serving the people wholeheartedly among the entire police force of the public security community and further reinforce the awareness of service and of this aim .\r\nsecond , it is necessary to start with the common denominators and tendencies of public security law enforcement work and keep up the intense effort to promote stringent , impartial , and civilized law enforcement .\r\nstringent , impartial , and civilized law enforcement is an eternal theme of public security work . it is urgently required by the further enforcement of the people 's police law by public security organs and also a conclusive way to truly making public security work satisfactory to the people .\r\nthird , the reform of the public security organization system should be intensified .\r\nthe \" three educations \" are complementary to the enforcement of the people 's police law .\r\nhe said that he and his \" falun gong \" would \" never participate in politics or interfere in state affairs \" and that he is not interested in \" politics and political power . \" this advocacy of li hongzhi which tried to deceive everybody confused many innocent practitioners indeed .\r\neven today , a few ignorant and stubborn persons have complained loudly about the alleged injustice toward \" falun gong . \"\r\nin fact , a just conclusion had been made .\r\nlet us listen to li hongzhi 's remarks .\r\nhe said : \" at present social problems have emerged in an endless stream and no government can resolve them . \"\r\nnow that the system in force could not resolve the social problems , the only way is to offer the seat to li hongzhi and his \" falun dafa . \"\r\nfirst , after he \" emerged in public , \" li hongzhi did everything aimed at building the \" falun gong \" organizations into well - organized evil forces that are quick in command and united in action .\r\nin this way , during the recent two years , he instructed people to besiege press units and government organizations on more than 300 occasions until such a extremely serious political incident as the \" 25 april \" incident .\r\nfacts fully showed that in addition to hankering for politics and power , li hongzhi and his \" falun gong cult organizations \" even went so far as to openly challenge society .\r\noutwardly , his remarks of \" showing no interest in politics \" is just aimed at trapping the kindhearted people and making these victims serve as \" cannon fodder \" for realizing his political scheme .\r\nnow the truth has been laid bare and those who have been deceived should completely wake up .\r\n\" the chinese cats must catch the chinese rats . only by answering the fundamental questions about china 's modernization road will we be able to develop the chinese school of sociology . \"\r\nat the commemoration rally , li tieying delivered a speech entitled \" sociology can accomplish a lot. \"\r\nli said : today , the old , middle - aged , and young scholars have met here to celebrate the 20 th anniversary of the founding of the institute of sociology and this is of great significance to china 's academic history .\r\nspeaking of the historical task of sociology , li pointed out : the questions faced by china 's modernization will have to be answered by our sociological research personnel .\r\nfor instance , how will several hundred million peasants realize modernization ?\r\nwhat characteristics will new community organizational forms display ?\r\nwhat role will families play in the future social development ?\r\nthere are also some other issues , such as the question of several hundred million farmer workers traveling from place to place , and so on . all these are the major issues which cannot be evaded by china 's modernization .\r\nfounded in 1980 , institute of sociology of the chinese academy of social sciences had only two doctors 10 years ago . now the number of doctors has risen to 24 .\r\nthe talks began at 0930 ( 0130 gmt ) this morning and ended at nearly 1100 ( 0300 gmt ) .\r\nthe negotiations in the afternoon began at 1330 ( 0530 gmt ) .\r\nthe eu side declined to disclose whether or not today 's third negotiations would be held this evening .\r\nit has also been revealed that the proved reserves of over 150,000 ore fields of the over 200,000 ore fields which have so far been found in china are already known , making china one of the few countries in the world with more varieties and large reserves of proved mineral resources .\r\nat present , the total yearly yield of chinese minerals is as much as 6 billion tons , accounting for 6.3 percent of the total national industrial output value . and mineral mining can provide over 15 million job opportunities throughout the country .\r\nmeanwhile , a large number of iron ore production bases have also been built in anshan , baotou , hainan , and other areas , with a total yield of 230 million tons .\r\nchina has scored brilliant achievements in the exploration and development of coal .\r\nit has been discovered in prospecting that about two third of china 's mineral resources are in central and west china and most of these mineral resources still need further prospecting and exploration .\r\nattending the meeting were general chi haotian , prc defense minister ; lieutenant general tokpakbayev , kazakh defense minister ; lieutenant general topoyev , kyrgyz defense minister ; marshal sergeyev , russian defense minister ; and colonel general khairullaev , tajik defense minister . 1 .\r\nthe consensus reached by the five countries in border affairs and military confidence - building has manifested the new type of security concept featuring mutual benefit , mutual trust , equality , and cooperation , helped consolidate mutual trust and good - neighborliness , and made constructive contributions to ensuring the stability of the entire region . 2 .\r\nall sides express firm commitment to implement the agreements firmly and comprehensively .\r\nthe defense ministers express satisfaction over the good beginning in the work of the joint supervision group for organizing and coordinating verification that is composed of representatives from the five countries and maintain that it is beneficial to use this group to probe into the issues related to confidence - building in the military field . 3 .\r\nthe defense ministers maintain that the international situation is experiencing a profound change , and that the development trend of multipolarity has become increasingly evident .\r\nall sides point out : hegemony and power politics are still threatening world peace and stability .\r\nonly when a peaceful , stable , fair , and rational international political and economic new order is established , can sustained peace and prosperity be realized in the 21 st century . 6 .\r\nall sides emphasize the need to reinforce the system of non - proliferation of arms and promote the early validity of the comprehensive nuclear test ban treaty . 7 .\r\nthe defense ministers reiterate support to the resolution on \" safeguarding and abiding by the anti - ballistic missile treaty \" endorsed by the un general assembly in 1999 .\r\nall sides emphasize that the treaty is the foundation for strategic stability and an important condition for global development in disarmament .\r\nthe defense ministers point out that deployment of the theater missile defense [ tmd ] system in asia - pacific region will possibly result in damage of regional stability and security . 8 . all sides express support to the proposal for central asian countries to establish a nuclear - free zone in their region .\r\nthey hope that future treaties on establishing nuclear - free zones will conform to the purpose and goals of nuclear - free zones so that they will be acknowledge by the international community , including nuclear countries . 9 .\r\nall sides are determined to continue consolidating the security in central asia , which constitutes the foundation for security which is aimed at maintaining long - term peaceful cooperation , and which should not be undermined by the intervention of the forces outside the region .\r\nfor this purpose , the five countries will strengthen consultations and cooperation between their defense departments . 10 .\r\nall sides express understanding of and support to china 's desire and efforts for national reunification and reaffirm that there is only one china in the world and taiwan is an inalienable part of china 's territory .\r\nthey support the stance of the chinese side on opposing any country to include taiwan in the tmd plan in any form . 11 .\r\nall sides express grave concern over the military confrontation that is still continued in afghanistan , which poses a serious threat on regional and international stability .\r\nall sides unanimously maintain : as has been proven in history , the afghanistan issue cannot possibly be settled through military means .\r\nthe communique , in quintuplicate , is signed in astana city on 30 march 2000 . each copy of the communique consists of both chinese and russian versions , which are equally valid . [ signed ] general chi haotian , minister of defense of the prc .\r\nbeijing , 30 mar ( xinhua ) - - state council vice premier qian qichen met with a delegation to beijing from the hong kong federation of various sectors led by hung ching yuen at zhongnanhai this afternoon .\r\nwe have upheld settling the taiwan issue by means of the principles of \" peaceful reunification , and one country , two systems , \" but we cannot commit ourselves to giving up the use of force .\r\nif interference by foreign forces occurs , if taiwan independence occurs , or if the taiwan issue is indefinitely put off , we shall have to adopt all necessary measures to safeguard state sovereignty and territorial integrity .\r\nhe who seeks \" taiwan independence \" will come to no good end .\r\nqian qichen hoped the people of all sectors in hong kong will make positive contribution to strengthening cross - strait cooperation and exchanges in various fields .\r\nyi il - hwan said : dprk youths will work for the constant development of dprk - chinese traditional friendship , nurtured by leaders of the older general of our two countries , in the new century .\r\nthe dprk guests arrived china for a visit at the invitation of the cyl central committee .\r\nthe two sides exchanged views on a wide range of issues .\r\nin answering a question on the middle east peace process , sun yuxi said : the palestine issue is the core of the middle east issue .\r\nsince the madrid peace meeting in 1991 , with common efforts of the two sides and efforts made by the international community , important progress has been made in palestinian - israeli peace talks .\r\nhe said : china is of the view that supporting and helping the palestinian people to regain their legitimate democratic rights , including enabling them to return to their homeland and build an independent state , is a due responsibility and obligation of the international community .\r\nchina hopes that palestine and israel will abide by the agreements reached between them ; and , on the basis of the relevant un resolutions , with a flexible and pragmatic attitude , and through formal talks , will resolve the palestine issue and restore the palestinian people 's legitimate democratic rights as early as possible .\r\nforeign minister tang jiaxuan held talks with him .\r\ntoday , central foreign affairs office director liu huaqiu met with him .\r\nthis afternoon , president jiang zemin will meet with him .\r\nhe said during the meetings and talks , the two sides exchanged views on sino - us relations , the taiwan issue , china 's accession to the world trade organization , us permanent normal trading relation with china , non - proliferation , and international and regional issues of common concern .\r\nchina has reaffirmed its principled stand on the taiwan issue and urged the united states to fully understand the sensitivity and complexity of the current situation , take real measures to adhere to the one - china principle , and abide by the three sino - us joint communiques .\r\nto this , berger said the relations between the united states and china are at a crucial moment .\r\nli lanqing , member of the cpc politburo standing committee and vice premier of the state council , attended the conference and delivered a speech .\r\nhe pointed out that the state council has decided to carry out the fifth national census on 1 november . as it is a census at the turn of the centuries , it is of extremely important significance . hence , careful arrangements should be made to ensure its success .\r\nas a major survey on the national conditions and national strength , the census is a huge social systems engineering .\r\nthose who violate the stipulations set forth in the \" law of statistics \" and the \" procedures for the fifth national census , \" interfere in the census work , and fabricate census data must be sternly dealt with in accordance with the law .\r\nin order to do a good job of the census , the state council and pertinent departments have drawn up relevant supporting policies .\r\nin accordance with the stipulations of the \" procedures for the fifth national census , \" governments at all levels must do a good job of selecting and transferring personnel to ensure the quantity and quality of the personnel needed for the census .\r\nthe local governments which have not made arrangements or have not made adequate arrangements for the funds must carry out the work in no time .\r\ngovernments at all levels should adopt every effective means to organize and guide the work properly , and mobilize the masses and social forces to participate in the census .\r\nvarious news media should actively cooperate by making full use of the television , broadcast , publications , and other lively forms of propaganda to penetratingly disseminate the great importance and basic knowledge of the census , publicize various state stipulations and policies regarding the census , and make them known to everybody in every household .\r\nall citizens should fulfill their own obligations and report the relevant conditions and data accurately .\r\nthe census organizations at all levels and the vast numbers of census workers should perform their duties conscientiously to ensure the high quality of source data of the census .\r\nhe stressed that governments at all levels should effectively carry out various tasks of the census .\r\nbeijing , 30 mar (zxs) - - foreign ministry spokesman sun yuxi today urged concerned authorities of japan to make greater efforts for the development of sino - japanese friendly relations and not to do anything unfavorable to the great cause of china 's reunification .\r\nit has been reported that chen shui - bian [ ch ' en shui - pien , ] the newly elected leader of the taiwan region , planned to invite representatives of political parties and governments of various countries to attend ceremonies related to his inauguration .\r\nsun yuxi solemnly pointed out : the taiwan issue is completely an internal issue of china .\r\nthe japanese government clearly and solemnly stated to china on various occasions its stand on the taiwan issue and made a series of solemn commitments .\r\nat today 's news briefing of the foreign ministry , sun yuxi again reiterated : there is only one china in the world and taiwan is an inalienable part of chinese territory .\r\nchina resolutely opposes any countries which have diplomatic relations with china establishing official relations with taiwan or engaging in exchanges of any kind of official nature with taiwan .\r\nin his speech , zhang wannian extended cordial greetings , on chairman jiang zemin 's behalf , to all comrades who worked on the military scientific research front and experts and scholars who had made outstanding contributions to the military scientific cause .\r\nwe must further strengthen leadership over military scientific research work . party committees and leaders at all levels must put military scientific research on the agenda as a regular , important task , make a definite plan for its implementation , and create necessary conditions for its completion with good results .\r\npresent at today 's conference were relevant leaders of the four general departments of the chinese people 's liberation army , the academy of military sciences , and the general office of the central military commission .\r\nwen jiabao pointed out the need to gain a full understanding of the important significance of land greening .\r\nchina has made tremendous achievements in greening its land and last year , afforestation and greening maintained a positive momentum of development .\r\nbut we must also be soberly aware that the situation concerning china 's ecological environment remains rather grim and water losses and soil erosion are serious .\r\nthe deterioration of the ecological environment is severely jeopardizing and hampering the sustainable development of our national economy and society . improving the ecological environment has become an urgent requirement of economic and social development and the effort to improve the people 's standard of living .\r\nit is necessary to have a heightened sense of urgency and responsibility , rise to action immediately , extensively mobilize millions of members of the public to involve themselves in the greening of their motherland , and speed up the process of creating a new , beautiful landscape .\r\nwen jiabao stressed that making a success of this year 's land - greening work with a conscientious effort is of great significance to comprehensively expediting the construction of a new ecological environment in china in the new century .\r\nthe main tasks of afforestation at present are manifold . first , the all - people voluntary tree - planting campaign should be continued .\r\nan active effort should be made to explore new mechanisms of bringing into play the forces from various quarters and enabling them to participate in afforestation in various ways .\r\nsecond , the urban and rural greening process should be comprehensively accelerated .\r\nit is necessary to adhere to the principle of letting urban areas lead rural areas , letting rural areas spur urban areas on , joining urban and rural forces , and moving forward in synergy .\r\nthird , conditions should be created for the improvement of conditions for agricultural production and the ecological environment and for the realization of sustainable agricultural development .\r\nfourth , this process should be integrated with the strategy of developing the western country in a big way .\r\nwestern regions should face the reality of a fragile ecological environment and focus their greening endeavors on the protection of the ecological environment and restoration of forest and grass cover .\r\nall departments concerned should give energetic support to relevant industries in the greening campaign .\r\neastern regions should strengthen their cooperation with central and western regions , by developing forests and pastures in various forms , including acquiring shareholding through investment , joint exploitation , and cooperation for mutual benefit , so as to promote the joint development of the greening cause .\r\nsecond , it is necessary to rely on scientific and technological advancement to raise the standard of land greening .\r\nthird , it is necessary to perfect the mechanisms and arouse the general public 's enthusiasm in afforestation .\r\nmental mobilization and material incentives should be combined to benefit the public taking part in afforestation in real terms ; investors in different regions , industries , and under different forms of ownership should be encouraged to engage themselves in afforestation .\r\nfourth , it is necessary to manage forests in strict accordance with law and comprehensively strengthen the protection of forest and pasture resources and the fruits of afforestation .\r\nnew progress should be made in legislation on land greening and new measures introduced to intensify law enforcement .\r\nfifth , it is necessary to unify people 's understanding and conscientiously strengthen leadership over greening work .\r\nthe responsibility system based on greening targets should be upheld ; the tasks for afforestation , greening , and resource protection should be further clarified ; and substantial help should be extended to grassroots organizations in solving any practical problems they may encounter in their greening work .\r\nafter the reshuffle , the chairman of the pboc monetary policy committee is dai xianglong , governor of the pboc , and its vice chairman is liu tinghuan , pboc deputy governor .\r\nsince july 1997 , the monetary policy committee has held nine regular meetings and submitted reports to the party central committee and state council on matters concerning the monetary policy , successfully carrying out its functions as a consultative body .\r\nfollowing is the full text of the speech .\r\ni am extremely glad to meet my old friends again and to make new friends here .\r\ni want to express my heartfelt thanks to the host for its cordial invitation and warm reception !\r\nduring the \" shanghai five countries \" summit initiated in april 1996 , the agreements on confidence - building in the military sphere and on the mutual reduction of the armed forces in the border areas were signed one after another .\r\nafter the two agreements came into force , the five countries have done a positive and fruitful work to honor the agreements .\r\nwe believe that all the five countries will strictly abide by the agreements without violating the stipulations .\r\nas far as i know , china and russia will conduct another test examination in suifenhe in china 's heilongjiang province in mid - april .\r\nignoring the established principles governing international relations , some countries have advocated that \" human rights are above sovereignty \" and have used \" human rights \" and \" humanity \" as an excuse to interfere in the internal affairs and infringe upon the sovereignty of other countries .\r\nhowever , we must notice that some countries still cling to the cold war idea and continue to intensify the military alliance , thus increasing the regional unstable factors .\r\nthe cooperation based on mutual benefit and the common development are the economic guarantee for safeguarding peace and security .\r\nand , holding dialogues , negotiations , and talks based on equality is the correct channel to solve disputes and safeguard peace and security .\r\nwe support russia 's resolute measures against chechen and support russian government 's sacred cause of safeguarding national unification and territorial integrity .\r\nwe also support the efforts made by the middle east countries to safeguard the national and regional peace and stability .\r\nwe value our relations with middle - east countries , sincerely hope for the long - term stability and continuous economic development in this region , and also hope that all the countries in this region will live together in peace and strengthen mutually beneficial relations of cooperation with neighboring countries .\r\nthe joint statement issued by \" shanghai five countries \" summit in bishkek definitely stipulates : \" no country is allowed to use its own territory to engage in the acts that damage the sovereignty , security , and social order of any of these five countries . \"\r\nas defense ministers , we are duty - bound to carry this consensus out .\r\nour refusal to give up the use of force is not directed against taiwan people but is directed against foreign forces and taiwan independence forces .\r\nthe chinese side appreciates and thanks your countries for the consistent understanding and support to the chinese government 's stance concerning the taiwan issue . we look forward to your continued great support .\r\nin conclusion , i want to emphasize that it is of great significance that we defense ministers of five countries meet here for the first time right after the beginning of this new millennium . this indicates the new beginning of the cooperation in the sphere of military security among our five countries .\r\nthank you !\r\nthe establishment of the central discipline work committee for enterprises is of a great significance in promoting the building of a sound party style and a clean administration in major and key state enterprises .\r\nthey should observe the relevant disciplines and stipulations concerning the discipline inspection and supervision work , resolutely get rid of the bureaucratic style of work , and make active efforts to help grass - roots units remove their difficulties and worries .\r\nthey should step up their studies , and constantly enhance their work ability and work level .\r\nzhang hong , member of the central work committee for enterprises and secretary of the central discipline work committee , delivered a report at the meeting , in which he made work arrangements for this year 's discipline inspection and supervision work in major and key state enterprises .\r\nwe should conscientiously impose \" five prohibition 's , \" which were put forward at the fourth session of the central commission for discipline inspection , on the leading personnel of state enterprises .\r\nwhen carrying out the discipline inspection and supervision work in enterprises , we should implement the eight - character principle of \" education , supervision , punishment , and protection , \" regarding education as the basis , supervision as the guarantee , punishment as the means , and protection as the purpose .\r\nhe urged relevant enterprises to establish and perfect their own discipline inspection and supervision organs , work hard to enhance the quality of their discipline inspection and supervision cadres , and build up a contingent of outstanding inspection and supervision cadres in enterprises .\r\nthe meeting was presided over by wang ruixiang , deputy secretary of the central work committee for enterprises .\r\nbeijing , 30 mar ( xinhua ) - - not long ago , strong northwest wind blew some surface soil of the loess plateau to the sky over shanghai , causing serious floating dust air pollution and muddy rains in shanghai .\r\nto improve the ecological environment is a task of prime importance in the large - scale development of the western region .\r\ntian fengshan , minister of land and natural resources , said : ecological improvement in the western region will benefit not only the region itself , but also the entire country .\r\none of the major tasks in the large - scale development of the western region is that in the next 10 years , 50 million mu of hillside cultivated land with a slope of more than 25 degrees in the western region will be restored to forest - land or grassland .\r\nseveral decades from now , when the mountains and rivers in the western region become beautiful , the people across the country will see bluer sky and clearer river water .\r\nit can be anticipated that in a period to come , the huge demand of the western region for building materials , engineering machinery , industrial equipment , electronic products and other supplies will greatly stimulate the production of relevant industries and make a large number of enterprises free themselves from their current situation of operating under capacity .\r\nwhen the infrastructure in the western region becomes adequate , particularly when the people there enjoys better transport facilities , a developed economy and higher living standards , their dormant consumption demand will become vigorous .\r\nthe preparatory work for building the project of \" transferring gas from the west to the east \" - - a pipeline between xinjiang 's tarim basin and shanghai - - is being stepped up .\r\npopularizing the use of clean and inexpensive natural gas in large and medium - sized cities will effectively enhance the economic efficiency of enterprises , reduce industrial pollution , and bring convenience to the people ' daily life .\r\nthe proved reserve of sylvite in qinghai 's qaidam basin accounts for more than 90 percent of china 's total proved sylvite reserve , and the conditions for exploitation are very good .\r\naccording to experts ' forecast , the products to be produced by this project will have a quality as good as that of imported products , but they will be much cheaper and therefore benefiting the vast number of peasants .\r\nto this reporter 's knowledge , various provinces in the western region either have formulated or are formulating relevant policies , trying to attract more domestic and overseas investors with good service and market economic benefit .\r\nthe investment opportunities are for various scales of investment and spreading in many fields , such as infrastructural construction , exploitation of natural resources , ecological environment improvement , tourism , agricultural and animal husbandry restructuring , deep processing industry , and restaurants and other catering businesses .\r\ncreation of a large number of job opportunities will be a great benefit to be brought to the people by the large - scale development of the western region .\r\nfor a period to come , there will be a huge demand for qualified personnel in the fields of economic management , ecological construction , engineering technology and management , exploitation of natural resources , and tourism management .\r\nin the past , a large number of migrant workers had swarmed to southern china . today , migrant workers are beginning to move westward . in the past , scientists , technicians and college graduates sought jobs in the southeastern region .\r\nbeijing , 30 mar ( xinhua ) - - state council vice premier wu bangguo met gary tooke [ jia li tu ke 0502 6849 0956 0344 ] , former chief executive of the us - based motorola corporation , and his entourage in zhongnanhai today .\r\ntooke indicated that since it began making investments in china , motorola has established a cooperative relationship of mutual trust and benefit with china and will further expand its investment in china .\r\nastana , 30 mar (xinhua) - - general chi haotian , vice chairman of the central military commission , state councillor , and concurrently minister of national defense , met here this afternoon with sherali khairullaev , defense minister of tajikistan .\r\nchi haotian said : china and tajikistan are friendly neighboring countries , and peoples of the two countries have their traditional friendship .\r\nsince the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries , their bilateral ties have been developing steadily , and their fields of cooperation have been constantly expanded .\r\nthe chinese side appreciates and thanks tajikistan for its consistent support of china 's clear - cut stance on taiwan , tibet , and human rights , and on opposition to national splittism .\r\nchi haotian added : strengthening coordination and cooperation , making concerted efforts to oppose religious extremism and international terrorism , including joint efforts to strike blows at national splittist forces in the interest of safeguarding regional security and stability conforms with the fundamental interests of the peoples of the two countries .\r\nkhairullaev said : president rakhmonov and president jiang zemin have laid a solid foundation for the development of the ties between the two countries .\r\nthe tajik people greatly value their friendship with the chinese people and the chinese army . they believe that china is a truly friendly neighbor and sincere partner of tajikistan .\r\nkhairullaev pointed out : international terrorism , religious extremism , and bellicose national splittism have become a common problem facing many countries in the world . we should join hands to strike effective blows at them .\r\nan incident of hijacking hostages happened in the southern part of tajikistan last year . tajikistan and several of its neighboring countries took joint action against it . this was a good example in this regard .\r\nin the future , tajikistan will continue to make efforts to safeguard its own and regional security and stability .\r\nin exchange for these bribes , he recommended seven cadres to higher - level organizations and departments , promoted and transferred 42 section - level cadres , adjusted work positions of 10 persons , and gave conveniences to 11 persons in the way of work transfers , speeding up allocation of funds , and awarding project contracts .\r\naccording to relevant provisions of the criminal law , ding yangning has committed the crime of corruption . he is sentenced to life imprisonment , deprived of political rights for life , and punished with a fine of 50,000 yuan . whatever he gained through his crime shall be confiscated and turned over to the state treasury .\r\nduring my visit to india in 1996 , i reached a consensus with your leaders on establishing a constructive , cooperative sino - indian partnership oriented to the 21 st century , thus opening a new page for bilateral relations .\r\nwe are also pleased to see that the current sino - indian relations have entered a new stage of improvement and development .\r\nas the two largest developing countries in the world , china and india share a vast common understanding and conduct much good cooperation in handling international affairs .\r\nprc state council premier zhu rongji sent a telegram to indian premier atal behari vajpayee , warmly hailing the 50 th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between china and india .\r\nindia is one of the first countries to establish diplomatic ties with china following the founding of new china .\r\nwith the profound changes in the international situation of today , as the two largest developing countries in the world , we are charged with the important tasks of developing economies and raising the people 's living standards .\r\nat the dawn of the new century , i believe that the common historic missions and responsibilities surely will prompt china and india to jointly advance and bring into the 21 st century a peaceful , stable , and friendly relationship between china and india .\r\nbeijing , 31 mar ( xinhua ) - - chinese foreign minister tang jiaxuan sent a telegram to his indian counterpart jaswant singh to warmly celebrate the 50 th anniversary of the establishment of sino - indian diplomatic relations .\r\nwith similar national situations , china and india share a vast common understanding and common interests , thus constituting a firm foundation for our friendship .\r\ni am especially very pleased to call in mind the successful visit to china by your excellency in 1999 . since then , bilateral relations once again have entered a process of improvement and development .\r\na bright prospect for developing sino - indian relations is now arising .\r\nthe chinese leaders of three generations have paid attention to developing good - neighborly and friendly relations with india .\r\nastana , 31 mar ( xinhua ) - - general chi haotian , vice chairman of the prc central military commission , state councilor , and concurrently minister of national defense , left astana for home this morning by plane , after satisfactorily attending the defense minister meeting of china , kazakhstan , russia , kyrgyzstan , and tajikisktan .\r\nkazakh president nazarbayev met with the defense ministers of china , russia , kyrgyzstan , and tajikistan who were attending the defense minister meeting .\r\nvice chairman chi haotian met with kazakh defense minister lieutenant general tokpakbayev , russian defense minister marshal sergeyev , kyrgyz defense minister lieutenant general toboyev , and tajik defense minister general khayrulloyev . after discussion , they reached broad unanimity on the issue of developing bilateral relations featuring military friendship and cooperation and the issues of common concern .\r\nthe above - mentioned \" opinion \" points out : over the past five decades following the founding of new china , especially since the start of reform and opening - up , the social welfare work in this country has made considerable progress and played a positive role in building the socialist material and spiritual civilizations .\r\nin particular , due to the current trend of big families being replaced by small ones , there is a fast - growing need for socialized service to take care of old people .\r\nalso , both special care given to disabled people and orphans and conditions provided for their recuperation need further improvement .\r\nthe \" opinion \" stresses that governments at all levels and departments concerned should , through the implementation of special policies , support and give preferential treatment to social welfare organizations established with investments by various social sectors . 1 .\r\nall localities should include in their economic and social development plans the numbers of welfare organizations and hospital beds under the welfare program as guiding targets . also , their infrastructure construction program should include the social welfare facilities they plan to build . 2 .\r\nall city people 's governments should reduce or exempt the urban infrastructure construction fee on these facilities as appropriate . 4 .\r\nthe state should give preferential tax treatment to social welfare organizations , their welfare services , and the tertiary industries established and run by them . preferential tax treatment should also be accorded to welfare enterprises for settling the disabled and to donations made by various units and individuals in support of the welfare program .\r\nthe department concerned should process on a priority basis the applications for corporation registration submitted by social welfare organizations whose establishment was approved by the civil affairs department . as for welfare organizations established without the civil affairs department 's approval , the department concerned should not accept their applications for corporation registration . 6 .\r\nbeijing , 31 mar (zxs) - - at 1300 hours today , the eu representative office disclosed to the media outside the door of its mission to china that although china and the eu made some progress in the latest round of negotiations on china 's entry into the wto , they did not reach any final bilateral agreement .\r\nat the invitation of shi guangsheng , minister of foreign trade and economic cooperation , eu trade commissioner pascal lamy arrived in beijing on 28 march to hold ministerial - level consultations .\r\nchina 's accession to wto will have a certain impact on our country 's economic , cultural , and other fields ; chinese cities will also be facing various challenges as the cities are combinations of all factors in social , economic , and cultural development .\r\nin addition , each city should find out its own advantages and characteristics in the development of technology industries , properly draw up strategic plans for the development of science , technology , and education , and provide effective support for the development of high technology in the formulation of reasonable arrangements and plans for urban development .\r\nfor example , a high - tech estate should be set up in beijing 's zhongguancun , and urban planning should provide services for it .\r\nsecond , along with the changes in the industrial structure , every city should make appropriately adjust and select its character and functions in the light of its own characteristics .\r\nwe have the advantages of comparatively low wages and high - quality labor force . accession to the wto will greatly expand our market and tap our potential .\r\nwhen the textile industry is selected as the orientation of urban development , attention must be paid to a city 's own foundation and conditions . it is necessary to objectively analyze market demand and be good at giving play to the advantages . mass actions without proper planning and coordination should be prevented .\r\nthe railway grids are not evenly distributed : 54 percent of the railways are in the eastern part , 30 percent in the central part , and only 16 percent in the western part .\r\nto meet the needs in the expansion of foreign exchanges after accession to the wto , all cities must further enhance the construction of transportation , telecommunication , water supply , water drainage , power supply , gas supply and other infrastructure facilities in their development plans .\r\na certain engineer regiment under the command of the general staff headquarters organized a research camouflage training under high - tech conditions in a certain place in northern china in late autumn .\r\nreconnaissance teams from the \" blue army \" conducted reconnaissance on the targets of the \" red army \" from the air using high - tech reconnaissance devices of various types and did not found any real targets under camouflage .\r\nthe regiment was equipped with camouflage - painted motor vehicles , false target making vehicles , and camouflage reconnaissance vehicles one after another in recent years , and the regiment 's reconnaissance capability was thus enhanced to a certain degree .\r\nto make the camouflage of important targets change along with different seasons , landforms , and reconnaissance means , they developed a computer auxiliary decision - making system , which can make both camouflage planning designs for targets under different conditions and provide plans for various auxiliary decisions on camouflage under complex wartime conditions .\r\nto make static targets moveable , the task force engaged in tackling major technical hurdles worked without a letup for several months , made do with whatever was available , and thus succeeded in developing movable false tanks , false armored cars , and other false targets .\r\nin the training sites , tanks and armored cars marched toward the areas under assault one by one , with their exhaust pipes spurting puff after puff of black smoke and their caterpillar treads leaving track after track of ruts behind them , thus making the camouflage effect more distinctive .\r\nthe one - man camouflage smoke launcher and assembled false target that they developed and improved won a third - class prize for military scientific and technological progress .\r\nthe task force led by engineer jiang shiwen succeeded in developing , through repeated experiments , a variety of shaped defilades , such as shaped umbrellas and shaped groves .\r\n[ yan hua ] in the government work report written by chinese prime minister zhu rongji , in addition to the guiding plan of \" speeding growth \" was the guiding plan of food production , but it was n't included originally .\r\ncanceling the guiding plan of food production , canceling price supports for some types of foods , and implementing strategic reform were major events for a billion farmers .\r\nfor this reason , this journalist interviewed chen xiwen , who is a research fellow at the state council development research center , and also is the leader of the department of agricultural economic research .\r\nchen xiwen has long been involved in agricultural economic theory and policy research . he worked on drafting documents for the central government regarding problems of farming villages . he wrote more than 10 books about this subject . he also published more than 150 dissertations and research reports .\r\ndoes this mean that brown 's worries were without basis ?\r\ntake cereal , for example .\r\nin 1998 , yield was 330.2 kg per acre , compared to 1992 , when it was 289.5 kg per acre , which is a 14% increase .\r\nthese years the food harvests have been good . those circumstances and necessary measures are reasons for this .\r\nundeniably , there are many agricultural problems . between 1992 and 1993 , when the economy overheated , agriculture was ignored in many places . this caused a big loss of agricultural resources . the money and labor of some places went into real estate .\r\nonce the country implemented macroscopic economic reform , this situation eventually changed .\r\nhow do you view this ? [ chen ] regarding requirements for our agricultural products , the problem of quantity has already lessened .\r\nlast year the state department announced that beginning in 2000 , our country is going to start decreasing the scope of price controls and supports , so the price of low - quality food will no longer be protected .\r\nthe second - worst quality variety is the corn in the northeast . there is an idiom that says , \" grow on the fire , harvest on the ice . \" it means , the time to harvest the corn is when it is frozen to death . the corn is not completely mature .\r\nbut if you roast it , the kernel becomes flat and dry . it is poor quality and expensive . it is not easy to research and cultivate a new variety that can adapt to the cold northeast climate .\r\nthis is the third food surplus in recent years . the years 1984 and 1990 had food surpluses .\r\nhowever , this did n't successfully promote higher - quality varieties . [ yan hua ] what is the difference between the agricultural reform this time and before ? [ chen ] before , agricultural reform was limited .\r\nancient people knew that logging and slash and burn land clearing were not good . but people had to feed themselves , so they had to do this .\r\nbut now , farm products are fully supplied . we now have the ability to encourage environmental ecology . for example , planting grass , protecting lakes , planned reforestation of farmland , and taking poor agricultural land out of cultivation .\r\nbeijing , 31 march ( xinhua ) - - chinese minister of foreign affairs tang jiaxuan sent a telegram to indian minister of external affairs singh jaswant , warmly congratulating the 50 th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between china and india .\r\nprc minister of foreign affairs tang jiaxuan in beijing on 1 april 2000 .\r\nalso present at the meeting was chiu yi - jen ( qiu yiren ) , director of the dpp 's electioneering committee .\r\nany attempt to negate the \" one - china \" principle is totally unacceptable , and will surely lead to serious consequences .\r\nthe leaders on both sides of the taiwan strait can have meetings and talks , yet such meetings and talks ought to be conducted on the basis of the \" one - china \" principle .\r\nso long as it is within the framework of \" one china , \" everything can be discussed , including the various concerns of the taiwan side .\r\nhe believed that only when taiwan 's new leader discards his stand of \" taiwan independence \" and recognizes the \" one - china \" principle can the cross - strait relations undergo a positive progress .\r\nliu xiaoping pointed out that the recent election held in the taiwan region as well as its results will not , and cannot , change the fact that taiwan is one part of the chinese territory .\r\nhe indicated : \" we will judge taiwan 's new leader by his deeds , not just by his words .\r\n\" ' one china ' refers to the fact that there is only one china in this world , taiwan is one part of the chinese territory , and china 's sovereignty and territorial integrity is inseparable , \" he noted .\r\nhowever , if taiwan negates the \" one - china \" principle and attempts to separate taiwan from the chinese territory , then the basis for a peaceful settlement of the taiwan issue will no longer exist .\r\nat present , the cross - strait relations and the china - us relations are both in the middle of an extremely sensitive period of crucial importance , liu xiaoming noted .\r\nmoftec minister shi guangsheng welcomes eu trade commissioner pascal lamy to come back again to beijing for more talks .\r\nthe current round of negotiations began the afternoon of 28 march and ended this morning .\r\ngooch would not elaborate on what kind of progress has been made .\r\nafter concluding this round of negotiations , lamy will soon leave beijing and return to brussels to report the negotiation situation to the eu council and the 15 member states .\r\nminister shi guangsheng welcomes commissioner lamy to visit beijing again for more talks . \"\r\nthe meeting held that since being put into effect on 1 april in 1985 , the \" prc patent law \" has played an important role in encouraging invention and innovation , introducing foreign advanced technology , and promoting china 's advancement in science and technology and its economic development .\r\nwith the constant deepening of structural reform and china 's gradual opening to the outside world , new cases have arisen in the enforcement of the existing patent law .\r\nthe meeting decided that the \" ( draft ) amendment to the prc patent law \" will be submitted by the state council to the npc standing committee for review .\r\nbeijing , 31 march ( xinhua ) - - the following are the stipulations governing the real - name system for individual saving accounts : article 1 . in order to guarantee the facts of individual saving accounts and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of the depositors , thereby , the provisions are stipulated .\r\narticle 3 . the financial institutions mentioned in the provisions refer to institutions doing individual saving business in line with the law inside chinese territory . article 4 .\r\nindividuals opening new saving accounts in financial institutions will be asked to show their own identification cards and use their real names .\r\nwhen opening an individual saving account on someone 's behalf in a financial institution , the representative should show both his own identification card and the identification card of the person he represents ."
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"content": "1998年 , 经过 统一 部署 , 伊犁州 , 地 两 级 党委 开始 尝试 以 宣讲 团 的 形式 , 深入 学校 , 村民 院落 , 田间 地头 , 向 各族 群众 进行 面对面 宣讲 .\r\n在 不少 乡村 , 群众 在 草地 , 球场 , 树 荫 下 席地而坐 , 认真 听讲 , 参与者 少 则 数 十 人 , 多 则 千 余 人 .\r\n伊宁县 萨地克圩孜乡 萨地克圩孜村 一 位 老人 紧紧 拉 着 宣讲 团 成员 的 手 , 要求 到 家里 给 他 的 孩子 再 讲 讲 , 他 说 : \" 你们 早 两 年 来 这样 宣讲 就 好了 .\r\n伊宁市 英 也 尔 乡 阿拉木图 牙 村 农民 伊布拉 音 说 : \" 一个 国家 和 一个 家庭 一样 , 政府 就 象 我们 的 家长 , 家长 要是 经常 对 我们 进行 教育 , 子女 就 会 少 犯错误 . \"\r\n开始 下来 时 , 认为 集中 村民 很难 , 即使 集中 起来 也 怕 中途 人 走 掉 .\r\n在 宣讲 过程 中 , 宣传 团员 表现出 吃苦耐劳 的 精神 .\r\n七 天 时间 里 , 他们 为 赶 时间 , 白天 啃 干馕喝 白开水 , 晚上 居住 在 牧民 的 毡房 里 .\r\n有时 为了 区区 几 人 , 宣讲 团员 也 专程 赶 去 .\r\n除 不辞劳苦 逐 村 宣讲 外 , 宣讲 团 还 注意 为 群众 解决 生产 , 生活 中 的 困难 和 问题 , 碰上 发 洪水 , 宣讲 人员 还 与 当地 群众 一起 抗洪 抢险 .\r\n全国 政协 副主席 , 中国 工程 院 院长 宋健 等 出席 鉴定会 .\r\n传统 的 超级 计算机 只 擅长 科学 工程 计算 , 而 超级 服务器 兼顾 这 两 方面 的 应用 , 它 是 高端 计算机 的 主流 .\r\n据 1999年11月 的 统计 , 世界上 安装 的 运算 速度 最 快 的 500 计算机 中 , 超级 服务器 占 372 , 而且 还有 增长 的 趋势 .\r\n曙光 2000- Ⅱ 超级 服务器 就是 这种 通用 的 超级 并行 机 , 它的 峰值 浮点 运算 速度 为 每秒 1100亿 次 , 内存 总 容量 达到 50千 兆字节 , 可 扩展 到 80千 兆字节 , 磁盘 总 容量 超过 600千 兆字节 , 可 扩展 到 几 千 千 兆字节 .\r\n曙光 2000- Ⅱ 具有 丰富 而 完善 的 软件 系统 .\r\n我国 自行 研制 了 功能 强大 的 机群 操作系统 , 配 有 多种 流行 的 高级 程序 语言 , 主流 并行 编程 环境 和 工具 .\r\n为了 支持 网络 信息 服务 , 该 机 配 有 并行 网络 和 电子邮件 服务 软件 , 能 支持 各种 流行 的 数据库 软件 .\r\n此间 经济学家 认为 , 在 当前 形势 下 推出 西部 开发 战略 \" 恰逢 其 时 \" .\r\n综观 国际 国内 形势 和 中国 经济 运行 的 总体 状况 , 现在 正是 开发 西部 的 最好 机遇 .\r\n中国 经济 经过 二十 年 快速 稳定 发展 , 综合 国力 显著 增强 , 有能力 加大 对 中西部 地区 的 支持 力度 .\r\n目前 经济 出现 了 通货 紧缩 的 趋向 , 国家 采取 积极 的 财政 政策 拉动 经济 增长 , 正好 可以 拿出 更多 的 资源 支持 西部 开发 .\r\n国家 计委 主任 曾培炎 说 , 今年 将 制定 更 优惠 的 政策 吸引 外资 进入 西部 , 并 更多 地 利用 一些 国际 组织 的 贷款 用于 西部 地区 建设 项目 .\r\n国家 投资 行为 将 进一步 向 西部 倾斜 , 下一个 五年计划 将 包括 一个 西部 开发 的 专项 规划 , 今年 国债 资金 也 将 有 更大 的 比例 投向 西部 .\r\n专家 认为 , 近 几 年 中国 经济 的 发展 一直 受到 国内 有效 需求 不足 的 制约 , 相当 一部分 资金 , 技术 和 劳动力 需要 寻求 新 的 生产 领域 , 新 的 市场 和 新 的 发展 空间 .\r\n中国 基本 解决 了 吃饭 问题 , 粮食 供过于求 , 这 也 为 西部 开发 创造 了 难得 的 机遇 .\r\n古人云 , 凡事 豫 则 立 , 不豫 则 废 , 说的是 做事 必须 精心 准备 , 周密 计划 .\r\n中央 强调 西部 开发 必须 按照 科学 规律 办事 , 制定 科学 周密 的 规划 , 既是 地区 经济 发展 内在 规律 的 要求 , 又 有 很 强 的 针对性 .\r\n做好 科学 规划 , 有助于 在 保持 充沛 热情 的 同时 , 增强 严谨 审慎 的 理性 精神 , 真正 做到 好心 办 好事 , 大 开发 取得 高效益 .\r\n科学 规划 既有 指导性 , 又 有 约束力 .\r\n规划 要 有 权威 , 还必须 注意 协调 和 综合平衡 .\r\n西部 开发 包括 十 省市 自治区 和 新疆 生产 建设 兵团 , 各地 特别是 相邻 省区市 之间 做 规划 要 互相 配合 .\r\n如果 只 从 本 省区 , 本单位 利益 出发 , 不顾 全 西部 开发 大局 , 就 不可能 奏 出 和谐 雄壮 的 西部 开发 交响曲 .\r\n二 是 尊重 群众 意愿 , 充分 发挥 群众 的 主动性 , 创造性 .\r\n多年 的 实践 表明 , 即使 好心 办 好事 , 也 必须 充分 尊重 群众 的 意愿 , 只有 唤起 民众 同心 干 , 才能 开创 西部 开发 的 良好 局面 .\r\n新近 传来 的 情况 表明 , 西部 一些 地方 希望 通过 各种 办法 把 东部 和 国外 的 资金 引 到 西部 , 为此 已经 出台 或 正在 研究 优惠 政策 .\r\n疑虑 消失 了 , 人们 就 会 大胆 踊跃 地 向 西部 投资 .\r\n因此 , 制定好 规划 有利于 创造 一个 充满 吸引力 的 投资 环境 .\r\n要 按照 国民经济 和 社会 发展 的 总任务 , 总目标 的 要求 , 制定 科学 , 全面 的 水利 建设 规划 , 并 纳入 国民经济 和 社会 发展 的 总体 规划 .\r\n水利 部 要 制定 全国 水利 建设 发展 总体 规划 , 用于 指导 全国 的 水利 工作 .\r\n各 大 流域 也要 制定 防洪 , 开发 治理 规划 .\r\n同时 做好 各种 专项 规划 .\r\n流域 内 各项 水利工程 建设 都要 在 总体 规划 和 流域 规划 指导 下 进行 .\r\n防洪 是 首要 的 任务 , 又是 经常性 的 工作 , 要 常抓不懈 .\r\n要 把 防洪 与 节水 , 保护 生态 , 防治 污染 结合 起来 .\r\n防洪 建设 既要 重视 堤防 等 工程 措施 建设 , 又要 加强 气 像 , 水文 , 监测 , 通讯 , 信息系统 等 非 工程 措施 建设 .\r\n水利工程 要 建 管 并重 , 既要 重视 工程 质量 , 又要 加强 维修 养护 .\r\n水利 建设 关系 全局 , 要 统筹兼顾 , 处理好 需要 与 可能 , 当前 与 长远 的 关系 .\r\n按照 统一 规划 , 先 解决 关系 国计民生 的 重大 问题 和 紧迫 的 问题 , 并 与 实现 长远 规划 目标 结合 起来 .\r\n重大 水利工程 要 按照 江泽民 总书记 的 要求 , 坚持 从长计议 , 全面 考虑 , 科学 选 比 , 周密 计划 .\r\n第四 , 确保 工程 质量 .\r\n最近 一个 时期 , 水利 部 按照 中央 的 要求 和 国家 的 有关 规定 , 在 加强 工程 质量 管理 方面 采取 了 一系列 措施 , 取得 了 明显 的 成效 .\r\n但是 水利工程 存在 的 问题 还 不少 .\r\n温家宝 强调 , 防汛 抗旱 事关 人民 生命 财产 安全 , 必须 始终 高度 重视 , 如履薄冰 , 戒 慎 恐惧 , 任何 时候 都 不能 放松 .\r\n三 要 提高 防汛 抗旱 现代化 技术水平 .\r\n建设 现代化 的 气 像 , 水文 , 通信 设施 , 加强 雨情 水情 分析 研究 , 提高 预报 的 准确性 .\r\n温家宝 还 来到 国家 防汛 抗旱 总 指挥部 办公室 , 看望 防 办 的 干部 职工 , 他 要求 国家 防 办 的 同志 忠于 职守 , 认真 负责 , 无私 奉献 , 提高 工作 的 科学 水平 和 工作效率 .\r\n鎔 基 主管 ( 香港 中国 通讯社 北京 二月三日 电 ) 中国 国务院 近日 批准 成立 西部 地区 开发 领导 小组 , 统筹 主持 西部 地区 开发 工作 , 由 朱鎔基 任 组长 , 温家宝 任 副 组长 , 小组 成员 囊括 国务院 十七 正部级 官员 .\r\n国务院 西部 地区 开发 领导 小组 下设 办公室 , 在 国家 发展 计划 委员会 单 设 机构 , 具体 承担 国务院 西部 地区 开发 领导 小组 的 日常工作 .\r\n中国 在 去年 的 全国 经济 工作会议 上 , 正式 提出 了 实施 西部 大 开发 战略 .\r\n酝酿 至 今年 年初 , 这 一 大 开发 战略 已 逐渐 升温 , 西部 开发 设想 也 渐 露 端倪 .\r\n在 交流 和 互访 中 , 两岸 工会 的 同行 们 表达 了 各自 期盼 统一 , 反对 分裂 的 心情 .\r\n令人 遗憾 的 是 , 正当 两岸 关系 继续 向前 发展 时 , 李登辉 公然 抛出 \" 两国 论 \" , 严重 破坏 了 两岸 关系 正常 发展 的 基础 , 极大 地 损害 了 台湾 同胞 的 利益 .\r\n全国 亿万 职工 和 各级 工会 对 这 一 分裂 祖国 的 罪恶 行径 表示 坚决 反对 .\r\n\" 和平 统一 , 一国两制 \" 的 方计 已 被 越来越 多人 所 认识 , 接受 .\r\n全国 妇联 将 继续 扩大 与 台湾 妇女 的 交流 交往 , 为 早日 实现 两岸 和平 统一 , 反对 台湾 分裂 势力 发挥 应有 的 作用 .\r\n历史 业已 证明 并 将 继续 证明 , 只有 祖国 统一 , 民族 才能 全面 振兴 , 只有 民族团结 , 才能 创造 更加 灿烂 辉煌 的 明天 .\r\n他 表示 , 在 新 的 世纪 里 , 中华 民族 要 实现 伟大 复兴 的 宏伟 目标 , 需要 两岸 青年 的 携手 合作 和 共同 奋斗 .\r\n在 辞旧迎新 之际 , 全国 总工会 , 共青团 中央 和 全国 妇联 还 向 岛内 广大 劳工 , 青年 和 妇女 致以 新春 的 问候 .\r\n然而 , 使 他们 感到 遗憾 的 是 , 五 年 来 , 两岸 关系 一直 在 曲折 中 发展 .\r\n陈正统 说 , 台湾 人民 素有 爱国主义 的 光荣 传统 , 他们 维持 生活方式 不变 和 当家作主 的 愿望 得到 中国 共产党 和 祖国 人民 政府 的 充分 理解 与 尊重 .\r\n因为 , 世界上 只有 一个 中国 , 台湾 是 中国 领土 的 一部分 , 这是 不容 否认 的 事实 , 任何 势力 以 任何 方式 都 改变 不了 台湾 是 中国 领土 一部分 的 地位 .\r\n他 对 江泽民 主席 八 项 主张 中 提出 的 \" 努力 实现 和平 统一 , 中国 人 不 打 中国 人 \" 的 讲话 甚 表 赞赏 .\r\n唯有 统一 , 才是 台湾 人民 的 福祉 所在 , 唯有 统一 , 台湾 同胞 才能 与 全国 各族 人民 一道 , 真正 充分 共享 伟大 祖国 在 国际上 的 尊严 与 荣誉 .\r\n海峡 咫尺 , 殷殷 相望 .\r\n反华 政客 粗暴 干涉 中国 内政 , 为 \" 台独 \" 分裂 势力 撑腰 打气 , 阻碍 中国 统一 大业 的 图谋 昭然若揭 .\r\n唐家璇 在 贺辞 中 指出 , 中国 的 发展 需要 世界 , 世界 的 发展 同样 也 需要 中国 .\r\n为了 实现 这 一 目标 , 国家 计委 作为 宏观调控 部门 , 要 切实 转变 职能 , 想 大事 抓 大事 , 当好 中共 中央 国务院 的 参谋 助手 .\r\n-- 军警 政法 党政机关 停止 经商 办 企业 , 使 一些 走私 者 失去 了 庇护 藏身 之 所 ; 反腐败 力度 加大 , 与 反走私 形成 呼应 之势 .\r\n仅 中国 海关 就 查处 违纪 违法 的 厅局级 官员 十三 人 , 处 级 官员 五十 人 .\r\n-- 落实 综合治理 措施 , 反走私 形成 强大 合力 .\r\n-- 执法 部门 针对 重点 地区 重点 渠道 重点 商品 连续 开展 大规模 专项 打 私 行动 , 保持 了 对 走私 的 高压 态势 .\r\n海关 负责人 强调 , 要 从严 治 关 , 对 内部 \" 蛀虫 \" , 发现 一个 坚决 清除 一个 , 决不 手软 .\r\n力争 再 用 二 年 时间 , 使 海关 各级 领导班子 有 较大 加强 , 干部 队伍 素质 有 较大 提高 , 作风 纪律 有 明显 改进 , 执法 腐败 现 像 得到 有效 遏制 .\r\n江泽民 同志 的 新春 祝辞 是 : 值此 新春 佳节 , 祝愿 祖国 繁荣富强 , 人民 幸福 安康 .\r\n当务之急 是 要 加快 建设 一 支 宏大 的 适应 西部 大 开发 战略 需要 的 各级 各类 人才 队伍 和 高素质 的 干部 队伍 .\r\n建立 规模 宏大 的 各级 各类 人才 队伍 首先 需要 中央 统筹 规划 , 协调 解决 , 合理 调整 人才 的 分布 结构 , 包括 区域 人才 结构 .\r\n中组部 会同 有关 部门 正在 着手 研究 制定 和 实施 西部 大 开发 的 人才 战略 规划 , 多渠道 地 为 西部 地区 充实 党政 领导 骨干 和 高水平 的 专门 人才 .\r\n通过 以上 措施 , 大力 改善 各级领导 班子 的 年龄 , 文化 , 专业 结构 , 增强 各级领导 班子 的 活力 .\r\n在 继续 做好 为 新疆 , 西藏 选派 干部 工作 的 同时 , 必须 进一步 加大 西部 地区 培养 年轻 干部 的 工作 力度 , 抓紧 培养 适应 西部 地区 开发 需要 的 各类 人才 .\r\n有计划 地 选送 一批 优秀 年轻 干部 到 中央 , 国家机关 和 经济 发达 地区 挂职 锻炼 , 帮助 他们 开阔 视野 , 转变 观念 , 增长 才干 .\r\n过去 由于 东部 地区 经济 的 快速 发展 及 优惠 的 人才 政策 , 西部 曾 出现 一些 人才 \" 孔雀 东南 飞 \" 的 现 像 .\r\n要 坚决 消除 用 公款 吃喝玩乐 等 腐败 现 像 , 坚决 依法 打击 贪污 挪用 , 化公为私 , 权钱 交易 等 侵吞 国家 开发 资金 的 经济 犯罪 行为 .\r\n西部 大 开发 是 造福 子孙后代 , 关系 中华 民族 全面 振兴 的 宏伟 事业 , 完成 这 一 事业 需要 经过 长期 的 艰苦 努力 .\r\n如何 使 科技 练兵 实现 科学化 ?\r\n广州 军区 引导 官兵 树立 实战 牵引 , 人才 为 本 , 科技 主导 , 群众 主体 , 正规 施 训 的 科学 训练 观 , 提出 科技 练兵 要 \" 科学 教 , 科学 练 , 科学 管 \" .\r\n为此 , 他们 加强 对 新型 教练员 的 培养 , 先后 培养 新型 教练员 两千七百六十 .\r\n这些 教练员 运用 新 知识 , 新 技能 , 新 方法 , 新 手段 组织 训练 , 实施 优秀 教练 科目 八百四十七 .\r\n在 科技 练兵 中 , 广州 军区 注重 抓好 科技 练兵 成果 的 转化 , 通过 成果 的 普及 推广 , 转化为 部队 整体 战斗力 .\r\n去年 以来 , 军区 先后 三 召开 科技 练兵 现场 观摩会 , 研究 探讨 科技 练兵 的 新 训 法 , 新 战法 , 取得 丰硕 成果 .\r\n变 \" 中新社 上海 二月一日 电 \" ( 记者 刘末利 ) 去年 底 举行 的 首届 上海 国际 工业 博览会 , 以 上海 高新技术 电子 信息 电气 装备 生物 医药 新材料 等 方面 的 发展 成果 形 像 地 向 人们 展现 上海 现代工业 的 新 面貌 .\r\n二十世纪末 的 世界 经济 , 以 信息 生物 新材料 新 能源 航天 技术 为 主要 内容 的 科技 革命 呈现 加速 发展 的 趋势 .\r\n唯有 加快 发展 高技术 及其 产业 , 促使 产业 结构 技术水平 技术 能力 等 有一个 质的 飞跃 , 才能 在 二十一世纪 使 中国 由 工业 大国 向 工业 强国 转变 .\r\n记者 从 中国 国家 计划 委员会 有关 部门 获悉 , 中国 发展 高技术 产业 主要 从 推动 经济 和 社会 发展 促进 结构 调整 和 升级 的 角度 出发 , 目前 的 主要 任务 有 三:-- 加快 信息 产业 的 协调 发展 .\r\n二十世纪九十年代 以来 , 中国 的 信息 产业 一直 保持 年均 百分之三十 以上 的 增长速度 , 是 国民经济 发展 最 快 的 部门 之一 .\r\n因此 , 中国 信息 产业 的 市场 前景 喜人 , 据 测算 , 到 二零一零年 市场 容量 将 为 六万亿 元人民币 的 规模 .\r\n但是 , 中国 尚 是 发展中国家 , 国力 有限 , 因此 将 选择 那些 能 带动 全局 产业 关联 度 大有 良好 发展 前景 的 关键 领域 或 关键 环节 重点 突破 , 力争 实现 跨 跃 式 发展 .\r\n这种 相互 依存 相互 促进 的 关系 不容 忽视 .\r\n新华社 香港 2月5日 电 ( 记者 李海堂 ) 位于 香港 \" 新界 \" 大埔 林村乡 钟屋村 的 乡亲 们 , 今天 度过 了 一个 意想不到 的 龙年 大年初一 .\r\n像 往年 一样 , 数百 名 乡亲 今天 上午 聚集 在 钟 氏 祠堂 前 的 广场 举行 团拜 , 互 致 问候 .\r\n董建华 夫妇 向 在场 的 村民 一一 祝贺 新春 , 并 向 村民 们 分发 了 巧克力 做 的 金币 和 色彩 鲜艳 , 造型 生动 的 迷你 纸 龙 , 祝愿 村民 们 在 龙年 事事 顺利 , 龙精虎 猛 .\r\n在 村 代表 钟国荣 的 陪同 下 , 董建华 及 夫人 参观 了 钟氏 祠堂 .\r\n董建华 夫妇 向 他们 全家 拜年 , 他们 一家 人 向 行政 长官 夫妇 问好 , 并 送 上 亲手 泡 制 的 贺年 食品 给 董建华 及 夫人 品尝 .\r\n林村乡 历史 悠久 , 居民 的 先祖 于 宋朝 末年 已 迁徙 至此 , 至今 已有 700 多年 .\r\n钟屋村 是 林村乡 的 一个 小 村落 , 村 内 现有 村民 约 180 人 .\r\n特区 政府 民政 事务 总署 署长 刘 李丽娟 等 陪同 董建华 及 夫人 探访 了 钟屋村 .\r\n新华社 北京 2月6日 电 ( 记者 赵世纲 ) 国家 开发 银行 采取 了 有效 措施 , 积极 防范 和 化解 金融 风险 .\r\n作为 防范 金融 风险 的 重要 内容 , 国家 开发 银行 还 加大 不良 资产 剥离 工作 , 仅 去年 一 年 , 就 剥离 不良 资产 1000亿 元人民币 , 累计 签订 债 转 股 框架 协议 项目 21 , 转 股 金额 217亿 元人民币 .\r\n新华社 莫斯科 2月6日 电 综述 : 俄罗斯 新 军事 学说 引人注目 新华社 记者 孙占林 近日 , 俄罗斯 联邦 安全 会议 在 代总统 普京 的 主持 下 , 通过 了 新 军事 学说 草案 .\r\n新 军事 学说 强调 , 当 俄罗斯 自身 及 盟国 遭到 侵略 , 以及 使用 常规武器 不能 制止 旨在 消灭 俄罗斯 的 战争 时 , 俄 有权 使用 核武器 .\r\n这 表明 , 俄 在 认为 有必要 时 将 首先 向 敌人 发起 核 攻击 .\r\n俄 军方 强调 , 新 军事 学说 使 俄 掌握 了 对敌 实施 核 打击 的 主动权 .\r\n波罗的海 三 国 和 一些 中东 欧 国家 也 跃跃欲试 , 力求 早日 加入 北约 .\r\n随后 , 以 美国 为首 的 北约 不顾 俄罗斯 等 许多 国家 的 反对 , 未经 联合国 授权 , 悍然 对 南联盟 进行 了 长达 78 天 的 大规模 轰炸 .\r\n俄代 总统 普京 日前 在 俄 联邦 安全 会议 上 明确 指出 , 新 军事 学说 \" 是 对 北约 的 回答 \" .\r\n这 意味着 , 俄 已 把 以 美国 为首 的 北约 看作是 自己的 \" 头号 假想敌 \" .\r\n俄 联邦 安全 会议 军事 建设 局 长 叶辛 说 , 俄罗斯 由于 经济 困难 , 军费 匮乏 , 在 可 预见 的 将来 不能 同 北约 打 常规战争 .\r\n为了 得到 别人 的 尊重 , 必须 保持 核 潜力 , 将 核武器 作为 \" 遏制 敌人 的 政治 工具 \" .\r\n形形色色 的 团伙 犯罪 成了 影响 社会 稳定 和 经济 增长 的 重要 因素 .\r\n此间 分析家 认为 , 俄 新 军事 学说 是 今年 1月 通过 的 \" 俄 国家 安全 构想 \" 在 军事 领域 的 扩展 和 延伸 , 也是 \" 对 战争 的 警告 \" .\r\n北约 如 再 采取 危及 俄罗斯 及其 盟国 的 重大 军事 行动 , 将会 三思 而后 行 .\r\n核武器 作为 俄罗斯 维护 大国 地位 和 切身 利益 的 \" 王牌 \" , 将会 发挥 更大 的 威慑 作用 .\r\n第二 本 条例 所 称 人民币 , 是 指 中国人民 银行 依法 发行 的 货币 , 包括 纸币 和 硬币 .\r\n第三 中华人民共和国 的 法定 货币 是 人民币 .\r\n以 人民币 支付 中华人民共和国 境内 的 一切 公共 的 和 私人 的 债务 , 任何 单位 和 个人 不得 拒收 .\r\n第四 人民币 的 单位 为 元 , 人民币 辅币 单位 为 角 , 分 .\r\n1 元 等于 10 角 , 1 角 等于 10 .\r\n人民币 依 其 面额 支付 .\r\n第六 任何 单位 和 个人 都 应当 爱护 人民币 . 禁止 损害 人民币 和 妨碍 人民币 流通 .\r\n第二 设计 和 印制 第七 新版 人民币 由 中国人民 银行 组织 设计 , 报 国务院 批准 .\r\n第十一 印制 人民币 的 原版 , 原 模 使用 完毕 后 , 由 中国人民 银行 封存 .\r\n第十二 印制 人民币 的 特殊 材料 , 技术 , 工艺 , 专用 设备 等 重要 事项 属于 国家 秘密 .\r\n印制 人民币 的 企业 和 有关 人员 应当 保守 国家 秘密 ; 未经 中国人民 银行 批准 , 任何 单位 和 个人 不得 对外 提供 .\r\n第十三 未经 中国人民 银行 批准 , 任何 单位 和 个人 不得 研制 , 仿制 , 引进 , 销售 , 购买 和 使用 印制 人民币 所 特有 的 防伪 材料 , 防伪 技术 , 防伪 工艺 和 专用 设备 .\r\n第三 发行 和 回收 第十五 人民币 由 中国人民 银行 统一 发行 .\r\n第十六 中国人民 银行 发行 新版 人民币 , 应当 报 国务院 批准 .\r\n中国人民 银行 应当 将 改版 后 的 人民币 的 发行 时间 , 面额 , 主要 特征 等 予以 公告 .\r\n中国人民 银行 不得 在 改版 人民币 发行 公告 发布 前 将 改版 人民币 支付 给 金融 机构 .\r\n第十八 中国人民 银行 可以 根据 需要 发行 纪念币 .\r\n纪念币 是 具有 特定 主题 的 限量 发行 的 人民币 , 包括 普通 纪念币 和 贵金属 纪念币 .\r\n中国人民 银行 不得 在 纪念币 发行 公告 发布 前 将 纪念币 支付 给 金融 机构 .\r\n人民币 发行 基金 是 中国人民 银行 人民币 发行 库 保存 的 未 进入 流通 的 人民币 .\r\n人民币 发行 基金 的 调拨 , 应当 按照 中国人民 银行 的 规定 办理 .\r\n任何 单位 和 个人 不得 违反 规定 动用 人民币 发行 基金 , 不得 干扰 , 阻碍 人民币 发行 基金 的 调拨 .\r\n第二十一 特定 版 别的 人民币 的 停止 流通 , 应当 报 国务院 批准 , 并 由 中国人民 银行 公告 .\r\n中国人民 银行 不得 将 残缺 , 污损 的 人民币 支付 给 金融 机构 , 金融 机构 不得 将 残缺 , 污损 的 人民币 对外 支付 .\r\n具体 办法 由 中国人民 银行 制定 .\r\n第四 流通 和 保护 第二十四 办理 人民币 存取款 业务 的 金融 机构 应当 根据 合理 需要 的 原则 , 办理 人民币 券 别 调剂 业务 .\r\n第二十六 装帧 流通 人民币 和 经营 流通 人民币 , 应当 经 中国人民 银行 批准 .\r\n前 款 人民币 图样 包括 放大 , 缩小 和 同样 大小 的 人民币 图样 .\r\n第二十八 人民币 样 币 禁止 流通 .\r\n人民币 样 币 的 管理 办法 , 由 中国人民 银行 制定 .\r\n禁止 出售 , 购买 伪造 , 变造 的 人民币 .\r\n办理 人民币 存取款 业务 的 金融 机构 应当 将 收缴 的 伪造 , 变造 的 人民币 解缴 当地 中国人民 银行 .\r\n中国人民 银行 授权 的 国有 独资 商业银行 的 业务 机构 应当 将 没收 的 伪造 , 变造 的 人民币 解缴 当地 中国人民 银行 .\r\n第三十六 办理 人民币 存取款 业务 的 金融 机构 应当 采取 有效 措施 , 防止 以 伪造 , 变造 的 人民币 对外 支付 .\r\n办理 人民币 存取款 业务 的 金融 机构 应当 在 营业 场所 无偿 提供 鉴别 人民币 真伪 的 服务 .\r\n第三十七 伪造 , 变造 的 人民币 由 中国人民 银行 统一 销毁 .\r\n人民币 反 假 鉴别 仪 国家标准 , 由 中国人民 银行 会同 有关 部门 制定 , 并 协助 组织 实施 .\r\n工商 行政管理 机关 和 其他 有关 行政 执法 机关 应当 销毁 非法 使用 的 人民币 图样 .\r\n第四十六 中国人民 银行 , 公安 机关 , 工商 行政管理 机关 及其 工作人员 违反 本 条例 有关 规定 的 , 对 直接 负责 的 主管 人员 和 其他 直接 责任 人员 , 依法 给予 行政处分 .\r\n下午三时P.M. , 贾庆林 和 夫人 林幼芳 领 著 他们 的 外孙女 来到 a 坛 庙会 , 与 熙熙攘攘 的 人群 一起 走进 公园 的 西 大门 .\r\n小演员 们 演唱 的 京剧 选段 字 舱 译 瞗 M 声音 洪亮 , 贾庆林 连声 夸赞 小演员 们 演得好 , 关切地 问 他们 几 岁 了 .\r\n小演员 们 蘅 n 回答 : 九 岁 了 .\r\n贾庆林 对 小 外孙女 说 : 你 今年 八 岁 了 , 要 向 哥哥 姐姐 们 学习 !\r\n刘淇 等 观看 来自 中国 各地 的 民间 花会 表演 .\r\n在 谈到 联合国 的 作用 时 , 王光亚 着重 阐述 了 中国 政府 希望 联合国 能够 在 和平 解决 国际 争端 中 进一步 发挥 作用 的 立场 .\r\n他 指出 , 战后 形成 的 包括 和平共处五项原则 在内 的 诸多 国际 关系 准则 符合 历史 发展 和 时代 进步 的 要求 .\r\n其中 \" 尤其是 主权 平等 和 不 干涉 内政 的 原则 绝 没有 过时 \" .\r\n他 还 严厉 谴责 了 某些 国家 把 地区 组织 凌驾于 联合国 安理会 之上 , 甚至 绕开 安理会 对 一个 主权 国家 进行 军事 干预 的 行为 , 指出 这种 做法 \" 严重 破坏 了 现有 的 国际 集体 安全 机制 , 其 后果 十分 危险 \" .\r\n为期 两 天 的 慕尼黑 国际 安全 政策 大会 于 6日 闭幕 .\r\n来自 30 国家 的 约 200 高级 政府 代表 及 有关 专家 出席 大会 .\r\n中国 , 印度 和 日本 首次 派出 高级 政府 代表 与会 .\r\n晚上 8时 开始 的 烟花 汇演 共 分 9 , 历时 23 分钟 .\r\n特区 行政 长官 董建华 主持 了 \" 瑞 龙亮 灯 仪式 \" , 并 与 香港 市民 一起 观看 了 烟花 汇演 .\r\n今年 贺 岁 烟花 汇演 的 特色 是 品种 多 , 系列 多 , 包括 了 16 系列 的 200 品种 .\r\n烟花 汇演 各 场 均 运用 不同 的 主 色 及 编排 , 以 营造 不同 的 观感 .\r\n各地 各 部门 把 认真 学习 江泽民 同志 在 中央 纪委 第四 全会 上 的 重要 讲话 作为 传达 贯彻 的 重点 .\r\n四川省 的 党风 廉政建设 和 反腐败 工作 由 省委 书记 和 省长 负 总 责 , 并 将 2000年 的 反腐败 工作 分解 为 10 大 项 36 小项 , 明确 由 省委 组织部 , 省 计委 , 省 财政厅 等 23 单位 为 牵头 部门 , 把 每项 具体 工作 落实 到 牵头 单位 和 协办 单位 .\r\n河南省 提出 要 深入 抓好 农村 党风 廉政建设 基层 基础 工作 , 密切 党群 干群关系 , 促进 农村 稳定 和 经济 发展 .\r\n布什 获得 30% 的 选票 , 屈居 第二 .\r\n分析家 认为 , 新州 预选 使 布什 面临 新 的 严峻 挑战 , 也 标志着 共和党 总统 候选人 提名 角逐 将 进一步 白热化 .\r\n但 这 一 小 州 在 总统 预选 阶段 占有 举足轻重 的 地位 , 既 可 造就 美国 新 总统 , 又 能 葬送 总统 竞选人 的 政治 前途 .\r\n几十 年 的 情况 表明 , 白宫 得主 大多 是 新州 预选 的 赢家 .\r\n他 的 竞选 策略 是 主 打 经济 牌 , 大力 宣传 克林顿 和 他 上台 以来 的 经济 成就 , 并 声称 自己 才有 经验 和 能力 \" 保持 美国 的 繁荣 \" .\r\n布拉德利 在 艾奥瓦 州 预选 中 惨败 后 , 试图 在 新州 预选 中 扳回 一 局 , 但 未能 奏效 .\r\n戈尔 称 新州 预选 对 布拉德利 是 \" 一个 毁灭性 的 打击 \" .\r\n新州 预选 使 共和党 由 原来的 五 虎 争雄 演变 成 两 强 相 斗 , 围绕 总统 候选人 提名 的 角逐 将 主要 在 沃克·布什 和 麦凯恩 之间 进行 .\r\n他 在 该 州 采取 了 \" 集中 优势 兵力 \" 的 竞选 策略 , 投入 的 竞选 时间 和 经济 实力 超过 了 任何 其他 竞选人 , 在 全 州 各地 组织 了 100 选民 集会 .\r\n在 预选 之前 举行 的 民意测验 中 , 麦凯恩 的 支持 率 连续 8个 星期 超过 了 布什 .\r\n沃克·布什 在 竞选 活动 中 声称 , 他 的 大规模 减税 计划 代表 保守主义 共和党 的 利益 , 只有 他 才有 能力 在 11月 的 总统 大选 中 夺回 白宫 宝座 .\r\n他 指责 麦凯恩 的 减税 计划 类似于 克林顿 的 计划 .\r\n他 表示 要 进行 竞选 资金 改革 , 消除 金钱 在 政治 中 的 影响 .\r\n舆论 认为 , 在 新州 , 既 非 共和党 又 非 民主党 的 独立 选民 大约 占 40% , 这 部分 选民 对 麦凯恩 的 预选 获胜 起 了 重要 作用 .\r\n新州 预选 后 , 戈尔 和 布拉德利 将 在 3月7日 进行 新 一 轮 较量 .\r\n届时 , 全国 16 州 将 于 同 一 天 进行 预选 .\r\n在 3月7日 的 预选 前 , 共和党 的 总统 竞选人 则 将 在 特拉华 , 南卡罗来纳 , 亚利桑那 和 密歇根 等 州 再次 交锋 .\r\n新华社 达沃斯 ( 瑞士 ) 2月1日 电 综述 : 开拓 新 思路 描绘 新 蓝图 -- 世界 经济 论坛 新 千年 首次 年会 闭幕 为期 六 天 的 世界 经济 论坛 新 千年 首次 年会 2月1日 在 瑞士 东部 小 城 达沃斯 降下 帷幕 .\r\n会议 期间 , 来自 100 国家 和 地区 的 政界 , 经济界 和 学术界 的 约 3000 著名 人士 围绕 \" 新 开端 , 新 思路 \" 这 一 主题 , 对 国际 政治 , 经济 和 科技 等 领域 的 未来 发展 前景 展开 了 广泛 的 讨论 .\r\n这次 年会 讨论 的 重点 不再 是 解决 枣 手 的 危机 问题 , 而是 就 世界 经济 发展 中 的 一些 根本性 , 长远 性 的 问题 进行 探讨 .\r\n由于 经济 全球化 , 各国 经济 发展 的 互相 依赖性 不断 增加 .\r\n美国 经济 是 近年来 世界 经济 增长 的 火车头 .\r\n迄今为止 , 美国 经济 已经 持续 增长 107个 月 .\r\n在 信息 技术 不断 推动 经济 发展 的 \" 新经济 \" 时代 , 美国 经济 的 发展 仍 具有 潜力 , 但是 美国 经济 当中 也 存在 股市 泡沫 , 公司 和 个人 债务 激增 等 潜在 危险 .\r\n另外 , 在 全球 经济 中 , 中国 经济 作为 积极 发展 的 一 支 力量 也 受到 了 各方 的 重视 .\r\n吴邦国 说 , 中国 的 发展 离不开 世界 , 世界 的 繁荣 也 需要 中国 .\r\n中国 加入 世贸 组织 后 , 将 在 享受 权利 的 同时 承担 相应的 义务 .\r\n由于 世贸 组织 西雅图 部长级 会议 失败 , 何时 发起 新 一 轮 多边 贸易 谈判 成为 众多 与会者 讨论 的 焦点 .\r\n英国 首相 布莱尔 说 , 国际 社会 应 吸取 西雅图 会议 失败 的 教训 , 让 新 一 轮 谈判 所 带来 的 巨大 利益 更 早 地 出现 .\r\n约旦 国王 阿卜 杜拉 二 世 在 发言 时 说 , 今天 的 现实 是 , 全世界 一半 以上 的 人口 仍 靠 一 天 不到 两 美元 糊口 , 而 全世界 最 富有 的 五分之一 人 享用 着 比 最 贫穷 的 五分之一 人 多 66 的 资源 .\r\n南非 总统 姆贝基 说 , 因特网 带来 的 信息 革命 使得 发展中国家 与 发达国家 之间 的 差距 进一步 拉大 .\r\n为了 缩小 差距 , 发展中国家 必须 团结 起来 , 在 新 一 轮 多边 贸易 谈判 中 采取 一致 立场 , 使之 成为 名副其实 的 \" 发展 回合 \" .\r\n在 今年 的 世界 经济 论坛 上 , 巴勒 斯坦 民族 权力 机构 主席 阿拉法特 在 发言 中 描绘 了 实现 中东 和平 后 的 建设 蓝图 .\r\n他 再次 呼吁 国际 社会 采取 行动 挽救 和平 进程 , 以 帮助 中东 人民 走向 一个 和平 , 自由 和 繁荣 的 新世纪 .\r\n本次 年会 是 在 新 千年 之 始 , 世界 经济 形势 较好 的 情况 下 召开 的 , 但 正如 世界 经济 论坛 创始人 施瓦布 在 27日 的 开幕式 上 所 说 , 人们 切不可 以此 为 满足 .\r\n全国 政协 副主席 , 中国 和平 统一 促进会 会长 万国权 在 座谈 会上 发表 讲话 .\r\n他 认为 , 通过 两岸 商谈 , 一定 可以 找到 既 满足 台湾 同胞 愿望 和 要求 , 更 充分 照顾 台湾 各阶层 利益 的 解决 办法 .\r\n越来越 多 的 台湾 同胞 最终 会 相信 \" 一国两制 \" 是 维护 各方面 利益 的 最好 办法 .\r\n他 表示 , 海南 将 切实 保护 在 琼 台胞 的 一切 合法权益 , 进一步 促进 和 推动 海峡 两岸 ( 海南 ) 农业 合作 试验区 的 建设 , 进一步 推动 琼台两岛 的 交流 与 合作 .\r\n他 同时 肯定 台湾 同胞 为 海南 开发 建设 所 作 的 贡献 .\r\n台胞 台商 台属 等 机构 和 团体 的 代表 在 会上 纷纷 发言 .\r\n省 台联 副会长 李琼妹 说 : 江泽民 主席 五 年 前 的 讲话 , 情 深意 切 , 具有 很 强 的 感染力 .\r\n祖国 统一 , 骨肉 团聚 , 这是 同胞 爱 民族 情 的 根本 要求 .\r\n中共 海南省 委 副 书记 蔡长松 省委 常委 宣传部 长 洪寿祥 海南省 副省长 李东生 王琼瑛 等 出席 座谈会 .\r\n文章 说 , 美军 若 长期 在 科索沃 留驻 下去 日子 只会 越来越 难过 .\r\n读 罢 这 篇 文章 , 不禁 使 人 想起 中国 的 两 句 老话 : 作茧自缚 和 搬起石头砸自己的脚 , 这 正是 美国 在 科索沃 进退维谷 的 真实 写照 .\r\n去年 3月 , 以 美国 为首 的 北约 打着 人道主义 的 旗号 , 未经 联合国 安理会 授权 就 对 南联盟 发动 了 狂 轰 滥 炸 .\r\n一段 时间 里 , 美国 朝野 和 舆论 大肆 吹嘘 胜利 , 简直 不可一世 .\r\n然而 , 随着 时间 的 推移 , 一些 人 不得不 承认 这场 战争 的 后果 之 严重 出乎 预料 .\r\n以 美国 为首 的 北约 部队 以 联合国 维 和 的 名义 进驻 科索沃 后 , 那里 的 种族 矛盾 非但 没有 消除 , 而且 愈演愈烈 .\r\n美国 国防部 长 科恩 上周 飞往 慕尼黑 , 也 想 就此 做 欧洲 盟友 的 工作 .\r\n他 抱怨说 : 美国 部队 在 科索沃 起 着 警察 的 作用 , 但 他们 缺乏 这 方面 的 训练 , 美国 政府 也 不想 让 他们 这样 做 ; 科索沃 的 形势 有 失控 之势 , 欧洲 盟国 应 承担 更多 的 义务 .\r\n按 美国 的 说法 , 欧洲 盟国 已 答应 向 科索沃 派驻 警察 部队 , 并 将 在 今年 4月 前 组成 多国部队 负责 维护 科索沃 和平 , 从而 让 美国 军队 脱身 .\r\n一些 人 甚至 认为 , 美国 当初 不听 忠告 , 把 事情 搞得 这样 糟 , 是 咎由自取 .\r\n此间 人士 认为 , 美国 从 科索沃 撤军 的 前提 是 欧洲 国家 同意 填补 美国 部队 走 后 留下 的 真空 , 但 要 说服 欧洲 盟国 去 帮助 收拾 残局 又 谈何容易 .\r\n美国 总 想 在 世界上 当 老大 , 到处 推行 强权政治 和 霸权主义 , 倘若 它 依然故我 , 那幺它 就 仍 难 避免 在 朝鲜 , 越南 以及 在 索马里 等 地 失败 的 覆辙 .\r\n台湾 大学 教授 张麟征 日前 在 台湾 电视 一个 节目 里 指出 , 台湾 当局 在 两岸 直航 问题 上 制造 障碍 , 使得 \" \" 亚太 营运 中心 \" 根本 发展 不起来 . \"\r\n紧 追 华航 其后 前往 北京 设立 办事处 的 台湾 长 荣 航空 , 近期 也 将 在 上海 设立 办事处 .\r\n台湾 复兴 航空 为 因 应 未来 两岸 直航 的 庞大 商机 , 大笔 购 进 欧洲 空中 巴士 的 中 , 长程 客机 .\r\n至 於 海运 , 航 商 都 认为 直航 是 必然 趋势 , 绝对 不可能 漠视 大陆 庞大 市场 在 亚洲 占有 重要 地位 和 影响 .\r\n几 年 来 , 两岸 关系 尽管 经历 了 曲折 和 风雨 , 但 也 发生 了 巨大 变化 .\r\n这些 都 有力地 证明 了 中国 人民 实现 祖国 统一 的 愿望 是 无法 阻挡 的 历史潮流 .\r\n现在 香港 和 澳门 都 已经 先后 回归祖国 , 争取 早日 解决 台湾 问题 , 实现 祖国 完全 统一 的 历史 任务 , 更加 突出 地 摆 在 全体 中国 人民 面前 .\r\n香港 与 澳门 相继 回归 , \" 和平 统一 , 一国两制 \" 实践 所 产生 的 影响 不断 扩大 .\r\n越来越 多 的 人 赞成 \" 一国两制 \" 既 能 成功地 解决 香港 , 澳门 问题 , 也 一定 能 适用于 台湾 问题 的 解决 .\r\n在 汪道涵 会长 所 称 的 两岸 \" 平等 协商 , 共议 统一 \" 的 过程 中 , 尽可能 地 维持 现状 , 尽可能 地 不 损害 有关 各方面 的 基本 利益 .\r\n( 2 ) 统一 的 过程 : 祖国 的 统一 目标 可以 分 步骤 实现 .\r\n\" 两国 论 \" 在 国际 社会 也 四处 碰壁 .\r\n一个 中国 原则 已 为 国际 社会 广泛 接受 的 事实 说明 : \" 两国 论 \" 只是 台湾 分裂 势力 误判 形势 的 一 着 败 棋 .\r\n实现 祖国 统一 乃 中华 民族 之 大局 所在 , 大理 所在 , 大义 所在 .\r\n这里 要 特别 指出 的 是 : 一个 中国 原则 是 两岸 关系 至关重要 的 基础 .\r\n如果 恪守 一个 中国 原则 , 两岸 关系 就 存在 着 发展 和 改善 的 契机 ; 反之 , 两岸 关系 就 势必 出现 停顿 甚至 倒退 的 可能 .\r\n( 2 ) 为了 防止 \" 台独 \" 和 外来 势力 的 干涉 , 我们 一定 要 切实 做好 以 一切 手段 捍卫 国家 的 主权 和 领土 完整 的 准备 .\r\n当然 , 和平 统一 不是 一蹴而就 , 实现 最终 目标 的 阶段性 措施 可 包括 : ( 1 ) 政治 谈判 . 在 一个 中国 的 前提 下 什 幺 问题 都 可以 谈 .\r\n作为 第一 , 两岸 可 先 就 正式 结束 敌对 状态 进行 谈判 .\r\n( 3 ) 增加 互 信 . 海峡 两岸 的 中国 人 同根 同源 , 不应该 有 什 幺 根本 的 利害 冲突 不能 解决 .\r\n然而 , \" 两国 论 \" 是 两岸 关系 的 绊脚石 .\r\n中华 民族 一定 能 在 香港 和 澳门 回归 之后 , 最终 迎来 祖国 完全 统一 的 辉煌 历史 时刻 .\r\n多数 报道 对 这位 俄罗斯 强人 充满 了 猜疑 .\r\n美国 却 并 没有 根据 \" 全人类 的 共同 价值 \" 相应地 解散 北约 这个 军事 集团 .\r\n苏联 解体 后 , 国 中 之国 的 \" 车臣 现 像 \" 使 俄罗斯 联邦 再次 面临 着 解体 的 危险 .\r\n应该说 , 俄罗斯 对外 安全 格局 的 大 调整 决非 是 出于 好战 , 而是 对 西方 得寸进尺 , 步步 挤压 其 战略 空间 的 一种 迫不得已 的 回应 .\r\n一些 发达国家 经济 发展 十分 强劲 , 消费 奢靡 之 风 盛行 , 却 有 谁 根据 \" 人权 高于 主权 \" 的 理论 向 那些 嗷嗷待哺 , 挣扎 在 死亡线 上 的 非洲 饥 儿 提供 过 一些 膳食 呢 ?\r\n一 是 英国 释放 智利 前总统 皮诺切特 .\r\n所以 , 将 皮诺切特 引渡到 西班牙 是 一件 极为 复杂 和 敏感 的 国际 事件 , 英国 三思 后 没 敢 贸然 开 此 危险 先例 .\r\n另 一件 事情 是 , 当 车臣 分离主义 势力 在 生死存亡 的 危急 时刻 根据 \" 人权 高于 主权 \" 的 理论 向 美国 政府 求救 , 甚至 要求 美国 出兵 干预 时 , 美国 政府 虽 深表 同情 却 断然 拒绝 .\r\n美国 政府 一直 在 强烈 谴责 俄 军 在 车臣 制造 \" 人道主义 危机 \" .\r\n如果 根据 \" 人权 高于 主权 \" 行事 , 美国 大 可 兵 发 车臣 , 一如 在 科索沃 战争 中 入侵 南斯拉夫 .\r\n但 美国 人 很 明白 干预 车臣 战争 将 带来 什 幺 样 的 后果 , 那样 显然 根本 不 符合 美国 的 国家利益 .\r\n冷战 结束 以来 , 世界上 发生 的 许多 事情 都 生动 地 揭示 了 这样 一个 事实 : 全球化 虽然 对 世界 产生 了 深刻 的 影响 , 但 国际 关系 的 核心 依然 是 实力 政治 和 民族利益 .\r\n全球化 淡化 了 传统 的 民族利益 却 并 不能 取代 根本 的 民族利益 .\r\n美国 的 财富 是 美国 的 , 中国 的 资源 是 中国 的 , 英国 的 专利 是 英国 的 .\r\n各国 在 世界上 决策 和 行事 的 基本原则 依然 是 国家利益 .\r\n冬天 的 凌晨 , 大漠 永远 是 熟睡 的 样子 , 越野 吉普车 一 开进去 就 整个 地 跌 入 了 漆黑 一片 .\r\n我们 在 里面 开心 地 享受 黑暗 , 因为 谁 也 发现 不了 我们 .\r\n这是 1999年11月20日 , 一个 载入 中华 民族 光辉 史册 的 日子 .\r\n我们 的 汽车 离 发射 架 那样 近 , 可以 清楚地 看到 通体 明亮 的 绿色 发射 架 轻 舒长臂 , 它 怀里 拥抱 着 乳白色 的 新型 火箭 顶天立地 .\r\n当时 我 浮想联翩 , 却 只字 未 说 , 我 是 怕 同 车 的 人 担惊受怕 , 这 毕竟 是 中国 第一 发射 试验 飞船 .\r\n千万 不要 以为 我 这 女 军人 是 傻 大胆 , 其实 我 是 \" 胸中有数 \" , 我 熟悉 掌握 飞船 命运 的 老总 们 .\r\n我 就是 想 近 距离 观察 \" 神 舟 \" 飞天 ......\r\n担任 中国 载人 航天 工程 总 设计师 的 是 王永志 , 迄今为止 他 主持 设计 研制 的 导弹 和 运载火箭 还 从未 失败 过 .\r\n难怪 王 总能 吸引住 年轻人 .\r\n我 真 佩服 王 总 有 如此 魅力 .\r\n说 这 话 时 孙功凌 眼睛 很 亮 , 似乎 已经 看到 了 飞船 上天 .\r\n紧接着 他 又 加上 一 句 很 值得 玩味 的话 , \" 男人 的 魅力 就在于 智慧 和 勇气 \" .\r\n那 是 1964年6月 , 王永志 第一 走进 戈壁滩 , 执行 发射 中国 自行 研制 的 第一 中 近程导弹 任务 .\r\n试验 发射 时 , 导弹 射程 不够 .\r\n专家 们 在 考虑 , 怎样 再 给 火箭 多 添加 点 推进剂 , 可 无奈 火箭 的 燃料 贮 箱 有限 , 再也 喂 不 进去 了 .\r\n正当 大家 绞尽脑汁 想 办法 时 , 一个 高个子 年轻 中尉 站起来 说 : \" 火箭 发射 时 推进剂 温度 高 , 密度 就要 变 小 , 发动机 的 节流 特性 也要 随之 变化 .\r\n经过 计算 , 要是 从 火箭 体内 卸 出 六百 公斤 燃料 , 这 枚 导弹 就 会 命中 目标 . \"\r\n有人 不客气 地 说 : \" 本来 火箭 能量 就 不够 , 你 还要 往 外 卸 ? \"\r\n钱学森 指着 王永志 对 总 设计师 说 : \" 这个 年轻人 的 意见 对 , 就 按 他 的 办 ! \"\r\n果然 , 火箭 卸 出 一些 推进剂 后 射程 变 远 了 , 连 打 三 发 导弹 , 发发 命中 目标 .\r\n发射 塔 架 舒展 开 铁臂 , 水晶宫 里 的 倚 天 长剑 露出 飒爽 英姿 .\r\n我 知道 这 捆绑 火箭 的 \" 肖象权 \" 应该 属于 王永志 .\r\n1990年7月16日 , 中国 第一 大推力 捆绑 火箭 在 西昌 发射 成功 , 他 是 研制 那 枚 火箭 的 总 负责人 .\r\n我 又 仔细 瞄 了 一下 挺拔 的 火箭 , 这回 火箭 的 肚子 里 又 增加 了 故障 检测 处理 等 许多 新技术 , 完全 可以 信赖 .\r\n载人 航天 工程 有 七 大 子系统 , 各 系统 分别 设有 总师 和 指挥 长 .\r\n火箭 总 设计师 刘竹生 曾 开玩笑 地 对 我 说 : \" 王大 总师 从来 不问 我 一 句 火箭 是否 有把握 , 我 还 真 想 告诉 他 , 让 他 放心 , 火箭 保准 没 问题 . \"\r\n那天 我 把 刘竹生 的话 转告 王永志 , 王 总的 脸上 露出 欣慰 的 笑容 : \" 刘竹生 我 了解 , 他 很 细心 . \"\r\n看来 还 得 警钟 长鸣 .\r\n这时 发射 架 已经 全部 打开 , 火箭 飞船 组合 体 完全 展现 在 我们 眼前 .\r\n飞船 的 三 舱 方案 是 王永志 提出 的 .\r\n即 : 轨道 舱 是 航天 员 生活 和 工作 的 地方 ; 返回 舱 是 飞船 的 指挥 控制 中心 , 航天 员 乘坐 它 上天 和 返回 地面 ; 推进 舱 为 飞船 在 轨道 飞行 和 返回 时 提供 能源 和 动力 .\r\n曾 有 不同 意见 .\r\n航天 部门 提出 : 还是 初样 产品 的 飞船 上天 风险 太 大 , 要 稳妥 可靠 就 先 打 配 重 .\r\n王永志 去 找 沉 荣骏 商量 : \" 应该 上 飞船 , 可 船上 主 发动机 进度 赶不上 , 怎 幺 办 ? \"\r\n而 对 中国 载人 航天 副 总指挥 沉 荣骏 中将 来说 , 这次 他 压力 最大 , 因为 是 他 力主 第一 发射 飞船 就要 完整 上天 , 顺利 返回 .\r\n他 的 选择 决策 关系到 这项 事业 能否 成功 , 他 深知 任务 之 艰巨 .\r\n这是 中国 第一 发射 飞船 .\r\n曹刚川 部长 和 李继耐 政委 知人善任 , 把 载人 航天 的 重任 交给 了 沉 荣骏 , 让 他 全面 负责 .\r\n五十年 代末 , 酒泉 卫星 发射场 初 建 , 沉 荣骏 刚好 大学 毕业 , 自告奋勇 来到 大漠 , 至今 他 已经 参加 和 指挥 发射 了 五十 导弹 试验 和 火箭 , 卫星 发射 .\r\n他 既是 一 位 著名 的 航天 测控 专家 , 又是 一 位 有 丰富 经验 的 发射 指挥员 .\r\n这就 意味着 他 的 人生 承载 之 重 .\r\n10月4日 晚 , 沉 荣骏 接到 发射场 的 紧急 电话 , 发现 飞船 上 控制 系统 的 一个 部件 有 问题 .\r\n第二 天 , 沉 荣骏 从 北京 飞到 发射场 , 立即 召开 了 是否 打开 飞船 大 底 抢修 的 技术 讨论会 .\r\n沉 荣骏 果断 决定 : \" 决不 冒 天上 的 风险 !\r\n只要 组织 严密 , 措施 有力 , 可以 避免 地面 工作 的 失误 . \"\r\n我 向 发射 架 看去 , 火箭 上 飞船 的 顶端 逃逸 塔 的 细 尖 在 黑暗 的 大漠 中 晶莹 闪光 . 11月13日 , 飞船 转场 .\r\n公路 两旁 是 齐刷刷 高挺 的 新疆 杨 , 笔直 , 伟岸 的 身躯 , 顽强 , 坚韧 地 扎根 于 干旱 的 沙漠 里 , 象 夹道欢迎 的 卫兵 , 给 人 生机勃勃 的 感觉 .\r\n前 两 天 , 我 曾 跟 他 转 过 列队 整齐 的 温室 大 棚 , 足足 占地 一百五十 亩 , 里面 黄瓜 , 西红柿 , 小 辣椒 等 时鲜 蔬菜 长得 正 旺 .\r\n汽车 停 在 一片 高大 的 建筑群 前 , 飞船 正好 迎着 朝阳 运往 火箭 总装 测试 厂房 , 我们 跟着 飞船 走 入 了 一 座 智慧 之 城 .\r\n刘 指挥 长 如数家珍 地 向 我 介绍 着 , 那 幺 多 参数 要 记 准确 实在 不易 , 我 不得不 惊叹 他 的 记性 之 好 , 甚至 想到 了 我 是否 需要 移植 一个 微电脑 来 记住 这些 难 记 的 数字 .\r\n刘明山 很 健谈 , 大学 毕业 他 就 走进 了 戈壁滩 , 如今 已经过 了 三十三 春夏秋冬 , 目睹 航天 城 发射 了 三十三 卫星 , 还有 各种 型号 的 导弹 和 运载火箭 .\r\n我 冒昧 地 问 : \" 您 夫人 也 在 这 工作 吗 ? \"\r\n让 人 刻骨铭心 的 感情 啊 ! \"\r\n这时候 , 冬日 的 一 抹 阳光 静静 地 斜照 在 他 的 脸上 , 我 看见 了 他 眼 中 的 泪 光 .\r\n他 突然 又 自责 道 : \" 她 喊 了 好 几次 胃痛 , 我 怎 幺 就 没 早点 把 她 送进 医院 治疗 呢 ? \"\r\n他 看出 了 我 的 心思 , 平静 了 一下 说 : \" 仁瑾患 的 胃癌 .\r\n我 怎 幺 也 忘不了 她 躺 在 病床 上 , 在 她 生命 的 最后 一刻 嘱托 我 : 一定 要 把 飞船 打 上天 . \"\r\n那天 下午 我 走进 了 航天 城 的 历史 博物馆 , 刘明山 的 妻子 潘仁瑾 的 照片 就 贴 在 光荣榜 上 , 女 大校 微笑 着 , 看 得出来 她 年轻 时 很 漂亮 .\r\n她 是 这里 的 优秀 科技 干部 标兵 , 又是 优秀 共产党员 , 荣获 过 许多 奖励 .\r\n她 主抓 发射场 的 电磁 兼容 监测 .\r\n按照 潘仁瑾 的 遗愿 , 她 的 骨灰 埋葬 在 东风 烈士 陵园 .\r\n远处 刮来 的 漠 风 带着 火箭 的 雷鸣 在 队列 整齐 的 陵墓 中 一次次 隆重 地 走过 , 风 过后 一片 宁静 , 宁静 得 象 梦境 .\r\n人生 中 有 一种 感情 刻骨铭心 , 有 一种 思念 天长地久 , 有 一种 人 要 孤独 地 走 .\r\n刘明山 不 孤独 , 他 肩负 着 祖国 和 人民 的 重托 , 实现 妻子 临终 的 希望 --- 放飞 \" 神 舟 \" !\r\n我 是 从 发射场 摸爬滚打 中 走过来 的 , 曾经 多次 目睹 过 沉 荣骏 中将 和 现任 总装备部 副部长 胡世祥 中将 指挥 发射 卫星 .\r\n然而 , 他们 却 颇有 大将 风度 , 化险为夷 , 转危为安 , 直到 发射 成功 .\r\n这时 , 发射场 的 黎明 静悄悄 , 黑暗 中 我 暗自 高兴 地 看着 那 枚 倚 天神 箭 , \" 天时 , 地利 , 人 和 \" 全 有了 , 大概 不会 发生 什 幺 惊险 情况 了 .\r\n沉 荣骏 和 胡世祥 交换 了 一下 意见 , 果断 命令 : \" 按 预定 方案 发射 .\r\n后来 我 得知 , 四 艘 \" 远望 号 \" 测量船 战胜 了 七 强 台风 , 通过 了 许多 复杂 的 危险 航 区 , 历时 二百五十九 天 , 总 航程 六点二万 海里 , 相当于 绕 地球 三 圈 , 圆满 地 完成 了 海上 测控 任务 .\r\n6时30分 , 大漠 颤抖 , 苍穹 震撼 , 雷鸣 声 中 桔 红色 火龙 托举 着 火箭 , 飞船 腾空 而 起 , 飞 向 太空 .\r\n在 他 眼里 , 载人 航天 是 生命 工程 .\r\n1997年 , 他 在 完成 预备 航天 员 选拔 任务 后 , 第二 天 接到 命令 就 走进 了 酒泉 卫星 发射 中心 .\r\n11月13日 , 我 目睹 巨大 的 铁 钩 抓 着 飞船 的 \" 头皮 \" 吊装 到 火箭 的 头顶 上 , 九十多 米 高 啊 !\r\n我 紧张 得手 里 攥 出 了 一 把 汗 .\r\n不是 有 句 俗话说 : 艺 高人 胆大 嘛 !\r\n在这里 我 还 看到 了 发射场 的 总工程师 徐克俊 .\r\n他 研究 撰写 的 《 我国 未来 航天 发射场 应该 具有 的 两 大 技术 进步 特点 》 一 文 , 1995年 在 《 载人 航天 》 杂志 上 发表 , 受到 我国 著名 科学家 钱学森 的 好评 .\r\n他们 的 年龄 相差 足足 有 三十 岁 .\r\n戚总 曾 对 袁家军 说 : \" 我 三十 岁 参加 研制 了 中国 第一 卫星 , 你 三十七 岁 就 参加 指挥 研制 中国 第一 艘 飞船 . \"\r\n戚总 说 : \" 我 希望 中国 航天 后继有人 , 一代 更 比 一代 强 . \"\r\n他 爽快 地 回答 : \" 我 对 技术 方案 清楚 , 考虑 比较 细 .\r\n领导 交给 我 的 任务 , 我 不仅 一定 要 按时 完成 , 还要 保证 比 领导 的 期望值 更高 . \"\r\n迎着 2000年 的 第一 缕 晨光 , 天安门广场 升起 了 一面 具有 特殊 意义 的 国旗 --- 随 \" 神 舟 \" 号 飞船 遨游 太空 的 五星红旗 , 飘扬 在 新年 元旦 的 曙光 中 , 迎接 中国 航天 新 的 辉煌 .\r\n近 20 年 来 , 我国 的 科学技术 研究 取得 了 许多 令 世人 瞩目 的 成就 .\r\n近些年 来 , 国内 有些 科研 管理 部门 对 国外 评价 系统 表现出 明显 的 过于 强调 .\r\n许多 科研 部门 对 科研 人员 的 考评 , 常 不 加 区分 地 把 一 篇 在 国外 发表 的 论文 等同于 两 或 多 篇 在 国内 发表 的 论文 , 从而 在 很大 程度 上 把 中国 的 学术 论文 引导 到 国外 发表 .\r\n这就是说 , 15 年 间 , 在 国内 科技 期刊 上 发表 的 相对 论文 数 下降 了 26.2% .\r\n此外 , ISI 数据库 中 的 来源 期刊 数量 存在 着 明显 的 地域 不平衡 性 , 入选 ISI 数据库 的 源 期刊 数 并不 与 各 国家 或 地区 的 科技 水平 与 综合 实力 相 一致 .\r\n如果 我国 高水平 的 科研成果 大多 发表 于 国外 科技 期刊 , 而 由于 费用 , 流通渠道 等 诸多 因素 , 这些 成果 就 难免 不能 为 国内 同行 首先 获悉 .\r\n此外 , 国家 自然 基金 委 和 中国 科协 开始 联合 对 约 100 优秀 科技 期刊 给予 一定 强度 的 经费 资助 , 这 必将 促进 这些 期刊 质量 的 进一步 提高 .\r\n在 这 方面 , 国内 目前 只有 极 少数 科技 期刊 处于 起步 阶段 , 亟待 加强 .\r\n此外 , 我国 的 科技 期刊 应 充分 重视 海外 的 宣传 和 发行 工作 .\r\n与 国外 出版商 完备 的 销售 网络 及 先进 的 促销 手段 相比 , 我国 的 科技 期刊 发行 工作 水平 还 相当 落后 , 这 在 现有 的 148 英文版 科技 期刊 中 表现 得 尤为 突出 .\r\n请问 什 幺 是 克林顿 主义 , 它的 内涵 是 什 幺 ? 答 : 自 1817年 门罗 当选 总统 以后 , 美国 出现 过 多个 以 总统 名字 命名 的 \" 主义 \" .\r\n海湾 战争 与 苏联 解体 之后 , 又 出现 了 一种 新 的 主义 -- \" 克林顿 主义 \" .\r\n克林顿 是 美国 半个世纪 以来 第一 没有 从军 经历 的 总统 .\r\n如今 在 其 总统 生涯 的 第8 年头 , 他 已经 成为 美国 历史 上 下达 空袭 命令 最多 的 总统 .\r\n奥尔布赖特 1993年 对 美军 参谋长 联席会议 主席 鲍威尔 发火 时 说 的 那句话 , 已经 成为 美国 政界 的 名言 : \" 你 总 在 谈论 超级 军事 力量 !\r\n但 如果 我们 不能 使用 这些 力量 , 拥有 它们 又 有 什 幺 意义 呢 ? \"\r\n火气 很 重 的 奥尔布赖特 说出 了 克林顿 主义 的 实质 : \" 使用 这些 力量 \" , 让 全世界 都 知道 \" 拥有 它们 的 意义 \" .\r\n这就是 美国 眼 中 冷战 结束 后 的 世界 .\r\n克林顿 主义 是 单 极 世界 中 , 将 美国 的 干预 政策 发挥 到 极致 的 军事 霸权主义 .\r\n1999年9月 的 联合国大会 , 成为 表述 克林顿 主义 的 分水岭 .\r\n这次 联大 会议 上 , 西方 舆论 普遍 认为 美国 要 全面 揭示 风头 正 劲 的 克林顿 主义 .\r\n但 9月21日 克林顿 向 联大 发表 的 演讲 却 令 这些 人 大失所望 .\r\n低调 的 演说 使 各国 代表 掌声 疏落 , 与 1998年 他 演讲 后 获 代表 们 起立 鼓掌 的 盛况 不可同日而语 .\r\n正是 科索沃 战争 这个 军事 干预 的 顶峰 , 克林顿 眼睁睁 看到 了 其 主义 的 力不从心 .\r\n因为 F-16 等 战斗机 已经 停产 , 24 小时 不 间断 轰炸 造成 飞机 备件 严重 不足 , 不得不 拆卸 国内 现役 战斗机 紧急 补充 .\r\n飞行员 不足 , 只能 疲劳 飞行 , 同时 还要 紧急 动员 国内 后备役 人员 .\r\n美国 空军 的 一 份 备忘录 称 : \" 作战 部队 已 处于 困难 时期 , 几乎 没有 可供 使用 的 备用 发动机 , 战时 装备 已近 耗尽 \" .\r\n在 朝鲜半岛 \" 导弹 危机 \" 期间 , 美国 人 一 反 在 中东 和 欧洲 的 行径 , 多方 谋求 与 朝鲜 的 接触 和 谈判 , 争取 妥协 .\r\n台湾 的 李登辉 突然 抛出 \" 两国 论 \" , 指望 美国 人 替 他 火中取栗 , 美国 人 却 憎 其 要 反 仆 为主 .\r\n前 国家 安全 委员会 亚洲 事务 主任 包道格 说 : \" 我们 并 没有 承诺 会 不惜 让 美国 子弟兵 流血 \" .\r\n习惯 使用 仆从 军队 的 美军 , 什 幺 时候 会 替 仆从 亲自 打头阵 ?\r\n这是 克林顿 主义 在 亚洲 难 被 李登辉 这类 人 左右 的 主观 因素 .\r\n其 在 亚洲 的 审慎 和 节制 , 还 出自 以下 几个 客观 因素 . 首先 , 亚洲 没有 北约 这样的 组织 .\r\n虽然 有 美日 安 保 条约 , 有 美军 太平洋 总部 的 10万 驻军 , 但 美国 要 把 该 地区 各个 国家 捏 到 一块 并 置于 其 麾下 , 非常 困难 .\r\n自 越南 战争 以后 , 美国 所有 军事 干涉 行动 都 离不开 \" 快速 \" 和 \" 不 深陷 \" 这 两 个 特点 , 都 以 容易 得手 的 弱小 者 为 干涉 对 像 , 以 易于 脱身 的 地区 为 作战 地点 .\r\n而 亚洲 的 历史 , 民族 和 文化 养育 出来 的 人民 与 美国 设想 的 对手 标准 恰恰相反 .\r\n第三 , 克林顿 主义 在 亚洲 遇到 的 最大 障碍 , 即 第二 世界大战 后 美国 在 这个 地区 不但 缺乏 成功 干预 的 范例 , 反 有 严重 失败 的 前 鉴 .\r\n在这里 起作用 的 历史 经验 与其 说是 海湾 战争 或 科索沃 战争 的 \" 胜利 \" , 不如说 仍然 是 朝鲜 战争 和 越南 战争 的 教训 .\r\n它 使 美国 人 无法 以 伊拉克 模式 或 科索沃 模式 解决 这 一 地区 的 问题 .\r\n自 本世纪80年代 以来 , 随着 世界 信息 领域 的 不 对称 发展 , 出现 了 某些 信息 技术 高度 发达 的 国家 .\r\n他们 利用 对 信息 资源 及其 相关 产业 的 垄断 地位 , 对 信息 技术 领域 发展 相对 落后 的 国家 实行 信息 技术 控制 , 信息 资源 渗透 和 信息 产品 倾销 , 以 达到 相应的 政治 , 经济 , 军事 等 目的 , 这种 倾向 愈来愈 明显 .\r\n这就是 本文 提出 的 \" 信息 殖民主义 \" 现 像 .\r\n信息 技术 作为 知识产权 以 资本 方式 进行 输出 , 信息 业 成为 经济 新 的 增长点 , 加之 信息 产业 的 不平衡 发展 , 为 信息 殖民 提供 了 温床 .\r\n据 有关 资料 反映 , 在 全球 信息 产业 中 , CPU 的 产量 美国 占 92% , 系统 软件 的 生产量 占 86% , 目前 英特 网 的 用户 达 1.13亿 .\r\n对此 , 早在 70年 代末 , 法国 人 就 曾 抱怨 : 法国 的 数据库 领域 已 全部 被 美国 垄断 了 , 而 在 80年 代初 , 日本 也 惊叹 : 日本 有可能 沦为 美国 的 \" 信息 殖民地 \" .\r\n现代 经济 的 发展 和 增长 , 有 40% 来源于 信息 产业 .\r\n西方 许多 发达国家 信息 产业 产值 已 占 GNP 的 45% 至 60% , 而 发展中国家 的 信息 产业 产值 仅 占 GNP 的 1% 左右 , 而且 产业 的 规模 小 , 范围 窄 , 质量 差 .\r\n这样 , 信息 列强 们 变 金融 资本输出 为 技术 资本输出 , 堂而皇之 地 占领 着 落后 国家 的 信息 领域 , 限制 了 其他 民族 信息 业 的 发展 .\r\n同时 , 也 对 该 国家 经济 安全 带来 严重 威胁 .\r\n信息 技术 的 进步 , 也 引发 了 世界 军事 变革 .\r\n而且 它 还 连接 着 一个 搜集 用户 信息 的 庞大 数据库 , 一旦 需要 , 该 数据库 可 将 用户 的 秘密 提供 给 政治 , 经济 , 军事 组织 .\r\n英特尔 的 奔腾 Ⅲ 处理器 可 通过 内置 的 序列码 , 将 用户 与 截取 的 信息 一一 应 起来 , 破译 出 用户 的 身份 和 秘密 , 或 在 信息 产品 中 故意 留下 嵌入 式 病毒 , 安装 产品 隐性 通道 和 可 恢复 密钥 的 密码 等 隐患 .\r\n文化 是 维系 社会 稳定 的 重要 基础 .\r\n一定 时代 和 一定 民族 的 人们 , 都 生活 在 一定 的 文化 模式 之中 , 培养出 各自 的 人文 素质 .\r\n语言 , 文字 , 信仰 , 道德 规范 , 形成 了 各个 国家 和 民族 的 文化 圈 .\r\n在 信息 时代 , 信息 已 成为 重要 的 战略 资源 , 信息 产业 成为 国家 的 支柱 产业 , 信息 安全 成为 最 重要 的 安全 要素 , 信息 网络 成为 国家 重要 的 战略 基础 设施 .\r\n站在 21世纪 的 门槛 上 , 人们 感到 的 并不 仅仅 是 喜悦 , 从 20世纪 世界 经济 的 起伏 发展 和 无数 次 的 冲突 动荡 中 可以 看出 , 高技术 是 综合 国力 竞争 的 核心 .\r\n发达国家 围绕 \" 技术 霸权 \" 展开 了 激烈 的 研究 与 开发 竞争 .\r\n信息 殖民 现 像 将 成为 未来 战争 的 重要 动因 .\r\n没有 信息 安全 , 就 没有 国家 政治 , 经济 , 军事 等 方面 的 安全 .\r\n当 人类 进入 工业 时代 时 , 中华 民族 饱尝 了 殖民地 半殖民地 的 苦难 , 这种 局面 在 人类 进入 信息 时代 时 不能 重演 .\r\n为此 , 我们 必须 有 充足 的 理性认识 和 战略 对策 .\r\n要 树立 自立 观念 .\r\n建立 自卫 措施 .\r\n截至 今年 一月十一日 , 全国 专利 申请 总量 已 突破 一百万 件 , 中国 已 步入 了 世界 专利 申请 大国 行列 .\r\n在 短短的 十五 年 中 , 中国 的 专利 事业 无论 是 在 专利 立法 , 专利 申请 , 专利 保护 , 专利 人才 培养 和 国际 交流 都 取得 了 长足 的 进步 .\r\n据 国家 产权 局 有关 负责人 介绍 , 一九九八 至 九九 两 年来 , 中国 专利 申请 受理 总量 分别 为 十二万一千九百八十九 件 和 十三万四千二百四十 件 , 比 上年 分别 增长 百分之六点八 和 百分之十 .\r\n在 国内 专利 申请 中 , 科研 单位 和 高等院校 的 专利 申请 量 , 分别 比 上年 增长 百分之七 , 百分之二十二 . 而 国内 企业 专利 申请 也 分别 增长 了 百分之六点七 和 百分之二十 .\r\n国家 专利 知识 产权 局 一 位 专家 称 , 拥有 专利 优势 是 赢得 竞争 主动权 的 重要 保证 .\r\n实现 技术 的 跨越 式 发展 , 是 中国 科技 进步 与 技术 创新 的 重要 目标 , 也是 加快 中国 现代化 建设 的 必由之路 .\r\n国家 知识 产权 局 局长 姜颖 也 指出 , 将 专利 工作 贯穿 於 技术 创新 的 全过程 , 将 有力地 推动 企业 , 科研 单位 , 高等院校 的 技术 创新 活动 .\r\n因此 , 解决 专利权 数量 问题 关键 所在 , 就是 提高 中国 专利 赖以 产生 的 整体 科技 水平 问题 .\r\n第三 是 加大 知识产权 的 实际 保护 力度 .\r\n要想 激发 科技人员 的 创新 欲望 , 专利 奖酬 机制 的 实施 十分 重要 , 能 使 企业 的 技术 创新 活动 形成 良好 循环 .\r\n这 一系列 政策 的 颁布 实施 , 有力地 调动 了 该院 科研 人员 的 创新 热情 .\r\n随 著 加入 WTO 进程 的 逼近 , 中国 专利 部门 将 面临 著 更大 的 压力 , 需要 加强 专利 工作 的 整体 素质 和 国际 竞争力 , 进一步 维护 国家 主权 , 经济 安全 和 促进 社会 进步 .\r\n大亚湾 核电站 为 什 幺 能 在 世界 核电 大家庭 中 坐 上 前排 的 席位 ?\r\n建立 现代 企业 制度 , 成功 探索 国有 控股 企业 的 科学管理 之路\r\n大亚湾 核电站 的 两 台 百万 千瓦 级 核电 机组 , 仿佛 是 两 24 小时 运转 的 \" 印钞 机 \" , 每 台 机组 每天 创造 产值 100多万 美元 .\r\n1999年 , 大亚湾 核电站 创汇 5.6亿 美元 , 实现 利税 23亿 元人民币 .\r\n大亚湾 收益 如此 巨大 , 花钱 是不是 非常 大方 呢 ?\r\n记者 采访 时 发现 , 大亚湾 人 介绍 情况 时 , 自己 用 的 材料 是 两面 复印 的 , 送给 我们 的 材料 则是 单面 复印 的 .\r\n大亚湾 人 的 成本 意识 和 管理 的 精细 程度 由此可见 一斑 !\r\n大 至 大宗 物资 的 采购 , 核电 机组 的 停机 换 料 维修 , 小 至 劳保 用品 的 分发 , 向 客人 赠送 一件 小 礼品 , 合营 公司 均 有 严格 的 规章制度 和 执行 程序 .\r\n曾 在 大亚湾 工作 多年 的 外国 专家 德盖 说 , 从 一定 意义 上 说 , 大亚湾 核电站 生产 的 不是 电 , 而是 文件 . 因为 处处 有章可循 , 事事 受 程序 的 制约 .\r\n规章制度 和 工作 程序 要 靠 人 来 执行 .\r\n审计 部 的 影响力 在 大亚湾 随处可见 .\r\n去年 , 合营 公司 的 复印机 从 53 裁减 到 36 . 原因 是 审计 部 审计 发现 , 公司 复印机 的 实际 印 量 低于 复印机 厂家 的 建议 用量 , 存在 资源 浪费 的 现 像 .\r\n岭 澳 核电站 工地 有 300多 吨 不 合格 钢筋 没有 及时 运走 , 审计 部门 发现 以后 立即 发出 纠正 意见 通知书 ......\r\n深 植 人心 的 核 安全 文化 , 一道 比 钢筋混凝土 更 牢固 的 屏障 核电 是 一种 清洁 高效 的 能源 .\r\n但是 , 必须 保证 百分之百 的 安全 .\r\n即使 如此 , 大亚湾 人 仍然 始终 把 核 安全 放在 第一 , 丝毫 没有 麻痹 松懈 情绪 , 形成 了 一道 比 钢筋混凝土 更 牢固 的 无形 屏障 --- 深 植 人心 的 核 安全 文化 .\r\n一次 , 一 位 七 检修 工 完成 汽轮机 润滑油 滤 网 的 检修 后 , 出现 了 漏 油 现 像 , 一 检查 , 发现 少 用 了 一个 垫圈 .\r\n这位 检修 工 说 没有 领 过 垫圈 .\r\n但是 大亚湾 严格 的 材料 进出 库 登记 制度 证明 这位 检修 工 说了谎 . 生产 部 经理 当即 严肃 指出 , 工作 中 出现 了 差错 并不 可怕 , 只要 你 实事求是 把 情况 讲清楚 , 可以 及时 采取 措施 .\r\n维修 部 立即 组织 力量 进行 分析 研究 , 及时 采取 措施 , 消除 了 安全生产 的 隐患 .\r\n从此 , 大亚湾 逐步 形成 了 改正 错误 从 说 实话 开始 的 氛围 .\r\n大亚湾 的 核 安全 文化 , 就是 体现 在 这种 细微 的 工作 流程 和 严格 的 规章制度 上 , 体现 在 深 植 员工 内心 深处 的 安全 意识 中 .\r\n在 大亚湾 1 号 机 主 控 室外 , 记者 见到 张贴 着 这样 几条 标语 : \" 一次 就 把 事情 做好 , 人人 都是 安全 屏障 \" ; \" 不是 市场 决定 一切 , 而是 安全 决定 一切 \" .\r\n核 安全 文化 的 深入人心 为 大亚湾 核电站 的 安全 运行 打下 了 牢固 的 基础 .\r\n以 核 养 核 , 滚动 发展 , 大亚湾 成为 广东 核电 发展 的 孵化器\r\n大亚湾 核电站 的 主要 规划 筹建 者 昝云龙 出任 广东 核电 集团 公司 董事长 兼 总经理 .\r\n至此 , 岭 澳 核电站 土建 工程 圆满 结束 , 主体 工程 全面 步入 安装 阶段 .\r\n岭 澳 核电站 在 建设 过程 中 严格 执行 \" 安全 第一 , 质量 第一 \" 的 方针 , 全面 实行 质量 , 进度 , 投资 三 大 控制 , 确保 工程 和 设备 的 最佳 质量 和 效益 .\r\n在 江泽民 主席 关于 台湾 问题 的 重要 讲话 发表 4 周年 之际 , 委员会 与 中央 有关 部门 联合 召开 了 大型 纪念 座谈会 .\r\n并 就 调查 中 发现 的 问题 与 国家 经贸委 等 七 委 的 有关 负责人 进行 了 座谈 , 提出 解决 有关 问题 的 一些 建议 .\r\n港澳台 侨 委员会 还 把 调研 与 为 台商 排忧解难 相结合 , 组织 政协 委员 到 台资 企业 考察 , 并 与 有关 部门 沟通 , 解决 了 台商 在 投资 经营 中 出现 的 一些 问题 .\r\n不少 委员 积极 撰写 , 发表 文章 , 参与 了 批判 \" 两国 论 \" 的 活动 .\r\n委员会 向 港澳台 侨 人士 介绍 祖国 改革开放 的 巨大 成就 和 \" 和平 统一 , 一国两制 \" 的 方针 政策 , 认真 听取 他们 的 意见 和 建议 .\r\n在 国庆 50 周年 和 人民 政协 成立 50 周年 之际 , 还 邀请 , 接待 了 数百 名 港澳台 侨 同胞 代表 前来 北京 参加 庆祝 活动 .\r\n以 政府 声称 , 它 空袭 的 是 黎 真主 党 游击队 基地 , 是 对 真主 党 袭击 以 在 黎 南部 的 \" 安全 区 \" 并 造成 多名 以 军 伤亡 而 采取 的 报复 性 行动 .\r\n以色列 的 空袭 引起 黎巴嫩 上下 的 愤怒 谴责 .\r\n黎 政府 还 向 联合国 秘书长 安南 递交 申诉 信函 , 要求 国际 社会 制止 以色列 屡屡 对 黎 发动 的 侵袭 .\r\n国际 社会 , 特别是 阿拉伯 世界 , 也 对 以 轰炸 黎 民用 设施 , 造成 平民 受伤 的 行为 表示 强烈 关注 , 纷纷 指责 以色列 这种 \" 不顾 后果 的 侵略 行径 \" .\r\n舆论 普遍 认为 , 在 目前 中东 和平 进程 面临 考验 的 关键 时刻 , 以色列 的 空袭 不仅 使 以 黎 关系 恶化 , 而且 将 危及 整个 中东 地区 的 和平 进程 .\r\n1985年 , 以色列 结束 侵略 黎巴嫩 战争 , 但是 它 以 保护 其 北部 安全 为 由 在 黎 南部 边境 地区 建立 了 面积 约 1000多 平方公里 的 \" 安全 区 \" .\r\n但 适得其反 , 轰炸 不仅 没有 缓和 黎巴嫩 南部 的 紧张 局势 , 反而 加深 了 以 黎 之间 的 仇视 .\r\n就 在 以 军 8日 凌晨 对 黎 进行 第一 空袭 后 的 当天 深夜 , 黎 真主 党 游击队 宣称 又 对 以 \" 安全 区 \" 发动 了 一次 攻击 , 打死 一 名 以 军 士兵 , 打伤 2 人 .\r\n黎 总理 胡斯 坚定 地 表示 , 是 以 方 不 执行 双方 于 1996年4月 达成 的 停火 谅解 协议 而 发动 空袭 的 , 它 不能 动摇 黎 人民 抗击 以色列 占领 的 决心 .\r\n叙利亚 作为 黎巴嫩 反对 以色列 非法 占领 的 盟友 对 以色列 的 空袭 行动 反响 也 格外 强烈 .\r\n去年 12月 , 叙 以 在 美国 斡旋 下 开始 恢复 和谈 .\r\n这 无疑 对 叙 以 关系 \" 雪上加霜 \" , 使 本来 就 僵持 不下 的 和谈 前景 更加 渺茫 .\r\n巴勒斯坦 问题 是 地区 和平 进程 的 重要 一 环 .\r\n根据 巴 以 去年 9月 达成 的 《 沙姆沙伊赫 备忘录 》 , 双方 将 于 本月 13日 签定 有关 最终 地位 的 框架 协议 , 并 将 于 今年 9月 达成 永久性 和平 条约 .\r\n但 近 一个 时期 以来 , 双方 关于 最终 地位 问题 的 谈判 迟迟 难 有 进展 , 目前 基本 处于 停顿 状态 .\r\n据悉 , 美国 和 法国 等 有关方面 正在 私下 开展 外交 活动 , 以 防止 南 黎 局势 失控 .\r\n( 小标题 ) 权利 与 义务 平衡 是 世贸 组织 的 重要 特点 世界 贸易 组织 是 当今 三 大 国际 经济 组织 之一 , 在 推动 世界 贸易 投资 自由化 , 组织 多边 贸易 谈判 , 处理 国际贸易 争端 等 方面 发挥 着 重要 作用 .\r\n世贸 组织 的 所有 协议 , 条款 都是 各 成员 通过 谈判 , 在 协商 一致 的 基础 上 达成 的 .\r\n任何 成员 在 享受 权利 的 同时 , 也 必须 承担 相应的 义务 , 权利 与 义务 基本 平衡 .\r\n世贸 组织 法律 体系 总体上 是 由 基本原则 和 对 这些 原则 的 例外 构成 的 .\r\n世贸 组织 成员 在 遵守 基本原则 , 履行 相应 义务 的 基础 上 , 在 必要 的 情况 下 , 也 可以 运用 例外 条款 保护 自身 权益 .\r\n根据 这些 条款 , 在 世贸 组织 成员 遇到 国际 收支 严重 逆差 , 经济 发展 需要 政府 采取 干预 政策 等 情况 下 , 可以 对 其 相关 的 义务 进行 暂时的 调整 , 以 保障 经济 的 稳定 和 发展 .\r\n但 贸易 的 自由化 是 有条件 的 , 世贸 组织 允许 各 成员 , 特别是 发展中国家 依 其 自身 的 经贸 状况 及 竞争力 , 逐步 实行 自由化 , 以便 为 其 国内 产业 提供 结构 调整 的 机会 .\r\n如果 世贸 组织 成员 之间 发生 贸易 争端 , 可以 诉诸 争端 解决 机制 , 由 专门 成立 的 专家 小组 作出 裁决 , 裁决 具有 强制性 , 成员 不分 大小 一律 受 此 约束 , 必须 执行 .\r\n这 在 很大 程度 上 改变 了 贸易 大国 主宰 争端 解决 的 局面 , 使 发展中国家 的 权利 得到 了 一定 保障 .\r\n目前 , 世贸 组织 有 个 成员 , 发展中国家 和 地区 占 % .\r\n( 小标题 ) 坚持 我国 加入 世贸 组织 权利 与 义务 的 平衡 从 年 开始 , 在 长达 年 的 申请 复关 和 加入 世贸 组织 谈判 过程 中 , 我国 始终 坚持 权利 与 义务 平衡 的 原则 .\r\n总体 而言 , 履行 的 义务 也 应 与 享受 的 权利 相适应 , 我们 不会 接受 超出 自己 承受 能力 的 要价 , 而是 要 实现 权利 与 义务 的 基本 平衡 .\r\n我国 自 改革开放 以来 , 综合 国力 日益 增强 , 对 世界 经济 贸易 的 影响 不断 扩大 , 没有 我国 的 参加 , 世贸 组织 是 不 完整 的 , 也 不 利于 世界 经济 的 发展 .\r\n在 我国 复关 和 加入 世贸 组织 谈判 中 , 我们 始终 坚持 我国 是 一个 发展中国家 的 原则 , 我国 只能 以 发展中国家 条件 加入 世贸 组织 .\r\n例如 过渡期 , 就 信息 技术 产品 而言 , 发达国家 需 在 年 将 关税 降 为 零 , 而 发展中国家 则 可 延长 至 年 .\r\n使 谈判 结果 最终 有利于 我国 的 改革开放 , 有利于 维护 我国 的 经济 安全 .\r\n我国 加入 世贸 组织 , 遵守 世贸 组织 规则 , 履行 谈判 中 承诺 的 市场 开放 的 义务 , 将 为 各国 , 各地区 的 贸易 伙伴 提供 更好 , 更 稳定 的 市场 准入 机会 .\r\n对于 我国 加入 世贸 组织 的 权利 与 义务 平衡 问题 , 还要 坚持 唯物辩证法 , 用 发展 的 观点 来 看待 , 权利 和 义务 都 不是 一成不变 的 .\r\n在 我国 加入 世贸 组织 后 , 要 尽快 熟悉 和 掌握 世贸 组织 规则 , 最大限度 地 把 我国 享受 的 权利 转化为 推进 我国 经济 发展 的 实际 利益 .\r\n他 强调 , 搞好 农业 结构 调整 , 第一 , 要 积极 调整 种植业 结构 .\r\n在 区域 布局 上 , 东部 沿海地区 和 大 中 城市 郊区 要 大力 发展 外向型 城郊 型 现代化 农业 , 形成 优质 农产品 出口 基地 .\r\n中部 地区 要 发挥 粮食 生产 优势 , 建立 优质 稳产 高效 的 大型 商品粮 加工 专用 粮 和 饲料粮 生产 基地 .\r\n西部 地区 和 生态 脆弱 地区 要 加快 发展 有利 於 保护 生态 环境 的 特色 高效 农业 和 旱 作 节水 农业 .\r\n在 作物 结构 上 , 要 适当 调 减 棉花 糖 料 和 烤烟 面积 , 稳定 粮棉 糖 基地 及 优质 高产田 面积 , 逐步 形成 专业化 规模 化 集约化 的 经济作物 产业 带 产业 区 .\r\n第二 , 要 把 畜牧业 作为 一个 大 的 产业 来 抓 .\r\n东部 地区 和 大城市 郊区 要 积极 发展 规模 生产 和 畜产品 精深 加工 , 加快 实现 畜牧业 现代化 .\r\n第三 , 要 继续 优化 渔业 结构 .\r\n严格 控制 捕捞 强度 , 继续 实施 捕捞 产量 \" 零增长 \" 计划 .\r\n新华社 曼谷 2月 13日 电 述评 : 面向 新世纪 的 贸 发 会议 新华社 记者 胡光耀 黄勇 联合国 贸 发 会议 第十 大会 12日 在 泰国 首都 曼谷 开幕 .\r\n这是 在 新世纪 刚刚 到来 之际 举行 的 一次 全球性 经济 会议 . 这次 会议 是 在 经济 全球化 趋势 日益 加剧 , 南北 贫富 差距 进一步 扩大 , 发展中国家 强烈 要求 建立 新 的 国际 经济 新 秩序 的 情况 下 召开 的 .\r\n在 这 届 会议 开幕 之际 , 人们 并 没有 忘记 去年 底 在 美国 西雅图 召开 的 世贸 组织部 长 会议 不欢而散 并无 果 而 终 .\r\n这 一 结果 充分 说明 发展中国家 和 发达国家 在 处理 全球 经济 事务 中 存在 的 矛盾 日益 尖锐 .\r\n科学技术 和 信息 技术 的 进步 , 加速 了 商品 , 劳务 , 资本 , 人才 , 市场 的 全球 交流 , 经济 全球化 势不可挡 .\r\n从 当前 的 情况 看 , 经济 全球化 加快 了 全球 的 经济 发展 , 但 又 在 全球 范围 内 扩大 了 贫富 差距 .\r\n因此 在 经济 全球化 的 进程 中 , 必须 尽快 建立 公正 合理 的 国际 经济 新 秩序 , 克服 经济 全球化 进程 中 出现 的 弊端 .\r\n发展 问题 是 贸 发 会议 面临 的 又 一 大 问题 . 对于 发展中国家 而言 , 发展 问题 自然 是 头等 大事 .\r\n当前 , 发展中国家 作为 整体 正在 成为 世界 经济 增长 源 . 但 资金 短缺 , 技术 落后 , 管理 人才 缺乏 , 基础 设施 差等 问题 严重 阻碍 了 发展中国家 的 经济 发展 .\r\n他 指出 , 二零零零年 的 价格 调控 工作 既要 努力 促进 价格 总 水平 适度 合理 回升 , 调动 市场 投资 和 市场 消费 信心 , 也要 注意 监控 一些 地区 可能 出现 价格 上涨 过 猛 的 苗头 .\r\n他 指出 , 今年 要 深化 价格 和 收费 改革 , 及时 将 适宜 放开 的 价格 改为 由 市场 供求 决定 .\r\n目前 中国 大多数 商品 的 价格 已 放开 , 少数 没有 放开 的 商品 价格 大多 属 於垅断 性 行业 , 虽然 量 不多 但 对 国民经济 影响 很大 .\r\n这位 负责人 说 , 今年 将 著 手 研究 改革 这些 行业 的 价格 形成 机制 .\r\n比如 , 在 电力 行业 试行 竞争 上网 电价 , 约束 电厂 建设 投资 和 经营 成本 .\r\n加快 改革 农村 电价 管理体制 和 农村 电网 改造 的 步伐 , 分期 分批 实行 城乡 同 网 同 价 .\r\n完善 原油 和 成品油 价格 形成 机制 , 鼓励 石油 , 石化 两 公司 合理 竞争 .\r\n改革 以来 , 中国 民航 业 实现 了 持续 高速 增长 , 但是 , 中国 民航 业 主要 指标 占 世界 总 比重 极其 低下 .\r\n四 是 中国 通用 航空 ( 指 航空 摄影 遥测 探矿 石油 服务 人工降雨 航空 护林 飞播 造林 农牧 播种 农林 化 飞行 等 ) 市场 规模 极其 狭小 , 处 於 萎缩 状态 .\r\n1997年 通用 航空 收入 仅 占 民航 总局 所属 企业 收入 的 0.3 ﹪ .\r\n民航 业 是 资本 密集 高技术 密集 最 具 发展 潜力 的 新兴产业 之一 , 也是 连带 效应 很大 的 重要 产业 之一 .\r\n民航 业 是 目前 中国 少数 仍 保留 \" 政企 合一 \" 计划经济 特征 的 行业 之一 .\r\n加快 民航 管理 部门 职能 转变 .\r\n中国 却 出现 与 世界 民航 业 发展 相反 的 趋势 , 即 单位 运输 成本 不断 上升 , 并 导致 单位 运输 价格 不断 上升 .\r\n从 国际 比较 看 , 中国 单位 里程 机票 价格 在 世界上 处 於 较高 水平 , 相对 於 中国 人均 GDP 或 人均 消费 支出 水平 而言 更是 极其 昂贵 , 全社会 不仅 不能 从 民航 业 发展 中 获益 , 反而 增加 了 全社会 交易 成本 .\r\n第二 , 优先 开放 国内 空运 市场 , 促进 国内 空运 市场 一体化 .\r\n第四 , 鼓励 国内 具有 竞争力 的 民航 企业 与 跨国 民航 公司 进行 战略 合作 与 联盟 .\r\n据 北京 知情 人士 透露 , 为了 落实 江泽民 的 指示 , 中南海 已 对 二零零零年 的 工作 做 了 具体 部署 , 主要 有 八 : 一 , 加强 领导班子 的 思想 政治 建设 , 从严 治 党 , 管好 领导干部 .\r\n二 , 国有 企业 改革 要 打好 攻坚战 , 要求 实现 解决 总体上 扭转 亏损 的 局面 .\r\n三 , 加快 法制 建设 , 切实 落实 以 法治 国 , 坚决 纠正 和 查处 干预 法制 的 人 和 事 .\r\n北京 政界 人士 认为 , 从 工作 部署 看 , 今年 的 反 腐 斗争 会 有 新 的 进展 , 会 建立 新 的 制约 权力 的 机制 .\r\n而 将 打击 邪 桝 和 敌对 势力 等同 , 预示 騛 翵 载 的 打击 决不会 因为 美国 霸权主义 的 干扰 而 手软 .\r\n一个 多 月 前 , 我国 政府 对 澳门 恢复 行使 主权 .\r\n这是 继 香港 回归祖国 之后 中华 民族 又 一 盛事 , 标志着 祖国 统一 大业 进入 了 新 的 阶段 .\r\n台湾 问题 的 解决 更加 突出 地 摆 在 我们 面前 .\r\n乘坐 两岸 \" 一 机 到底 \" 航线 及 在 澳门 机场 中转 的 台湾 旅客 逾 200万 人次 , 经 澳门 从 拱北 口岸 进出 大陆 的 台胞 达 300 多 万 人次 .\r\n八 项 主张 是 对 这 一 方针 的 继承 和 在 新 形势 下 的 部署 .\r\n\" 一国两制 \" 最早 是 为 解决 台湾 问题 提出 的 , 而 在 香港 率先 付诸 实践 .\r\n澳门 实现 平稳 过渡 , 政权 顺利 交接 , 是 \" 一国两制 \" 又 一 成功 实践 .\r\n目前 , 以 何厚铧 为首 的 澳门特别行政区 政府 依法 施政 , 运作 良好 .\r\n\" 一国两制 \" 适用于 港澳 , 同样 适用于 台湾 .\r\n港澳 问题 是 外国 对 中国 进行 殖民主义 侵略 和 占领 遗留 的 历史 问题 .\r\n港澳 问题 通过 外交途径 谈判 解决 .\r\n江主席 在 八 项 主张 中 情真意切 地 呼吁 , 进行 海峡 两岸 和平 统一 谈判 , 在 一个 中国 前提 下 , 什 幺 问题 都 可以 谈 .\r\n既然 中英 , 中 葡 通过 谈判 能 成功 解决 港澳 问题 , 为 什 幺 两岸 骨肉 兄弟 不能 谈判 协商 , 取得 共识 呢 ?\r\n随着 \" 一国两制 \" 伟大 实践 的 不断 深入 , 通过 对话 谈判 消除 分歧 , \" 一国两制 \" 这 一 最佳 方式 最终 将 得到 广大 台湾 同胞 的 理解 和 认同 .\r\n澳门 航空 公司 开创 的 \" 一 机 到底 \" 飞 两岸 , 使 澳门 作为 两岸 往来 重要 通道 的 作用 更为 突 显 .\r\n对于 台湾 在 澳门 的 机构 和 人员 则 要求 他们 遵守 澳门 基本法 , 不得 从事 与 一个 中国 原则 相悖 的 活动 .\r\n长期以来 , 澳门 各界人士 , 社会 团体 在 澳 台 交往 交流 活动 中 , 为 促进 两岸 和平 统一 做 了 许多 有益 的 工作 , 功 不可 没 .\r\n江主席 在 对 台 重要 讲话 中 对 港澳同胞 , 海外侨胞 的 贡献 高度 评价 , 并 提出 了 新 的 期许 .\r\n我们 深信 , 具有 爱国主义 光荣 传统 的 澳门 同胞 会 再接再厉 , 继续 积极 参与 实现 \" 一国两制 \" 的 各项 事务 , 为 澳门 的 稳定 发展 竭 智 尽力 , 在 沟通 和 发展 两岸 关系 中 发挥 更大 作用 .\r\n\" 一国两制 \" 在 澳门 实施 , 对 台湾 产生 积极 影响 .\r\n龙年 新春 , 繁花似锦 的 深圳 处处 洋溢着 欢乐 祥和 的 气氛 .\r\n如今 , 这里 已 成为 中国 大陆 远洋 集装箱 班轮 最多 的 港口 之一 .\r\n李鹏 对 盐田 港 的 建设 和 经营 取得 的 成绩 予以 肯定 , 希望 盐田 港 在 深圳 及 华南地区 的 经济 发展 中 起到 更 积极 的 推动 作用 .\r\n岭 澳 核电站 一 期 工程 ( 即 二 核 ) 工程 进展 顺利 , 已 由 土建 进入 安装 阶段 , 并且 培养 了 大批 干部 .\r\n李鹏 说 , 广东 核电 几 年 取得 了 很大 的 成绩 , 希望 你们 继续 努力 , 好上加好 .\r\n在 谈到 广东 核电 的 发展 时 , 李鹏 说 , 要 精心 把 二 核 工程 保质 保量 地 建起来 .\r\n大亚湾 核电站 这个 堆 型 , 技术 比较 成熟 , 经验 比较 丰富 , 较 有把握 .\r\n高新技术 是 深圳 经济 发展 中 最 有 前途 的 产业 , 去年 全市 高新技术 产品 产值 已达 81979亿 元 , 占 工业 总产值 的 百分之四十点五 .\r\n发展 高新技术 产业 , 除了 资金 , 技术 , 人才 等 因素 外 , 还要 有 好的 机制 , 政府 在 市场经济 条件 下 的 宏观调控 作用 也 非常 重要 .\r\n深圳 的 发展 经历 是 不平凡 的 , 这是 邓小平 理论 的 正确 指引 , 是 以 江泽民 同志 为 核心 的 党中央 的 正确 领导 , 也是 400万 深圳 人民 共同 努力 的 结果 .\r\n李鹏 还 指出 , 经济 越 发展 越 需要 依法 治 市 .\r\n国家 赋予 深圳 地方 立法权 , 深圳 要 利用 这个 优势 更好地 开展 依法 治 市 工作 .\r\n五十年 代 末期 , 他 大学 毕业 就 来到 了 酒泉 卫星 发射 中心 , 从事 科技 工作 .\r\n中国 航天 可以 说是 中国 民族 产业 发展 的 典范 .\r\n沉 会长 曾经 有幸 参与 了 我国 载人 航天 工程 的 早期 筹划 .\r\n谈到 \" 神 舟 \" 号 试验 飞船 成功 发射 和 返回 , 他 更是 激动 不已 .\r\n他 说 , 载人 航天 工程 是 一个 庞大 , 复杂 的 系统工程 , 集中 了 当今 高新技术 , 当前 , 只有 美国 和 俄罗斯 具有 进行 载人 航天 的 能力 .\r\n我国 载人 试验 飞船 首次 发射 就 获得 圆满 成功 , 是 中华 民族 完全 依靠 自己的 聪明才智 创造 的 又 一 奇迹 , 再次 证明 了 中国 航天 --- 这 一 新兴 民族 产业 有着 旺盛 的 生命力 .\r\n基金会 的 基金 , 主要 来源于 海内外 关心 支持 中国 航天 事业 发展 的 企业 , 团体 和 个人 的 自愿 捐款 .\r\n基金会 将 为 加强 中国 航天 与 民族 企业 间 的 沟通 , 联系 , 了解 , 实现 中国 航天 与 民族 企业 共同 腾飞 而 作出 竭诚 贡献 .\r\n去年 十月 , 我国 自行 研制 的 \" 神 舟 \" 号 飞船 成功 发射 和 返回 , 标志着 我国 载人 航天 技术 有了 历史性 的 重大 突破 .\r\n喜讯 传来 , 公司 员工 无不 欢欣鼓舞 , 深深 为 中国 航天人 独立自主 攻克 这项 世界 高科技 尖端 技术 感到 骄傲 和 自豪 , 激励 和 感召 着 我们 进一步 发奋 在 本职 岗位 上 建功立业 .\r\n在 经济 全球化 和 知识 经济 快速 发展 的 今天 , 综合 国力 的 竞争 实质上 是 技术 创新 能力 的 竞争 .\r\n我国 航天 技术 能 有 今天 的 辉煌 , 重要 的 原因 之一 , 就是 坚持 科技 创新 , 矢志不渝 占领 世界 高科技 前沿 阵地 .\r\n回顾 我 公司 几十 年 发展 历程 , 我们 有着 深切 的 感受 .\r\n国家 电力 公司 南京 自动化 股份 有限 公司 是 国家 电力 系统 第一 高科技 上市 公司 .\r\n公司 产品 还 全面 进入 国际 市场 , 参加 了 国家 多项 援外 项目 的 建设 , 取得 了 瞩目 的 成绩 .\r\n迟浩田 感谢 她 培养 了 一个 好儿子 , 为 人民 军队 输送 了 一 名 好 战士 , 称赞 她 不愧为 新时期 \" 爱国 拥军 好 母亲 \" .\r\n她 在 丈夫 病逝 后 , 含辛茹苦 将 儿子 抚养 成人 送到 部队 .\r\n迟浩田 对 嵇蓉珍 说 , 你们 母子 的 先进事迹 在 全军 和 全国 引起 了 强烈 反响 , 我 深深 被 你 爱国 拥军 的 精神 所 打动 .\r\n全军 官兵 都要 向 你们 母子 学习 .\r\n他 生病 后 , 受到 了 部队 和 社会 各界 无微不至 的 关怀 和 帮助 .\r\n如果 没有 部队 和 社会 的 关爱 , 他 也许 活 不到 今天 , 我 衷心 感谢 党 , 感谢 部队 !\r\n南京 军区 司令员 梁光烈 , 政委 方祖岐 等 一同 慰问 了 嵇蓉珍 .\r\n有 针对性 地 进行 爱国主义 , 集体主义 , 社会主义 教育 , 帮助 学生 树立 正确 的 世界观 , 人生观 , 价值观 .\r\n要 积极 组织 学生 参加 社区 服务 和 社会实践 活动 , 增长 他们 的 社会 经验 , 培养 他们 艰苦奋斗 的 精神 和 顽强 的 意志 .\r\n要 积极 开展 心理 健康 教育 , 帮助 和 指导 学生 养成 良好 的 道德 品质 和 行为 习惯 , 使 他们 能够 处理好 在 学习 , 成才 , 择业 , 人际 交往 等 方面 遇到 的 矛盾 和 问题 .\r\n三 , 进一步 加大 减轻 中小学生 过重 负担 工作 的 力度 , 切实 抓出 成效 .\r\n现在 一些 学生 的 课业 负担 太 重 , 心理 压力 很大 , 这 不 利于 青少年 学生 的 健康 成长 , 也 容易 产生 其它 方面 的 问题 .\r\n从 今年 春季 开学 始 , 所有 中小学校 必须 坚决 取消 按 考试 成绩 公布 学生 名次 的 错误 做法 .\r\n四 , 加强 教师 队伍 建设 , 不断 提高 教师 的 思想 政治 和 业务 素质 .\r\n要 下决心 治理 学校 内部 和 周围 社会 治安 , 坚决 打击 危害 青少年 学生 健康 成长 的 不法 行为 , 切实 保证 学生 有一个 安静 , 和谐 , 健康 的 学习 环境 .\r\n这 一 思想 , 江主席 在 其后 党 的 十五大 报告 ( 1997年 ) 和 今年 元旦 政协 茶话会 讲话 中 都 有 详细 的 论述 , 是 我们 做好 对 台 工作 的 重要 指导思想 .\r\n一个 \" 更 \" 字 , 充分 体现 了 我们 对 台湾 人民 意见 , 作用 的 重视 与 尊重 .\r\n也就是说 , 台湾 同胞 不仅 随时 可以 向 党 和 政府 反映 对 发展 两岸 关系 和 实现 统一 的 意见 , 而且 也 会 参与 两岸 谈判 的 过程 .\r\n可以说 , 台湾 当局 在 两岸 关系 , 两岸 交流 中 的 每 一 次 政策 松动 , 都是 台湾 同胞 抗争 的 结果 , 台湾 当局 的 大陆 政策 永远 被 台湾 民众 拖 着 朝 前 走 已 是 有目共睹 的 事实 .\r\n台湾 同胞 也是 反对 分裂 , 反对 \" 台独 \" 的 中坚 力量 .\r\n台湾 有关方面 做过 不少 所谓 的 民意调查 , 用以 支持 其 分裂 政策 和 主张 .\r\n对 这些 民意调查 , 必须 作 深入 的 分析 , 方 能 透过 现 像 看到 本质 .\r\n这 充分 体现 了 我们 实现 和平 统一 的 极大 诚意 .\r\n\" 台独 \" 只会 导致 战争 , 这 并不是 危言耸听 .\r\n两岸 同胞 团结 起来 , 反对 分裂 , 制止 \" 台独 \" , 共同 争取 和平 统一 的 光明 前景 .\r\n在 目前 对 中国 遏制 取 之 无道 的 \" 真空 期 \" , 加强 对 台湾 的 关系 , 尤其是 军事 合作 关系 , 对 中国 无疑 是 一种 牵制 .\r\n当然 , 这 也是 美国 国内 斗争 的 产物 .\r\n《 加强 台湾 安全 法 》 法案 在 美 众议院 的 通过 , 就是 台湾 多年来 所 推行 的 \" 银弹 外交 \" 的 \" 重大 成果 \" .\r\n我们 希望 美国 政府 言 必 行 , 行必果 , 希望 美国 政府 从 中美 关系 的 大局 出发 , 理智 处理 对 台 关系 , 不要 因小失大 , 做 茧 自 缚 , 玩火自焚 .\r\n在 这 两 大 利好 措施 刺激 下 , 深 沪 股市 在 龙 年 首个 交易日 即 出现 强劲 上扬 , 并 以 罕见 的 巨大 跳 空缺 口 一路 高开高 走 , 市场 气氛 十分 热烈 .\r\n通过 股票市场 筹集 资金 , 从 一九九二年 的 五十亿 元 , 一九九七年 的 一千三百亿 元 , 到 一九九九年 的 一千五百多亿 元 .\r\n上市 公司 从 一九九二年 前 的 十 发展 到 九九 年 底 九百 , 股票 市值 也 在 短短 几 年 达到 高峰 时 的 三万一千多亿 元 .\r\n可以说 , 过去 十 年 , 中国 股市 取得 长足 的 发展 , 成为 举世瞩目 的 新兴 市场 .\r\n近年来 , 中国 政府 一直 采取 措施 促进 股市 的 发展 .\r\n实行 新 的 方式 , 二 级 市场 投资者 可以 按 持有 上市 流通 证券 市值 参与 认购 新 股 .\r\n过去 二 级 市场 上 有 \" 恐 新 症 \" , 因为 一 上 新 股 就 代表 著 扩 容 , 一 遇 扩 容 二 级 市场 股价 就要 下跌 , 并 使 市场 低迷 , 进而 影响 新 股 的 发行 .\r\n而 新 措施 实行 时 , 由於 投资者 希望 得到 一级 市场 和 二 市场 的 巨额 差价 , 就 会 在 新 股 发行 前 积极 购买 老 股 , 增加 持 仓 量 , 从而 加大 认购 中签 比例 .\r\n借贷 人为 综合类 证券 公司 总公司 , 贷款 人为 国有 独资 商业银行 及其 授权 分行 , 其它 商业银行 总行 .\r\n此举 使 证券 公司 今后 的 资金 趋 於 宽松 , 有利 於 它们 在 二 市场 上 运作 .\r\n新 办法 还 规定 股票 质 押 贷款 期限 最 长 为 六个 月 , 同时 股票 质 押 率 即 贷款 本金 与 质 押 股票 市值 之间 的 比值 不能 超过 百分之六十 .\r\n如果 违反 了 规定 , 将 作出 相应的 处罚 措施 .\r\n他们 认为 , 向 二 级 市场 配售 新 股 , 不仅 将 迫使 一级 市场 资金 大量 流入 股市 , 同时 将 申 购 新 股 利润 截留 在 二 市场 , 有 双赢 效果 , 而且 将 吸引 三 企业 等 各 路 场 外 观望 资金 进场 .\r\n赫尔姆斯 9日 致函 李肇星 , 对 中国 驻 美国 大使馆 公使 刘晓明 2月 3日 在 一次 记者招待会 上 批评 美国 众院 通过 《 加强 台湾 安全 法 》 法案 的 讲话 \" 表示 惊愕 \" .\r\n他 要求 李肇星 大使 对 刘晓明 有关 美国 国会 通过 该 法案 的 后果 将 比 李登辉 访美 更加 严重 的 言论 \" 予以 澄清 \" .\r\n中国 一直 强烈 反对 美 众院 通过 的 《 加强 台湾 安全 法 》 法案 , 而且 从不 讳言 这 一 立场 .\r\n第一 , 该 法案 将 台湾 作为 一个 国家 来 看待 , 推翻 了 \" 一个 中国 \" 的 重要 原则 , 破坏 了 中美 关系 正常化 的 基本 框架 .\r\n第二 , 该 法案 要求 美 大幅度 升格 与 台湾 的 军事 关系 , 增加 对 台 军售 , 违背 了 美国 在 中美 三 个 联合公报 中 的 承诺 .\r\n李肇星 说 , 一些 美国 议员 对 台湾 问题 的 由来 以及 中美 关系 的 演变 , 尤其是 美国 在 中美 三 个 联合公报 中 有关 这 一 问题 的 承诺 缺少 了解 , 赫尔 姆 斯 的 信 就是 一个 例证 .\r\n希望 大家 从 战略 的 高度 , 进一步 认清 形势 , 认清 肩负 的 神圣 使命 , 认清 科技 练兵 对 提高 战斗力 的 重要 作用 .\r\n要 坚持 分 层次 , 有 重点 地 抓好 高科技 新 知识 的 学习 , 强调 学以致用 , 实现 知识 向 素质 , 科技 潜能 向 现实 战斗力 的 转化 .\r\n要 下 大力 抓好 新 装备 成 建制 形成 战斗力 , 充分 发挥 新 装备 的 作战 效能 .\r\n江主席 关于 \" 宁可 让 人才 等 装备 , 也 不能 让 装备 等 人才 \" 的 要求 , 一定 要 在 部队 落实 .\r\n张万年 说 , 要 继续 在 坚持 科学 精神 和 求实 态度 上下 功夫 .\r\n当前 , 要 进一步 端正 科技 练兵 的 指导思想 , 认真 搞好 规划 , 合理 区分 层次 , 正确 处理 共性 与 个性 的 关系 , 加强 计划 指导 和 训练 管理 .\r\n新华社 北京 2月15日 电 述评 : 利用 外资 要 有 新 思路 新华社 记者 张毅 利用 外资 是 我国 对外开放 的 重要 内容 .\r\n利用 外资 弥补 了 国内 建设 资金 的 不足 , 增加 了 国家 税收 和 外汇 收入 , 促进 了 经济 结构 调整 和 产业 结构 优化 , 加快 了 中国 经济 和 世界 经济 的 融合 , 创造 了 大量 就业 机会 , 外资企业 生产 的 产品 还 大大 丰富 了 人们 的 物质生活 .\r\n1999年 , 我国 实际 利用 外资 近 404亿 美元 , 虽然 保持 了 一定 的 规模 , 但 与 上年 相比 下降 了 12.8% , 是 近年来 首次 出现 负增长 .\r\n究 其 原因 , 除了 受 亚洲 金融 危机 影响 , 一个 重要 的 原因 是 我们 还 不大 适应 当前 国际 直接 投资 形式 的 变化 趋势 .\r\n目前 , 全球 直接 投资 的 一半 以上 是 以 跨国 企业 并购 形式 进行 的 , 并且 90% 以上 发生 在 发达国家 之间 .\r\n我国 一些 服务业 市场 潜力 很大 , 对 外商 具有 极 强 的 吸引力 , 将会 成为 吸收 外商 投资 的 新 热点 .\r\n其次 , 要 大力 吸引 国外 著名 的 跨国公司 来华 投资 , 并 鼓励 这些 企业 在 华 设立 研究 发展 中心 , 以 加快 技术 进步 , 促进 产业 升级 .\r\n我国 最大 的 工业 城市 上海市 , 把 吸引 跨国公司 投资 作为 招商 引 资 的 工作 重点 .\r\n这些 项目 投资 规模 大 , 技术 含量 高 , 市场 竞争力 强 , 提高 了 上海 整体 利用 外资 水平 , 加快 了 高新技术 产业 的 发展 .\r\n深圳 经济特区 大力 鼓励 加工 贸易 企业 向 高新技术 产业 加工 转变 , 如今 高新技术 产业 加工 贸易 已 成为 深圳 外商 投资 的 新 热点 .\r\n( 第二十六 号 ) 朱邦造 说 , 中国 愿 与 八 国 集团 加强 交流 与 合作 \" 中新社 北京 二月十五日 电 \" 外交部 发言人 朱邦造 今天 在此间 表示 , 中国 重视 八 国 集团 , 愿意 与 八 国 集团 加强 交流 与 合作 .\r\n在 今天 的 外交部 新闻发布会 上 , 朱邦造 又 对此 问题 做 了 进一步 的 强调 .\r\n他 说 , 中国 希望 八 国 集团 在 加强 国际 合作 , 促进 世界 经济 稳定 均衡 发展 , 尤其是 在 缩小 南北 差距 方面 发挥 积极 作用 .\r\n朱邦造 指出 , 中国 一贯 主张 世界 事务 的 磋商 协调 和 决策 , 应当 具有 广泛 代表性 .\r\n在 讨论 全球性 问题 时 , 也 有必要 多 听取 其他 国家 , 特别是 发展中国家 的 意见 .\r\n这位 发言人 指出 , 中国 重视 八 国 集团 的 作用 , 而且 中国 同 八国 集团 之间 一直 保持 著 接触 .\r\n众所周知 , 中国 海军 建设 以 自力更生 为主 , 引进 外国 装备 作为 补充 .\r\n人们 记得 , 在 去年 十月一日 庆祝 中华人民共和国 成立 五十 周年 大 阅兵 中 , 由 三 徒手 方队 , 四 导弹 方队 和 二 空中 梯队 组成 的 海军 受阅 阵容 蔚 为 壮观 .\r\n尤其是 海军 陆战队 方队 的 亮相 意义 非凡 , 不仅 因为 海军 陆战队 是 大 阅兵 中 首次 参加 的 兵种 , 而且 因为 它 同 其他 方队 一起 将 中国 海军 的 完整 兵力 构筑 首次 公 之 於众 .\r\n同时 , 舰 型 的 设计 考虑 了 隐形 要求 , 多次 在 重大 演习 和 出访 中 有 上 佳 表现 .\r\n中国 还 发展 一种 \" 53H2 型 \" 导弹 护卫舰 ; 具有 \" 三防 \" 能力 和 电子战 系统 .\r\n除 装备 新 的 国产 军舰 和 潜艇 之外 , 中国 还 通过 从 俄罗斯 购买 目前 世界 最 先进 的 舰艇 及 军事 装备 , 大幅 提高 海军 的 作战 能力 .\r\n这种 导弹 在 海面 一 米 多高 飞行 , 雷达 很难 发现 .\r\n同时 , 将 海军 新 装备 武器 试验 与 部队 科技 练兵 相结合 , 缩短 了 海军 新 装备 形成 战斗力 的 时间 .\r\n新华社 北京 二月十五日 电 一 名 男子 今天 下午四时P.M. 在 天安门广场 东 南侧 引爆 自杀 身亡 .\r\n经 公安 机关 查明 , 死者 是 来自 湖北 的 精神病 患者 李相山 .\r\n他 说 , 防止 将 武器 装备 和 军备 竞赛 引入 外空 , 是 全人类 的 一个 共同 愿望 .\r\n有关 所谓 的 \" 中俄 携手 反对 外空 军备 竞赛 \" , 朱邦造 明确 表示 , 这个 提法 不 确切 .\r\n他 说 , 反对 外空 军备 竞赛 的 国家 绝不 只有 中国 和 俄罗斯 .\r\n这 充分 反映 了 国际 社会 的 普遍 愿望 和 迫切要求 .\r\n他 希望 , 日内瓦 载 军 谈判 会议 作为 唯一 的 多边 裁军 谈判 论坛 , 应该 在 谈判 缔结 防止 外空 军备 竞赛 的 国际 法律 文书 方面 作出 新 的 贡献 .\r\n胡长清 还 利用 职务 之便 , 多次 为 有关 行贿 人 谋取 利益 , 造成 国家 巨额 财产 损失 .\r\n此外 , 胡长清 还 对 明显 超过 其 合法 收入 的 价值 人民币 161万余 元 的 财产 , 不能 说明 合法 来源 .\r\n数罪并罚 , 决定 执行 死刑 , 剥夺 政治权利 终身 , 并 处 没收 全部 财产 .\r\n胡长清 受贿 , 行贿 , 巨额 财产 来源 不明 案 , 是 一起 极为 严重 的 高级 领导干部 经济 犯罪 案件 , 性质 严重 , 情节 恶劣 , 社会 影响 很坏 .\r\n此 案 去年 8月 案发 后 , 党中央 高度 重视 , 中央 纪委 在 有关 部门 和 江西省 委 的 配合 下 , 及时 查清 了 胡长清 的 严重 违纪 违法 问题 , 并 移交 司法 机关 依法 惩处 .\r\n今年 2月1日 , 江西省 南昌 市 人民 检察院 以 受贿罪 , 行贿罪 和 巨额 财产 来源 不明 罪 , 对 胡长清 提起 公诉 .\r\n胡长清 委托 的 两 律师 出庭 为 其 作 了 辩护 .\r\n对 胡长清 一 案 的 审判 , 充分 体现 了 我国 刑法 规定 的 对 任何 人 犯罪 在 适用 法律 上 一律 平等 的 社会主义 法治 原则 , 充分 体现 了 党 和 国家 依法 严惩 腐败 的 决心 .\r\n朱邦造 强调 指出 , 中国 政府 同意 台湾 作为 中国 的 一个 单独 关税 区 , 以 台湾 澎湖 金门 马祖 单独 关税 区 , 简称 中国 台北 的 名义 , 在 中国 加入 世贸 组织 之后 , 加入 该 组织 .\r\n据悉 , 中国 与 世贸 组织 的 成员 已经 就 上述 问题 达成 了 协议 , 体现 在 一九九二年 关贸 总协定 理事会 主席 的 声明 中 .\r\n他 同时 明确 指出 唐 外长 对 伊朗 的 访问 不 涉及 两国 军事 合作 问题 .\r\n朱邦造 说 , 访问 期间 , 唐 外长 将 同 四 国 领导人 就 进一步 加强 双边 关系 共同 关心 的 国际 和 地区 问题 广泛 交换 意见 , 以 达到 增进 了解 加深 友谊 扩大 共识 促进 合作 的 目的 .\r\n在 回答 记者 有关 提问 时 , 这位 发言人 明确 指出 , 唐 外长 对 伊朗 的 访问 不 涉及 两国 军事 合作 问题 .\r\n目前 , 中国 同 伊朗 的 关系 十分 友好 .\r\n他 表示 , 唐 外长 访问 伊朗 将会 对 进一步 发展 两国 的 友好 合作 关系 作出 积极 贡献 .\r\n今天 举行 的 外交部 新闻发布会 上 , 在 回答 记者 有关 问题 时 , 朱邦造 表示 , 中国 作为 主权 国家 有权 采取 措施 , 增强 本国 防御 能力 .\r\n他 指出 , 中俄 两国 之 贸 有 军事 领域 的 合作 , 目的 是 为了 加强 国防 , 维护 本国 主权 和 领土 完整 .\r\n美国 副 国务卿 塔尔博特 将 率团 来华 进行 这 一 磋商 .\r\n期间 , 双方 将 重点 就 全球 和 地区 的 安全 形势 弹道 导弹 防御 和 美国 售 台 武器 等 问题 交换 看法 .\r\n外交部 发言人 朱邦造 在 今天 的 外交部 新闻发布会 上 还 说 , 应 李鹏 委员长 的 邀请 , 土耳其 大 国民 议会 议长 耶尔德勒姆阿克布卢特 将 於 本月 二十日 至 二十四日 率 土 大 国民 议会 代表团 对 中国 进行 正式 友好 访问 .\r\n另外 , 应 克罗地亚 政府 的 邀请 , 中国 政府 特使 科技 部 长 朱丽兰 将 於 二月十六日 启程 赴 克罗地亚 , 出席 将 於 十八日 举行 的 克 新 总统 斯蒂佩梅西奇 的 就职 仪式 .\r\n( 第五十一 号 ) 中国 反对 互联网 上 的 不良 行为 \" 中新社 北京 二月十五日 电 \" 外交部 发言人 朱邦造 今天 在此间 表示 , 在 关注 美日 因特网 网站 遭 攻击 同时 , 中国 反对 任何 网上 不良 行为 .\r\n他 表示 , 中国 政府 非常 关注 这 一 事件 .\r\n他 说 , 由於 网络 经济 正在 成为 推动 国家 经济 持续 增长 的 重要 因素 之一 , 网络 安全 也 尤为 重要 .\r\n中国 在 一九九九年 修订 的 《 刑法 》 中 , 增加 了 对 非法 侵入 重要 领域 计算机 信息系统 行为 刑事 处罚 的 明确 规定 .\r\n朱邦造 表示 , 中国 政府 有关 部门 正在 积极 采取 有效 措施 , 切实 维护 网络 安全 .\r\n任何 网上 不良 行为 都是 不受 欢迎 的 .\r\n新华社 北京 二月十五日 电 ( 记者 张毅 ) 利用 外资 是 中国 对外开放 的 重要 内容 .\r\n但 面对 国际 资本 流动 的 新 趋势 带来 的 新 挑战 , 今后 中国 利用 外资 要 有 新 思路 .\r\n去年 , 中国 实际 利用 外资 近 四百零四亿 美元 , 虽然 保持 了 一定 的 规模 , 但 与 上年 相比 下降 了 百分之十二点八 , 是 近年来 首次 出现 负增长 .\r\n究 其 原因 , 除了 受 亚洲 金融 危机 影响 , 一个 重要 的 原因 是 中国 还 不大 适应 当前 国际 直接 投资 形式 的 变化 趋势 .\r\n目前 , 全球 直接 投资 的 一半 以上 是 以 跨国 企业 并购 形式 进行 的 , 并且 九成 以上 发生 在 发达国家 之间 .\r\n这些 新 变化 对 中国 吸收 外资 带来 了 新 的 挑战 .\r\n中国 一些 服务业 市场 潜力 很大 , 对 外商 具有 极 强 的 吸引力 , 将会 成为 吸收 外商 投资 的 新 热点 .\r\n其次 , 要 大力 吸引 海外 著名 的 跨国公司 来华 投资 , 并 鼓励 这些 企业 在 华 设立 研究 发展 中心 , 以 加快 技术 进步 , 促进 产业 升级 .\r\n目前 , 世界 五百 强大 企业 已有 二百五十四 进入 上海 , 合同 外资 金额 达到 九十三亿多 美元 .\r\n同时 , 还要 大力 吸引 外资 发展 高层次 的 加工 贸易 .\r\n中国 吸引 外资 的 两 大 优势 一 是 庞大 的 市场 潜力 , 二 是 较为 低廉 的 劳动力 .\r\n总的来看 , 中国 的 投资 环境 在 不断 改善 , 在 发展中国家 中 仍是 最 具有 吸引力 的 国家 .\r\n根据 国民经济 发展 的 需要 和 中国 加入 WTO 所 作出 的 承诺 , 中国 将 进一步 扩大 对外开放 领域 , 特别是 有 步骤 地 开放 金融 , 保险 , 电信 , 外贸 , 商业 , 旅游 等 服务业 .\r\n这些 都 为 积极 有效 扩大 利用 外资 提供 了 良好 的 外部 环境 .\r\n近来 , 中国 人民 不得不 对 美国 众议院 通过 《 加强 台湾 安全 法 》 法案 表示 强烈 愤慨 和 坚决 反对 .\r\n这是 美国 反华 势力 试图 永久 分裂 中国 , 破坏 中国 统一 大业 十分 危险 的 政治 行为 .\r\n此 法案 一旦 通过 成为 法律 , 只会 怂恿 \" 台独 \" 势力 铤而走险 , 从而 使 海峡 两岸 和 中美 军事 冲突 的 可能性 大大 增加 , 给 中美 关系 带来 灾难性 后果 .\r\n法案 共 分 六 节 , 其 主旨 在于 补充 并 进一步 落实 《 与 台湾 关系 法 》 , 强化 美国 对 台湾 的 军事 承诺 .\r\n《 加强 台湾 安全 法 》 法案 是 继 《 与 台湾 关系 法 》 之后 第二 规范 美 台 关系 的 法律 文件 .\r\n届时 , 不论 台湾 加 不 加入 TMD 体系 , 美国 与 台湾 已经 成了 准 盟国 , 一旦 台海 有事 , 它 就 为 美国 武力 介入 提供 了 法律 依据 .\r\n克林顿 总统 访华 期间 在 上海 首次 公开 宣布 美 对 台 \" 三 不 \" 政策 以后 , 美国 会 中 的 亲 台 议员 便 对 政府 对 台 政策 横加 指责 .\r\n去年 以来 , 仅 众议院 就 提出 80 反华 议案 , 通过 30 .\r\n现在 , 众议院 通过 《 加强 台湾 安全 法 》 法案 , 表明 美国 内 反华 人士 希望 将 该 法案 作为 牵制 中国 的 一个 新 的 着力点 .\r\n这种 牵制 还 可 作为 与 大陆 发展 关系 的 筹码 .\r\n民主党 入主 白宫 以来 的 7 年 时间 里 , 经济 , 财政 赤字 , 教育 , 就业 和 福利 等 方面 没有 给 对手 留下 可以 攻击 的 把柄 , 共和党 唯一 可 用来 争取 选票 的 是 克林顿 的 对华 政策 .\r\n据 美国 媒体 报道 , 《 加强 台湾 安全 法 》 法案 之所以 能够 在 众院 顺利 通过 , 台湾 所 雇用 的 美国 卡西迪 公关 公司 是 背后 的 主要 推动 者 之一 .\r\n美国 司法部 的 一 份 内部 文件 显示 , 台湾 给 卡西迪 公司 公关 的 酬劳 , 仅 在 1999年 1 至 6月 就 增加 了 37% .\r\n文件 指出 , 推动 该 法案 通过 的 关键 人物 --- 众议院 国际 关系 委员会 民主党 首席 议员 盖登森 , 仅 在 1999年3月 , 就 接受 了 卡西迪 公司 的 5 政治 捐款 .\r\n实际上 , 中美 签署 \" 八 · 一七 \" 公报 以来 , 美国 对 台 军售 并 没有 停止 过 , 而且 近些年 来 军售 数量 大幅度 增加 , 所 售 武器 的 性能 和 质量 也 不断 提高 .\r\n\" 八 · 一七 \" 公报 发表 不久 , 为 平息 国会 的 不满 , 美国 就 宣布 同意 与 台湾 合作 再生产 30架F-5E 和 F-5F 战斗机 .\r\n次 年 , 美国 又 向 台湾 出售 价值 高达 5亿多 美元 的 军事 装备 , 包括 60架F-104 战斗机 .\r\n克林顿 执政 期间 , 先是 放开 了 李登辉 等 台湾 高层 官员 和 军事 人员 访美 的 口子 , 后 又 在 1996年 以 武力 支持 李登辉 竞选 .\r\n美国 内 各种 力量 对华 政策 的 交锋 , 有的是 相互 厮杀 , 有的 则是 演 双簧 .\r\n院 府 双方 在 根本 利益 上 是 一致 的 , 所 不同 的 只是 手段 和 方式 而已 .\r\n简单 地 说 , 如果 中国 采取 军事 行动 , 即使 美国 援助 台湾 , 最后 美国 会 赢得 胜利 , 台湾 也 会 毁 于 战火 .\r\n在这里 , 奥森伯格 只 说 了 一 层 意思 , 另 一 层 意思 就是 如果 美国 同 中国 进行 战争 , 那 幺 不管 谁 胜 谁 负 , 美国 都会 丢掉 目前 在 世界上 的 霸主 地位 .\r\n所以 说 , 该 法案 既 不 符合 美国 的 利益 , 也 不 符合 台湾 的 利益 .\r\n最近 , 美国 总统 克林顿 和 国务卿 奥尔布赖特 相继 发表 讲话 , 称 美国 政府 将对 该 法案 进行 最终 否决 .\r\n历史 证明 , 中国 人民 维护 祖国 统一 的 决心 是 不可 动摇 的 , 任何 人 想 在 这个 问题 上 超越 雷池 , 都是 非常 危险 的 .\r\n如果 因此 导致 台海 局势 激化 并 引发 战争 , 美国 将 负有 不可 推脱 的 历史 责任 .\r\n来自 北京 的 消息 指出 , 中央 有关 部门 在 事后 立即 在 部级 以上 官员 之间 进行 传达 , 指 事件 涉及 疆 独 恐怖活动 .\r\n由於 北京 即将 进入 每年 三月 的 人大 政协 两会 会期 , 京城 的 武警 及 公安 已 进入 全面 戒备 状态 , 目击者 说 , 邻近 长安 大街 的 中南海 新华 门 昨日 更 一度 实行 \" 三 警戒 \" 措施 .\r\n消息 人士 指出 , 预定 今日 举行 的 中共 政治局 会议 , 将 不 排除 会 通报 事件 最新 进展 .\r\n至 於引弹 自杀 的 死者 , 过去 曾 四 上京 请愿 .\r\n直到 两 半小时 后 广场 才 大致 解 封 .\r\n改革开放 20 多年 来 , 我国 社会主义 现代化 建设 取得 了 举世瞩目 的 伟大 成就 .\r\n当前 , 我国 改革开放 和 社会主义 现代化 建设 事业 正 处于 承前启后 , 继往开来 的 关键 时期 .\r\n从 国际上 看 , 经济 全球化 加速 发展 , 科技 进步 突飞猛进 , 世界 各国 之间 的 经济 联系 空前 密切 , 相互 影响 加大 .\r\n加入 世贸 组织 , 将对 我国 社会 经济 发展 和 改革开放 产生 深远 的 影响 .\r\n世贸 组织 及其 前身 关贸总协定 通过 八 回合 的 多边 谈判 , 使 各 成员 大幅度 削减 了 关税 和 非 关税壁垒 , 极大 地 促进 了 国际贸易 和 世界 经济 的 发展 .\r\n半个 多 世纪 以来 , 发达国家 的 加权 平均 关税 水平 已 从 1948年 的 百分之四十 左右 , 降到 目前 的 百分之三点八 左右 , 发展中国家 的 加权 平均 关税 水平 已 降到 百分之十四 左右 .\r\n第三 , 解决 成员 之间 的 贸易 争端 .\r\n世贸 组织 的 争端 解决 机制 在 保障 世贸 组织 各 协议 有效 实施 及 解决 成员 间 贸易 争端 方面 发挥 了 重要 作用 , 为 国际贸易 顺利 发展 创造 了 稳定 的 环境 .\r\n越来越 多 的 世贸 组织 成员 , 特别是 发展中国家 成员 开始 利用 争端 解决 机制 , 从 1995年 世贸 组织 成立 到 1999年11月 底 , 世贸 组织 共 受理 了 144 争端 投诉 , 已经 结案 39 .\r\n加入 世贸 组织 , 进一步 扩大 对外开放 , 将对 促进 我国 国民经济 的 发展 具有 重要 意义 .\r\n以 纺织业 为 例 , 加入 世贸 组织 后 , 发达国家 将 按照 WTO 纺织品 协议 的 规定 逐步 放松 对 我国 的 限制 , 在 2005年 最终 取消 所有 配额 管理 , 我国 纺织业 将 获得 更多 的 出口 和 就业 机会 .\r\n不断 扩大 对外开放 , 积极 参与 国际 多边 贸易 体制 , 主动 适应 国际 通行 规则 , 有助于 推动 我国 社会主义 市场经济 体制 的 不断 完善 , 推进 我国 的 改革开放 进程 .\r\n积极 参与 国际 竞争 , 有利于 促进 我国 经济 结构 调整 和 产业 升级 , 更好地 利用 国外 资金 , 技术 和 管理 经验 , 提高 , 改善 我国 企业 的 管理 水平 和 经营 状况 , 增强 我国 的 经济 总体 实力 和 国际 竞争力 .\r\n以 农业 为 例 .\r\n北约 日前 决定 , 由 欧洲 军团 这个 非 北约 机构 的 参谋部 取代 中 欧盟 军 指挥部 领导 科 魑 治 和 部队 .\r\n北约 这 一 引人注目 的 举措 , 不仅 标志着 欧洲 军团 第一 独立 出击 , 也 标志着 访 私立 独立 安全 体制 步履 的 进一步 加快 .\r\n应该说 , 欧盟 此次 能 从 北约 这个 庞大 的 军事 机器 中 谋取 到 被 人 戏称 为 \" 少尉 指挥 权 \" , 也 实属 不易 .\r\n1998年 底 , 法国 和 英国 首脑 会晤 发表 了 《 欧洲 防务 宣言 》 , 声称 \" 欧洲 联盟 应 依靠 可靠 的 军事 力量 , 具备 独立 的 军事 行动 能力 \" .\r\n1992年 , 德 法 等 5 国 的 武装力量 组建 了 没有 美国 人 参加 的 欧洲 军团 , 而 隶属于 西欧 联盟 的 欧洲 军团 与 北约 毫无 干系 .\r\n去年 底 , 欧盟 又 决定 在 2003年 前 建立 一 支 5-6万 人 的 快速 反应 部队 , 以此 作为 欧洲 自己的 安全 保障 机构 , 使 其 能 在 危机 发生 的 60日 内 展开 行动 .\r\n今年 3月 , 欧盟 将 设立 \" 政治 安全 委员会 \" , 以 制定 欧盟 自己的 危机 管理 机构 --- 快速 反应 部队 的 政策 与 战略 .\r\n虽然 美国 在 口头 上 不 反对 发展 \" 欧洲 防务 特性 \" , 但 内心 深处 却 对 欧洲 在 防务 问题 上 的 独立自主 倾向 深感 不安 , 唯恐 如此 下去 美国 对 欧洲 安全 事务 的 主导 权 难以 为 继 .\r\n过去 欧洲 诸 国 在 军事 安全 保障 方面 一直 依赖 美国 , 近 几 年 来 一些 发生 在 欧洲 大陆 的 危机 让 欧盟 感到 了 自身 面临 的 危机 .\r\n特别是 在 波黑 和 科索沃 等 欧洲 内部 危机 中 , 欧盟 可谓 心有余而力不足 , 难以 凭借 自己的 力量 来 处理 .\r\n正是 由于 感到 这种 不足 , 欧盟 加快 了 建立 \" 不是 单纯 的 理念 , 而 要 有 实施 能力 \" 的 独立 防务 步伐 .\r\n从 今天 起 , 我们 推出 由 本报 驻外 记者 撰写 的 \" 迈向 新世纪 \" 系列 报道 , 向 读者 介绍 各国 对 未来 的 期盼 , 对 发展 战略 的 思考 , 以及 它们 如何 把握 机遇 , 应对 挑战 .\r\n时序 正值 早春 , 我国 的 北方 邻居 俄罗斯 也是 伴 着 新 的 希望 迈向 新 的 世纪 .\r\n这是 多年来 俄 经济 指标 达到 的 最高 水平 .\r\n去年 头 10个 月 外国 投资者 向 俄 直接 投资 31亿 美元 , 比 前年 同期 增长 1.6 倍 , 这是 投资 环境 改善 的 结果 .\r\n去年 底 俄罗斯 选出 了 新 一 届 国家 杜马 .\r\n人们 注意到 , 在 车臣 问题 上 俄 政府 不但 得到 了 各种 政治 力量 的 支持 , 还 使 全国 上下 出现 了 团结 局面 , 这 在 俄罗斯 政坛 上 是 多年 不见 的 现 像 .\r\n在 今年 的 第一 政府 工作会议 上 , 普京 提出 了 2000年 面临 的 三 大 任务 : 一 , 制定 国家 经济 发展 战略 计划 ; 二 , 保持 目前 出现 的 经济 好转 势头 ; 三 , 巩固 和 加强 国家权力 机制 .\r\n此前 普京 在 俄罗斯 首届 科学 节 上 对 部分 科学家 和 大学生 说 , \" 科技 和 教育 是 解决 俄罗斯 问题 的 推动力 , 没有 具备 竞争力 的 科技 , 就 没有 国家 的 未来 \" .\r\n俄 政府 对 面临 的 形势 和 任务 有 比较 清楚 的 认识 .\r\n近 10 年 来 , 俄罗斯 的 经济 效率 降低 , 科技 投资 减少 , 对 生产 的 投资 没有 积极性 , 社会 生产力 在 很大 程度 上 受到 了 破坏 .\r\n俄罗斯 进入 新 的 世纪 时 , 丧失 了 为之 奋斗 多年 的 中等 免费 教育 体制 及 公民 公费 医疗 体制 .\r\n社会上 出现 了 贫富 悬殊 及 贫穷 阶层 人数 增多 的 现 像 .\r\n俄罗斯 的 犯罪率 不断 升高 , 人民 的 生活水平 普遍 下降 .\r\n为此 , 俄罗斯 首先 应该 加大 \" 火车头 \" 产品 --- 科技 产品 的 开发 力度 , 加强 其 在 国际 市场 上 的 竞争力 , 以 带动 整体 经济 的 全面 发展 .\r\n世纪之交 , 俄 的确 出现 了 许多 新 气 像 , 人民 对 俄罗斯 的 未来 寄予 希望 .\r\n但 政治 观察家 也 清醒 地 指出 , 俄罗斯 是 一个 充满 变数 的 国家 , 现在 距 总统 大选 还有 40 多天 的 时间 , 任何 人 都 不敢 保证 在 这 段 时间 里 俄罗斯 政坛 不再 发生 重大 变故 .\r\n这些 因素 都是 临时性 的 , 一个 国家 的 经济 是否 在 良性 运转 , 主要 看 总投资 是否 增加 , 总 需求 是否 上涨 .\r\n衡量 俄 经济 形势 的 这 两 项 主要 指标 都 无法 令人 乐观 .\r\n这 份 材料 同时 还 披露 : 北京 去年 共 破获 各类 刑事 案件 二万一千二百八十五 , 其中 重大 案件 占 半数 以上 .\r\n抓获 犯罪 嫌疑人 二万一千 , 打掉 犯罪 团伙 二千 .\r\n材料 说 , 去年 北京 共 破获 贩毒 案件 五百二十六 , 查获 毒贩 子 七百 , 收缴 毒品 十三点八万 克 .\r\n材料 还 表明 , 北京 去年 共 查处 无照 经营 超 范围 经营 , 以及 存在 卖淫 嫖娼 和 以 营利 为 目的 的 陪侍 活动 等 问题 的 场所 六千二百 , 依法 取缔 四千 .\r\n阿米 同时 表示 , 他 希望 国会 在 今年 7月 以前 进行 表决 .\r\n这些 议员 还 散发 了 美国 国会 研究 服务 局 公布 的 关于 中国 入世 协议 的 调查 报告 .\r\n报告 说 , 中国 是 当今 世界 经济 发展 最 快 的 国家 之一 , 并且 将 成为 世界 最大 的 消费品 和 服务 市场 .\r\n中国 入世 , 将 使 美国 获得 大量 向 中国 出口 和 在 中国 投资 的 机会 .\r\n报告 援引 美国 农业部 长 丹·格利克曼 的 预测 说 , 如果 美中 关于 中国 入世 的 协议 得到 执行 , 美国 向 中国 的 农产品 出口 每年 可 增加 20亿 美元 .\r\n中美 两国 于 去年 11月 在 北京 签署 了 关于 中国 加入 世贸 组织 的 协议 , 这 一 协议 在 美国 须 得到 国会 的 批准 方 可 生效 .\r\n1994 至 1999年 , 对 台 直接 贸易 的 年 进口额 由 16.8亿 美元 升至 70.2亿 美元 , 年均 增长 33.1% ; 年 出口额 由 5.3亿 美元 升至 24亿 美元 , 年均 增长 35.3% .\r\n种种 迹像 都 显示 , 中共 随时 准备 展开 动员 .\r\n中共 除了 加强 飞弹 防御 和 攻击 能力 外 , 最近 更 利用 以色列 P HALCON 雷达 部署 在 俄 制 的 伊留申 七六 运输机 上 , 初步 具 空中 预警 能力 .\r\n统 独 之争 上 , 以 百分之五十七点五 民众 认为 \" 维持 现状 \" 最多 , 主张 台湾 独立 和 两岸 统一 者 , 分别 只有 百分之十三点九 和 分之 十点四 .\r\n汤曜明 昨日 与 国内外 媒体 军事 记者 举行 春节 联谊 餐会 , 在 \\ 会 致词 时 作 上述 表示 .\r\n三成二 未 表态 的 选民 则 成为 决定 选 战 胜负 的 关键 .\r\n调查 显示 , 日前 因 证 所 税 风波 而 於 上月 月底 声势 下挫 到 二成一 的 陈吕配 , 目前 牳 u 了 三个百分点 , 支持 度 达到 二成四 .\r\n至 於 其他 候选人 方面 , 除 许信良 与 朱惠良 这 组 可 取得 百分之一 的 支持 度 之外 , 其 L 候选人 的 实力 尚未 凸 显 .\r\n若 针对 未 表态 的 选民 , 进一步 询问 其 可能 的 支持 对 像 , 将 可 发现 陈吕配 和 宋张配 嫔 O 可 再 斩 获 两 百分点 的 票源 , 连 萧配 则 有望 多 获得 百分之三 选民 的 青睐 .\r\n虽然 三 人马 声势 难 分 轩轾 , 但是 在 看好 度 方面 , 却是 连 萧 配 一 枝 独秀 .\r\n调查 发 { , 三成九 的 选民 认为 在 国民党 庞大 的 资源 与 组织 动员 能力 之下 , 连 萧 配 虽然 支持 度 并无 起色 , 但 最后 @ 定 能 脱颖而出 .\r\n选民 对 於连战 的 喜好 度 变化 也 相当 有限 , 有 五成一 选民 喜欢 连战 这个 人 , 三成四 不喜欢 .\r\n调查 也 发现 , 选民 对 於连 , 扁 , 宋 领导 国家 的 信赖 度 , 以 连战 最 获 好评 , 六成三 的 人 放心 把 国家 交给 连战 , 二成 不 放心 , 变动 不 超过 二个百分点 .\r\n选民 对 宋楚瑜 的 信赖感 也 和 上次 调查 类似 , 四成三 的 人 放心 由 他 治国 , 三成九 不 放心 .\r\n选民 对 陈水 扁 治国 的 信赖感 变化 则 比较 大 , 一月 上旬 有 四成二 选民 放心 把 国家 交给 陈水 扁 , 三成九 不 放心 ; 这次 则 转变 成 三成九 放心 , 四成三 不 放心 .\r\n在 网上 , 黑客 几乎 无处 不在 , 政府 和 军队 的 核心 机密 , 企业 的 商业 秘密 及 个人 稳 私 等 均 在 他们 窥视 之列 .\r\n一 是 智能 性 .\r\n三 是 社会 危害性 大 .\r\n大量 事实 证明 , 社会 对 网络 系统 的 依赖性 越 大 , 计算机 犯罪 的 发案率 就 越 高 .\r\n国外 很多 大型 网站 在 设计 网络 时 , 十分 重视 其 安全性 .\r\n目前 我国 的 重要 机构 对 网络 的 依赖性 越来越 强 , 如 让 黑客 袭击 得手 , 后果 将 非常 严重 .\r\n我国 应 发展 自己的 反 黑客 技术 , 决不能 依靠 进口 , \" 买 人家 的 锁 , 会 被 人家 打开 \" .\r\n即使 是 在 网络 这 一 虚拟 的 空间 , 人们 也 希望 能 拥有 一片 洁净 的 蓝天 .\r\n新华社 北京 2月16日 电 题 : 铁路 要 在 西部 开发 中 当好 先行 -- 访 铁道 部 部长 傅志寰 新华社 记者 林红梅 中国 铁路 要 站在 现代化 建设 全局 和 战略 的 高度 , 积极 实施 党中央 关于 西部 大 开发 的 重大 决策 , 不失时机 地 为 推进 西部 大 开发 当好 先行 .\r\n铁道 部 部长 傅志寰 在 接受 本 社 记者 采访 时 , 畅谈 了 我国 铁路 西部 开发 的 思路 .\r\n党中央 , 国务院 在 实施 西部 大 开发 战略 决策 中 , 确定 了 集中 力量 抓好 关系 西部 地区 开发 全局 的 重点 工作 , 其中 第一 的 就是 加快 基础 设施 建设 .\r\n目前 , 西部 地区 铁路 路网 规模 为 14858 公里 , 能力 紧 , 线路 少 , 标准 低 , 西部 与 中部 联系 的 通道 数量 少 , 西部 省区 间 铁路 运输 通道 不足 .\r\n\" 十五 \" 期间 , 规划 中 的 西部 铁路 大中型 项目 基建 投资 预计 将达到 1000亿 元 左右 , 到 2005年 , 西部 铁路 规模 预计 达到 1.8万 公里 左右 .\r\n完善 西部 省区 间 的 通道 .\r\n加快 国际 通道 建设 .\r\n加大 既有 线路 改造 力度 .\r\n主要 是 完成 青藏 线 西宁 至 格尔木 段 扩 能 , 成都 至 昆明 铁路 电气化 改造 以及 使 西部 铁路 电气化 连 片 成 网 的 扩 能 项目 .\r\n傅志寰 说 , 在 加快 西部 铁路 建设 的 同时 , 要 进一步 实施 提速 战略 .\r\n今年 \" 十一 \" 调整 列车 运行图 , 就要 体现 初步 成果 .\r\n如 北京 至 乌鲁木齐 客车 的 旅行 时间 , 将 从 目前 的 60 小时 , 压缩 到 48 小时 .\r\n中共 中央 总书记 , 国家主席 江泽民 为 这 本 书 题写 了 书名 并 作 重要 批语 , 要求 各级 领导干部 要 认真 学习 税收 知识 , 高度 重视 和 积极 支持 税收 工作 .\r\n在 上海 的 人民币 交易 市场 , 人民币 汇价 今天 微 幅 收 高 , 交易 员 说 , 这是 受 美元 需求 减少 影响 .\r\n美元 报 收 人民币 八点二七七六 元 , 较 周二 收盘 的 八点二七七七 元 小幅 下挫 .\r\n由 於中国 把 经济 目标 锁 定 在 全面 对外开放 吸收 更多 外国 资本 强化 国内 竞争 能力 上 , 人民币 未来 数年 不仅 不 存在 贬值 的 压力 , 相反 存在 著 升值 的 空间 和 要求 .\r\n他 强调 , \" 入世 \" 后 , 中国 的 国际 收支 将 有 良好 的 平衡 , 人民币 汇率 将 继续 保持 稳定 .\r\n预计 今年 出口 , 投资 都 将 有所 增加 , 中国 \" 入世 \" 后 , 外商 投资 也 将会 继续 增加 .\r\n中国 的 汇率 政策 依然 实行 市场 供求 决定 , 有 管理 的 , 浮动 的 汇率 制度 .\r\n由於 国际 收支平衡 , 中国 的 汇率 一直 比较 稳定 .\r\n金融 专家 指出 , 整体 而言 , 有 三 大 因素 令 未来 人民币 汇价 继续 保持 坚 稳 .\r\n首先 , 中国 经济 成长 的 特征 与 性质 , 决定 著 人民币 的 币值 及其 走向 .\r\n中国 的 经济 实力 , 特别是 对外 经济 的 平衡 能力 在 二十 年 的 发展 中 有了 很大 的 提高 , 使 中国 有能力 接受 金融 开放 这样的 挑战 , 也 有实力 维持 人民币 币值 的 稳定 .\r\n中国 拥有 一千五百多亿 美元 的 外汇储备 , 同时 外贸 出口 经过 近 两 年 的 低迷 之后 出现 了 强劲 的 增长 势头 .\r\n中国 金融 货币 当局 预计 在 二零零零年 实施 多 货币 政策 措施 , 也 都 有利 於 人民币 币值 的 稳定 或 提升 .\r\n同时 , 国内 资源 也 将 出现 相对的 紧缺 , 令 人民币 更加 \" 值钱 \" .\r\n不仅 顺利 完成 了 \" 三 检 \" 合一 的 机构改革 任务 , 而且 较好 地 履行 了 检验 检疫 执法 把关 的 职责 .\r\n并 积极 为 外贸 出口 服务 , 主动 制定 了 降低 收费 , 改善 服务 等 措施 .\r\n吴仪 强调 , 面对 我国 将要 加入 世界 贸易 组织 的 新 形势 , 要 进一步 发挥 检验 检疫 部门 的 作用 .\r\n要 切实 加强 管理 , 理顺 内部 关系 , 提高 执法 工作效率 .\r\n吴仪 强调 , 要 进一步 树立 服务 意识 , 为 外贸 服 好 务 .\r\n检验 检疫 部门 要 利用 在 技术 , 信息 , 服务 等 方面 的 优势 , 为 企业 提供 服务 , 帮助 企业 提高 产品 质量 , 提高 技术水平 , 扩大 出口 .\r\n特别是 在 推动 我国 农产品 扩大 出口 方面 , 检验 检疫 部门 具有 不可 替代 的 作用 .\r\n在 扩大 利用 外资 方面 , 也 需要 检验 检疫 部门 的 配合 , 通过 创造 良好 的 投资 环境 , 提高 利用 外资 的 质量 和 水平 .\r\n金融 系统 要 认真 贯彻 中纪委 全会 精神 , 切实 抓好 领导干部 廉洁 自律 的 工作 .\r\n他 指出 , 金融 是 现代 经济 的 核心 .\r\n温家宝 提出 , 根据 金融 系统 的 具体 情况 , 领导干部 要 做到 廉洁 自律 , 必须 过 好 \" 五 关 \" , 就是 过 好 政治 关 , 权力 关 , 金钱 关 , 享乐 关 , 亲朋 关 .\r\n温家宝 说 , 过 好 政治 关 , 就是 要 牢记 党 的 宗旨 , 坚持 党 的 基本路线 , 遵守 党 的 纪律 , 保持 工人阶级 先锋队 的 本色 , 全心全意 为人民服务 .\r\n温家宝 指出 , 过 好 权力 关 , 就是 要 正确 对待 和 使用 权力 , 为 人民 用好 权 , 管好 钱 , 决不能 以权谋私 , 搞 权钱 交易 .\r\n金融 系统 负责 信贷 , 证券 , 保险 资金 的 管理 , 使用 和 监督 , 在 市场经济 条件 下 , 掌管 资金 的 权力 是 非常 重要 的 .\r\n我们 掌握 的 权力 越 大 , 肩负 的 责任 就 越 重 .\r\n一定 要 出以公心 , 坚持 原则 .\r\n决不能 利用 贷款 索贿 受贿 , 借 股票 上市 和 保险 理赔 搞 权钱 交易 .\r\n温家宝 说 , 过 好 金钱 关 , 就是 要 两袖清风 , 一身 正气 , 拒腐蚀 , 永不沾 .\r\n我们 党 的 金融 干部 , 为 国家 为 人民 管 钱 , 应当 做到 常 在 河 边 走 , 就是 不 湿 鞋 .\r\n要 兢兢业业 , 恪 尽 职守 , 让 党 放心 , 让 人民 放心 .\r\n温家宝 说 , 过 好 享乐 关 , 就是 要 吃苦在前 , 享受 在 后 , 勤政 廉洁 , 艰苦奋斗 .\r\n我们 是 共产党人 , 应当 \" 先天下之忧而忧 , 后天下之乐而乐 \" , 要 比 工作 的 贡献 , 比 事业 的 成就 , 不要 比 生活 的 享受 .\r\n要 从 领导干部 做起 , 给 下面 各级 干部 带 个 好 头 .\r\n领导干部 在 这个 问题 上 要 保持 清醒 的 头脑 , 一定 要 严格 管好 自己的 亲属 子女 .\r\n领导干部 还要 管好 自己 身边 的 工作人员 .\r\n温家宝 强调 , 领导干部 不仅 要 廉洁 自律 , 还要 认真 履行 党风 廉政建设 责任制 .\r\n要 坚持 原则 , 敢 抓 敢 管 , 敢于 碰硬 .\r\n各级 领导干部 都要 把 自己 置于 党组织 的 管理 和 监督 之下 .\r\n进一步 严格 党内 生活 制度 , 把 检查 领导干部 廉洁 自律 的 情况 作为 民主生活会 的 一 项 重要 内容 .\r\n坚持 党委 集体 领导 , 重大 问题 必须 经过 党委 集体 讨论 决定 , 防止 个人 专断 .\r\n要 接受 社会 和 舆论 监督 .\r\n公开 办事 制度 , 公开 办事 程序 , 公开 办事 结果 , 听取 群众 的 批评 意见 .\r\n中央 金融 工委 副 书记 阎海旺 主持 了 会议 .\r\n这是 深入 整改 , 巩固 和 扩大 教育 成果 , 确保 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 不 走过场 的 有力 措施 .\r\n事实 充分 表明 , \" 三 讲 \" 集中 教育 意义 深远 , 成效 明显 .\r\n但是 , 应当 看到 , 对 取得 的 成效 不能 估计 过高 , 集中 教育 中 查 摆出来 的 问题 有些 还 没有 很好 解决 , 落实 整改 方案 , 完成 整改 任务 还 很 艰巨 .\r\n应该说 , 集中 教育 是 整个 篇章 的 \" 上 篇 \" , 集中 教育 结束 后 的 深入 整改 是 \" 下 篇 \" .\r\n如果 集中 教育 搞得 不错 , 而 深入 整改 工作 没有 跟上 , 整个 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 的 成效 就 会 大 打折扣 .\r\n各级党委 务必 充分 认识 \" 回头 看 \" 的 重要性 和 必要性 , 再接再厉 , 象 抓 集中 教育 那样 抓好 \" 回头 看 \" , 把 中央 的 部署 要求 落到 实处 .\r\n\" 回头 看 \" 首先 要 深入 学习 .\r\n\" 三 讲 \" 教育 是 对 领导干部 进行 的 一次 马克思主义 自我 教育 .\r\n\" 回头 看 \" 是 一个 学习 提高 , 统一思想 的 过程 , 是 一个 回顾 总结 , 正视 差距 , 不断 进步 的 过程 .\r\n各地区 , 各 部门 要 紧密 结合 本地区 , 本部门 的 实际 , 深入 学习 中央 重要 指示 和 江泽民 同志 重要 讲话 , 把 总结 过去 , 规划 未来 的 工作 提高到 一个 新 的 水平 .\r\n总的 讲 , 要紧紧 围绕 讲政治 这个 核心 , 着眼于 提高 思想 认识 , 解决 存在 的 主要问题 .\r\n对 存在 的 问题 , 实事求是 地 分析 原因 , 开展 严肃 认真 的 批评 和 自我批评 , 达到 交流 思想 , 相互 帮助 , 共同 提高 , 促进 工作 的 目的 .\r\n要 充分 运用 集中 教育 的 成功 经验 , 发扬 党 的 理论 联系实际 , 密切 联系群众 , 批评 和 自我批评 的 作风 , 务求 实效 .\r\n业内 人士 说 , 这 标志着 中国 不能 自行 制造 核电 关键 设备 的 历史 已经 结束 .\r\n主 管道 的 试制 成功 , 填补 了 中国 在 核电 设备 制造 方面 的 空白 , 为 中国 新世纪 核电 的 发展 产生 重要 的 影响 .\r\n核电 是 世界 公认 的 安全 , 清洁 和 高效 的 能源 之一 .\r\n该 厂 利用 拥有 的 AOD 炉 冶 技术 和 二十 多年 离心 浇注 技术 的 独特 优势 , 在 一九九六年 开始 涉足 核电 设备 制造 领域 .\r\n他 的 事迹 展示 了 新时期 党 的 理论 工作者 的 精神 风貌 , 为 部队 做好 思想 政治 工作 提供 了 深刻 的 启示 和 有益 的 借鉴 .\r\n当前 , 国家 和 军队 的 改革 不断 深化 , 新 情况 , 新 问题 层出不穷 , 各项 任务 十分 繁重 .\r\n各级党委 和 政治 机关 必须 高度 重视 理论 学习 , 采取 有效 措施 , 切实 抓紧 抓好 .\r\n于永波 说 , 理论 学习 的 自觉性 来源于 对 理想 信念 的 坚定性 .\r\n总政治部 副主任 袁守芳 主持 报告会 .\r\n总政治部 副主任 唐天标 , 张树田 以及 总政 机关 和 直属 单位 师 以上 干部 300 多人 出席 了 报告会 .\r\n过去 的 一 年 , 厦门 曾经 面临 \" 比较 复杂 和 困难 \" 的 形势 而 令 外界 瞩目 .\r\n洪永世 坦 承 , 该 市 廉政建设 力度 不够 , 治 政 不 严 , 对 领导干部 疏 於 教育 疏 於 管理 疏 於 监督 , 一些 深层次 的 问题 未能 及时 觉察 , 有的 领导干部 和 工作人员 涉嫌 走私 为 政 不 廉 .\r\n他 说 , 该 市 积极 支持 和 配合 了 中央 专案组 深 查 特大 走私案 , 今后 要 结合 走私 案件 的 查处 , 进行 深刻 的 反思 , 吸取教训 , 举一反三 , 加大 从严 治 政 的 力度 .\r\n洪永世 表示 , 今年 将 认真 实施 该 市 依法 行政 五 年 实施 规划 和 二零零零年 计划 , 促进 依法 治 市 . 制订 厦门市 行政 执法 守则 , 实行 行政 执法 公 示 制 , 增强 透明度 .\r\n题 是 全 中国 人民 最 关心 的 问题 \" 中新社 纽约 二月十五日 电 \" ( 记者 麦子 ) 中国 驻 纽约 总领事 张宏喜 说 , 台湾 问题 是 全 中国 人民 最 关心 的 问题 .\r\n张宏喜 是 在 他 为 纽约 华人 传媒 举行 的 春节 招待会 上 , 谈到 中国 驻美 大使 李肇星 覆 函 美国 国会 参议员 赫尔姆斯 时 说 的 一番话 .\r\n张宏喜 说 , 多年来 , 我们 都 希望 用 \" 一国两制 \" 的 办法 , 和平 解决 台湾 问题 .\r\n但是 , 现在 有人 挑拨 中国 人 打 中国 人 , 一 步 一 步 逼 我们 使用 武力 .\r\n连 普通人 都 能 看到 的 事实 都 能 理解 的 道理 , 他们 却 视而不见 , 不可 理解 .\r\n他们 把 几个 犯罪 分子 当作 座上客 , 与 他们 大 谈 特 谈 所谓 \" 人权 \" , 对 於 这些 人 , 难道 不应该 给 他们 上 上课 吗 ?\r\n他 说 , 有些 人 从未 到 过 中国 , 对 於 西藏 更 一无所知 , 却 在 那里 指 手 划 脚 , 他们 的 水平 实在 太低 了 , 当然 东西方 文化 差距 也 实在 太 大 了 .\r\n胡长清 被判 死罪 的 消息 昨晚 经 中央 电视台 新闻 节目 播出 后 , 今天 成为 全省 各地 民众 的 话题 .\r\n座谈会 上 , 教育部 副部长 吕福源 讲话 说 , 这 几 件 事 表面 看 是 偶发 的 刑事 案件 , 但 从 深层次 看 , 实际上 是 包括 学校 教育 社会教育 家庭教育 等 方面 的 诸多 问题 的 一种 反映 .\r\n他 希望 得到 全社会 和 各个 部门 的 关心 和 参与 , 特别是 广大 家长 的 理解 与 支持 .\r\n新华社 北京 2月16日 电 ( 中央 人民 广播 电台 记者 刘振英 , 人民 日报 记者 武卫政 , 新华社 记者 陈雁 ) 龙 年 新春 万 像 更新 , 佳节 即 至 皓月当空 .\r\n他 首先 代表 中共 中央 向 在座 的 各位 人士 , 并 向 全国 知识界 的 同志们 , 朋友们 致以 新春 的 祝福 .\r\n我们 赢得了 三 政治 斗争 的 重大 胜利 .\r\n胡锦涛 指出 , 2000年 是 世纪之交 的 一 年 , 也是 完成 \" 九五 \" 计划 和 本世纪末 重要 奋斗 目标 的 最后 一 年 .\r\n在 联欢 晚会 上 既有 老友 重逢 , 又 有 新知 相聚 , 大家 品茗 交谈 , 共 叙 友情 .\r\n[ Image ] [ Image ] ( 17-02-2000 ) 内地 订 法例 规范 网络 发展\r\n李肇星 指出 , \" 我 在 查阅 了 有关 的 记录 后 得出 的 结论 是 : 刘 公使 在 记者招待会 上 所 说 的话 并无 错误 或 不当 .\r\n他 要 表达 的 信息 是 , 如果 《 加强 台湾 安全 法 》 果真 成为 法律 , 其 后果 只会 更 严重 .\r\n我 能 想到 的 最 接近 的 比较 是 , 有 美国 学者 曾经 说 过 , 连 小学生 都 知道 台湾 是 中国 的 一部分 , 但 许多 政治 人物 好象 还 不 懂得 这个 道理 .\r\n\" 其实 , 美国 一些 国会 议员 对 其他 国家 的 内部 事务 说三道四 , 又 往往 连 基本 的 常识 都 不 懂 , 这种 笑话 已经 不是 第一 出现 了 .\r\n现在 , 中国 外交官 不过是 说出 了 事实 , 赫尔 姆 斯 之流 却 暴跳如雷 , 反映 了 这些 议员 既 蛮横 又 缺乏 教养 .\r\n赫尔姆斯 参议员 不要 歇斯底里 大 发作 , 还是 冷静 下来 , 全面 , 客观 地 思考 中美 关系 , 多 了解 中国 的 现状 为好 .\r\n该 指挥部 已 在 本月 十一日 首次 指挥 以 \" 接 舰 行动 \" 为 名 的 潜艇 封锁 台湾海峡 的 \" 例行 军事 演习 \" .\r\n该 指挥部 由 新任 副 总参谋长 郭伯雄 任 总指挥 , 这是 他 上任 新 职 以来 , 首次 指挥 大型 军事 演习 , 也是 中共 高层 为了 培养 新一代 军事 领导人 的 一个 新 举措 .\r\n南京 军区 司令 陈炳德 , 广州 军区 司令 陶伯钧 , 第二 炮兵 部队 司令 杨国梁 等 担任 副 总指挥 , 各 军兵种 的 副 司令 均 为 该 指挥部 成员 .\r\n参加 该 次 \" 接 舰 演习 \" 的 尚 有 中国 自行 建造 的 两 艘 最新 型 导弹驱逐舰 , 该 舰 有 隐形 能力 , 装备 有 先进 导弹 , 是 中国 首批 生产 的 具有 隐形 能力 的 导弹驱逐舰 .\r\n各地 的 预备役 部队 也 开始 清理 防空洞 , 检查 防空 设施 .\r\n部分 运输 船只 和 车辆 已 开始 集中 , 将会 负责 运输 参加 \" 例行 军事 演习 \" 的 部队 .\r\n陈水 扁 也 希望 香港 能 在 两岸 间 扮演 更多 更 积极 的 角色 , 例如 两岸 智囊团 各项 交流 多种 渠道 交往 等 , 都 可以 在 香港 进行 .\r\n他 希望 在场 的 香港 传媒 能 对此 多 作 呼吁 .\r\n不过 , 陈水扁 还是 强调 台湾 是 一个 主权 独立 的 国家 , 独立 於 中华人民共和国 之外 , 他 说 这是 事实 也是 现实 , 目前 没有 变更 国号 的 问题 ( 因 台湾 已 是 一个 国家 ) .\r\n陈水扁 要求 连战 必须 对此 向 外界 说 明白 , 但 连战 昨天 并未 对此 回应 .\r\n陈水扁 又 指 连战 曾 请 国民党 内 资深 的 总统府 资政 向 李登辉 传话 , 要求 李提前 交出 国民党 党 主席 之 位 .\r\n尤其是 党 的 十五大 从 加强 党 的 建设 , 政权 建设 和 维护 国家 长治久安 的 战略 高度 , 对 通过 深化 改革 , 从 源头 上 预防 和 治理 腐败 作 了 深刻 阐述 , 提出 了 更加 明确 的 要求 .\r\n各级党委 , 政府 和 执 收执 罚 部门 认真 贯彻 落实 十五 大 精神 和 党中央 , 国务院 的 统一 部署 , 在 实行 \" 收支 两 条 线 \" 管理 方面 取得 了 明显 成效 .\r\n今年 , 各 执 收执 罚 部门 将 全面 实行 \" 收支 两 条 线 \" 管理 , 把 这项 工作 推向 深入 .\r\n司法 机关 和 行政 执法 机关 , 肩负 着 贯彻执行 国家 法律 , 法规 的 重任 , 依法 行政 , 公正 执法 是 其 基本 准则 和 必然 要求 .\r\n因而 , 实行 \" 收支 两 条 线 \" 管理 , 是 从 源头 上 防止 腐败 的 一 项 有效 措施 , 对于 改进 机关 作风 , 树立 良好 的 党风 , 政 风 , 加强 国家机关 的 廉政 和 勤政 建设 , 都 具有 重要 作用 .\r\n应当 看到 , 对 行政 事业 性 收费 和 罚没 收入 实行 \" 收支 两 条 线 \" 管理 , 还 存在 一些 问题 .\r\n解决 上述 问题 , 一方面 要 继续 加强 宣传 教育 , 进一步 加强 监督 管理 , 一方面 要 制定 并 严格 执行 纪律 .\r\n工作 标准 和 要求 一经 明确 , 纪律 就要 跟上 , 令出法随 , 这是 实行 \" 收支 两 条 线 \" 管理 的 重要 保证 .\r\n为了 推进 \" 收支 两 条 线 \" 规定 的 全面 落实 , 必须 加强 纪律 约束 , 以 纪律 作为 保障 , 对 违反 者 坚决 予以 追究 , 给予 严肃 的 纪律处分 .\r\n各级 监察 , 审计 , 财政 , 物价 和 银行 等 部门 要 加强 协调 , 做好 监督 检查 工作 , 对于 违反 \" 收支 两 条 线 \" 管理 规定 的 行为 , 要 坚决 予以 查处 , 决不 姑息 .\r\n新华社 成都 2月17日 电 ( 记者 张伟 ) 由 四川 化工 机械厂 制造 完成 的 广东 岭 澳 核电站 通过 业主 验收 后 , 昨天 正式 启运 .\r\n核电 已 成为 世界 公认 的 安全 , 清洁 和 高效 的 能源 之一 , 世界 许多 国家 已 把 此 作为 重点 发展 的 项目 .\r\n我国 核电站 建设 起步 较晚 , 现 已 建成 投入 运行 的 仅有 大亚湾 和 秦山 两 .\r\n有关 人士 认为 , 从 国外 引进 核电 设备 单位 造价 高昂 , 因此 核电 设备 国产化 已 成为 制约 我国 核电 发展 的 重要 因素 .\r\n新华社 努瓦克肖特 2月16日 电 ( 记者 武海云 ) 毛里塔尼亚 总统 塔亚 15日 在 会见 中国 外交部 长 唐家璇 时 说 , 毛里塔尼亚 愿意 与 中国 进一步 加强 在 各个 领域 的 友好 合作 关系 , 共 创 美好 未来 .\r\n唐家璇 是 应 毛里塔尼亚 外交 合作 部 长 艾哈迈德 的 邀请 , 于 15日 下午 抵达 努瓦克肖特 , 开始 对 毛里塔尼亚 进行 为期 两 天 的 访问 的 .\r\n塔亚 热烈 祝贺 澳门 顺利 回归 , 表示 坚决 支持 中国 的 统一 大业 , 希望 看到 海峡 两岸 早日 实现 统一 .\r\n会见 之后 , 塔亚 总统 设 晚宴 欢迎 唐家璇 一行 .\r\n唐家璇 将 于 16日 下午 结束 对 毛里塔尼亚 的 访问 , 离开 努瓦克肖特 前往 突尼斯 .\r\n事业单位 因 提供 服务 收取 的 经营 服务性 收费 不 属于 行政 事业 性 收费 .\r\n第五 违反 规定 , 擅自 设立 行政 事业 性 收费 项目 或者 设置 罚没 处罚 的 , 对 直接 负责 的 主管 人员 和 其他 直接 责任 人员 给予 降级 或者 撤职 处分 .\r\n第八 下达 或者 变相 下达 罚没 指标 的 , 对 直接 负责 的 主管 人员 和 其他 直接 责任 人员 给予 降级 或者 撤职 处分 .\r\n第九 违反 《 收费 许可证 》 规定 实施 行政 事业 性 收费 的 , 对 直接 负责 的 主管 人员 和 其他 直接 责任 人员 给予 警告 处分 ; 情节 严重 的 , 给予 记过 或者 记大过 处分 .\r\n第十五 违反 规定 , 擅自 开设 银行 帐户 的 , 对 直接 负责 的 主管 人员 和 其他 直接 责任 人员 给予 降级 处分 ; 情节 严重 的 , 给予 撤职 或者 开除 处分 .\r\n第二十二 违反 本 规定 , 构成 犯罪 的 , 依法 追究 刑事责任 .\r\n第二十三 本 规定 自 发布 之 日 起 施行 .\r\n要 抓住 国家 实施 西部 大 开发 战略 的 机遇 , 加快 西部 地区 通信 基础 设施 建设 和 信息 产业 的 发展 .\r\n\" 本报讯 \" 朝鲜 驻 港 总 领事馆 昨日 正式 在 香港 开馆 , 主要 工作 是 办理 商务 签证 及 提供 朝鲜 的 资料 给 外界 .\r\n发言人 表示 , 领事馆 的 主要 职责 为 推动 朝鲜 及 香港 两地 的 经济 和 文化 交流 .\r\n这次 是 朝鲜 首次 在 香港 设立 外交 机构 .\r\n今后 领事馆 可 提供 商务 签证 , 但 港人 到 朝鲜 旅游 仍需 由 旅行社 办理 旅游 签证 , 而 申请 者 必须 跟 团 到 朝鲜 .\r\n这样 一种 产业 , 中国 决不能 放弃 .\r\n美国 是 \" 车轮子 上 的 国家 \" , 经济 发展 同 汽车 密不可分 .\r\n日本 经济 高速 发展 的 十五 年 间 , 国民经济 增长 了 三十六 , 汽车 工业 产值 增长 了 五十七 .\r\n英国 的 经济 地位 则 随 著 其 汽车 工业 的 衰落 而 下降 .\r\n北京 几 大 汽车 市场 , 去年 私人 购 车 已 占 销售量 的 百分之九十 .\r\n如果 运用 新 思路 和 新技术 进行 开发 , 我 想 有可能 走出 一 条 新 路 来 .\r\n过去 汽车 的 发明 , 的确 给 我们 这个 世界 带来 了 翻天覆地 的 变化 .\r\n为什麽 现在 有人 持 悲观 态度 , 是 他们 不 相信 我们 自己的 技术 .\r\n我们 的 科技 专家 曾 到 一些 大 的 汽车 厂 去 , 提出 帮助 解决 用 於点焊 和 喷漆 的 机器人 , 结果 车厂 的 老总 说 , 我们 不用 中国 的 机器人 .\r\n在 开放 的 条件 下 , 需要 别人 的 技术 , 更 需要 自己 创新 的 技术 , 拥有 自主 知识产权 .\r\n不 开发 我们 自己的 技术 是 没有 出路 的 .\r\n只 靠 引进 , 绝对 是 跟 在 人家 后面 跑 , 别人 的 关键 的 技术 , 能 给 竞争 对手 吗 ? 作为 中国 的 科技界 , 我们 要 搏 一 搏 , 让 中国 的 汽车 工业 去 参与 国际 竞争 .\r\n如何 竞争 ? 要 抓住 两 机遇 .\r\n另一方面 , 我们 还有 优势 .\r\n世界 怎 麽 改变 汽车 , 落实 到 我们 这里 , 是 中国 怎 麽 改变 汽车 .\r\n此外 还要 解决 安全 问题 .\r\n要 解决 以上 问题 , 就要 了解 不同 需求 , 研究 中国 的 市场 .\r\n比如 北京 治理 大气污染 , 有些 汽车 尾气 排放 不 合格 , 就 不 允许 进京 , 这样 尾气 的 净化 等 技术 上来 了 .\r\n再 比如 要 解决 汽车 的 动力 问题 , 它 也 可能 会 带动 相关 方面 技术 的 发展 , 还有 材料 问题 , 也 会 带动 各方面 的 发展 .\r\n这里 天地 太 大 了 , 只是 需要 市场 的 推动 , 也要 靠 国家 的 政策 , 最 根本 的 是 我们 有没有 这种 意识 , 有没有 这种 决心 , 能否 集中 力量 攻克 各种 难关 .\r\n中国 汽车 工业 整体 水平 比较 低 , 包袱 也 轻 .\r\n现在 汽车 工业 本身 处 於 一个 转折 的 时刻 , 我们 要 抓住 机遇 走 自己的 路 , 也就 有可能 走在 世界 的 前沿 .\r\n新华社 北京 2月17日 电 ( 记者 朱冬菊 ) 最高 人民 检察院 今天 公布 检察 改革 三 年 实施 意见 , 以 大力 推进 检察 改革 , 加强 检察 工作 , 完善 检察 体系 , 强化 检察 职能 .\r\n国家 将 鼓励 外资 银行 到 中国 中西部 地区 设立 代表 机构 和 营业性 分支 机构 .\r\n选择 对 社会 影响 较大 的 公益 性 领域 , 如 修建 博物馆 , 体育 场所 等 项目 , 准许 其 发售 彩票 , 筹集 资金 .\r\n一定 时期 内 取消 对 其 规模 的 限制 , 国家 计委 对此 施行 严格 的 专门 管理 .\r\n尝试 设立 产业 投资 基金 .\r\n国家 拟 批准 地方 成立 六七 产业 投资 基金 , 尽管 西部 竞争 实力 弱 於 东部 沿海地区 , 仍 会 受到 特殊 照顾 .\r\n这 八 大通道 分别 是 : 兰州 至 云南 , 包头 至 北海 , 新疆 阿勒泰 至 红旗 拉普 , 银川 至 武汉 , 西安 至 合肥 , 西宁 至 库尔勒 , 成都 至 西藏 樟木 , 长沙 至 重庆 .\r\n这 八 大通道 将 作为 近期 投资 建设 和 改造 的 重点 工程 , 路面 等级 在 二 公路 标准 以上 , 由 国家 部分 投资 和 地方 自筹 相结合 , 各省 , 自治区 和 直辖市 分段 实施 .\r\n从 一九九八年 至 二零零二年 , 中国 将 安排 铁路 建设 投资 二千五百亿 元 , 计划 建设 新 线 五千三百四十 公里 , 既 有线 复线 二千五百八十 公里 , 既 有线 电气化 四千四百 公里 , 地方 铁路 一千 公里 .\r\n根据 中国 国家 电力 公司 的 规划 , 在 未来 十五 年 内 , 今后 中国 水电 建设 将 重点 开发 西部 地区 , 达到 \" 西 电 东 送 \" 和 建立 全国 的 电力 联网 供应 体系 .\r\n\" 西 气 东 输 \" 确保 30 年 供应\r\n这位 专家 透露 , 中国 正在 兴建 西 起 新疆 东 至 上海 的 能源 大动脉 -- 通过 输 气 管道 将 西部 富余 的 天然气 输 往 经济 发达 的 长江 三角洲 , 以 缓解 那里 日益 严峻 的 能源 短缺 状况 .\r\n工程 横贯 十 省 , 自治区 , 市 .\r\n据 中国 石油 天然气 集团 公司 规划 , 到 二零零二年 , 建成 四川 - 武汉 - 上海 天然气 管道 , 西安 - 信阳 输 气 干线 , 实现 川 渝 气田 和 陕甘宁 气田 向 上海 输 气 ; 柴达木 气田 和 塔里木 气田 将 分别 於 二零零五年 , 二零零七年 参与 东 输 .\r\n高度 重视 思想 政治 工作 , 充分 发挥 思想 政治 工作 在 革命 和 建设 事业 中 的 重要 作用 , 是 我们 党 的 优良 传统 和 政治 优势 .\r\n毛泽东 , 邓小平 同志 在 领导 中国 革命 和 建设 的 实践 中 , 非常 重视 思想 政治 工作 .\r\n江泽民 同志 担任 党 的 总书记 以来 , 结合 新 的 历史 条件 , 对 做好 新 形势 下 思想 政治 工作 作 了 许多 重要 的 论述 .\r\n学习 , 研究 和 宣传 党 的 三代 领导 核心 关于 思想 政治 工作 的 论述 , 对于 加强 和 改进 思想 政治 工作 , 具有 极其 重要 的 意义 .\r\n本 书 在 内容 遴选 上 充分 体现 了 党 的 三代 领导 核心 关于 思想 政治 工作 论述 的 系统性 .\r\n它的 编辑 出版 , 为 广大 干部 群众 学习 , 研究 和 宣传 党 的 思想 政治 工作 的 基本 理论 , 提供 了 重要 的 教材 .\r\n傅全有 指出 , 联合 作战 是 战争 发展 的 必然 产物 ; 联合 作战 能力 强弱 直接 关系到 战争 的 进程 和 结局 .\r\n我军 在 这 方面 也 进行 了 积极 的 研究 和 探索 , 特别是 江主席 签发 第一 联合 战役 纲要 , 标志着 我军 联合 作战 的 理论 和 实践 进入 了 一个 新 的 发展 阶段 .\r\n要 适应 时代 发展 和 战争 形态 变化 的 要求 , 树立 联合 制胜 的 新 观念 , 自觉 强化 全局 意识 , 系统 意识 , 质量 意识 , 信息 意识 和 效益 意识 .\r\n要 加强 各项 保障 建设 , 打 牢 实施 联合 作战 的 物质 基础 .\r\n副 总参谋长 隗福临 , 吴铨叙 , 总参谋长 助理 张黎 和 总参 机关 师 以上 干部 参加 了 讲座 .\r\n问 : 据报道 , 正在 香港 访问 的 美国 移民 归化 局 官员 称美 可能 向 中国 \" 法 轮 功 \" 成员 提 ┍ 护 , 你 对此 有 何 评论 ?\r\n答 : \" 法 轮 功 \" 组织 是 危害 中国 社会 和 人民 的 邪教 组织 .\r\n问 : 近日 , 联合国 负责 伊拉克 人道主义 事务 的 调解 员 为 抗议 联合国 对 伊 长达 近 10 年 的 制裁 而 向 秘书长 安南 提出 辞职 ; 世界 粮食 计划 署 驻 伊拉克 代表 也 因 同样 理由 宣布 辞去 其 代\r\n请问 中方 对 两 国际 组织 驻 伊 代表 为 抗议 联合国 对 伊 制裁 先后 辞职 有 何 评论 ?\r\n〈 穑 褐 蟹 蕉 粤 轿 还 首 橹 ひ 粮 呒 豆僭钡 拇 侵 氨 硎 竟 刈 ⅰ K 窃 谌沃捌 诩 湮 纳 埔 寥道 主义 局势 作出 了 值得 称道 的 积极 努力 .\r\n我们 敦促 有关 成员国 采取 建设性 的 和 负责任 的 态度 为 改善 伊 人道主义 状 创造 条件 .\r\n侵 ( 香港 中国 通讯社 二月十七日 电 ) 特稿 : 中国 采取 积极 措施 防止 网络 黑客 入侵 香港 中通社 记者 思良 各国 各地 黑客 破坏 网络 事件 , 已 引起 北京 的 高度 重视 .\r\n中国 互联网 起步 虽 迟 却 发展 神速 , 估计到 今年底 互联网 用户 将达到 一千六百万 , 电子商务 成为 热点 .\r\n令 电脑 专家 们 大 感 震惊 的 是 , 网络 黑客 竟然 如此 轻易 地 组织 了 大规模 的 网上 攻击 .\r\n例如 今年 一月二十七日 , 刚刚 举办 过 中国 首次 网上 旅游 拍卖 的 国旅 假期 网站 被 黑客 入侵 .\r\n该 旅行社 电脑 中心 发现 该 网 管 密码 被 人 用 电信 部门 专门 破译 电话 用户 密码 的 软件 破译 , 并 以 \" 网 管 \" 的 名字 进入 聊天 室 , 把 在 聊天 室 注册 的 网友 资料 全部 删除 .\r\n经 初步 调查 , 他 系 一个 著名 大学 计算机 数学 专业 研究生 , 曾 先后 入侵 国内 某 科技 网络 及 上海 某 信息 网络 , 造成 了 达 上 亿 元人民币 的 经济 损失 .\r\n近 几 年 , 中国 在 加快 互联网 发展 的 同时 , 有关 部门 从 立法 及 技术 方面 积极 采取 有效 措施 , 切实 维护 网络 安全 , 打击 网络 黑客 活动 .\r\n他 要求 美方 尊重 中国 在 该 问题 上 的 原则 立场 , 停止 干涉 中国 内政 .\r\n中国 政府 对 其 依法 取缔 是 对 公民 基本 人权 和 自由 的 保护 , 是 维护 社会 稳定 防止 其 对 公众 造成 更大 危害 的 有力 措施 .\r\n这位 发言人 说 , 美 移民局 官员 无视 这些 基本 事实 , 竟然 声明 美 可能 向 中国 \" 法 轮 功 \" 成员 提供 庇护 , 这是 美方 在 邪教 问题 上 采取 双重 标准 的 典型 表现 , 中国 对此 表示 坚决 反对 .\r\n在此间 举行 的 外交部 新闻发布会 上 , 朱邦造 赞扬 他们 在 任职 期间 为 改善 伊 人道主义 局势 作出 的 值得 称道 的 积极 努力 .\r\n他 说 , 中国 希望 秘书长 尽快 任命 合适 人选 接替 上述 职务 .\r\n这位 发言人 表示 , 中方 始终 认为 , 为 缓解 伊 人民 面临 的 人道主义 困难 , 联合国 有关 \" 石油 换 食品 \" 的 计划 应 得到 切实 全面 落实 .\r\n朱邦造 说 , 中国 敦促 有关 成员国 采取 建设性 的 和 负责任 的 态度 为 改善 伊 人道主义 状况 创造 条件 .\r\n( 第五十三 号 ) 朱邦造 称 , 两岸 对话 将 充分 考虑 各界 利益 \" 中新社 北京 二月十七日 电 \" 外交部 发言人 朱邦造 今天 在此间 敦促 台湾 当局 , 早日 同 大陆 就 结束 敌对 状况 进行 谈判 .\r\n朱邦造 再次 表明 了 中国 政府 在 台湾 问题 上 的 基本原则 和 立场 : 台湾 是 中国 领土 一部分 , 这 一 地位 不能 改变 .\r\n他 说 , 前不久 , 北京 各界 隆重 纪念 江主席 重要 讲话 五 周年 时 , 钱其琛 副总理 又 作 了 明确 重申 , 并 进行 了 新 的 阐述 .\r\n朱邦造 强调 指出 , 中国 一贯 主张 通过 谈判 , 在 \" 一个 中国 \" 的 原则 下 正式 结束 两岸 敌对 状况 .\r\n中国 大陆 一再 呼吁 , 条件 成熟 时 , 在 \" 一个 中国 \" 原则 基础 上 , 海峡 两岸 可以 进行 任何 问题 的 对话 和 谈判 .\r\n在 充分 掌握 情况 后 , 今天 举行 的 外交部 新闻发布会 上 , 朱邦造 回答 了 此前 记者 的 有关 提问 .\r\n中国 现 已 开始 履行 该 《 协议 》 .\r\n去年 十二月 , 中国 动植物 检疫 部门 已 派遣 预检 小组 到 美国 加利福尼亚 和 佛罗里达 等 地 , 对 美国 的 柑橘 实施 了 预 检 .\r\n新华社 北京 2月17日 电 ( 记者 车玉明 ) 国务院 总理 朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 今天 下午 在 中南海 会见 了 来访 的 世界 贸易 组织 总 干事 穆尔 , 双方 就 中国 加入 世贸 组织 问题 深入 交换 了 意见 .\r\n他 说 , 世贸 组织 没有 中国 的 加入 是 不 完整 的 .\r\n穆尔 说 , 中国 加入 世贸 组织 将 是 一个 历史性 事件 .\r\n中国 加入 世贸 组织 之 日 对 中国 和 世界 都是 一个 伟大 的 日子 .\r\n世贸 组织 现在 还 称 不上 是 世界 贸易 组织 .\r\n只有 在 中国 加入 后 , 它 才能 成为 真正 的 世界 贸易 组织 .\r\n他 表示 , 他 与 他 的 同事 们 将 尽力 协助 中国 尽早 加入 世贸 组织 , 这 对 世贸 组织 具有 重要 意义 .\r\n他 还将 与 石广生 举行 会谈 .\r\n会见时 , 石广生 与 外交部 副部长 杨文昌 等 在座 .\r\n新华社 北京 2月17日 电 ( 中央 人民 广播 电台 记者 刘振英 , 新华社 记者 陈雁 ) 国务院 第二 廉政 工作会议 今天 在京 召开 .\r\n他 说 , 一 年 来 各级 政府 把 廉政建设 和 反腐败 工作 放在 十分 重要 的 位置 , 做 了 大量 的 工作 , 取得 了 比较 明显 的 进展 .\r\n朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 强调 , 中央 关于 今年 改革 和 发展 的 大政方针 已经 明确 , 政府 的 工作 任务 也 有了 具体 部署 .\r\n今年 是 世纪 交替 之 年 , 完成 改革 和 发展 的 各项 任务 意义 十分 重大 .\r\n廉政 首先 要 靠 自律 .\r\n不仅 要 加强 自身 修养 , 严格 自律 , 而且 要 管好 自己的 亲属 和 身边 工作人员 .\r\n对 重大 案件 要 一 查 到底 .\r\n不管 涉及 哪个 部门 , 哪个 人 , 都要 一个 一个 地 揭露 出来 , 一个 一个 严肃 查处 , 绝不 徇情 , 绝不 手软 .\r\n第三 , 继续 大力 纠正 部门 和 行业 不正之风 , 认真 解决 群众 关心 和 反映 强烈 的 突出 问题 .\r\n要 坚决 制止 各种 达标 评比 之类 的 活动 .\r\n大力 纠正 医药 购销 中 的 不正之风 , 保证 群众 用药 安全 有效 和 把 国家 , 群众 不合理 的 负担 减下来 .\r\n继续 整治 中小学 和 其他 教育 机构 的 乱收费 问题 , 以 减轻 群众 负担 .\r\n第四 , 厉行 勤俭节约 , 反对 奢侈 浪费 .\r\n今年 要 加大 这 方面 的 查处 力度 , 抓住 典型 , 严肃 处理 , 公开 曝光 .\r\n继续 推进 政府 机构改革 , 进一步 转变 政府 职能 .\r\n要 通过 改革 , 建立 办事 高效 , 运转 协调 , 行为 规范的 行政管理 体系 和 工作 机制 .\r\n认真 落实 党中央 , 国务院 《 关于 实行 党风 廉政建设 责任制 的 规定 》 , 要 严格 执行 廉政建设 责任 追究 制度 .\r\n监察 , 审计 等 部门 要 坚持 原则 , 敢于 碰硬 , 不怕 得罪人 , 并 不断 提高 自己的 工作 水平 .\r\n会上 , 监察 部 , 财政部 , 建设 部 , 国家 药品 监督 管理局 , 海关 总署 , 国家 经贸委 的 负责 同志 分别 作 了 发言 .\r\n中央 纪委 , 最高 人民 法院 , 最高 人民 检察院 等 方面 的 负责 同志 , 各民主党派 中央 , 全国 工商联 的 负责人 , 应邀 出席 会议 .\r\n新华社 北京 2月17日 电 人民 日报 2月18日 社论 : 全党 的 一件 大事 由 中宣部 编辑 的 《 毛泽东 邓小平 江泽民 论 思想 政治 工作 》 一 书 正式 出版 发行 了 .\r\n江泽民 同志 关于 思想 政治 工作 的 论述 , 是 对 第一 , 第二 党 的 领导 核心 关于 思想 政治 工作 理论 的 继承 , 丰富 和 发展 .\r\n党 的 三代 领导 核心 关于 思想 政治 工作 的 论述 一脉相承 , 是 全党 智慧 的 结晶 , 是 宝贵 的 思想 财富 , 是 当前 我们 加强 和 改进 思想 工作 的 强大 理论 武器 和 重要 指导 方针 .\r\n这是 我们 的 光荣 任务 , 神圣 责任 .\r\n党 的 三代 领导 核心 对于 思想 政治 工作 的 地位 和 作用 都 作 了 十分 精辟 的 论述 .\r\n概括 起来 说 , 就是 掌握 思想 教育 , 是 团结 全党 进行 伟大 斗争 的 中心 环节 ; 思想 政治 工作 , 是 经济 工作 和 其他 一切 工作 的 生命线 .\r\n从 我国 改革开放 和 社会主义 现代化 建设 的 实践 来看 , 越是 深化 改革 , 扩大 开放 , 越是 发展 社会主义 市场经济 , 越 要 重视 这 方面 的 工作 .\r\n全党 同志 务必 清醒 地 认识到 , 在 对外开放 和 发展 市场经济 的 条件 下 , 思想 政治 领域 的 斗争 不仅 会 长期 存在 , 而且 很 复杂 , 有时 甚至 还 会 是 尖锐 的 .\r\n学习 , 宣传 党 的 三代 领导 核心 关于 思想 政治 工作 的 论述 , 就要 研究 新 情况 , 解决 新 问题 , 积极 探索 新 形势 下 思想 政治 工作 的 规律 和 方法 .\r\n这是 党 的 三代 领导 核心 关于 思想 政治 工作 的 一个 重要 思想 , 也是 全党 同志 面临 的 一个 重大 而 紧迫 的 课题 , 我们 必须 下大 气力 解决好 这个 问题 .\r\n学习 , 宣传 党 的 三代 领导 核心 关于 思想 政治 工作 的 论述 , 要 和 贯彻 落实 中央 《 关于 加强 和 改进 思想 政治 工作 的 若干 意见 》 结合 起来 , 为 全面 完成 今年 的 改革 和 建设 的 各项 任务 而 奋斗 .\r\n统一思想 , 凝聚 人心 , 鼓舞 士气 , 调动 人民群众 的 积极性 和 创造性 , 要 靠 我们 的 工作 , 尤其是 思想 政治 工作 .\r\n要 切实 加强 党 对 思想 政治 工作 的 领导 , 紧紧 围绕 经济 建设 这个 中心 , 把 思想 政治 工作 的 方针 原则 和 目标 要求 落实 到 基层 , 落实 到 群众 .\r\n梅西奇 是 在 会见 中国 政府 特使 , 科技 部长 朱丽兰 一行 时 作 上述 表示 的 .\r\n梅西奇 高度 赞扬 中国 在 经济 建设 方面 取得 的 成就 .\r\n新任 克罗地亚 议长 托姆契奇 当天 也 会见 了 中国 政府 代表团 .\r\n托姆契奇 说 , 克罗地亚 在 议会 和 总统 大选 后 虽然 领导人 发生 了 变化 , 但是 克 仍 继续 承认 台湾 是 中国 领土 不可 分割 的 一部分 .\r\n朱丽兰 特使 转达 了 江泽民 主席 , 李鹏 委员长 和 朱 ( 容加金 旁 ) 基 总理 对 克 领导人 的 问候 .\r\n我们 坚持 和平 统一 \" 一国两制 \" 解决 台湾 问题 的 基本 方针 没有 改变 ; 发展 两岸 关系 , 推进 祖国 和平 统一 的 八 项 主张 也 没有 改变 .\r\n我们 一贯 主张 通过 谈判 , 在 \" 一个 中国 \" 的 原则 下 , 正式 结束 两岸 的 敌对 关系 .\r\n台湾 方面 早日 与 我们 进行 谈判 才是 明智 之举 .\r\n---- 中国 要闻 ---- [ 友善 列 印 ] [ 下 一 页 ]\r\n图 为人 代 九八 年 国务院 机构改革 , 重组 会 信息 中 后 的 国务院 下属 部委 , 尤 以 国家 经心 工作 人 贸 委 引人瞩目 .\r\n最后 朱鎔基 内阁 名 ) 单 公布 , 原 中国 石化 总公司 总经理 盛华仁 出人意料 地 出 掌 国家 经贸委 , 令 外界 大 跌眼镜 .\r\n盛华仁 年事 高 政绩 平 据了解 盛华仁 的 人士 表示 , 盛华仁 工作 勤勤恳恳 , 有 经贸委 \" 老黄牛 \" 之 誉 .\r\n由 於盛 华仁 今年 已 届 六十五 高龄 , 已达 正部级 退休 年龄 , 加之 两 年 来 政绩 并不 突出 , 据传 中共 高层 对 其 工作 不大 满意 , 已 内定 在 今年 人大 会议 上 正式 卸职 .\r\n消息 称 , 国家 发展 计委 副主任 李荣融 日前 刚 调 任 经贸委 副主任 , 据称 将 接替 盛华仁 .\r\n这次 调动 可谓 \" 重操旧业 \" .\r\n副 委员长 空缺 惹 关注 由 於 人大 副 委员长 谢非 病逝 及 副 委员长 成克杰 涉嫌 贪贿 被 查 , 出现 两 人大 副 委员长 空缺 .\r\n成克杰 案 在 今 次 人 大会 上 会 否 对外 公布 , 给 外界 一个 交代 , 极 受 关注 .\r\n李黄 两 人 早 被 视为 中共 第四 领导层 成员 , 上京 应是 迟早 的 事 , 但 两 人 是否 会 在 今年 人大 会议 上 被 调 进京 则 仍是 未知 之 数 , 值得 留意 .\r\n自 上月 二十四日 大东 正式 通知 香港 电讯 正 与 新加坡 电信 洽商 将 两者 合并 以来 , 市场 对 於 这个 合并 计划 似乎 未有 太 大 的 惊喜 , 香港 电讯 的 股价 亦 未见得 有 资金 追捧 .\r\n据悉 北京 方面 并未 有 即时 表态 .\r\n如 英国 大东 有意 洽 售 香港 电讯 , 香港 有 财力 洽购 的 财团 亦 不少 , 间接 表达 不 同意 新加坡 电信 与 香港 讯 的 合并 计划 .\r\n本·阿里 总统 请 唐家璇 转达 他 对 江泽民 主席 的 亲切 问候 .\r\n他 表示 , 突 中 两国 关系 很好 , 感谢 中国 政府 长期以来 对 突尼斯 经济 建设 的 支持 .\r\n突尼斯 作为 现任 联合国 安理会 非 常任 理事国 , 中国 愿 与 突尼斯 加强 磋商 , 为 维护 发展中国家 的 权益 共同 努力 .\r\n本·阿里 说 , 中国 有 12亿 人口 , 在 解决 人民 吃 , 住 , 行 , 教育 等 方面 做 得 很好 , 这就是 尊重 人权 .\r\n唐家璇 应 突尼斯 外长 叶海亚 的 邀请 , 于 16日 晚 抵达 此间 , 开始 对 突尼斯 进行 为期 3 天 的 访问 .\r\n17日 , 他 同 叶海亚 就 进一步 发展 双边 关系 和 共同 关心 的 问题 举行 了 会谈 .\r\n唐家璇 表示 感谢 突尼斯 在 中国 统一 大业 和 人权 问题 上 给予 的 理解 与 支持 .\r\n他 着重指出 , 中国 政府 重视 促进 和 保护人 权 与 基本 自由 .\r\n对于 发展中国家 来说 , 生存 和 发展 权 是 最大 的 人权 .\r\n突尼斯 根据 自身 特点 选择 了 一 条 适合 本国 国情 的 发展 道路 , 在 维护 社会 稳定 , 促进 经济 发展 和 人民 生活 改善 方面 取得 显著 成就 , 这是 最好 地 维护 了 突尼斯 的 人权 .\r\n会谈 结束 后 , 两国 外长 出席 了 中 突 经济 技术 合作 协议 签字 仪式 .\r\n\" 反坦克 导弹 分队 出击 ! \" 指挥员 一声令下 , 整装待发 的 导弹 发射 操作 人员 如 离弦 之 箭 , 迅速 扑 向 战 位 .\r\n\" 导弹 起 竖 完毕 !\r\n\" \" 发射 ! \"\r\n只见 导弹 射手 的 食指 在 红色 的 发射 按钮 上 轻轻 一 摁 , 一 枚 \" 红 箭 \" 便 \" 哧 -- \" 的 一 声 , 拖 着 鲜红 的 火舌 呼啸 着 腾空 而 起 .\r\n发射场 上 , 惊讶 的 人群 顿时 掌声 雷动 .\r\n如今 , 他 已 发射 反坦克 导弹 16 , 打出 了 不可思议 的 100% 命中率 , 足以 与 反坦克 导弹 指挥 专业 的 本科生 媲美 .\r\n在 导弹 连 , 象 李彬 这样 享有 \" 导弹 神医 \" , \" 导弹 神 射手 \" , \" 火炮 专家 \" 等 美称 的 专家 型 士兵 多 得 是 .\r\n其实 战士 们 手中 掌握 的 绝活 岂止 这些 .\r\n一个 小小的 连队 是 怎样 创造出 如此 多 的 第一 呢 ?\r\n当 这个 训练 法 刚刚 提出 时 , 曾 遭到 专家 们 的 强烈 反对 , 不少 人 认为 这 简直 是 无稽之谈 .\r\n经过 上千 次 的 反复 训练 , 官兵 们 终于 掌握 了 这项 特殊 的 技术 .\r\n中国 是 一个 发展 中 的 转轨 经济 大国 , 增长 与 经济 结构 和 调整 存在 著 非常 密切 的 关系 .\r\n回忆 中国 经济 高速 增长 的 20 年 轨迹 , 我们 不难 发现 一个 事实 , 经济 增长 的 动 源 总是 起源 於 结构性 的 失衡 状态 , 而 增长 的 实现 或 消失 又 总是 取决 於 结构性 矛盾 的 缓解 或 加剧 扭曲 .\r\n固 此 , 结构性 政策 可以 视为 中国 经济 增长 核心 的 政策 .\r\n进入 2000年 以后 , 中国 经济 结构 出现 哪些 矛盾 呢 ? 我 想 借此 机会 就 两 个 问题 提出 自己的 看法 .\r\n首先 我 想 介绍 一下 第一 问题 .\r\n最近 , 我 查阅 了 一些 研究 资料 , 发现 自 90 年 以来 , 以 不变 价 所 衡量 的 第二 产业 和 工业 在 GDP 中 的 比重 不断 上升 , 而 服务业 比重 出现 下降 , 这种 现 像 是 非常 不 正常 的 .\r\n1998年 与 1990年 相比 , 第二 产业 的 比重 由 41.6 ﹪ 上升到 55.6 ﹪ , 其中 工业 的 比重 由 37 ﹪ 上升到 51 ﹪ . 增长 的 幅度 之大 是 罕见 的 .\r\n进行 国际 比较 就 会 发现 , 中国 目前 服务业 所 占 比重 低 於 低收入 国家 十个百分点 左右 , 低收入 国家 90年 代 服务业 的 平均 比重 为 39 ﹪ , 而 中 低收入 国家 服务业 平均 收入 的 比重 为 49 ﹪ .\r\n第二 , 目前 对 服务业 既然 存在 著 不 正确 的 歧视 和 偏见 , \" 无 工 不 富 \" , \" 服务业 的 发展 离不开 工业 的 发展 \" , 这种 思想 还是 根深蒂固 的 .\r\n目前 提出 的 命题 是 农业 人口 变成 城市 人口 , 但 并不是 说 应该 用 传统 的 计划 方法 建设 一批 新 的 城市 , 把 人 有 步骤 地 转移 过去 .\r\n真正 的 问题 是 怎 麽 形成 一种 更 有 吸引力 的 有 活力 的 都市 经济 发展 动力 机制 , 从而 对 过剩 的 农村 劳动力 有 足够的 吸引力 , 使 他们 通过 市场化 的 方式 从 农村 走向 城市 .\r\n十分 明显 , 作为 这个 过程 的 结果 将 是 一批 城市 的 出现 .\r\n再 比如说 , 目前 民营 经济 正在 逐步 对 整个 经济 增长 起到 主导 作用 , 而 体制 和 制度 仍然 偏爱 病态 的 国有 部门 .\r\n还有 , 中国 经济 正在 面对 全球 一体化 和 网络 社会 的 冲击 , 但是 目前 的 种种 规则 与 这种 形势 严重 不 适应 .\r\n结构 矛盾 的 第四 表现 , 是 公司 或 企业 治理 结构 改革 不 到位 .\r\n公司 的 治理 结构 和 增长 之间 存在 著 非常 明确 的 关系 , 有了 好的 公司 治理 结构 , 投资者 的 信心 增强 .\r\n第二 , 进一步 制定 结构 调整 政策 的 思想方法 和 政策 取向 , 总的来看 , 前 述 结构 调整 政策 都是 进一步 改革 的 问题 .\r\n因此 , 下一步 结构 调整 的 实质 是 体制 性 的 调整 .\r\n由於 时间 关系 , 我 想 强调 四 个 问题 .\r\n第三 , 这项 调整 一个 重要 的 前提 , 就是 政府 和 市场 之间 在 职能 和 作用 的 分工 , 应该 界定 政府 自己 应该 做 的 事 .\r\n第四 , 调整 政策 一个 直接 的 入手 点 是 继续 改革 政府 .\r\n( 第一 号 ) 经济 透视 : 中国 税制 面临 调整 \" 中新社 北京 二月十八日 电 \" 经济 透视 : 中国 税制 面临 调整 中新社 记者 张红 近来 从 中国 权威 机构 频频 传出 的 信息 显示 , 随 著 中国 宏观经济 环境 出现 阶段性 变化 , 中国 一九九四年 以来 确立 的 新 税制 将 面临 调整 .\r\n国家 税务 总局 的 有关 人士 指出 , 一九九四年 中国 进行 的 全面 税制 改革 , 是 按照 组织 财政收入 调控 经济 活动 这 两 大 目标 实施 的 .\r\n当时 中国 正 面临 著 严重 的 通货膨胀 , 因此 税制 设计 也 贯彻 了 治理 通胀 的 方针 .\r\n比如 , 与 大多数 国家 采用 消费 型 增值税 不同 , 中国 实行 的 是 生产 型 增值税 , 对 投资 的 实际 税负 较 重 .\r\n此外 , 还 开征 了 土地 增值税 固定资产 投资 方向 调节税 等 , 目的 是 通过 税收 调节 抑制 投资 过热 .\r\n目前 在 对 收入 影响 还 不太 大 的 行业 , 税务 部门 已经 有所 动作 .\r\n有关 人士 也 表示 , 中国 的 中期 目标 是 把 税收 占 GDP 的 比重 提高到 发展中国家 的 平均 水平 .\r\n中国 离 WTO 已经 越来越 近 , \" 入世 \" 的 压力 也 构成 了 进一步 改革 完善 税制 的 动力 .\r\n国际 经济 新 的 发展 潮流 和 趋势 , 也 促使 中国 税制 进行 调整 .\r\n其中 最 紧迫 的 两 问题 , 就是 跨国 经营 的 扩张 和 电子商务 的 兴起 .\r\n有关 人士 承认 , 中国 现行 税制 尚 难 适应 这些 新 趋势 的 要求 , 必须 加紧 研究 对策 .\r\n尽管 国际 国内 经济 环境 都 对 税制 变革 提出 了 要求 , 中国 也 已经 采取 了 一些 措施 , 但是 全面 的 税制 改革 显然 要 慎重 行事 .\r\n新华社 北京 2月14日 电 新华社 特约 评论员 文章 : 刻不容缓 的 一件 大事 近年来 , 因 中小学生 课业 负担 过重 导致 学生 出走 , 轻生 ; 家长 给 学生 施加压力 , 教师 体罚 和 殴打 学生 甚至 造成 学生 致残 , 致死 等 恶性 事件 时 有 发生 .\r\n今年 1月17日 , 浙江 金华市 第四 中学 一 名 高中 学生 因 忍受 不了 学习 成绩 名次 和 家长 的 压力 , 竟 打死 其 母 .\r\n这些 虽然 只是 极 少数 极端 事件 , 但 它 足以 说明 : 减轻 学生 过重 的 课业 负担 , 培养 学生 良好 的 心理 素质 和 法制观念 , 是 一件 刻不容缓 的 大事 .\r\n建国 以来 , 党 和 政府 一贯 重视 中小学生 的 健康 成长 , 多次 坚决 纠正 加重 学生 负担 的 不 正当 做法 .\r\n党 的 三代 领导 核心 毛泽东 , 邓小平 , 江泽民 都 曾 对此 作 过 重要 指示 .\r\n为了 落实 中央 领导 关于 减轻 学生 过重 负担 的 指示 精神 , 国家 教育 行政 部门 曾 发布 了 一系列 文件 , 采取 一系列 措施 , 多次 对 减轻 中小学生 过重 负担 问题 进行 专门 部署 .\r\n因此 , \" 学生 负担 过重 \" 不仅 是 一个 教育 问题 , 也是 一个 社会 问题 .\r\n这些 有效 减轻 学生 负担 和 帮助 学生 树立 正确 的 世界观 , 人生观 , 价值观 的 良好 范例 , 增强 了 我们 克服 \" 减负 \" 顽症 的 信心 .\r\n减轻 学生 课业 负担 , 经济 负担 和 心理 负担 , 既是 当前 一 项 紧迫 的 任务 , 又要 作为 一 项 长期 的 战略 任务 来 抓 .\r\n要 教育 广大 干部 , 校长 , 教师 和 家长 树立 正确 的 教育 观 , 质量 观 和 人才 观 , 使 全面 实施 素质 教育 , 提高 教育 质量 成为 全社会 的 共识 .\r\n要 加快 改革 中小学 课程 体系 , 结构 和 内容 , 建立 适应 社会 发展 需要 的 新 课程 体系 .\r\n要 进一步 改革 招生 考试 制度 , 尽快 建立 符合 素质 教育 要求 的 招生 考试 制度 和 教育 评价 制度 .\r\n实际上 , \" 减负 \" 和 降低 教学 质量 , 不仅 没有 必然 联系 , 相反 , \" 减负 \" 的 目的 , 正是 为了 提高 教育 教学 质量 .\r\n为此 , 广大 家长 要 树立 正确 的 教育 质量 观 , 支持 学校 的 \" 减负 \" 措施 , 协助 学校 把 孩子 的 过重 负担 真正 减下来 .\r\n做好 减轻 学生 过重 负担 的 工作 , 直接 关系到 全面 推进 素质 教育 , 关系到 青少年 一代 的 健康 成长 , 关系到 中华 民族 在 21世纪 国际 竞争 中 的 地位 .\r\n石广生 向 穆尔 介绍 了 中国 加入 世贸 组织 谈判 的 进展 情况 .\r\n石广生 表示 , 中国 作为 一个 负责任 的 大国 , 加入 世贸 组织 之后 , 在 享受 世贸 组织 成员 应有 权利 的 同时 , 也 将会 履行 自 已 应 尽 的 义务 , 遵守 世贸 组织 规则 , 执行 双边 和 多边 协议 .\r\n他 说 , 加入 世贸 组织 给 中国 既 带来 机遇 , 也 带来 挑战 .\r\n他 说 , 中国 加入 世贸 组织 , 对 中国 , 世界 各国 和 世贸 组织 都是 有利 的 .\r\n他 的 目标 很 明确 , 希望 中国 早日 成为 世贸 组织 成员 , 使 世贸 组织 成为 真正 的 世界 贸易 组织 .\r\n穆尔 是 应 石广生 的 邀请 , 于 2月17日 抵达 这里 , 开始 为期 3 天 的 访问 的 .\r\n去年 , 中美 关系 经历 了 较大 波折 .\r\n当前 , 中美 关系 面临 进一步 改善 和 发展 的 机遇 , 也 存在 挑战 .\r\n我们 愿 与 美方 共同 努力 , 推动 中美 关系 朝 著 两国 元首 确立 的 方向 和 目标 向前 发展 .\r\n钱 副总理 强调 指出 , 台湾 问题 始终 是 中美 关系 中 最 重要 最 敏感 的 核心 问题 .\r\n塔尔博特 副 国务卿 表示 , 克林顿 政府 致力 於 发展 美中 关系 .\r\n克林顿 总统 坚定 地 致力 於 推动 美国 会 支持 对华 永久 正常 贸易 关系 .\r\n塔 表示 , 美国 政府 反对 《 加强 台湾 安全 法 》 , 并 将 阻止 该 法案 成为 法律 .\r\n( 第五十一 号 ) 张万年 会见 塔尔博特 \" 中新社 北京 二月十八日 电 \" 中央军委 副主席 张万年 今天 会见 了 塔尔博特 副 国务卿 美国防部 副部长 斯洛科姆 和 参 联会 副主席 罗尔斯顿 等 .\r\n双方 就 恢复 中美 两 军 交往 和 发展 两 军 关系 问题 进行 了 交谈 .\r\n张万年 特别 就 台湾 问题 , 包括 美 对 台 军售 问题 明确 阐述 了 中方 的 立场 .\r\n今天 , 中央 外事 办公室 主任 刘华秋 和 中国人民 解放军 副 总参谋长 熊光楷 分别 会见 了 塔尔博特 一行 .\r\n双方 表示 要 增加 接触 , 增进 了解 , 扩大 共识 , 促进 合作 .\r\n中方 指出 , 发展 和 部署 国家 和 战区 导弹 防御 系统 不利 於 全球 战略 平衡 , 不利 於 地区 和平 与 稳定 .\r\n\" 中国 加入 世贸 组织 的 那天 将 是 重要 的 一 天 . \"\r\n在此 之前 , 他 曾任 新西兰 总理 , 对外 关系 和 贸易 部长 , 外交部 长 等 职 .\r\n穆尔 23 岁 就 当 上 议员 , 是 新西兰 历史 上 最 年轻 的 议员 .\r\n穆尔 3 天 的 中国 之行 , 主要 是 了解 中国 入世 还有 哪些 障碍 , 以 协调 各方 关系 , 推动 中国 加入 世贸 组织 的 进程 .\r\n穆尔 表示 , 他 对 中国 今年 加入 世贸 组织 表示 乐观 .\r\n他 认为 , 现在 各方 都 希望 在 今年 内 使 中国 \" 入世 \" 这件事 有 个 最终 结果 , 世贸 组织 秘书 处 将 尽力 推动 协商 进程 .\r\n穆尔 注意到 中国 作为 发展中国家 在 加入 世贸 组织 之后 所 面临 的 机遇 和 困难 .\r\n但 \" 入世 \" 后 , 中国 存在 的 问题 并 不会 消失 , 国有 企业 需要 提高 竞争力 .\r\n他 表示 相信 , 凭着 中国 人 的 聪明 与 勤奋 , 中国 的 未来 是 光明 的 .\r\n他 说 , \" 这是 一个 经济 问题 , 更是 一个 发展 问题 . \"\r\n曹思源 认为 : 中国 加入 世 贸 , 可 引起 五 大 变化 .\r\n一 促进 贸易 自由化 中国 加入 世贸 组织 以后 , 就 将 与 世贸 组织 一百三十 成员国 之间 互相 提供 贸易 优惠 , 逐步 降低 关税 , 拆除 非 关税壁垒 .\r\n二 促进 投资 自由化 世界 贸易 组织 不仅 要 取消 贸易 壁垒 , 而且 要 取消 投资 壁垒 .\r\n加入 WTO 以后 , 世贸 组织 的 运行 规则 同样 适用 於 中国 , 必须 要求 我们 的 投资 环境 从 根本上 改善 .\r\n这 将 为 吸引 外商 开拓 广阔 的 空间 .\r\n将来 除了 中外合资 中外 合作 外商 独资 经营 企业 等 形式 以外 , 还必须 开辟 外商 投资 的 新 形式 -- 跨国 兼并 与 收购 , 外企 并购 国企 .\r\n这 将 使 引进 外资 总额 大幅度 增长 , 可望 从 一九九八年 的 四百五十亿 美元 增加到 二零零五年 的 一千亿 美元 .\r\n企业 有 竞争力 , 产品 有 竞争力 , 价廉物美 , 市场 广阔 , 这 才是 最 重要 的 综合 国力 .\r\n而 我们 加入 世贸 组织 以后 能够 促进 市场 竞争 和 经济 的 繁荣 , 同时 也就 有利 於 综合 国力 的 增强 .\r\n其中 最 主要 的 是 将会 带来 对 经济体制 政府 管理 制度 和 整个 政治 体制 进一步 变革 的 要求 .\r\n由於 关税 的 降低 , 直接 或 间接 导致 物价 水平 下降 , 提高 了 消费者 手中 货币 的 购买力 , 人们 有机会 享受 到 价格 低廉 质量 更 优 更加 丰富多彩 的 中外 产品 与 服务 .\r\n要 引导 毕业生 进入 人才 市场 择业 , 加速 主体 到位 步伐 .\r\n有条件 的 地方 和 部门 , 要 积极 稳妥 地 推行 不 包 就业 , 不 包 分配 的 就业 办法 , 逐步 形成 与 市场经济 条件 下 人才 配置 和 流动 特点 相适应 的 毕业生 接收 工作 新 机制 .\r\n各级 国家 行政 机关 接收 毕业生 要 严格 执行 《 国家公务员 暂行条例 》 , 坚持 考试 录用 .\r\n要 根据 国家 有关 规定 精神 , 适当 延长 毕业生 择业 期限 .\r\n对 回到 生源 所在地 未 落实 单位 的 毕业生 , 县级 以上 政府 人事 部门 所属 人才 服务 机构 要 为 其 办理 人事 代理 , 使 毕业生 仍 可 通过 人才 市场 自主 择业 .\r\n通知 强调 各级 人事 部门 要 高度 重视 毕业生 接收 工作 , 认真 分析 本地区 毕业生 接收 工作 形势 , 及时 研究 , 解决 工作 中 出现 的 新 情况 , 新 问题 , 千方百计 把 工作 做好 .\r\n要 公开 办事 程序 , 简化 审批 手续 , 提高 工作效率 .\r\n要 积极 与 相关 部门 协调 , 探索 建立 与 毕业生 接收 密切相关 的 待业 , 医疗 等 社会保障 制度 , 为 毕业生 就业 提供 切实 有效的 保证 .\r\n要 与 教育 , 计划 , 财政 , 公安 , 粮食 等 部门 搞好 配合 和 协作 , 确保 毕业生 接收 工作 顺利 进行 .\r\n广东 去年 查处 三百四十二 处 级 以上 领导干部 新华社 广州 二月十九日 电 ( 记者 张知干 杨霞 ) 广东省 查处 大案要案 工作 坚持不懈 .\r\n王华元 表示 , 今年 , 广东省 纪检 监察 部门 将 继续 把 查处 大 要案 作为 反腐败 工作 的 重点 .\r\n同时 , 加大 对 金融 , 证券 , 房地产 , 土地批租 转租 , 物资 采购 等 领域 及 司法 , 干部 人事 工作 中 违纪 违法 案件 的 查处 力度 .\r\n( 19-02-2000 ) 今 次 人大 主要 议程 披露 \" 本报 记者 北京 十八日 电 \" 全国 人大 九 届 三 会议 和 全国 政协 九 届 三 会议 ( 简称 \" 两会 \" ) 将 分别 於 三月五日 和 三月三日 在京 开幕 .\r\n依照 以往 惯例 , 国务院 及其 下属 部门 一 年 的 工作 情况 均 由 部门 首脑 向 与会 代表 进行 报告 , 而 全国 人大 常委会 一 年 来 的 工作 则 由 副 委员长 做 报告 , 委员长 主持 会议 .\r\n在 这 篇 讲话 中 , 江主席 提出 了 现阶段 发展 两岸 关系 , 推动 祖国 和平 统一 进程 的 八 项 主张 .\r\n1983年6月 , 邓小平 先生 提出 了 实现 祖国 和平 统一 的 对 台 政策 6 构思 , 使 \" 一国两制 \" 构想 具体化 , 系统化 .\r\n江主席 讲话 再次 重申 希望 以 和平 方式 解决 台湾 问题 , 实施 一个 国家 , 两 制度 , 即 \" 一国两制 \" .\r\n香港 和 澳门 相继 回归祖国 , 是 中华 民族 统一 进程 的 重大 进展 , 使 中国 人民 日夜 盼望 台湾 问题 的 早日 解决 信心 更 强 , 离 实现 祖国 完全 统一 的 日子 更加 接近 .\r\n香港 , 澳门 的 顺利 回归 , 应是 一面 镜子 , 港澳同胞 比 之 1996年 的 信心 已 增强 很多 .\r\n新闻 单位 在 这次 活动 中 充分 发挥 了 党 的 宣传 工作 优势 , 是 坚持 唱 响 主旋律 , 打好 主动 仗 , 坚持 正面 宣传 , 弘扬 正气 的 一次 有益 尝试 .\r\n罗干 指出 , 全心全意 为人民服务 , 是 我们 党 的 一贯 宗旨 .\r\n四川省 投资 集团 长城 特殊钢 ( 集团 ) 公司 原 副 总经理 徐兴卫 ( 副厅级 ) 利用 职权 , 伙同 他人 涉嫌 贪污 三十八万 元 , 个人 分得 十六万 元 , 被 依法 严惩 .\r\n新华社 达喀尔 2月19日 电 新闻 分析 : \" 发展 援助 \" 名不副实 新华社 记者 潘革平 对 广大 发展中国家 而言 , 过去 的 十 年 是 不 平等 的 , 贫困 加剧 的 十 年 .\r\n由于 基础 薄弱 , 资金 严重 缺乏 和 管理 技能 相对 落后 , 广大 发展中国家 普遍 未能 在 经济 全球化 中 获益 , 而 不 平等 的 国际贸易 和 金融 管理体制 则 进一步 加大 了 南北 差距 .\r\n据统计 , 全球 最 不发达国家 已 从 1976年 的 29 增加到 了 目前 的 48 .\r\n联合国 贸 发 会议 近日 公布 的 一 份 材料 说 , 为了 使 最 不发达国家 的 所有 人 都 能 得到 基本 的 医疗 保障 , 只 需要 130亿 美元 , 而 这 一 数字 仅 相当于 美国 和 西欧 国家 每年 在 饲养 宠物 方面 的 花费 .\r\n从 历史 角度 看 , 发达国家 也 完全 有 提供 发展 援助 的 责任 和 义务 .\r\n可以说 , 没有 当年 的 疯狂 掠夺 , 就 不可能 有 今天 发达国家 的 繁荣 .\r\n然而 现实 情况 却是 , 发展 援助 无论 在 数额 , 内容 还是 方式 上 均 不能 令人 满意 .\r\n首先 , 发达国家 的 援助 非但 从未 达到 0.7% 的 标准 , 而且 近年 还 一直 呈 下降 趋势 .\r\n由于 额度 不足 , 这些 援助 往往 只 够用 来 弥补 最 不发达国家 的 财政 亏空 , 根本 无法 真正 用于 发展 .\r\n此外 , 西方 国家 在 提供 援助 时 , 往往 要 在 民主 机制 , 政治 制度 , 司法独立 和 人权 等 方面 提出 许多 苛刻 的 条件 , 有时 甚至 还 详细 规定 资金 的 投向 .\r\n这种 \" 越俎代庖 \" 的 做法 , 不仅 有着 干涉 他国 内政 之 嫌 , 并且 还 往往 脱离 受援 国 的 国情 , 甚至 给 受援 国 带来 灾难 .\r\n当然 , 面对 未来 的 挑战 , 发展中国家 也 应当 正视 现实 , 在 争取 更多 , 更 合理 的 外援 的 同时 , 加强 内部 团结 , 充分 发挥 自身 优势 , 并 加快 自己的 发展 步伐 .\r\n新华社 北京 二月二十日 电 ( 记者 鹿永建 ) 经 一百 专家 近 一 年 的 努力 , 黄河 \" 水 账 \" 基本 算清 , 为 治理 黄河 水患 提供 了 决策 依据 .\r\n中国 第二 大 河流 黄河 历史 上 水灾 多 发 , 近年 又 频频 断流 .\r\n黄河 的 \" 水帐 \" , 特别是 水量 , 洪水 标准 和 水资源 供需 平衡 等 事关 治 黄 战略 的 问题 备受 关注 .\r\n此外 , 计算 出 了 下游 千年 和 百 年 一 遇 洪水 的 洪峰 流量 .\r\n小 浪 底 建成 与 三门峡 , 陆浑 , 故 县 水库 联合 运用 , 可 将 花园口 断面 千年 一 遇 洪水 削减 至 二点二六万 立方米 , 百 年 一 遇 洪水 削减 至 一点五七万 立方米 每秒 .\r\n得出 了 黄河 水资源 供需 平衡 及 缺水 预测 的 数据 .\r\n新 的 调查 表明 , 黄河 流域 及 相关 地区 国民经济 各 部门 取 用水量 约 五百亿 立方米 , 实际 耗 水量 约 四百亿 立方米 , 耗用 河川 径流 量 约 三百亿 立方米 .\r\n一 年 多 来 , 在 党中央 的 领导 下 , 各级党委 加强 领导 , 周密 安排 , 扎实 工作 , 保证 了 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 顺利 健康 发展 .\r\n绝大多数 同志 政治 上 是 可以 信赖 的 , 工作 是 认真 努力 的 , 各方面 都 在 不断 进步 .\r\n他们 年富力强 , 文化 程度 较高 , 思想 比较 活跃 , 勇于 开拓 进取 , 为 贯彻执行 党 的 路线 和 中央 决策 , 推进 社会主义 现代化 建设 , 付出 了 许多 辛劳 .\r\n但 也 应当 看到 , 这 一 级 干部 , 也 存在 一些 明显 的 弱点 和 不足 .\r\n相当 一部分 同志 在 党性 党风 方面 程度 不同 地 存在 这样 那样的 问题 , 有的 还 比较 严重 .\r\n因而 , 必须 认真 搞好 县 ( 市 ) 的 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 .\r\n首先 要 深入 领会 中央 精神 , 提高 对 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 重要性 , 必要性 的 认识 .\r\n在 这个 基础 上 , 按照 中央 规定 的 学习 要求 , 精读 钻研 必读 书目 .\r\n深入 扎实 地 开展 县 ( 市 ) \" 三 讲 \" 教育 , 要 拿起 批评 和 自我批评 的 武器 , 开展 积极 健康 的 思想 斗争 .\r\n一个 重要 的 原因 , 是 党内 缺乏 积极 健康 的 思想 斗争 , 批评与自我批评 开展 不起来 .\r\n能否 开展 严肃 认真 的 批评与自我批评 , 直接 关系到 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 的 质量 .\r\n要 坚决 克服 那种 怕丑 , 怕 痛 的 思想 顾虑 , 敞开 胸怀 , 正视 问题 , 不 讳言 缺点 , 认真 解剖 自己 .\r\n开展 批评 既要 严肃 认真 , 又要 满腔热情 , 与人为善 .\r\n要 通过 谈心 交心 , 沟通 思想 , 增进 理解 .\r\n要 坚持 实事求是 , 达到 既 弄清 思想 又 团结 同志 的 目的 .\r\n县 ( 市 ) 一级 的 领导 直接 面对 基层 , 群众 的 意见 可能 会 多 一些 , 但 不能 因此 而 顾虑重重 , 不敢 开门 搞 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 .\r\n我们 的 党员 干部 是 为人民服务 的 , 充分 听取 群众 意见 是 搞好 服务 的 前提 和 基础 .\r\n正确 对待 群众 意见 , 以此 作为 改进 工作 的 动力 , 就 可以 在 思想上 , 工作 上 不断 取得 进步 .\r\n要 把 边 整 边 改 贯穿 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 全过程 , 对 那些 群众 迫切 关心 的 问题 , 能 改 的 立即 改 , 使 群众 不断 看到 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 的 成效 , 增强 对 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 的 信心 .\r\n中央 政治局 常委 深入 县 ( 市 ) 为 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 作 动员 , 为 我们 作出 了 榜样 .\r\n要 把 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 和 推动 当前 工作 紧密 结合 起来 , 切实 做到 \" 两 不 误 , 两 促进 \" .\r\n20日 上午 , 迟浩田 来到 驻 澳门 部队 珠海 基地 看望 官兵 .\r\n他 说 , 驻 香港 部队 和 驻 澳门 部队 所 作出 的 历史性 贡献 , 将 永远 铭记 在 中国人民 解放军 的 光辉 史册 上 .\r\n要 坚持 党 对 军队 的 绝对 领导 , 这是 我军 建军 的 根本 原则 和 永远 不变 的 军 魂 .\r\n迟浩田 指出 , 建设 过硬 的 部队 , 关键 是 抓好 党委 班子 建设 .\r\n各级 领导干部 要 勤政 廉政 , 两袖清风 , 努力 增强 党委 班子 的 凝聚力 和 战斗力 .\r\n迟浩田 特别 强调 要 依法 治军 , 从严 治军 .\r\n他 说 , 严明 的 纪律 , 严整 的 军容 , 昂扬 的 精神 状态 , 文明礼貌 的 举止 行为 , 不仅 是 对 驻 香港 部队 和 驻 澳门 部队 的 基本 要求 , 也是 对 全军 部队 的 基本 要求 .\r\n朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 充分 肯定 了 海关 工作 取得 的 成绩 .\r\n这 在 全国 产生 了 极大 的 震动 和 深远 的 影响 .\r\n在 中纪委 , 政法 委 的 组织 下 , 海关 系统 坚决 贯彻 落实 中央 的 重要 决策 , 与 有关 部门 一起 开展 了 大规模 的 打击 走私 联合 行动 和 专项 斗争 , 迅速 而 严厉 地 打击 了 走私 犯罪 活动 , 成效 卓著 .\r\n由于 强化 征管 , 严格 审 价 , 深入 稽查 , 海关 税收 大幅度 增长 .\r\n同时 , 海关 系统 的 改革 和 建设 也 取得 重要 进展 .\r\n一 要 继续 加大 打击 走私 力度 , 始终 保持 高压 态势 , 常备不懈 , 严防 猛打 , 绝不 允许 走私 活动 回潮 .\r\n二 要 依法 治 税 , 严格 征管 , 做到 应收 尽 收 , 确保 完成 关税 任务 .\r\n三 要 深化 改革 , 加强 现代 海关 制度 建设 .\r\n要 以 通关 作业 改革 为 突破口 , 全面 推进 各方面 改革 .\r\n要 继续 搞好 计算机 联网 , 加速 实现 海关 管理 信息化 , 特别 要 充分 发挥 \" 全国 海关 报关 单 核查 核销 系统 \" 的 作用 , 加快 开发 \" 口岸 电子 执法 系统 \" .\r\n要 正确 认识 海关 队伍 暴露 出来 的 问题 .\r\n要 彻底 查办 腐败 案件 , 依法 严惩 腐败 分子 .\r\n要 切实 纠正 行业 不正之风 , 各个 海关 人员 都 必须 做到 执法如山 , 铁面无私 .\r\n所有 海关 都要 加强 和 改进 内部 管理 , 在 搞好 管理 方面 下大 功夫 .\r\n改革开放 以来 , 在 党 的 改革开放 政策 的 指引 下 , 高州市 广大 干部 群众 艰苦奋斗 , 在 经济 发展 和 社会 进步 方面 取得 了 显著 成绩 .\r\n今天 上午 , 江泽民 听取 了 高州 市委 , 市政府 关于 党 的 建设 和 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 准备 情况 的 汇报 .\r\n下午 , 高州 市委 举行 领导干部 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 大会 , 高州市 镇 党政 领导干部 600 多人 出席 了 会议 , 江泽民 发表 了 重要 讲话 .\r\n开展 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 , 就是 为了 更好地 推进 党 的 建设 , 为 党 在 新世纪 的 奋斗 进一步 做好 思想 , 政治 和 组织 准备 .\r\n江泽民 强调 , 结合 党 在 一定 历史 时期 的 任务 , 通过 集中 学习 教育 , 提高 党 的 领导干部 的 思想 政治 水平 , 解决 党内 存在 的 突出 问题 , 是 我们 党 加强 自身 建设 的 一个 行之有效 的 方法 .\r\n历史 的 经验 表明 , 党 的 建设 必须 贯穿于 党 领导 人民 不断 奋斗 的 全部 过程 , 并 为 不断 实现 党 的 奋斗 目标 提供 强有力 的 保证 .\r\n通过 这次 \" 三 讲 \" , 中央 政治局 常委 同志 都 感到 , 认真 总结 工作 , 严格 剖析 自己 , 认真 听取 同志们 和 群众 的 意见 , 对 加强 党性 修养 和 党性 锻炼 , 提高 思想 政治 水平 , 加强 和 改进 工作 , 都 很 有 好处 .\r\n各级党委 都要 注意 把 搞好 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 和 推动 当前 的 改革 , 发展 , 稳定 结合 起来 .\r\n县 ( 市 ) 领导 工作 处于 第一线 , 改革开放 和 建设 的 任务 很 重 , 一定 要 牢牢 把握 经济 建设 这个 中心 , 把 各方面 工作 的 安排 想 得 周到 细致 一些 , 切实 抓紧 抓好 .\r\n江泽民 强调 , 21世纪 的 前 20 年 , 是 党 和 人民 事业 发展 的 至关紧要 的 时期 , 也是 现在 的 县 ( 市 ) 级 干部 经受 锻炼 , 增加 经验 , 发挥 才干 的 至关紧要 的 时期 .\r\n县 ( 市 ) 工作 做 得 好 , 我们 党 和 国家 的 长治久安 才有 坚实 的 城乡 群众 基础 和 社会 基础 .\r\n江泽民 指出 , 坚定不移 , 不折不扣 地 贯彻执行 党 的 路线 方针 政策 , 百折不挠 , 克服 一切 困难 去 坚决 落实 党 的 路线 方针 政策 , 是 党 对 每一个 领导干部 的 基本 政治 要求 .\r\n我国 有 两千 多个 县 ( 市 ) , 情况 千差万别 , 贯彻 落实 中央 的 方针 政策 , 开展 各个 方面 的 工作 , 不能 千篇一律 , 必须 因地制宜 , 紧密 结合 本地 的 实际 去 做 , 这样 才能 把 中央 的 方针 政策 真正 落到 实处 .\r\n当前 , 我们 的 农业 发展 已 进入 新 的 阶段 , 农业 , 乡镇企业 都 在 进行 结构 调整 , 增加 农民 收入 的 任务 很 重 .\r\n江泽民 强调 , 改造 客观 世界 和 改造 主观 世界 , 始终 是 每个 党员 和 党 的 领导干部 的 两 项 重要 任务 .\r\n包括 县 ( 市 ) 在内 的 各级 领导干部 都要 坚持 说 老实 话 , 办 老实 事 , 做 老实 人 , 坚持 自重 , 自省 , 自 警 , 自励 .\r\n共产党人 更 应 自觉 地 加强 个人 的 思想 修养 , 加强 对 自己 主观 世界 的 改造 .\r\n把 这些 问题 想清楚 了 , 想 正确 了 , 我们 就 能 做到 一身 正气 , 堂堂正正 .\r\n新华社 德黑兰 2月20日 电 ( 记者 荣松 ) 中国 外长 唐家璇 20日 与 伊朗 外长 哈拉齐 在 德黑兰 举行 了 会谈 .\r\n他 说 , 伊 中 关系 有 深厚 的 历史 渊源 , 两国 曾 为 人类 文明 做出 过 重要 贡献 , 今天 应 继续 加强 合作 .\r\n伊 方 认为 , 任何 国家 都 不能 把 自己的 文化 与 文明 强加 给 别国 .\r\n因此 , 哈塔米 总统 提出 文明 对话 的 倡议 , 并 得到 国际 社会 的 积极 响应 .\r\n他 说 , 此次 访问 是 为了 进一步 增进 中 伊 间 的 相互 了解 和 友谊 , 促进 两国 友好 合作 在 各个 领域 的 发展 .\r\n古代 \" 丝绸之路 \" 曾 把 东方 的 中 伊 两 大 文明 紧密 地 联系 在 一起 .\r\n中方 认为 , 世界 各国 只有 在 相互 尊重 和 平等 相 待 的 基础 上 加强 合作 , 扩大 交流 , 才能 真正 做到 增进 信任 , 求同存异 , 人类 文明 才能 共同 发展 和 前进 .\r\n中 伊 两国 同属 亚洲 的 发展中国家 , 在 许多 重大 国际 和 地区 问题 上 存在 一致 或 相似 的 看法 .\r\n在 新世纪 里 , 中方 愿 与 伊 方 共同 努力 , 继续 巩固 和 加强 两国 在 多方面 的 交流 与 合作 , 致力于 建立 两国 长期 稳定 , 不断 发展 的 友好 合作 关系 .\r\n伊 方 表示 愿 鼓励 伊朗 企业 积极 参与 中国 西部 的 开发 .\r\n有 消息 称 , 江泽民 此次 南 巡 , 可能 与 深圳市 升格为 中央 直辖市 有关 .\r\n另外 , 由於 三月 全国 人大 召开 在即 , 江泽民 此番 南 巡 是否 与 广东省 委 书记 李长春 调动 有关 , 亦 引起 外界 关注 .\r\n本报 记者 昨日 致电 中共 深圳 市委 宣传部 , 查询 江泽民 南 巡 是否 与 深圳 升格 直辖市 有关 .\r\n消息 称 , 深圳 升格为 第五 中央 直辖市 已 到 快 拍板 阶段 , 最 快 在 今明 两 年 内 即可 实现 .\r\n消息 称 , 江泽民 此番 南 巡 , 很可能 是 作 安抚 广东 的 工作 , 使之 理解 中央 的 意图 , 同意 让 深圳 升格 .\r\n深圳市 若 成为 直辖市 , 其 行政 体系 直接 归属 国务院 领导 , 广东 的 经济 实力 或多或少 将 因 深圳市 的 \" 独立 \" 而 受到 影响 .\r\n据悉 , 江泽民 是 於 前日 抵达 广东 视察 工作 的 .\r\n有关 人士 表示 , 江泽民 对 广东 工作 一直 十分 重视 , 九三 年 南 巡 广东 时 , 曾 要求 广东 \" 增 创新 优势 , 更上一层楼 \" .\r\n据悉 , 在 广东 期间 , 江泽民 将会 视察 驻 粤 陆海空 三军 部队 .\r\n据 消息 人士 称 , 目前 , 中共 正在 各地 层层 开展 \" 三 讲 \" ( 讲学习 讲政治 讲正气 ) 活动 .\r\n外界 此前 一直 看好 李长春 , 迟早 会 上调 中央 .\r\n李长春 九八 年 在 人大 开幕 前 突然 南下 , 又 会 否 在下 月 人大 突然 北上 , 惹人 关注 . \" 返回 页 顶 \" \" 返回 目录 \" [ 下 一 页 ] [ Image ]\r\n明报 网站 版权 所有 不得 转载 Copyright ( C ) 1999Mingpao.com All rightsreserved.\r\n据悉 , 中共 中央 已 作出 决定 , 全国 数百万 名 党员 干部 都要 参加 学习班 , 自我 检讨 , 并 接受 属下 干部 的 评比 , 人人 都要 过关 .\r\n昨天 下午 开始 , 深圳 火车站 的 工人 已 在 月台 , 火车站 大楼 等 打扫 清洁 , 也 有 装修 工人 在 修补 火车站 周围 的 外 墙 , 而 封存 在 仓库 内 的 红 地 毡 , 亦 已 移 至 火车站 月台 .\r\n确定 特区 发展 科技 企业 消息 指出 , 江泽民 抵达 深圳 后 , 先 听取 市委 书记 张高丽 的 工作 汇报 , 稍 后 还 会 视察 深圳市 部分 较 突出 的 高科技 企业 , 并 发表 重要 的 讲话 , 推动 以 高科技 作为 未来 经济特区 一个 新 的 发展 方向 .\r\n据 透露 , 参加 演习 空军 是 来自 济南 军区 航空兵 的 一个 师 , 时间 是 在 新年 后 , 演习 的 目标 是 要 调动 整个 师 的 所有 战机 同时 进行 远距离 的 跨海 突击 作战 .\r\n近期 解放军 空军 的 演练 明显 加强 , 据 传媒 报道 , 空军 在 去年 十一月 上旬 曾 在 东南 沿海 进行 过 一次 空对空 的 战机 对抗 演习 .\r\nhttp://www.singtao.com [ 上 篇 ] [ 资料 档案 ] [ 新闻 标题 ] [ 下 篇 ]\r\n( 记者 张文 报道 ) 对 台 部门 官员 指出 , 对 台 政策 作 \" 技术 层面 \" 上 的 调整 , 说明 大陆 对 台 基本 方针 不会 改变 , 也 不需要 改变 .\r\n大陆 的 对 台 基本 方针 是 : 在 一个 中国 的 前提 下 , 和平 统一 , \" 一国两制 \" , 不 放弃 使用 武力 .\r\n中国 对 台 政策 出现 微调 , 是 因为 这样 几个 事实 出现 了 : 第一 , 国家 统一 问题 进入 第三 , 香港 回归 是 第一 , 澳门 回归 是 第二 , 台湾 与 大陆 统一 是 第三 , 也是 最后 一 站 .\r\n第二 , 李登辉 \" 两国 论 \" 进一步 强化 了 中共 领导人 \" 晚 统一 不如 早 统一 好 \" 的 逼 切 愿望 .\r\n而 \" 江 八点 \" 的 核心 诉求 是 实现 两岸 的 政治 谈判 .\r\n待 台湾 新 的 领导人 主政 台湾 后 , 恢复 两岸 政治 对话 的 前提 是 新 的 台湾 领导人 必须 是 务实 的 , 即 不能 搞 台湾 独立 .\r\n由於 统一 问题 愈 拖 愈 麻烦 , 早日 解决 台湾 问题 已 成为 中共 领导人 的 共识 .\r\n新华社 北京 2月21日 电 ( 记者 张毅 ) 记者 从 外 经贸部 获悉 , 我国 企业 的 进出口 经营权 正 逐步 由 审批 制 向 登记 制 过渡 .\r\n目前 全国 范围 内 符合 条件 的 生产 企业 , 科研 院所 都 可以 依照 有关 规定 , 由 登记 制 获得 自营 进出口 经营权 .\r\n早在 1996年 , 外 经贸部 就 开始 对 5 经济特区 的 生产 企业 试行 进出口 经营权 登记 制 .\r\n目前 , 经 登记 获得 自营 进出口 权 的 生产 企业 和 科研 院所 遍布 全国各地 , 涉及 国民经济 各个 领域 .\r\n这 一 举措 使 广大 生产 企业 和 科研 院所 直接 参与 国际 竞争 , 推动 了 外贸 出口 的 扩大 .\r\n但 就是 一件 如此 合情合理 合法 之 事 , 在 立法会 负责 审议 的 小组 委员会 中 却 遭到 阻挠 , 得不到 通过 .\r\n对此 , 特区 政府 已 重申 不会 放弃 立场 , 稍 后 将会 提供 另 一 项 新 草案 再 交 立 会 审议 .\r\n首先 必须 指出 的 是 , 中央 驻 港 机构 在 港 是否 享有 豁免权 , 并不是 贪图 快捷 方便 或 省 几个 钱 的 事 , 而是 涉及 主权 原则 的 问题 .\r\n这项 原则 , 适用 於 几乎 所有 的 普通法 司法 区 , 例如 英国 新西兰 及 澳洲 等 .\r\n\" 事实 很 清楚 , 主权国 机构 在 港 享有 豁免权 , 早在 英国 管 治 时期 已 是 如此 , 并非 回归 后 的 新 事物 , 更 非 中央 驻 港 机构 的 \" 特权 \" .\r\n事实 是 , 如果 中央 驻 港 机构 不 行使 不 沿用 这些 豁免权 , 才是 违反 普通法 法 区 的 法例 传统 , 不 符合 基本法 .\r\n部队 车辆 因 出勤 偶尔 发生 小 事故 , 总是 立即 妥善 解决 , 从未 要求 特殊 \" 恃 势 压 人 \" .\r\n北京 的 水资源 严重 短缺 , 以至 於 北京 近期 有 媒体 代 水利局 放 话 : 再 遇 旱年 , 你 家 的 自来水 有可能 断流 .\r\n居民 暂时的 缺水 还 在 其次 , 中国 工程 院 院士 清华 大学 教授 钱易 认为 , 北京 的 水资源 危机 , 已 到 了不得 不 考虑 迁都 的 问题 .\r\n这种 强烈 反差 的 一 喜 一 忧 , 到底 应该 如何 看待 及 取向 呢 ?\r\n就 我 个人 讲 , 我 不 那麽 看重 \" 指教 \" 的 喜 , 却 看重 现实 中 \" 水 \" 的 忧 .\r\n北京 年均 可 利用 的 水资源 量 约 四十一亿 立方米 , 依 现有 的 设施 和 管理 水平 , 已 不能 达到 将 北京 建成 国际 大都市 及 环境 质量 一流 城市 的 要求 .\r\n\" 南水北调 \" 工程 , 即使 二零一零年 建成 , 也 仅 提供 十二亿 立方米 水 , 成本 极高 , 用户 难以 承受 , 远 水 不解 近 渴 .\r\n北京市 水利局 局长 颜昌远 对 北京 记者 说 , 即使 采取 了 一系列 措施 后 , 今后 如 遇 特 枯 年 或 连续 枯水 年 , 水资源 供需 形势 仍将 十分 严重 .\r\n城市 下游 的 河道 多 为 超 五 水体 , 基本 没有 生物 存活 .\r\n北京 的 官厅 水库 , 一九九七年 因 受 污染 威胁 , 退出 了 饮用水 供水 系统 .\r\n这次 《 二十一世纪初 期 首都 水资源 可 持续 利用 规划 总 报告 》 再次 把 官厅 水库 提 了 出来 , 作为 应急 时 的 备用 水源 .\r\n不过 同时 提出 , 加快 官厅 水库 上游 的 清淤 和 水污染 治理 .\r\n去年 夏天 和 今年 春节 , 我 分别 赴 官厅 水库 上游 的 河北 境内 两 .\r\n如此 看来 , 迁都 已 绝非 耸人听闻 之 言 .\r\n全国 城市 每年 缺水 六十亿 立方米 , 日 缺 水量 超过 一千六百万 立方米 .\r\n目前 中国 因 污染 而 不能 饮用 的 地表水 占 全国 监测 水体 的 百分之四十 , 百分之五十 的 地下水 受到 污染 , 百分之六十四 的 人 正在 饮用 不 合格 的 水源 .\r\n中国 河流 近 二分之一 河段 受到 污染 , 十分之一 的 河流 长期 污染 严重 , 其 水 已 失去 使用价值 .\r\n专家 估计 , 中国 缺水 的 高峰 在 二零一零年 和 二零二零年 出现 .\r\n赶快 行动 吧 ! 回到 主页\r\n中共 中央 组织部 长 曾庆红 和 原 组织部 长 张全景 也 同行 .\r\n广州 军区 政委 陪同 左右 今 次 江泽民 南 巡 , 中央军委 没有人 作陪 , 但 广州 军区 政委 刘书田 却 陪同 左右 .\r\n消息 人士 说 , 江泽民 有可能 到 惠阳 视察 四十二 军 .\r\n美国 众议院 今年 一月一日 通过 《 加强 台湾 安全 法 》 法案 ( 简称 \" 台 安 法 \" ) , 引致 中国 提出 了 严正 交涉 , 中美 关系 因此 而 再度 紧张 起来 .\r\n其实 , 据 北京 知情 人士 透露 , 刘晓明 所 言 , 正是 中国 最高 领导人 的 意思 .\r\n知情 人士 指出 , 美国 一旦 使 \" 台 安 法 \" 正式 成为 法律 , 北京 将 从 政治 上 , 外交 上 , 军事 上 作出 实质性 的 反应 .\r\n届时 全国 到处 出现 反 美 大 游行 , 也 不足为奇 .\r\n吴基传 表示 , 作为 中国 国民经济 的 支柱 产业 和 新 的 经济 增长点 , 中国 信息 产业 去年 的 业务 收入 增长 速度 超过 百分之二十 , 今年 预计 发展 的 脚步 仍然 不会 放慢 .\r\n他 说 , 目前 , 《 电信 管理 条例 》 正在 报批 ; 《 电信 法 》 的 起草 工作 正在 抓紧 进行 , 同时 进行 的 还有 《 邮政 法 》 及其 实施 细则 和 《 无线电 管理 条例 》 的 修改 工作 .\r\n吴基传 表示 , 要 通过 宏观调控 和 市场 监管 , 在 电信 领域 逐步 形成 不同 层次 不同 形式 的 业务 竞争 , 建立 公平 有效的 市场 竞争 格局 .\r\n他 透露 , 中国 正在 加快 组建 全国 互联网 交换 中心 , 建成 北京 互 联 中心 , 并 统筹 建设 其他 地区 互 联 中心 .\r\n谈到 规范 电子 信息 产品 的 市场 秩序 时 , 吴基传 表示 , 目前 有关 部门 正在 加紧 进行 市场 管理 法规 的 补充 完善 , 纠正 企业 的 不 正当 竞争 行为 , 加强 反倾销 反 垅 断 及 打击 走私 的 力度 .\r\n他 表示 , 中国 加入 WTO , 对 信息 产业 来说 , 既是 机遇 , 也是 挑战 .\r\n新华社 北京 2月21日 电 党中央 , 国务院 去年 5月 发出 通知 , 要求 严禁 擅自 修建 已故 领导 同志 纪念 设施 .\r\n多年来 , 经 中央 批准 修建 的 已故 老一辈 革命家 的 纪念 设施 , 在 对 广大 干部 群众 特别是 对 青少年 进行 革命 传统 教育 和 爱国主义 教育 方面 发挥 了 重要 作用 .\r\n但是 , 中央 的 这些 规定 在 一些 地方 至今 没有 得到 很好 地 执行 , 个别 地方 擅自 修建 已故 领导 同志 纪念 设施 的 情况 越来越 严重 .\r\n为了 坚决 制止 上述 错误 做法 , 《 通知 》 重申 并 提出 以下 要求 : 一 , 各级党委 , 政府 和 广大 党员 领导干部 要 从 讲政治 的 高度 , 充分 认识 中央 严禁 擅自 修建 已故 领导 同志 纪念 设施 决定 的 重要 意义 .\r\n我们 党 是 全心全意 为人民服务 的 党 , 党 的 性质 和 宗旨 决定 了 党 必须 把 为 人民 谋 利益 作为 自己 全部 活动 的 出发点 和 归宿 .\r\n已故 领导 同志 生前 参加 革命 的 目的 是 为 人民 谋 利益 , 而不是 要 在 身后 留下 昭示 自己 功劳 的 纪念 场所 .\r\n我国 土地 资源 有限 , 人均 耕地 本来 就 少 , 擅自 划出 耕地 , 林地 , 甚至 在 风景 名胜 区 为 已故 领导 同志 修陵建 墓 , 不仅 是 对 土地 等 资源 的 严重 浪费 , 也是 对 子孙后代 不 负责任 的 做法 .\r\n邓小平 同志 以 他 为 党 和 国家 建立 的 不朽 功勋 和 后事 从简 的 表率 作用 , 在 人民群众 心目 中 树 起 了 永久 的 历史 丰碑 , 为 全党全国 树立 了 光辉 榜样 .\r\n邓小平 同志 逝世 两 年 多 来 , 一些 地方 提出 为 邓小平 同志 修建 纪念 设施 , 但 邓小平 同志 亲属 多次 向 中央 表示 , 不要 为 邓小平 同志 修建 纪念 设施 .\r\n三 , 未经 党中央 , 国务院 规划 和 安排 , 任何 地方 和 单位 都 不得 擅自 为 已故 领导 同志 修建 , 扩建 纪念馆 , 纪念 亭 , 纪念碑 , 陵园 , 陵墓 , 树立 塑 象 , 建立 个人 故居 和 其他 纪念 设施 .\r\n已故 领导 同志 的 骨灰 要 按 有关 规定 妥善 安置 .\r\n已 安放 在 北京 八宝山 革命 公墓 和 其他 城市 革命 公墓 中 的 已故 领导 同志 骨灰 , 一般 不要 迁 往 他处 安葬 或 安放 .\r\n已故 领导 同志 亲属 要求 并 经 批准 移 往 他处 安葬 或 安放 的 , 应 一次 全部 迁 出 .\r\n五 , 各级党委 , 政府 和 各 有关 部门 要 坚持 原则 , 坚决 按规定 办事 , 绝 不能 迫于 人情 而 乱 批 , 乱 建 纪念 设施 .\r\n对 不听 劝阻 , 对 地方 施加压力 , 执意 要求 修建 纪念 设施 的 已故 领导 同志 亲属 和 生前 身边 工作人员 , 其 所在 单位 要 进行 严肃 处理 .\r\n六 , 对 未经 党中央 , 国务院 批准 , 目前 正在 建设 的 纪念 设施 , 必须 立即 停建 , 并 做出 妥善 处理 .\r\n《 通知 》 指出 , 所 称 已故 领导 同志 , 是 指 生前 担任 省 , 部级 以上 领导 职务 的 同志 .\r\n对 为 已故 其他 领导 同志 修建 纪念 设施 的 , 参照 本 通知 精神 执行 .\r\n新华社 北京 2月21日 电 《 一个 中国 的 原则 与 台湾 问题 》 ( 摘要 ) 国务院 台湾 事务 办公室 , 国务院 新闻 办公室 今天 发表 《 一个 中国 的 原则 与 台湾 问题 》 白皮书 .\r\n白皮书 由 五 部分 和 前言 , 结束语 组成 .\r\n\" 前言 \" 指出 , 解决 台湾 问题 , 实现 中国 完全 统一 , 是 中华 民族 的 根本 利益 .\r\n中国 政府 始终如一 地 坚持 一个 中国 原则 , 坚决 反对 任何 把 台湾 从 中国 分割 出去 的 图谋 .\r\n中国 政府 与 以 李登辉 为首 的 分裂 势力 的 斗争 , 集中 表现 在 是 坚持 一个 中国 原则 还是 制造 \" 两 中国 \" , \" 一 中 一 台 \" 的 问题 上 .\r\n因此 , 有必要 进一步 向 国际 社会 阐述 中国 政府 坚持 一个 中国 原则 的 立场 和 政策 .\r\n中华 人民 共和国 中央 人民 政府 成立 当天 即 向 各国 政府 宣布 : \" 本 政府 为 代表 中华人民共和国 全国 人民 的 唯一 合法 政府 .\r\n凡 愿 遵守 平等 , 互利 及 互相 尊重 领土 主权 等 项 原则 的 任何 外国 政府 , 本 政府 均 愿 与 之 建立 外交关系 . \"\r\n外国 承认 中华人民共和国 政府 是 代表 全 中国 的 唯一 合法 政府 , 与 台湾 当局 断绝 或 不 建立 外交关系 , 是 新 中国 与 外国 建交 的 原则 .\r\n正是 在 中国 与 外国 发展 正常 的 外交关系 中 , 在 维护 中国 的 主权 和 领土 完整 的 斗争 中 , 产生 了 一个 中国 原则 .\r\n上述 主张 构成 了 一个 中国 原则 的 基本 涵义 , 核心 是 维护 中国 的 主权 和 领土 完整 .\r\n中国 政府 坚持 一个 中国 原则 的 严正 立场 和 合理 主张 , 赢得了 越来越 多 的 国家 和 国际 组织 的 理解 和 支持 , 一个 中国 原则 逐步 为 国际 社会 所 普遍 接受 .\r\n目前 , 161 国家 与 中华人民共和国 建立 了 外交关系 , 它们 都 承认 一个 中国 原则 , 并且 承诺 在 一个 中国 的 框架 内 处理 与 台湾 的 关系 .\r\n这 一 基本 方针 和 有关 政策 贯彻 了 坚持 一个 中国 原则 的 基本 立场 和 精神 , 也 充分 尊重 了 台湾 同胞 当家作主 , 管理 台湾 的 愿望 .\r\n中国 政府 于 1979年 宣布 实行 和平 统一 的 方针 时 , 是 基于 一个 前提 , 即 当时 的 台湾 当局 坚持 世界上 只有 一个 中国 , 台湾 是 中国 的 一部分 .\r\n中国 政府 在 实行 和平 统一 方针 的 同时 始终 表明 , 以 何种 方式 解决 台湾 问题 是 中国 的 内政 , 并无 义务 承诺 放弃 使用 武力 .\r\n不 承诺 放弃 使用 武力 , 决 不是 针对 台湾 同胞 的 , 而是 针对 制造 \" 台湾 独立 \" 的 图谋 和 干涉 中国 统一 的 外国 势力 , 是 为 争取 实现 和平 统一 提供 必要 的 保障 .\r\n对 台湾 而言 , 坚持 一个 中国 原则 , 标志着 承认 中国 的 主权 和 领土 不可 分割 , 这就 使 两岸 双方 有了 共同 的 基础 和 前提 , 可以 通过 平等 协商 , 找到 解决 双方 政治 分歧 的 办法 , 实现 和平 统一 .\r\n如果 否认 一个 中国 原则 , 图谋 将 台湾 从 中国 领土 中 分割 出去 , 那就 使 和平 统一 的 前提 和 基础 不复 存在 .\r\n有关 各国 坚持 一个 中国 政策 , 有利于 维护 亚太地区 的 和平 与 稳定 , 也 有利于 中国 同 各国 发展 友好 关系 , 符合 亚太地区 乃至 世界 各国 的 利益 .\r\n中国 政府 希望 , 在 一个 中国 原则 基础 上 , 双方 平等 协商 , 共议 统一 .\r\n5月 , 他 出版 《 台湾 的 主张 》 一 书 , 鼓吹 要 把 中国 分成 七 各自 享有 \" 充分 自主权 \" 的 区域 .\r\n李登辉 已经 成为 台湾 分裂 势力 的 总代表 , 是 台湾海峡 安定 局面 的 破坏 者 , 是 中美 关系 发展 的 绊脚石 , 也是 亚太地区 和平 与 稳定 的 麻烦 制造 者 .\r\n对于 以 李登辉 为 代表 的 台湾 分裂 势力 的 种种 分裂 活动 , 中国 政府 和 人民 一直 保持 着 高度 的 警惕 , 并 进行 了 坚决 的 斗争 .\r\n这场 斗争 显示 了 中国 政府 和 人民 捍卫 国家 主权 和 领土 完整 的 坚强 决心 和 能力 , 产生 了 重大 和 深远 的 影响 .\r\n李登辉 在 国际上 进行 分裂 活动 受到 沉重 打击 .\r\n世界上 大多数 国家 重申 坚持 一个 中国 政策 .\r\n美国 政府 也 重申 坚持 一个 中国 政策 和 对 台湾 \" 三 不支持 \" 的 承诺 .\r\n台湾 当局 被迫 表示 不会 依照 \" 两国 论 \" 修改 所谓 \" 宪法 \" , \" 法律 \" .\r\n在 一个 国家 的 领土 上 , 只能 有一个 代表 国家 行使 主权 的 中央政府 .\r\n坚决 反对 以 公民 投票 方式 改变 台湾 是 中国 一部分 的 地位 .\r\n任何 人 以 所谓 公民 投票 的 方式 把 台湾 从 中国 分割 出去 , 其 结果 必将 把 台湾 人民 引向 灾难 .\r\n\" 两 德 模式 \" 不能 用于 解决 台湾 问题 .\r\n第二 世界大战 后 德国 的 分裂 和 两岸 暂时 分离 是 两 不同 性质 的 问题 .\r\n德国 问题 完全 是 由 外部 因素 造成 的 .\r\n而 台湾 问题 则是 中国 内战 遗留 的 问题 , 是 内政 问题 .\r\n德国 的 分裂 , 为 二战 期间 和 战后 一系列 国际 条约 所 规定 .\r\n而 台湾 问题 , 则 有 《 开罗 宣言 》 , 《 波茨坦 公告 》 等 国际 条约 关于 日本 必须 将 窃取 于 中国 的 台湾 归还 中国 的 规定 .\r\n在 美苏 两国 对抗 的 背景 下 , 两 德国 都 分别 驻 有 外国 军队 , 被迫 相互 承认 和 在 国际 社会 并存 .\r\n在 一个 中国 原则 下 , 什 幺 问题 都 可以 谈 .\r\n所谓 \" 民主 和 制度 之争 \" 是 阻挠 中国 统一 的 借口 .\r\n而且 , 中国 政府 注意到 台湾 与 香港 , 澳门 的 不同 特点 , 实现 两岸 和平 统一 之后 , 在 台湾 实行 \" 一国两制 \" 的 内容 , 可以 比 香港 , 澳门 更为 宽松 .\r\n白皮书 在 第五 分 \" 在 国际 社会 中 坚持 一个 中国 原则 的 若干 问题 \" 中 指出 : 台湾 无权 参加 联合国 及 其他 只有 主权 国家 参加 的 国际 组织 .\r\n对于 某些 允许 地区 参加 的 政府 间 国际 组织 , 中国 政府 已经 基于 一个 中国 原则 , 根据 有关 国际 组织 的 性质 , 章程 和 实际情况 , 以 所 能 同意 和 接受 的 方式 对 台湾 的 加入 问题 作出 了 安排 .\r\n与 中国 建交 的 国家 不能 向 台湾 出售 武器 , 或 与 台湾 进行 任何 形式 的 军事 结盟 .\r\n美国 一再 违反 自己 在 \" 八 · 一七 公报 \" 中 对 中国 作出 的 庄严 承诺 , 不断 向 台湾 出售 先进 的 武器 和 军事 装备 .\r\n对此 , 中国 政府 坚决 反对 .\r\n中国 政府 以 一个 中国 原则 对待 台湾 的 对外 交往 活动 .\r\n中国 政府 保障 台湾 同胞 在 国外 的 一切 正当 , 合法权益 .\r\n中国 驻 外国 使 领馆 一向 把 加强 与 台湾 同胞 的 联系 , 倾听 台湾 同胞 的 意见 和 要求 , 保障 台湾 同胞 的 利益 作为 自己的 责任 , 尽可能 帮助 他们 解决 困难 .\r\n在 海峡 两岸 实现 统一 后 , 台湾 同胞 更 能够 与 全国 各族 人民 一道 充分 共享 中华人民共和国 在 国际上 的 尊严 与 荣誉 .\r\n《 一个 中国 的 原则 与 台湾 问题 》 白皮书 在 结束语 中 强调 指出 : 中国 五千 年 的 历史 和 文化 深深 地 在 中国 人 的 心中 根植 了 一种 强烈 的 民族 意识 , 这就是 中国 必须 统一 .\r\n我们 坚信 , 在 包括 两岸 同胞 和 海外侨胞 在内 的 全 中国 人民 的 共同 努力 下 , 中国 的 完全 统一 一定 能够 实现 .\r\n李鹏 委员长 主持 会议 .\r\n全国 人大 常委会 秘书长 何椿霖 , 全国 人大 法律 委员会 主任委员 , 全国 人大 常委会 代表 资格 审查 委员会 主任委员 王维澄 , 全国 人大 常委会 副 秘书长 于友民 分别 就 有关 议题 作 了 说明 和 汇报 .\r\n中国 政府 部门 和 社会 各界 对 \" 入世 \" 影响 已 渐 成 共识 : 短期 冲击 在所难免 , 长远 来看 利 大 於弊 , 做好 准备 应对 \" 入世 \" 挑战 .\r\n中国 加入 世贸 组织 必将 促进 中国 与 世界 经济 接轨 , 增强 外商 来华 投资 信心 , 为 中国 经济 发展 创造 更 稳定 的 外部 环境 , 实现 国民经济 持续 快速 健康 发展 的 战略 目标 .\r\n在此 期间 可 利用 世 贸 规则 发展 自己 保护 自己 提高 自己 , 通过 加快 改革 , 强化 管理 , 优化 集中 资源 配置 , 提高 技术水平 , 增强 市场 参与 能力 和 抗御 风险 能力 .\r\n应该 看到 , 入世 也 给 中国 的 纺织 轻工 服装 机电 以及 劳动 密集型 等 产业 开拓 国际 市场 带来 机遇 , 使 其 摆脱 歧视 性 政策 的 限制 .\r\n而且 \" 入世 \" 可以 使 中国 利用 海内外 两 个 市场 两 种 资源 , 促进 产业 结构 升级 , 淘汰 落后 企业 , 并 利用 多边 争端 的 解决 机制 , 最大限度 维护 权益 .\r\n同时 代表 委员 将 关注 充实 调整 完善 涉外 经济 法律 法规 , 以 法律 形式 来 保证 世贸 组织 规则 的 执行 , 减少 行政 干预 .\r\n各级 党组织 要 把 学习 《 毛泽东 邓小平 江泽民 论 思想 政治 工作 》 , 作为 今年 党员 干部 学习 的 一 项 重要 内容 , 纳入 规划 , 科学 安排 .\r\n新华社 北京 2月21日 电 ( 记者 车玉明 ) 中国 - 印度 科技 经贸 联委 会 第六 会议 今天 上午 在 外 经贸部 举行 .\r\n今天 的 联委会 由 石广生 和 印度 商 工部 长 穆拉索利·马朗 共同 主持 .\r\n他 说 , 中国 加入 世贸 组织 后 , 中 印 可以 在 世贸 组织 内 相互 合作 , 为 建立 世界 贸易 新 秩序 作出 努力 .\r\n在 加入 世贸 组织 后 , 中国 要 向 印度 学习 , 学习 印度 在 迎接 加入 WTO 后 的 机遇 和 挑战 上 所 取得 的 成功 经验 .\r\n中 印 两国 部长 是 今天 在此间 举行 的 中印 科技 经贸 联委 会 第六 会议 上 作 此 表示 的 .\r\n去年 中 印 贸易额 近 二十亿 美元 , 比 上年 增长 百分之三点四 .\r\n到 去年 底 , 中国 在 印度 的 协议 投资额 为 二千四百六十万 美元 , 康佳 海尔 等 已 在 印度 投资 设 厂 .\r\n石广生 认为 , 这 一 贸易额 与 双方 的 需要 和 现实 的 可能性 相差 甚 远 .\r\n马兰 强调 , 印度 政府 重视 发展 坚强 稳定 的 对华 关系 , 致力 扩大 双边 贸易额 , 希望 在 双方 共同 感兴趣 的 领域 加强 合作 .\r\n新华社 北京 2月21日 电 《 人民 日报 》 2月22日 社论 : 《 坚持 一个 中国 原则 早日 实现 和平 统一 》 昨天 , 国务院 台湾 事务 办公室 和 国务院 新闻 办公室 联合 发表 了 《 一个 中国 的 原则 与 台湾 问题 》 白皮书 .\r\n这 份 白皮书 , 是 进一步 向 国际 社会 阐述 中国 政府 坚持 一个 中国 原则 立场 和 政策 的 文告 , 也是 中国 人民 决心 早日 解决 台湾 问题 , 实现 祖国 完全 统一 的 宣示 .\r\n香港 , 澳门 相继 回归祖国 以后 , 解决 台湾 问题 , 实现 祖国 完全 统一 已经 进入 了 新 阶段 .\r\n整个 文件 贯穿 着 一个 中国 原则 是 实现 和平 统一 的 基础 和 前提 的 主题 思想 .\r\n在 统一 之前 , 在 处理 两岸 关系 事务 中 , 特别是 在 两岸 谈判 中 , 坚持 一个 中国 原则 , 就是 坚持 世界上 只有 一个 中国 , 台湾 是 中国 的 一部分 , 中国 的 主权 和 领土 完整 不能 分割 .\r\n我们 主张 在 一个 中国 原则 基础 上 进行 两岸 对话 与 谈判 , 不提 \" 中央 与 地方 谈判 \" , 双方 平等 协商 , 共议 统一 .\r\n但是 , 台湾 分裂 势力 图谋 从 所谓 \" 法律 \" 意义 上将 台湾 从 祖国 分割 出去 的 危险 仍然 存在 .\r\n分裂 祖国 搞 \" 台湾 独立 \" 是 走向 战争 .\r\n我们 相信 , 希望 选择 两岸 和平 统一 的 台湾 同胞 , 能够 认清 谎言 , 作出 自己 明智 的 选择 .\r\n这些 事态 再次 提醒 我们 , 要 高度 警惕 , 坚持 一个 中国 原则 , 坚决 反对 \" 台独 \" 和 台湾 分裂 势力 的 图谋 , 反对 外国 敌对 势力 插手 台湾 问题 , 干涉 中国 内政 .\r\n我们 希望 美国 政府 能 信守 中美 三 个 联合公报 和 履行 对 台 \" 三 不支持 \" 的 承诺 .\r\n我们 相信 国际 社会 始终如一 地 坚持 一个 中国 的 政策 , 支持 中国 和平 统一 事业 .\r\n一个 中国 的 原则 不可 动摇 , 统一 的 神圣 目标 一定 要 实现 .\r\n海内外 所有 中国 人 团结 起来 , 坚持 一个 中国 的 原则 , 为 促进 祖国 统一 大业 的 完成 而 努力 奋斗 .\r\n嫌 犯 贺永明 , 五十一 岁 , 有 窃 盗 前科 , 於 一九八三年 间 , 因 窃 盗 及 票据 诈 欺 案 通缉 后 逃亡 日本 , 其后 使用 多 本 伪造 护照 来往 於 新加坡 , 泰国 , 大陆 等 地 , 去年 五月 间 涉嫌 持 用 冒名 台湾 证件 , 在 厦门 被捕 .\r\n吴邦国 会见 日本 朋友 新华社 北京 2月21日 电 ( 记者 江涛 ) 中共 中央 政治局 委员 , 国务院 副总理 吴邦国 今天 下午 会见 了 协助 举办 北京 国际 公路 接力赛 的 日方 代表团 .\r\n应 客人 们 的 要求 , 吴邦国 简要 介绍 了 中国 的 国企 改革 , 加入 世界 贸易 组织 等 方面 的 情况 .\r\n由 北京市 人民 对外 友好 协会 和 中国 田径 协会 主办 的 北京 国际 公路 接力赛 昨天 举行 , 来自 中国 , 日本 , 朝鲜 , 越南 , 俄罗斯 , 丹麦 等 14 国家 的 运动员 参加 了 比赛 .\r\n从 九十年 代初 开始 , 李登辉 逐步 背离 一个 中国 原则 , 他 鼓吹 种种 分裂 论调 , 纵容 和 扶持 \" 台独 \" 分裂 势力 .\r\n在 处心积虑 进行 了 上述 一系列 分裂 活动 之后 , 李登辉 在 一九九九年 公然 抛出 \" 两国 论 \" , 企图 从 根本上 改变 台湾 是 中国 一部分 的 地位 , 破坏 两岸 和平 统一 的 基础 .\r\n李登辉 抛出 \" 两国 论 \" 后 , 中国 政府 和 人民 进行 了 更加 坚决 的 斗争 , 形成 了 海内外 中国 人 同声 谴责 \" 两国 论 \" 的 强大 声势 , 使 国际 社会 更加 坚定 了 一个 中国 的 共识 .\r\n白皮书 并 坚决 反对 美国 向 台 售 武 和 炮制 \" 台 安 法 \" 等 粗暴 干涉 中国 内政 和 威胁 中国 安全 的 错误 做法 .\r\n一个 中国 原则 是 实现 和平 统一 的 基础 和 前提 .\r\n从 一九七八年 底 两岸 隔绝 状态 被 打破 到 一九九九年 底 , 两岸 的 人员 往来 与 经贸 合作 突飞猛进 .\r\n白皮书 强调 , 随 著 中国 政府 相继 对 香港 , 澳门 恢复 行使 主权 , 全 中国 人民 迫切 期望 早日 解决 台湾 问题 , 实现 祖国 的 完全 统一 , 不能 允许 台湾 问题 再 无限期 拖延 下去 .\r\n我们 希望 有 更多 的 台湾 同胞 来 港澳 看 一 看 , 亲身 体验 \" 一国两制 \" 的 合理性 与 可行性 .\r\n中华 五千 年 悠久 的 历史 和 文化 , 深深 地 在 中国 人 心中 根植 了 一种 强烈 的 民族 意识 , 这就是 中国 必须 统一 .\r\n白皮书 所 宣示 的 中国 政府 和 人民 对 台湾 问题 的 原则 和 立场 , 正是 这种 强烈 民族 意识 的 坚定 表达 , 这 也是 中国 必定 实现 完全 统一 的 不可 逆转 的 历史潮流 .\r\n如果 谈判 进展 顺利 , 欧盟 贸易 委员 拉米 将 於本周 稍 后 飞抵 北京 签署 协议 .\r\n经过 上 一 轮 的 技术性 谈判 , 中欧 双方 已就 大部分 市场 准入 问题 达成 一致 , 但 在 汽车 保险 市场 的 开放 服务 贸易 及 近 百 种 商品 的 关税 问题 上 存在 分歧 .\r\n据悉 , 欧盟 在 这些 领域 的 市场 开放 要价 高 於 美国 .\r\n此间 的 专家 对 中欧 在 本周 内 达成 中国 入世 协议 普遍 持 乐观 态度 , 认为 达成 协议 的 可能性 极高 .\r\n显而易见 , 欧盟 在 剩下 的 谈判 对 像 中将 是 主要 障碍 .\r\n中国 国务院 总理 朱鎔基 本月 十七日 在 会见 来访 的 世贸 组织 总 干事 穆尔 时 表示 , 希望 即将 开始 的 中欧 谈判 能 取得 \" 突破性 进展 \" .\r\n\" 明报 专 讯 \" 权威 金融界 消息 人士 透露 , 中国 金融界 即将 展开 \" 大 换班 \" , 在 涉及 的 十 金融 高层 官员 中 , 二 升 八 平调 , 当中 建行 行长 周小川 和 工行 常务 副 行长 姜建清 , 将 分别 升调 正部级 和 副部级 .\r\n据了解 , 中央 这次 主要 对 四 大行 ( 中行 建行 工行 和 农行 ) 进行 人士 调动 不仅 事 出 突然 , 亦 出乎 众 行长 们 意料之外 .\r\n这次 进行 人士 调动 , 有助 中央 有关 部门 对 涉及 经济 问题 的 部份 行长 们 展开 调查 .\r\n周小川 将 接替 行将 退休 的 周正庆 出任 证监会 主席 一 职 .\r\n这次 人士 调动 中 还 涉及 农 发行 行长 谢旭人 和 交通 银行 行 王明权 , 他们 将 分别 平调 至 中央 金融 工委 出任 副 书记 .\r\n[ 上 一 页 ] \" 返回 页 顶 \" \" 返回 目录 \" [ 下 一 页 ] [ Image ]\r\n文化 先进 典型 是 我国 文化 事业 发展 的 排头兵 .\r\n这些 文化 先进 典型 所 创造 的 经验 和 体现出 的 创业 精神 是 我国 文化 事业 进一步 发展 的 动力 和 精神 支柱 .\r\n带动 和 激发 广大 文化 工作者 的 创新 精神 凸 ぷ 干劲 , 把 学习 先进 典型 体现 在 实际 工作 中 , 扎实 作好 各项 文化 工作 .\r\n在 世纪之交 , 千年 更替 的 今天 , 在建 设有 中国 特色 社会主义 的 伟大 时代 , 我们 的 文化 工作 是 大有可为 的 .\r\n中国 社会 科学院 台湾 研究所 研究员 王升亦 指出 , 今 次 发表 的 白皮书 的 核心 思想 是 \" 没有 \" 一个 中国 \" 原则 , 就 没有 和平 统一 可言 \" .\r\n社科院 台湾 研究所 研究员 戴文斌 教授 则 用 \" 阻止 拖延 , 推动 前进 \" 八 字 概括 该 份 白皮书 发表 的 特殊 意义 .\r\n对 於 台湾 有人 把 此次 发表 的 白皮书 称为 \" 老调 重 谈 \" , 王升 指出 这是 没有 读懂 其中 涵义 .\r\n苏格 教授 还 进一步 指出 , 一个 中国 的 原则 是 中国 政府 和 人民 长期以来 坚决 捍卫 的 原则 .\r\n王升 教授 在 接受 记者 专访 时 也 指出 , 中国 政府 在 一九七九年 提出 \" 和平 统一 , 一国两制 \" 方针 是 以 台湾 当局 坚持 \" 一个 中国 \" 原则 为 前提 的 .\r\n一九九三年 , 台湾 当局 露出 悖 离 \" 一个 中国 \" 原则 的 苗头 时 , 祖国 大陆 就 对此 保持 警惕 .\r\n对 於 使用 武力 问题 , 文 中 提到 了 三 前提 .\r\n白皮书 将 台 无限期 拒绝 和谈 作为 动武 前提 之一 , 有 很 强 的 针对性 .\r\n另外 , 也 对 现在 正在 参选 台湾 当局 领导人 的 参选 人 发出 一个 清晰 的 信号 , 不管 以 什 麽 面目 包装 出现 的 \" 两国 论 \" 界定 两岸 关系 , 破坏 祖国 统一 , 都 将 遭到 坚决 的 反对 .\r\n政界 人士 重申 : 一 , 中国 政府 对 於 以 和平 统一 方式 解决 台湾 问题 的 态度 是 积极 真诚 的 , 这个 态度 没有 变 .\r\n四 , 中国 政府 宣布 实行 和平 统一 方针 , 也 考虑 当时 美国 与 中国 建交 , 签 了 三 公报 , 承认 一个 中国 原则 , 外部 条件 比较 好 .\r\n但是 美国 签 了 公报 之后 , 一再 违反 , 不断 向 台 售卖 先进 武器 .\r\n现在 , 美国 国会 又 有人 炮制 所谓 《 加强 台湾 安全 法 》 , 还 企图 将 台 纳入 战区 导弹 防御 系统 .\r\n美国 的 这种 做法 , 不利 於 中国 用 和平 方式 解决 台湾 问题 .\r\n五 , 只要 坚持 一个 中国 原则 , 什 麽 问题 都 可以 谈 .\r\n新华社 北京 2月22日 电 解放军 总政治部 日前 发出 通知 , 要求 全军 和 武警 部队 认真 学习 《 毛泽东 邓小平 江泽民 论 思想 政治 工作 》 一 书 .\r\n要 切实 把 思想 政治 建设 摆 在 军队 各项 建设 的 首位 , 在 思想 政治 工作 上 坚持 更高 的 标准 , 更 严 的 要求 .\r\n要 深刻 总结 和 吸取 思想 政治 领域 斗争 的 经验 教训 , 研究 提出 加强 和 改进 的 具体 措施 , 认真 抓好 落实 .\r\n部队 组建 近 五十 年 , 先后 进驻 过 三十八 机场 , 飞行 过 十七 机 种 .\r\n特别是 杜凤瑞 大队 官兵 多次 受到 毛泽东 邓小平 江泽民 等 国家 领导人 的 亲切 接见 , 这个 大队 还 连续 二十 年 保持 先进 , 多次 立功 受奖 .\r\n去年 十月 , 该 师 代表队 在 参加 空军 组织 的 机务 部队 科技大 练兵 比赛中 , 取得 了 团体 第一 .\r\n全师 还 被 总参谋部 评为 军事训练 一级 单位 .\r\n尤其是 在 东南 沿海 执行 作战 演习 任务 最多 , 完成 任务 最好 .\r\n在 南京 战区 组织 的 重大 演习 中 , 该 师 参演 部队 在 台湾海峡 上空 警戒 巡逻 , 显示 了 捍卫 国家 主权 和 尊严 的 强大 战斗力 . 如今 练 \" 新招 \"\r\n尤其是 针对 未来 作战 对手 , 加大 了 高难 课目 和 战术 技术 训练 的 力度 , 取得 了 丰硕 成果 .\r\n返航 时 , 机场 大雨 飘 泼 , 能见度 极 差 .\r\n二 分钟 后 , 四 机 先后 顺利 降落 , 体现 了 飞行员 高超 的 飞行 技术 和 泼辣 勇敢 的 战斗 作风 . 一 位 将军 目睹 这个 场面 时 赞扬 说 , 雄师 劲旅 培养 摔打 出来 的 飞行员 个个 过得硬 ! 瞄准 \" 打得赢 \"\r\n在 抓 \" 走得动 \" 训练 的 同时 , 他们 强化 \" 打得赢 \" 的 训练 .\r\n先后 研究 出 了 海上 对抗 海上 突击 进攻 先期 制 敌 首发 命中 等 一整套 新型 战法 .\r\n全体 飞行员 掌握 了 灵活 多变 的 战术 和 克敌制胜 的 规律 , 收到 了 很好 的 效果 .\r\n在 不久前 上级 组织 的 导弹 实弹 打 空靶 演练 中 , 该 师 十 新 飞行员 披挂上阵 , 取得 了 首次 打靶 全部 命中 目标 的 好 成绩 .\r\n张 师长 苏 政委 告诉 记者 , 他们 对 部队 战斗力 充满 信心 .\r\n[per 2000 02] / 22 ( 综合 报道 ) 因 涉 厦门 远华 走私案 而 在 上月 逃往 澳洲 的 厦门市 副市长 蓝甫 , 日前 已 向 中国 驻 澳洲 大使馆 投案 自首 , 并 由 中国 警方 押 返 _ 京 , 关押 在 秦城 监狱 .\r\n一月 初 , 厦门 副市长 蓝甫携 同 在 厦门 市国安局 工作 的 太太 M 从 上海 海关 离境 出逃 澳洲 .\r\n1995年1月30日 , 江泽民 主席 发表 了 《 为 促进 祖国 统一 大业 的 完成 而 继续 奋斗 》 的 重要 讲话 .\r\n然而 , 台湾 岛 内 的 分离 势力 慑于 这 一 形势 的 发展 , 却 更为 猖獗 地 进行 分裂 活动 , 妄图 阻遏 两岸 关系 朝着 八 项 主张 所 倡导 的 方向 迈进 .\r\n在 我 严正 的 批判 下 , \" 两国 论 \" 不仅 在 台湾 岛 内 引发 了 新 的 政治 斗争 和 矛盾 , 在 国际上 更 受到 普遍 的 抵制 , 100 国家 重申 坚持 一个 中国 政策 的 立场 .\r\n李登辉 的 \" 两国 论 \" 使 他 在 国际上 成为 不受 欢迎 的 \" 麻烦 制造 者 \" .\r\n工商界 更 强烈 呼吁 改变 台湾 当局 执行 的 \" 戒 急用 忍 \" 政策 .\r\n两岸 经济 相互 合作 , 互补 互利 的 趋向 进一步 发展 .\r\n我们 深信 , 祖国 完全 统一 , 一定 能够 实现 .\r\n越来越 多 的 台湾 同胞 正在 通过 香港 , 澳门 的 实践 日益 加深 对 \" 一国两制 \" 的 理解 和 认同 , 正在 逐步 确信 \" 一国两制 \" 是 维护 他们 各方面 利益 的 最好 方法 .\r\n只有 中国 实现 了 完全 统一 , 台湾海峡 以及 亚太地区 才 会 有 真正 的 和平 与 安定 , 台湾 人民 的 根本 利益 才 可能 不 被 损害 , 因此 , 祖国 的 统一 才是 台湾 人民 真正 的 福祉 之 所在 , 才是 台湾 希望 之 所在 .\r\n而 实现 这 一 根本 目标 的 最佳 途径 , 就是 按照 \" 和平 统一 , 一国两制 \" 的 基本 方针 , 求 真 务实 , 平等 协商 , 求同存异 , 找到 解决 分歧 的 办法 .\r\n5 年 来 , 尽管 台湾 岛 内 的 分裂 势力 膨胀 , \" 台独 \" 猖獗 , 但是 祖国 大陆 把 台湾 当局 与 台湾 人民 分开 , 把 分裂 势力 , \" 台独 \" 分子 与 台湾 人民 分开 .\r\n同时 明确 表示 : \" 无论 是 在 统一 的 进程 中 , 还是 在 实现 统一 之后 , 我们 都 将 充分 尊重 台湾 同胞 当家作主 的 愿望 和 发展 政治 民主 的 要求 , 保持 和 维护 台湾 同胞 的 切实 利益 . \"\r\n两岸 关系 的 发展史 表明 , 台湾 人民 是 反对 分裂 , 反对 \" 台独 \" , 推进 两岸 关系 发展 的 最 主要 力量 之一 .\r\n按照 ' 一国两制 ' 方针 解决 台湾 问题 , 实现 和平 统一 的 内容 可以 比 港澳 更为 宽松 . \"\r\n\" 和平 统一 , 一国两制 \" 方针 的 提出 , 本来 就是 为了 解决 台湾 问题 .\r\n台湾 问题 具有 不同于 香港 问题 的 特殊性 .\r\n香港 问题 是 殖民 侵略 遗留 的 历史 问题 , 台湾 问题 则是 中国 内战 的 遗留 问题 , 完全 属于 中国 内政 .\r\n因此 , 在 实施 \" 一国两制 \" 的 过程 中 , 香港 , 澳门 和 台湾 肯定 有 差异 , 具体 的 政策 也 会 体现 不同 的 特点 .\r\n钱其琛 副总理 日前 在 北京 也 指出 : 在 解决 台湾 问题 的 过程 中 , 应当 实施 比 香港 , 澳门 更 宽 的 政策 .\r\n近 20 年 来 的 事实 证明 , 在 海峡 两岸 和 港 , 澳 的 经济 往来 发展 中 , 祖国 大陆 的 因素 是 强有力 的 , 积极 的 因素 .\r\n台湾 一切 有识之士 , 应 认真 考虑 , 把握 历史 机遇 , 作出 明智 的 选择 .\r\n海峡 两岸 已 分离 半个 多 世纪 , 而 民族 的 大团圆 大 统一 , 这是 历史 的 必然 趋势 .\r\n台湾 当局 应 以 台湾 同胞 和 中华 民族 的 利益 为重 , 重新 回到 \" 一个 中国 \" 的 原则 立场 上来 , 两岸 就 结束 敌对 状态 进行 政治 谈判 , 最终 实现 海峡 两岸 的 和平 统一 .\r\n有 一 篇 报道说 , 美国 一家 公司 正在 为 一 位 出资 230万 美元 的 亿万 富翁 克隆 一 只 大 牧羊犬 .\r\n有钱人 养 狗 玩 猫 , 别人 无权 干涉 .\r\n问题 是 占 世界 人口 21% 以上 的 穷人 面临 生存 条件 恶化 , 甚至 难以 生存 下去 的 困难 , 这是 不 符合 《 联合国 人权 宣言 》 基本原则 的 .\r\n这次 会议 通过 的 《 曼谷 宣言 》 和 《 行动 计划 》 确实 反映 了 发展中国家 的 强烈 呼声 .\r\n《 曼谷 宣言 》 强调 , 应 建立 一个 公平 , 规则 的 \" 多边 贸易 体系 \" , 并 以 不 歧视 , 透明 的 方式 运转 , 以利于 所有 国家 尤其是 发展中国家 .\r\n联合国 贸 发 会议 无权 制定 国际 规则 , 因此 , 发展中国家 在 大会 上 要求 世界银行 , 国际 货币 基金 组织 和 世界 贸易 组织 必须 进行 改革 .\r\n首先 , 要 由 所有 成员国 参与 修改 那些 已经 过时 , 不 公正 , 不合理 的 国际 规则 , 共同 制定 新 的 国际 规则 .\r\n最 不发达国家 已 从 70年 代 的 25 增加到 48 , 这些 国家 的 人口 占 世界 人口 的 13% , 出口额 却 在 世界 出口 总额 中 仅 占 0.4% , 10 年 内 减少 了 40% .\r\n现行 国际 规则 主要 维护 发达国家 利益 , 阻碍 发展中国家 经济 发展 , 以及 最 不发达国家 越来越 被 边缘 化 的 状况 , 已经 到 了 必须 改变 的 紧迫 地步 了 .\r\n历次 贸 发 大会 总 有 上 百 个 国家 的 几 千 名 代表 出席 , 开支 很大 , 这次 会议 也是 如此 .\r\n关于 通货 紧缩 的 含义 , 学术界 有 种种 不同 的 说法 , 并不 统一 .\r\n我们 认为 , 就 我国 当前 的 国民经济 运行 情况 来说 , 没有 必要 在 通货 紧缩 的 含义 上去 进行 过多 的 讨论 , 因为 这 三 说法 有一个 共同 关注 的 经济 现 像 , 即 我国 物价 总 水平 从 1997年10月 开始 已 连续 两 年 多 呈 下降 趋势 .\r\n对于 这 一 趋势 , 既 不能 掉以轻心 , 也 不可 估计 过重 .\r\n第一 , 它 是 轻 度 的 .\r\n我国 物价 总 水平 的 下降 , 持续 的 时间 才 两 年 多 , 下降 程度 在 2% 到 3% 左右 .\r\n第二 , 它 具有 一定 的 矫正 性 .\r\n在 历史 上 , 物价 总 水平 的 持续 下降 往往 伴随 着 经济 衰退 或 萧条 , 但 也 有 伴随 着 经济 继续 增长 的 案例 .\r\n第五 , 它 也 受到 国际 价格 水平 的 影响 .\r\n目前 实体 经济 由于 种种 原因 对 货币 资金 的 需求 不 旺 , 尽管 金融 当局 主观上 要 放松 一些 货币 信贷 供应 , 譬如 设想 多 放 些 贷款 , 但 碍于 借款 者 意愿 不足 , 也 难以 实现 .\r\n我国 当前 的 通货 紧缩 趋势 , 既有 总 供给 方面 的 原因 , 也 有 总 需求 方面 的 原因 , 需要 作 点 分析 .\r\n先 说 总 需求 .\r\n国外 需求 即 出口 需求 .\r\n国内 需求 包括 投资 需求 和 消费 需求 .\r\n近 几 年 由于 种种 原因 , 这 两 大 内需 均 出现 了 不足 的 情况 .\r\n企业 在 改革 中 由于 自我 约束 的 意识 有所 增强 , 而又 难以 摆脱 历史 债务 包袱 , 在 市场 行情 看 淡 , 好的 项目 难 觅 的 前景 下 , 投资 决策 趋于 谨慎 , 出现 \" 慎 借 \" 倾向 .\r\n银行 在 改革 中 提高 了 安全 意识 , 更加 重视 贷款 质量 , 也 出现 了 \" 惜 贷 \" 倾向 .\r\n在 商业银行 贷款 有所 放松 后 , 又 有 相当 一部分 信贷资金 以 种种 方式 形成 食 利 资本 或 套利 资金 , 游离于 实体 产业 部门 .\r\n这些 都 妨碍 了 银 企 之间 的 间接 融资 .\r\n为了 保持 经济 的 较快 增长 , 一定 的 , 较高 的 积累率 是 必要 的 .\r\n其二 , 影响 居民 消费 需求 的 不仅仅是 其 现期 收入 水平 , 更 重要 的 是 收入 和 支出 的 预期 .\r\n高 收入 者 消费 需求 基本 饱和 , 而 广大 低收入 者 购买 乏力 , 也 使得 全社会 平均 消费 需求 倾向 减弱 .\r\n供给 过剩 是 指 多年来 盲目 投资 , 重复 建设 所 形成 的 工业 生产 能力 和 产品 的 结构性 过剩 , 以及 由于 农业 连年 丰收 使 农产品 出现 了 阶段性 过剩 , 等等 .\r\n供给 刚性 是 指 多年来 在 粗放 增长 方式 下 形成 的 低水平 过剩 生产能力 , 无效 供给 和 结构 扭曲 , 由于 市场 缺乏 淘汰 机制 , 企业 缺乏 创新 能力 , 而 得不到 及时 有效的 矫正 .\r\n这种 供给 刚性 , 既 限制 了 需求 对 供给 的 导向 作用 , 又 限制 了 供给 本身 创造 需求 的 空间 , 妨碍 了 供需 互动 实现 良性 循环 和 结构 升级 , 从而 加剧 了 社会 供需 总量 的 失衡 , 推动 物价 总 水平 持续 走 低 .\r\n总之 , 随着 实践 的 发展 , 我们 的 政策 不断 完善 , 措施 不断 加强 .\r\n特别是 1999年 下半年 以来 , 我国 经济 运行 中 亮点 增加 , 物价 总 水平 下降 趋势 也 趋于 缓和 .\r\n1999年11月 召开 的 中央 经济 工作会议 , 又 提出 了 继续 实施 积极 的 财政 政策 , 进一步 发挥 货币 政策 的 作用 等 促进 经济 发展 的 一系列 政策 措施 , 作出 了 扩大 国内 需求 以及 大力 调整 经济 结构 , 促进 产业 优化 升级 等 决策 .\r\n需要 指出 , 治理 通货 紧缩 趋势 , 无论 是 扩大 需求 , 还是 完善 供给 , 单 靠 宏观 政策 的 调控 是 不够 的 , 因为 它们 还 受到 现行 体制 的 制约 .\r\n众所周知 , 经济体制 改革 对于 促进 经济 发展 的 效应 , 往往 要 经历 一个 过程 才能 显现 .\r\n而 有些 改革 措施 , 在 短 时期 内 对于 扩大 需求 和 改善 供给 , 不但 不能 起到 立竿见影 的 作用 , 反而 会 暂时 产生 抑制 的 效果 .\r\n这些 改革 措施 非常 必要 , 不能不 做 . 然而 , 今后 各项 改革 措施 要 尽可能 掌握好 出台 时机 , 安排好 改革 节奏 .\r\n与此同时 , 要 加大 宏观 扩张 政策 措施 的 力度 , 来 弥补 某些 必须 进行 的 改革 措施 对 供需 关系 带来 的 暂时 紧缩 效应 ; 还要 对 人民群众 因 实施 某些 必要 的 改革 措施 而 暂时 发生 的 减收 增支 进行 适当 的 货币 补偿 .\r\n国际 经验 证明 , 利用 扩张 性 宏观 政策 来 抑制 通货 紧缩 和 启动 经济 , 要 有 足够的 力度 , 足够的 时间 , 否则 可能 导致 政策 效应 不济 , 不得不 重新 启动 , 这样 打 打 停停 拖延 了 经济 调整 的 过程 , 可能 给 经济 增长 带来 损失 .\r\n双方 签署 协议 后 , 石广生 表示 , 中国 和 印度 同 为 世界上 重要 的 发展中国家 , 又是 伟大 的 邻邦 .\r\n印度 将 与 中国 合作 , 共同 促进 世界 贸易 的 发展 , 并 努力 为 世界上 发展中国家 的 利益 而 奋斗 .\r\n据不完全统计 , 1999年 前 10个 月 , 各地 政府 采购 资金 已达 75亿 元 , 平均 节约 率 为 13.5% , 节约 资金 10亿 元 .\r\n( 第二十三 号 ) 两会 前 瞻 : 脱困 后 国企 路向 受 关注 \" 中新社 北京 二月二十二日 电 \" 两会 前 瞻 : 脱困 后 国企 路向 受 关注 中新社 记者 尹丹丹 国企 改革 无疑 会 是 今年 \" 两会 \" 上 的 头号 经济 话题 .\r\n行业 中 最为 突出 的 是 纺织 行业 , 结束 了 长达 六 年 的 亏损 局面 ; 其他 行业 的 经济效益 亦 明显 提高 .\r\n一九九七年 底 亏损 的 六千五百九十九 国有 及 国有 控股 大中型 工业 企业 已 减少 三千一百 .\r\n分析 人士 认为 , 尽快 提高 国际 竞争力 将 是 国企 今后 改革 与 发展 的 主要 方向 .\r\n为了 以 主动 姿态 迎接 和 参与 国际 竞争 , 中国 将 更 著 力 於 在 重要 或 关键 领域 组建 扶持 一批 实力 雄厚 的 大企业 大 集团 , 加快 其 发展 速度 .\r\n\" 入世 \" 将 引发 的 激烈 人才 竞争 已 成 另 一 备受 关注 的 改革 热点 .\r\n既 熟悉 国情 又 有 丰富 专业知识 与 较高 外语 水平 的 WTO 专门 人才 , 将 成为 国家 和 企业 重点 培养 的 对 像 .\r\n众 所 公认 , 国企 最 需要 的 人才 是 适应 市场经济 要求 的 经营 管理者 , 如若 不 尽快 改变 缺乏 适宜 激励 机制 的 局面 , 人才 将 不可 避免 地 大量 流失 .\r\n所以 , 使 国企 经理 从 人事 管理体制 里 走出来 , 并 建立 有效的 人才 信息 数据库 和 企业家 评级 系统 , 也 将 是 未来 国企 改革 的 重头戏 之一 .\r\n朱邦 造就 日本 等 8 国 集团 一些 成员 近来 纷纷 表示 愿 邀 中国 以 观察员 身份 出席 8 国 集团 首脑 会议 , 甚至 加入 该 集团 这 一 问题 发表 了 上述 评论 .\r\n他 说 , 7 国 集团 原 是 主要 发达国家 协调 其 内部 经济 政策 等 方面 问题 的 组织 , 以后 俄罗斯 参加 部份 活动 , 称为 8 国 集团 .\r\n中国 对 亚太 事务 和 其他 重大 国际 问题 的 立场 和 观点 是 众所周知 的 .\r\n中方 还愿 强调 , 联合国 及 安理会 在 国际 事务 中 的 重要 作用 是 不可 替代 的 .\r\n这是 整个 国际 社会 的 共识 .\r\n通知 要求 , 各 金融 机构 要 组织 各级 管理 人员 , 业务 经办 人员 认真 学习 有关 政策 , 法规 , 牢固 树立 合法 , 合 规 经营 意识 .\r\n要 树立 成本 , 效益 观念 , 把 积极 组织 存款 与 提高 资产 质量 , 提高 经营 效益 结合 起来 , 全面 提高 管理 水平 .\r\n同时 , 要 充分 发挥 各地区 金融 机构 行业 自律 组织 的 作用 , 互相 监督 .\r\n新华社 深圳 2月22日 电 ( 记者 钱彤 ) 国家主席 江泽民 今天 下午 在这里 会见 了 土耳其 大 国民 议会 议长 耶尔德勒姆·阿克布卢特 一行 .\r\n双方 进行 了 亲切 友好 的 谈话 .\r\n江泽民 欢迎 阿克布卢特 来华 访问 .\r\n两国 建交 近 30 年 来 , 双方 在 政治 , 经济 , 文化 等 领域 进行 了 卓有成效 的 合作 , 双边 关系 得到 了 长足 发展 .\r\n近年来 , 两国 高层 往来 不断 , 有力地 推动 了 中土 友好 合作 关系 的 持久 发展 .\r\n江泽民 指出 , 土耳其 横跨 欧亚大陆 , 是 所在 地区 具有 重要 影响 的 国家 .\r\n中国 政府 十分 重视 发展 与 土耳其 的 友好 合作 关系 .\r\n加强 中土 关系 不仅 符合 两国 和 两国 人民 的 根本 利益 , 也 有利于 维护 地区 和平 与 稳定 .\r\n阿克布卢特 感谢 江泽民 拨冗 会见 .\r\n他 还 转达 了 德米雷尔 总统 对 江泽民 主席 的 亲切 问候 , 并 期待 江泽民 主席 对 土耳其 的 访问 .\r\n中国 人民 取得 的 成就 令 世人 钦佩 .\r\n他 强调 , 土耳其 始终 奉行 一个 中国 的 政策 , 十分 尊重 中国 的 主权 和 领土 完整 .\r\n土耳其 反对 干涉 别国 内政 .\r\n( 第三十七 号 ) 中国 谴责 对 科索沃 的 任何 暴力 行动 \" 中新社 北京 二月二十二日 电 \" 中国 外交部 发言人 朱邦造 今天 在此间 表示 , 中方 对 近日 来科索沃 出现 的 紧张 局势 深感 担忧 .\r\n在 今天 的 外交部 新闻发布会 上 , 朱邦造 说 , 科索沃 问题 是 南斯拉夫 国内 一个 地区 的 民族 宗教 矛盾 , 错综复杂 .\r\n这位 发言人 指出 , 近期 的 科索沃 局势 再次 表明 , 联合国 维和 部队 和 民事 机构 进驻 科 以来 , 安理会 一二四四 号 决议 并未 得到 切实 有效的 执行 , 科索沃 的 安全 局势 并未 得到 明显 改善 .\r\n他 表示 , 中国 在 科 问题 上 的 立场 十分 明确 .\r\n他 表示 , 中美 两国 对 世界 和 地区 的 和平 稳定 与 安全 具有 特殊 责任 , 美方 应 在 实行 NMD 计划 和 对待 台湾 问题 上 慎重 行事 .\r\n这位 发言人 指出 , 弹道 导弹 防御 是 此次 磋商 的 核心 议题 之一 .\r\n这 一 计划 不利 於 全球 战略 平衡 与 稳定 , 不利 於 地区 的 和平 与 安全 , 不仅 损害 其他 国家 的 正当 安全 利益 , 最终 对 美 也 不利 .\r\n因此 , 中方 希望 美方 更多 地 考虑 NMD 计划 在 政治 和 战略 上 所需 付出 的 代价 , 不 试验 不 部署 破坏 稳定 损人 不 利己 的 NMD 计划 .\r\n朱邦造 说 , 当前 , 中美 关系 面临 进一步 改善 和 发展 的 机遇 , 也 存在 挑战 .\r\n他 表示 , 中国 愿 与 美方 共同 努力 , 推动 中美 关系 朝 著 两国 元首 确立 的 方向 和 目标 向前 发展 .\r\n美方 表示 , 克林顿 政府 致力 於 发展 美中 关系 .\r\n( 第四十一 号 ) 朱邦造 称 , 洛杉矶 时报 等 所谓 \" 红外线 照相机 \" 的 报道 纯属 谣言 \" 中新社 北京 二月二十二日 电 \" 外交部 发言人 朱邦造 今天 在此间 指出 , 所谓 \" 红外线 照相机 一 事 \" 的 报道 纯属 谣言 , 他 并 对 有关 细节 作 了 必要 解释 .\r\n朱邦造 严正 指出 , 这 一 报道 不 属实 .\r\n这位 发言人 称 , 中方 公司 已 於 去年 向 美方 公司 提供 了 有关 最终 用户 和 用途 的 书面 说明 .\r\n为了 进一步 警醒 自己 , 教育 他人 , 王绍鸿 借来 录象机 , 买 了 录象带 , 将 电视 上 播放 的 有关 揭批 \" 法 轮 功 \" 邪教 本质 的 节目 录 了 8 盘 .\r\n王绍鸿 还 写下 大量 检举 揭发 \" 法 轮 功 \" 的 材料 , 深刻 揭批 李洪志 所谓 \" ' 法 轮 功 ' 没有 组织 , 是 松散 管理 \" 的 骗人 鬼话 , 及其 在 干部 群众 中 \" 弘 法 \" 的 险恶 用心 .\r\n\" 明报 专 讯 \" 涉及 金额 八百亿 元 的 厦门 特大 走私案 关键 人物 之一 出逃 澳洲 的 原 厦门市 副市长 蓝甫 近期 已 被 大陆 当局 在 香港 拘捕 .\r\n据 消息 人士 透露 , 蓝甫 因 在 澳洲 生活 困苦 , 而 致电 给 厦门 市委 书记 洪永世 , 要求 以 内幕 交易 方式 , 调到 厦门 驻 本 港 办事处 工作 .\r\n至此 , 厦门 远华 案 中 所有 重要 人物 均 已 落网 .\r\n蓝甫 因而 致电 厦门市 现任 市委 书记 洪永世 , 要求 与 洪 进行 交易 , 条件 是 让 他 调回 厦门 驻 本 港 的 办事处 工作 , 不 追究 他 的 司法 责任 .\r\n据悉 , 蓝甫 到 厦门 驻 香港 办事处 后 , 首先 与 洪永世 电话 联络 , 而 蓝甫 根据 洪 在 电话 中 的 指示 , 未 与 其他 任何 人 联系 , 直接 抵达 指定 住宅 .\r\n蓝甫 抵 厦门 后 , 直接 由 厦门 机场 转送 至 北京 接受 调查 .\r\n据悉 , 蓝甫 被 有关 部门 扣押 后 , 经由 轮船 解 返 厦门 途中 , 蓝甫 确认 自己的 如意算盘 落空 后 , 曾经 绝望 地 哀求 押送 人员 网开一面 , 放 他 一 马 . 海路 押送 厦门 转 解 北京\r\n江泽民 访 深 料 今日 结束 .\r\n\" 明报 专 讯 \" 北京 对 原 公安部 副部长 李纪周 包庇 走私案 穷追猛打 , 继 中纪委 抽调 重兵 调查 厦门 远华 走私案 取得 重大 成果 后 , 中纪委 又 督促 广东 查处 境内 涉及 李纪周 的 走私案 .\r\n消息 指出 , 广东 已 将 此 案 列为 今年 反腐败 的 重点 , 目前 已 取得 进展 , 其中 清远市 前后 两 任 公安局 长 因 涉 案 已 被 拘捕 .\r\n广东 查办 李纪周 案 已 取得 进展 , 案件 涉 深圳 广州 清远 等 市 .\r\n据悉 , 原 公安部 副部长 李纪周 九三 年 在 广州 挂职 ( 临时 兼任 ) 广州 市 公安局 副局长 期间 , 认识 一 名 在 广州 从事 汽车 贸易 的 商人 , 李纪周 利用 职权 包庇 该 商人 走私 .\r\n该 商人 去年 底 被捕 后 , 先后 供 出 深圳 海关 广州 海关 多名 负责人 涉 案 .\r\n经 调查 , 清远市 前后 两 任 公安局 长 均 涉 案 , 其中 中共 清远 市委 常委 市政 法委 书记 公安局 长 萧石木 , 涉嫌 受贿 放 私 , 至少 涉及 走私 汽车 一千七百 , 涉及 金额 上 亿 元人民币 , 萧石木 日前 已 被 逮捕 .\r\n其二 , 时值 港澳 都 已 顺利 回归 之后 和 两岸 都 将 参加 世贸 组织 ( WTO ) 之前 .\r\n前者 已 以 事实 证明 , 按照 \" 一国两制 \" 原则 实现 中国 统一 是 完全 可行 的 .\r\n台湾 问题 虽 与 港澳 情况 不同 , 但 绝 不可以 此 作为 拒 统 拒 和 的 借口 .\r\n后者 将 给 两岸 发展 经贸 合作 关系 带来 新 的 契机 , 如果 把 台 , 港 , 澳 和 祖国 大陆 连结 在 一起 , 加强 协作 , 相信 对 各方 的 经济 发展 都会 有 好处 .\r\n其 三 , 祖国 大陆 的 改革开放 正 处 於 深化 和 扩大 之 时 .\r\n中国 将 制定 \" 第十 五年计划 \" , 推动 \" 西部 大 开发 \" 计划 , 并 加速 实行 国有 企业 等 三 大 改革 .\r\n一个 中国 原则 是 白皮书 全文 的 核心 内容 .\r\n在 台湾 与 大陆 之间 , 究竟 是 \" 一 国 \" 还是 \" 两国 \" , 这 不是 一般 的 问题 , 而是 原则 问题 , 大是大非 问题 .\r\n\" 然而 人所共知 , \" 国家 \" 和 代表 这个 国家 的 \" 政府 \" , 并不 完全 是 一回事 .\r\n现 台 当局 自称 的 所谓 \" 中华 民国 政府 \" , 其实 不过是 国共 内战 遗留 下来 的 一个 历史 问题 , 无论 根据 国内法 或 国际法 , 都是 非法 的 , 根本 无权 代表 中国 .\r\n现在 台湾 的 国民党 政权 , 在 从 日本 人 手中 收复 台湾 之前 , 曾经 统治 过 台湾 吗 ?\r\n这是 为什麽 ?\r\n道理 很 简单 , 国家 主权 是 由 代表 这个 国家 的 政府 行使 的 , 旧 的 政府 被 推翻 了 , 理所当然 地 要 由 新政府 代表 这个 国家 行使 主权 .\r\n不敢 面对 现实 , 强词夺理 , 歪曲 真相 , 欺骗 人民 , 这 正是 台湾 当局 一些 人 的 最大 悲哀 .\r\n与此同时 , 什 麽 \" 台湾 第一 \" , \" 台湾 优先 \" , \" 台湾 生命 共同体 \" 等 提法 满天飞 .\r\n台湾 人 都是 中国 人 , 只有 先 去 台湾 和 后 去 台湾 之 分 , 而 根本 没有 台湾 人 和 中国 人 之 别 .\r\n而 这一切 只有 在 坚持 和 维护 一个 中国 原则 下 才能 做到 .\r\n故而 , 能否 做到 坚持 和 维护 一个 中国 原则 , 实 是 真 爱 台湾 和 假 爱 台湾 的 分水岭 .\r\n然而 从 即将 举行 的 台湾 大选 一些 主要 参选 者 所 宣示 的 大陆 政策 看 , 李登辉 \" 两国 论 \" 的 阴影 仍然 笼罩 著 许多 人 , 使 两岸 关系 仍然 隐忧 重重 .\r\n例如 , 有的 参选 者 仍在 为 李登辉 的 \" 两国 论 \" 辩解 , 说 它 是 \" 务实 的 自我 定位 \" ; 有的 则 视 两岸 关系 为 \" 相对 主权 的 准 国际 关系 \" .\r\n国民党 的 \" 两国 论 \" 与 民进党 的 \" 台独 论 \" 正在 相互 靠近 .\r\n他们 所 鼓吹 的 \" 分裂 论 \" , 绝 不是 \" 爱 台 \" 而是 \" 害 台 \" 和 \" 祸 台 \" .\r\n台湾 的 未来 , 祖国 的 统一 , 只能 寄 希望 於有 著 光荣 爱国 传统 的 台湾 人民 .\r\n丰南市 是 河北省 唐山市 下属 的 一个 县级市 .\r\n改革开放 以来 , 丰南市 经济 建设 和 社会 发展 取得 了 显著 成绩 .\r\n22日 上午 , 朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 在 河北省 委 书记 叶连松 , 省长 钮茂生 陪同 下 听取 了 丰南 市委 , 市政府 关于 党 的 建设 和 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 准备 情况 的 汇报 , 并 同 他们 进行 座谈 .\r\n当天 下午 , 他 在 有 700 多人 参加 的 丰南市 领导干部 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 会议 上 作 了 动员 讲话 .\r\n要 坚持 高标准 , 严 要求 .\r\n通过 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 , 真正 做到 思想上 有 明显 提高 , 政治 上 有 明显 进步 , 作风 上 有 明显 转变 , 纪律 上 有 明显 增强 , 党群 干群关系 有 明显 改善 .\r\n陪同 朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 在 丰南市 进行 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 调查研究 , 并 出席 领导干部 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 会议 的 有 盛华仁 , 张左己 , 王春 正 , 贾军 , 魏礼群 , 李伟 等 .\r\n这次 颁发 的 《 司令部 建设 纲要 》 , 是 我军 历史 上 第一 专门 规范 , 指导 司令部 建设 的 法规 .\r\n《 纲要 》 自 发布 之 日 起 施行 .\r\n新华社 广州 2月23日 电 ( 人民 日报 记者 毛磊 新华社 记者 孙一 曲 ) 广东省 顺德 市华立 实业 有限 公司 董事长 兼 总经理 张长立 串通 银行 内部 工作人员 , 以 存款 形式 非法 高 息 融资 , 涉 案 金额 达 135亿 元 .\r\n日前 , 广东省 顺德 市 人民 法院 以 非法 吸收 公众 存款 罪 , 判处 张长立 有期徒刑 10 年 , 并 处罚金 人民币 20万 元 .\r\n1998年3月 , 公安 机关 以 涉嫌 非法 吸收 公众 存款 立案 , 并 通过 国际刑警组织 向 新西兰 , 古巴 , 汤加 , 泰国 , 马来西亚 等 国家 警方 发出 通报 , 要求 协同 追捕 张长立 .\r\n在 东南亚 某 国 警方 的 协助 下 , 1999年5月 , 我国 公安 机关 将 其 缉捕 并 押解 回国 .\r\n办好 手续 后 , 华立 实业 有限 公司 先 支付 高 息 部分 或 全部 利息 给 客户 , 待 存款 到期 后 , 再 由 客户 凭 存折 到 北 深 去 木 加工 下 加 口 办事处 提取 余下 的 本金 或 本息 .\r\n何英志 指使 北 深 去 木 加工 下 加口 办事处 有关 工作人员 , 违反 金融 管理 制度 , 通过 无 存折 转 款 的 方式 , 将 客户 存入 北 深 去 木 加工 下 加 口 办事处 的 活期 存款 316 共计 13亿 元 转入 华立 实业 有限 公司 帐户 .\r\n张长立 非法 吸收 公众 存款 案 是 一起 严重 侵犯 国家 金融 管理 制度 , 扰乱 金融 秩序 的 经济 犯罪 案件 , 给 国家 , 集体 和 个人 财产 造成 了 巨大 损失 .\r\n本报讯 记者 李丹 报道 : 据 海关 统计 , 今年 1月 , 我 对 美国 出口额 达 34.2亿 美元 , 比 去年 同期 增长 38.7% .\r\n在 中国 自 美国 进口 中 , 加工 贸易 进口 53亿 美元 , 占 自 美 进口 总值 的 27% .\r\n其中 一般 贸易 进口 103亿 美元 , 扭转 了 连续 3 年 的 下滑 局面 , 增长 34.1% , 占 自 美国 进口 总值 的 比重 达 52.7% .\r\n分析 表明 , 加工 贸易 项 下 , 我国 对 美 贸易 顺差 245.2亿 美元 , 是 我国 对外 贸易 顺差 的 主要 来源 .\r\n全国 人大 常委会 办公厅 新闻局 副局长 郑允海 告诉 记者 , 去年 10月 试 开通 的 \" 中国人 大 新闻 \" 网站 , 吸引 了 大量 群众 上网 浏览 .\r\n在 \" 两会 \" 期间 , 这些 网站 每天 的 访问 量 都 达到 数万 人次 .\r\n\" 两会 \" 期间 , 不少 电子邮件 得到 了 市 人大 代表 , 委员 的 答复 , 其中 一些 问题 还 在 代表 , 委员 的 督办 下 得到 了 解决 .\r\n其中 北京 一 位 市民 反映 住所 楼下 饭馆 噪音 , 油烟 严重 扰民 问题 .\r\n不久 , 有关 部门 传来 消息 , 扰民 饭馆 已 停业 整顿 .\r\n同时 , 党中央 还 决定 陈玉杰 ( 女 ) , 谢旭人 , 王成铭 同志 任 中央 金融 工委 副 书记 .\r\n改革开放 以来 特别是 1997年 党中央 , 国务院 召开 的 全国 金融 工作会议 以来 , 我国 金融 事业 的 发展 和 金融 体制 的 改革 取得 了 显著 成绩 .\r\n这次 部分 金融 机构 主要 领导 干部 交流 , 调整 , 是 党中央 , 国务院 根据 工作 需要 和 干部 交流 的 精神 , 结合 金融 系统 的 特点 和 实际 , 经过 通盘 考虑 , 慎重 研究 决定 的 .\r\n这样 做 , 有利于 金融 事业 的 进一步 发展 , 有利于 加强 金融 机构 领导班子 建设 , 有利于 领导干部 的 锻炼 成长 和 领导班子 的 年轻化 .\r\n近年来 , 河南省 发挥 自身 优势 , 调整 农业 结构 取得 明显 成效 , 温家宝 对此 给予 充分 肯定 .\r\n这是 全国 农业 结构 调整 的 重要 内容 , 更是 粮棉 主 产区 结构 调整 的 主攻 方向 .\r\n第二 , 由 单一 的 粮棉 生产 向 同时 发展 多种 经营 转变 .\r\n第三 , 由 粗放经营 向 集约经营 转变 .\r\n要 在 充分 发挥 主 产区 粮棉 生产 规模 优势 的 同时 , 注重 质量 , 降低 成本 , 提高 效益 , 增强 市场 竞争力 .\r\n国家 要 给予 必要 的 支持 , 加强 基础 设施 建设 和 生态 环境 建设 , 改善 农业 生产 条件 , 促进 农业 科技 进步 , 积极 稳步 地 推进 粮棉 主 产区 的 结构 调整 .\r\n各级 农业 部门 要 加强 技术指导 和 新技术 推广 , 落实 各项 配套 措施 , 做好 优质 专用 种子 的 余缺 调剂 和 供应 工作 .\r\n二 是 切实 加强 麦田 管理 .\r\n组织 农业 技术人员 深入 田间 地头 , 查 苗情 , 查 墒情 , 查 病虫 , 指导 农民 进行 春 管 .\r\n三 是 保证 春耕 生产 物资 的 供应 .\r\n信用社 要 积极 主动 做好 对 春耕 生产 的 信贷 工作 .\r\n随同 考察 的 有关方面 负责 同志 还有 马凯 , 万宝瑞 , 韩长赋 , 王明义 等 .\r\n这是 部分 军 内外 专家 今天 在京 座谈 时 表达 的 共识 .\r\n与会者 普遍 认为 , 《 一个 中国 的 原则 与 台湾 问题 》 白皮书 的 发表 是 非常 必要 和 及时 的 .\r\n在 这样的 背景 下 , 中国 政府 发表 《 一个 中国 的 原则 与 台湾 问题 》 的 白皮书 , 是 非常 必要 的 .\r\n在 事关 祖国 统一 的 原则 问题 上 , 我们 是 决不会 妥协 和 让步 的 .\r\n与会者 还 指出 , 白皮书 的 发表 是 对 台湾 分裂 势力 的 当头棒喝 .\r\n同时 , 它 使 国际 社会 更好地 理解 和 了解 中国 政府 坚持 一个 中国 原则 , 实现 和平 统一 的 主张 , 进一步 认清 李登辉 \" 两国 论 \" 的 谬误 和 危害 .\r\n白皮书 的 发表 , 有利于 捍卫 国家 , 民族利益 ; 有利于 台湾 问题 的 和平 解决 ; 有利于 促使 国际 社会 在 一个 中国 的 原则 下 认识 和 处理 有关 问题 .\r\n与会 的 部分 军队 专家 表示 , 白皮书 发表 后 , 作为 军人 , 更 感到 人民军队 所 肩负 的 责任 极其 重大 .\r\n我们 要 密切 关注 台湾 局势 的 发展 , 为 维护 祖国 统一 做出 自己的 贡献 .\r\n( 一 ) 1997年 夏 , 建设 银行 广东省 顺德 市 支行 北 深 去 木 加工 下 加 口 办事处 不断 出现 这样 一个 奇怪 的 现 像 : 储户 手持 活期 存折 , 却 无法 从 银行 支取 现金 .\r\n顺德 市 支行 有关 负责人 意识到 问题 的 严重性 , 立即 向 公安 机关报 了 案 .\r\n至 案发时 , 尚 有 69亿 元 无法 退还 , 给 国家 造成 了 巨大 的 经济 损失 .\r\n深知 自己 罪恶的 深重 , 这 一 非法 吸收 公众 存款 案 的 主要 犯罪 嫌疑人 -- 华立 实业 有限 公司 董事长 兼 总经理 张长立 当即 秘密 携 款 逃往 境外 .\r\n1999年4月 底 , 公安 部门 根据 掌握 的 线索 了解到 , 张长立 持 伪造 的 西萨摩亚 护照 , 在 东南亚 一带 活动 .\r\n( 二 ) 张长立 是 在 市场经济 的 大潮 中 成长 起来 的 一个 民营 企业家 .\r\n张长立 一下子 从 哪里 筹集 到 这 幺 钱 ?\r\n此后 短短 两 年 多 时间 里 , 来自 安徽 , 江西 , 陕西 , 湖北 , 海南 和 广东 等 省 的 单位 和 个人 , 以 活期 存款 的 方式 将 集资 款 陆续 存入 建设银行 北 深 去 木 加工 下 加 口 办事处 .\r\n在 办理 每 笔 \" 存款 \" 手续 时 , 华立 实业 有限 公司 先 把 高额 利息 部分 支付 给 客户 , 到 商定 的 期限 后 再 由 客户 凭 存折 到 银行 提取 其余 利息 和 本金 .\r\n截至 1997年9月 案发时 , 华立 实业 有限 公司 通过 这种 方式 非法 吸收 的 集资 款 高达 135亿 元 .\r\n然而 , 由于 盲目 投资 , 张长立 筹 得 的 巨额 资金 , 并 没有 实现 他 预期 的 高 收益 .\r\n华立 实业 有限 公司 开始 出现 资金 周转 困难 , 到 1997年 七八月 份 , 再也 无法 兑付 客户 的 到期 款项 .\r\n一些 客户 不断 向 银行 和 公司 催讨 , 甚至 向 主管 部门 举报 , 最终 导致 东窗事发 .\r\n( 三 ) 违法者 必 被 究 , 张长立 最终 没有 逃脱 法律 的 制裁 .\r\n非法 吸收 公众 存款 的 过程 还 往往 诱发 其他 经济 犯罪 活动 的 发生 .\r\n一些 企业 或 金融 部门 本来 只是 为了 迅速 融资 , 但 采取 这种 高风险 的 非法 手段 , 或 早 或 晚 几乎 无 一 例外 会 出现 巨大 的 资金 漏洞 .\r\n为 填补 漏洞 , 极 易 导致 行贿 , 贪污 , 诈骗 甚至 更 严重 的 刑事犯罪 活动 .\r\n国家 只 保护 公民 个人 和 单位 的 合法 收入 , 选择 储蓄 或 其他 投资 方式 必须 合法 .\r\n究 其 原因 , 是 因为 张长立 充分 利用 了 少数人 追求 高 息 回报 的 心理 , 再加上 有 个别 金融 机关 内部 人员 做 掩护 , 一些 人 明知 有 违 法律 仍 心存 侥幸 .\r\n张长立 非法 吸收 公众 存款 案 再次 向 人们 敲响 警钟 : 不要 轻易 相信 一些 人 的 高利 许诺 , 更 要 识破 打着 国家机关 招牌 的 一些 个人 的 非法行为 .\r\n法网 恢恢 , 疏 而 不 漏 .\r\n据统计 , 1999年 全国 公安 机关 共 抓获 经济 犯罪 分子 11万 多人 , 由 境外 9 国家 和 地区 抓获 经济 犯罪 嫌疑人 20 .\r\n张长立 案件 再一次 表明 , 不管 经济 犯罪 分子 多 幺 狡猾 , 无论 逃 到 天涯海角 , 最终 都 逃脱 不了 人民 的 公正 审判 , 法律 的 严厉 制裁 .\r\n刘方仁 认为 , 制约 贵州 发展 的 因素 关键 在 交通 不便 , 信息 不 畅 .\r\n以 近 两 年 投入 运营 的 贵阳 4D 级 机场 为 例 , 去年 运送 旅客 由 1997年 前 的 70万 至 80万 人次 增加到 131万 人次 , 对 贵州 加大 对外开放 发挥 了 重要 作用 .\r\n刘方仁 说 , \" 九五 \" 期间 , 贵州 作为 我国 铁路 建设 \" 决战 西南 \" 的 主战场 , 国家 在 贵州 境内 的 投资 达 300多亿 元 , 占 西南 地区 铁路 建设 总投资 的 44% .\r\n株 ( 洲 ) 六 ( 盘水 ) , 内 ( 江 ) 昆 ( 明 ) , 水 ( 城 ) 柏 ( 果 ) 三 铁路 和 贵阳 , 六盘水 两 大 编组站 工程 同时 上马 , 铁路 建设 大军 在 贵州 崇山峻岭 间 形成 了 大 会战 的 态势 .\r\n到 2002年 , 贵州 将 成为 西部 地区 铁路 路网 密度 最高 的 省份 .\r\n贵州 高原 地处 长江 和 珠江 两 大 水系 的 分水岭 .\r\n加强 生态 环境保护 , 治理 水土流失 , 不仅 是 贵州 实现 可持续发展 战略 的 重大 课题 , 而且 事关 长江 , 珠江 中下游 广大 地区 \" 长治久安 \" 的 大局 .\r\n刘方仁 强调 , 贵州 要 坚决 贯彻执行 党中央 , 国务院 实施 天然林 保护 工程 的 重大 决策 , 先 从 条件 较好 的 交通 沿线 和 旅游 风景区 起步 实施 .\r\n当前 重点 是 将 35 度 以上 的 陡坡 开 荒地 退下来 .\r\n反腐败 之所以 仍然 会 是 今年 \" 两会 \" 的 焦点 之一 , 就 在 於其常 谈 常 新 , 就 在 於 其 不可 毕 其 功 於一役 .\r\n消息 公布 的 第二 天 , 国务院 召开 廉政 工作会议 , 朱鎔基 总理 指出 , 我们 的 政府 是 人民 的 政府 , 廉洁 从政 是 最 起码 的 要求 .\r\n综观 一九九九年 中国 的 反腐败 工作 , 可以说 取得 了 相当 的 成果 .\r\n建立 有形 建筑 市场 工作 进一步 推进 , 除 经 批准 不 建 的 十四 以外 , 全国 地 ( 州 盟 ) 以上 城市 均 已 建立 , 有效 遏止 了 工程 建设 中 的 腐败 现 像 .\r\n政府 采购 制度 会计 委派 制度 领导干部 任期 经济 责任 审计 制度 , 以及 村 务 公开 厂务 公开 政务 公开 等 制度 的 推进 也 收到 了 积极 成果 .\r\n应该说 , 中国 政府 在 去年 一 年 的 反腐败 工作 中 每 一 步 都 很 努力 , 每 一 步 都 很 扎实 , 然而 不可能 毕 其 功 於一役 , 反腐败 工作 任重道远 .\r\n在 听 了 有关 专家 关于 网络 技术 的 专题 讲座 后 , 张万年 讲话 指出 , 随着 信息 技术 和 计算机技术 的 发展 , 网络 技术 的 发展 极其 迅速 , 已经 渗透到 社会生活 的 各个 领域 , 产生 了 广泛 而 深刻 的 影响 .\r\n张万年 说 , 新 形势 下 , 江主席 最为 关注 两 历史性 课题 , 即 打赢 未来 可能 发生 的 高技术 战争 , 保持 人民军队 的 性质 , 本色 和 作风 .\r\n抓好 科学 理论 武装 , 这是 \" 不 变质 \" 的 思想 基础 和 重要 保证 .\r\n张万年 强调 , 抓好 高科技 知识 武装 , 这是 \" 打得赢 \" 的 迫切 需要 和 重要 保证 .\r\n全军 部队 必须 通过 学习 掌握 高科技 知识 , 提高 打赢 高技术 战争 的 能力 .\r\n全军 各级 领导干部 必须 通过 学习 掌握 高科技 知识 , 提高 指挥 打赢 高技术 战争 的 能力 .\r\n学习 高科技 知识 , 军委 , 总部 要 率先 形成 风气 , 持之以恒 , 带动 全军 .\r\n中共 中央 政治局 委员 , 书记处 书记 , 中央 文明 委 主任 丁关根 主持 会议 并 讲话 .\r\n多 开展 适合 群众 需要 , 为 群众 欢迎 的 活动 , 城市 抓 社区 , 农村 抓 村镇 , 行业 抓 窗口 .\r\n多 宣传 介绍 基层 思想 政治 工作 的 好 经验 , 使 群众 通过 身边 事例 , 身边 人物 , 真切 感受到 思想 政治 工作 在 加强 .\r\n尊重 人 , 理解 人 , 关心 人 , 善于 从 群众 最 关心 , 与 群众 切身 利益 最 密切 的 问题 入手 , 把 工作 做到 群众 的 心坎 上 .\r\n要 加强 对 青少年 学生 的 思想 工作 , 为 青少年 身心健康 成长 创造 良好 氛围 , 帮助 他们 树立 正确 理想 信念 , 增强 纪律 法制观念 .\r\n加强 思想 政治 工作 , 关键 是 以身作则 , 共产党员 要 做 全社会 的 表率 , 领导干部 要 做 全党 的 表率 .\r\n丁关根 强调 , 要 增强 阵地 意识 , 大力 唱 响 主旋律 , 大力 弘扬 社会 正气 , 广泛 宣传 思想 政治 工作 的 先进 典型 和 工作 经验 .\r\n组织 一批 有分量 , 有 深度 的 文章 , 有 针对性 , 有 说服力 地 回答 群众 关心 的 问题 .\r\n中央 文明 委 委员 出席 了 今天 的 会议 .\r\n( 香港 中国 通讯社 二月二十三日 电 ) 特稿 : 中国 将 迎来 新 一 轮 外商 投资 热潮 香港 中通社 记者 林鹰 中国 专家 最近 预测 说 , 中国 今年 加入 世贸 组织 后 , 将会 迎来 新 一 轮 外商 投资 热潮 .\r\n去年 , 中国 实际 利用 外资 仍然 保持 相当 规模 , 达 四百零三亿九千万 美元 , 连续 六 年 成为 仅 次 於 美国 的 第二 大 吸纳 外商 投资 的 国家 .\r\n统计 显示 , 仅 去年 , 外资企业 进出口 总值 就 达 一千七百四十五亿 美元 , 比 上年 增长 百分之十点七 , 占 全国 进出口 总额 百分之四十八点八 .\r\n二 , 中国 利用 外资 约 七成 来自 亚洲地区 , 发生 金融 风暴 后 , 受 金融 风暴 冲击 的 亚洲 国家 由於 市场 进一步 开放 和 经济 结构 的 重新 调整 , 对 中国 吸引 外资 构成 一定 的 负面 影响 .\r\n四 , 中国 国内 需求 减慢 和 沿海 开发 地区 工资 增长 较 速 , 在 一定 程度 上 也 削弱 中国 市场 对 外资 的 吸引力 .\r\n不过 , 专家 指出 , 二零零零年 亚洲 各国 和 地区 如 香港 , 韩国 , 日本 和 东南亚 国家 等 的 经济 已 出现 复苏 , 这 将会 重新 带动 对华 投资 的 增长 .\r\n随 著 中国 加入 世界 贸易 组织 , 中国 将 有 更多 领域 对外开放 .\r\n这 一 轮 新 的 开放 举措 , 将 是 外商 到 华 投资 的 新 机遇 , 从而 掀起 新 一 轮 的 外商 投资 热潮 .\r\n新华社 北京 2月23日 电 通讯 : 共和国 水下 骄子 -- 记 迈向 新世纪 的 人民 海军 某 潜艇 部队 人民 日报 记者 翟启运 新华社 记者 陈万军 新华社 通讯员 许森 王国春 2000年1月 的 一 天 , 一 艘 艘 新型 潜艇 吞波吐 浪 , 纵横驰骋 于 波涛汹涌 的 渤海 海面 .\r\n前不久 , 总参谋部 通报 表彰 了 他们 的 先进事迹 .\r\n上午10时A.M. , 与 惊涛骇浪 搏击 数 十 昼夜 的 某 潜艇 官兵 , 驾驶 钢铁 长 鲸 徐徐 驶入 军港 .\r\n久违 了 , 祖国 !\r\n这 艘 潜艇 是 我国 自行 研制 的 新型 主战 装备 .\r\n为 检验 潜艇 的 性能 和 水下 打击 能力 , 检验 官兵 的 水下 作战 本领 和 生存 能力 , 经 中央军委 批准 , 由 这 艘 潜艇 遂 行 \" 水下 长征 \" 这 一 特殊 任务 .\r\n\" 这次 长 航 的 成功 , 将 成为 人民 海军 现代化 建设 的 重要 标志 . \"\r\n出航 前 , 海军 司令员 石云生 中将 向长航 官兵 们 发出 了 进军 令 .\r\n数月 来 , 官兵 们 在 大洋 深处 , 战 惊涛 , 斗 骇 浪 , 避 暗礁 , 穿 岛 链 , 在 陌生 海域 探路 , 在 \" 死亡 海区 \" 闯 险 , 与 太平洋 风暴 周旋 , 在 \" 龙宫 \" 深处 创造 了 常规 潜艇 史 上 长 航 的 新纪录 .\r\n这是 一次 对 潜艇 , 艇 员 和 武器 的 极限 性 考验 .\r\n但 作为 指挥员 , 他 想 得 更多 的 是 , 利用 长航让 部队 得到 近似 实战 的 严格 锻炼 .\r\n动员 会上 , 刘光悠 话语 掷地有声 : \" 我们 在 水下 多 坚持 1 分钟 , 就 会 多 赢得 一 分 海战 胜利 的 把握 .\r\n\" 左满舵 , 双 车 前进 二 ! \"\r\n潜艇 再次 驶 向 大洋 深处 .\r\n上级 命令 潜艇 对 \" 敌 \" 护卫舰 实施 鱼雷 攻击 .\r\n太阳 从 海平面 悄然 升起 , 潜艇 徐徐 浮 出 海面 .\r\n码头 上 , 欢迎 的 彩旗 迎风 招展 , 欢庆 的 锣鼓 响彻 海 空 .\r\n官兵 们 昂首挺胸 , 依次 走下 潜艇 .\r\n近 20 年 来 , 这 支 潜艇 部队 先后 组织 了 数 十 次 远航 , 部队 所有 潜艇 都 经历 了 太平洋 风浪 的 洗礼 , 创造 了 人民 海军 潜艇 部队 建设 史 上 数 十 项 第一 .\r\n1999年6月 , 海军 潜艇 学院 的 一 位 教授 专程 来到 某 潜艇 , 向 鱼雷 军士 长 王昌 来 请教 某 新型 鱼雷 的 操作 程序 , 并 邀请 他 一起 编写 鱼雷 使用 教材 .\r\n今年 42 岁 的 王昌 来 , 是 海军 最老 的 潜艇 士官 .\r\n20 多年 来 , 他 通过 刻苦 自学 , 熟练 掌握 了 4 型号 潜艇 鱼雷 发射 专业 本领 , 成为 驾驭 高科技 装备 的 \" 士兵 教授 \" .\r\n声纳 是 潜艇 的 \" 耳朵 \" .\r\n仇裕平 成为 潜艇 上 的 一 名 声纳 兵 后 , 深感 责任 重大 .\r\n一 年 后 , 他 练就 了 \" 一 听准 \" 的 过硬 本领 .\r\n仇裕平 还 编写 出版 了 两 《 声纳 操作 使用 条例 》 , 发表 了 3 学术 论文 .\r\n仅 1999年 , 部队 就 取得 160 科技 创新 成果 .\r\n潜艇 鱼雷 军士 长 郑文发 , 大胆 提出 研制 一套 新型 潜艇 鱼雷 攻击 模拟 训练 器材 的 设想 .\r\n一 年 后 , 当 郑文发 把 研制出 的 模拟器 与 鱼雷 攻击 指挥 仪 对接 时 , 却 相互 不 匹配 .\r\n面对 失败 , 他 没有 退缩 .\r\n他 先后 到 北京 , 上海 等 科研 院所 请教 专家 , 搜集 资料 , 对 设计 方案 作 了 30 重大 修改 , 终于 解决 了 模拟器 与 指挥 仪 匹配 的 难题 .\r\n1998年10月9日 , 国内 30 专家 , 教授 在 北京 首次 为 一 位 潜艇 士兵 举行 了 高级 别的 科研 成果 鉴定会 .\r\n不久 , 海军 正式 将 这项 成果 申报 了 军队 科技 进步 二 等 奖 .\r\n南 中国 海 , 风起云涌 , 水深 浪 急 .\r\n部队长 刘光悠 率 新型 潜艇 , 长途 奔袭 数千 海里 , 来 这里 参加 一 场 规模 空前 的 实 兵 演习 .\r\n演习 结束 的 这天 晚上 , 月光如水 .\r\n曾 4 进 军事 院校 深造 , 10 率 艇 远航 的 刘光悠 , 此刻 感受 最多 的 是 压力 .\r\n1999年1月 , 部队 3 召开 科技 兴 训 党委 扩大 会 .\r\n会上 , 刘光悠 明确 提出 : \" 战法 是 争取 战场 主动 的 关键 .\r\n\" 鱼雷 攻击 面临 三 大 风险 , 怎 幺 解决 ? \"\r\n你们 大胆 干 , 出 了 问题 我们 承担 !\r\n在此 基础 上 , 他们 组织 官兵 展开 100 模拟 演练 .\r\n我 两 艘 潜艇 以 迅雷不及掩耳 之势 发起 先 \" 敌 \" 攻击 .\r\n按照 这 一 方案 , 布雷 的 深度 将 比 原来 提高 数 倍 .\r\n部队长 刘光悠 , 政委 黄尧年 等 支队 常委 , 冒着 高温 , 一次次 到 潜艇 上 , 与 官兵 们 一起 寻找 答案 .\r\n部队 领导 与 基层 官兵 的 认识 逐渐 趋于 一致 , 这 一 新 战法 演练 继续 进行 .\r\n新 的 演练 开始 了 .\r\n潜艇 在 深海 下 潜 , 20 米 , 30 米 , 40 米 ......\r\n我 新型 潜艇 首次 大 深度 满载 布雷 获得 圆满 成功 !\r\n1999年 , 这 支 水下 雄师 组织 的 攻击 , 布雷 , 反潜 等 多项 新 战法 演练 屡 传 捷报 .\r\n这 一 次 次 攻坚 的 成功 , 标志 人民 海军 潜艇 部队 已经 具备 打击 对手 的 超常 能力 !\r\n李德洙 要求 各级 民委 在 西部 大 开发 中 转变 观念 , 转变 工作 作风 和 工作 方式 , 从 传统 的 和 习惯 了 的 工作 模式 中 解放 出来 .\r\n李德洙 强调 , 在 西部 大 开发 中 民族 工作 要 坚持 \" 五 原则 \" .\r\n因此 , 李春亭 认为 , 为 适应 加入 WTO 需要 , 农 发行 要 为 国家 建立 高效 安全 的 粮棉 储备 系统 提供 强有力 的 金融 支持 .\r\n我国 目前 情况 看 , 由于 近来 农业 丰收 和 敞开 收购 农民 余粮 政策 的 实施 , 粮食 备 已 初具规模 .\r\n从 总量 上 看 , 已 达到 联合国 粮农 组织 规定 的 17- 18% 的 比例 求 .\r\n但 由于 中国 是 一个 农业 大国 , 人口 大国 , 现有 储备 能力 和 调控 手 斡 胫 泄 国情 相比 , 还 存在 一定 的 差距 .\r\n( 香港 中国 通讯社 二月二十三日 电 ) 特稿 : 中国 无意 参加 八 国 集团 峰会 香港 中通社 记者 贺冲 中国 外交部 发言人 朱邦造 於 二月二十二日 在 北京 明确 表示 , 中国 无意 参加 八 国 集团 首脑 会议 及其 有关 活动 .\r\n德国 总理 施罗德 说 : \" 从 中期 看 , 我 认为 应该 认真 考虑 将 中国 作为 八 国 集团 中 的 一 员 是否 有意义 的 问题 . \"\r\n法国 总统 希拉克 说 : \" 鉴 於 中国 已 成为 维护 世界 稳定 的 主力 , 我 个人 赞成 中国 加入 八 国 集团 , 组成 一个 九 国 集团 . \"\r\n对此 , 中国 有必要 表明 自己的 立场 观点 .\r\n中国 外交部 发言人 的 谈话 是 十分 含蓄 的 , 他 强调 联合国 在 国际 事务 中 的 重要 作用 , 是 可 圈 可 点 的 .\r\n这种 做法 , 中国 是 无法 接受 的 .\r\n中国 是 联合国 安理会 五 个 常任 理事国 之一 , 对 国际 重大 问题 拥有 否决权 .\r\n去年 八 国 集团 绕开 联合国 安理会 , 实质上 就是 绕开 中国 , 削弱 中国 对 重大 国际 事务 参与 和 施加 影响 的 合法 权利 .\r\n因此 去年 以来 , 中国 积极 寻求 对策 , 摆脱 不利 局面 , 以 维护 国家利益 .\r\n一方面 , 中国 努力 维护 联合国 的 合法性 和 权威性 , 使 国际 政治 的 运行 轨迹 早日 回到 联合国 安理会 的 正确 轨道 上来 .\r\n中国 的 猪肉 , 禽蛋 分别 占 全世界 总产量 的 46% 和 38% , 中国 的确 是 畜产 大国 , 但 还 不是 强国 .\r\n为此 , 必须 努力 提 我国 畜牧业 的 市场 竞争 能力 .\r\n那 幺 , 分散 细小 规模 的 中国 畜牧业 , 经过 50 年 , 特别是 近 20 年 的 超 常规 展 , 都 有 哪些 新 特点 , 二十一 世纪 的 发展 重点 是 什 幺 ?\r\n特别是 沿海 的 一些 省份 , 半数 农户 不再 养猪 养鸡 , 时 也 产生 了 畜牧业 专 户 , 出现 了 专业村 , 户 养 规模 百 头 猪 , 千 只 鸡 .\r\n畜牧业 产销 一体化 , 产业化 经营 也 带动 和 促进 了 畜牧业 生产 的 区域化 和 规模 化 .\r\n尤其 可喜 的 是 , 原来 畜产品 调入 大户 的 东北 三 省 , 禽蛋 产量 全都 进入 前 10 , 吉林 , 辽宁 的 肉类 总产量 已 分别 排 在 全国 的 第11 和 12 , 粮仓 变成 了 \" 肉 库 \" .\r\n目前 我国 的 畜牧业 虽然 还是 以 分散 经营 为主 , 但 规模 猪场 出栏 占 全国 出 总量 的 15% , 畜产品 加工业 发展 好的 地区 , 其 规模 养殖 比例 已 在 30% 以上 .\r\n但 这种 政策 导致 畜产品 在 城乡 之间 的 分配 严重 不合理 , 在 兼顾 农业 生产者 和 城市 消 颜呃益 上 确有 不小 的 失误 , 突出 地表 现在 收购 过头 .\r\n到 1985年 取消 了 主要 畜产品 的 派购 政策 , 逐步 发挥 市场 对 资源 配置 的 基础 性 作用 .\r\n供销社 一直 参与 畜产品 经营 , 但 改革 前后 最大 的 变化 , 是 由 原来的 代理 代 收 转变 为 真正 的 自主 经营 .\r\n以上 是 原有 外贸 , 国营 , 合作 商业 从 流通 拓展 到 畜产品 加工 和 畜禽 生产 一体化 经营 以 巩固 阵地 和 发展 壮大 畜产品 经营 实力 .\r\n它 产生 于 主要 畜产品 仍 实行 派购 统销 的 年代 , 突破 了 只 从事 畜牧业 生产 的 老 格局 , 是 钤 缃 畜产品 产销 一体化 的 现代 企业 .\r\n这种 绞 绞 迪 了 分散 生产 与 集中 消费 市场 的 对接 , 减少 了 流通 环节 , 降低 了 流通 损失 , 极地 促进 了 畜牧业 生产 的 发展 .\r\n部分 发展 比较 好的 , 达到 了 生产 , 加工 , 销售 一体化 , 产业化 经营 .\r\n畜牧业 由 分散 的 粗放型 饲养 向 规模 饲养 , 由 家庭副业 养畜 向 集约化 , 现代化 的 饲养 方式 转变 , 即 是 由 传统 经济 向 现代 经济 的 转变 .\r\n经过 几轮 \" 菜篮子 工程 \" 建设 , 畜禽 生产 基地 已 从 近郊 向 远 郊区 和 邻 省 扩散 , 这是 符合 生产力 发展 规律 的 .\r\n从 全世界 的 情况 看 , 牛肉 也是 一 大 项 , 近 10 年 来 , 以 秸秆 养 牛 中心 , 国家 连续 数年 投巨资 , 扶持 肉牛 业 , 使 牛肉 产量 大 增 .\r\n但 与 猪肉 和 禽 相比 , 还是 \" 小弟弟 \" .\r\n根据 中国 的 国情 和 参考 国外 的 经验 , 中国 畜牧业 在 未来 10 年 , 甚至 整个 二十一世纪 , 应 把 肉鸡 和 奶 类 作为 两 大发展 重点 .\r\n各级 政府 应 肉鸡 业 和 奶 产业 提到 重要 位置 , 作为 重点 产业 给予 大力 扶持 . 1 . 肉鸡 是 未来 中国 畜牧业 发展 的 一 大 重点\r\n肉鸡 生产 周期 短 , 饲料 转化 效率 高 , 国际上 鸡肉 价格 最 便宜 , 消费量 大幅度 提高 .\r\n连续 几 年 我国 鸡肉 产品 进口 数量 于 出口量 的 几倍 , 如 不 加快 肉鸡 产业 的 发展 , 一旦 加入 世贸 组织 , 中国 市场 定 被 世界 鸡肉 主 产 国 占领 .\r\n中国 肉鸡 产区 主要 是 几 大城市 及 山东 , 吉林 , 河北 , 河南 等 少数 省市 .\r\n看来 , 我国 的 肉鸡 业 应该 重视 国内 这个 笫 场 的 开发 , 当然 出口 还是 要 大力 争取 的 , 因为 邻国 日本 的 鸡肉 产量 年年 减少 是 我国 应该 花 力气 抢占 的 市场 . 2 . 让 最 弱 的 奶 产业 强 起来\r\n中国 畜牧业 中 有 几项 居 世界 第一 , 但 奶 类 是 最 弱 的 一 项 .\r\n可 奶 作为 补 钙 剂 却 渐渐 为 许多 中老年 人 所 接受 , 也 构成 稳定 消费 市场 的 一部分 .\r\n奶 及 奶制品 消费者 只会 年 比 一 年 多 .\r\n特别是 抱着 奶瓶 长大 的 孩子 , 待 他们 长大成人 , 对 奶 的 消费量 就 不会 象 今天 的 成年人 每天 早晨 一 小 袋 , 而是 日 消费量 多 在 500 克 至 1000 克 , 这 在 今天 的 中小学生 中 已 比较 普遍 .\r\n发展 畜牧业 是 为了 提高 人 的 生活水平 , 增强 国民 的 身体素质 , 同时 畜牧业 还 解决 了 8000万 劳动者 的 就业 问题 , 是 增加 农民 收入 的 一 大 产业 .\r\n所以 国内 畜产品 消费 市场 很大 .\r\n\" 中新社 北京 二月二十三日 电 \" ( 记者 余东晖 ) 本 社 记者 今天 从 欧盟 驻华 代表 处 获悉 , 中国 与 欧盟 就 中国 加入 WTO 的 谈判 二十四日 将 继续 进行 .\r\n到 记者 今日 十七时十五分 发稿时 为止 , 谈判 双方 都 没有 对外 透露 迄今 是否 取得 进展 的 信息 .\r\n新华社 北京 2月23日 电 2月 21 至 22日 , 中国 外交部 部长 助理 王毅 同 越南 外交部 部长 助理 黎功奉 在 北京 举行 了 中 越 第七 政府 级 边界 谈判 .\r\n2月22日 , 中国 外交部 副部长 杨文昌 会见 了 黎功奉 一行 , 并 出席 了 中 越 第七 政府 级 边界 谈判 《 会谈 纪要 》 签字 仪式 .\r\n越南 驻华 大使 裴鸿福 参加 了 会见 和 签字 仪式 .\r\n新华社 北京 2月23日 电 ( 人民 日报 记者 毛磊 新华社 记者 王雷鸣 ) 新年 伊始 , 一向 为 社会 各界 关注 的 公安 队伍 建设 迈出 重大 步伐 .\r\n公安部 今天 决定 , 出台 12 力度 大 , 见效 快 , 操作性 强 , 便于 群众 监督 的 措施 , 力争 通过 3 年 左右 的 不懈 努力 , 使 公安 队伍 的 面貌 有一个 根本性 的 转变 .\r\n早 抓 就是 要 对 倾向性 , 苗头 性 问题 努力 做到 及时 发现 , 及早 解决 , 尽力 把 问题 解决 在 萌芽 状态 .\r\n( 24-02-2000 ) 中欧 续 谈 入世 贸 协定 \" 本报 记者 滕悦 北京 二十三日 电 \" 中国 和 欧盟 谈判 代表 今天 继续 就 中国 加入 世贸 组织 问题 举行 会谈 .\r\n值得 一 提 的 是 , 双方 对 这 轮 谈判 都 相当 重视 .\r\n除 欧盟 外 , 还有 十 几个 国家 未 与 中国 签署 双边 协议 .\r\n虽然 如此 , 他 对 中国 年内 入世 仍 持 乐观 态度 .\r\n白皮书 发表 以后 , 在 国际 社会 引起 了 强烈 反响 .\r\n七 年 来 , 国内外 形势 已经 发生 了 巨大 的 变化 .\r\n整个 白皮书 贯穿 著 一个 主题 , 这就是 一个 中国 的 原则 是 实现 和平 统一 的 基础 和 前提 .\r\n为什麽 要 展开 对 \" 两国 论 \" 的 斗争 呢 ?\r\n因为 \" 两国 论 \" 破坏 了 两岸 关系 的 发展 , 破坏 了 和平 统一 的 基础 和 前提 .\r\n在 大陆 方面 的 坚决 斗争 下 , 台湾 当局 不得不 表示 \" 两国 论 \" 不 \" 入 宪 \" , 在 这次 选举 中 , \" 两国 论 \" 也 没有 成为 主要 的 政策 基调 .\r\n台湾 是 中国 不可 分割 的 一部分 , 这是 全 中国 人民 的 共识 .\r\n任何 想 将 台湾 从 中国 分割 出去 的 图谋 , 都 将 给 台湾 带来 灾难 .\r\n这 将 使 台湾 民众 能够 明辨是非 和 利害 , 为 和平 统一 而 努力 , 选择 和平 统一 而 不 选择 战争 .\r\n这 都 体现 了 中国 政府 坚决 捍卫 一个 中国 原则 的 立场 .\r\n奉劝 美国 白宫 官员 认真 读 一 读 白皮书 , 了解 台湾 问题 的 来龙去脉 , 不要 对 台湾 问题 胡说八道 , 不要 为 \" 台独 \" 推波助澜 , 更 不要 低估 中国 人民 捍卫 主权 和 领土 完整 , 实现 祖国 完全 统一 的 决心 和 能力 .\r\n因此 , 我 以为 : 在 一个 统一 的 社会 经济体制 中 , 不能 长期 存在 两 不同 的 运行 机制 和 规则 .\r\n而且 , 这些 问题 不可能 在 教育 , 监督 甚至 打击 中 完全 消失 .\r\n只有 通过 深化 改革 , 促成 新 体制 形成 , 旧体制 基本 退出 历史 舞台 之后 , 才能 从 根本上 解决 .\r\n- 按照 您 刚才 对 \" 渐进 改革 \" 阶段 的 分析 , 我们 现在 正 处在 从 旧体制 向 新 体制 转变 的 攻坚 阶段 .\r\n按说 , 各种 社会 矛盾 都 挺 突出 , 为 什 幺 上上下下 都 强调 改革 攻坚 的 重点 和 难点 是 国企 改革 呢 ?\r\n它 与 现代 企业 制度 的 要求 , 建立 多元 投入 的 产权 边界 , 利益 边界 , 清楚 的 市场 主体 和 法人 实体 还有 相当 的 距离 .\r\n比如 : 国有 经济 的 布局 不合理 , 国有 独资 企业 比重 过大 , 以及 一些 企业 与 政府 部门 脱钩 后 , 没有 成立 相应的 国有 资产 管理 机构 , 出资 人 缺位 .\r\n正 因为 此 , 国企 改革 问题 首次 成为 中央全会 的 主要 议题 .\r\n我 以为 , 在 改革 的 宏观 思路 上 , 应 把握好 以下 几个 关系 ---\r\n但 改革 不能 代替 发展 . 因此 应 十分 重视 产业 结构 的 调整 和 升级 问题 .\r\n正如 小平 同志 讲 的 : 改革开放 是 决定 中国 命运 的 一 招 , 对 这一点 , 我们 必须 保持 清醒 .\r\n公有制 实现 形式 的 改革 , 换 一个 说法 , 就是 企业 财产 组织 方式 的 改革 . 使 企业 从 纯 而又 纯 的 公有 或 国有 变成 国家 控股 或 参股 的 混合 所有制 .\r\n加强 管理 是 企业 永恒 的 主题 .\r\n最终 还是 要 有一个 好的 体制 和 机制 .\r\n因此 离开 改革 抓 管理 , 少数 企业 行 , 多数 不行 ; 短 时间 灵 , 长期 不灵 .\r\n---二 谈 加强 和 改进 新时期 思想 政治 工作\r\n理想 信念 是 人们 的 政治 信仰 和 世界观 在 奋斗 目标 上 的 具体 体现 .\r\n我们 党 的 奋斗 目标 是 实现 共产主义 , 在 现阶段 则是 建设 有 中国 特色 的 社会主义 .\r\n共产主义 理想 信念 , 是 人类 历史 上 最为 崇高 的 理想 信念 , 它 不仅 为 我们 构筑 了 人类 历史 上 最 美好 , 最 合理 的 社会制度 , 而且 提供 了 其它 任何 信仰 都 无可比拟 的 科学 世界观 , 价值观 和 人生观 .\r\n坚定 的 理想 信念 是 共产党 人 的 灵魂 , 是 共产党人 前赴后继 , 奋斗 不息 的 精神 支柱 和 力量 源泉 .\r\n因此 , 围绕 坚定 理想 信念 , 加强 和 改进 思想 政治 工作 , 是 摆 在 各级党委 和 政治 机关 面前的 一 项 艰巨 而 紧迫 的 任务 .\r\n当前 , 我们 正 处在 世纪之交 的 重要 历史 时期 , 国家 改革 处于 攻坚 阶段 , 面对 国际 风云变幻 和 纷繁 复杂 的 各种 社会 现 像 , 一些 人 产生 迷惘 和 困惑 并不 奇怪 .\r\n坚定 理想 信念 , 最 根本 的 是 要 加强 马列主义 , 毛泽东思想 特别是 邓小平 理论 的 学习 .\r\n只有 马克思主义 才能 引导 我们 深刻 认识 社会 发展 的 客观 规律 , 把握 世界 形势 发展 的 本质 , 而 不 被 历史 长河 中 的 漩涡 和 逆流 所 迷惑 .\r\n做好 坚定 理想 信念 的 工作 , 需要 正确 处理 理想 与 利益 的 关系 .\r\n过去 在 极 \" 左 \" 思潮 影响 下 , 空谈 理想 , 禁 谈 利益 , 当然 是 不对 的 .\r\n回顾 近 几 年 来日 美 军事 合作 的 发展 情况 , 人们 可以 得出 这样的 印 像 : 日美 加强 军事 合作 采取 的 是 分 三 步 走 的 方式 .\r\n在 这次 访问 中 , 克林顿 与 当时 的 日本 首相 桥本 发表 了 加强 日美 军事 同盟 关系 的 纲领性 文件 , 即 《 面向 21世纪 的 同盟 --- 日美 安全 保障 联合 宣言 》 .\r\n这 一 宣言 对 日美 军事 同盟 关系 作 了 重新 定位 , 即 不再 局限于 单纯 的 防御 , 而是 要 干预 地区 乃至 全球 事务 .\r\n这 标志着 日美 军事 同盟 关系 将 发生 质变 .\r\n第二 是 立法 保障 阶段 .\r\n日美 两国 政府 于 1997年9月 发表 了 新 的 《 日美 防卫 合作 指针 》 .\r\n这 无疑 为 地区 乃至 全球 安全 埋 下 了 火种 .\r\n第一 大动作 就是 借口 \" 朝鲜 发射 远程 弹道 导弹 \" , 决定 联手 开发 战区 导弹 防御 系统 .\r\n1999年8月16日 , 日美 就 共同 开发 战区 导弹 防御 系统 换文 , 并 签署 备忘录 .\r\n紧接着 , 日 防卫厅 于 同 月 21日 决定 在 2000年 度 的 预算 中 单列 21亿 日元 , 专门 用于 战区 导弹 防御 系统 的 研究 .\r\n据报道 , 该 机构 将 在 日美 联合 军事 行动 中 , 负责 两国 军队 的 部署 , 情报 搜集 以及 制定 和 传达 有关 后勤 支援 的 联合 行动 方案 .\r\n显然 , 这个 联合 司令部 的 设立 , 将 使 日美 军事 合作 提升 到 一个 新 的 更高 的 层次 .\r\n种种 迹像 表明 , 在 建立 联合 司令部 之后 , 日美 军事 合作 肯定 还 会 有 一系列 新 的 动作 .\r\n这位 权威 人士 强调说 , 由 於亚洲 地区 金融市场 已 开始 复苏 , 中国 的 这种 做法 将 不会 导致 其他 亚洲 货币 , 特别是 港币 的 连锁反应 .\r\n中国 政府 从未 宣布 过 任何 汇率 目标 , 因此 也 没有 义务 将 人民币 汇率 保持 在 某 一 特定 水平 .\r\n在 目前 的 汇率 体制 下 , 人民币 兑 美元 的 汇率 走势 主要 是 由 国际 收支 状况 所 决定 .\r\n出口 的 继续 复苏 和 进口 的 增 势 减缓 会 有助 於 经常 账户 继续 保持 顺差 , 在 亚洲 经济 和 金融市场 恢复 正常 之后 , 今年 中国 的 金融 账户 也 会 回复 到 顺差 .\r\n汇率 与其 说是 经济 活动 的 原因 , 不如 说是 结果 更为 恰当 .\r\n如果 能 纠正 这 一 误解 , 政府 就 可以 为 自己 赢得 解决 国内 经济 问题 的 空间 .\r\n比如 , 可以 进一步 降低 银行 利息 以 刺激 国内 需求 而 不必 顾虑 人民币 贬值 的 压力 .\r\n必将 实现 自由 兑换 从 长远 的 角度 看 , 这 也 代表 了 人民币 汇率 体制 的 发展 方向 .\r\n从 操作 上 看 , 实行 较高 程度 灵活性 的 汇率 体制 和 较高 程度 可 兑换性 的 外汇 体制 相结合 , 比 固定汇率 制 和 货币 可 兑换 相结合 相对 容易 .\r\n这 一 立场 是 始终如一 , 坚定不移 的 , 我们 决不 允许 任何 势力 以 任何 方式 改变 台湾 是 中国 一部分 的 地位 .\r\n江主席 讲话 精辟 地 阐述 了 \" 和平 统一 , 一国两制 \" 方针 的 精髓 , 体现 了 我们 党 和 政府 解决 台湾 问题 的 一贯性 和 连续性 .\r\n\" 一国两制 \" 在 香港 , 澳门 的 成功 实践 , 证明 它 是 解决 台湾 问题 的 最好 办法 .\r\n在 一个 中国 原则 下 正式 结束 两岸 敌对 状态 , 是 进一步 发展 两岸 关系 的 必 经 步骤 .\r\n在 一个 中国 的 前提 下 , 什 幺 问题 都 可以 谈 , 包括 台湾 当局 关心 的 各种 问题 .\r\n台湾 岛 内 的 舆论 , 学术 和 工商界 反映 最 热烈 , 最 积极 , 人们 都 期待 着 两岸 关系 继续 向 统一 方向 发展 .\r\n祖国 统一 是 人心所向 , 大势所趋 , 是 全 中国 人民 包括 台湾 人民 的 根本 利益 所在 , 是 任何 人 也 阻挡 不了 的 历史 趋势 .\r\n5 年 中 , 我国 在 政治 , 经济 和 社会 各方面 又 取得 举世瞩目 的 成就 , 改革 深化 , 实力 增强 , 地位 提高 , 影响 扩大 , 生活 改善 .\r\n事实 证明 , 邓小平 \" 和平 统一 , 一国两制 \" 的 构想 具有 强大 的 生命力 , 是 解决 台湾 问题 的 最佳 方式 .\r\n根据 我国 与 世贸 组织 成员国 加入 世贸 组织 的 双边 协议 , 我国 关税 和 非 关税 措施 减 让 是 一个 逐步 的 过程 , 国际 市场 价格 比 国内 市场 价格 低 的 商品 进口 也 存在 着 一个 逐年 增加 的 过程 .\r\n我们 改 以 居民 消费 价格 指数 为主 , 有利于 与 国际惯例 接轨 , 也 有利于 我国 与 世界 大多数 国家 进行 比较 和 分析 .\r\n这些 措施 , 杂 诒 [ 大地 ] 护 和 发展 森林资源 , 改善 生态 环境 , 促进 经济 和 社 岢 中 ⒄ [ 时代 潮 ] 发挥 了 重要 作用 .\r\n[ 人民 论坛 ] [ 上市 公司 ] 但是 , 仍 有一些 地方 存在 滥伐 林木 , 乱 占 林地 , 笏 粱倭 [ 证券 时报 ] 的 现 像 , 致使 生态 环境 遭到 进一步 破坏 , 国家 集体 财产 遭受 严 [ 体育 文摘 ] 重 损失 , 群众 反应 强烈 .\r\n有些 地方 为 唐诶益 驱使 , 滥伐 盗伐 林木 ; 有的 地方 主管 部门 纵容 包庇盗 シ 肿 樱 甚至 互相 勾结 , 监守自盗 .\r\n因此 , 采取 得力 措施 , 加大 执法 Χ 龋 保护 森林资源 , 改善 生态 环境 , 已 势在必行 , 迫在眉睫 要 进一步 提高 对 保护 森林资源 重要性 的 认识 .\r\n要 充分 认识到 , 保护 头 ⒄ 森林资源 是 一 项 社会性 很 强 的 工作 , 是 一 项 长期 杈 薜娜挝 瘢 也是 各级党委 和 政府 的 重要 职责 .\r\n要 认真 落实 各级领导 刹 咳 [ Image ] [ Image ] 期 保护 和 发展 森林资源 目标 责任制 .\r\n要 进一步 加大 宣传 力度 .\r\n既要 注意 总结 , 推广 , 树立 在 保护 森林 试 矗 改善 生态 环境 中 涌现 出来 的 先进 典型 , 又要 注意 严肃 处理 顶风 作案 , 破坏 森林资源 和 生态 环境 的 反面 典型 .\r\n《 森林法 》 是 保护 森林 资 吹 闹 要 法律 .\r\n在 保护 森林资源 过程 中 必须 坚持 依法 治 林 , 严鞔蚧 乱 砍 盗伐 林木 , 乱 征 滥 占 林地 , 毁 林 开垦 和 违法 运输 , 加工 木材 等 各种 破坏 森林资源 行为 , 坚决 做到 有法必依 ⒅ 捶 必 严 , 违法必究 .\r\n要 全面 提高 森林资源 管理 和 执法 人员 素质 , 提高 依ㄐ姓 的 水平 , 各级 领导干部 , 尤其是 林业 主管 部门 的 领导 要 鍪 胤 ā 执法 的 模范 .\r\n\" 入世 \" 意味着 作为 农产品 贸易 大国 的 我国 , 将 在 世界 最大 的 贸易 组织 中 获得 应有 的 地位 , 为 我国 农业 和 粮食 生产 经营 带来 多种 机遇 .\r\n下面 , 着重 对 三点 加以 阐述 .\r\n二十一世纪 , 国际贸易 规范 将 主要 由 以 世界 贸易 组织 为主 的 多边 贸易 体制 来 制定 .\r\n只要 进一步 改善 品种 结构 和 优化 产品 质量 , 我国 的 这些 农产品 就 具有 价格 和 质量 的 双重 优势 , 可 进一步 扩大 出口 , 在 国际 市场 上 占有 更大 的 份额 .\r\n有利于 扩大 新 品种 和 新技术 引进 , 调整 农业 和 粮食 结构 . 实现 我国 农业 和 粮食 产业 现代化 , 是 包括 产业 制度 创新 , 经营 方式 转换 , 市场 结构 和 资源 配置 优化 的 系统工程 .\r\n由于 农业 和 粮食 生产 的 各种 资源 分布 不平衡 , 所以 其 优化 配置 需要 在 全国 甚至 世界 范围 进行 , 开展 技术 和 品种 交流 , 互通有无 , 优势互补 .\r\n在 改革开放 前 , 我国 农 粮 板块 基本上 被 \" 禁锢 \" 在 自我 封闭 的 循环系统 中 , 发展 受到 严重 制约 .\r\n世贸 组织 是 一个 以 市场经济 为 基础 , 开放 , 自由 的 国际贸易 组织 .\r\n就 粮食 贸易 而言 , 配额 内 关税率 为 1% - 3% , 配额 外 关税率 为 66% - 80% .\r\n对 农产品 市场 的 挑战 .\r\n九十年 代 中期 以来 , 我国 农业 连年 丰收 , 粮食 等 主要 农产品 由 资源 约束 型 转变 为 资源 , 需求 双重 约束 型 , 出现 了 阶段性 , 结构性 供过于求 的 状况 .\r\n然而 , 近 十 年 来 我国 粮食 成本 平均 每年 以 10% 的 速度 递增 , 如今 已 高于 国际 市场价格 .\r\n在 这种 供求 和 价格 条件 下 , 增加 配额 市场 准入 量 , 对 我国 农产品 市场 将 可能 带来 三 挑战 , 即 质量 挑战 , 数量 挑战 和 价格 挑战 , 从而 对 粮食 等 大宗 农产品 的 主 产区 带来 不利 影响 .\r\n而 资源 丰富 , 耕地 广袤 正是 一些 国家 的 优势 , 生产 规模 大 , 成本 低 , 效益 高 .\r\n这就 决定 了 我国 多种 农产品 生产 \" 入世 \" 后 必将 面临 低 关税 进口 农产品 的 挑战 .\r\n对 农民 收入 和 劳力 就业 的 挑战 .\r\n国外 农产品 的 进口 , 会 对 作为 小 规模 生产者 的 中国 农民 的 收入 来源 和 就业 机会 造成 影响 .\r\n特别是 在 小麦 , 玉米 , 大豆 主 产区 的 华北 和 东北地区 , 非 农 产业 还 较 薄弱 , 对 农民 收入 和 就业 的 压力 会 更 重 一些 .\r\n客观 地 说 , \" 入世 \" 带来 的 压力 和 挑战 是 正常 的 .\r\n在 我国 , 对 \" 入世 \" 还 存在 种种 误解 .\r\n产生 上述 误解 的 主要 原因 是 : 对 世贸 组织 及其 规则 不 了解 ; 对 中国 农业 和 粮食 生产 的 全局 及 世界 经济 发展 趋势 不 清楚 ; 对 两 资源 , 两 个 市场 之间 的 关系 不能 辩证 地 认识 .\r\n再 如 , 进口 粮食 将 危及 中国 粮食 安全 的 看法 , 也是 没有 根据 的 .\r\n按 目前 国内 粮食 总产量 五亿 吨 计算 , 5% 的 粮食 进口量 为 二千五百万 吨 .\r\n假定 到 缓冲 期 结束 的 2004年 全部 完成 配额 市场 准入 量 , 进口量 最多 也 只有 二千一百八十万 吨 , 比 二千五百万 吨 还 少 三百二十万 吨 .\r\n何况 我国 粮食 综合 生产能力 已 稳定 地 达到 五亿 吨 , 并 牢牢 控制 着 国家 粮食 储备 和 粮食 进出口 的 主动权 .\r\n\" 入世 \" 不是 产业 概念 , 而 完全 是 一个 体制 概念 或 组织 制度 概念 .\r\n要 掌握 \" 入世 \" 后 的 主动权 , 必须 深化 改革 , 建立起 适应 开放 化 , 自由化 贸易 体制 和 激烈 国际 市场 竞争 需要 的 流通 体制 和 企业 制度 .\r\n\" 入世 \" 后 , 建立 高效 , 灵活 , 少 环节 , 低成本 的 农产品 外贸 体制 , 显得 更为 迫切 .\r\n当前 具有 突破 意义 的 改革 是 变 农产品 内贸 与 外贸 分割 的 体制 为 协调 统一 的 新 体制 , 即 以 联合 或 联营 形式 实现 农产品 内外 贸 一体化 , 并 采取 外贸 代理制 服务 的 新 形式 .\r\n例如 , 世贸 组织 成员国 可 根据 反倾销 协议 , 反 补贴 协议 进行 反倾销 .\r\n借鉴 国外 的 做法 , 我国 要 尽快 制定 《 农产品 反倾销 法 》 , 防范 国外 不法 投机者 , 以 有效 保护 国内 市场 稳定 .\r\n西部 大 开发 是 一 项 规模 宏大 的 系统工程 , 也是 一 项 长期 而 艰巨 的 任务 , 需要 几代 人 的 努力 .\r\n要 从 经济 全局 和 战略 需要 出发 , 因地制宜 , 统筹 协调 , 适当 超前 , 加快 西部 地区 基础 设施 建设 .\r\n要 坚持 实施 科教 兴 国 战略 , 努力 提高 西部 开发 工作 的 科技 水平 .\r\n要 优先 发展 教育 , 特别是 普及 九 年 义务教育 和 扫除 青壮年 文盲 .\r\n推进 西部 地区 大 开发 , 要 适应 经济体制 和 经济 增长 方式 转变 的 要求 , 运用 新 思路 , 探索 新 方法 , 建立 新 机制 .\r\n经过 坚持不懈 的 努力 , 建设 一个 经济 繁荣 , 社会 进步 , 民族团结 , 山川 秀美 的 新 西部 .\r\n农村 阕 [ 中国 质量 万里 行 ] 织 建设 是 一 项 长期 的 基础 性 工作 , 在 农业 和 农村 经济 发展 的 新 [ 新闻 战线 ] 阶段 , 只能 加强 , 不能 削弱 .\r\n为此 必须 持续 地 切实 地 提 吲 ┐ [ 大地 ] 基层组织 建设 的 整体 水平 .\r\n但 也 有 一 ┑ 胤 [ Image ] 工作 时紧时松 , 有的 甚至 停顿 下来 .\r\n这些 在 农村 基层组织 建设 工作 上 的 近视 投 唐 行为 , 必须 尽快 纠正 过来 .\r\n各地 党委 要 把 督 偌 觳 作为 自己的 重要 职责 , 面向 基层 , 狠抓 落实 .\r\n要 改进 督 偌 觳 的 方法 , 深入 到 乡 , 村 , 直接 听取 基层 干部 和 群众 的 意见 , 掌握 第一手 资料 , 帮助 解决 问题 , 促进 工作 发展 .\r\n这些 都 助长 了 李登辉 和 台独 势力 分裂 祖国 的 嚣张 气焰 , 是 造成 台湾海峡 局势 紧张 的 重要 根源 .\r\n本世纪末 , 香港 澳门 先后 在 \" 一国两制 \" 的 框架 内 回归祖国 , 使 期盼 团圆 的 海内外 中国 人 将 目光 投向 了 台湾 .\r\n解决 台湾 问题 , 最后 完成 祖国 统一 的 神圣 使命 更加 突出 地 摆 在 包括 台湾 同胞 海外侨胞 在内 的 全国 各族 人民 面前 .\r\n另一方面 , 台湾 岛 内 政局 的 变化 也 增加 了 解决 台湾 问题 的 迫切性 .\r\n台湾 问题 产生 后 的 几十 年 间 , 海峡 两岸 虽然 处 於 敌对 状态 , 但 在 只有 一个 中国 台湾 是 中国 领土 的 一部分 这 一 根本 问题 上 两岸 是 有 共识 的 .\r\n进入 八十年 代 以来 , 台海 局势 得到 缓和 , 两岸 的 隔绝 状态 逐步 打破 , 两岸 人员 往来 和 经济 文化 等 各 领域 的 交流 迅速 发展 .\r\n但 近些年 来 , \" 台独 \" 分子 分裂 祖国 的 活动 从 地下 走向 台面 , 且 日趋 猖獗 .\r\n尤其 令人 担忧 的 是 , 台湾 当局 的 个别 领导人 公然 逐步 背离 了 一个 中国 的 原则 .\r\n祖国 政府 领导人 认为 , 批判 \" 两国 论 \" 的 斗争 取得 了 重大 成果 , 但 台湾海峡 局势 仍然 存在 著 严重 的 危机 , 对 岛内 政局 走势 仍须 保持 高度 警惕 .\r\n眼下 , 岛内 \" 大选 \" 正在 进行 , 政局 走势 格外 引 人 关注 .\r\n舆论 注意到 , 其中 的 第三 \" 如果 \" 是 首次 提出 , 具有 很 强 的 针对性 , 明确 表明 中国 政府 不 允许 台湾 问题 再 无限期 拖延 下去 .\r\n去年 \" 两会 \" 期间 , 江泽民 钱其琛 唐家璇 等 领导人 就 多次 发表 谈话 , 表示 台湾 问题 不能 无限期 拖延 下去 , 多位 政协 委员 在 大会 发言 中 也 谈到 要 加强 两岸 交流 , 促进 祖国 统一 .\r\n一 年 间 , 岛内 局势 和 两岸 关系 发生 了 诸多 重大 变化 , 现 正 处 於 一个 关键 时期 , 祖国 统一 进程 比 以往 更加 受 人 关注 .\r\n台湾 问题 , 已 成为 一个 全民 性 的 话题 .\r\n限于 当时 资料 不足 , 我们 只 作 了 以上 10 年 的 计算 , 得出 中国 粮食 生产 成本 ( 50 公斤 平均 成本 计算 ) 在 这 10 年 间 每年 递增 大约 10% .\r\n在 分析 村 改革 20 年 来 的 粮食 成本 变化 时 , 我们 将 1978年 作为 基期 , 以 1997年 为 比较 期 .\r\n在 中国 , 主要 的 粮食作物 为 水稻 , 小麦 , 玉米 , 谷子 , 高粱 和 大豆 等 6 , 其中 水稻 , 小麦 , 玉米 3 主要 粮食作物 的 产量 之 和 占 中国 粮食 总产量 的 86% 以上 .\r\n在 分析 20 年 的 粮食 成本 变化 时 , 如果 使用 每亩 成本 的 相关 数据 , 其 可 刃 要 受到 亩产 增长 的 影响 .\r\n而 使用 每 50 粮食 成本 数据 , 能 更 准确 反映 多年 成本 的 实际 变化 趋势 .\r\n1978年 还是 人民公社 体制 , 调查 是 在 20 省区市 的 1978 生产 拥 273264 亩 粮食 面积 上 进行 的 ; 1997年 则是 在 1652 县 的 10592 农户 的 191219 亩 粮食 面积 上 进行 的 调查 .\r\n中国 粮食 成本 主要 分为 物质 费用 , 用 工作 价 和 税金 三 大 分 .\r\n1978年 , 生产 每 50 粮食 的 含 税 生产 成本 为 11.14 元 , 而 1997年 , 50 公斤 粮食 的 含 税 生产 成本 为 51.93 元 , 由此 得出 19 年 间 每年 增加 8.44% .\r\n1978年 , 每 50 粮食 的 国家 平均 收购 牌价 为 11.28 元 , 而 1997年 , 每 50 粮食 的 平均 出售 价格 为 68.56 元 , 19 年 间 每年 增加 996% .\r\n在 统计 分析 中 , 平均数 是 有可能 掩盖 比较 大 的 起伏 波动 的 .\r\n因此 , 有 必 仔细 分析 比较 各 年间 粮食 生产 的 含 税 成本 和 平均 出售 价格 的 实际 数据 及其 变 情况 ( 有关 情况 详 见 附表 1 和 附表 2 ) .\r\n因此 , 可以说 粮食 生产 成本 上涨 是 带有 趋势 性 的 .\r\n成本 纯 收益 率 仅 1.15% .\r\n农村 改革 后 , 农民 获得 经营 自主权 , 粮食 生产 的 成本 逐渐 发生 变化 .\r\n又 如 畜 工 , 1978年 为 每亩 2.8 个 , 1997年 为 1.16 个 后者 仅 为 前者 的 41.43% .\r\n至于 每亩 用工 量 , 也 从 1978年 的 28.6 个 , 减少 为 1997年 的 13.5 个 , 减少 了 52.8% .\r\n只是 劳动日 工价 由 0.8 元 升 为 10 元 , 才 使得 用 工作 价 上升 .\r\n( 一 ) 台湾 的 人工 费用 仅 占 总 成本 的 将近 [per 1 3] , 其余 为 物质 费用 , 而 舐 物质 费用 和 用工 作价 几乎 各 占 总 成本 的 一半 .\r\n台湾 每亩 用工 仅 2 , 大陆 每亩 用工 大约 20 .\r\n( 三 ) 台湾 的 肥料 费 比重 较低 , 大约 为 8% , 而 大陆 的 比重 却 高达 19% 以上 .\r\n在 上述 成本 结构 下 , 1990年 台湾 稻谷 生产 成本 水平高 出 国际 平均 水平 至少 1 倍 以上 , 而 当时 , 中国 大陆 的 成本 低于 国际 水平 .\r\n但是 , 仅仅 经过 三四 年 的 时间 , 1994年 前后 中国 的 粮食 包括 稻谷 的 生产 成本 已 高于 国际 平均 水平 , 并且 至今 无法 逆转 .\r\n在 现实 中 , 尽管 土地 替代 型 技术 的 费用 在 增长 , 但是 在 速 上 赶不上 劳动 替代 型 技术 的 费用 增长 .\r\n这样的 发展 趋势 造成 今天 中国 农业 在 远 未 实现 现代化 时 , 即 已 在 粮食 成本 上 高于 国际 平均 水平 .\r\n这 对 中国 现代化 进程 已经 产生 重大 影响 , 而且 还要 在 今后 一二十 年 甚至 更 长 的 时间 内 发生 作用 .\r\n因此 , 预计 未来 相当 长 时间 内 , 努力 减少 用工 延 迷 粮食 成本 中 的 比重 , 具有 很 重要 的 意义 .\r\n加上 自然灾害 影响 , 中国 粮食 生产 很难 避免 波动 , 特别是 1984年 以来 , 大体 存在 3 年 一个 小 周期 , 6 年 一个 大 周期 的 波动 .\r\n中国 粮食 的 商品率 , 一般 认为 大约 在 30% , 其中 国家 定购 和 议购 的 粮食 不 超过 商品粮 的 50% , 即 粮食 总产量 的 15% .\r\n因此 , 民 余粮 的 半数 以上 是 在 市场 上 出售 的 , 其 价格 的 波动 受 供求 关系 的 影响 较大 一个 较小 的 短缺 或 剩余 量 , 会 引起 市场价格 的 较大 波动 .\r\n特别是 1996年 以来 , 尽管 国家 以 保护价 敞开 收购 农民 的 余粮 , 实际上 , 粮食 平均 出售 价格 仍 逐年 下降到 1998年 , 累计 下降 20.02% , 1998年 的 出售 价格 , 已 低于 1995年 .\r\n因为 劳动日 工价 已经 从 1997年 的 10 元 , 减少 为 1998年 的 9.6 元 , 减少 4% .\r\n1998年 全年 劳动日 天数 与 上年 相同 , 每 农业 劳动力 负担 人口数 , 由 前 一 年 的 1.56 人 略 减 为 1.55 人 , 变化 不大 ( 0.64% ) , 因而 , 劳动日 工价 降低 显\r\n减少 的 原因 , 据 国家 计委 核实 , 是 由于 农 实际 收入 减少 , 而不是 由于 收入 预期 减少 而 减少 支出 .\r\n从 劳动日 工价 的 计算 公式 中 , 我们 看到 农民 全年 劳动日 天数 ( 254 天 ) , 和 城市 职工 每年 的 工作日 ( 除去 双休日 和 节假日 ) 完全 相同 .\r\n这样 计算 是 裢 全 适合 中国 国情 , 值得 商榷 .\r\n在 1978- 1997年 间 , 中国 粮食 生产 的 含 税 成本 每年 递增 8.44% , 那 幺 , 在 未来 3- 5 年 乃至 更 长 时间 内 , 粮食 生产 成本 还 会 以 这样 大 的 百分比 递增 吗\r\n2000年 很可能 是 一个 转折 的 年份 , 中国 加入 世界 贸易 组织 后 , 经济 发展 速度 极 有可能 再次 提高 .\r\n如果 在 未来 的 两三 年 中 , 经济 再度 热 起来 , 农民工 再度 大规模 流动 粮食 的 消费 必然 增长 , 从而 再度 出现 粮价 上涨 , 农民 生产 投入 增加 , 粮食 成 相应 还 会 提高 .\r\n综合 以上 分析 , 我们 预计 未来 3- 5 年 内 , 粮食 成本 每年 递增 的 幅度 将 大 降低 .\r\n为了 避免 粮食 价格 的 较大 波动 , 今后 政府 最好 能 根据 粮食 的 供求 与 价 情况 , 每年 调整 粮食 定购 价格 .\r\n中国 加入 世贸 组织 后 , 也要 尽可能 保护 国内 粮农 的 利益 , 不可 让 过多 的 外国 粮食 冲击 国内 市场 .\r\n素 组合 , 美日 两国 都 获得 了 大体 相同 的 农业 增长速度 .\r\n这个 例子 本身 确实 艿 型 .\r\n中国 政府 和 人民 决不能 容忍 ' 台独 ' 等 分裂 图谋 . \"\r\n这是 中国 驻美 大使 李肇星 今天 与 六十 美国 国会 议员 助手 座谈 时 所 说 的 .\r\n李肇星 表示 , 根据 中央政府 的 指示 , 中国 驻 美国 大使馆 将 继续 加强 与 台湾 同胞 的 联系 , 保障 台湾 同胞 的 合法 利益 , 尽力 帮助 解决 台湾 同胞 的 困难 .\r\n李肇星 强调 , 捍卫 国家 主权 和 领土 完整 是 世界上 任何 一个 主权 国家 都 坚持 的 重大 原则 .\r\n这是 典型 的 混淆是非 颠倒黑白 的 霸权主义 逻辑 .\r\n中国 政府 和 人民 酷爱 和平 , \" 一国两制 和平 统一 \" 是 我们 解决 台湾 问题 的 基本 方针 .\r\n如果 海峡 局势 出现 紧张 , 那 只能 是 一些 道貌岸然 却 对 中国 不怀好意 的 外来 势力 纵容 支持 以 李登辉 为 总代表 的 \" 台独 \" 势力 所 造成 的 后果 .\r\n为了 保证 中美 关系 稳定 发展 , 不受 损害 , 美方 应 遵守 中美 三 个 联合公报 原则 和 有关 承诺 , 这是 最 起码 的 .\r\n唐 外长 於 本月 十五日 至 二十三日 应邀 对 毛里塔尼亚 突尼斯 科威特 和 伊朗 四 国 进行 了 正式 访问 .\r\n他 说 , \" 白皮书 \" 发表 的 背景 是 台湾 分裂 势力 加紧 阻挠 两岸 统一 , 美国 国内 有人 积极 进一步 插手 台湾 问题 .\r\n它 并不是 针对 台湾 的 \" 选举 \" , 也 不是 军事 威胁 .\r\n只有 台湾 当局 放弃 \" 两国 论 \" , 重新 回到 \" 一个 中国 \" 的 立场 , 才是 台湾 的 唯一 出路 .\r\n于树宁 引用 邓小平 当年 的话 如是 道 .\r\n他 再次 强调 , \" 一个 中国 \" 的 原则 是 解决 台湾 问题 的 关键 .\r\n此次 技术性 谈判 是 从 二十一日 开始 的 , 进行 了 四 天 .\r\n下次 谈判 的 日期 还 没有 确定 .\r\n( 第五十三 号 ) 朱邦造 要求 日本 政府 不要 允许 达赖 喇嘛 入境 \" 中新社 北京 二月二十四日 电 \" 中国 外交部 发言人 朱邦造 今天 在此间 正式 要求 日本 政府 不要 允许 达赖 喇嘛 入境 .\r\n日本 东京都 知事 石原慎 太 郎 昨天 表示 , 他 要 以 知事 的 身份 接见 达赖 喇嘛 并 与 之 会谈 .\r\n他 严肃 地 重申 , 达赖 是 披 著 宗教 外衣 长期 从事 分裂 活动 的 政治 流亡者 .\r\n中国 郑重 要求 日本 政府 切实 履行 迄今 对 中方 所 作 的 承诺 , 不要 允许 达赖 入境 , 避免 因此 给 两国 关系 造成 新 的 干扰 .\r\n对此 , 这位 发言人 表示 , 中国 希望 有关 行动 能 有利 於 本地区 的 和平 与 稳定 .\r\n2月20日 至 21日 , 根据 中央 的 统一 安排 , 李瑞环 来到 浙江省 余杭市 , 就 该 市 领导班子 , 领导干部 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 的 情况 做 调查研究 , 并 直接 对 市 领导干部 进行 动员 .\r\n他 召开 了 部分 离退休 老同志 和 有关单位 负责人 座谈会 , 听取 了 市委 关于 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 准备 情况 的 汇报 , 在 市 领导干部 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 会议 上 作 了 讲话 .\r\n2月21日 至 24日 , 李瑞环 在 省委 书记 张德江 , 省长 柴松岳 , 省 政协 主席 刘枫 等 陪同 下 , 到 杭州 , 嘉兴 等 地 进行 考察 .\r\n老一辈 领导人 特别 重视 群众 的 意见 , 强调 遇事 同 群众 商量 , 提倡 先 当 学生 后 当 先生 , 要求 从 群众 中 来到 群众 中 去 .\r\n但是 , 现在 一些 地方 有 许多 事情 与 群众 商量 不够 , 听 群众 意见 不够 .\r\n他 指出 , 我们 常 讲 全心全意 为人民服务 是 党 和 政府 的 宗旨 , 如果 不 经常 听取 群众 意见 , 怎 幺 能 弄清楚 服务 什 幺 , 服务 效果 如何 , 怎 幺 能 把 服务 搞得 更好 .\r\n我们 常 讲 党 与 群众 是 血肉 关系 , 是 鱼水 关系 , 是 公仆 关系 , 如果 不 经常 听取 群众 意见 , 如果 二者 分离 , 那 将 是 什 幺 局面 和 结果 .\r\n对 领导干部 来讲 , 什 幺 是 政治 , 就是 把 人 团结 得 多多 的 ; 什 幺 是 本事 , 就是 把 群众 的 积极性 充分 调动 起来 并 合理 地 发挥 出去 ; 什 幺 是 威信 , 就是 让 群众 满意 , 高兴 和 拥护 .\r\n必须 经常化 , 困难 的 时候 要 听 顺利 的 时候 也要 听 , 有空 的 时候 要 听 忙碌 的 时候 也要 听 , 使 听 意见 形成 习惯 , 形成 自觉 , 形成 风气 .\r\n胡小笛 指出 , 自 人类 揭开 利用 外层空间 的 序幕 以来 , 军事 利用 外空 的 行为 一直 没有 停止 过 .\r\n无论 是 哪 一种 前景 , 核裁军 与 防 扩散 的 努力 将 劳而无功 .\r\n全国 政协 副主席 民革 中央 常务 副主席 周铁农 说 , 白皮书 发表 得 非常 及时 , 它 为 两岸 关系 的 前途 指明 了 方向 .\r\n一个 中国 的 原则 是 中国 政府 对 台 政策 的 基石 .\r\n两岸 要 统一 , 最好 以 和平 的 方式 , 即 首先 实现 对话 和 协商 .\r\n白皮书 的 发表 对 一切 赞成 和 拥护 中国 和平 统一 的 中外 人士 都是 极大 的 鼓舞 , 对 一切 霸权主义 者 干涉 主义 者 分裂主义 者 则是 有力 的 震慑 .\r\n中国 民主 同盟 完全 拥护 中国 政府 坚持 一个 中国 原则 的 立场 和 政策 .\r\n我们 要 为 促进 台湾 问题 的 早日 解决 作出 一切 的 努力 .\r\n致公 党中央 副主席 杜宜瑾 表示 , 潮 平 两岸 近 , 统一 中华 兴 .\r\n九三 学社 中央 副主席 洪绂 曾 强调 , 祖国 的 完全 统一 , 不仅 是 全体 中国 人 梦寐以求 的 崇高 理想 , 也是 二十一 世纪 中华 民族 实现 伟大 复兴 的 历史 契机 .\r\n九三 学社 衷心 希望 海峡 两岸 的 中国 人 早日 携起手 来 , 遵循 \" 和平 统一 一国两制 \" 的 基本 方针 , 圆满 解决 台湾 问题 , 实现 祖国 的 完全 统一 .\r\n台盟 中央 副主席 李敏宽 说 , 当前 , 两岸 关系 正 处在 一个 关键 时刻 .\r\n解决 PNTR 问题 是 中美 就 中国 加入 世贸 组织 达成 协议 中 的 共识 , 符合 中美 两国 人民 的 共同 利益 .\r\n有关 国际 货币 基金 组织 总裁 人选 问题 , 朱邦造 表示 , 希望 国际 货币 基金 组织 能够 尽快 选出 继任 总裁 , 以利 於该 组织 工作 的 正常 进行 .\r\n中方 认为 , 双方 进行 部长级 会谈 的 条件 已经 成熟 .\r\n中国 外 经贸部 部长 石广生 欢迎 欧盟 贸易 委员 拉米 访华 , 以 最后 结束 中欧 关於 中国 加入 世贸 组织 的 谈判 .\r\n江 下榻 於 广州 珠海 宾馆 , 是 广东省 专门 用 於 接待 中央 领导人 的 一家 花园 式 的 宾馆 , 平时 对外开放 , 但 前天 下午 开始 已 停止 对外 营业 .\r\n宾馆 内 数百 米 , 可见 武警 和 公安 把守 路口 .\r\n此外 , 他 在 访美 期间 到 拉斯维加斯 一掷千金 豪赌 , 也 被 有关 部门 找到 证据 .\r\n今年 五十一 岁 的 朱小华 八十 年代 任 上海 人民 银行 副 行长 时 , 得到 当时 任 市长 的 朱鎔基 赏识 .\r\n一九九三年 朱鎔基 对 金融 业 展开 大规模 整顿 , 亲 任 央行 行长 后 , 朱小华 便 出任 央行 副 行长 , 第二 年 转任 外汇 管理局 长 .\r\n刘明康 去年 七月二十九日 正式 接替 朱小华 时 曾 表示 : \" 朱 总是 正常 调回 内地 , 对 他 另 有 安排 , 所以 希望 大家 不要 听信 传闻 .\r\n光大 任职 尽 失 人 和 朱小华 上任 后 , 光大 一时间 颇有 起色 , 资产 额 大 增 , 但 随 颡 洲 金融 风暴 的 来临 , 光大 的 资产 被 大 打折扣 .\r\n--- 全国 人大 代表 , 政协 委员 谈 一 年 来 经济 改革 ( ' 2000 两 会 特稿 ( 1 ) ) 本报 记者 王彦 田开栏 的话 新 千年 我国 人民 又 迎来 即将 召开 的 \" 两会 \" .\r\n世纪之交 的 \" 两会 \" 具有 十分 重要 的 意义 .\r\n\" 两会 \" 前夕 , 记者 就 经济 改革 话题 采访 了 部分 全国 人大 代表 和 政协 委员 .\r\n大家 认为 , 改革 在 向 深处 拓展 , 力度 不小 , 平稳 推进 , 成效 显著 .\r\n最 引人注目 的 就是 \" 债 转 股 \" .\r\n象 鞍钢 , 本 钢 , 一 汽 , 二 汽 等 大型 骨干 企业 , 都 有 几 十亿 , 近 百亿 元 的 债务 转为 银行 股权 .\r\n目前 国家 有关 部门 已 审查 推荐 了 \" 债 转 股 \" 企业 601 , 拟 转 股 总额 4596亿 元 .\r\n1999年 是 近 两 年 国有 企业 改组 , 改造 力度 最大 的 一 年 .\r\n石油 两 大 集团 在 基本 解决 了 政企不分 问题 后 , 实现 了 上 下游 , 产供销 一体化 .\r\n有色金属 行业 组建 了 铝业 集团 , 稀土 集团 和 铜业 集团 后 , 亏损 大幅度 减少 .\r\n去年 , 人们 关心 的 中央 党政机关 与 所办 经济 实体 和 所 管理 的 企业 脱钩 及 军队 武警 部队 和 政法 机关 所办 经营性 企业 移交 地方 的 工作 进展 顺利 .\r\n脱钩 的 530 企业 , 大部分 处理 方案 已 落实 到位 , 移交 的 6000 经营性 企业 接收 和 处理 也 基本 到位 .\r\n一些 代表 , 委员 认为 , 由于 改革 和 各项 措施 实施 , 国有 企业 三 年 改革 与 脱困 出现 了 转折 .\r\n这样的 成绩 , 为 2000年 最终 实现 国企 脱困 目标 打下 了 基础 .\r\n今后 , 国企 改革 要 认真 贯彻 落实 党 的 十五大 和 十五 四 中 全会 精神 , 从 战略 上 调整 布局 和 结构 , 让 国有 企业 真正 实现 现代 企业 制度 .\r\n目前 , 全国 有 1100 多 万 国企 下岗 职工 和 2700 多 万 离退休 人员 .\r\n去年 , 下岗 职工 90% 以上 得到 了 基本 生活费 , 绝大多数 地区 做到 了 养老金 按时 足额 发放 , 发放 率 达到 98% .\r\n去年 7月 , 中央 作出 了 提高 城镇 中 低收入 居民 收入 的 决定 , 全国 共有 8000万 人 享受 了 这 一 待遇 .\r\n住房 制度 改革 一直 是 牵动 人心 的 社会 热点 问题 .\r\n去年 8月 《 在京 中央 和 国家机关 进一步 深化 住房 制度 改革 实施 方案 》 经 中央 办公厅 和 国务院 办公厅 转发 实施 .\r\n三 是 加快 了 公有 住房 的 出售 .\r\n去年 , 全国 多数 省市 可 售 公房 的 售 房 比例 已 超过 了 50% , 重庆 , 河南 , 广西 等 十 省市 区 的 售 房 比例 已 超过 了 80% .\r\n四 是 住房 租金 调整 力度 加大 .\r\n北京 已 制定 了 房租 调整 幅度 和 补贴 办法 , 将 在 不久后 出台 , 中央 国家机关 和 北京市 调整 租金 后 , 住房 租金 支出 将 占 到 家庭 收入 比重 的 10% 左右 .\r\n全国 人大 代表 , 建设 部 副部长 叶如棠 说 , 停止 实物 性 分房 , 实行 货币化 分房 并 开放 住房 二 级 市场 , 是 人心所向 , 大势所趋 .\r\n这 对 遏止 分房 中 的 腐败 现 像 , 提高 人们 居住 水平 , 加快 建筑业 这 一 支柱 产业 的 发展 , 都 将 起到 巨大 的 推动 作用 .\r\n财税 金融 多项 改革 平稳 推进 去年 , 财税 , 金融 等 方面 的 改革 进展 平稳 .\r\n去年 6月 , 国家 再次 降低 金融 机构 存贷款 利率 . 这是 自 1996年 以来 的 第七 降息 .\r\n11月 , 人们 普遍 关注 的 个人 利息 所得税 开征 , 税率 为 20% .\r\n同时 , 恢复 利息税 , 可以 起到 促进 消费 , 调节 分配 的 作用 , 便于 国家 集中 更多 的 财力 增加 中 低收入 者 收入 , 有利于 社会 稳定 .\r\n去年 , 央行 取消 外资 银行 营业性 分支 机构 地域 限制 , 扩大 了 外资 银行 开办 人民币 业务 的 范围 .\r\n站在 新世纪 的 门槛 , 我们 更加 深刻 地 认识到 , 改革 是 发展 的 动力 .\r\n1999年 , 我们 取得 的 巨大 成就 与 深化 改革 密切 相连 .\r\n编者按 : 文化部 市场 司 副司长 刘玉珠 同志 作为 中方 代表团 成员 , 曾多次 参加 我国 加入 WTO 有关 会谈 .\r\n如果 政府 管理 和 引导 得 好 , 对 广大 文化 消费者 , 对 从事 文化 生产 和 经营 活动 的 投资者 , 对 国家 经济 建设 , 都会 带来 很大 的 好处 .\r\n美国 等 西方 国家 与 我们 的 社会制度 和 意识形态 不同 , 对 文化 的 认识 和 管理 与 我们 有 很大 差异 .\r\n我国 政府 采用 的 管理 手段 和 方法 与 他们 有 很大 不同 , 和 世 贸 规则 也 有 冲突 .\r\n现在 修改 和 放弃 原来 熟悉 的 且 又 行之有效 的 管理 手段 , 学习 不 熟悉 的 新 规则 , 既 会 带来 认识 上 的 冲突 , 也 会 产生 管理 的 实际 效果 与 期望值 有 差距 的 问题 .\r\n对 我国 优秀 民族文化 有 负面 影响 .\r\n国外 文化 节目 在 国内 文化 市场 上 不仅 数量 会 有 不断 增加 的 趋势 和 要求 , 而且 质量 也 将 有 提高 , 会 受到 更多 文化 消费者 喜爱 .\r\n而 进来 的 这些 文化 节目 , 一方面 适应 了 人们 的 多元化 文化 消费 要求 , 另一方面 也 会 对 我们 的 民族 文化 传统 有 潜在 的 影响 , 这 对 保护 和 弘扬 民族文化 带来 了 新 的 挑战 .\r\n给 我国 文化 生产 单位 带来 生存 的 压力 .\r\n我们 虽然 具有 文化 资源 和 主场 作战 的 优势 , 但 我们 文化 生产 经营 单位 要 在 短期 内 变 劣势 为 优势 , 使 优势 更 优 , 壮大 和 发展 自己 , 困难 是 相当 大 的 .\r\n有利于 人们 对 文化 产业 和 文化 市场 性质 , 功能 和 作用 的 再认识 , 促进 人们 观念 的 转变 和 思想 的 解放 .\r\n我国 对 文化 事业 的 管理 主要 依靠 政策 号召 和 行政 措施 , 而 缺少 用 法制 手段 引导 , 保障 文化 建设 和 文化 活动 的 顺利 进行 .\r\n不 承诺 对 台 放弃 使用 武力 才能 永保 台湾 安全 从 历史 属性 讲 , 自古以来 , 台湾 就是 中国 不可 分割 的 一部分 , 台湾 对 於 中国 的 属性 从来 没有 改变 .\r\n从 地理位置 上 讲 , 台湾 东临 太平洋 , 西 隔 台湾海峡 与 祖国 大陆 相望 , 东北 邻 琉球群岛 , 南 界 巴士 海峡 , 自古 就 有 \" 七 省 藩篱 \" 之称 .\r\n作为 海上 战略 要地 , 台湾 的 得失 对 中国 的 国家 安全 至关重要 .\r\n在 历史 上 , 台湾 曾 相继 被 西班牙 荷兰 和 日本 占领 , 后来 又 被 美国 当作 \" 不 沉 的 航空母舰 \" .\r\n每当 国土 分裂 战乱 不休 时 , 中国 就 会 面临 外敌 的 入侵 , 而 中华 民族 历史 上 几次 发展 腾飞 , 都是 在 国家 统一 的 前提 下 实现 的 .\r\n如果 台湾 不 回到 祖国 怀抱 , 就 给 外国 势力 的 介入 提供 可乘之机 , 既 严重 威胁 台湾 的 安全 , 又 必然 会 损害 包括 台湾 同胞 在内 的 全 中国 人民 的 利益 .\r\n祖国 政府 之所以 坚持 \" 和平 统一 一国两制 \" 的 方针 解决 台湾 问题 , 但 同时 又 不 承诺 放弃 使用 武力 , 其中 一个 根本 原因 也 在 於此 .\r\n台湾 只有 早日 回到 祖国 怀抱 , 其 安全 才能 得到 最 可靠 的 保证 .\r\n如果 中国 政府 做出 这样的 承诺 , 就 无法 抑制 和 威慑 \" 台独 \" 分子 和 外国 反华 势力 分裂 中国 的 图谋 .\r\n如果 祖国 政府 做出 不 使用 武力 的 承诺 , \" 台独 \" 势力 就 会 肆无忌惮 地 与 外国 干涉 势力 联手 分裂 中国 .\r\n但是 , 台湾 当局 在 军事 上 仍然 千方百计 与 大陆 相 对峙 与 抗衡 .\r\n台湾 军队 是 台湾 当局 维系 其 统治 的 重要 支柱 和 工具 , 台湾 当局 为了 实现 其 \" 台独 \" 的 罪恶 目的 , 采取 各种 举措 , 加强 台 军 建设 .\r\n台湾 当局 的 这些 军事 活动 , 其 目的 是 以 武力 对抗 大陆 , 以 武拒 和 , 以 武拒统 .\r\n任何 外来 的 或 内部 的 分裂 中国 的 图谋 , 都 注定 要 失败 的 \" .\r\n在 行动 上 , 纵容 支持 主张 \" 台湾 独立 \" 的 分裂 势力 及其 活动 , 使 \" 台独 \" 势力 迅速 发展 , \" 台独 \" 思潮 蔓延 .\r\n在 李登辉 主导 下 , 台湾 当局 采取 了 一系列 实际 分裂 步骤 .\r\n在 外交 方面 , 大 搞 所谓 的 \" 务实 外交 \" \" 金钱 外交 \" , 企图 以此 来 拓宽 台湾 的 所谓 的 \" 国际 生存 空间 \" , 制造 \" 两 中国 \" .\r\n李登辉 和 台湾 当局 若 继续 这样 自欺欺人 地 走下去 , 结果 只能 在 \" 死胡同 \" 里 打转 转 , 会 碰 得 头破血流 , 乃至 自取灭亡 .\r\n只有 坚持 \" 和平 统一 一国两制 \" 方针 , 同时 又 不 承诺 放弃 使用 武力 , 使 台湾 当局 既 感到 有 出路 , 又 受到 震慑 忌惮 .\r\n一旦 政治 经济 环境 恶化 , 就 会 给 台湾 的 经济 带来 灾难性 后果 .\r\n李登辉 的 \" 两国 论 \" 出笼 , 挑起 台海 危机 后 , 台湾 人心浮动 , 股市 大幅 下跌 , 大量 资金 外流 , 直接 影响 了 台湾 正常 的 经济 秩序 和 社会 稳定 .\r\n台湾 只有 和 香港 澳门 一样 , 以 祖国 大陆 为 依托 , 才能 为 其 经济 发展 提供 有利 的 保障 .\r\n祖国 的 统一 是 台湾 同胞 的 根本 利益 所在 , 而 中国 政府 和 人民 不 承诺 对 台 放弃 使用 武力 , 则是 使 台湾 同胞 这 一 根本 利益 得以 顺利 实现 的 一个 重要 条件 和 保障 .\r\n它 符合 包括 台湾 同胞 在内 的 两岸 人民 的 根本 利益 .\r\n所以 , 中国 政府 和 人民 坚持 不 承诺 对 台 放弃 使用 武力 的 决策 , 以 争取 台湾 早日 回到 祖国 怀抱 .\r\n\" 本报 实习 记者 刘颖 , 李雪 北京 廿 四 日 电 \" 针对 外商 大举 进军 中国 有线 电视 网络 一 事 , 国家 广电 总局 有关 人士 表示 , 要 \" 暂时 全部 停下来 , 等待 政策 . \" 对 已 成 事实 的 合作 关系 会 对 其 利益 关系 进行 考虑 .\r\n他 透露 , 国务院 有关 部委 正在 讨论 相关 政策 , 具体 政策 出台 日期 未定 .\r\n其中 一 条 指出 , 在 有关 规定 出台 前 , 广播 电视 网络 传输 公司 暂 不 上市 , 广播 电视 业务 和 经营 单位 不得 上市 .\r\n该 意见 亦 规范 了 有线 电视 网络 的 建设 , 干线 传播 网 广 电 部门 未 建 的 , 原则上 不得 再 建 , 分配 网 应 由 广 电 部门 形成 相对 完整 的 专用 网 . 即 有线 电视 网 暂时 不能 进行 为 电讯 服务 而 作 的 双向 改造 工程 .\r\n日前 , 国家 信息 产业 部 部长 吴基传 向 中新社 透露 , 数 个 法规 正在 制定 , 包括 《 外商 投资 电信 服务业 管理 规定 》 和 《 计算机网络 与 信息 安全 管理 条例 》 , 而 《 电信 管理 条例 》 亦 正在 报批 中 .\r\n截至 一九九九年 年底 , 中国 已 建成 有线 电视 传输 网 近 二百五十万 公里 , 覆盖 近 一亿 用户 , 居 世界 第一 , 并 已有 十四 省市 实现 有线 电线 全国 联网 .\r\n白皮书 的 发表 已 在 台湾 社会 引起 普遍 关注 , 台湾 政坛 受到 强烈 震撼 .\r\n限定 台湾 必须 在 一个 中国 的 框架 内 与 大陆 对话 与 谈判 , 并 释放出 \" 两岸 如果 没有 一个 中国 的 原则 , 即 没有 和平 \" 的 强烈 讯息 .\r\n这是 针对 李登辉 及 其他 \" 台独 \" 势力 越来越 玩弄 多种 花样 和 手段 , 企图 绕 过 \" 宣布 台湾 独立 \" 的 形式 和 名义 , 达到 事实上 使 台湾 \" 独立 \" 的 目的 .\r\n为 避开 白皮书 的 锋芒 , 陈水 扁 阵营 妄图 淡化 白皮书 对 陈水扁 的 打击 , 声称 白皮书 的 内容 不是 特别 针对 陈水扁 的 .\r\n这 真是 \" 此地无银三百两 \" .\r\n钱其琛 副总理 在 \" 江 八点 \" 发表 五 周年 座谈会 上 警告 \" 台湾 独立 \" 只能 意味 著 两岸 之间 的 战争 .\r\n台湾 分裂 势力 不要 引火烧身 玩火自焚 .\r\n及 这次 白皮书 表明 中国 反分裂 , 实现 国家 统一 的 决心 , 明显 是 主要 针对 李登辉 陈水 扁 之流 而来 .\r\n陈水扁 还 向 选民 保证 : 坚持 台湾 \" 主权 独立 \" , 不 使 台湾 被 中国 \" 并吞 \" ; 维护 台海 和平 , 台湾 不再 发生 战争 .\r\n如果 陈水扁 的 \" 台独 \" 梦 实现 , 必将 台湾 置 於 灾难 之中 .\r\n具有 光荣 爱国主义 传统 的 台湾 同胞 是 反对 分裂 反对 \" 台独 \" 的 .\r\n人们 相信 , 为了 两岸 同胞 的 根本 和 长远利益 , 在 事关 台湾 前途 的 大是大非 问题 上 , 台湾 同胞 会 作出 有利 於 祖国 和平 统一 的 正确 选择 .\r\n\" 本报 北京 二十四日 专电 \" 中国 与 欧盟 就 中国 加入 世贸 组织 谈判 今天 下午 结束 , 双方 未 达成 协议 , 也 没有 宣布 下 一 轮 谈判 的 日期 .\r\n此间 专家 认为 , 欧盟 现有 十五 成员国 的 国内 生产 总值 已经 超过 美国 , 贸易 能力 也 超过 了 美国 .\r\n朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 对 近年来 两国 关系 的 发展 势头 给予 积极 评价 .\r\n全国 人大 常委会 一 年 来 共 审议 法律 草案 三十 件 , 通过 十九 件 , 基本 完成 了 年度 立法 计划 .\r\n常委会 根据 改革开放 和 现代化 建设 不断 发展 的 需要 , 适时 对 有关 法律 进行 修改 , 如 个人 所得税 法 , 公路法 , 刑法 , 公司法 等 , 使 法律 更加 符合 客观 实际 , 更好地 发挥 规范 社会 经济 生活 的 作用 .\r\n监督 与 立法 并重 , 法律 监督 与 工作 监督 并举 , 这是 全国 人大 常委会 监督 工作 的 指导思想 .\r\n去年 的 立法 工作 还 注意 消除 部门 利益 倾向 , 专门 委员会 起草 法律 草案 的 工作 进一步 加强 .\r\n关于 监督 工作 , 各界 反映 , 全国 人大 常委会 越来越 注重 实效 , 强调 并 实行 轻车简从 , 深入基层 , 受到 各方 好评 .\r\n各级 地方 人大常委会 去年 大力 发挥 监督 职能 , 勇于 探索 , 在 个案 监督 , 评议 , 错案 追究 等 方面 积累 了 不少 有益 的 经验 , 全国 人大 常委会 给予 了 高度 重视 .\r\n作为 推进 依法 治国 历史 进程 的 一 支 重要 力量 , 三百 多 万 各级 人大 代表 的 作用 正 进一步 受到 重视 .\r\n上述 事件 的 发生 , 反映 当前 一些 学校 家庭 以及 社会 在 青少年 教育 中 存在 著 严重 问题 , 必须 引起 高度 重视 .\r\n去年 \" 四 ﹒ 二五 \" 事件 , \" 法 轮 功 \" 组织 练功 者 在 中南海 周围 非法 聚集 , 很 值得 人们 深思 .\r\n因此 , 加强 科学 精神 教育 , 仍是 当务之急 .\r\n最近 , 一 本 《 毛泽东 邓小平 江泽民 论 思想 政治 工作 》 一 书 出版 发行 , 该 书 在 内容 遴选 上 充分 体现 了 中共 三代 领导 核心 关於 思想 政治 工作 论述 的 系统性 .\r\n其中 , 比较 突出 的 是 , 社会 的 精神文明 状况 还不能 满足 进一步 改革开放 建设 市场经济 的 需要 , 特别是 部分 干部 的 素质 还不能 适应 当前 转型 时期 的 要求 .\r\n少数人 经 不住 新 形势 下 的 各种 考验 , 在 理想 信念 价值观 上 发生 了 动摇 .\r\n因此 , \" 两会 \" 代表 委员会 特别 关注 精神文明 建设 .\r\n练习 者 曹亚勤 思想 反复 多次 , 对 \" 法 轮 功 \" 痴迷 不 悟 .\r\n晋西 机器 厂 党委 在 对本 单位 原 公安 处 经济 警察 大队 队长 , \" 法 轮 功 \" 练习 者 张效珍 开展 帮教 工作 中 , 为 其 安排 了 一个 夜班 工作 , 解决 了 其内 退后 在家 中 无 事 可 做 且 经济 收入 困难 的 问题 .\r\n张效珍 深受 感动 , 主动 表示 彻底 脱离 \" 法 轮 功 \" , 回到 党 和 人民 的 正确 立场 上来 .\r\n山西省 许多 地 县 和 单位 都 层层 实行 了 对 \" 法 轮 功 \" 练习 者 进行 教育 转化 的 领导 责任制 , 部门 负责制 和 单位 责任制 .\r\n汾西县 各级 基层组织 都 实行 了 包 转 责任制 , 全县 形成 一帮 一 , 几 帮 一 的 环环相扣 帮教 网络 ; 左权 县委 书记 林玉平 一 人 包下 多名 \" 法 轮 功 \" 练习 者 的 思想 转化 工作 .\r\n太原 重型 机械 学院 计算机科学 与 工程 系 9752 班 学生 杜立涛 于 1996年 在 家乡 山东 茌平 一 中 因 好奇 在 同学 的 介绍 下 开始 修 练 \" 法 轮 功 \" .\r\n回到 学院 后 , 学院 党委 丝毫 没有 放松 对 他 的 教育 引导 , 坚持 每周 至少 和 杜立涛 同学 谈 一次 话 .\r\n李岚清 强调说 , 江泽民 总书记 对 教育 十分 重视 , 他 作出 的 关于 加强 和 改进 教育 工作 , 正确 引导 和 帮助 青少年 学生 健康 成长 , 使 他们 能够 德 , 智 , 体 , 美 全面 发展 的 重要 指示 , 我们 要 认真 学习 和 贯彻 执行 .\r\n要 通过 教材 , 教学大纲 , 教学 方法 , 教学 手段 , 考试 评价 内容 和 方法 等 的 改革 , 引导 学校 , 教师 实施 素质 教育 .\r\n对于 学校 的 周边 环境 , 必须 认真 整治 ; 对于 学生 中 存在 的 歪风邪气 , 学校 和 有关 部门 必须 旗帜鲜明 地 加以 反对 , 使 学校 成为 有 良好 的 纪律 和 充满 好学 上进 风气 的 场所 .\r\n要 认真 纠正 一些 地方 学生 课业 负担 过重 , 心理 压力 过大 , 难以 承受 的 状况 .\r\n李岚清 说 , 教育 是 一个 系统工程 , 学校 教育 , 家庭教育 和 社会 教育 是 教育 的 三 大 支柱 , 需要 各方面 共同 努力 , 为 青少年 健康 成长 营造 良好 的 环境 .\r\n李岚清 还 就 如何 加快 现有 教育 体制 的 改革 和 结构 调整 , 提高 教育 质量 , 实现 教育 结构 和 层次 的 多样化 以及 加强 教师 队伍 建设 发表 了 重要 意见 .\r\n随同 考察 的 有关方面 负责 同志 还有 徐荣凯 , 张志新 , 张保庆 等 .\r\n一批 性能 先进 的 作战 舰艇 , 飞机 , 陆战 武器 , 精确 制导 武器 和 电子 信息 装备 研制 成功 并 装备 部队 .\r\n载人 航天 工程 取得 了 突破性 进展 .\r\n高新技术 研究 缩短 了 与 世界 先进 水平 的 差距 , 为 加速 我军 武器 装备 现代化 提供 了 技术 源泉 和 强大 动力 .\r\n总装备部 政委 李继耐 主持 了 赠 发 仪式 .\r\n新华社 长沙 2月25日 电 ( 孙志冰 刘畅 ) 益阳市 赫 山区 人民 法院 日前 宣判 , 原 益阳市 水利 水电局 防汛 办公室 副主任 蔡有 为 因 贪污 防汛 经费 被 判处 有期徒刑 10 年 .\r\n1993年10月 至 1997年11月 , 蔡有 为 伙同 他人 , 采取 隐瞒 收入 , 虚报 支出 的 手段 , 单个 或 合伙 贪污 公款 57000 元 , 蔡有 为 参与 作案 5 , 贪污 29000 元 .\r\n至 今年 元月 7日 止 , 赫 山区 人民 法院 已 对 以上 四 案 开庭 审理 完结 , 曹礼林 , 刘谷明 , 蒋连科 也 被 处以 有期徒刑 .\r\n罗干 强调 , 加强 基层 政法 队伍 建设 , 要 着重 抓好 五 方面 的 工作 : 一 要 切实 加强 基层 政法 领导班子 建设 .\r\n根据 中央 的 部署 , 认真 抓好 县级 法院 , 检察院 和 公安 机关 领导班子 的 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 , 切实 解决 领导班子 和 领导干部 在 党性 党风 方面 存在 的 突出 问题 .\r\n三 要 严 把 \" 入口 \" , 疏通 \" 出口 \" .\r\n要 结合 机构改革 , 对 违规 进 人 和 不 适合 做 政法 工作 的 人员 进行 集中 专项 清理 , 不断 增强 基层 政法 队伍 的 活力 和 战斗力 .\r\n四 要 继续 深入 开展 \" 争创 \" 活动 , 促进 公正 执法 .\r\n五 要 从严 治 党 , 切实 加强 基层 党组织 建设 , 充分 发挥 党员 的 模范 带头 作用 .\r\n为 确保 基层 政法 队伍 建设 取得 实效 , 罗干 强调 , 各级党委 , 政府 和 政法 各 部门 要 把 加强 基层 政法 队伍 建设 真正 摆上 重要 议事日程 , 切实 加强 领导 .\r\n中央 政法 委员会 委员 肖扬 , 韩杼滨 , 贾春旺 , 许永跃 , 高昌礼 , 周子玉 , 王胜俊 出席 会议 .\r\n最高 人民 法院 , 最高 人民 检察院 , 公安部 , 司法部 的 负责 同志 在 会上 发言 , 对本 系统 加强 基层 政法 队伍 建设 作出 部署 .\r\n在此 前后 , 陈海燕 等 还 以 虚假 出资 骗 得 工商 登记 , 在 湘潭 , 深圳 相继 成立 了 大 阳 有限 责任 , 大 阳 实业 等 空壳 公司 , 接着 又 承包 了 湘潭 雨 湖 贸易公司 .\r\n还 对 他们 所 负责任 的 私营 公司 , 下达 了 硬性 利润 指标 , 鼓励 , 支持 他们 采取 各种 方法 吃 里 扒 外 .\r\n\" 大阳 公司 \" 对 他们 这些 所谓 \" 终身 高级 职员 \" , 名义上 不 发 工资 , 实际上 将 工资 存入 个人 公积金 专 户 .\r\n此外 , 湘 缆 还 为 \" 大阳 公司 \" 承担 贷款 利息 损失 85万多 元 .\r\n为了 使 这些 公司 摇 身 变为 \" 合资 \" , \" 合作 \" 企业 , 他们 通过 提供 虚假 的 财务 资料 , 以 骗取 中介 机构 , 进而 骗 得 工商 注册 登记 .\r\n陈海燕 一伙 有预谋 , 有 组织 , 有计划 地 大肆 转移 侵吞 国有 资产 , 极大 地 破坏 了 湘缆 集团 公司 的 生产 经营 和 社会 稳定 .\r\n透过 厚 厚 的 案卷 材料 , 湘 缆 衰落 的 历程 和 惨痛 的 教训 发人深省 .\r\n教训 之一 : 国企 改革 任重道远 , 关键 是 要 建设好 企业 领导班子 , 特别 要 下功夫 挑选 好 \" 一把手 \" .\r\n1993年 , 湘 缆 当时 的 领导人 想 借 全面 启动 电磁线 分厂 生产 , 引进 外来 资金 .\r\n在 没有 深入 调研 的 情况 下 , 他们 仅 听 陈海燕 一番 甜言蜜语 , 就 盲目 听信 , 草率 拍板成交 .\r\n被 急功近利 昏 了 头 的 湘 缆 领导人 , 仍 决定 承包 经营 这 一 合资 企业 , 并 委托 早已 离开 湘 缆 的 陈海燕 经营 管理 .\r\n湘 缆 一 案 再一次 向 我们 敲响 了 警钟 .\r\n江泽民 看到 深圳 的 经济 发展 , 城市 建设 和 人民 物质 文化 生活 发生 的 巨大 变化 , 感到 非常 高兴 .\r\n江泽民 指出 , 经过 二十 多年 的 改革开放 , 我国 的 经济 和 社会 发展 取得 了 巨大 的 成就 , 人民 生活水平 显著 提高 .\r\n这样 做 的 目的 , 就是 为了 激励 全国 人民 继续 沿着 改革开放 和 社会主义 现代化 建设 的 正确 道路 奋勇 前进 , 实现 我国 跨世纪 发展 的 宏伟 目标 .\r\n日 , 江泽民 深入 到 深圳市 龙岗区 布吉镇 南岭 村 , 与 村 党支部 成员 , 村民 党员 代表 就 基层 党 的 建设 进行 座谈 .\r\n考察 期间 , 江泽民 来到 深圳市高新技术产业园区 , 听取 了 深圳市 高新技术 产业 发展 情况 的 汇报 , 观看 了 高新技术 产品 展示 .\r\n而 当时 处在 政治 黑暗 , 兵荒马乱 , 民不聊生 的 悲惨 境地 的 中国 , 根本 没有 可能 去 追赶 世界 科技 发展 的 先进 潮流 .\r\n当今 的 社会主义 中国 完全 有条件 , 有能力 去 追赶 世界 科学技术 发展 的 先进 潮流 , 实现 中华 民族 的 更大 发展 .\r\n东部 地区 条件 比较 好 , 应该 努力 率先 基本 实现 社会主义 现代化 , 为 建设 有 中国 特色 社会主义 作出 更大 的 贡献 .\r\n从 这个 意义 上 说 , 我们 推进 改革开放 和 现代化 建设 的 任务 更 艰巨 了 .\r\n在 谈到 实施 西部 大 开发 战略 时 , 江泽民 说 , 加快 中西部 地区 发展 , 是 党中央 为 推进 我国 跨世纪 发展 作出 的 重大 决策 .\r\n西部 大 开发 战略 , 也 必然 会 给 东部 地区 带来 更多 的 发展 机遇 , 东部 地区 可以 更 充分 地 利用 西部 地区 的 资源 和 市场 来 促进 自己的 发展 .\r\n各级党委 和 政府 在 坚持 以 经济 建设 为 中心 的 同时 , 要 切实 抓好 精神文明 建设 , 进一步 做到 物质文明 建设 和 社会主义 精神文明 建设 都 能 同时 交出 优异 的 答卷 .\r\n管理 抓好 了 , 法治 加强 了 , 就 可以 堵塞 引发 违法 犯罪 的 漏洞 , 依照 法纪 惩处 违法乱纪 分子 , 对 广大 干部 和 群众 又 可以 起到 警戒 和 教育 作用 .\r\n对 各级 领导干部 必须 加紧 进行 思想 政治 教育 .\r\n经济 发展 了 , 生活 条件 好了 , 领导干部 仍然 要 保持 艰苦奋斗 的 优良 作风 .\r\n共产党员 特别是 领导干部 都要 忠心耿耿 , 任劳任怨 地 为 党 和 人民 而 工作 而 奋斗 , 有了 这种 精神 , 就 一定 能够 在 工作 中 作出 成绩 .\r\n江泽民 对 广州 军区 全面 加强 部队 建设 , 圆满 完成 党中央 , 中央军委 交给 的 各项 重大 任务 , 给予 了 充分 肯定 .\r\n与会者 指出 , 一个 中国 的 原则 , 是 海峡 两岸 和平 统一 的 基础 , 也是 两岸 经贸 关系 发展 的 基石 .\r\n在 这个 问题 上 , 中国 政府 和 人民 无论 过去 , 现在 和 未来 , 都 不会 妥协 和 改变 , 也 决不 允许 任何 人 向 一个 中国 原则 挑战 .\r\n俞晓松 认为 , 随着 香港 , 澳门 的 顺利 回归 , 海峡 两岸 关系 进入 一个 新 的 阶段 , 在 进入 新 的 千年 之际 , 面临 重大 的 发展 机遇 .\r\n它 表明 了 中国 政府 坚定不移 坚持 一个 中国 原则 的 立场 , 坚持 贯彻 \" 和平 统一 , 一国两制 \" 方针 和 江泽民 主席 的 八 项 主张 , 进一步 推动 两岸 关系 在 一个 中国 原则 下 健康 发展 的 决心 .\r\n海峡 两岸 的 经贸 沟通 与 交流 , 为 台湾 经济 得以 进一步 发展 拓展 了 市场 和 空间 , 祖国 大陆 已经 成为 台湾 最 主要 的 贸易 伙伴 之一 和 最大 的 产品 销售 市场 .\r\n最近 五 年 两岸 间 直接 贸易 往来 的 资料 也 表明 了 这 一点 .\r\n随着 加入 世贸 组织 的 步伐 加快 , 祖国 大陆 的 市场 将 更加 开放 , 投资 领域 将 更加 广泛 , 投资 环境 将 更加 完善 , 台湾 同胞 将 面对 一个 充满 无限 商机 和 发展 潜力 的 巨大 市场 .\r\n双方 着重 就 进一步 推动 两国 关系 的 发展 深入 交换 了 意见 , 并 达成 广泛 共识 .\r\n世纪之交 , 江泽民 总书记 和 黎可漂 总书记 确立 了 新世纪 两国 \" 长期 稳定 , 面向 未来 , 睦邻 友好 , 全面 合作 \" 的 关系 框架 , 标志着 两 党 两国 关系 已经 进入 了 一个 新 的 历史 发展 阶段 .\r\n唐家璇 说 , 新年 伊始 , 中 越 两国 人民 隆重 庆祝 了 两国 建交 50 周年 .\r\n阮颐年 说 , 越南 和 中国 是 山水相连 的 社会主义 友好 邻邦 .\r\n在 长期 斗争 中 , 两国 人民 曾 相互 同情 , 相互 支持 .\r\n越南 党 , 政府 和 人民 对 中国 党 , 政府 和 人民 给予 的 巨大 支持 和 帮助 永志不忘 .\r\n去年 12月30日 , 两国 正式 签署 《 陆地 边界 条约 》 , 具有 十分 重要 的 历史意义 .\r\n双方 还 就 共同 关心 的 国际 和 地区 问题 广泛 , 深入 地 交换 了 意见 .\r\n人大 及其 常委会 监督 什 幺 ?\r\n概括 起来 就是 两 句 话 : 监督 宪法 和 法律 的 实施 , 监督 \" 一 府 两 院 \" 的 工作 .\r\n按 其 内容 说 , 可以 分为 法律 监督 和 工作 监督 两 个 方面 .\r\n江主席 考察 广东 , 必将 推动 广东 在 新世纪 把 开放 改革 和 社会主义 现代化 建设 事业 推 上一个 新台阶 , 在 前进 道路 上 迈出 更大 的 步伐 .\r\n江主席 强调 , 要 把 中国 的 事情 办好 , 关键 取决 於 共产党 , 取决 於 党 的 思想 , 作风 , 组织 , 纪律 状况 和 战斗力 , 领导 水平 .\r\n\" 三 讲 \" 教育 仍是 今年 党建 工作 的 重 中 之 重 , 各级党委 必须 切实 抓好 .\r\n他 要求 干部 要 廉洁奉公 , 艰苦奋斗 , 堂堂正正 地 做人 , 老老实实 地 工作 , 全心全意 地 为人民服务 .\r\n今年 是 中国 经济特区 建立 二十 周年 .\r\n邓小平 指导 我们 党 制定 的 改革开放 和 现代化 建设 的 正确 的 路线 方针 政策 , 是 我国 实现 经济 和 社会 快速 发展 的 根本 保证 .\r\n江主席 十分 关心 和 重视 经济 结构 的 调整 和 高新技术 产业 的 发展 , 他 在 深圳 考察 了 部分 企业 , 观看 了 高新技术 产品 展示 .\r\n但 当时 处在 政治 黑暗 , 兵荒马乱 , 民不聊生 悲惨 境地 的 中国 , 根本 没有 可能 去 追赶 世界 科技 发展 的 先进 潮流 .\r\n现在 , 当 二十一 世纪 来临 之际 , 无论 是 中国 的 面貌 , 还是 世界 的 经济 社会生活 , 同 一百 年 前 相比 , 已 发生 了 历史性 的 巨变 .\r\n中国 政府 发表 台湾 问题 白皮书 之后 , 从 大洋 彼岸 传来了 反对 中国 在 别 无 选择 的 情况 下 为 完成 祖国 统一 大业 对 台 动武 的 噪音 , 严重 干涉 中国 内政 .\r\n台湾 是 中国 领土 不可 分割 的 一部分 , 台湾 问题 纯属 中国 内政 , 任何 外国 无权 干涉 , 中国 有权 决定 如何 解决 台湾 问题 .\r\n台湾 问题 是 中国 内战 遗留 下来 的 问题 . 这个 问题 拖 了 半个世纪 未能 解决 , 正是 美国 等 外国 势力 介入 的 结果 .\r\n这些 都 助长 了 李登辉 和 台独 势力 分裂 祖国 的 嚣张 气焰 , 是 造成 台湾海峡 局势 紧张 的 重要 根源 .\r\n但 与此同时 , 中国 不能不 做好 用 非 和平 方式 解决 台湾 问题 的 准备 .\r\n中国 政府 和 人民 在 捍卫 国家 主权 和 领土 完整 这样的 大是大非 问题 上 , 从来 是 毫不 妥协 的 , 从来 是 说话 算数 的 .\r\n美国 政府 声称 拒绝 对 台 使用 武力 或 以 武力 威胁 , 这 正如 战争贩子 念 \" 和平 经 \" 一样 , 真是 绝妙 的 讽刺 .\r\n美国 在 世界上 到处 耀武扬威 , 动辄 动武 或 以 武力 相 威胁 , 恃强凌弱 , 干涉 别国 内政 .\r\n去年 在 科索沃 大打出手 , 对 南联盟 进行 了 七十 余天 的 狂 轰 滥 炸 .\r\n伊拉克 平民 几乎 每天 都 有可能 成为 美国 战机 的 牺牲品 .\r\n当 中国 为了 维护 国家 主权 和 领土 完整 而 可能 使用 武力 时 , 这 和 美国 动武 有 著 本质 的 区别 , 美国 却 出来 横加 阻拦 , 其 霸权主义 嘴脸 昭然若揭 .\r\n台湾 问题 是 中国 内政 , 如果 美国 一定 要 干预 , 中美 关系 势 将 出现 严重 倒退 , 中国 政府 和 人民 也 只有 横 下 一条心 奉陪 到底 .\r\n实现 祖国 统一 是 中华 民族 之 大局 所在 大理 所在 大义 所在 .\r\n孙中山 先生 曾 说 : \" 统一 是 中国 全体 国民 的 希望 .\r\n能够 统一 , 全国 人民 便 享福 . 不能 统一 便 要 受害 .\r\n\" 中国 人民 要 完成 祖国 统一 大业 是 世界上 任何 力量 也 无法 阻挡 的 , 实现 国家 统一 的 宏伟 目标 一定 能 实现 .\r\n张家港市 坚持 \" 两手抓 , 两手 都要 硬 \" 的 方针 , 在 经济 建设 和 社会 事业 快速 发展 的 同时 , 广泛 开展 了 各项 精神文明 创建 活动 , 取得 了 显著 成绩 .\r\n2月23日 , 李鹏 在 张家港 听取 了 江苏省 , 苏州市 , 张家港市 的 工作 汇报 , 并 和 省市 负责 同志 就 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 的 情况 进行 了 座谈 讨论 .\r\n他 首先 对 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 的 必要性 , 重要性 和 紧迫性 作 了 全面 阐述 .\r\n李鹏 指出 , 要 全面 贯彻 中央 关于 县 ( 市 ) \" 三 讲 \" 教育 的 要求 , 解决好 党性 党风 方面 存在 的 突出 问题 .\r\n江泽民 同志 说 : \" 讲学习 , 讲政治 , 讲正气 , 三 者 是 紧密 相连 和 相互 统一 的 , 核心 是 讲政治 . \"\r\n要 制定好 整改 方案 和 整改 措施 , 切实 抓好 各项 整改 措施 的 落实 .\r\n整改 不能 等到 最后 阶段 才 进行 , 而 要 紧密 结合 工作 实际 , 边 学 边 改 , 边 整 边 改 .\r\n从 2月22日 至 25日 , 李鹏 在 江苏省 委 书记 回良玉 , 省 人大 常委会 主任 陈焕友 , 省长 季允石 的 陪同 下 , 先后 来到 江阴市 , 张家港市 , 无锡市 考察 .\r\n他 深入 企业 , 农村 , 了解 发展 情况 , 听取 意见 建议 .\r\n李鹏 指出 , 经过 20 多年 的 改革开放 , 我国 各地 的 经济 水平 都 有了 程度 不同 的 长足 发展 .\r\n这是 党中央 和 全国 人民 关心 的 问题 , 也 将 是 即将 召开 的 九届 全国 人大 三 会议 的 一个 重要 议题 .\r\n在 江阴市 华西村 , 李鹏 了解 了 这个 村 目前 经济 发展 情况 , 并 走进 村民 家里 与 他们 亲切 交谈 .\r\n要 继续 强化 农业 的 基础 地位 , 紧紧 围绕 农民 增收 , 抓住 有利 时机 加快 农业 结构 调整 .\r\n李鹏 对 江苏 近年来 在 水利 , 交通 等 基础 设施 建设 , 环境保护 和 精神文明 建设 等 方面 取得 的 成绩 给予 充分 肯定 .\r\n他 说 , 九 全国 人大 三 会议 是 世纪之交 我国 政治 生活 中 的 一件 大事 .\r\n一个 国家 , 当 它的 主权 与 领土 完整 遭到 侵犯 与 分割 , 它的 命运 只能 是 任人宰割 , 任人 欺凌 .\r\n这是 鸦片战争 以来 的 中国 近代史 给 中华 民族 留下 的 最 刻骨铭心 的 教训 .\r\n姜殿铭 指出 , 历史 已经 一再 证明 , 中国 共产党 和 中国 政府 坚持 一个 中国 原则 的 立场 是 不会 改变 的 , 任何 对 这一点 抱有 不切实际 幻想 的 人 应当 打消 这种 念头 .\r\n在此 期间 , 中国 政府 一再 要求 联合国 改变 这种 不 合法 , 不合理 的 状况 , 恢复 中华人民共和国 在 联合国 的 合法 权利 .\r\n近年来 , 李登辉 不断 在 国际上 鼓吹 \" 两 中国 \" 等 谬论 , 公然 进行 分裂 活动 .\r\n选择 \" 台独 \" 就是 选择 战争 , 破坏 一个 中国 的 原则 就 将 威胁 和平 统一 的 前景 .\r\n我们 希望 并 相信 广大 台湾 同胞 , 能够 识破 \" 台独 \" 政客 的 不 实 谎言 , 辨明 真伪 , 作出 明智 的 选择 .\r\n尉健行 指出 , 党中央 对 搞好 县 ( 市 ) \" 三 讲 \" 教育 非常 重视 .\r\n尉健行 在 锦州市 还 就 党风 廉政建设 和 反腐败 工作 进行 调研 .\r\n尉健行 同 北宁市乡 ( 镇 ) 领导干部 座谈 , 听取 他们 对 加强 乡 ( 镇 ) 党委 班子 及 乡 ( 镇 ) 领导干部 党风 廉政建设 的 意见 .\r\n总的 说 , 绝大多数 乡 ( 镇 ) 领导干部 是 好的 , 勤奋 工作 , 任劳任怨 , 廉洁奉公 , 对 农村 各项 事业 的 发展 作出 了 重要 贡献 .\r\n因此 , 在 坚持 党风 廉政建设 重点 抓好 县 ( 处 ) 级 以上 领导干部 的 同时 , 还必须 认真 解决 农村 基层 干部 特别是 乡 ( 镇 ) 领导干部 中 存在 的 突出 问题 .\r\n他 要求 乡 ( 镇 ) 领导干部 要 严格 自律 , 勤政 为 民 , 为 建设 新 农村 作出 新 贡献 .\r\n尉健行 在 辽宁省 委 书记 闻世震 , 省长 张国光 , 省委 副 书记 孙春兰 , 省委 常委 王唯众 , 王东明 等 分别 陪同 下 , 考察 了 企业 , 农村 , 召开 了 座谈会 .\r\n新华社 北京 2月26日 电 外交部 发言人 朱邦造 今天 在这里 回答 记者 提问 时 驳斥 了 美国 国务院 1999年 度 \" 人权 报告 \" 对 中国 人权 状况 的 指责 .\r\n朱邦造 答 : 中国 政府 一贯 尊重 关于 人权 的 普遍性 原则 , 并 根据 中国 的 具体 国情 , 积极 致力于 促进 和 保护 人民 的 人权 和 基本 自由 .\r\n经过 长期 不懈 努力 , 中国 人民 享有 的 人权 和 基本 自由 的 水平 得到 了 前所未有 的 提高 , 目前 处于 历史 上 的 最好 时期 , 这是 有目共睹 的 事实 .\r\n对 美方 的 这 一 做法 , 中方 表示 强烈 不满 和 坚决 反对 .\r\n他 指出 , 这 几 年 什邡市 经济 和 社会 发展 的 一些 工作 走在 了 全省 的 前列 , 在 开展 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 时 , 首先 要 注意 在 思想上 克服 一个 \" 满 \" 字 , 努力 做到 坚持 高标准 , 严 要求 .\r\n要 善于 运用 好 省 部 和 地市 厅局 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 的 经验 , 从 本市 实际 出发 创造性 地 工作 .\r\n在 四川 清泉 集团 , 当 他 得知 这 家 股份 合作 制 企业 转产 窗帘 杆 , 晾 衣杆 等 小 产品 取得 良好 效益 时 , 高兴 地 说 , 小 产品 也 能 占领 大市场 .\r\n在 什邡市 元 石镇 灵泉村 , 他 兴致勃勃 地 听取 了 农民 李书贵 介绍 他 家 靠 科学 养 鸭 致富 , 还 带动 了 周围 群众 养 鸭 的 情况 .\r\n胡锦涛 向 在场 的 干部 说 , 这 证明 , 帮助 农民 增强 市场 意识 , 掌握 并 运用 科学技术 , 调整 农业 结构 就 会 天地 广阔 .\r\n在 成都 留学 人员 创业 园 , 胡锦涛 仔细 了解 归国 留学 人员 创业 的 情况 , 观看 成果 展示 , 询问 他们 还需要 政府 提供 哪些 帮助 .\r\n他 一再 强调 , 经济 发展 离不开 科学技术 , 高新技术 产业 的 兴起 离不开 人才 .\r\n考察 结束 时 , 胡锦涛 在 听取 四川省 委 , 省政府 工作 汇报 后 发表 了 讲话 .\r\n全党 都要 充分 认识 这项 决策 所 包含 的 经济 , 政治 意义 以及 现实 , 长远 意义 .\r\n胡锦涛 最后 指出 , 当前 , 四川 的 发展 面临 新 的 形势 , 新 的 机遇 , 各级 领导班子 , 领导干部 也 面临 新 的 艰巨 任务 和 严峻 考验 .\r\n我们 一定 要 深刻 领会 , 认真 贯彻 落实 .\r\n立法 法 草案 已经 常委会 会议 三 审议 .\r\n根据 改革开放 和 现代化 建设 不断 发展 的 需要 , 全国 人大 及其 常委会 适时 对 有关 法律 进行 修改 , 使 法律 更加 符合 客观 实际 , 更好地 发挥 规范 社会生活 的 作用 .\r\n把 对 法律 的 解释 工作 提到 常委会 工作 的 议事日程 , 是 全国 人大 常委会 过去 一 年 立法 工作 的 又 一 特点 .\r\n除了 已经 对 香港特别行政区 基本法 的 有关 条款 作出 解释 外 , 全国 人大 常委会 还 审议 了 刑法 有关 规定 的 解释 草案 .\r\n一 年 来 , 海军 师 以上 领导干部 结合 课题 研究 撰写 的 3000 论文 , 全部 在 干部 理论 读书班 或 党委 中心 组 学习 中 交流 .\r\n通过 设置 理论 学习 课题 , 使 理论 联系实际 的 要求 真正 落到 了 实处 , 有力地 促进 了 海军 的 全面 建设 .\r\n新华社 北京 2月27日 电 政协 第九届 全国 委员会 常务 委员会 第八 会议 今天 通过 了 关于 部分 修改 中国人民 政治 协商 会议 章程 的 决定 .\r\n新华社 北京 2月27日 电 政协 第九届 全国 委员会 常务 委员会 第八 会议 今天 在京 举行 .\r\n中共 中央 政治局 常委 , 全国 政协 主席 李瑞环 出席 会议 .\r\n今天 上午 的 会议 由 全国 政协 副主席 叶选平 主持 .\r\n会议 首先 审议 通过 了 本次 常委会 议 议程 和 关于 召开 政协 九 届 三 会议 的 决定 , 关于 部分 修改 中国人民 政治 协商 会议 章程 的 决定 , 关于 恢复 在 政协 全会 开幕 会上 作 提案 工作 情况 报告 的 决定 .\r\n会议 开始 前 , 与会者 对 第七 常委会 议 后 因病 去世 的 侯捷 常委 表示 深切 的 悼念 .\r\n希望 你们 认真 履行 职责 , 坚持 原则 , 健全 工作制度 , 廉洁 自律 , 以 高度 的 政治 责任感 和 使命感 , 努力 完成 党中央 赋予 的 光荣 任务 .\r\n吴邦国 说 , 在 以 江泽民 同志 为 核心 的 党中央 领导 下 , 经过 全党 , 全国 特别是 广大 企业 干部 职工 的 不懈 努力 , 国有 企业 改革 和 发展 取得 了 显著 成效 .\r\n全国 有 26 省 , 自治区 , 直辖市 效益好 于 去年 .\r\n二 是 党 的 十五 四 中 全会 作出 的 《 决定 》 , 进一步 统一 了 全党 的 思想 .\r\n不断 改进 企业 党组织 的 工作 内容 和 活动 方式 , 进一步 探索 发挥 政治 核心 作用 的 途径 和 方法 .\r\n国有 企业 党风 廉政建设 , 必须 与 企业 的 经营 管理 密切 结合 , 贯穿于 企业 的 各项 管理 制度 之中 .\r\n加强 国有 企业 的 有效 监督 , 确保 国有 资产 保值 增值 , 是 建立 现代 企业 制度 的 重要 内容 , 也是 当前 面临 的 一个 现实 问题 .\r\n吴邦国 说 , 今年 是 实现 国有 企业 改革 和 脱困 三 年 目标 的 最后 一 年 .\r\n实现 这个 目标 , 是 今年 经济 工作 的 重 中 之 重 .\r\n中央 管理 的 国有 重要 骨干 企业 , 是 国有 企业 的 排头兵 , 是 国民经济 的 重要 支柱 .\r\n这 不仅 是 经济 问题 , 而且 是 重大 的 政治 问题 .\r\n二 要 加快 结构 调整 和 重组 的 步伐 .\r\n国有 重要 骨干 企业 要 积极 参与 西部 大 开发 , 为 西部 开发 作出 应有 的 贡献 .\r\n三 要 积极 推进 现代 企业 制度 建设 .\r\n规范 企业 决策 程序 , 提高 科学 决策 水平 .\r\n四 要 切实 做好 企业 的 稳定 工作 , 做到 \" 两 确保 \" .\r\n要 充分 发挥 基层 党支部 的 战斗 堡垒 作用 和 党员 先锋 模范 作用 .\r\n领导干部 要 以身作则 , 主动 关心 并 帮助 解决 困难 职工 和 离退休 人员 的 实际 问题 .\r\n吴邦国 还 要求 , 中央 企业 工委 要 努力 把 自身 建设 成为 廉洁 勤政 , 务实 高效 , 开拓 进取 , 中央 放心 , 企业 欢迎 的 工作 机关 .\r\n\\ G0 ; \\ 舆论 普遍 认为 , 白皮书 选择 在 今年 三月 中旬 台湾 大选 即将 进行 之前 发表 , 用意 不 言 自明 .\r\n在 美国 鼓励 之下 , 李登辉 抛出 了 明目张胆 搞 \" 台独 \" 的 \" 两国 论 \" , 企图 把 台湾 从 中国 永远 分裂 出去 .\r\n在 北京 的 猛烈 批判 之后 , \" 两国 论 \" 在 国际上 难 觅 市场 , 李登辉 被迫 将 \" 明独 \" 活动 稍 作 收敛 , 但 始终 对 \" 两国 论 \" 紧 抱 不放 , 并 力图 使 台湾 新 领导人 继续 奉行 \" 两国 论 \" .\r\n李登辉 的 亲信 曾 洋洋得意 地 说 , 我们 不 将 \" 两国 论 \" 入 宪 , 不 宣布 \" 台独 \" , 中共 就 没有 借口 动武 , 奈 我 其 何哉 !\r\n在此 情况 下 , 中国 政府 有必要 重申 \" 一个 中国 \" 原则 与 \" 和平 统一 \" 政策 , 并 重新 界定 武力 统一 的 三 前提 条件 , 给 台湾 有关 人物 当头棒喝 .\r\n如果 真的 读 解 白皮书 , 应该 发现 白皮书 的 主题 仍然 是 \" 一个 中国 \" 原则 , 北京 对 台 政策 仍然 是 \" 和平 统一 \" 和 \" 一国两制 \" .\r\n八 民主党派 中央 和 全国 工商联 提案 共 63 件 , 委员 小组 小 提案 26 件 .\r\n截至 2000年2月20日 , 提案 已 办 复 3004 件 , 占 全部 提案 的 963% .\r\n据介绍 , 在 全国 政协 常委会 领导 下 , 各 专门 委员会 把 深入 实际 调查研究 , 围绕 中心 建言 立论 摆 在 突出 位置 , 努力 提高 专题 调研 工作 的 水平 .\r\n此外 , 文史 资料 委员会 , 外事 委员会 在 各自 范围 内 也 做 了 大量 工作 .\r\n活动 的 主要 任务 是 : 美化 居住 环境 , 维护 治安 秩序 , 丰富 文体 生活 , 普及 科学 知识 , 拓展 社区 服务 , 密切 人际关系 .\r\n刘云山 强调 , 工作 中 要 抓住 两 重点 : 一 是 发展 社区 服务 .\r\n要 广泛 开展 丰富多彩 , 群众 便于 参与 的 文化 体育 活动 和 科普 宣传 活动 , 引导 人们 自觉 移风易俗 , 养成 健康 文明 的 生活 习惯 .\r\n刘云山 强调 , 要 建 好 三 队 一 是 社区 志愿者 队伍 .\r\n在 队伍 建设 中 , 尤其 要 注意 发挥好 离退休 老 党员 , 老干部 , 老 教师 , 老工人 , 老 劳模 等 在 思想 教育 方面 的 作用 .\r\n要 在 加强 社区 居民 活动 场所 建设 的 同时 , 提倡 驻 区 单位 开放 文体 活动 场地 和 设施 , 实现 资源 共享 .\r\n第三 , 坚持 齐抓共管 .\r\n充分 发挥 各 有关 职能 部门 的 作用 , 调动 社会 各界 的 积极性 , 协同 配合 , 形成 合力 .\r\n第四 , 加强 舆论 宣传 .\r\n及时 报道 活动 进展 情况 , 介绍 先进 经验 , 加大 舆论 监督 力度 .\r\n中央 文明 办 副主任 胡振民 主持 会议 .\r\n本来 , 世界 何其 大 , 各国 有 各国 的 问题 和 情况 ; 美国 要 搞 \" 人权 报告 \" , 只能 就 其 国内 情况 \" 报告 \" 一番 就是 .\r\n但 怪 就 怪 在 美国 的 这 份 \" 人权 报告 \" 却 偏偏 要 冠以 \" 全球 \" 二 字 , 也就是说 , 全世界 所有 国家 的 人权 状况 都要 由 美国 来 指 手 划 脚 评价 一番 , 甚至 指 著 鼻子 对 某些 国家 进行 教训 斥责 .\r\n而 更 重要 的 , 是 美国 国务院 所 作出 的 这些 指责 , 完全 是 无中生有 胡说八道 , 绝不 反映 香港 回归 以来 人权 法治 得到 很好 落实 的 真正 情况 , 而 只能 充分 说明 美国 人 的 盲目 自大 与 无知 .\r\n而 对 於 深圳 高新 科技 产业 , 新 千年 第一 春天 更是 春风 荡漾 , 温暖 润 心 .\r\n总书记 亲切的 关怀 , 谆谆 的 教导 , 殷切 的 勉励 , 给 了 深圳 , 给 了 深圳 高新技术 产业 极大 的 鼓舞 和 鞭策 .\r\n几 千 名 中兴 员工 正 企盼 一 位 重要 客人 的 到来 .\r\n\" 江 总书记 满面 笑容 亲切地 对 著 话筒 说 : \" 同志们 好 !\r\n\" 一旁 的 深圳市 市长 李子彬 介绍 说 : \" 这是 从 二十 公里 外 的 公司 总部 传过来 的 .\r\n\" 江 总书记 听 毕 频频 点头 , 表示 赞许 .\r\n\" 在 详细 了解 了 企业 经营 和 管理 情况 后 , 江 总书记 对 该 公司 提出 在 企业 内部 实行 股票 期权 试点 的 建议 表示 支持 .\r\n侯为贵 汇报 说 , 现在 人才 竞争 非常 激烈 , 高科技 企业 的 主要 资源 是 人才 , 我们 没有 人才 , 等 於啥 都 没有了 , 加入 WTO 对 我们 的 最大 挑战 就是 人才 的 竞争 .\r\n在 考察 的 路上 , 江 总书记 还 对 随行 的 领导 说 , 现在 就是 做 一些 加工 和 装配 也是 在 高科技 领域 , 因此 人员 要求 也 和 过去 不同 了 , 也 得 是 \" 高科技 \" 的 工人 .\r\n在 中兴 通讯 公司 的 移动 通信 展台 前 , 江 总书记 拿起 拥有 自主 知识产权 的 中兴 一八九 双 频 手机 仔细 观看 并 详细 询问 其 性能 , 结构 .\r\n江 总书记 说 : \" 手机 发展 比较 快 , 一定 要 尽快 掌握 芯片 等 核心 技术 .\r\n\" 来到 集成电路 展台 前 , 江 总书记 又 拿起 公司 自主 开发 的 0点 三五 的 集成电路 专用 芯片 反 覆 端详 , 并 详细 询问 了 国内外 市场 情况 和 销售 价格 .\r\n公司 总裁 侯为贵 介绍 说 : \" 用 我们 自己 开发 的 芯片 生产 SDH 单板 不到 一百 美元 , 如果 用 进口 芯片 要 达到 二千多 美元 .\r\n自己 掌握 了 芯片 的 开发 设计 , 就 能够 大量 节约 成本 .\r\n江 总书记 非常 高兴 地 说 , 你们 这个 就是 机械人 , 是 个 ROBOT , 你们 自行 设计 的 自动化 设备 还能 出口 国外 , 这 很 不简单 呀 .\r\n来到 位 於厫田 的 华为 技术 有限 公司 基地 , 江 总书记 兴致勃勃 地 参观 了 具有 自主 知识产权 的 设备 和 现代化 生产线 .\r\n国家 计委 主任 曾培炎 告诉 说 , 目前 我国 正在 进行 农村 电网 改造 .\r\n走进 现代 家庭 电子 办公 演示 区 , 江 总书记 兴致勃勃 地 招呼 陪同 的 省市 领导 坐下来 说 , 让 我们 来 享受 一下 未来 的 家庭 办公 环境 !\r\n王志荣 汇报 说 , 一九八八年 公司 销售额 不到 二亿 元 , 一九九四年 达到 七亿 元 , 而 目前 , 该 公司 总 资产 达到 三十六点六亿 元人民币 , 去年 销售 收入 和 净 利润 分别 比 一九九四年 增长 四点三 倍 和 五点九 .\r\n开发 科技 的 成长 , 是 深圳 高新技术 产业 发展 的 一个 缩影 .\r\n在 中兴 通讯 , 侯为贵 从 公司 创业 以来 在 产权 改革 , 经营 管理 改革 , 国际化 发展 等 三 方面 的 实践 向 总书记 进行 了 详细 汇报 .\r\n二十二日 上午九时A.M.十分 , 江 总书记 来到 位 於 宝安区 龙华 镇 的 台资 企业 富士 康 企业 集团 , 驱车 视察 了 占地 一点零六 平方公里 的 富士康 廿 一世纪 资讯 科技 工业 园区 .\r\n江 总书记 看到 园区 内 鲜花 烂漫 , 绿树 成荫 , 生产 区 秩序井然 , 生活区 安详 舒适 , 很 是 高兴 .\r\n他 鼓励 富士 康 继续 加大 在 深圳 的 投资 , 他 说 , 有了 投资 项目 和 计划 , 就要 加紧 落实 .\r\n网络 转载 港台 报道 遭 警告\r\n中国 今年 加强 了 宣传 报道 的 导向 控制 , 新闻 出版 署 近期 再次 公布 一批 因 违规 而 受 停刊 处罚 的 刊物 名单 .\r\n广州 私营 的 网络 中文 热 讯 日前 受到 广东省 有关 部门 的 警告 , 指 其 去年 转载 港台 及 海外 的 一些 新闻 报道 , 引起 内地 十 传统 及 网络 传媒 转载 , 造成 负面 的 社会 影响 .\r\n中文 热 讯 对 本报 表示 , 该 公司 从未 收到 政府 有关 网络 新闻 管理 的 书面 文件 , 但 近期 确 因 某些 个案 受到 有关 部门 的 \" 提醒 \" .\r\n中国 今年 加强 对 内地 媒体 包括 网络 媒体 的 舆论 导向 管理 , 据悉 , 中国 新闻 出版 署 近期 又 公布 了 十 因 舆论 导向 发生 问题 以及 其他 原因 而 受 处罚 的 刊物 .\r\n怎样 正确 认识 ?\r\n如何 趋 利 与 除弊 ?\r\n一 , 加入 WTO 的 利弊得失 加入 WTO 是 我国 深化 改革 , 扩大 开放 和 建立 社会主义 市场经济 体制 的 内在 要求 , 是 我国 经济 发展 的 需要 .\r\n加入 WTO 后 , 我国 要 履行 WTO 规定 的 义务 , 逐步 开放 国内 市场 , 这 将 进一步 改善 外商 投资 环境 , 增强 我国 市场 对 外商 的 吸引力 , 有利于 更多 地 引进 外国 资本 , 技术 和 管理 经验 .\r\n有利于 加快 国内 产业 结构 的 调整 和 优化 .\r\n加入 WTO , 将 为 实施 这 一 战略 任务 营造 一个 有利 的 国际 环境 .\r\n有利于 继续 深化 我国 经济体制 改革 .\r\n我国 经济体制 改革 的 目标 是 建立 社会主义 市场经济 体制 , 它的 基本 要求 是 充分 发挥 市场 竞争 机制 的 作用 .\r\n有利于 中国 参与 世界 经济 全球化 进程 .\r\n为了 适应 经济 全球化 的 新 形势 , 我们 需要 寻求 稳定 , 透明 , 可 预见 的 多边 贸易 机制 的 保障 , 在 参与 经济 全球化 过程 中 更好地 趋利避害 , 保护 和 壮大 自己 .\r\n加入 WTO , 我国 与 其他 成员 方 均 须 严格 按照 国际 规则 办事 , 相互 开放 市场 .\r\n这 将 有利于 我国 全面 参与 国际 竞争 和 国际 合作 , 充分 发挥 我国 的 比较 优势 .\r\n同时 , 加入 WTO 还 有利于 我国 与 跨国公司 进行 广泛 合作 , 引进 跨国公司 的 资金 , 技术 和 管理 经验 , 利用 跨国公司 的 销售 渠道 和 网络 , 扩大 出口 .\r\n当然 , 加入 WTO , 我们 既要 享受 应有 的 权利 , 又要 承担 相应的 义务 , 这就 免不了 给 我们 带来 一定 的 压力 和 挑战 .\r\n首先 , 进一步 开放 市场 会 使 国内 一些 产品 , 企业 和 产业 面临 更为 激烈 的 竞争 .\r\n过去 在 市场 开放 方面 , 我国 根据 经济 发展 的 要求 和 经济体制 改革 的 进程 , 自主 地 决定 市场 准入 , 削减 关税 和 取消 非 关税 措施 .\r\n再次 , 多边 争端 解决 的 裁决 也 可能 出现 对 我 不利 的 结果 .\r\n二 , 辩证 看待 利弊得失 怎样 看待 我国 加入 WTO 的 利弊得失 ?\r\n我们 要 用 全面 的 , 发展 的 , 辩证 的 观点 看待 这个 问题 , 要 站在 改革开放 , 经济 发展 和 现代化 建设 事业 的 全局 和 战略 高度 来 分析 我国 加入 WTO 的 利弊得失 .\r\n既要 看 单个 产业 , 又要 看 整个 产业 ; 既要 看 当前 , 又要 看 长远 .\r\n分析 我国 加入 WTO 的 利弊得失 , 不能 只 以 某 一个 或 几个 产业 , 而 应 着眼于 整个 经济 发展 .\r\n但是 , 加入 WTO 也 会 给 国内 一些 产业 带来 一定 冲击 与 压力 , 如 农业 中 的 粮食 , 工业 中 的 汽车 , 服务业 中 的 银行 , 保险 等 , 均 将 面临 来自 发达国家 的 竞争 压力 .\r\n从 整体 产业 看 , 加入 WTO 给 我国 产业 带来 的 机遇 要 大于 造成 的 冲击 , 我国 多数 产业 将 获得 更多 的 发展 机遇 .\r\n加入 WTO , 不仅 对 近期 经济 增长 有 积极 意义 , 而且 对 长期 经济 发展 具有 深远 影响 .\r\n我们 还要 辩证 地 看待 加入 WTO 的 利弊得失 .\r\n三 , 迎接 挑战 , 兴利除弊 加入 WTO 对 我国 既是 机遇 , 也是 挑战 , 我们 要 抓住 机遇 , 迎接 挑战 .\r\n我们 要 统一思想 , 未雨绸缪 , 努力 工作 , 做好 各方面 的 充分 准备 .\r\n提高 认识 , 统一思想 .\r\n加入 WTO 是 我国 改革开放 和 现代化 建设 进程 中 的 一件 大事 , 对 中国 经济 在 新世纪 的 发展 具有 深远 影响 .\r\n全国 上下 特别是 各级 干部 要 对 加入 WTO 的 战略 意义 有 充分 认识 , 对 可能 带来 的 压力 和 挑战 要 有 足够的 思想准备 .\r\n各行各业 要 根据 WTO 的 要求 和 我国 的 承诺 , 研究 和 提出 有 针对性 的 , 可 操作 的 应对 措施 , 迎接 WTO 给 我国 带来 的 压力 与 挑战 .\r\n根据 WTO 《 农产品 协议 》 的 规定 , 合理 保护 国内 农业 生产 , 防范 和 减轻 进口 农产品 的 冲击 .\r\n加快 建立 完整 的 农产品 质量 标准 体系 , 完善 动植物 检疫 标准 , 加强 对 国内外 疫情 的 监测 和 检疫 .\r\n深化 企业 改革 , 建立 适应 社会主义 市场经济 要求 的 现代 企业 制度 和 经营 机制 , 使 企业 成为 自主 经营 , 自负盈亏 的 法人 实体 和 市场 竞争 主体 .\r\n加快 企业 战略性 改组 , 形成 合理 的 经济 规模 , 发展 一批 实力 雄厚 的 大企业 和 大 集团 .\r\n加强 企业管理 , 采取 现代 管理 技术 , 方法 和 手段 , 加强 成本 管理 , 资金 管理 和 质量管理 .\r\n同时 , 合理 运用 世贸 组织 允许 的 贸易 补救 措施 , 如 紧急 进口 保障 措施 和 反倾销 措施 , 确保 关系 我国 经济 安全 和 重大 利益 的 产业 健康 稳定 发展 .\r\n同时 , 要 依照 中国 法律 , 严格 审批 程序 , 加强 服务行业 监督 管理 .\r\n第四 , 改进 文化 产品 管理 .\r\n同时 , 对 国外 文化 产品 的 进口 要 严格 审批 , 防止 不良 文化 的 侵入 .\r\nWTO 的 行为 规则 和 运作 机制 的 很多 内容 对 我们 来说 都是 新 的 , 我们 必须 转变 观念 , 转换 机制 , 才能 适应 WTO 的 要求 .\r\n依法 治国 是 我们 党 领导 人民 治理 国家 的 基本 方略 .\r\n要 做到 有法必依 , 违法必究 , 执法必严 , 全面 提高 执法 水平 .\r\n同时 还要 大力 培训 国内 企业 经营 管理者 , 使 他们 尽快 熟悉 国际 经贸 活动 的 规则 , 增强 开拓 国际 市场 的 能力 .\r\n观察家 指出 , 这 一 轮 调整 与 过去 最 本质 的 不同 , 就在于 明确 提出 了 以 市场 为 主导 的 战略 .\r\n与此同时 , 人民 生活 总体上 进入 了 小康 水平 , 人们 不再 满足 温饱 , 对 农产品 的 质量 提出 了 更高 的 要求 .\r\n随着 中国 加入 世贸 组织 的 日益 临近 , 中国 农业 第一 感到 了 来自 国际 市场 的 压力 .\r\n为 解决 农村 富余 劳动力 的 问题 , 政府 主张 大力 发展 乡镇企业 和 小 城镇 .\r\n经济学家 认为 , 这 不仅 有利于 转移 农村 富余 劳动力 , 增加 农民 收入 , 而且 还 有利于 带动 投资 和 消费 需求 的 增长 , 促进 整个 国民经济 的 持续 , 快速 , 健康 发展 .\r\n专家 预测 , 今后 三十 年 , 中国 人口 将达到 十六亿 , 如果 人均 每年 需要 四百 公斤 粮食 , 就 需要 比 现在 增产 约 百分之三十 .\r\n因此 , 中国 政府 要求 各地 大力 保存 粮食 生产能力 , 将来 一旦 需要 可以 应变 .\r\n新华社 北京 2月28日 电 ( 记者 朱冬菊 ) 快速 , 准确 地 查办 渎职 案件 , 需要 各方面 的 积极 协调 , 紧密 配合 .\r\n一些 音 象 出版 单位 靠 主业 难以 为 继 , 正版 音 象 制品 市场 极度 萎缩 .\r\n这是 文化部 部长 孙家正 在 今天 举行 的 九届 全国 人大 常委会 第十四 会议 上 指出 的 .\r\n针对 近年来 我国 文化 市场 存在 的 突出 问题 , 全国 人大 常委会 今天 专门 听取 文化部 关于 文化 市场 管理 情况 的 报告 .\r\n孙家正 介绍 说 , 非法 音 象 制品 主要 来源 有 三 : 一 是 走私 贩私 .\r\n二 是 境内 地下 光盘 生产线 继续 生产 .\r\n三 是 一些 合法 出版 , 复制 单位 经 不住 非法 音 象 制品 的 冲击 和 高额 利润 的 诱惑 也 生产 , 制作 非法 音 象 制品 .\r\n孙家正 分析 说 , 造成 我国 非法 音 象 制品 长期 充斥 市场 的 原因 主要 有 : -- 群众 日益 增长 的 消费 需求 与 正版 节目 的 相对 供给 不足 , 给 非法 音 象 制品 留下 了 巨大 的 市场 空间 .\r\n有些 消费者 也 因为 价格 便宜 , 极 难 自觉 拒绝 盗版 .\r\n因此 , 难以 形成 对 非法 音 象 制品 的 合围 之势 .\r\n-- 管理 不力 与 执法 困难 同时 存在 .\r\n在 管理体制 上 , 特别是 在 地方 , 目前 仍然 存在 多头 管理 , 政 出 多 门 , 左右 交叉 , 上下 错位 的 状况 .\r\n在 工作 中 , 也 存在 着 有的 管理 人员 包庇 非法 经营 , 不法分子 得不到 应有 的 处罚 和 一些 管理 人员 不断 受到 打击报复 甚至 人身 威胁 , 产生 畏难 情绪 的 问题 .\r\n一 , 文化部 , 公安部 , 国家 工商 行政 管理局 , 新闻 出版 署 , 全国 \" 扫黄 \" \" 打非 \" 工作 小组 等 有关 部门 协同 行动 , 综合治理 , 及时 掌握 市场 动态 , 有 针对性 地 开展 集中 打击 行动 .\r\n二 , 大力 压缩 整顿 音 象 制品 集中 经营 场所 , 严厉 打击 非法 摊贩 和 游商 .\r\n1999年3月 , 文化部 发出 通知 , 要求 对 全国 现有 162 有 10 以上 业 户 的 集中 经营 场所 进行 压缩 整顿 , 力争 到 2000年 底 压缩 二分之一 .\r\n四 , 进一步 完善 管理 措施 , 理顺 管理体制 , 加强 对 市场 的 日常 管理 .\r\n在 有关 监督 的 具体 工作 安排 上 , 要 做好 协调 工作 .\r\n同时 强调 要 正确 认识 海关 队伍 暴露 出来 的 问题 , 深入 开展 廉政建设 和 反腐败 斗争 .\r\n为此 , 记者 走访 了 海关 总署 署长 钱冠林 .\r\n钱冠林 简要 介绍 了 1998年7月 全国 打击 走私 工作会议 以来 海关 队伍 建设 情况 .\r\n海关 系统 将 以 中央 确定 的 反腐败 3 工作 格局 为 重点 , 全面 加强 海关 队伍 建设 , 今年 要 扎扎实实 抓好 5 工作 .\r\n第一 , \" 从严 治 关 \" 必须 首先 从严 治 \" 官 \" , 强化 对 领导干部 的 管理 和 监督 .\r\n第二 , 围绕 正确 处理 与 工作 对 像 关系 问题 深入 开展 教育 整顿 , 切实 纠正 行业 不正之风 .\r\n一经 发现 , 严肃 处理 , 绝不 搞 \" 功过 相抵 \" , \" 下不为例 \" .\r\n凡 违反 《 海关 廉政 规定 》 等 法规 的 , 一律 按 上限 从严 处分 .\r\n他 同时 指出 中国 经济 存在 的 主要问题 是 , 社会 有效 需求 不足 , 经济 结构 不合理 矛盾 仍 很 突出 , 农民 收入 增长 减缓 , 社会 就业 压力 增大 .\r\n经济 运行 质量 进一步 改善 .\r\n一部分 地区 和 行业 的 国有 大中型 企业 实现 了 整体 扭亏为盈 .\r\n固定资产 投资 总体上 继续 保持 增长 态势 .\r\n全年 全社会 固定资产 投资 比 上年 增长 百分之五点二 , 其中 国有 及 其它 经济 类型 投资 增长 百分之六点一 .\r\n外贸 出口 转 降 为 升 .\r\n全年 出口 总额 达到 一千九百四十九亿 美元 , 比 上年 增长 百分之六点一 , 明显 好 於 年初 的 预期 .\r\n一九九九年 上半年 , 市场 销售 比较 平淡 .\r\n全年 社会 消费品 零售 总额 比 上年 增长 百分之六点八 , 其中 第四 季度 增长 百分之八 .\r\n尽管 全年 增长速度 还 不算 高 , 但 从 动态 情况 看 , 市场 活跃 的 趋势 已 露 端倪 .\r\n特别是 \" 神 舟 号 \" 飞船 试验 飞行 成功 , 标志 著 中国 载人 航天 事业 迈出 了 重要 步伐 .\r\n《 条例 》 共 13 92 .\r\n《 条例 》 指出 , 军队 院校 教育 是 国家 教育 事业 的 重要 组成部分 , 是 培养 军事 人才 的 基本 途径 .\r\n《 条例 》 自 发布 之 日 起 施行 .\r\n水资源 状况 是 制约 西部 大 开发 的 一个 重要 因素 .\r\n西部 地区 特别是 西北 地区 , 土地 辽阔 , 水资源 稀缺 , 水土流失 严重 , 生态 环境 极为 脆弱 .\r\n因此 , 水资源 是 这 一 地区 最 具有 战略 意义 的 资源 , 水资源 的 合理 开发利用 是 实施 西部 大 开发 战略 极为 重要 的 内容 .\r\n这 四 方面 归结 到 一点 , 就是 要 搞好 水资源 优化 配置 , 努力 提高 水资源 的 科学 利用 水平 .\r\n由于 不 注意 水资源 的 有效 配置 和 科学 利用 , 常常 好心 办 坏事 , 破坏 了 生态 环境 , 是 西部 水资源 开发 中 需要 汲取 的 教训 .\r\n汪恕诚 说 , 塔里木河 上游 由于 盲目 扩大 灌溉 面积 , 增加 了 用水量 , 造成 整个 河流 缩短 了 几百公里 , 下游 的 胡杨林 死 了 近 三分之一 , 出现 了 沙漠化 倾向 .\r\n上游 地下 水位 的 上升 , 又 造成 了 土地 的 盐碱化 .\r\n这样的 事例 在 西部 还有 不少 .\r\n西部 的 每一个 省 , 市 , 区 都 将 有 一定 的 工程 安排 , 但 各 有 侧重 .\r\n新华社 北京 二月二十八日 电 ( 记者 李明江 ) 中国人民 解放军 副 总参谋长 熊光楷 中将 今天 下午 在这里 会见 了 美军 太平洋 总部 司令 丹尼斯·布莱尔 上将 .\r\n此前 , 海军 司令员 石云生 中将 会见 了 布莱尔 一行 .\r\n布莱尔 一行 是 应 中国人民 解放军 总参谋部 的 邀请 , 于 昨天 下午 抵京 开始 访问 的 .\r\n随后 , 各位 副 院长 也 与 所 分管 的 庭 室 局 办 的 一把手 签订 了 责任书 .\r\n对于 因 严重 官僚主义 , 用人 失察 , 疏于 管理 而 负有 直接 领导 责任 的 , 要 给予 纪律处分 .\r\n只有 这样 , 才能 在 前进 的 征程 中 永不 掉队 , 长盛不衰 . 纪律 废弛 , 法度 不 彰 , 是 队伍 建设 的 大敌 .\r\n只有 严格 管理 , 严格 监督 , 才能 使 正气 得到 大力 弘扬 , 歪风邪气 得到 有力 遏制 , 使 整个 法官 队伍 的 精神面貌 焕然一新 .\r\n重申 对 台 比 港澳 宽松 据悉 , 江泽民 在 内部 讲话 中 还 再次 重申 了 以下 一些 重要 原则 :\r\n统一 后 的 台湾 不必 接受 中共 领导 , 中共 不会 到 台湾 去 发展 组织 ;\r\n白皮书 充分 表明 中国 在 解决 台湾 问题 上 的 紧迫感 和 使命感 .\r\n中国 绝 不会 允许 \" 台独 \" 势力 在 岛内 为所欲为 .\r\n如果 有人 放弃 一个 中国 的 原则 , 甚至 以 各种 手段 谋求 各种 形式 将 台湾 从 中国 分裂 出去 , 都会 将 海峡 两岸 拉 向 战争 的 深渊 .\r\n但 美国 霸权主义 为了 牵制 中国 , 将 台湾 视为 制约 中国 大陆 的 \" 王牌 \" . 推行 所谓 \" 不 统 不 战 不和 \" 的 策略 , 企图 将 台湾 永远 分裂 出去 .\r\n美国 这 一 策略 是 为 其 全球 战略 服务 的 .\r\n美日 的 行动 有可能 在 东亚 引发 大国 对抗 , 危及 亚太地区 乃至 世界 的 和平 .\r\n继 去年 初 美国防部 发表 台海 军事 力量 报告 后 , 美 明显 加强 对 台 军售 的 针对性 , 提高 武器 的 技术 含量 .\r\n不仅 加强 对 F ─ 十六 战机 的 售后服务 , 而且 不顾 中方 强烈 反对 , 坚持 向 台 出售 早期 预警 系统 等 , 并 考虑 向 台 出售 转让 宙斯 驱逐舰 \" 爱国者 \" Ⅲ 型 导弹 及 TMD 相关 技术 等 .\r\n在 捍卫 国家 主权 和 领土 完整 的 大是大非 问题 上 , 中国 政府 从来 是 毫不 妥协 的 , 从来 是 说话 算数 的 .\r\n为了 维护 国家 安全 和 实现 祖国 统一 , 中国 必须 加快 国防 现代化 , 不断 增强 军事 实力 .\r\n中国 加强 国防 实力 完全 是 为了 自卫 , 有利 於 亚太地区 的 和平 与 稳定 , 有利 於 世界 和平 .\r\n当年 国内 生产 总值 增长 7.1% , 好于 年初 预料 .\r\n外汇储备 1547亿 美元 , 税收 突破 1万亿 元 , 双双 达到 历史 高位 .\r\n对此 , 全国 人大 代表 姚振炎 说 , 扩大 国内 需求 , 实施 积极 的 财政 政策 和 相应的 货币 政策 , 发挥 了 关键性 的 作用 .\r\n这 一 年 恰逢 中华人民共和国 成立 50 周年 和 澳门 回归 , 同时 面临 着 即将 参加 WTO , 进一步 融入 世界 经济 的 机遇 与 挑战 .\r\n此时 , 被 称为 国民经济 晴雨表 的 股市 已 持续 低迷 .\r\n与 1998年 新发 国债 主要 用于 基础 设施 建设 不同 , 1999年 国债 筹资 有 一部分 是 用于 企业 技改 贷款 的 贴息 支出 , 鼓励 企业 进行 技术 设备 更新 , 增加 高新技术 投入 .\r\n据 测算 , 90亿 元 财政 贴息 可 拉动 约 1800亿 元 的 技改 投资 .\r\n其 三 , 发展 经济 , 我们 坚持 采取 扩大 内需 的 方针 , 这 与 扩大 对外开放 , 充分 利用 国内 国外 两 个 市场 , 两 种 资源 并不 矛盾 .\r\n1月 和 7月 两 次 提高 出口 退税 率 , 使 出口 商品 的 综合 退税 率 达到 15% 以上 , 并 加快 退税 进度 , 全年 办理 出口 退税 628亿 元 , 这 对 扭转 出口 下滑 局面 起到 了 显著 作用 .\r\n4月 财政部 调整 进口 设备 税收 政策 , 适当 增加 进口 , 加之 海关 严厉 打击 走私 犯罪 , 使 以 进口 带动 出口 和 市场 多元化 的 策略 收到 了 预期 效果 .\r\n截至 1999年 底 , 我国 外贸 出口 止 降 为 升 , 比 上年 增长 6% , 为 增加 外汇储备 , 保持 人民币 汇率 稳定 , 拉动 全年 经济 增长 做出 了 宝贵 的 贡献 .\r\n有的 代表 评价 , 这是 \" 没有 重复 建设 , 办 了 多年 以来 想 办 的 事情 \" .\r\n九 全国 人大 代表 , 中国人民 银行 研究 局 局长 谢平 说 , 实践 证明 , 中央 确定 的 国债 资金 投向 是 正确 的 .\r\n功 在 当前 , 利 在 长远 .\r\n其中 较大 险情 减少 84% , 管 涌 险情 减少 90% .\r\n他 说 , 兴修 水利 , 整治 江湖 的 效应 显而易见 .\r\n这种 变化 来自 始于 1998年 下半年 大规模 开展 的 全国 农村 电网 改造 工程 .\r\n1999年 , 中国 经济 饱尝 了 生产过剩 的 苦恼 , 也 在 结构 的 逐渐 调整 和 技术 进步 中 走向 了 新生 .\r\n当年 , 发生 \" 爆 库 \" 或 出现 积压 的 粮食 , 棉花 , 糖 料 等 均 减少 了 播种面积 , 总产量 分别 较 上年 约 减少 了 1% , 11% , 10% .\r\n一些 农民 从 \" 增产 不 增收 \" 中 得到 教训 , 不再 盲目 追求 产量 , 转而 注重 市场 变化 , 品种 改良 , 科技 投入 , 收益 因此 节节 攀高 者 不乏其人 .\r\n同时 , 在 市场 力量 的 推动 和 银行 贷款 的 支持 下 , 一批 科技 含量 高 , 能耗 少 , 功能 多 的 新型 家电 , 电脑 , 移动 通讯 等 产品 迅速 崛起 , 进一步 改善 了 市场 供给 .\r\n持续 20 多个月 呈 负增长 的 物价 水平 , 随着 内需 的 启动 逐渐 缩小 下降 幅度 , 且 商品 价格 回升 的 种类 正在 增多 .\r\n我们 相信 , 只要 坚持 扩大 内需 的 方针 和 实施 积极 的 财政 政策 , 中国 经济 一定 能够 随着 国际 环境 的 好转 , 政策 的 完善 , 改革 的 深化 , 体制 的 更替 , 步入 良性 循环 .\r\n制定 法律 , 修改 法律 , 解释 法律 --- 立法 日臻 成熟 质量 高 在 过去 的 一 年 里 , 立法 法 的 制定 备受 世人 关注 .\r\n近年来 , 我国 立法 工作 步伐 加快 .\r\n经过 全国 人大 常委会 两 审议 , 立法 法 草案 将 提请 九届 全国 人大 三 会议 审议 .\r\n立法 , 不单 要 有 数量 , 更 要 有 质量 .\r\n姚 女士 的 要求 , 得到 了 国家 环保 总局 的 支持 .\r\n姚 女士 的 经历 印证 了 一个 事实 : 法律 , 既要 保证 行政 机关 依法 行使 职权 , 又要 防止 行政权 的 滥用 , 保护 公民 权利 .\r\n姚 女士 的 胜诉 也 印证 了 一个 事实 : 只有 依法 行政 , 才能 正确 地 行使 职权 , 才能 得到 群众 的 支持 和 配合 .\r\n在 行政 复议 法 之前 , 已有 行政 诉讼法 , 国家 赔偿法 , 行政 处罚 法 等 一系列 法律 规定 制约 行政 权力 .\r\n谈起 依法 行政 , 一些 代表 , 委员 认为 : \" 对于 各级 政府 来说 , 依法 行政 是 必然 要求 , 也是 最佳 选择 . \"\r\n加大 监督 力度 , 改进 监督 方式 , 完善 监督 程序 --- 监督 有了 实效 加强 监督 , 一直 是 广大群众 极为 关注 的 话题 .\r\n九 全国 人大 二 会议 后 , 李鹏 委员长 明确 指出 : 把 监督 工作 放在 与 立法 工作 同等 重要 位置 , 进一步 加大 监督 力度 , 改进 监督 方式 , 完善 监督 程序 , 重视 监督 实效 .\r\n制定 监督 法 , 是 近 几 年 来 代表 , 委员 们 的 共同 呼声 .\r\n该 市 潘岱乡 白 莲 村 村民 不满 该 村 财务 账目 不 清 , 召开 了 有 600 村民 参加 的 村民 会议 , 依法 罢免 了 村委会 主任 何光寿 的 职务 .\r\n全国 人大 代表 , 河南省 人大 常委会 副主任 马宪章 说 : \" 全国 12亿 多 人口 , 9亿 在 农村 , 这是 我国 的 基本 国情 .\r\n在 加强 基层 民主 法制 建设 的 过程 中 , 要 注重 调动 群众 参与 的 积极性 , 创造性 . \"\r\n修订 后 的 村民委员会 组织法 , 将 民主 选举 , 民主 决策 , 民主 管理 , 民主 监督 \" 四 民主 \" 用 法律 的 形式 固定 下来 , 不但 给 村民 们 带来 了 实施 民主 权利 的 热情 , 也 给 了 他们 进行 民主 管理 的 法律 权力 .\r\n据了解 , 去年 以来 , 村 务 公开 和 民主 管理 已 在 全国各地 普遍 实行 .\r\n法院 有了 判决 , 就 应该 执行 , 否则 哪有 公正 可言 ? \"\r\n据统计 , 去年 1 至 10月 , 全国 法院 共 执 结 案件 165万 余 件 , 同比 增长 31% ; 标 的 达 1437亿 元 .\r\n一九八六年七月十日 , 中国 常驻 联合国 日内瓦 代表团 大使 钱嘉东 照会 关贸总协定 总 干事 阿瑟·邓克尔 , 正式 提出 中国 关于 恢复 在 关贸总协定 ( 一九九五年 后 为 世贸 组织 ) 缔约 方 地位 的 申请 .\r\n一九八九年 以后 , 以 美国 为首 的 西方 国家 对 中国 提出 了 不切实际 的 要求 , 中美 复关 谈判 陷入 停顿 .\r\n此间 专家 分析 认为 , 去年 以来 中国 \" 入世 \" 进程 的 加快 , 是 中国 政府 高层 审时度势 作出 的 一个 战略性 决策 的 结果 .\r\n正如 《 人民 日报 》 最近 刊登 的 一 篇 文章 所 说 , 加快 中国 \" 入世 \" 的 谈判 进程 , 使 中国 早日 加入 世贸 组织 , 是 中国 发展 社会主义 市场经济 的 必然 选择 , 也是 中国 进一步 推进 改革开放 的 需要 .\r\n因此 , 中美 达成 双边 协议 , 扫清 了 中国 \" 入世 \" 道路 上 的 最大 障碍 .\r\n事实上 , 中国 尽快 加入 世贸 组织 , 不仅 对 中国 自身 , 而且 对 世界 各国 , 世贸 组织 和 世界 经济 发展 都是 有利 的 .\r\n正如 世贸 组织 总 干事 迈克尔·穆尔 日前 在 北京 接受 记者 采访 时 指出 , 世贸 组织 没有 中国 的 参加 , 只是 半个 世界 贸易 组织 ; 只有 在 中国 加入 后 , 它 才能 成为 真正 的 世界 贸易 组织 .\r\n中国 加入 世贸 组织 之 日 将 是 一个 历史性 事件 , 对 中国 和 世界 都是 一个 伟大 的 日子 .\r\n一些 以 中国 加入 世贸 组织 为 主题 的 研讨会 和 研讨班 等 , 也 受到 普遍 欢迎 .\r\n据 一些 专家 分析 , 随着 中国 加入 世贸 组织 这 一 天 的 日益 临近 , 与 \" 入世 \" 有关 的 问题 可能 会 成为 今年 即将 举行 的 \" 两会 \" 关注 的 重要 议题 .\r\n正 由於 这样 , 两岸 关系 在 毛泽东 蒋介石 后期 已经 出现 某种 松动 , 特别是 邓小平 蒋经国 时期 , 两岸 关系 进一步 朝 著 和缓 平稳 方向 发展 .\r\n到 了 中国 政府 的 第三 领导人 江泽民 , 更是 全力 推进 祖国 统一 大业 .\r\n这是 中华人民共和国 成立 以来 , 中国 共产党 人 对 中国 国民党 人 大陆 同胞 对 台湾 同胞 表现 出来 的 最 宽松 的 气氛 和 最 真诚 的 善意 .\r\n然而 台湾 当权者 的 头目 李登辉 却 反其道而行之 . 逐步 迈向 \" 台独 \" 分裂 之路 .\r\n按照 人类 道义 , 按照 国际法 , 一个 国家 有 权力 有 责任 有 义务 维护 一个 国家 的 主权 和 领土 完整 , 实现 国家 统一 .\r\n在 这 方面 , 中国 人民 是 有 光荣 传统 的 , 是 真诚 地 热爱 自己的 祖国 的 , 是 不甘 受 外国 侵略者 欺侮 的 , 是 不 愿意 丢失 自己 国家 一 寸 神圣 土地 的 .\r\n早在 一九五零年 进行 了 抗美援朝 保家卫国 伟大 的 爱国主义 和 国际主义 斗争 , 坚决 抵抗 和 打败 了 美国 侵略者 , 一九六九年 , 又 坚决 反击 了 前 苏联 发动 侵占 我国 珍宝岛 斗争 .\r\n一九七九年 , 又 同 当时 的 越南 进行 了 自卫 还击 , 保卫 边疆 之 战 .\r\n这些 都是 保卫 和 维护 中国 主权 和 领土 完整 的 爱国 的 正义 举动 , 是 不容 质疑 和 非议 的 .\r\n白皮书 中 指出 的 第三 情况 , 如果 台湾 当局 无限期 地 拒绝 通过 谈判 和平 解决 两岸 统一 问题 , 中国 政府 只能 被迫 使用 武力 解决 问题 .\r\n这是 台湾 当局 一厢情愿 的 想法 , 在 现实 中 是 行不通 的 .\r\n不仅 如此 , 今年 是 中国 实现 \" 九五 \" 计划 和 本世纪末 重要 奋斗 目标 的 最后 一 年 , 也是 中国 人民 为 在 新世纪 实现 民族 伟大 复兴 厉兵秣马 作好 准备 的 重要 一 年 .\r\n\" 两会 \" 的 主要 议程 今年 \" 两会 \" 会期 延续 了 去年 会期 简短 的 特点 .\r\n九 全国 人大 三 会议 将 於 三月五日 至 十五日 举行 , 与 去年 相同 .\r\n而 全国 政协 九 届 三 会议 将 於 三月三日 召开 , 於 十一日 闭幕 , 比 去年 还 少 两 天 , 堪称 政协 历史 上 最 短 的 一次 全国 会议 .\r\n李鹏 亲作 人大 工作 报告 值得 注意 的 是 , 今年 将 一 改 以往 由 全国 人大 常委会 副 委员长 作 常委会 工作 报告 的 惯例 , 李鹏 委员长 将 亲自 做 常委会 工作 报告 , 这是 全国 人大 会议 几十 年 来 的 一次 改革 .\r\n从 全国 人大 的 历史 来看 , 在 刘少奇 担任 第一 届 全国 人大 常委会 委员长 期间 , 常委会 的 工作 报告 并 没有 由 委员长 宣读 , 而是 直接 分发 给 代表 的 .\r\n由 李鹏来 作 常委会 报告 , 将 有利 於 人大 工作 在 新世纪 开创 新 的 局面 , 有利 增强 人大 工作 的 透明度 , 使 人大 工作 更加 面向 社会 , 面向 公众 .\r\n此外 , \" 两会 \" 新闻 中心 还将 安排 一些 地方 省市 领导 接受 中外 记者 的 集体 采访 .\r\n司令 机关 是 军队 的 指挥 中枢 和 军事 领 率 机关 , 在 作战 指挥 和 部队 建设 中 发挥 着 \" 头脑 \" 作用 , 履行 着 重要 职能 .\r\n江主席 在 全军 参谋长 会议 上 深刻 指出 : 当前 , 世界 军事 领域 正在 发生 深刻 变化 , 特别是 作战 指挥 领域 变化 之大 前所未有 , 信息处理 时间 大大 缩短 , 战略 , 战役 , 战术 指挥 融 为 一体 , 司令 机关 的 工作效率 和 质量 对 战争 胜负 有着 决定性 的 影响 .\r\n这 一 主题 将 促进 学 雷锋 学 李向群 活动 的 新 发展 , 具有 重要 意义 .\r\n37 年 前 的 春天 , 毛泽东 主席 亲笔 题词 , 号召 \" 向 雷锋 同志 学习 \" .\r\n刘少奇 , 周恩来 , 朱德 , 邓小平 , 陈云 等 老一辈 革命家 , 也 分别 题词 给予 雷锋 精神 以 高度 赞扬 .\r\n全党 全军 全国 人民 热烈 响应 , 一个 群众性 学 雷锋 活动 在 中华 大地 上 迅速 开展 起来 .\r\n教育 引导 青年 官兵 象 雷锋 李向群 那样 坚定 革命 理想 信念 .\r\n思想 政治 工作 要 为 \" 打得赢 \" 提供 强大 的 精神 动力 , 具体 到 学 雷锋 学 李向群 活动 来说 , 就是 要 最大限度 地 调动 和 激发 广大 青年 官兵 的 积极性 , 创造性 , 始终 保持 高昂 的 练兵 热情 .\r\n要 教育 青年 官兵 象 雷锋 , 李向群 那样 , 刻苦 钻研 军事 技术 , 熟练 掌握 手中 武器 , 练就 \" 打得赢 \" 的 过硬 本领 , 实现 人 与 武器 的 最佳 结合 .\r\n把 学 雷锋 学 李向群 活动 卓有成效 地 推向 新世纪 .\r\n而 放弃 一个 中国 原则 , 甚至 以 各种 手段 谋求 各种 形式 的 以 分裂 为 目的 的 独立 , 则 只能 将 海峡 两岸 拉 向 战争 的 深渊 .\r\n近些年 来 , 以 李登辉 为 代表 的 台湾 分裂 势力 , 对 中国 政府 的 严正 警告 置若罔闻 , 在 各种 政治 幌子 的 掩盖 下 大肆 进行 分裂 活动 , 企图 制造 独立 .\r\n在 理论上 , 他们 逐步 背离 一个 中国 原则 , 相继 鼓吹 \" 两 政府 \" , \" 两 对等 政治 实体 \" , \" 台湾 已经 是 个 主权 独立 的 国家 \" , 纵容 , 扶持 主张 所谓 \" 台湾 独立 \" 的 分裂 势力 及其 活动 .\r\n世界上 只有 一个 中国 , 台湾 是 中国 领土 的 一部分 , 中国 的 领土 和 主权 不容 分割 .\r\n坚持 \" 台独 \" 就 意味着 两岸 之间 的 战争 .\r\n只要 出现 台湾 被 以 任何 名义 从 中国 分裂 出去 的 重大 事变 , 我们 就 会 义无反顾 地 采取 断然 措施 , 包括 使用 武力 , 来 维护 中国 的 主权 和 领土 完整 .\r\n也 正 因为 如此 , 近 一个 时期 以来 , 美国 决策者 被迫 意识到 , 避免 台湾海峡 再次 发生 冲突 和 对抗 , 乃至 动摇 中美 关系 的 基础 , 是 最 有利于 其 自身 战略 利益 的 明智 选择 .\r\n大量 事实 证明 , 这些 年来 虽然 美国 方面 已 确认 并 一再 声称 坚持 \" 一个 中国 \" 的 立场 , 但 美国 反华 势力 实际上 却 一直 把 台湾 视为 一个 政治 实体 , 声称 要 \" 增进 与 台湾 的 关系 \" .\r\n当年 《 与 台湾 关系 法 》 的 阴影 尚未 驱散 , 现在 美国 国会 中 的 反华 势力 又 鼓噪 所谓 《 加强 台湾 安全 法 》 法案 .\r\n它 不仅 是 对 中国 内政 的 粗暴 干涉 和 对 中国 安全 的 严重 威胁 , 阻碍 了 中国 的 和平 统一 进程 , 同时 也 危害 了 亚太地区 乃至 世界 的 和平 与 稳定 .\r\n上述 \" 三 如果 \" 中 , 把 外国 干涉 列为 通过 和平 方式 解决 台湾 问题 的 主要 障碍 之一 , 是 有 充分 根据 的 .\r\n据不完全统计 , 1950- 1987年 , 美 对 台 军售 协议 额 近 64亿 美元 , 但 1988- 1997年 的 10 年 里 却 高达 113.8亿 美元 .\r\n今年 2月 , 在 一些 反华 议员 的 鼓噪 下 , 美国 众议院 又 悍然 通过 了 所谓 《 加强 台湾 安全 法 》 法案 , 试图 以 法律 形式 使 其 成为 有 约束力 的 文件 .\r\n美国 反华 势力 既是 造成 台湾 问题 的 根源 , 也是 导致 台湾 问题 久拖不决 的 主要 外部 因素 .\r\n尽早 和平 解决 台湾 问题 , 实现 祖国 完全 统一 , 这是 包括 台湾 人民 在内 的 全 中国 人民 的 根本 利益 所在 , 也 有利于 中美 关系 的 长远 发展 .\r\n他 重申 美国 政府 坚持 一个 中国 的 立场 .\r\n他 说 , 《 一个 中国 的 原则 与 台湾 问题 》 白皮书 反映 了 中国 政府 对于 台湾 问题 的 一贯 立场 , 也 反映 了 全体 中国 人民 的 愿望 , 中国 的 统一 大业 不可 阻挡 .\r\n布莱尔 一行 是 以 美国 为首 的 北约 去年 5月 轰炸 中国 驻 南联盟 大使馆 以来 第一 正式 访华 的 美国 高级 军事 代表团 .\r\n迟浩田 敦促 美国 严格 按照 中美 三 个 联合公报 的 原则 和 有关 承诺 妥善 处理 台湾 问题 , 停止 对 台 军售 , 做 真正 促进 中国 和平 统一 大业 的 事 .\r\n他 还 强调 , 中国 一直 奉行 和平 自主 的 外交 政策 , 主张 通过 平等 协商 和 对话 和平 解决 国 与 国 之间 的 分歧 .\r\n美国 坚持 一个 中国 的 原则 .\r\n成 威胁 \" 中新社 北京 二月二十九日 电 \" ( 记者 贾全欣 ) 随 著 中国 人口 的 增长 和 经济 社会 的 快速 发展 , 中国 水资源 紧缺 日趋 严重 , 对 中国 今后 的 可持续发展 构成 了 极大 的 威胁 .\r\n正常 年份 全国 灌区 每年 缺水 三百亿 立方米 , 城市 缺水 六十亿 立方米 .\r\n全国 年 排放 废 污水 总量 近 六百亿 吨 , 其中 百分之八十 未经 处理 直接 排 入 水域 .\r\n在 全国 调查 评价 的 七百 重要 河流 中 , 有 近 百分之五十 的 河段 百分之九十 以上 的 城市 沿河 水域 遭到 污染 .\r\n中共 中央 政治局 委员 , 国务院 副总理 钱其琛 出席 会议 并 讲话 , 他 指出 , 台湾 问题 不能 无限期 地 拖延 下去 , 这是 我们 的 一贯 立场 , 不是 新 提法 .\r\n不久前 发表 的 关于 一个 中国 原则 的 白皮书 , 在 国际上 引起 广泛 关注 , 也 引起 了 广大 侨胞 的 热烈 反应 .\r\n白皮书 发表 以后 , 有些 外国 传媒 认为 中国 对 解决 台湾 问题 的 政策 有 重大 变化 , 这种 看法 是 不对 的 .\r\n至于 台湾 问题 不能 无限期 地 拖 下去 , 这 也是 我们 的 一贯 立场 , 不是 新 提法 .\r\n钱其琛 说 , 早在 1984年10月 , 邓小平 同志 在 一次 讲话 中 就 明确 指出 : \" 我们 坚持 谋求 用 和平 方式 解决 台湾 问题 , 但是 始终 没有 放弃 非 和平 方式 的 可能性 , 我们 不能 作 这样的 承诺 .\r\n难道 我们 能够 放弃 国家 统一 ? \"\r\n钱其琛 说 : 发表 《 一个 中国 的 原则 与 台湾 问题 》 白皮书 , 提出 台湾 问题 不能 无限期 地 拖 下去 , 正是 为了 推动 两岸 关系 的 发展 , 敦促 台湾 当局 坐下来 和 我们 对话 和 谈判 .\r\n钱其琛 在 讲话 中 肯定 了 中国 侨联 六 会 以来 卓有成效 的 工作 和 2000年 工作 总的 要求 .\r\n中国 侨联 今年 提出 把 工作 重点 放在 进一步 \" 组织 起来 , 活跃 起来 \" , 并 赋予 了 新 的 内容 , 这 很好 .\r\n要 围绕 国家 经济 发展 的 重大 战略 部署 , 调动 侨 的 资源 的 优势 , 为 科教 兴 国 战略 和 西部 大 开发 战略 服务 .\r\n要 同 归侨 , 侨眷 和 海外侨胞 中 的 科技 人才 , 建立 广泛 联系 , 为 新一代 侨胞 回国 工作 或 开展 科技 学术 交流 牵线搭桥 .\r\n要 重视 做好 资金 , 技术 , 智力 的 引进 工作 , 为 中 , 西部 的 开发 和 科技 事业 的 发展 献计 出力 .\r\n中国 侨联 主席 林兆枢 在 会上 做 了 工作 报告 .\r\n出席 全委会 的 部分 委员 今天 还 举行 了 《 一个 中国 的 原则 与 台湾 问题 》 白皮书 座谈会 .\r\n李鹏 委员长 参加 了 今天 的 分组 审议 .\r\n洪绂 曾 , 张肖 等 委员 表示 , 监督 工作 在 过去 一 年 全国 人大 常委会 工作 中 占有 重要 位置 , 执法 检查 更 有 针对性 和 效率 , 监督 实效 得到 明显 增强 .\r\n对于 全国 人大 常委会 去年 的 立法 工作 , 人民 是 满意 的 .\r\n谷善庆 等 委员 提出 , 要 完成 繁重 的 立法 任务 , 必须 使 立法 活动 规范化 , 不断 提高 立法 工作 的 效率 和 质量 .\r\n立法 工作 要 注意 消除 部门 色彩 , 防止 和 避免 部门 利益 , 部门 保护主义 的 干扰 , 切实 维护 法律 的 公正 , 公平 .\r\n还有 一些 委员 认为 , 执法 检查 要 进一步 改进 检查 方式 , 真正 做到 轻车简从 , 力戒 形式主义 .\r\n九届 全国 人大 常委会 今天 还 分组 审议 了 九届 全国 人大 三 会议 议程 草案 等 .\r\n新华社 北京 2月29日 电 为期 3 天 的 政协 第九届 全国 委员会 常务 委员会 第八 会议 在 圆满 完成 各项 议题 后 , 今天 下午 在京 闭幕 .\r\n中共 中央 政治局 常委 , 全国 政协 主席 李瑞环 主持 了 今天 的 会议 .\r\n开好 这次 会议 , 对于 人民政协 事业 结 好 本世纪 的 尾 , 开好 下世纪 的 头 , 对于 促进 建设 有 中国 特色 社会主义 事业 的 跨世纪 发展 , 具有 十分 重要 的 意义 .\r\n然而 , 美国 自己的 人权 状况 如何 , 美国 政府 却 讳莫如深 .\r\n美国 国务院 26日 发表 的 《 1999年 国别 人权 报告 》 对 100 来 个 国家 的 人权 状况 评头论足 , 招致 诸多 国家 的 同声 谴责 .\r\n纽约 州 高等 法院 前 一 天 作出 判决 , 宣布 枪杀 无辜 黑人 迪亚洛 的 4 白人 警察 无罪 , 从而 引发 了 大规模 的 抗议 游行 .\r\n这 不能不 激起 人们 的 强烈 不满 .\r\n其实 , 迪亚洛 事件 绝非 偶然 .\r\n美国 有 报道说 , 1996年 有 3000 人 控告 芝加哥 警察 滥 施 暴力 , 旧金山 每年 有 1000 控告 警察 的 案件 , 而 洛杉矶 则 在 自问 \" 警察 的 品行 怎么 会 变得 如此 恶劣 ? \"\r\n警察 滥 施 暴力 只是 美国 人 公民 权利 受到 践踏 的 一个 方面 .\r\n难怪 愤怒 的 群众 在 听到 法院 对 迪亚洛 案件 的 判决 后 高呼 : 美国 \" 没有 公道 和 正义 可言 \" .\r\n联邦 调查 局 和 司法部 已 承诺 对 迪亚洛 案件 的 审理 进行 调查 .\r\n迪亚洛 案件 再次 说明 , \" 国际 人权 卫士 \" 在 践踏 人权 .\r\n( 第三十八 号 ) 朱邦造 驳斥 美国 对 香港 人权 的 污蔑 \" 中新社 北京 二月二十九日 电 \" 外交部 发言人 朱邦造 今天 对 美国 无视 客观 事实 , 指责 香港 人权 状况 表示 气愤 .\r\n朱邦造 说 , 香港 回归 后 , 中国 中央政府 和 香港特区 政府 贯彻 \" 一国两制 \" \" 港人 治 港 \" 和 高度 自治 的 方针 .\r\n在 基本法 的 保障 下 , 广大 港人 继续 享有 广泛 人权 民主 和 自由 , 这是 国际 社会 普遍 承认 的 事实 .\r\n香港特区 政府 和 各界人士 纷纷 对此 提出 批评 .\r\n他 说 , 中国 政府 对此 表示 坚决 反对 .\r\n( 第四十七 号 ) 朱邦造 反驳 台湾 对 \" 一个 中国 , 各自 表述 \" 的 曲解 \" 中新社 北京 二月二十九日 电 \" 外交部 发言人 朱邦造 今天 在此间 就 台湾 有关 \" 一个 中国 , 各自 表述 \" 的 曲解 , 作 了 反驳 和 详细 解释 .\r\n他 指出 , 任何 分裂 图谋 都 不可能 得逞 .\r\n朱邦造 表示 , 这 一 说法 是 对 双方 当时 达成 共识 的 歪曲 .\r\n海协会 的 具体 表述 是 , \" 海峡 两岸 都 坚持 一个 中国 的 原则 , 努力 谋求 国家 统一 .\r\n他 指出 , 台湾 有关方面 将 \" 一个 中国 \" 的 共识 歪曲 为 \" 一个 中国 , 各自 表述 \" , 是 不 符合 实际情况 的 , 其 意图 是 在 各自 表述 的 名义 下 , 塞进 分裂 主张 .\r\n他 又 一次 提出 , 中方 近日 发表 的 白皮书 再一次 向 国际 社会 全面 阐述 了 中国 在 解决 台湾 问题 上 的 原则 立场 .\r\n另外 , 中国 欢迎 朝鲜 同 西方 发达国家 改善 发展 关系 .\r\n目前 中国 农业部 长 陈耀邦 和 日本 农林 水产 大臣 玉泽德 一 郎 就 该 决议 的 生效 问题 举行 了 会谈 并 达成 一致 .\r\n他 希望 此举 有助 於 朝鲜半岛 的 和平 稳定 和 发展 .\r\n中国 政府 将 与 联合国 人权 高 专办 公室 合作 , 於 三月一日 至 三日 在 北京 举行 第八 亚太 人权 研讨会 .\r\n联合国 人权 高 专 玛丽罗宾逊 夫人 将 应邀 来 京 出席 该 研讨会 .\r\n罗宾逊 夫人 在京 期间 , 国务院 副总理 钱其琛 将 会见 她 .\r\n全国 人大 外委会 外交部 有关 领导 将 分别 与 她 会谈 , 就 包括 双方 合作 在内 的 共同 关心 的 问题 交换 意见 .\r\n自 签署 两 公约 以来 , 中国 政府 有关 部门 积极 为 批准 两 公约 作准备 , 对 公约 的 内容 作 了 大量 全面 细致 的 研究 .\r\n在此 期间 , 中方 同 欧盟 等 西方 国家 曾多次 就 批准 和 履约 问题 进行 交流 .\r\n这 说明 , 中方 在 批准 两 公约 问题 上 认真 负责 的 态度 .\r\n对 公民 权利 和 政治权利 的 国际公约 , 中国 政府 有关 部门 正在 进行 仔细 研究 .\r\n朱邦造 说 , 这次 访问 是 熊光楷 副 总长 今年 年初 应邀 访问 华盛顿 时 和美 方 就 今年 中美 两 军 交流 计划 达成 共识 中 的 一个 组成部分 .\r\n他 说 , 布莱尔 上将 访华 期间 , 军方 的 领导人 会 予以 会见 , 他 将 同 熊 副 总长 就 中美 两 军 的 交往 以及 双方 共同 关心 的 地区 和 国际 问题 进行 商谈 .\r\n布莱尔 在 访华 期间 还将 访问 南京 .\r\n有关 中国 经济 财政 预算 情况 , 将会 提供 给 与会 代表 和 政协 委员 参考 , 中外 传媒 也 会 获得 有关 资料 , 透明度 是 相当 高 的 .\r\n朱鎔基 总理 所 作 的 《 政府 工作 报告 》 , 是 反映 中国 最新 政经 行情 的 权威性 文件 , 备受 中外 关注 .\r\n预料 报告 将 总结 一九九九年 的 发展 经验 , 提出 二零零零年 的 施政 方略 , 并 对 中 远期 前景 作出 展望 .\r\n在 《 政府 工作 报告 》 中 , 以及 国家 计划 和 财政 预算 报告 中 , 将会 宣布 去年 经济 发展 情况 和 今年 的 发展 目标 .\r\n据 国家统计局 初步 测算 , 一九九九年 国内 生产 总值 ( GDP ) 为 八万二千零五十四亿 元 ( 人民币 , 下同 ) , 按 可比价格 计算 , 比 上年 增长 百分之七点一 , 达到 了 预期 的 增长 目标 .\r\n另据 中国 社会 科学院 经济 专家 透露 , 二零零零年 GDP 的 增长 目标 也 将 定为 百分之七 左右 .\r\n不久前 国家 有关 部门 经 测算 后 , 曾经 提出 三 可供 选择 的 方案 : 增长 百分之八 , 百分之七点五 和 百分之七 .\r\n有关 报告 还 会 分析 国内 国际 形势 , 是否 有利 於 中国 实现 经济 增长 目标 .\r\n这 一 形势 对 中国 外贸 增长 将 产生 积极 影响 .\r\n同时 , 中国 将 於 年 中 加入 WTO , 对 出口 增长 也是 好消息 .\r\n在 这些 因素 影响 下 , 预计 今年 出口 增长率 将 比 去年 有所 提高 , 增幅 可能 接近 百分之十 左右 .\r\n大多数 经济学家 认为 , 今年 经济 增长 百分之七 是 可以 达到 的 , 搞得好 , 实现 百分之七点五 增长率 也是 可能 的 .\r\n有关 报告 将会 宣布 , 今年 将会 持续 第三 年 执行 积极 的 财政 政策 , 通过 发行 债券 进行 财政 投资 , 扩大 内部 需求 , 促进 经济 增长 .\r\n在 可 预见 的 未来 , 人民币 汇率 不仅 不会 贬值 , 还 存在 升值 的 空间 .\r\n这是 中国 国际 收支 持续 出现 盈余 , 人民币 汇率 稳定 的 保证 .\r\n科技 练兵 必须 把 联合 作战 训练 摆到 突出 位置 , 健全 联合 作战 机制 , 打 牢 联合 作战 训练 基础 , 深入 探索 联合 战役 训练 方法 .\r\n《 意见 》 要求 各级 重点 抓好 指挥员 , 参谋 人员 , 专业 技术人员 和 教练员 四 队伍 建设 , 特别是 培养 和 造就 一大批 综合 素质 高 , 创新 能力 强 的 军事 指挥 人才 .\r\n双方 在 亲切 友好 的 气氛 中 就 中俄 双边 关系 和 共同 关心 的 国际 问题 交换 了 意见 .\r\n唐家璇 说 , 近年来 , 中俄 在 广泛 的 领域 进行 了 很好 的 合作 , 战略 协作 水平 不断 提高 , 成果 显著 .\r\n中方 愿 与 俄方 共同 努力 , 继承 和 发扬 两国 关系 中 积累 下来 的 所有 宝贵 财富 , 使 双方 各 领域 的 互利 合作 更上一层楼 .\r\n伊万诺夫 对 唐家璇 首次 访 俄 表示 热烈 欢迎 . 他 表示 相信 , 唐 外长 的 访问 将 是 富有 成效 的 , 将 进一步 推动 双边 关系 的 发展 .\r\n他 说 , 俄罗斯 对 与 中国 的 战略 协作 表示 满意 .\r\n俄 副总理 克列巴诺夫 即将 访华 , 将 与 中方 就 政治 , 经贸 等 各个 领域 的 合作 交换 意见 , 希望 此次 访问 将 取得 积极 成果 .\r\n双方 就 今年 高层 互访 事宜 交换 了 意见 .\r\n唐家璇 重申 了 中国 政府 支持 俄 政府 在 车臣 问题 上 的 立场 和 所 采取 的 打击 民族 分裂 活动 和 宗教 极端 势力 的 行动 .\r\n伊万诺夫 对 中方 在 车臣 问题 上 所 持 的 正义 立场 表示 高度 赞赏 .\r\n双方 还 就 其他 地区 和 国际 问题 交换 了 意见 , 并 取得 了 广泛 共识 .\r\n双方 表示 将 进一步 加强 在 国际 事务 中 的 合作 .\r\n会谈 后 , 两国 外长 分别 代表 各自 政府 签署 了 《 中华人民共和国 政府 与 俄罗斯 联邦 政府 关于 公民 相互 往来 的 协定 》 .\r\n唐家璇 是 28日 晚 抵达 莫斯科 , 开始 对 俄罗斯 进行 正式 访问 的 .\r\n俄罗斯 代总统 普京 将 于 3月1日 会见 唐家璇 外长 .\r\n新华社 拉萨 三月一日 电 ( 记者 朗杰 刘卫国 ) 西藏 自治区 计划 生育 委员会 主任 普布卓玛 今天 对 新华社 记者 说 , \" 自治区 政府 从未 干预 或 限制 西藏 妇女 的 生育 权利 , 对 藏族 妇女 也 没有 只能 生育 几个 孩子 的 指标 限制 , 更 不 存在 强制 堕胎 , 强制 绝育 的 情况 . \"\r\n她 强调说 : \" 现在 大多数 西藏 农村 牧区 妇女 愿意 只 生 二 , 三 胎 , 有些 有 知识 有 文化 的 妇女 只 生 一个 孩子 , 是 因为 西藏 妇女 的 生育 观念 已经 发生 变化 , 人们 更加 重视 合理 生育 . \"\r\n西藏 乃东县 农村 妇女 德兴 是 十一 孩子 的 母亲 .\r\n这位 四十五 岁 的 妇女 现在 感到 孩子 生 得 太多 给 家庭 生活 带来 了 很 重 的 负担 .\r\n据悉 , 中国 军队 在 过去 两个 月 内 , 五 在 南疆 海域 , 华北平原 和 西北 高原 进行 \" 春 \" 字号 的 大型 军事 演习 .\r\n军界 人士 指出 , \" 晨 春 \" 和 \" 明春 \" 演习 的 特点 , 就是 针对 打击 美国 航空母舰 .\r\n二月十五日 , 济南 军区 空军 进行 多 机 种 战斗 编队 跨海 演习 , 代号 \" 长春 \" , 演习 中 出动 空中 加油 机 支援 长途 飞行 的 战斗机 .\r\n中国 空军 的 加油 机 由 轰 -6D 轰炸机 改装 , 去年 十月一日 在 国庆 阅兵 大典 上 首次 亮相 .\r\n该 军界 人士 说 , 中国 对 如何 对付 航空母舰 的 问题 , 已经 研究 了 七 , 八 年 , 从 近来 的 研究 成果 来看 , 一旦 台海 战争 打响 , 恐怕 不会 有 打 不 沉 的 航空母舰 了 .\r\n\" 飞 豹 \" 媲美 F-16 其 载 弹 量 , 航程 , 速度 , 以及 电子 设备 都 远远 超过 中国 空军 现役 的 战斗机 .\r\nFBC-1 装置 的 雷达 设备 也 足以 和 台湾 的 美制 F-16 , 法制 幻影 -2000 战斗机 媲美 .\r\n\" 宋 \" 级 猎杀 核潜艇 039 水下 排水量 二千二百五十 吨 , 水下 航速 最高 达 二十二 节 , 噪音 量 是 中国 海军 中 最低 的 .\r\n在 武器 配备 上 , 039 的 武器 相当 齐全 , 具有 在 全 深度 发射 线 导 鱼雷 , 反 舰 导弹 和 布 放 水雷 的 能力 .\r\n今天 的 《 光明 日报 》 还 报道 , 河南省 安阳市 一 学生 家长 , 因 自己的 儿子 没有 被 评上 \" 三好学生 \" 和 当 上 少先队 大队 长 , 带 人 把 班主任 给 打 了 .\r\n这样的 材料 , 以前 也 看到 一些 , 确实 触目惊心 , 引起 了 我 的 深思 .\r\n正确 引导 和 帮助 青少年 学生 健康 成长 , 使 他们 能够 德 , 智 , 体 , 美 全面 发展 , 是 一个 关系 我国 教育 发展 方向 的 重大 问题 .\r\n新 中国 成立 以来 , 党 和 政府 高度 重视 发展 人民 教育 , 花 了 很大 精力 , 我国 的 教育 事业 得到 了 巨大 发展 , 为 社会主义建设 培养 了 大批 优秀 人才 .\r\n现在 , 我国 人口 已经 达到 十二亿五千万 , 在 校 受 教育 的 人数 为 二亿四千万 .\r\n这个 成就 是 了不起 的 .\r\n教育 是 一个 系统工程 , 要 不断 提高 教育 质量 和 教育 水平 , 不仅 要 加强 对 学生 的 文化 知识 教育 , 而且 要 切实 加强 对 学生 的 思想 政治 教育 , 品德 教育 , 纪律 教育 , 法制 教育 .\r\n老师 作为 \" 人类 灵魂 的 工程师 \" , 不仅 要 教好 书 , 还要 育 好人 , 各个 方面 都要 为人师表 .\r\n千万 不能 由于 对 这些 问题 处理 不当 , 引发 一些 消极 的 甚至 反面 的 后果 来 . 现在 一些 学生 负担 很 重 , 结果 形成 了 很大 的 心理 压力 .\r\n学校 与 家庭 要求 和 鼓励 青少年 勤奋 学习 , 刻苦 钻研 是 对的 , 不 经过 艰苦 的 学习 和 锻炼 , 年轻人 是 很难 成长 起来 的 , 但 一定 要 有 正确 的 指导思想 和 教育 方法 .\r\n这 方面 的 教训 不少 , 要 引以为戒 .\r\n不能 整天 把 青少年 禁锢 在 书本 上 和 屋子 里 , 要 让 他们 参加 一些 社会实践 , 打开 他们 的 视野 , 增长 他们 的 社会 经验 .\r\n学校 是 培养 人才 的 重要 园地 , 教育 是 崇高 的 社会 公益 事业 .\r\n现在 我国 高等教育 发展 很快 , 去年 高校 招生 的 数量 大幅度 增加 .\r\n社会 需要 的 人才 是 多方面 的 .\r\n\" 三百六十 行 , 行行 出 状元 . \"\r\n今天 不能 再 这样 去 考虑 问题 .\r\n二十一世纪 , 我国 既 需要 发展 知识 密集型 产业 , 也 仍然 需要 发展 各种 劳动 密集型 产业 , 经济 建设 和 社会 发展 对 人才 的 要求 是 多样化 的 .\r\n这是 我国 的 国情 和 经济 社会 全面 发展 的 客观 要求 .\r\n这个 观点 , 要好 好 地 在 全社会 进行 宣传 .\r\n这项 工作 不仅 教育 部门 要 做 , 宣传 思想 部门 , 政法 部门 以及 其他 部门 都要 做 , 全党 , 全社会 都要 来 做 .\r\n学校 和 学生 中 一定 要 发扬 正气 , 绝 不能 让 歪风邪气 抬头 .\r\n对 学生 中 发生 的 不良 行为 , 要 加强 思想 教育 , 对 违法行为 , 一定 要 依法 严肃 处理 , 千万 不能 姑息养奸 .\r\n近期 , 对于 一些 学校 内 和 周围 社会 治安 情况 不好 的 状况 , 要 集中 治理 一下 .\r\n要 经常 地 在 学生 中 开展 纪律 法制 教育 , 增强 他们 的 纪律 法制观念 , 使 他们 懂得 遵纪守法 的 道理 .\r\n要 切实 保证 学生 有一个 安静 , 和谐 , 健康 的 学习 环境 .\r\n我们 是 共产党 领导 的 社会主义 国家 , 这一点 是 应该 做到 的 , 也 必须 做到 .\r\n此间 人士 分析 认为 , 六 大 问题 将 成为 今年 \" 两会 \" 关注 的 热点 , 它们 是 : 国有 企业 改革 和 脱困 , 西部 大 开发 , 中国 加入 世贸 组织 , 科教 兴 国 , 反腐败 和 台湾 问题 .\r\n今年 是 实现 国有 企业 改革 与 脱困 三 年 目标 的 最后 一 年 , 中国 政府 能否 夺取 决战 胜利 , 倍受 瞩目 .\r\n现有 的 十四 工业 部门 , 除了 军工 和 煤炭 行业 之外 , 已有 十二 部门 扭转 了 亏损 局面 .\r\n在 减少 原有 亏损 企业 亏损 的 同时 , 能否 遏止 新 亏损 企业 的 出现 ?\r\n国有 企业 的 脱困 是 过多 地 求助 於 国家 的 优惠 政策 , 还是 建立 在 深化 改革 和 加强 管理 的 坚实 基础 上 ? ...... 人们 在 \" 两会 \" 期间 将会 就 诸如此类 的 问题 展开 深入 的 讨论 .\r\n实施 西部 大 开发 战略 , 是 中央 在 世纪之交 作出 的 具有 全局 意义 的 重大 决策 .\r\n自 中央 吹响 了 西部 大 开发 的 号角 后 , 全国各地 纷纷 响应 , 人们 对此 寄予 厚望 , 开发 西部 的 热潮 正 风起云涌 .\r\n中国 在 今年 加入 世贸 组织 已经 为时 不远 .\r\n加入 世贸 组织 是 中国 改革开放 和 现代化 建设 进程 中 的 一件 大事 , 对 中国 经济 在 新世纪 的 发展 具有 深远 影响 .\r\n如何 趋 利 除弊 ?\r\n这 自然 是 代表 和 委员 们 普遍 关心 的 一个 话题 .\r\n新世纪 到来 之际 , 世界 各国 无不 致力 於 提高 本国 科技 竞争力 , 以期 在 下个世纪 的 综合 国力 竞争 中 占 得 有利 地位 .\r\n应该 看到 , 尽管 中国 的 科技 发展 日新月异 , 但 总体 水平 与 发达国家 相比 差距 很大 .\r\n尽管 广为 关注 的 远华 特大 走私案 尚 在 查处 中 , 不会 在 今年 \" 两会 \" 公布 详细 案情 和 结果 , 但 前 一段 查处 的 一系列 大案要案 已经 引起 社会 各界 的 强烈 反响 .\r\n历史 已 将 台湾 问题 推向 了 不能 回避 , 不能 久 拖 的 重要 关头 .\r\n这 一 重要 的 政策 宣示 显示 了 大陆 方面 对 推进 两岸 和平 统一 进程 的 决心 和 紧迫感 .\r\n他 要求 广东 出入境 检验 检疫 机构 切实 做好 4 方面 的 工作 , 帮助 广东 企业 开拓 国际 市场 , 为 广东 两 个 文明 建设 再 立新 功 .\r\n我们 要 顺应 世界 经济 全球化 这个 大趋势 , 进一步 融入 国际 经济 , 才 能够 进一步 抓住 机遇 , 加快 发展 .\r\n李长春 强调 , 经济 全球化 我们 必须 打 主动 战 .\r\n要 主动 地 走出去 , 充分 利用 国际 , 国内 两 种 资源 , 两 个 市场 , 两 技术 来源 , 为 我们 现代化 建设 服务 .\r\n李长春 指出 , 在 当前 形势 下 , 处于 对外开放 第一线 的 出入境 检验 检疫 机构 , 也 面临 着 一系列 的 新 情况 .\r\n最近 , 中央政府 作出 了 \" 西部 大 开发 \" 的 决策 .\r\n这 只是 大体 的 划分 , 改革开放 以来 , 中央 把 发展 的 重点 放在 东部 ( 及 南部 , 下同 ) 沿海 一带 .\r\n迄今 以前 , 把 发展 的 重点 放在 东部 地区 , 是 正确 的 决策 .\r\n地区 发展 战略 的 转变 重点 发展 东部 地区 是 我国 改革开放 一定 阶段 上 必须 采取 的 战略 布局 .\r\n加快 开发 西部 丰富 的 自然资源 已 刻不容缓 , 否则 不仅 东部 地区 , 而且 全国 的 发展 都会 受到 自然资源 不足 的 约束 .\r\n第三 , 在 我国 人口 的 地理 分布 中 , 东部 地区 约 占 40 ﹪ , 中西部 地区 约 占 60 ﹪ .\r\n第四 , 重点 发展 东部 地区 , 导致 了 东部 与 中西部 地区 差距 的 扩大 .\r\n1978年 , 在 全国 的 国内 生产 总值 中 的 比重 , 东 中西 三 地区 分别 为 50.1 ﹪ 34.3 ﹪ 和 15.6 ﹪ , 1998年 三 者 分别 为 58.3 ﹪ 27.9 ﹪ 和 13.8 ﹪ .\r\n这就 导致 了 中西部 地区 特别是 西部 地区 的 人力 财力 资源 大量 流向 东部 地区 , 也就是 人们 通常 说 的 \" 孔雀 东南 飞 \" .\r\n资源 的 这种 流向 如 不 扭转 , 就 会 进一步 障碍 中西部 地区 , 特别是 西部 地区 的 发展 .\r\n第五 , 我国 是 一个 多 民族 国家 , 民族 关系 的 和谐 是 我国 社会 保持 稳定 经济 获得 发展 人民 生活 得以 提高 的 重要 前提 之一 .\r\n我国 西部 地区 是 我国 众多 少数民族 聚居 的 地区 .\r\n中央政府 一向 关心 少数民族 地区 经济 的 发展 和 少数民族 人民 生活 的 提高 , 从 财政 上 以及 其他 方面 一直 给予 巨大 的 支持 .\r\n实行 全方位 的 开放 , 使得 西部 地区 成为 对外开放 的 前沿 , 大大 密切 了 我国 与 北部 西部 西南部 的 接壤 国家 的 经济 联系 .\r\n西部 大 开发 是 我国 经济 的 地区 布局 在 战略 上 的 大 转变 , 其 意义 巨大 而又 深远 .\r\n目前 已经 具有 了 许多 有利 的 条件 , 使得 实行 这项 重大 转变 成为 可能 .\r\n第三 , 我国 的 市场经济 体制 正在 形成 , 使 我们 可以 利用 市场 的 力量 加快 西部 地区 的 开发 .\r\n第四 , 经过 多年 的 发展 , 西部 地区 已经 初步 具备 了 吸引 外资 的 硬 软环境 , 而且 已有 越来越 多 的 海外 企业 看到 了 西部 发展 的 巨大 潜力 , 纷纷 到 西部 地区 投资 .\r\n当然 , 开发 西部 地区 并不 容易 , 甚至 比 改革开放 初期 发展 东部 地区 更加 困难 .\r\n为此 , 中央 要 给予 大力 的 帮助 , 西部 地区 自身 要 努力 , 东部 地区 要 给予 支持 与 合作 .\r\n就 中央政府 的 帮助 来说 , 首先 , 正 制定 西部 大 开发 的 规划 , 以便 有 步骤 地 推进 .\r\n西部 地区 的 开发 只能 一 浪 一 浪 地 推进 .\r\n第四 , 中央政府 还 应 赋予 西部 地区 在 因地制宜 地 制定 发展 经济 的 政策 上 和 改革开放 上 以 更大 的 自主权 , 以便 调动 地方政府 的 主动性 和 积极性 .\r\n就 西部 地区 来说 , 首先 , 应 促进 干部 和 群众 的 思想 的 进一步 解放 , 打破 过时 的 思想 传统 作风 和 习惯 的 束缚 , 以 适应 西部 大 开发 的 形势 , 适应 市场经济 的 秩序 .\r\n其次 , 要 进一步 营造 能 吸引 其他 地区 和 境外 的 资源 , 特别是 吸纳 人才 和 技术 流向 本地区 的 良好 的 硬环境 和 软环境 .\r\n再次 , 应 采取 各种 政策 和 措施 鼓励 本地区 各个 方面 的 资源 投入 本地区 的 开发 , 特别是 鼓励 民间 资源 的 投入 .\r\n非 公有制 结构 比重 低 发展 缓慢 也是 西部 地区 发展 不够 快 的 一个 重要 原因 .\r\n西部 地区 不少 地方 尽管 资源 丰富 , 但 缺水 交通 极其 不便 , 气候 等 自然 条件 恶劣 , 如何 扬长避短 需 认真 探索 .\r\n仅 以 克服 产品 产地 与 市场 的 距离 遥远 , 运输 成本 高 这 一 不利 因素 来说 , 就 必须 设法 使 本地 生产 的 产品 品质 好 成本 低 附加值 高 体积 小 重量 轻便 於 运输 .\r\n就 东部 地区 来说 , 以往 东部 地区 在 与 西部 地区 的 对口 协作 帮助 中 已有 过 许多 成功的 经验 , 仍 可 继续 实施 .\r\n今后 更 应 积极 探索 按照 市场经济 的 规则 开展 互惠 互利 的 协作 方式 .\r\n然而 , 这个 理想 似乎 离 中国 人 仍是 十分 遥远 .\r\n但 也许 这 实际上 是 一个 认识 的 误区 .\r\n自 五四 以来 , 中国 人 争取 民主 的 斗争 总是 伴随 著 一个 猛烈 的 政治 运动 , 一种 大众 狂热 地 上街 游行 , 一些 十分 振奋人心 的 口号 而 一时间 传遍 全国 的 .\r\n民主 一定 是 轰轰烈烈 的 , 一定 是 与 成千上万 的 人 上街 游行 或 类似 的 罢工 罢课 罢市 等 行动 密切相关 的 .\r\n民主 一定 是 要 解决 当时 紧迫 的 社会 问题 或 政治 经济 问题 的 , 而 与 此 相辅相成 的 , 则是 一 遇到 政治 经济 或 社会 问题 无法 解决 , 就 自然 地 寄 希望 於 民主 .\r\n同样 , 人们 在 这样 一种 恶性循环 中 , 已经 习惯 了 对 民主 进程 不 进行 理性 化 的 冷静 思考 , 作 一些 切切实实 的 事 , 而 习惯 於 大轰大嗡 , 习惯 於 \" 运动 式 的 促进 民主 \" , 习惯 於把 旧 有的 东西 破坏 再说 .\r\n这种 状况 的 出现 与 我们 这个 历史 悠久 的 民族 同样 悠久 的 传统 有关 .\r\n尤其是 当 中国 面临 著 帝国主义 的 入侵 , 面临 著 民族 的 生存 危机 时 , 各种 要求 变革 的 势力 自然 要 将 民主 这 一 美好 的 政治 文化 与 制度 , 以 一种 空前 的 热情 和 速度 要求 其 在 我们 这 块 国土 上 迅速地 实现 了 .\r\n而 另一个 因素 则 与 国人 对 至善至美 的 崇高 境界 一向 刻意 追求 有关 .\r\n由於 这种 客观 的 因素 , 所以 , 无论 是 广大 民众 还是 领导 民主 运动 的 精英 , 实际上 都 没有 真正 从 理性 化 的 角度 来 进行 深入 思考 , 就 把 民主 作为 一种 济世 良方 用来 医治 中国 的 政治 与 社会 痼疾 了 .\r\n於是 就 形成 了 我们 刚才 所 提到 的 种种 不 正常 现 像 了 , 这 实际上 是 谁 也 不能 责备 的 .\r\n这种 先天不足 的 民主 运动 , 自然 会 留下 很多 后遗症 .\r\n其中 最 主要 一点 或许 是 民主 运动 很 容易 转化为 痞子 运动 , 或 成为 一部分 人 改变 个人 处境 的 时机 .\r\n而 很多 真诚 的 人 则 很 容易 从 极度 的 热情 转化为 政治 的 冷漠 .\r\n其 最终 结果 是 乐观 的 人 , 也 认为 民主 的 进程 总是 不可 避免 地 会 与 动乱 联系 在 一起 .\r\n所以 , 很多 中国 的 知识分子 , 对 民主 也 开始 有 一种 叶公好龙 的 心态 , 既 希望 民主政治 的 到来 , 又 怕 它 真正 的 到来 会 引发 一 场 不可 避免 的 社会 灾难 , 毁掉 前 一个 时期 社会 在 各方面 取得 的 进步 成果 .\r\n人民政协 的 作用 在 日益 恢复 , 人大 的 呼声 也 越来越 引人注目 , 各种 立法 相继 出台 , 法律 的 专业 人才 的 培养 也 渐 成气候 , 各种 律师 已经 开始 成为 社会生活 中 一个 不可或缺 的 组成部分 .\r\n当 亚洲 金融 危机 爆发 时 , 我们 不能不 庆幸 我们 提前 做 了 很 应该 做 的 事情 , 才能 平安 地 度过 这次 危机 .\r\n譬如 , 有些 中小学校 , 片面 追求 升学率 , 加重 学生 课业 负担 , 削弱 思想 教育 工作 , 造成 了 不良 后果 .\r\n近期 以来 在 中小学 学生 和 家长 身上 连续 发生 的 几起 恶性 事件 , 引起 了 人们 的 关注 .\r\n正值 人们 担忧 的 时刻 , 江泽民 同志 发表 了 《 关于 教育 问题 的 谈话 》 .\r\n这 篇 《 谈话 》 , 高屋建瓴 , 内容 丰富 , 意义 深远 .\r\n学习 贯彻 《 谈话 》 精神 , 首先 要 深刻 认识 江泽民 同志 《 谈话 》 的 极端 重要性 .\r\n江泽民 同志 指出 的 \" 要 从 国运 兴衰 和 民族 复兴 的 高度 \" 来 看待 教育 问题 , 使 我们 振聋发聩 .\r\n我们 决不能 以 降低 青少年 一代 的 思想 政治 素质 为 代价 去 发展 教育 . 否则 , 我们 贻误 的 就 不是 一代 或者 几代 青少年 , 而是 整个 国家 的 前途 .\r\n一些 青少年 身上 出现 的 种种 问题 , 不只是 学校 的 责任 , 也 反映 了 社会 的 影响 .\r\n把 教育 看成 一个 系统工程 , 有利于 动员 全社会 都 来 关心 , 支持 教育 , 促进 教育 的 改革 和 发展 .\r\n各级 教育 行政 部门 和 学校 , 必须 坚定不移 地 贯彻 落实 \" 教育 为 社会主义 事业 服务 , 教育 与 社会 实践 相结合 \" 的 教育 方针 , 下大 力气 把 学校 办好 .\r\n学习 贯彻 《 谈话 》 精神 , 要 充分 认识 中小学 学生 \" 减负 \" 的 重要性 和 紧迫性 .\r\n江泽民 同志 说 : \" 国运 兴衰 , 系于 教育 ; 教育 振兴 , 全民 有 责 . \"\r\n广大 青少年 学生 是 我们 民族 的 未来 和 希望 .\r\n他们 的 健康 成长 和 全面 发展 , 直接 关系到 我们 事业 的 胜利 , 关系到 21 世纪 中国 的 光明 前景 .\r\n他 长期 从事 金融 监管 工作 , 具有 较高 的 专业 理论 和 金融 政策 水平 .\r\n他们 认为 , 不同 时代 的 真正 哲学 , 是 每个 时代 最 精深 的 思想 成果 , 是 每 种 社会 文明 的 精神 实质 的 集中 体现 .\r\n这 一 极其 深刻 的 科学 论断 , 不仅 指明 了 哲学 在 整个 人类 生活 中 的 地位 和 作用 , 而且 也 为 理解 哲学 的 历史 状况 和 命运 , 提供 了 一 条 最 重要 , 最 可靠 的 线索 .\r\n这个 比喻 非常 精辟 地 说明 了 先进 哲学 的 社会 意义 .\r\n人类 社会 的 发展 , 进步 , 革新 , 首先 要 解放 头脑 , 解脱 精神 束缚 , 这样 才能 有 创造 的 动力 和 创造 的 能力 .\r\n如果 没有 近代 唯物主义 哲学 对 宗教 神学 的 清算 , 不知道 还 会 有 多少 个 布鲁诺 被 送 上 刑场 .\r\n众所周知 , 马克思 发现 剩余价值 规律 , 并 使 社会主义 从 空想 变成 科学 , 从而 改变 了 人类 的 历史 .\r\n但 他 的 伟大 贡献 之 \" 功 \" , 也 发端 于 哲学 上 的 革命 变革 --- 创立 了 历史唯物主义 这 一 全新 的 , 能够 科学 地 揭示 人类 历史 发展 规律 的 世界观 方法论 体系 .\r\n两者 相 比较 , 显然 后者 是 根本 , 是 前者 的 基础 和 条件 .\r\n因此 , 我们 伟大 事业 的 缔造 者 --- 马克思主义 创始人 及其 继承人 , 都 非常 重视 哲学 .\r\n而 要 锻炼 和 提高 理论 思维 的 能力 , 水平 , 除了 学习 以往 的 哲学史 , 没有 别的 更好 的 途径 .\r\n邓小平 同志 八十年 代初 曾 批评 一些 领导干部 埋头 事务 工作 , \" 不 懂 哲学 \" , 忽视 哲学 , 思想方法 和 工作 方法 简单 , 片面 的 倾向 , 强调 要 学好 马克思主义 哲学 , 以 指导 各项 工作 .\r\n江泽民 同志 近年来 发表 了 多次 重要 讲话 , 一再 强调 全党 同志 特别是 领导干部 , 一定 要 从 讲政治 的 高度 看待 学习 , 加强 学习 .\r\n不 理解 , 是 因为 还 没有 站在 社会 发展 全局 的 高度 来 看待 我们 的 事业 , 也就是说 , 思想 还要 不断 解放 .\r\n邓小平 同志 说 : \" 我们 干 的 事业 是 全新 的 事业 \" .\r\n建设 有 中国 特色 的 社会主义 , 是 一 项 前无古人 的 伟大 创举 .\r\n与 上述 要求 相比 , 我们 不能 说 现在 思想 解放 的 任务 已经 结束 了 .\r\n目前 , 我国 改革 已 进入 攻坚 阶段 , 发展 正 处于 关键 时期 .\r\n而 要 做到 这一点 , 就 需要 哲学 的 指导 .\r\n而 认识 规律 只能 依靠 理论 思维 , 不可能 仅仅 靠 经验 的 观察 和 直观 的 思维 来 完成 .\r\n每一个 有 足够 生活 经历 的 人 , 头脑 中 都会 有 一定 的 哲学 思想 , 一定 的 观念 和 方法 .\r\n这些 思想 时刻 都 在 起作用 .\r\n问题 是 要 清醒 地 意识到 那 是 什 幺 哲学 , 是 先进 的 还是 落后 的 , 是 正确 的 还是 错误 的 .\r\n当然 , 重视 哲学 还有 更 广泛 的 意义 .\r\n这就是 哲学 在 整个 精神文明 中 的 基础 性 和 指导性 作用 .\r\n哲学 作为 一 门 关系到 世界观 , 历史观 , 人生观 和 价值观 的 学问 , 其 任务 不仅 在于 为 各项 工作 提供 认识 工具 , 而且 在于 为 整个 精神 文化 提供 必要 的 基础理论 , 观念 和 方法 .\r\n社会 精神文明 的 其他 领域 , 如 科学 , 文化 , 教育 , 道德 , 艺术 , 法律 , 政治 乃至 人们 的 日常生活 方式 等等 之中 , 无不 渗透 和 体现 着 一定 的 哲学 思想 , 信念 , 观念 和 思想方法 .\r\n因此 , 哲学 的 状况 必然 在 深层次 上 影响 着 精神文明 的 状况 .\r\n懂得 哲学 , 会 用 哲学 的 人 是 聪明 的 人 , 在 精神生活 里 也是 富有 的 , 幸福 的 人 , 因为 他 迈 上 的 是 一 条 通向 \" 自由王国 \" 的 道路 .\r\n在 世纪之交 , 千年 之 交 , 人类 社会 正 经历 着 一 场 有史以来 最 广泛 而 深刻 的 变革 .\r\n世界 的 变化 , 为 我们 这个 有 十二亿 多 人口 , 五千 多年 文明 的 中华 民族 提供 了 新 的 机遇 .\r\n这 条 道路 , 是 马克思主义 与 中国 实际 相结合 的 产物 , 也是 面对 当代 世界 新 形势 所 作出 的 新 创造 .\r\n在 这个 过程 中 , 我们 同样 离不开 , 并且 比 别人 更 需要 重视 哲学 的 繁荣 , 发展 和 创新 .\r\n没有 哲学 , 特别是 没有 马克思主义 哲学 与 时俱进 的 发展 , 就 不可能 有 真正 的 思想 解放 ; 而 没有 思想 的 解放 , 就 不可能 有 高水平 的 , 创造性 的 工作 和 精神文明 .\r\n在 把 我们 的 事业 全面 推向 二十一世纪 的 关键 时刻 , 要 进一步 解放 思想 , 就 必须 高度 重视 哲学 , 发展 哲学 , 让 哲学 充分 发挥 \" 解放 的 头脑 \" 的 作用 .\r\n( 此 文 是 作者 1999年10月 在 \" 新 中国 哲学 50 年 \" 学术 研讨会 上 的 讲话 , 发表 时 有 删改 )\r\n新华社 北京 三月一日 电 ( 记者 朱琦 ) 全国 人大 常委会 第十四 会议 今天 上午 举行 全体 会议 , 再次 审议 并 通过 了 全国 人民 代表 大会 常务 委员会 关于 加强 经济 工作 监督 的 决定 .\r\n决定 说 , 全国 人大 常委会 依法 对 国务院 经济 工作 行使 监督权 , 以 切实 履行 宪法 和 法律 赋予 全国 人大 及其 常委会 的 职责 , 促进 国民经济 持续 , 快速 , 健康 发展 .\r\n决定 第七 规定 , 受 委员长 会议 委托 , 有关 专门 委员会 可以 召开 全体 会议 , 听取 国务院 有关 部门 的 专题 汇报 .\r\n常委会 组成 人员 认为 , 制定 这个 决定 , 为 制定 监督 法 创造 了 条件 , 也 有利于 地方 人大 加强 对 经济 工作 的 监督 .\r\n年 的 一次 重要 会议 \" 中新社 北京 三月一日 电 \" ( 记者 谭宏伟 ) 全国 人大 常委会 委员长 李鹏 今天 在此间 称 , 即将 召开 的 九届 全国 人大 三 会议 , 是 世纪 交替 之 年 的 一次 重要 会议 .\r\n会议 审议 了 全国 人大 常委会 工作 报告 稿 , 并 决定 根据 委员 们 的 意见 作 适当 修改 后 , 提请 即将 召开 的 九届 全国 人大 三 会议 审议 .\r\n李鹏 委员长 主持 讲座 并 发表 讲话 .\r\n他 强调 指出 , 马克思主义 国家 政权 理论 是 马克思主义 政治学 的 重要 内容 .\r\n我国 的 人民代表大会制度 就是 马克思主义 国家 政权 理论 同 中国 革命 具体 实践 相结合 的 产物 .\r\n今天 的 法制 讲座 由 吉林 大学 教授 王惠岩 主讲 , 他 主讲 的 题目 是 《 马克思主义 国家 政权 理论 的 几个 基本 问题 》 .\r\n讲座 开始 前 , 李鹏 发表 讲话 .\r\n我们 要 把 每 两个 月 举行 一次 法制 讲座 形 成为 一 项 制度 , 坚持 下去 , 这 对于 我们 做好 常委会 的 工作 有 重要 意义 .\r\n政治 属于 上层建筑 , 国家 , 政权 , 民主 , 法治 , 权利 , 义务 , 平等 , 自由 等 都 属于 政治 的 范畴 , 而 政治学 则是 研究 政治 现 像 及其 规律 的 科学 .\r\n要 做到 这一点 , 就 需要 加强 学习 , 不但 要 学习 政治 , 经济 , 还要 学习 法律 , 科技 , 历史 , 文化 等 方面 的 知识 , 特别是 要 学习 马克思主义 的 政治学 .\r\n只有 这样 , 才能 有 正确 的 政治 立场 和 观点 , 增强 政治 敏锐 性 和 鉴别 力 , 才能 在 前进 道路 上 始终 保持 清醒 的 头脑 , 科学 的 认识 , 坚定 的 信念 .\r\n我们 党 领导 的 建设 有 中国 特色 社会主义 的 事业 , 是 一 项 前所未有 的 伟大 事业 .\r\n( 完 ) 轨 轨 19\r\n他 说 , 各国 国情 不同 , 在 促进 和 保护人 权 的 方式 方法 上 存在 分歧 是 正常 现 像 , 应当 通过 平等 对话 与 交流 妥善 处理 .\r\n绝大多数 亚太 国家 在 近代 都 有过 备受 列强 欺凌 的 痛苦 经历 , 倍加 珍惜 本国 的 主权 和 民族 尊严 .\r\n亚太 国家 还是 国际 社会 近年来 大力 倡导 对话 与 交流 的 主要 力量 之一 , 亚太 人权 研讨会 就是 这种 平等 合作 精神 的 具体 体现 .\r\n钱其琛 强调 , 亚太 各国 应 加强 在 实现 经济 , 社会 , 文化 权利 和 发展 权 方面 的 共同 行动 .\r\n学习 外国 的 经验 不能 简单 地 照抄 照搬 , 只有 按照 本国 特点 和 本国 人民 的 要求 , 采取 因地制宜 的 恰当 措施 , 才能 有效地 扩大 和 完善 民主 , 促进 和 加强 法治 .\r\n普遍性 不等于 盲目 的 同一性 , 凡是 能够 切实 促进 和 保护人 权 的 措施 , 凡是 能 有效 发挥 作用 的 机构 和 计划 , 都 应 得到 鼓励 和 肯定 .\r\n今天 中国 所 焕发 出来 的 巨大 活力 , 生动 地 反映出 中国 人民 享有 自由 , 民主 地 发挥 创造力 的 广阔 空间 .\r\n亚太 人权 研讨会 是 亚太 国家 讨论 加强 亚太地区 人权 合作 的 重要 论坛 .\r\n会议 选举 中国 外交部 副部长 王光亚 为 主席 .\r\n腐 倡 廉 广开言路 ( 香港 中国 通讯社 三月一日 电 ) 北京 \" 两会 \" 前 瞻 : 特稿 : \" 两会 \" 为 反腐倡廉 广开言路 香港 中通社 记者 思良 中国 官场 贪污 受贿 案件 时 有 发生 , 反腐败 斗争 的 形势 依然 严峻 .\r\n江泽民 指出 , 治国 必 先 治 党 , 治 党 务必 从严 , 首先 要 治理 好 领导班子 和 领导干部 .\r\n据报道 , 中央各部委 , 各省市 , 厅局级 的 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 虽 告一段落 , 但 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 仍将 在 全国 县 ( 市 ) 一级 展开 .\r\n县 ( 市 ) 一级 在 中共 的 组织 结构 , 国家 的 政权 结构 以及 全局 工作 中 处 於 承上启下 的 重要 地位 , 是 中国 经济 发展 , 社会 安定 和 政权 稳固 的 重要 基础 .\r\n因此 , 搞好 全国 二千 县 ( 市 ) 的 三 讲 教育 , 具有 特殊 重要 的 意义 .\r\n春节 刚过 , 中共 中央 政治局 的 七 常委 便 分赴 一些 省市 作 考察 调研 , 并 亲自 对 县级 领导班子 开展 \" 三 讲 \" .\r\n今年 是 实现 中共 十五 大 确定 的 反腐败 工作 目标 的 关键 一 年 , 中共 高层 要求 从 源头 预防 和 在 治理 上下 功夫 , 取得 党风 廉政建设 和 反腐败 斗争 的 新 成效 .\r\n中纪委 第四 全体 会议 的 公报 同样 表示 , 要 集中 力量 突破 一批 大案要案 .\r\n目前 中央 司法 部门 正 侦查 厦门 远华 公司 特大 走私案 , 涉 案 的 有 市 副 书记 和 副市长 , 侦查 结果 可能 在 近期 公布 .\r\n事实上 , 为 堵塞 腐败 源头 , 当局 已经 采取 了 一系列 措施 .\r\n有 消息 称 , 为了 使 反腐败 斗争 制度化 , 今年 全国 人大 会议 将会 除了 通过 有关 监督 经济 工作 决定 之外 , 还 会 审议 个案 监督 法 , 并 考虑 建立 切实可行 的 监督 机制 问题 , 使 廉政建设 逐步 落实 .\r\n原任 国土 资源 部 部长 周永康 此前 已 被 任命 为 中共 四川省 委 书记 .\r\n出生 于 黑龙江省 肇源县 的 田凤山 1961年7月 参加 工作 , 1970年3月 加入 中国 共产党 .\r\n1964年 结束 了 在 解放军 西安 第 二炮 兵 技术 学院 的 学业 生活 后 , 在 家乡 肇源县 任 教员 , 公社 党委 书记 , 革委会 主任 , 县委 副 书记 , 副县长 .\r\n他 组织 协调 能力 强 , 领导 工作 经验 丰富 , 认真 贯彻 民主集中制 原则 , 作风 深入 , 是 国土 资源 部 部长 的 合适 人选 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月1日 电 全国 人民 代表 大会 常务 委员会 关于 加强 经济 工作 监督 的 决定 2000年3月1日 第九届 全国 人民 代表 大会 常务 委员会 第十四 会议 通过\r\n二 , 国务院 编制 的 国民经济 和 社会 发展 年度 计划 草案 , 五 年 计划 草案 以及 长远 规划 草案 , 应当 在 全国 人民 代表 大会 举行 的 一个 月 前 , 报送 全国 人民 代表 大会 常务 委员会 .\r\n经济 运行 发生 重大 变化 时 , 国务院 应当 向 全国 人民 代表 大会 常务 委员会 报告 , 作出 说明 .\r\n全国 人民 代表 大会 常务 委员会 可以 根据 需要 , 听取 并 审议 国务院 经济 工作 方面 的 专题 汇报 .\r\n财政 经济 委员会 应当 在 4月 , 7月 和 10月 的 15日 前 分别 召开 全体 会议 , 听取 国务院 有关 部门 关于 一 季度 , 上半年 , 前 三 季度 国民经济 运行 情况 的 汇报 , 并 进行 分析 研究 .\r\n九 , 全国 人民 代表 大会 常务 委员会 会议 审议 讨论 本 决定 所 列 事项 时 , 国务院 应当 根据 要求 , 及时 提供 相关 的 信息 资料 及 说明 , 并 派 国务院 负责人 或者 有关 部门 负责人 到会 , 听取 意见 , 回答 询问 .\r\n国土 资源 部 已经 将 考察 报告 分送 有关 部门 进行 研究 , 有关 部门 初步 提出 了 改进 工作 的 意见 .\r\n他 指出 , 这次 考察 活动 是 贯彻 中国 共产党 领导 的 多党合作 和 政治 协商 制度 的 具体 体现 , 是 民主党派 , 无党派人士 参政议政 的 一种 好 形式 .\r\n近年来 , 国土 资源 保护 和 合理 利用 工作 得到 加强 .\r\n前不久 , 全国 人大 颁布 了 新 的 《 中华人民共和国 海洋 环境 保护 法 》 , 这 对于 海洋 资源 的 可持续发展 将 有 重大 意义 .\r\n必须 对 广大 干部 特别是 各级 党政 领导干部 坚持不懈 地 进行 保护 和 合理 利用 资源 的 政策 , 法律 教育 , 提高 他们 对 做好 这项 工作 重要性 的 认识 .\r\n二 , 加强 国土 资源 规划 管理 .\r\n对此 必须 严肃 处理 , 动真 的 , 不能 敷衍了事 , 不能 批评 了事 , 不能 罚款 了事 , 不能 补办 手续 了事 .\r\n深化 科技 练兵 , 是 军事 斗争 准备 对 全军 训练 提出 的 紧迫 任务 .\r\n捍卫 国家 的 安全 , 统一 和 领土 完整 , 是 全军 的 神圣 使命 .\r\n未来 的 仗 在 高技术 条件 下 打 , 平时 的 兵 就要 在 高技术 背景 下 练 .\r\n紧密 结合 全军 军事 斗争 准备 , 大力 深化 科技 练兵 , 努力 运用 科技 力量 提高 部队 的 战斗力 , 以 确保 我们 真正 把 \" 打赢 \" 的 胜券 握 在 手中 .\r\n社论 指出 , 科技 练兵 是 中国 军队 训练 史 上一次 具有 里程碑 意义 的 深刻 变革 .\r\n应该 看到 , 军事训练 作为 和平 时期 生成 和 提高 战斗力 的 根本 途径 , 仅 靠 增加 训练 强度 和 时间 , 很难 实现 质的 飞跃 .\r\n改变 战斗力 增长 方式 , 走 一 条 新 的 训练 发展 路子 , 唯一 的 选择 是 向 科技 要 战斗力 .\r\n中国 现代化 的 困难 之 点 , 不在 东部 , 而是 在 西部 .\r\n中国 现代化 的 落脚点 , 最终 可能 也是 在 西部 地区 .\r\n王梦奎 是 在 一次 研讨会 上 发言 时 发表 这 一 观点 的 .\r\n王梦奎 说 , 我国 是 疆域 广袤 的 发展 中 大国 , 各地 由于 经济 发展 条件 和 基 存在 重大 差异 , 实现 现代化 的 难易 和 快慢 也 有 不同 .\r\n在 整个 21世纪 , 都 应该 注重 西部 的 开发 问题 .\r\n在 谈到 西部 开发 的 阶段性 时 王梦奎 说 , 西部 地区 的 开发 , 需要 认真 规划 循序渐进 .\r\n王梦奎 认为 , 西部 开发 需要 发挥 政府 的 作用 , 这一点 是 肯定 的 .\r\n需要 研 的 是 , 政府 能够 提供 的 资源 有 哪些 ?\r\n能够 运用 的 政策 手段 有 哪些 ?\r\n加大 转移 支付 的 力度 , 在 基础 设施 建设 方面 给予 西部 地区 更 的 支持 , 这是 国家 已经 在 做 的 , 继续 实行 也是 确定 无疑 的 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月1日 电 ( 记者 沉 路涛 王炽 ) 在 圆满 完成 各项 议程 后 , 九 全国 人大 常委会 第十四 会议 今天 在 人民 大会堂 闭会 .\r\n今天 的 会议 还 原则 通过 了 全国 人大 常委会 工作 报告 稿 , 会后 由 委员长 会议 根据 委员 们 提出 的 意见 进行 修改 后 , 提请 九届 全国 人大 三 会议 审议 .\r\n关于 国土 资源 部 部长 的 任免 名单 及 其他 任免 名单 也 在 会议 上 获得 通过 .\r\n他 说 , 本次 常委会 会议 再次 审议 并 通过 了 全国 人大 常委会 关于 加强 经济 工作 监督 的 决定 .\r\n这个 决定 总结 了 多年来 全国 人大 常委会 对 经济 工作 进行 监督 的 基本 经验 , 吸收 了 初审 中 大家 提出 的 意见 , 提出 了 加强 这 方面 工作 的 可行 办法 .\r\n这个 决定 对于 全国 人大 常委会 更好地 履行 宪法 和 法律 赋予 的 职责 , 加强 和 规范 对 政府 经济 工作 的 监督 , 促进 国民经济 持续 快速 健康 发展 , 具有 十分 重要 的 意义 .\r\n李鹏 指出 , 改革开放 以来 , 我国 文化 市场 有了 很大 发展 , 也 暴露出 一些 亟待 解决 的 问题 .\r\n我们 必须 高度 重视 加强 文化 市场 管理 的 工作 , 坚持 文化 市场 的 正确 发展 方向 , 妥善 处理 文化 市场 发展 同 社会 进步 的 关系 , 处理 社会 效益 和 经济效益 的 关系 , 处理 文化 市场 繁荣 与 管理 的 关系 .\r\n李鹏 说 , 这次 会议 的 另 一 项 重要 任务 , 是 为 召开 九届 全国 人大 三 会议 做 准备 .\r\n即将 召开 的 九届 全国 人大 三 会议 , 是 在 世纪 交替 之 年 的 一次 重要 的 会议 .\r\n常委会 要 自觉 接受 代表大会 的 监督 , 常委会 组成 人员 要 虚心 听取 代表 们 的 意见 , 以便 今后 把 常委会 的 工作 做 得 更好 , 切实 担负 起 宪法 和 法律 赋予 的 职责 .\r\n谢谢 主席 , 谢谢 诸位 盛情 参加 这个 研讨会 .\r\n我 个人 的 生命 是 同 中国 改革 事业 联系 在 一起 的 .\r\n今天 的 这个 研讨会 以 改 这个 重大 课题 为 主题 , 是 我 个人 的 莫大 荣誉 , 当然 , 也是 对 我 的 鞭策 .\r\n现在 我 就 个人 的 观察 , 对 中国 20 多年 来 的 经济 改革 作 一 回顾 , 同时 也 对 革 的 未来 作出 展望 , 请 诸位 批评 .\r\n中国 的 改革 已经 取得 了 很大 的 成就 .\r\n成就 的 基本 标志 是 以 混合 所有制 为 础 的 市场经济 的 轮廓 已经 显现 出来 了 .\r\n拿 工业 来说 , 国有 企业 产值 占 工业 总产值 的 比例 1978年 开始 改革 时 的 78% , 下降到 去年 的 33% , 非 国有 经济 的 份额 从 22.2 提高到 67% .\r\n在 市场 力量 的 推动 下 , 20 年 来 中国 经济 飞速 发展 , 人们 生活 平 普遍 提高 , 这一点 已经 得到 世界 的 公认 .\r\n但是 我们 也要 看到 , 从 转变 资源 配置 方式 的 角度 看 , 改革 的 大关 并 没有过 .\r\n十四 大 明确 指出 , 经济 改革 的 基本 内容 是 转变 资源 配置 方式 , 由 计划经济 转到 发挥 市场 在 资源 配置 中 的 基础 性 作用 的 市场经济 .\r\n现在 , 虽然 国有 经济 在 国民生产总值 中 所 占 的 比重 不高 , 大致 上 只 占 [per 1 3] , 但是 从 经济 资源 的 占有 来看 , 国有 经济 还是 占 了 主要 的 地位 .\r\n而 国有 经济 的 改革 又 很 不能 令人 满意 , 远 不能 说 市场 已经 在 这 部分 资源 的 配置 中 起 了 基础 性 的 作用 .\r\n例如 我们 议论 得 很多 的 , 政府 很 关心 的 所谓 \" 重复 建设 \" 问题 , 它的 制度 根源 就在于 国有 经济 没有 经过 根本 的 改革 和 改组 , 却 在 资源 的 支配 上 占有 钪 要 的 地位 .\r\n类似 的 问题 我们 还可以 列举 很多 , 例如 , 国有 经济 效率 低下 导致 金融 体系 脆弱 等等 .\r\n农民 的 收入 水平 和 生活水平 不能 得到 提高 , 目前 已经 成为 严重 的 经济 问题 和 社会 问题 .\r\n怎样 才能 使 他们 富起来 ?\r\n从 经济学 的 观点 来看 , 关键 的 一 条 是 把 多达 一亿五千万 人 到 两亿 人 的 农村 剩余劳动力 转移 到 非 农 产业 去 .\r\n是 因为 我们 的 工商业 没有 创业 的 活力 , 或者 力 没有 得到 发挥 .\r\n这个 问题 有 两 个 方面 , 一方面 是 国有 经济 没有 得到 根本 的 造 , 另一方面 是非 国有 经济 没有 得到 应有 的 发展 .\r\n为 什 幺 会 造成 这种 情况 呢 ?\r\n我 想 重要 原因 在于 一部分 人 在 旧 有的 国有 经济 里面 有 非常 错综复杂 根深蒂固 的 既得利益 .\r\n特别是 社会 的 精英 分 釉 诰 捎 械 墓 有 经济体制 里面 有 重大 的 利益 .\r\n于是 , 要 改革 和 改组 国有 经济 和 发展 非 国有 济 , 就 会 遇到 很大 的 阻力 .\r\n我 最近 在 匈牙利 呆 了 一段 时间 .\r\n在 中国 是不是 也 有 类似 的 问题 呢 ?\r\n而且 1984年 十二 三中全会 还 就此 作出 了 著名 的 《 中共 中央 关于 经济体制 改革 的 决定 》 .\r\n但是 这 矫 的 改革 进行 得 很 不 顺利 .\r\n正如 蠹 宜 知道 的 , 十五大 决定 了 要 根据 \" 三 个 有利于 \" 的 原则 , 调整 和 完善 国民经济 的 所有制 结构 , 建立 今后 长 时期 的 基本 经济制度 .\r\n去年 的 十五 四 中 全会 把 十五大 的 方针 进一步 具体化 了 .\r\n应该说 , 中共 中央 和 中国 政府 的 方针 政策 是 明确 的 , 现在 的 问题 是 贯彻 落实 .\r\n这 两 年 来 有 一种 令人不安 的 现 像 , 就是 国有 部门 有 一种 忽视 改革 和 改组 热衷于 \" 跑 部 钱 进 \" 的 潮流 .\r\n但是 , 如果 将 它 变成 一种 动员 民间 资源 , 救助 国有 企业 的 长期 政策 , 就 会 引起 微观 上 和 宏观 上 的 一系列 消极 后果 .\r\n而且 长期 使用 这样的 法 , 会 过 份 加重 财政 的 负担 , 威胁 经济 和 社会 的 稳定 .\r\n在 这样的 情况 下 我们 的 出路 是 什 幺 ?\r\n这些 工作 都是 很 艰巨 的 .\r\n什 幺 是 解决 这些 问题 的 正确 方针 呢 ?\r\n但是 , 在 采取 什 幺 样 的 实际 行动 使 我们 的 本土 经济 真正 具有 活力 上 做 得 很 不够 .\r\n这些 误区 如果 不 被 打破 , 十五 大和 十五 届四中 全岬木 定 就 很难 贯彻 .\r\n根据 十五 大和 十五 届四中 会 的 精神 , 有 两 件 事情 是 必须 做 的 : 第一 , 在 国有 中小企业 没有 完全 放开 的 地方 , 彻底 地 把 它们 放开 .\r\n令人 高兴 的 是 , 现在 已经 涌现出 一批 比较 好 地 贯彻 了 中央 的 方针 政策 , 因而 经济 繁荣 , 就业 充分 , 社会 稳定 的 成片 的 地区 .\r\n例如 浙江省 的 大部分 地区 出现 了 这样的 新 气 像 .\r\n既然 这些 凸 厶 件 并 不见得 好的 地方 能够 做到 , 别的 条件 更好 的 地区 当然 更 可以 做到 .\r\n从 这 角度 看 , 中国 的 发展 前景 是 很 乐观 的 .\r\n会议 强调 , 以 江泽民 同志 为 核心 的 党中央 , 把 加强 和 改进 思想 政治 工作 作为 带有 全局性 , 战略性 , 前瞻性 的 一个 重大 问题 , 提到 全党 面前 .\r\n我们 一定 要 遵照 江 总书记 的 要求 , 越是 深化 改革 , 扩大 开放 , 越是 发展 社会主义 市场经济 , 越 要 重视 和 加强 思想 政治 工作 .\r\n要 牢牢 把握 正确 导向 , 唱 响 主旋律 , 弘扬 社会 正气 , 用 健康 有益 的 活动 占领 群众 文化 阵地 .\r\n展览馆 , 博物馆 , 科技 馆 , 图书馆 , 文化馆 , 电影院 , 娱乐场所 , 旅游 景点 等 , 都要 传播 精神文明 , 反对 封建 迷信 , 抵制 低级趣味 .\r\n会议 要求 , 要 总结 一批 思想 政治 工作 的 先进 典型 和 工作 经验 .\r\n组织 一批 有分量 , 有 深度 的 文章 , 有 针对性 , 有 说服力 地 回答 人民群众 关心 的 问题 .\r\n丁关根 强调 , \" 三 讲 \" 教育 事关 党 的 前途 命运 , 事关 改革 发展 稳定 大局 , 事关 民族 复兴 伟大 事业 .\r\n独 \" 的 忙 \" 中新社 北京 三月一日 电 \" 台湾 当局 不择手段 大量 采购 \" 洋 武器 \" , 在 经过 近 二十 年 不惜 代价 的 军备 采购 之后 , 台湾 军队 也 确实 拥有 了 相当 数量 的 先进 武器 装备 .\r\n但是 , 如果 因 \" 台独 \" 而 引发 战争 , 这些 洋 武器 并 不能 在 两岸 军事 冲突 中 构成 决定性 的 因素 .\r\n无论 是 现代 战争 的 实践 , 还是 历史 的 经验 教训 都 说明 , 一 两 件 新式 武器 挡不住 历史 前进 的 步伐 .\r\n中国 军事 科学院 战略 部 研究员 王卫星 如是说 .\r\n今天 出版 的 《 解放军报 》 以 整 版 篇幅 刊登 了 这 篇 题为 《 洋 武器 难 挡 祖国 统一 步伐 》 的 访谈 .\r\n王卫星 认为 , 表面 上 看起来 , 台湾 军队 的 武器 装备 已 形成 了 一定 的 规模 和 体系 .\r\n但 认真 分析 一下 就 会 发现 , 台湾 军队 的 武器 装备 , 特别是 高技术 武器 装备 , 自制 的 只是 相当 少 的 一部分 , 绝大部分 主要 通过 向 西方 国家 购买 而 获得 .\r\n现代 高技术 战争 的 消耗 是 十分 惊人 的 , 越是 先进 的 武器 装备 , 受 攻击 被 毁 和 战争 本身 的 消耗 就 越 大 .\r\n如果 \" 台独 \" 分裂 势力 执意 要 分裂 祖国 而 引发 战争 , 台湾 军队 的 武器 装备 储备 根本 就 经不起 消耗 .\r\n再 加之 台湾 军队 几乎 所有 的 高技术 武器 装备 , 台湾 都 无法 制造 , 补充 高技术 武器 装备 消耗 的 主动权 完全 掌握 在 别人 手里 .\r\n届时 情况 如何 , 确 应 另当别论 .\r\n以 地理 条件 为 例 , 台湾 的 地理环境 难以 发挥 高性能 武器 的 最大 效能 .\r\n在 谈到 台湾 当局 的 军事 采购 和 李登辉 推行 \" 台独 \" 的 步伐 有 著 紧密 的 联系 时 , 他 指出 , 说 透彻 一些 , 出 於 政治 目的 的 军事 采购 , 实质上 是 李登辉 等 少数 政客 不 负责任 的 一种 政治 赌博 .\r\n其一 是 利用 军 购 的 方式 尽力 讨好 美国 , 送 更多 的 钱 进 外国人 的 腰包 , 把 美国 人 拉下水 .\r\n与 美日 缔结 同盟 , 阻挠 祖国 的 统一 ; 其二 是 想 通过 美国 对 台 军售 进一步 凸现 出 美国 对 台湾 当局 的 支持 和 援助 , 来 欺骗 台湾 民众 .\r\n对 於 近 二十 年 来 , 台湾 当局 采购 的 军备 费用 高达 四百三十多亿 美元 , 王卫星 说 , 实质上 , 台湾 当局 购买 军备 的 这 笔 钱 是 海峡 两岸 人民 的 血汗钱 .\r\n台湾 当局 购买 军备 , 分裂 祖国 , 图谋 独立 , 这是 对 两岸 和平 贸易 的 最大 亵渎 , 是 对 海峡 两岸 中国 人 的 最大 侮辱 .\r\n罢免 3 : 江西 韩景昌 , 河南 张昆桐 , 广西 佘国信 .\r\n特此 公告 . 全国 人民 代表 大会 常务 委员会 2000年3月1日\r\n中 , 俄 在 莫斯科 发表 联合 新闻公报 新华社 莫斯科 3月1日 电 中国 和 俄罗斯 1日 在 莫斯科 就 中华 人民 共和国 外交部 长 唐家璇 访问 俄罗斯 发表 了 联合 新闻公报 .\r\n公报 全文 如下 : 应 俄罗斯 联邦 外交部 长 伊·谢·伊万诺夫 的 邀请 , 中华 人民 共和国 外交部 长 唐家璇 于 2000年2月28日 至 3月1日 对 俄罗斯 联邦 进行 了 正式 访问 .\r\n俄罗斯 联邦 代总统 兼 政府 总理 弗·弗·普 京 会见 了 唐家璇 外长 .\r\n唐家璇 转交 了 中华人民共和国 主席 江泽民 致 普京 的 信 .\r\n双方 重申 今年 将 再次 举行 中俄 最高级 会晤 .\r\n双方 商定 将 认真 准备 , 以 使 中俄 总理 定期 会晤 取得 显著 的 实际 成果 .\r\n唐家璇 和 伊万诺夫 在 会谈 中 满意 地 指出 , 中俄 相互 协作 不 针对 第三 国 , 日益 成为 推动 世界 多极化 和 建立 公正 合理 的 国际 秩序 的 重要 因素 .\r\n双方 强调 , 任何 旨在 破坏 主权 国家 领土 完整 的 行为 都是 不能 接受 的 .\r\n双方 指出 , 在 当前 形势 下 , 保持 全球 战略 稳定 对于 保障 世界 和平 具有 特殊 意义 .\r\n双方 商定 将 继续 加强 和 深化 两国 在 这 方面 的 合作 .\r\n两国 外长 重申 , 中俄 在 确保 两国 周边 地区 , 包括 亚太 , 中亚 和 南亚 的 安全 与 稳定 问题 上 具有 共识 .\r\n双方 均 表示 愿 全面 促进 \" 上海 五 国 \" 框架 内 的 合作 .\r\n中俄 支持 亚太地区 积极 致力于 维护 地区 安全 的 组织 的 活动 , 重申 两国 支持 亚洲 一些 国家 建立 无 核武器 区 的 主张 .\r\n唐家璇 和 伊万诺夫 签署 了 《 中华人民共和国 政府 和 俄罗斯 联邦 政府 关于 公民 相互 往来 的 协定 》 .\r\n伊万诺夫 愉快地 接受 了 邀请 , 访问 时间 将 通过 外交途径 商定 .\r\n戴相龙 说 , 近 几 年 , 金融 对 西部 信贷 支持 力度 不断 加大 .\r\n戴相龙 强调 , 实施 西部 大 开发 战略 是 一 项 长期 , 复杂 的 系统工程 , 必须 按 客观 规律 办事 .\r\n第一 , 增加 中长期 贷款 , 支持 西部 地区 的 基础 设施 建设 .\r\n积极 发放 助学 贷款 和 学生 公寓 贷款 , 促进 西部 地区 人才 培养 .\r\n第五 , 支持 东西部 经济 合作 , 促进 西部 经济 对外开放 .\r\n述评 : 美国 的 又 一 场 人权 悲剧\r\n新华社 华盛顿 2月29日 电 述评 : 美国 的 又 一 场 人权 悲剧 新华社 记者 刘江 砰然 一 声 枪 响 , 年仅 6 岁 的 一 年 级 小姑娘 凯拉·罗兰德 倒 在 血泊 中 .\r\n然而 , 持枪 杀害 她 的 , 不是 凶神恶煞 的 成人 罪犯 , 而是 一 名 与 她 同龄 , 同 年级 的 小 男孩 .\r\n噩耗 传来 , 举国 震惊 .\r\n同年 5月 , 佐治亚州 的 一 所 中学 里 枪声 又 起 , 1 名 学生 开枪 打伤 了 6 校友 .\r\n\" 校园 枪 祸 猛 于 虎 \" , 这是 当今 美国 校园 惨案 的 真实 写照 , 它 已 成为 美国 当今 严重 的 人权 问题 .\r\n美国 媒体 报道 , 美国 有 十分之一 的 学校 每年 至少 发生 一次 严重 刑事 案件 , 而且 越来越 多 地 表现 为 枪杀 暴力 .\r\n1985年 至 1995年 , 美国 青少年 犯罪 案件 猛增 两 , 其中 持枪 杀人 案件 剧增 3 .\r\n1997年 , 在 15 岁 至 24 岁 年龄 段 的 青年 中 发生 了 6044 持枪 杀人案 .\r\n美国 青少年 乃至 儿童 持枪 犯罪 , 是 枪支 泛滥 的 直接 恶果 .\r\n近些年 来 , 美国 广大 民众 发出 了 日益 强烈 的 禁 枪 呼声 , 然而 却 遭到 有着 强大 经济 实力 和 政治 后台 的 美国 枪支 协会 的 阻挠 .\r\n美国 频 发 的 校园 枪杀 案 , 也是 美国 暴力 文化 和 暴力 社会 环境 所 酿成 的 .\r\n另 一 项 研究 表明 , 美国 孩子 长 到 18 岁 时 , 平均 看过 4万 个 \" 表演 的 \" 杀手 和 20万 个 戏剧化 的 暴力 动作 .\r\n耶 鲁 大学 精神病 研究所 专家 对 107 美国 青少年 所 作 的 调查 表明 , 51% 的 人 承认 他们 曾 在 社区 中 遭到 过 一次 或 多次 暴力 , 有 12% 的 人 曾 受到 枪支 和 刺刀 的 袭击 或 威胁 .\r\n不断 发生 的 校园 血案 , 从 一个 侧面 深刻 地 暴露 了 令人 担忧 的 美国 人权 状况 .\r\n具有 讽刺 意义 的 是 , 就 在 比尔 小学 血案 发生 的 前夕 , 美国 政府 发表 了 一 年 一度 的 \" 国别 人权 报告 \" .\r\n报告 对 他国 的 人权 状况 指手画脚 , 极尽 攻击 之 能事 , 对 本国 日益 恶化 的 人权 状况 却 讳莫如深 .\r\n这 暴露 了 美国 在 人权 问题 上 的 双重 标准 和 虚伪 性 , 只能 为 世人 所 耻笑 .\r\n新华社 北京 三月一日 电 ( 记者 贾 奋勇 ) 中文 网络 门户 经营商 搜 狐 公司 和 移动电话 供应商 诺基亚 公司 今天 在 北京 签订 协议 , 联合 为 中国 移动电话 用户 开发 革新 式 移动 互联网 服务 .\r\n这 标志着 中文 移动 互联网 技术 在 实用性 上 又 向前 迈出 了 一 大步 .\r\n依据 协议 , 双方 将 积极 努力 建设 基于 诺基亚 无线 应用 协议 平台 的 移动 互联网 服务 , 搜狐 公司 将 负责 提供 适用于 这 一 平台 的 网络 信息 内容 .\r\n这 一 合作 将 使 中国 移动电话 用户 能够 通过 手机 迅速 登录 搜 狐 网站 , 获得 新闻 , 财经 , 休闲 等 各方面 的 实时 信息 , 实现 移动 电子商务 交易 .\r\n此外 , 革新 式 移动 互联网 服务 对 传统 技术 实行 了 进一步 升级 改进 , 使 用户 在 离线 时 也 可 得到 信息 和 服务 , 大大 增强 了 移动 互联网 服务 的 实用 功能 .\r\n据悉 , 中国 目前 已有 超过 四千万 的 移动电话 用户 , 而且 用户 数量 每年 还 在 不断 大幅 增长 .\r\n教育部 今天 就此 发出 通知 , 要求 教育 系统 认真 学习 , 深刻 领会 , 坚决 贯彻 落实 《 谈话 》 精神 , 努力 开创 我国 教育 改革 和 发展 的 新局面 .\r\n要 认真 研究 新时期 青少年 学生 的 思想 品德 状况 , 有 针对性 地 进行 爱国主义 , 集体主义 , 社会主义 教育 , 帮助 学生 树立 正确 的 世界观 , 人生观 , 价值观 .\r\n教育部 指出 , 要 以 师德 , 师 风 建设 为 重点 , 切实 加强 教师 队伍 建设 , 不断 提高 教师 的 思想 政治 素质 和 业务 素质 .\r\n要 进一步 加大 减轻 中小学生 过重 负担 工作 的 力度 , 全面 提高 教育 教学 质量 .\r\n教育部 指出 , 要 高度 重视 家庭教育 , 争取 学生 家长 对 教育 工作 的 支持 和 配合 .\r\n教育部 强调 , 教育 是 一个 系统工程 .\r\n加强 和 改进 教育 工作 , 需要 全党 全社会 的 关心 支持 .\r\n少年宫 等 校外 教育 机构 要 为 青少年 学生 开展 丰富 有益 的 课外活动 .\r\n现在 应该 是 彻底 解决 给予 中国 永久性 正常 贸易 关系 待遇 的 时候 了 .\r\n他 说 , 无论 是 美国 政府 , 还是 企业界 , 都 非常 重视 和 支持 给予 中国 永久性 正常 贸易 关系 待遇 , 并 已 为此 做 了 许多 积极 工作 , 克林顿 总统 还 指定 商务 部长 戴利 为 总 协调人 主持 这 一 工作 .\r\n孙振宇 表示 相信 , 通过 各方 努力 , 这 一 问题 将会 尽快 得到 解决 .\r\n针对 美方 议员 较为 关心 的 有关 中国 执行 双边贸易 协议 和 农业 协议 的 问题 , 孙振宇 说 , 中国 已经 开始 着手 执行 双边贸易 协议 , 开始 了 专门 的 人员 培训 , 并 对 现有 规章制度 和 法律 进行 清理 和 修改 .\r\n在 执行 农业 协议 方面 , 中国 也 已 做 了 大量 工作 , 继 派出 柑橘 代表团 对 加利福尼亚 等 州 进行 考察 后 , 又 派出 小麦 代表团 对 蒙大拿 等 州 进行 了 考察 , 并 签下 了 进口 5万 吨 美国 小麦 的 合同 .\r\n这是 中国 政府 第一 从 美国 西岸 进口 小麦 , 表明 了 中国 政府 履行 协议 的 诚意 .\r\n孙振宇 是 应 美国 商务部 的 邀请 , 前来 参加 为期 三 天 的 中美 商务 磋商 的 , 目的 是 为 将 于 4月6日 至 7日 在 北京 举行 的 中美 商贸 联委会部 长 会议 作准备 .\r\n新华社 上海 三月二日 电 ( 记者 吴宇 ) 上海 近日 举行 了 两 大型 人才 交流会 , 一时间 , 公司 云集 , 人潮 汹涌 , 热闹 非凡 .\r\n挑选 最 优秀 的 人才 是 我们 积极 融入 中国 市场 的 当务之急 . \" 专程 从 北京 赴 上海 坐 阵 招聘 的 朗 讯 科技 ( 中国 ) 有限公司 人力资源 部 高级 经理 浦小君 对 记者 说 .\r\n参加 人才 交流会 的 许多 外商 投资 企业 并 没有 散发 招聘 材料 , 而是 搬来 影碟机 , 画册 和 醒目 的 图表 , 简明 生动 地 展示 企业 形 像 .\r\n国内 一些 民营 科技 企业 也 颇为 活跃 , 深圳 华为 技术 有限 公司 有关 负责人 说 : \" 我们 不 设 招人 指标 , 只要 人才 优秀 , 公司 需要 , 有 多少 要 多少 . \"\r\n作为 专门 为 外商 投资 企业 和 代表处 提供 人力资源 服务 的 大型 国有 公司 , 上 海外 服 去年 派出 外企 雇员 二 点 三万 多人 , 并 帮助 三百 外商 代表处 落户 申城 .\r\n沉 建国 说 : \" 外企 进驻 上海 的 速度 在 明显 加快 .\r\n我们 只有 建起 更大 , 更 有 活力 的 人才 ' 蓄水池 ' , 才能 不断 满足 市场 的 需要 . \"\r\n记者 在 人才 交流会 拥挤 的 人流 中 碰到 了 上海 同 济大 学 硕士生 张杰 , 这位 信息 管理 专业 的 应届 毕业生 经过 几 番 考察 , 终于 和 大唐 电信 科技股 份 有限 公司 签定 了 聘用 合同 .\r\n他 感叹 人才 市场 越来越 开放 , 找 工作 的 机会 很多 , 但是 用人 单位 的 要求 也 越来越 高 .\r\n上海市 人事局 副局长 王绍昌 告诉 记者 , 上海 去年 从 外地 引进 各类 人才 七千 人 , 比 上 一 年 增加 两千 多人 ; 归国 创办 企业 和 咨询 机构 的 留学生 队伍 , 近年来 也 以 百分之十 的 速度 增长 .\r\n他 说 , 只有 敞开 大门 , 为 人才 交流 和 培养 搭建 起 广阔 的 舞台 , 上海 才能 不断 增强 国际 竞争力 .\r\n这 已 不只是 理论 的 争端 , 而是 直接 危及 世界 60亿 [ 时代 潮 ] 人民 命运 的 大 问题 .\r\n[ 人民 论坛 ] [ 上市 公司 ] \" 人权 高于 主权 \" , 真 有道理 吗 ? 对此 , 只要 稍加 分析 , [ 证券 时报 ] 就 暴露 其 似是而非 , 根本 站不住 脚 .\r\n国家 是 属于 一 国 人民 的 , 国家 主权 是 一 国 人民 的 集体 人权 .\r\n失去 主权 , 也就 失去 人权 .\r\n爱国主义 始终 是 人们 最为 崇敬 的 一种 思想感情 .\r\n这是 因为 失去 主权 , 其 灾难 远远 超过 阶级 压迫 .\r\n而 遭受 这种 灾难 的 不限于 哪 一部分 的 人 , 而是 覆 巢 之下 无 完 卵 .\r\n因此 , 要 享有 人权 , 首先 要 有 主权 .\r\n中国 等 发展中国家 的 人民 都 亲身 经历 了 没有 主权 也就 没有人 权 的 苦难 , 也 共同 走过 了 必须 首先 争得 国家 主权 才 得以 改善 人权 的 道路 .\r\n邓小平 说 : \" 真正 说起来 , 国 权 比 人权 重要 的 多 . \"\r\n也就是说 , 一 国 侵犯 别国 的 行为 已 不是 国际 安全 的 主要 危险 .\r\n突出 的 事实 就是 不 平等 , 不 公正 的 国际 政治 秩序 和 国际 经济 秩序 .\r\n经济 全球化 已 成为 可以 堂而皇之 侵犯 一 国 主权 的 理由 .\r\n美国 《 纽约 时报 》 1999年4月24日 的 文章 说 , 经济 全球化 使 \" 国家 主权 无可 避免 地 --- 并且 心甘情愿 地 --- 受到 全球 经济 力量 的 削弱 \" .\r\n经济 全球化 常常 被 形容 为 双面 刃 , 有利 也 有害 .\r\n但是 现在 它 并不 平等 地 对待 所有 国家 , 而是 对 一些 发达国家 大大 有利 .\r\n这种 不 平等 , 不 公正 的 秩序 严重 危及 国际 和平 与 安全 , 损害 世界 几 十亿 人民 的 人权 .\r\n这 比 之 一些 国家 内部 侵犯 人权 的 行为 不知 要 严重 多少 倍 .\r\n面对 这种 不 平等 , 不 公正 , 维护 主权 对 弱小 国家 来说 就 更加 重要 .\r\n无怪乎 阿尔及利亚 总统 要 在 联合国 呼喊 : \" 主权 是 我们 对 一个 不 平等 世界 制度 的 最后 防线 . \"\r\n国家 是 人类 社会 发展 的 产物 .\r\n它 使 不同 利益 的 人们 维持 一定 的 \" 秩序 \" , 避免 使 自己 和 社会 毁灭 在 冲突 之中 ; 对外 维护 主权 , 防御 外敌 侵略 .\r\n因此 , 国家 虽 是 由 人 组成 , 但 人 不能 没有 国家 .\r\n马克思主义 认为 , 国家 将会 消亡 , 但 那 是 将来 社会 发展 的 结果 .\r\n在 现阶段 , 人 是 不能 没有 国家 的 .\r\n如果 现在 人 没有了 国家 , 那 将 是 什 幺 状况 呢 ?\r\n那就 会 陷入 无政府状态 , 或者 成为 无国籍 流民 , 或者 成为 别国 殖民地 的 亡国奴 .\r\n无论 哪 一种 状况 , 人 的 生命 , 尊严 , 自由 等 都 无 保障 , 那 还有 什 幺 人 的 价值 .\r\n中国 人 常 说 , 国家 国家 , 有 国 才有 家 , 也就是 这个 道理 .\r\n西方 一些 国家 把 借口 人权 而 侵犯 别国 主权 说 作 \" 不是 利益 之争 , 而是 价值 之 战 \" .\r\n西方 所 说 的 价值 , 只能 是 西方 一些 国家 的 价值 .\r\n美国 总统 克林顿 在 谈到 对 南联盟 的 战争 即 说 , 美国 已经 \" 为 我们 的 民主 价值 观念 并 为 一个 更 强大 的 美国 取得 了 胜利 . \"\r\n那些 富 国 \" 认为 它们 做 了 正当 的 事情 , 而 其它 国家 认为 这是 对 其 自身 安全 的 威胁 \" .\r\n借口 \" 人权 高于 主权 \" , 实行 \" 新 干涉 主义 \" , 实践 上 又 会 怎样 呢 ?\r\n但是 涉及 人权 的 许多 行为 , 是非 界限 和 程度 界定 就 很 不 清楚 , 国际 社会 也 没有 形成 共识 .\r\n法国 《 费加罗 报 》 1999年6月22日 的 文章 说 , \" 到 目前 为止 , 还 没有 任何 一个 政治 组织 能 确定 事情 发展 到 什 幺 样 的 地步 , 一个 国家 的 主权 便 可以 不受 尊重 了 . \"\r\n实际 是 , 这 一 \" 标准 \" 由 西方 国家 说了算 .\r\n美国 《 波士顿 环球报 》 1999年7月5日 的 文章 即 说 , \" 各国 已 被 正告 , 如 不 遵循 西方 的 标准 , 就 会 招致 干预 . \"\r\n借口 \" 人权 高于 主权 \" 对 一 国 进行 干涉 , 这 只是 少数 西方 国家 的 特权 .\r\n小国 弱国 有 侵犯 人权 的 行为 , 西方 一些 大国 强国 也 有 侵犯 人权 的 行为 , 有的 非常 严重 .\r\n确实 , 已经 有 一 股 势力 公开 鼓吹 实行 帝国主义 .\r\n\" 美国 和 北约 实际上 已经 摒弃 《 联合国 宪章 》 严格 限制 对 地区 冲突 进行 国际 干预 的 规定 \" ( 美国 《 外交 》 双月刊 1999年 5- 6月 号 ) .\r\n为了 否定 《 联合国 宪章 》 , 西方 某些 人 更 荒谬 地 提出 《 联合国 宪章 》 与 《 世界 人权 宣言 》 相 矛盾 .\r\n英国 《 新 政治家 》 周刊 1999年4月9日 的 文章 说 , 在 《 联合国 宪章 》 规定 的 世界 秩序 和 《 世界 人权 宣言 》 阐述 的 权利 之间 即使 没有 根本 的 矛盾 , 也 至少 存在 着 抵触 .\r\n宪章 禁止 武力 侵犯 国家 主权 . 宣言 则 保证 个人 有 反抗 暴虐 国家 的 权利 .\r\n这 真是 匪夷所思 .\r\n这 说明 任何 危及 国际 和平 与 安全 的 行为 包括 侵犯 人权 在内 , 联合国 都 有 责任 和 权利 加以 制止 , 同时 也 说明 , 某种 行为 是否 危及 国际 和平 与 安全 应 由 联合国 来 断定 , 不能 由 任何 国家 任意 决定 .\r\n因此 , 指责 《 联合国 宪章 》 是 对 侵犯 人权 的 庇护 , 不过是 一种 借口 .\r\n美国 《 芝加哥 论坛 报 》 1999年6月6日 的 文章 说 得 十分 露骨 : \" 过去 10 年 里 , 有关 主权 的 概念 已经 发生 了 彻底 的 变化 .\r\n美国 作为 世界 唯一 超级大国 , 不管 其 愿意 不 愿意 , 都 承担 着 领导 职责 .\r\n这 意味着 美国 现时 要 以 这种 或 那种 方式 参与 世界 范围 的 每 一种 干预 行动 . \"\r\n美国 白宫 公布 的 \" 新世纪 国家 安全 战略 \" 文件 说 , \" 如果 我们 想要 在 国内 获得 安全 , 我们 必须 在 国外 实行 领导 . \"\r\n英国 的 《 新 政治家 》 周刊 1999年4月9日 的 文章 更 明白 地 说 , \" 美国 早已 公然 与 国际法 和 《 联合国 宪章 》 对抗 . \"\r\n上述 文章 透露 了 主张 \" 人权 高于 主权 \" 的 奥秘 .\r\n首先 , \" 人权 高于 主权 \" 的 要害 是 国家 主权 可以 侵犯 .\r\n其次 , 主张 和 实施 \" 人权 高于 主权 \" 的 正是 \" 有 殖民 历史 的 强国 \" ( 法国 《 费加罗 报 》 用语 ) .\r\n强国 侵犯 别国 主权 是 为了 被 侵犯 国家 本身 的 利益 , 一切 被 侵犯 国家 应该 深深 感激 侵犯 国 的 善行 , 如果 不 懂得 这一点 甚至 反对 , 那就是 忘恩负义 , 罪该万死 !\r\n[ [ 社评 ] ] 通过 对话 与 交流 促进 人权 事业 中国 政府 与 联合国 人权 高 专办 公室 合作 举办 的 第八 亚太 人权 研讨会 於 一日 至 三日 在 北京 举行 .\r\n国家主席 江泽民 在 致 研讨会 的 贺信 中 指出 , 新世纪 如何 进一步 加强 国际 人权 领域 的 合作 , 促进 国际 人权 事业 的 发展 , 是 摆 在 国际 社会 面前的 重要 课题 .\r\n我们 既有 机遇 , 也 有 挑战 .\r\n尽管 各国 国情 不同 , 在 人权 问题 上 存在 分歧 , 但 我们 促进 和 保护人 权 的 目标 是 一致 的 . 各国 应 本 著 平等 和 相互 尊重 的 精神 , 开展 对话 与 交流 , 以 加深 了解 , 缩小 分歧 , 扩大 共识 , 共同 进步 .\r\n人权 是 历史 的 产物 , 是 发展 的 概念 , 推动 人权 事业 的 进步 是 全人类 的 共同 愿望 .\r\n各国 实现 人权 目标 的 重点 和 方式 必然 各 不相同 , 各国 根据 本国 的 具体 情况 确定 实现 人权 目标 的 重点 , 这 本身 就是 一 项 基本 人权 .\r\n中国 政府 历来 十分 重视 人权 , 并 根据 人权 普遍性 原则 和 具体 国情 , 为 不断 发展 中国 的 人权 事业 作出 了 巨大 的 努力 .\r\n只要 中国 继续 沿 著 符合 国情 的 发展 道路 走下去 , 中国 经济 和 社会 发展 就 会 继续 取得 重大 进展 , 中国 人民 享有 的 人权 水平 将会 有 更大 的 提高 .\r\n在 签署 了 《 经济 社会 及 文化 权利 公约 》 及 《 公民 权利 和 政治权利 国际公约 》 后 , 中国 政府 有关 部门 正 积极 为 批准 这 两 公约 作准备 .\r\n亚太 各国 在 人权 问题 上 的 立场 和 观点 虽 不完全 一致 , 但 共同点 明显 多 於 分歧 .\r\n中国 在 人权 问题 上 的 立场 是 一贯 的 , 就是 在 平等 协商 的 基础 上 进行 对话 与 合作 .\r\n经济 型 轿车 竞争 激烈 一般 说 , 经济 型 轿车 是 指 价格 在 十万 元 以下 发动机 排气 量 在 一点三 升 以下 的 轿车 .\r\n由 於它 价格 便宜 经济 实用 , 故此 在 出租 和 家用 车 市场 有 著 很 强 的 竞争力 .\r\n特别是 今年 燃油 税 如 能 正式 实施 , 那麽 , 收益 最大 的 车型 恐怕 就是 经济 型 轿车 .\r\n不可 否认 的 是 , 目前 中国 的 经济 型 轿车 还 存在 著 需求 结构 比较 单一 , 对 出租车 市场 和 家用 车 市场 依赖 程度 较大 等 特点 .\r\n去年 , 在 其他 级别 轿车 价格 并无 显著 下降 的 形势 下 , 中国 经济 型 轿车 的 价格 战 却 愈演愈烈 , 这 从 侧面 反映出 经济 型 轿车 市场 的 需求 不 旺 .\r\n专家 认为 , 从 长期 来看 , 经济 型 轿车 在 中国 当然 前景 广阔 , 但是 这 并不 意味 著 经济 型 轿车 市场 已 全面 启动 .\r\n据统计 , 从 一九八八年 至 一九九二年 的 五 年 期间 , 中高级 轿车 在 中国 民用 轿车 保有 量 中 的 平均 占有率 为 百分之十二 , 但 到 了 一九九八年 , 其 平均 占有率 则 下降到 百分之八 左右 .\r\n再加上 别 克 和雅阁 这 两 与 国际上 同步 推出 的 全新 车型 , 其 在 价格 上 较 国外 同类 型 车 更 具有 竞争力 , 故此 , 它们 也 有效地 拉动 了 中国 汽车 市场 的 增长 .\r\n但 同时 , 中国 国内 轿车 的 消费 结构 由 集团 消费 为主 逐步 向 私人 购买 为主 的 多元化 需求 转变 , 私人 购 车 比重 日益 上升 , 这就 决定 了 中国 轿车 市场 只能 是 以 经济 型 轿车 中级 轿车 为 主导 车型 的 市场 格局 .\r\n尽管如此 , 无论 是 从 技术水平 还是 制造 质量 营销 理念 还是 销售 模式 方面 , 雅 阁 别 克 和 奥迪 A6 都 给 整个 中国 轿车 市场 带来 了 缕缕 清新 的 空气 .\r\n这些 企业 生产 轿车 多 属 地方 或 企业 行为 , 故 其 产品 也 只能 列入 轻型 客车 的 产品 目录 , 更 有的 只 在 本 省 销售 .\r\n廉 署 更 视 国安部 为 禁忌 , 属下 与 国安 特工 扯上 关系 , 当然 被 视 作 犯 上天 条 .\r\n国 安人 员 会 以 其他 身分 作 掩饰 , 进行 收集 情报 和 渗透 工作 ; 在 香港 , 国安 特工 多年来 都 在 无声无息 中 活动 .\r\n2月1日 , 美国 众议院 不顾 中国 人民 的 强烈 反对 , 不顾 中美 关系 的 大局 , 以 341 票 ( 其中 共和党 议员 200 人 , 民主党 议员 141 人 ) 对 70 票 通过 了 所谓 的 《 加强 台湾 安全 法案 》 .\r\n这 一 法案 最早 由 美 参议院 外交 委员会 主席 赫尔姆斯 与 参议员 托里 切 得 于 1999年3月24日 提出 .\r\n\" 两国 论 \" 出台 后 , 面对 两岸 关系 的 紧张 局面 , 美国 行政 部门 为 避免 刺激 已经 恶化 的 中美 关系 , 一度 明确 表示 反对 此 法案 , 因而 搁置 了 一段 时间 .\r\n这次 美国 国会 不顾 中国 政府 以及 美国 国内 正义 力量 的 一再 警告 , 逆 历史潮流 而 动 , 通过 了 这个 臭名昭著 的 法案 , 其 主要 动因 是 由于 台湾 当局 的 收买 .\r\n在 卡西迪 公司 经常 联系 的 议员 名单 中 , 有 二分之一 的 人 参加 了 参众两院 中 《 加强 台湾 安全 法案 》 的 连署 .\r\n据了解 , 为 推动 《 加强 台湾 安全 法案 》 出台 , 去年 台湾 方面 付给 卡西迪 公司 的 公关 费用 在 6个 月 中 增加 了 37% , 从 1998年 下半年 的 40万 美元 增加到 1999年 上半年 的 55万 美元 .\r\n美国 国会 : 为何 一再 反华\r\n中美 关系 解冻 以来 的 两国 关系 发展 轨迹 说明 , 美国 对 台 政策 的 本质 并未 改变 , 美国 一直 是 解决 台湾 问题 , 实现 中国 统一 的 最大 障碍 .\r\n《 与 台湾 关系 法 》 的 通过 , 不但 使 刚刚 正常化 的 中美 关系 濒临 倒退 的 境地 , 也 预 设 了 海峡 两岸 关系 发展 过程 中 的 不稳定 因素 , 使 海峡 两岸 关系 的 发展 始终 潜藏 着 危机 .\r\n它 在 中美 关系 史 上 留下 一 条 尾巴 , 有悖于 中美 两国 人民 要求 友好 的 愿望 , 因而 中美 关系 进入 了 在 斗争 中 发展 , 在 磨擦 中 前进 的 阶段 .\r\n美国 国会 在 中美 关系 和 台湾 问题 上 扮演 了 很多 不 光彩 的 角色 .\r\n美国 对 中国 所属 的 台湾地区 通过 所谓 \" 国内法 \" , 显然 是 对 中国 内政 的 粗暴 干涉 .\r\n不过 , 人们 也 注意到 美国 政府 已 一再 宣布 反对 这项 法案 , 克林顿 总统 也 一再 声称 \" 将 否决 这 一 法案 \" .\r\n因此 , 这 一 法案 如果 最后 获得 通过 , 势必 要 加剧 台湾海峡 的 紧张 局势 , 损害 亚太地区 的 和平 和 稳定 .\r\n正如 白宫 发言人 所 说 , 克林顿 政府 不会 接受 这 一 法案 , 因为 它 \" 将 给 该 地区 带来 不安 \" .\r\n美国 也 早已 宣布 , 不支持 \" 台湾 独立 \" , 不支持 \" 两 中国 \" 或 \" 一 中 一 台 \" , 不支持 台湾 加入 以 国家 为 成员 的 国际 组织 .\r\n大家 谈到 , 保卫 人民 的 和平 劳动 , 维护 国家 主权 和 领土 完整 , 是 宪法 赋予 人民 解放军 的 神圣 使命 , 也是 我军 根本 职能 在 新 的 历史 时期 的 最 集中 体现 .\r\n无论 过去 , 现在 和 将来 , 人民 解放军 都要 坚定不移 地 以 国家 , 民族 的 意志 为 最高 意志 , 以 国家 , 民族 的 利益 为 最高 利益 .\r\n为了 国家 的 统一 和 人民 的 幸福 , 我们 也 一定 能 象 革命 前辈 一样 , 不惜 承担 最大 的 牺牲 , 决不 允许 祖国 的 一 寸 领土 分裂 出去 .\r\n开展 教育 先行 的 部队 党委 引导 官兵 以 \" 面对 复杂 的 国际 形势 , 如何 打赢 未来 高技术 条件 下 的 局部战争 \" 为 题 , 展开 群众性 大 讨论 .\r\n大家 谈到 , 不论 科学技术 如何 发展 , 战争 胜负 的 决定 因素 永远 是 人 而不是 物 ; 我们 打 的 是 正义战争 , 正义 之 师 是 不可 战胜 的 .\r\n把 教育 的 过程 作为 做好 军事 斗争 准备 的 过程 , 把 教育 中 焕发 出来 的 热情 转化为 搞好 科技 练兵 的 实际 行动 , 是 南京 军区 某 部队 开展 这次 教育 的 显著 特点 .\r\n教育 中 , 官兵 们 认真 查找 在 军事 斗争 准备 中 存在 的 薄弱环节 .\r\n新春 伊始 , 教育 便 成了 举国 关心 的 热门 话题 .\r\n他们 普遍 认为 , 去年 发生 在 科教 领域 的 大事 多 , 喜事 多 , 实事 多 , 新 事 多 , 是 科教 兴 国 战略 真正 落实 而且 卓有成效 的 一 年 , 人们 从中 看到 了 中华 民族 伟大 复兴 的 希望 !\r\n科教 兴 国 , 关键 在 科技 , 基础 是 教育 , 二者 相辅相成 , 缺一不可 .\r\n去年 相继 召开 的 两 全国性 大会 , 把 科教 兴 国 的 战鼓 擂 得 响彻 神州 大地 --- 先是 1999年6月 在 北京 召开 的 第三 全国 教育 工作会议 .\r\n\" 国运 兴衰 系于 教育 , 教育 振兴 , 全民 有 责 . \" 江泽民 总书记 在 开幕式 上 的 讲话 如 黄钟 大 吕 , 在 国人 心中 久久 回荡 .\r\n金秋 十月 , 旨在 促进 中国 与 世界 各国 的 经济 技术 合作 的 首届 中国 国际 高新技术 成果 交易会 在 深圳 召开 , 第一天 科技 成果 交易额 就 达 60多亿 元 ;\r\n在 20世纪末 , 从 普通 百姓 到 政府 官员 , 都 切切实实 感受到 了 科教 兴 国 的 坚实 步伐 .\r\n怎样 才能 把 科教 兴 国 战略 真正 落到 实处 ?\r\n党中央 , 国务院 作出 了 明确 回答 : 积极 推进 科技 体制 , 教育 体制 和 经济体制 的 配套 改革 , 从 根本上 解决 科技 , 教育 与 经济 脱节 的 问题 .\r\n去年 7月1日 , 经贸委 管理 的 10 国家 局 所属 242 科研 院所 全部 企业化 . 科技 体制改革 迈出 了 实质性 的 一 步 .\r\n今年 年初 , 北京 有色金属 研究 总院 第一 从 国家 工商 行政 管理局 捧回 了 企业 法人 执照 , 实现 了 由 事业单位 向 科技 企业 的 历史性 转变 .\r\n教育 改革 同样 势在必行 .\r\n面对 新 的 形势 , 教育 思想 , 教育 体制 和 结构 , 教育 内容 与 方法 , 同 社会主义 现代化 建设 发展 的 需要 不 相适应 的 矛盾 , 已经 日益 显露 出来 .\r\n谈及 此事 , 九届 全国 政协 委员 黄人健 言辞 颇为 激动 : \" 喊 了 多年 的 向 素质 教育 转变 终于 有了 突破性 的 实际 行动 .\r\n我 真诚 地 希望 , 德智体 美 全面 发展 将 不再 是 一 句 空话 ! \"\r\n无论 是 科研 院所 的 转制 , 还是 教育 体制 观念 的 改革 , 都 才 进入 攻坚 阶段 .\r\n政协 委员 , 东大阿尔派 软件 股份 有限 公司 董事长 刘积仁 指出 , 与 发达国家 的 科技 , 教育 水平 相比 , 我国 还有 很大 的 一段 距离 ; 放眼 全国 , 科教 水平 的 地区 差异 还 很大 .\r\n代表 , 委员 们 认为 , 在 看到 挑战 , 认识 不足 的 同时 , 更 应 看到 我们 千载难逢 的 历史 机遇 .\r\n\" 机不可失 , 时不再来 . \"\r\n\" 两岸 猿 声 啼 不住 , 轻舟 已过 万重山 . \"\r\n消息 人士 称 , 北京 司法 部门 鉴 於 陈希同 身体 欠佳 需要 治疗 的 现实 情况 , 春节 前夕 批准 陈希同 保外就医 的 要求 , 并 安排 其 在 北京 郊区 一处 恬静 的 乡村 治病 和 疗养 .\r\n按 有关 规定 , 在 服刑 期间 获 保外就医 的 犯人 , 仍须 遵守 有关 规定 , 包括 未经 批准 , 不得 与 外界 有 任何 接触 .\r\n据称 , 狱中 的 陈希 同 可以 订阅 国内 各种 报纸 看 电视 , 而 陈希同 最 喜欢 阅读 的 是 《 北京 日报 》 和 《 北京 晚报 》 .\r\n陈希同 的 午餐 是 两 菜 一 汤 , 晚餐 则 非常 丰富 , 享有 四 菜 一 汤 的 特殊 优惠 .\r\n陈希同 是 中共 执政 以来 因 贪污 玩忽职守 被 判刑 的 第一 中共 政治局 委员 .\r\n首名 判刑 政治局 委员\r\n随后 陈希同 因 对 王宝山 自杀 负有 不可 推卸 的 责任 而 获准 \" 引咎辞职 \" , 辞去 中共 北京市 委 书记 职务 , 中纪委 书记 尉健行 入主 北京 查处 该 案 .\r\n九八 年 七月 三十一日 , 北京市 高级 人民 法院 指 陈希同 在 任职 北京市 长 书记 期间 , 收受 贵重 物品 二十二 件 ; 生活 奢靡 , 挥霍 公款 , 裁定 其 贪污 玩忽职守 罪名 成立 , 两 罪 并 罚 , 判处 有期徒刑 十六 年 .\r\n一九九九年十二月 下旬 , 陈水扁 发表 所谓 《 宪 改 白皮书 》 , 作为 其 竞选 政策 主张 的 重要 部分 .\r\n然而 无论 是 其 竞选 文宣 的 主轴 还是 关於 两岸 关系 定位 的 相关 主张 , 都 贯穿 了 \" 台湾 独立 \" 的 基本 精神 .\r\n第三 , 所谓 \" 国家 安全 \" 的 最高 原则 是 亚太 区域 的 战略 安全 , 涉及 西 太平洋 之 美国 , 日本 与 台湾 的 共同 利益 , 其 目标 无疑 是 共同 遏制 中国 .\r\n陈水扁 是 一个 激进 的 \" 台独 \" 人士 , 同时 是 一个 典型 的 投机 政客 , 他 善 於耍 弄 政治 手腕 , 擅长 利用 新闻 媒体 , 作 秀 造势 , 伪装 自己 .\r\n然而 , 在 某些 重大 事件 中 , 他 的 \" 台独 \" 本性 便 暴露无遗 .\r\n稳定 票源 , 扩大 支持 基础 .\r\n由於 中国 政府 和 国际 舆论 的 强大 压力 , 台湾 当局 目前 尚未 铤而走险 地 以 \" 两国 论 \" 进行 \" 修宪修 法 \" .\r\n这 只能 证明 陈水 扁 以往 所谓 \" 上台 执政 不会 宣布 台独 \" , \" 不会 随意 推动 公民 投票 \" , \" 不会 拿 台湾 人民 的 身家性命 开玩笑 \" 的 保证 , 全 是 一派 谎言 .\r\n钱其琛 副总理 在 首都 各界 纪念 江主席 八 项 主张 发表 五 周年 座谈会 的 讲话 中 明确 指出 , 所谓 \" 台湾 独立 \" 只能 意味 著 两岸 之间 的 战争 , 绝 不是 两岸 之间 的 和平 .\r\n陈水扁 的 论调 从 根本上 违背 台湾 民意 , 严重 危及 台湾 民众 的 安全 和 利益 , 势 将 无法 逃脱 失败 的 命运 .\r\n在 这次 \" 两会 \" 将要 提交 全国 人大 和 政协 审议 的 各种 工作 报告 中 , 朱鎔基 总理 的 政府 工作 报告 是 最 引人注目 的 .\r\n回顾 一九九九年 , 可谓 大事 多 , 难点 多 , 突发 事件 多 .\r\n因此 , 政府 将 进一步 扩大 出口 , 利用 外资 和 加快 外贸 体制改革 列为 今年 工作 的 一个 重点 .\r\n据了解 , 关於 中国 加入 WTO 问题 , 政府 工作 报告 所 用 的 笔墨 并不 算 多 , 显示 了 政府 态度 的 谨慎 低调 .\r\n事实上 , 目前 , 政府 各 部门 正在 根据 世贸 组织 的 要求 和 中国 的 承诺 , 修订 和 完善 有关 政策 法规 .\r\n加强 国防 现代化 建设 是 中国 经济 建设 和 国家 长治久安 的 重要 保证 .\r\n政府 今年 将 加大 对 军队 建设 的 投入 , 全面 提高 部队 打赢 技术 战争 的 能力 , 以 适应 新世纪 国家 安全 和 军事 斗争 面临 的 新 形势 .\r\n一九九九年 是 冷战 结束 后 国际 形势 和 国际 关系 变化 最大 的 一 年 .\r\n\" 本报 记者 杨帆 , 实习 记者 刘颖 北京 一日 电 \" 此间 一个 社会 调查 机构 的 调查 结果 显示 : 百分之九十一 的 被 访问 者 认为 台湾 问题 的 解决 宜 早 不宜 迟 , 所有 受访者 都 认为 \" 台湾 独立 \" 只能 意味 著 两岸 之间 的 战争 , 绝 不是 两岸 之间 的 和平 .\r\n《 一个 中国 的 原则 与 台湾 问题 》 白皮书 的 发表 引起 了 海内外 舆论 的 强烈 反响 .\r\n白皮书 中 提出 的 \" 如果 台湾 当局 无限期 地 拒绝 通过 和平谈判 解决 两岸 统一 问题 \" 就 可能 被迫 动武 , 是 设立 \" 没有 讲 时间表 的 时间表 \" .\r\n但是 , 如果 台湾 当局 一意孤行 地 搞 台独 , 那麽 , 我们 唯一 的 选择 是 不得不 使用 武力 , 这是 没有 办法 的 办法 , 是 台湾 当局 迫使 大陆 这样 做 的 .\r\n这位 资深 台湾 问题 专家 认为 , 在 这种 情况 下 , 两岸 统一 的 速度 将 加快 , 快 则 三 年 五 年 , 慢 则 不会 超过 十 年 , 台湾 问题 将 获 基本 解决 .\r\n李家泉 指出 , 台湾 当局 领导人 选举 在即 , 在 对待 两岸 关系 问题 上 , 主要 的 候选人 相信 除了 陈水 扁 以外 , 谁 当选 都会 比 李登辉 强 .\r\n对 於 陈水扁 是否 当选 的 问题 , 我 的 看法 有 三点 . 第一 , 反对 .\r\n对 於 他 的 台独 党纲 , 坚决 斗争 , 决不 妥协 .\r\n第二 , 不怕 .\r\n陈水扁 是 地地道道 的 坚持 \" 台独 \" 理念 的 代表 人物 , 如果 他 成为 台湾 政策 的 制订 者 和 执行者 , 不仅 在 理念 上 , 而且 在 行动 还要 推行 \" 台独 \" 主张 , 两岸 战争 不可 避免 .\r\n第三 , 认真 对待 , 积极 准备 ; 战略 上 藐视 , 战术 上 重视 .\r\n李家泉 教授 分析 说 , 假如 陈水扁 当选 , 存在 两 可能 .\r\n第一 可能 是 他 宣布 不 搞 \" 台独 \" , 但 这种 可能性 不大 .\r\n而 他 的 当选 势必 鼓励 岛内 \" 台独 \" 分子 大 搞 分裂 活动 , 增加 反华 势力 对 \" 台独 \" 的 幻想 .\r\n民进党 内部 可以 说是 四分五裂 , 存在 各种 派系 , 有 一部分 人 并不 坚定 追求 台独 .\r\n美国 政府 \" 不支持 台湾 独立 \" 的 主张 已经 公 之 於世 , 它 从 国家 利益 考虑 不可能 为 支持 \" 台湾 独立 \" 而 挑起 \" 中美 大战 \" .\r\n他 说 , 面对 \" 台独 \" 必然 失败 的 这样 一种 结果 , 稍有 政治 头脑 的 人 应该 考虑到 民进党 的 转型 , 在 这 方面 , 民进党 内部 争吵 得 很 厉害 .\r\n民进党 不要 再 搞 \" 台湾 独立 \" , 或者 \" 台湾 共和国 \" .\r\n台湾 过去 没有 独立 过 , 现在 不能 独立 , 将来 永远 也 不 容许 台湾 独立 .\r\n中央军委 近日 颁发 了 《 中国人民 解放军 院校 教育 条例 》 .\r\n这是 我军 院校 教育 发展 飞 系 又 一件 大事 , 标志着 我军 院校 教育 进一步 纳入 法制化 管理 轨道 , 对于 加强 我军 院校 锩 现代化 , 正规化 建设 , 保证 院校 教育 事业 健康 发展 , 具有 十分 重要 的 意义 .\r\n抓紧 教育 立法 , 实行 依法 治 教 , 是 江主席 发展 新时期 军队 院校 教育 的 重要 思想 .\r\n我军 历来 十分 重视 院校 的 法规 建设 .\r\n实践 证明 , 没有 健全 的 法制 , 就 没有 军队 院校 教育 健康 持续 的 发展 .\r\n从 当前 我军 院校 的 实际情况 看 , 有 法 不依 , 执法 谎 稀 违法 不 究 的 现 像 , 在 一些 部门 和 单位 还 不同 程度 地 存在 .\r\n新 的 千年 是 新 的 起点 .\r\n应该 看到 , 我军 从 传统 训练 向 科技 练兵 转变 , 从 训练 思想 观念 到 练 谌莘法 , 从 训练 机制 到 保障 方式 等 , 还有 许多 问题 亟需 解决 , 这场 深刻 的 军事 变革 刚刚 拉幕 .\r\n江主席 多次 强调 : \" 开展 科技 练兵 , 依靠 科技 进步 提高 训练 质量 , 缩小 训练 与 实战 的 差距 , 这个 方向 很 对 . \"\r\n深化 科技 练兵 , 是 我军 着眼 时代 发展 所 作出 的 战略 选择 .\r\n深化 科技 练兵 , 是 军事 斗争 准备 对 我军 训练 提出 的 紧迫 任务 .\r\n世纪之交 , 科索沃 战火 再一次 警示 , 高技术 战争 离 我们 并不 遥远 ; \" 台独 \" 势力 的 日益 猖獗 表明 , 祖国 统一 的 氛 锐 复杂 .\r\n未来 的 仗 在 呒 际 跆 跫 下 打 , 平时 的 兵 就要 在 高技术 背景 下 练 .\r\n当前 , 科学技术 的 迅猛 发展 , 为 部 由 罨 技 练兵 提供 了 良好 的 机遇 .\r\n我们 要 充分 利用 各种 有利 条件 , 加快 深化 科技 练兵 的 步伐 世纪之交 , 挑战 严峻 , 机遇 难得 .\r\n网络 世纪 : \" 第四 领土 \" 浮 出来\r\n技术 能不能 引起 \" 领土 \" 和 \" 主权 \" 的 争夺 , 其中 一个 关键 是 看 其 能否 扩大 国家袢 ± 益 的 新 空间 , 并且 是否 有能力 管辖 好 这 片 \" 新 空间 \" .\r\n等到 他国 醒来 时 , 发现 美国 人 那 条 \" 公路 \" 已 成了 美国 的 \" 新 领土 \" , 凡 进入 这 片 \" 空间 \" 必须 向 美国 \" 申请 护照 \" 了 .\r\n人们 还 发现 , 正像 有关 专家 指出 的 那样 , 原子弹 虽然 能 摧毁 地球 上 的 一切 , 却 只能 成为 争夺 霸权 或 捍卫 主权 的 工具 , 而 不能 成为 \" 领土 \" 和 \" 主权 \" 本身 .\r\n在 网络 世纪 里 , 一个 国家 的 经济 主权 , 政治 主权 , 文化 主权 , 军事 安全 等 都 越来越 依赖 于 \" 虚拟 领土 \" 的 有效 管辖 .\r\n在 这个 空间 里 虽然 没有 高楼大厦 , 没有 界碑 , 但 其 流动 的 信息 甚至 比 蕴藏 的 石油 资源 更为 重要 , 它 与 捍卫 领空 权 , 领海 权 和 领土 权 具有 同等 战略 意义 .\r\n今天 , 一个 国家 在 维护 其 陆地 , 领海 , 领空 主权 的 同时 , 只有 充分 挖掘 此 \" 虚拟 领土 \" 的 潜力 , 并 实施 有效的 管辖 , 这个 国家 的 主权 才是 完整 的 .\r\n历史 上 , 技术 不但 催生 了 \" 领土 \" , 也 使 国界 不断 发生 变化 .\r\n目前 , 东盟 成员国 一致 认为 , 必须 制定 相应的 法规 , 既 促进 互联网 的 发展 , 又要 ; す 家 的 利益 .\r\n法国 政府 规定 , 在 法国 境内 发布 信息 的 网站 , 必须 同时 发布 法语 版 镜 耐 场 P 加 坡 当局 更是 不惜 重金 , 设立 了 网络 上 的 信息 过滤 站台 , 所有 进出 新加坡 的 信息 都要 受到 严格 的 审查 .\r\n联合国 教科文 组织 官员 也 倡议 , 制定 全球 都 能 接受 的 网络 空间 \" 法 \" .\r\n正是 这样 , 一个 朦胧 的 虚拟 国界 , 导致 了 虚拟 领土 和 主权 争夺 的 隐蔽性 和 复杂性 .\r\n网络 主权 竞争 作为 一种 协作 式 的 竞争 , 规则 还 很 不 明朗 .\r\n网络 竞争 的 空间 还 在 不 侠 大 , 只要 抓住 机遇 , 各个 国家 都 有可能 成为 拥有 主权 的 网上 \" 蜘蛛 \" .\r\n无论 是 克林顿 把 信息 高速公路 弊 魇 界 争雄 的 武器 , 还是 肯尼迪 宣称 的 \" 谁 控制 太空 谁 就 控制 了 地球 \" , 都是 \" 高 边疆 理论 \" 的 具体化 .\r\n美国 网络 现在 占 主导 地位 , 并不 仅仅 由于 自己 是 网络 的 发源地 , 而是 其 国民 已 具 噶 撕 强 的 网络 观念 , 从而 造就 了 无数 的 \" 小 蜘蛛 \" .\r\n庞大 的 网络 信息 服务 文化 , 正在 挤占 他国 网络 信息 空间 , 世界 级 网络 技术 新 标准 的 制定 , 大胆 地 , 预见性 地 提出 网络 理论 , 由 \" Χ 律 \" 发展 到 \" 雅虎 法则 \" 等 , 都 使 其 先声夺人 .\r\n互联网 , 一 场 由 美国 人 ⑵ 鸩 主导 游戏 规则 的 革命 .\r\n然而 , 以 任何 形式 拒绝 网络 只能 是 拱手 让出 网络 领土 与 主权 , ㄒ 坏 选择 就是 : 积极 主动 投身 互联网 的 发展 , 培养 自己的 \" 蜘蛛 \" 和 张开 自己的 网 .\r\n网络 世界 是 一个 标榜 自由 和 平等 的 世界 , 其实 霸权主义 行径 随处可见 , \" 萝卜 \" 引诱 与 \" 大 棍 \" 蛮横 并存 , 形式 日益 多样 和 隐蔽 .\r\n长期以来 , 美国 凭借 其 技术 优势 和 信息 优势 , 到处 施展 霸权 拳脚 .\r\n一 是 大 闳 胪 缡 樱 如 我国 从 1992年6月 开始 , 多次 提出 加入 Internet , 但 美国 则 以 种种 理由 加以 拒绝 , 直至 1994年4月 初 才 同意 加入 .\r\n二 是 采用 不 正当 手段 , 人为 地 阻碍 他国 网络 技术 的 进步 , 实质上 是 夺 他国 在 网络 空间 与其 信息 共享 .\r\n现在 , 包括 欧洲 国家 在内 都 已 识别 了 美国 的 网络 霸权 , 都 在 努力 探寻 发展 新 路 .\r\n互联网 是 为 防止 物理 摧毁 而 设计 , 并 没 充分 考虑 其 信息 传输 的 安全性 , 尽管 后来 煌 5 \" 打 补丁 \" , 还是 非常 脆弱 .\r\n海湾 战争 中 , 伊拉克 部分 防空 指挥 系统 由于 买 了 美军 特工 嵌入 病毒 芯片 的 打印机 渫 络 被 遥控 激活 的 病毒 所 瘫痪 .\r\n\" 中新社 北京 三月二日 电 \" ( 记者 陈建 ) 国务院 副总理 钱其琛 今天 下午 在京 指出 , 促进 和 保护人 权 , 不仅 要 说 得 好 , 更 要 做 得 好 .\r\n由於 国情 不同 , 各国 在 人权 问题 上 有 不同 看法 是 正常 的 .\r\n对 於 分歧 , 搞 对抗 不是 解决 办法 , 还是 对话 好 .\r\n钱其琛 在 中南海 紫光阁 会见 来 京 出席 第八 亚太 人权 研讨会 的 联合国 人权 事务 高级 专员 罗宾逊 夫人 时 这样 说 .\r\n钱其琛 说 , 在 中国 这样的 人口 大国 里 , 对 促进 和 保护人 权 , 中国 更 强调 \" 做 \" .\r\n钱其琛 表示 , 中国 政府 对 联合国 人权 两 公约 予以 积极 评价 .\r\n这 对 提高 中国 西部 地区 各民族 人民 的 生活水平 和 享受 各项 人权 的 水平 , 意义 重大 .\r\n中国 希望 得到 国际 社会 的 支持 .\r\n他 希望 , 双方 建立 在 平等 相互 尊重 基础 上 的 合作 不断 发展 ; 高 专办 为 促进 中国 和 国际 社会 在 人权 领域 的 对话 作出 积极 贡献 .\r\n《 意见 》 提出 , 要 充分 发挥 审判 职能 , 保障 国有 企业 改革 顺利 进行 , 促进 以 公有制 为 主体 的 多种 所有制 经济 共同 发展 .\r\n依法 打击 各类 破坏 经济 秩序 的 犯罪 .\r\n严厉 打击 哄抢 , 盗窃 , 破坏 或者 故意 毁坏 国有 企业 生产资料 , 设备 的 犯罪 , 特别是 要 打击 针对 国有 企业 的 集团 盗窃 犯罪 , 保护 国有 企业 资产 .\r\n严厉 打击 采取 报复 手段 , 杀伤 国有 企业 领导者 , 职工 或 其他 侵害 国有 企业 领导 , 职工 人身权 的 犯罪 , 为 国有 企业 生产 经营 创造 良好 的 治安 环境 .\r\n要 依法 审理 好 国有 企业 在 建立 和 完善 现代 企业 制度 中 出现 的 纠纷 案件 , 依法 维护 企业 的 经营 自主权 , 维护 国家 对 国有 资产 的 管理 .\r\n要 注重 对 劳动 和 社会保障 方面 案件 的 审理 , 依法 保护 劳动者 的 合法权益 , 促进 劳动 制度 的 改革 , 同时 支持 企业 加强 和 改善 管理 .\r\n要 依法 平等 保护 各类 诉讼 主体 的 合法权益 , 促进 市场经济 的 健康 发展 .\r\n最高 人民 法院 副 院长 祝铭山 表示 , 为 国家 的 经济 建设 和 社会 进步 提供 公正 , 高效 , 优质 的 司法 保障 和 司法 服务 , 是 人民法院 的 历史 责任 .\r\n应 俄罗斯 外长 伊万诺夫 的 邀请 , 唐家璇 外长 於 二月二十八日 至 三月一日 对 俄罗斯 进行 了 正式 访问 , 於 今天 回国 .\r\n在 会见 中 普京 强调 , 俄方 将 恪守 双方 历次 发表 的 联合 文件 所 确定 的 各项 原则 .\r\n双方 重申 今年 将 再次 举行 中俄 最高级 会晤 ; 并 将 认真 准备 中俄 总理 定期 会晤 .\r\n双方 满意 地 指出 , 中俄 相互 协作 不 针对 第三 国 , 这种 协作 正 日益 成为 推动 世界 多极化 和 建立 公正 合理 的 国际 秩序 的 重要 因素 .\r\n他 指出 , 双方 强调 , 任何 旨在 破坏 主权 国家 领土 完整 的 行为 都是 不能 接受 的 .\r\n俄方 重申 将 坚定不移 地 奉行 一个 中国 的 立场 .\r\n中方 表示 支持 俄 政府 在 车臣 采取 的 反 恐怖主义 行动 .\r\n这位 发言人 最后 表示 , 中国 相信 克列巴诺夫 副总理 对 中国 的 访问 将对 两国 之间 战略 协作 伙伴 关系 的 发展 起到 积极 的 推动 作用 .\r\n历经 五十 年 不平凡 的 历程 , 中国 军队 已 由 单一 的 陆军 发展 成为 陆军 海军 空军 第二 炮兵 诸 军兵种 合成 的 强大 军队 .\r\n该片 各 集 独立 成章 , 又 共 成 一体 , 场面 宏大 , 气势磅礴 .\r\n片 中 的 训练 演习 场面 都是 军队 电视 工作者 实地 现场 拍摄 , 充分 发挥 电视 纪录片 真实 感人 的 特点 , 无论 从 整体 构成 到 具 象 场景 , 都 给 人 以 强烈 的 视觉 冲击力 .\r\n该片 共 十五 , 将 於 三月三日 下午八时P.M.三十分 在 中央 电视台 第四 套 节目 播出 , 每 集 三十 分钟 .\r\n( 第四十八 号 ) 朱邦造 谈 美国 太平洋 舰队 总部 司令 访华 \" 中新社 北京 三月二日 电 \" 外交部 发言人 朱邦造 今天 在此间 表示 , 美国 太平洋 舰队 总部 司令 布莱尔 此次 访华 将 有利 於 促进 双方 相互 了解 .\r\n美国 太平洋 舰队 总部 司令 布莱尔 今天 结束 对 中国 的 访问 , 返回 美国 .\r\n有 报道说 , 访华 期间 , 他 发表 了 口头 声明 表示 , 中美 双方 在 台湾 问题 上 取得 了 有 实质 内涵 的 交换 意见 .\r\n在 今天 的 外交部 新闻发布会 上 , 朱邦造 向 记者 介绍 了 布莱尔 上将 的 访华 情况 .\r\n他 指出 , 布莱尔 一行 是 去年 五月 炸 馆 事件 以来 , 正式 访华 的 第一 美国 高级 军事 代表团 .\r\n布莱尔 一行 表示 , 美方 将 坚持 \" 一个 中国 \" 和 有关 承诺 .\r\n朱邦造 说 , 此次 访华 有利 於 促进 双方 相互 了解 .\r\n应 中国人民 解放军 总参谋部 邀请 , 美国 太平洋 舰队 总部 司令 布莱尔 上将 , 於 二月二十七日 至 三月二日 访问 北京 和 南京 .\r\n布莱尔 还 和 熊光楷 副 总长 外交部 副部长 王光亚 等 就 国际 和 地区 安全 中美 双边 关系 等 问题 广泛 交换 了 意见 , 并 参观 了 有关 军事 单位 .\r\n布莱尔 表示 , 美国 政府 的 政策 仍然 是 坚持 \" 一个 中国 \" 的 原则 .\r\n二月二十一日 至 二十四日 , 以 外 经贸部 首席 谈判 代表 龙永图 为首 的 中国 代表团 和 以 欧盟 贸易 总司 司长 贝泽勒 为首 的 欧盟 代表团 就 中国 加入 世贸 组织 问题 进行 了 双边 磋商 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月2日 电 人民 日报 3月3日 社论 : 高扬 团结 民主 的 旗帜 -- 热烈 祝贺 全国 政协 九 届 三 会议 开幕 全国 政协 九 届 三 会议 今天 在 北京 隆重 开幕 .\r\n这是 世纪之交 的 一次 重要 会议 , 负有 特殊 使命 , 意义 非同寻常 .\r\n我们 向 来自 祖国 各地 , 身负 重任 的 政协 委员 表示 热烈 祝贺 !\r\n人民政协 已经 走过 五十 多年 的 光辉 历程 .\r\n半个世纪 以来 , 人民 政协 在 国家 政治 , 经济 和 社会生活 中 , 发挥 着 不可 替代 的 作用 , 积累 了 丰富 的 , 宝贵 的 经验 .\r\n在 中国 共产党 领导 下 实行 团结 和 民主 , 是 人民政协 性质 的 集中 体现 , 是 人民政协 产生 和 发展 的 历史 根据 , 是 人民政协 继往开来 的 方向 和 使命 . \"\r\n这就 为 在 新 的 世纪 做好 人民 政协 工作 , 指明 了 方向 , 提出 了 方针 原则 .\r\n过去 的 一 年 , 是 我们 国家 发展 历史 上 极 不平凡 的 一 年 .\r\n在 这些 活动 中 , 人民 政协 牢牢 把握 团结 和 民主 两 大 主题 , 紧紧 围绕 中心 , 服务 大局 , 协商 国 是 , 做出 了 重要 贡献 .\r\n人民政协 的 民主 , 是 以 协商 讨论 , 建言 献策 , 民主 监督 为 主要 内容 的 民主 , 是 具有 中国 特色 的 人民 民主 .\r\n要 通过 广泛 发扬 民主 , 充分 调动 各 党派 , 各人民团体 , 各族 各界人士 建设 有 中国 特色 社会主义 的 积极性 , 对 党 和 政府 决策 的 制定 和 落实 发挥 积极 作用 .\r\n坚持 并 不断 完善 这种 民主 形式 , 是 发展 社会主义 民主政治 , 建设 有 中国 特色 社会主义 的 必然 要求 和 重要 内容 .\r\n中方 希望 美方 妥善 处理 台湾 问题 , 避免 中美 关系 再次 受到 挫折 .\r\n十一月 间 , 两国 又 签署 了 关於 中国 加入 世贸 组织 的 双边 协议 , 有力 推动 了 中美 关系 的 改善 和 发展 .\r\n江主席 说 , 中美 关系 来之不易 , 是 双方 共同 努力 的 结果 , 也是 二十 多年 来 美国 两 党 和 历届 政府 共同 努力 的 结果 .\r\n这 符合 美中 双方 的 利益 .\r\n他 将 继续 为 美中 关系 的 发展 作出 不懈 努力 .\r\n\" 微笑 列车 \" 自 去年 起 与 中华 慈善 总会 合作 , 已 成功 为 两千 多位 中国 唇 腭裂 患儿 进行 了 手术 .\r\n布什 一行 是 应 中国人民 对外 友好 协会 的 邀请来 华 访问 的 .\r\n对外 友协 会 长 齐怀远 中央 外办 主任 刘华秋 等 参加 了 会见 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月2日 电 ( 人民 日报 记者 武卫政 新华社 记者 尹鸿祝 ) 江泽民 总书记 \" 关于 教育 问题 的 谈话 \" 发表 后 , 在 全党 , 全社会 特别是 教育界 引起 了 强烈 反响 .\r\n李岚清 在 报告 中 说 , 江泽民 同志 的 重要 谈话 , 从 国运 兴衰 , 民族 复兴 的 高度 , 阐明 了 抓好 教育 和 青少年 思想 工作 的 重大 意义 .\r\n北京市 , 天津市 的 区 , 县 和 有关 部门 的 负责人 , 以及 部分 大 中小学 的 书记 , 校长 和 教师 代表 近 四千 人 参加 了 报告会 .\r\n中国 外交部 发言人 朱邦造 表示 , 俄 副总理 的 这次 访问 , 相信 将对 中俄 之间 战略 协作 伙伴 关系 发展 起 积极 的 推动 作用 .\r\n朱邦造 说 , 唐家璇 在 访 俄 期间 双方 重申 今年 将 再 举行 中俄 最高级 会晤 , 并 认真 准备 两国 总理 定期 会晤 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月2日 电 ( 记者 钱彤 ) 国家主席 江泽民 今天 下午 在 中南海 会见 了 美国 前总统 乔治 · 布什 和 夫人 巴巴拉·布什 .\r\n江泽民 对 布什 一行 再次 来华 访问 表示 欢迎 , 并 对 布什 长期以来 为 中美 关系 作出 的 积极 努力 表示 赞赏 .\r\n江泽民 对 过去 一 年 的 中美 关系 作 了 简要 回顾 .\r\n他 说 , 中美 关系 在 去年 经历 了 较大 的 波折 , 但 在 9月 间 举行 的 亚太 经合 组织 会议 期间 , 双方 在 继续 致力于 建立 建设性 战略 伙伴 关系 的 问题 上 达成 了 共识 .\r\n江泽民 说 , 中美 关系 发展 到 今天 来之不易 , 这是 过去 二十 多年 来 中美 双方 共同 努力 的 结果 , 也是 美国 两 党 和 历届 政府 共同 努力 的 结果 .\r\n我们 希望 在 新 的 世纪 里 中美 关系 保持 稳定 , 健康 发展 , 关键 是 双方 要 从 两国 人民 的 共同 利益 出发 , 真正 做到 用 战略 的 眼光 看待 和 处理 中美 关系 .\r\n他 说 , 我们 愿意 同 美国 两 党 领导人 及 各界人士 加强 接触 , 为 两国 关系 的 改善 和 发展 而 共同 努力 .\r\n在 台湾 问题 上 , 江泽民 说 , 最近 一个 时期 美方 的 一些 言行 不能不 使 我们 感到 严重 关切 .\r\n我们 希望 美方 妥善 处理 台湾 问题 , 避免 中美 关系 再次 遭受 挫折 .\r\n布什 表示 很 高兴 有机会 再次 来 中国 访问 .\r\n他 向 江泽民 简要 介绍 了 美国 国内 大选 的 情况 .\r\n布什 表示 他 坚定 地 支持 中国 加入 世贸 组织 , 支持 给予 中国 永久 正常 贸易 关系 , 这 符合 美中 双方 的 利益 .\r\n他 说 他 将 继续 为 美中 关系 的 发展 作出 不懈 努力 .\r\n\" 微笑 列车 \" 自 去年 起 与 中华 慈善 总会 合作 , 已经 成功地 为 2000 中国 唇 腭裂 患儿 进行 了 手术 .\r\n对外 友协 会 长 齐怀远 , 中央 外办 主任 刘华秋 等 参加 了 会见 .\r\n她 说 , 在 当前 国际 形势 下 , 中俄 不断 充实 战略 协作 伙伴 关系 的 具体 内容 , 全面 加强 各 领域 的 合作 十分 重要 .\r\n她 相信 根据 互 信 , 互惠 的 原则 , 开拓 思路 , 转变 观念 , 适应 市场 , 一定 会 使 两国 合作 提高到 一个 新 的 水平 .\r\n克列巴诺夫 表示 , 俄罗斯 十分 重视 同 中国 的 合作 , 对 近年来 取得 的 成就 表示 满意 .\r\n吴仪 介绍 了 中国 西部 大 开发 的 战略 , 表示 俄罗斯 作为 中国 的 邻国 , 具有 地缘 优势 , 中方 欢迎 俄罗斯 参与 西部 开发 .\r\n克列巴诺夫 表示 , 俄罗斯 对 参与 西部 大 开发 很 有 兴趣 , 将 尽 一切 努力 同 中方 开展 合作 .\r\n克列巴诺夫 是 应 中国 政府 邀请 于 今天 抵京 进行 正式 访问 的 .\r\n布莱尔 重申 美方 政策 仍是 坚持 一个 中国 原则 , 愿意 恪守 三 公报 .\r\n这是 中国 外交部 发言人 朱邦造 今天 在 例行 记者会 透露 的 .\r\n中央军委 副主席 迟浩田 , 总参谋长 傅全有 分别 会见 了 他 , 熊光楷 副 总长 , 王光亚 副 外长 还 与 他 进行 会晤 , 就 国际 和 地区 安全 , 中美 双方 关系 交流 了 意见 .\r\n这 不仅 极大 地 鼓舞 和 教育 了 当地 的 干部 群众 , 而且 在 全党 和 广大 人民群众 中 产生 了 热烈 反响 .\r\n中央 政治局 常委 直接 到 县 ( 市 ) 抓 \" 三 讲 \" , 是 以 江泽民 同志 为 核心 的 党中央 聚精会神 抓 党建 的 一个 重大 举措 .\r\n由 党 的 总书记 带头 , 中央 政治局 常委 全体 同志 , 在 一段 时间 , 直接 深入 县 ( 市 ) 亲自 抓 党 的 建设 , 这 在 党 的 建设 史 上 还是 第一 .\r\n中央 政治局 常委 直接 到 县 ( 市 ) 抓 \" 三 讲 \" , 充分 体现 了 中央 对 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 特别是 县 ( 市 ) \" 三 讲 \" 的 高度 重视 .\r\n高度 重视 县 ( 市 ) \" 三 讲 \" , 重 在 实践 , 贵 在 行动 .\r\n在 这 方面 , 中央 政治局 常委 已 为 我们 作出 了 表率 .\r\n榜样 的 力量 是 无穷 的 .\r\n全国 政协 九 届 三 会议 新闻发言人 田曾佩 今天 下午 在 人民 大会堂 举行 首场 新闻发布会 .\r\n\" 我 愿意 就 与 本次 政协 会议 有关 的 问题 , 回答 各位 记者 的 提问 . \" 在 宣读 完 新闻 发布 词 后 , 田曾佩 微笑 着 说 .\r\n一 只 只 手 高高 举起 .\r\n\" 去年 以来 , 全国 政协 提出 了 哪些 有 价值 的 意见 和 建议 ?\r\n被 采纳 的 情况 如何 ? \"\r\n一家 电台 的 记者 首先 发问 .\r\n在 综合 常委 们 意见 和 各 专 委 会 调研 成果 的 基础 上 , 形成 了 《 关于 我国 环境保护 若干 问题 的 建议 》 .\r\n这 份 建议 受到 中央 领导 同志 和 有关 部门 的 高度 重视 .\r\n提出 提案 是 政协 委员 履行 职能 的 重要 方式 .\r\n今年 政协 大会 恢复 在 开幕 会上 作 提案 工作 报告 的 做法 , 引起 了 记者 的 浓厚 兴趣 .\r\n因此 , 这次 会议 恢复 在 大会 开幕 会上 作 提案 工作 报告 的 做法 . \"\r\n田曾佩 话音 刚 落 , 记者 们 又 高高 举手 要求 提问 .\r\n\" 社会上 对 加强 监督 的 呼声 很高 .\r\n叶选平 副主席 在 去年 常委会 工作 报告 中 强调 要 加大 政协 民主 监督 力度 .\r\n请问 , 一 年 来 这 方面 的 工作 有 何 进展 ? \"\r\n香港 记者 就 全国 政协 在 廉政建设 方面 如何 发挥 作用 发问 .\r\n田曾佩 说 : \" 廉政建设 始终 是 人民政协 关注 的 热点 问题 .\r\n政协 委员 们 发挥 自身 优势 , 深入 调查研究 , 积极 建言 献策 , 为 促进 反腐倡廉 发挥 了 重要 作用 .\r\n会议 期间 , 我们 还 将就 西部 大 开发 问题 举行 一 场 中外 记者招待会 . \"\r\n有 记者 问 : \" 香港 , 澳门 已 回归祖国 .\r\n田曾佩 语气 坚定 地 说 : \" 台湾 问题 不能 无限期 地 拖 下去 , 必须 尽早 解决 .\r\n只要 用 \" 三 忠实 代表 \" 的 精神 指导 全党 的 思想 和 行动 , 我们 的 党 就 一定 能够 带领 全国 人民 在 新世纪 创造 新 的 辉煌 .\r\n委员 们 认为 , 讲话 中 对 党 的 建设 重要性 的 精辟 阐述 , 对 我们 进一步 推动 改革开放 和 社会主义建设 事业 具有 深远 的 历史意义 和 重要 的 现实意义 .\r\n我们 一定 要 坚持 从严 治 党 , 使 党 的 肌体 更加 健康 , 带领 全国 人民 继续 开拓 进取 . \"\r\n讲话 从 根本上 代表 了 中国 共产党 的 最高 利益 , 也 代表 了 广大 中国 人民 的 根本 利益 . \"\r\n他 说 : \" 当今 世界 的 最大 特点 , 是 高新 科技 迅猛 发展 , 高技术 产业 迅速 崛起 , 知识经济 时代 正在 到来 .\r\n经济 要 发展 , 科技 是 关键 , 教育 是 基础 .\r\n来自 江西省 水上 运动学 校 的 李小平 代表 对 江泽民 总书记 的 讲话 感到 深受 鼓舞 .\r\n在 中国 共产党 70 多年 的 历史 中 , 正是 脚踏实地 做好 了 这 三 ' 代表 ' , 赢得了 人民 的 拥护 .\r\n记者 曾 华国 自 政协 工商联 组 报道 : 河南省 工商联 副会长 王超斌 委员 结合 西部 大 开发 的 主题 说 : \" 党中央 提出 的 西部 大 开发 的 宏伟 事业 能否 取得 成功 , 关键 在于 加强 党 的 建设 .\r\n一方面 , 我们 要 加强 对 党员 领导干部 的 培训 , 提高 他们 的 政治 素养 , 工作 能力 , 另一方面 , 要 加大 干部 队伍 的 交流 , 使 他们 能 开阔 视野 , 锻炼 作风 .\r\n党 的 建设 加强 了 , 干部 作风 踏实 了 , 我们 就 一定 能够 加快 西部 地区 的 现代化 建设 . \"\r\n台湾 问题 是 中国 的 内政 .\r\n美国 政府 在 三 公报 中 , 已 承认 中国 只有 一个 , 台湾省 是 中国 领土 的 组成部分 .\r\n美国 就 应 尊重 中国 的 主权 和 领土 完整 , 不能 鼓吹 和 支持 台湾 走向 分裂 , 不能 制造 两 中国 , 不能 支持 台独 .\r\n美国 近年 不断 向 台湾 供应 武器 , 正是 台湾海峡 形势 恶化 的 主要 根源 .\r\n美国 国务院 发言人 鲁宾 最近 公然 说 : 尽管 中国 反对 美国 对 台湾 的 武器 销售 , 根据 《 台湾 关系 法 》 提供 台湾 正当防卫 的 需求 , \" 一直 极为 符合 美国 的 国家利益 \" .\r\n这种 说法 是 极其 荒谬 的 .\r\n为什麽 美国 要 阻挠 中国 的 和平 统一 , 以 售 武 的 手段 支持 分裂 活动 呢 ?\r\n难道 台湾 是 美国 可以 予 取 予 携 的 属 土 ?\r\n当 北京 发表 《 一个 中国 的 原则 与 台湾 问题 》 白皮书 之后 , 美国 官员 的 态度 更 摆出 一 副 霸权主义 架势 , 总统 发言人 洛克哈特 说 : \" 我们 拒绝 接受 在 这种 情形 下 使用 任何 武力 , 或 威胁 使用 武力 .\r\n\" \" 在 一九九六年 , 我们 对 被 视为 威胁 的 事情 作出 适当 的 反应 .\r\n迄今为止 , 克林顿 的 表态 稍为 稳重 , 他 说 中国 政府 的 白皮书 , 包含 如何 展开 两岸 对话 的 一些 \" 特定 建议 \" .\r\n美国 一些 官员 最近 的 言论 并 不利 美中 关系 的 发展 , 而且 助长 了 台湾海峡 形势 的 动荡 .\r\n美国 官员 应 谨言慎行 , 以 中美 关系 大局 为重 .\r\n在 新世纪 里 , 美方 宜 从 战略 眼光 处理 中美 关系 , 不要 因为 大选 的 暂时 政治 利益 , 做出 牺牲 中美 关系 利益 的 事情 .\r\n心 昨日 下午 抵达 北京 .\r\n( 中 新 吁 广东 \" 富 而 思 源 \" 社 ) 江泽民 在 广东 提出 , 先 发展 起 [ Image ] 来 的 地区 要 \" 富 而 思 源 \" \" 富 而 [ Image ] 工作人员 思 进 \" , 实际上 是 针对 开发 大西北 在 北京 人 而言 的 .\r\n民 大会堂 布置 今日 目前 , 中共 已 将 开发 大西北 作 政协 开幕 为 推进 中国 跨世纪 发展 作出 的 重大 式 会场 . 决策 .\r\n江泽民 去年 对此 问题 指出 , ( 中新社 不 开发 西部 地区 , 怎 麽 实现 全国 的 ) 现代化 ? 随着 西部 开发 战略 的 落实 , 中央 的 政策 资金 项目 等 将 向 西部 倾斜 .\r\n同时 , 希望 沿海地区 u 富 而 思 进 \" , 树立 全国 一盘棋 的 思想 , 积极 为 西部 地区 的 发展 提供 资金 技术 人才 信息 管理 等 方面 的 支持 , 并 通过 产业 转移 和 协作 , 促进 西部 地区 的 发展 .\r\n效果 未及 \" 邓 南 巡 \" 另外 , 江泽民 此次 南 巡 , 中央 宣传部 希望 各 传媒 能 开足马力 宣传 , 使 江泽民 南 巡 能 媲美 九二 年 的 邓小平 南 巡 .\r\n但 当局 事后 检讨 , 认为 尚未 达 致 如此 效果 .\r\n其中 江泽民 南 巡 讲话 中 提出 的 \" 三 代表 \" , 原意 是 媲美 於 邓小平 提出 的 \" 三 有利 於 \" 的 , 但 不知 何故 , 宣传 上 并未 有 很好 的 突出 效果 .\r\n( 第十四 号 ) 两会 特写 : 和 李长春 聊天 \" 中新社 北京 三月三日 电 \" 两会 特写 : 和 李长春 聊天 中新社 记者 郑小红 北京 广安 门 外 大街 新近 落成 的 深圳 大厦 , 昨晚 迎来 了 参加 九届 人大 三 会议 的 一百 广东省 人大 代表 .\r\n虽然 粤菜 早已 驰名 天下 , 李长春 也 已 逐渐 习惯 并 对 不少 菜 式 喜欢 , 但 他 最 喜欢 的 还是 家人 做 的 家常 菜 .\r\n李长春 用 广州 话 称赞 厨师 的 手艺 不错 , 照顾 了 南 北方 人 的 不同 口味 .\r\n对 这 三 类型 完全 不同 的 省份 , 李长春 在 领导 方面 有 哪些 侧重 ?\r\n其中 有 几个 市 提出 要 在 二零零五年 实现 这 一 目标 , 但 省 里 决不会 给 各 市 定 硬指标 , 更 不会 搞 一刀切 .\r\n一切 均 要 实事求是 .\r\n对此 , 李长春 表示 , 广东 全省 正 认真 学习 江泽民 的 指示 .\r\n好象 还有 许多 话题 可以 聊 , 但 几位 人大 代表 也 等 著 和 书记 聊天 , 记者 只好 就此 打住 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月3日 电 ( 记者 李诗佳 李明江 ) 中央军委 副主席 张万年 上将 今天 在这里 会见 了 俄罗斯 副总理 伊利亚·克列巴诺夫 .\r\n张万年 说 , 中俄 友好 关系 的 发展 不仅 符合 两国 人民 的 根本 利益 , 也 有利于 亚太地区 和 世界 的 和平 与 稳定 .\r\n张万年 表示 深信 , 克列巴诺夫 此次 访华 一定 会 进一步 促进 中俄 两国 在 各个 领域 的 友好 合作 .\r\n克列巴诺夫 说 , 俄中 之间 多层次 多 领域 的 交流 与 合作 是 两国 战略 协作 伙伴 关系 的 重要 组成部分 .\r\n( 新华社 \" 两会 \" 快讯 ) 全国 政协 九 届 三 会议 开幕 新华社 人民 大会堂 3月3日 15时05分 电 中国人民 政治 协商 会议 第九届 全国 委员会 第三 会议 今天 下午3时P.M. 在 人民 大会堂 开幕 .\r\n江泽民 , 李鹏 , 朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 , 李瑞环 , 胡锦涛 , 尉健行 , 李岚清 等 党 和 国家 领导人 在 主席台 上 就座 , 祝贺 大会 召开 .\r\n在 李瑞环 主席 主持 下 , 全国 政协 九 届 三 会议 开幕 会 首先 通过 本次 会议 议程 .\r\n今天 的 大会 上 , 还将 提请 委员 们 审议 《 中国人民 政治 协商 会议 章程 修正案 ( 草案 ) 》 .\r\n叶选平 说 , 2000年 是 世纪 交替 之 年 .\r\n我军 根本 职能 教育 正在 全军 和 武警 部队 陆续 展开 .\r\n这是 深入 贯彻 新时期 军事 战略 秸 氲 一 项 重要 举措 .\r\n搞好 我军 根本 职能 教育 , 是 部队 思想 政治 工作 的 重要 任务 和 经常性 课题 .\r\n新 形势 下 深入 进行 我军 根本 职能 教育 , 对于 促进 科技 练兵 活动 持续 开展 , 做好 军事 斗争 准备 , 推动 部队 质量 建设 , 具有 重要 意义 .\r\n各级 要 高度 重视 , 切实 ソ 糇 好 .\r\n要 把 教育 的 着眼点 放在 帮助 官兵 确立 牢固 的 职能 意识 上 .\r\n巩固 国防 , 抵抗 侵略 , N 雷国 , 保卫 人民 的 和平 劳动 , 是 宪法 赋予 我军 的 神圣 职责 .\r\n\" 职能 \" 二 字 重 千 钧 .\r\n只有 使 每一个 官兵 心中 装 着 军队 的 使命 , 才能 自觉 做好 军事 斗争 准备 , 进而 遏制 或 推迟 战争 的 爆 ⅲ 旦 打起 仗 来 具有 决战 决胜 的 绝对 把握 .\r\n要 认真 搞好 调查研究 , 摸清 官乃枷 肼 搏 , 盯 着 问题 搞 教育 .\r\n经验 表明 , 强化 职能 意识 , 一 靠 基 镜 览 灌输 , 二 靠 实践 引导 .\r\n因此 , UL 标志 是 有关 产品 ( 尤其是 机电 产品 ) 进入 美国 以及 北美 市场 的 通行证 .\r\n国家 工商 行政 管理局 商标 局 已经 核准 UL 标志 注册 为 证明 商标 , 依法 享有 商标 专用 权 .\r\n目前 , 国家 出入境 检验 检疫 局 等 五 部门 已经 开始 根据 各自 的 职责 分工 , 按照 实施 方案 开展 打假 工作 .\r\n由 於劣质 假冒 产品 的 出现 , 影响 了 中国 产品 的 出口 信誉 , 侵犯 了 经 UL 注册 的 国内 四千 企业 的 正当 权益 .\r\n据称 , 这项 惩处 办法 的 实施 将 确保 中国 \" 用 世界上 最 严格 的 措施 管理 土地 \" .\r\n国土 资源 部 副部长 孙文盛 说 , 新 《 土地 管理法 》 明确 规定 了 对 国家 工作人员 买卖 或 以 其他 形式 非法 转让 土地 , 非法 占地 , 非法 批 地 等 土地 违法行为 给予 行政处分 .\r\n但 《 土地 管理法 》 并 没有 明确 相应的 量 纪 标准 , 因而 在 实施 时 缺乏 可 操作 的 具体 办法 .\r\n孙文盛 说 , 这 一 惩处 办法 的 出台 将 完善 以 《 土地 管理法 》 为 主干 的 土地 法制 体系 , 使 《 土地 管理法 》 在 贯彻执行 过程 中 更具 可 操作性 .\r\n据介绍 , 近年来 , 公务员 涉嫌 土地 违法 的 现 像 呈 上升 趋势 .\r\n一些 基层 政府 , 领导干部 急功近利 , 为 出 政绩 不惜 违法 行事 .\r\n而 政府 官员 违法 案件 中 百分之九十五 以上 无法 得到 处理 .\r\n张新宝 说 , 以往 处罚 土地 违法行为 , 多 采用 罚款 , 没收 等 形式 .\r\n按照 新 颁布 的 惩处 办法 , 将 根据 情节 轻重 给予 政府 官员 降级 , 撤职 , 开除 等 行政处分 .\r\n中国 於 一九九九年 开始 实施 新 修改 的 更为 严格 的 《 土地 管理法 》 以 加强 耕地 保护 , 非法 批 地 , 管 地 和 用 地 的 行为 受到 更加 严厉 的 法律 制裁 .\r\n他 说 , 香港 , 澳门 回归祖国 , 标志 著 祖国 和平 统一 大业 已 取得 重大 进展 .\r\n解决 台湾 问题 , 实现 祖国 完全 统一 的 神圣 使命 更加 突出 地 摆 在 了 包括 台湾 同胞 , 海外侨胞 在内 的 全国 人民 面前 .\r\n朱鎔基 会见 俄罗斯 副总理 新华社 北京 三月三日 电 ( 记者 钱彤 ) 国务院 总理 朱鎔基 今天 上午 在 人民 大会堂 会见 了 俄罗斯 副总理 伊利亚 . 克列巴诺夫 .\r\n他 请 克列巴诺夫 转达 对 普京代 总统 兼 总理 的 亲切 问候 和 良好 祝愿 .\r\n克列巴诺夫 向 朱鎔基 转达 了 普京 的 问候 .\r\n他 表示 , 他 此次 访华 目的 是 推动 两国 在 各个 领域 的 合作 继续 向前 发展 .\r\n他 说 , 普京代 总统 兼 总理 多次 表示 , 俄罗斯 对外 坚决 主张 建立 多极 世界 , 对内 坚决 主张 捍卫 国家 主权 和 领土 完整 .\r\n俄罗斯 愿意 与 中国 加强 政治 , 经济 以及 国际 领域 的 密切 协作 .\r\n我们 现在 就要 为此 做 全面 认真 的 准备 .\r\n他 说 , 中俄 战略 协作 伙伴 关系 的 建立 与 发展 符合 两国 人民 的 根本 利益 , 对 维护 全球 的 战略 稳定 , 促进 世界 的 和平 与 发展 都 具有 重大 积极 影响 .\r\n一 年 来 , 双方 在 落实 这些 协议 方面 取得 了 一定 进展 .\r\n中方 赞成 全面 发展 同 俄罗斯 在 各 领域 的 合作 , 希望 通过 双方 的 共同 努力 , 根据 需要 和 可能 , 本 著 互 谅 互 信 的 精神 , 推动 两国 在 各个 领域 的 合作 不断 加深 和 扩大 .\r\n国务委员 吴仪 , 国家 发展 计划 委员会 主任 曾培炎 等 参加 了 会见 .\r\n会见 前 , 吴仪 和 克列巴诺夫 签署 了 《 会谈 纪要 》 , 两国 政府 有关 部门 负责人 签署 了 俄罗斯 向 中国 田湾 核电站 提供 核燃料 的 换文 .\r\n我们 一定 不 辜负 中央 领导 的 期望 , 扎扎实实 地 搞好 自身 的 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 .\r\n余杭市 领导班子 成员 谈到 , 江 总书记 等 中央 领导 同志 对 当前 形势 和 党 面临 的 任务 分析 透彻 , 我们 听 后 感到 豁然开朗 .\r\n中央 对 我们 这 幺 关心 和 重视 , 我们 必须 把 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 搞好 , 为 改革 和 建设 奠定 坚实 的 思想 基础 .\r\n北宁市 领导班子 成员 认为 , 江 总书记 等 中央 领导 同志 的 动员 讲话 , 使 我们 感到 , 对 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 要 从 认识 上 , 措施 上 , 剖析 的 力度 上 和 整改 上 进一步 加强 .\r\n一定 要不 辜负 党中央 和 人民群众 的 期望 .\r\n要 把 这些 列 个 清单 , 很好 地 总结 一下 .\r\n江 总书记 等 中央 领导 同志 的 讲话 , 对 自己 触动 很大 , 使 我们 提高 了 对 加强 党 的 建设 , 精神文明 建设 重要 意义 的 认识 , 克服 \" 自我 感觉 良好 \" 的 错误 认识 .\r\n同时 , 各地 广泛 征求 群众 意见 , 坚持 边 学 边 改 .\r\n叶选平 代表 全国 政协 常委会 作报告 是 今天 开幕 会上 的 主要 议程 之一 .\r\n他 说 , 全国 政协 通过 全体 委员 会议 , 常务 委员 会议 以及 专门 委员会 会议 等 形式 , 就 国家 有关 重大 事务 进行 了 协商 讨论 .\r\n以 高度 的 政治 责任感 和 对 人民 负责 的 精神 , 积极 建言 献策 , 反映 各界 呼声 , 提出 了 许多 有 份 量 , 有 价值 的 提案 , 意见 和 建议 .\r\n报送 中共 中央 和 国务院 后 , 受到 中央 领导 和 有关 部门 的 高度 重视 .\r\n国有 企业 是 中国 国民经济 的 支柱 , 搞好 国有 企业 改革 , 对 建立 社会主义 市场经济 体制 具有 极为 重要 的 意义 .\r\n叶选平 说 , 在 政协 各种 会议 上 , 委员 们 就 实施 依法 治国 方略 积极 发表 意见 , 提出 建议 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月3日 电 世纪之交 召开 的 中国人民 政治 协商 会议 第九届 全国 委员会 第三 会议 , 今天 下午 在 人民 大会堂 开幕 .\r\n下午3时P.M. , 全国 政协 主席 李瑞环 宣布 大会 开幕 , 全体 起立 , 乐队 奏 中华人民共和国 国歌 .\r\n党 和 国家 领导人 江泽民 , 李鹏 , 朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 , 胡锦涛 , 尉健行 , 李岚清 等 在 主席台 就座 , 祝贺 大会 召开 .\r\n全国 政协 副主席 叶选平 受 常务 委员会 委托 , 在 会上 作 了 全国 政协 九届 常委会 工作 报告 .\r\n我们 面临 的 挑战 是 空前 的 , 面临 的 机遇 也是 前所未有 的 .\r\n全国 政协 副主席 周铁农 受 常委会 委托 , 向 大会 作 全国 政协 九届 常委会 关于 政协 九 届 二 会议 以来 提案 工作 情况 的 报告 .\r\n所 提 意见 和 建议 得到 解决 或 列入 计划 解决 的 2542 件 , 占 84.6% .\r\n中共 中央 , 国务院 有关 部门 负责人 应邀 列席 今天 的 开幕 大会 .\r\n他 操 著 流利 的 普通话 说 , 西部 大 开发 , 将 是 这次 \" 两会 \" 上 的 热门 话题 .\r\n他 披露 , 在 他 参加 的 提案 中 , 就 将 涉及 中国 经济 发达 的 沿海地区 , 如何 在 西部 大 开发 中 发挥 应有 的 作用 的 问题 .\r\n\" 西部 开发 此 其 时 也 . \"\r\n著名 经济学家 董辅礽 委员 说 : \" 这 将 为 东部 的 发展 提供 新 的 机遇 .\r\n( 小标题 ) 知识经济 -- 新 千年 的 挑战 香港 理工 大学 校长 潘宗光 委员 对 高等教育 如何 配合 新世纪 知识经济 的 发展 战略 问题 十分 关注 . 他 与 其他 委员 合作 对 这 一 问题 进行 了 专门 研究 , 并 提交 了 一个 提案 .\r\n中科院 动物 研究所 研究员 黄大卫 委员 与 同事 们 正在 筹建 一个 博物馆 , 供 孩子们 在 游玩 中 学习 .\r\n他 说 : \" 未来 社会 需要 具有 创新 能力 的 人才 , 只有 开拓型 的 人才 才能 保证 中国 在 新世纪 立 於 不败之地 . \"\r\n冯理达 是 著名 爱国 将领 冯玉祥 的 女儿 .\r\n她 告诉 记者 , 她 将 在 政协 大会 上 发表 对 祖国 统一 的 政见 .\r\n李登辉 的 \" 两国 论 \" 是 不得人心 的 , 必然 遭到 海内外 中国 人 的 唾弃 .\r\n他 说 , 家乡 的 父老乡亲 对 台湾 的 前途 非常 关心 .\r\n在下 一个 五 年 ( 二零零一年 至 二零零五年 ) 中国 将 怎样 发展 , \" 十五 \" 计划 框架 将会 在 \" 两会 \" 初步 亮相 , 并 将 成为 代表 和 委员 们 议论 的 重点 话题 之一 .\r\n据悉 , 两 年 前 研究 制定 \" 十五 \" 计划 的 先期 准备 工作 已经 启动 , 政府 多个 部门 进行 了 仔细 调研 , 其中 国家 计委 广泛 征求 了 社会 各界 对 \" 十五 \" 计划 的 建议 , 负责 编制 工作 .\r\n要 编制 \" 十五 \" 计划 , 就 必须 充分 考虑 这些 特殊性 , 体现 和 适应 未来 中国 所 面临 新 形势 的 特殊性 要求 .\r\n这 标志 著 , 中国 社会 经济 发展 进入 了 一个 新 的 阶段 , 即 从 小康 逐步 向 现代化 过渡 的 阶段 .\r\n这 将会 在 社会 经济 生活 中 引起 许多 重大 的 变化 , 因为 社会 经济 生活 中 的 许多 矛盾 和 问题 , 是 同 经济 发展 的 变化 有关 的 .\r\n\" 十五 \" 计划 必须 考虑 经济 发展 阶段 的 变化 , 使 第三 战略 目标 有 个 好的 开端 .\r\n第三 , 国际 政治 格局 , 经济 格局 和 军事 格局 正在 发生 重大 变化 , 在 国际 竞争 越来越 激烈 的 条件 下 , 中国 需要 在 国际 竞争 中 求 发展 .\r\n提案 委员会 对 收到 的 提案 进行 了 审查 , 共 立案 3118 件 , 有 223 件 转 作 委员 来信 处理 .\r\n提出 提案 的 委员 1756 人 , 占 委员 总人数 的 79.5% ; 八 民主党派 中央 和 全国 工商联 提案 63 件 , 委员 界 别 小组 提案 26 件 .\r\n这些 意见 和 建议 反映 到 承办 单位 后 , 经过 认真 研究 和 办理 , 不少 得到 采纳 , 成为 制定 政策 或 改进 工作 的 参考 .\r\n经济 建设 方面 的 提案 占 全部 提案 的 42.9% , 涉及 众多 领域 .\r\n朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 总理 , 吴邦国 副总理 都 作 了 重要 批示 .\r\n科教 兴 国 和 精神文明 建设 也是 提案 的 重要 内容 .\r\n民主党派 和 委员 们 提出 的 缩小 义务教育 阶段 学校 差距 , 切实 减轻 中小学生 课业 负担 等 多 件 提案 , 正是 群众 反映 强烈 , 各级 教育 部门 着手 解决 的 问题 .\r\n许多 领导 亲自 布置 办理 工作 , 加大 办理 力度 , 建立 健全 办理 制度 , 保证 了 提案 的 落实 .\r\n1999年11月 , 全国 政协 在 北京 召开 第四 提案 工作 座谈会 , 认真 总结 交流 了 提高 提案 质量 , 办理 质量 和 服务 质量 的 经验 与 做法 , 明确 了 今后 提案 工作 的 努力 方向 .\r\n提案 委员会 以 提高 提案 工作 质量 为 中心 , 为 推动 提案 的 办理 做 了 大量 工作 .\r\n最高 人民 检察院 提出 , 要 严格 执行 党风 廉政建设 责任制 , 进一步 深化 领导干部 廉洁 自律 工作 , 继续 全面 落实 廉政 准则 .\r\n严禁 办 \" 关系 案 \" , \" 人情 案 \" , \" 金钱 案 \" .\r\n全国 政协 九 届 三 会议 今天 开幕 , 叶选平 受 政协 九届 常委会 委托 作 常委会 工作 报告 , 对 今年 政协 工作 提出 规划 .\r\n在 谈到 充分 发挥 人民 政协 在 对外 友好 交往 中 的 重要 作用 时 , 他 说 , 政协 将 按照 国家 外交 工作 的 总体 部署 , 积极 稳妥 地 开展 对外 友好 交往 .\r\n叶选平 说 , 过去 一 年 , 全国 政协 积极 开展 对外 友好 交往 活动 , 为 活跃 国家 外交 , 促进 世界 各国 对 中国 的 了解 , 增进 彼此的 友谊 与 合作 , 发挥 了 重要 作用 .\r\n九 副主席 先后 率团 出访 亚洲 欧洲 美洲 和 大洋洲 的 一些 国家 , 出席 国际 行动 理事会 \" 经社 理事会 和 类似 组织 国际 协会 \" 以及 达沃 斯 世界 经济 论坛 有关 会议 , 获得 了 积极 成果 .\r\n针对 以 美国 为首 的 北约 袭击 中国 驻 南联盟 大使馆 的 暴行 , 外事 委员会 发表 了 声明 , 提出 了 最 强烈 的 抗议 和 谴责 .\r\n潘日轩 教授 谈到 , 加速 推进 军队 现代化 是 打赢 可能 发生 的 现代 战争 特别是 高技术 条件 下 的 局部战争 , 维护 国家 统一 领土 完整 的 需要 .\r\n他 强调 指出 , 祖国 统一 不能 无限期 拖延 .\r\n现代化 建设 越 充分 , \" 打 \" 就 有了 基础 . 这个 基础 越 坚实 , 越 有利 於 促进 和平 统一 .\r\n如何 把 科技 强 军 战略 作为 实现 军队 现代化 建设 的 重要 手段 ?\r\n由於 中国 农业 生产 农产品 流通 和 农产品 贸易 , 分 属 农业 内贸 外贸 三 系统 主管 , 这种 格局 显然 不 适应 加入 WTO 后 国内外 市场化 的 需要 .\r\n其次 是 对 农产品 价格 的 影响 .\r\n如 不 尽快 调整 农业 结构 品种 结构 提高 农产品 质量 档次 , 中国 农产品 很难 打入 国际 市场 .\r\n关税 减 让 和 非 关税 政策 手段 的 丧失 , 为 国外 农产品 大举 占领 国内 市场 创造 了 便利 条件 , 因而 影响 了 中国 的 宏观调控 .\r\n第五 中国 农业 市场化 程度 不高 , 远 不 适应 加入 WTO 的 形势 .\r\n尽管 形势 严峻 , 但 专家 普遍 认为 , 加入 WTO 后 , 于 国 于 民 都 有利 .\r\n实际上 , 这种 有利 因素 还 得益 於 中国 率先 进行 的 农村 改革 , 实行 的 家庭联产承包责任制 .\r\n中国 最 具活力 的 , 独立 的 生产 经营 单位 的 形成 , 是 中国 经济 发展 的 根 , 是 加入 WTO 后 迎接 竞争 的 基础 .\r\n另外 , 目前 中国 市场 体系 和 外贸 格局 初步 形成 .\r\n这 三 市场 体系 的 建立 , 意味 著 中国 农村 市场 体系 初步 形成 , 农民 有了 一个 参与 国内外 市场 运作 的 基础 .\r\n面对 入世 后 的 巨大 挑战 , 专家 们 建议 政府 积极 应对 , 制定 相应 政策 .\r\n3月 的 北京 , 春风 送 暖 .\r\n下午 两 点 多 钟 , 江泽民 , 李鹏 , 朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 , 李瑞环 , 胡锦涛 , 尉健行 , 李岚清 等 党 和 国家 领导人 先后 来到 这里 , 向 在座 的 全国 政协 领导 等 同志 互 致 亲切 问候 , 祝贺 大会 召开 .\r\n去年 , 全国 政协 的 领导 和 委员 围绕 国家 工作 中心 , 深入基层 调查研究 , 提出 了 许多 有 价值 的 意见 , 建议 .\r\n全国 政协 副主席 杨汝岱 , 万国权 坐 在 一起 , 交谈 着 专题 调研 的 情况 .\r\n多年 关注 农业 的 杨汝岱 副主席 , 去年 带领 一些 委员 奔赴 四川 , 甘肃 等 地 , 就 农业 结构 调整 进行 调研 .\r\n他 说 , 调研 是 政协 委员 参政议政 的 基础 , 今后 政协 在 这 方面 的 工作 要 进一步 加强 .\r\n据悉 , 去年 全国 政协 共 进行 专题 调研 43 , 形成 专题 调研 报告 37 件 , 这些 调研 报告 受到 党中央 , 国务院 高度 重视 .\r\n大会 开始 前 的 东 大厅 里 , 委员 们 热烈 地 交谈 着 .\r\n加快 中西部 发展 , 要 靠 各族 人民 团结 奋斗 . \"\r\n辽宁省 政协 主席 孙奇 委员 手里 拿 着 经过 自己 深思熟虑 撰写 的 提案 -- 《 国家 应 尽早 开征 社会保障 税 》 , 在 大厅 里 征集 其他 委员 的 签名 .\r\n正巧 , 中国 工程 院 院士 陈洪铎 委员 对 这个 问题 早 有 研究 , 对 提案 表示 赞同 , 于是 郑重 地 签 上 了 自己的 名字 .\r\n他 说 : \" 针对 经济 和 社会生活 中 的 突出 问题 进行 调查研究 , 向 政府 有关 部门 建言 献策 , 是 政协 委员 的 职责 . \"\r\n来自 浙江 大学 的 董石麟 委员 向 工作人员 索取 了 一批 统计 材料 , 准备 带回 驻地 仔细 研究 .\r\n陈 ( 禺 加页 ) 委员 来到 触摸 式 电脑 前 , 查阅 贫困县 的 资料 和 数据 .\r\n这位 曾 在 青海 , 贵州 等 地 工作 过 的 委员 深 有 感触 地 说 : \" 今年 是 实现 ' 八七 ' 扶贫 攻坚 目标 的 最后 一 年 , 任务 还 很 艰巨 .\r\n这次 大会 我 想 就 这个 问题 提出 建议 .\r\n在这里 查点 资料 , 能 使 建议 更加 科学 , 准确 . \"\r\n一 , 协商 国 是 , 服务 大局 .\r\n他 说 , 实施 可持续发展 战略 , 是 我国 的 一 项 基本国策 , 也是 人民 政协 参政议政 的 一个 重要 领域 .\r\n近 几 年 全国 政协 围绕 实施 这 一 战略 的 许多 方面 进行 了 大量 调查研究 , 取得 了 重要 成果 .\r\n常委 们 着重 就 我国 的 环境保护 问题 进行 了 深入 的 讨论 和 研究 .\r\n常委会 根据 中共 中央 , 国务院 的 工作 安排 , 把 国有 企业 改革 列为 重点 课题 , 集中 力量 进行 调查研究 .\r\n在 政协 的 各种 会议 上 , 委员 们 就 实施 依法 治国 方略 积极 发表 意见 , 提出 建议 .\r\n与会 委员 认为 这 有利于 政协 委员 知情 出力 , 履行 职责 .\r\n二 , 调查研究 , 建言 立论 .\r\n叶选平 说 , 常委会 把 深入 实际 调查研究 , 围绕 中心 建言 立论 摆 在 突出 位置 , 努力 提高 专题 调研 工作 的 水平 .\r\n三 , 畅通 民主 渠道 , 反映 社情 民意 .\r\n这些 提案 内容 广泛 , 涉及 国家 和 社会 生活 的 方方面面 , 既有 情况 反映 , 也 有 对策 建议 .\r\n在 办理 过程 中 , 注意 选择 部分 重要 提案 重点 促 办 , 收到 了 很好 的 效果 .\r\n委员 们 深入基层 , 深入 群众 , 了解 社情 民意 , 认真 撰写 视察 , 考察 报告 , 为 中央 及 有关 部门 掌握 实情 , 改进 工作 提供 了 重要 依据 .\r\n特别是 围绕 第六 , 七 常委会 议 议题 , 组织 两 常委 视察团 , 就 农业 生态 环境保护 和 国有 企业 改革 问题 进行 视察 , 取得 了 较好 的 效果 .\r\n朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 总理 和 李岚清 , 吴邦国 , 温家宝 副总理 等 中央 领导 同志 对 报送 的 信息 多次 作 了 重要 批示 , 许多 问题 得到 了 妥善 处理 和 解决 .\r\n与此同时 , 积极 协助 党 和 政府 做好 协调 关系 , 化解 矛盾 的 工作 .\r\n全国 政协 按照 \" 和平 统一 , 一国两制 \" 的 方针 , 多 形式 , 多渠道 地 开展 海外 联谊 和 促进 祖国 统一 的 工作 .\r\n我们 积极 探索 在 \" 一国两制 \" 条件 下 加强 与 港澳 政协 委员 和 各界 同胞 联系 的 有效 方式 .\r\n叶选平 说 , 全国 政协 积极 开展 对外 友好 交往 活动 , 为 活跃 国家 外交 , 促进 世界 各国 对 中国 的 了解 , 增进 彼此的 友谊 与 合作 , 发挥 了 重要 作用 .\r\n截至 今年 2月 , 全国 政协 已 与 76 国家 的 123 机构 , 4 国际 组织 开展 了 友好 往来 , 其中 8 国家 的 18 机构 是 九 届 二 会议 以来 新 建立 联系 的 .\r\n同时 , 我们 还 注意 加强 制度 建设 , 修订 了 《 专门 委员会 工作 通则 》 和 《 提案 工作 条例 》 , 并 就 修订 政协 章程 等 进行 了 认真 的 准备 .\r\n按照 中共 中央 的 统一 部署 , 全国 政协 机关 在 中共 党员 领导干部 中 开展 了 以 \" 讲学习 , 讲政治 , 讲正气 \" 为 主要 内容 的 党性 党风 教育 .\r\n关于 政协 全国 委员会 2000年 度 的 工作 安排 , 叶选平 在 报告 中 提出 6 方面 的 意见 .\r\n二 , 切实 加强 专题 调研 工作 .\r\n三 , 进一步 搞好 民主 监督 .\r\n要 在 继续 发扬 政协 的 民主 传统 , 充分 运用 并 不断 完善 各种 例会 , 提案 , 视察 , 信息 等 已有 形式 的 同时 , 积极 探索 新 形势 下 加强 民主 监督 的 有效 形式 , 增强 民主 监督 的 实效 .\r\n要 注意 选择 党 和 政府 关注 , 人民群众 反映 强烈 的 问题 进行 重点 监督 .\r\n发挥 民主 监督 的 综合 效能 , 逐步 建立 一种 规范 有序 , 切实 有效的 民主 监督 工作 机制 .\r\n要 继续 保持 同 港澳 各界人士 的 密切 联系 , 更好地 发挥 港澳 政协 委员 的 作用 , 努力 维护 香港 , 澳门 的 长期 稳定 与 繁荣 .\r\n按照 国家 外交 工作 的 总体 部署 , 积极 稳妥 地 开展 对外 友好 交往 .\r\n他 说 , 普京代 总统 希望 尽早 与 江主席 举行 会晤 .\r\n克列巴诺夫 简要 介绍 了 俄罗斯 的 经济 形势 .\r\n他 说 , 目前 俄罗斯 各 经济 部门 都 出现 了 稳步 增长 的 势头 , 俄 政府 有 决心 摆脱 危机 , 使 国家 逐步 走向 繁荣 发展 的 道路 .\r\n他 说 , 中国 感谢 俄罗斯 在 台湾 问题 上 对 中国 的 支持 , 支持 俄罗斯 政府 在 车臣 问题 上 立场 和 行动 , 这是 不会 改变 的 .\r\n法 轮 功 害 了 多少 人 啊 ! \"\r\n身 兼 全国 政协 委员 的 何祚庥 今天 参加 政协 开幕 会 被 记者 团团 围 住 .\r\n目前 , 一 场 以 \" 致富 思 源 , 富 而 思 进 \" 为 主题 的 教育 活动 正在 沿海 发达 地区 广泛 深入 地 展开 .\r\n中共 中央 政治局 委员 , 广东省 委 书记 李长春 说 , \" 致富 思 源 \" , \" 源 \" 在 何处 ?\r\n这个 \" 源 \" 就在于 邓小平 理论 , 党 的 基本路线 和 党中央 的 正确 领导 .\r\n这 中间 , 凝聚 着 全国 人民 包括 贫困 地区 人民 的 心血 .\r\n江 总书记 重要 讲话 增强 了 广大 干部 群众 的 全局 意识 和 大局 意识 .\r\n深圳 市委 提出 , 深圳 要 以 \" 增 创新 优势 , 更上一层楼 , 率先 基本 实现 社会主义 现代化 \" 统揽 全局 , 做好 各项 工作 .\r\n要 大力 推进 社会主义 精神文明 建设 , 重点 开展好 \" 致富 思 源 , 富 而 思 进 \" 的 教育 活动 .\r\n江泽民 总书记 在 广东 的 讲话 极大 地 鼓舞 了 沿海地区 进一步 参与 西部 大 开发 的 热情 .\r\n苏州市 深入 开展 党 的 基本 理论 , 基本路线 , 基本 方针 教育 和 爱国主义 , 集体主义 , 社会主义 教育 , 强化 建设 有 中国 特色 社会主义 的 共同 理想 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月3日 电 ( 记者 牟丰京 任卫东 ) 刚刚 经历 了 3 年 直辖 , 又 迎来 西部 大 开发 .\r\n他们 提出 , 要 以 大局 意识 , 责任 意识 和 改革 精神 , 从 全局 和 战略 的 高度 认识 和 部署 西部 大 开发 工作 .\r\n3 年 前 的 九届 全国 人大 一次 会议 上 , 作为 中央 西部 大 开发 战略 的 预演 , 重庆直辖市 成立 了 .\r\n只要 是 对 整个 西部 发展 带动 大 的 项目 , 无论 对 重庆 的 利益 大小 , 都 坚决 参与 和 支持 .\r\n赵公卿 代表 说 , 重庆 基础 设施 建设 的 重点 是 尽快 建成 一批 具有 区域 关联 度 和 带动 性 的 大 项目 , 构建 一个 便利 整个 西部 通 江达海 的 立体 交通 网络 .\r\n我们 应该 保持 清醒 和 冷静 , 不能 再 有 战略性 失误 .\r\n西部 开发 应 多向 东部 学习 , 多 学习 发达国家 经验 .\r\n西部 要 利用 大 开发 带来 的 大 调整 , 用 改革 推动 西部 大 开发 , 用 改革 提高 西部 大 开发 的 效益 .\r\n要 下大 工夫 对 台湾 新 领导人 和 台湾 人民 做好 \" 释疑 解惑 \" 工作 , 让 他们 真正 了解 \" 一国两制 \" 的 涵 意 , 真正 了解 中国 共产党 和 中央 政府 的 诚意 .\r\n据悉 , 江泽民 还 表示 , 虽然 我们 抱有 极大 诚意 , 但 不能 一厢情愿 , 我们 不是 好战 分子 , 我们 希望 和平 , 也 需要 有一个 稳定 的 局面 来 发展 经济 , 但是 更 容不得 国家 的 分裂 .\r\n今年 \" 两会 \" 三 大 主题 引人瞩目 九 三 全国 政协 会议 昨日 在 北京 开始 举行 .\r\n初春 之际 , 五千 人大 代表 和 政协 委员 从 四面八方 云集 北京 , 出席 \" 两会 \" , 这是 中国 政治 生活 一 年 一度 的 大事 .\r\n去年 七月 祖国 大陆 针对 李登辉 提出 的 \" 两国 论 \" , 展开 了 坚决 的 斗争 , 使 \" 两国 论 \" 彻底 破产 .\r\n香港 工商界 同样 可以 象 当年 积极 参与 东部 沿海 的 开放 开发 那样 , 在 西部 投资 , 应 能 寻找 到 新 的 发展 机遇 .\r\n预计 今年 中国 可以 加入 世界 贸易 组织 .\r\n这是 中国 现代化 建设 进程 的 重大 进展 , 是 参与 全球化 进程 的 关键 步骤 , 对 今后 中国 各方面 的 发展 将 有 深远 影响 . 目前 , 中国 官方 正 从 中国 \" 入世 \" 带来 的 机遇 和 将会 面临 的 挑战 , 向 全国 各界 作 深入 的 解释 .\r\n可以 预期 , 在 \" 两会 \" 将 进一步 凝聚 中国 \" 入世 \" 的 共识 , 为 中国 \" 入世 \" 作好 准备 .\r\n今年 的 \" 两会 \" 处在 世纪之交 的 重要 时期 .\r\n10 年 前 , 在 党 的 十三 四 中 全会 上 , 江泽民 同志 就 明确 指出 , 我们 党 已经 制定 和 形成 了 一 条 建设 有 中国 特色 社会主义 的 路线 和 一系列 基本 政策 , 我们 必须 坚定不移 , 毫不 动摇 地 全面 执行 , 一 以 贯 之 .\r\n这 表明 我们 党 对 这 一 科学 理论 的 认识 已经 完全 成熟 , 坚持 这 一 理论 更加 自觉 , 清醒 , 坚定 .\r\n我国 农村 发生 的 根本 变化 得益于 邓小平 理论 的 正确 指导 , 得益于 党 的 第三 领导 核心 的 坚强 领导 .\r\n农民 从 内心 深处 感谢 邓小平 , 认定 邓小平 理论 是 当代 中国 最 管用 , 最 给 农民 带来 实惠 的 理论 .\r\n有了 这种 自觉性 和 坚定性 , 才有 了 国有 企业 的 改革 和 发展 .\r\n邯 钢 近年来 面对 激烈 的 市场 竞争 , 将 重点 转向 品种 开发 和 质量 提高 上 , 开发 出 附加值 较高 的 新产品 , 在 去年 实行 限产 , 消化 减 利 因素 的 情况 下 , 又 实现 利润 4.1亿 元 .\r\n这 一 理论 在 香港 , 澳门 回归祖国 的 实践 中 取得 了 巨大 成功 .\r\n香港 在 回归 两 年 多 来 , 经济 繁荣 , 社会 稳定 , 人民 安居乐业 的 事实 , 都 证明 了 和 继续 证明 着 这 一 理论 的 伟大 , 正确 .\r\n我 从 1985年 就 在 上海 投资 办 了 第一 企业 , 目前 在 祖国 内地 有 7 企业 .\r\n说是 科学 的 , 是 因为 它 是 可行 的 , 是 经过 香港 , 澳门 回归 的 成功 实践 所 证明 了 的 ; 说 它 是 唯一 的 , 是 在于 邓小平 先生 充分 了解 国际 国内 的 现实 , 找到 了 以 和平 方式 实现 祖国 统一 的 唯一 正确 道路 .\r\n这 也是 包括 台湾 同胞 在内 的 全体 中国 人民 的 共同 愿望 .\r\n曾建徽 说 , 希望 台湾 当局 不要 逆 历史潮流 而 动 , 为 两岸 关系 的 发展 和 祖国 统一 设置 种种 障碍 .\r\n我们 希望 两岸 在 一个 中国 原则 下 进行 对话 和 谈判 , 健康 发展 两岸 关系 .\r\n江泽民 强调 , 香港 , 澳门 都 已 回到 祖国 怀抱 .\r\n这是 我们 在 完成 祖国 统一 的 道路 上 取得 的 重大 胜利 .\r\n中国 政府 和 人民 有信心 有能力 早日 解决 台湾 问题 , 完成 祖国 的 统一 大业 .\r\n民革 中央 常委 , 甘肃省 政协 副主席 邓成城 提出 , 加快 生态 环境 建设 与 基础 设施 建设 是 实施 西部 大 开发 的 基础 和 根本 .\r\n江泽民 边 听 边 记 , 并 不时 插话 , 就 一些 问题 和 委员 共同 讨论 .\r\n在 听取 委员 的 发言 后 , 江泽民 发表 了 讲话 .\r\n江泽民 说 , 在 解决 台湾 问题 上 , 我们 将 继续 贯彻 \" 和平 统一 , 一国两制 \" 的 基本 方针 , 继续 贯彻 我 在 1995年 提出 的 发展 两岸 关系 , 推进 祖国 统一 进程 的 8 主张 .\r\n我们 前不久 发表 的 《 一个 中国 的 原则 与 台湾 问题 》 白皮书 , 充分 表达 了 我们 坚持 一个 中国 原则 的 坚定 立场 .\r\n为了 两岸 同胞 的 根本 利益 , 我们 将 尽 最大 努力 , 尽一切可能 , 争取 以 和平 的 方式 解决 台湾 问题 .\r\n当然 , 前提 是 必须 坚持 一个 中国 原则 .\r\n但是 , 我们 决不 承诺 放弃 使用 武力 .\r\n我们 将 始终如一 , 真心实意 地 寄 希望 于 台湾 人民 .\r\n我 愿 借此 机会 再次 郑重 表示 , 我们 充分 尊重 台湾 同胞 当家作主 的 愿望 和 发展 经济 的 要求 , 维护 台湾 同胞 的 切身 利益 .\r\n要 促进 台湾 同胞 全面 认识 和 正确 理解 我们 的 对 台 方针 政策 , 加深 他们 对 祖国 大陆 的 了解 , 为 早日 解决 台湾 问题 创造 有利 条件 .\r\n江泽民 说 , 在座 的 各位 政协 委员 , 为 协助 党 和 政府 落实 对 台 方针 政策 , 团结 海内外 台湾 同胞 , 做 了 大量 卓有成效 的 工作 .\r\n座谈会 由 全国 政协 副主席 , 民革 中央 常务 副主席 周铁农 主持 .\r\n引 来 朱鎔基 与 委员 们 一阵 笑声 .\r\n\" 请 香港 来 的 委员 多 发表 意见 \" 事先 准备 在 今天 的 会议 上 发言 的 委员 中 , 没有 香港 来 的 委员 .\r\n讨论 中间 , 朱鎔基 说 , 不是 有 香港 来 的 委员 吗 ?\r\n请 香港 的 委员 多 发表 意见 , 你们 不要 光 在 香港 讲 , 在这里 也 讲 讲 嘛 .\r\n希望 香港 的 经济 能 尽快 地 全面 地 复苏 , 也 相信 随 著 中国 即将 加入 WTO , 香港 的 发展 有 著 更 美好 的 前景 .\r\n\" 谁 叫 你 是 我 的 老乡 呢 \" 由於 要求 发言 的 委员 很多 , 所以 会议 进行 中 有 委员 提出 发言 要 尽量 简短 .\r\n三 湘 集团 有限 公司 董事长 李觉文 委员 发言 时 迟迟 没有 进入 主题 .\r\n朱鎔基 打断 他 的 话说 : 老乡 , 你 还是 快 直接 讲 实质性 的 问题 吧 .\r\n要是 你 不是 我 的 老乡 , 我 今天 不会 这样 冒昧 , 谁 叫 你 是 我 的 老乡 呢 ?\r\n\" 我 明天 有机会 讲 \" 今天 , 共有 吴敬琏 赵海宽 段永基 等 十七 委员 就 农村 经济 国企 改革 西部 开发 提高 工资 收入 等 建言 献策 .\r\n委员 们 都 想 听 朱鎔基 讲话 , 朱鎔基 则 说 , 我 明天 有机会 讲 , 讲 一个 上午 , 如果 你们 还有 什 麽 意见 尽管 讲 .\r\n在 委员 们 发言 结束 后 , 朱鎔基 说 , 大家 的 意见 都 很好 , 我 都 一一 记下 了 , 一定 会 认真 地 考虑 , 这些 意见 都是 极 有 价值 的 , 也是 国务院 日日夜夜 在 考虑 的 .\r\n你们 的 意见 对 改进 政府 工作 很 有 帮助 , 对 民主 决策 科学 决策 大有 好处 .\r\n所以 , 我 诚恳 地 表示 感谢 .\r\n据称 , 这是 本届 人大 任期 结束 时 要 初步 形成 有 中国 特色 的 社会主义 法律 体系 这 一 立法 目标 的 重要 方面 之一 .\r\n九届 人大 三 会议 今天 在 人民 大会堂 举行 第一 新闻发布会 .\r\n国务院 还 制定 了 八百 多 件 行政 法规 , 地方 人大 及其 常委会 共 制定 了 七千 多 件 地方性 法规 , 这就 初步 形成 了 有 中国 特色 的 社会主义 法律 体系 框架 .\r\n曾建徽 说 , 本届 人大 立法 的 重点 之一 是 根据 国家 当前 改革 发展 和 稳定 的 需要 , 抓紧 制定 相关 法律 .\r\n在 推进 社会主义 民主政治 建设 方面 , 修订 了 《 村民委员会 组织法 》 , 制定 和 通过 了 《 行政 复议 法 》 .\r\n曾建徽 还 透露 , 目前 中国 有关 部门 正 对 一些 法律 进行 研究 和 修改 , 为 加入 WTO 作准备 .\r\n曾建徽 说 , 成克杰 向 大会 和 全国 人大 常委会 提出 了 请假 , 经 研究 后 决定 同意 他 不 出席 人大 三 会议 , 也 不 进入 大会 的 主席团 .\r\n成克杰 曾 担任 广西 自治区 政府 主席 , 是 由 广西 自治区 人大 选出 的 代表 .\r\n问题 的 主导 方针 ( 香港 中国 通讯社 北京 三月四日 电 ) ( 记者 刘克刚 ) 著名 军事 理论家 , 国防 大学 教授 张召忠 认为 , 和平 统一 是 解决 台湾 问题 的 主导 方针 .\r\n台湾 大选 在即 , 我们 依旧 可以 再 耐心 地 等 一等 , 看 有没有 更好 的 机会 到来 .\r\n新 中国 成立 五十 年 来 , 前 三十 年 一直 在 准备 打仗 , 后 二十 年 才是 改革开放 放手 搞 经济 建设 .\r\n现在 , 我们 的 国家 蒸蒸日上 , 综合 国力 大大 增强 .\r\n不能 就 战争 论 战争 .\r\n在 中国 加入 WTO 问题 上 , 曾建徽 说 , 中国 各 有关 部门 正 按照 世界 贸易 组织 的 原则 和 作出 的 承诺 , 按照 权利 和 义务 对等 的 原则 , 为 加入 世贸 组织 做 准备 , 包括 有关 的 法律 准备 .\r\n他 说 , 对 於 加入 世贸 组织 过程 中 所 作 的 承诺 , 中国 是 持 严肃 和 负责任 的 态度 的 .\r\n加入 世贸 组织 后 , 中国 完全 可以 履行 自己的 承诺 , 承担 应 尽 的 义务 .\r\n经过 选举 , 张万年 任 代表团 团长 , 迟浩田 于永波 任 代表团 副团长 .\r\n张万年 昨 在 代表团 成立 大会 上 讲了话 .\r\n积极 研究 探索 商讨 国家 经济 建设 和 社会 振兴 发展 的 大计 , 深入 研究 探索 军队 支援 与 参加 国家 经济 建设 的 新 思路 新 办法 .\r\n据介绍 , 出席 九届 全国 人大 三 会议 的 解放军 代表团 共 二百六十七 人 , 代表团 分 八 小组 活动 .\r\n今天 上午 , 李岚清 来到 北京 二十一世纪 饭店 , 参加 全国 政协 教育界 联组 会议 , 看望 委员 , 并 听取 委员 的 意见 和 建议 .\r\n他 透露 说 , 今年 高等教育 改革 发展 纲要 , 将 确立 中央政府 地方政府 两 办学 的 大 方针 .\r\n在 委员 们 一个 小时 的 发言 后 , 李岚清 笑 称 : 我 知道 该 轮到 我 发言 了 , 其实 我 也 很 想 讲 讲 .\r\n回答 : \" 学校 开 有 ' 思 品 ' 课 . \"\r\n李 不解 地 问 : \" ' 柿饼 ' 课 ? \"\r\n谈到 教育 如何 支持 西部 开发 , 李岚清 说 , 基础教育 至关重要 .\r\n东部 地区 可以 考虑 对口 支援 西部 地区 , 派出 交流 师资 , 支援 教学 设备 , 下决心 提高 西部 基础教育 的 水平 .\r\n李岚清 还 就 职业教育 网络 教育 民办 教育 等 问题 与 委员 们 交流 了 意见 .\r\n国 强硬 反 \" 台独 \" \" 中新社 纽约 三月三日 电 美国 \" 《 侨 报 》 今天 在 一 篇 报道 中 援引 观察家 的话 指出 : 此前 有 舆论 称 中国 政府 \" 一个 中国 的 原则 与 台湾 问题 \" 白皮书 引起 了 一些 \" 负面 影响 \" , 预料 中共 方面 会 软化 态度 .\r\n正在 连续 播出 的 《 中国 军队 》 电视片 所 演绎 的 立场 , 表明 中国 领导人 和 中国 政府 在 对待 任何 形式 的 \" 台独 \" 问题 上 , 绝 不会 有 丝毫 的 软化 .\r\n任何 \" 台独 \" 图谋 都 不过是 \" 鸡蛋 碰 石头 \" 而已 .\r\n报道说 , 为什麽 在 有了 去年 大 阅兵 的 军威 展示 之后 , 还要 通过 《 中国 军队 》 电视片 作 继续 展示 ?\r\n一 位 知情 军官 表示 , 去年 大 阅兵 展示 的 是 静态 的 武器 外观 , 《 中国 军队 》 展示 的 是 人 机 结合 的 实际 战斗力 .\r\n它 无疑 是 对 中国 军方 过去 一再 宣示 的 \" 有 决心 有能力 维护 祖国 统一 \" 的 实证 解释 .\r\n对此 , 北京 的 台湾 问题 专家 指出 , 在 事关 国家 主权 与 统一 的 根本 问题 上 , 不 存在 威胁 与 不 威胁 的 问题 , 因为 军队 本身 就是 保卫 国家 安全 的 威慑力量 .\r\n《 中国 军队 》 是 给 明白人 看 的 , 某些 死心塌地 要 搞 \" 台独 \" 的 人 如果 不 明白 , 那 要 麽 是 欺骗 自己 , 要 麽 是 欺骗 选民 或者 普通 百姓 .\r\n《 侨 报 》 根据 十五 电视片 《 中国 军队 》 特别 制作 了 十 专版 \" 中国 军力 大 展示 \" .\r\n今天 刊出 第一 专版 , 以 图文并茂 的 形式 综合 介绍 了 迈向 二十一世纪 的 中国 军队 .\r\n《 世界 日报 》 并 突出 \" 从 政协 开幕 播 到 台湾 大选 前夕 纪录 各种 演习 场面 要 给 人 强烈 视觉 冲击 \" .\r\n一百 多人 的 会场 上 , 气氛 十分 活跃 , 热烈 , 委员 们 踊跃 发言 .\r\n何竹康 委员 说 , 中央 决定 把 调整 农业 和 农村 经济 结构 , 提高 质量 和 效益 作为 中心任务 , 是 完全 正确 的 .\r\n同时 政府 也要 给以 帮助 和 扶持 .\r\n来辉武 委员 提出 , 实施 西部 开发 战略 , 要 着力 改善 西部 的 投资 环境 , 既要 改善 硬环境 , 又要 改善 软环境 , 关键 是 吸引 人才 , 留住 人才 .\r\n朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 一边 倾听 大家 的 发言 , 一边 认真 地 记 .\r\n当 他 发现 来自 香港 的 委员 一直 没有 机会 发言 时 , 特意 关照 道 : \" 给 香港 的 委员 留 点 时间 , 让 他们 也 发表 意见 . \"\r\n在 总理 的 \" 特殊 关照 \" 下 , 田北俊 , 庄 启程 , 陆宗霖 等 香港 委员 先后 在 会上 发言 .\r\n他们 介绍 了 香港 经济 的 发展 情况 , 并 对 国家 的 经济 政策 提出 了 自己的 意见 和 建议 .\r\n在 听取 了 17 委员 的 发言 后 , 朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 讲了话 .\r\n他 感谢 全国 政协 委员 一 年 来 对 政府 工作 的 支持 , 感谢 大家 提出 了 许多 有 价值 的 宝贵 意见 与 建议 .\r\n只要 我们 认真 贯彻 中央 关于 推动 改革开放 和 经济 发展 的 一系列 政策 措施 , 正确 处理 改革 , 发展 , 稳定 的 关系 , 就 一定 能 把 今年 的 工作 做 得 更好 .\r\n全国 政协 副主席 陈俊生 , 胡启立 , 陈锦华 , 经叔平 出席 了 今天 的 联组 会议 .\r\n他 说 , 我国 矿产资源 不足 , 对 国民经济 发展 的 保证 程度 下降 .\r\n他 就 建立 我国 矿产资源 储备 制度 , 提高 资源 利用率 等 提出 了 建议 .\r\n他 建议 , 在 大 , 中 , 小学 加强 人文 教育 , 重视 人文 学科 的 建设 , 在 全社会 营造 健康 的 人文 环境 .\r\n无党派人士 界 委员 陈宗德 , 赵展岳 , 苏纪兰 , 田昭武 , 梁裕宁 , 曲钦岳 , 邓 团子 等 , 就 西部 开发 , 干部 监督 , 少数民族 地区 发展 等 问题 发表 了 意见 .\r\n共青团 , 青联 界 委员 赵玉芬 , 李大维 , 薛潮 , 葛健 , 郭国庆 等 , 就 科教 兴 国 , 青年 文明 社区 建设 , 促进 祖国 统一 大业 早日 实现 等 问题 发言 .\r\n在 参加 无党派人士 界 委员 讨论 时 , 胡锦涛 说 , 广大 无党派人士 是 我国 社会主义 现代化 建设 中 一 支 不可 缺少 的 重要 力量 .\r\n在 参加 共青团 , 青联 界 委员 讨论 时 , 胡锦涛 强调 , 当代 青年 是 跨世纪 的 一代 , 肩负 着 承前启后 , 继往开来 的 历史 重任 .\r\n无论 是 完成 当前 的 任务 , 还是 实现 长远 的 发展 目标 , 都 离不开 当代 青年 的 觉悟 和 奋斗 .\r\n共青团 和 青联 组织 一定 要 站在 全局 和 战略 的 高度 , 切实 把 广大 青年 团结 好 , 教育 好 , 培养好 , 把 他们 的 作用 发挥好 .\r\n全国 政协 副主席 张思卿 , 孙孚凌 参加 了 今天 下午 的 讨论 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月4日 电 江泽民 总书记 在 广东 考察 时 的 重要 讲话 在 全国各地 引起 强烈 反响 .\r\n连日来 , 各地 各级 干部 认真 学习 贯彻 江泽民 总书记 的 讲话 精神 , 深入 开展 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 , 促进 各项 事业 发展 .\r\n北京市 各 区县 纷纷 召开 干部 会议 , 传达 学习 江 总书记 在 广东 的 重要 讲话 精神 , 并 联系实际 进行 了 热烈 的 讨论 .\r\n密云 县委 书记 吉林 说 , 江 总书记 的 讲话 系统地 总结 了 十 年 来 的 工作 成绩 和 成功 经验 , 全面 分析 了 国际 国内 形势 , 明确 指出 了 当前 必须 解决 的 重大 问题 .\r\n我们 要 以 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 为 契机 , 积极 抓好 各项 工作 , 促进 全县 经济 发展 和 社会 稳定 .\r\n江 总书记 在 广东 的 重要 讲话 使 各地 各级 干部 感到 振奋 .\r\n广西 大化瑶族自治县 县委 书记 覃现超 说 , 他们 县 是 国家 重点 扶持 的 贫困县 , 也是 县级 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 的 试点 单位 .\r\n全国 各级 党组织 认真 学习 江泽民 总书记 在 广东 的 讲话 精神 , 将 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 作为 转变 作风 和 搞好 经济 工作 的 动力 .\r\n全县 干部 将 紧紧 抓住 西部 大 开发 的 机遇 , 以 更加 积极 的 精神面貌 带领 全县 各族 人民 脱贫致富 奔 上 小康 之路 .\r\n各地 各级 干部 表示 , 有 江 总书记 讲话 精神 作 指导 , 有 中央 和 各级党委 的 正确 领导 , 县市 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 必将 讲出 实实在在 的 成效 .\r\n就 体改委 的 本职工作 而言 , 今年 重点 要 在 解决 国企 改革 的 突出 矛盾 上下 功夫 .\r\n安徽省 阜 南县 委 书记 殷光立 认为 , 搞好 县级 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 是 搞好 全国 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 的 重要 标志 .\r\n立法 工作 要 围绕 国家 的 重心 工作 , 与 国家 改革 发展 稳定 的 重大 决策 结合 起来 .\r\n立法 工作 是 人大 工作 的 一 项 主要 任务 , 任 重 而 道 远 .\r\n经过 二十 年 的 改革开放 , 中国 综合 国力 显著 增强 , 社会主义 市场经济 体制 初步 建立 , 现在 , 加快 中西部 地区 发展 的 条件 已经 具备 , 时机 已经 成熟 .\r\n李鹏 专门 谈 了 反腐败 问题 .\r\n他 说 , 委员 们 刚才 讲 了 很好 的 意见 , 腐败 现 像 为 人民 群众 所 深恶痛绝 .\r\n要 建立 健全 一整套 制度 和 机制 , 加大 惩治 力度 .\r\n在 谈到 中国 加入 世贸 组织 的 问题 时 , 李鹏 指出 , 世界 政治 多极化 经济 全球化 和 科学技术 日新月异 的 发展 趋势 , 使 中华 民族 既 承受 著 严峻 的 风险 挑战 , 又 面临 著 难得 的 发展 机遇 .\r\n在 民盟 民建 共同 召开 的 联组 会上 , 来自 不同 地区 不同 行业 的 委员 们 踊跃 发言 , 就 广泛 的 话题 发表 了 自己的 意见 .\r\n来自 祖国 各地 的 近 3000 全国 人大 代表 , 带着 12亿 人民 的 意愿 和 嘱托 , 聚首 北京 , 参加 在这里 召开 的 第九 全国 人民 代表 大会 第三 会议 .\r\n这是 在 世纪之交 , 千年 之 替 的 重要 时刻 召开 的 一 次 代表大会 .\r\n这是 我国 各族 人民 政治 生活 中 的 一件 大事 , 对于 我国 的 改革 , 发展 和 稳定 具有 重要 意义 .\r\n从 1999年 迈向 2000年 , 是 一个 重大 转折 , 重要 发展 契机 .\r\n由于 新世纪 的 即将 到来 , 过去 一 年 的 成就 和 经验 , 新 一 年 的 形势 和 任务 , 更加 具有 承前启后 , 继往开来 的 特殊 意义 .\r\n在 过去 的 一 年 里 , 我们 坚持 党 的 基本路线 , 全面 贯彻 扩大 内需 的 方针 , 积极 推进 各项 改革 , 实现 了 预期 的 经济 增长 目标 , 各项 事业 取得 了 新 的 成就 .\r\n今年 是 实现 本世纪末 重要 奋斗 目标 的 最后 一 年 , 深化 改革 , 促进 发展 , 维护 稳定 和 加强 思想 政治 工作 的 任务 都 很 繁重 .\r\n做好 今年 的 工作 , 对于 实现 我国 跨世纪 的 发展 目标 具有 重要 意义 .\r\n今年 新春 佳节 , 江泽民 同志 向 全国 各族 人民 和 海外 华人 华侨 祝愿 \" 祖国 繁荣富强 , 人民 幸福 安康 \" .\r\n这个 美好 的 祝愿 , 反映 了 中华 儿女 的 心声 , 表达 了 中华 民族 实现 伟大 复兴 的 坚强 意志 , 是 中国 人民 梦寐以求 的 理想 .\r\n解放 思想 , 实事求是 , 在 宪法 和 法律 范围 内 创造性 地 开展 工作 , 对于 进一步 发挥 人民代表大会制度 的 优势 和 作用 , 具有 重要 的 意义 .\r\n在 任何 时候 任何 情况 下 , 我们 一切 工作 的 出发点 和 立足点 , 都要 符合 最 广大 人民群众 的 根本 利益 .\r\n这是 共产党 人 的 诞生 和 社会主义制度 必定 要 胜利 的 根本 原因 .\r\n科学技术 是 第一 生产力 .\r\n江泽民 指出 , 香港 , 澳门 回归 后 , 都 进入 了 历史 发展 的 新时期 .\r\n江泽民 强调 , 保持 港澳 的 长期 繁荣 稳定 和 发展 , 是 全国 各族 人民 的 共同 心愿 .\r\n江泽民 , 李瑞环 参加 了 港澳 地区 全国 政协 委员 的 联组 会 , 听取 了 委员 们 的 发言 .\r\n香港 镜 报社 长 徐四民 发言 说 , 中共 十五 大 文件 提到 发挥 舆论 监督 作用 .\r\n在 听取 委员 们 的 发言 后 , 江泽民 发表 了 重要 讲话 .\r\n江泽民 首先 向 委员 们 介绍 了 去年 我国 改革开放 和 现代化 建设 的 形势 .\r\n在 谈到 香港 时 , 他 说 , 去年 3月4日 , 我 到这里 与 大家 见面 时 , 香港 经济 还 没有 从 亚洲 金融 危机 的 冲击 下 纾缓 过来 .\r\n所以 , 我 当时 希望 大家 振作 精神 , 共渡 时艰 .\r\n今天 我们 再次 见面 , 情形 已 大 不相同 了 .\r\n香港 回归 两 年 多 来 的 实践 充分 表明 , \" 一国两制 \" 的 构想 完全 正确 , \" 港人 治 港 \" , 高度 自治 的 道路 切实可行 .\r\n在 谈到 澳门 时 , 江泽民 指出 , 去年 12月20日 , 澳门 顺利 回归祖国 .\r\n我们 相信 , 澳门 的 未来 是 光明 和 美好 的 .\r\n中共 中央 政治局 委员 , 国务院 副总理 钱其琛 参加 联组 会 .\r\n上午 举行 的 教育界 联组 会 气氛 热烈 , 发言 踊跃 .\r\n王忠民 委员 建议 , 要 重视 西部 地区 人才 的 在职 培训 和 教育 .\r\n中国 地质 大学 校长 赵鹏大 委员 提出 , 高校 应 参与 西部 开发 的 规划 和 实施 .\r\n要 发挥 自己的 优势 , 提高 西部 地区 科教 人员 的 工作 生活 条件 , 把 科技 , 教育 工作者 的 积极性 充分 调动 起来 , 留住 人才 , 吸引 人才 , 充分 发挥 他们 的 作用 .\r\n要 大力 推行 产 , 学 , 研 相结合 , 以 市场 为 导向 , 使 科技 成果 转化为 商品 , 加速 西部 高科技 产业 的 发展 .\r\n李岚清 还 就 高校 教育 体制改革 , 职业教育 等 问题 同 委员 们 交换 了 意见 . 李岚清 下午 又 参加 了 文艺界 联组 会 讨论 . 委员 们 在 会上 纷纷 建言 献策 .\r\n中国 戏剧家 协会 副主席 尚长荣 委员 提出 , 传统 艺术 要 与 时代 需要 相结合 .\r\n中国 戏剧家 协会 副主席 魏明伦 委员 建议 大力 发展 民族 戏剧 .\r\n全国 政协 常委 , 中央 美术 学院 院长 靳尚谊 提出 , 应当 关注 文化 建设 , 保留 有 特色 的 建筑 文化 .\r\n四川省 文史 研究 馆 一级 美术 师 尼玛泽仁 委员 建议 , 切实 保护 和 弘扬 西部 少数民族 文化 艺术 .\r\n文艺 工作 要 坚持 \" 双百 \" 方针 , 采取 切实 措施 繁荣 创作 .\r\n要 以 反映 现实 , 弘扬 \" 主旋律 \" 为 重点 , 创作 出 一大批 群众 喜闻乐见 的 文艺 精品 ; 要 加快 文化 艺术 事业 改革 步伐 , 推动 社会主义 精神文明 建设 .\r\n同时 还 应 加强 对外 文化 艺术 的 交流 , 使 更多 的 人 了解 我国 优秀 文化 , 也 可 吸取 其他 民族 的 先进 文明 成果 , 取长补短 , 使 我们 的 文化 艺术 更加 繁荣 兴盛 .\r\n全国 政协 副主席 宋健 , 钱正英 , 罗豪 才 , 王文元 和 有关 部门 负责人 参加 了 今天 的 联组 讨论 .\r\n面对 新 的 世纪 , 我们 要 更高地 举起 邓小平 理论 伟大 旗帜 , 坚定 对 有 中国 特色 社会主义 的 理想 信念 , 胜利 迈向 21世纪 .\r\n这 几 天 , 我们 团 的 代表 都 在 思考 : 福建 经济 迅速 发展 的 \" 源 \" 是 什 幺 ?\r\n这个 \" 源 \" 就是 邓小平 理论 的 伟大 旗帜 , 就是 对 党 的 基本路线 和 建设 有 中国 特色 社会主义 的 理想 信念 , 就是 以 江泽民 同志 为 核心 的 党中央 坚强 有力 的 领导 .\r\n20 多年 来 , 福建 的 经济 社会 面貌 发生 了 翻天覆地 的 变化 , 经济 总量 不断 上升 .\r\n说到底 , 党 的 基本 理论 和 基本路线 顺应 了 民意 民心 .\r\n翻天覆地 的 巨变 , 使 老区 人民 把 坚持 走 有 中国 特色 社会主义 道路 的 信念 深深 扎 在 心里 .\r\n记者 谢锐佳 自 政协 科技界 组 报道 : 谈到 对 有 中国 特色 社会主义 理想 的 信念 , 政协 委员 们 感触 很 深 .\r\n要 缩短 我们 同 西方 发达国家 的 差距 就 必须 大力 发展 经济 埋头苦干 , 扎扎实实 以 经济 建设 为 中心 .\r\n记者 姜微 自 人大 海南 代表团 报道 : 来自 海南 的 代表 认为 , 把 马克思 主义 同 当代 中国 实践 和 时代 特征 结合 起来 的 邓小平 理论 , 是 在 实践 中 探索 和 总结 , 并 经过 了 实践 检验 的 科学 理论 .\r\n王广宪 代表 说 , 海南 建 省 , 办 经济特区 , 是 邓小平 同志 亲自 倡导 的 重大 举措 , 是 我国 加快 经济 建设 , 扩大 改革开放 的 一 大 标志 .\r\n谷长春 代表 说 , 改革开放 以来 , 我们 之所以 取得 这 幺 大 的 成就 , 正是 由于 我们 始终 坚定 建设 有 中国 特色 社会主义 的 理想 信念 , 坚持 邓小平 理论 , 坚持 基本路线 不 动摇 .\r\n要 组织 广大 职工 深入 开展 劳动竞赛 , 合理化建议 , 技术革新 等 群众性 经济 技术 创新 活动 .\r\n这些 工作 都是 根据 工会 的 性质 和 任务 提出来 的 , 贯彻 了 维护 全国 人民 总体 利益 和 维护 职工 具体 利益 相 统一 的 要求 .\r\n工会 为 防止 职工 合法权益 受到 侵犯 , 把 维 权 工作 落到 实处 , 必须 善于 发动 和 组织 职工 搞好 民主 监督 .\r\n邓小平 同志 早就 告诫 我们 , 要 有 群众 监督 制度 , 让 群众 和 党员 监督 干部 , 特别是 领导干部 .\r\n江泽民 同志 也 反复 要求 我们 , 拓宽 监督 渠道 , 充分 发挥 人民群众 监督 的 作用 .\r\n组织 职工 开展 民主 监督 是 法律 赋予 工会 的 权利 .\r\n行使 好 这 一 权利 , 一 是 要 依法 监督 .\r\n三 是 要 确保 民主 监督 取得 实效 .\r\n要 强化 有效 监督 机制 , 来 制约 侵犯 职工 民主 监督 权利 的 行为 .\r\n中共 辽宁省 委 常委 , 辽宁省 总工会 主席 董万德 委员 说 , 工会 的 各项 工作 都 有赖于 基层组织 的 加强 , 必须 加强 基层组织 的 整 建 , 在 再就业 , 依法 维护 职工 权益 等 方面 取得 新 突破 .\r\n全国 政协 港澳台 侨 委员会 副主任 何添发 委员 在 谈到 地方 侨联 的 工作 时 认为 , 地方 侨联 的 领导 体制 需要 进一步 理顺 .\r\n华侨 大学 校长 吴承业 委员 说 , 海外 华文 教育 近年 有 较大 发展 , 但 仍需 在 教材 , 师资 等 方面 采取 有力 措施 加以 促进 .\r\n全国 政协 副主席 李贵鲜 , 朱光亚 和 毛致用 也 参加 了 归侨 界 和 工会 界 委员 的 讨论 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月4日 电 ( 记者 邹清丽 刘心惠 王雷鸣 ) 九 全国 人大 三 会议 新闻发言人 曾建徽 今天 在 回答 记者 的 提问 时 , 强调 本届 全国 人大 及其 常委会 将 高度 重视 行使 立法 和 监督 的 职权 .\r\n曾建徽 说 , 本次 大会 将要 审议 立法 法 草案 .\r\n他 提到 , 围绕 建立 社会主义 市场经济 体制 , 本届 全国 人大 及其 常委会 制定 了 一批 法律 , 如 合同法 , 证券法 , 招标 投标 法 , 个人 独资 企业法 等 法律 和 有关 法律 问题 的 决定 .\r\n这 方面 的 工作 可以 概括 为 \" 三 , 四 , 五 \" .\r\n全国 人大 常委会 还 通过 执法 检查 , 听取 执法 机关 的 工作 报告 等 方式 , 加强 对 行政 机关 , 司法 机关 及其 工作人员 依法 履行 职务 进行 监督 .\r\n他 说 , 一 年 来 全国 人大 常委会 在 监督 工作 方面 取得 了 一定 进展 , 为 制定 监督 法 积累 了 经验 .\r\n全国 人大 常委会 将 在 有关 监督 工作 单项 法律 决定 的 基础 上 , 总结 实践 经验 , 抓紧 监督 法 的 起草 工作 .\r\n曾建徽 是 今天 上午 在 人民 大会堂 举行 的 新闻发布会 上 向 记者 们 谈到 上述 问题 的 .\r\n张万年 说 , 实现 祖国 的 完全 统一 , 是 包括 台湾 同胞 在内 的 全体 中国 人民 的 共同 意志 和 愿望 .\r\n香港 , 澳门 回归祖国 之后 , 解决 台湾 问题 , 最后 完成 祖国 统一 , 更加 突出 地 摆 在 我们 面前 .\r\n长期以来 , 我们 坚持 \" 和平 统一 , 一国两制 \" 的 方针 , 有力地 推动 了 两岸 关系 的 发展 , 为 完成 祖国 统一 大业 奠定 了 重要 基础 .\r\n需要 我们 高度 警惕 的 是 , 台湾 岛 内 的 分裂 势力 一意孤行 , 挟 洋 自重 , 蛊惑人心 , 在 分裂 祖国 的 道路 上 越 走 越 远 .\r\n张万年 严正 指出 , 中国人民 解放军 是 保卫 祖国 的 钢铁长城 , 肩负 着 保卫 国家 安全 和 领土 完整 , 维护 祖国 统一 的 神圣 职责 .\r\n这是 我们 的 一贯 立场 .\r\n中国人民 解放军 完全 有 决心 , 有信心 , 有能力 , 有 办法 维护 国家 主权 和 领土 完整 , 决不 容忍 , 决不 坐视 任何 分裂 祖国 的 图谋 得逞 .\r\n台湾 与 祖国 大陆 实现 和平 统一 , 符合 两岸 同胞 的 根本 利益 , 符合 中华 民族 的 根本 利益 .\r\n海峡 两岸 不能 永远 分离 下去 , 台湾 问题 不能 无限期 地 拖 下去 .\r\n我们 也 相信 , 广大 台湾 同胞 包括 台湾 军队 的 官兵 , 在 关系到 民族 大义 和 自身 命运 的 时刻 , 能够 作出 明智 的 选择 .\r\n我们 坚信 , 在 以 江泽民 同志 为 核心 的 党中央 坚强 领导 下 , 经过 包括 台湾 同胞 , 海外侨胞 在内 的 全体 中国 人民 的 共同 努力 , 祖国 的 完全 统一 一定 能够 实现 .\r\n( 第四十三 号 ) 《 解放军报 》 发表 评论员 文章 说 , \" 台独 \" 即 意味 战争 \" 中新社 北京 三月五日 电 \" 明天 出版 的 《 解放军报 》 将 发表 该 报 评论员 的 文章 , 题为 《 \" 台独 \" 即 意味 战争 》 .\r\n文章 表示 , 中国 政府 《 一个 中国 的 原则 与 台湾 问题 》 白皮书 发表 后 , 在 海内外 引起 强烈 反响 .\r\n早日 结束 两岸 分离 的 局面 , 实现 祖国 完全 统一 , 是 中华 民族 的 根本 利益 所在 , 是 不可 逆转 的 历史潮流 .\r\n为此 , 中国 共产党 和 中国 政府 以 极大 的 诚意 和 最大 的 努力 , 争取 以 \" 一国两制 \" 的 方式 实现 和平 统一 .\r\n不久前 发表 的 那个 所谓 \" 宪政 白皮书 \" , 实质上 就是 一 部 \" 台独 宣言书 \" .\r\n我们 千万 不要 被 其 花言巧语 所 迷惑 .\r\n同时 , 我们 一贯 反对 外国 势力 插手 台湾 问题 , 反对 美国 国会 一些 人 通过 炮制 《 加强 台湾 安全 法 》 并 以 种种 借口 企图 向 台湾 出售 先进 武器 .\r\n但是 , 这 一 方针 是 以 坚持 一个 中国 的 原则 为 基础 和 前提 的 .\r\n我们 希望 和平 统一 , 也 深知 台湾 同胞 渴望 和平 ; 我们 不 希望 看到 战争 , 也 相信 台湾 同胞 不愿 看到 战争 , 不愿 看到 自己的 骨肉 同胞 兵戎相见 .\r\n我们 有 实现 和平 统一 的 最大 诚意 , 也 将 尽一切可能 尽 最大 努力 争取 和平 统一 .\r\n但是 , 我们 必须 明确 指出 : \" 台独 \" 即 意味 战争 , 分裂 就 没有 和平 .\r\n因为 \" 台独 \" 和 分裂 只能 破坏 中国 的 主权 和 领土 完整 , 只能 将 台湾 从 祖国 分裂 出去 , 只能 使 祖国 和平 统一 变得 不可能 .\r\n不管 \" 台独 \" 和 分裂 势力 以 什 麽 名义 何种 方式 制造 分裂 , 谋求 独立 , 都是 对 中国 主权 和 领土 完整 的 极大 挑衅 .\r\n实现 祖国 完全 统一 是 国家 民族 的 最高 利益 , 是 全体 中国 人民 不可 动摇 的 坚强 意志 , 是 绝对 不能 更改 的 伟大 目标 .\r\n在 这个 事关 中华 民族 前途 命运 的 重大 原则 问题 上 , 没有 任何 妥协 的 余地 .\r\n但是 , 对 \" 台独 \" 和 分裂 势力 , 人民 解放军 的 百万 雄师 严阵以待 , 保持 高度 戒备 , 决不 容忍 决不 坐视 任何 分裂 中国 的 图谋 得逞 .\r\n中国 有 句 老话 : 善 有 善报 , 恶 有 恶报 , 不是不 报 , 时候 未 到 , 时候 一 到 , 一切 都 报 .\r\n包括 台湾 同胞 台湾 官兵 在内 的 全 中国 人民 团结 起来 , 反对 分裂 , 制止 \" 台独 \" , 共同 争取 祖国 的 和平 统一 .\r\n( 香港 中国 通讯社 北京 三月五日 电 ) ( 记者 刘克刚 ) 多名 参加 全国 人大 会议 的 解放军 高级 将领 今天 表示 , \" 台独 \" 就 意味 著 战争 , 台湾 问题 不能 无限期 拖延 下去 .\r\n解放军 打赢 台湾 没有 问题 , 包括 跟 美国 打 .\r\n海军 舰队 司令员 赵国钓 表示 , 外界 说 解放军 军力 不 足以 攻打 台湾 , 这种 看法 是 没有 根据 的 .\r\n目前 美国 有 不愿 看到 中国 统一 的 势力 .\r\n成都 军区 参谋长 金仁燮 中将 表示 , 现在 关键 看 台湾 新 当选 的 领导人 上台 后 是 搞 一个 中国 还是 搞 两 中国 .\r\n\" 中新社 北京 三月五日 电 \" 两会 观 澜 : 政府 眼里 的 新经济 词汇 中新社 记者 张雷 几 天 前 的 一 大清早 , 就 有 摄影 记者 在 银行 的 门前 转悠 -- 北京市 民 在这里 排 起 了 长 队 .\r\n因为 去年 十一月 官方 开征 利息税 , 今年 似乎 有 更多 的 百姓 将 在 银行 的 存款 转 成 购买 并不 征税 的 国家 长期 债券 .\r\n人们 可能 会 发现 , 国务院 总理 朱鎔基 今天 所 作 的 《 政府 工作 报告 》 , 以 最多 的 篇幅 谈论 经济 , 其中 有 许多 引人注意 的 提法 .\r\n-- 要 提高 改革 措施 的 透明度 , 改善 居民 心理 预期 , 鼓励 居民 增加 即期 消费 .\r\n-- 积极 发展 电信 旅游 文化 娱乐 保健 体育 等 服务性 消费 .\r\n分析 人士 认为 , 这些 新 词汇 进入 政府 工作 报告 , 凸 显 了 在 应对 新经济 形势 时 , 政府 领导层 的 新 对策 和 新 主张 .\r\n在 这个 新 主张 里 , 官方 认识到 \" 消费 \" 和 \" 服务 \" 的 重要性 , 认识到 这 两 个 市场 是 真正 的 \" 内需 \" .\r\n不过 , 某种 风险 似乎 一直 存在 .\r\n在 经济界 , 就 曾经 有一个 流行 语录 描述 中国 的 经济 循环 现 像 : \" 一 放 就 松 , 一 松 就 乱 , 一 乱 就 严 , 一 严 就 死 , 一 死 就 放 \" .\r\n朱鎔基 说 这是 \" 控制 在 可以 承受 的 范围 内 \" , 并且 \" 财政 偿还 债务 的 能力 是 有 保障 的 .\r\n此间 观察家 相信 , 从 政府 在 新经济 情势 下 的 新 对策 看 , 本年度 中国 经济 稳定 增长 仍然 前景 可 期 .\r\n中外 传媒 注意到 , 叶选平 代表 全国 政协 常委会 所 作 的 工作 报告 , 曾 三 点名 抨击 李登辉 的 \" 两国 论 \" , 强烈 谴责 台湾 当局 妄图 分裂 祖国 的 行径 .\r\n据 一 位 政协 委员 对 记者 分析 说 , 叶选平 点名 批判 李登辉 , 目的 是 要 台湾 几位 \" 总统 候选人 \" 与 \" 台独 总代表 \" 李登辉 划清 界线 , 告别 \" 李登辉 路线 \" .\r\n并 重申 寄 希望 於 台湾 当局 , 更 寄 希望 於 台湾 人民 , 愿意 继续 与 广大 台湾 同胞 一起 , 为 发展 两岸 关系 和 实现 祖国 和平 统一 共同 努力 .\r\n中国 人民 有 决心 也 完全 有能力 早日 解决 台湾 问题 , 完成 祖国 统一 大业 .\r\n在 \" 两会 \" 内外 , 有关 台湾 问题 和 统一 问题 , 仍然 是 代表 和 委员 谈论 的 焦点 .\r\n政协 委员 云大棉 表示 赞同 和 拥护 一个 中国 的 原则 , 重申 坚决 反对 种种 分裂 活动 .\r\n他 指出 , 台湾 有史以来 都是 中国 的 领土 , 是 中国 的 一个 省份 , 无论 怎 麽 说 \" 两国 论 \" , 都是 没有用 的 .\r\n李登辉 提 \" 两国 论 \" 是 一个 荒谬 的 说法 .\r\n至 於 解决 台湾 问题 的 时间表 , 他 认为 很难 讲 , 关键 是 不能 无限期 拖 下去 .\r\n还有 一 位 政协 委员 施子清 说 , 中国 始终 是 追求 和平 统一 的 .\r\n此次 台湾 选举 , 无论 谁 当选 , 都 不能 分裂 祖国 , 希望 台湾 新 领导人 上台 , 有助 推动 海峡 两岸 展开 政治 谈判 .\r\n( 香港 中国 通讯社 三月五日 电 ) 综述 : 白皮书 在 台湾 引起 冲击 和 震荡 香港 中通社 记者 卓苓自 从 中国 国务院 二月二十一日 发表 《 一个 中国 的 原则 与 台湾 问题 》 白皮书 以来 , 在 台湾 社会 的 深层 , 在 政界 , 学术界 , 以至 \" 总统 \" 选举 行情 均 构成 相当 的 震撼 .\r\n但是 迄今为止 , 各组 候选人 特别是 被 视为 三 大 热门 候选人 , 其 两岸 政策 仍 模糊不清 , 特别是 在 政治 谈判 , 一个 中国 的 定义 等 关键 立场 , 根本 没有 明确 的 政策 主张 , 则 令 台湾 各界人士 对此 深感 忧虑 .\r\n台湾 舆论 认为 , 两岸 关系 已 到 了 极其 重要 的 关键 时刻 , 在 台湾 选举 的 最后 冲刺 阶段 , 两岸 问题 将会 继续 发酵 , 成为 影响 选 情 的 一个 最大 变数 .\r\n而 大选 过后 , 无论 哪 一 组 候选人 胜 出 , 都 不能 回避 两岸 问题 , 必须 切实 面对 一 中国 原则 白皮书 , 制定 具体 可行 , 令 两岸 人民 都 安心 的 两岸 关系 政策 .\r\n他 说 , 要 充分 认识 实施 西部 大 开发 的 伟大 战略 意义 , 抓住 十分 宝贵 的 时机 , 只争朝夕 , 立即 行动 .\r\n布赫 指出 , 实施 西部 大 开发 是 一 项 规模 宏大 的 系统工程 , 必须 突出 重点 , 分步 实施 .\r\n要 加强 领导 , 深入 宣传 发动 , 健全 法律 法规 .\r\n要 使 广大 干部 群众 切实 全面 准确 地 领会 中央 的 战略 部署 , 把 这 一 千秋 伟业 做好 .\r\n在 人民 大会堂 北京 厅 里 , 李鹏 刚刚 落座 , 就 对 大家 说 : \" 我 作为 北京市 的 一 名 全国 人大 代表 , 和 大家 共同 审议 政府 工作 报告 .\r\n希望 大家 围绕 报告 进行 讨论 .\r\n减轻 中小学生 负担 , 推进 素质 教育 , 加强 青少年 品德 教育 是 今天 代表 们 谈及 的 主要 话题 .\r\n张恭庆 , 孙维刚 , 李金海 在 发言 中 认为 , 教育 要 为 社会主义 事业 服务 , 要 满足 社会 日益 增长 的 需要 .\r\n江小珂 代表 多年来 一直 从事 环保 工作 , 曾 连续 就 这 一 问题 在 小组 审议 时 发言 .\r\n她 认为 , 北京市 把 治理 大气污染 作为 北京 工作 的 一个 重点 , 取得 了 一定 成绩 .\r\n今后 要 继续 采取 有力 措施 , 在 全社会 范围 内 , 加强 环保 工作 .\r\n李鹏 凝神 静听 , 认真 记录 , 在 代表 们 发言 后 发表 了 意见 .\r\n他 首先 表示 赞成 朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 总理 代表 国务院 向 大会 所 作 的 政府 工作 报告 .\r\n随后 , 他 就 正确 处理 改革 , 发展 , 稳定 的 关系 , 中国 加入 世贸 组织 , 推进 素质 教育 , 加大 环境 治理 力度 等 问题 提出 了 看法 .\r\n北京市 要 按照 中央 的 部署 , 把握好 改革 的 力度 , 以 保持 好 社会 的 稳定 , 使 人民 安居乐业 .\r\n经济 全球化 是 大势所趋 , 对 我们 既是 机遇 , 也是 挑战 .\r\n关于 推进 素质 教育 , 李鹏 说 , \" 千军万马 过 独木桥 \" 这个 指挥棒 影响到 我们 的 素质 教育 .\r\n社会 需要 各种 人才 , 要 改变 陈旧 的 人才 观 , 提倡 \" 行行 出 状元 \" .\r\n他 说 , 去年 北京市 的 各项 工作 取得 了 很大 进展 , 市政 建设 有了 很大 改观 , 为 新 中国 成立 50 周年 庆典 做出 了 贡献 .\r\n作为 北京 的 市民 , 我 赞成 北京市 申办 2008年 奥运会 .\r\n希望 北京市 在 环保 工作 上 继续 下功夫 , 加大 环境 治理 力度 .\r\n中共 中央 政治局 委员 , 北京市 委 书记 贾庆林 , 全国 人大 常委会 副 委员长 何鲁丽 也 参加 了 会议 .\r\n他 指出 , 我们 抓 任何 工作 , 必须 坚持 实事求是 , 一切 从 实际 出发 .\r\n只有 紧密 结合 当地 的 实际 制定 政策 , 开展 工作 , 才能 取得 实实在在 的 成效 .\r\n海南 代表团 的 杜青林 , 汪啸风 , 王法仁 , 林玉权 , 杜碧兰 等 代表 , 分别 就 加快 海南 经济 发展 , 提高 经济 整体 素质 , 搞活 国有 企业 , 迎接 加入 世贸 组织 的 挑战 , 渔业 资源 开发 和 发展 海洋 经济 等 问题 发 了 言 .\r\n两 代表团 的 全体 会议 气氛 热烈 , 江泽民 边 听 边 记 , 不时 插话 , 并 就 一些 问题 和 代表 们 讨论 .\r\n要 结合 新 的 历史 条件 , 切实 加强 党 的 思想 , 组织 和 作风 建设 , 加强 各级 领导班子 和 干部 队伍 建设 , 特别 要 把 党 的 基层组织 建设好 .\r\n经济特区 不仅 要走 在 改革开放 和 经济 发展 的 前列 , 而且 还要 走在 社会主义 精神文明 建设 的 前列 .\r\n只有 把 物质文明 和 精神文明 建设 都 搞得 越来越 好 , 才能 全面 显示 建设 有 中国 特色 社会主义 的 优越性 .\r\n西部 地区 各 省区 要 抓住 机遇 , 从 实际 出发 , 明确 面向 新世纪 发展 的 思路 , 加快 发展 步伐 .\r\n江泽民 指出 , 西部 地区 要 在 国家 的 支持 下 加快 基础 设施 建设 , 优先 发展 教育 , 科技 .\r\n西部 开发 关键 靠 人才 , 人才 培养 关键 靠 教育 , 首先 要 集中 力量 把 基础教育 搞好 .\r\n能否 抓住 机遇 , 加快 发展 , 关键 在 领导 , 在 人 的 素质 .\r\n各级 党政 领导干部 从 思想 作风 到 工作 作风 都要 来 一个 大 的 改进 , 以 适应 新 形势 新 任务 的 要求 .\r\n建设 一 支 坚强 有力 的 干部 队伍 是 搞好 西部 大 开发 的 重要 保证 .\r\n要 结合 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 , 提高 干部 队伍 素质 , 提高 党组织 的 凝聚力 , 战斗力 .\r\n他 强调 , 要 大力 实施 科教 兴 国 战略 , 进一步 推进 医疗 体制改革 .\r\n在 人民 大会堂 江苏 厅 , 代表 们 围绕 政府 工作 报告 , 结合 工作 实际 , 踊跃 发言 , 气氛 活跃 .\r\n他 还 建议 采用 网络 信息 技术 发展 远程 教育 .\r\n在 认真 听取 代表 发言 后 , 李岚清 发表 了 意见 .\r\n他 说 , 世纪之交 , 科技 发展 突飞猛进 , 知识经济 已 见 端倪 , 国力 竞争 日趋 激烈 , 这是 我们 面临 的 十分 严峻 的 挑战 , 也是 极大 的 机遇 .\r\n只要 我们 抓住 机遇 , 大力 实施 科教 兴 国 战略 , 就 能 获得 大发展 .\r\n西藏自治区 政府 主席 列 确 代表 首先 发言 .\r\n这是 邓小平 同志 关于 \" 两 大局 \" 战略 思想 的 具体 体现 , 是 实现 我国 跨世纪 发展 宏伟 目标 的 必然 要求 , 也 为 西藏 面向 新世纪 的 发展 提供 了 千载难逢 的 机遇 .\r\n实施 西部 大 开发 战略 说到底 是 为了 不断 提高 人民群众 的 生活水平 , 实现 各民族 的 共同 繁荣 进步 .\r\n这就 要求 我们 在 实施 大 开发 的 全过程 中 , 要 处处 想着 群众 , 一切 为了 群众 , 团结 各族 群众 共同 奋斗 , 使 大 开发 为 西藏 各族 人民 进一步 带来 实实在在 的 利益 .\r\n这些 年来 , 西藏 的 经济 建设 和 各项 社会 事业 之所以 能够 不断 发展 , 取得 新 的 成就 , 同 我们 重视 并 下大 力气 抓好 社会 稳定 工作 是 分不开 的 .\r\n在 新 的 形势 下 , 坚决 维护 西藏 的 稳定 , 是 维护 全国 大局 稳定 的 必然 要求 , 是 西藏 各族 人民 的 根本 利益 之 所在 , 是 实现 西藏 发展 的 重要 保障 .\r\n他 警告 台湾 分裂 势力 , 玩火 者 必 自焚 .\r\n台湾 是 中国 神圣 领土 的 一部分 , 中国 人民 决不 容许 有 一 吋 土地 从 祖国 的 版图 中 分裂 出去 .\r\n我们 要 正告 那些 分裂 分子 , 玩火 者 必 自焚 , 破坏 统一 的 麻烦 制造 者 们 是 不会 有 好 下场 的 .\r\n任何 分裂 图谋 都是 注定 要 失败 的 .\r\n迟浩田 还 就 进一步 改革 和 完善 国防 动员 体制 军队 积极 参加 和 支持 西部 大 开发 等 问题 发表 了 意见 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月5日 电 明天 出版 的 《 解放军报 》 将 发表 评论员 文章 \" ' 台独 ' 即 意味 战争 \" .\r\n朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 总理 在 九届 全国 人大 三 会议 所 作 的 政府 工作 报告 , 进一步 阐述 了 中国 政府 解决 台湾 问题 的 一贯 立场 .\r\n早日 结束 两岸 分离 的 局面 , 实现 祖国 完全 统一 , 是 中华 民族 的 根本 利益 所在 , 是 不可 逆转 的 历史潮流 .\r\n为此 , 中国 共产党 和 中国 政府 以 极大 的 诚意 和 最大 的 努力 , 争取 以 \" 一国两制 \" 的 方式 实现 和平 统一 .\r\n但是 , \" 台独 \" 和 炮制 \" 两国 论 \" 的 分裂 势力 没有 放弃 分裂 祖国 的 图谋 , 没有 放弃 从 所谓 \" 法律 \" 层次 上将 台湾 从 祖国 分裂 出去 的 野心 .\r\n不久前 发表 的 那个 所谓 \" 宪政 白皮书 \" , 实质上 就是 一 部 \" 台独 宣言书 \" .\r\n中国 政府 坚持 \" 和平 统一 , 一国两制 \" 方针 没有 改变 , 江泽民 主席 提出 的 发展 两岸 关系 , 推进 祖国 和平 统一 进程 的 八 项 主张 没有 改变 .\r\n但是 , 这 一 方针 是 以 坚持 一个 中国 的 原则 为 基础 和 前提 的 .\r\n我们 希望 和平 统一 , 也 深知 台湾 同胞 渴望 和平 ; 我们 不 希望 看到 战争 , 也 相信 台湾 同胞 不愿 看到 战争 , 不愿 看到 自己的 骨肉 同胞 兵戎相见 .\r\n我们 完全 有 决心 , 有信心 , 有能力 , 有 办法 维护 国家 主权 和 领土 完整 , 决不 容许 一 寸 土地 从 祖国 的 版图 上 分裂 出去 .\r\n中国 有 句 老话 : 善 有 善报 , 恶 有 恶报 , 不是不 报 , 时候 未 到 , 时候 一 到 , 一切 都 报 .\r\n解放军 有能力 促成 统 一 ─ ─ 高级 将领 讨论 台湾 问题 本报 记者 徐道臣\r\n随 著 香港 澳门 相继 回归祖国 , 早日 解决 台湾 问题 已经 摆 在 了 突出 的 位置 .\r\n因此 , 台湾 问题 成了 今天 开幕 的 九届 人大 三 会议 上 最 热门 的 话题 之一 .\r\n他 特别 强调 , 我们 对 任何 损害 中国 主权 和 领土 完整 , 推行 \" 两国 论 \" 和 \" 台湾 独立 \" 等 严重 分裂 活动 , 决不会 坐视 不管 .\r\n对此 , 出席 人 大会 的 解放军 代表团 中 的 高级 将领 们 纷纷 表示 拥护 和 坚决 支持 .\r\n成都 军区 参谋长 金仁燮 中将 说 , 我们 国家 对 台湾 的 政策 是 非常 清楚 的 , \" 和平 统一 一国两制 \" .\r\n但是 如果 台独 势力 一意孤行 , 非要 独立 不可 , 那 我们 就要 采用 武力 .\r\n海军 装备 修理 部 副部长 金矛 少将 总装备部 某 基地 司令 郑洪涛 少将 都 表示 台湾 问题 不能 无限期 拖 下去 .\r\n渖 阳 军区 参谋长 葛振峰 中将 指出 , 台湾 问题 无限期 拖 下去 就 等 於 挑起 战争 .\r\n长期 拖 下去 就是 要 搞 分裂 , 我们 当然 要 采取 措施 .\r\n金仁燮 中将 说 , 作为 军人 , 最 关心 的 问题 , 一 是 国家 的 经济 发展 和 社会 稳定 , 二 是 台湾 问题 .\r\n维护 祖国 的 主权 实现 祖国 的 统一 是 我们 军人 义不容辞 的 责任 .\r\n我们 首先 要 尽力 和平 解决 台湾 问题 , 但 一旦 用 和平 方法 解决 不了 台湾 问题 , 祖国 统一 问题 无限期 拖 下去 的话 , 我们 就要 采取 断然 措施 .\r\n准备 戎装 奔赴 前线 国际 科工委 科技 委 副主任 李凤洲 中将 指出 , 军人 的 天职 就是 要 保卫 祖国 的 统一 和 领土 的 完整 .\r\n我们 有能力 也 有 决心 维护 祖国 的 统一 和 国家 领土 的 完整 .\r\n李凤洲 指出 , 无限期 拖 下去 , 从 实质上 讲 就是 以 拖 代独 , 最后 达 得 独立 的 目的 .\r\n如果 无限期 拖 下去 , 中国 人民 包括 台湾 同胞 在内 终究 不会 答应 .\r\n作为 一 名 军人 , 我 希望 祖国 能 早日 统一 , 特别是 在 我 是 现役 军人 的 时候 就 能 实现 统一 .\r\n李凤洲 激动 地 说 : \" 一旦 祖国 需要 的话 , 我 愿意 穿 著 现役 军装 到 前线 去 , 为 祖国 的 统一 尽 一 份 力 .\r\n他 语气 坚定 地 说 , \" 我们 有能力 解决 台湾 问题 , 但是 我们 希望 和平 统一 .\r\n\" 正如 朱鎔基 在 报告 中 所 指出 的 那样 , 中国 人民 有 决心 也 完全 有能力 早日 解决 台湾 问题 , 完成 祖国 统一 大业 .\r\n中国人民 解放军 已经 做好 了 准备 , 如果 有人 想 把 台湾 分裂 出去 , 我们 将 采取 一切 手段 , 不怕 牺牲 , 排除 一切 干扰 , 破坏 , 坚决 维护 国家 主权 和 领土 完整 .\r\n海军 原 副 司令员 徐振中 中将 说 , 力争 和平 统一 , 但 不 承诺 放弃 武力 , 这个 方针 不会 变 .\r\n二炮 部队 李同茂 少将 表示 , \" 台独 \" 分子 如果 宣布 \" 台独 \" , 那就是 对 中国 政府 的 公然 挑衅 , 就是 宣战 .\r\n陆军 第十六 集团军 军 长 范长龙 少将 说 , 台湾地区 即将 进行 新任 领导人 选举 , 中国 军人 密切 关注 此次 选 情 .\r\n金仁燮 中将 说 , 要 看 新任 台湾 当局 领导人 当选 后 推行 怎样的 政策 , 是 回到 \" 一个 中国 \" 原则上 来 , 还是 搞 \" 两 中国 \" .\r\n如果 他 宣布 台湾 独立 , 我国 政府 的 立场 是 非常 清楚 的 , 我们 要 采取 断然 措施 , 包括 使用 武力 .\r\n我们 完全 有信心 解决 台湾 问题 .\r\n被 问及 对 朱鎔基 总理 所 做 的 政府 工作 报告 中 有关 台湾 问题 部分 的 看法 , 金仁燮 中将 说 , 朱 总理 报告 全面 阐述 了 中国 政府 对 台湾 问题 的 政策 , 我们 深表 赞同 .\r\n熊自仁 说 , 香港 和 澳门 都 已 回归祖国 , 台湾 是 祖国 神圣 领土 的 一部分 , 我们 应该 使 台湾 早日 回到 祖国 的 怀抱 .\r\n如果 台湾 李登辉 和 台湾 一小撮 人 还要 搞 \" 两国 论 \" , \" 台独 \" , 中国 政府 绝 不会 坐视 不管 , 中国 人民 绝 不会 答应 , 中国人民 解放军 绝 不会 答应 .\r\n如果 \" 台独 \" 势力 一意孤行 的话 , 我们 也 有 办法 使 台湾 早日 回到 祖国 的 怀抱 .\r\n南京 军区 副 司令 兼 东海 舰队 司令员 赵国均 少将 表示 , 外界 对 中国 没有 实力 实现 祖国 统一 的 估计 并不 准确 .\r\n我们 希望 和平 统一 , 但 我们 也 完全 有能力 维护 祖国 的 主权 和 领土 完整 .\r\n总装备部 科技 委 副主任 李凤洲 中将 表示 , 台湾 问题 无限期 地 拖 下去 , 海峡 两岸 的 人民 都 不会 答应 .\r\n无限期 拖 下去 实质上 还是 \" 以 拖 代独 \" .\r\n成都 军区 空军 政委 朱永清 中将 说 , 祖国 完全 统一 必将 实现 .\r\n我们 坚持 \" 和平 统一 , 一国两制 \" 的 方针 , 但是 如果 出现 白皮书 讲 的 三 情况 , 人民军队 就 会 断然 采取 一切 可以 采取 的 措施 .\r\n渖 阳 军区 参谋长 葛振峰 中将 说 , 白皮书 对 解决 台湾 问题 的 政策 说 得 很 清楚 , 已经 昭告 於 天下 , 当然 是 说到做到 , 中国人民 解放军 的 准备 工作 自然 是 不言而喻 .\r\n海军 装备 部 部长 金矛 少将 说 , 解放军 有没有 能力 解决 台 问题 , 回顾 解放军 的 历史 就 非常 清楚 了 .\r\n这 反映 了 中国 正 从 计划经济 大步 迈向 社会主义 市场经济 .\r\n按照 经济 规律 , 生产 什 麽 , 生产 多少 , 应 同 市场 结合 , 有 销路 就 多 生产 , 没有 销路 就 少 生产 或 不 生产 .\r\n那些 产销 不 活 的 省 , 市 , 要 研究 刺激 内需 , 扩大 消费 之道 , 首先 要 使 农民 和 落后 地区 休养生息 , 增加 收入 , 这 才能 造成 良性 经济 循环 .\r\n中央政府 心目 中 是 有 努力 目标 的 , 但 不在 政府 工作 报告 中 发布 , 这是 尊重 经济 规律 , 按 经济 规律 办事 的 表现 .\r\n朱 总理 指出 , \" 实现 国企 改革 与 脱困 的 三 年 目标 , 是 政府 工作 中 的 重 中 之 重 \" .\r\n深化 企业 的 劳动 , 人事 , 分配 制度 改革 , 建立 企业 激励 和 约束 机制 , 企业 债 转 股 , 提高 企业 融资 比重 , 试行 企业 经理 年薪 , 持有 股权 等 分配 方式 .\r\n从严 治 政 , 加强 反腐败 斗争 也是 政府 工作 报告 的 一个 重点 .\r\n我们 相信 , 中央 对 违法乱纪 , 侵吞 国有 资产 , 贪污 案件 将 一 查 到底 , 决不 徇情 , 决不 手软 .\r\n朱 总理 论述 \" 促进 祖国 和平 统一 大业 \" 的 章节 , 引起 了 举世瞩目 .\r\n这 表明 , 中国 领导层 和 全国 人民 为了 维护 国家 主权 和 领土 完整 , 决不会 拿 原则 作 交易 , 决不会 对 李登辉 为 代表 的 分裂 势力 有 任何 幻想 或 作 任何 姑息 忍让 .\r\n若 \" 台独 \" 一旦 成 势 , 不仅 损害 统一 大业 , 连 中国 的 四化建设 也 会 被 拖住 后腿 .\r\n与此同时 , 解放军 将领 纷纷 表态 , 表示 随时 准备 对付 \" 三 情况 \" , 显然 是 对 分裂主义 势力 和 外国 干预 的 严重 警告 .\r\n人大 会议 传来了 中国 人民 决心 早日 解决 台湾 问题 的 最 强 音 .\r\n吴厚福 在 为 个人 和 报社 干部 职工 购 房 中 , 严重 违反 有关 规定 , 弄虚作假 , 受到 党内 严重 警告 处分 , 被 免去 大连 日报 社 总编辑 职务 .\r\n7月 , 赵伟 到 于洪区 地税 局 开出 18万 元 和 15万 元 支票 各 一 张 , 未 入 单位 账 , 被 赵 , 王 私分 , 其中 赵伟 15万 元 , 王玉山 18万 元 .\r\n赵伟 的 15万 元 并未 用于 购 房 , 而是 托人 兑换 现金 10万 元 , 并 开出 支票 4万 元 存入 自己的 \" 长城卡 \" 上 , 另开 1万 元 支票 为 孩子 交 了 学费 .\r\n辽宁省 在 清 房 工作 中 , 强调 建立 和 落实 清 房 工作 责任制 , 不仅 查处 违规 违纪 的 个人 , 而且 对 其 上级 领导 实行 责任 追究 制度 .\r\n在 今天 九届 全国 人大 三 会议 的 开幕式 上 , 朱鎔基 总理 向 大会 做 了 他 上任 以来 的 第二 政府 工作 报告 .\r\n这 份 报告 以 其 求 真 务实 也 不乏 新意 的 内容 , 既 立足 今年 又 放眼 新世纪 的 视野 赢得了 人大 代表 和 政协 委员 六 热烈 的 掌声 .\r\n这是 十 年 来 大陆 方面 第一 以 政府 工作 报告 的 形式 点名 抨击 李登辉 , 并 将 \" 两国 论 \" 和 \" 台湾 独立 \" 相提并论 .\r\n报告 指出 , \" 中国 人民 有 决心 也 完全 有能力 早日 解决 台湾 问题 , 完成 祖国 统一 大业 .\r\n虽然 政府 工作 报告 没有 将 一些 问题 列为 一个 单独 条目 , 但是 报告 集中 数 段 文字 对 这些 问题 进行 浓墨重彩 地 阐述 , 显示 了 政府 今后 一段 时间 内 对 这些 问题 的 施政 力度 .\r\n西部 大 开发 是 今年 两会 的 一 大 热点 , 在 报告 中 归属 於 \" 大力 推进 经济 结构 的 战略性 调整 \" 的 条目 .\r\n接下来 的 段落 谈及 东部 和 中西部 之间 协调 发展 问题 , 以 消除 一些 地方 可能 产生 的 厚此薄彼 的 政策 误解 .\r\n全面 加强 管理 关於 加强 管理 的 问题 , 以前 的 政府 工作 报告 也 有 涉及 , 但是 重视 程度 之高 , 非 今年 的 政府 工作 报告 莫 属 .\r\n在 整个 报告 中 , 共有 四 谈到 \" 新世纪 \" 这个 概念 .\r\n据了解 , 信息 产业 部 近期 将 出台 有关 涉及 内地 网站 海外 上市 的 条例 .\r\n早前 , 市场 曾 传言 , 信息 产业 部 要求 中国 联 通 中止 与 外商 高 通 合作 发展 CDMA 业务 ; 对此 吴基传 称 : \" 没有 这个 说法 .\r\n王贵秀 认为 , 中国 在 中共 党 的 一元化 领导 体制 下 , 形成 的 \" 党 高於 人大 \" \" 党大於 法 \" 的 观念 根深蒂固 .\r\n曾培炎 谈 2000年 经济 社会 发展 调控 目标 和 主要 任务 新华社 北京 3月6日 电 国家 发展 计划 委员会 主任 曾培炎 今天 在 九届 全国 人大 三 会议 上 报告 了 今年 经济 社会 发展 调控 目标 和 主要 任务 .\r\n今年 经济 工作 的 首要 出发点 , 是 保持 国民经济 的 较快 增长 .\r\n这 对于 解决 经济 生活 中 的 突出 矛盾 , 保持 社会 稳定 和 增强 国内外 对 我国 经济 发展 的 信心 都 至关重要 .\r\n当然 , 我们 追求 的 必须 是 有 市场 , 有 效益 , 没有 水分 的 速度 .\r\n2000年 , 要 实现 经济 增长 预期 目标 , 难点 在于 投资 能够 有 较快 的 增长 .\r\n二 , 大力 推进 农业 和 农村 经济 结构 的 战略性 调整 , 全面 提高 农村 经济 的 素质 和 效益 .\r\n继续 加强 以 水利 为 重点 的 农业 基础 设施 建设 .\r\n严厉 打击 制造 和 销售 假冒伪劣 商品 的 行为 .\r\n继续 实施 积极 的 财政 政策 , 发行 1000亿 元 长期 国债 , 用于 扩大 投资 需求 . 综合 运用 各种 货币 政策 工具 , 切实 加大 金融 对 经济 发展 的 支持 力度 .\r\n六 , 实施 西部 大 开发 战略 , 促进 区域 经济 协调 发展 .\r\n七 , 不断 提高 对外开放 水平 , 更好地 利用 国内 国外 两 个 市场 , 两 种 资源 .\r\n坚持 工业 污染 防治 与 产业 结构 调整 相结合 .\r\n九 , 加快 科教 兴 国 步伐 , 全面 发展 各项 社会 事业 .\r\n今年 要 基本 完成 全国 科研 机构 管理 体制改革 工作 . 集中 力量 抓好 一批 重点 基础 研究 项目 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月6日 电 国家 发展 计划 委员会 主任 曾培炎 今天 在 九届 全国 人大 三 会议 上 说 , 实施 西部 大 开发 战略 , 今年 要 迈出 实质性 步伐 .\r\n加快 水利 , 交通 运输 , 通信 和 广播 电视 等 基础 设施 建设 , 促进 西部 地区 资源 优势 转化为 经济 优势 .\r\n坚持 把 水资源 的 合理 开发 和 有效 利用 放到 突出 位置 , 优先 发展 节水 工程 .\r\n他 说 , 加强 生态 建设 和 环境保护 是 西部 大 开发 的 重要 内容 .\r\n今年 退耕 试点 面积 500万 亩 左右 , 还 林 要 超过 1000万 亩 .\r\n要 适应 世界 科学技术 迅猛 发展 的 形势 , 切实 依靠 科技 进步 , 促进 资源 开发 , 产业 升级 和 环境 整治 .\r\n曾培炎 说 , 国家 要 增加 对 中西部 地区 的 投入 , 加大 财政 转移 支付 力度 .\r\n国债 投资 , \" 债 转 股 \" , 核销 呆 坏帐 准备金 和 外国 政府 及 金融 机构 贷款 , 也要 向 中西部 地区 倾斜 .\r\n全国 上下 都要 满腔热忱 地 积极 支持 西部 大 开发 , 鼓励 企业家 , 科研 人员 和 大专院校 毕业生 到 西部 建功立业 .\r\n扩大 内需 的 关键 是 增加 有效 需求 , 决不能 盲目 扩大 没有 市场 的 生产能力 , 更 不能 搞 低水平 的 重复 建设 .\r\n曾培炎 从 四 方面 阐述 了 增加 有效 需求 要 采取 的 措施 : -- 大力 开拓 城乡 市场 , 积极 扩大 消费 需求 .\r\n-- 积极 推进 投 融资 体制改革 , 努力 为 增加 有效 需求 创造 体制 条件 .\r\n政府 只 审查 企业 投资 是否 符合 国家 发展 规划 , 宏观 政策 和 法律 法规 , 不 直接 干预 企业 的 投 融资 活动 .\r\n二 要 拓展 企业 融资 渠道 , 增强 企业 扩大 投资 的 实力 .\r\n改革 电价 形成 机制 , 调整 电价 结构 .\r\n要 大力 整顿 价格 秩序 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月6日 电 财政部 部长 项怀诚 今天 在 九届 全国 人大 三 会议 上 说 , 今年 中央 财政 预算 的 安排 突出 了 五 方面 . 一 , 继续 加强 基础 设施 建设 .\r\n中央 财政 预算 共 安排 基本建设 投资 893亿 元 ( 含 补助 地方 支出 ) .\r\n继续 抓好 重点 行业 , 重点 企业 , 重点 产品 和 重点 工艺 的 技术改造 , 中央 财政 预算 安排 企业 技术改造 资金 及 贴息 165亿 元 ( 含 补助 地方 支出 ) .\r\n三 , 加大 社会保障 投入 , 全面 落实 1999年 出台 的 调整 收入 分配 政策 .\r\n四 , 大力 增加 教育 , 科技 , 农业 投入 , 确保 按 高于 经常性 收入 增长 比例 增长 .\r\n项怀诚 说 , 2000年 中央 财政 总收入 安排 6904亿 元 , 比 上年 执行 数 增加 508亿 元 , 增长 7.9% .\r\n中央 财政 总支出 9203亿 元 ( 含 债务 利息 支出 ) , 比 上年 执行 数 增加 1010亿 元 , 增长 12.3% .\r\n这样 安排 , 并不 增加 国债 的 发行 , 但 有利于 全面 反映 中央 预算 支出 情况 , 有利于 债务 的 监测 和 控制 , 也 符合 国际 通行 的 做法 .\r\n如果 按 去年 的 口径 计算 , 今年 中央 财政 赤字 为 1550亿 元 , 比 上年 减少 247亿 元 .\r\n项怀诚 说 , 2000年 地方 财政 预算 总收入 10434亿 元 , 比 上年 执行 数 增长 7.8% .\r\n地方 财政 预算 总支出 10434亿 元 , 比 上年 执行 数 增长 8.3% .\r\n项怀诚 还 特别 说明 , 今年 的 中央 预算 编制 较 往年 提前 两个 月 , 以后 还要 逐步 提前 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月6日 电 财政部 部长 项怀诚 今天 在 九届 全国 人大 三 会议 上 谈到 2000年 中央 和 地方 预算 草案 时 说 , 实施 积极 财政 政策 , 目前 具备 必要 的 条件 , 不会 有 大 的 风险 .\r\n与 国际 通行 做法 比较 , 我国 仍 存在 一定 的 发 债 空间 .\r\n虽然 赤字 有所 增加 , 债务 规模 有所 扩大 , 但 这项 政策 的 实施 , 维护 了 社会 稳定 , 保持 了 国民经济 持续 , 快速 , 健康 发展 , 提高 了 人民 生活水平 .\r\n所有 的 项目 都要 合理 布局 , 统筹 规划 , 严格 按 基建 程序 办事 , 并 在 实际 操作 中 , 精心 设计 , 科学 施工 , 严格 监理 , 确保 工程 质量 .\r\n二 , 加大 税收 征管 力度 , 确保 财政收入 持续 稳步 增长 .\r\n各地区 凡 自行 制定 的 先 征 后 返 政策 , 从 今年 起 一律 停止 执行 , 并 认真 检查 纠正 .\r\n三 , 加强 预算 管理 , 稳步 推进 预算 制度 改革 .\r\n他 说 , 当前 , 预算 制度 改革 的 主要 内容 是 : 细化 预算 科目 , 编制 部门 预算 .\r\n对 预算 单位 的 收支 情况 进行 全面 清理 , 为 改革 预算 编制 工作 打好 基础 .\r\n逐步 把 政府 采购 范围 扩大 到 机关 所有 的 办公 用品 , 办公 设备 , 公共 设施 建设 及 相关 服务 方面 .\r\n此外 , 要 着手 研究 实行 国库 集中 支付 制度 , 并 作为 强化 管理 , 反腐倡廉 的 一 项 根本性 措施 .\r\n四 , 加大 财政 支出 结构 调整 力度 , 突出 重点 , 确保 党 和 国家 各项 重大 方针 政策 的 贯彻 落实 .\r\n三 是 要 逐步 减少 对 竞争 领域 的 直接 投入 , 为 企业 的 公平 竞争 创造 良好 的 环境 .\r\n项怀诚 谈到 , 当前 社会保障 工作 的 重点 是 确保 国有 企业 下岗 职工 基本 生活费 , 企业 离退休 人员 养老金 和 城镇 居民 最低 生活费 的 及时 , 足额 发放 .\r\n目前 有关 交通 和 车辆 税费 改革 的 立法 程序 已经 完成 , 燃油 税 , 车辆 购置 税 实施 方案 等 各项 准备 工作 已 基本 就绪 , 待 条件 适合 时 正式 实施 .\r\n农村 税费 改革 是 新 中国 成立 50 年 来 我国 农村 继 土地改革 和 实行 家庭 承包 经营 以后 的 又 一 项 重大 改革 , 改革 的 指导思想 , 基本原则 和 主要 政策 措施 中央 已经 确定 .\r\n今年 , 将 选择 安徽省 进行 全省 范围 的 试点 , 其他 省 , 自治区 , 直辖市 可 选择 少数 县 , 市 进行 试点 .\r\n七 , 加强 财政 监督 管理 , 整顿 财经 秩序 .\r\n五 是 进一步 健全 财政 法制 , 加大 财政 执法 力度 , 完善 财政 系统 的 行政 复议 制度 , 建立 和 推行 财政 执法 责任制 和 评议 考核 制 , 大力 推进 依法 理财 .\r\n八 , 坚持 艰苦奋斗 , 勤俭建国 的 方针 , 牢固 树立 节约 观念 , 节俭 理财 .\r\n人民群众 对此 很 不 满意 .\r\n我们 必须 站在 讲政治 的 高度 , 把 这 一 方针 发扬光大 , 长期 坚持 下去 .\r\n在 财政 工作 中 要 通过 改革 预算 管理 制度 , 健全 财政 监督 体系 , 从 制度 上 , 机制 上 确保 这 一 方针 的 贯彻 落实 .\r\n这个 规定 变相 否定 了 前不久 信息 产业 部 等 部门 就此 问题 的 一个 文件 , 那个 文件 要求 外商 必须 向 公安 部门 交出 通讯 密钥 ( 密码 ) , 以 保障 国家 安全 .\r\n\" 不切实际 执行 困难 中国 为了 保障 网络 安全 , 硬性 要求 外商 交出 加密 密码 , 引起 强烈 不满 .\r\n目前 很多 外商 都 利用 互联网 加密 技术 通讯 , 由於 这种 通讯 方式 通道 众多 , 变化 极大 , 依 中国 目前 技术 尚 难以 全部 侦查 , 除非 是 锁 定 目标 式 侦查 .\r\n但 消息 人士 称 , 其实 中国 的 网上 安全 技术 仍然 落后 於 台湾 至少 五 年 , 目前 全国 有 九成 的 网站 处 於不 安全 状态 .\r\n中国 著 力 营造 第二 对外开放 \" 黄金 带 \" 新华社 北京 三月六日 电 ( 记者 冯昌勇 吴小军 陈瑶 ) 与 过去 二十 多年 间 崛起 的 东部 沿海 开放 带 相 呼应 , 中国 目前 已经 开始 在 广袤 的 西部 地区 著 力 营造 第二 对外开放 \" 黄金 带 \" .\r\n专家 预测 , 新 的 对外开放 \" 黄金 带 \" 形成 后 , 不仅 将 有助 於 优化 中国 的 整体 经济 布局 , 其 影响力 还 可能 辐射 到 欧亚大陆 的 心脏 地区 , 进一步 提高 中国 的 国际 竞争力 .\r\n记者 从 来自 西部 的 全国 人大 代表处 获悉 , 西部 各省 , 市 , 自治区 已经 相继 出台 了 一系列 扩大 对外开放 , 吸收 外来 投资 和 各类 高科技 人才 的 新 政策 .\r\n正在 这里 参加 会议 的 自治区 主席 阿不来提 . 阿不都热西提 今天 对 记者 说 : \" 我们 的 目标 是 把 新疆 建设 成为 中国 西部 重要 的 国际 商贸 中心 和 对外开放 的 ' 桥头堡 ' . \"\r\n位 於 \" 世界 屋脊 \" 的 西藏自治区 也 决定 以前 所 未 有的 开放 姿态 向 所有 投资者 敞开 大门 , 并 公布 了 基础 实施 建设 , 农牧业 开发 , 旅游 等 近 十 重点 开放 领域 .\r\n自治区 主席 列 确 说 : \" 我们 除了 争取 国家 在 政策 和 资金 方面 的 支持 外 , 更 要 按 市场经济 规律 多渠道 吸收 投资 . \"\r\n国家 铁道 部 今后 十五 年 内 用 於 西部 铁路 建设 的 投资 将达到 创纪录 的 一千亿 元 , 包括 修建 中国 - 吉尔 吉斯 斯坦 - 乌 孜 别 克 斯坦 铁路 和泛 亚铁 路 两 出境 大通道 .\r\n专家 认为 , 目前 西部 虽然 在 技术 , 人才 , 基础 设施 等 许多 方面 都 不如 东部 , 但 这 一 地区 同 十 几个 国家 接壤 , 具有 全面 对外开放 的 有利 条件 .\r\n江泽民 , 李鹏 , 朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 , 胡锦涛 , 尉健行 , 李岚清 等 党 和 国家 领导人 出席 大会 .\r\n受 国务院 委托 , 国家 发展 计划 委员会 主任 曾培炎 向 大会 作 了 关于 1999年 国民经济 和 社会 发展 计划 执行 情况 与 2000年 国民经济 和 社会 发展 计划 草案 的 报告 .\r\n他 说 , 在 国民经济 稳定 增长 的 基础 上 , 1999年 中央 和 地方 预算 执行 情况 比较 好 .\r\n全国 财政 收支相抵 , 支出 大于 收入 1759亿 元 .\r\n盛华仁 : 展望 新岁 经贸 大局\r\n被 列为 国有 企业 改革 与 脱困 突破口 的 纺织 行业 , 在 继续 压 锭 , 减员 的 同时 , 加大 调整 力度 , 经济效益 明显 提高 .\r\n石油 和 化工 行业 实现 利润 二百三十五点二亿 元 , 同比 增加 四点九九 , 预计 全年 实现 利润 可达 三百亿 元 , 比 上年 增长 近 两 .\r\n冶金 , 电力 , 烟草 , 黄金 等 行业 继续 保持 较好 盈利 .\r\n大多数 行业 都 可 实现 或 超过 全年 利润 目标 .\r\n大部分 地区 经济效益 明显 好转 .\r\n国家 重点 企业 经济效益 增长 较快 .\r\n实施 上述 项目 , 可 使 大中型 亏损 企业 减少 八百六十 .\r\n目前 , 已 分 三 安排 了 六百四十七 , 总投资 一千七百一十八亿 元 , 其中 国债 资金 一百二十七点六亿 元 ( 当年 安排 六十九点八亿 元 ) .\r\n这 三 项目 投产 后 , 主要 行业 将达到 和 基本 达到 预期 的 标志 性 目标 .\r\n目前 一些 行业 的 部分 产品 出现 了 严重 供 过 於求 的 现 像 , 加强 对 一些 重要 产品 产量 和 加工量 的 控制 乃 势所必然 .\r\n前 十一个 月 , 煤炭 行业 生产 原煤 同比 减少 百分之十点三 . 全年 可 控制 在 十点三亿 吨 .\r\n烟草 行业 前 十一个 月 生产 卷烟 三千零七十二点五九万 箱 , 比 九八 年 同期 降低 百分之零点六八 .\r\n水泥 , 玻璃 总量 控制 也 可 达到 预期 目标 .\r\n煤炭 行业 要 进一步 巩固 和 扩大 关井压 产 的 成果 , 控制 原煤 产量 , 遏止 价格 继续 下跌 , 拖欠 货款 继续 增加 的 趋势 .\r\n全面 完成 关 停 小 煤矿 的 任务 , 并 通过 关 停 一批 小 钢铁厂 , 淘汰 落后 轧钢 生产能力 一千万 吨 .\r\n盛华仁 称 , 适应 改革 攻坚 的 需要 , 今年 将 加大 破产 , 关闭 的 力度 .\r\n核销 银行 呆 坏账 准备金 主要 用 於 国有 大中型 企业 的 破产 和 资源 枯竭 矿山 的 关闭 .\r\n开拓 市场 特别是 大力 开拓 农村 市场 , 被 国家 经贸委 列为 今年 的 一 项 重要 任务 .\r\n充分 运用 出口 信贷 , 出口 保险 , 外贸 发展 基金 等 手段 , 推进 出口 市场 多元化 .\r\n同时 , 采取 切实有力 的 措施 , 扩大 煤炭 , 冶金 , 炼油 产品 的 出口 .\r\n抓紧 研究 \" 入世 \" 影响 中美 已就 中国 加入 WTO 问题 达成 协议 , 中国 加入 WTO 为时 不远 .\r\n信息 业 两 大 技术 起飞 信息 产业 部 部长 吴基传 指出 , 作为 信息 产业 的 两 大 技术 -- 计算机技术 和 通信 技术 , 在 二十世纪 得到 了 飞速 发展 .\r\n与此同时 , 中国 电信 网 完成 了 从 人工 网 向 自动 网 , 从 模拟 网 向 数字 网 , 从 单一 业务 网 向 多样化 业务 网 的 过渡 .\r\n移动电话 和 数字通信 等 新 业务 的 发展 更为 迅速 .\r\n电信 业务 总量 中 , 中国 电信 完成 1346.3亿 元 , 增长 16.6% ; 中国 移动 完成 1257.4亿 元 , 增长 69.5% ; 中国 联 通 完成 220.6亿 元 .\r\n全国 电信 业务 收入 完成 2200.8亿 元 , 增长 21.3% .\r\n电信 业务 收入 中 , 中国 电信 完成 1439亿 元 , 增长 14% ; 中国 移动 完成 627.4亿 元 , 增长 26.9% ; 中国 联 通 完成 130.9亿 元 , 增长 215% .\r\n他 说 , 中国 电信 ( 香港 ) 有限 公司 自 1997年9月 完成 重组 并 在 香港 注册 成立 以来 , 取得 了 巨大 的 成功 , 同时 倍受 国际 投资 界 的 关注 , 赢得了 广泛 赞誉 .\r\n去年 下半年 , 中国 电信 ( 香港 ) 有限 公司 向 公众 发行 新 股 和 美元 债券 完成 定价 , 总 筹资 额 达到 26亿 美元 , 发行 大 获 成功 .\r\n这是 香港 有史以来 最大 规模 的 通过 市场 推介 和 簿记 方式 进行 的 股票 二 发行 .\r\n无论 是 发达国家 , 还是 发展中国家 , 都 把 大力 发展 信息 产业 , 加快 推进 信息化 作为 跨世纪 的 战略性 任务 , 世界 信息 技术 和 信息 产业 的 竞争 势必 将 更加 激烈 .\r\n吴基传 预测 , 未来 十 年 , 中国 电信 市场 将 出现 以下 发展 趋势 : 固定 电话 业务 还将 有 很大 的 发展 , 主线 用户 数 将 增加 2 倍 以上 , 达到 2-3亿 户 .\r\n中国 信息 产品 的 市场 前景 十分 广阔 , 有 专家 预测 到 2010年 将达到 6万亿 元 .\r\n在 公平 竞争 的 基础 上 , 合理 配置 资源 , 既要 建设 一个 完善 的 基础 传送 网 和 经济 适用 的 宽带 接入网 , 又要 合理 发展 与 之 相适应 的 专用 网 和 局域网 , 最终 形成 适应 信息化 要求 的 现代化 网络 布局 .\r\n第四 , 信息 资源 的 开发利用 是 信息化 建设 的 核心 内容 .\r\n要 制定 一系列 的 配套 政策 措施 , 鼓励 各 领域 , 各 层次 大力 开发 各种 信息 资源 和 广泛 利用 各种 信息 服务 .\r\n同时 加强 市场 规范 , 技术 标准 , 信用 安全 , 执法 监督 方面 的 建设 , 促进 资源 共享 , 使 信息 资源 更好地 为 经济 建设 和 社会 发展 服务 .\r\n第五 , 进一步 加快 信息 技术 在 各行各业 的 推广应用 .\r\n中国 经济 , 科技 改革 与 发展 都 处在 十分 关键 的 历史 时期 .\r\n首先 , 随 著 世界 经济一体化 格局 的 逐步 形成 , 国家 之间 的 经济 竞争 日趋 激烈 .\r\n第三 , 邓小平 关於 \" 科学技术 是 第一 生产力 \" 的 论断 , 已 为 越来越 多 的 人们 所 认识 .\r\n谈到 中国 高科技 发展 的 现状 时 , 朱丽兰 指出 , 目前 中国 在 高技术 研究 开发 和 高技术 产业化 方面 , 与 发达国家 的 差距 依然 存在 , 这是 经济 发展 水平 的 差异 决定 的 .\r\n此外 , 从 动态 和 历史 的 角度 来看 , 虽然 我们 目前 的 实力 及 规模 比较 小 , 但 增长 的 势头 还是 很快 的 .\r\n现有 的 五十三 高新技术 开发区 , 是 中国 信息 产业 的 主力军 .\r\n与 发达国家 相比 , 总量 不算 多 , 但 年均 增长 百分之七十 至 百分之八十 , 总体 势头 良好 .\r\n在 推进 技术 创新 和 发展 高科技 , 实现 产业化 的 进程 中 , 科技 管理 部门 无疑 负有 不可 推卸 的 重要 历史 责任 .\r\n对此 , 朱 部长 阐述 了 科技 部 下一步 的 工作 重点 : 一 是 要 把 工作 中心 转到 发展 社会 生产力 的 轨道 上来 .\r\n只有 这样 , 才能 全面 地 认识 和 把握 科技 工作 的 内涵 , 才能 更好地 引导 和 推动 科技 工作 的 健康 发展 .\r\n二 是 要 把 工作 重点 转到 创造 政策 环境 上来 .\r\n这 决不 意味 著 科技 管理 部门 作用 的 降低 , 而是 要 建立 一个 反应 快捷 , 运转 高效 , 调控 有力 的 职能 部门 .\r\n三 是 要 统观 全局 , 突出 重点 , 实现 技术 发展 的 跨越 .\r\n要 坚决 打破 条块 分割 的 体制 束缚 , 克服 长期以来 力量 分散 , 重复 浪费 , 效率 不高 的 痼疾 .\r\n加强 技术 创新 工作 , 必须 坚决 打破 计划经济 体制 下 形成 的 部门 , 地域 和 学科 等 传统 界限 , 必须 以 更 开阔 的 视野 和 更加 良好 的 合作 精神 系统地 推进 各项 工作 .\r\n同时 , 科技 部 将 更加 注重 发挥 地方政府 及 科技 管理 部门 的 作用 , 鼓励 他们 打破 成规 , 大胆 试验 , 探索 适合 本地区 特点 的 发展 模式 和 道路 .\r\n特别是 在 科研 机构 转制 和 实行 属地 化 管理 后 , 各地 在 调配 科技 资源 方面 拥有 更大 的 空间 , 更 有条件 在 技术 创新 工作 中 发挥 积极 的 作用 .\r\n比如说 计算机 集成 制造 系统 CIMS , 1980年 中国 的 水平 跟 人家 相比 几乎 是 零 , 那时 想 跟 人家 合作 , 人家 根本 不理 你 .\r\n我们 今天 已经 在 200 企业 搞 CIMS 示范 工程 , 并 取得 了 非常 好的 效果 , 北京 第一 机床 厂 还 得到 了 美国 的 工业 领先 奖 .\r\n敢 於 创新 迎接 更大 开放 朱 部长 还 特别 提到 了 国家 创新 体系 , 强调 它 不是 一 项 简单 的 工程 .\r\n她 指出 , 作为 政府 要 创造 一个 环境 , 使得 各方面 的 创造性 和 积极性 都 能 得到 发挥 .\r\n对 企业 来说 , 一定 要 成为 技术 创新 主体 , 才 可能 参与 到 今天 的 国际 竞争 中 .\r\n\" 1950年 时 , 人类 知识 总量 翻一番 需要 50 年 , 到 2020年 , 人类 的 知识 翻一番 只 需要 73 天 .\r\n当然 , 所谓 的 \" 知识 \" 不是 一般 的 知识 , 是 要 具有 创新 的 知识 .\r\n世界 竞争 不 相信 眼泪 , 要 敢 於 创新 .\r\n她 说 , 当 创新 意识 化为 具体 行动 的 时候 , 就 会 发生 非常 大 的 变化 .\r\n例如 , 在 云南 有 一 处 非常 偏僻 , 生态 环境 比较 恶劣 的 地区 , 由於 政府 , 科技人员 与 当地 农民 一起 推广 农业 更新 系统 , 整个 生产方式 有了 根本性 的 变化 .\r\n出席 九届 全国 人大 三 会议 的 海南 代表团 在 审议 《 政府 工作 报告 》 时 , 对 报告 提出 的 大力 推进 经济 结构 的 战略性 调整 感同身受 .\r\n他们 兴奋 地 说 , 尝 过 急功近利 之苦 后 , 我们 已经 品 出 了 脚踏实地 的 甜头 .\r\n1999年 , 海南 产业 结构 调整 成效 显著 , 热带 高效 农业 和 海岛 旅游业 两 大 支柱 两 大 重点 产业 取得 历史性 突破 .\r\n农业 增加值 18153亿 元 , 增长 近 11% , 对 国民经济 增长 的 贡献 率 达 47% ; 全省 旅游业 全年 共 接待 游客 逾 929万 人次 , 全年 旅游 总收入 725亿 元 , 均 为 历年 之最 .\r\n海南省 省长 汪啸风 代表 说 , 产业 结构 的 调整 一定 要 实事求是 , 立足 长远 .\r\n前 些 年 , 海南 建 省 , 办 经济特区 , 吸引 众多 国内外 人才 前来 开发 宝岛 , 滋长 了 海南 \" 一 夜 发财 \" 的 观念 .\r\n以 贸易 热 , 房地产 热 为 主要 表现 的 \" 泡沫 经济 \" , 给 海南 经济 发展 带来 严重 危害 , 经济 一度 陷入 低迷 .\r\n切合 实际 的 产业 结构 调整 , 夯实 了 海南 的 产业 根基 , 使 海南 国民经济 实现 了 速度 和 效益 的 同步 发展 , 经济 增长 质量 明显 提高 .\r\n四川 上 不去 , 就 会 影响 西部 开发 大局 , 拖 全国 发展 的 后腿 .\r\n刘应明 代表 指出 , 信息 时代 要 把 教育 放在 优先 发展 的 地位 , 国运 兴衰 , 系于 教育 .\r\n西部 大 开发 首先 要 抓 专业 人才 的 培养 , 营造 创新 人才 成长 的 良好 环境 .\r\n听 完 8 代表 的 发言 , 李岚清 要求 国务院 有关 部门 认真 研究 代表 们 的 意见 和 建议 , 并 就 实施 西部 开发 和 实施 科教 兴 国 战略 问题 发表 了 意见 .\r\n迟浩田 说 , 要 大力 培养 和 造就 高素质 的 新型 军事 人才 , 深入 开展 科技 练兵 , 努力 提高 新 形势 下 治军 的 能力 和 驾驭 现代 战争 的 本领 .\r\n要 进一步 改革 和 完善 国防 动员 体制 , 要 积极 参加 和 支持 西部 大 开发 .\r\n台湾 是 中国 神圣 领土 不可 分割 的 一部分 , 中国 人民 决不 容许 有 一 寸 土地 从 祖国 的 版图 分裂 出去 .\r\n李登辉 去年 公开 抛出 \" 两国 论 \" , 在 分裂 祖国 的 道路 上 迈出 了 极其 危险 的 一 步 , 使 两岸 关系 遭受 严重 破坏 .\r\n中国 政府 和 人民 对 台湾 分裂 势力 的 分裂 活动 始终 保持 高度 警惕 , 进行 了 坚决 的 斗争 , 显示 了 中国 人民 反对 分裂 , 维护 统一 的 坚强 决心 .\r\n我们 要 正告 那些 台湾 分裂 分子 , 玩火 者 必 自焚 , 选择 \" 台独 \" 就是 选择 战争 .\r\n会上 代表 们 发言 踊跃 , 大家 不时 就 代表 发言 中 提出 的 问题 插话 讨论 , 气氛 十分 活跃 .\r\n来自 少数民族 地区 的 武吉海 代表 首先 发言 , 他 提出 国家 要 扶持 少数民族 地区 的 发展 , 加大 扶贫 攻坚 的 力度 .\r\n少数民族 地区 要 发扬 自力更生 , 奋发图强 的 精神 , 采取 调整 结构 , 退耕 还 林 , 发展 中小 企业 等 措施 , 改变 落后 地区 的 面貌 .\r\n郑茂清 代表 在 发言 中 提出 , 国有 企业 改革 在 扭亏增盈 , 调整 产业 和 产品 结构 , 建立 现代 企业 制度 等 方面 取得 很大 进展 .\r\n来自 湖南 益阳 的 蔡力峰 代表 针对 洞庭湖区 去年 抗洪救灾 的 情况 , 提出 了 灾区 生产自救 的 一系列 措施 .\r\n段有林 , 李友妹 代表 也 对 基层 农村 工作 中 存在 的 一些 问题 发表 了 意见 .\r\n湖南 是 农业 大 省 , 尤其 要 进一步 巩固 和 加强 农业 , 加快 农业 结构 调整 步伐 .\r\n要 以 市场 为 导向 , 尊重 农民 意愿 , 从 生产 和 流通 两 个 方面 采取 有力 措施 , 引导 农民 减少 不 适销 品种 , 扩大 优质 高效 农产品 生产 .\r\n朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 强调 , 必须 千方百计 增加 农民 收入 .\r\n各地方 必须 严格 执行 国家 关于 减轻 农民 负担 的 政策 措施 , 切实 清理 农村 教育 , 农民 建房 和 用 电 等 各种 不合理 收费 .\r\n进一步 稳定 和 加强 农业 基础 地位 , 推进 农业 结构 战略性 调整 是 今天 黑龙江 代表团 审议 的 重点 .\r\n王国学 代表 建议 进一步 保障 农民 生产 积极性 , 增加 粮食 主 产区 仓储 设施 建设 .\r\n杨信 代表 建议 , 要 积极 引导 农村 剩余劳动力 合理 流动 , 加大 粮食 保护价 收购 政策 落实 力度 .\r\n来自 基层 的 吴南俊 代表 替 广大 农民 朋友 捎 来 建议 : 加强 政府 对 农民 和 农村 经济 发展 的 服务 , 加快 农民 增收 步伐 .\r\n要 讲 党性 , 讲原则 , 把 严格 遵守 政治 纪律 始终 放在 首位 .\r\n要 建立 思想 道德 和 党纪国法 两 防线 , 关键 是 要 严守 思想 道德 防线 , 做到 关口 前 移 .\r\n要 根据 形势 的 发展 , 及时 提出 新 的 行为 规范 , 早 打招呼 , 并 把 干部 的 从政 行为 和 道德 规范 同 社会主义 市场经济 准则 统一 起来 .\r\n在 着重 加强 县 ( 处 ) 级 以上 领导干部 廉洁 自律 工作 的 同时 , 对 国有 企业 领导 人员 和 乡镇 领导干部 也要 严格要求 , 加强 监督 管理 .\r\n在 加强 和 改善 群众 来信 来访 和 举报 工作 的 同时 , 要 主动 开展 监督 检查 , 努力 做到 领导干部 的 权力 行使 到哪里 , 领导干部 的 活动 延伸 到哪里 , 党组织 的 监督 就 实行 到哪里 .\r\n要 继续 推进 政务 公开 , 厂务 公开 , 村 务 公开 , 要害 是 必须 克服 机关 内部 某些 工作人员 权力 过分 集中 , 缺乏 监督 制约 , 搞 暗箱 作业 的 弊端 , 使 公开 的 内容 真实 可信 .\r\n要 加强 领导班子 内部 成员 之间 的 相互 监督 .\r\n注意 发挥 新闻 舆论 监督 作用 .\r\n现行 监督 体制 和 监督 机制 要 进一步 改善 和 加强 , 但 决不能 照搬 西方 那 一套 资产阶级 民主 模式 .\r\n尉健行 指出 , 要 把 监督 的 关口 前 移 .\r\n当前 的 监督 大多 属于 事后 监督 , 这是 必要 的 , 但 有的 问题 事先 不 把关 , 事后 很难 查处 .\r\n很多 问题 单 靠 事后 监督 抓 不胜 抓 , 抓 了 也 容易 反复 .\r\n要 善于 抓住 苗头 性 问题 , 见微知著 , 及早 防治 .\r\n加大 监督 力度 必须 从 体制 , 机制 , 管理 等 方面 着手 , 进一步 加大 治本 力度 , 从 源头 上 预防 和 治理 腐败 .\r\n尉健行 强调 , 落实 从严 治 党 的 方针 , 关键 是 要 从严 执 纪 .\r\n只有 从严 执 纪 , 才能 把 腐败 现 像 蔓延 的 势头 遏制 住 .\r\n对 那些 敢于 无视 党纪国法 , 腐败 堕落 的 干部 , 必须 用 重典 .\r\n不痛不痒 的 处分 只会 产生 负面 效果 .\r\n对 瞒 案 不 报 , 压 案 不 办 或 设置 障碍 , 阻挠 查处 的 , 纪检 监察 机关 要 严肃 处理 .\r\n从严 执 纪 不是 搞 惩办 主义 , 也 不是 不教而诛 .\r\n我们 从来 主张 对 人 的 处理 要 持 慎重 态度 , 要 注意 按 政策 和 法律 区别 对待 .\r\n天津 代表团 今天 下午 的 全体 会议 在 人民 大会堂 天津 厅 举行 .\r\n代表 们 在 审议 政府 工作 报告 时 , 结合 天津 实际 纷纷 发言 .\r\n卢金发 代表 说 , 世纪之交 , 形势逼人 , 要 完成 政府 工作 报告 确定 的 奋斗 目标 , 关键 是 制定 措施 , 狠抓 落实 .\r\n皮黔生 代表 说 , 为 适应 我国 加入 WTO 的 形势 , 我们 要 认真 做好 专题 研究 , 加快 政府 职能 转变 , 把 工作 做 早 , 做 细 , 做 实 .\r\n在 听取 代表 们 发言 后 , 李瑞环 讲了话 .\r\n他 说 , 对于 取得 的 成绩 , 必须 充分 肯定 , 否则 就 不能 鼓舞 士气 , 凝聚 人心 ; 对于 存在 的 问题 和 困难 , 必须 正视 , 否则 就 不能 保持 清醒 头脑 , 及时 改进 工作 .\r\n随着 改革开放 的 深入 , 市场经济 的 发展 , 我们 面临 的 问题 越来越 多 , 特别是 涉及 群众 利益 的 问题 越来越 多 .\r\n在 这种 情况 下 , 做好 群众 工作 已 成为 顺利 推进 各项 事业 的 关键 环节 .\r\n我们 是 人民 当家作主 的 社会主义 国家 , 党 和 政府 的 宗旨 是 全心全意 为人民服务 , 我们 所 做 的 一切 工作 都 离不开 群众 工作 , 或是 做 群众 工作 , 或是 为 群众 做工作 .\r\n因此 , 会 做 群众 工作 是 对 领导干部 的 基本 要求 , 是 领导干部 的 基本功 .\r\n能不能 把 群众 动员 起来 , 使 群众 活跃 起来 , 积极 起来 , 并 把 群众 科学 地 组织 起来 , 投入 到 各项 事业 中 去 , 最终 达到 理想 的 效果 , 这是 对 领导 素质 的 综合 考验 .\r\n许多 事情 不 改革 不行 , 不 改革 就 不能 发展 , 而 改革 又 有 许多 困难 .\r\n要 端正 态度 , 平等 待人 , 诚恳 待人 , 以 理 待人 , 绝 不能 居高临下 , 敷衍 应付 , 麻木不仁 .\r\n这种 \" 语言 的 巨人 , 行动 的 矮子 \" 做 群众 工作 , 是 不会 有 好 效果 的 .\r\n这是 中央 人民 政府 驻 澳门特别行政区 联络 办公室 主任 , 全国 人大 代表 王启人 今天 在 接受 记者 采访 时 说 的 .\r\n曾多次 参加 全国 人大 会议 的 王启人 今年 参加 会议 与 往年 有 不一样 的 感受 .\r\n他 指出 , 澳门 全国 人大 代表 讨论 的 问题 决不会 干预 特区 的 内部 事务 .\r\n谈起 回归 后 澳门 的 情况 , 王启人 说 , 作为 澳门 代表 , 他 深深 感受到 中央 坚定 地 贯彻 了 \" 一国两制 \" 的 方针 , 并 按照 基本法 支持 特区 政府 发展 澳门 的 经济 , 保持 澳门 的 社会 稳定 .\r\n作为 中央 人民政府 驻 澳门 特别 行政区 联络 办公室 负责人 , 王启人 表示 , \" 我们 在 澳门 坚定 地 执行 中央 关於 ' 一国两制 ' 的 方针 和 原则 . \"\r\n联络 办 坚定 支持 以 何厚铧 为首 的 澳门特别行政区 政府 依照 基本法 施政 , 使 澳门 社会 更加 稳定 ; 联络 办 决不会 干预 澳门特别行政区 的 内部 事务 .\r\n王启人 告诉 记者 , 回归 后 两 个 半月 以来 , 祖国 内地 十分 关心 澳门 , 世界 各地 也 十分 关注 .\r\n澳门 特区 政府 在 澳门 同胞 的 关心 和 支持 下 , 做 了 大量 工作 , 行政 部门 办事 效率 明显 提高 .\r\n他 强调 指出 , 澳门 回归 后 , 原有 的 资本主义制度 和 生活方式 没有 改变 , 政 制 架构 照样 在 运作 .\r\n澳门 的 法律 也 基本 没有 变化 .\r\n几个 月 来 , \" 一国两制 \" 在 澳门 的 落实 情况 是 好的 .\r\n台湾 当局 应该 审时度势 , 尽早 放弃 分裂 图谋 , 早日 实现 两岸 平等 对话 .\r\n张永均 代表 说 , 一个 中国 的 原则 是 实现 和平 统一 的 基础 和 前提 , 这是 无庸置疑 的 , 因为 祖国 的 主权 和 领土 完整 不容 挑衅 .\r\n希望 台湾 当局 尽快 放弃 分裂 图谋 , 避免 导致 两岸 人民 都 不 愿意 看到 的 后果 .\r\n曾培炎 说 , 京沪 高速铁路 的 前期 工作 已 进行 了 多年 , 且 目前 仍在 进行 . 因 其 重要 所以 采取 了 非常 谨慎 和 积极 的 态度 .\r\n今年 \" 两会 \" 期间 , 有关 专家 对 加快 修建 京沪 高速铁路 纷纷 建言 .\r\n\" 中新社 北京 三月六日 电 \" ( 记者 陶光雄 陈琪 尹丹丹 ) 今年 的 中国 经济 走势 会 好 於 去年 , 如果 执行 情况 良好 , 全年 经济 增长率 也 会 高於 预定 目标 ; 到 年终 时 , 目前 存在 的 通货 紧缩 趋势 亦 可望 得到 缓解 .\r\n在 国家 计委 提交 人大 审议 的 今年 国民经济 和 社会 发展 计划 草案 中 , 经济 增长率 预期 目标 设定 为 百分之七 左右 .\r\n曾培炎 在 回答 记者 有关 提问 时 表示 , 既 提出来 了 就 有信心 实现 , 而且 如果 执行 情况 较好 , 最终 结果 会 比 百分之七 更高 一些 .\r\n曾培炎 说 , 预测 的 根据 主要 是 : 当前 国际 经济 环境 总体 趋 好 ; 国内 宏观经济 去年 保持 了 持续 健康 快速 的 发展 态势 , 既 保持 了 一定 的 速度 , 在 数量 和 质量 上 也 有 较大 提高 .\r\n另一方面 , 今年 的 计划 草案 与 政府 工作 报告 中 都 提出 要 进一步 加大 固定资产 投资 力度 以 推动 经济 发展 , 若 得到 人大 批准 , 今年 的 国债 投放 将 早 於 往年 , 会 对 全年 的 经济 运行 产生 较大 拉动 作用 .\r\n他 说 , 国家 正在 研究 有关 措施 以求 进一步 推动 包括 来自 民间 和 个体 的 社会 投资 , 进而 带动 经济 发展 .\r\n有 记者 问及 中国 当前 是否 存在 通货 紧缩 问题 时 , 曾培炎 强调 , 中国 存在 的 是 通货 紧缩 趋势 而 非 通货 紧缩 局面 ; 而且 , 紧缩 趋势 也 主要 是 从 物价 角度 出发 而言 的 .\r\n曾培炎 指出 , 虽然 社会 商品 零售价格 连续 二十二个 月 呈现 负增长 , 但是 货币 供应 始终 正常 , 经济 增长 也 保持 了 较快 速度 .\r\n另外 , 今年 一月 的 经济 运行 显示 , 相当 一部分 省区 的 价格 指数 已 转为 正 向 增长 .\r\n除了 火电 外 , 水电 发展 也 很快 , 特别是 长江三峡 到 二零零三年 就要 开始 发电 了 .\r\n他 指出 , 核电 项目 近期 没有 新 的 打算 , 当前 主要 是 把 已经 在建 的 核电站 尽快 建成 建 好 .\r\n谈到 \" 十五 \" 计划 期间 是否 需要 再 建 核电站 时 , 曾培炎 说 , 如果 有 需要 , 也是 首先 在 已经 建成 的 核电站 基础 上 进一步 扩大 , 增加 容量 .\r\n国家 发展 计划 委员会 主任 曾培炎 今天 表示 , 对 实现 这 一 预期 目标 是 很 有信心 的 , 如果 执行 得 好 , 会 比 百分之七 的 结果 更好 .\r\n曾培炎 今天 下午 举行 记者会 回答 记者 提问 .\r\n第三 , 今年 将 进一步 加大 财政 投入 力度 , 全社会 固定资产 投资 增长 百分之十 左右 , 并且 将 研究 一些 措施 刺激 社会 投资 , 以 带动 经济 的 发展 .\r\n曾培炎 承认 目前 内地 有 通货 紧缩 的 趋势 , , 但 他 不 认为 存在 通货 紧缩 的 严重 局面 .\r\n这些 缺陷 既 影响 著 中央 预算 的 透明度 与 严肃性 , 也 在 某种 程度 上 弱化 了 人大 的 审议 和 监督 作用 .\r\n但 从 另 一 角度 看 , 这次 全国 人大 在 促使 财政 部门 加快 预算 编制 改革 进程 的 同时 , 也 显示出 了 自己 监督 作用 的 效能 .\r\n预算 从 基层 单位 逐级 分 项 编制 汇总 , 再 由 政府 主管 部门 汇编 , 经 财政 部门 审核 并 报 全国 人大 审议 , 通过 后 才能 执行 .\r\n有关 人士 认为 , 此 项 改革 有利 於 提高 预算 管理 水平 , 防止 预算 分配 的 随意性 , 提高 财政 资源 配置 效率 , 最大限度 地 发挥 财政 资金 的 使用 效益 ; 同时 , 还有 助 於 促进 财政 法制 建设 , 规范 政府 行为 .\r\n当然 , 亦 有利 於 人大 代表 更好地 履行 监督 职能 和 各界 对 财政 的 监督 .\r\n在 回答 记者 关于 今年 经济 形势 的 提问 时 , 曾培炎 说 , 去年 我国 经济 保持 了 持续 快速 健康 发展 , 今年 将会 继续 保持 这 一 态势 , 全年 实现 7% 左右 的 增长 目标 是 完全 可以 做到 的 .\r\n当前 , 世界 经济 环境 趋 好 , 我国 投资 , 消费 和 进出口 都会 有所 改善 .\r\n与此同时 , 国家 还将 运用 价格 , 税率 , 利率 等 经济杠杆 进一步 扩大 国内 需求 , 使 国民经济 继续 朝 好的 方向 发展 .\r\n关于 实施 西部 大 开发 战略 , 引起 了 海内外 的 关注 , 许多 记者 都 围绕 这 一 问题 提问 .\r\n在 开发 中 要 按 市场 需求 配置 资源 , 充分 发挥 市场 机制 的 作用 .\r\n他 说 , 西部 大 开发 今年 要 迈出 实质性 步伐 , 目前 正在 研究 制定 \" 十五 \" 计划 和 编制 西部 大 开发 规划 .\r\n今年 的 固定资产 投资 中 , 国债 资金 , 财政 拨款 和 外国 政府 , 国际 金融 组织 提供 的 优惠 贷款 , 用于 中西部 地区 的 比例 将 保持 在 70% 左右 .\r\n今年 在 西部 将 开工 建设 一批 大 项目 , 同时 加快 \" 西 气 东 输 \" , \" 西 电 东 送 \" , 进 藏 铁路 等 一批 重大 项目 的 前期 工作 .\r\n西部 正在 建设 的 78 大中型 项目 , 要 加快 进度 , 今年 投入 将达 300多亿 元 .\r\n曾培炎 还 指出 , 西部 大 开发 是 一 项 长期 , 艰巨 的 任务 , 是 一个 规模 宏大 的 系统工程 , 需要 经过 几代 人 的 努力 .\r\n为 更好地 发挥 这些 人才 的 作用 , 要 在 生活 , 工作 等 方面 为 他们 创造 必要条件 .\r\n在 回答 记者 关于 通货 紧缩 问题 时 , 曾培炎 说 , 当前 我国 确实 出现 通货 紧缩 趋势 , 但 并不 存在 严重 的 通货 紧缩 局面 .\r\n尽管 消费 价格 , 零售价格 指数 分别 出现 连续 22个 月 和 28个 月 的 负增长 , 但 货币 供应量 , 金融 机构 贷款 规模 保持 正常 增长 , 经济 发展 保持 了 较快 的 速度 .\r\n从 1月 的 情况 看 , 月环 比 价格 指数 回升 , 相当 一部分 生产资料 价格 有所 上涨 , 12 省区市 物价指数 已 出现 正 增长 , 今年 通货 紧缩 趋势 可望 得到 缓解 , 年终 会 有 很大 好转 .\r\n目前 深化 改革 面临 许多 以前 没有 遇到 的 新 情况 , 新 矛盾 , 新 问题 , 特别是 在 我国 加入 世贸 组织 后 , 我们 将 面临 严峻 挑战 .\r\n李铁映 要求 在 实践 中 进一步 解放 思想 , 实事求是 , 大胆 探索 , 勇于 实践 .\r\n要 进一步 深化 经济体制 改革 , 着眼于 解决 制约 经济 发展 的 体制 障碍 .\r\n改革 措施 的 安排 , 要 有利于 治理 通货 紧缩 , 促进 产业 结构 调整 升级 , 以及 扩大 就业 和 适应 加入 WTO 的 要求 .\r\n目前 , 世界 经济 结构 也 在 进行 调整 , 一些 发达国家 的 优势 产业 正 进行 转移 , 这 对 我们 也是 一个 机遇 .\r\n吴邦国 还 鼓励 北京市 要 利用 大学 和 科研 院所 众多 的 优势 , 继续 积极 发展 高科技 产业 , 探索 高新技术 产业化 的 新 机制 .\r\n全军 官兵 特别是 各级 领导干部 在 这个 问题 上 , 一定 要 头脑 非常 清醒 , 立场 非常 坚定 , 旗帜 非常 鲜明 , 行动 非常 自觉 .\r\n姜春云 说 , 实施 经济 结构 战略性 调整 需要 着重 注意 解决好 几个 问题 : 一 是 解放 思想 , 更新 观念 .\r\n二 是 要 了解 市场 , 适应 市场 .\r\n调整 结构 必须 以 市场 为 导向 , 一切 产品 都要 首先 考虑 市场 需求 , 然后 安排 生产 .\r\n姜春云 说 , 除此之外 , 还要 注意 东西 结合 , 相辅相成 .\r\n全国各地 各行业 都 应当 关心 支持 西部 地区 大 开发 , 打好 这 一对 振兴中华 , 富民 强 国有 决定 意义 的 重大 战役 .\r\n当前 , 要 在 领导干部 中 深入 开展 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 回头 看 , 在 广大 干部 群众 中 , 开展 \" 致富 思 源 , 富 而 思 进 \" 的 教育 活动 .\r\n要 继续 把 扶贫 开发 摆 在 国民经济 和 社会 发展 的 重要 位置 , 锲而不舍 地 开展 下去 .\r\n温家宝 说 , 今年 是 实施 八七 扶贫 攻坚 计划 的 最后 一 年 .\r\n各级党委 , 政府 , 特别是 贫困 地区 的 主要 负责 同志 要 有 强烈 的 紧迫感 , 使命感 , 以 对 党 和 人民 高度 负责 的 态度 , 聚精会神 地 抓好 扶贫 开发 工作 .\r\n要 进一步 落实 扶贫 开发 的 各项 政策 措施 , 继续 坚持 开发 式 扶贫 的 方针 , 把 扶贫 开发 同 农业 和 农村 经济 结构 的 战略性 调整 结合 起来 , 同 实施 西部 大 开发 结合 起来 .\r\n要 加大 对 领导干部 特别是 主要 领导干部 的 监督 , 建立 健全 行之有效 的 监督 制约 机制 , 用 制度 保证 各级 政府 勤政 高效 和 干部 清正廉洁 .\r\n曾庆红 说 , 除 此外 还要 加强 以 国有 企业 和 农村 为 重点 的 党 的 基层组织 建设 , 抓好 党员 队伍 的 教育 管理 , 从 根本上 扭转 一些 基层 党组织 软弱 涣散 的 状况 .\r\n但 同时 我们 也 应 看到 , 经过 多年来 的 改革开放 , 我们 的 经济 结构 和 宏观 环境 已 发生 了 很大 的 变化 , 这就 要求 引进 工作 必须 提高 水平 .\r\n吴仪 指出 , 进一步 扩大 对外开放 除了 要 \" 引进来 \" , 还要 \" 走出去 \" , 产品 , 人员 , 企业 都要 走出去 .\r\n要 千方百计 扩大 出口 , 特别是 机电 产品 出口 , 高新技术 产品 出口 .\r\n报告 特别 重视 教育 和 科技 的 发展 .\r\n在 我国 加入 世贸 组织 之后 , 农业 将 面临 严峻 的 挑战 .\r\n司马义·艾买提 说 , 维护 民族团结 , 必须 做好 群众 工作 .\r\n维护 民族团结 , 必须 全面 贯彻 党 的 民族 政策 .\r\n司马义·艾买提 说 , 新 中国 成立 50 年 来 , 我国 的 民族 关系 和睦 , 各项 事业 欣欣向荣 , 一个 重要 原因 就是 我们 在 处理 民族 问题 上 形成 了 正确 的 理论 , 制定 实施 了 英明 的 政策 .\r\n王忠禹 说 , 目前 全国 人口 已达 12.59亿 人 , 每年 新 出生 人口 在 1000万 人 左右 .\r\n在 人口 基数 如此 大 的 情况 下 , 要 保持住 这个 水平 , 任务 十分 艰巨 .\r\n他 希望 有着 9300万 人口 的 河南省 继续 做好 控制 人口 的 工作 , 抓好 计划生育 , 为 社会 经济 的 全面 发展 奠定 基础 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月7日 电 ( 记者 刘心惠 吴小军 ) 来自 新疆 和 西藏 的 人大 代表 在 审议 政府 工作 报告 时 强调 , 发展 和 稳定 是 新疆 和 西藏 工作 的 两 大 主题 .\r\n实施 西部 大 开发 战略 , 促进 民族 地区 经济 实现 跨越 式 发展 , 必须 坚决 维护 社会 稳定 .\r\n新疆 要 一手 抓 发展 , 一手 抓 稳定 , 要 \" 坚持 两手抓 , 两手 都要 硬 . \"\r\n社会 稳定 不仅 对于 普通 百姓 很 重要 , 对于 投资者 更是 非常 关键 . 只有 稳定 的 社会 环境 , 投资者 才能 踏踏实实 地 做生意 .\r\n我们 已经 从中 尝到 了 甜头 . 昌都地区 的 个体工商户 已 从 1998年 的 3600 增加到 今年初 的 5800 , 他们 中 的 绝大多数 都 来自 东部 省区 . \"\r\n新疆 喀什 地区 伊斯兰教 协会 副会长 沙地克·卡日阿吉 代表 说 , 我国 现行 的 宗教 政策 是 历史 上 最好 的 政策 . 各族 群众 的 信仰 自由 受到 法律 保障 .\r\n新华社 沉 阳 3月7日 电 题 : 新世纪 龙 抬头 -- 辽宁 国有 经济 走势 分析 新华社 记者 刘欣欣 王振宏 世纪之交 的 龙年 , 辽宁 国有 经济 这 条 巨龙 高 高昂 起 了 头 .\r\n连续 亏损 长达 57个 月 的 国有 工业 , 在 去年 一举 实现 扭亏为盈 .\r\n而 在 1998年 , 抚顺 石化 和 辽阳 化纤 两 企业 的 亏损额 就 高达 28.43亿 元 .\r\n去年 , 辽宁省 国有 及 国有 控股 企业 盈亏 相抵 后 实现 利润 13.1亿 元 , 亏损面 也 由 50% 上下 减少 到 35.5% .\r\n抓住 了 \" 关键 的 少数 \" , 也就 抓住 了 辽宁 国有 经济 扭亏 脱困 的 核心 .\r\n更 让 人 振奋 的 是 , 过去 那个 设备 老化 , 工艺 落后 的 鞍钢 已经 被 一个 全 转炉 , 全 连 铸 , 全 热 连 轧 的 现代化 新 鞍钢 所 取代 .\r\n鞍钢 总经理 刘 ( 王旁加 介 ) 说 : \" 新 鞍钢 已经 具有 了 国际 先进 钢铁 冶炼 水平 , 完全 可以 参与 国际 市场 竞争 . \"\r\n( 小标题 ) 深层次 矛盾 正在 逐步 解决 , 来自 改革 效益 开始 占 主体 地位 去年 9月 , 辽阳 化纤 公司 正式 将 管理 20 年 的 宏伟 区 政府 及 职能 整体 移交给 辽阳市 政府 .\r\n这个 方圆 20 平方公里 上 的 幼儿园 , 学校 , 商店 , 医院 , 银行 , 邮局 , 公检法 机关 和 众多 乡镇 , 街道 彻底 从 企业 分离 出来 .\r\n始建于 70年 代 的 辽 化 , 在 建设 初期 就 组建 了 服务于 生产 的 城区 -- 宏伟 区 , 每年 企业 都要 支付 地方政府 5500万 元 的 管理 费用 , 并且 从 企业 派出 大批 人员 参与 政府 管理 .\r\n沉重 的 企业 办 社会 负担 , 直接 影响 了 企业 参与 市场 竞争 和 建立 现代 企业 制度 , 分离 宏伟 区 , 就 成为 辽宁 进行 国有 企业主 辅 分离 改革 的 最大 一次 行动 .\r\n大 钢 作为 我国 最早的 特殊钢 生产 基地 , 却 因 没有 竞争力 的 产品 , 而 在 全国 同行业 中 第一 开始 下滑 .\r\n在 大连市 , 1998年 和 1999年 两 年 , 全市 国有 企业 共 减员 18万 人 , 节省 成本 费用 27亿 元 .\r\n从 去年 开始 , 这 一 法则 已 被 优胜劣汰 的 市场 规律 取代 .\r\n辽宁 在 去年 一共 对 资源 枯竭 的 两 特大型 煤矿 , 7 大型 有色金属 矿山 实施 破产 关闭 , 堵住 了 效益 流失 黑洞 .\r\n辽宁省 省长 张国光 说 , 国有 企业 出现 严重 的 困难 , 是 向 新 体制 转轨 必然 要 经历 的 阵痛 , 需要 有一个 艰苦 的 改造 阶段 , 历经 阵痛 之后 , 就 会 产生出 巨大 的 改革 效益 .\r\n部分 国有 企业 盈利 水平 不高 , 经济效益 的 取得 比较 脆弱 .\r\n辽宁 地方 国有 工业 企业 去年 共 完成 工业 总产值 711.46亿 元 , 实现 利润 仅 为 6.14亿 元 , 销售 利润率 不足 1% , 抵御 市场 波动 能力 不 强 .\r\n龙 抬头 , 预示着 巨龙 蓄 势 待 飞 .\r\n记者 问 李来柱 将军 , 大陆 现有 的 巡航导弹 是否 能 象 外界 所 说 的 那样 , 打到 李登辉 的 办公桌 ?\r\n李 说 : \" 虽然 从 技术 上 讲 , 任何 技术 都 有 误差 , 但 也 不可能 打不准 !\r\n\" 说完 莞尔一笑 .\r\n目前 处 正常 战备 状态 李 将军 认为 , 解放军 的 职能 就是 战斗队 , 时刻 准备 粉碎 任何 台独 的 图谋 .\r\n针对 目前 台湾 大选 , 记者 问 大陆 是否 需要 特别 提高 战备 状态 ?\r\n李 回答 说 : \" 那 倒 不需要 .\r\n至 於 大选 期间 , 台湾 竞选 者 所 针对 大陆 的 不 友好 言论 , 李 将军 认为 : \" 竞选 总是 讲 这些 话 , 这些 话 都是 为了 当选 .\r\n前不久 美国 第七 舰队 \" 小 鹰 号 \" 航母 在 北京 发表 《 白皮书 》 后 高调 出动 , 李来柱 同意 这是 一 项 针对 中国 的 示威 举动 .\r\n财政部 部长 项怀诚 昨天 向 全国 人大 会议 作 财政 报告 .\r\n中央 的 财政 收支相抵 , 赤字 为 一千七百九十七亿 元 , 比 去年 人大 常委会 核准 的 减少 六亿 元 .\r\n地方 财政 收支相抵 , 结余 三十八亿 元 .\r\n大体 而言 , 中国 目前 的 财政 状况 是 比较 稳健 的 , 处 於 良性 状态 .\r\n首先 是 赤字 的 增加 同 刺激 内需 有关 .\r\n中国 必须 以 扩大 内需 作为 刺激 经济 发展 的 主要 动力 .\r\n在 这种 情势 下 , 中央政府 决定 实施 积极 的 财政 政策 .\r\n中国 国防费 支出 , 一直 为 西方 媒体 所 渲染 , 今年 增加 了 一成 多 , 有些 评论 就 作出 不 实 的 批评 .\r\n众所周知 中国 军队 官兵 收入 长期以来 偏 低 , 这是 不利 於 国防 建设 的 .\r\n其实 中国 的 国防费 支出 一千二百零五亿 在 国内 生产 总值 中 只 占 百分之一 , 远 低 於 国际 平均 的 百分之三 .\r\n如果 看不到 这一点 就 指责 中国 , 是 不公平 的 .\r\n但是 一些 西方 媒体 只 看 中国 国防费 支出 的 增加 , 对 教育 经费 的 增加 就 视而不见 , 以偏概全 , 殊 不足取 .\r\n昨天 上午 大会 结束 后 , 熊自仁 将军 和 代表 们 一起 走出 会场 , 满面 笑容 地 同 在 大厅 等候 的 香港 商报 记者 亲切 握手 .\r\n应 记者 要求 , 熊自仁 谈 了 他 出席 全国 人大 会议 的 感受 .\r\n熊自仁 说 , 从 朱炳基 总理 的 报告 中 可以 看出 , 我们 国家 已 积累 了 比较 丰富 的 治国 经验 .\r\n建国 五十 年 来 , 特别是 改革开放 二十 年 来 , 国家 从 正反 两 方面 不断 总结 , 积累 了 驾驭 全局 , 审时度势 , 建设 国家 的 经验 .\r\n谈到 台湾 问题 , 熊自仁 说 , 台湾 是 我国 神圣 领土 不可 分割 的 一部分 , 任何 人 想 搞 分裂 , 搞 台独 , 都是 不能 容忍 的 .\r\n当前 , 我们 正在 密切 关注 台湾 岛 内 形势 的 发展 , 解放军 已经 严阵以待 .\r\n熊自仁 忠告 说 , 如果 选择 台独 , 就是 选择 战争 , 就 会 给 台湾 同胞 带来 灾难 .\r\n中国 政府 已经 表明 态度 , 决不会 坐视 不管 .\r\n中国 人民 不 答应 , 解放军 责无旁贷 , 一定 会 履行 自己的 神圣 使命 维护 中国 统一 和 民族利益 .\r\n我们 有 决心 , 有信心 , 有能力 也 有 办法 , 在 解决 台湾 问题 的 同时 , 保卫 香港 的 安全 , 维护 香港 繁荣 稳定 , 这一点 , 请 香港 同胞 放心 .\r\n企业 转型 加速 中国 现在 的 大部分 企业 届时 将 面临 加快 转型 的 困难 , 这 不仅 限 於 国营企业 , 而是 涵盖 各种 的 企业 类型 .\r\n虽然 中国 市场化 改革 获得 进展 , 特别是 在 部分 领域 市场 发育 较好 , 然而 就 整体 而言 , 市场 发育 水平 存在 很大 问题 .\r\n以 目前 中国 的 石油 产业 来看 , 虽然 大油田 颇具 规模 , 然而 人口 属地 化 , 资本 无法 流动 , 与 国外 大 石油 企业 的 灵活 经营 存在 很大 差距 .\r\n经济 结构 的 调整 不是 简单 的 一句话 , 而是 一个 经济 转型 的 问题 . 转变 政府 经济 管理 模式\r\n正 由於 面临 著 加入 WTO 后 的 激烈 竞争 和 挑战 , 所以 中国 的 经济 发展 必须 贯彻 改革 进程 .\r\n因为 我们 曾 提 了 四十 年 农业 基础理论 , 然而 实践 的 情况 是 中国 的 农业 发展 仍是 弱势 产业 , 小 块 田 一家 一 户 的 农村 生产 结构 制约 了 中国 农业 发展 的 未来 .\r\n因为 家庭 仅 是 自然 的 基础 , 社会 财富 是 由 企业 创造 出来 的 .\r\n只有 认识到 这点 , 才能 改变 现在 企业 围 著 政府 转 的 不 正常 情况 , 应该 是 政府 围绕 著 为 企业 服务 而 运转 , 为 企业 发展 创造 条件 .\r\n改革 还必须 立足 於 县城 经济 是 基础 这个 大势 .\r\n这 番 涉及到 中国 下世纪初 财政 政策 走向 的 论述 引起 海内外 关注 中国 经济 前景 人士 的 关注 .\r\n此间 经济 观察家 指出 , 此 份 报告 透露出 国家 财政 政策 走向 四点 重点 信息 .\r\n一 , 两 年 的 实践 与 理论 探索 证明 , 积极 财政 政策 \" 没有 什 麽 大 的 风险 \" , 既 不会 引发 通货膨胀 , 也 不会 引发 中国 政府 的 债务 危机 , 这 已 成为 政府 各 部门 共识 .\r\n三 , 国家 财政 将 调节 分配 关系 .\r\n考虑 征收 遗产 税 , 逐步 提高 公务员 等 人员 工资 , 并 将 研究 制定 工资 增长 政策 .\r\n四 , 国家 将 加强 财税 管理 , 整顿 财经 秩序 .\r\n其中 值得 注意 的 是 国务院 或 其 授权 单位 向 大型 国企 外 派 总会计师 , 总会计师 将 向 国家 财政 负责 .\r\n人们 注意到 , 去年 财长 报告 中 \" 从中 长期 看 , 我国 需 实行 适度 从 紧 的 政策 \" 的 表述 在 本次 财长 报告 没有 再 提及 .\r\n今年 财长 报告 则 强调 指出 \" 从 当前 国民经济 发展 的 实际 需要 来看 , 积极 的 财政 政策 还需要 保持 必要 的 政策 力度 .\r\n那麽 , 连续 数年 实施 的 \" 大 赤字 \" 政策 是否 会 引发 通货膨胀 , 导致 中国 政府 的 债务 危机 呢 ?\r\n此间 经济 观察家 就 分析 指出 , 继续 实施 积极 财政 政策 不仅 必要 , 也 有 客观 条件 .\r\n现在 财政 赤字 和 债务 规模 , 仍 控制 在 警戒线 以内 .\r\n一九九九年 财政 赤字 占 GDP 百分之二点八 左右 , 低 於 国际上 公认 的 警戒线 水平 .\r\n我国 国民收入 没有 超 分配 , 国内 市场 潜在 容量 巨大 , 在 目前 人均 国民收入 几百美元 的 发展 阶段 , 国民经济 快速 增长 还可以 持续 一个 较 长 的 时期 .\r\n因此 , 现在 还有 发 债 的 空间 .\r\n他 说 , 财政部 一直 都 在 \" 严密 监测 财政 运行 态势 , 注意 防范 财政 风险 \" .\r\n二零零零年 财政 支出 主要 突出 以下 五 大 方面 . 一 是 继续 加强 基础 设施 建设 .\r\n三 是 加大 社会保障 投入 , 全面 落实 一九九九年 出台 的 调整 收入 分配 政策 .\r\n五 是 适当 增加 国家 安全 方面 的 经费 支出 .\r\n值得 注意 的 是 , 本次 增加 的 经费 主要 用 於 提高 军队 官兵 的 工资 , 津贴 和 驻 澳门 部队 的 开支 .\r\n此间 经济 观察家 指出 , 从 今年 一月一日 起 军队 工资 , 津贴 涨幅 百分之三十 .\r\n并 在 这个 基础 上 , 军队 工资 , 津贴 还将 增加 百分之二十 .\r\n戴亚平 全国 人大 代表 徐山林 做 了 十四 年 副省长 , 转任 陕西省 人大 常委会 副主任 之后 , 立法 成了 他 的 主要 工作 之一 .\r\n依 徐山林 所见 , 这些 建议 都 有 可取 之处 , 但 最 重要 的 要 以 法 为 规 , 用 法律 来 规范 西部 开发 , 确保 西部 开发 有法可依 , 有 法律 保障 .\r\n徐山林 和 三十 代表 联合 提出 的 议案 是 制定 《 中华人民共和国 西部 地区 经济 发展 法 》 .\r\n徐山林 说 , 西部 开发 关系到 十 省区 数亿 人口 , 是 需要 几代 人 长期 奋斗 的 系统工程 , 亟需 立法 予以 保障 .\r\n另外 , 西部 开发 不仅仅是 西部 人 自己的 事情 , 更 需要 全国 人民 来 参与 , 同时 也要 吸引 外商 外资 参与 .\r\n要 为 西部 开发 营造 一个 良好 的 法律 环境 , 外商 才 可以 放心 地 到 西部 投资 .\r\n改革开放 二十 年 , 我们 积累 了 许多 实践 和 立法 经验 , 完全 可以 在此 基础 上 制定 西部 开发 法 , 使 西部 开发 更 有序 更 健康 更 富有 成效 地 进行 .\r\n陈明义 认为 , 这次 在 厦门 关区 发生 的 \" 远华 走私案 \" , 是 一起 非常 严重 的 走私 集团 案 .\r\n走私 活动 破坏 了 国家 正常 的 经济 秩序 , 造成 了 重大 的 经济 损失 , 走私 集团 还 用 走私 得来 的 赃款 腐蚀 少数 地方 官员 , 对 福建 和 厦门 造成 了 不良 影响 .\r\n他 说 , 在 打击 走私 方面 , 福建省 委 , 省政府 始终 与 中央 保持 一致 , 一旦 发现 有 走私 行为 , 坚决 打击 , 决不 姑息 .\r\n在 闽 台 双向 交流 方面 , 陈明义 表示 也 将 重点 抓好 五 方面 的 交流 : 一 是 继续 推动 闽 台 民俗 交流 .\r\n二 是 继续 加强 闽 台 科技 交流 .\r\n五 是 继续 扩大 对 台 招生 , 争取 明年 就读 台 生 人数 有所 增加 .\r\n这 一 指示 , 提出 了 全党 思想 政治 教育 的 一个 重要 课题 .\r\n以 党 的 十一 届 三中全会 为 标志 , 我国 进入 了 改革开放 和 社会主义 现代化 建设 新 的 历史 发展 时期 .\r\n20 年 来 , 神州 大地 发生 了 举世 公认 的 伟大 变化 , 社会 生产力 获得 新 的 解放 , 安定团结 的 政治 局面 不断 巩固 , 人民群众 的 物质 文化 生活水平 大幅度 提高 .\r\n\" 我们 讲 着 春天 的 故事 , 改革开放 富起来 \" .\r\n这 首 唱 红 了 大江 南北 的 歌 , 就是 对 历史性 巨变 的 生动 写照 .\r\n从 这个 意义 说 , 开展 \" 致富 思 源 , 富 而 思 进 \" 教育 活动 , 就是 最 生动 , 最 实际 的 理想 信念 教育 , 党 的 基本路线 教育 和 拥护 支持 改革开放 的 教育 .\r\n所谓 \" 穷则思变 \" 就是 一种 精神 , 一种 志气 , 一种 觉悟 .\r\n同时 , 人 又 往往 会 满足于 现状 , 所谓 \" 小 富 即 安 \" 就是 例证 .\r\n因此 , \" 富 而 思 进 \" 更是 一种 精神 , 一种 志气 , 一种 觉悟 , 更加 难能可贵 .\r\n还要 看到 , 致富 是 一个 动态 的 过程 , 如同 逆水行舟 , 不 进 则 退 .\r\n我们 任何 时候 都 不能 固步自封 , 安于现状 , 而 应该 锐意进取 , 自强不息 .\r\n一个 地区 , 一个人 是 这样 , 一个 国家 , 一个 民族 更是 如此 .\r\n特别是 当今 世界 , 新技术革命 迅猛 发展 , 市场 竞争 日益 激烈 , 国际 政治 风云变幻 , 我们 面临 的 挑战 紧迫 而 严峻 .\r\n战争 年代 , 我们 曾经 开展 过 \" 两 忆 三 查 \" 的 教育 活动 , 极大 地 提高 了 部队 的 凝聚力 和 战斗力 .\r\n现在 提倡 \" 致富 思 源 , 富 而 思 进 \" 的 教育 活动 , 则是 改革开放 和 发展 社会主义 市场经济 条件 下 的 一次 全国 范围 的 思想 政治 教育 , 具有 很 强 的 现实 针对性 和 鲜明 的 时代 特征 .\r\n一 具体 就 生动 , 就 深入 , 就 有 贴近 性 , 针对性 , 及时性 和 有效性 .\r\n值此 吉日 良辰 , 人民 武装力量 全体 官兵 向 \" 两会 \" 致以 热烈 的 祝贺 , 并 预祝 大会 圆满 成功 .\r\n我们 还 成功地 组织 了 诸 军兵种 联合 渡 海 登陆 作战 演习 , 顺利 进驻 澳门 履行 防务 , 圆满 完成 国庆 50 周年 阅兵 , 充分 展示 了 人民军队 威武 之 师 , 文明 之 师 的 形 像 .\r\n站在 千年 之 交 回首 过去 , 展望 未来 , 我们 心潮澎湃 , 豪情 满怀 .\r\n当今 世界 , 霸权主义 和 强权政治 有了 新 的 发展 , 新 干涉 主义 和 新 \" 炮舰 政策 \" 严重 威胁 着 世界 和平 与 安全 .\r\n祖国 统一 大业 由于 \" 台独 \" 和 分裂 势力 一意孤行 , 呈现 更加 尖锐 , 复杂 的 局面 .\r\n某些 不 愿意 看到 中国 统一 的 外国 势力 , 以 种种 借口 和 手段 加大 了 对 台湾 军事 支持 的 力度 .\r\n军队 支持 国家 建设 有着 光荣 传统 和 显赫 功勋 .\r\n人民 解放军 应该 在 社会主义 精神文明 建设 方面 走在 全社会 的 前列 .\r\n大会 今天 邀请 四 全国 政协 委员 举行 中外 记者招待会 , 回答 了 新闻界 关於 西部 大 开发 中 解放 思想 , 保护 环境 , 发展 特色 农业 , 吸引 投资 等 方面 的 提问 .\r\n人民 政协 和 民主党派 人才荟萃 , 具有 智力 优势 , 社会 联系 广泛 , 在 西部 大 开发 中 可以 发挥 重要 作用 .\r\n中央 作出 实施 西部 大 开发 的 战略 决策 后 , 各级 人民 政协 和 各民主党派 积极 响应 , 立即 行动 起来 , 开展 了 多方面 的 工作 .\r\n民革 中央 先后 组团 赴 西北地区 考察 , 举办 专家 学者 研讨会 , 并 向 全国 政协 大会 提交 了 五 有关 西部 大 开发 的 提案 .\r\n他 说 , 西部 地区 处 於 中国 大江 大河 的 上 中游 , 加快 西部 地区 的 生态 环境 建设 对 中国 的 可持续发展 举足轻重 .\r\n农工 民主党 中央 副主席 , 陕西省 副省长 陈宗兴 委员 在 回答 西部 大 开发 中 农业 结构 如何 调整 的 问题 时 说 , 农业 发展 不能 再 走 区域 开发 的 传统 之路 .\r\n与 过去 七 上 北京 参加 人代会 时 一样 , 这位 来自 新疆 喀什 艾提尕尔 清真寺 的 阿訇 每天 在 会议 驻地 房间 里 做 五 礼拜 .\r\n他 对 记者 说 ; \" 中国 现行 的 宗教 政策 是 最好 的 . \"\r\n海外 有些 别有用心 的 人 说 西藏 没有 宗教 信仰 自由 , \" 这 完全 是 睁 著 眼 说瞎话 ! \"\r\n他 说 , 在 拉萨 和 西藏 其他 地区 , 到处 都 可以 看见 朝佛 敬香 的 人 .\r\n自治区 地方 立法机关 还 把 \" 藏历 新年 \" 和 \" 雪 顿 节 \" 等 藏族 传统 节日 列入 自治区 的 节假日 .\r\n列 确 说 , 改革开放 以来 , 国家 已 拿出 三亿多 元 和 大量 黄金 和 白银 用 於 西藏 寺庙 的 维修 和 保护 .\r\n不久前 曾经 陪同 一个 外国 访问团 去 西藏 访问 的 人大 常委会 外事 委员会 副主任 童傅 说 , \" 最好 的 办法 是 让 国外 的 人 自己 去 看看 真实 的 西藏 .\r\n你 在 那里 可以 看到 寺庙 修 得 很好 , 宗教 信仰 没有 限制 . \"\r\n新 中国 的 成立 , 从 根本上 铲除 了 妇女 受 压迫 , 受 凌辱 的 经济基础 和 阶级 根源 , 我国 妇女 得到 极大 解放 , 并 积极 投身于 社会主义建设 的 伟大 事业 .\r\n中国 妇女运动 的 伟大 实践 还 告诉 我们 , 妇女运动 必须 融入 整个 社会 发展 的 潮流 之中 , 融入 国际 妇女 争取 解放 , 实现 男女平等 , 寻求 和平 与 发展 的 洪流 之中 , 才能 更好地 实现 妇女 解放 的 目标 .\r\n江泽民 主席 在 第四 世界 妇女 大会 上 庄严 提出 , 要 把 男女平等 作为 我国 社会 发展 的 一 项 基本国策 .\r\n各级党委 和 政府 要 进一步 重视 妇女 的 进步 与 发展 , 认真 贯彻 落实 男女平等 的 基本国策 , 努力 实现 《 中国 妇女 发展 纲要 》 的 目标 , 为 妇女 的 进步 与 发展 创造 更为 有利 的 社会 环境 .\r\n对 生产能力 过剩 的 产业 , 通过 资产 置换 和 重组 转向 需要 政府 加强 的 公共 部门 或 新 的 产业 .\r\n对 亏损 严重 , 资不抵债 又无 发展 前途 的 企业 实行 依法 破产 .\r\n二 , 加快 财政 金融 体制改革 , 确保 经济 较快 增长 .\r\n目前 , 除了 应 继续 扩大 政府 支出 外 , 还 应 注意 支出 结构 的 适当 调整 , 并 协调好 财政收入 与 支出 作用 方向 .\r\n三 , 加速 推进 西部 开发 和 城市化 进程 , 促进 区域 经济 和 城乡 经济 协调 发展 .\r\n五 , 大力 实施 科教 兴 国 战略 以 加速 产业 结构 升级 .\r\n要 大幅度 提高 政府 对 R & D 的 投入 .\r\n只有 这样 , 才能 尽可能 地 利用 加入 世贸 组织 带来 的 发展 机遇 并 把 入世 的 冲击 降到 最低 限度 .\r\n李鹏 说 , 今天 很 高兴 和 香港 的 全国 人大 代表 一起 审议 政府 工作 报告 , 希望 大家 畅所欲言 , 我 也 和 大家 一起 讨论 .\r\n她 就 发展 经济 的 同时 如何 加强 环保 , 实现 可持续发展 发表 了 意见 .\r\n吴清辉 代表 说 , 在 反腐败 问题 上 , 要 采取 切实 措施 , 加强 多种 形式 的 有效 监督 .\r\n他 建议 加快 制订 《 新闻 法 》 的 进程 , 切实 保证 新闻 媒介 的 监督 作用 .\r\n费斐 代表 对 全国 人大 的 外事 工作 提出 了 建议 与 期望 .\r\n她 说 , 本届 人大 的 对外 工作 相当 成功 , 其中 不乏 创新 之举 , 如 吸收 港澳 代表 参加 双边 议会 友好 小组 等 , 取得 了 很好 的 效果 , 建议 加以 总结 推广 .\r\n温嘉旋 代表 就 香港 基本法 的 实施 问题 发言 说 , 去年 全国 人大 常委会 关於 香港 基本法 有关 条款 的 解释 , 是 完全 正确 的 , 是 最 具 权威 的 .\r\n他 还 就 基本法 的 普及 和 实施 问题 提出 了 建议 .\r\n他 建议 , 要 通过 健全 法制 , 加强 人大 监督 , 促使 内地 的 投资 环境 不断 改善 , 增进 两地 合作 .\r\n他 说 , 议会 外交 是 中国 整体 外交 的 重要 组成部分 .\r\n中国 全国 人大 与 国外 议会 已经 成立 了 五十 双边 议会 友好 小组 , 今后 可能 还 会 增加 .\r\n在 友好 小组 中 吸收 了 香港 代表 , 这 也是 香港 代表 参与 对 国家 事务 管理 的 一种 方式 .\r\n他 还 就 香港 代表 关心 的 环保 , 西部 大 开发 , 中国 加入 世贸 组织 和 金融 安全 以及 国企 改革 等 问题 谈 了 自己的 看法 .\r\n他 希望 香港 代表 们 畅所欲言 , 共商 国 是 , 为 国家 作出 更大 贡献 .\r\n香港 代表团 团长 吴康民 主持 了 今天 的 会议 . 全国 人大 常委会 秘书长 何椿霖 也 参加 了 会议 .\r\n全国 政协 九 届 三 会议 举行 首次 大会 发言 新华社 北京 三月七日 电 ( 记者 赵新兵 ) 全国 政协 九 届 三 会议 今天 下午 在 人民 大会堂 举行 首次 大会 发言 .\r\n十二 政协 委员 先后 就 改革开放 , 经济 建设 和 可持续发展 等 重大 问题 建言 立论 , 献计献策 .\r\n著名 经济学家 , 中国 社科院 经济 所 名誉 所长 董辅礽 委员 就 财政 拉动 经济 的 问题 发言 .\r\n他 建议 给予 台商 \" 公民 待遇 \" , 凡 中国 公民 可以 合法 投资 的 行业 , 台商 都 可以 投资 ; 凡 中国 公民 可以 合法 经营 的 企业 , 台商 都 可以 经营 .\r\n凡 在 入世 协议 下 允许 外商 投资 经营 的 行为 , 优先 开放 给 台商 经营 .\r\n今年 是 澳门 回归祖国 后 的 第一 年头 .\r\n今天 大会 的 执行主席 是 叶选平 , 阿沛 . 阿旺 晋 美 , 宋健 , 钱正英 , 朱光亚 , 万国权 , 赵南 起 , 经叔平 , 张克辉 .\r\n( 第二十九 号 ) 朱邦造 称 , 中国 主权 与 安全 不受 严重 威胁 , 国防 费用 就 不会 大幅 提高 \" 中新社 北京 三月七日 电 \" 外交部 发言人 朱邦造 今天 在此间 表示 , 今年 只要 不 出现 严重 威胁 中国 国家 主权 和 安全 的 情况 , 中国 的 国防 费用 就 不会 有 大幅度 实质性 增加 .\r\n朱邦造 说 , 今年 , 中国 的 国防 预算 是 一千二百零五亿 元人民币 .\r\n虽然 绝对值 有所 增加 , 但是 从 人均 开支 来看 , 中国 仍是 世界上 最低 的 国家 之一 .\r\n这位 发言人 表示 , 今年 增加 的 国防 经费 主要 用 於 提高 军队 官兵 的 工资 津贴 住房 改革 医疗 保险 以及 驻 澳门 部队 的 开支 .\r\n他 说 , 中国 的 国防 建设 坚决 服从 和 服务 於 国家 的 经济 建设 大局 .\r\n这是 中国 的 一 项 长期 的 基本 方针 .\r\n朱邦造 说 , 八十年 代 以来 , 中国 国防 费用 拨款 绝对 额 虽然 逐年 有所 增加 , 但是 其 所 占 国民生产总值 和 国家 财政 支出 的 比重 却 在 逐年 下降 , 国防 和 军队 现代化 建设 经费 的 需求 与 实际 存在 一定 的 距离 .\r\n这位 发言人 重申 , 早日 实现 中国 的 统一 , 是 包括 台湾 同胞 在内 的 全体 中国 人民 的 共同 愿望 .\r\n他 说 , 台湾 当局 企图 逆 历史潮流 而 动 , 不仅 是 徒劳 的 , 而且 严重 危害 两岸 关系 的 缓和 与 发展 , 也 危害 了 亚太地区 的 和平 与 稳定 , 是 注定 要 失败 的 .\r\n中方 的 这 一 立场 是 坚定不移 的 .\r\n中国 反对 李登辉 进行 制造 \" 两 中国 \" 的 活动 新华社 北京 三月七日 电 外交部 发言人 朱邦造 今天 在此间 强调 指出 , 长期以来 , 李登辉 不断 破坏 中国 和 其他 国家 的 友好 关系 , 在 国际上 进行 制造 \" 两 中国 \" 的 活动 , 对此 中国 坚决 反对 .\r\n他 说 , 李登辉 以 任何 名义 去 外国 进行 制造 \" 两 中国 \" 的 政治 活动 , 都会 受到 中国 政府 和 中国 人民 的 反对 和 谴责 .\r\n他 说 , 中国 一贯 主张 , 黎巴嫩 的 主权 和 领土 完整 应予 尊重 , 以色列 应 执行 安理会 四二五 号 决议 , 从 黎 南部 撤军 .\r\n政府 采取 财政 投入 的 手段 扩大 内需 , 促进 经济 发展 .\r\n对 於 这些 疑虑 , 项怀态 的 回答 非常 明确 : 两 年 来 的 实践 和 理论 探索 证明 , 实施 积极 的 财政 政策 没有 什 麽 大 的 风险 , 既 不会 引发 通货膨胀 , 也 不会 引发 债务 危机 .\r\n事实上 , 近 几 年 中国 经济 运行 一直 保持 良好 态势 , 但 有效 需求 不足 的 矛盾 也 比较 突出 .\r\n参加 \" 两会 \" 的 经济学家 认为 , 实施 积极 财政 政策 是 扩大 内需 最 直接 和 最 有效的 手段 .\r\n九八 年 和 九九 年 中国 能够 达到 百分之七点八 和 百分之七点一 的 经济 增长 目标 , 起 关键 作用 的 是 政府 近 两 年 增发 的 长期 国债 对 投资 的 支撑 和 带动 .\r\n今年 政府 的 财政 报告 已经 不提 \" 适度 从 紧 的 金融 和 货币 政策 \" , 银根 适度 放松 , 实际上 已 消除 对 赤字 财政 可能 引发 通货膨胀 的 忧虑 .\r\n北京 权威 人士 指出 , 现在 中国 的 财政 赤字 和 国债 规模 仍 控制 在 警戒线 之内 , 从 较 长 一段 时期 来看 , 财政 增加 一点 赤字 并非 冒险 之 事 , 关键 要 看 经济 发展 的 总体 势头 .\r\n只要 中国 经济 保持 较快 增长 , 经济 结构 日趋 优化 , 经济效益 不断 提高 , 政府 偿还 债务 的 能力 是 有 保障 的 .\r\n如 按 去年 的 方法 计算 , 今年 中央 财政 赤字 实际 要 比 上年 减少 二百四十七亿 元 .\r\n根据 国家 计委 主任 曾培炎 向 全国 人大 作 的 国民经济 和 社会 发展 计划 报告 , 中国 今年 的 经济 增长率 预期 为 百分之七 左右 .\r\n能够 实现 ( 香港 中国 通讯社 北京 三月七日 电 ) ( 记者 刘克刚 ) 今年 是 实现 国有 企业 改革 和 脱困 三 年 目标 的 最后 一 年 , 也是 决战 之 年 .\r\n作为 改革 和 脱困 突破口 的 国有 纺织 企业 全年 实现 利润 八亿 元 , 结束 了 长达 六 年 的 亏损 局面 , 其他 行业 也 都 增盈 , 扭亏 和 减亏 .\r\n他 指出 , 今年 要 尽 最大 努力 完成 三 年 改革 和 脱困 目标 : 一 是 使 大多数 国有 大中型 亏损 企业 摆脱 困境 .\r\n他 说 , 今年 力争 使 实现 再就业 的 下岗 职工 人数 大 於 新 增 下岗 职工 人数 , 需要 保障 基本 生活 的 下岗 职工 月平均 为 六百五十 至 七百万 人 左右 .\r\n对 中西部 地区 和 老 工业基地 , 中央 财政 将 继续 给予 支持 .\r\n要 在 保持 一定 的 经济 增长速度 的 前提 下 , 通过 大力 发展 第三产业 , 特别是 社区 服务业 , 创造 更多 的 就业 机会 .\r\n大家 纷纷 表示 , 要 认真 学习 领会 这 一 论述 , 用以 指导 自己的 思想 和 行动 , 全面 推进 有 中国 特色 社会主义建设 事业 .\r\n江泽民 总书记 在 广东 讲话 中 提出 , 我们 党 \" 总是 代表 着 中国 先进 社会 生产力 的 发展 要求 , 代表 着 中国 先进 文化 的 前进 方向 , 代表 着 中国 最 广大 人民 的 根本 利益 \" .\r\n各地 党员 干部 认为 , 江 总书记 关于 三 \" 代表 \" 的 精辟 论述 , 为 党 的 建设 指明 了 方向 , 对 我国 进一步 推进 改革开放 和 两 个 文明 建设 事业 具有 重要 的 指导 意义 .\r\n发展 是 硬 道理 , 促进 国富民强 , 是 中国 共产党 一切 工作 的 出发点 和 归宿 .\r\n目前 国企 改革 进入 攻坚 阶段 , 发展 到 了 关键 时期 , 三 \" 代表 \" 的 论述 有 很 强 的 现实 针对性 和 指导 意义 .\r\n我们 当代 共产党 人 应 以 提高 和 发展 生产力 水平 为 己任 , 积极 推行 改革 , 以 更好地 代表 中国 先进 社会 生产力 的 发展 要求 .\r\n在 新 的 历史 时期 , 要 坚持 和 贯彻 党 的 基本路线 , 加快 经济 发展 和 社会 进步 .\r\n是否 代表 先进 文化 前进 的 方向 , 决定 着 一个 政党 , 一个 国家 , 一个 民族 的 素质 , 能力 和 兴衰 .\r\n一个 地区 经济 落后 就 没有 地位 , 文化 落后 则 没有 品位 .\r\n白山市 近 几 年 来 一直 都 致力于 建设 成为 \" 文化 富市 \" , 群众 摄影 , 绘画 , 手工艺 及 广播 电视 等 文化 事业 高速 发展 .\r\n总书记 讲话 中 关于 三 \" 代表 \" 的 论述 , 是 从新 的 历史 条件 , 从 党 的 根本 性质 上 看 文化 , 必将 在 祖国 的 全面 进步 中 成为 一个 指导 方向 .\r\n若 没有 科学 文化 知识 的 积累 , 就 不能 攀登 科学 的 高峰 , 也 不能 攀登 思想 道德 的 高峰 , 中国 就 不可能 走在 时代 的 前列 .\r\n广大 市民 纷纷 盛赞 共产党 好 , 社会主义 好 .\r\n两国 开展 安全 对话 , 有利 於 增进 两国 相互 了解 , 扩大 双方 共识 , 促进 有关方面 的 合作 .\r\n在 以色列 从 黎巴嫩 撤军 问题 上 , 朱邦造 表示 , 中国 对 以色列 这 一 决定 表示 赞赏 .\r\n中国 一贯 主张 , 黎巴嫩 的 主权 和 领土 完整 应 得到 尊重 , 以色列 应 执行 安理会 四百二十五 号 决议 , 从 黎巴嫩 南部 撤军 .\r\n他 表示 , 中国 希望 此举 有助 於 促进 中东 和谈 的 全面 进展 和 早日 实现 中东 地区 的 和平 与 稳定 .\r\n联组 会上 , 6 委员 分别 发言 , 就 政府 工作 报告 和 政协 工作 发表 意见 .\r\n委员 们 认为 , 去年 一 年 , 政府 工作 和 人民政协 工作 , 取得 了 明显 成绩 , 令人 鼓舞 , 催 人 奋进 .\r\n新疆 维吾尔 自治区 政协 主席 贾那布尔 , 宁夏 回族 自治区 政协 主席 马思忠 就 西部 大 开发 发表 了 意见 .\r\n他 说 , 人民 政协 是 一个 协商 机构 , 协商 是 政协 的 首要 职能 和 主要 工作 方式 .\r\n从 根本上 讲 , 协商 也是 一种 商量 .\r\n实践 证明 , 遇事 商量 比 不 商量好 , 多 商量 比 少 商量好 , 早 商量 比 晚 商量好 .\r\n李瑞环 说 , 一个人 的 实践 活动 是 有限 的 , 一个人 的 认识 总 有 局限性 .\r\n高明 的 领导 之所以 高明 , 并不 在于 自己的 脑袋 比 别人 聪明 , 而 在于 他 善于 向 别人 学习 , 能够 把 更多 人 的 实践 经验 和 聪明才智 集中 起来 , 善于 综合 , 善于 概括 .\r\n商量 就要 平等 待人 , 诚恳 待人 .\r\n平等 是 商量 的 基础 , 有了 平等 , 才能 创造 相互 尊重 , 和谐 融洽 的 气氛 , 使 别人 愿意 直抒己见 , 畅所欲言 , 把 各种 意见 , 主张 都 讲出来 .\r\n李瑞环 最后 强调 , 对于 我们 共产党 人 来讲 , 是不是 重视 商量 , 能不能 搞好 商量 , 决 不是 一件 小事 .\r\n毛主席 早在 延安 时期 就 告诫 全党 : \" 我们 不是 一个 自以为是 的 小宗派 , 我们 一定 要 学会 打开 大门 和 党外 人士 实行 民主 合作 的 方法 , 我们 一定 要 学会 善于 同 别人 商量 问题 . \"\r\n他 希望 政协 组织 中 的 共产党员 , 一定 要 养成 商量 问题 的 习惯 , 争取 成为 统战 和 政协 工作 的 行家里手 .\r\n全国 政协 副主席 叶选平 , 杨汝岱 , 王兆国 , 宋健 , 李贵鲜 , 陈俊生 , 张思卿 , 钱正英 , 朱光亚 , 胡启立 , 陈锦华 , 赵南 起 , 毛致用 , 白立忱 参加 了 联组 会 .\r\n甘肃 宁夏 代表团 讨论 中 , 朱鎔基 主要 就 西部 大 开发 问题 讲 了 意见 .\r\n中西部 地区 面临 前所未有 的 发展 机遇 , 希望 大家 紧紧 抓住 这 一 历史 机遇 , 从 思路 上 组织上 行动 上 作好 充分 准备 .\r\n目光 要 放 远 , 工作 要 跟上 , 起步 要 更高 , 努力 使 各项 工作 跨上 新台阶 提到 新 水平 出现 新 面貌 .\r\n他 说 , 二十 多年 来 , 中国 对外开放 从 广东 福建 等 沿海地区 向 内地 广大 地区 不断 推进 , 取得 了 举世瞩目 的 巨大 成就 , 并 积累 了 宝贵 经验 .\r\n台湾省 代表 对 政府 工作 报告 中 关於 解决 台湾 问题 , 完成 祖国 统一 大业 的 论述 反应 热烈 .\r\n他们 纷纷 表示 坚决 拥护 中国 政府 坚持 一个 中国 的 原则 立场 , 支持 中国 政府 为 维护 国家 主权 和 领土 完整 采取 一切 措施 .\r\n代表 们 说 , 作为 台湾 同胞 , 我们 在 解决 台湾 问题 上 更 有 紧迫感 和 使命感 .\r\n\" 和平 统一 , 一国两制 \" 符合 包括 台湾 同胞 在内 的 全 中国 人民 的 最大 利益 , 是 解决 台湾 问题 的 最好 办法 .\r\n我们 坚信 , 蓄意 制造 \" 台湾 独立 \" , \" 两 中国 \" , \" 一 中 一 台 \" 的 图谋 , 无论 来自 什 麽 人 , 受 什 麽 人 支持 , 都是 不能 得逞 的 , 必将 遭到 彻底 失败 .\r\n他们 期望 岛内 亲人 为 台湾 也 为 自 已 的 安全 和 福祉 , 做出 慎重 的 选择 .\r\n他 说 , 香港 和 澳门 相继 回归祖国 后 , 解决 台湾 问题 , 实现 祖国 完全 统一 的 任务 突出 地 摆 在 了 所有 中国 人 的 面前 .\r\n钱其琛 说 , 我们 反对 台湾 问题 无限期 拖延 的 立场 是 一贯 的 .\r\n\" 台独 \" 和 分裂 势力 , 以及 国外 反华 势力 希望 台湾 问题 无限期 拖延 下去 .\r\n是 我们 所 不能 容许 的 .\r\n他 说 , \" 一国两制 \" 已经 在 港澳 得到 成功的 实践 , 也 完全 适用 於 解决 台湾 问题 .\r\n用 \" 一国两制 \" 解决 台湾 问题 , 只会 给 台湾 同胞 带来 好处 , 台湾 当局 以 种种 借口 , 反对 \" 一国两制 \" , 实质 是 反对 统一 .\r\n台湾 同胞 具有 光荣 的 爱国主义 传统 , 我们 真诚 地 寄 希望 於 广大 台湾 人民 .\r\n我 相信 , 在 事关 国家 主权 和 领土 完整 , 事关 中华 民族 的 根本 利益 , 事关 台湾 前途 命运 的 问题 上 , 台湾 人民 一定 会 作出 正确 的 抉择 .\r\n有 两岸 人民 的 共同 努力 , 台湾 问题 一定 能够 早日 得到 解决 .\r\n钱其琛 今天 下午 还 先后 参加 了 香港 代表团 和 澳门 代表团 的 审议 .\r\n他 在 这 两 个 代表团 发言 时 , 都 重申 了 中国 政府 按照 \" 和平 统一 , 一国两制 \" 方针 解决 台湾 问题 的 一贯 立场 .\r\n温家宝 认为 , 新疆 地大物博 , 资源 丰富 , 在 资源 开发 中 具有 优势 .\r\n他 说 , 在 基础 设施 建设 方面 , 除了 加快 铁路 公路 通信 建设 外 , 新疆 还要 大力 发展 航空 事业 , 尤其是 自治区 内 的 航空 网 .\r\n根治 腐败 ( 香港 中国 通讯社 三月七日 电 ) 全国 人大 政协 两会 专辑 : 特稿 : 呼唤 廉政 根治 腐败 香港 中通社 记者 卲 灵 中国 国务院 总理 朱鎔基 在 九屇 全国 人大 三 会议 上 作 政府 工作 报告 时 提出 , 必须 采取 更加 有力 的 措施 , 坚持不懈 地 开展 廉政建设 和 反腐败 斗争 .\r\n他 还 表示 , 对 所有 重大 案件 , 不管 涉及 哪 部门 哪个 人 , 都要 一 查 到底 , 决不 徇情 , 决不 手软 .\r\n朱鎔基 报告 的 反腐败 章节 , 获得 全场 代表 的 热烈 掌声 .\r\n有 专家 认为 , 中国 改革开放 初期 , 作为 改革 的 成本 , 会 出现 一 部份 干部 的 腐败 现 像 .\r\n但是 作为 一个 分水岭 , 九二 年 之前 的 腐败 行为 尚 是 零星 化 , 个别 化 , 小额 化 的 , 是 当时 双轨制 摩擦 中 产生 的 腐败 行为 .\r\n地 厅 级 以上 的 官员 , 高 官 因 腐败 受到 党纪 政纪 处分 数字 惊人 .\r\n对 於 腐败 现 像 , 中国 最高 领导 阶层 极为 重视 , 将 这个 问题 提高到 关系 执政党 \" 生死存亡 \" 的 高度 .\r\n使得 老百姓 对 腐败 能不能 防止 打 上 了 问号 .\r\n严强 教授 认为 , 对 於 本次 人大 乃至 下 几 屇 人大 , 最 重大 的 使命 就是 推进 政治 体制改革 , 这样 , 才能 从 制度 上 杜绝 腐败 , 防止 腐败 .\r\n国家 公务 人员 , 一旦 发现 不良 行为 , 哪怕 尚 不 严重 , 也要 剥夺 其 职业 资格 , 不 姑息养奸 ; 其次 , 实行 招聘 公务员 制度 .\r\n若 进一步 推行 竞选 , 改革 过去 的 委任 制 , 将会 是 对 腐败 者 的 沉重 打击 .\r\n农村 一级 都 有 这样的 条件 , 那麽 就 应该 继续 向 乡 , 县 , 市 等 推进 ; 第三 , 在 正在 进行 的 公务员 改革 中 , 抓好 入口 关 .\r\n这些 年来 , 中共 决策 高层 不断 加强 反腐败 力度 , 并 开始 以 制度 建设 入手 以 法 防腐 治 腐 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月7日 电 ( 人民 日报 记者 傅旭 新华社 记者 秦杰 ) 中共 中央 政治局 常委 , 全国 人大 常委会 委员长 李鹏 今天 下午 来到 人民 大会堂 陕西 厅 , 与 陕西 代表团 一起 审议 政府 工作 报告 .\r\n李鹏 强调 , 要 抓住 重点 , 发挥 优势 , 搞好 西部 大 开发 .\r\n讨论 正式 开始 前 , 李鹏 就 用 地道 的 陕西 口音 笑 着 说 , \" 我 在 陕西 生活 了 5 年 , 对 这里 很 有 感情 . \"\r\n话音 刚 落 , 会场 上 响起 掌声 和 笑声 . 代表 们 接着 争相 发言 .\r\n陕西 有着 丰富 的 人文 资源 , 要 重视 保护 文物 工作 , 把 文物 保护 同 旅游 开发 结合 起来 .\r\n冯煦初 , 巩德顺 , 山 仑 , 陈有德 代表 也 结合 陕西 的 情况 , 就 西部 开发 提出 了 建议 .\r\n在 代表 们 发言 过程 中 , 李鹏 认真 记录 , 并 不断 询问 一些 具体 情况 , 和 代表 们 展开 讨论 .\r\n随后 , 李鹏 也 发表 了 意见 .\r\n他 说 , 今天 大家 的 发言 都 集中 在 西部 大 开发 上 , 说明 大家 很 重视 这 一 发展 的 机遇 .\r\n陕西 有着 不少 的 优势 , 在 基础 制造业 , 科技 力量 , 能源 等 方面 都 较为 突出 .\r\n在 西部 开发 中 , 很 重要 的 一点 就是 大家 要 找出 自己 发展 的 重点 , 关键 点 , 将 它 突出 出来 , 集中 力量 打歼灭战 .\r\n李鹏 指出 , 陕西 曾 在 中华 民族 的 历史 中 有过 重要 的 位置 , 在 中国 革命 的 发展 中 也 做过 巨大 贡献 .\r\n比如 , 陕西 应该 在 发展 高新技术 , 生物工程 , 信息 工程 , 节水 农业 , 果木 种植 等 方面 下功夫 .\r\n更 要 强调 创造 良好 的 法律 环境 , 把 依法 治国 与 发展 经济 紧紧 结合 起来 .\r\n最后 , 李鹏 说 , 开发 西北 , 要 更新 观念 , 要 依靠 国家 的 支持 , 但 最 根本 的 要 寄 希望 于 自己的 努力 .\r\n中国 政府 一贯 立场 \" 中新社 北京 三月七日 电 \" ( 记者 赵江涛 ) 中共 中央 政治局 委员 国务院 副总理 钱其琛 今天 在此间 指出 , 中国 政府 对 台湾 问题 的 政策 没有 变化 , 台湾 问题 不能 无限期 拖 下去 , 这是 中国 政府 的 一贯 立场 .\r\n这 并不 代表 中国 政府 的 对 台 政策 与 以往 有 什 麽 变化 , 台湾 问题 不能 无限期 拖 下去 是 我们 的 一贯 立场 .\r\n钱其琛 指出 , 统一 是 民族 大义 问题 , 希望 台湾 同胞 能 对 \" 一国两制 \" 有 更多 的 了解 .\r\n港澳 回归 之后 , 保持 其 原有 的 社会制度 和 生活方式 不变 , 法律 基本 不变 , 这些 都是 很 实在 的 .\r\n在 认真 听取 代表 的 发言 后 , 李岚清 发表 了 意见 .\r\n现在 中小学 课业 负担 过重 , 无疑 要 认真 研究 解决 .\r\n但 决不能 把 加强 青少年 的 思想 品德 教育 , 全面 贯彻 党 的 教育 方针 , 实施 全面 素质 教育 简单化 .\r\n钱其琛 笑 著 说 : \" 我们 发表 白皮书 , 他 说是 恐吓 , 解放军 讲话 , 他 也 说是 恐吓 , 实际 没有 这个 , 他们 心虚 啊 ! \"\r\n钱其琛 说 : \" 越 快 越 好 啊 ! \"\r\n引 来了 代表 们 的 热烈 掌声 .\r\n参加 完 香港 代表团 后 , 钱其琛 又 来到 澳门 代表团 .\r\n澳门 人大 代表 第一 单独 组团 参加 人民 代表 大会 , 而且 其中 有 七 新 代表 , 一共 十二 代表 .\r\n在 旁 的 王启人 代表 说 : \" 这是 中央 特别 重视 ! \"\r\n钱其琛 的 开场白 赢得了 十二 澳门 代表 的 热烈 掌声 .\r\n( 提要 完 ) 新华社 北京 3月7日 电 ( 人民 日报 记者 王彦田 新华社 记者 任卫东 ) 中共 中央 总书记 , 国家主席 江泽民 今天 上午 参加 了 九届 全国 人大 三 会议 上海 代表团 的 全体 会议 .\r\n代表 们 围绕 政府 工作 报告 , 结合 当地 实际 踊跃 发言 .\r\n黄奇帆 代表 就 上海 工业 企业 改革 和 发展 , 加快 技术 创新 等 工作 首先 发言 .\r\n江泽民 作为 上海 代表团 的 代表 , 对 上海 改革 和 建设 的 情况 十分 关心 .\r\n他 边 听 边 记 , 时而 插话 与 代表 们 交换 意见 , 还 关切地 询问 了 上海 改革 和 发展 的 一些 新 情况 .\r\n他 指出 , 这些 年来 , 上海 的 改革 和 发展 取得 了 新 的 成绩 .\r\n江泽民 指出 , 面对 经济 全球化 和 世界 科技 进步 日新月异 的 形势 , 我们 必须 加快 国家 经济 和 社会 的 发展 , 坚持 解放 思想 , 实事求是 , 勇于 创新 , 开拓 前进 .\r\n在 现代化 建设 中 , 科技 创新 和 体制 创新 是 决定性 的 因素 .\r\n在 推进 国有 企业 改革 , 加强 市场 体系 建设 , 加快 政府 职能 转变 和 社会保障 制度 建设 等 方面 , 也 应 继续 努力 探索 和 实践 .\r\n江泽民 指出 , 随着 我国 经济 的 不断 发展 , 我们 要 积极 参与 国际 经济 竞争 , 并 努力 掌握 主动权 .\r\n必须 不失时机 地 实施 \" 走出去 \" 的 战略 , 把 \" 引进来 \" 和 \" 走出去 \" 紧密 结合 起来 , 更好地 利用 国内外 两 种 资源 , 两 个 市场 .\r\n这是 我们 在 参与 国际 竞争 中 掌握 主动权 , 打好 \" 主动 仗 \" 的 必由之路 .\r\n这样 做 , 有利于 在 更 广阔 的 空间 里 进行 经济 结构 调整 和 资源 优化 配置 , 从而 不断 增强 我国 经济 发展 的 动力 和 后劲 , 促进 我国 经济 的 长远 发展 .\r\n我国 地域 广阔 , 各个 地区 发展 不平衡 .\r\n先 发展 起来 的 地区 不但 要 \" 致富 思 源 , 富 而 思 进 \" , 继续 艰苦奋斗 , 而且 要 积极 帮助 和 带动 欠发达 地区 加快 发展 .\r\n要 坚持 按照 经济 规律 办事 , 既 发挥好 政策 的 导向 作用 , 又 发挥好 市场 机制 的 调节 作用 , 积极 鼓励 东部 地区 企业 采取 多种 形式 参与 中西部 地区 的 开发 .\r\n在 新 的 时期 , 我们 要 坚持 按照 这 三 \" 代表 \" 的 要求 , 来 教育 全党 同志 首先 是 各级 领导干部 , 来 全面 加强 党 的 建设 .\r\n吴邦国 , 黄菊 , 吴阶平 , 韩杼滨 等 也 参加 了 上海 代表团 的 会议 .\r\n吴仪 说 , 有实力 的 企业 到 国外 发展 带 料 加工 , 是 对外开放 的 重要 方面 .\r\n对 康佳 集团 在 印度 设 厂 在 美国 硅谷 办 研究 开发 基地 , 吴仪 表示 赞赏 .\r\n吴仪 还 特别 强调 了 人才 培养 问题 , 并 希望 广东 在 \" 走出去 \" 方面 为 全国 探索 出 经验 .\r\n中共 广东省 委 书记 李长春 省 人大 主任 朱森林 省长 卢瑞华 等 参加 了 讨论 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月7日 电 ( 记者 王炽 ) 中共 中央 政治局 常委 , 书记处 书记 , 中央 纪委 书记 尉健行 , 今天 在 参加 九届 全国 人大 三 会议 广西 代表团 审议 政府 工作 报告 时 强调 , 领导干部 廉洁 自律 必须 和 严格 监督 相结合 .\r\n代表 们 认真 审议 报告 , 结合实际 踊跃 发言 .\r\n曹伯纯 代表 说 , 当前 , 方针 和 任务 已经 明确 , 怎 幺 贯彻 落实 好 , 关键 在 干部 .\r\n我们 必须 用 邓小平 理论 武装 党员 思想 , 采取 坚决 措施 狠抓 党风 廉政建设 .\r\n在 代表 们 发言 后 , 尉健行 指出 , 中央 确定 的 反腐败 三 项 工作 格局 , 涉及 两 大 问题 , 一 是 端正 风气 问题 , 一 是 惩治 腐败 分子 问题 .\r\n风气 不正 的 地方 和 部门 , 往往 干部 出问题 的 多 , 重大 案件 多 , 腐败 分子 也 多 .\r\n抓 风气 , 抓 自律 , 要 从 具体 问题 抓起 .\r\n对 这些 干部 必须 加强 监督 检查 , 有的 要 严肃 执 纪 , 执 纪 也是 教育 和 挽救 .\r\n在 班子 内部 不能 讲 党性 , 讲原则 , 开展 批评与自我批评 , 搞 \" 好人主义 \" 和 庸俗 关系学 .\r\n我们 应该 认真 学习 和 贯彻 江泽民 总书记 关于 从严 治 党 重要 讲话 精神 , 讲学习 , 讲政治 , 讲正气 , 切实 加强 对 领导干部 的 日常 管理 和 监督 .\r\n但 面临 的 任务 仍然 艰巨 繁重 , 亟需 继续 加大 力度 , 不断 把 反腐败 斗争 引向 深入 .\r\n中共 中央 政治局 委员 , 书记处 书记 丁关根 参加 了 广西 代表团 的 审议 .\r\n当 傅传跃 代表 谈到 不仅 可以 退耕 还 林 还 草 , 而且 还可以 根据 遵义 的 实际情况 \" 退耕 还 竹 \" 时 , 胡锦涛 赞许 说 : \" 这是 一个 好 思路 .\r\n在 认真 听取 代表 们 的 发言 后 , 胡锦涛 说 , 西部 大 开发 战略 的 启动 实施 , 对 推进 我国 的 现代化 建设 , 特别是 对 包括 贵州 在内 的 中西部 地区 的 发展 , 是 一个 极其 宝贵 的 机遇 .\r\n贵州 一定 要 从 自身 自然 条件 和 社会 经济 状况 的 实际 出发 , 全面 贯彻 中央 的 有关 方针 政策 , 走出 一 条 新 的 开发 路子 .\r\n胡锦涛 说 , 我们 是 在 发展 社会主义 市场经济 条件 下 搞 西部 大 开发 的 , 没有 现成 的 经验 和 模式 可供 遵循 .\r\n因循守旧 只会 丧失 机遇 , 畏难 退缩 必然 裹足不前 .\r\n各级 领导干部 一定 要 增强 责任感 , 使命感 和 紧迫感 , 始终 保持 昂扬 的 精神 状态 , 勇于 开拓 , 锐意进取 , 知难而进 , 奋力 拼搏 , 努力 开创 工作 的 新局面 .\r\n要 树立 求 真 务实 , 真 抓 实干 的 作风 , 深入 实际 , 调查研究 , 脚踏实地 , 埋头苦干 , 扎扎实实 地 解决 实际 问题 .\r\n全国 人大 常委会 副 委员长 曹志 参加 了 贵州 代表团 的 讨论 .\r\n( 第八十三 号 ) 钱其琛 重申 台湾 问题 不能 无限期 拖延 下去 \" 中新社 北京 三月七日 电 \" 国务院 副总理 钱其琛 今天 在 人民 大会堂 台湾 厅 同 出席 九届 全国 人大 三 会议 的 台湾 团 代表 一起 审议 《 政府 工作 报告 》 .\r\n他 说 , 我们 反对 台湾 问题 无限期 拖延 的 立场 是 一贯 的 .\r\n\" 台独 \" 和 分裂 势力 , 以及 国外 反华 势力 希望 台湾 问题 无限期 拖延 下去 , 是 我们 所 不能 容许 的 .\r\n台湾省 代表 对 政府 工作 报告 中 关於 解决 台湾 问题 完成 祖国 统一 大业 的 论述 反应 热烈 .\r\n他们 纷纷 表示 坚决 拥护 中国 政府 坚持 一个 中国 的 原则 立场 , 支持 中国 政府 为 维护 国家 主权 和 领土 完整 采取 一切 措施 .\r\n代表 们 说 , 作为 台湾 同胞 , 我们 在 解决 台湾 问题 上 更 有 紧迫感 和 使命感 .\r\n\" 和平 统一 一国两制 \" 符合 包括 台湾 同胞 在内 的 全 中国 人民 的 最大 利益 , 是 解决 台湾 问题 的 最好 办法 .\r\n我们 坚信 , 蓄意 制造 \" 台湾 独立 \" \" 两 中国 \" \" 一 中 一 台 \" 的 图谋 , 无论 来自 什 麽 人 , 受 什 麽 人 支持 , 都是 不能 得逞 的 , 必将 遭到 彻底 失败 .\r\n他 说 , 香港 和 澳门 相继 回归祖国 后 , 解决 台湾 问题 实现 祖国 完全 统一 的 任务 突出 地 摆 在 了 所有 中国 人 的 面前 .\r\n今年 发表 的 《 一个 中国 的 原则 与 台湾 问题 》 白皮书 重申 了 中国 政府 解决 台湾 问题 的 一贯 立场 , 在 海内外 引起 了 强烈 反响 .\r\n用 \" 一国两制 \" 解决 台湾 问题 , 只会 给 台湾 同胞 带来 好处 , 台湾 当局 以 种种 借口 , 反对 \" 一国两制 \" , 实质 是 反对 统一 .\r\n台湾 同胞 具有 光荣 的 爱国主义 传统 , 我们 真诚 地 寄 希望 于 广大 台湾 人民 .\r\n有 两岸 人民 的 共同 努力 , 台湾 问题 一定 能够 早日 得到 解决 .\r\n全体 中国 人民 渴望 统一 , 反对 分裂 的 意志 是 不可 动摇 的 .\r\n于永波 代表 说 , 今年 全军 要 把 做好 深化 改革 形势 下 的 思想 政治 工作 , 保证 部队 更加 自觉 地 服从 和 维护 改革 , 发展 , 稳定 大局 , 作为 思想 政治 建设 的 重要 任务 , 切实 抓紧 抓好 .\r\n要 及时 坚决 地 用 党中央 , 中央军委 的 决策 指示 统一 部队 的 思想 和 行动 , 保证 政令 军令 畅通 , 保持 部队 建设 正确 方向 .\r\n于永波 说 , 加强 深化 改革 形势 下 的 思想 政治 工作 , 要 突出 抓好 拥护 和 支持 改革 教育 这个 重点 .\r\n必须 做到 改革 每 深化 一 步 , 对 部队 的 教育 要 深入 一 步 , 把 官兵 对 改革 的 认识 提高 一 步 , 不断 增强 拥护 和 支持 改革 的 自觉性 .\r\n香港 , 澳门 回归 之后 , 解决 台湾 问题 , 更加 突出 地 摆 在 我们 面前 .\r\n要 集中 财力 保障 装备 建设 , 要 进一步 提高 战略 , 战役 后勤 的 应急 保障 能力 .\r\n要 全面 加强 后勤 管理 , 要 始终 坚持 艰苦奋斗 , 勤俭 建军 , 要 始终 坚持 依法 管理 , 从严 管理 , 要 始终 坚持 从 领导 做起 , 从 机关 做起 , 不断 推进 后勤 改革 和 建设 .\r\n王瑞林 代表 说 , 培养 高素质 的 军事 人才 , 是 加速 军队 现代化 建设 的 根本 大计 .\r\n要 有 很 强 的 政治 敏锐 性 , 政治 鉴别 力 , 在 思想上 行动 上 与 以 江泽民 同志 为 核心 的 党中央 保持 一致 , 坚决 维护 党 对 军队 的 绝对 领导 .\r\n要 有 深厚 扎实 的 科学 文化 知识 功底 , 要 一专多能 , 富有 创新 精神 .\r\n王瑞林 说 , 培养 和 造就 大批 高素质 的 新型 军事 人才 , 也 需要 有 一种 开拓 进取 , 奋发有为 的 精神 状态 .\r\n今天 到 各 代表团 参加 审议 的 领导 同志 有 : 田纪云 , 李长春 , 吴官 正 , 姜春云 , 贾庆林 , 钱其琛 , 温家宝 , 吴仪 , 司马义·艾买提 , 王忠禹 .\r\n( 小标题 ) 姜春云 强调 既要 抓 经济 建设 又要 抓 依法 管理 中共 中央 政治局 委员 , 全国 人大 常委会 副 委员长 姜春云 在 参加 安徽 团 审议 时 强调 , 既要 抓 经济 建设 又要 抓 依法 管理 .\r\n因为 法律 手段 更 具有 普遍 , 明确 , 稳定 和 强制 的 特点 .\r\n要 从 贯彻 依法 治国 方略 , 建设 社会主义 法治 国家 的 高度 , 研究 这个 大 课题 , 做好 这 篇 大 文章 .\r\n钱其琛 说 , 开发 开放 要 有所 选择 , 宁夏 就 可以 发展 特色 旅游 .\r\n只要 有 客源 , 就 能 吸引 投资 .\r\n他 说 , 宁夏 虽然 地处 内陆 , 自然 条件 不是 很好 , 但 有 古老 的 水利 设施 , 有 灿烂 的 西夏 文明 , 有 独特 的 风俗 文化 , 完全 可以 吸引 国内外 游客 , 带动 当地 经济 发展 .\r\n因此 , 一定 要 旅游 先行 , 发展 适合 自己 实际情况 的 特色 经济 .\r\n在 参加 江西 团 审议 时 , 温家宝 说 , 推进 农业 和 农村 经济 结构 的 战略性 调整 , 必须 把握 四 原则 .\r\n调整 结构 要 尊重 农民 意愿 , 切实 保障 农民 的 土地 承包 权 和 生产 经营 自主权 .\r\n各级 干部 的 任务 是 加强 政策 引导 , 科技 指导 和 因势利导 .\r\n决不能 强迫 命令 , 更 不能 瞎指挥 .\r\n在 出国 访问 , 考察 和 其它 外事 活动 中 , 要 注意 推出 我们 自己的 产品 和 企业 .\r\n第二 , 企业 自己 要 有 \" 走出去 \" 的 胆量 和 勇气 .\r\n对 外国 的 环境 和 条件 要 有 正确 的 分析 和 认识 , 要 学会 正确 地 利用 好 国内 国际 两 个 市场 .\r\n出去 后 , 要 注意 维护 自身 的 形 像 和 信誉 , 因为 这 关系到 国家 的 形 像 和 荣誉 .\r\n第三 , 要 有 一整套 法律 , 法规 与 之 配套 .\r\n出去 的 企业 也要 注意 避免 恶性 竞争 , 自相残杀 , 使 企业 和 国家 利益 受到 损害 .\r\n吴仪 强调 指出 , \" 引进来 \" 和 \" 走出去 \" 是 我国 实行 改革开放 的 两 相辅相成 的 方面 .\r\n王忠禹 指出 , 党中央 , 国务院 非常 重视 西藏 工作 .\r\n甘肃 近期 以 公路 建设 为 重点 , 全面 加快 铁路 , 机场 , 水利 , 能源 , 天然气 管道 , 通信 , 广播 建设 以及 城市 基础 设施 建设 .\r\n届时 , 兰州 这 一 中国 的 地理 中心 与 周边 的 联系 将 更加 快捷 .\r\n只要 我们 把 中央 的 精神 原原本本 地 交给 群众 , 群众 的 积极性 调动 起来 , 就 一定 能够 从 根本上 解决 历史 遗留 下来 的 生态 问题 .\r\n如果 抓住 以 粮食 换 林 草 这 一 历史性 机遇 , 主动 调整 结构 , 把 甘肃 建成 一个 林 牧业 基地 是 完全 可能 的 .\r\n这 一 结构性 矛盾 , 随着 市场经济 的 发展 , 买方 市场 的 形成 以及 全球化 趋势 的 发展 而 充分 暴露 出来 .\r\n孙英 说 , 甘肃省 的 基础 条件 已 有所 改善 , 关键 是 软环境 , 从 思想 观念 到 体制 机制 都 有 很多 不 适应 .\r\n眼下 , 我们 正在 以 兰州 为 中心 进行 包括 集体 办公 , 简化 手续 , 提高 办事 效率 等 改革 , 随之 将 在 全省 范围 内 逐步 推广 .\r\n二 , 成立 了 自治区 实施 西部 大 开发 战略 领导 小组 , 加强 对 全区 西部 开发 工作 的 领导 , 组织 和 指挥 .\r\n六 , 制定 配套 政策 , 吸引 国内外 人才 , 资金 和 技术 参与 内蒙古 的 开发 和 建设 .\r\n因此 , 把 云南 建成 \" 绿色 经济 强 省 \" 和 在 云南 建设 \" 中华 生物 谷 \" 的 时机 已经 成熟 .\r\n一 是 中国 正 就 法律 及 各 部门 的 规则 进行 大 检讨 , 这些 法规 都 相当 复杂 , 大大 小小 加起来 超过 九百 , 他们 目前 将 法规 审议 , 避免 与 \" 世 贸 \" 的 规则 有所 冲突 .\r\n外 经贸部 副部长 孙振宇 与 哥 伦比 亚 外贸 部 副部长 奥罗斯科 女士 签署 了 中 哥 关于 中国 加入 世界 贸易 组织 问题 的 双边 协议 .\r\n协议 签署 后 , 拉米雷斯 女士 表示 , 中 哥 协议 的 达成 将 有利于 扩大 双边 贸易 , 进一步 促进 两国 经贸 关系 的 发展 .\r\n徐冠华 委员 在 代表 全国 政协 教科文卫 体委 员会 发言 时 说 , 要 充分 认识 中国 人才 资源 的 潜力 和 人才 问题 的 紧迫性 , 为 创新 人才 成长 和 人尽其才 创造 良好 的 环境 .\r\n楚庄 委员 代表 民进 中央 建议 落实 科教 兴 国 战略 , 大力 发展 职业教育 .\r\n他 还 提出 了 调整 教育 结构 , 改革 评价 考核 体系 , 提高 教育 质量 , 提高 教师 队伍 整体 素质 等 一系列 具体 措施 .\r\n这位 从 基层 潜艇 指挥员 成长 起来 的 舰队 司令员 在 接受 记者 采访 时 说 , 解决 台湾 问题 , 实现 祖国 完全 统一 , 体现 了 中华 民族 的 根本 利益 , 是 中国 历史 发展 的 必然 趋势 .\r\n以 江泽民 同志 为 核心 的 党中央 , 中央军委 高瞻远瞩 , 总揽 全局 , 就 台湾 问题 作出 了 一系列 重要 指示 .\r\n朱 总理 在 政府 工作 报告 中 , 再次 阐明 了 中国 政府 解决 台湾 问题 的 基本 方针 和 原则 立场 .\r\n军委 张万年 副主席 在 分组 发言 时 也 严正 指出 , 我军 官兵 决不 容忍 , 决不 坐视 任何 分裂 祖国 的 图谋 得逞 .\r\n赵国钧 代表 说 , 东海 舰队 部队 地处 东南 沿海 , 处于 对 台 军事 斗争 第一线 .\r\n武器 装备 得到 明显 改善 , 新型 装备 已经 形成 战斗力 , 舰队 综合 作战 的 能力 显著 提高 .\r\n美国 海军 说 , 它的 舰载 \" 宙 斯盾狈 揽 系统 能 看到 空中 任何 目标 .\r\n当晚 , 所 攻击 的 战略 目标 中 有 约 35% 是 F-117 战斗机 所 为 .\r\n它 飞进 威胁 最大 的 区域 并且 在 相当 长 的 一段 时间 里 暴露 在 威胁 之中 .\r\nF-117 战斗机 本身 具有 的 隐形 特性 使 它 在 作战 中 不需要 非 隐形飞机 所需的 各种 空中 支援 和 保护 , 它 可以 攻击 多种 目标 .\r\n战争 中 , F-117 战斗机 共 出动 1296 次 , 出动 架次 占 多国部队 出动 总 架次 的 2% , 但 伊拉克 被 攻击 战略 目标 中 有 40% 是 F-117 战斗机 完成 的 .\r\n一时间 , F-117 战斗机 身价 倍增 , 神话 层出不穷 .\r\n但 事实 并非 象美 空军 所 言 : 谁 也 发现 不了 F-117 战斗机 .\r\n从 1989年 美军 袭击 巴拿马 时 F-117 战斗机 亮相 , 到 1999年3月27日 被 南联盟 击落 前 , F-117 战斗机 不战自败 多次 .\r\n1995年 和 1997年 F-117 战斗机 3 落马 , 两 在 训练 中 , 另 一 次 在 航空 博览会 上 .\r\n直到 几 天 以后 , 美国防部 才 不得不 承认 有 1 架 F-117 战斗机 被 击落 .\r\n这种 海湾 战争 中 \" 身手不凡 \" 的 武器 装备 始终 不能 \" 出手 \" , 反而 在 巴尔干 摔 了 两 .\r\n海湾 战争 期间 , 另一个 出 尽 风头 的 武器 装备 是 \" 爱国者 \" 防空 导弹 .\r\n美国 国防部 海湾 战争 报告 指出 : \" 爱国者 \" 导弹 最初 是 用来 打 飞机 的 , 后来 陆军 把 它 改装 成 反 战术 弹道 导弹 系统 .\r\n美军 评估 道 : \" 爱国者 \" 导弹 连 对 沙特 港口 , 机场 提供 了 有 价值 的 防护 .\r\n国防部 称 , \" 爱国者 \" 导弹 取得 政治 成功 , 它 使 以色列 没有 参战 , 还 增加 了 多国部队 的 信心 .\r\n这种 信心 的 取得 不仅 归功于 \" 爱国者 \" 导弹 , 而且 要 归功于 美军 雇佣 的 一大批 新闻 宣传 者 .\r\n通过 媒体 , \" 爱国者 \" 导弹 成为 国际 知名 防空 导弹 .\r\n美军 最初 的 报告 称 , \" 爱国者 \" 导弹 对 伊拉克 \" 飞毛腿 \" 导弹 的 拦截 成功率 在 90% 以上 .\r\n以 美国 为首 的 多国部队 明显 地 利用 手中 的 某些 武器 装备 打 心理战 , 吓唬 伊拉克 军民 和 为 自己 打气 鼓劲 ; 另一方面 更是 不言而喻 的 .\r\n我们 注意到 , 检察 机关 去年 有意识 地 加强 了 诉讼 监督 , 认真 查办 司法 不公 背后 的 司法 人员 犯罪 问题 .\r\n去年 , 检察 机关 普遍 加强 了 立案 监督 , 民事 行政 审判 监督 , 刑罚 执行 监督 等 各个 诉讼 环节 的 监督 工作 .\r\n一 年 来 , 这 6 改革 取得 了 哪些 成效 ? 韩杼滨 : 检察 工作 改革 给 我们 带来 的 , 不仅仅是 体制 和 机制 的 革新 , 而且 是 执法 思想 和 执法 观念 的 进步 .\r\n全国 共有 168 地 , 州 , 市 检察院 和 1159 基层 检察院 实行 了 主诉 检察官 办案 责任制 , 通过 竞争 上岗 , 择优 选拔 了 3689 主诉 检察官 .\r\n各级 检察 机关 不断 推进 干部 人事 制度 改革 , 已有 2332 检察院 实行 了 中层 领导 职位 竞争 上岗 , 2086 检察院 实行 了 双向选择 .\r\n根据 中央 机构改革 的 精神 , 高检院 对 机关 内设 机构 进行 了 调整 , 对 检察 系统 的 机构改革 正在 进行 调研 和 论证 . 记者 : 监督 别人 , 首先 要 监督 好 自己 .\r\n我 已经 10 与 全国 人大 代表 , 政协 委员 进行 座谈 , 直接 听取 他们 的 意见 和 建议 .\r\n近日 , 美国 国务院 抛出 一个 所谓 的 评估 报告 , 对 20 国家 的 扫毒 情况 妄加 评判 .\r\n墨西哥 反对 美国 评估 的 主要 理由 是 : 美国 的 评估 是 对 别国 内部 事务 的 干涉 , 侵害 别国 主权 .\r\n扫毒 属 一 国 内部 事务 , 应 由 这个 国家 自己 采取 行动 , 美国 有 什 幺 权利 居高临下 地 指挥 人家 应该 怎样 做 , 不应该 怎样 做 呢 ?\r\n为 打击 毒品 犯罪 , 墨西哥 政府 投入 巨额 资金 , 去年 支出 16.07亿 比索 ( 约 9.2 比索 合 1 美元 ) , 今年 增加到 42.67亿 比索 .\r\n谁 不听 它的 话 就 拿来 威胁 谁 , 动辄 进行 制裁 .\r\n其 目的 就是 要 把 它的 意志 强加于人 , 逼迫 别国 对 它 服服帖帖 .\r\n美国 对 别国 的 扫毒 斗争 \" 鸡蛋里挑骨头 \" , 而 对 自己 国内 存在 的 严重 毒品 问题 却 讳莫如深 .\r\n事实上 , 美国 是 世界 头号 毒品 消费 国 , 最 需要 检讨 扫毒 问题 的 恰恰 是 美国 自己 .\r\n美国 政府 为何 不对 自己的 扫毒 情况 也 评估 一下 ?\r\n美国 不 搞好 自己的 事 , 有 什 幺 资格 恣意 指责 别国 ?\r\n扫毒 斗争 需要 国际 合作 , 但 要 建立 在 尊重 国家 主权 和 平等 的 基础 上 .\r\n在 关于 要 进一步 研究 和 抓紧 解决 几个 重大 问题 中 , 第一 就是 抓紧 推进 党 的 思想 , 组织 和 作风 建设 .\r\n这是 改革开放 和 社会主义 现代化 建设 中 的 重大 问题 , 也是 \" 两会 \" 上 代表 , 委员 高度 重视 的 问题 .\r\n只有 正确 回答 了 这个 问题 , 党 的 建设 才能 更好地 推进 .\r\n如果 基层 党组织 长期 处于 松松垮垮 , 软弱 涣散 , 瘫痪 半 瘫痪 状态 , 在 群众 中 不起 战斗 堡垒 作用 , 不起 政治 核心 作用 , 这样的 党组织 , 党员 再 多 又 有 什 幺 用 呢 ?\r\n而且 势必 影响 党 在 群众 中 的 作用 , 声誉 和 形 像 .\r\n党 的 建设 必须 从 对 基层组织 和 每个 党员 干部 的 思想 , 作风 和 组织 纪律性 的 管理 和 教育 抓起 , 而且 要 锲而不舍 地 抓 下去 .\r\n我们 党 正 处在 整体 性 的 新老交替 的 重要 时期 .\r\n社会 经济 成分 , 组织形式 , 物质 利益 和 就业 方式 多样化 的 趋势 , 今后 还 会 进一步 发展 .\r\n在 这种 新 的 历史 条件 下 , 如何 始终 保持 全党 同志 按照 党 的 奋斗 目标 , 维护 和 加强 党 的 坚强 团结 和 高度 统一 , 是 新时期 摆 在 我们 面前的 一个 极为 重大 而 现实 的 课题 .\r\n就 很需要 进一步 研究 , 并 尽快 制定出 一套 可行 的 政策 措施 .\r\n党风 廉政建设 和 反腐败 斗争 , 不仅 要 坚持不懈 地 抓 下去 , 而且 要 不断 探索 和 建立 一些 真正 管用 的 监督 制度 和 机制 来 .\r\n从 这些 年 和 最近 揭露 出来 的 一些 涉及 领导干部 的 大案 来看 , 其 犯罪 情节 之 恶劣 , 涉 案 金额 之 巨大 , 都是 触目惊心 的 .\r\n他们 被 金钱 , 女色 的 \" 糖衣炮弹 \" 给 打倒 了 , 搞 权钱 交易 , 权 色 交易 , 简直 到 了 利令智昏 , 利欲熏心 , 胆大包天 , 无法无天 的 地步 !\r\n这 里面 从 制度 上 来看 , 最大 的 一个 问题 就是 没有 形成 最 有效的 监督 和 管理 制度 .\r\n抓紧 推进 党 的 思想 , 组织 和 作风 建设 , 事关 全局 , 意义 深远 .\r\n事业 的 成败 , 祖国 的 安危 , 人民 的 福 祸 , 决定 于 党 的 强弱 盛衰 .\r\n全党 同志 要 在 以 江泽民 同志 为 核心 的 党中央 领导 下 , 努力 把 党 建设 得 更加 朝气蓬勃 , 更加 团结一致 , 更加 富有 战斗力 .\r\n先进 的 文化 是 人类 文明 进步 的 结晶 , 又是 推动 人类 社会 前进 的 精神 动力 和 智力 支持 , 影响 人 的 精神 和 灵魂 , 渗透 于 社会生活 各个 方面 .\r\n先进 的 政党 不仅 代表 着 先进 生产力 的 发展 要求 , 而且 代表 先进 文化 前进 的 方向 .\r\n只有 这样 , 才能 使 物质文明 和 精神文明 协调 发展 , 推动 社会 全面 进步 .\r\n是否 拥有 先进 文化 , 是否 代表 先进 文化 前进 的 方向 , 决定 着 一个 政党 , 国家 和 民族 的 素质 , 能力 和 兴衰 .\r\n先进 的 文化 包括 思想 道德 和 科学 文化 两 组成部分 .\r\n共产党人 的 先进性 不仅 在 其 拥有 先进 的 思想 道德 , 还 在 其 拥有 先进 的 科学 文化 知识 , 两者 相辅相成 , 不可 分割 .\r\n思想 道德 文化 决定 着 整个 文化 的 社会 性质 , 统帅 整个 文化 发展 , 推动 社会 经济 政治 进步 .\r\n在 思想 文化 建设 中 , 必须 坚持 以 马克思 主义 为 指导 .\r\n科学 文化 知识 是 社会 文明 的 基础 , 人类 进步 的 阶梯 .\r\n我们 必须 努力 学习 , 与 时俱 进 , 赶上 潮流 ; 必须 树立 科学 精神 , 掌握 科学 方法 , 学习 科学 知识 , 消除 愚昧 , 反对 封建 迷信 , 全面 提高 科学 文化 素质 .\r\n此举 为 党 清 腐 , 为民除害 , 得到 全党 和 全国 人民 的 坚决 拥护 .\r\n胡长清 案 是 一起 极为 严重 的 经济 犯罪 案件 , 因 其 是 高级 领导干部 , 在 社会上 造成 了 极坏 的 影响 .\r\n查办 胡长清 案 充分 表明 , 以 江泽民 同志 为 核心 的 党中央 , 从严 治 党 , 依法 治国 , 严惩 腐败 , 坚定不移 .\r\n职务 越 高 , 权力 越 大 , 越 要 严 于 律己 .\r\n不仅 严格要求 自己 , 还要 严格 教育 和 管好 自己的 配偶 , 子女 和 身边 工作人员 .\r\n胡长清 被 依法 严惩 , 对于 广大 领导干部 是 一个 警示 , 对于 执迷不悟 者 是 一个 警告 , 对于 广大 人民群众 是 一个 鼓舞 和 激励 .\r\n黄其兴 委员 代表 九三 学社 中央 发言 提出 , 建立 智力 产权 制度 , 推进 高科技 产业 迅猛 发展 .\r\n游清泉 委员 发言 建议 : 为了 促进 金融 , 科技 教育 和 经济 三 者 的 有机 结合 , 必须 深化 科技 教育 的 融资 和 投资 体制改革 , 组建 具有 中国 特色 的 科技 教育 开发 银行 , 将 是 我国 金融 体制改革 的 一 项 有力 措施 .\r\n辜胜阻 委员 发言 强调 , 要 切实 减轻 学生 过重 的 课业 负担 , 加快 应试 教育 向 素质 教育 的 转化 步伐 , 必须 全社会 行动 起来 , 多 管 齐下 , 综合治理 .\r\n李永安 委员 代表 全国 总工会 发言 指出 : 迅速 扭转 安全生产 严峻 局势 , 维护 职工 权益 , 促进 经济 发展 .\r\n石四皓 委员 代表 台盟 中央 , 全国 台联 发言 强调 , \" 一国两制 \" 符合 台湾 同胞 的 根本 利益 .\r\n-- \" 两会 \" 代表 , 委员 为 西部 开发 建言 献策 新华社 记者 周亮 蒲立业 刘刚 实施 西部 开发 战略 为 西部 发展 提供 了 前所未有 的 机遇 , 西部 地区 如何 抓住 机遇 , 乘势 而 上 ?\r\n一些 代表 , 委员 为此 提出 了 一些 很好 的 意见 和 建议 .\r\n但 对 农民 退耕 的 补助 标准 , 如何 为 农民 寻找 增加 收入 的 门路 等 问题 , 还需要 我们 认真 调研 , 找到 科学 , 有效的 办法 .\r\n同时 , 要 将 生态 工程 与 农民 的 合理 经营 结合 起来 , 不能 简单 地 停 伐 , 退耕 了事 .\r\n政府 部门 要 多 想 办法 增加 农民 就业 门路 , 增加 农民 收入 , 把 对 山林 , 草场 的 保护性 经营 作为 调动 农民 退耕 积极性 的 途径 .\r\n刘永好 委员 : 生态 环境保护 是 与 经济 发展 状况 紧密 相连 的 .\r\n( 小标题 ) 靠 高新技术 领军 突破 周厚健 代表 : 创新 是 一个 民族 进步 的 灵魂 , 更 应该 是 西部 大 开发 的 灵魂 .\r\n近些年 我国 家电 业大 打 价格 战 , 搞 恶性 竞争 , 说白了 就是 不能 以 创新 产品 创造 新 的 市场 , 大家 还 在 一 条 路上 挤 .\r\n我国 中西部 地区 一些 中心 城市 条件 并不 比 印度 中部 差 , 因此 , 加快 发展 我国 西部 地区 的 软件 产业 将 更 容易 缩小 东西部 差距 .\r\n相对 于 制造业 而言 , 发展 软件 产业 更 易于 吸引 外国 大公司 进入 中西部 地区 .\r\n孙国强 代表 : 发展 高新技术 要 同 西部 实际 和 市场 需求 充分 结合 起来 .\r\n( 小标题 ) 用 世界 眼光 审视 自身 资源 优势 石军 代表 : 人们 通常 都 说 西部 幅员 广阔 , 资源 丰富 , 开发 潜力 巨大 .\r\n资源 的 优势 要 通过 市场 来 体现 , 如果 市场 不需要 你 这种 资源 , 就 很难说 有 优势 .\r\n韩应选 委员 : 我们 青海省 有 四 大 资源 优势 , 盐湖 , 石油 天然气 , 水电 , 有色金属 .\r\n会议 气氛 活跃 , 代表 发言 积极 .\r\n还要 继续 通过 破产 , 兼并 , 技改 等 方式 , 对 辽宁 老 工业基地 进行 产业 结构 调整 .\r\n来自 鞍钢 集团 公司 的 刘 ( 王旁加 介 ) 代表 介绍 , 通过 转变 经营 体制 , 加强 管理 和 技术改造 , 鞍钢 的 经营 状况 有所 改观 .\r\n林左鸣 代表 认为 , 建立 现代 企业 制度 和 加强 管理 是 国有 大中型 企业 走出 困境 的 关键 .\r\n程耿东 代表 建议 国家 制定 有关 政策 , 促使 高校 面向 市场 和 未来 调整 专业 结构 , 培养 更多 现代化 建设 急需 的 人才 .\r\n高益荣 , 左长林 , 王大操 代表 就 国企 改革 脱困 , 建立 社会保障 体系 , 维护 社会 稳定 等 问题 发表 了 意见 .\r\n代表 们 发言 后 , 朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 讲了话 .\r\n他 充分 肯定 了 辽宁 去年 各方面 工作 取得 的 成绩 , 并 指出 , 辽宁 是 老 工业基地 和 国有 企业 比较 集中 的 地区 , 这 两 年 同志们 做 了 大量 工作 , 要 巩固 成果 , 总结经验 , 顺势 而 上 .\r\n特别 要 加强 思想 政治 工作 , 确保 社会 稳定 .\r\n江泽民 妙 答 记者 问 新华社 北京 三月八日 电 ( 记者 倪四义 ) 今天 上午 , 国家主席 江泽民 出现 在 人民 大会堂 香港 厅 参加 香港 代表团 审议 .\r\n\" 请问 江主席 , 两岸 如果 开战 , 是否 相煎太 急 ? \" 江泽民 主席 刚刚 落座 , 就 有 记者 大声 问 .\r\n\" 你 这个 话 是 引用 曹植 的 诗句 , \" 江泽民 说 .\r\n他 随即 吟诵 道 : \" 煮 豆 燃 豆箕 , 豆 在 釜 中 泣 .\r\n' 本 是 同根 生 ' , 本 是 一个 中国 , 为什麽 要 搞 台独 ? \"\r\n江泽民 的 回答 博得 在场 的 香港 代表 和 中外 记者 热烈 掌声 .\r\n另 一 位 记者 紧跟 著 问道 : 在 台湾 问题 上 , 怕 不怕 外国 势力 干涉 ?\r\n江泽民 摊开 双手 , 说 : \" 这 还 用 问 ?\r\n我 当然 愿意 去 .\r\n但是 目前 这个 时候 , 在 有人 搞 ' 两国 论 ' 的 情况 下 , 我 怎 麽 去 呢 ? \"\r\n看 著 香港 厅 里 的 十 摄影 , 摄象机 和 拥挤 的 记者 们 , 江泽民 笑 著 说 : \" 今天 快 成了 记者招待会 了 . \"\r\n新华社 北京 3月7日 电 九届 全国 人大 三 会议 今天 继续 分组 审议 朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 总理 代表 国务院 所 作 的 政府 工作 报告 和 计划 , 预算 报告 .\r\n江泽民 , 李鹏 , 朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 , 李岚清 等 中央 领导 同志 分别 参加 了 澳门 , 香港 , 新疆 , 辽宁 , 青海 , 重庆 等 代表团 的 审议 .\r\n国务院 有关 部委 负责人 也 到 各 代表团 听取 意见 .\r\n人大 代表 认为 , 加入 世贸 组织 将 促进 中国 农业 现代化 新华社 北京 三月八日 电 ( 记者 车玉明 张翼飞 ) 正在 这里 参加 九届 全国 人大 三 会议 的 部分 人大 代表 认为 , 虽然 加入 世贸 组织 给 中国 农业 带来 的 有 压力 和 挑战 , 但 更多 的 是 发展 机遇 .\r\n中国 政府 承诺 , 加入 世贸 组织 后 , 将 降低 部分 农产品 的 关税 , 引导 和 鼓励 外商 投资 於 农业 .\r\n改革开放 二十 多年 来 , 中国 农业 有了 巨大 的 发展 , 以 有限 的 耕地 , 解决 了 十二亿 人口 的 吃饭 问题 .\r\n加入 世贸 组织 , 扩大 对外开放 , 无疑 将会 加快 解决 这 一 问题 的 进程 .\r\n毛达如 代表 预期 , 加入 世贸 组织 后 , 中国 与 国际 市场 融 为 一体 , 将 加速 中国 农业 市场化 进程 , 也 有利 於 增加 中国 有 优势 的 蔬菜 , 水果 , 畜产品 和 水产品 的 出口 .\r\n在此 过程 中 , 政府 的 积极 引导 , 更多 外资 对 农业 的 投入 , 将会 发挥 重要 作用 .\r\n农业部 副部长 万宝瑞 在 去年 中美 达成 世贸 组织 双边 协议 后 曾 表示 , 加入 世贸 组织 后 , 中国 将 进一步 完善 政策 法规 , 吸引 更多 的 国外 资金 , 技术 和 管理 经验 进入 农业 领域 .\r\n中国 还将 加大 对 农业 基础 设施 建设 的 投入 , 加强 农业 科研 和 实用 技术 的 推广 , 积极 开发 和 引进 新 品种 , 新技术 等 .\r\n实际上 , 从 政府 到 民间 , 为 迎接 加入 世贸 组织 的 准备 工作 已经 开始 .\r\n毛达如 代表 说 , 随 著 中国 日益 与 国际 市场 接轨 , 不管 现阶段 农民 们 做出 的 种种 探索 是否 成功 , 都是 可贵 的 第一 , 是 十分 有意义 的 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月8日 电 ( 人民 日报 记者 傅旭 新华社 记者 秦杰 ) 中共 中央 政治局 常委 , 全国 人大 常委会 委员长 李鹏 今天 上午 来到 人民 大会堂 新疆 厅 , 和 新疆 代表团 一起 审议 政府 工作 报告 .\r\n他 强调 , 新疆 各族 人民 要 加强 民族团结 , 抓住 新 的 机遇 , 促进 经济 发展 .\r\n来自 新疆 各民族 的 代表 踊跃 发言 , 围绕 政府 工作 报告 进行 认真 审议 .\r\n李鹏 仔细 听取 , 不时 拿 笔 记录 下 代表 的 意见 .\r\n他 说 , 新疆 要 获得 大 的 发展 , 就要 大力 发展 科技 与 教育 事业 .\r\n要 调动 各种 手段 培养 和 吸收 人才 , 为 发挥 人才 的 作用 创造 好的 环境 .\r\n中央 在 政策 上 要 予以 适当 倾斜 , 以 扶持 新疆 的 一些 优势 科研 领域 , 促进 少数民族 地区 科技 与 人才 的 发展 .\r\n他 说 , 要 珍惜 新疆 安定团结 的 局面 , 促进 各民族 的 团结 和睦 , 才能 保证 西部 大 开发 战略 的 顺利 实施 .\r\n要 加强 基础 建设 , 调整 经济 结构 特别是 农业 结构 , 开发 资源 , 改善 人民 生活 .\r\n阿木冬 · 尼牙孜 代表 在 发言 中 提出 , 西部 大 开发 关键 是 要 有 好的 政策 和 环境 .\r\n买买提明·牙生 代表 就 农业 结构 调整 , 郭敏杰 代表 就 发展 新疆 的 铁路 交通 设施 , 国有 企业 改革 发 了 言 .\r\n民族团结 是 新疆 \" 人 和 \" 的 核心 .\r\n有 这 三 , 新疆 一定 会 在 西部 大 开发 中 崭露头角 .\r\n李鹏 强调 , 新疆 要 继续 抓好 基础 产业 , 加强 基础 设施 的 建设 .\r\n只有 经济 发展 才能 巩固 民族团结 .\r\n新疆维吾尔自治区 主席 阿不来提 . 阿不都热西提 也 表示 , 新疆 计划 在 年底 前 基本 解决 三十万 人 的 温饱 问题 .\r\n全国 人大 常委会 委员 , 全国 人大 外事 委员会 副 主任委员 童傅 称 , 这 将 是 中国 在 人权 方面 取得 的 一个 重要 进展 .\r\n他 强调 指出 , 对 於象 中国 这样的 发展中国家 来说 , 在 人权 方面 首先 要 解决 生存权 与 发展 权 .\r\n西藏 今年 计划 在 交通 , 电力 , 通信 等 基础 设施 领域 投资 创 记录 的 六十亿 元 , 以 加快 农牧民 的 致富 步伐 和 经济 发展 .\r\n自治区 还将 对 年收入 很低 的 农民 免征 农业税 .\r\n中国 一九九三年 开始 实施 国家 扶贫 攻坚 计划 , 目标 是 用 七 年 时间 解决 农村 八千万 人 的 温饱 问题 .\r\n他 指出 : 随 著 \" 一国两制 \" 在 香港 和 澳门 的 不断 实践 , 我们 的 经验 必将 日益 丰富 , \" 一国两制 \" 必将 实施 得 越来越 好 .\r\n在 认真 听取 香港 代表 的 发言 后 , 江泽民 发表 了 讲话 .\r\n这个 成绩 来之不易 .\r\n这 期间 , 香港 经历 了 不少 的 风浪 , 遇到 过 不少 的 困难 .\r\n江泽民 强调 , 必须 把 \" 一国两制 \" 作为 一个 完整 的 概念 来 把握 .\r\n实行 \" 两 制度 \" , 就是 要 坚持 国家 主体 的 社会主义制度 和 特别行政区 的 资本主义制度 都 不变 , 保证 特别行政区 依照 基本法 实行 高度 自治 .\r\n对 於 基本法 明确 规定 的 东西 , 要 坚决 贯彻执行 , 一 以 贯 之 , 这是 保持 香港 长期 稳定 繁荣 的 根本 保证 .\r\n我 多次 说 过 , 香港 基本法 是 全国性 法律 , 不仅 香港 要 遵守 , 全国 都要 遵守 .\r\n大家 都要 支持 行政 长官 的 工作 .\r\n香港 各行各业 的 人士 , 要 在 维护 国家 和 香港 的 根本 利益 的 基础 上 加强 团结 .\r\n我们 要 有 这个 信心 .\r\n国务院 副总理 钱其琛 , 国务院 港澳 事务 办公室 主任 廖晖 参加 了 今天 香港 代表团 的 审议 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月8日 电 ( 中央 人民 广播 电台 记者 刘振英 人民 日报 记者 武卫政 新华社 记者 倪四义 ) 国家主席 江泽民 今天 上午 参加 了 出席 九届 全国 人大 三 会议 澳门 代表团 的 审议 .\r\n澳门 同胞 和 各界人士 要 齐心协力 , 把 澳门 回归 时 全国 人民 所 期盼 的 \" 澳门 明天 更 美好 \" 的 祝福 变成 现实 .\r\n代表 们 在 会上 纷纷 就 政府 工作 报告 发表 意见 .\r\n澳门 贺田 工业 有限 公司 董事 总经理 贺一诚 代表 表示 拥护 中央政府 的 西部 大 开发 战略 , 并 提出 了 具体 建议 .\r\n澳门 街坊 会 联合 总会 理事长 吴仕明 代表 提出 , 要 充分 发挥 澳门 在 发展 两岸 关系 的 中介 作用 .\r\n澳门 大学 教授 杨允中 代表 就 落实 \" 一国两制 \" , 迎接 更加 美好 的 未来 作 了 发言 .\r\n我 向 你们 表示 衷心 的 祝贺 .\r\n澳门 回归祖国 近 3个 月 来 , 总的 形势 是 好的 .\r\n澳门特别行政区 政府 的 工作 开局 是 好的 .\r\n江泽民 强调 , 澳门 的 胜利 回归 , 是 祖国 强盛 的 必然 结果 .\r\n新 中国 成立 50 年 特别是 改革开放 20 多年 来 , 中国 共产党 领导 全国 各族 人民 努力 推进 社会主义 事业 , 取得 了 举世瞩目 的 伟大 成就 .\r\n江泽民 指出 , 我们 观察 和 评估 澳门 形势 , 要 把握住 四 基本 依据 , 也就是 要 有 四 \" 坚信 \" .\r\n但 澳门 有 自己的 特点 , 因此 , 一定 要 坚持 从 澳门 的 实际 出发 , 全面 贯彻 \" 一国两制 \" , \" 澳 人治 澳 \" , 高度 自治 的 方针 , 并 在 实践 中 不断 总结经验 .\r\n澳门 回归 后 , 在 特区 政府 的 有效 治理 下 , 治安 状况 已有 明显 好转 .\r\n这 充分 说明 , 澳门 特区 政府 是 完全 有能力 把 治安 搞好 的 .\r\n中央政府 将 全力 支持 澳门 特区 政府 为 改善 治安 状况 所 作 的 努力 .\r\n澳门 的 治安 问题 , 关系到 广大 澳门 居民 的 切身 利益 , 关系到 澳门 旅游业 乃至 整个 澳门 经济 的 发展 , 也 关系到 澳门 的 国际 形 像 , 事关重大 .\r\n一定 要 把 这个 问题 解决好 , 使 澳门 真正 成为 一个 靖安 祥和 的 社会 .\r\n国务院 副总理 钱其琛 和 国务院 港澳 事务 办公室 主任 廖晖 参加 了 今天 澳门 代表团 的 审议 . 澳门特别行政区 行政 长官 何厚铧 代表 出席 会议 .\r\n澳门 代表团 团长 唐星樵 主持 了 今天 的 讨论 .\r\n应 中外 记者 的 要求 , 周永康 和 四川省 人大 常委会 主任 谢世杰 , 省长 张中伟 等 四川省 负责人 , 今天 在 人民 大会堂 台湾 厅 就 西部 大 开发 等 问题 回答 了 中外 记者 的 提问 .\r\n有 记者 问 , 四川 在 实施 西部 大 开发 中 的 主要 目标 和 措施 是 什 幺 .\r\n周永康 说 , 四川省 的 人口 和 国内 生产 总值 均 占 西部 10 省 , 自治区 , 直辖市 的 近 三分之一 .\r\n他 说 , 适度 超前 地 加快 基础 设施 建设 , 再 经过 5 年 的 努力 , 基本 解决 \" 蜀 道 难 \" 的 问题 , 大力 加强 水利 和 电网 , 气 网 , 水网 , 信息 网 等 基础 设施 建设 .\r\n10 多年 来 , 四川 吸收 利用 外资 132亿 美元 , 实际 到位 67亿 美元 , 50 跨国公司 到 四川 投资 或 设立 办事处 .\r\n周永康 还 回答 了 中外 记者 提出 的 其它 问题 .\r\n马 司令员 说 , 中国 海军 航空兵 的 装备 已 由 组建 初期 的 单一 机 种 , 逐步 发展 到 现在 的 多 机 种 组合 , 性能 较为 先进 , 攻防 兼备 , 具有 一定 的 现代 综合 作战 能力 .\r\n海军航空兵 未来 的 发展 可以 用 四 话 来 概括 , 就是 : 优化 结构 , 突出 重点 , 强化 训练 , 精兵 合成 . 真正 成为 精干 顶用 的 海 空 精兵 .\r\n亚洲 金融 危机 对 中国 冲击 不大 , 人民币 不能 自由 兑换 被 认为 是 一道 重要 的 \" 防火墙 \" .\r\n但 在 对 市场 的 管理 中 , 当 有可能 出现 大量 套汇 逃汇 时 , 便 加大 管理 强度 , 手续 过 繁 , 从而 带来 不便 .\r\n这 主要 是 因为 人民币 资本 账户 没有 开放 , 为了 划清界限 , 便 增加 了 很多 规定 , 来 保证 资本 项目 下 的 外汇 处 於 严格 管理 之中 .\r\n他 认为 , 加入 WTO 对 中国 来说 是 个 难得 的 大 机遇 , 中国 与 国际 市场 的 联系 将 更加 紧密 .\r\n根据 中美 达成 的 协议 , 加入 WTO 后 , 中国 各 经济 部门 最 短 二 年 最 长 五 年 都要 对外开放 , 以 符合 市场经济 一般 的 国际 规范 , 与 此 相适应 , 人民币 资本 账户 的 开放 是 不可 避免 的 .\r\n要 放宽 外商 在 技术 转让 , 内销 比例 和 一些 行业 投资 比例 的 限制 , 鼓励 外商 投资 农业 , 基础 设施 , 环保 产业 和 高新技术 产业 .\r\n众所周知 , 中国 对外开放 商业 , 外贸 , 金融 , 保险 , 证券 , 电信 , 旅游 和 中介 服务 领域 , 是 一个 十分 谨慎 的 问题 .\r\n在 中美 有关 WTO 的 谈判 中 , 上述 领域 的 开放 进程 , 曾经 有过 长 时间 的 争论 .\r\n他 指出 , 今年 中国 将 进一步 改善 投资 环境 , 拓展 利用 外资 的 方式 和 领域 .\r\n放宽 外商 投资 的 领域 , 地域 和 技术 转让 , 技术 含量 , 外汇 平衡 , 外资 比例 等 多方面 的 限制 .\r\n与此同时 , 参加 北京 \" 两会 \" 的 代表 和 委员 们 纷纷 向 大会 提交 议案 , 尤其是 在 对外开放 和 加入 世贸 组织 谈判 中 有争议 的 电信业 开放 问题 最 受 关注 .\r\n美国 中央 康州 大学 1972年 就 开始 与 中国 的 多 所 高校 建立 交流 和 合作 关系 , 并 于 1996年 成立 了 中国 资源 管理 中心 , 帮助 培训 中国 在 经济 , 金融 , 教育 等 领域 的 专业 人材 .\r\n北京 举行 \" 两会 \" , 每 凡 国家 领导人 到 各省 代表团 参加 讨论 , 各省 都会 精心 安排 一些 发言 , 直接 向 中央 反映 问题 , 提出 一些 建议 , 力争 得到 一些 帮助 .\r\n当 西安市 市长 冯煦初 在 发言 中 建议 在 西安 设立 高新技术 证券 交易所 时 , 温家宝 插话说 : \" 我 也 给 你 提 个 建议 . \"\r\n柜台 交易 平均 成本 是 一点零七 美元 , 电话 交易 零点五二 美元 , 柜 员 机 零点二七 美元 , 互联网 零点零一 美元 .\r\n我 建议 陕西 研究 制定 信息 发展 战略 , 起步 早 , 受益 也 早 .\r\n陕西 要 利用 自身 的 科技 优势 , 你们 具有 这个 条件 .\r\n凝听 , 记录 , 提问 , 构成 了 温家宝 的 听会 \" 三部曲 \" .\r\n第三 件 是 , 陪同 我 考察 的 村 支部 书记 的 衣服 上 都 打 著 补丁 .\r\n西部 开发 是 两 代表团 最 热门 的 话题 .\r\n大家 还 就 科技 兴 省 等 问题 , 分析 了 青海省 科教 改革 和 发展 的 现状 , 并 提出 了 建议 .\r\n贺国强 , 肖允徽 , 陈国芬 , 陈万志 , 陈 万 里 , 陈上华 , 许志琴 代表 和 列席 会议 的 重庆市 市长 包叙定 等 先后 发言 .\r\n在 两 会场 上 , 代表 们 都 争相 发言 , 气氛 活跃 .\r\n李岚清 在 这 两 个 会上 发表 了 意见 .\r\n他 说 , 党中央 , 国务院 关于 西部 开发 的 战略 决策 受到 全国 的 拥护 .\r\n西部 开发 科教 要 先行 , 要 采取 多种 措施 培养 , 留住 , 吸引 国内外 各类 人才 , 并 充分 发挥 他们 的 作用 .\r\n在 教育 方面 , 特别 要 下 力气 搞好 基础教育 , 实现 普及 九 年 义务教育 和 扫除 青壮年 文盲 的 目标 , 这 对于 提高 西部 地区 各族 人民 的 素质 和 实现 大 开发 战略 目标 意义 重大 .\r\n见面 时 , 李鹏 同 澳门 全国 人大 代表 一一 亲切 握手 .\r\n唐星樵 团长 介绍 了 代表团 成员 并 请 大家 发表 意见 .\r\n李鹏 说 , 我 洗耳恭听 . 黄枫桦 , 杨秀雯 , 李成俊 三 代表 谈 了 此次 出席 人大 会议 的 感受 .\r\n李鹏 说 , 很 高兴 来 看望 各位 代表 , 特别是 在 人民 大会堂 澳门 厅 第一 和 澳门 人大 代表 见面 .\r\n他 说 , 澳门 回归 后 , 澳门 同胞 通过 选举 产生 了 澳门 特别 行政区 全国 人大 代表 , 这次 选举 是 成功的 , 体现 了 公开 , 公正 , 公平 和 廉洁 的 原则 .\r\n它 表明 在 \" 一国两制 \" 的 方针 下 , 澳门 居民 中 的 中国 公民 享有 依法 参加 管理 国家 事务 的 权利 , 这 在 澳门 历史 上 是 从来 没有过 的 .\r\n他 指出 , 澳门特别行政区 成立 以来 , \" 一国两制 \" 的 方针 和 澳门特别行政区 基本法 得到 贯彻 实施 , 特别行政区 的 各项 工作 都 在 正常 运转 .\r\n我们 相信 , 有 伟大 祖国 和 12亿 人民 作 后盾 , 澳门 同胞 一定 会 治理 好 澳门 , 也 一定 能够 保持 澳门 的 长期 繁荣 发展 .\r\n我们 对 澳门 的 前途 充满 信心 .\r\n李鹏 强调 , 根据 \" 一国两制 \" 的 方针 和 基本法 的 规定 , 澳门特区 不 实行 人民代表大会制度 , 澳门 的 全国 人大 代表 将 依照 宪法 和 法律 赋予 全国 人大 代表 的 各项 职权 , 参加 行使 国家权力 , 履行 代表 义务 .\r\n澳门 的 全国 人大 代表 要 继续 发扬 爱国 爱 澳 的 光荣 传统 , 为 维护 澳门 的 长期 稳定 和 发展 作出 贡献 .\r\n陪同 李鹏 委员长 看望 澳门 全国 人大 代表 的 有 全国 人大 常委会 副 委员长 成 思 危 , 秘书长 何椿霖 .\r\n阿不来提 在 回答 法新社 和 挪威 一家 电视台 记者 提问 时 说 , 新疆 目前 社会 稳定 , 民族团结 , 经济 发展 .\r\n这 不是 民族 问题 , 也 不是 宗教 问题 , 而是 分裂 国家 的 问题 .\r\n他们 打 著 民族 宗教 的 旗帜 , 从事 所谓 的 \" 独立 活动 \" , 是 不得人心 的 , 因而 受到 新疆 各族 人民 的 唾弃 , 并 一次次 被 粉碎 .\r\n因此 , 新疆 的 分裂 与 反分裂 斗争 是 长期 的 .\r\n新疆 各族 人民 衷心 欢迎 兄弟 各省市 与 新疆 携手 , 参与 和 支持 新疆 的 大 开发 .\r\n新疆 的 大 开发 , 必然 使 新疆 经济 迅猛 发展 , 人民 生活水平 提高 , 民族团结 只能 是 更加 巩固 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月8日 电 中共 中央 , 全国 人大 常委会 , 国务院 的 领导 同志 , 分别 到 广东 , 山东 , 甘肃 , 陕西 , 北京 , 贵州 , 海南 , 安徽 , 上海 , 天津 , 云南 代表团 , 与 代表 一起 审议 讨论 朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 总理 的 政府 工作 报告 .\r\n到 各 代表团 参加 审议 讨论 的 领导 同志 有 : 李铁映 , 吴邦国 , 吴官 正 , 贾庆林 , 黄菊 , 温家宝 , 吴仪 , 周光召 , 王忠禹 .\r\n李铁映 说 , 党中央 , 国务院 十分 重视 哲学 社会科学 建设 和 理论 的 作用 .\r\n去年 我国 社会 科学界 取得 显著 成绩 , 共有 53 课题 获得 国家级 奖 .\r\n李铁映 指出 , 社会 科学研究 要 深入 探索 建设 有 中国 特色 社会主义 事业 中 的 重大 理论 与 实践 问题 , 深入 研究 新 情况 , 新 变化 所 提出 的 重大 战略 课题 .\r\n在 实践 中 要 积极 探索 和 逐步 建立 符合 社会科学 发展 规律 , 与 社会主义 市场经济 体制 相适应 的 现代 科研 院所 新 体制 .\r\n各级 政府 部门 对 社会 科学 研究 机构 的 支持 , 要 落实 在 出题目 , 给 任务 , 压担子 上 , 创造 必要 的 条件 , 多出 成果 , 促进 当地 经济 和 社会 的 持续 快速 健康 发展 .\r\n今年 头 两个 月 , 全国 经济 形势 不错 , 各项 指标 均 好于 去年 同期 , 但 要 清醒 看到 存在 的 问题 .\r\n有效 需求 不足 , 经济 结构 不合理 的 矛盾 仍然 很 突出 , 短期 内 还 看不出 有 新 的 消费 热点 , 经济 生活 中 多年 积累 的 问题 集中 暴露 出来 了 , 国际 市场 还有 很多 不确定 的 因素 , 这些 都要 引起 大家 足够 重视 .\r\n他 强调 , 应该 把 今年 的 困难 估计 得 充分 些 , 思想上 不能 放松 麻痹 , 扎扎实实 把 各项 工作 做 得 更好 .\r\n他 强调 , 实施 西部 大 开发 , 也 使 北京市 的 经济 社会 发展 面临 着 难得 的 机遇 .\r\n西部 地区 幅员 广阔 , 资源 丰富 , 有着 巨大 的 市场 和 发展 潜力 .\r\n要 在 加大 实施 天然林 资源 保护 工程 力度 的 同时 , 在 生态 脆弱 地区 有计划 , 分 步骤 地 退耕 还 林 还 草 .\r\n( 记者 韩振军 ) ( 小标题 ) 吴仪 指出 西部 地区 要 进一步 增加 开放 意识 中共 中央 政治局 候补委员 , 国务委员 吴仪 代表 分别 参加 了 贵州 团 和 海南 团 的 审议 .\r\n在 参加 贵州 团 审议 时 , 吴仪 指出 , 西部 地区 要 进一步 增加 开放 意识 , 利用 开放 促进 西部 大 开发 , 利用 大 开发 带动 大开放 .\r\n在 参加 海南 团 审议 时 , 吴仪 提出 , 海南 要 利用 经济特区 的 政策 优势 和 得天独厚 的 地理 优势 , 加快 发展 特色 经济 .\r\n只要 我们 把 中央 确定 的 方针 政策 和 各项 部署 落到 实处 , 切实 加强 管理 , 国有 企业 改革 和 脱困 的 目标 是 完全 能够 实现 的 .\r\n国家 的 宏观 政策 最终 要 落实 到 企业 , 通过 企业 起作用 , 如果 企业 管理 工作 跟不上 , 再 好的 政策 措施 , 也 难以 收到 好的 效果 .\r\n西部 地区 幅员 广阔 , 资源 丰富 , 有 著 巨大 的 市场 和 发展 潜力 .\r\n( 记者 孙杰 )\r\n今天 上午 , 官方 发布 了 处决 胡长清 的 消息 , 本 社 记者 纷 往 人大 政协 大会 各 驻地 采访 .\r\n许多 代表 委员 初闻此 讯 皆 称快 事 .\r\n晚间 , 各 驻地 代表 委员 收看 处决 胡长清 的 电视 新闻 , 通过 中央 电视台 的 《 焦点 访谈 》 栏目 , 详细 了解 胡长清 案 情况 .\r\n人大 代表 江苏 一 剪 梅 集团 公司 董事长 张旭升 说 , \" 反腐败 工作 , 非 抓 不可 , 力度 还不够 .\r\n他 同时 表示 , 要想 根本 解决 腐败 问题 , 还 需 从 体制 上 下手 , 否则 今天 抓 一个 , 明天 又 会 冒 出 一个 甚至 几个 .\r\n人大 代表 红豆 集团 董事 局 主席 周耀庭 说 , 必须 严惩 腐败 . 古今中外 , 对 贪官 都 进行 惩罚 .\r\n而且 , 法律 面前 人人 平等 , 犯了罪 无论 职位 高低 都 应 依法 惩处 .\r\n宋书声 委员 说 , 建议 中央 针对 腐败 现 像 进行 一次 专项 斗争 , 必须 让 杀一儆百 的 警示 效果 发挥 出来 , 彻底 清理 社会 各种 腐败 现 像 , 以 重 树 良好 社会风气 .\r\n香港 《 镜 报 》 月刊 社长 徐四民 委员 在 他 的 书面 发言 中 写道 , 建立 和 完善 严格 的 法治 架构 , 惩治 贪污 祸 国 者 , 才能 保证 公务员 为 政 清廉 , 立 於 不败之地 .\r\n预防 职务 犯罪 是 遏制 和 减少 国家机关 工作人员 腐败 的 治本 之 策 , 也是 新时期 反腐倡廉 的 新 任务 .\r\n\" 中新社 北京 三月八日 电 \" ( 记者 戴亚平 ) 国务院 副总理 温家宝 今天 和 陕西 代表 一同 审议 政府 工作 报告 时 说 , 西部 大 开发 要 有 新 思路 , 陕西 的 西部 开发 也要 有 新 思路 .\r\n温家宝 说 , 实施 西部 开发 , 我们 没有 经验 , 往往 取 之 於 沿海地区 改革开放 的 经验 , 这是 对的 .\r\n温家宝 说 , 基础 设施 建设 是 西部 大 开发 的 基础 , 陕西 要 把 水利 建设 放在 首位 , 水资源 是 陕西 社会 发展 的 重要 因素 , 也是 关系 陕西 农业 生态 建设 的 重要 因素 .\r\n生态 环境 建设 是 西部 大 开发 的 根本 , 陕西 要 把 重点 放在 水土流失 的 综合治理 上 , 把 退耕 还 林 还 草 同 农田 建设 结合 起来 , 把 林 果 业 同 生态 建设 结合 起来 .\r\n他 称 , 中国 近 五 年 处 於丰水 期 , 没有 发生 连续 大规模 旱灾 , 要 清醒 地 认识到 , 农业 抵御 自然灾害 的 能力 不 强 .\r\n他 还 建议 陕西 用 现代 技术 改造 传统 产业 , 发展 高新技术 和 旅游业 .\r\n福建 与 台湾 一 水 相隔 , 血缘 相亲 , 习俗 相近 , 语言 相通 .\r\n福建 要 进一步 全面 发展 闽 台 关系 , 推动 两岸 早日 实现 \" 三通 \" .\r\n全国 人大 成立 以来 , 全国 人大 常委会 的 工作 报告 , 都是 全国 人大 常委会 副 委员长 作 的 .\r\n\" 文革 \" 期间 , 国家 政治 生活 陷 於 混乱 , 全国 人大 工作 也 处 於 不 正常 状态 , 其间 全国 人大 常委会 没有 向 大会 报告 工作 .\r\n党 的 十一 三中全会 以后 , 全国 人大 工作 逐渐 规范化 , 制度化 .\r\n在 一九七九年 召开 的 五 全国 人大 二 会议 上 , 全国 人大 常委会 恢复 向 大会 报告 工作 , 但 仍 沿用 书面 报告 形式 .\r\n自 一九八零年 五 全国 人大 三 会议 至 一九九九年 九届 全国 人大 二 会议 , 一直 由 副 委员长 向 大会 报告 全国 人大 常委会 工作 .\r\n今年 二月二十一日 委员长 会议 采纳 了 代表 们 的 建议 , 建议 由 李鹏 委员长 向 九届 全国 人大 三 会议 作 全国 人大 常委会 工作 报告 .\r\n随后 , 得到 九届 全国 人大 常委会 第十四 会议 的 同意 .\r\n记者 了解到 , 许多 代表 认为 , 这是 人大 工作 的 新 气 像 , 对 於 推动 人大 制度 建设 有 著 积极 意义 .\r\n快讯 : 九 全国 人大 三 会议 举行 第三 大会 新华社 北京 三月九日 电 九届 全国 人大 三 会议 今天 上午 举行 第三 大会 , 听取 全国 人大 常委会 工作 报告 , 关於 立法 法 草案 的 说明 .\r\n江泽民 , 朱鎔基 , 李瑞环 , 胡锦涛 , 尉健行 , 李岚清 等 党 和 国家 领导人 出席 会议 .\r\n会议 由 大会 执行主席 , 主席团 常务 主席 布赫 主持 .\r\n由 委员长 向 全国 人民 代表 大会 作 常委会 工作 报告 , 在 全国 人大 历史 上 是 第一 .\r\n此前 , 报告 人均 为 副 委员长 .\r\n\" 三 代表 \" 是 由 我们 党 的 性质 和 纲领 决定 的 .\r\n我们 党 作为 中国 各族 人民 利益 的 忠实 代表 , 必须 体现 工人阶级 大公无私 的 品质 .\r\n除了 人民群众 的 利益 之外 , 党 没有 任何 私利 .\r\n全党 同志 必须 始终 坚持 全心全意 为人民服务 的 宗旨 , 为 实现 好 , 发展 好 和 维护 好 人民 的 利益 而 无私 奉献 .\r\n历史 的 经验 表明 , \" 三 代表 \" 是 我们 党 立 党 之本 , 力量 之 源 , 生命 之 基 .\r\n在 经济 上 , 全球化 进程 不断 加快 , 知识经济 迅速 兴起 , 以 知识 创新 , 技术 创新 和 高新技术 产业 为 核心 的 综合 国力 竞争 日益 激烈 .\r\n这些 重大 而 深刻 的 变化 , 既 为 我们 的 事业 发展 提供 了 机遇 , 也 使 我们 党 面临 新 的 挑战 和 考验 .\r\n经过 20 多年 的 改革开放 , 我国 的 经济 和 社会 发展 取得 了 巨大 成就 , 人民 生活水平 显著 提高 .\r\n在 当代 中国 , 离开 党 的 领导 和 社会主义 道路 , 任何 成就 都 不可能 取得 .\r\n要 深刻 认识到 , 在 科学技术 飞速 发展 的 今天 , 我国 的 社会 生产力 水平 同 发达国家 相比 , 还有 很大 的 距离 , 小 富 即 安 , 小 进 即 满 , 不是 共产党人 的 思想 境界 和 胸怀 .\r\n做到 \" 三 代表 \" , 对 党 的 领导干部 提出 了 新 的 更高 的 要求 .\r\n\" 三 代表 \" 的 要求 能不能 落到 实处 , 在 一定 意义 上 , 取决于 能否 按照 党中央 的 要求 , 建设 一 支 高素质 的 干部 队伍 .\r\n新华社 纽约 3月8日 电 ( 记者 顾震球 ) 朝鲜 和 美国 两国 的 代表 8日 在 纽约 举行 正式 会谈 , 以便 为 朝鲜 高级 官员 访问 美国 以及 两国 于 下月 在 华盛顿 举行 高级 别 会晤 做 准备 .\r\n会谈 在 美国 常驻 联合国 代表团 驻地 举行 .\r\n会谈 开始 前 , 朝鲜 代表团 团长 , 副 外长 金桂冠 和 美国 代表团 团长 , 美国 助理 国务卿 帮办 查尔斯·卡特曼 均 没 对 等候 在 会谈 现场 外面 的 记者 透露 任何 细节 .\r\n据报道 , 朝 美 双方 已就 朝鲜 高级 官员 访美 一 事 进行 了 几个 月 的 准备 工作 , 但 目前 双方 仍 需要 具体 磋商 访问 日期 等 具体 细节 问题 .\r\n如果 朝鲜 高级 官员 访美 能够 顺利 成行 , 那 将 是 对 美国 前 国防部 长 佩里 去年 5月 访问 朝鲜 的 回应 .\r\n贾庆林 代表 说 , 近 几 年 来 , 北京市 郊区 农业 和 农村 工作 充满 活力 , 开创 了 新 的 局面 .\r\n主要 标志 是 : 党 在 农村 的 基本 政策 得到 落实 , 延长 土地 承包期 工作 进展 顺利 , 农民 的 投资 , 经营 主体 地位 得到 了 确立 , 广大 农民 的 积极性 空前 高涨 .\r\n产权 制度 改革 取得 突破性 进展 , 多元化 投资 体制 初步 形成 , 农村 公有制 经济 焕发 出 新 的 生机 .\r\n农村 经济 健康 发展 , 精品 农业 , 籽种 农业 , 设施 农业 , 创汇 农业 , 加工 农业 , 观光 农业 \" 六 农业 \" 迅速 成长 , 农业 的 基础 地位 得到 巩固 .\r\n乡镇企业 通过 重组 转制 走出 困境 , 支柱 作用 进一步 增强 .\r\n农民 增收 步伐 明显 加快 , 去年 实现 了 % 的 增长速度 , 达到 了 近 几 年 来 的 最高 水平 .\r\n北京郊区 的 农业 , 农村 发展 正 孕育着 一次 新 的 质的 飞跃 .\r\n二 是 城镇 建设 滞后 , 制约 着 经济 和 社会 发展 .\r\n尽管 近 几 年 来 有所 发展 , 但 总体 看 , 北京 郊区 村镇 建设 水平 还 不高 , 不仅 滞后于 经济 发展 水平 , 也 滞后于 社会 发展 需求 , 与 城市化 进程 , 与 广大 农民 离 土 , 离乡 的 要求 , 都 还 不 适应 .\r\n面对 北京市 农村 经济 发展 新 形势 , 当前 和 今后 一个 时期 北京 的 农业 和 农村 工作 采取 什 幺 样 的 对策 呢 ?\r\n贾庆林 代表 指出 : 第一 , 要 大力 推进 经济 结构 的 战略性 调整 .\r\n北京 郊区 的 根本 出路 在于 大力 推进 二 , 三 产业 的 发展 .\r\n要 大力 优化 农业 结构 , 提高 畜牧业 和 经济作物 在 农业 中 的 比重 , 发展 特种 种植 , 特种 养殖 , 逐步 把 北京郊区 建设 成为 特色 产品 和 绿色食品 基地 .\r\n在 结构 调整 中 , 要 大幅度 提高 科技 含量 . 进行 结构 调整 关键 在于 科技 进步 .\r\n要 实行 科技 体制 创新 , 利用 市场 机制 实现 科技 与 农村 经济 发展 的 紧密 结合 , 使 更多 的 科技人员 走出 深宅大院 , 到 郊区 搞 科技 开发 和 技术 推广 .\r\n还要 狠抓 农民 文化 知识 和 科技 水平 的 提高 , 使 广大 农民 对 科学技术 有 强烈 的 渴求 和 使用 能力 .\r\n要 进一步 确立 农民 家庭 经营 的 主体 地位 , 调动 起 农民 长久 的 积极性 .\r\n这 方面 既要 通过 认真 落实 党 在 农村 的 经济 政策 , 使 农民 积极 , 主动 , 自觉 , 自主 地 进行 结构 调整 .\r\n第二 , 要 大力 加强 小 城镇 建设 .\r\n小 城镇 建设 是 使 北京郊区 农业 和 农村 现代化 建设 达到 中等 发达国家 水平 的 一 项 重要 措施 , 也是 一 项 十分 艰巨 繁重 的 任务 .\r\n一 要 规划 先行 .\r\n规划 决定 着 小 城镇 发展 的 方向 , 布局 , 规模 和 功能 定位 等 一系列 重大 问题 , 是 小 城镇 建设 的 龙头 .\r\n要 着眼于 形成 合理 的 城镇 体系 和 村庄 布局 , 有利于 产业 和 人口 的 合理 分布 , 认真 把 村镇 规划 搞好 .\r\n规划 一经 确定 , 就要 认真 执行 , 不可 随意 变动 , 以 保证 小 城镇 建设 持久 健康 发展 .\r\n合理 的 产业 结构 和 雄厚 的 经济 实力 , 是 小 城镇 生存 和 发展 的 重要 基础 , 也是 小 城镇 形成 强大 辐射 能力 , 带动 地区 经济 , 社会 发展 的 根本 条件 .\r\n三 是 注重 环境 建设 , 实现 可持续发展 .\r\n有条件 的 地方 还要 适当 超前 安排 , 为 长远 发展 留下 余地 .\r\n无党派人士 阿不都热合曼 · 艾力 , 六十年 代 毕业 於 北京 师范 大学 , 用 他 自己的 话说 是 : \" 在 党 五十 年 来 教育 下 培养 出来 的 少数民族 干部 .\r\n中国 制定 立法 法 维护 国家 法制 统一 新华社 北京 三月九日 电 ( 记者 倪四义 ) 旨在 规范 立法 活动 , 维护 国家 法制 统一 的 立法 法 草案 今天 提请 此间 召开 的 九届 全国 人大 三 会议 审议 .\r\n立法 法 草案 此前 已经 全国 人大 常委会 两 审议 .\r\n它 是 提请 本次 会议 审议 的 唯 一一 法律 案 .\r\n目前 的 全国 人大 及其 常委会 授权 国务院 立法 的 做法 在 立法 法 草案 中 得以 保留 .\r\n草案 规定 , 根据 授权 制定 的 法规 应当 报 授权 决定 规定 的 机关 备案 .\r\n中国 财政部 农业部 审计署 国家 税务 总局 中国 建设 银行 中国 银行 华润 集团 昆明 机床 深圳 高速 上海 实业 兖州 煤矿 等 政府 部门 和 大型 国企 均 是 德勤 的 客户 .\r\n本周 三 , 德 勤 经过 竞 标 , 与 中国 财政部 签定 合作 合同 , 将 为 财政部 修订 会计 准则 提供 专业 谘询 服务 .\r\n这是 世界 银行 贷款 资助 的 项目 .\r\n出席 签字 仪式 的 财政部 副部长 张佑才 说 , 会计制度 的 改革 对 中国 加入 WTO 中国 经济 走向 世界 具有 重要 作用 .\r\n德勤 会计师 行亚非 行政 总裁 甘博文 说 , 参与 这个 项目 再次 表明 德 勤 致力 於 与 中国 政府 长期 合作 的 承诺 .\r\n李鹏 说 , 全国 人大 去年 共 接待 了 五十 国家 的 议会 代表团 访华 .\r\n不少 国家 的 议会 人士 通过 访华 , 增进 了 对 中国 的 了解 , 消除 了 一些 误解 , 扩大 了 共识 .\r\n李鹏 说 , 今年 , 常委会 将对 城市 居民委员会 组织法 , 土地 管理法 , 乡镇企业 法 , 刑事诉讼 法 的 实施 情况 进行 检查 .\r\n要 进一步 改进 检查 方式 , 轻车简从 , 深入基层 , 深入 群众 , 讲求 实效 , 力戒 形式主义 .\r\n对 於 执法 检查 中 发现 的 典型 违法 事件 , 必要 时 可以 在 新闻 媒体 上 曝光 , 接受 广大 人民群众 的 监督 .\r\n李鹏 说 , 所有 这些 , 都是 为了 依法 监督 中央 财政 工作 , 反对 浪费 与 腐败 , 使 中央 财政 发挥 促进 改革 与 发展 , 保持 社会 稳定 的 作用 .\r\n李鹏 说 , 常委会 对 审判 , 检察 工作 的 监督 要 遵循 坚持 党 的 领导 的 原则 , 不 代行 审判权 , 检察 权 的 原则 , 集体 行使 监督 职权 的 原则 .\r\n监督 的 目的 , 是 为了 推动 司法 机关 启动 内部 的 监督 机制 , 督促 和 支持 审判 机关 , 检察 机关 依法 办案 , 公正 司法 .\r\n李鹏 还 提出 , 要 根据 有关 法律 的 规定 , 认真 做好 法规 , 自治 条例 , 单行 条例 的 备案 审查 工作 .\r\n他 指出 , 法 轮 功 是 邪教 , 中央 决定 予以 取缔 , 做法 是 正确 的 .\r\n江泽民 今天 上午 到 人民 大会堂 香港 厅 出席 香港 代表团 讨论会 , 代表 之一 的 释智慧 在 会上 就 \" 法 轮 功 \" 问题 发言 .\r\n释智慧 称 自己 是 方外 之 人 , 同情 \" 法 轮 功 \" 的 学员 , 他们 因为 心灵 空虚 , 误 坠 迷惘 , 他们 误 以为 练 \" 法 轮 功 \" 便 有 金刚 不 坏 之 身 , 实质 却 并非 如此 .\r\n释智慧 发言 后 , 江泽民 就 中央政府 决定 取缔 \" 法 轮 功 \" 的 来龙去脉 , 用 了 约 三十 分钟 时间 作出 详细 介绍 .\r\n江泽民 表示 , 去年 四月二十五日 \" 法 轮 功 \" 学员 包围 中南海 的 时候 , 他 乘 座 吉普车 沿 中南海 兜圈 看看 , 又 买 有关 书籍 进行 了解 .\r\n弘 一 法师 原名 李叔 同 , 是 一 名 诗词 画 皆 能 的 才子 .\r\n弘 一 法师 后来 在 福建 的 泉州 圆寂 .\r\n江泽民 说 , 他 曾 有 一 次 到 泉州 , 想 看看 弘 一 法师 圆寂 的 地方 .\r\n江泽民 指 \" 法 轮 功 \" 就 象 日本 的 奥姆 真理 教 , 是 一个 邪教 .\r\n这位 朋友 原来 是 长春 汽车 厂 的 总会计师 , 但 因为 误信 \" 法 轮 功 \" , 致使 她 精神错乱 , 患 上 心脏病 也 不肯 就医 , 说 李洪志 叫 她 上天 , 最终 导致 家破人亡 .\r\n内地 出版社 曾 为 \" 法 轮 功 \" 出 了 不少 书籍 , 另外 , 一些 出版社 出版 的 青少年 读物 也 质素 参差 , 损害 下一代 .\r\n江主席 说 , \" 所以 在 某些 方面 , 中国 toomuchfreedom ( 太多 自由 ) , 就 因为 是 缺乏 管理 .\r\n\" 在 中国 , 因为 迷信 \" 法 轮 功 \" 而 死 的 人 有 千 多人 .\r\n江泽民 对 他 说 , 但 中国 情况 却是 本身 精神 正常 , 因为 信 了 李洪志 的 \" 法 轮 功 \" 才 致使 精神失常 .\r\n美国 西雅图 去年 举行 世界 贸易 组织 时 , 因为 被 示威者 包围 , 最终 会议 不能 开下去 .\r\n结果 是 , 美国 施放 了 催泪弹 .\r\n日前 , 钱其琛 在 会见 特首 何厚铧 时 , 也 表明 赌 约 问题 要 由 澳门特区 自行 决定 .\r\n\" 本报 两会 记者组 北京 八日 电 \" 国家主席 江泽民 今天 在 全国 人大 九 届 三 会议 香港 团 的 讨论 会上 谈 了 如何 正确 理解 \" 一国两制 \" 的 问题 .\r\n但 香港 有些 人 各取所需 , 有的 喜欢 引述 \" 河水 不犯 井水 \" , 有的 则 喜欢 引述 \" 井水不犯河水 \" , 其实 这 两 应该 连 在 一起 来 引述 , 这 才是 一个 完整 的 概念 , 请 大家 不要 各取所需 .\r\n马力 引述 , 江主席 还 表示 , 基本法 是 一 部 全国性 法律 , 内地 会 遵守 基本法 , 包括 中央政府 及 各省市 , 自治区 都会 按 基本法 办事 .\r\n据 马力 引述 , 江泽民 主席 还 表示 , 在 香港特区 执行 和 落实 基本法 , 需要 有一个 带头人 , 行政 长官 董建华 就是 香港特别行政区 依法 治 港 的 带头人 .\r\n如果 出现 这种 情况 , 中央 将会 依照 基本法 的 规定 处理 .\r\n财政 司 司长 曾荫权 昨日 提出 了 一个 题为 《 增值 创 富 节流 裕 民 》 的 财政 预算 案 . 这个 预算 案 立足 於 节流 增 效 , 立足 於 推动 香港 经济 进一步 复苏 , 立足 於 使 香港 的 经济 增长 有 更 强大 的 后劲 .\r\n这是 一个 高瞻远瞩 的 财政 预算 案 .\r\n从 国际上 的 经验 来看 , 美国 从 九十年 代 开始 便 采用 节流 增 效 , 加强 科技 投资 , 固本 培 元 之 法 , 成效 甚佳 .\r\n日本 则 采用 加 税 的 办法 , 又 不 节省 公营 开支 , 结果 使 日本 经济 停滞 徘徊 不 前 .\r\n当前 香港 经济 复苏 势头 刚刚 出现 , 如果 加 税 , 很可能 使 复苏 势头 受挫 .\r\n不 加 税 的 方案 , 可 测试 出 当前 的 财 赤 是 结构性 赤字 抑或 是 经济 周期 所 造成 的 赤字 .\r\n这 既 大 得 民心 , 同时 也 使 两 年 来 \" 利民 纾困 \" 的 财政 政策 发挥 后劲 , 达到 推动 经济 复苏 的 具体 效果 .\r\n经过 两 年 金融 风暴 的 煎熬 , 不少 市民 受到 减薪 裁员 的 打击 , 他们 发扬 艰苦 拚搏 的 精神 , 迎接 知识经济 新世纪 的 挑战 .\r\n一个 科技 发达 的 知识 型 社会 , 只要 经济 蓬勃 , 消费 畅旺 , 整体 劳工 必 能 从中 得益 .\r\n财政 赤字 的 产生 , 其实 来自 公营 部门 成本 价格 上升 , 福利 开支 增幅 过 猛 , 而 恰好 这个 阶段 私营 部门 价格 下跌 .\r\n这 就要 在 \" 节流 \" 方面 下功夫 .\r\n政府 在 一 年 前 已经 订出 了 公务员 体制改革 规划 , 节流 收到 成果 .\r\n九九 年 度 出现 的 财 赤 大幅 下降 , 就 包括 了 政府 \" 节流 \" 一零七亿 元 的 成绩 .\r\n预算 案 将 \" 节流 \" 省下 的 公帑 , 拨出 大量 资源 解决 三 人 的 困难 .\r\n第一 是 刚 离开 学校 而 未能 找到 工作 的 青年人 , 政府 将 为 他们 进行 职业 培训 .\r\n第二 是 因 经济 转型 而 失业 的 中年人 , 政府 既 照顾 他们 的 生活 , 又 协助 他们 掌握 新 的 技术 和 谋生 知识 .\r\n市民 都 可以 看到 , \" 节流 \" 是 降低 公营 成本 , 但 没有 降低 服务 质素 , 而且 增加 了 纾缓 民 困 的 拨款 .\r\n能够 吸纳 民间 专才 , 充实 政府 的 专业 队伍 , 必 能 使 有关 部门 的 思维 , 处理 方式 , 服务 质量 有 巨大 改变 , 从而 有力 促进 香港 经济 强劲 复苏 , 把 香港 建成 国际 商业 大都 会 .\r\n阿木 冬 尼牙孜 说 , 热比亚 涉嫌 向 国外 提供 情报 , 破坏 民族团结 , 颠覆 政权 及 危害 国家 安全 , 证据 确凿 , 该 案 很快 就 会 宣判 .\r\n目前 没有 发生 类似 的 暴力 事件 , 只是 有 散发 传单 , 发 恐吓信 之类 的 事情 , 这些 事情 一 出 , 群众 立刻 就 举报 揭发 .\r\n一小撮 分裂 分子 的 活动 不会 影响 即将 开始 的 西部 大 开发 , 不会 影响 新疆 的 经济 发展 .\r\n阿木 冬 尼牙孜 认为 , 新疆 要 参与 西部 大 开发 , 就要 引进技术 , 引进 人才 , 这 可能 使 新疆 的 人口 有所 增加 .\r\n代表 先进 生产力 发展 要求 , 代表 先进 文化 前进 方向 , 代表 最 广大 人民 的 根本 利益 , 这 三 者 是 密切相关 , 辩证 统一 的 整体 , 体现 了 社会主义 的 本质 要求 , 贯穿 其中 的 是 代表 最 广大 人民 的 根本 利益 .\r\n夺取 政权 , 执掌 政权 , 改革开放 , 解放 和 发展 生产力 , 都是 为了 人民 .\r\n这 也就 成为 中国 共产党 人 的 生命 , 中国 共产党 人 的 力量 所在 .\r\n我们 手中 的 权力 , 只能 用来 为人民服务 , 不能 以权谋私 , 不能 为 集团 , 小集团 谋求 私利 , 为 少数人 谋求 私利 .\r\n一切 为了 人民 , 一切 依靠 人民 , 是 代表 和 实现 人民 根本 利益 不可 分割 的 两 重要 方面 .\r\n这就 要求 我们 制定 的 路线 方针 政策 , 我们 的 全部 工作 , 符合 科学 规律 和 客观 实际 , 符合 最 广大 人民 的 根本 利益 .\r\n我国 过去 长期 商品 短缺 的 状况 已 基本 改变 , 这是 了不起 的 成就 .\r\n深入 研究 和 加紧 解决 我国 经济 结构 的 调整 问题 , 已 成为 当务之急 .\r\n这个 任务 , 如果 不 抓紧 完成 , 在 未来 激烈 的 国际 竞争 中 就 会 陷于 被动 .\r\n在 调整 中 , 要 特别 注意 发挥 市场 对 资源 的 配置 作用 , 切忌 回到 计划经济 的 老 方式 , 老 模式 上 .\r\n在 全球 市场 竞争 日趋 激烈 的 情况 下 , 要 增强 我国 经济 发展 后劲 , 保证 我国 经济 的 长远 发展 , 必须 依靠 科技 进步 与 创新 .\r\n要 积极 推进 国家 技术 创新 体系 建设 , 特别 要 加强 基础 性 , 关键性 的 高新技术 领域 的 创新 , 加速 高技术 产业 尤其是 具有 战略 意义 的 新兴产业 的 发展 和 应用 , 积极 培育 新 的 经济 增长点 .\r\n同时 , 要 加速 推动 科技 成果 向 现实 生产力 转化 .\r\n我们 已经 确立 了 按劳分配 为 主体 的 多种 形式 的 分配 格局 , 分配 上 的 \" 平均主义 \" , 吃 \" 大锅饭 \" 现 像 有了 很大 克服 .\r\n解决 收入 分配 问题 , 要求 坚持 以 按劳分配 为 主体 , 多种 方式 并存 的 分配 制度 .\r\n一方面 , 要 坚持 效率 优先 , 兼顾 公平 , 这 有利于 优化 资源 配置 , 促进 经济 发展 , 保持 社会 稳定 .\r\n另一方面 , 要 随着 经济 的 发展 , 不断 改善 广大 工人 , 农民 , 知识分子 和 干部 的 生活 , 逐步 实现 共同 富裕 .\r\n我国 是 一个 农业 大国 , 必须 始终 注意 加强 和 巩固 农业 的 基础 地位 .\r\n要 继续 稳定 党 的 农村 政策 , 着力 调整 农业 和 农村 经济 结构 .\r\n同时 要 加强 农村 基础 设施 建设 , 改善 农业 生产 条件 和 生态 环境 , 稳步 提高 农业 的 综合 生产能力 .\r\n面对 经济 全球化 发展 的 趋势 , 我们 既要 积极 参与 , 又要 善于 保护 自己 , 努力 把 不利 因素 变为 有利 因素 .\r\n要 充分 认识 加入 世贸 组织 后 , 我国 经济 面临 的 机遇 和 挑战 , 积极 采取 应对 措施 , 以利于 抓住 机遇 , 用好 机遇 ; 迎接 挑战 , 赢得 胜利 .\r\n他 又 称 , 如果 台湾 要 搞 \" 独立 \" , 就 意味 著 \" 相煎 何太 急 \" , 因为 两岸 同胞 \" 本 是 同根 生 \" .\r\n在 讨论 开始 前 , 他 专门 就 祖国 统一 问题 回答 了 在场 记者 的 提问 .\r\n江泽民 : \" 烽火 连 三月 , 家书 抵 万金 \" , 你 是 用 的 杜甫 的 诗句 吗 ?\r\n记者 : 江主席 , 澳门 代表团 第一 来 京 开 两会 , 是不是 有 重要 意义 ?\r\n记者 : 两岸 如果 真的 开战 岂不是 \" 相煎 何太 急 \" ?\r\n江泽民 : 幸亏 我 这个 人 喜欢 诗词 , 你 大概 用 的 是 曹植 的 诗句 : \" 煮 豆燃豆 萁 , 豆 在 釜 中 泣 , 本 是 同根 生 , 相煎 何太 急 ?\r\n\" 本 是 同根 生 \" , 本 是 一个 中国 , 为什麽 要 搞 台独 ? ( 掌声 ) 记者 : 怕 不怕 外国 的 干预 呢 ?\r\n江泽民 : 我 是 一个 乐观主义 者 , 我 相信 这 麽 一个 伟大 的 中华 民族 , 最终 肯定 我们 会 统一 .\r\n记者 : 那 怕 不怕 外国 的 干预 ?\r\n江泽民 : 你 是 说 靠 外国 的 压力 来 统一 ?\r\n记者 : 我 是 说 怕 不怕 外国 的 干预 ?\r\n江泽民 : 说 什 麽 , 听 不 清楚 .\r\n( 笑 ) 我 要 再说 就 影响 这个 ( 香港 代表团 ) 讨论 了 , 同时 就 变成 记者招待会 了 .\r\n记者 : 你 希望 到 台湾 去 吗 ?\r\n江泽民 : 我 当然 希望 去 .\r\n记者 : 什 麽 时候 ?\r\n江泽民 : 这 就要 看 情况 , 你 说 ( 现在 ) 这样的 情况 我 能 去 吗 ?\r\n切实 减轻 中小学生 过重 的 学习 负担 是 培养 高素质 的 现代化 人才 的 需要 .\r\n党 的 十一 三中全会 以来 , 我国 教育 战线 勇于 拨乱反正 , 恢复 高考 制度 和 研究生 制度 , 为 我国 的 现代化 建设 培养 了 一批 又 一批 的 出色 人才 .\r\n但是 , 随着 社会 的 不断 发展 , 原有 的 教育 体制 和 教育 方法 越来越 不 适应 现代化 建设 的 需要 , 应试 教育 的 路 越 走 越 窄 .\r\n减负 不减 质 , 关键 在 教育 管理 部门 , 在于 学校 和 老师 .\r\n好的 教师 可以 把 厚 书本 教 \" 薄 \" , 差 的 教师 却 会 把 薄 书本 教 \" 厚 \" .\r\n长期以来 , 教育 战线 的 广大 教职员工 在 党 的 教育 方针 的 指导 下 , 辛勤 耕耘 , 培养 了 一批 又 一批 建设 祖国 的 优秀 人才 .\r\n许多 教育 管理 部门 和 学校 的 同志 说 , 中小学生 要 \" 减负 \" , 政府 也要 减负 , 家长 也要 减负 , 整个 社会 都要 为 \" 减负 \" 提供 良好 的 氛围 .\r\n我们 要 减轻 的 是 过重 的 不必要 的 学生 负担 , 而不是 说 学生 学习 不要 有 负担 .\r\n\" 为了 祖国 的 明天 努力 学习 \" , 应该 成为 每一个 有 理想 , 有抱负 的 学生 的 自觉 行为 .\r\n减轻 中小学生 过重 的 学习 负担 , 也 决 不是 减少 和 取消 必要 的 测验 和 考试 .\r\n自 实行 现代 教育 以来 逐步 形成 的 行之有效 的 各种 检查 学生 学习 情况 和 考查 , 评价 学生 掌握 知识 的 方法 , 现在 仍然 是 有效 和 需要 的 .\r\n世界 正在 进入 知识经济 时代 和 经济 全球化 时代 , 党中央 已经 确定 了 科教 兴 国 的 方针 , 教育 事业 的 改革 和 发展 在 实现 科教 兴 国 的 伟大 战略 中 居于 举足轻重 的 地位 .\r\n江泽民 总书记 的 重要 谈话 把 教育 提到 了 国运 兴衰 , 民族 复兴 的 战略 高度 .\r\n我们 必须 坚持 \" 发展 是 硬 道理 \" , 紧紧 围绕 发展 首都 经济 的 方向 , 通过 科技 创新 , 体制 创新 和 管理 创新 来 增 创新 优势 , 为 率先 在 全国 基本 实现 现代化 打下 坚实 的 基础 .\r\n贾庆林 代表 说 , 北京 在 新 的 一 年 里 , 要 着力 研究 和 解决 三 重大 问题 :\r\n一 是 大力 发展 高新技术 产业 , 加快 经济 结构 的 战略性 调整 .\r\n北京 本着 \" 加强 一 产 , 调整 二 产 , 发展 三 产 \" 的 原则 , 依靠 科技 进步 与 创新 实现 结构 的 战略性 调整 .\r\n农业 要 按照 基本 率先 实现 现代化 的 要求 , 引进 , 掌握 和 运用 先进 技术 , 改造 传统 农业 , 培育 和 发展 新兴 农业 产业 , 进一步 提高 农民 的 富裕 程度 , 继续 加强 和 巩固 农业 的 基础 地位 .\r\n第二产业 , 要 加大 内部 结构 的 调整 力度 , 增强 技术 创新 能力 , 运用 先进 技术 和 高新 技术 改造 , 提升 传统 产业 , 改造 冶金 , 石化 , 机械 , 建材 等 基础工业 , 淘汰 落后 的 生产 工艺 和 技术 , 搞好 城区 工业 企业 的 有序 搬迁 .\r\n第三产业 , 要 重点 发展 旅游 , 金融 保险 , 房地产 , 文化 产业 以及 基于 网络 服务 的 信息 服务业 .\r\n二 是 大力 推进 国有 企业 改革 和 发展 , 努力 建设 社会主义 市场经济 体制 .\r\n今年 是 实现 国有 企业 改革 和 脱困 三 年 目标 的 最后 一 年 , 也是 决战 之 年 .\r\n继续 完善 以 公有制 为 主体 , 多种 经济 成分 共同 发展 的 所有制 结构 , 积极 发展 民营 科技 企业 , 三资企业 , 私营 和 个体经济 , 使 首都 经济 更加 充满 生机 和 活力 .\r\n三 是 大力 开展 环境 治理 和 环境 建设 , 全面 提高 城市 建设 和 管理 现代化 水平 .\r\n内容 提要 : 西部 大 开发 是 我国 跨世纪 宏观经济 发展 的 重大 战略 , 具有 重要 意义 .\r\n西部 大 开发 是 需要 统筹兼顾 , 长期 奋斗 的 宏大 工程 , 必须 坚持 若干 基本原则 .\r\n但 改革开放 以来 , 西部 地区 经济 发展 相对 比较 缓慢 , 与 东部 地区 经济 差距 拉大 .\r\n西部 大 开发 是 我国 跨世纪 宏观经济 发展 的 重大 战略 , 对于 推进 全国 的 改革 和 发展 , 增强 民族团结 , 维护 社会 稳定 , 具有 重要 意义 .\r\n近 十 年 来 , 由于 政府 宏观 政策 适度 倾斜 , 西部 地区 经济 增速 明显 提高 , 有些 重要 指标 甚至 高于 东部 地区 .\r\n例如 1978- 1997年 , 在 全国 GDP 中 所 占 比重 , 东部 地区 从 52% 上升 为 61.4% , 西部 地区 则 从 17% 下降 为 14.8% .\r\n人均 GDP 差距 也 逐渐 拉大 .\r\n改革开放 初期 , 西北 各 省区 人均 GDP 高于 福建 , 其中 青海 甚至 高于 广东 .\r\n但 到 1997年 全国 人均 GDP 为 6392 元 , 西部 人均 GDP 仅 为 4009 元 , 相当于 全国 平均 水平 的 62.7% .\r\n1998年 广东 , 福建 人均 GDP 都 已 超过 10000 元 , 西北 五 省区 除 新疆 达到 6435 元 , 其余 各 省区 均 不到 4500 元 , 相差 达 一 倍 以上 .\r\n中央 在 世纪之交 适时 地 提出 实施 西部 大 开发 战略 , 就是 为了 缩小 地区 差距 , 协调 地区 发展 , 逐步 实现 从先 富 到 共 富 的 目标 .\r\n旅游 资源 也 十分 丰富 .\r\n但 由于 资金 投入 不足 , 开发 缓慢 , 丰富 的 资源 未能 充分 利用 , 资源 优势 未能 转化为 经济 优势 , 潜在 优势 未能 转化为 现实 优势 , 这 不仅 影响 了 本地区 经济 的 发展 , 也 降低 了 全国 经济 发展 的 速度 .\r\n加快 西部 开发 , 有利于 扩大 内需 .\r\n改革开放 以来 , 我国 市场 状况 已 发生 根本性 变化 , 从 物资 短缺 转为 相对 过剩 , 从 卖方市场 转为 买方 市场 , 从 供给 不足 转为 有效 需求 不足 , 近 几 年 更 有 从 通货膨胀 转为 通货 紧缩 的 趋势 .\r\n至 1999年 底 , 生产资料 出厂 价格 指数 和 社会 消费品 零售 价格 总 水平 均 已 连续 下降 27个 月 .\r\n尤其 在 当前 国际 市场 竞争 十分 激烈 , 价格 不确定 因素 增多 , 市场 变动 无常 的 情况 下 , 以 扩大 内需 为主 , 也是 降低 经济 风险 的 重要 措施 .\r\n加快 西部 开发 , 有利于 提高 西部 地区 居民 的 物质生活 和 文化 生活水平 .\r\n当前 , 西部 地区 城乡 居民 的 物质 文化 生活水平 与 东部 地区 的 差距 相当 大 .\r\n1998年 , 全国 电话 普及率 为 10.68% , 陕西 为 5.10% , 甘肃 为 3.82% , 青海 为 4.50% , 宁夏 为 7.07% , 新疆 为 6.96% , 平均 比 全国 水平 约 低 4个百分点 .\r\n西部 大 开发 , 必然 提高 西部 地区 经济 增长速度 , 增加 本地区 城乡 居民 的 就业 机会 和 收入 , 为 改善 居民 物质 文化 生活 创造 条件 . 加快 西部 开发 , 还 具有 重要 的 社会 政治 意义 .\r\n经济 发展 是 社会 稳定 , 政治 团结 和 增强 民族 凝聚力 的 物质 基础 .\r\n加快 西部 地区 开发 的 步伐 , 提高 经济 发展 的 速度 , 各族 人民 收入 增加 了 , 生活 富裕 了 , 无疑 有助于 巩固 和 发展 各民族 的 大团结 , 进而 从 根本上 维护 民族 地区 的 社会 稳定 .\r\n西部 大 开发 是 一 项 具有 伟大 战略 意义 的 事业 , 是 需要 统筹兼顾 , 长期 奋斗 的 跨世纪 工程 , 须 坚持 以下 基本原则 .\r\n打破 经济 技术 梯度 推移 理论 的 束缚 , 敢于 跳跃式 发展 .\r\n长期以来 , 一直 流行 着 梯度 推移 观念 , 认为 经济 , 技术 的 发展 只能 从 东 到 西 , 一 步 一 步 推移 .\r\n在 计划经济 条件 下 , 地区 经济 的 发展 , 完全 靠 国家 投资 , 政策 支持 , 只能 按 国家 既定 计划 梯度 推移 .\r\n有人 认为 , 经济 落后 地区 , 改革 也 应该 滞后 .\r\n因此 , 为了 加快 发展 , 必须 加快 改革 .\r\n为了 加快 改革 , 首先 必须 转变 人们 的 观念 , 尤其是 转变 领导干部 的 观念 .\r\n改革 会 出现 一些 新 问题 , 会 发生 一些 新 矛盾 , 甚至 会 损害 一部分 人 的 利益 .\r\n但 如果 不 改革 , 如果 经济 不 发展 , 问题 会 更多 , 矛盾 会 更 尖锐 , 损害 的 不仅仅是 一部分 人 的 利益 , 而是 绝 大多数 人 的 利益 .\r\n改革 当然 会 有 风险 , 但 不 改革 , 延缓 改革 的 风险 更大 .\r\n因此 , 西部 大 开发 , 必须 加大 改革 力度 , 以 改革 促 开发 , 以 改革 促 发展 .\r\n为了 加快 西部 开发 , 政府 要 对 外商 投资 实行 比 东部 更加 优惠 的 政策 , 以 吸引 更多 外资 .\r\n开发 西部 , 不仅 要 利用 国外 资源 和 市场 , 也要 利用 东 , 中部 的 资源 和 市场 .\r\n坚持 两 个 开放 , 是 加快 西部 开发 的 必然 选择 .\r\n非 公有制 经济 是 社会主义 市场经济 的 重要 组成部分 .\r\n大力 发展 非 公有制 经济 , 是 西部 大 开发 的 必由之路 , 具有 重要 意义 .\r\n按照 市场经济 规律 , 以 市场 导向 发展 西部 经济 .\r\n在 计划经济 条件 下 , 例如 改革开放 前 的 \" 三线 \" 建设 , 完全 是 用 政府 的 , 计划 的 , 指令性 的 办法 进行 的 , 弊端 丛生 , 损失 严重 , 教训 十分 深刻 .\r\n把 \" 看不见 的 手 \" 和 \" 看得见 的 手 \" 结合 起来 , 有利于 加快 西部 开发 的 步伐 .\r\n速度 与 素质 并重 , 以 提高 素质 为主 .\r\n西部 与 东部 经济 差距 拉大 的 原因 , 就是 因为 改革开放 以来 , 西部 发展 速度 远远 低于 东部 .\r\n西部 地区 经济 欠发达 的 一个 重要 原因 , 就是 长期 忽视 可持续发展 , 森林资源 乱砍滥伐 , 水土流失 严重 , 土地 荒漠 化 加剧 , 矿产资源 掠夺性 开采 等 , 教训 是 十分 深刻 的 .\r\n在 开发 西部 地区 时 , 我们 要 十分 重视 保护 环境 , 保护 资源 , 维持 生态平衡 , 实现 可持续发展 .\r\n制定 科学 规划 , 逐步 推进 , 长期 发展 . 西部 开发 是 一 项 长期 的 事业 , 社会主义 市场经济 体制 的 建立 , 经济 现代化 的 实现 和 城乡 居民 物质 文化 生活 状况 的 根本 改善 , 都 不是 短 时间 可以 达到 的 .\r\n大力 发展 交通 运输 , 通讯 网络 , 供水 供电 等 基础 设施 , 改善 投资 环境 .\r\n发展 铁路 , 公路 等 基础 设施 , 不仅 可以 减少 运输 成本 , 加快 货物 运输 速度 , 节省 物资 消耗 , 改善 投资 环境 , 而且 可以 与 东部 地区 密切 经济 联系 , 有利于 技术 , 人才 的 交流 .\r\n在 二十一世纪 , 信息 对 经济 发展 的 作用 将 越来越 大 .\r\n西部 信息 普及率 低于 全国 平均 水平 .\r\n因此 , 在 增加 基础 设施 建设 的 投资 中 , 增加 信息 产业 的 投资 十分 必要 .\r\n发展 教育 和 科学 事业 , 提高 劳动力 和 人才 素质 .\r\n改革开放 以来 , 西部 地区 人才 外流 现 像 十分 突出 .\r\n喜 的 是 通过 人才 流动 , 才 尽 其 用 , 素质 提高 ; 忧 的 是 发展 西部 的 人才 缺乏 .\r\n西部 有的 省份 , 如 陕西 , 四川 等 , 科技 力量 较 雄厚 , 科技 成果 较多 .\r\n用 资源 换 资金 , 筹措 发展 经费 .\r\n从 当前 情况 看 , 增加 政府 投资 是 必要 的 , 但 潜力 不大 , 而且 完全 依靠 政府 投资 , 也 不 符合 市场经济 规律 的 要求 .\r\n因此 , 当地 自筹 是 主要 方式 .\r\n但 由于 经济 落后 , 资金 积累 缓慢 , 难以 满足 快速 发展 的 需要 .\r\n例如 , 在 土地 使用 , 资源 开采 , 产业 发展 等 方面 , 为 投资者 提供 优惠 条件 , 以 吸引 外地 和 外国 投资者 .\r\n金融 是 现代 经济 的 核心 .\r\n发展 西部 经济 , 必须 充分 重视 和 运用 金融市场 .\r\n改革 户籍 管理 制度 , 促进 劳动力 和 人才 流动 .\r\n农民 进城 , 部分 农村 劳动力 转为 城镇 劳动力 , 是 经济 发展 的 必然 趋势 , 也是 社会 进步 的 重要 标志 .\r\n现行 户籍 管理体制 , 既 不 适应 市场经济 的 要求 , 也 不 适应 西部 开发 的 需要 , 应 在 政策 上 加以 调整 和 突破 .\r\n小 城镇 建设 投资 少 , 可以 发挥 各方面 的 积极性 , 也 有利于 克服 \" 城市 病 \" 和 \" 农村 病 \" , 为 城乡 均衡 发展 创造 条件 .\r\n误解 之一 , 有人 将 \" 入世 \" 等同于 大幅度 削减 关税 税率 和 拆除 非 关税壁垒 , 进而 认为 我国 经济 将 遭受 严重 冲击 .\r\n八 年 来 名义 关税 税率 持续 降低 所 带来 的 是 我国 经济 和 外经贸 的 稳健 发展 , 而不是 没顶 之 灾 .\r\n② 目前 我国 17% 的 名义 关税 税率 , 仍然 高于 发展中国家 10% , 发达国家 3% 的 关税 水平 .\r\n可见 , 能否 有效 保护 国内 经济 的 关键 不 在于 维持 一个 多高 的 名义 关税 税率 , 而 在于 完善 关税 制度 .\r\n① 目前 我国 主要 工业品 的 产量 已 位居 世界 前列 , 但 工业 增长 方式 还是 建立 在 脆弱 的 资源 消耗 型 基础 上 的 , 其 粗放 增长 很难 长期 维系 .\r\n因此 , 今后 我国 资本 , 技术 密集型 产业 的 发展 方向 不是 外延 扩张 , 而是 利用 \" 入世 \" 的 契机 , 引入 市场 竞争 机制 , 加速 转变 经济 增长 方式 .\r\n② 我国 产业 间 利益 分配 不甚 合理 . 我国 具有 较强 国际 竞争力 的 行业 , 例如 纺织业 等 , 曾 一度 出现 全行业 亏损 ; 而 另 一些 尚 不 具备 国际 竞争力 的 行业 , 却 \" 利润 \" 可观 .\r\n因此 , 今后 几年 我国 金融 服务业 进一步 开放 对 中 资 和 外资 金融 机构 都 有影响 .\r\n总之 , 对 \" 入世 \" 对 我国 经济 可能 带来 的 冲击 , 既 不能 过分 夸大 , 也 不能 盲目 乐观 , 而是 要 在 客观 分析 的 基础 上 , 沉着 应对 , 抓住 机遇 , 迎接 挑战 .\r\n李鹏 说 , 坚持 党 对 人大 工作 的 领导 , 同 充分 发挥 国家权力 机关 的 作用 , 是 完全 一致 的 .\r\n同样 , 坚持 党 的 领导 , 同 依法 办事 , 维护 宪法 和 法律 的 权威 , 也是 完全 一致 的 .\r\n正是 从 这个 意义 上 说 , 人大 对 \" 一 府 两 院 \" 的 监督 , 同时 也是 一种 支持 , 通过 监督 , 更好地 支持 \" 一 府 两 院 \" 依法 行政 , 公正 司法 .\r\n实践 证明 , 这样 认识 和 处理 问题 , 不但 不会 削弱 人大 的 监督 工作 , 而且 会 改进 和 加强 人大 的 监督 工作 , 更好地 实现 人大 监督 的 目的 .\r\n两 年 来 , 人民群众 对 全国 人大 常委会 的 工作 给予 了 极大 的 关心 和 支持 .\r\n只要 我们 继续 紧紧 依靠 人民群众 , 常委会 的 工作 就 有 坚实 的 群众 基础 , 就 能 真正 代表 人民 的 意愿 , 并 保持 蓬勃 生机 和 旺盛 活力 .\r\n李鹏 说 , 全国 人大 常委会 制定 的 许多 法律 , 都 凝结 着 地方 人大 多年 实践 的 心血 .\r\n常委会 通过 的 法律 , 也要 依靠 地方 人大 才能 得到 正确 有效的 实施 .\r\n因此 , 加强 同 地方 人大 的 联系 , 通过 认真 总结 地方 人大 工作 中 的 经验 , 不断 改进 全国 人大 常委会 的 工作 , 是 推进 社会主义 民主 法制 建设 的 客观 要求 .\r\n2月21日 , 国务院 台办 , 国务院 新闻 办 发表 《 一个 中国 的 原则 与 台湾 问题 》 白皮书 , 系统 , 全面 地 阐述 了 中国 政府 关于 坚持 一个 中国 原则 的 立场 和 政策 .\r\n这 三 讲话 和 文件 在 台湾 和 国际 社会 都 产生 了 强烈 反响 , 引起 了 舆论 的 普遍 关注 .\r\n文章 说 , 自 1979年 以来 , 祖国 大陆 一直 希望 通过 谈判 实现 两岸 和平 统一 , 并 表现出 了 极大 的 诚意 .\r\n这些 都 为 今后 两岸 关系 的 发展 创造 了 好的 条件 .\r\n这 说明 祖国 大陆 方面 一直 在 思考 未来 两岸 对话 与 谈判 问题 , 在 议题 中 尽可能 纳入 台湾 人民 和 台湾 当局 关心 的 问题 .\r\n为了 包括 台湾 同胞 在内 的 全 中国 人民 的 利益 , 必须 制止 \" 台独 \" , 争取 和平 统一 的 前景 .\r\n邓小平 同志 曾多次 讲 过 这个 观点 .\r\n我们 每一个 中国 人 都要 为此 而 努力 , 争取 早日 实现 祖国 完全 统一 .\r\n他 说 , 首先 要 围绕 国家 的 中心 工作 , 进一步 把 立法 工作 与 国家 改革 , 发展 , 稳定 的 重大 决策 结合 起来 .\r\n为此 , 将 进一步 研究 修改 公司法 , 以 适应 国有 企业 改革 和 发展 的 需要 .\r\n将 加强 教育 , 科技 方面 的 立法 , 促进 科教 兴 国 方略 的 落实 .\r\n李鹏 说 , 要 集中 力量 起草 和 审议 几部 基本 的 法律 草案 .\r\n要 在 已经 制定 有关 监督 工作 的 单项 法律 文件 的 基础 上 , 总结 实践 经验 , 抓紧 监督 法 的 起草 工作 .\r\n争取 今年 内 完成 民族区域自治 法 的 修改 工作 .\r\n加快 起草 物 权 法 , 国有 资产 法 等 法律 , 建立 和 健全 有 中国 特色 的 社会主义 物 权 制度 .\r\n李鹏 说 , 要 完成 繁重 的 立法 任务 , 必须 使 立法 活动 规范化 , 不断 提高 立法 工作 的 效率 和 质量 .\r\n要 认真 按照 法律 规定 的 立法 权限 和 立法 程序 开展 立法 工作 , 加强 对 立法 规划 和 年度 立法 计划 实施 工作 的 指导 , 督促 和 协调 .\r\n要 总结 常委会 审议 法律 草案 的 经验 , 完善 重要 法律 草案 的 三 审 制 , 不断 提高 审议 质量 .\r\n要 在 制定 新 的 法律 的 同时 , 把 立法 解释 作为 立法 的 重要 补充 形式 积极 开展 起来 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月9日 电 九届 全国 人大 三 会议 今天 上午 在 人民 大会堂 举行 第三 大会 , 听取 全国 人大 常委会 工作 报告 , 关于 立法 法 草案 的 说明 .\r\n李鹏 指出 , 一 年 来 , 常委会 把 监督 工作 放在 重要 位置 , 法律 监督 与 工作 监督 并重 , 增强 了 监督 实效 .\r\n常委会 安排 起草 和 审议 3 监督 工作 的 单项 规定 和 决定 , 开展 4 执法 检查 , 听取 5 专题 工作 报告 , 这些 工作 已经 基本 完成 .\r\n他 说 , 执法 检查 工作 有了 进一步 加强 和 改进 , 注意 围绕 国家 的 中心 工作 , 人民群众 普遍 关心 的 问题 来 进行 ; 加大 了 工作 监督 的 力度 ; 监督 工作 的 规范化 开始 有了 进展 .\r\n李鹏 说 , 一 年 来 , 常委会 重视 代表 提出 的 议案 和 建议 , 批评 , 意见 的 办理 .\r\n九 全国 人大 二 会议 期间 代表 提出 的 229 件 议案 , 已经 全部 办理 完毕 , 其中 不少 意见 被 采纳 .\r\n常委会 还 加强 了 与 人民群众 的 联系 , 全年 共 受理 人民群众 来信 6万 余 件 , 接待 人民 群众 来访 一万 余 人次 , 对 来信 来访 中 反映 的 一些 问题 , 进行 了 调查 和 处理 .\r\n他 在 报告 中 还 谈到 常委会 一 年 来 的 对外 工作 .\r\n李鹏 指出 , 九届 全国 人大 常委会 组成 已经 两 年 了 .\r\n继续 加强 监督 工作 , 注重 监督 实效 .\r\n认真 贯彻 实施 常委会 关于 加强 中央 预算 审查 监督 和 关于 加强 对 经济 工作 监督 的 决定 .\r\n1979年 以来 , 我国 的 立法 工作 取得 了 显著 成就 , 积累 了 不少 经验 , 但 在 实际 工作 中 也 存在 着 一些 问题 .\r\n顾昂然 还 就 立法 法 草案 适用 范围 , 立法 活动 应当 遵循 的 基本原则 , 立法 权限 的 划分 , 授权 立法 , 立法 程序 , 法律 解释 , 适用 规则 , 法规 , 规章 的 备案 等 问题 作 了 说明 .\r\n这是 一 支 完成 了 水下 发射 运载火箭 等 重大 任务 的 英雄 部队 , 这是 一道 守卫 共和国 的 水下 钢铁长城 .\r\n挑战 极限 潜艇 深 \" 吸 \" 一口气 , 一个 \" 猛子 \" 扎到 海底 .\r\n潜艇 支队 官兵 们 记 不 清 这是 多少 次 水下 远航 了 , 但 他们 知道 , 此次 潜艇 最大 自给 力 考核 试验 , 将 是 一次 不同 寻常 的 水下 \" 马拉松 \" .\r\n和 以往 远涉 太平洋 不一样 , 这 将 是 中国 常规 潜艇 史 上 时间 最 长 , 行程 最远 的 水下 航行 .\r\n最大 自给 力 考核 试验 , 是 对 潜艇 各种 武器 , 装备 和 艇 员 进行 极限 性 考核 .\r\n潜艇 没有 补给 , 人员 无法 休整 , 武器 装备 将 经受 高强度 , 满负荷 运行 的 考验 , 艇 员 毅力 与 承受力 将 经受 超越 常规 的 极限 挑战 .\r\n潜航 生活 真是 \" 暗无天日 \" .\r\n然而 , 比 高温 更 折磨 人 的 是 艇 内 污浊 的 空气 .\r\n潜艇 四 周 水 茫茫 , 但 艇 员 们 用水 却 极为 紧张 .\r\n艇 员 们 每天 限量 用水 一 小 杯 , 洗脸 刷牙 洗脚 , 还 包括 饮用 , 全都 靠 这点 水 , 连 最高 长官 --- 支队长 刘光悠 也 不例外 .\r\n刘光悠 告诉 记者 , 远航 前 , 每个人 至少 要 准备 四五 套 内衣 , 潜艇 兵 是 不在 远航 中 洗 衣服 的 .\r\n返航 时间 到 了 , 每一个 艇 员 都 期盼 着 拥抱 那 久违 的 大地 .\r\n可 远航 指挥 组 传来 的 指示 却是 \" 继续 长 航 5 天 \" .\r\n国外 的 潜艇 长 航 试验 因为 人员 和 装备 疲劳 , 曾 不止 一次 发生 过 艇 毁 人 亡 的 惨剧 .\r\n超 长 \" 马拉松 \" 的 终点 到 了 , 刘光悠 带领 官兵 创造 了 中国 常规 潜艇 潜航 时间 最 长 , 距离 最远 , 检验 项目 最多 , 考核 内容 最 全等 多个 \" 第一 \" .\r\n专家 评价 说 , 水下 \" 马拉松 \" 绝 不是 消耗 体力 的 回报 , 而是 信念 与 意志 创造 的 奇迹 .\r\n鲸鱼 捣鬼 隐蔽 是 潜艇 的 生命 , 也是 潜艇 生活 的 魅力 所在 .\r\n潜艇 跑 得 愈 远 , 隐蔽 显得 愈发 重要 .\r\n半夜 12点 , 潜艇 正 潜航 在 某 复杂 海域 , 机电 部门 来 报 : 液压 系统 出现 故障 !\r\n液压 系统 是 控制 和 调节 潜艇 平衡 的 \" 神经 \" , 一旦 失控 , 潜艇 就 会 象 铁 块 一样 坠入 海底 .\r\n有人 建议 是不是 上浮 更 稳妥 些 , 在 \" 隐蔽 \" 与 \" 暴露 \" 的 心理 较量 中 , 刘光悠 还是 那 道 指令 : 各 部门 控制 潜艇 水下 方位 , 继续 潜航 排除 故障 .\r\n14个 小时 之后 , 液压 系统 故障 终于 被 排除 了 .\r\n与 核潜艇 不同 , 常规 潜艇 运行 一定 时间 之后 , 必须 上浮 , 将 \" 鼻子 \" 伸出 海面 来 \" 充电 \" .\r\n在 某 海域 , 潜艇 刚刚 抬头 , 反潜 直升机 就 象 苍蝇 一样 嗡嗡 地 飞过来 , 潜艇 赶紧 下 潜 隐蔽 .\r\n飞机 走 远 了 , 潜艇 又 一次 上浮 \" 充电 \" , 没想到 又 一 艘 不明 舰船 出现 在 附近 海区 , 它 不得不 再 下 潜 规避 .\r\n总是 被动 地 躲 躲藏 藏 不是 潜艇 隐蔽 的 上策 , 潜艇 如何 才能 在 隐蔽 与 搜索 中 占有 主动权 呢 ?\r\n潜艇 的 隐蔽 离不开 声纳 .\r\n声纳 是 潜艇 的 \" 眼睛 \" , 潜艇 航行 , 捕获 目标 , 测定 攻击 要素 等 , 靠 的 就是 声纳 .\r\n声纳 兵 的 工作 就是 根据 声纳 仪 接收 的 声音 信号 来 判定 水面 , 水 中 目标 .\r\n在 最大 自给 力 考核 试验 中 , 一次 , 官兵 们 发现 公 海上 一 不明 声波 跟踪 潜艇 多时 , 这 声波 信号 有些 象 驱逐舰 , 又 有些 象 大型 水面 交通 艇 , 还 有些 象 核潜艇 .\r\n经过 紧张 地 分析 , 判断 , 也 未 找到 准确 的 答案 .\r\n这时 , 年 过 40 的 声纳 兵 仇裕平 肯定 地 告诉 指挥员 , 这 声波 信号 是 一群 鲸鱼 在 \" 捣鬼 \" .\r\n潜艇 试探 着 停止 不动 , 耐不住 性子 的 鲸鱼 最后 终于 游走了 .\r\n试验 结束 后 , 录音机 当时 录下 的 声波 信号 被 送到 北京 检测 , 仇裕平 的 结论 与 海洋 专家 的 判断 完全 一致 .\r\n当 了 24 年 声纳 兵 的 他 有 个 习惯 , 不管 听到 什 幺 声音 , 都 用 录音机 录下来 .\r\n为 辨识 两 相近 舰艇 螺旋桨 的 声音 , 他 连续不断 地 听 了 4个 多小时 , 最终 总算 听出 了 声音 信号 的 细微 变化 .\r\n如今 , 往 工作台 一 坐 , 声纳 仪 收到 的 信号 是 商船 还是 军舰 , 目标 的 距离 有 多远 , 吨位 有 多大 , 速度 有 多 快 , 仇裕平 一 听 就 能 准确 地 告诉 你 答案 .\r\n潜艇 能 远航 , 能 隐蔽 , 那 是 真 功夫 , 能 克 敌 致 胜 才是 硬功夫 .\r\n已经 高度 疲劳 的 艇 员 会不会 出现 差错 ? 长 时间 满负荷 运转 的 装备 出现 故障 怎 幺 办 ?\r\n只见 两 鱼雷 从 艇 内 飞出 直 扑 \" 敌 \" 舰 , 随着 一 声 接 一 声 的 巨响 , 远处 滚滚 浓烟 升起 了 胜利 的 信号 .\r\n经过 一次次 的 岸上 试验 , 海上 试验 那 一 天 , 意想不到 的 情况 还是 发生 了 .\r\n指挥员 改用 \" 手语 \" 下达 口令 , 还是 没有 达到 预期 目标 .\r\n第三 试验 继续 在 海上 如期 展开 .\r\n潜艇 一 步步 潜 向 深海 , 10 米 , 20 米 , 30 米 ......\r\n\" 潜 对 潜 \" 实弹 打靶 那 一 天 , 一 名 支队 领导 来到 作为 \" 靶子 \" 的 潜艇 上 , 告诉 战士 们 , 为了 在 未来 海战 中 减少 牺牲 , 今天 就 用 我们 的 人体 作 靶子 .\r\n有 这样的 领头人 , 还有 什 幺 奇迹 不能 创造 ?\r\n有 这样的 水下 长城 , 共和国 还有 什 幺 不 放心 ?\r\n有 记者 问 : 据报道 , 3月7日 , 美国 国防部 正式 通知 美国 会 , 美 准备 向 台湾 出售 162 改进 型 \" 鹰 式 \" 防空 导弹 和 将 台 现有 的 TPS ━ 43F 型 防空 雷达 升级 为 TPS ━ 75V 型 所需 装备 , 总价值 约合 2亿 美元 .\r\n请问 你 对此 有 何 评论 ?\r\n朱邦造 回答 说 : 我们 对 上述 报道 表示 严重 关切 , 并 已 向 美方 提出 严正 交涉 .\r\n他 强调 , 中国 政府 和 人民 一贯 坚决 反对 美国 向 台湾 出售 先进 武器 .\r\n中方 强烈 要求 美方 恪守 中美 三 个 联合公报 和美 方 有关 承诺 , 充分 认识 美 售 台 武器 问题 的 严重 危害性 , 立即 纠正 错误 , 停止 一切 售 台 武器 .\r\n站在 世贸 组织 的 大 门口 , 中国 的 企业 是否 有信心 , 有能力 参与 国际 市场 竞争 ?\r\n世界上 , 家电 产品 的 发展 , 已有 100 多年 历史 , 而 我国 家电 产品 在 1949年 前 几乎 还是 空白 , 1949年 后 的 三十 年 , 也 生产 过 一些 低档 小家电 , 但 发展 缓慢 , 也 几乎 是 空白 .\r\n如今 , 我国 家电 工业 已 能 生产 适应 世界 不同 地区 , 不同 层次 需求 的 一百 品种 , 几 百 个 规格 系列产品 .\r\n电冰箱 , 洗衣机 , 电风扇 , 电饭煲 的 产量 均 已 雄居 世界 首位 .\r\n我国 家电 产品 的 出口 , 也 呈 增长 态势 .\r\n我国 家电 工业 如何 能 在 短短的 十几 年 中 得到 如此 迅猛 的 发展 ?\r\n引进 国外 先进 技术 为 我国 家电 工业 立足 国内 , 走向 世界 奠定 了 坚实 的 基础 .\r\n二 是 市场 竞争 推动 了 我国 家电 工业 的 发展 壮大 .\r\n其 结果 是 : 我国 家电 工业 在 竞争 中 整体 水平 得到 了 提高 , 一批 知名 企业 在 竞争 中 脱颖而出 , 一批 知名 品牌 在 竞争 中 赢得 市场 .\r\n面对 市场经济 全球化 趋势 , 我国 家电 企业 认识到 , 走 国际化 道路 , 是 企业 生存 发展 之路 .\r\n海尔 集团 15 年 来 创 名牌 的 过程 就是 走 国际化 道路 的 过程 .\r\n我国 相当 一批 家电 企业 先后 实施 了 国际化 战略 , 逐步 融入 国际 大市场 的 潮流 .\r\n海尔 回答 是 : \" 靠 技术 创新 . \"\r\n技术 创新 是 增强 竞争 实力 , 实现 国际化 的 重要 保障 , 走 入 国际 市场 的 我国 家电 企业 须臾 不 放松 技术 创新 , 用 大量 人力 , 物力 , 财力 投入 技术 创新 , 并 使之 市场化 , 国际化 , 商品化 .\r\n海尔 为了 研究 超前 10 年 的 技术 , 投资 5亿 元 建立 了 中央 研究院 并 与 国外 合资 成立 了 设计 公司 , 以 引进 国际 一流 设计 .\r\n市场 导向 , 以 人为 本 是 家电 产品 技术 创新 的 启动 点 , 也是 开拓 国际 市场 的 成功 要素 .\r\n海尔 将 \" 名牌 \" 称作 \" 命 牌 \" .\r\n中国 家电 企业 采用 各种 方式 强化 销售 网络 , 扩大 国际 市场 .\r\n六 , 优质 的 售后服务 , 赢得 市场 信誉 家用电器 是 高档 耐用 消费品 , 产品 售出 商店 只是 售出 一部分 产品 , 只有 安装 好了 , 并 达到 安全 使用 , 才是 家电 产品 真正 意义 上 的 售出 .\r\n而 售 后 的 质量 保证 , 更是 直接 关乎 企业 的 市场 信誉 , 拥有 市场 的 一个 重要 因素 .\r\n中国 众多 家电 企业 在 竞争 方略 上 , 将 售 后 的 优质服务 作为 必不可少 的 竞争 利器 .\r\n中国 家电 企业 实施 国际化 战略 也 不止 于 出口 .\r\n海尔 , 春兰 , 小天鹅 , 科龙 等 企业 已 先行 一 步 .\r\n不仅 降低 了 成本 , 扩大 了 国际 市场 , 还 为 企业 进一步 国际化 奠定 了 基础 .\r\n面临 中国 加入 世贸 组织 在即 , 中国 家电 企业 的 国际化 进程 更是 加速 .\r\n海尔 更是 制定 了 明确 目标 , 加大 海外 建 厂 力度 , 要 在 全世界 较大 的 十 经济 区域 , 共同 建立 家电 生产 基地 , 使 海尔 成为 真正 的 国际化 海尔 .\r\n从 中国 家电 产品 进入 国际 市场 的 经验 中 , 我们 可以 得到 许多 有益 的 启迪 .\r\n在 中国 家电 产品 走向 国际 市场 的 过程 中 , 我们 看到 的 , 始终 是 一 条 竞争 的 轨迹 .\r\n中国 家电 企业 勇于 参与 国际 市场 竞争 , 使 他们 在 竞争 中 得到 了 动力 , 在 竞争 中 产生 了 活力 , 在 竞争 中 获得 了 经验 , 在 竞争 中 提高 了 素质 .\r\n规范化 的 国际 市场 竞争 归根结蒂 是 实力 的 竞争 .\r\n销售 网络 的 形成 , 尽管 可 采取 各种 谋略 , 而 最 根本 的 还是 在于 高质量 的 品牌 .\r\n不能 设想 , 一个 质量 , 品牌 缺乏 竞争力 的 产品 会 在 全球 出现 .\r\n中国 家电 产品 成功地 打入 国际 市场 , 靠 的 就是 以 质 取胜 , 科技 创新 .\r\n十几 年 前 谁 也 想不到 会 有 今日 辉煌 的 中国 家电 工业 , 这 一 滴水 折射 出来 的 是 我们 中华 民族 的 精神 与 气概 , 中国 企业家 的 勇气 与 智谋 , 并 在 中国 的 改革开放 中 得到 充分 的 发扬 和 体现 .\r\n随着 经济 全球化 的 发展 , 在 中国 强大 的 市场 吸引 下 , 外资企业 与 中国 企业 结合 起来 , 在 互利 合作 中 , 中国 企业 将会 比 现在 有 更大 的 发展 .\r\n九届 全国 人大 常委会 第十二 , 十三 会议 对 立法 法 草案 进行 了 审议 , 对 草案 进一步 作 了 修改 完善 .\r\n上述 事项 , 都是 关系 国家 的 基本 政治 制度 , 经济制度 和 民事 刑事 等 法律 制度 的 重大 事项 .\r\n同时 , 草案 还 对 行政 法规 , 地方性 法规 和 规章 的 制定 程序 作 了 原则 规定 .\r\n草案 还 对 法律 解释 案 的 提出 , 草拟 , 审议 , 表决 和 公布 程序 , 作 了 相应的 规定 .\r\n顾昂然 还 就 立法 法 草案 适用 范围 , 适用 规则 , 法规 , 规章 的 备案 等 问题 作 了 说明 .\r\n此次 中 冉定 的 \" 西 气 东 输 \" 工程 , 将 新疆 的 天然气 送到 上海 , 全长 四千二百 公里 .\r\n这 将 是 全世界 罕见 的 大型 输 气 工程 , 也是 中国 仅 次 於 长江三峡 造价 最大 的 工程 , 据说 工程 费用 高达 四百亿 美元 , 即 人民币 三千亿 元 以上 .\r\n新疆 在 西部 大 开发 的 进程 中 , 要 充分 利用 这些 产业 优势 , 并 注重 产品 的 深加工 , 将 效益 留在 新疆 , 留在 新疆 人民 手中 .\r\n西部 开发 从 一 开始 就要 在 法律 规范的 条件 下 进行 .\r\n王乐泉 告诫 说 , \" 我们 有 责任 从 一 开始 就 提醒 人民 , 幸福 的 生活 是 靠 辛勤 的 劳动 换取 的 , 而且 这 一 时间 还 很 长 , 我们 要 有 这个 思想准备 , 以免 急功近利 . \"\r\n( 第五十四 号 ) 中国 希望 对华 永久 正常 贸易 关系 干凈 利落 没有 任何 附加 条件 \" 中新社 北京 三月九日 电 \" 外交部 发言人 朱邦造 今天 在此间 表示 , 中国 政府 希望 美国 国会 能够 通过 给予 中国 干凈 利落 不 带 任何 附加 条件 的 对华 永久 正常 贸易 关系 , 中方 将 尽可能 给予 配合 .\r\n在 今天 的 外交部 新闻发布会 上 , 朱邦造 说 , 国 与 国 之间 相互 给予 最惠国待遇 , 是 任何 国家 间 正常 的 事情 .\r\n如果 这 一 问题 不能 及时 彻底 解决 , 不仅 会 极大 损害 美国 在 华 企业 利益 , 而且 也 不利 於 美国 与 其他 世贸 组织 成员 在 中国 市场 上 竞争 .\r\n中美 双边 谈判 已经 进入 最后 结束 阶段 .\r\n但 美国 有关 现行 国内法 却 给予 中国 正常 贸易 关系 待遇 设置 障碍 , 这是 不 符合 世贸 组织 原则 的 , 也是 中美 双边 经贸 发展 的 重大 障碍 .\r\n这位 发言人 说 , 中美 之所以 能够 达成 中国 加入 世贸 组织 的 双边 协议 , 是 因为 美国 承诺 给予 中国 无条件 最惠国待遇 .\r\n他 表示 , 中国 政府 赞赏 美国 政府 和 工商界 为 推动 解决 这 一 问题 所 做 的 努力 .\r\n中方 将 在 尽可能 的 情况 下 予以 配合 .\r\n各级党委 要 进一步 提高 认识 , 加大 工作 力度 , 切实 加强 领导 .\r\n搞好 县 ( 市 ) \" 三 讲 \" 教育 , 省区市 党委 是 关键 , 地 ( 市 ) 党委 负有 直接 责任 .\r\n党委 负责 同志 要 以 中央 领导 同志 为 榜样 , 对 县 ( 市 ) \" 三 讲 \" 教育 亲自 过问 , 加强 督促 , 检查 和 指导 .\r\n巡视 组 要 以 对 党 的 事业 极端 负责 的 精神 , 积极 主动 地 开展 工作 , 发挥好 应有 的 作用 .\r\n张全景 说 , 党中央 对 县 ( 市 ) \" 三 讲 \" 教育 十分 重视 , 广大 干部 群众 对 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 寄予 厚望 .\r\n中央 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 联系 会议 成员 王旭东 , 白克明 参加 了 座谈会 .\r\n北京 \" 两会 \" 一些 代表 和 委员 曾 对此 进行 探讨 .\r\n中国 外 经贸部 副部长 龙永图 在 人大 小组 会议 上 说 , 有关 部门 正 进行 修订 或 取消 与 WTO 有 抵触 的 法例 .\r\n例如 , 以前 外商 进入 中国 投资 , 可能 在 合约 内 有 法规 规定 必须 作出 技术 转移 , 或 规定 外资企业 产品 内销 有所 限制 .\r\n中国 加入 WTO 后 , 这些 限制 大部 份 要 取消 , 有关 法规 便 得 修改 或 取消 , 以免 将来 发生 冲突 .\r\n他们 在 提案 中 还 要求 尽快 立法 , 以 法律 的 形式 保证 公共 信息 的 信用 可靠性 .\r\n这样 , 中国 \" 入世 \" 后 将会 赢得 国际 信誉 .\r\n全国 政协 委员 , 著名 经济学家 吴敬琏 对 采访 \" 两会 \" 的 记者 说 , 为了 迎接 加入 WTO , 中国 必须 抓紧 做好 准备 工作 , 其中 有关 人民币 资本 账户 如何 开放 问题 , 便 需要 做 一个 \" 倒计时 \" 方案 .\r\n同时 , 很多 规则 还有 适应 和 习惯 的 问题 , 需要 逐步 改变 我们 旧 的 行为 规范 .\r\n( 香港 中国 通讯社 北京 三月九日 电 ) ( 记者 刘克刚 ) 西藏 自治区 党委 副 书记 , 人大 主任 热地 今天 表示 , 中国 政府 与 达赖 喇嘛 的 联系 渠道 畅通 .\r\n他 还 说 , 曾 被 达赖 指定 为 班禅 \" 转世 灵童 \" 的 小孩 现在 生活 得 很好 .\r\n热地 今天 在 记者 会上 被 问到 中国 政府 与 达赖 是否 仍有 对话 渠道 时 表示 , 中国 政府 与 达赖 之间 的 协商 完全 是 国内 事务 , 目前 仍有 联系 渠道 , 是 畅通无阻 的 .\r\n( 提要 ) · 军队 要 进一步 认清 肩负 的 历史 使命 , 为 保卫 国家 主权 , 统一 和 安全 , 保卫 人民 的 和平 劳动 , 为 改革开放 和 社会主义 现代化 建设 提供 坚强 有力 的 安全 保障 .\r\n推进 军队 现代化 建设 , 动力 在 改革 , 出路 也 在 改革 .\r\n· 要 加强 理想 信念 教育 和 我军 历史 使命 , 根本 职能 的 教育 , 把 全军 官兵 的 精力 , 意志 和 聪明才智 进一步 凝聚 到 军队 现代化 建设 上来 .\r\n· 军队 要 积极 参加 支援 西部 大 开发 , 积极 探索 在 发展 社会主义 市场经济 条件 下 参加 和 支援 西部 大 开发 的 新 方式 新 办法 , 更好地 发挥 军队 的 优势 .\r\n他 说 , 过去 的 一 年 , 军队 和 武警 部队 经受住 了 三 重大 政治 斗争 的 考验 , 全面 建设 取得 了 新 的 进步 .\r\n\" 三 讲 \" 教育 取得 明显 成效 , 增强 了 各级党委 的 凝聚力 和 战斗力 .\r\n各 部队 兴起 群众性 科技 练兵 的 热潮 , 周密 组织 实施 了 南京 , 广州 战区 诸 军兵种 联合 军事 演习 .\r\n国防 科技 和 武器 装备 建设 取得 重要 进展 , 远程 地 地 导弹 和 \" 神 舟 \" 飞船 试验 发射 获得 成功 .\r\n后勤 保障 社会化 等 项 改革 积极 推进 , 按时 完成 了 联 勤 体制 启动 的 各项 准备 工作 .\r\n驻 澳 部队 按时 顺利 进驻 澳门 履行 防务 , 受到 澳门 同胞 的 热烈 欢迎 .\r\n江主席 指出 , 今年 是 世纪 交替 的 一 年 .\r\n全军 要 进一步 认清 肩负 的 历史 使命 , 以 新 的 精神 风貌 继续 把 军队 建设 向着 新世纪 全面 推进 .\r\n江主席 指出 , 和平 与 发展 仍然 是 当今 世界 的 两 大 主题 .\r\n政治 多极化 和 经济 全球化 的 趋势 继续 发展 , 科技 进步 日新月异 , 国际 形势 总体上 趋向 缓和 .\r\n没有 一个 巩固的 国防 , 没有 一 支 强大 的 军队 , 我们 就 不可能 一心一意 地 搞 经济 建设 .\r\n江主席 指出 , 保持 社会 政治 稳定 , 是 经济 社会 发展 的 必要 前提 .\r\n但 我们 要 清醒 地 看到 , 各种 不 安定 因素 依然 存在 .\r\n军队 要 坚决 按照 中央 的 指示 精神 , 积极 协助 地方 党委 和 政府 做好 维护 社会 政治 稳定 的 工作 .\r\n江主席 指出 , 军队 要 履行 好 维护 国家 主权 和 安全 的 根本 职能 , 同时 还要 积极 参加 和 支援 国家 经济 建设 .\r\n这是 毛泽东 , 邓小平 同志 的 一个 重要 思想 .\r\n改革开放 以来 , 我军 坚持 服从 和 服务于 国家 经济 建设 大局 , 大力 帮助 地方 发展 经济 , 贡献 很大 .\r\n中央 提出 实施 西部 大 开发 战略 , 加快 中西部 地区 发展 步伐 , 这是 关系 国家 现代化 建设 全局 的 重大 战略 决策 .\r\n军委 将 在 各总部 意见 的 基础 上 , 拿出 一个 支援 西部 大 开发 的 总体 计划 .\r\n在 谈到 进一步 加强 国防 和 军队 现代化 建设 问题 时 , 江主席 强调说 , 我国 的 国防 和 军队 现代化 建设 , 伴随 着 国家 改革开放 和 现代化 建设 的 前进 步伐 , 取得 了 显著 成绩 .\r\n他 说 , 加快 我军 的 现代化 建设 , 需要 做 的 工作 很多 , 关键 是 要 抓住 关系 全局 的 大事 , 始终 着眼于 方向性 , 战略性 的 重大 问题 .\r\n我军 的 现代化 建设 是 一个 系统工程 , 各级党委 和 领导干部 要 把握 全局 , 注意 从 全局 上 思考 和 处理 问题 .\r\n江主席 强调 , 推进 军队 现代化 建设 向前 发展 , 动力 在 改革 , 出路 也 在 改革 .\r\n军事 工作 , 政治 工作 , 后勤 工作 , 装备 工作 等 各个 方面 , 都要 围绕 提高 部队 战斗力 积极 稳妥 地 进行 改革 .\r\n大家 要 继续 解放 思想 , 坚持 一切 从 实际 和 实效 出发 , 积极 主动 地 解决 矛盾 和 问题 , 努力 探索 新时期 治军 的 特点 和 规律 , 创造性 地 开展 工作 .\r\n但 也要 实事求是 地 看到 , 我军 高级 干部 队伍 的 现状 , 与 新 形势 新 任务 的 要求 还不够 适应 , 存在 的 一些 问题 需要 引起 足够的 重视 .\r\n因此 , 我们 要 继续 狠抓 思想 政治 建设 , 狠抓 纪律 作风 教育 , 狠抓 领导 能力 的 提高 , 切实 推进 高级 干部 队伍 建设 , 以 保证 国防 和 军队 现代化 建设 不断 胜利 前进 .\r\n他们 认为 , 报告 实事求是 , 简明扼要 , 富有 新意 , 具有 很 强 的 针对性 .\r\n代表 们 表示 这个 报告 使 他们 感到 振奋 , 同时 , 他们 也 对 今后 的 人大 工作 提出 了 一些 意见 和 建议 .\r\n围绕 全国 人大 常委会 工作 报告 , 福建 代表团 的 陈明义 , 何少川 , 张斌生 , 袁启彤 等 代表 和 列席 会议 的 习近平 , 吉林 代表团 的 谢铁骊 , 曾孝箴 , 张明远 , 吴长淑 代表 , 分别 发 了 言 .\r\n加强 对 宪法 这个 根本 大法 的 学习 和 宣传 尤其 重要 , 这是 一 项 需要 长久 坚持 下去 的 工作 .\r\n李鹏 认真 听取 了 代表 们 的 发言 , 对 他们 提出 的 意见 和 建议 表示 感谢 , 对 福建 , 吉林 广大 干部 群众 认真 贯彻 中央 的 方针 政策 和 取得 的 成绩 予以 充分 肯定 .\r\n李鹏 指出 , 建设 有 中国 特色 的 社会主义 是 一 项 崭新 的 事业 , 人大 的 立法 , 监督 工作 也要 有 开拓 精神 .\r\n经济 越是 发展 , 越是 需要 加强 法制 建设 , 这是 经济 发展 的 需要 , 是 人民 生活 的 需要 , 也是 建立 良好 投资 环境 的 需要 .\r\n李鹏 强调 , 要 进一步 发挥 各级 人大 和 人大 代表 的 作用 , 这是 建设 有 中国 特色 的 社会主义 和 加强 民主 法制 建设 的 需要 .\r\n我国 人大 代表 来自 社会 各个 方面 , 能够 充分 反映 社情 民意 , 代表 人民 的 利益 .\r\n充分 发挥 人大 代表 在 立法 , 监督 工作 中 的 作用 , 可以 丰富 人大 工作 的 内涵 .\r\n十七 噶 玛巴 去年 年底 前 赴 印度 .\r\n对 於 境外 有 媒体 称 噶 玛巴 的 父母 及 寺庙 的 喇嘛 被 抓 , 热 地 斥 这是 \" 毫无 根据 , 别有用心 . \"\r\n他 说 , 噶 玛巴 的 父母 不久前 还 表示 非常 感谢 党 和 政府 对 他们 一家 的 关心 , 他们 现在 因为 春耕 及 要 管理 牛 羊 土地 , 已 从 拉萨 回到 家乡 , 生活 过 得 非常 好 .\r\n新华社 记者 问 : \" 重庆 如何 考虑 自己 在 西部 大 开发 中 的 定位 ? \"\r\n重庆 市委 书记 贺国强 代表 回答 说 , 重庆 是 西部 唯一 的 直辖市 , 是 西南 地区 工商业 重镇 , 长江 黄金 水道 把 我们 与 东西部 联接 起来 , 重庆 应该 成为 东西 联合 , 左右 互动 的 桥梁 和 纽带 .\r\n西部 开发 是 长远 战略 , 是 全国 大局 , 重庆 要 服从 大局 , 服务 大局 , 在 西部 大 开发 中 有所作为 .\r\n为此 , 重庆 正 加快 以 交通 为主 的 基础 设施 建设 , 大力 改善 生态 环境 , 积极 立足 当前 策划 未来 .\r\n一 是 加强 川 渝 合作 , 二 是 搞好 与 西南 兄弟 省区 的 合作 , 三 是 通过 长江 黄金 水道 , 加强 与 东部 沿海地区 及 对口 支援 三峡 库 区 的 29 省市 区 的 合作 .\r\n通过 抓住 机遇 , 加快 发展 , 尽快 实现 江泽民 总书记 提出 的 \" 努力 把 重庆 建设 成为 长江 上游 的 经济 中心 \" 的 战略 目标 .\r\n今后 还要 进一步 加大 防范 , 监督 , 检查 和 查处 力度 .\r\n目前 中央 财政 已经 加大 了 对 重庆 的 转移 支付 , 我们 将 其中 的 40% 专项 用于 下岗 职工 生活 保障 .\r\n随着 改革 的 深化 和 完善 , 现在 形势 已经 开始 好转 , 加上 西部 大 开发 带来 的 发展 机遇 , 这些 问题 完全 可以 尽快 解决 .\r\n对 光明 日报 记者 提出 的 在 西部 大 开发 中 可能 会 带来 环境 破坏 的 问题 , 贺国强 回答 说 , 西部 开发 要 有 新 思路 , 新 办法 , 绝 不能 以 破坏 生态 环境 为 代价 .\r\n按照 中央 的 部署 , 重庆 已经 开始 了 天然林 保护 和 退耕 还 林 还 草 , 荒山 绿化 试点 工作 .\r\n三峡 库 区 和 长江 上游 已 列为 国家 污染 治理 重点 , 我们 将 抓住 三峡 库 区 和 重庆市 主 城区 两 重点 打好 环境 治理 攻坚战 .\r\n河南 代表 肖红 说 , 去年 全国 人大 常委会 在 立法 方面 又 有 新 进展 , 为 确保 我国 改革开放 的 顺利 进行 起到 了 积极 作用 .\r\n特别是 常委会 把 立法 工作 与 国家 改革 , 发展 , 稳定 的 重大 决策 紧密 地 结合 起来 , 为 我国 社会 经济 的 健康 发展 提供 了 强有力 的 法律 保障 .\r\n本次 大会 又 将 审议 立法 法 草案 , 这 部 法律 对 规范 立法 工作 将 起到 重要 作用 .\r\n湖南 代表 王克英 说 , 建设 社会主义 民主政治 必须 要 从 中国 实际 出发 , 坚持 党 的 领导 , 切不可 套用 西方 的 民主 模式 .\r\n关于 常委会 今后 的 工作 , 许多 代表 认为 , 按照 建立 有 中国 特色 的 社会主义 法律 体系 的 要求 , 人大 的 首要 工作 仍然 是 做好 立法 工作 .\r\n当前 社会上 各种 腐败 现 像 滋生 蔓延 的 原因 之一 就是 对 权力 缺乏 监督 和 制约 机制 .\r\n今后 人大 及其 常委会 应 继续 深入 持久 地 开展 社会主义 民主 法制 宣传 教育 , 提高 全民族 的 法律 意识 和 法制观念 .\r\n政府 工作人员 , 尤其是 领导干部 要 下功夫 学习 法律 法规 , 提高 依法 办事 能力 .\r\n此外 , 在 更好地 依靠 人大 代表 做好 常委会 的 工作 , 继续 加强 常委会 自身 建设 , 提高 依法 履行 职权 的 水平 等 方面 , 人大 及其 常委会 应 进一步 创造性 地 开展 工作 .\r\n同时 , 他们 还 与 代表 一起 继续 审议 政府 工作 报告 .\r\n姜春云 说 , 改革开放 以来 , 我国 立法 工作 取得 了 显著 成就 , 但 也 不同 程度 地 存在 立法 权限 不 清 , 程序 不够 规范 以及 质量 不 高等 问题 .\r\n第二 , 立法 要 围绕 党 和 国家 的 中心 工作 , 服务于 , 服从 于 改革 , 发展 和 稳定 的 大局 .\r\n第三 , 立法 要 充分 发扬 民主 , 走 群众路线 .\r\n第四 , 立法 要 严格 按照 法定 的 权限 和 程序 进行 .\r\n第五 , 要 进一步 加强 立法 队伍 建设 , 培养 一 支 高素质 的 立法 干部 队伍 .\r\n第六 , 加强 党 的 领导 是 做好 立法 工作 的 根本 保证 .\r\n要 自觉 地 把 党 的 主张 通过 法定 程序 上升 为 国家 意志 , 用 法律 , 法规 保证 党 的 路线 , 方针 , 政策 的 贯彻执行 .\r\n全国 人大 常委会 副 委员长 邹家华 今天 在 安徽 团 参加 审议 时 指出 , 全社会 都要 增强 环保 意识 , 加强 对 环境 的 保护 .\r\n现在 各地 的 污水 处理 单位 都是 事业单位 , 财政 负担 沉重 , 可以 变 事业单位 为 企业 , 把 经过 处理 的 污水 变成 产品 投入 市场 , 产生 经济效益 .\r\n全国 人大 常委会 副 委员长 王光英 在 天津 团 审议 时 说 , 过去 一 年 , 全国 人大 常委会 做 了 大量 卓有成效 的 工作 .\r\n人大 工作 自觉 接受 党 的 领导 , 对 \" 一 府 两 院 \" 的 监督 和 支持 有机 结合 , 创造 了 好的 经验 和 做法 , 为 在 新 形势 下 推进 社会主义 民主 法制 建设 做出 了 新 的 贡献 .\r\n要 深入 开展 群众性 的 普法 教育 , 增强 全民 的 法律 意识 .\r\n各级 干部 要 带头 学 法 , 守法 , 依法 行政 .\r\n人民代表大会制度 建立 以来 , 已 取得 了 显著 成绩 , 展示 了 人民代表大会制度 的 优越性 .\r\n人大 性质 , 地位 和 作用 逐渐 被 人们 所 认识 .\r\n要 依法 履行 代表 职责 , 严格 依法 办事 , 不断 完善 人大 制度 . ( 记者 姜微 ) ( 小标题 ) 周光召 说 要 科教 并重 将 \" 人口 \" 从 包袱 变成 财富\r\n全国 人大 常委会 副 委员长 周光召 在 参加 湖南 团 审议 时 指出 , 只有 真正 贯彻 实施 科教 兴 国 战略 , 提高 人 的 素质 , 将 中国 的 12亿 \" 人口 \" 从 包袱 变成 财富 , 才能 抓住 科学技术 飞速 进步 带来 的 新 一 轮 发展 机遇 .\r\n我们 要 重视 建设 \" 人 的 素质 提高 \" 这个 大 的 基础 工程 .\r\n应 认识到 , 与 国外 相比 , 中国 最大 的 资源 优势 在于 \" 人 \" , 我们 要 提高 国民 的 素质 , 把 \" 人口 \" 这个 包袱 变成 财富 , 推进 中国 早日 跨入 知识经济 时代 , 早日 实现 现代化 .\r\n曹志 强调 , 要 深入 开展 普法 教育 .\r\n他 提出 , 要 采取 多种 形式 , 做好 民主 法制 的 宣传 教育 工作 , 不断 提高 全民族 的 法律 意识 和 法制观念 , 使 广大 人民群众 更好地 学 法 , 守法 , 用法 .\r\n他 提出 , 我国 的 立法 工作 必须 坚持 系统性 , 渐进性 , 公正 性 和 科学性 , 以 建立 符合 中国 国情 的 社会主义 法律 体系 .\r\n他 同时 指出 , 人大 监督 是 一 项 非常 重要 的 工作 , 没有 监督 的 权力 将 导致 腐败 , 而 没有 权力 的 监督 将 流于形式 .\r\n要 搞好 监督 工作 , 首先 代表 要 敢于 行使 宪法 赋予 的 职责 , 真正 为 群众 办事 , 依法 行使 监督 权力 .\r\n( 小标题 ) 许嘉璐 说 要 加强 对 \" 一 府 两 院 \" 的 监督 全国 人大 常委会 副 委员长 许嘉璐 在 参加 甘肃 团 审议 时 说 , 全国 人大 常委会 不断 加强 对 \" 一 府 两 院 \" 监督 是 长期 艰巨 的 任务 .\r\n许嘉璐 说 , 监督 是 个 永恒 的 主题 , 什 幺 时候 也 不能 说 监督 就 够了 .\r\n他 希望 各级 政府 , 特别是 领导干部 要 认真 学习 法律 , 普及 法律 知识 .\r\n( 小标题 ) 蒋正华 说 法律 要 不断 加以 修改 完善 全国 人大 常委会 副 委员长 蒋正华 在 参加 青海 团 审议 时 指出 , 随着 我国 社会 经济 的 发展 , 法律 要 不断 进行 修改 完善 , 以 适应 新 情况 , 适应 社会主义 市场经济 的 发展 .\r\n蒋正华 说 , 九届 全国 人大 的 责任 就是 把 市场经济 条件 下 的 法律 框架 建立 起来 , 并 不断的 加以 完善 .\r\n主要 有 六 法典 , 即 宪法 典 , 刑法 典 , 民 法典 , 包括 商法 .\r\n程序 法 与 实体法 有着 密切 的 联系 .\r\n只有 严格 按 程序 法 办事 , 才能 更好地 保证 实体法 发挥 作用 .\r\n1999年 , 在 错综复杂 的 国内外 环境 下 , 我国 改革开放 和 现代化 建设 继续 全面 推进 , 各条 战线 都 取得 了 新 的 成绩 , 实现 了 预定 的 工作 目标 .\r\n因为 我国 在 管理 方面 的 问题 还 远 没有 解决 .\r\n不仅 企业 要 加强 管理 , 工业 , 农业 , 财税 , 金融 , 贸易 , 科技 , 教育 , 文化 , 卫生 等 各行各业 都要 加强 管理 .\r\n政府 机关 更 要 突出 抓好 管理 , 进一步 转换 职能 , 转变 工作 方式 和 作风 , 大力 提高 服务 水平 和 工作效率 .\r\n全面 加强 管理 是 当务之急 .\r\n更 要 看到 , 我国 加入 世界 贸易 组织 以后 , 对外开放 将 进入 新 的 阶段 , 我们 面临 着 日趋 激烈 的 国际 竞争 , 既有 良好 的 机遇 , 也 面临 严峻 的 挑战 .\r\n如果 不在 管理 上 高标准 , 严 要求 , 就 难以 提高 我国 经济 的 竞争力 和 抗 风险 能力 .\r\n因此 无论 是 认真 贯彻 落实 既定 的 方针 , 政策 和 措施 , 还是 适应 形势 发展 的 需要 , 我们 都要 有 紧迫感 , 狠抓 管理 , 尽快 取得 明显 成效 .\r\n我国 国有 企业 改革 和 发展 没有 轻巧 的 道路 可 走 , 必须 老老实实 地 改善 和 加强 经营 管理 , 建立 一套 现代 企业 制度 .\r\n国有 企业 一定 要 围绕 建立 现代 企业 制度 , 实现 改革 和 脱困 的 目标 , 眼睛 向 内 , 从严 治 企 .\r\n要 进一步 整顿 企业 领导班子 , 特别 要 选择 一些 德才兼备 的 年轻 干部 充实 到 企业 领导班子 里面 去 .\r\n中国人民 银行 要 抓紧 研究 全面 考核 商业银行 的 办法 , 制定 一套 科学 的 指标 体系 , 对 各个 商业银行 的 经营 状况 作出 正确 评价 , 以 真正 落实 责任制 , 做到 奖惩 严明 .\r\n要 大力 整饬 社会 信用 , 严格 结算 纪律 .\r\n国有 大中型 企业 和 重点 金融 机构 设立 监事会 的 工作 要 抓紧 进行 , 监事会 由 国务院 统一 派驻 , 监事会 对 国务院 负责 , 并 代表 国务院 对 国有 资产 质量 和 保值 增值 状况 实施 监督 .\r\n第三 , 进一步 整顿 , 规范 流通 和 建筑 领域 秩序 , 强化 市场 监管 .\r\n目前 , 我国 流通领域 中 的 各种 违法 活动 仍 较 严重 , 有些 是 屡 禁 不止 , 严重 影响 和 干扰 了 社会主义 市场经济 的 正常 发展 和 运行 .\r\n因此 , 要 依法 严厉 打击 制售 假冒伪劣 商品 , 走私 贩私 和 其他 商业 欺诈 等 违法 活动 , 绝不 手软 .\r\n同时 , 坚决 制止 各种 分割 , 封锁 市场 的 地方 保护主义 和 不 正当 竞争 行为 , 保证 正常 的 公平 竞争 的 市场 秩序 , 促进 全国 统一 市场 的 建立 .\r\n今年 要 在 整顿 建筑 市场 方面 取得 明显 成效 .\r\n建设单位 , 勘察 单位 , 设计 单位 , 施工 单位 , 工程 监理 单位 都要 对 建设 工程 质量 负责 , 对 违反 工程 质量 规定 的 , 必须 坚决 依法 惩处 .\r\n在 全面 加强 管理 上下 大 功夫 , 务必 要 大力 整 章 建制 , 标本 兼 治 , 建立 健全 严格 的 责任制 .\r\n不依 规矩 , 无以 成 方圆 , 必须 做到 有章可循 , 有 章 必 循 , 违章 必 究 .\r\n加强 管理 , 最 重要 的 是 要 以 对 党 和 人民 高度 负责 的 精神 , 敢于 坚持 原则 , 敢于 碰硬 .\r\n否则 , 强化 管理 就 只会 成为 一 句 空话 .\r\n江泽民 同志 在 中央 纪委 第四 全体 会议 上 强调 : \" 治国 必 先 治 党 , 治 党 务必 从严 \" .\r\n我们 一定 要 认真 贯彻 江泽民 同志 重要 讲话 的 精神 , 把 加强 廉政建设 和 反腐败 斗争 作为 从严 治 政 的 一 项 重要 内容 来 抓 , 促进 全面 管理 的 加强 和 深入 .\r\n加强 廉政建设 , 惩治 腐败 , 事关 国家 兴衰 .\r\n政府 一定 要 廉洁 , 勤政 , 务实 , 高效 , 并 把 廉洁 放在 第一 .\r\n首先 是 廉政 , 其次 才是 勤政 , 没有 这 两点 , 就 根本 对不起 人民 .\r\n没有 廉政 , 也就 谈不上 勤政 , 务实 , 高效 .\r\n我们 的 政府 是 人民 的 政府 , 人民政府 的 根本 职责 是 全心全意 为人民服务 , 廉洁 从政 是 最 起码 的 要求 .\r\n古人 早就 说 过 : \" 政 者 , 正 也 ; 子 帅 以 正 , 孰 敢 不正 \" .\r\n各级 政府 机关 和 每个 工作人员 , 都要 做到 清正 廉明 , 恪 尽 职守 , 不 辜负 人民 的 殷切 期望 .\r\n腐败 现 像 之所以 屡 禁 不止 , 一个 重要 原因 , 就是 有些 部门 , 单位 对 干部 失于 教育 , 失于 管理 , 失于 监督 .\r\n必须 进一步 深化 行政管理 体制改革 , 强化 监督 制约 机制 , 严格 执行 各项 法律 和 规章制度 , 从 源头 上 预防 和 治理 腐败 .\r\n人代会 第三 全体 会议 今天 上午 在 人民 大会堂 举行 , 与 前 两 一样 , 解放军 代表 仍然 是 记者 们 追逐 的 焦点 .\r\n这位 军队 人大 代表 建议 全国 人大 尽快 制定 《 国防 动员 法 》 , 《 战争 动员 法 》 等 , 对 国防 动员 的 总体 要求 和 全局性 问题 作出 法律 规定 .\r\n他 说 , 空袭 作战 是 高技术 条件 下 战争 的 主要 作战 样式 .\r\n做到 重点 目标 分散 配置 , 重点 工程 隐蔽 配置 , 搞好 城市 人防 体系 建设 .\r\n\" 法 轮 功 \" 问题 的 暴露 , 使 我们 更加 清醒 地 认识到 , 加强 党 在 新时期 的 思想 政治 工作 具有 极端 的 重要性 和 紧迫性 .\r\n事实 表明 , 在 思想 意识形态 领域 , 马克思主义 , 无产阶级 的 思想 不去 占领 , 各种 非 马克思主义 , 非 无产阶级 的 思想 , 甚至 反 马克思主义 的 思想 就 会 去 占领 .\r\n在 思想 文化 工作 中 , 我们 提倡 百家争鸣 , 而 百家争鸣 的 目的 是 为了 发展 马克思主义 , 发展 社会主义 的 思想 和 文化 .\r\n如果 动摇 了 马克思主义 的 指导 地位 , 人们 就 会 失去 共同 前进 的 正确 思想 基础 , 就 会 陷入 思想 混乱 之中 , 这是 很 危险 的 .\r\n要 认真 调查研究 社会 各种 动态 以及 群众 思想 活动 的 新 情况 新 变化 , 有 针对性 地 做好 思想 教育 和 引导 工作 .\r\n这是 当前 加强 党 的 思想 政治 工作 的 一个 重要 切入点 .\r\n我们 发展 的 是 社会主义 市场经济 , 必须 形成 社会主义 的 市场 道德 规范 .\r\n在 开发 项目 和 投资 方式 , 企业 组织 和 经营 管理 , 产品 生产 和 销售 服务 等 方面 , 必须 按 市场 规律 办事 , 按 公平 , 公正 , 公开 的 原则 进行 竞争 .\r\n西部 开发 作为 一个 伟大 战略 部署 , 政府 的 作用 十分 重要 .\r\n第三 , 既要 加快 速度 更 要 提高 素质 .\r\n西部 开发 不能 单纯 追求 发展 速度 , 而 要 把 发展 速度 与 提高 素质 相结合 .\r\n第五 , 要 十分 重视 保护 环境 和 资源 .\r\n第六 , 加快 交通 运输 , 通讯 网络 , 供水 供电 等 基础 设施 建设 .\r\n第七 , 发展 教育 和 科学 事业 .\r\n第八 , 用 资源 换 资金 .\r\n第九 , 加大 金融 对 西部 发展 的 支持 力度 .\r\n第十 , 加快 小 城镇 建设 .\r\n李鹏 委员长 缘何 亲自 做 常委会 工作 报告 , 此间 观察家 认为 有 以下 三 方面 原因 .\r\n一 是 委员长 做 报告 反映 了 人大 代表 的 建议 .\r\n到 今年 三月 , 九届 全国 人大 组成 两 年 了 .\r\n两 年 来 , 九届 人大 在 前 几届 工作 的 基础 上 , 继往开来 , 开拓 进取 , 用 新 思路 , 新 特点 , 新作 法 , 扎扎实实 地 推进 了 工作 的 新 进展 .\r\n人大 代表 对 两 年 来 人大 工作 进展 给予 极 好的 评价 .\r\n二 是 委员长 亲自 做 报告 体现 委员长 对 人大 工作 的 重视 程度 .\r\n纵览 此 份 报告 , 大约 以 一半 的 篇幅 阐述 常委会 今年 的 工作 , 其中 \" 围绕 中心 工作 , 突破 立法 难点 , 提高 立法 质量 \" 被 列 在 首位 .\r\n\" 突破 立法 难点 \" 有 著 扎实 的 工作 基础 .\r\n一九九九年 在 立法 工作 上 取得 了 \" 重要 成果 \" , 为 \" 在 本届 任期 内 初步 形成 有 中国 特色 社会主义 法律 体系 , 又 迈进 了 一 步 .\r\n\" \" 突破 立法 难点 \" 的 目的 是 编纂 一 部 比较 完整 的 民法 典 , 如果 在 本届 人大 任期 内 成事 , 这 将 是 人大 立法 工作 的 重大 突破 .\r\n从中 可以 看出 全国 人大 监督 工作 在 指导思想 , 工作 范围 以及 方式 等 方面 的 发展 轨迹 .\r\n李鹏 委员长 在 此次 人大 报告 中 还 强调 监督 工作 要 力戒 形式主义 .\r\n与 去年 报告 相比 , 李鹏 重点 强调 检查 方式 要 \" 轻车简从 , 深入基层 \" .\r\n李鹏 委员长 报告 中 除 既往 的 \" 立法 \" , \" 监督 \" 两 大 重头戏 外 , 对 与 外国 议会 的 交往 , 对 发挥 港澳 人大 代表 的 作用 都 提到 了 更加 重视 程度 .\r\n李鹏 委员长 报告 中 指出 , 去年 以来 , 全国 人大 代表团 同 美国 两 党 议员 就 台湾 问题 , 西藏 问题 , 人权 和 宗教 问题 等 , 进行 了 \" 坦率 的 对话 , 打开 了 经常 交流 的 渠道 \" .\r\n\" 对 於 今后 全国 人大 与 \" 外国 议会 和 国际 议会 组织 交往 与 合作 \" , 李鹏 委员长 表示 要 \" 进一步 开拓 新局面 \" .\r\n引人注目 的 是 今年 人大 报告 首次 提及 香港 人大 代表 的 工作 , 并 给予 积极 评价 .\r\n\" 此外 , 报告 在 展望 人大 今后 工作 时 , 在 《 更好地 依靠 人大 代表 做好 常委会 的 工作 》 一 节 中 , 港澳 人大 代表 的 工作 进展 单列 为 一段 .\r\n报告 认为 港澳 人大 代表 在 参与 国家 与 香港 事务 时 有 两 角色 .\r\n报告 指出 : \" 香港 回归祖国 以来 , 香港特别行政区 的 全国 人大 代表 参与 国家 事务 管理 的 热情 很高 , 认真 行使 了 代表 职责 .\r\n澳门特别行政区 的 全国 人大 代表 从 本次 会议 开始 , 也 已经 独立 组团 参与 国家 事务 的 管理 .\r\n吴基传 表示 , 目前 包括 互联网 内容 在内 的 《 电讯 管理 条例 》 正在 报批 中 , 具体 内容 尚 不 方便 透露 .\r\n他 称 , 目前 国内 的 电讯 价格 有 高 有 低 , 国际 话费 及 国内 的 长途电话 费 比较 高 , 但是 本地 的 电话费 及 移动电话 费 , 在 全球 二百零六 城市 中 是 比较 低 的 , 所以 必须 从 结构 上 进行 调整 .\r\n他 表示 , 现在 国内 业务 和 国际 业务 是 统一 收费 和 统一 核算 的 , 并 没有 分开 , 若要 达到 国际标准 , 应 先 把 国际 业务 和 国内 业务 的 核算 分开 .\r\n\" 并 笑 言 他 还要 向 曾荫权 学习 .\r\n对 於 香港 股市 在 科技股 带动 下 , 昨日 股市 上升 至 一万八千点 水平 , 创出 新高 .\r\n港区 全国 人大 代表 如何 按照 \" 一国两制 \" 方针 , 积极 参与 国家大事 , 行使 自己的 职能 ?\r\n在 这次 全国 人大 会议 期间 , 这个 问题 有了 明确 的 界定 .\r\n大家 知道 , \" 一国两制 \" 是 一个 完整 的 概念 .\r\n首先 要 坚持 \" 一 国 \" , 那就是 必须 保证 国家 主权 的 统一 , 不 允许 割裂 .\r\n香港 , 澳门 回归 以后 以及 台湾 问题 最终 解决 后 , 在 这 三 个 地区 设立 特别行政区 , 继续 保持 原来的 资本主义制度 , 是 一 项 长期 的 基本国策 .\r\n特别行政区 的 高度 自治权 是 中央政府 通过 基本法 赋予 的 .\r\n香港 基本法 是 全国性 法律 , 不仅 香港 要 遵守 , 全国 都要 遵守 .\r\n贯彻 落实 \" 一国两制 \" , 香港 和 内地 都 有 责任 .\r\n内地 也 不 干预 香港特别行政区 自治 范围 内 的 事务 .\r\n当 港区 人大 代表 参加 人大 会议 , 行使 人大 代表 职能 时 , 他们 是 参与 管理 社会主义 国家大事 .\r\n当 他们 在 休会 期间 , 在 香港 居住 时 , 他们 是 香港特别行政区 公民 , 香港 居民 有的 权利 , 他们 不会 缺少 .\r\n香港 高度 自治 的 事务 , 基本法 已有 明确 规定 , 管 治 工作 由 行政 长官 负责 , 行政 长官 对 中央 负责 , 也 对 特区 负责 , 大家 都要 支持 行政 长官 的 工作 .\r\n特别行政区 需要 有一个 贯彻执行 基本法 的 带头人 , 这个 带头人 就是 行政 长官 .\r\n大家 同心同德 , 香港 的 事情 就 好办 .\r\n中国 \" 九五 \" 环保 计划 和 二零一零年 目标 纲要 以及 污染物 总量 控制 制度 和 跨世纪 绿色 工程 规划 正在 顺利 实施 , 并 取得 实质性 进展 .\r\n一九九七年 底 , 全国 有 环保 企业 七千六百十一七 , 拥有 固定资产 总值 六二零点九亿 元 , 形成 了 国有 企业 与 城镇 集体 企业 和 私营企业 共同 发展 的 格局 .\r\n目前 在 世界 环保 产业 市场 上 占有 优势 的 主要 是 美国 德国 和 日本 .\r\n一九九三年 世界 环保 市场 交易额 为 三千五百六十亿 美元 , 到 二零零零年 将 上升到 六千亿 美元 , 这是 个 很大 的 市场 空间 .\r\n但 不可 避免 也 会 带来 强烈 的 冲击 , 这就 要求 中国 的 环保 企业 必须 在 振兴 民族 环保 产业 上下 功夫 , 如果 消极 避 战 , 不 积极 参与 国际 竞争 , 只是 墨守成规 的 机械 发展 , 国内 市场 也 将 最终 丧失 .\r\n国外 环保 企业 较 早 的 引入 竞争 机制 , 以 市场 为 导向 发展 生产 , 获得 了 先 发 性 体制 优势 .\r\n全国 人大 代表 中共 新疆 维吾尔 自治区 区委 书记 王乐泉 在 接受 记者 采访 时 如是说 .\r\n王乐泉 认为 , 西部 大 开发 是 中国 现代 经济 发展 布局 的 重大 调整 .\r\n西部 大 开发 不仅仅是 一种 地理 概念 , 而 更 重要 的 是 一种 体现 经济 发展 状况 的 概念 .\r\n西部 开发 , 国家 必然 要 进行 巨额 投资 , 但 不可 依赖 国家 , 要 多 发挥 自身 的 力量 , 有了 自己的 努力 , 才 会 抓住 机遇 .\r\n机遇 抓 多 抓 少 , 关键 是 在 自己 .\r\n新疆 在 实施 西部 大 开发 战略 的 时候 , 必须 从 实际 出发 , 科学 论证 , 加速 各方面 的 准备 工作 .\r\n在 这 方面 , 新疆 是 大有作为 的 , 比如 番茄 红花 枸杞 等 \" 红色 产业 \" , 还有 丰富 独特 的 瓜果 产业 等 .\r\n占 新疆 工业 三 分 天下 有 其二 的 石油 天然气 及 化工 工业 , 将 加大 勘探 力度 .\r\n将 以 扎实 可靠 的 工作 促使 \" 西 气 东 输 \" 至 上海 的 宏伟 工程 早日 上马 .\r\n与此同时 , 将 逐步 实施 \" 再造 一个 山川 秀美 的 大西北 \" 的 计划 .\r\n王乐泉 认为 , 新疆 实施 西部 大 开发 , 仍有 许多 不利 因素 , 而 重要 的 因素 莫 过 於 人 的 因素 .\r\n新疆 是 一个 多 民族 多 语言 文字 的 少数民族 聚集 区 .\r\n加速 人才 的 培养 和 提高 全体 劳动者 的 素质 , 显得 尤为 重要 和 迫切 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月10日 电 题 : 政协 委员 谈 非 公有制 经济 发展 新华社 记者 曾华国 李斌 去年 春天 , 九 全国 人大 二 会议 对 宪法 作 了 修改 , 个体 , 私营 等 非 公有制 经济 作为 社会主义 市场经济 的 重要 组成部分 , 其 地位 和 作用 得到 根本 大法 的 确认 .\r\n出席 全国 政协 九 届 三 会议 的 委员 们 在 畅谈 变化 的 同时 , 也 对 如何 进一步 发展 非 公有制 经济 献计献策 , 坦诚 直言 .\r\n张 同盟 委员 对 以 中小企业 为主 的 非 公有制 经济 的 地位 和 作用 给予 充分 肯定 , \" 非 公有制 企业 在 吸纳 大量 农村 剩余劳动力 的 同时 , 也 吸纳 了 大量 国有 企业 下岗 职工 , 仅 1998年 就 吸纳 了 460 多 万 人 . \"\r\n近年来 , 一些 民营 企业 还 响应 党 和 政府 的 号召 , 进军 中西部 , 开拓 农村 市场 , 用 务实 的 行动 带动 落后 地区 经济 发展 .\r\n金异 委员 说 , \" 从 江西 来看 , 县 域 经济 的 支柱 之一 就是 非 公有制 经济 , 非 公有制 经济 发展 状况 如何 , 决定 着 县 域 经济 发展 的 速度 . \"\r\n( 小标题 ) 扶持 政策 落实 难 国民 待遇 对待 难 \" 现在 公开 表示 不 重视 非 公有制 经济 发展 的 人 没有了 , 但 在 一些 地方 ' 叶公好龙 ' 的 现 像 仍然 存在 . \"\r\n金融 政策 也 难以 落实 .\r\n由于 大多数 非 公有 企业 还是 靠 租房 租 地 起家 , 没有 多少 固定资产 可以 抵押 , 也 找不到 担保 单位 , 所以 流动资金 很难 贷 到 .\r\n\" 婆婆 \" 增多 , 官司 难 打 .\r\n李祖可 委员 说 , 个体 私营企业 是 无 主管 企业 , 但 实施 管理 的 \" 婆婆 \" 不少 .\r\n侵害 企业 合法权益 的 事件 时 有 发生 , 由于 缺乏 相应的 法律 规定 , 个体 私营企业 普遍 感到 投诉 难 , 案件 受理 难 , 打官司 难 .\r\n一些 受害 企业 干脆 不 报案 , 自认 倒霉 , 或者 以 非法 手段 寻求 \" 公平 \" .\r\n这种 局面 需要 改变 .\r\n( 小标题 ) 重新 定位 进军 现代 企业 提高 自身 素质 注重 升级 \" 大部分 非 公有制 企业主 , 都是 从 市场 摔打 摸 爬 中 成长 起来 的 , 缺乏 产业 管理 的 基本 素质 . \"\r\n民盟 中央 副主席 , 四川省 政协 副主席 吴正德 委员 说 , \" 当 市场 产品 的 空白点 较多 时 , 这种 经营 方式 还可以 侥幸 抓到 一些 机会 .\r\n随着 产品 的 丰富 , 没有 一定 层次 的 手段 和 眼光 , 他们 很难 继续 生存 和 发展 . \"\r\n吴正德 认为 , 非 公有制 企业 要 改变 \" 小而全 \" 的 发展 路子 , 朝 \" 小 而 专 \" , \" 小 而 精 \" , \" 小 而 特 \" 方向 努力 .\r\n这 需要 把握 市场 脉搏 , 进行 技术 创新 .\r\n民营 企业家 更 要 注重 自身 的 \" 升级 \" .\r\n夏守春 委员 说 , \" 我们 应该 把 发展 非 公有制 经济 放在 全国 发展 的 一盘棋 中 , 形成 合力 , 调整 产业 结构 , 迎接 全球 一体化 的 挑战 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月10日 电 题 : 培育 竞争 主体 抢滩 国际 市场 -- 政协 委员 谈 跨国 经营 新华社 记者 曾华国 陈芳 十几 年 前 , 张宏伟 不过是 哈尔滨市 一个 工程队 的 负责人 .\r\n如今 , 他 的 东方 集团 已 立足 世界 几 十 个 国家 和 地区 .\r\n言 及 竞争 , 张宏伟 委员 说 , 经济 全球化 趋势 使 市场 竞争 更加 激烈 .\r\n建立 一批 以 大型 现代 企业 为 基础 的 , 具有 较强 国际 竞争力 的 跨国公司 , 这是 中国 屹立 于 世界 经济 之林 的 必然 选择 .\r\n\" 国际 竞争 不是 空头 的 , 而是 实体 与 实体 的 较量 . \" 徐冠巨 委员 说 , 我们 必须 清醒 地 认识到 , 现在 国际间 的 竞争 , 其 形式 越来越 表现 为 大企业 与 大企业 之间 的 竞争 .\r\n因此 , 我们 要 鼓励 有实力 的 企业 到 境外 投资 办厂 , 开展 加工 贸易 , 或者 合作 开发 资源 , 对外 承包 工程 和 劳务 合作 .\r\n( 小标题 ) 培育 竞争 主体 实现 强国 目标 政协 委员 们 说 , 随着 改革开放 的 深入 , 我国 产品 在 国际上 占有 越来越 重要 的 位置 , \" 中国 制造 \" 已经 变得 很 普遍 .\r\n但是 , 中国 品牌 在 国际上 叫 得 响 的 却 为数不多 .\r\n不可 否认 的 是 , 目前 我国 海外 投资 的 企业 规模 偏 小 , 远远 低于 发达国家 的 平均 规模 .\r\n我们 还必须 在 产品 性能 , 质量 , 成本 , 价格 和 售后服务 上 , 全面 提高 同 大型企业 , 跨国公司 的 竞争 能力 .\r\n正如 陈开枝 委员 所 说 , 在 世纪之交 的 关键 时刻 , 我们 要 重点 培育 一批 具备 潜力 的 企业 , 让 其 在 国际 经济 舞台 上 施展 身手 , 显示 国力 .\r\n中国 共产党 自 成立 之 日 起 , 就 以 马克思主义 作为 自己的 指导思想 .\r\n抚今追昔 , 代表 和 委员 们 指出 , 旗帜 是 党 的 思想 政治 工作 的 灵魂 .\r\n这 不仅 被 过去 中国 革命 和 建设 的 实践 所 证明 , 也 被 改革开放 以来 建设 有 中国 特色 社会主义 的 伟大 实践 所 证明 .\r\n特别是 改革开放 以来 , 党 的 工作 重心 转移 到 \" 以 经济 建设 为 中心 \" , 解放 思想 , 实事求是 作为 思想 政治 工作 的 核心 贯穿 其中 .\r\n保尔·柯察金 之所以 具有 不朽 的 生命力 , 在于 他 坚定 的 理想 信念 , 在于 他 昂扬 的 人生 态度 .\r\n用 优秀 的 作品 鼓舞 人 , 是 思想 政治 工作 的 重要 内容 .\r\n特别是 去年 党中央 果断 处理 \" 法 轮 功 \" 问题 , 使 广大 干部 群众 进一步 认识到 加强 和 改进 思想 政治 工作 的 重要 与 迫切 .\r\n培养 一 支 高素质 的 队伍 , 使 企业 有 凝聚力 , 思想 政治 工作 必不可少 .\r\n河北省 丰宁 县委 副 书记 王韶华 代表 认为 , \" 三 讲 \" 教育 是 新时期 党建 的 重要 探索 , 也是 思想 政治 工作 的 重要 形式 .\r\n对此 , 代表 委员 们 给予 充分 肯定 , 认为 越是 改革开放 越 要 加强 思想 政治 工作 , 越是 加强 思想 政治 工作 , 就 越 能 促进 改革开放 的 健康 发展 .\r\n深圳 龙岗区 布吉镇 南岭 村党总支 书记 张伟基 代表 谈起 江泽民 总书记 考察 南岭 村 的 情景 , 至今 仍 很 激动 .\r\n\" 致富 思 源 , 富 而 思 进 \" , 这是 江泽民 总书记 向 广大 干部 群众 特别是 发展 较快 地区 干部 群众 发出 的 号召 .\r\n广东 的 全国 人大 代表 表示 : 建设 有 中国 特色 的 社会主义 , 包括 发展 物质文明 和 社会主义 精神文明 两 方面 , 必须 实现 经济 , 社会 的 协调 发展 和 全面 进步 .\r\n面对 即将 到来 的 新世纪 , 代表 , 委员 们 指出 , 中国 未来 的 辉煌 需要 高素质 人才 的 铸造 .\r\n中国 工程 院 院士 左铁镛 委员 说 , 思想 道德 素质 的 培养 比起 专业知识 , 能力 , 在 更深 层次 反映出 人才 的 质量 , 是 全面 素质 教育 中 最 根本 , 最 重要 的 方面 .\r\n不久前 出现 的 \" 法 轮 功 \" 现 像 , 说明 思想 政治 工作 还 存在 薄弱环节 .\r\n既要 发挥 思想 政治 工作 部门 的 作用 , 又要 依靠 社会 各方面 , 形成 思想 政治 工作 的 合力 .\r\n本月底 , 欧盟 贸易 委员 拉米 也 将来 华 与 石广生 进行 部长级 磋商 . 在 中国 争取 加入 WTO 的 谈判 进程 中 , 共有 三十七 成员 向 中国 提出 了 双边 谈判 的 要求 .\r\n据 石广生 透露 , 中国 与 剩下 的 十一 成员 的 谈判 正在 加紧 进行 , 其中 几个 已 基本 结束 或 接近 结束 谈判 , 很快 就要 签署 双边 协议 .\r\n双方 还 就 其它 共同 关心 的 问题 进行 了 交谈 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月10日 电 政协 第九届 全国 委员会 常务 委员会 第九 会议 今天 下午 在 北京 举行 .\r\n受 全国 政协 主席 会议 委托 , 全国 政协 秘书长 郑万通 在 会上 汇报 了 全国 政协 九 届 三 会议 的 进展 情况 和 小组 讨论 的 主要 情况 .\r\n48 委员 小组 分别 进行 了 7 分组 讨论 .\r\n这些 都 充分 体现 了 中共 中央 , 国务院 对 政协 工作 的 重视 和 支持 , 体现 了 以 江泽民 同志 为 核心 的 中共 中央 第三 领导 集体 的 民主 作风 .\r\n委员 们 对 今年 的 政府 工作 报告 也 提出 了 一些 修改 意见 , 大会 秘书处 已 将 这些 意见 汇总 并 报送 国务院 办公厅 .\r\n郑万通 说 , 委员 们 普遍 认为 政协 常委会 工作 报告 是 一个 实事求是 , 内容 全面 , 重点 突出 , 文字 精炼 , 具有 特色 的 报告 .\r\n同时 , 委员 们 对 常委会 工作 报告 也 提出 了 修改 意见 , 经 归类 合并 总计 40 .\r\n大会 秘书处 责成 文件 起草组 按照 委员 们 提出 的 意见 对 报告 作 认真 修改 , 强调 可 改 可不 改 的 地方 都 按 委员 们 所 提 的 意见 作 修改 .\r\n会议 对 九 届 八 常委会 议 后 因病 去世 的 贡唐 仓 · 丹 贝 旺旭 和 谢希德 常委 表示 深切 的 悼念 .\r\n( 专发 陕西 日报 ) 温家宝 在 参加 陕西 团 审议 时 要求 扎扎实实 做好 西部 大 开发 工作 新华社 北京 3月10日 电 中共 中央 政治局 委员 , 国务院 副总理 温家宝 代表 日前 来到 陕西 代表团 , 与 代表 一起 审议 政府 工作 报告 .\r\n温家宝 说 , 西部 大 开发 是 一个 规模 宏大 的 系统工程 , 涉及 经济 社会 的 各个 方面 .\r\n研究 制定 规划 要 从 实际 出发 , 遵循 客观 规律 , 充分 考虑 各地区 自然 地理 条件 和 经济 社会 发展 的 实际情况 , 增强 科学性 .\r\n温家宝 说 , 西部 大 开发 一定 要 有 新 思路 .\r\n要 按 市场 规律 办事 , 积极 推进 经济体制 和 经济 增长 方式 的 转变 , 努力 提高 西部 地区 的 资源 利用 效率 , 资金 使用 效益 和 经济 增长 质量 .\r\n按 科学 规律 办事 , 对 西部 开发 的 重大 问题 要 进行 科学研究 和 论证 , 组织 广大 科技人员 进入 开发 的 主战场 , 积极 创造 条件 运用 先进 科学技术 , 加快 西部 地区 发展 的 步伐 .\r\n要 积极 探索 , 及时 总结经验 , 因地制宜 , 分类 指导 .\r\n要 充分 发挥 政治 优势 , 动员 全社会 力量 支持 西部 开发 建设 .\r\n中国 每逢 增加 军事 开支 , 必定 引起 西方 传媒 的 渲染 , 与 所谓 \" 中国 威胁 论 \" 挂起 钩 来 .\r\n今年 , 则 比较 少见 这样的 渲染 .\r\n今年 军方 将 加薪 三成 左右 , 与 地方 干部 比较 并不 算 多 .\r\n中国 外交部 发言人 朱邦造 在 记者招待会 上 指出 , 自 八十年 代 以来 , 中国 的 国防 拨款 绝对 额 虽然 逐年 都 有所 增加 , 但是 国防 开支 占 国民生产总值 和 占 国家 财政 支出 的 比重 却 在 逐年 下降 .\r\n若然 拿 中国 国务 预算 跟 美国 , 日本 相比 , 更 显得 中国 军费 开支 处 於 非常 低 的 水平 .\r\n最近 , 美国 政府 提出 一个 下年度 的 国防 预算 提案 , 军费 总 开支 高达 三千零五十四亿 美元 , 比 上年度 增长 一百四十四亿 美元 , 其 增长 部份 就 相当 於 中国 全年 的 军费 总 开支 .\r\n由此可见 中国 军费 人均 开支 是 如何的 低水平 了 .\r\n但是 , 以 刻苦耐劳 著称 的 中国 军队 , 能够 充分 发挥 积极性 和 创造 精神 , 把 国防 和 军队 现代化 建设 推向 一个 新 阶段 , 把 防卫 作战 能力 提高到 一个 新 水平 .\r\n江泽民 主席 在 人大 会议 解放军 代表团 会议 上 发表 讲话 指出 : 过去 一 的 一 年 , 军队 和 武警 部队 经受住 了 三 重大 政治 斗争 的 考验 , 全面 建设 取得 了 新 的 进步 .\r\n我们 的 国防 实力 越 强大 , 中国 的 安全 和 完成 统一 大业 就 越 有 保证 .\r\n在 全国 人大 会议 及 小组 会议 上 , 中央军委 委员 傅全 有 , 于永波 , 王克 , 王瑞林 等 表示 , 中国人民 解放军 是 保卫 祖国 的 钢铁长城 , 肩负 著 保卫 国家 安全 和 领土 完整 , 维护 祖国 统一 的 神圣 职责 .\r\n香港 , 澳门 回归 之后 , 解决 台湾 问题 , 更加 突出 的 摆 在 了 面前 .\r\n同时 , 有 一 位 地方 军区 司令 在 人大 会议 上 建议 , 全国 人大 因 应 当前 形势 , 应 尽快 制定 《 国防 动员 法 》 或 《 战争 动员 法 》 , 对 全局 问题 作出 法律 规定 .\r\n温家宝 强调 , 东部 沿海地区 要 在 率先 基本 实现 现代化 方面 迈出 更大 的 步伐 .\r\n要 坚持 扩大 内需 的 方针 , 实现 国民经济 持续 快速 健康 发展 .\r\n二 是 要 进行 经济 结构 战略性 调整 , 提高 经济 发展 的 质量 和 效益 .\r\n四 是 要 深化 以 国有 企业 改革 为 中心 环节 的 经济体制 改革 , 进一步 健全 和 完善 社会主义 市场经济 体制 .\r\n五 是 要 进一步 扩大 对外开放 .\r\n要 在 继续 做好 引进 国外 资金 和 技术 的 同时 , 积极 实施 \" 走出去 \" 的 开放 战略 , 提高 我国 企业 和 产品 的 国际 竞争 能力 .\r\n六 是 要 提高 人民群众 物质 文化 生活水平 , 在 实现 小康 的 基础 上 达到 更加 富裕 .\r\n江西 代表 宫正 说 , 政法 队伍 普遍 开展 了 集中 教育 整顿 , 取得 了 明显 成效 .\r\n去年 坚决 依法 惩处 颠覆 国家 政权 , 分裂 国家 的 犯罪 分子 , 在 与 \" 法 轮 功 \" 邪教 组织 的 斗争 中 , 严格 适用 刑法 和 有关 的 司法 解释 , 严厉 打击 组织 和 利用 邪教 组织 破坏 法律 实施 , 致 人 死亡 , 非法 获取 国家 秘密 的 犯罪 活动 .\r\n近日 判处 的 胡长清 受贿 , 行贿 和 巨额 财产 来源 不明 案 表明 , 对于 重大 案件 , 不管 涉及到 哪个 部门 哪个 人 , 都 一 查 到底 , 决不 手软 , 进一步 表明 了 党 和 国家 惩治 腐败 , 惩治 犯罪 的 决心 .\r\n权钱 交易 , 毒化 社会风气 , 危害 极其 严重 , 影响 经济 发展 和 社会 稳定 .\r\n陈开枝 委员 提出 , 近 几 年 , 人民法院 一些 生效 判决 无法 执行 , 当事人 的 合法权益 不能 得到 及时 有效的 保护 , 群众 对此 反映 强烈 .\r\n这些 制度 的 建立 和 完善 , 将 为 推进 依法 治国 , 为 我国 社会主义 市场经济 建设 提供 强有力 的 保障 .\r\n江泽民 认真 听取 代表 们 的 发言 , 并 不时 就 一些 问题 和 代表 们 进行 讨论 .\r\n解放 以后 , 山西 又 成为 重要 的 能源 重 化工 基地 , 有力地 支持 了 全国 的 经济 建设 .\r\n我们 一定 要 提高 认识 , 增加 紧迫感 , 增强 结构 调整 的 自觉性 和 主动性 .\r\n江泽民 强调 , 要 把 经济 结构 调整 作为 今年 和 今后 一个 时期 经济 工作 的 主要 着力点 , 在 经济 发展 中 加快 结构 调整 , 在 结构 调整 中 促进 经济 发展 .\r\n要 重点 抓好 几个 方面 : 一 是 稳定 和 加强 农业 基础 地位 , 进一步 加强 农业 基础 设施 建设 , 保护 耕地 , 提高 农业 综合 生产能力 .\r\n二 是 调整 产业 和 产品 结构 , 压缩 生产能力 过剩 , 产品 没有 销路 的 产业 和 产品 , 关闭 和 淘汰 技术 落后 , 污染 环境 , 浪费 资源 , 不 具备 安全生产 条件 的 企业 .\r\n三 是 调整 过于 分散 , 形 不成 规模 效益 的 企业 结构 . 大力 推进 企业 的 联合 , 兼并 和 重组 .\r\n四 是 运用 高新 技术 改造 传统 产业 , 调整 改造 老 工业基地 , 使 传统 产业 和 老 工业基地 焕发 新 的 活力 .\r\n六 是 大力 发展 第三产业 , 特别是 信息 , 金融 , 旅游 , 服务 等 产业 , 广开 就业 门路 .\r\n七 是 促进 区域 经济 , 城乡 经济 的 合理 布局 和 协调 发展 , 努力 发挥 各地区 优势 , 合理 开发 和 利用 资源 , 促进 地区 经济 健康 发展 .\r\n结构 调整 要 适应 国际 经济 发展 趋势 , 也要 结合 我国 的 国情 , 在 大力 发展 高新技术 产业 , 改造 传统 产业 的 同时 , 积极 发展 需要 投资 较少 , 吸纳 劳动力 较多 的 劳动 密集型 产业 .\r\n要 积极 引进 先进 适用 技术 , 增强 自主 创新 能力 , 大力 发展 具有 自主 知识产权 的 新技术 和 新 工艺 .\r\n科技 进步 与 创新 , 关键 是 人才 , 必须 着力 培养 科技 人才 , 特别是 要 为 青年 科技 人才 的 成长 创造 条件 , 建立 激励 机制 , 调动 和 发挥 科技 人才 的 积极性 和 创造性 .\r\n同时 , 在 坚持 国有 , 集体 等 公有制 经济 为 主体 的 前提 下 , 积极 鼓励 和 引导 个体 , 私营 等 非 公有制 经济 的 发展 .\r\n第五 , 加快 结构 调整 , 必须 做好 群众 工作 , 保持 社会 稳定 .\r\n江泽民 指出 , 中央 提出 实施 西部 大 开发 战略 , 就是 为了 加快 中西部 地区 的 发展 , 促进 区域 经济 的 协调 发展 .\r\n改革开放 以来 , 特别是 80年 代 中期 国家 开始 有计划 地 大规模 扶贫 开发 以来 , 我国 的 扶贫 工作 取得 了 巨大 成就 .\r\n贫困 地区 要 把 解决 群众 的 温饱 问题 , 作为 当前 最 重要 , 最 紧迫 的 任务 , 摆 在 第一 来 完成 .\r\n初级 阶段 就是 由 贫困 人口 占 很大 比重 , 人民 生活 水平 比较 低 , 逐步 转变 为 全体 人民 比较 富裕 的 历史 阶段 .\r\n《 国家 八七 扶贫 攻坚 计划 》 完成 以后 , 扶贫 的 任务 并 没有 结束 , 而是 进入 一个 新 的 阶段 .\r\n江泽民 强调 , 当前 , 做好 扶贫 开发 工作 , 推动 农村 经济 发展 , 一 是 要 坚持 开发 式 扶贫 的 方针 .\r\n这就 要 大力 加强 农田水利 基本建设 , 改善 生产 生活 条件 , 帮助 贫困 群众 因地制宜 发展 种养 业 , 稳定 解决 温饱 .\r\n二 是 要 加快 发展 教育 , 推广 适用 技术 , 普遍 提高 劳动者 素质 .\r\n贫困 地区 农业 比重 大 , 农民 的 收入 来源 主要 靠 农业 , 地方 财政 很大 一块 也 来自 农业 .\r\n要 通过 调整 结构 , 发展 高产 优质 高效 农业 , 提高 农业 的 效益 , 增加 农民 收入 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月10日 电 九届 全国 人大 三 会议 今天 上午 在 人民 大会堂 举行 第四 大会 , 听取 最高 人民 法院 工作 报告 , 最高 人民 检察院 工作 报告 .\r\n江泽民 , 李鹏 , 朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 , 胡锦涛 , 尉健行 , 李岚清 等 党 和 国家 领导人 在 主席台 就座 .\r\n审判 工作 和 执行 工作 水平 要 有 新 提高 , 法院 改革 要 有 新 成效 , 队伍 建设 要 有 新 进展 .\r\n最高 人民 检察院 检察长 韩杼滨 向 大会 报告 了 最高 人民 检察院 工作 .\r\n他 说 , 1999年 , 各级 检察 机关 依法 严厉 打击 严重 刑事犯罪 , 为 维护 社会 稳定 作出 了 积极 贡献 .\r\n韩杼滨 说 , 各级 检察 机关 要 继续 坚持 把 办案 质量 作为 执法 工作 的 生命线 , 坚持 以 人民 满意 为 最高 标准 .\r\n要 惩治 犯罪 者 , 挽救 失足者 , 教育 失误 者 , 保护 无辜者 , 支持 改革者 .\r\n代表 , 委员 们 提出 , 司法 公正 是 促进 依法 治国 方略 实施 的 根本 保证 .\r\n如果 人民群众 对 司法 机关 失去 信心 , 就 会 严重 损害 到 党 和 政府 在 人民群众 中 的 形 像 , 对 司法 腐败 现 像 绝 不能 等闲视之 .\r\n司法 机关 公正 执法 与 保护 人民群众 的 利益 密切相关 .\r\n但 一段 时期 以来 , 执法 不公 和 司法 腐败 现 像 时 有 发生 .\r\n代表 , 委员 们 深切 地 感受到 , 少数 司法 人员 违法 违纪 的 问题 突出 .\r\n长期 从事 司法 工作 的 孙桂华 代表 提出 : 司法 公正 是 依法 治国 的 基本 要求 , 是 人民群众 的 强烈 愿望 , 是 司法 机关 的 生命线 .\r\n一个 社会 如果 失去 了 司法 公正 , 就 谈不上 社会 公正 .\r\n( 小标题 ) 殷切 期望 化作 强大 动力 代表 , 委员 的 热切 期望 , 化为 \" 两 高 \" 改进 工作 的 强大 动力 , 并 迈出 了 实质性 步伐 .\r\n打铁 先 要 自身 硬 .\r\n\" 两 高 \" 从 代表 , 委员 的 意见 和 建议 中 汲取 教训 , 不断 完善 制约 机制 , 加大 整改 力度 .\r\n社会 反响 强烈 , 人们 称之为 \" 阳光 下 的 审判 \" .\r\n高法 和 高检 针对 队伍 建设 中 存在 的 突出 问题 , 全面 开展 了 教育 整顿 和 执法 大检查 活动 .\r\n\" 人情 案 \" , \" 关系 案 \" , \" 金钱 案 \" 成为 教育 整顿 的 重点 .\r\n1997年10月 , 海南省 人大 常委会 通过 了 司法 机关 错案 责任 追究 条例 .\r\n经过 实践 , \" 错案 追究 \" 在 全国 推行 , 有效地 遏制 和 预防 了 执法 中 的 腐败 .\r\n杭州市 实行 错案 追究 制 以来 , 已有 13 责任者 被 追究 责任 .\r\n真诚 的 努力 , 赢得了 代表 , 委员 们 的 真心 支持 .\r\n作为 一 名 老 人大 代表 要 积极 支持 , 帮助 司法 机关 做好 审判 , 检察 工作 .\r\n强化 监督 体系 , 是 保证 司法 公正 的 重要 措施 .\r\n于万岭 代表 说 , 人大 作为 国家 的 最高 权力 机关 , 应 在 司法 监督 方面 发挥 更大 的 作用 .\r\n要 进一步 加大 力度 , 改进 方式 , 完善 程序 , 重视 质量 , 不 辜负 人民 群众 的 期望 .\r\n省 人大 常委会 通过 议案 , 撤销 了 这 名 审判员 的 职务 .\r\n强化 监督 体系 , 维护 司法 公正 , 必须 健全 司法 机关 内部 监督 制约 机制 .\r\n江苏 代表 于广洲 认为 , 要 真正 维护 法律 尊严 , 保持 司法 公正 , 关键 要 靠 制度 保障 .\r\n完善 监督 程序 , 使之 不 停留 于 形式 , 是 司法 面临 的 一个 新 课题 .\r\n一道 道 严密 的 关卡 , 形成 了 对 司法 腐败 分子 的 天罗地网 .\r\n群众 不仅 能 有效 监督 司法 过程 , 改善 执法 环境 , 还能 起到 教育 自己的 作用 .\r\n有效的 监督 是 司法 公正 的 重要 保障 , 我们 相信 , 当 所有 的 执法者 都 受到 严格 的 监督 并 依法 行事 时 , 司法 公正 的 目标 一定 能 实现 .\r\n张庆华 代表 提出 , 要 加强 对 公务员 的 教育 培训 和 管理 , 培养 他们 依法 办事 , 依法 行政 的 观念 , 提高 办事 效率 , 增强 服务 意识 .\r\n赵军 代表 建议 加快 法院 人事 制度 改革 , 尽快 培养 一 支 高素质 的 法官 队伍 .\r\n于天瑞 代表 提出 , 要 切实 加强 党 的 农村 基层组织 建设 , 提高 基层 党员 干部 素质 .\r\n首先 , 全心全意 为人民服务 是 我们 党 的 根本 宗旨 , 要 加强 对 党员 干部 特别是 领导干部 的 教育 , 树立 正确 的 世界观 , 人生观 .\r\n对 违法 违纪 行为 , 不管 涉及 什 幺 人 都要 依法 惩处 .\r\n第三 , 要 努力 清除 滋生 腐败 的 土壤 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月10日 电 ( 人民 日报 记者 武卫政 新华社 记者 刘健 ) 中共 中央 政治局 常委 , 国家 副主席 胡锦涛 今天 下午 来到 九届 全国 人大 三 会议 安徽 代表团 , 和 代表 们 一起 审议 会上 的 各项 报告 .\r\n他 还 说 , 实行 农村 税费 改革 是 减轻 农民 负担 的 根本 措施 , 安徽 作为 试点 , 准备 工作 已 全面 启动 .\r\n我们 一定 要 精心 组织 , 认真 安排 , 有 步骤 地 进行 .\r\n他 指出 , 解决好 12亿 多人 的 吃饭 问题 , 始终 是 我们 的 头等 大事 .\r\n尤其是 在 农业 连年 丰收 , 农产品 出现 阶段性 , 结构性 相对 过剩 的 情况 下 , 更 要 注意 防止 忽视 和 放松 农业 的 倾向 , 进一步 巩固 和 加强 农业 的 基础 地位 .\r\n要 逐步 建立 健全 对 基层 干部 的 监督 激励 机制 , 积极 探索 农村 基层 干部 规范化 管理 的 有效 途径 和 办法 .\r\n当前 中美 关系 和 两岸 关系 正 处 於 一个 极为 重要 的 关键 时刻 .\r\n在此 敏感 时期 , 美国 政府 却 不顾 中方 的 强烈 反对 , 正 准备 向 台湾 出售 先进 武器 , 蓄意 破坏 中美 关系 和 加剧 台海 紧张 局势 .\r\n唐家璇 指出 , 美国 方面 的 所作所为 助长 了 台湾 内部 分裂 势力 的 气焰 , 对 台海 局势 的 紧张 负有 不可 推卸 的 责任 .\r\n长期以来 , 美国 历届 政府 都 将 台湾 视为 遏制 中国 的 一 艘 \" 永不 沉没 的 航空母舰 \" .\r\n中美 建交 之后 , 美国 被迫 从 台湾 撤军 , 但却 随即 通过 了 《 与 台湾 关系 法 》 , 承担起 武力 保卫 台湾 的 责任 .\r\n这是 美国 反华 势力 继 《 与 台湾 关系 法 》 之后 , 再次 企图 通过 国内 立法 形式 加强 美 台 军事 联系 , 为 美 向 台 出售 各种 先进 武器 装备 与 技术 提供 所谓 法律 依据 , 是 蓄意 阻挠 中国 统一 大业 的 又 一 项 法案 .\r\n美国 的 种种 所 为 , 充分 暴露 了 它 干涉 中国 内政 的 霸权主义 和 强权政治 的 嘴脸 , 使 中国 人民 再一次 看到 美国 是 中国 解决 台湾 问题 的 最大 障碍 .\r\n因此 , 要 解决 台湾 问题 , 就 必须 排除 美国 的 干预 , 就 必须 做好 军事 斗争 的 准备 .\r\n三月四日 江泽民 主席 在 谈到 台湾 问题 时 指出 , \" 中国 人民 从来 不怕 鬼 , 不 信邪 , 对 於 任何 危害 中华 民族 根本 利益 的 鬼 邪 之举 , 我们 都 坚决 反对 .\r\n国防 实力 越 强大 , 中国 的 安全 和 完成 统一 大业 就 越 有 保证 .\r\n中美 关系 对 於 亚太地区 的 和平 与 稳定 对 於 世界 的 和平 与 稳定 至关重要 .\r\n当前 美方 在 台湾 问题 上 的 一言一行 , 直接 关系到 中美 关系 的 走向 , 也 直接 关系到 台湾海峡 和 亚太地区 的 和平 与 稳定 .\r\n中美 关系 走向 何处 , 完全 取决 於 美方 .\r\n内地 , 香港 应 携手 抓住 ' 入世 ' 带来 的 机遇 , 应付 面临 的 挑战 . \"\r\n香港 特区 政协 委员 , 港陆 国际 有限 公司 董事长 陆宗霖 说 .\r\n许多 委员 对 香港 , 内地 如何 加强 合作 提出 了 意见 和 建议 .\r\n报告 里 提出 的 香港 问题 是 完全 没有 根据 的 .\r\n说 我们 香港 [ 大地 ] 是 人 蛇 , 专门 送 非法 移民 到 美国 去 , 这是 胡说八道 .\r\n这次 在 解释 基本法 的 过程 中 , 人大常委会 尊重 各 揭 饧 [ 中国 青年 报 ] 也 没有 干预 特区 终审 法院 作出 最后 决定 .\r\n其实 美国 人 对 耸 潞 [ Image ] 清楚 , 却 故意 以此 为 借口 攻击 我们 的 人权 , 干扰 鸸 氖 挛 瘢 不得不 让 人 怀疑 其 政治 用心 .\r\n北京 加强 监督 确保 司法 公正 新华社 北京 三月十一日 电 北京市 人大 代表 张国初 等 十一 代表 去年 提出 建议 : \" 对 署名 检举 , 控告 , 申诉 信 必须 给予 书面 答复 \" .\r\n北京市 高级 人民 法院 接到 人大 交办 的 建议 后 , 向 全市 法院 下发 了 《 关於 及时 处理 群众 署名 检举 , 控告 , 申诉 等 信访 件 的 几项 规定 》 , 其中 明确 了 对 群众 署名 的 检举 等 信件 必须 作出 书面 答复 的 规定 .\r\n这是 北京 法院 落实 人大 代表 和 群众 建议 的 一个 实例 .\r\n北京市 法院 和 检察院 设立 了 专门 负责 办理 人大 代表 , 政协 委员 批评 意见 的 部门 和 机构 , 并 专门 邀请 在京 的 全国 人大 代表 和 市 人大 代表 , 政协 委员 视察 审判 和 检察 工作 , 评议 各级 法院 和 检察院 的 各项 工作 .\r\n法院 和 检察院 的 重大 事项 和 活动 , 都 及时 向 人大 常委会 专题 报告 .\r\n为 保证 司法 公正 , 一九九九年 北京 各级 法院 全面 落实 了 公开 审判 制度 , 检察院 实行 了 检 务 公开 制度 .\r\n全市 所有 法院 都 敞开 大门 , 为 群众 旁听 和 记者 采访 开启 了 \" 绿色 通道 \" .\r\n为 维护 司法 公正 , 司法 机关 还 推行 了 一系列 以 公开 促 公正 的 新 措施 .\r\n检察院 实行 了 举报 , 控告 , 申诉 限期 答复 制度 , 向 群众 明示 的 \" 监督卡 \" 制度 等 .\r\n目前 , 全市 法院 邀请 的 社会 监督员 有 一百五十 , 新 产生 的 人民陪审员 一千二百 .\r\n全市 还有 九 检察院 建立 了 专家 咨询 委员会 , 聘请 专家 咨询 监督员 七十六 .\r\n法院 建立 了 专家 学者 咨询 制度 , 聘请 了 四十八 具有 较高 水平 的 专家 学者 , 担任 高级 法院 咨询 委员会 委员 , 对 疑难 案件 , 新 类型 案件 开展 咨询 论证 .\r\n为 保证 社会 监督 广泛性 , 法院 和 检察院 都 坚持 了 院长 , 检察长 \" 接待日 \" 制度 .\r\n去年 , 全市 有 八十三 法院 院长 接待 群众 六百 , 四千五百 多 人次 , 为 群众 解决 问题 三千 余 件 , 其中 纠正 错案 四 件 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月11日 电 九届 全国 人大 三 会议 主席团 今天 上午 在 人民 大会堂 举行 第二 会议 .\r\n主席团 常务 主席 李鹏 主持 会议 .\r\n会后 , 这个 审查 报告 将 印发 全体 代表 .\r\n全国 人大 财政 经济 委员会 副 主任委员 郭振干 作 了 关于 1999年 中央 和 地方 预算 执行 情况 及 2000年 中央 和 地方 预算 草案 的 审查 报告 .\r\n财经 委员会 建议 批准 国务院 提出 的 2000年 中央 预算 草案 , 同意 财政部 部长 项怀诚 受 国务院 委托 所 作 的 《 关于 1999年 中央 和 地方 预算 执行 情况 及 2000年 中央 和 地方 预算 草案 的 报告 》 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月11日 电 述评 : 共建 山川 秀美 的 家园 新华社 记者 赵承 又是 春风 吹 绿 时 , 我们 迎来 了 第21 植树节 .\r\n设立 植树节 , 开展 全民 义务 植树 运动 , 在 生态 环境 脆弱 地区 建设 重点 林业 生态 工程 , 是 我国 生态 建设 的 一 大 创举 , 赢得了 全国 人民 的 热烈 响应 和 积极 参与 .\r\n21 年 来 , 全国 参加 义务 植树 数 十亿 人次 , 义务 植树 320 多 亿 株 .\r\n人工造林 面积 跃居 世界 首位 , 取得 了 森林 面积 和 蓄积量 持续 增长 的 历史性 成就 .\r\n十大 重点 林业 生态 工程 营 造林 0.5亿 公顷 , 初步 形成 了 我国 林业 生态 体系 建设 的 新 格局 .\r\n浙江 , 福建 , 广东 , 安徽 , 湖南 的 部分 地区 , 出现 了 山清水秀 的 生态 环境 , 铁路 , 公路 , 沿江 地带 形成 了 蔚 为 壮观 的 绿色 通道 .\r\n然而 , 我国 水土流失 , 土地 沙漠化 , 水旱 灾害 较多 等 状况 还 没有 从 根本上 得到 遏止 , 对 经济 建设 和 社会 发展 构成 制约 甚至 威胁 .\r\n世纪之交 , 江泽民 总书记 向 全国 人民 发出 了 再造 祖国 秀美 山川 的 伟大 号召 , 国务院 颁布 了 《 全国 生态 环境 建设 规划 》 , 对 我国 林业 建设 提出 了 新 的 任务 和 要求 .\r\n加快 植树造林 的 步伐 , 需要 在 过去 义务 植树 有效 做法 的 基础 上 , 不断 探索 新 的 机制 , 制订 新 的 办法 和 措施 , 鼓励 越来越 多 的 人 参与 到 造林 绿化 的 行动 中 来 .\r\n实行 \" 以 粮 代赈 , 个体 承包 \" 的 退耕 还 林 措施 , 也是 新时期 的 新 创造 .\r\n加快 植树造林 的 步伐 , 需要 根据 植树造林 主导 利用 的 目的 , 确定 林种 树种 , 营造 方式 和 经营 管理 模式 , 提高 造林 绿化 的 效率 和 效益 .\r\n我国 西部 地区 自然 条件 恶劣 , 植被 恢复 难度 大 , 植树造林 取决于 科学技术 的 应用 .\r\n在 生态 公益 林 建设 方面 , 重点 要 解决 提高 干旱 , 半 干旱 地区 和 干 热 河谷 地区 造林 种草 成活率 和 保存率 问题 .\r\n在 商品 林 基地 建设 方面 , 要 解决 如何 做到 速生 , 丰产 , 优质 , 高效 问题 .\r\n当前 乱 砍 滥 采 , 破坏 林 草 植被 和 乱 批 乱 占 , 无偿 征 占用 林地 的 状况 仍然 十分 严重 , 一面 造林 一面 砍 树 使 我国 森林 面积 的 增长 十分 缓慢 .\r\n新 的 《 森林法 》 和 《 森林法 实施 条例 》 为 保护 森林 提供 了 有力 的 武器 .\r\n需要 加大 投入 , 采取 有效 措施 加强 森林 病虫害 的 防治 , 保护 来之不易 的 造林 绿化 成果 .\r\n只要 我们 共同 努力 , 加大 生态 环境保护 力度 , 坚持不懈 地 造林 绿化 , 就 一定 能 把 自己的 祖国 建设 成 山川 秀美 的 家园 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月11日 电 ( 新华社 \" 两会 \" 信箱 ) 议案 与 建议 , 批评 和 意见 有 什 幺 区别 ?\r\n议案 与 建议 , 批评 和 意见 的 主要 区别 在于 : 一 , 议案 是 法定 机关 和 法定 提案 人 依照 法定 程序 提请 代表大会 或 人大 常委会 列入 会议 议程 进行 审议 并 作出 决定 的 议事 原案 .\r\n建议 , 批评 和 意见 是 人大 代表 向 代表大会 或 人大 常委会 提出 的 对 各方面 工作 的 意见 或 建议 .\r\n二 , 议案 必须 是 由 法律 规定 的 机关 , 或者 代表 按 法定 的 联名 人数 , 依照 法定 的 程序 提出 .\r\n而 建议 , 批评 和 意见 则是 对 各方面 的 工作 都 可以 提出 .\r\n建议 , 批评 和 意见 的 书写 形式 没有 法定 要求 .\r\n8 天 半 的 会期 里 , 来自 各族 各界 的 两千 名 委员 抒 己见 , 求 共识 , 谋发展 .\r\n一个 世纪 前 , 八 国联 军 的 炮火 轰 开 了 中国 的 大门 ; 50 年 前 , 中国 人民 终于 站 了 起来 ; 今天 , 站在 新世纪 的 门槛 前 , 早已 今非昔比 的 中国 , 思考 着 , 谋划 着 新世纪 的 宏伟 蓝图 .\r\n心 同 此 意 , 情 同 此 理 .\r\n委员 们 认为 , 这是 一个 实事求是 , 鼓舞人心 的 报告 .\r\n报告 字数 少 了 , 经验 多 了 ; 套话 空话 少 了 , 专业 术语 多 了 , 充分 证明 我们 的 政府 是 务实 的 , 懂行 的 , 有 干劲 的 政府 .\r\n3月4日 全天 , 3月5日 下午 和 3月7日 上午 , 江泽民 , 李鹏 , 朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 , 李瑞环 , 胡锦涛 , 尉健行 , 李岚清 等 党 和 国家 领导人 分别 看望 了 24 小组 的 委员 , 并 参加 了 小组 讨论 .\r\n委员 们 说 , 这 体现 了 中共 中央 , 国务院 对 政协 工作 的 高度 重视 和 支持 , 体现 了 以 江泽民 同志 为 核心 的 中共 中央 第三 领导 集体 的 民主 作风 .\r\n全国 政协 九 届 三 会议 期间 , 中共 中央 , 国务院 领导 和 40 部委 的 负责人 到会 , 听取 委员 的 意见 , 建议 , 人数 是 历年 最多 的 一次 .\r\n( 小标题 ) 围绕 中心 服务 大局 机不可失 , 时不我待 .\r\n委员 们 说 , 这 表明 了 提案 在 政协 政治 协商 , 民主 监督 职能 中 的 作用 更加 突出 , 表明 了 常委会 对 提案 工作 的 高度 重视 .\r\n作为 参政议政 的 重要 渠道 , 大会 期间 政协 委员 递交 提案 的 积极性 高涨 .\r\n到 3月7日 17时 , 大会 提案 组 共 收到 委员 提案 3316 件 , 立案 3061 件 , 创 历年 之最 .\r\n截止 日期 过后 , 陆 陆续 续 又 有 两三百 件 提案 送交 大会 提案 组 , 内容 涉及 经济 , 政治 , 文化 各个 方面 .\r\n委员 向 大会 递交 的 大会 发言 材料 也 创 历史 记录 , 达到 688 件 .\r\n围绕 中心 , 服务 大局 , 是 政协 工作 的 基本原则 . 作为 一 项 具有 长远 战略 意义 的 决策 , 西部 大 开发 成为 今年 大会 委员 们 关注 的 焦点 问题 .\r\n今年 的 大会 发言 材料 , 西部 开发 首次 单独 列为 一个 类别 , 大会 发言 组 收到 委员 有关 西部 开发 的 发言 材料 达 120 多 件 , 占 大会 发言 材料 总数 的 近 四分之一 .\r\n三 大会 发言 有一次 是 专门 以 西部 开发 为 专题 , 工作人员 介绍 , 就 某 一 重大 问题 组织 政协 委员 进行 专题 大会 发言 , 这 在 历次 政协 大会 中 还是 第一 .\r\n委员 们 关注 着 我国 前进 道路 上 存在 的 热点 , 难点 和 焦点 问题 .\r\n-- \" 大 开发 不等于 大 开荒 , 也 不等于 大 开矿 . \"\r\n中国 工程 院 副 院长 王淀佐 委员 形 像 地 表达出 许多 政协 委员 的 想法 , 西部 开发 应 与 生态 建设 同行 .\r\n-- 高科技 产业 如何 占领 制高点 ?\r\n-- 反腐倡廉 既要 治标 , 又要 治本 , 必须 建立 完善 的 监督 机制 , 顾慰庆 委员 说 .\r\n-- 素质 教育 要 突出 创新 精神 , 创业 精神 , 实践 能力 的 培养 .\r\n( 小标题 ) 信心 满怀 向 未来 庄严 的 人民 大会堂 , 见证 了 共和国 的 发展 壮大 , 也 见证 了 人民政协 的 风雨 历程 .\r\n全国 政协 主席 李瑞环 在 大会 闭幕 会上 说 : \" 完成 改革 和 发展 的 任务 , 提高 政协 工作 的 水平 , 必须 努力 改进 工作 方法 , 大力 提倡 到 实践 中 去 . \"\r\n走出 人民 大会堂 , 委员 们 感到 了 肩上 沉甸甸 的 责任 .\r\n有的 委员 表示 , 我们 要 关注 国家 政治 经济 方面 的 重大 问题 , 在 西部 大 开发 , 扩大 内需 , 小 城镇 建设 , 国企 改革 等 方面 深入 调研 , 献计献策 .\r\n这 一 历史 事实 充分 证明 , 中华 民族 的 大团结 是 我们 完成 改革开放 和 现代化 建设 大业 的 重要 前提 .\r\n居住 在 西藏 米林县 南 伊 珞巴族 自治 乡 的 达崩 代表 , 用 珞巴族 的 历史 变迁 向 记者 介绍 了 民族团结 的 伟大 意义 .\r\n民主改革 后 , 在 党 和 政府 的 关怀 下 , 珞 巴 人 开始 走出 深山 洞穴 , 搬到 地势 平坦 , 有 公路 , 有 电站 的 河谷 定居 .\r\n珞 巴 人 开荒 造田 , 因地制宜 发展 农牧业 和 副业 , 生产方式 发生 了 巨大 变化 , 生活 一 天 比 一 天 好 .\r\n他 动情 地 说 : \" 珞巴族 人数 不多 , 但 获得 了 和 各 兄弟 民族 同等 的 政治权利 , 参与 对 国家 事务 的 管理 , 我 还 当 上 了 全国 人大 代表 , 这 在 过去 是 做梦 也 不敢 想 的 .\r\n没有 党 的 民族 政策 , 就 没有 我们 珞 巴 人 的 今天 . \"\r\n他 说 , 用 《 民族区域自治 法 》 来 保护 少数民族 的 合法权益 , 维护 各民族 间 的 平等 , 团结 , 这种 做法 既 融洽 了 民族 关系 , 又 营造 了 一个 有利于 经济 发展 的 稳定 局面 .\r\n在 新疆 这样的 多 民族 地区 , 各民族 的 宗教 信仰 自由 得到 了 尊重 和 法律 保障 .\r\n代表 , 委员 们 一致 认为 , 只有 稳固 的 民族 大团结 , 才有 全民族 的 进步 , 繁荣 , 这是 中国 人民 在 千 百 年 的 实践 中 得出 的 珍贵 历史 经验 .\r\n如今 的 喀什 , 市场 上 各种 新鲜 蔬菜 四季 都 有 .\r\n同样 来自 雪域 高原 的 列 确 代表 说 , 西藏 的 发展 离不开 兄弟 民族 的 支持 .\r\n近些年 来 , 西藏 与 全国 15 援藏 省市 开展 各种 形式 , 各个 层次 的 联合 与 协作 , 取得 了 很好 的 效果 .\r\n1995年 以来 , 上海市 投资 援建 了 拉萨 传染病 医院 , 日喀则 给水 工程 , 日喀则 上海 广场 等 数 十 个 项目 , 表达 了 上海 人民 对 藏族 兄弟 的 浓厚 情谊 .\r\n现在 , 民族 地区 已 不再 封闭 , 民族 地区 的 市场 迅速 变成 了 全国性 的 市场 , 民族 地区 生产 的 商品 也 源源不断 地 流向 内地 市场 .\r\n代表 委员 们 认为 , 各 兄弟 民族 间 经济 技术 交往 的 增加 , 促进 了 国家 经济 的 发展 , 繁荣 了 市场 , 提高 了 全民族 的 国际 竞争力 .\r\n( 小标题 ) 只有 加快 经济 发展 才能 实现 长久 的 民族团结 , 才能 保证 社会 稳定 和 实现 中华 民族 共同 繁荣 .\r\n我国 少数民族 地区 在 社会主义建设 中 虽 取得 了 举世瞩目 的 成就 , 但 由于 自然 条件 限制 和 历史 遗留 的 原因 , 民族 地区 的 经济 文化 发展 水平 与 内地 和 东部 沿海 较 发达 地区 相比 , 还有 一定 差距 .\r\n但 这种 发展 中 的 差距 , 始终 受到 党 和 政府 的 高度 重视 , 在 世纪之交 已 开始 加快 缩短 差距 的 步伐 .\r\n团结 , 稳定 是 发展 进步 的 前提 和 保证 , 只有 发展 才能 不断 加强 和 维护 各民族 的 大团结 .\r\n历史 证明 , 只有 在 中华 民族 的 大家庭 里 , 西藏 才能 获得 发展 机会 , 才 会 有 光明 的 前途 .\r\n全国 人民 代表 大会 财政 经济 委员会 根据 各 代表团 和 有关 专门 委员会 的 意见 进行 了 审查 .\r\n中央 财政 总收入 6396亿 元 , 比 预算 超收 510亿 元 , 超过 8.7% ; 中央 财政 总支出 8193亿 元 , 比 预算 超支 504亿 元 , 超过 6.6% .\r\n中央 财政 赤字 1797亿 元 , 比 预算 减少 6亿 元 , 地方 财政 结余 38亿 元 .\r\n去年 中央 预算 批准 以后 , 根据 国内外 形势 的 变化 , 党中央 , 国务院 决定 加大 实施 积极 财政 政策 的 力度 .\r\n分 两 次 提高 了 部分 商品 的 出口 退税 率 . 减半 征收 固定资产 投资 方向 调节税 . 出台 对 部分 行业 的 税收 扶持 政策 .\r\n这些 政策 措施 对 促进 国民经济 增长 和 保持 社会 稳定 发挥 了 积极 的 作用 .\r\n二 , 国务院 提出 的 2000年 中央 和 地方 预算 草案 , 全国 财政收入 安排 12338亿 元 , 全国 财政 支出 安排 14637亿 元 ; 收支相抵 , 中央 财政 赤字 2299亿 元 .\r\n按 去年 口径 计算 , 今年 中央 财政 赤字 比 去年 减少 247亿 元 .\r\n国务院 提出 的 2000年 中央 预算 草案 , 中央 财政 总收入 安排 6904亿 元 . 其中 , 中央 财政 本 级 收入 6306亿 元 ; 地方 财政 上 解 中央 收入 598亿 元 . 中央 财政 总支出 安排 9203亿 元 .\r\n地方 预算 分别 由 地方 各级 人民政府 编制 , 提请 同级 人民 代表 大会 审查 批准 .\r\n要 依法 按时 批复 预算 , 监督 中央 预算 批复 情况 .\r\n各级 财政 部门 都要 严格 按 预算 进行 管理 .\r\n各 部门 , 各单位 都要 严格 按 批准 的 预算 执行 , 未经 批准 不得 在 不同 预算 科目 之间 进行 资金 调剂 .\r\n增强 预算 的 约束力 , 维护 预算 的 严肃性 和 权威性 .\r\n( 二 ) 统筹兼顾 , 保证 重点 支出 .\r\n安排 使用 好 支持 西部 大 开发 以及 扶持 , 帮助 贫困 地区 人民 生产 生活 的 资金 .\r\n继续 加强 基础 设施 建设 , 大力 支持 国有 企业 改革 与 发展 , 保证 教育 , 科技 , 农业 以及 国家 安全 方面 经费 支出 .\r\n使 国家预算 更好地 服务于 改革 , 发展 , 稳定 的 大局 .\r\n( 三 ) 努力 提高 财政 资金 的 使用 效益 .\r\n要 管好 用好 各项 资金 , 严格 按 程序 办事 , 规范 管理 .\r\n做好 国家 投资 项目 前期 工作 , 确保 配套 资金 落实 , 严禁 挪用 , 加强 监理 和 审计 .\r\n( 四 ) 加强 财政 管理 , 整顿 财经 秩序 .\r\n进一步 落实 \" 加强 征管 , 堵塞 漏洞 , 惩治 腐败 , 清缴 欠税 \" 的 方针 , 依法 治 税 , 依率 计 征 , 应收 尽 收 , 禁止 越权 减免税 , 也 不能 收 \" 过头 税 \" .\r\n积极 稳妥 地 推进 税费 改革 .\r\n继续 清理 和 整顿 各种 名目 的 乱收费 , 乱罚款 , 乱摊派 , 当前 特别 要 清理 整顿 农村 , 企业 , 教育 等 方面 的 \" 三 乱 \" .\r\n财政资金 取 之 于 民 , 各级 政府 机关 和 工作人员 特别是 领导干部 , 都要 把 国家 的 利益 和 人民群众 的 疾苦 时刻 放在心上 , 珍惜 财政 资金 的 使用 .\r\n要 精兵简政 , 精 减 会议 , 杜绝 或 减少 一切 不必要 的 开支 . 对 违规 新建 , 扩建 办公楼 和 其它 楼堂馆所 , 豪华 装修 , 公款 请客 送礼 , 大吃大喝 等 挥霍 国家 资金 的 必须 严肃 查处 .\r\n要 及时 总结经验 , 改进 和 完善 编制 方法 , 规范 部门 预算 编制 内容 , 扩大 部门 预算 编制 范围 .\r\n改革 预算 科目 体系 , 科学 制定 经费 开支 标准 , 清理 预算 单位 收支 情况 , 合理 划分 事权 财权 .\r\n有人 甚至 乐观 估计 , 中欧 今年初 会 达成 协议 , 中国 加入 \" 世 贸 \" 已经 指日可待 .\r\n此间 刚刚 出版 的 《 经济 导报 》 周刊 记者 从 布鲁塞尔 发回 的 报导 , 讲述 了 其中 症结 所在 .\r\n报导说 , 欧盟 在 仔细 地 分析 了 中 , 美 所 达成 的 协议 内容 后 表示 , 欧盟 方面 尚 有 \" 百分之二十 的 特殊 利益 \" 需要 与 中方 进行 谈判 .\r\n这种 令人 不可 理解 的 非正常 心理 状态 的 影响 不可 低估 .\r\n并 由此 要求 中国 \" 按照 发达国家 的 待遇 \" 确定 加入 世 贸 的 一些 条件 , 包括 入世 后 欧盟 仍 要 对 中国 部份 出口 产品 实行 限制 和 维持 配额 等 , 这种 不 公正 的 做法 当然 难以 让 中方 接受 .\r\n如果 能 让 中国 多 停留在 世贸 组织 之外 一段 时日 , 自然 会 相应地 减少 欧盟 竞争 的 压力 .\r\n今年 68 岁 的 喀什 地区 伊斯兰教 协会 副会长 沙地克·卡日阿吉 , 已 连续 两 当选 全国 人大 代表 .\r\n沙地克·卡日阿吉 代表 现在 还 担任 新疆 最 著名 的 喀什 艾提尕尔 清真寺 的 阿訇 .\r\n他 说 : \" 中国 实行 的 是 宗教 自由 的 政策 , 各族 群众 既有 信教 的 自由 , 也 有 不 信教 的 自由 .\r\n政府 保护 所有 信教 者 的 合法权益 .\r\n现在 全国 约 有 2000万 穆斯林 , 新疆 就 有 清真寺 2万 多 座 .\r\n他 读 的 是 翻译 成 维吾尔 文 的 《 政府 工作 报告 》 .\r\n他 说 : \" 现在 极 少数人 打着 宗教 的 名义 搞 分裂 , 破坏 社会 稳定 , 广大 信教 群众 坚决 不 答应 .\r\n作为 宗教界 的 代表 , 我 和 各族 代表 一样 , 非常 关注 西部 大 开发 .\r\n西藏自治区 主席 列 确 代表 说 : \" 在 拉萨 和 西藏 其他 地区 , 到处 都 可以 看见 朝佛 敬香 的 人 .\r\n西藏 还 把 \" 藏历 新年 \" 和 \" 雪 顿 节 \" 等 藏族 传统 节日 列入 自治区 的 节假日 . \"\r\n列 确 说 : \" 改革开放 以来 , 国家 已 拿出 3亿多 元 和 大量 黄金 , 白银 用于 西藏 寺庙 的 维修 和 保护 .\r\n布达拉宫 还 被 联合国 教科文 组织 列入 ' 世界 文化 遗产 ' , 今年 西藏 还将 继续 对 布达拉宫 和 在 日喀则 的 国家级 文物 保护 单位 萨加 寺 等 寺庙 进行 维修 .\r\n这是 贯彻 党 的 民族 宗教 政策 的 最好 体现 . \"\r\n民族团结 的 大好 局面 , 为 新疆 的 开发 和 经济 发展 创造 了 良好 的 条件 , 经过 50 多年 的 建设 , 新疆 基础 设施 建设 大大 加强 , 国民经济 综合 实力 明显 提高 .\r\n只有 在 社会主义 祖国 的 民族 大家庭 里 , 新疆 各民族 的 前景 才 会 更好 . \"\r\n在 充分 肯定 成绩 的 同时 , 也要 看到 经济 和 社会生活 中 还 存在 不少 困难 和 问题 .\r\n主要 是 : 有效 需求 不足 , 经济 结构 不合理 的 矛盾 仍 很 突出 , 就业 压力 增大 , 农民 收入 增长 减缓 .\r\n全社会 固定资产 投资 和 年初 的 预期 目标 差距 较大 , 其中 技术改造 投资 有所 下降 .\r\n国家 财政 的 债务 负担 继续 增加 , 金融 诈骗 活动 比较 严重 , 金融 风险 不容 忽视 .\r\n部分 城市 和 地区 环境污染 , 生态 恶化 的 问题 仍 很 严重 .\r\n财经 委员会 根据 代表 们 的 审查 意见 , 提出 以下 建议 .\r\n( 一 ) 积极 扩大 内需 , 保持 国民经济 较快 增长 .\r\n要 努力 实现 今年 经济 增长 7% 左右 和 其他 经济 社会 发展 的 主要 预期 目标 .\r\n采取 切实 有效 措施 , 充分 调动 国有 , 集体 , 私营企业 和 个人 的 投资 积极性 , 扶持 中小企业 健康 发展 , 扭转 社会 投资 增长 缓慢 的 状况 .\r\n继续 提高 职工 和 低收入 居民 的 收入 水平 , 鼓励 扩大 消费 , 开拓 农村 市场 , 引导 和 促进 住房 , 教育 , 电信 , 旅游 , 文化 , 体育 等 方面 的 消费 .\r\n积极 探索 公有制 的 多种 实现 形式 , 大力 推进 现代 企业 制度 建设 .\r\n采取 多种 形式 放开 搞活 国有 中小企业 .\r\n加强 企业管理 , 加大 科技 含量 , 搞好 技术改造 和 设备 更新 , 节能 降耗 , 降低 成本 , 增加 品种 , 提高 质量 , 增强 企业 的 竞争 能力 , 提高 经济效益 .\r\n坚持 公有制 经济 为 主体 , 鼓励 和 引导 个体 , 私营 等 非 公有制 经济 健康 发展 .\r\n加强 农业 基础 设施 和 农业 生态 环境 建设 , 加快 农业 科技 进步 , 提高 农业 的 综合 生产能力 和 竞争 能力 .\r\n积极 引导 农民 调整 产业 结构 , 努力 发展 优质 高效 农业 , 发展 畜牧业 , 林业 和 水产业 , 增加 奶 类 产品 的 生产 .\r\n调整 农村 经济 结构 , 发展 非 农 产业 , 提高 乡镇企业 的 管理 水平 和 技术水平 .\r\n增加 直接 融资 比重 , 规范 和 发展 资本市场 .\r\n继续 深化 金融 体制改革 , 整顿 金融 秩序 , 加强 对 银行 , 证券 和 保险 业 的 监管 , 打击 金融 诈骗 活动 , 防范 和 化解 金融 风险 .\r\n( 五 ) 实施 西部 大 开发 战略 , 加快 中西部 地区 发展 .\r\n今年 要 在 实施 西部 大 开发 战略 中 迈出 实质性 步伐 .\r\n( 六 ) 搞好 外经贸 工作 , 进一步 提高 对外开放 水平 .\r\n要 抓住 当前 国际 经济 环境 趋 好 和 我国 加入 世贸 组织 进程 加快 的 有利 时机 , 力争 对外贸易 和 利用 外资 有 新 的 增长 .\r\n改革 出口 管理体制 , 完善 促进 出口 的 政策 .\r\n进一步 优化 进口 商品 结构 .\r\n拓展 利用 外资 的 渠道 和 领域 , 改善 投资 环境 , 提高 利用 外资 的 水平 .\r\n继续 严厉 打击 逃汇 套汇 , 骗 税 和 走私 等 违法 犯罪 活动 , 维护 正常 的 经贸 秩序 .\r\n( 七 ) 实施 科教 兴 国 战略 和 可持续发展 战略 , 进一步 推进 各项 社会 事业 全面 发展 .\r\n丰富 城乡 人民 文化 生活 , 推进 社会主义 精神文明 建设 .\r\n稳步 推进 卫生 改革 .\r\n搞好 生态 建设 和 环境保护 , 对 环境污染 严重 的 城市 和 企业 , 要 采取 果断 措施 , 实行 领导 责任制 , 限期 整治 .\r\n要 确保 各项 社会 事业 的 资金 投入 , 不断 提高 资金 使用 效益 .\r\n( 八 ) 认真 解决 人民群众 关心 的 问题 , 大力 维护 社会 稳定 .\r\n各级 政府 要 调整 支出 结构 , 确保 国有 企业 下岗 职工 基本 生活费 , 离退休 人员 养老金 , 城镇 居民 最低 生活 保障 金 和 公务员 工资 的 按时 足额 发放 , 完善 社会保障 体系 建设 .\r\n进一步 加强 廉政建设 和 反腐败 斗争 , 狠抓 领导干部 的 廉洁 自律 , 严厉 查处 各种 腐败 行为 .\r\n刚刚 主持 完 九届 全国 人大 三 会议 主席团 会议 , 李鹏 便 来到 重庆 代表团 会场 , 参加 代表团 的 全体 会议 .\r\n围绕 全国 人大 常委会 工作 报告 , 甘宇平 , 彭复生 , 李承琨 , 孙永福 , 姚建全 , 贺国强 , 王云龙 代表 和 包叙定 同志 先后 发言 .\r\n他们 认为 , 报告 高屋建瓴 , 言简意赅 , 实事求是 , 很好 地 总结 了 去年 全国 人大 常委会 的 工作 , 有 很 强 的 针对性 和 指导性 ; 对 今年 的 工作 安排 重点 突出 , 目标 明确 , 有 很 强 的 可 操作性 .\r\n代表 们 还 就 重庆 经济 发展 , 三峡 库 区 建设 , 移民 问题 , 经济 结构 调整 , 贫困 地区 和 少数民族 地区 的 发展 等 问题 发 了 言 .\r\n随后 , 李鹏 在 会上 发言 .\r\n但 目前 重庆 在 安置 下岗 职工 就业 , 扶贫 脱困 , 三峡 库 区 移民 等 方面 还 面临 一些 困难 , 任务 艰巨 .\r\n要 抓住 西部 大 开发 和 三峡 建设 的 机遇 , 利用 自己的 优势 , 以 市场 为 导向 , 调整 产业 结构 , 提高 产品 竞争力 , 发展 经济 .\r\n中小企业 也要 面向 市场 .\r\n少数民族 地区 要 加强 公路 交通 等 基础 建设 .\r\n对 当地 的 发展 , 首先 自己 要 树立 信心 , 尽快 实现 脱贫致富 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月11日 电 全国 政协 九 届 三 会议 在 圆满 完成 各项 议程 后 , 今天 下午 在 人民 大会堂 闭幕 .\r\n会议 由 全国 政协 副主席 叶选平 主持 .\r\n党 和 国家 领导人 江泽民 , 李鹏 , 朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 , 胡锦涛 , 尉健行 , 李岚清 等 在 主席台 就座 .\r\n根据 议程 , 会议 经过 逐一 表决 , 增选 叶连松 , 陈广元 , 陈邦柱 , 珠 康·土登克 珠 为 政协 九届 全国 委员会 常务 委员 .\r\n正确 认识 时间 , 有效 利用 时间 , 对于 我们 的 国家 , 我们 的 民族 , 我们 的 事业 , 我们 的 同志 , 具有 特殊 的 重要 意义 .\r\n他 指出 , 邓小平 同志 在 探索 建设 有 中国 特色 社会主义 道路 的 过程 中 , 始终 把 时间 问题 摆 在 十分 重要 的 位置 .\r\n我们 应当 继承 和 发扬 中华民族 惜 时 如 金 , 与 时俱进 的 精神 , 坚定 信心 , 集中 精力 , 埋头苦干 , 使 我们 的 祖国 以 更 快 的 步伐 走向 现代化 的 辉煌 .\r\n在 谈到 \" 到 实践 中 去 \" 问题 时 , 李瑞环 说 , 历史 经验 是 重要 的 , 外国 经验 是 重要 的 , 书本 知识 是 重要 的 , 但 所有 这些 间接经验 只有 与 当前 的 实际 相结合 , 通过 直接经验 才有 现实意义 .\r\n我们 现在 面临 的 问题 很多 , 很 枣 手 , 有些 问题 长期 得不到 解决 , 固然 有 其 自身 的 复杂性 , 但 有的 则是 脱离 实际 , 脱离 实践 , 脱离 群众 造成 的 .\r\n靠 实践 , 靠 群众 , 这是 做好 一切 工作 最 基本 的 方法 , 也是 发现 人才 , 造就 人才 最 根本 的 途径 .\r\n他 说 , 注重 实践 是 人民政协 工作 的 基本 思路 , 也是 人民 政协 面临 的 课题 和 努力 的 方向 .\r\n委员 们 对 我国 一 年 来 在 错综复杂 的 情况 下 各方面 工作 取得 的 新 成绩 给予 高度 评价 , 就 推动 我国 的 改革开放 和 现代化 建设 提出 了 许多 意见 和 建议 .\r\n一 人类 社会 已经 跨入 公元 2000年 .\r\n特别是 造纸 , 火药 , 印刷术 , 指南针 的 发明 , 传播 和 应用 , 成为 推动 人类 社会 变革 的 巨大 杠杆 .\r\n为了 民族 的 独立 和 解放 , 中国 人民 进行 了 艰苦卓绝 的 斗争 , 取得 了 伟大 的 胜利 , 终于 在 中国 共产党 的 领导 下 , 推翻 了 三座大山 , 建立 了 新 中国 .\r\n经济 全球化 趋势 加快 , 世界市场 对 各国 经济 的 影响 更加 显著 , 国际 竞争 与 合作 进一步 加深 .\r\n可以说 , 地球 越来越 小 , 发展 越来越 快 , 慢走 一 步 , 差 之 千 里 ; 耽误 一时 , 落后 多年 .\r\n古圣 先贤 都 无比 看重 时间 , 把 时间 视为 速度 , 看成 力量 , 比作 金钱 , 等同 生命 , 认为 浪费 别人 的 时间 是 谋财害命 , 浪费 自己的 时间 则是 慢性 自杀 .\r\n对 我们 国家 和 民族 来说 , 时间 就是 发展 , 时间 就是 前途 , 时间 就是 命运 .\r\n时间 的 最大 特点 是 一 维 性 , 时 不 我 与 , 时不我待 , 时不再来 .\r\n我们 应当 继承 和 发扬 中华民族 惜 时 如 金 , 与 时俱进 的 精神 , 坚定 信心 , 集中 精力 , 埋头苦干 , 使 我们 的 祖国 在 二十一世纪 以 更 快 的 步伐 走向 现代化 的 辉煌 .\r\n二 团结 和 民主 是 人民政协 工作 的 主题 , 也是 我们 国家 抓紧 时间 发展 自己的 基本 条件 .\r\n当前 , 我们 国家 总体上 是 团结 稳定 的 .\r\n改革开放 的 政策 顺应 民心 , 经济 发展 给 群众 带来 了 实惠 , 现代化 建设 的 目标 对 全国 人民 具有 巨大 的 凝聚力 和 感召力 , 团结 稳定 的 基础 进一步 增强 .\r\n民心 顺 一切 皆 顺 , 民心 稳 社会 就 稳 .\r\n没有 民主 就 没有 社会主义 , 就 没有 社会主义 的 现代化 .\r\n社会主义 事业 是 人民群众 自己的 事业 , 领导者 的 责任 就是 使 人民群众 认识 自己的 利益 并且 团结 起来 为 自己的 利益 而 奋斗 , 就是 把 人民群众 的 积极性 充分 地 调动 起来 并 合理 地 发挥 出去 .\r\n离开 群众 的 积极性 , 离开 群众 的 自觉 支持 和 主动 参与 , 什 幺 事情 也 干 不成 .\r\n当前 , 智力 资源 越来越 成为 经济 发展 的 重要 依托 , 创新 能力 越来越 成为 经济 发展 的 关键 因素 , 更加 需要 有一个 畅所欲言 , 心情 舒畅 , 能够 激发 人们 创造 精神 的 社会 环境 .\r\n把 团结 和 民主 统一 起来 , 以 坚强 的 团结 保证 我们 的 民主 进程 健康 有序 , 以 充分 的 民主 保证 我们 的 团结 充满 活力 , 这是 我们 的 传统 , 也是 我们 的 优势 , 要 始终不渝 地 坚持 和 发扬 .\r\n江泽民 同志 指出 : \" 在 中国 共产党 的 领导 下 实行 团结 和 民主 , 是 人民政协 性质 的 集中 体现 , 是 人民政协 产生 和 发展 的 历史 根据 , 是 人民政协 继往开来 的 方向 和 使命 . \"\r\n加强 团结 , 维护 稳定 , 发扬 民主 , 促进 发展 , 是 人民政协 应 尽 的 责任 , 我们 一定 要 很好 地 担负 起 这个 责任 .\r\n建设 有 中国 特色 的 社会主义 是 前所未有 的 崭新 事业 , 是 中国 人民 创造 历史 的 伟大 实践 , 离开 人民群众 的 实践 活动 , 是 不可能 取得 成功的 .\r\n实践 的 观点 是 马克思 主义 认识论 之 第一 的 和 基本 的 观点 .\r\n所有 这些 不足 , 有 认识 问题 , 有水平 问题 , 但 最 根本 的 是 实践 问题 .\r\n各位 委员 , 各位 同志 : 本届 政协 是 跨 千年 , 跨世纪 的 一 届 .\r\n人 的 一生 能 际会 两 千年 , 两个 世纪 , 实属 机遇 难得 ; 在此 重要 时刻 能 聚首 政协 大家庭 , 共同 肩负 起 参政议政 的 重任 , 更是 难能可贵 .\r\n一种 庄严 的 历史 责任感 在 激励 着 我们 : 切莫 辜负 人民 的 重托 , 切莫 错过 大好 的 时光 !\r\n( 香港 中国 通讯社 三月十一日 电 ) ( 记者 余聪 ) 香港特别行政区 行政 长官 董建华 今日 在 办公室 会 见到 访 的 美国 国防部 长 科恩 .\r\n董建华 向 科恩 简介 香港 经 已 成功 落实 \" 一国两制 \" , 并 说 香港 亦 已 克服 由 亚洲 金融 风暴 带来 的 困难 , 经济 恢复 增长 .\r\n董建华 亦 谈及 中国 加入 世界 贸易 组织 为 香港 带来 的 商机 .\r\n按照 《 中国人民 政治 协商 会议 全国 委员会 提案 工作 条例 》 的 规定 , 提案 委员会 对 收到 的 提案 进行 了 审查 , 共 立案 3061 件 , 占 总数 的 92.3% .\r\n其中 , 经济 建设 方面 1423 件 , 占 46.5% ; 教科文 卫 体 方面 899 件 , 占 29.4% ; 政法 , 统战 , 人事 等 方面 739 件 , 占 24.1% .\r\n然而 , 环境保护 仍是 追不上 环境 受 破坏 和 污染 的 速度 .\r\n据 专家 估算 , 仅 大气 和 水 环境 沔 染 造成 的 直接 经济 损失 , 就 占 国民生产总值 的 百分之四 至 百分之八 , 约 达 三千二百亿 元 至 六千四百亿 元 .\r\n这项 工作 要 加强 规划 和 政策 引导 , 尊重 农民 意愿 , 搞好 试点 , 逐步 推行 .\r\n要 坚决 制止 新 的 毁 林 毁 草 开荒 .\r\n人大 代表 , 中共 宜昌 市委 书记 孙志刚 指出 , 长江 流域 是 中国 的 经济 中心 , 为 长江 流域 生态 环境 立法 保护 , 是 国家 可持续发展 的 需要 .\r\n全国 政协 委员 , 西北 农林 科技大 学 副校长 田均良 说 , 保护 生态 环境 是 西部 大 开发 要 解决 的 一个 重要 课题 , 开展 这项 工作 要 重视 和 发挥 科学技术 的 支撑 作用 .\r\n田均良 指出 , 西部 地区 有 丰富 的 自然资源 , 但 生态 环境 却 很 脆弱 , 特别是 水资源 短缺 和 水土流失 还 很 严重 , 因此 科技 单位 和 科教 人员 要 直接 切入 水土流失 治理 与 生态 环境 建设 工作 .\r\n( 黑体字 完 ) 工作 总则 中原 第四 及 以后 各条 排列 序号 顺延 .\r\n我们 对 大会 的 圆满 成功 表示 热烈 祝贺 !\r\n这次 会议 是 一个 民主 , 求实 , 团结 , 鼓劲 的 大会 , 为 全面 完成 党 和 国家 今年 的 各项 任务 , 推进 社会主义 现代化 建设 的 宏伟 事业 作出 了 应有 的 贡献 .\r\n会议 期间 , 全体 委员 认真 听取 和 审议 了 政协 第九届 全国 委员会 常务 委员会 工作 报告 ; 列席 了 第九届 全国 人民 代表 大会 第三 会议 , 听取 和 讨论 了 《 政府 工作 报告 》 和 其他 重要 报告 .\r\n委员 们 表现 了 越来越 强 的 参政议政 意识 和 越来越 高 的 参政议政 能力 .\r\n人民政协 已经 走过 了 五十 多年 的 辉煌 道路 .\r\n为 什 幺 出现 先 有 立法 活动 , 后 有 规范 立法 活动 的 法律 的 现 像 ?\r\n乔晓阳 说 , 我国 立法 活动 一直 有着 明确 的 规范 .\r\n有 记者 问 , 立法 法 获得 通过 后 , 全国 人大 将 如何 采取 措施 , 使 国务院 和 地方 人大 制定 的 法规 与 全国 人大 及其 常委会 制定 的 法律 和 决定 相 一致 ?\r\n专门 委员会 经过 审查 后 , 认为 法规 与 宪法 , 法律 相 抵触 的 , 可以 向 全国 人大 常委会 提出 报告 .\r\n在 回答 记者 提出 的 立法 法 草案 的 适用 范围 是否 包括 军事 法规 时 , 乔晓阳 说 , 立法 法 草案 规定 了 军事 法规 , 表明 军事 法规 包含 在 我国 的 法律 体系 之内 .\r\n此外 , 还 有利于 促进 有 中国 特色 社会主义 法律 体系 的 形成 .\r\n他 说 , 一般 来讲 , 比较 健全 的 法律 体系 包括 宪法 和 刑法 , 刑事诉讼 法 , 行政法 , 行政 诉讼法 , 民法 和 民事诉讼 法 等 , 我国 还 缺乏 一 部 比较 完整 的 民法 典 .\r\n乔晓阳 说 , 香港特别行政区 基本法 规定 要求 特区 立法 禁止 的 行为 , 在 世界上 任何 国家 也 都是 要 立法 禁止 的 , 香港 在 回归 之前 也 有 类似 的 法律 规定 .\r\n但 立法 需要 时间 , 有 个 过程 , 何时 立法 , 由 香港特别行政区 决定 , 但是 不能不 立法 . \"\r\n修改 婚姻法 的 目的 , 是 为了 进一步 完善 我国 的 婚姻 家庭 制度 , 保护 妇女 , 儿童 的 合法权益 , 维护 平等 , 和睦 , 文明 的 婚姻 家庭 关系 , 促进 社会主义 精神文明 建设 和 社会 进步 .\r\n海南省 直 各 部门 认真 学习 江泽民 重要 讲话 , 表示 要 按照 总书记 指出 的 发展 方向 , 把 海南 建设 得 更好 .\r\n海南省 外 经贸 厅 厅长 赖勤维 表示 , 海南 按照 江泽民 总书记 指示 的 路子 走下去 , 立足 本地 资源 优势 区位 优势 , 外经贸 工作 将 大有可为 .\r\n海口市 三月九日 召开 市委 常委 扩大会议 , 传达 学习 江泽民 总书记 讲话 精神 .\r\n大家 认为 , 总书记 在 讲话 中 指出 , 海南 不仅 要 在 改革开放 经济 建设 上 走在 全国 前列 , 还要 在 精神文明 建设 上 走在 全国 前列 , 这 对 我们 提出 了 更高 的 要求 .\r\n江泽民 总书记 的 讲话 要点 发表 后 , 三亚 市委 立即 召开 常委 扩大会议 , 研究 贯彻 落实 措施 .\r\n大家 认为 , 三 亚热带 资源 更为 丰富 , 因此 在 发展 热带 高效 农业 和 生态 建设 上 要走 在 全省 的 前列 .\r\n会议 提出 , 今年 要 大力 调整 和 优化 经济 结构 , 重点 发展 度假 旅游 和 生态 旅游 , 使 丰富 的 热带 资源 良好 的 生态 环境 真正 成为 三亚 经济 发展 的 优势 .\r\n修正 后 的 《 中国人民 政治 协商 会议 章程 》 自 即日 起 生效 .\r\n既 维护 了 法律 的 严肃性 , 又 注意 依法 保护 了 公民 的 合法 权利 .\r\n据统计 , 去年 全国 法院 依据 法律 直接 认定 被告人 无罪 的 3403 人 ; 因 证据 不足 , 指控 的 犯罪 不能 成立 而 认定 被告人 无罪 的 2475 人 .\r\n上述 统计 数字 , 表明 了 各级 审判 机关 对 违法 滥用 司法权 和 行政权 的 行为 坚决 依法 予以 纠正 的 力度 , 体现 了 人民法院 在 行使 国家 审判权 过程 中 , 不枉 不 纵 , 公正 执法 .\r\n既 依法 惩罚 犯罪 者 , 又 注意 挽救 失足者 , 保护 合法 者 , 支持 改革者 .\r\n唐银龙 说 , 赵衍红 故意 不 带 美国 护照 , 隐瞒 个人 真实 身份 , 装 成 中国 公民 .\r\n赵衍红 采取 这种 不 光彩 的 手法 为 \" 法 轮 功 \" 张目 , 除了 说明 她 本人 的 不道德 和 \" 法 轮 功 \" 的 邪教 面目 外 , 说明 不了 任何 问题 .\r\n当 公安 部门 了解到 赵衍红 系 美国 公民 时 , 即 正式 通知 美 驻华 使馆 , 要求 美方 提供 赵 个人 护照 资料 并 对 赵 身份 予以 确认 .\r\n在 收到 赵 的 护照 后 , 赵即 被 解除 刑事拘留 .\r\n美 驻华 使馆 官员 在 获悉 赵 即将 被 遣返 回 美 后 未 予 探视 .\r\n二月十二日 中午 , 赵 被 遣返 .\r\n发言人 还 指出 , 赵返 美 后 谎称 在 拘留 期间 \" 被 拳打脚踢 , 不许 洗澡 , 受到 虐待 \" .\r\n而 事实 是 , 赵 所在 的 看守所 管理 规范 严格 , 从未 发生 过 在押 人员 被 打 骂 虐待 现 像 .\r\n中方 还 主动 劝说 赵 聘请 律师 , 但 遭 其 拒绝 .\r\n赵 本人 返 美 后 也 在 各种 不同 场合 表示 自己 从未 挨打 , 并 曾经 三 按规定 洗澡 , 所谓 受 虐待 纯 系 编造 .\r\n对 办理 全国 政协 提案 的 各 承办 单位 给予 政协 工作 的 支持 表示 感谢 .\r\n社会主义 现代化 商业 的 建设 , 最 核心 的 问题 就是 从 全心全意 为人民服务 的 思想 出发 , 用 现代化 的 手段 最大限度 地 满足 消费者 的 需求 , 货真价实 , 买卖 公平 , 从而 使 企业 获得 最佳 经济效益 .\r\n这 表明 \" 百 城 万 店 无 假货 \" 活动 的确 是 新 形势 下 宣传 思想 工作 为 经济 建设 服务 的 新 形式 , 好 形式 .\r\n湖南路 的 成功 , 首先 得益于 南京 市委 市政府 , 鼓楼 区委 区 政府 的 高度 重视 和 直接 参与 , 他们 以 思想 政治 工作 开路 , 出钱 出 人 出 规划 , 建设 硬件 环境 , 规范 商家 经营 ; 得益于 中宣部 等 部门 抓住 典型 大力 推广 .\r\n这 一 事实 说明 , 党政 领导 部门 的 重视 和 强有力 的 领导 , 是 \" 百 城 万 店 无 假货 \" 活动 示范街 繁荣 兴旺 的 保证 .\r\n艰苦 细致 的 思想 政治 工作 和 严格 的 管理 , 是 湖南路 的 又 一 条 重要 经验 .\r\n湖南路 上 数百 个 商店 中 , 有 大有 小 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月12日 电 将 于 3月13日 出版 的 《 ( 燎 去火 加 目 ) 望 》 周刊 第11 发表 题为 《 回归 常识 》 的 署名 文章 , 进一步 指出 练 \" 法 轮 功 \" 生病 不 求医 是 一 场 骗局 .\r\n全文 如下 : 人 吃 五谷杂粮 , 谁 也 不能 保证 自己 没 病 没 灾 , 永远 健康 .\r\n身体 欠佳 , 贵 体 有 恙 , 就要 上 医院 找 医生 , 望闻问切 , 科学 诊断 , 对症下药 , 如此这般 , 方 能 排除 疾患 , 使 身体 回复 到 健康 状态 .\r\n杜甫 诗 曰 : \" 人生 七十 古来 稀 \" , 但 现在 的 人 活 到 七八十 岁 实在 是 稀松 平常 之 事 .\r\n人 的 平均 寿命 的 逐年 延长 , 正是 科技 文明 进步 的 结果 和 标志 .\r\n如今 , 即使 是 最 偏远 的 地区 , 即使 是 文化程度 不高 的 农妇 , 自己 有了 病 或 孩子 身体 不舒服 , 只要 条件 可能 , 都会 去 找 医生 而不是 找 别的 什 幺 \" 神仙 \" 治疗 .\r\n但 \" 法 轮 功 \" 有 什 幺 \" 神秘 \" 的 力量 来 左右 人们 呢 ?\r\n说穿 了 其实 也 并 没有 什 幺 可 \" 神秘 \" 的 .\r\n生活 条件 改善 了 , 想 多 活 几 年 , 是 人 最 自然 不过 的 愿望 , 而 \" 法 轮 功 \" 宣称 只要 练 它 这个 \" 功 \" , 就 可以 有病 治病 , 无 病 强身 .\r\n人 有时 的确 容易 被 自己的 良好 愿望 遮住 眼睛 , \" 法 轮 功 \" 抓住 了 人性 的 这个 弱点 , 所以 仿佛 便 具有 了 \" 不可思议 \" 的 力量 .\r\n\" 法 轮 功 \" 的 \" 神秘 \" 之处 还 在于 它 宣称 , 只要 练习 它 , 就 可以 不 花钱 也 能 治好 病 .\r\n果 如此 , 当然 是 \" 功德无量 \" 的 大 好事 , 全世界 医院 都 可以 关门 , 全世界 医生 都 可以 改行 , 全世界 的 人们 都要 对 \" 法 轮 功 \" 感恩戴德 .\r\n即 以 \" 不 花钱 \" 而 论 , 就是 一个 天 大 的 谎言 .\r\n\" 救世主 \" 李洪志 \" 老师 \" 不是 说 \" 想 学好 大法 就 必须 读书 , 看 录象 , 听 录音 练功 \" 吗 ?\r\n\" 法 轮 功 \" 组织 不是 不断 \" 推出 \" , 大量 兜售 了 \" 法 轮 功 \" 书籍 , 录音带 , 录象带 , VCD , 练功 服 , 练功 垫 和 \" 李 老师 \" 的 \" 法 象 \" 吗 ?\r\n用 \" 李 老师 \" 的 话说 , 这 叫 \" 有 施 才有 得 \" , 但 广大 练习 者 的 \" 小 施 \" 却 成全 了 \" 李 老师 \" 的 \" 大 得 \" , 撑破 了 \" 李 老师 \" 的 腰包 .\r\n所以 \" 法 轮 功 \" 特别 强调 一个 \" 诚 \" 字 .\r\n也就是说 , 练 \" 法 轮 功 \" 不仅 是 可以 不 吃药 , 而且 是 不准 吃药 , 方 能 治好 病 .\r\n这里 布 下 的 圈套 是 : 倘 你 的 病 好了 , 是 你 \" 心 诚 \" 的 结果 ; 倘 你 的 病 没 好 , 则是 因为 你 还不够 \" 心 诚 \" .\r\n对 \" 法 轮 功 \" 你 不能 有 丝毫 的 怀疑 , 有 怀疑 就是 不 \" 诚 \" , 你 只能 绝对 地 服从 , 绝对 地 相信 .\r\n而 要 挣脱 \" 法 轮 功 \" 的 精神 枷锁 , 首先 就要 打破 那个 \" 诚 \" 字 的 迷信 , 用 科学 的 眼光 来 重新 审视 愚昧 的 迷信 .\r\n那些 把 自己 装扮 得 很 玄奥 , 很 神秘 的 所谓 理论 , 其实 往往 是 惑 人 的 歪理 邪说 .\r\n张乐岭 代表 说 , 新 中国 建立 50 年 间 , 我国 农民 收入 增长 近 40 , 这 主要 是 在 改革开放 20 年 间 实现 的 .\r\n东部 地区 能够 率先 发展 起来 , 得益于 沿海 开放 政策 .\r\n( 小标题 ) 思 源 为了 思 进 , 知 不足 而 奋进 , 在 激烈 的 国际 竞争 中 不 进 则 退 \" 从 现在 起到 下世纪中叶 , 将 是 很 要紧 的 时期 , 我们 要 埋头苦干 .\r\n这是 世纪 伟人 邓小平 同志 的 谆谆教诲 .\r\n思 源 为了 思 进 , 思 源 才能 思 进 .\r\n国有 企业 改革 已 取得 转折 性 突破 , 但 经济效益 仍然 不佳 , 深层 矛盾 不少 .\r\n改革开放 中 出现 的 问题 , 必须 通过 进一步 改革 和 加快 发展 解决 .\r\n沾沾自喜 , 不 思 进取 , 就 会 拉大 我们 与 发达国家 之间 的 距离 .\r\n只有 再接再厉 , 埋头苦干 , 才有 出路 .\r\n这是 代表 , 委员 形成 的 共识 .\r\n( 小标题 ) 思 进 是 进取 的 开始 , 面向 未来 , 代表 , 委员 们 有 目标 , 有 办法 , 有信心 一个 不 思 进取 的 民族 , 是 抓不住 未来 的 民族 .\r\n富 而 思 进 就要 破除 满足 感 , 干 大 事业 , 求 大发展 , 力争上游 , 不断 开拓 .\r\n河北省 玉田县 种 粮 大户 唐顺义 代表 说 , 我 一方面 要 种 市场 销路 好的 面筋 和 蛋白质 含量 高 的 专用 面包 小麦 , 另一方面 套种 多种 高 品质 蔬菜 瓜果 , 把 家庭 农场 企业化 .\r\n民营 企业家 徐冠巨 委员 透露 , 他 正在 制订 具体 计划 , 积极 投身 西部 大 开发 的 事业 , \" 这 不光 是 为 企业 的 发展 , 也是 为 中华 民族 的 复兴 贡献 一 份 力量 . \"\r\n富 而 思 进 , 我们 振奋 了 面向 未来 的 精神 , 凝聚 了 迎接 挑战 的 意志 , 集中 了 克服困难 的 智慧 , 焕发 了 不断 创新 的 活力 .\r\n从 \" 两会 \" 代表 , 委员 的 信念 和 追求 , 我们 看到 的 是 全民族 知难而进 , 开拓 进取 的 精神 状态 , 听到 的 是 中国 迈向 新世纪 坚定 有力 的 脚步 声 .\r\n这 一 双边 协议 是 在 中国 政府 代表团 与 阿根廷 政府 代表团 经过 友好 和 建设性 的 协商 , 结束 了 关于 中国 加入 世贸 组织 的 双边 谈判 后 签署 的 .\r\n签字 仪式 结束 后 , 孙振宇 和 奇基索拉 向 新闻界 表示 , 中 阿 签署 关于 中国 加入 世贸 组织 的 双边 协议 将 有利于 扩大 双边 贸易 , 进一步 促进 两国 经贸 关系 的 发展 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月12日 电 ( 人民 日报 记者 杨振武 , 中央 人民 广播 电台 记者 刘振英 , 新华社 记者 陈雁 ) 中央 人口 资源 环境 工作 座谈会 今天 上午 在 人民 大会堂 举行 .\r\n中共 中央 总书记 , 国家主席 江泽民 主持 座谈会 并 发表 重要 讲话 .\r\n这是 摆 在 全党 同志 和 全国 人民 面前的 一 项 艰巨 而 重要 的 任务 .\r\n江泽民 指出 , 我国 是 世界上 人口 最多 的 发展中国家 , 人均 资源 很 有限 , 必须 始终 坚持 把 控制 人口 , 节约 资源 , 保护 环境 放在 重要 的 战略 位置 .\r\n惟其 如此 , 我们 才能 实现 可持续发展 .\r\n在 二十一世纪 , 我们 要 继续 大力 抓好 稳定 低 生育 水平 , 合理 利用 和 严格 管理 资源 , 保护 和 创造 良好 生态 环境 的 工作 .\r\n能不能 坚持 做好 人口 资源 环境 工作 , 关系到 我国 经济 和 社会 的 安全 , 关系到 我国 人民 生活 的 质量 , 关系到 中华 民族 生存 和 发展 的 长远 大计 .\r\n江泽民 说 , 实施 西部 大 开发 战略 , 促进 中西部 地区 加快 发展 , 是 党中央 , 国务院 作出 的 一 项 关系 我国 现代化 建设 全局 的 重大 决策 .\r\n西部 大 开发 战略 要 实施 好 , 必须 实现 人口 资源 环境 的 良性 循环 .\r\n要 把 加强 生态 环境保护 和 建设 作为 西部 大 开发 的 重要 内容 和 紧迫 任务 , 坚持 预防为主 , 保护 优先 , 搞好 开发 建设 的 环境 监督 管理 .\r\n切实 避免 走 先 污染 后 治理 , 先 破坏 后 恢复 的 老路 .\r\n江泽民 指出 , 在 新 的 世纪 里 , 我国 的 人口 资源 环境 工作 只能 加强 , 不能 削弱 .\r\n计划生育 , 资源 勘查 与 管理 , 环境保护 工作 , 都是 有着 显著 社会 效益 的 公益 性 事业 , 各地 要 按照 中央 的 要求 , 确保 对 这些 领域 的 投入 到位 .\r\n要 调动 社会 各方面 的 积极性 , 建立 多元化 , 多渠道 的 投资 机制 .\r\n要 加强 人口 资源 环境 工作 队伍 的 建设 , 努力 提高 基层 的 人口 资源 环境 工作 的 质量 .\r\n江泽民 强调 , 对 计划生育 , 资源 管理 和 环境保护 工作 , 实行 党政 一把手 亲自 抓 , 负 总 责 不变 , 既定 的 人口 资源 环境 政策 和 目标 不变 .\r\n党政 主要 领导 要 抓好 协调 工作 , 组织 各方面 力量 , 对 人口 资源 环境 问题 进行 综合治理 .\r\n人口 资源 环境 行政 主管 部门 , 要 依法 实行 统一 的 监督 管理 , 提高 执法 效果 .\r\n各级党委 和 政府 要 严格 按照 法律 , 政策 和 规划 办事 .\r\n要 坚持 相信 群众 , 依靠 群众 , 尊重 群众 , 服务 群众 的 工作 原则 .\r\n在 工作 中 切忌 官僚主义 , 教条主义 和 形式主义 .\r\n全党 , 全国 上下 都要 加倍 努力 , 确保 我国 新世纪 人口 资源 环境 工作 目标 的 顺利 实现 , 更好地 造福于 中华 民族 .\r\n朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 总理 在 座谈 会上 就 如何 学习 , 贯彻 江泽民 总书记 的 讲话 精神 , 切实 做好 计划生育 , 资源 管理 和 环境保护 工作 作 了 讲话 .\r\n出席 座谈会 的 中央 领导 同志 还有 : 丁关根 , 李长春 , 吴官 正 , 姜春云 , 贾庆林 , 黄菊 , 温家宝 , 曾庆红 , 彭 ( 佩 去 人 旁 加 王旁 ) 云 , 王忠禹 .\r\n各省 , 自治区 , 直辖市 党委 和 政府 的 主要 负责 同志 , 中央 , 国家机关 有关 部门 和 解放军 , 武警 部队 的 负责 同志 等 出席 了 座谈会 .\r\n( 16 ) 西部 热点 : 阿不来提阿不都热西提 : 西部 大 开发 给 新疆 提供 了 历史 机遇 \" 中新社 北京 三月十二日 电 \" 西部 热点 : 阿不来提阿不都热西提 : 西部 大 开发 给 新疆 提供 了 历史 机遇 中新社 记者 李德华 实施 西部 大 开发 战略 , 使 新疆 获得 了 大 开发 的 历史 机遇 .\r\n全国 人大 代表 新疆维吾尔自治区 政府 主席 阿不来提阿不都热西提 谈及 新疆 大 开发 总是 充满 信心 .\r\n阿不来提 认为 , 为 迎接 西部 大 开发 新疆 的 大 开发 已经 具备 了 良好 的 条件 .\r\n新疆 是 中国 向西 开放 的 桥头堡 , 中亚 诸 国 巨大 的 市场 已 为 新疆 扩大 向西 开放 提供 了 广阔 空间 .\r\n目前 的 新疆 , 已有 了 经济 大 开发 的 良好 基础 .\r\n他 认为 , 加快 基础 设施 建设 是 大 开发 的 基础 .\r\n尽管 目前 新疆 的 基础 设施 已有 了 很大 改善 , 但 与 全国 平均 水平 和 东部 地区 相比 还有 很大 差距 .\r\n特别是 水利 和 交通 条件 亟待 改善 .\r\n完善 乌鲁木齐 喀什 机场 功能 , 尽快 开工 扩建 和田 克拉 玛依 机场 .\r\n加速 \" 信息 高速公路 \" 建设 .\r\n建设 新疆 -- 兰州 成品油 长 输 管线 和 天然气 \" 西 气 东 输 \" 至 上海 的 重大 项目 .\r\n水利工程 也是 气势 宏伟 .\r\n将 重点 围绕 伊犁河 额尔齐斯河 塔里木 河 三 大 流域 的 开发 和 治理 展开 .\r\n与此同时 , 大力 开发 和 利用 地下水 , 大规模 发展 高标准 节水 灌溉 , 消除 洪水 和 干旱 灾害 的 影响 .\r\n阿不来提 认为 , 加快 生态 保护 和 建设 是 大 开发 的 切入点 .\r\n新疆 将 采取 大规模 的 退耕 还 林 封山育林 种 树种 草 等 措施 改善 生态 .\r\n为 进行 塔里木河 流域 生态 保护 和 建设 , 将 采取 北 水 南 调 兴修 水利 控制 工程 整治 河道 等 措施 , 进而 控制 生态 环境 恶化 的 趋势 .\r\n加强 中国 最大 的 内陆 淡水湖 博斯 腾 湖 和 即将 干涸 的 艾比 湖 的 环境保护 与 治理 .\r\n同时 加快 实施 已 成为 中国 著名 污染 城市 乌鲁木齐 的 综合治理 工程 .\r\n通过 两三 年 的 调整 , 使 全国 最大 的 棉花 生产 基地 新疆 的 棉花 种植 面积 大幅度 压缩 , 而 总产 仍然 稳定 在 去年 一百三十五万 吨 以上 的 高水平 上 .\r\n与此同时 , 新疆 还将 积极 推进 国家 石油 天然气 工业 的 战略 转移 , 建成 全国 最大 的 石油 天然气 工业基地 ; 还要 把 新疆 建成 中国 西部 重要 的 石油 化工 基地 ; 把 旅游业 培育 成 新 的 重要 的 经济 增长点 .\r\n对此 , 他 著 重 强调 了 加大 对 贫困 地区 发展 教育 的 扶持 力度 , 加强 对 官员 的 培训 和 对 少数民族 人才 的 培养 , 以及 制定 优惠 政策 , 吸引 国内 的 人才 .\r\n政协 九 届 二 会议 期间 和 大会 闭幕 后 , 各民主党派 , 有关 人民团体 和 政协 委员 , 共 提出 提案 3341 件 .\r\n会后 收到 的 提案 , 提案 委员会 也 及时 进行 了 审查 和 交办 .\r\n截至 2000年2月20日 , 提案 已 办 复 3004 件 , 占 全部 提案 的 96.3% . 所 提 意见 和 建议 得到 解决 或 列入 计划 解决 的 2542 件 , 占 84.6% .\r\n一些 党派 和 委员 在 以往 提案 的 基础 上 , 再次 提出 关于 实行 银行 储蓄 存款 实 名 制度 的 建议 , 中国人民 银行 在 起草 有关 方案 和 规定 时 予以 采纳 .\r\n关于 进一步 降低 城乡 电价 的 提案 , 国家 计委 已 在 《 关于 改革 还本 付息 电价 政策 的 实施 意见 》 中 采纳 .\r\n李岚清 副总理 在 报告 上 批示 : \" 把 这 方面 的 意见 集中 整理 一下 , 等到 老年 委 成立 后 一并 研究 \" .\r\n全国 老龄 工作 委员会 现 已 正式 成立 , 对 调研 报告 提出 的 建议 , 国家 \" 十五 \" 发展 计划 将 作为 一 项 重要 内容 加以 吸收 .\r\n( 一 ) 为 使 提案 工作 适应 形势 发展 的 要求 , 1999年11月 , 全国 政协 在 北京 召开 了 第四 提案 工作 座谈会 .\r\n三九 二 会议 以来 , 提案 工作 有了 较大 的 进展 , 但 与 形势 的 发展 和 政协 工作 的 要求 还有 不少 差距 .\r\n目前 虽然 有一些 高质量 的 提案 , 但 总体 水平 还 有待 提高 .\r\n一些 提案 缺乏 调研 , 内容 比较 空洞 , 所 提建议 过于 笼统 , 难于 操作 , 影响 了 提案 的 效果 . 二 是 有些 承办 单位 对 办理 工作 的 认识 和 力度 还 存在 差距 .\r\n一些 委员 反映 , 个别 单位 答复 时 , 流于形式 , 答非所问 的 情况 依然 存在 . 三 是 提案 委员会 的 服务 工作 还要 进一步 改进 .\r\n今年 是 世纪 交替 之 年 .\r\n上海 受 \" 入世 \" 影响 肯定 较 深 , 但 总的来看 利 大 於弊 .\r\n他 说 , 上海 从 三 年 前 就 为 \" 入世 \" 做 准备 . 上海 能否 成功 应对 \" 入世 \" , 将 为 中国 其他 地区 提供 经验 .\r\n第二 是 过去 二十 年 形成 的 支柱 产业 , 如 通讯 , 计算机 , 汽车 和 医药 .\r\n这些 产业 投资 大 , 技术 含量 高 , 大部分 是 合资 , 但 生产 规模 小 , 难以 与 外国 竞争 .\r\n第三 是 服务业 , 包括 金融 保险 , 邮电 通讯 .\r\n上海 已 选送 大批 年轻人 去 美欧 接受 培训 .\r\n当 外资 大规模 进入 时 , 上海 可以 保证 其 竞争力 , 并 顺利 与 外商 合资 .\r\n他 说 , 为 迎接 国际 竞争 , 上海 已 在 拉美 和 非洲 各 建立 了 一个 经济 开发区 , 并 正 与 中亚 接触 , 准备 在 当地 建立 工业区 , 拓展 东欧 市场 .\r\n他 补充 说 , 上海 已 加快 信息 业 发展 步伐 , 正 率先 在 国内 实现 因特网 , 邮电 网 和 有线 电视 网 互 联 , 将 为 外资 大规模 进入 奠定 竞争 基础 .\r\n改革 是 发展 的 动力 , 是 我们 走向 现代化 的 必由之路 ; 稳定 是 改革 和 发展 的 基本 前提 , 没有 稳定 什 幺 事情 也 办不成 , 应当 非常 恰当 地 处理 这 三 者 的 关系 .\r\n李嘉廷 代表 指出 , 邓小平 同志 提出 的 发展 是 硬 道理 的 思想 , 对于 世纪之交 的 中国 来说 , 具有 重大 意义 .\r\n在 新 的 形势 下 , 更 要 清醒 地 处理好 稳定 , 改革 , 发展 三 者 的 关系 , 忽视 其中 一 项 都 将 给 经济 和 社会 发展 带来 不利 影响 .\r\n一些 代表 在 谈到 正确 处理 改革 , 发展 , 稳定 的 关系 时 , 强调 了 建立 社会保障 体系 的 重要性 .\r\n辽宁 代表 董万德 说 , 社会保障 问题 , 关系 社会 稳定 和 企业 改革 的 进程 , 必须 从 改革 , 发展 , 稳定 的 高度 抓好 这 件 大事 .\r\n不然 改革 就 没有 群众 基础 , 就 会 付出 沉重 的 代价 , 引发 不稳定 因素 .\r\n稳定 是 发展 的 前提 , 而 团结 又是 稳定 的 基础 .\r\n来自 广西 的 李兆焯 代表 说 , 广西 近年来 的 实践 表明 , 如果 没有 人民 的 团结 , 包括 各民族 的 团结 来 确保 社会 的 稳定 , 广西 的 经济 发展 就 不能 取得 现在 的 成绩 .\r\n二 是 要 狠抓 经济 建设 , 通过 加快 发展 求 稳定 .\r\n农业 是 国家 稳定 的 重要 条件 .\r\n王平 代表 认为 , 要 稳定 和 加强 农业 的 基础 地位 , 当务之急 是 提高 农民 收入 , 开拓 农村 市场 .\r\n现在 影响 农民 增收 的 主要 问题 就是 阶段性 结构 不合理 问题 , 需要 通过 面向 市场 , 作出 合理 调整 .\r\n另一个 主要问题 就是 农民 负担 过重 的 问题 , 解决 不好 这个 问题 , 直接 危及 社会 的 稳定 和 发展 .\r\n解决 农村 问题 的 办法 , 首先 就是 要 通过 发展 生产力 , 调动 起 广大 农民 群众 对 结构 调整 的 积极性 和 创造性 , 使 农民 成为 调整 的 主体 , 增加 农民 收入 .\r\n干群关系 的 密切 程度 关系着 农村 的 稳定 .\r\n同时 , 要 集中 精力 , 发展 经济 , 抓好 减轻 农民 负担 和 增加 农民 收入 两 件 大事 .\r\n放眼 未来 , 代表 们 充满 信心 .\r\n云南 代表 王世坤 说 , 历经 多年 实践 , 我们 对 稳定 是 前提 , 改革 是 动力 , 发展 是 目的 有了 切身 的 体会 , 初步 积累起 正确 处理 三 者 关系 的 经验 .\r\n中国 党政军 领导人 最近 先后 发表 对 台湾 问题 的 口径 一致 的 讲话 .\r\n中共 总书记 江泽民 说 , 中国 人民 不怕 鬼 , 不 信邪 , 有信心 有能力 早日 解决 台湾 问题 .\r\n中央军委 副主席 张万年 强调 指出 , 台独 就 意味 騞 啋 均 C 全国 人大 委员长 李鹏 说 , 张万年 的 讲话 代表 中央 对 台 方针 .\r\n据 北京 知情 人士 透露 , 中国 党政军 领导人 最近 有关 台湾 问题 的 讲话 是 根据 中共 中央 政治局 关於 台湾 问题 的 决议 精神 而 发 的 .\r\n二月 中旬 , 中共 中央 政治局 就 台湾 问题 通过 了 二零零零年 第九 号 决议 .\r\n二月二十一日 国务院 台办 和 新闻 办 关 於《 一个 中国 的 原则 与 台湾 问题 》 白皮书 , 就是 根据 政治局 的 决议 拟 就 的 .\r\n政治局 决议 要点 有 六 : 一 , 确定 进入 新世纪 第一 十 年内 , 国家 的 统一 是 全党 全军 的 一 项 主要 议程 .\r\n三 , 在 \" 一个 中国 \" 的 前提 下 , 从 政治 上 , 政策 上 尽 最大 努力 , 尽一切可能 争取 以 和平 方式 解决 台湾 问题 .\r\n要 从 军事 上 做好 武力 解决 台湾 的 准备 , 加强 高科技 威慑 力 的 部署 .\r\n江泽民 三月二日 对 美国 前总统 布殊 明确 表示 , 中国 一定 要 统一 , 我们 已经 够 容忍 了 , 不能 再 等 十 年 , 二十 年 了 .\r\n再次 显示 解决 台湾 问题 的 坚强 决心 .\r\n2000年3月12日 星期日 中国 解放军 高层 坐镇 福建 台 大选 在即 \" 明报 专 讯 \" 随 ¨ 台湾 本周六 举行 总统 大选 的 日子 愈益 临近 , 大陆 军方 已 提高 戒备 状态 .\r\n台湾 领导人 任何 \" 出 位 \" 言论 或 外国 势力 试图 染指 台湾 的 具体 行动 , 都 可能 引发 两岸 出现 新 的 紧张 气氛 .\r\n保持 三 战备 状态 \" 明报 专 讯 \" 解放军 驻 闽 粤 部分 一线 部队 在 台\r\n关键 时期 , 驻 台海 一线 的 部队 提高 戒备 随时 准备 应付 任何 突变 , 是 情理 中 事 , 很 正常 , 不值得 大 惊 不 怪 .\r\n新华社 呼和浩特 3月13日 电 述评 : 西部 大 开发 观念 须 更新 新华社 记者 汤计 刘军 新旧 世纪 交替 之际 , 党中央 , 国务院 作出 了 西部 大 开发 的 战略 决策 .\r\n记者 采访 中 发现 , 有的 地区 把 西部 大 开发 战略 简单 理解 为 争取 国家 投资 , 要 优惠 政策 , 多 上 几个 大 项目 ; 有的 从 本地区 利益 出发 争取 立项 ; 有的 站在 本 行业 的 角度 争取 立项 等等 .\r\n西部 地区 绘制 发展 蓝图 时 , 必须 按照 市场经济 规律 思考 问题 , 以 政策 调控 市场 , 由 市场 推动 开发 .\r\n观念 更新 是 西部 大 开发 的 \" 先行官 \" .\r\n\" 我们 生产 , 销售 这些 商品 , 可以说 真正 具备 人力 , 资源 , 技术 和 规模 优势 .\r\n在 中国 即将 加入 世界 贸易 组织 的 新 形势 下 , 完全 可以 更 充分 地 到 国际 市场 施展 拳脚 . \" 山东 淄博 美 琉 玻璃 ( 集团 ) 有限 责任 公司 副 总经理 孙慧 说 .\r\n同时 , 这 一 领域 的 国别 竞争 和 商品 竞争 也 会 更加 激烈 , 只有 不断 提升 轻纺 商品 的 技术 含量 , 附加值 和 品牌 效应 , 才能 站在 新 的 制高点 上 争得 市场 份额 .\r\n有关 部门 应 采取 措施 加强 服务 , 让 更多 的 传统 商品 借 \" 入世 \" 之 机 开拓 更 广阔 的 出口 空间 .\r\n现在 , 香港 , 澳门 已经 顺利 回归祖国 , 解决 台湾 问题 已经 十分 现实 地 摆 在 我们 面前 .\r\n早日 解决 台湾 问题 , 实现 祖国 完全 统一 , 是 潮流 , 是 趋势 , 是 国家 和 民族 的 大义 , 大理 , 大 利 .\r\n我国 政府 的 立场 始终如一 , 坚定不移 .\r\n早日 解决 台湾 问题 , 是 包括 台湾 人民 在内 的 全国 各族 人民 的 共同 心愿 , 强烈 呼声 .\r\n我们 要 审时度势 , 抓紧 早日 解决 台湾 问题 的 准备 工作 .\r\n去年 7月 , 李登辉 抛出 \" 两国 论 \" 后 , 我们 立即 开展 坚决 反对 李登辉 \" 两国 论 \" 的 斗争 .\r\n我们 与 李登辉 为首 的 分裂 势力 的 斗争 , 集中 表现 在 是 坚持 一个 中国 原则 还是 制造 \" 两 中国 \" , \" 一 中 一 台 \" 的 问题 上 .\r\n我们 解决 台湾 问题 的 方针 是 \" 和平 统一 , 一国两制 \" .\r\n李登辉 抛出 \" 两国 论 \" , 是 他 10 年 来 推行 分裂 祖国 活动 的 必然 结果 , 他 是 不可能 收回 的 .\r\n我们 要 加强 研究 , 立足于 应对 复杂 局面 , 全面 分析 可能 产生 的 各种 问题 及其 后果 , 做到 未雨绸缪 .\r\n\" 台独 \" 和 分裂 势力 以及 国外 反华 势力 希望 台湾 问题 无限期 拖延 下去 , 是 我们 所 不能 容许 的 .\r\n\" 一国两制 \" 已经 在 港澳 得到 成功的 实践 , 也 完全 适用于 解决 台湾 问题 .\r\n用 \" 一国两制 \" 解决 台湾 问题 , 只会 给 台湾 同胞 带来 好处 , 台湾 当局 以 种种 借口 反对 \" 一国两制 \" , 实质 是 反对 祖国 统一 .\r\n我们 要 正告 \" 台独 \" 势力 , 以 任何 名义 , 任何 方式 鼓吹 独立 , 制造 分裂 , 都是 对 祖国 和 民族 的 犯罪 , 都是 危险 的 玩火 行径 .\r\n我们 对 任何 损害 中国 主权 和 领土 完整 , 推行 \" 两国 论 \" 和 \" 台湾 独立 \" 等 严重 分裂 活动 , 决不会 坐视 不管 .\r\n如果 \" 台独 \" 势力 执意 要 把 台湾 从 祖国 分裂 出去 , 我们 将 采取 断然 措施 , 捍卫 国家 主权 和 领土 完整 .\r\n\" 台独 \" 即 意味 战争 , 分裂 就 没有 和平 .\r\n但 他 表示 , 中国 对 台 的 政策 仍然 是 \" 和为贵 \" , 和平 统一 的 基本 方针 不变 , 解放军 亦 在 努力 争取 和平 统一 .\r\n\" 而 军队 的 职责 是 维护 国家 统一 , 有 历史 的 使命 , 任务 在此 .\r\n但是 军方 亦 很难 做出 一个 统一 时间表 , 大陆 下一步 的 对 台 行动 , 基本 取决 於 台湾 新 当选 的 总统 的 政策 .\r\n对 於 用 武力 争取 统一 的 做法 , 糜振玉 说 : \" 三十六 计 和为贵 , 和 则 两利 , 战 则 两 伤 , 但 台湾 会 伤 得 比 大陆 严重 .\r\n\" 他 表示 , 中国 政府 的 立场 和 态度 是 很 明确 的 , 仍然 希望 两岸 和平 统一 , 不愿 自相残杀 .\r\n承认 中国 目前 在 海 空军 的 军事 力量 与 世界 先进 国家 仍有 二十 年 差距 的 糜振玉 说 : \" 我们 不一定 可以 打赢 它 ( 美国 ) , 但 最少 可以 扼制 它 , 我们 有 我们 的 办法 .\r\n\" 糜振玉 进一步 说 : \" 美国 最 怕死人 , 死 几个 人 就 了不得 了 , 我们 总 有 办法 让 他 死 几个 人 .\r\n\" 他 表示 , 美国 在 中国 有 巨大 的 利益 , 不会 轻易 放弃 与 中国 的 友好 邦交 .\r\n面对 经过 海湾 战争 和 最近 科索沃 战争 而 轮廓 渐 清 的 美国 当代 军事 力量 , 我们 已经 清楚地 看到 正在 快速 发展 的 军事 革命 如何 改变 了 传统 的 军事 力量 和 战争 的 模式 , 以及 中国 的 军事 力量 和 美军 的 差距 .\r\n超越 一切 现行 的 战争 规则 和 范围 , 去 赢得 新 形势 下 的 战争 , 这就是 \" 超 限 战 \" 的 含义 .\r\n在 这种 思考 下 而 提出 突破 现有 战争 规则 的 \" 超 限 战 \" 和 反对 全球化 进程 的 民族主义 , 是 同 一种 倾向 的 两 个 侧面 .\r\n在 新旧 世纪 交替 的 时刻 , 各国 都 对 未来 二十一 世纪 所 面临 的 安全 形势 作出 了 充分 的 评估 .\r\n同时 , 军事 打击 也 将 针对 某些 关键性 的 民用 设施 如 通信 电子 交通 和 动力 设施 , 以期 损害 敌手 的 战争 潜力 .\r\n现在 我们 之所以 有 道义 上 和 法律 上 的 根据 去 谴责 世界上 的 战争 , 本身 就是 因为 在 这个 领域 内 已有 大量 的 规则 .\r\n各国 的 力量 目前 逊 於 美国 , 但 强权 如 美国 也 不能 为所欲为 地 进行 什 麽 \" 超 限 战 \" , 无视 人类 的 道德 良知 和 法律 而 公然 毁坏 现行 国际 秩序 .\r\n从 海牙 战争 法 公约 和 日内瓦 公约 到 目前 仍在 不断 发展 的 国际 人道主义 法规 则 , 其中 包括 马尔顿 条款 , 都 限制 各国 军事 力量 在 战争 和 武装 冲突 以及 其他 的 情况 下 , 随心所欲 地 使用 暴力 .\r\n不 遵守 规则 并不是 弱者 的 专利 , 强者 也 可以 这样 作 , 而且 更 有条件 这样 作 .\r\n这些 毫无 科学技术 基础 的 所谓 \" 战法 \" , 可以 说是 当年 的 \" 超 限 战 \" 都 早已 破产 .\r\n今天 科学技术 和 经济 实力 已经 成为 人类 包括 军事 力量 发展 的 最 重要 的 源泉 .\r\n而 对 於 西方 以外 的 各国 尤其是 中国 这样的 大国 来说 , \" 超 限 战 \" 这种 思维 方式 提出 了 一个 如何 对待 现有 的 各种 国际 秩序 的 问题 , 在 战争 领域 如同 在 国际 社会 其他 领域 一样 , 人类 早已 走出 了 洪荒 之 地 .\r\n国际 社会 早已 是 一个 有 众多 规则 的 场所 , 而且 这些 规则 的 制订 , 包括 军事 领域 和 经济 领域 的 各种 规则 , 都是 在 西方 各国 的 主导 下 形成 .\r\n中国 强大 和 发展 的 关键 在 於 遵循 人类 发展 的 共同 规律 和 规则 , 其中 包括 种种 必须 接受 的 限制 , 在 现有 的 国际 秩序 中 尽快 发展 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月13日 电 ( 总结 基本 经验 实现 宏伟 目标 ) 坚持 党 的 绝对 领导 人民军队 无往不胜 -- 解放军 代表 谈 加强 新时期 军队 现代化 建设 新华社 记者 罗玉文 没有 人民 的 军队 , 就 没有 人民 的 一切 .\r\n有了 这 一 条 , 人民军队 就 能 无 往 而 不胜 , 就 能 从 胜利 走向 胜利 .\r\n周坤仁 代表 谈到 , 人民军队 的 主要 缔造 者 毛泽东 同志 , 为 确立 党 对 军队 的 绝对 领导 作出 了 巨大 的 历史性 贡献 .\r\n人民军队 从此 发展 壮大 起来 .\r\n特别是 近 十 年 来 , 依靠 党 对 军队 的 绝对 领导 , 我们 战胜 了 前进 道路 上 的 无数 艰难险阻 .\r\n讲政治 , 最 根本 的 就是 要 保证 党 对 军队 的 绝对 领导 , 保证 人民军队 的 性质 .\r\n这 十 年 , 我军 在 现代 条件 下 防卫 作战 的 能力 得到 了 新 的 提高 , 国防 科研 和 武器 装备 发展 有了 新 的 长足 的 进步 , 我军 正 沿着 有 中国 特色 的 精兵 之路 阔步前进 .\r\n据 透露 , 日前 , 湖北省 亦 有 两 副省级 官员 因 涉嫌 利用 地方 公司 上市 机会 , 贪污 受贿 , 现在 已 被 中纪委 停职 \" 双 规 \" .\r\n有 参加 大会 的 人大 代表 表示 , 目前 政府 的 反腐败 力度 还 应该 大大 加强 .\r\n在 今年 的 \" 两 高 \" 报告 中 没有 提及 令人 关注 的 远 华案 和 成克杰 案 , 有 代表 认为 这就 需要 增加 反腐败 工作 的 透明度 .\r\n收受 企业 股金 批准 上市 据 透露 , 早前 湖北省 的 多 家 企业 申请 上市 , 但 由於 近年来 申请 上市 的 企业 数量 十分 之多 , 能 获 批 的 只是 少数 .\r\n於是 有人 便 通过 中间人 找到 主管 的 前 湖北省 常务 副省长 李大强 和 副省长 高瑞科 , 许下 一旦 成事 将 送 上 巨额 平股 作为 回报 .\r\n於是 副省长 的 大笔一挥 , 几家 企业 都 得以 顺利 上市 .\r\n去年 , 中纪委 获悉 消息 , 成立 专门 调查 小组 调查 此 案 , 并 对 已 离任 的 李大强 和 在位 的 高瑞科 副省长 作出 \" 双 规 \" 的 决定 .\r\n培育 一批 具有 国际 竞争力 的 大型企业 \" 的 论述 , 萧灼基 教授 着重 谈 了 三 方面 的 体会 .\r\n国家 对 国有 经济 的 战略 部署 进行 调整 , 要 做到 有进有退 , 有所 为 有所 不 为 , 主要 方式 还是 要 通过 资本市场 实现 .\r\n比如 : 对于 可以 放开 的 企业 , 可以 通过 减 持 国有股 比重 , 从 绝对 控股 到 相对 控股 , 再 到 半 控股 , 一般 参股 , 直至 完全 退出 .\r\n3 , 资本市场 作为 新兴 市场 是 完善 发展 社会主义 市场经济 体系 的 重要 内容 . 4 , 高新技术 产业 需要 通过 资本市场 发展 壮大 .\r\n2 , 通过 资本市场 分散 高新技术 产业 发展 过程 中 的 风险 .\r\n高科技 股票 由于 其 成长 性 好 , 潜力 大 , 可以 给 投资人 带来 很好 的 回报 .\r\n4 , 在 大陆 设立 高科技 板 或 在 主板 市场 对 高科技 企业 实行 优惠 , 是 国际 竞争 的 需要 .\r\n目前 国际上 高科技 板 发展 很快 , 我们 如果 不 加快 步伐 , 就 会 使 好的 高科技 企业 流失 到 国外 .\r\n现在 建议 被 采纳 感到 很 高兴 .\r\n这 方面 的 问题 今后 还要 继续 探讨 , 比如 : 市盈率 问题 .\r\n现在 一 , 二 级 市场 发行 市盈率 差距 较大 , 一级 市场 稳定 回报 仍然 存在 .\r\n在 世纪之交 的 重要 时刻 , 党中央 审时度势 , 高瞻远瞩 地 提出 了 要 不失时机 地 实施 \" 走出去 \" 战略 .\r\n它 与 西部 大 开发 战略 相辅相成 , 有利于 我们 充分 利用 好 国外 和 国内 两 种 资源 , 两 个 市场 , 从而 在 更 广阔 的 空间 里 进行 经济 结构 调整 和 资源 的 优化 配置 .\r\n它 是 一个 长远 而又 现实 的 目标 , 需要 我们 扎扎实实 地 去 探索 和 实践 .\r\n上海 有必要 , 有可能 , 有条件 不失时机 地 把 对外开放 从 过去 以 \" 引进来 \" 为主 转向 \" 引进来 \" 和 \" 走出去 \" 双向 并举 .\r\n二 是 要 加强 整体 规划 和 指导 .\r\n抓紧 制订 实施 \" 走出去 \" 战略 的 规划 和 有关 政策 措施 , 提高 \" 走出去 \" 的 能力 .\r\n三 是 明确 \" 走出去 \" 的 方向 和 重点 .\r\n四 是 要 全面 贯彻 \" 多元化 \" 的 方针 .\r\n黄菊 代表 最后 表示 , 上海 在 经济 全球化 的 过程 中 , 将 坚持 服务 全国 , 面向 世界 的 方针 , 努力 保持 经济 持续 , 快速 , 健康 地 向前 发展 .\r\n以 \" 一国两制 \" 的 方针 解决 台湾 问题 , 实现 祖国 统一 , 已 成为 我们 日益 迫切 的 历史 使命 .\r\n近日 , 记者 就此 采访 全国 人大 代表 , 中央 人民政府 驻 香港 特别 行政区 联络 办公室 主任 姜恩柱 .\r\n他 指出 , 香港 回归 近 三 年 来 的 成功 实践 , 充分 显示出 \" 一国两制 \" 方针 的 正确性 , 科学性 和 可行性 .\r\n姜恩柱 代表 具体 阐述 了 香港 经验 所 证实 的 四 结论 : 第一 , \" 一国两制 \" 方针 是 完全 行得通 的 .\r\n起初 , 香港 有 不少 人 对 \" 一国两制 \" 构想 是否 行得通 存在 疑虑 .\r\n然而 , 在 \" 一国两制 \" 方针 的 指引 下 , 香港 不仅 实现 了 顺利 回归 , 而且 在 回归 后 战胜 了 种种 困难 , 保持 了 社会 的 稳定 与 繁荣 .\r\n实践 证明 , \" 一国两制 \" 方针 是 切实可行 的 , 符合 包括 台湾 同胞 , 港澳同胞 和 海外侨胞 在内 的 全 中国 人民 的 根本 利益 .\r\n只有 实行 \" 一国两制 \" 方针 , 才能 使 台湾 问题 得到 和平 解决 .\r\n第二 , \" 一国两制 \" 方针 具有 极大 的 包容 性 .\r\n香港 回归 近 三 年 来 , 中央政府 坚定不移 地 贯彻 \" 一国两制 \" 方针 , 支持 香港特区 政府 依照 基本法 施政 .\r\n按照 \" 一国两制 \" 方针 解决 台湾 问题 , 实现 和平 统一 的 内容 还可以 比 港澳 更为 宽松 .\r\n第三 , \" 一国两制 \" 方针 有利于 维护 社会 稳定 繁荣 .\r\n在 经济 方面 , 香港 有 祖国 内地 作为 坚强 后盾 .\r\n国家 不仅 没有 也 不会 向 香港特区 要 一 分钱 , 而且 全力 支持 香港 抵御 亚洲 金融 危机 的 冲击 , 保持 了 经济 繁荣 .\r\n在 对外 联系 方面 , 香港 分享 日益 强大 的 祖国 在 国际上 的 荣誉 与 尊严 , 扩大 了 与 国际 社会 的 经济 文化 联系 .\r\n第四 , \" 一国两制 \" 方针 有利于 促进 中华 民族 的 全面 复兴 .\r\n按照 \" 一国两制 \" 方针 解决 台湾 问题 , 维护 国家 主权 和 领土 完整 , 能够 促进 中华 民族 的 全面 复兴 .\r\n企业 是 市场 竞争 的 主体 .\r\n这 对 广大 企业 来说 , 既 面临 着 一个 新 的 发展 机遇 , 也 会 面临 不同 程度 的 挑战 .\r\n一 , 企业 要 正确 认识 入世 后 面临 的 机遇 和 挑战 正确 认识 入世 面临 的 机遇 和 挑战 , 是 企业 制定 正确 应对 措施 的 基础 和 前提 .\r\n最惠国待遇 原则 是 世贸 组织 的 一个 基本原则 , 是 世贸 组织 成员 平等 进行 贸易 的 重要 保证 .\r\n中国 作为 发展中国家 还可以 享受 发展 中 成员 应 享有 的 权利 , 运用 世贸 组织 允许 的 保护 手段 和 过渡期 安排 , 合理合法 地 对 我国 的 幼稚 工业 , 市场 和 产业 安全 进行 必要 的 保护 .\r\n当然 , 在 看到 加入 世贸 组织 带来 机遇 的 同时 , 广大 企业 也要 清醒 地 看到 可能 面临 的 严峻 挑战 , 特别是 技术 密集型 , 资金 密集型 行业 中 的 企业 , 受到 的 冲击 会 更大 一些 .\r\n综合 分析 加入 世贸 组织 面临 的 机遇 和 挑战 , 应该 说是 机遇 大于 挑战 .\r\n加入 世贸 组织 , 意味着 我国 企业 与 国外 企业 在 世界 经济 舞台 上将 处于 同一 起跑线 上 进行 平等 竞争 , 企业 在 世界 经济 的 大 舞台 上 能否 得以 更大 的 发展 , 在 激烈 的 国际 竞争 中 能否 立于不败之地 , 根本上 取决于 企业 的 综合 素质 和 竞争 能力 .\r\n适应 加入 世贸 组织 的 需要 , 必须 进一步 深化 企业 改革 , 尽快 建立 现代 企业 制度 , 建立起 具有 生机 和 活力 的 经营 机制 .\r\n大型企业 都要 按照 建立 现代 企业 制度 的 要求 进行 公司制 改革 , 做到 产权 清晰 , 权责 明确 , 政企 分开 , 管理 科学 .\r\n要 建立 规范的 法人 治理 结构 , 形成 科学 , 合理 的 企业 领导 体制 和 组织 制度 , 构建 一套 有效的 激励 和 约束 机制 .\r\n我国 的 大企业 要 真正 能够 在 国际 市场 上 与 跨国 企业集团 论 伯仲 , 比 高低 , 必须 进一步 解决 企业 组织 结构 不合理 的 问题 , 按照 市场经济 规律 , 通过 兼并 , 联合 , 重组 等 , 尽快 形成 更为 合理 的 经济 规模 .\r\n小 企业 要走 \" 专 , 精 , 特 \" 的 道路 , 形成 自己的 竞争 优势 , 同 大企业 建立 密切 的 协作 关系 , 提高 生产 的 社会化 水平 .\r\n三 是 加快 技术 进步 步伐 , 提高 技术 创新 能力 .\r\n企业 的 技术 创新 能力 是 企业 竞争力 的 核心 , 在 科学技术 迅猛 发展 的 今天 , 企业 竞争力 的 高低 越来越 取决于 企业 的 创新 能力 .\r\n迎接 加入 世贸 组织 的 挑战 , 企业 必须 加快 技术 进步 步伐 , 使 技术 创新 能力 有 新 的 更大 的 提高 .\r\n所有 企业 都要 采用 先进 技术 , 不断 改造 现有 工艺 装备 , 调整 产品 结构 , 提高 产品 档次 , 实现 产品 , 技术 的 升级换代 .\r\n四 是 增强 开拓 市场 的 能力 , 提高 国际化 经营 水平 .\r\n要 不断 提高 产品 质量 , 按照 国际 先进 的 特别是 国际 权威 机构 认定 的 产品 质量 标准 组织 生产 , 尽快 建立 健全 国际 认证 的 质量 保证 体系 .\r\n要 有 强烈 的 品牌 意识 , 运用 多种 形式 树立 我国 产品 的 国际 形 像 .\r\n要 学会 运用 现代化 的 营销 手段 , 强化 销售 网络 , 搞好 售后服务 , 有条件 的 企业 可以 发展 海外 经销商 , 在 国外 建立 自己的 销售 网络 .\r\n具备 条件 的 企业 可以 走出 国门 , 到 海外 投资 办厂 , 更好地 利用 国际 国内 两 种 资源 两 个 市场 .\r\n五 是 加强 和 改善 企业管理 , 提高 企业 整体 素质 .\r\n加强 和 改善 企业管理 , 提高 科学 管理 水平 , 既是 建立 现代 企业 制度 的 重要 组成部分 , 也是 提高 竞争 能力 的 重要 途径 .\r\n要 严格 管理 , 从严 治 企 , 建立 健全 明确 的 责任制 , 坚决 克服 和 纠正 无人 负责 的 现 像 .\r\n企业 领导 要 不断 提高 自身 的 管理 能力 和 管理 水平 , 做到 不仅 敢于 管理 , 还能 善于 管理 .\r\n所有 企业 都要 广泛 采用 现代 管理 方法 和 手段 , 注意 不断 学习 和 借鉴 国内外 先进 企业 的 管理 经验 , 使 我国 企业管理 水平 能 尽快 有一个 较大 的 提高 .\r\n首先 , 企业 要 尽快 学习 和 了解 世贸 组织 的 有关 知识 和 规则 .\r\n企业 领导人 和 企业管理 人员 要 带头 学习 , 了解 世贸 组织 的 职能 , 基本原则 , 相关 协议 等 基本 知识 , 熟悉 世贸 组织 的 有关 规则 , 为 学会 运用 世贸 组织 的 规则 奠定 基础 .\r\n同时 要 遵循 这些 规则 , 防止 由于 不 了解 规则 而 带来 不必要 的 经贸 磨擦 , 纠纷 和 损失 .\r\n世贸 组织 根据 其 成员 经济 发展 水平 的 不同 和 国际贸易 中 的 一些 不公平 竞争 行为 , 制定 了 一些 保护 条款 , 如 反倾销 和 反 补贴 , 进口 保障 措施 等 .\r\n继 新闻纸 反倾销 案 后 , 有的 企业 对 一些 国家 向 我国 低价 倾销 产品 提出 反倾销 申请 , 目前 正在 受理 之中 .\r\n这些 做法 , 符合 世贸 组织 的 规则 , 也 避免 了 不 应有 的 产业 损害 .\r\n第三 , 要 加快 专门 人才 的 培养 .\r\n只要 企业 , 政府 , 社会 共同 努力 , 做好 各种 应对 准备 , 我国 企业 一定 能够 在 更为 激烈 的 国际 竞争 中 获得 新 的 更好 的 发展 .\r\n去年 7月 以来 , 中国 人民 进行 了 坚决 反对 李登辉 \" 两国 论 \" 的 斗争 , 打击 了 台湾 分裂 势力 的 嚣张 气焰 , 台湾 当局 被迫 承诺 \" 两国 论 不 入 宪 , 不 入 法 \" .\r\n世界上 130 国家 重申 坚持 一个 中国 的 政策 .\r\n文章 认为 , 江主席 和 钱 副总理 的 讲话 以及 白皮书 , 都 明确 表明 了 反对 \" 台湾 独立 \" , 反对 任何 分裂 中国 主权 与 领土 完整 的 活动 的 严正 态度 .\r\n然而 必须 指出 , 坚持 \" 台湾 是 一个 主权 独立 国家 \" , 也就是 坚持 \" 台独 \" ; 在此 前提 下 声称 不 搞 \" 台独 \" , 完全 是 公然 撒谎 , 欺骗 台湾 同胞 和 国际 社会 !\r\n1984年10月22日 , 邓小平 在 中央 顾问 委员会 第三 全体 会议 上 说 : \" 我们 坚持 谋求 用 和平 的 方式 解决 台湾 问题 , 但是 始终 没有 放弃 非 和平 方式 的 可能性 , 我们 不能 作 这样的 承诺 .\r\n\" 中新社 北京 三月十三日 电 \" 两会 访谈 : 列 确 展望 西藏 发展 中新社 记者 李德华 \" 去年 , 拥有 二百五十万 人口 的 西藏自治区 的 经济 发展 已 连续 六 年 保持 高 於 全国 的 平均 增长 水平 , 完成 国内 生产 总值 一百零三点三五亿 元人民币 , 比 上年 增长 百分之九点一 .\r\n参加 九届 全国 人大 三 会议 的 代表 西藏自治区 政府 主席 列 确 谈及 西藏 的 发展 , 始终 充满 著 自信 . \"\r\n列 确 称 , 由於 历史 和 地理 等 多方面 的 原因 , 西藏 经济 相对 滞后 , 基础 差 , 但 西藏 作为 蓬勃发展 的 中国 的 一部分 , 必须 加快 前进 的 步伐 , 使 西藏 的 经济 不断 有 质的 飞跃 .\r\n为此 , 中央 和 西藏 都 将 采取 有力 措施 .\r\n结合 国家 实施 西部 大 开发 战略 , 西藏 将 加快 基础 设施 建设 .\r\n他 认为 当前 西藏 的 产业 结构 不合理 , 第一产业 偏重 , 第二产业 偏 轻 , 第三产业 也 不 发达 , 具有 典型 的 农业 经济 特点 .\r\n其次 是 农业 要 上 新台阶 , 尤其 要 抓好 移民 工作 , 及早 解决 生存 条件 恶劣 地区 农牧民 的 生存 问题 .\r\n再就是 交通 和 能源 建设 , 争取 五 年 之内 建设 进出 方便 上下 畅通 的 骨干 公路 网络 , 力争 进 藏 铁路 早日 上马 , 并 发展 航空 事业 .\r\n在 能源 方面 , 力争 搞 大 电厂 和 大 电网 .\r\n同时 , 还要 发展 小 城镇 , 以 拉萨 和 各 行署 所在地 为 中心 , 以 县城 和 部分 交通 枢纽 为 重点 , 建设 一批 小 城镇 .\r\n谈到 西藏 的 对外开放 时 , 列 确 表示 , 今年 力争 使 外商 的 直接 投资 比 上年 增长 二 倍 以上 .\r\n并 以 全国 支援 西藏 为 契机 , 广泛 开展 与 内地 省市 , 尤其是 十五 援藏 省市 的 广泛 联系 与 协作 .\r\n\" 中新社 北京 三月十三日 电 \" 台湾 民主 自治 同盟 第六 中央 常务委员会 第十 会议 三月八日 在 北京 举行 .\r\n台盟 中央 名誉 主席 蔡子民 等 列席 会议 .\r\n会议 完全 赞同 朱鎔基 总理 所 作 的 政府 工作 报告 和 叶选平 副主席 所 作 的 政协 常委会 工作 报告 .\r\n会议 认为 , 过去 的 一 年 , 是 中国 发展 历史 上 不平凡 的 一 年 .\r\n在 以 江泽民 为 核心 的 中共 中央 领导 下 , 中国 改革开放 和 各项 建设 事业 取得 了 新 的 重大 成就 .\r\n会议 指出 , 港澳 相继 回归祖国 后 , 早日 解决 台湾 问题 实现 祖国 完全 统一 的 神圣 使命 , 更加 突出 地 摆 在 包括 台湾 同胞 海外侨胞 在内 的 全体 中华 儿女 面前 .\r\n会议 完全 赞同 国务院 台湾 事务 办公室 和 国务院 新闻 办公室 在 《 一个 中国 的 原则 与 台湾 问题 》 白皮书 中 所 阐述 的 原则 和 政策 .\r\n会议 还 听取 了 台盟 中央 副主席 兼 秘书长 李敏宽 《 关於 台盟 中央 今年 第一季度 主要 工作 》 的 汇报 和 二零零零年 工作 要点 的 说明 , 研究 了 今年 参政议政 工作 的 重点 及 台盟 六 届 十一 中常会 的 有关 事项 .\r\n正如 中央军委 张万年 副主席 在 解放军 代表团 小组 会上 强调 的 , 我们 完全 有 决心 有信心 有能力 有 办法 解决 台湾 问题 .\r\n中国人民 解放军 第 二炮 兵某 研究所 高级工程师 肃 龙旭 日前 接受 访问 时 就 \" 台独 就 意味 著 战争 , 分裂 就 没有 和平 \" 发表 了 上述 看法 .\r\n现年 三十七 岁 的 女 高级工程师 肃 龙旭 在 十 年 中 研制出 四十 成果 , 其中 七 获 军队 科技 进步 一二 等 奖 , 八 获 国家 专利 , 百分之九十 的 成果 得到 推广应用 .\r\n一九九九年 被 评为 第三 \" 全国 优秀 青年 科技 创业者 \" .\r\n当 记者 问及 有 国外 媒体 报道 目前 台湾 在 军事 上 占有 优势 时 , 肃 龙旭 认为 , 军事 上 是不是 占有 优势 , 这 要 从 武器 人员 环境 三 方面 综合 来看 .\r\n买来 的 武器 是否 配套 ?\r\n是否 先进 ?\r\n武器 使用 者 是否 有一个 为 谁 而 练 为 谁 而 战 的 明确 目标 ?\r\n素质 是 高 还是 低 ?\r\n地理环境 是否 有利 ?\r\n根据 这些 方面 综合 分析 , 肃 龙旭 称 看不出 台湾 有 何 军事 优势 可言 .\r\n在 山东 和 河北 代表团 分别 举行 的 会议 上 , 山东 代表 赵志冰 , 王家瑞 , 王秀君 , 苏寿堂 , 姜翠波 和 河北 代表 程维高 , 张知学 , 阎文彬 , 王韶华 先后 发言 .\r\n代表 们 对 全国 人大 常委会 的 工作 报告 表示 满意 , 认为 对 地方 人大 做好 工作 具有 很 强 的 指导 意义 .\r\n希望 尽快 制定 监督 法 , 以 法律 形式 规范 监督 工作 .\r\n代表 们 建议 全国 人大 要 进一步 加强 对 地方 人大 的 指导 , 拓宽 人大 代表 与 人民群众 的 联系 渠道 .\r\n代表 们 还 就 民主 法制 建设 , 国企 改革 , 素质 教育 等 问题 发 了 言 .\r\n李鹏 在 两 代表团 的 会议 上 都 发 了 言 .\r\n他 首先 肯定 了 山东 , 河北 两 省 在 发展 经济 , 推进 改革 , 保障 稳定 等 方面 取得 的 成绩 , 并 就 两 省 今后 的 发展 思路 发表 了 意见 .\r\n他 结合 代表 的 发言 , 谈到 了 人大 的 监督 工作 .\r\n他 指出 , 人大 监督 工作 要 遵循 坚持 党 的 领导 , 不 代行 审判权 , 检察 权 , 集体 行使 职权 的 原则 .\r\n李鹏 还 就 国企 改革 , 素质 教育 , 对外开放 等 问题 发表 了 意见 .\r\n中共 中央 政治局 委员 , 山东省 委 书记 吴官 正 , 全国 人大 常委会 副 委员长 成思危 分别 参加 了 山东 , 代表团 的 会议 .\r\n尉健行 在 认真 听取 代表 们 的 意见 后 , 就 正确 看待 反腐败 形势 发言 .\r\n尉健行 指出 , 正确 认识 反腐败 形势 是 正确 决策 的 前提 , 也是 坚定 反腐败 信心 的 基础 .\r\n看 反腐败 形势 , 首先 要 看 反腐败 的 路线 , 方针 , 政策 是否 正确 .\r\n实践 证明 , 中央 的 一系列 决策 和 部署 是 完全 正确 的 , 是 行之有效 的 , 为 我们 探索 并 走出 一 条 符合 现阶段 基本 国情 的 反腐败 路子 , 奠定 了 基础 , 指明 了 方向 .\r\n这是 判断 反腐败 形势 的 一个 决定性 因素 .\r\n经过 多年 的 努力 , 反腐败 斗争 正在 逐步 走上 从 侧重 遏制 转到 标本 兼 治 , 逐步 加大 治本 力度 的 轨道 上来 , 并 呈现出 向纵深 发展 的 良好 态势 .\r\n工作 较好 的 地区 和 部门 消极 腐败 现 像 蔓延 发展 的 势头 有所 缓和 , 一些 深层次 的 腐败 问题 正在 逐步 得到 揭露 .\r\n反腐败 不断 取得 明显 的 阶段性 成果 , 为 维护 和 促进 改革 , 发展 , 稳定 的 大局 提供 了 必要条件 和 重要 保证 .\r\n这场 斗争 涉及到 新时期 全面 加强 党 的 建设 和 政权 建设 的 方方面面 .\r\n要 看到 , 党员 干部 队伍 的 主流 是 好的 , 社会主义 民主 法制 建设 正在 不断 得到 加强 , 我国 改革 和 建设 将 进一步 推进 .\r\n只要 我们 坚定不移 地 贯彻 落实 以 江泽民 同志 为 核心 的 党中央 作出 的 重大 决策 和 部署 , 坚持 从严 治 党 的 方针 , 进一步 加大 监督 力度 , 反腐败 斗争 就 一定 能够 深入 发展 , 并 不断 取得 新 的 更大 的 成效 .\r\n今年 是 \" 八七 \" 扶贫 攻坚 计划 实施 的 最后 一 年 , 尚 有 1200万 人 要 通过 扶贫 开发 基本 解决 温饱 .\r\n1994年 , \" 八七 \" 扶贫 攻坚 计划 正式 实施 ; 1999年 , 中央 扶贫 工作会议 在 北京 召开 , 这些 为 扶贫 攻坚 指明 了 方向 .\r\n这些 年 各地 在 扶贫 攻坚 中 积极 探索 , 积累 了 丰富 的 经验 .\r\n通过 多年 的 努力 , 贵州 的 1000万 贫困 人口 已有 713万 人 脱贫 .\r\n小额 信贷 扶贫 取得 大 效益 .\r\n如今 , 余下 的 贫困 人口 大多数 分布 在 地域 偏远 , 交通 闭塞 , 资源 匮乏 , 生态 环境 极其 恶劣 的 地方 .\r\n代表 们 认为 说 , 经过 集中 培训 , 全国 上下 扶贫 攻坚 的 思路 更加 明确 , 方法 更加 具体 , 信心 更加 坚定 .\r\n广西 代表 杨才寿 说 , 广西 将把 扶贫 开发 与 西部 大 开发 结合 起来 , 抓好 贫困 地区 的 基础 设施 建设 , 进一步 改善 贫困 地区 的 生产 生活 条件 .\r\n甘肃 李发伸 代表 说 , 西部 各 省区 将 安排 科技 扶贫 专项 资金 , 加大 科技 扶贫 投入 .\r\n石广生 回答 这 一 提问 时 作 上述 表示 .\r\n因为 相互 给予 最惠国待遇 , 是 世贸 组织 非 歧视 原则 所 必须 的 .\r\n中美 去年 十一月 达成 世 贸 双边 协议 , 是 经过 双方 艰苦 努力 达 致 的 双赢 双 利 协议 .\r\n他 指出 , 一个 干净利落 不 带 任何 条件 的 PNTR , 是 执行 双方 协议 包括 中美 农业 协议 的 基础 和 前提 , 也是 美方 作出 的 承诺 .\r\n如果 美方 错失 这 一 良机 , 等 於 失掉 一个 巨大 的 中国 市场 .\r\n石广生 说 , 大部 份 美国 政界 , 绝大部分 美国 企业 坚决 支持 解决 对华 的 PNTR 问题 .\r\n他 说 , 这 一 机会 太 重要 了 , 正如 克林顿 总统 所 说 , 如果 错过 这 一 机会 , 将 后悔 二十 年 , 后悔 一个 时代 .\r\n至 於 中国 能否 加入 世 贸 , 是 完成 双边 谈判 后 , 多边 三分之二 成员 通过 的 事情 . PNTR 是 解决 中美 之间 双边 执行 协议 的 事情 .\r\n全国 审判 机关 在 严肃 执法 并 注重 办案 社会 效果 的 同时 , 还 结合 具体 案件 中 发现 的 问题 , 主动 向 有关方面 提出 了 大量 的 司法 建议 , 为 推进 改革开放 , 保障 经济 发展 , 维护 社会 稳定 , 作出 了 积极 贡献 .\r\n石广生 说 , 中国 加入 世贸 组织 双边 谈判 已 进入 最后 结束 阶段 新华社 北京 三月十三日 电 ( 记者 车玉明 , 李生江 ) 外 经贸部 部长 石广生 今天 说 , 在 要求 与 中国 举行 双边 谈判 的 三十七 世贸 组织 成员 中 , 中国 已 与 二十七 成员 结束 了 双边 谈判 , 并 达成 协议 .\r\n中国 为 加入 世贸 组织 的 双边 谈判 已 进入 最后 结束 阶段 .\r\n欧盟 是 中国 的 重要 贸易 伙伴 之一 , 长期以来 一直 支持 中国 加入 世贸 组织 .\r\n石广生 说 , 这 两 谈判 取得 了 重要 进展 .\r\n在 被 问到 美国 是否 给予 中国 永久 正常 贸易 关系 待遇 与 中国 加入 世贸 组织 的 关系 问题 时 , 石广生 说 , 中方 不 希望 看到 美方 不 解决 对 中国 的 永久 正常 贸易 关系 待遇 问题 .\r\n一个 干净利落 , 不 带 任何 条件 的 永久 正常 贸易 关系 待遇 是 执行 中美 协议 -- 包括 农业 协议 -- 的 基础 和 前提 , 也是 美方 所 作 的 承诺 .\r\n虽 为 一次 例会 , 但 近期 政府 工作 重心 和 施政 方针 自是 引 人 关注 .\r\n从 朱鎔基 总理 所 作 的 政府 工作 报告 , 以及 代表 委员 对 报告 的 审议 和 讨论 中 , 人们 已 强烈 地 感受到 , 在 新 的 形势 下 , 中国 政府 对 自己 在 市场经济 中 的 角色 和 作用 , 正 有意识 地 进行 著 调整 .\r\n高度 重视 管理 .\r\n与 以往 政府 管理 与 企业管理 相互 \" 错位 \" 有所不同 , 今年 对 加强 管理 的 强调 , 主要 著 重 於 对 \" 游戏 规则 \" 的 整备 和 维护 市场 秩序 .\r\n於此 可以 发现 中国 对 政府 职能 进行 的 调整 , 今后 将 更 专注 於 扮演 市场经济 中 \" 裁判员 \" 的 角色 .\r\n更加 关注 民生 .\r\n此外 , 国企 改革 的 推进 与 下岗 职工 增加 共存 , 住房 医疗 教育 等 体制改革 与 民众 负担 加重 相伴 .\r\n对 民生 的 愈益 关注 , 表明 当局 正在 拓展 \" 以 人为 本 \" 更加 平衡 的 发展 思路 , 也 由此 获得 更多 的 改革 动力 .\r\n恰当 驾驭 经济 .\r\n不过 , 从 今年 \" 两会 \" 上 透露出 的 新意 , 人们 已 听到 了 中国 政府 完善 自身 的 \" 春天 的 脚步 声 \" .\r\n石广生 说 , 中国 \" 入世 \" 有利 於 内地 与 港澳 地区 经贸 关系 的 发展 新华社 北京 三月十三日 电 外 经贸部 部长 石广生 今天 说 , 中国 一旦 加入 世贸 组织 , 有利 於 中国 内地 与 港澳 地区 经贸 关系 的 发展 .\r\n大 政策 ( 香港 中国 通讯社 北京 三月十三日 电 ) ( 记者 刘克刚 ) 西部 大 开发 是 中国 新世纪 的 重大 决策 .\r\n第二 , 中西部 外资企业 在 享受 优惠 政策 期满 三 年 之内 , 可 按 减 为 百分之十五 的 税率 征收 企业 收入税 .\r\n第三 , 外商 企业 在 西部 的 再 投资 , 凡是 外资 比率 占 百分之二十五 以上 , 享受 外资 待遇 .\r\n中国 用 优惠 政策 吸引 外资 投向 西部 开发 新华社 北京 三月十三日 电 ( 记者 刘东凯 车玉明 ) 凡是 在 中国 中西部 设立 的 , 享受 国家 鼓励 类 外商 投资 项目 政策 的 外资企业 , 在 现行 优惠 政策 期满 后 , 还将 连续 三 年 享受 百分之十五 的 企业 所得税 率 .\r\n这是 对外 贸易 和 经济 合作 部 部长 石广生 今天 在 九届 全国 人大 三 会议 举行 的 记者招待会 上 透露 的 .\r\n他 说 , 中国 政府 还将 允许 沿海地区 的 外商 投资 企业 到 中西部 地区 承包 经营 和 管理 外资 或 内资 企业 .\r\n为了 做到 这一点 , 中国 加入 WTO 以后 , 将对 那些 不 符合 WTO 规则 的 一些 法律 法规 和 政策 做出 相应的 调整 和 修改 .\r\n目前 正在 为此 作准备 , 主要 是 进行 清理 工作 .\r\n他 说 , 当然 , 在 修改 和 完善 的 时候 , 一方面 要 进一步 扩大 开放 执行 WTO 的 规则 , 同时 也要 充分 运用 WTO 的 规则 来 保护 国家 的 经济 安全 .\r\n无论 GATT 还是 WTO 对 促进 世界 贸易 的 发展 和 建立 新 的 公正 的 国际 经济 秩序 都 发挥 了 重要 作用 .\r\n石广生 指出 , 加入 世贸 组织 也 会 给 中国 带来 一些 挑战 和 压力 , 特别 对 那些 技术 落后 规模 小 经营 管理 水平 低 的 企业 , 压力 更大 .\r\n代表 们 畅所欲言 , 两 会场 气氛 都 很 活跃 .\r\n在 吉林 代表团 的 代表 发言 后 , 江泽民 说 , 吉林 是 农业 大 省 , 是 我国 粮食 主 产区 和 重要 的 商品粮 基地 , 对 国家 的 贡献 很大 .\r\n这 几 年 吉林 农业 发展 很快 , 粮食 的 加工 转化 也 抓 得 很好 .\r\n这是 中国 人民 千 百 年 来 梦寐以求 的 , 是 一个 了不起 的 伟大 成就 .\r\n江泽民 强调 , 在 农业 连续 丰收 , 农产品 供求 有余 的 情况 下 , 一定 要 注意 防止 出现 忽视 农业 , 放松 农业 的 倾向 , 牢固 树立 加强 农业 基础 地位 的 思想 .\r\n目前 我国 农业 基础 设施 还 不 牢靠 , 还有 相当 多 的 地方 农业 生产 条件 没有 根本 改变 , 农业 还 没有 从 根本上 摆脱 靠 天 吃饭 的 局面 , 一旦 遇到 大灾 , 就 可能 出现 反复 .\r\n决不能 轻 言 农业 已经 过关 了 , 几十 年 都 不能 说 这个 话 .\r\n这是 一个 长期 的 方针 .\r\n江泽民 指出 , 不 放松 农业 , 当前 最 重要 的 是 抓好 三 件 事 : 一 是 坚持不懈 地 加强 农业 基础 设施 建设 .\r\n最 重要 的 是 保护 耕地 , 保护 农民 积极性 .\r\n三 是 大力 推进 农业 科技 进步 .\r\n要 发展 畜牧业 和 农产品 加工 , 实行 粮食 转化 增值 .\r\n在 听取 甘肃 代表团 的 代表 发言 后 , 江泽民 说 , 甘肃 在 我国 西部 地区 地理位置 非常 重要 , 矿产资源 , 旅游 资源 都 很 丰富 .\r\n我 曾 于 1992年 和 1995年 两 次 去 过 甘肃 , 甘肃 各族 人民 吃苦耐劳 , 艰苦奋斗 的 精神 给 我 留下 了 深刻 印 像 .\r\n改革开放 以来 , 甘肃 经济 有了 较快 增长 , 各方面 工作 是 有 成绩 的 .\r\n西部 大 开发 是 一 项 宏大 的 工程 , 必须 适应 发展 社会主义 市场经济 的 新 形势 , 尊重 客观 规律 , 统筹 规划 , 突出 重点 , 有 步骤 , 分 阶段 地 实施 .\r\n更 重要 的 是 , 西部 地区 要 调动 各方面 的 积极性 , 通过 深化 改革 , 扩大 开放 , 形成 新 的 机制 , 新 的 方法 , 吸引 人才 , 吸引 资金 , 引进技术 .\r\n要 充分 发挥 自身 特点 , 搞好 基础 设施 建设 , 培育 优势 产业 , 发展 科技 教育 , 加强 生态 环境保护 , 使 西部 经济 在 新 的 世纪 有 更好 更 快 的 发展 .\r\n江泽民 强调 , 国有 企业 改革 是 整个 经济体制 改革 的 中心 环节 , 也是 今年 经济 工作 的 重 中 之 重 .\r\n近年来 , 经过 全党 和 广大 干部 职工 的 共同 努力 , 国有 企业 改革 取得 了 重要 进展 , 企业 经济效益 明显 好转 .\r\n今年 是 实现 国有 企业 改革 和 脱困 三 年 目标 的 最后 一 年 , 全党 上下 要 齐心协力 , 努力 实现 这 一 目标 .\r\n当前 , 要 着力 抓好 以下 几 方面 的 工作 . 一 是 要 加快 建立 现代 企业 制度 , 转换 企业 经营 机制 .\r\n搞好 国有 企业 关键 在于 建立 新 的 体制 和 机制 , 外部 条件 可以 帮助 企业 解决 一时 的 困难 , 但 不能 解决 企业 的 根本 问题 .\r\n二 是 要 从 战略 上 调整 国有 经济 布局 和 改组 国有 企业 .\r\n重要 的 是 , 必须 敏锐 地 把握 国内外 经济 发展 趋势 , 及时 调整 国有 经济 布局 和 结构 , 推进 企业 的 联合 和 重组 , 提高 国有 经济 的 整体 素质 .\r\n国家 要 着力 培育 一批 实力 雄厚 , 竞争力 强 的 大型企业 和 企业集团 , 使之 成为 国民经济 的 支柱 和 参与 国际 竞争 的 主要 力量 .\r\n同时 , 采取 多种 形式 , 放开 搞活 国有 中小企业 , 积极 鼓励 和 支持 个体 , 私营 等 非 公有制 经济 的 发展 .\r\n科技 进步 已 成为 企业 和 整个 经济 发展 的 决定性 因素 .\r\n甘肃 要 加快 改造 传统 产业 , 使 老 企业 焕发 生机 .\r\n企业 党组织 要 充分 发挥 政治 核心 作用 , 全心全意 依靠 职工 群众 .\r\n越是 困难 的 企业 , 领导干部 越是 要 有 好的 精神 状态 , 越是 要 廉洁 自律 , 与 职工 群众 同甘共苦 .\r\n要 妥善 处理好 改革 , 发展 , 稳定 的 关系 .\r\n姜春云 , 温家宝 分别 参加 了 吉林 , 甘肃 代表团 的 会议 .\r\n这些 人大 代表 普遍 认为 , 国 与 国 之间 相互 给予 最惠国待遇 , 是 任何 国家 间 正常 的 贸易 安排 .\r\n长期以来 , 美国 对华 实行 有条件 的 最惠国待遇 , 一 年 一 审 , 严重 影响 了 中美 两国 经贸 关系 稳定 发展 .\r\n但 美国 有关 现行 国内法 却 对 给予 中国 正常 贸易 关系 待遇 设置 障碍 , 这是 不 符合 世贸 组织 原则 的 , 也是 中美 双边 经贸 发展 的 重大 障碍 .\r\n王华彬 代表 说 , 美国 政府 在 这 件 事情 上 做 了 一个 明智 的 选择 .\r\n中国 加入 世界 贸易 组织 , 对 双方 都 有 好处 .\r\n他 说 , 美国 国会 多数 议员 是 支持 给予 中国 永久性 正常 贸易 关系 地位 的 , 但 也 有 一部分 议员 由於 并不 了解 中国 或者 受到 一些 其他 思潮 的 影响 , 而 对此 表示 反对 .\r\n他 认为 , 这 一部分 美国 议员 应当 走出来 , 看 一 看 , 听 一 听 , 接受 一下 真正 的 呼声 , 就 会 转变 他们 的 观点 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月13日 电 ( 人民 日报 记者 何加正 新华社 记者 鹿永建 ) 中共 中央 政治局 常委 , 国务院 总理 朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 今天 上午 参加 九届 全国 人大 三 会议 安徽 代表团 的 审议 .\r\n他 强调 , 各级 政府 和 工作人员 不要 说空话 , 而 要 真正 深入基层 , 关心 群众 疾苦 , 把 关系 人民群众 切身 利益 的 事情 办好 .\r\n王太华 代表 谈 了 安徽 工作 的 全面 情况 和 今后 的 发展 思路 , 表示 要 按照 中央 的 部署 , 认真 搞好 农村 税费 改革 试点 .\r\n黄海嵩 代表 就 加快 建立 现代 企业 制度 , 搞好 国有 企业 改革 和 脱困 发表 了 意见 .\r\n赵树丛 代表 就 加强 制度 建设 , 从严 治 政 , 从严 管理 发表 了 看法 .\r\n蔡其华 代表 就 加强 水利 建设 发言 , 建议 今后 几年 应 保持 水利 建设 投资 的 力度 .\r\n孙广云 代表 反映 了 农村 基层 干部 群众 对 农村 产业 结构 调整 的 意见 .\r\n马元飞 代表 , 朱维芳 代表 , 臧世凯 代表 也 发 了 言 .\r\n朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 在 认真 听取 代表 们 的 发言 后 讲了话 .\r\n各级 政府 , 各类 企业 都要 高度 重视 安全生产 , 及时 发现 和 消除 各种 事故 隐患 , 切实 保障 人民 生命 财产 安全 .\r\n为了 实现 农村 经济 持续 发展 和 社会 稳定 , 在 当前 农民 增收 难度 较大 的 情况 下 , 要 突出 地 抓好 减轻 农民 负担 的 工作 .\r\n朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 强调 , 必须 继续 加强 水利 建设 , 用于 这 方面 的 投资 只能 增加 , 不能 减少 .\r\n要 坚持不懈 地 加强 大江 大河 大 湖 的 治理 .\r\n王明善 , 周绍森 , 刘炎玲 等 分别 就 加强 农村 水利 建设 , 深化 教育 管理体制 改革 等 问题 提出 了 建议 .\r\n他 说 , 加强 基层 政权 建设 和 基层组织 建设 很 重要 , 这是 一个 系统工程 , 是 实行 西部 大 开发 的 重要 基础 .\r\n\" 法 轮 功 \" 等 邪教 和 愚昧 迷信 等 也就 没有了 市场 .\r\n基层 政权 直接 面对 群众 , 加强 基层 干部 的 建设 , 配备 好 基层 干部 至关重要 .\r\n若干 年 后 , 一定 能 培养出 一批 经过 基层 锻炼 的 , 与 群众 有 感情 的 优秀 干部 .\r\n中共 中央 政治局 候补委员 , 书记处 书记 , 中组部 部长 曾庆红 参加 了 江西 代表团 的 讨论 .\r\n( 总结 基本 经验 实现 宏伟 目标 ) 增 创新 优势 更 上\r\n\" 致富 思 源 \" 之 \" 源 \" 就是 邓小平 理论 的 伟大 和 正确 ; \" 富 而 思 进 \" 之 \" 进 \" 就是 要求 特区 增 创新 优势 , 更上一层楼 .\r\n( 小标题 ) 基本国策 的 试金石 改革开放 的 里程碑 在 今年 的 \" 两会 \" 上 , 代表 , 委员 们 说 , 将来 的 中国 历史 教科书 上 , 无论 是 什 幺 样 的 缩写 本 , 都 不会 删去 这个 章节 : 改革开放 中 的 经济特区 .\r\n深圳 , 这座 从 一个 小 渔村 诞生 的 现代化 大都市 , 永远 不会 忘记 今天 的 一切 从 何 而来 .\r\n1980年 , 邓小平 高瞻远瞩 , 作出 了 建立 经济特区 的 重大 战略 决策 .\r\n从此 , 中国 改革开放 揭开 新 的 一 页 .\r\n李长春 代表 介绍 , 20 年 间 , 广东 地区 发生 了 翻天覆地 的 变化 , 特别是 经济特区 和 得 改革 风气 之 先 的 珠江三角洲 地区 , 成就 更为 显著 .\r\n这里 以 不到 全省 四分之一 的 土地 , 生产 总值 达到 全省 的 70% 左右 , 财政收入 达到 八成 , 成为 全国 最为 发达 的 地区 之一 .\r\n厉有为 委员 说 , 特区 的 发展史 可以 说是 建立 和 完善 社会主义 市场经济 体制 的 实践 史 .\r\n改革 是 特区 发展 的 根本 动力 , 要 发展 经济 , 走向 市场 , 就要 挣脱 旧 的 体制 束缚 , 就要 大胆 探索 , 敢 为人 先 .\r\n在 这 方面 , 有 许多 新 的 作法 , 新 的 制度 都 可以 从 特区 找到 源头 .\r\n这是 特区 通过 向 全国 辐射 , 为 中国 作出 的 重大 的 贡献 .\r\n为 推动 改革开放 在 更大 范围 内 进行 , 特区 这 块 试金石 , 发现 了 无数 块 熠熠 闪光 的 真 金 .\r\n王骏 代表 说 , 在 制定 法律 , 法规 上 , 特区 经验 也 产生 了 积极 的 作用 .\r\n由于 特区 的 市场经济 发育 比较 早 , 在 发展 中 出现 了 一些 新 的 问题 , 过去 的 一些 法律 , 法规 已 不再 适应 新 形势 的 发展 , 因而 产生 了 以 经济 立法 为 重点 的 立法 要求 .\r\n广东 的 一些 地方性 法规 走在 了 全国 的 前面 , 为 兄弟 省市 , 乃至 全国 起到 试验田 的 作用 .\r\n如果 小 富 即 安 , 不 思 进取 , 就 会 迅速 落在 时代 的 后面 .\r\n不 进 , 就 无以 报答 使 我们 率先 富裕 起来 的 党 的 \" 富民 政策 \" ; 不 进 , 就 辜负 了 邓小平 同志 和 以 江泽民 为 核心 的 第三 领导 集体 对 特区 寄予 的 厚望 .\r\n要 利用 先 发 优势 和 良好 的 创业 环境 , 成为 全国 与 世界 接轨 的 最佳 对 接口 .\r\n李铁映 讲话 强调 加强 党 的 建设 维护 政治 纪律 新华社 北京 3月13日 电 中国 社会 科学院 今天 召开 党委书记 暨 纪检 监察 工作会议 , 认真 贯彻 落实 中央 纪委 四 全会 精神 .\r\n李铁映 着重 强调 了 充分 认识 维护 党 的 政治 纪律 和 宣传 纪律 对 办好 中国 社会 科学院 的 极端 重要性 .\r\n李铁映 指出 , 在 思想 意识形态 领域 , 马克思主义 , 无产阶级 思想 不去 占领 , 各种 非 马克思主义 , 非 无产阶级 思想 , 甚至 反 马克思主义 的 思想 就 会 去 占领 .\r\n在 哲学 社会科学 研究 工作 中 , 我们 要 认真 坚决 地 贯彻 \" 双百 \" 方针 , 但是 , 同时 也 必须 坚持 和 加强 马克思主义 在 意识形态 领域 的 指导 地位 , 在 指导思想 上 绝 不能 搞 多元化 .\r\n中国 社科院 党组 副 书记 , 副 院长 王洛林 在 讲话 中 代表 院 党组 就 贯彻 中央 纪委 四 全会 精神 , 加强 党 的 建设 , 维护 政治 纪律 提出 明确 要求 .\r\n会议 由 中国 社科院 党组 成员 , 副 院长 李慎明 主持 .\r\n台湾 是 中国 的 领土 , 美国 竟然 可以 立法 保护 台湾 , 如果 中国 提出 抗议 , 美国 还 振振有词 地 说是 中国 威胁 台湾 , 因而 要 依法 保护 台湾 , 这是 甚 麽 逻辑 !\r\n提出 三 反击 可能 知情 人士 续 称 , 张万年 还 指出 , 中美 会不会 在 台湾海峡 发生 军事 冲突 , 取决 於 美国 对华 战略 走到 哪 一 步 .\r\n但 中国 没有 承诺 国家 遭受 霸权主义 军事 侵略 时 , 不 作出 核 反击 .\r\n近日 民众 抛售 股票 , 在 一定 程度 上 反映 了 当前 台湾 民众 的 情绪 .\r\n政协 会议 还 通过 决议 , 坚决 反对 \" 两国 论 \" 和 \" 台独 \" .\r\n早日 解决 台湾 问题 , 已 成为 国家 的 国策 .\r\n所以 , 北京 不能不 作好 两手 准备 , 争取 最好 的 结局 , 但 也 准备 出现 最坏 的 情况 , 必要 时 采取 包括 武力 在内 的 果断 措施 .\r\n两岸 所以 不能 展开 谈判 , 美国 起 了 为 \" 台独 \" 势力 撑腰 的 作用 .\r\n因此 , 对 外国 反华 势力 的 图谋 , 也要 有 克制 破解 之 策 .\r\n《 人民 日报 》 评论员 文章 强调 : 我们 要 加强 研究 , 立足 於应 对 复杂 局面 , 全面 分析 可能 产生 的 各种 问题 及其 后果 , 做到 未雨绸缪 .\r\n中国 人民 对 任何 破坏 中国 主权 和 领土 完整 的 行径 , 决不会 坐视 不管 .\r\n以 李登辉 为首 的 \" 台独 \" 势力 , 不要 错误 估计 中国 人民 的 决心 , 必须 悬崖勒马 , 否则 悔 之 已 晚 . [ Image ] ----------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n没有 稳定 , 什 幺 事情 也 办不成 , 已经 取得 的 成果 也 会 丢失 掉 .\r\n当前 , 我国 深化 改革 , 促进 发展 , 保持 稳定 的 形势 很好 . 但 也要 清醒 地 看到 , 我们 还 面临 着 不少 困难 和 问题 , 如果 处理 不好 , 就 会 影响 稳定 的 局面 .\r\n维护 社会 稳定 和 国家 安全 , 是 推进 改革开放 和 现代化 建设 的 基本 条件 .\r\n要 严厉 打击 国内外 敌对 势力 的 破坏 活动 , 打击 各类 违法 犯罪 活动 .\r\n重点 打击 严重 经济 犯罪 , 暴力 犯罪 , 毒品 犯罪 , 带有 黑社会 性质 的 有 组织 犯罪 和 流氓 恶势力 犯罪 , 以及 抢劫 , 盗窃 , 拐卖 妇女 儿童 等 刑事犯罪 , 依法 取缔 和 打击 \" 法 轮 功 \" 之类 的 邪教 组织 , 维护 人民群众 生命 , 财产 安全 .\r\n进一步 落实 社会 治安 综合治理 的 各项 措施 , 创造 良好 的 治安 环境 .\r\n改革 是 一 场 深刻 的 社会变革 .\r\n如何 正确 把握 这种 深刻 的 变革 , 既 促进 社会 发展 , 又 保持 社会 稳定 , 是 一件 关系 全局 的 大事 , 也是 一 项 重要 的 领导 艺术 .\r\n当前 , 全国 人民 正在 全面 贯彻 落实 党 的 十五大 提出 的 各项 任务 , 同心同德 , 奋发 进取 , 为 实现 跨世纪 的 宏伟 建设 目标 而 奋斗 .\r\n国内外 敌对 势力 很 不 愿意 看到 一个 稳定 的 社会主义 中国 发展 , 富强 , 希望 中国 发生 动乱 , 并 不断 对 我 进行 \" 西化 \" , \" 分化 \" , 他们 以便 乱 中 施 变 , 乱 中 取 利 .\r\n我们 要 象 爱护 自己的 眼睛 一样 , 爱护 我国 稳定 的 局面 , 发展 稳定 的 局面 , 为 改革开放 和 社会主义 现代化 建设 创造 良好 的 社会 环境 .\r\n当前 , 国人 关注 的 已 不再 是 中国 应 不应该 加入 世 贸 的 问题 , 而是 如何 做好 准备 面对 入世 后 的 种种 变化 .\r\n中国 与 欧盟 尽管 尚未 达成 协议 , 相信 也 为时 不远 .\r\n在 要求 与 中国 举行 谈判 的 三十六 成员 中 , 中国 已 与 二十五 成员 达成 协议 , 与 其他 成员 的 谈判 也 正在 积极 进行 之中 .\r\n入世 将对 中国 的 政治 , 经济 , 社会生活 等 各个 方面 产生 深远 的 影响 .\r\n世贸 组织 要求 的 透明度 , 信息 公开 , 规范化 , 开放 文化 市场 , 将对 我国 政治 体制 领域 的 管理 方式 产生 显性 或 潜在 的 影响 .\r\n入世 将 冲击 传统 产业 , 煤炭 , 机械 加工 , 钢铁 , 矿业 等 产业 现有 就业 岗位 会 大幅度 下降 ; 农业 部门 的 贸易 自由化 会 使 农村 居民 的 收入 减少 .\r\n实际上 , 国家 的 各 政府 部门 , 各行业 , 各 企业 乃至 平民 百姓 , 都 需要 在 中国 面临 入世 的 关口 , 仔细 研究 和 剖析 自身 将 遇到 的 困难 , 提出 应对 策略 , 适时 调整 发展 方向 .\r\n政府 部门 关注 入世 , 应 著 重 转变 政府 职能 , 改变 管理 方式 , 推进 政企 分开 , 减少 直接 的 行政 干预 , 改进 工作 方式 , 提高 办事 效率 和 管理 水平 .\r\n而 老百姓 , 事实上 是 入世 后 的 最终 影响 者 , 入世 在 为 他们 带来 某些 实惠 的 同时 , 也 同样 会 有 许多 挑战 , 谁 能 在 变革 的 时候 占领 先机 , 谁 就 能 获得 真正 的 实惠 .\r\n近来 , 各 主要 报刊 和 网站 纷纷 设立 入世 专题 , 刊登 有关 文章 , 向 广大 民众 介绍 世贸 组织 的 有关 知识 和 规则 , 阐明 入世 的 利弊 等 , 引起 广泛 关注 .\r\n一些 部门 和 研究 机构 举办 的 以 中国 加入 世贸 组织 为 主题 的 研讨会 , 也 受到 普遍 欢迎 .\r\n但是 , 在 全球 网络 信息化 时代 , 一 条 信息 从 美国 传到 中国 也 不过 600 毫秒 , 一 隼 醋 源 洋 彼岸 的 黑客 不到 一 秒 钟 就 可能 到达 你 的 计算机 .\r\n据 一 位 从事 网络 信息 研究 的 军队 人 蟠 介绍 , 当今 世界上 , 平均 每 20 秒 钟 就 有 一起 黑客 事件 发生 .\r\n谈 网络 , 话 安全 , 军队 人大 代表 的 忧患 意识 油然而生 --- 国防 信息 安全 面临 严峻 挑战\r\n据 代表 们 介绍 , 外军 对 信息 战 十分 重视 .\r\n美国 军方 已 正式 宣布 将把 信息 战 列入 正规 军事 战 , 台湾 当局 不久前 也 扬言 , 他们 已 研制出 上千 种 军用 计算机病毒 , 准备 用于 信息 战 .\r\n李春河 , 杨运忠 等 代表 认为 , 当前 我们 在 网络 信息 安全 方面 存在 的 隐患 , 突出 表现 在 以下 几个 方面 : 一 是 从 国外 进口 的 大量 技术 设备 存在 不 为人 知 的 \" 技术 陷井 \" .\r\n二 是 对外 部 利用 高新技术 获取 信息 的 防范 措施 较为 薄弱 .\r\n面对 这场 不见 硝烟 的 战争 , 代表 们 大声疾呼 --- 加速 发展 我国 防 信息 安全 技术\r\n一些 代表 说 , 网上 斗争 , 是 高科技 的 较量 . 要想 彻底 摆脱 进口 设备 带来 的 \" 技术 陷井 \" , 最 根本 的 出路 , 就是 自己 掌握 一些 软件 和 硬件 的 关键 技术 .\r\n比如 , 应当 尽快 发展 可靠 的 计算机 安全检查 技术 ; 对 引进 的 设备 加 载 我国 自主 研制 的 安全保密 系统 和 设施 ; 可以 着手 开发 我国 自己的 网络 传输 协议 .\r\n只要 国家 集中 人力 , 物力 , 财力 , 对 关键 信息 安全 技术 实行 联合 攻关 , 是 可以 大有作为 的 .\r\n尽快 制定 国防 信息 安全 法\r\n李春河 代表 提出 , 当前 , 要 尽快 建立 健全 国防 信息 安全 方面 的 配套 法规 , 包括 国防 信息 安全 保护 , 国防 信息 安全 领导 机构 , 国防 信息 网络 管理 等 , 依法 保护 国防 信息 安全 .\r\n杨运忠 代表 作为 发起人 提出 的 \" 关于 制定 国防 信息 安全 法 的 提案 \" , 在 军队 人大 代表 中 引起 强烈 反响 .\r\n代表 们 说 , 只有 保证 我们 的 国防 信息系统 处于 安全 状态 , 筑起 一道 国防 网络 安全 的 坚固 长城 , 信息 网络化 才能 真正 成为 中国 军队 腾飞 的 翅膀 .\r\n对 伊朗 国内 的 这 一 政治 变化 , 美国 媒体 描述 为 \" 对 西方 来说 是 鼓舞人心 的 征兆 \" .\r\n华盛顿 宣称 它 站在 哈塔米 的 \" 民主改革 者 \" 一边 .\r\n美国 似乎 自作多情 了 一点 .\r\n英国 《 独立报 》 2月22日 一 篇 文章 质问 : \" 如果 美国 真心 支持 伊朗 实行 民主 , 为 什 幺 不支持 沙特阿拉伯 这样 做 呢 ?\r\n美国 真的 想要 一个 言论 自由 的 德黑兰 和 一个 能够 不受 限制 地 拒绝 美国 政策 建议 的 议会 吗 ?\r\n如果 哈塔米 始终 支持 想 把 以色列 占领者 赶出 国土 的 游击队 , 那 该 怎 幺 办 ? \"\r\n这位 英国 作者 的 眼光 很 毒 , 说话 刀刀 见 血 .\r\n这 一 结论 的 论据 是 : 伊朗 选举 之后 , 美国 在 中东 的 传统 盟国 开始 打消 了 对 德黑兰 伊斯兰 政权 的 恐惧 .\r\n沙特阿拉伯 国王 法赫德 已 正式 邀请 伊朗 最高 领袖 哈梅内伊 来 沙特 进行 国事访问 .\r\n哈塔米 总统 强调 海湾 各国 人民 共同 确保 地区 的 和平 与 安全 , \" 外来 者 连同 他们 的 军事 力量 都 必须 离开 这 一 地区 \" .\r\n美国 在 海湾 的 军事 存在 变得 缺少 理由 和 支持 .\r\n同时 , 哈塔米 总统 始终 表示 支持 黎巴嫩 南部 的 游击 斗争 , 这种 政治 态度 显然 不 利于 美国 所 设想 的 中东 战略 利益 和 地缘 政治 利益 .\r\n上述 分析 似乎 具有 一种 内在 逻辑性 .\r\n历史 经验 告诉 人们 , 正是 由于 美国 对 伊朗 的 介入 和 干涉 , 才 导致 伊朗 人民 的 强烈 文化 反弹 .\r\n如果 美国 把 自己的 战略 利益 定位 于 控制 海湾 地区 , 而 无视 该 地区 人民 的 利益 , 要求 和 文化 特征 , 那 幺 对 美国 来说 , 就 只 可能 麻烦 多多 , 永 无 宁日 .\r\n全国 人大 代表 , 西藏 自治区 党委 书记 陈奎元 在 接受 记者 采访 时 说 , 维护 社会 政治 稳定 , 这是 一个 重要 的 课题 .\r\n陈奎元 代表 说 , 数 十 年来 , 西藏 人民 始终 渴望 能够 有一个 安定 祥和 的 社会 环境 .\r\n但是 以 十四 世 达赖 为首 的 分裂主义 集团 , 在 西方 敌对 势力 的 支持 下 , 不停 地 进行 捣乱 和 破坏 , 极大 地 干扰 并 延缓 了 西藏 人民 发展 进步 的 步伐 .\r\n陈奎元 代表 指出 , 我们 必须 保持 清醒 的 头脑 , 时刻 不忘 \" 稳定 压倒一切 \" 这个 道理 , 确保 社会 政治 稳定 .\r\n当前 妨碍 西藏 稳定 的 主要 祸根 , 就是 在 西方 敌对 势力 支持 下 , 以 十四 世 达赖 为首 的 分裂主义 势力 .\r\n他们 打着 民族 , 宗教 的 旗号 , 企图 分裂 国家 , 把 西藏 变成 西方 的 附庸 .\r\n他们 还 千方百计 地 煽动 , 指挥 骚乱 闹事 , 阻碍 西藏 的 经济 建设 , 社会 稳定 和 民族 振兴 .\r\n我们 时刻 不能 放松 警惕 , 必须 随时 准备 粉碎 他们 策划 , 制造 的 一切 祸 国祸藏 的 阴谋 活动 .\r\n同时 , 某些 消极 腐败 的 丑恶 现 像 以及 某些 封建残余 , 也 可能 沉渣 泛起 , 干扰 我们 社会主义 现代化 事业 .\r\n总之 , 就是 要 运用 经济 的 力量 , 法制 的 力量 , 道德 的 力量 保证 社会 健康 有序 地 发展 和 进步 .\r\n期盼 祖国 统一 , 维护 祖国 统一 , 是 中华 儿女 共同 的 心愿 , 是 海内外 中华 儿女 心底 坚强 的 信念 .\r\n当前 的 两岸 关系 , 正 面临 着 严峻 考验 .\r\n如何 解决 台湾 问题 , 已经 成为 一个 全民 性 的 话题 , 也 成为 本次 \" 两会 \" 代表 委员 关注 的 一个 焦点 .\r\n九三 学社 中央 副主席 金开诚 委员 说 , 在 中华 民族 优秀 的 历史 文化 传统 中 , 强烈 的 统一 意识 是 最 富 感染力 和 号召力 的 .\r\n这种 强烈 的 民族 凝聚力 , 传承 几千 年 , 不仅 没有 随着 时间 的 推移 而 淡漠 , 也 没有 因为 朝代 的 更迭 而 动摇 , 它 已 成为 深 植 在 每一个 中国 人 内心 深处 的 崇高 价值 标准 和 炽热 的 政治 信念 .\r\n来自 香港 的 吴康民 代表 认为 , 绝大多数 中国 人 都 希望 中国 早日 完成 统一 大业 , 中国 的 老一辈 人 经历 过 长期 的 民族 苦难 , 更 希望 看到 中国 统一 强大 .\r\n从 民族 大义 来讲 , 也 不能 让 台湾 问题 无限期 拖延 .\r\n澳门 归侨 总会 副会长 梁仲虬 委员 说 , 国家 统一 , 民族 振兴 , 是 全世界 中华 儿女 的 共同 心愿 .\r\n任何 破坏 国家 统一 , 分裂 祖国 的 企图 , 我们 决不 答应 .\r\n有 一 位 50多 岁 的 台湾省 籍 工程师 说 , 台湾 同胞 曾经 饱受 分离 之苦 , 深深 认识到 中国 只有 统一 , 团结 起来 才有 力量 .\r\n台湾 同胞 所 希望 的 维持 现状 , 是 指 维持 目前 台湾 社会 经济制度 , 生活方式 不变 , 而 绝 不是 台湾 当局 一些 人 所 企图 的 长期 维持 与 祖国 大陆 分离 的 这种 \" 现状 \" .\r\n求 进步 , 求 发展 , 提高 自己的 国际 地位 , 这些 愿望 在 中国 处于 分离 的 状况 下 , 是 不可能 实现 的 .\r\n台盟 广东省 主委 林东海 委员 说 , 一个 中国 的 原则 是 不能 讨价还价 的 .\r\n来自 香港 的 曾钰成 委员 说 , 香港 同胞 是 绝不 赞成 \" 台独 \" 和 \" 两国 论 \" 的 , 这 股 逆流 在 香港 没有 任何 市场 .\r\n文化 艺术界 的 谢雨辰 委员 , 在 回顾 了 台湾 人民 反对 侵略 的 历史 后 说 , \" 台独 \" 遭到 了 有 爱国 传统 的 台湾 人民 的 坚决 反对 , 是 不可能 得逞 的 .\r\n《 加强 台湾 安全 法 》 法案 现 已 获得 众议院 通过 , 下一步 将 由 参议院 审议 , 只要 参议院 不 通过 , 或 克林顿 否决 , 该 法案 均 不能 成为 法律 .\r\n但 实际情况 远非 如此 简单 .\r\n众议院 通过 时 , 参议院 对 该 法案 持 反对 意见 的 居多 .\r\n美 少数 议员 和 反华 势力 趁机 炒作 , 对 我 不 承诺 放弃 对 台 使用 武力 的 立场 横加 指责 , 渲染 我 加大 对 台 武力 威胁 .\r\n有的 参议员 认为 , 支持 该 法案 的 议员 已 超过 半数 .\r\n一旦 力主 通过 的 参议员 有把握 得到 多数 , 即 会 推动 参院 表决 .\r\n迄今为止 , 克林顿 本人 , 奥尔布赖特 国务卿 和伯杰 国家 安全 事务 助理 均 明确 反对 《 加强 台湾 安全 法 》 法案 , 并 表明 了 总统 将 行使 否决权 的 立场 .\r\n这是 美 政府 有意 埋 下 的 伏笔 .\r\n再者 , 克林顿 的 否决 承诺 是否 靠得住 ?\r\n如果 克林顿 否决 后 , 参 , 众 两 院 分别 以 三分之二 多 数 推翻 他 的 否决 , 该 法案 照样 可以 成为 法律 , 届时 克林顿 将 无能为力 .\r\n众议院 是 以 342 69 票 通过 《 加强 台湾 安全 法 》 法案 的 , 远远 超过 三分之二 的 多数 .\r\n国会 再次 对 总统 的 否决 进行 投票 时 , 政府 必须 争取 三分之一 的 议员 反对 该 法案 .\r\n作为 快要 离任 的 总统 , 其 影响力 有 多大 并不 难以 想像 .\r\n如果 反华 议员 决意 要 将 《 加强 台湾 安全 法 》 法案 变成 法律 , 他们 在 立法 程序 上 有 许多 可以 利用 的 手段 .\r\n他们 可以 把 该 法案 作为 一 项 修正案 , 挂靠到 政府 支持 的 某个 重大 涉外 立法 上 , 总统 要 幺 全盘 接受 , 要 幺 统统 否决 .\r\n如果 挂靠到 每年 必须 通过 的 拨款 法 上 , 克林顿 几乎 不可能 否决 , 否则 就要 冒 政府 关门 的 风险 .\r\n他们 也 可以 化整为零 , 将 《 加强 台湾 安全 法 》 法案 的 部分 内容 单独 作为 一 项 法案 或 挂靠到 其他 立法 上 , 因为 危害性 减小 , 议员 反对 和 总统 否决 的 可能性 就 会 大大 降低 .\r\n他们 还可以 淡化 案 文 , 将 《 加强 台湾 安全 法 》 法案 弱化 到 绝大多数 议员 可以 接受 的 地步 , 再 付诸 表决 .\r\n第四 是 政府 与国 会 的 妥协 问题 .\r\n为了 满足 各自 的 政治 需要 , 克林顿 在 否决 该 法案 的 同时 , 如果 同意 按 该 法案 的 要求 去 落实 , 国会 则 不再 酝酿 推翻 总统 的 否决 .\r\n这种 私下 做 交易 的 方式 是 美国 政治 的 一 大 特色 , 在 对华 政策 问题 上 也是 屡见不鲜 的 .\r\n只要 有人 推动 , 它的 威胁 就 会 始终 存在 .\r\n中国 政府 重视 中美 关系 , 珍视 中美 两国 人民 之间 友谊 , 愿意 在 平等 和 相互 尊重 的 基础 上 发展 两国 关系 .\r\n中国 人民 捍卫 国家 主权 和 领土 完整 , 实现 国家 统一 的 决心 是 决不会 动摇 的 .\r\n中国 也 不是 150 年 前 的 中国 , 决不会 允许 任何 外国 插手 自己的 内部 事务 , 决不会 容忍 自己的 领土 被 分裂 出去 .\r\n我们 奉劝 美国 少数 议员 , 不要 低估 中国 人民 捍卫 国家 主权 与 领土 完整 的 决心 与 能力 , 否则 只会 碰 得 头破血流 .\r\n王 教授 认为 , 入世 将 加速 中国 法治 进程 .\r\n清理 首先 要 解决 那些 有 歧视 性 的 , 违反 公平 贸易 原则 的 ( 象 过去 搞 的 强迫 外商 产品 外销 ) 一些 规定 .\r\n有些 地方 , 象 禁止 外资 建立 有关 企业 , 有的 合理 , 有的 不一定 合理 , 特别是 有些 规定 不 符合 我国 加入 世 贸 的 承诺 .\r\n这一点 非常 重要 , 因为 中国 政府 和 人民 历来 是 信守 诺言 的 , 作出 了 承诺 就 应该 遵守 , 不 符合 的 内容 应 尽快 修改 , 不应 继续 有效 .\r\n在 这样的 清理 完善 过程 中 , 我们 的 法律 , 行政 法规 , 行政 规章 , 在 内容 上将 会 有 很大 的 提高 .\r\n加入 世界 贸易 组织 , 中国 将 在 金融 , 保险 , 电信 , 商业 , 外贸 , 航空 等 10 方面 进一步 放宽 对 外商 投资 的 限制 , 服务业 将会 遇到 巨大 的 冲击 .\r\n这 确实 给 我们 带来 很大 挑战 , 确实 是 一种 空前 的 压力 .\r\n这 压力 首先 来自 怎样 推出 一整套 配套 的 法律 和 制度 , 怎样 通过 完善 我国 的 经济 立法 来 与 此 相适应 , 这 可以 说是 给 我们 带来 了 一个 非常 重大 的 课题 .\r\n除此之外 , 我 还 想 在 完善 经济法 方面 说 几点 .\r\n一 是 关于 知识产权 的 完善 .\r\n按照 trips ( 与 贸易 有关 的 知识产权 的 协定 ) , 主要 是 对 知识产权 规则 作出 了 系统 规定 .\r\n现行 的 外贸 代理 , 许可 权 制度 不完全 符合 世贸 组织 的 要求 ; 外贸 经营 主体 也 应 考虑 是不是 应该 进一步 扩大 , 放开 .\r\n四 是 结合 目前 颁布 的 三 外资 法 , 入世 后 应该 尽快 与 我国 的 《 公司法 》 , 《 合伙 法 》 , 《 独资 企业法 》 合并 .\r\n因为 按 世贸 组织 的 要求 , 对 其 成员 投资 要 实行 国民 待遇 , 我们 的 法律 还 存在 一些 非 国民 待遇 问题 .\r\n首先 要 进一步 贯彻 公平 竞争 原则 , 尽量 减少 政府 审批 和 一些 不 适当 的 干预 .\r\n其次 , 经济 立法 要 进一步 保持 与 国际 接轨 .\r\n李鹏 在 参加 湖北 代表团 全体 会议 时 指出 抓住 西部 大 开发 机遇 加快 中西部 地区 经济 发展\r\n新华社 北京 3月14日 电 ( 人民 日报 记者 傅旭 新华社 记者 唐卫彬 秦杰 ) 中共 中央 政治局 常委 , 全国 人大 常委会 委员长 李鹏 今天 上午 在 人民 大会堂 参加 湖北 代表团 全体 会议 . 他 在 认真 听取 代表 的 发言 后 指出 , 要 抓住 西部 大 开发 的 机遇 , 加快 中西部 地区 经济 发展 .\r\n在 湖北 代表团 的 会场 上 , 代表 们 争相 发言 , 气氛 热烈 .\r\n他们 就 人大 工作 , 三峡 工程 和 移民 问题 , 老区 和 少数民族 地区 的 经济 发展 , 国企 改革 等 问题 各抒己见 , 展开 讨论 .\r\n李鹏 表示 , 少数民族 地区 和 贫困 地区 要 发展 , 首先 要 抓好 交通 等 基础 设施 建设 .\r\n李鹏 指出 , 小 平 同志 曾 提出 \" 两 大局 \" 的 战略 思想 , 一个 是 东部 地区 要 充分 利用 有利 条件 先 发展 起来 , 另外 一个 是 到 本世纪末 要 帮助 中西部 加快 发展 .\r\n实施 西部 大 开发 战略 , 加快 中西部 地区 发展 , 现在 条件 已 基本 具备 .\r\n他 说 , 西部 大 开发 , 对于 全国各地 都是 一个 难得 的 机遇 .\r\n改革开放 以来 , 我国 各地 的 经济 都 有 较大 的 发展 , 但 发展 是 不平衡 的 .\r\n他 指出 , 东部 的 一些 贫困 地区 也要 抓住 这 一 机遇 , 改变 当地 落后 面貌 .\r\n在 建设 中 要 量力而行 , 不要 盲目 攀比 , 尤其 在 库 区 建设 和 移民 工作 中 , 要 注意 统筹 安排 , 合理 规划 , 处理好 发展 生产 和 改善 生活 的 关系 .\r\n中共 中央 政治局 候补委员 , 国务委员 吴仪 参加 了 今天 的 会议 .\r\n在 今天 的 记者招待会 上 , 有 记者 问 : 3月9日 , 美国 会 参院 通过 了 \" 西藏 国庆日 \" 决议案 .\r\n美 参院 上述 做法 无视 事实 和 国际 关系 基本 准则 , 是 对 中国 内政 的 粗暴 干涉 , 中国 政府 和 人民 对此 表示 强烈 不满 和 坚决 反对 .\r\n他 说 , 西藏 是 中国 的 一部分 , 西藏 事务 纯属 中国 内政 , 任何 外国 无权 干涉 .\r\n中方 强烈 要求 美国 会 参议院 恪守 承诺 , 立即 停止 一切 利用 西藏 问题 干涉 中国 内政 的 行径 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月14日 电 ( 人民 日报 记者 武卫政 新华社 记者 孙杰 ) 中共 中央 总书记 , 国家主席 江泽民 今天 上午 在 人民 大会堂 分别 参加 了 九届 全国 人大 三 会议 浙江 , 北京 代表团 的 全体 会议 .\r\n江泽民 认真 听取 代表 们 的 发言 并 记下 发言 要点 .\r\n在 认真 听取 浙江 代表 的 发言 后 , 江泽民 发表 了 讲话 .\r\n希望 你们 认真 总结 过去 , 努力 开创 未来 , 力争 率先 基本 实现 社会主义 现代化 .\r\n江泽民 强调 , 建设 有 中国 特色 社会主义 事业 , 是 前无古人 的 伟大 事业 .\r\n江泽民 指出 , 要 在 激烈 的 国际 竞争 中 站稳 脚跟 , 立于不败之地 , 必须 形成 中国 自己的 发展 优势 .\r\n全国各地 都要 结合 自己的 实际 和 条件 , 努力 形成 新 的 发展 优势 .\r\n东部 地区 有 自己的 有利 因素 , 中西部 地区 也 有 自己的 有利 因素 , 关键 要 实事求是 地 进行 分析 和 研究 , 因地制宜 地 确立 发展 战略 , 把 已 有的 优势 进一步 发挥好 , 把 潜在 的 优势 尽快 变为 现实 的 优势 .\r\n只要 各地 都 能 形成 新 的 发展 优势 , 并 把 各地 的 优势 相得益彰 地 结合 起来 , 我国 就 一定 能够 发展 得 更 快 更好 .\r\n总之 , 要 抓紧 研究 和 解决 对 国家 经济 社会 发展 具有 长远 意义 的 重大 战略 问题 , 不断 开创 改革 , 发展 , 稳定 的 新局面 .\r\n在 听取 北京 代表 的 发言 后 , 江泽民 说 , 北京市 广大 干部 群众 团结 努力 , 各项 工作 取得 了 新 的 成绩 .\r\n江泽民 指出 , 面对 当代 经济 科技 的 澎湃 潮流 , 不 进 则 退 .\r\n我们 必须 抓住 机遇 , 勇于 创新 , 加快 发展 , 迎头赶上 .\r\n对于 经济 全球化 可能 带来 的 弊端 和 负面 影响 , 我们 要 加紧 研究 对策 .\r\n生产关系 要 适应 生产力 发展 的 要求 , 生产力 的 发展 又 推动 生产关系 的 变革 和 完善 , 这是 马克思 主义 的 基本原理 .\r\n我们 应该 充分 发挥 共产党 领导 和 社会主义制度 的 优越性 , 自觉 地 推进 我国 生产力 与 生产关系 相互 适应 , 相互 促进 的 发展 进程 .\r\n在 坚持 以 经济 建设 为 中心 的 同时 , 一定 要 切实 抓好 社会主义 精神文明 建设 , 促进 社会 物质 生产力 和 社会 的 思想 , 道德 , 文化 的 全面 进步 .\r\n经济 建设 的 中心 地位 任何 时候 都 不能 动摇 , 但 如果 其他 社会 事业 不 同时 抓紧 抓好 , 到头来 就 会 影响 和 妨碍 经济 的 发展 .\r\n我们 一定 要 深刻 认识 经济 与 社会 发展 的 辩证 关系 .\r\n唯物辩证法 的 一个 基本 要求 就是 全面性 . 掌握 全面 观点 对 领导干部 来说 极为 重要 .\r\n他 要求 美国 会 立即 停止 干涉 中国 内政 .\r\n三月九日 , 美国 会 参院 通过 了 所谓 \" 西藏 国庆日 \" 决议案 .\r\n他 指出 , 西藏 是 中国 的 一部分 , 西藏 事务 纯属 中国 内政 , 任何 外国 无权 干涉 .\r\n这位 发言人 指出 , 美 参院 的 做法 无视 事实 和 国际 关系 基本 准则 , 是 对 中国 内政 的 粗暴 干涉 , 中国 政府 和 人民 对此 表示 强烈 不满 和 坚决 反对 .\r\n中方 强烈 要求 美国 会 参议院 恪守 承诺 , 立即 停止 一切 利用 西藏 问题 干涉 中国 内政 的 行径 .\r\n题 干涉 中国 内政 的 行径 ( 香港 中国 通讯社 北京 三月十四日 电 ) ( 记者 刘克刚 ) 中国 外交部 发言人 孙玉玺 今天 强调 , 中国 强烈 要求 美国 参议院 立即 停止 一切 利用 西藏 问题 干涉 中国 内政 的 行径 .\r\n他 强调 , 西藏 是 中国 的 一 部份 . 西藏 事务 纯属 中国 内政 , 任何 外国 无权 干涉 .\r\n美国 政府 长期以来 一直 承认 西藏 是 中国 的 一 部份 , 不支持 \" 西藏 独立 \" , 这是 有 约束力 的 国际 承诺 .\r\n中方 强烈 要求 美国 参议院 恪守 承诺 , 立即 停止 一切 利用 西藏 问题 干涉 中国 内政 的 行径 .\r\n过去 的 事实 已经 证明 人权 委员会 的 绝大多数 国家 都 支持 中国 的 上述 立场 .\r\n但 也要 看到 , 广大 干部 群众 对 腐败 , 社会 治安 , 不正之风 和 黄 赌 毒 等 问题 反映 强烈 , 对 这些 问题 必须 常抓不懈 .\r\n以 \" 讲文明 树新风 \" 为 龙头 的 群众性 精神文明 创建 活动 要 一 抓 到底 , 务求 实效 .\r\n要 创造 良好 的 旅游 环境 , 吸引 客流 , 带来 资金 的 流动 .\r\n钱其琛 说 , 云南 有 丰富 的 旅游 资源 , 应 加大 旅游业 发展 力度 , 在 维护 , 整修 一些 传统 旅游 景点 的 同时 , 要 注重 开发 一些 新 的 旅游 景点 , 吸引 海内外 旅游者 .\r\n同时 要 进一步 完善 与 旅游业 发展 有关 的 政策 , 促进 旅游业 的 持续 , 稳定 , 健康 发展 .\r\n她 说 , 两 年 来 高法 , 高检 认真 履行 职责 , 做 了 大量 工作 , 努力 做到 司法 公正 .\r\n她 说 , 但 从 人民群众 的 反映 和 接到 的 人民 来信 来看 , 司法 不公 , 司法 腐败 的 现 像 仍然 存在 , 许多 问题 在 基层 解决 起来 很 不 容易 .\r\n我们 要 进一步 认真 探索 , 积累 经验 , 使 人民代表大会制度 对 扩大 社会主义 民主 , 建设 社会主义 法制 国家 做出 更大 的 贡献 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月14日 电 题 : 向 现代化 伟大 目标 奋进 -- 写 在 九 全国 人大 三 会议 闭幕 前夕 新华社 记者 蒲立业 唐卫彬 徐兆荣 世纪 更迭 , 千年 交替 , 中华 民族 走到 一个 新 的 历史 起点 .\r\n社会主义 现代化 强国 的 宏伟 蓝图 , 激励 着 全国 人民 艰苦 创业 ; 伟大 祖国 美好 灿烂 的 未来 , 召唤 着 亿万 人民 奋力 拼搏 .\r\n只是 由于 封建主义 的 生产关系 束缚 了 社会 生产力 , 加上 \" 坐井观天 \" 的 闭关锁国 , 在 近代 逐渐 落伍 了 .\r\n\" 现代化 \" , 成了 几代 中国 人 , 无数 仁人志士 矢志 追求 的 一个 梦想 .\r\n从 那个 时候 开始 , \" 实现 四化 \" 成为 全民族 追求 的 目标 .\r\n抚今追昔 , 代表 , 委员 感慨 万千 : 是 改革开放 把 这 一 梦想 变成 了 可能 .\r\n1995年 又 提前 五 年 实现 了 翻 两 番 的 目标 , 我国 的 国民 生产 总值 达到 57600亿 元 .\r\n随后 , 继续 向 在 本世纪末 全面 实现 人均 国民生产总值 翻 两 番 的 目标 前进 .\r\n代表 , 委员 认为 , 这 实际上 是 提出 了 一个 新 的 \" 三 步 走 \" 发展 战略 .\r\n按照 这个 发展 战略 , 我们 从 本世纪末 进入 小康 社会 后 , 将 分 2010年 , 2020年 , 2050年 三 个 阶段 , 逐步 实现 现代化 的 目标 .\r\n二 是 按照 发达国家 通常 用来 划定 小康 生活 标准 来看 , 我们 小康 的 水平 还 不高 , 我们 在 安全 用水 , 受 教育 程度 , 文化 娱乐 , 生态 环境 等 方面 都 有 很大 差距 .\r\n在 实施 \" 三 步 走 战略 \" 目标 中 , 改革 始终 是 推动 实现 目标 的 动力 .\r\n建立 社会主义 市场经济 体制 , 是 确保 发展 目标 实现 的 关键 .\r\n艾丰 委员 认为 , 市场经济 体制 的 基本 框架 已经 初步 建立 , 但 要 全面 建立 一个 比较 完善 的 体制 , 还需要 付出 相当 大 的 努力 .\r\n因为 , 市场 需求 , 资源 , 出口 的 约束 都 加强 了 , 速度 会 有所 放慢 .\r\n改革 正 处在 攻坚 阶段 , 我们 必须 集中 力量 发展 生产力 , 在 发展 中 解决 问题 .\r\n世界 范围 内 正在 掀起 新 一 轮 结构 调整 , 高新技术 产业 , 新兴产业 迅猛 发展 , 知识经济 风起云涌 , 世界 经济 竞争 日益 激烈 .\r\n清醒 地 认识 困难 , 是 要 增强 我们 的 紧迫感 , 危机感 , 催发 我们 奋起直追 的 勇气 和 努力 .\r\n一个 时代 的 人 , 有一个 时代 的 理想 和 追求 .\r\n这种 理想 根植 于 当时 的 社会 需求 .\r\n这个 世纪之交 , 我们 的 理想 是 基本 实现 现代化 , 迎来 中华 民族 的 伟大 复兴 !\r\n王天玺 代表 说 , 政府 工作 报告 对 今后 工作 的 第一 话 就是 发展 , 充分 体现 了 邓小平 同志 \" 发展 是 硬 道理 \" 的 思想 , 对 实现 第三 战略 目标 具有 重大 意义 .\r\n赵志浩 代表 说 , 发展 快 了 好了 , 才有 前途 , 有 地位 , 慢 了 就要 落后 , 落后 就要 挨打 .\r\n\" 西部 热 \" 实际上 就是 \" 发展 热 \" , 西部 地区 希望 借此 迅速 崛起 , 东部 地区 希望 抓住 这个 机遇 , 积极 参与 , 以此 促进 产业 结构 的 调整 , 寻找 更大 的 发展 空间 .\r\n我 的 理解 是 , 致富 思 源 这个 \" 源 \" 是 指 共产党 的 领导 , 有 中国 特色 社会主义 道路 , 邓小平 理论 的 指导 , 有了 这些 才 使 我们 富起来 .\r\n富起来 之后 还要 思 进 , 向 更高 的 目标 发展 , 这个 目标 就是 实现 第三 战略 目标 .\r\n代表 , 委员 带来 的 信息 表明 , 北京 , 上海 , 天津 , 江苏 和 广东 的 经济特区 , 珠江 三角洲 都 制定 了 雄心勃勃 的 计划 , 争取 在 2010年 率先 基本 实现 现代化 .\r\n\" 两会 \" 即将 结束 , 号角 已经 吹响 . 中国 人民 满怀信心 地 走向 未来 .\r\n在 今天 的 例行 记者 会上 , 有 记者 问到 , 台湾 目前 情势 下 , 具有 \" 台独 \" 色彩 的 候选人 如果 当选 , 这 对 两岸 关系 会 有 何 影响 ?\r\n北京 一直 坚持 在 \" 一个 中国 \" 的 原则 下 进行 对话 和 谈判 , 发展 两岸 关系 .\r\n北京 坚持 \" 和平 统一 , 一国两制 \" 方针 和 国家主席 江泽民 提出 的 对 台 八 项 主张 , 全面 发展 两岸 关系 , 推进 统一 进程 .\r\n如果 不是 这样 , 那就 会 是 相反 的 结果 .\r\n绝大多数 台湾 同胞 不 赞成 分裂 , 明确 反对 \" 台独 \" , 求 和平 求 稳定 求 发展 , 希望 维持 现状 是 台湾 同胞 的 普遍 心态 .\r\n因为 台湾 的 未来 是否 安定 繁荣 , 攸关 每个人 的 身家性命 , 当然 是 两千三百万 湾 人民 最 关心 的 事情 , 自然 也 成为 三 强 急 欲 抢夺 的 \" 制高点 \" .\r\n目前 选 情 仍 维持 三 强 鼎立 胶 著 的 态势 , 未 表态 的 选民 比例 仍 高 .\r\n在 祖国 大陆 发表 白皮书 之后 , 更 强化 了 \" 安定 牌 \" 在 这次 选举 中 的 重要性 .\r\n民进党 的 陈水 扁 为 骗取 选票 在 选 战 最后 阶段 全力 消毒 \" 台独 \" 印 像 , 借 \" 中研院 长 \" 李远哲 的 形 像 , 为 其 \" 安定 牌 \" 贴金 .\r\n陈水扁 一面 高喊 \" 台独 万 万岁 \" , 一面 自称是 \" 和平 爱好者 \" . 相信 大多数 台湾 选民 是 不会 上 他 的 当 的 .\r\n海峡 两岸 已 为 目前 暂时的 分离 状态 付出 了 沉重 的 代价 .\r\n台湾 问题 事关 中华 民族 的 荣辱 , 事关 中华 民族 的 兴衰 .\r\n不论 谁 在 这次 选举 中 胜 出 , 都 必须 抛弃 李登辉 的 \" 两国 论 \" , 重 回 \" 一个 中国 \" 的 原则 立场 上来 , 为 切实 改善 两岸 关系 创造 必要 的 条件 .\r\n坚持 \" 一个 中国 \" 的 立场 必须 明确 , 不 容许 打 \" 模糊 牌 \" .\r\n如果 当选者 坚持 \" 台独 \" 立场 或 故意 拖延 两岸 对话 谈判 , 祖国 大陆 方面 都会 采取 必要 措施 .\r\n对 任何 鼓吹 \" 独立 \" 制造 分裂 的 玩火 行径 , 祖国 大陆 决不会 坐视 不管 .\r\n中国 政府 和 人民 有 决心 也 完全 有能力 早日 解决 台湾 问题 , 完成 祖国 统一 大业 .\r\n消息 传来 , 使 许多 人 不禁 为之 震骇 和 不安 .\r\n人所共知 , 陈水扁 是 台湾 民进党 的 著名 \" 台独 \" 大将 , 早在 一九八九年 台湾 \" 立委 \" 选举 时 , 他 就 曾 振臂高呼 \" 台湾 独立 万 万岁 \" .\r\n这 一 次 大选 , 他 又 一次 高呼 \" 台湾 独立 万岁 万 万岁 \" .\r\n把 这样的 人 , 推 上 台湾 的 权力 顶峰 , 会 招致 什 麽 样 的 后果 , 应该 是 再 清楚 不过 了 .\r\n而 \" 台湾 独立 \" 只能 意味 著 两岸 之间 的 战争 , 绝 不是 两岸 之间 的 和平 .\r\n大陆 这边 提出 的 \" 和平 统一 一国两制 \" , 压根儿 就是 希望 和平 , 希望 两岸 关系 能 在 一个 中国 原则 下 得到 和平 解决 .\r\n无论 我 国家 领导人 的 历次 讲话 , 也 无论 是 我 政府 先后 两 就 台湾 问题 发表 的 白皮书 , 都是 本 著 这个 精神 和 愿望 的 .\r\n在 拥 李和拥 扁 大将 中 , 不乏 象 李登辉 一样的 深 具 \" 日本 情结 \" 的 人 .\r\n这里 想 顺便 说 一下 李远哲 先生 .\r\n他 学 有所 成 , 一向 以 \" 学术 中立 \" 的 超然 态度 自居 , 在 大陆 学者 中 也 享有 一定 名望 .\r\n防止 两岸 发生 战争 的 唯一 办法 , 一 是 抛弃 \" 两国 论 \" , 二 是 拒绝 \" 台独 \" .\r\n切不可 因为 还 存在 一些 问题 , 就 与 外国 反华 势力 勾结 在 一起 , 引狼入室 , 导致 本来 可以 避免 的 战争 和 骨肉 相 残 的 事情 发生 .\r\n他 表示 , 为了 从 中国 加入 世贸 组织 中 获益 , 美国 必须 首先 给予 中国 永久性 正常 贸易 关系 地位 .\r\n另据 报道 , 美国 商务部 长 戴利 和 美 众议院 议长 哈斯特尔特 13日 分别 对 美国 工商业 人士 发表 讲话 , 呼吁 各界人士 支持 给予 中国 永久性 正常 贸易 关系 地位 , 敦促 国会 对 克林顿 总统 的 议案 尽快 进行 讨论 和 表决 .\r\n众所周知 , 台湾 有 两 股 台独 势力 : 一 股 在朝 , 李登辉 是 其 总代表 .\r\n正是 中国 政府 不 承诺 放弃 使用 武力 才 令 其 望而却步 , 不敢 再 越 雷池 .\r\n他们 以 在野 的 形式 , 公然 喊出 了 李登辉 想 喊 而 不敢 喊 的 \" 台独 万岁 , 万 万岁 \" .\r\n这 说明 , 不 承诺 放弃 使用 武力 , 正是 取得 和平 统一 的 一个 重要 和 先决 的 条件 .\r\n西方 对此 却 从不 曾 也 不想 作出 任何 说明 .\r\n中国 毕竟 已 不是 本世纪初 的 中国 了 , 中国 人民 不会 允许 历史 的 悲剧 重演 .\r\n事实 是 , 正是 \" 决不 容忍 , 决不 姑息 , 决不 坐视 任何 分裂 中国 的 图谋 得逞 \" , 才 可能 压住 台独 的 气焰 , 确保 台海 和平 , 维护 住 国家 的 主权 和 领土 完整 .\r\n那些 叫嚷 让 中国 放弃 使用 武力 的 人 , 是否 能 说清楚 , 如果 中国 政府 表明 放弃 使用 武力 , 那 幺 由 谁 , 通过 什 幺 手段 来 确保 和 维护 中国 的 统一 ?\r\n将 台海 的 紧张 局势 归咎于 中国 政府 不 承诺 放弃 使用 武力 是 因果 倒置 .\r\n而 美国 违反 中美 三 个 联合公报 向 台湾 大量 提供 先进 武器 , 国会 又 妄图 通过 《 加强 台湾 安全 法 》 , 进一步 助长 了 台独 势力 的 气焰 .\r\n白宫 希望 该 草案 能 于 4月 底 在 参议院 通过 , 6月 在 众议院 获得 通过 , 并 形容 它 是 克林顿 政府 今年 送交 国会 的 法案 中 最 艰难 的 一个 .\r\n他 同时 告诫 国会 : \" 如果 国会 通过 给予 中国 永久性 正常 贸易 关系 地位 的 议案 , 我们 就 会 得益 .\r\n如果 国会 拒绝 这 一 议案 , 得益 的 将 是 我们 的 竞争 对手 . \" 提交 草案 打破常规\r\n这 意味着 如果 欧盟 在 同 中国 的 谈判 中 争取到 更好 的 待遇 , 美国 也 将 享受 这些 待遇 .\r\n据称 , 白宫 改变 以往 向 国会 送交 立法 草案 的 惯例 , 先 将 草案 提交 参议院 表决 , 然后 再 提交 众议院 投票 .\r\n若 参议院 批准 了 这项 法案 , 则 肯定 会 对 众议院 有所 推动 .\r\n调查 显示 , 在 100 参议员 中 , 52 人 表示 将 投票 支持 这项 草案 , 这 刚好 是 在 参议院 过关 所需的 票 数 .\r\n反对 者 调门 很高 自 去年 11月 中 美 签署 贸易 协议 以来 , 围绕 美国 是否 给予 中国 PNTR 地位 问题 , 国内 反对派 的 声音 越来越 大 .\r\n民主党 总统 候选人 戈尔 在 与 劳工 组织 的 一次 闭门 会议 上 也曾 表示 , 若 他 当选 总统 将 要求 把 环保 标准 , 劳工 权利 和 人权 问题 加进 中美 贸易 协议 中 .\r\n他 最近 多次 在 公开 场合 发表 演讲 , 希望 借助 各界 力量 对 国会 进行 游说 .\r\n克林顿 曾 说 , 中国 \" 入世 \" 为 美国 提供 了 一代 人 仅有 一次 的 机遇 , \" 如果 我们 不能 抓住 这个 机遇 , 我们 整整 一代 人 都要 为之 后悔 \" .\r\n克林顿 还 先后 邀请 了 大约 60 持 反对 立场 或 犹豫 未决 的 国会 议员 到 白宫 进行 面对面 讨论 , 试图 说服 更多 的 议员 支持 这 一 协议 , 并 计划 在 未来 几 星期 内 继续 与 议员 展开 对话 .\r\n这 更加 引发 了 社会 各界 对 中国 入世 问题 的 关注 .\r\n两会 期间 , 利 好消息 频频 传来 .\r\n三月七日 , 中国 与 哥伦比亚 就 中国 加入 世贸 签署 协议 .\r\n三月八日 , 美国 总统 克林顿 向 国会 提交 了 给予 中国 永久性 正常 贸易 关系 地位 的 议案 , 可望 在 六月 之前 获得 通过 .\r\n三月十日 , 中国 与 泰国 签署 协议 .\r\n调查 显示 , 百分之九十六 的 公众 希望 两会 讨论 中国 加入 世贸 组织 有关 决策 .\r\n百分之八十九 的 公众 认识到 入世 会 给 国内 的 某些 部门 , 企业 带来 更大 的 竞争 压力 .\r\n入世 牵动 众人 心 .\r\n明知 会 遇到 种种 困难 , 但 十四 年 来 , 中国 的 改革开放 不断 深入 , 在 思想 , 体制 , 措施 方面 迎接 接入 世 的 准备 日益 充分 .\r\n有人 说 , 这是 中国 的 第二 改革开放 ; 有人 说 , 这 不 亚 於 以 邓小平 为 领导 的 第二 领导 集体 办 特区 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月14日 电 题 : 在 跨世纪 征程 上 奋勇 前进 -- 写 在 九 全国 人大 三 会议 闭幕 之际 新华社 记者 孙杰 贺劲松 韩振军 ( 一 ) 这是 一次 民主 求实 , 团结 奋进 的 大会 .\r\n特殊 年代 召开 九届 全国 人大 三 会议 被 赋予 了 一 份 特殊 的 意义 .\r\n从 3月5日 大会 开幕 以来 , 代表 们 以 历史 的 责任感 商 国 是 , 定 国策 ; 总结经验 , 规划 未来 ; 群策群力 , 集思广益 , 使 大会 取得 丰硕 成果 .\r\n( 二 ) 实践 , 认识 , 再 实践 , 再认识 , 不断 探索 , 不断 超越 , 不断 胜利 , 这是 一个 民族 发愤图强 , 开拓 进取 的 轨迹 .\r\n这是 来自 全国各地 的 代表 的 共同 心声 .\r\n代表 们 指出 , 江泽民 总书记 提出 的 \" 三 忠实 代表 \" 之所以 能够 引起 全党 , 全国 人民 的 强烈 反响 , 就在于 它 具有 很 强 的 针对性 .\r\n办好 中国 的 事情 , 关键 在 党 , 关键 在 人 .\r\n在 新世纪 即将 到来 之际 , 代表 们 为 中国 共产党 人 强调 始终 坚持 全心全意 为人民服务 的 宗旨 所 激励 , 更加 坚定 了 对 党 领导 全国 人民 实现 民族 复兴 的 信心 .\r\n\" 致富 思 源 \" .\r\n这些 宝贵 经验 凝聚 着 全党 和 全国 人民 心血 , 必将 成为 中国 走向 新世纪 , 创造 灿烂 明天 的 指南 .\r\n( 四 ) 在 九届 全国 人大 三 会议 上 , 《 立法 法 ( 草案 ) 》 摆 在 代表 们 面前 .\r\n他 说 , 这 对 中国 传统 农业 将 是 一个 严峻 挑战 , 各地 农村 如果 不 及时 采取 应对 措施 , 后果 严重 , 必须 把 迎接 WTO 的 挑战 作为 当前 农村 工作 的 \" 重 中 之 重 \" .\r\n姚辉 通过 实践 感到 , 现在 最 紧迫 的 也 最 关键 的 , 是 调整 农业 和 农村 经济 结构 .\r\n他 告诉 记者 , 目前 铁岭 的 农业 种植 结构 调整 已 初见成效 , 粮食作物 与 经济作物 的 比例 去年 调整 到 七十五比二十五 , 今年 将达到 六十五比三十五 .\r\n去年 铁岭 农民 人均收入 在 多数 地区 下降 的 情况 下 , 还 增加 了 一百 元人民币 , 达到 两千七百 元 , 高於 全省 平均 水平 , 这 主要 得益 於 结构 调整 .\r\n香港 , 澳门 相继 回归祖国 之后 , 解决 台湾 问题 , 实现 祖国 完全 统一 的 神圣 使命 , 更加 突出 地 摆 在 包括 台湾 同胞 在内 的 全国 各族 人民 面前 .\r\n与 台湾 一 水 相连 , 咫尺 相望 的 福建省 , 在 推动 闽 台 交流 合作 , 促进 祖国 统一 大业 上将 有 什 幺 作为 ?\r\n记者 为此 采访 了 福建 代表团 的 人大 代表 .\r\n到 去年 底 , 全省 累计 批准 台资 项目 5894 , 合同 金额 达 109.89亿 美元 , 实际 到 资 80亿 美元 .\r\n我们 要 抓住 机遇 , 进一步 加强 闽 台 经贸 和 科技 文化 交流 与 合作 .\r\n福州市 市长 翁福琳 代表 在 谈到 加强 闽 台 合作 这个 话题 时 , 既有 紧迫感 , 又 充满 信心 .\r\n近年来 , 我们 除了 搞好 城市 环境 建设 , 做好 台胞 服务 工作 之外 , 着重 加强 了 与 台湾 的 经贸 和 科技 合作 .\r\n翁福琳 说 : \" 福州 近年来 出现 的 良好 发展 势头 , 令 台湾 同胞 惊叹 不已 , 他们 说 , 福州 真是 一 年 一 变 , 不出 几 年 , 一定 能 赶上 台湾 .\r\n祖国 的 统一 大业 关键 要 落脚 在 发展 上 , 我们 必须 努力 加快 发展 , 缩小 差距 , 为 促进 祖国 统一 大业 早日 完成 而 作出 自己的 贡献 . \"\r\n会议 充分 肯定 了 政府 工作 在 过去 的 一 年 里 为 提高 我国 国民经济 增长 质量 , 促进 国企 改革 , 科教 兴 国 和 社会 事业 全面 发展 作出 的 努力 .\r\n热切 希望 进一步 加强 政府 自身 建设 , 从严 治 政 , 建立 一个 廉洁 , 勤政 , 务实 , 高效 的 政府 .\r\n这是 一次 民主 , 求实 , 团结 , 鼓劲 的 会议 .\r\n江泽民 同志 在 广东 考察 工作 时 , 就 加强 新时期 党 的 建设 问题 发表 了 重要 讲话 .\r\n这是 加强 党 的 建设 的 一个 重要 指导思想 , 也是 我们 做好 人大 工作 和 一切 工作 的 重要 指导思想 .\r\n2000年 是 本世纪 最后 一 年 .\r\n我们 坚信 , 九 全国 人大 三 会议 的 胜利 召开 , 必将 有力地 促进 我国 改革开放 和 社会主义 现代化 建设 .\r\n会议 认为 , 报告 对 去年 政府 工作 的 回顾 是 实事求是 的 , 提出 的 今年 政府 工作 的 总体 要求 和 具体 部署 是 积极 可行 的 .\r\n2000年 是 完成 \" 九五 \" 计划 , 全面 实现 我国 社会主义 现代化 建设 第二 战略 目标 的 最后 一 年 , 做好 今年 政府 工作 意义 重大 .\r\n要 坚持 实行 扩大 内需 的 方针 , 努力 增加 有效 需求 , 继续 实施 积极 的 财政 政策 , 进一步 发挥 货币 政策 的 作用 .\r\n要 继续 推进 以 国有 企业 改革 为 中心 环节 的 经济体制 改革 和 其他 各项 改革 , 采取 有力 措施 实现 国有 企业 改革 与 脱困 三 年 目标 .\r\n要 进一步 扩大 对外开放 , 努力 开拓 国际 市场 , 积极 有效 利用 外资 .\r\n全面 贯彻 党 的 教育 方针 , 加强 素质 教育 , 培养 学生 创新 精神 和 实践 能力 , 促进 学生 德 , 智 , 体 , 美 全面 发展 .\r\n搞好 生态 环境保护 和 建设 .\r\n高度 重视 和 妥善 处理 新 形势 下 的 人民内部矛盾 . 要 进一步 改善 人民 生活 . 加大 扶贫 攻坚 力度 .\r\n积极 稳妥 发展 农业 产业化 经营 , 千方百计 增加 农民 收入 , 严格 执行 减轻 农民 负担 的 有关 政策 , 积极 推进 农村 税费 改革 , 从 根本上 减轻 农民 负担 .\r\n坚持 和 完善 国有 企业 下岗 职工 基本 生活 保障 , 失业 保险 和 城镇 居民 最低 生活 保障 制度 , 切实 抓好 社会保障 体系 建设 .\r\n进一步 转变 政府 职能 , 推进 政府 机构改革 .\r\n提倡 艰苦奋斗 , 反对 奢侈 浪费 .\r\n建设 廉洁 , 勤政 , 务实 , 高效 政府 .\r\n会议 指出 , 要 坚持 奉行 独立自主 的 和平 外交 政策 , 反对 霸权主义 , 维护 世界 和平 , 坚决 捍卫 国家 主权 和 领土 完整 .\r\n在 和平共处五项原则 基础 上 , 进一步 发展 同 世界 各国 的 友好 合作 关系 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月15日 电 第九届 全国 人民 代表 大会 第三 会议 在 完成 各项 议程 后 , 今天 下午 在 人民 大会堂 闭幕 .\r\n2778 代表 出席 了 会议 .\r\n在 本次 会议 的 11 天 会期 中 , 代表 们 对 政府 工作 报告 进行 了 认真 审议 , 全国 政协 九 届 三 会议 也 对 报告 进行 了 讨论 .\r\n根据 人大 代表 审议 和 政协 委员 讨论 时 提出 的 意见 和 建议 , 国务院 对 报告 进行 了 修改 .\r\n今天 下午 的 闭幕 大会 首先 表决 通过 了 关于 政府 工作 报告 的 决议 .\r\n立法 法 分为 总则 , 法律 , 行政 法规 , 地方性 法规 , 自治 条例 和 单行 条例 , 规章 , 适用 与 备案 , 附则 , 共 6 , 94 , 将 自 2000年7月1日 起 施行 .\r\n经过 表决 , 会议 分别 通过 了 关于 全国 人民 代表 大会 常务 委员会 工作 报告 的 决议 , 关于 最高 人民 法院 工作 报告 的 决议 , 关于 最高 人民 检察院 工作 报告 的 决议 .\r\n会议 还 通过 了 关于 确认 全国 人大 常委会 接受 何厚铧 辞去 全国 人大 常委会 委员 职务 的 请求 的 决定 .\r\n下午15时P.M.45分 , 在 军乐队 高奏 国歌 后 , 李鹏 宣布 第九 全国 人民 代表 大会 第三 会议 闭幕 .\r\n中央 党政军 群 机关 负责人 , 各民主党派 中央 , 全国 工商联 和 无党派 代表 人士 列席 了 今天 的 闭幕 大会 .\r\n各国 驻华 使节 旁听 了 会议 .\r\n会议 认为 , 1999年 , 最高 人民 检察院 积极 贯彻 第九届 全国 人民 代表 大会 第二 会议 精神 和 对 检察 工作 的 要求 , 认真 履行 检察 职能 , 加大 了 司法 改革 力度 , 各项 工作 取得 了 新 的 进展 .\r\n会议 要求 , 最高 人民 检察院 要 坚持不懈 地 抓好 队伍 建设 , 进一步 提高 检察官 的 政治 和 业务 素质 , 坚决 清除 司法 队伍 中 存在 的 腐败 现 像 .\r\n各位 代表 以 对 国家 和 人民 高度 负责 的 精神 , 履行 自己的 职责 , 认真 审议 , 畅所欲言 , 使 会议 通过 的 各项 报告 , 决议 和 法律 , 充分 体现 了 党 的 正确 主张 , 反映 了 国家 的 整体 利益 , 代表 了 人民 的 根本 意志 .\r\n今年 是 世纪 交替 之 年 , 也是 实现 \" 九五 \" 计划 和 我国 现代化 建设 第二 战略 目标 的 最后 一 年 , 改革 , 发展 , 稳定 的 任务 十分 繁重 .\r\n各位 代表 回到 各自 的 工作 岗位 后 , 要 积极 宣传 和 带头 贯彻 这次 会议 通过 的 各项 决议 , 团结 广大 人民群众 做好 今年 的 工作 .\r\n让 我们 更加 紧密 地 团结 在 以 江泽民 同志 为 核心 的 党中央 周围 , 高举 邓小平 理论 的 伟大 旗帜 , 沿着 建设 有 中国 特色 社会主义 的 道路 继续 前进 , 以 崭新 的 精神面貌 , 优异 的 工作 成绩 , 迎接 新世纪 的 到来 .\r\n朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 总理 向 本次 大会 主席团 提交 了 关于 《 政府 工作 报告 》 修改 情况 的 说明 .\r\n2 , 在 第二 分 讲到 积极 财政 政策 的 成效 时 , 将 \" 许多 城市 面貌 发生 了 明显 变化 \" 一 句 , 改为 \" 许多 城市 面貌 发生 了 较大 变化 \" .\r\n在 讲到 今年 长期 国债 的 重点 投向 时 , 增加 了 \" 水利 , 交通 , 通信 等 基础 设施 \" 的 具体 表述 .\r\n在 切实 加强 企业 科学管理 一段 , 增加 了 \" 充分 依靠 和 发挥 职工 群众 积极性 \" 的 内容 .\r\n把 \" 吸引 留学 人员 以及 在 境外 的 优秀 人才 回国 工作 \" , 改为 \" 吸引 留学 人员 以及 在 国外 的 优秀 人才 回国 工作 \" .\r\n6 , 在 \" 进一步 扩大 对外开放 \" 这 一部分 , 增加 了 以下 内容 : \" 优化 进口 商品 结构 , 增加 国内 急需 的 关键 设备 , 技术 和 重要 原材料 的 进口 .\r\n会议 同意 全国 人民 代表 大会 财政 经济 委员会 在 审查 报告 中 为 完成 2000年 中央 和 地方 预算 提出 的 各项 建议 .\r\n会议 要求 国务院 和 地方 各级 人民政府 要 严格 预算 管理 , 按时 批复 预算 , 认真 组织 预算 收入 , 各 部门 , 各单位 要 严格 按照 批准 的 预算 执行 .\r\n为 促进 经济 发展 和 保持 社会 稳定 , 今年 要 继续 实施 积极 的 财政 政策 .\r\n要 管好 用好 各项 资金 , 加强 国家 投资 项目 的 前期 工作 , 施工 监理 和 竣工 审计 , 提高 财政 资金 的 使用 效益 .\r\n整顿 财经 秩序 , 加强 预算 执行 的 监督 和 预算外 资金 的 管理 , 清理 和 取消 各种 乱收费 , 乱罚款 , 乱摊派 .\r\n各级 人民代表大会 及其 常务委员会 要 加强 对 预算 执行 的 监督 .\r\n让 我们 更加 紧密 地 团结 在 以 江泽民 同志 为 核心 的 党中央 周围 , 高举 邓小平 理论 的 伟大 旗帜 , 坚定 信心 , 团结 奋斗 , 全面 完成 2000年 的 预算 任务 .\r\n在 计划 执行 过程 中 要 狠抓 政策 措施 的 落实 .\r\n加快 国有 企业 的 改革 和 发展 , 加强 管理 , 增强 企业 竞争 能力 , 提高 经济效益 .\r\n积极 调整 农业 和 农村 经济 结构 , 加快 农业 科技 进步 , 推进 农业 产业化 进程 , 积极 发展 农产品 深加工 .\r\n继续 落实 和 完善 促进 外贸 的 各项 政策 , 拓展 利用 外资 的 领域 , 改善 投资 环境 , 力争 对外贸易 和 利用 外资 有 新 的 增长 .\r\n要 统筹 规划 , 扎实 工作 , 实施 西部 大 开发 战略 , 加快 中西部 地区 的 发展 , 今年 要 迈出 实质性 步伐 .\r\n高度 重视 劳动 就业 和 社会保障 问题 , 努力 增加 就业 岗位 , 提高 社会保障 能力 .\r\n严格 依法 办事 , 认真 落实 全国 人大 常委会 关于 加强 经济 工作 监督 的 决定 .\r\n报告 实事求是 地 总结 了 过去 一 年 的 工作 , 对 今后 一 年 主要 任务 的 安排 也是 切实可行 的 .\r\n会议 要求 , 全国 人民 代表 大会 常务 委员会 要 继续 全面 深入 贯彻 党 的 十五大 和 十五 三中全会 , 四 中 全会 精神 , 进一步 推进 社会主义 民主 法制 建设 .\r\n要 充分 发挥 全国 人大 代表 的 作用 , 密切 与 地方 人大 的 联系 , 自觉 接受 全国 人民 代表 大会 和 人民群众 的 监督 .\r\n要 积极 推进 民主 法制 宣传 和 普法 教育 工作 , 努力 提高 全民族 的 法制观念 和 法律 意识 .\r\n让 我们 在 以 江泽民 同志 为 核心 的 党中央 领导 下 , 高举 邓小平 理论 伟大 旗帜 , 开拓 进取 , 扎实 工作 , 为 完成 大会 确定 的 各项 任务 而 努力 奋斗 .\r\n报告 对 最高 人民 法院 去年 工作 的 总结 是 实事求是 的 , 提出 今年 工作 的 主要 任务 是 可行 的 .\r\n会议 要求 , 最高 人民 法院 要 坚持不懈 地 抓好 队伍 建设 , 进一步 提高 法官 的 政治 和 业务 素质 , 坚决 清除 司法 队伍 中 存在 的 腐败 现 像 .\r\n( 香港 中国 通讯社 北京 三月十五日 电 ) ( 记者 刘克刚 ) 多名 解放军 高级 将领 今天 接受 采访 时 表示 , 密切 关注 台湾 选 情 , 相信 台湾 人民 会 作出 正确 选择 .\r\n如果 有人 上台 后 搞 \" 台湾 独立 \" , 就 意味 著 战争 .\r\n在 今天 的 人大 闭幕 会上 , 解放军 代表 再度 成为 传媒 的 焦点 .\r\n如果 有人 上台 后 搞 \" 台独 \" , 解放军 一定 不会 答应 , 中国 人民 也 不会 答应 .\r\n解放军 中将 王祖训 代表 表示 , 中国 政府 发表 的 对 台 白皮书 讲 得 很 清楚 , 在 \" 三 如果 \" 下 将对 台 使用 武力 , 中国人民 解放军 是 有信心 , 有能力 , 有 决心 完成 统一 大业 的 .\r\n海军 舰队 听从 中央军委 的 号令 , 时刻 准备 著 应付 战争 .\r\n海军 少将 傅 渤海 代表 表示 , 台湾 问题 不能 无限期 拖 下去 , 应有 时间表 .\r\n万一 真的 发生 台海 战役 , 从 地理 条件 以及 中国 目前 的 海陆空 , 二炮 实力 来看 都 可以 打赢 .\r\n中国 社会 科学院 台湾 研究所 研究员 李家泉 教授 说 , 如果 陈水扁 被 推 上 权力 的 顶峰 , 如果 他 继续 坚持 他 的 \" 台独 \" 党纲 和 \" 台独 \" 路线 , 战争 就 不可 避免 .\r\n把 这种 人 推 上 权力 的 顶峰 , 是 相当 严重 的 事件 .\r\n北京 联合 大学 台湾 研究室 主任 徐博东 表示 , 大陆 认为 陈水扁 是 \" 最 具 危险性 和 欺骗性 \" 的 候选人 , 他 追求 建立 \" 台湾 共和国 \" , 从不 承认 自己 是 中国 人 , 只 承认 是 台湾 人 , 多次 在 公开 场合 表示 \" 台湾 自始至终 是 一个 主权 独立 的 国家 \" .\r\n中国 和平 与 发展 研究 中心 研究员 辛旗 指出 , 陈水扁 最近 提出 的 政策 是 在 迷惑 台湾 民众 .\r\n面对 台湾 选 情 发展 , 辛旗 期待 , 在 目前 两岸 关系 的 重大 关头 , 台湾 民众 在 选择 未来 领导人 应有 明智 的 想法 , 应 将 选举 与 切身 利益 相连 系 .\r\n他 说 : \" 如果 陈水扁 上台 , 两岸 关系 将 是 永 无 宁日 , 台湾 民众 将 面临 灾难性 后果 .\r\n这一点 绝对 不是 所谓 的 危言耸听 .\r\n台湾 民众 在 三月十八日 的 投票 , 不仅 是 选 谁 当 领导人 的 问题 , 实际上 是 选择 和平 或 战争 的 问题 \" .\r\n李家泉 强调 , 台湾地区 的 中国 人 有 权利 选择 他们 自己 希望 选举 的 领导人 , 我们 希望 台湾 民众 能够 正确 行使 他们 的 权利 , 希望 避免 出现 任何 导向 \" 台独 \" 的 危险 局面 .\r\n戈尔 说 : \" 如果 中国 加入 了 世贸 组织 并 同 其他 成员 发展 正常 贸易 关系 , 而 我们 却 置身 其外 , 无法 同 中国 发展 正常 贸易 关系 , 那 幺 我们 今后 利用 世贸 组织 的 能力 就 会 受到 限制 . \"\r\n他 说 , 中国 加入 世贸 组织 将 使 其 劳工 状况 得到 改进 , 环保 事业 进一步 发展 .\r\n据 《 华尔街 日报 》 15日 报道 , 戈尔 是 针对 一些 反对 给予 中国 永久性 正常 贸易 关系 地位 的 劳工 和 环保 组织 人士 发表 上述 讲话 的 .\r\n劳工 和 环保 组织 是 支持 民主党 总统 竞选 的 主要 力量 之一 . 与此同时 , 美国 商会 会长 兼 首席执行官 多诺霍 日前 在 《 商业 日报 》 发表 了 一 篇 题为 《 团结 起来 支持 同 中国 的 贸易 》 的 文章 .\r\n文章 认为 , 美国 劳工 , 环保 , 人权 等 组织 对 中国 加入 世贸 组织 提出 的 种种 担心 都是 没有 理由 的 .\r\n[ [ 社评 ] ] 选择 \" 台独 \" 就 意味 著 战争 当前 台海 局势 处 於 至关紧要 的 关键 时刻 .\r\n十八日 台湾 选举 结果 在 某种 意义 上 来说 , 将 决定 海峡 两岸 是 战 还是 和 .\r\n台湾 人民 现在 正 面临 著 历史性 的 抉择 , 是 选择 和平 , 还是 选择 战争 .\r\n人们 相信 台湾 人民 的 政治 智慧 , 台湾 同胞 会 作出 明智 的 抉择 .\r\n他 提醒 台湾 同胞 投票 时 要 提高警惕 , 切莫 一时 冲动 , 以免 后悔莫及 .\r\n朱鎔基 表示 , 谁 赞成 一个 中国 的 原则 , 我们 就 支持 谁 , 我们 就 跟 他 谈 , 什 麽 问题 都 可以 谈 , 可以 让步 , 让步 给 中国 自己人 嘛 .\r\n这 充分 表明 了 北京 以 民族利益 为重 , 及 推动 两岸 对话 谈判 的 诚意 .\r\n中国 的 文明 发展史 是 以 民族 统一 为 核心 的 .\r\n悠悠万事 , 统一 为 大 , \" 九九 \" 归 一 的 大团圆 情结 , 早已 渗透到 中华 民族 的 血脉 之中 .\r\n实现 祖国 的 完全 统一 , 不仅 成为 全体 中国 人民 更加 迫切 的 愿望 和 要求 , 而且 在 经历 了 五十 年 的 等待 追求 后 , 中国 政府 和 人民 已 不能 容许 台湾 问题 再 无限期 地 拖延 下去 .\r\n祖国 大陆 希望 和平 统一 , 也 深知 台湾 同胞 渴望 和平 .\r\n不 希望 看到 战争 .\r\n台湾 问题 的 早日 解决 , 不仅 有利 於 中国 的 现代化 建设 , 而且 有助 於 中国 的 国家 安全 ; 两岸 尽早 实现 统一 , 将 为 民族 的 复兴 奠定 坚实 的 基础 , 使 两岸 可以 共享 中华 民族 的 伟大 辉煌 .\r\n全国 政协 九 届 三 会议 及 九 全国 人大 三 会议 , 分别 於 三月十一日 和 昨日 成功 闭幕 .\r\n在 \" 两会 \" 的 一系列 重要 议程 中 , 朱 总理 的 政府 工作 报告 实事求是 , 高屋建瓴 , 获得 了 代表 和 委员 们 的 高度 评价 , 也 得到 了 香港 和 海外 舆论 的 热烈 赞誉 .\r\n朱 总理 在 政府 工作 报告 中 强调 : \" 我们 对 任何 损害 中国 主权 和 领土 完整 , 推行 \" 两国 论 \" 和 \" 台湾 独立 \" 等 严重 分裂 活动 , 决不会 坐视 不管 .\r\n\" 又 指出 : \" 中国 人民 有 决心 也 完全 有能力 早日 解决 台湾 问题 , 完成 祖国 统一 大业 .\r\n\" 这些 代表 了 全国 人民 坚强 意志 和 决心 的 宣示 , 引起 整个 会场 掌声 雷动 .\r\n朱 总理 一针见血 , 鞭辟入里 地 揭露 了 成为 台湾 分裂 势力 总代表 的 李登辉 , 其 耍 尽 一切 权谋 , 操纵 台湾 选举 , 企图 让 \" 台独 \" 势力 上台 的 司马昭之心 .\r\n但是 , \" 台独 \" 违反 了 包括 台湾 同胞 在内 的 整个 中华 民族 的 愿望 , 意志 和 利益 .\r\n朱 总理 的话 , 说到 了 台湾 同胞 心里 .\r\n昨天 , 台湾 股市 又 继续 下挫 , 充分 说明 了 台湾 同胞 越来越 忧虑 \" 台独 \" 势力 的 上台 .\r\n朱 总理 语重心长 地 指出 : \" 现在 , 台湾 人民 面临 著 紧急 的 历史 时刻 , 何去何从 ?\r\n\" 的确 , 现在 已 到 了 每一个 台湾 人 命运 攸关 的 紧急 历史 时刻 , 如果 让 \" 台独 \" 势力 上台 , 就 蕴藏 著 \" 台独 \" 分子 把 台湾 带到 战争 之路 的 极大 可能 .\r\n连 台湾 的 妇联 总会 理事长 严倬云 也 在 电视 讲话 中 指出 : \" 若 陈 水扁 上台 , 就 意味 著 把 我们 的 下一代 推向 战争 , 推向 战场 .\r\n我们 当 母亲 的 , 为了 孩子 不必 去 打仗 , 就 应该 不 投 陈水扁 的 票 .\r\n台湾 同胞 , 你们 要 警惕 啊 !\r\n台湾 选举 不论 谁 上台 , 绝对 不能 搞 \" 台独 \" , 任何 形式 的 台湾 独立 都 不 允许 -- 朱 总理 指出 这是 我们 的 底线 , 也是 代表 十二亿五千万 中国 人 的 心声 .\r\n中国 近代 以来 何等 贫穷 积弱 , 在 列强 虎视 鹰 瞵 , 瓜分 豆 剖 下 , 国土 惨遭 沦丧 , 人民 备受 欺凌 .\r\n无数 志士仁人 为 祖国 统一 和 领土 完整 , 民族 尊严 , 中华 振兴 而 前赴后继 , 血 染 疆场 .\r\n今天 , 中国 人民 已经 站起来 了 , 更 不能 允许 自古以来 就 属 於 中国 神圣 领土 的 台湾 从 中国 分裂 出去 !\r\n但 在 当前 的 体制 转轨 时期 , 由于 政府 部门 的 职能 转换 没有 完全 到位 , 农村 基层 干部 和 农民 的 素质 又 有待 提高 , 所以 , 新时期 农村 产生 了 一些 必须 认真 解决 的 人民内部矛盾 .\r\n这些 矛盾 虽 是 各方面 根本 利益 基本 一致 基础 上 的 矛盾 , 但 我们 也 必须 高度 重视 .\r\n长期以来 , 有些 地方 特别是 一些 大城市 的 郊区 形成 了 农村 集体经济 实力 相对 较强 的 优势 , 对 这 一 优势 要 充分 发挥 .\r\n与此同时 , 要 进一步 发挥 农户 的 积极性 , 调动 起 他们 的 投资 热情 , 挖掘 出 他们 的 生产 潜力 .\r\n针对 家庭 经营 还 比较 弱 的 情况 , 今后 在 经济 发展 中 对 家庭 经营 要 大力 扶持 .\r\n目前 多数 地方 单 靠 农民 和 集体经济 的 力量 还 很难 办成 这些 事情 , 各级 政府 应该 予以 必要 的 帮助 .\r\n加强 农村 基层 民主 制度 建设 进一步 增强 基层 干部 的 民主 意识 .\r\n基层 干部 的 民主 意识 强 不 强 , 与 一个 村 的 民主 气氛 如何 , 民主 制度 建设 如何 关系 很大 .\r\n民主 建设 必须 用 制度 作 保证 .\r\n二 是 民主 决策 制度 , 凡 村 内 大事 必须 经 村民 民主 讨论 决定 , 不能 由 少数人 说了算 .\r\n三 是 民主 管理 制度 , 按照 有关 法律 , 法规 和 政策 , 实行 村民 自治 , 由 村民 自己 管理 自己的 事务 .\r\n通过 建立 , 完善 各项 民主 制度 , 逐渐 使 农村 的 民主生活 规范化 .\r\n对 农村 基层 干部 进行 理论 , 政策 , 法规 等 方面 的 培训 .\r\n通过 培训 , 提高 他们 的 思想 觉悟 和 政策 水平 , 使 他们 能够 自觉 地 落实 党 的 政策 和 上级 指示 , 处理好 各类 矛盾 , 搞好 各项 工作 , 当好 村民 的 公仆 和 带头人 .\r\n帮助 他们 提高 科学 文化水平 , 提高 他们 带领 村民 致富 的 本领 .\r\n抓好 对 农民 的 宣传 , 教育 .\r\n一些 农民 把 由于 生产 手段 落后 , 适应 市场 能力 弱 而 产生 的 问题 , 也 推 到 政府 和 集体经济 组织 身上 , 而 不知道 市场经济 条件 下 适者生存 的 道理 .\r\n一些 农民 对 党 和 政府 的 政策 , 措施 提出 片面 要求 , 只 以 对 个人 是否 有利 为 标准 决定 好恶 , 因而 在 一些 方面 产生 盲目 不满 情绪 .\r\n一些 农民 滋生 了 拜金主义 和 极端 个人主义 思想 , 把 自身 利益 强调 到 不 恰当 的 程度 , 而 对 国家 和 集体 利益 关心 不多 .\r\n因此 , 提高 农民 素质 是 一 项 长期 而 紧迫 的 任务 .\r\n一 是 对 广大 农民 进行 思想 教育 , 教育 他们 爱 国家 , 爱 集体 , 正确 认识 和 处理 国家 , 集体 , 个人 之间 的 利益 关系 , 明确 自己的 责任 和 义务 .\r\n三 是 通报 重大 事项 , 凡 重大 事情 都要 尽可能 地 让 广大群众 知道 , 以 得到 群众 的 理解 和 支持 , 调动 群众 参与 的 积极性 .\r\n四 是 帮助 农民 学习 专业 技能 , 增强 市场 竞争 能力 .\r\n吃透 \" 两 \" 是 各级 领导干部 应该 具备 的 基本 领导 素质 和 必须 坚持 的 思想方法 .\r\n切实 为 老百姓 办实事 .\r\n当务之急 是 要 为 农民 发展 生产 提供 有效 服务 , 使 那些 农民 一家 一 户 办起来 有 困难 或 效益 差 的 事情 真正 有人 管 .\r\n政府 部门 要 组织 和 发动 社会 力量 , 把 为 农民 提供 产前 , 产 中 , 产后 服务 尽快 搞起来 , 当前 特别 要 搞好 信息 服务 和 销售 服务 .\r\n农民 有了 发展 生产 的 社会 条件 , 能力 就 会 充分 施展 出来 .\r\n生产 发展 了 , 农民 富裕 了 , 就 不但 能够 改善 农民 自身 的 生活 , 还能 为 国家 和 社会 多 作 贡献 .\r\n切实 帮助 贫困 人口 尽快 摆脱 贫困 .\r\n政府 要 由 扶贫 , 扶 困 转变 到 为 贫困 地区 改善 生产 条件 , 帮助 贫困 地区 农民 开辟 致富 道路 .\r\n对 一时 很难 脱贫 的 特困户 要 在 生活上 提供 具体 帮助 , 使 他们 能够 比较 稳定 地 生活 .\r\n群众 来信 来访 是 反映 群众 情绪 , 表达 群众 意愿 , 反映 群众 要求 的 重要 渠道 , 一定 程度 上 也是 反映 人民内部矛盾 状况 的 晴雨表 .\r\n必须 把 信访 工作 作为 化解 人民内部矛盾 的 重要 手段 , 切切实实 地 做好 .\r\n一 是 认真 实行 领导干部 接待日 制度 .\r\n县 , 乡 领导 尤其是 主要 领导 同志 , 一定 要 安排 固定 时间 接待 群众 来访 .\r\n绝大多数 的 群众 来信 来访 不是 \" 刁 民 告状 \" , 也 不是 无理取闹 , 而是 要 党 和 政府 为 他们 做主 , 帮助 他们 解决 问题 .\r\n今年 \" 两会 \" 伊始 , 台湾 问题 就 成了 代表 , 委员 关注 的 热门 话题 之一 .\r\n代表 , 委员 纷纷 谴责 不顾 国家 和 民族 根本 利益 的 \" 台独 \" 势力 , 而 一贯 以 维护 国家 主权 和 领土 完整 为 己任 的 人大 解放军 团 的 代表 们 更是 群情 激愤 .\r\n3月7日 , 当 记者 一 到 解放军 代表团 驻地 , 就 深深 感受到 了 这 支 人民军队 为 维护 祖国 统一 , 捍卫 国家 主权 和 领土 完整 的 使命感 和 责任感 .\r\n三 是 分裂 势力 在 \" 台独 \" 的 道路 上 一意孤行 .\r\n然而 , 我 想 正告 台湾 当局 的 是 , 后 两 条 路 是 死路 , 行不通 .\r\n\" 我们 不 承诺 放弃 武力 , 但 这 绝 不是 针对 台湾 同胞 的 . \"\r\n可以说 , 李贤玉 的话 真实 地 代表 了 全军 广大 官兵 的 心声 .\r\n在 解放军 代表团 采访 , 记者 时时 被 一种 崇高 的 献身 精神 所 感动 , \" 首战 用 我 , 全程 用 我 , 用 我 必胜 . \"\r\n这 说明 , 海军 官兵 是 英勇 顽强 , 不怕 牺牲 的 , 是 一 支 特别 能 战斗 的 部队 .\r\n\" 部队 到达 集结 地 , 不 征用 民房 , 就地 宿营 , 有一个 团 的 宿营地 就是 一片 刚 收割 完 的 稻田 .\r\n所以 , 请 党 和 全国 人民 放心 , 对 ' 台独 ' 和 分裂 势力 , 我们 决不会 坐视 不管 .\r\n我们 密切 注视 着 台湾 当局 的 动向 , 全体 官兵 严阵以待 , 严守 岗位 , 随时 听从 祖国 的 召唤 .\r\n有 多年来 国家 建设 的 综合 实力 作 后盾 , 我们 一定 能 打赢 ! \"\r\n\" 香港 , 澳门 回归 了 , 但 大陆 与 台湾 没 统一 , 中国 就 不是 真正 的 大团圆 .\r\n我们 希望 台湾 当局 以 国家 民族利益 为重 , 如果 他们 一定 要 逆 历史潮流 而 动 , 我们 解放军 是 决不能 容忍 的 .\r\n一定 要 在 全体 公民 心中 树立 \" 忘 战必危 \" 的 国防 观念 中国 人民 一向 是 热爱 和平 的 , 关于 台湾 问题 , 我国 政府 也 一再 以 极大 的 诚意 和 最大 的 努力 来 争取 和平 解决 .\r\n郑金雷 代表 以 同龄人 的 身份 , 呼吁 广大 青年 以 实际 行动 , 关注 祖国 前途 命运 , 为 实现 祖国 统一 大业 多 尽 一 分力 .\r\n他 说 , 这是 目前 面临 的 尖锐 问题 .\r\n我们 理解 目前 有 相当 部分 的 台湾 同胞 对 两岸 统一 还有 疑虑 , 也 认为 实现 统一 需要 时间 .\r\n但是 , 国家主席 江泽民 和 国务院 总理 朱鎔基 也 都 清楚地 指出 , 如果 出现 \" 台独 \" 后果 , 如果 和平 统一 前景 被 破坏 , 变得 不可能 , 那麽 , 中国 人民 将 用 鲜血 和 生命 来 捍卫 国家 的 主权 和 领土 完整 .\r\n唐树备 说 , 我们 坚持 一个 中国 的 原则 , 坚持 \" 和平 统一 , 一国两制 \" 的 方针 政策 , 将 尽 最大 的 努力 争取 实现 祖国 和平 统一 .\r\n这一点 没有 变 , 《 一个 中国 的 原则 与 台湾 问题 》 白皮书 中 说 得 很 清楚 .\r\n近 十 多年 来 , 两岸 经贸 交流 日益 增加 , 两岸 同胞 往来 密切 , 对 两岸 双方 都 有利 .\r\n但 目前 这种 对 两岸 同胞 都 有利 的 形势 正在 受到 严重 损害 .\r\n我们 对 会议 的 圆满 成功 硎 救 攘 易贺 .\r\n出席 \" 两会 \" 的 军队 代表 和 委员 就 国家 和 军队 的 建设 , 改革 和 发展 畅所欲言 , 献计献策 , 提出 了 许多 好的 建议 和 意见 .\r\n人民 武装力量 全体 官兵 要 结合 \" 两会 \" 精神 的 传达 学习 , 认真 领会 精神 , 坚决 贯彻 落实 .\r\n建设 一个 先进 的 马克思主义 政党 , 是 我们 履行 跨世纪 历史 使命 的 根本 保证 .\r\n培养 重 实际 , 说 实话 , 务实 事 , 求实效 的 工作 作风 , 是 保证 我们 履行 跨世纪 历史 使命 的 重要 条件 .\r\n实干 兴邦 , 空谈 误国 .\r\n站在 党性 的 高度 看 工作 作风 , 它 体现 的 是 对 建设 有 中国 特色 社会主义 伟大 事业 的 精神 状态 .\r\n她 还 表示 , 加入 WTO 对于 我国 高新技术 发展 来说 机遇 大于 挑战 , 科技 部 将 继续 为 高新技术 产业 发展 创造 更好 的 环境 .\r\n科技 部 副部长 徐冠华 , 陕西省 省长 程安东 , 上海市 常务 副市长 陈良宇 , 北京市 常务 副市长 孟学农 , 深圳市 市长 李子彬 也 出席 了 记者招待会 并 回答 了 记者 的 提问 .\r\n朱丽兰 首先 回顾 了 国家 高新技术产业开发区 的 经济 发展 态势 .\r\n她 说 , 1999年 53 国家 高 新区 实现 技工贸 收入 6560亿 元 , 实现 总产值 5660亿 元 , 较 上 一 年 增长 分别 增长 35.7% 和 30.6% .\r\n实现 利润 356亿 元 , 出口 创汇 首次 突破 百亿 美元 大关 , 达 106亿 美元 .\r\n她 认为 , 这 表明 相当 一批 高新技术 企业 利用 高 新区 提供 的 良好 环境 实现 了 高速 成长 .\r\n在 回答 记者 提出 的 加入 WTO 后 我国 高新技术 发展 面临 的 形势 时 , 朱丽兰 指出 , 加入 WTO 对于 我国 高新技术 发展 来说 机遇 大于 挑战 .\r\nWTO 将 给 高新技术 发展 带来 一个 更为 开放 的 环境 , 在 更多 的 国际 合作 中 促进 技术 创新 的 同时 , 也 将 促进 高新技术 发展 在 体制 上 的 创新 .\r\n94 中外 新闻 单位 的 记者 参加 了 记者招待会 .\r\n中国 禁止 报刊 摘 转 国际互联网 上 未经 核实 的 新闻 新华社 北京 三月十六日 电 ( 记者 俞铮 ) 新闻 出版 署 刚刚 下发 的 一个 通知 规定 , 任何 报刊 不得 任意 摘 转 国际互联网 上 未经 核实 的 新闻 和 信息 .\r\n它 同时 要求 报刊 在 摘 转 稿件 时 , 应该 把 社会 效益 放在 首位 , 不得 摘 转 格调 低俗 , 色情 淫秽 , 凶杀 暴力 , 封建 愚昧 等 有害 青少年 身心健康 的 内容 .\r\n新闻 出版 署 要求 各地 新闻 行政管理 部门 切实 加强 监督 管理 , 对 违反 规定 的 报刊 予以 严肃 处理 .\r\n目前 , 我国 已 初步 建立起 包括 金融 法律 , 金融 行政 法规 和 金融 行政 规章 在内 的 金融 法律 体系 , 并 在 有效 制定 , 执行 货币 政策 和 加强 金融 监管 中 发挥 了 重要 作用 .\r\n要 做到 对 每 类 金融 机构 都 有 相应的 管理 制度 ; 对 每 一种 金融 业务 要 有 相应的 管理 办法 .\r\n该 负责人 强调 , 在 加强 立法 的 同时 , 要 全面 推行 依法 行政 .\r\n对 金融 机构 违法 违规 行为 , 一经 发现 , 立即 严肃 处理 , 决不 姑息 .\r\n中央 社会 治安 综合 治理 委员会 副主任 , 最高 人民检察院 检察长 韩杼滨 出席 座谈会 并 讲话 .\r\n《 一个 中国 的 原则 与 台湾 问题 》 白皮书 再次 阐明 了 中国 政府 解决 台湾 问题 的 一贯 政策 和 主张 .\r\n朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 总理 在 记者招待会 上 有关 台湾 问题 的 讲话 代表 了 12.5亿 中国 人民 的 共同 意志 .\r\n民盟 中央 主席 丁石孙 表示 , 一个 中国 的 原则 不是 我们 强加 给 台湾 的 , 而是 一个 铁 的 事实 .\r\n我们 不 放弃 使用 武力 正是 为了 促进 祖国 和平 统一 , 不是 针对 台湾 同胞 , 而是 针对 外国 势力 的 干涉 和 台湾 的 分裂 势力 .\r\n民进 中央 主席 许嘉璐 认为 , 台湾 到 了 一个 和平 统一 还是 分裂 战争 的 十字路口 , 何去何从 , 需要 台湾 人民 做出 明智 的 选择 .\r\n致公 党中央 主席 罗豪才 指出 , 朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 总理 讲话 的 精神 和 中国 政府 长期以来 对 台 政策 是 一致 的 , 相 连贯 的 .\r\n《 一个 中国 的 原则 与 台湾 问题 》 白皮书 中 的 三 \" 如果 \" 是 和平 统一 的 重要 保证 , 假如 没有 这 三 \" 如果 \" , 台湾 很可能 早就 被 分离 出去 了 .\r\n如果 出现 那种 情况 , 将 是 灾难性 的 结果 .\r\n台湾 人民 一定 要 冷静 理智 , 用 自己的 力量 阻止 \" 台独 \" 分子 上台 .\r\n九三 学社 中央 主席 吴阶平 说 , 朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 总理 的 讲话 是 对 台湾 问题 的 又 一次 重要 宣示 .\r\n但 中国 人民 在 维护 国家 主权 和 领土 完整 上 有 坚定 的 决心 .\r\n国家 实力 的 不断 增强 , 也 使 我们 有能力 维护 主权 和 领土 的 完整 .\r\n台湾 的 命运 掌握 在 台湾 人民 手中 , 取决于 人民 的 意志 , 而不是 掌握 在 少数 政客 手中 , 台湾 同胞 应该 发出 自己的 呼声 .\r\n全国 工商联 名誉 主席 王光英 说 , 我们 在 一个 中国 原则上 的 立场 是 决不 含糊 的 .\r\n希望 两岸 工商界 共同 努力 , 为 加强 两岸 经贸 交流 与 合作 , 为 完成 祖国 的 统一 大业 做出 贡献 .\r\n总参谋部 召开 的 部 局 领导干部 会议 , 由 中央军委 委员 , 总参谋长 傅全有 主持 , 中央军委 委员 , 常务 副 总参谋长 郭伯雄 出席 会议 .\r\n各级党委 , 领导 要 根据 大会 的 要求 和 中央军委 的 统一 部署 , 以 高度 的 政治 责任感 抓好 大会 精神 的 传达 贯彻 .\r\n中央军委 委员 , 总政治部 主任 于永波 主持 会议 并 讲话 , 中央军委 委员 , 总政治部 常务 副主任 徐才厚 出席 会议 .\r\n于永波 指出 , 这次 大会 是 在 世纪 交替 之 年 召开 的 举世瞩目 , 影响 深远 的 重要 会议 .\r\n总政 机关 一定 要 传达 好 , 学习 好 , 贯彻 好 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月16日 电 解放军 总政治部 今天 发出 通知 , 要求 全军 和 武警 部队 认真 传达 学习 九届 全国 人大 三 会议 精神 .\r\n通知 指出 , 九 全国 人大 三 会议 是 在 世纪 交替 之际 召开 的 一次 重要 会议 .\r\n江泽民 主席 在 解放军 代表团 全体 会议 上 的 重要 讲话 , 从 实现 我国 现代化 建设 宏伟 目标 战略 全局 的 高度 , 阐述 了 新时期 我军 肩负 的 重大 历史 使命 , 对 全面 推进 军队 建设 与 改革 提出 了 新 的 要求 .\r\n会议 审议 批准 了 政府 工作 报告 和 其他 报告 , 确定 了 今年 国家 经济 建设 和 社会 发展 的 方针 任务 , 通过 了 《 中华人民共和国 立法 法 》 .\r\n要 围绕 \" 三 始终 代表 \" , 进一步 加强 党 的 建设 .\r\n要 牢固 树立 战备 观念 , 广泛 深入 开展 科技 练兵 , 加紧 做好 军事 斗争 准备 , 随时 准备 履行 维护 祖国 统一 的 神圣 使命 .\r\n3月9日 , 美国 国会 参议院 通过 了 所谓 \" 西藏 国庆日 \" 决议案 , 鼓吹 将 2000年3月10日 确 认为 \" 藏 人 国庆日 \" .\r\n某些 居心 险恶 的 美国 政客 竭力 推动 通过 \" 西藏 国庆日 \" 决议案 , 其 实质 就是 鼓吹 \" 西藏 独立 \" , 以 达到 分裂 中国 , 破坏 中国 政治 稳定 , 遏制 中国 的 目的 .\r\n世界上 从未 有一个 国家 承认 西藏 是 \" 独立 国家 \" .\r\n所谓 \" 西藏 问题 \" 其实 是 达赖 集团 妄图 分裂 祖国 , 谋求 西藏 \" 独立 \" 而 制造 出来 的 幌子 .\r\n在 美国 参院 的 决议案 中 , 反华 政客 肆意 歪曲 西藏 的 历史 事实 , 恶意 攻击 和 污蔑 中国 政府 .\r\n事实上 , 中国 政府 为 发展 西藏 作出 的 巨大 努力 有目共睹 .\r\n西藏 和平 解放前 , 95% 的 藏族 人民 世代 为 奴 , 现在 他们 是 国家 的 主人 ; 1949年 , 西藏 人 的 平均 预期 寿命 是 36 岁 , 现在 已 延长 到 65 岁 .\r\n美国 某些 人 不是 看不见 这一切 , 而是 拒绝 承认 这一切 .\r\n美国 政府 长期以来 一直 承认 西藏 是 中国 的 一部分 , 承诺 不支持 \" 西藏 独立 \" , 现在 美 参议院 弄出 个 什 幺 \" 西藏 国庆日 \" , 岂不是 自打 嘴巴 ?\r\n西藏 事务 纯属 中国 内政 , 任何 外国 无权 干涉 , 美国 参议院 凭 什 幺 对 中国 的 事 说三道四 !\r\n有 任何 一点 合法性 吗 ?\r\n若是 别的 国家 定下 某 日 为 美国 某某 州 \" 独立 日 \" , 美国 参议员 们 又 将 作 何 感想 ?\r\n美国 一些 人 口口声声 \" 维护 西藏 人权 \" , 现在 肆意 和 非法 地 干涉 中国 内部 事务 , 难道 不是 对 包括 西藏 人民 在内 的 全体 中国 人民 人权 的 侵犯 吗 ?\r\n实际上 , 关心 一下 美国 少数 族 裔 的 基本 人权 , 才是 美国 参议院 正经 该 做 的 事 .\r\n可见 , 应该 对 毁灭 美洲 土著 文化 作出 历史 交代 , 应该 反省 , 检讨 少数民族 政策 的 正是 美国 自己 !\r\n他 说 , 首先 要 保证 一个 能够 不 出现 \" 台湾 独立 \" 的 前景 , 然后 双方 能够 坐下来 谈 .\r\n唐树备 是 在此间 的 记者 会上 作 上述 表示 的 .\r\n他 是 针对 一些 八十年 代 曾 作客 中国 驻 美国 三藩市 总 领事馆 的 人 说 这些 话 的 .\r\n他们 一直 在 讨论 到底 是 \" 统 \" , \" 独 \" , 还是 维持 现状 对 自己 最 有利 .\r\n\" 统 \" 还是 \" 独 \" , 台湾 并不 认为 是 最 终极 的 目的 , 最终 极 的 目的 是 自己的 福利 .\r\n我们 能不能 考虑 一下 俄罗斯 与 车臣 的 问题 , 英国 与 北爱尔兰 的 问题 , 它们 尽管 统一 了 , 这个 问题 还是 困扰 他们 .\r\n这 到底 对 他们 有利 , 还是 有害 , 我 想 这个 问题 中国 大陆 可以 考虑 一下 .\r\n我 想 昨天 朱鎔基 总理 的 讲话 , 前 几 天 江 总书记 在 台联 会上 的 讲话 , 都 已经 非常 明确 地 表达 了 这样 一种 意见 .\r\n我们 总理 讲 得 很 清楚 , 如果 出现 \" 台湾 独立 \" 的 后果 , 中国 人民 将 用 鲜血 和 生命 来 捍卫 祖国 的 领土 与 主权 完整 .\r\n但是 , 假如 出现 \" 台湾 独立 \" 的话 , 那就 谈不上 和平 统一 的 问题 .\r\n所以 , 首先 要 保证 一个 能够 不 出现 \" 台湾 独立 \" 的 前景 , 然后 , 双方 能够 坐下来 谈 .\r\n在 一个 中国 的 原则 下 找到 双方 能够 解决 问题 的 办法 .\r\n大陆 官方 一再 强调 , 一个 中国 原则 是 两岸 发展 关系 的 一个 前提 与 基础 .\r\n我们 现在 关注 的 是 这 麽 一个 问题 .\r\n这 十 年 中间 , 我 亲眼 看到 两岸 经贸 交往 的 增加 , 亲眼 看到 两岸 同胞 往来 的 密切 .\r\n如果 , 当 出现 了 \" 海峡 两岸 一边 一 国 , 台湾 不是 中国 的 一部分 \" 这 麽 一种 主张 成为 一种 政策 和 行动 的 情况 , 我 就 非常 担心 , 这 一 时期 以来 形成 的 对 两岸 同胞 非常 有利 的 关系 就 可能 受到 严重 的 危害 .\r\n我们 就 不能 再 想象 那个 时候 , 台湾 还可以 每年 从 大陆 得到 一百五十亿 美元 的 顺差 , 我们 也 不可能 想象 两岸 同胞 可以 通婚 , 念书 , 来来往往 , 这些 都 将 受到 影响 .\r\n朱鎔基 总理 昨天 说 得 很 清楚 , \" 在 一个 中国 原则 下 , 什 麽 都 可以 谈 .\r\n但是 , 假如 说 出现 了 \" 台湾 独立 \" 的 情况 , 那麽 一切 就 都 成了 隔日 黄花 了 .\r\n台湾 中国 广播 公司 记者 : 台湾 大选 , 不管是 哪个 新任 领导人 被 选出来 , 只要 他 回到 一九九二年 的 \" 一个 中国 , 各自 表述 \" 的 共识 上来 , 台湾 领导人 是不是 就 可以 在 \" 五二零 \" 或 之后 访问 中国 大陆 ?\r\n两岸 是不是 就 可以 进行 政治 谈判 ?\r\n汪会长 是不是 就 可以 回访 台湾 ?\r\n唐树备 : 我 想 现在 台湾 领导人 的 竞选 主张 各种各样 , 很难 预测 台湾 选举 以后 我们 大陆 对 台湾 的 具体 做法 .\r\n对 於 坚持 \" 两国 论 \" , 坚持 海峡 两岸 是 \" 两 国家 \" 的 这样 一种 人 , 在 这 麽 一种 情况 下 , 我 想 任何 人 都 不应 帮 他 的 忙 . 尽管 在 八十年 代 我 和 这样 一些 先生 就是 朋友 .\r\n[ Image ] 在 台湾 十八日 选举 前夕 , 有人 玩弄 权术 , 波谲云诡 , 使 选 情 急转直下 , 确有 人 想 制造 混乱 , 乱 中 把 \" 台独 \" 分子 推 上台 .\r\n我们 在 关注 的 是 这个 问题 .\r\n选择 \" 台独 \" , 鼓吹 \" 台湾 不是 中国 一部分 \" , 宣扬 \" 两岸 是 两 华人 国家 \" , 那麽 , 这就 谈不上 和平 统一 的 问题 .\r\n北京 之所以 同 台湾 展开 \" 两会 \" 对话 , 今后 还要 举行 政治 谈判 , 是 基 於 \" 一个 中国 \" 的 前提 , 中国 人 之间 什 麽 都 可以 谈 , 可以 让步 , 可以 讨论 各种 宽松 的 方案 .\r\n从 五十年 代 至 九十年 代初 , 两岸 都 承认 \" 只有 一个 中国 , 台湾 是 中国 一部分 \" , 这是 两岸 的 共识 .\r\n有一些 人 , 同 李登辉 关系 很 密切 , 在 李登辉 的 权力 架构 当官 , 当 座 上宾 , 何以 突然 之间 成为 了 \" 台独 \" 分子 的 选举 班子 支柱 ?\r\n何以 有人 制造 丑闻 抹黑 手段 , 既 丑化 宋楚瑜 , 又 搞 臭 国民党 , 这 不是 想 把 票 推 给 陈 水扁麽 ?\r\n所以 , 李登辉 是 权术 野心家 , 他 的 心向 著 \" 台独 \" , 他 并不 计较 国民党 能否 执政 .\r\n当前 , 选举 结果 难以 逆料 .\r\n王永庆 提出 的 和平 , 安定 , 大家 发财 的 三点 愿望 , 应是 台胞 的 真正 利益 所在 .\r\n有些 \" 台独 \" 分子 迷信 外国 的 导弹 , 飞机 , 大炮 , 以为 有 外国 卖 武器 撑腰 , 便 可以 壮胆 .\r\n文件 要求 , 报刊 摘 转 稿件 \" 必须 牢牢 把握 政治 舆论 导向 , 不得 摘 转 有 悖 於 党 和 国家 方针 政策 的 稿件 \" .\r\n也 有一些 聪明 的 报刊 传媒 , 专 从 互联网 上 摘 用 \" 有 可读性 但 不 涉 政治 等 敏感 问题 \" 的 内容 , 例如 国产 航空母舰 先进 飞机 名人 轶 闻 等 , 以 招徕 读者 , 当局 不快 但 欲 说 不能 , 唯有 下文 重申 强调 \" 宣传 纪律 \" .\r\n明报 网站 版权 所有 不得 转载 Copyright ( C ) 1999Mingpao.com Allrights reserved.\r\n节水 灌溉 和 旱 作 农业 加快 发展 , 优良 品种 和 先进 适用 技术 推广 面积 不断 扩大 .\r\n工业 内部 结构 调整 取得 明显 进展 , 电子 信息 等 高技术 产业 发展 加快 .\r\n全年 工业 企业 经济效益 综合 指数 993 , 提高 8.4个百分点 .\r\n第三产业 增加值 增长 75% .\r\n旅游 , 信息 , 咨询 服务业 发展 加快 . 投资 结构 继续 改善 , 工程 质量 得到 提高 .\r\n全社会 固定资产 投资 完成 29876亿 元 , 比 上年 增长 52% .\r\n实施 积极 的 财政 政策 , 增发 国债 , 扩大 投资 , 对 促进 经济 发展 发挥 了 重要 作用 .\r\n60% 以上 的 国债 投资 用于 中西部 地区 .\r\n各地 普遍 建立 了 层层 负责 的 工程 质量 责任制 .\r\n通过 强化 税收 征管 , 加大 清理 欠税 力度 , 严厉 打击 走私 活动 , 有效地 促进 了 财政收入 的 较快 增长 .\r\n全国 财政收入 ( 不 含 债务 收入 ) 完成 11377亿 元 , 比 上年 增长 152% .\r\n全国 财政 收支相抵 , 支出 大于 收入 1759亿 元 , 其中 中央 财政 赤字 1797亿 元 , 地方 财政 结余 38亿 元 .\r\n1999年 末 , 广义 货币 供应量 ( M2 ) , 狭义 货币 供应量 ( M1 ) , 市场 现金 流通量 ( M0 ) 分别 增长 147% , 177% , 201% .\r\n深化 金融 改革 , 加强 金融 监管 , 对 防范 和 化解 金融 风险 发挥 了 重要 作用 .\r\n企业 兼并 破产 和 行业 重组 力度 加大 .\r\n在 军工 , 有色金属 , 电信 等 行业 , 组建 了 一批 新 的 大型 企业集团 .\r\n国有 企业 脱困 工作 取得 成效 , 国有 及 国有 控股 亏损 企业 亏损额 比 上年 下降 159% .\r\n纺织 , 建材 , 有色金属 , 铁道 等 行业 实现 了 扭亏为盈 .\r\n490 多 万 国有 企业 下岗 职工 实现 了 再就业 , 未 实现 再就业 的 下岗 职工 有 93% 进入 再就业 服务 中心 , 其中 97% 领到 了 基本 生活费 .\r\n基本 实现 了 企业 离退休 人员 养老金 按时 足额 发放 .\r\n城镇 职工 医疗 保险 制度 改革 继续 展开 . 进一步 理顺 价格 关系 .\r\n调整 铁路 货运 , 医疗 服务 价格 和 邮电 资费 标准 , 提高 公有 住房 租金 和 高等教育 , 城市 供水 , 环保 收费 标准 , 促进 了 基础 产业 和 社会 公共 事业 的 发展 .\r\n降低 高 耗电 企业 电费 负担 和 农村 电价 水平 .\r\n整顿 外贸 进出口 环节 收费 , 适当 降低 部分 偏高 的 收费 标准 , 减轻 了 出口 企业 负担 . 粮棉 流通 体制改革 继续 推进 .\r\n棉花 流通 体制改革 进展 顺利 . 外贸 进出口 增长 较快 , 利用 外资 质量 继续 提高 .\r\n坚持 实施 以 质 取胜 和 市场 多元化 战略 , 运用 增加 出口 信贷 , 提高 出口 商品 综合 退税 率 和 扩大 生产 企业 自营 出口 权 等 多种 政策 手段 , 努力 扩大 出口 , 下半年 外贸 出口 转 降 为 升 , 增长速度 加快 .\r\n全年 进出口 总额 3607亿 美元 , 比 上年 增长 113% .\r\n10 国家 局 所属 242 科研 机构 经过 改制 后 , 有 80% 进入 企业 .\r\n加大 了 对 基础 研究 , 行业 共性 技术 , 关键 技术 和 高技术 研究 项目 的 支持 力度 .\r\n国家 重点 基础 研究 发展 规划 项目 和 科技 型 中小企业 技术 创新 基金 顺利 启动 .\r\n普通 高校 招生 160万 人 , 比 上年 增长 47.4% .\r\n积极 支持 贫困 地区 改善 基础教育 办学 条件 .\r\n通过 基本 普及 九 年 义务教育 和 基本 扫除 青壮年 文盲 验收 的 人口 地区 覆盖率 达 80% .\r\n高等院校 的 学科 建设 得到 加强 .\r\n人口 自然 增长率 8.77 ‰ .\r\n\" 村 村 通 \" 广播 电视 工程 全面 启动 , 使 近 4000万 农民 结束 了 听不到 广播 , 看不到 电视 的 历史 .\r\n全年 社会 消费品 零售 总额 31135亿 元 , 比 上年 增长 6.8% , 加上 物价 下降 因素 , 实际 增长 10.1% .\r\n从 去年 7月1日 起 , 提高 了 城镇 低收入 居民 和 公职 人员 的 收入 .\r\n城镇 登记 失业率 3.1% .\r\n扶贫 工作 取得 新 进展 , 又 解决 800万 左右 贫困 人口 的 温饱 问题 .\r\n这些 巨大 成绩 , 为 庆祝 新 中国 成立 50 周年 和 迎接 澳门 回归祖国 创造 了 良好 环境 , 增强 了 国内外 对 我国 经济 发展 的 信心 .\r\n一 是 有效 需求 不足 .\r\n二 是 就业 压力 加大 .\r\n乡镇企业 从业人员 减少 .\r\n大量 农村 剩余劳动力 需要 转移 .\r\n三 是 农民 收入 增长 减缓 .\r\n做好 今年 的 经济 工作 , 对于 全面 实现 现代化 建设 第二 战略 目标 , 并 向 第三 战略 目标 迈进 , 具有 重大 意义 .\r\n进一步 稳定 农业 的 基础 地位 , 着力 调整 农业 和 农村 经济 结构 , 千方百计 增加 农民 收入 .\r\n把 国有 企业 改革 作为 中心 环节 , 积极 促进 扭亏增盈 和 建立 现代 企业 制度 .\r\n正确 处理 改革 , 发展 , 稳定 的 关系 , 保证 国民经济 持续 快速 健康 发展 , 促进 社会 全面 进步 , 以 优异 成绩 迎接 新世纪 .\r\n要 选 准 项目 , 用好 资金 , 加强 稽 察 和 审计 , 强化 工程 质量管理 , 杜绝 劣质 工程 .\r\n加快 长江 , 黄河 等 大江 大河 堤防 工程 建设 , 搞好 江河 湖 清淤 疏浚 , 移民 建 镇 和 重点 病 险 水库 除 险 加固 , 加强 主要 江河 控制 性 水利枢纽 工程 建设 .\r\n大力 推广 农业 资源 综合利用 , 集约化 种养 , 生物 灾害 预报 控制 和 农产品 深加工 的 关键 技术 , 切实 抓好 种子 和 畜禽 , 水产品 良种 工程 .\r\n积极 组织 推广 清洁 生产 . 2000年 , 工业 废水 排放 达标 率 , 工业 烟尘 排放 达标 率 和 工业 固体 废物 综合利用 率 分别 达到 754% , 75.9% 和 46.2% .\r\n切实 加强 管理 和 法制 建设 , 规范 和 健全 社会主义 市场经济 秩序 .\r\n\" 本报 记者 彭凯雷 , 实习 记者 李雪颖 北京 十六日 电 \" 北京 数位 知名 台湾 问题 专家 今天 在此间 发出 警告 , 如果 主张 台独 的 候选人 在 此次 台湾 当局 新 领导人 选举 中 上台 , 其 结果 将 是 爆炸性 的 .\r\n因此 , 解决 台湾 问题 的 时间表 就 会 比较 短 , 甚至 很 短 , 海峡 两岸 的 局势 可能 会 因此 在 二十四 小时 内 发生 变化 .\r\n台湾 问题 专家 进一步 表示 , 事实上 大陆 不可能 和 一个 高喊 \" 台独 万岁 \" 的 人 打交道 .\r\n首先 是 对 全体 中国 人民 利益 的 挑战 , 另外 是 对 亚太地区 安全 的 挑战 , 也是 对 世界 和平 的 挑战 .\r\n李家泉 教授 表示 , 要不要 有一个 时间表 , 《 一个 中国 原则 与 台湾 问题 》 白皮书 已经 作出 明确 回答 .\r\n解决 台湾 问题 应该 有 时间表 , \" 台湾 问题 不能 无限期 拖 下去 \" 实质上 就是 指 时间表 , 白皮书 上 讲 的 是 \" 没有 讲 时间表 的 时间表 \" .\r\n从 台湾 近 十 年 来 的 发展 历程 , 先是 搞 \" 一国两府 \" , 后来 是 \" 分立 , 分 治 \" , \" 独立 政治 实体 \" , 接 著 又是 \" 两国 论 \" , 到 最近 的 台湾 大选 形势 来讲 , 主张 台独 的 候选人 有可能 上台 .\r\n徐博东 教授 进一步 指出 , 解决 台湾 问题 的 时间表 既 掌握 在 大陆 的 手里 , 更 掌握 在 台湾 当局 的 手里 .\r\n如果 选出 一个 能够 回到 一个 中国 原则 的 新 的 台湾 领导人 , 就 有可能 还 走 \" 和平 统一 \" 的 路线 , 这个 时间 可能 会长 一点 .\r\n只要 是 在 一个 中国 的 原则 下 , 两岸 的 交往 , 以至 两岸 高层 的 交往 都是 一个 非常 现实 的 可能 .\r\n中国人民 大学 教授 黄嘉树 表示 , 我们 当然 期待 著 出现 一 位 能够 回到 一个 中国 原则 上来 的 新 的 领导人 .\r\n当然 , 有可能 会 有 坚持 \" 两国 论 \" 的 人物 , 甚至 比 \" 两国 论 \" 还要 向 \" 台独 \" 倾斜 的 人物 出现 .\r\n那样 只能 引起 两岸 关系 的 进一步 紧张 .\r\n朱 总理 讲 得 很 对 , 台湾 同胞 在 这样 一个 时刻 , 会 动 他 的 脑筋 , 而不是 靠 他 的 感情 来 决定 他 的 选票 的 投向 .\r\n当然 还有 台湾 民众 的 要求 \" 出 头天 \" 的 意识 , 这是 特殊 历史 造成 的 .\r\n如果 有人 通过 一种 政治 的 谋略 和 政治 的 手腕 将 台湾 人民 的 意愿 导向 一种 单一 的 民 粹 主义 的 极端 的 \" 台独 \" 的 道路 上 , 我 想 那种 民意 不是 台湾 人民 真正 的 意愿 .\r\n而且 我们 也 看到 台湾 岛 内 目前 民意调查 的 显示 以及 不同 的 政治 观点 已经 反映 出来 , 台湾 的 民意 是 多样 的 , 而且 主流 民意 还是 谋求 一种 安定 , 发展 , 改革 和 缓和 的 两岸 关系 .\r\n这 本身 和 两岸 中国 人民 的 利益 是 背道而驰 的 .\r\n一旦 两岸 出现 战争 状态 , 所谓 的 \" 反 黑金 \" , 改良 吏治 , 台湾 未来 的 政治 发展 , 全都 不会 有了 .\r\n作为 这样 一个 重大 的 事件 , 中国 的 政府 当然 要 表明 自己 坚定 的 态度 .\r\n那就是 说 , 要 讲清楚 , 不管 谁 上台 , 要 搞 \" 台独 \" , 也 不管 他 搞 什 麽 形式 的 \" 台独 \" , 那 都是 不行 的 .\r\n中国 政府 的 这个 立场 和 态度 是 一贯 的 , 而且 是 非常 坚定 的 .\r\n不是 说 , 现在 要 搞 选举 了 就 出来 表 表态 .\r\n台湾 问题 是 中国 的 内政 问题 , 但是 台湾 问题 的 出现 从 一 开始 就 和美 国有 密不可分 的 关系 .\r\n但是 , 台湾 岛 内 的 分裂 势力 也 应该 清醒 地 看到 , 美国 支持 台湾 是 出 於 美国 的 利益 的 考量 .\r\n江泽民 说 , 诗琳通 公主 是 中国 人民 熟悉 的 老朋友 , 多次 访华 , 就 像 走亲戚 一样 .\r\n江泽民 愉快地 回忆 起 去年 九月 应邀 对 泰国 进行 的 国事访问 .\r\n他 说 , 中 泰 关系 源远流长 , 两国 人民 有着 亲戚 般 的 传统 友谊 .\r\n特别是 建交 以来 , 两国 领导人 经常 互访 和 接触 , 各界 人民 频繁 交往 , 建立 了 良好 的 信任 和 友谊 .\r\n目前 , 双方 正在 为 发展 新世纪 的 全方位 的 睦邻 友好 合作 关系 而 共同 努力 .\r\n诗琳通 说 , 她 热爱 中国 文化 , 长期 学习 中文 , 希望 更多 地 了解 中国 , 为 促进 泰 中 友好 做 更多 的 贡献 .\r\n全军 和 武警 部队 官兵 以 雷锋 和 李向群 为 榜样 , 积极 弘扬 社会主义 新 道德 , 新风尚 .\r\n去年 以来 , 全军 和 武警 部队 青年 官兵 为 \" 保护 母亲 河 行动 \" 交纳 \" 特殊 团费 \" 800多万 元 .\r\n( 香港 中国 通讯社 北京 三月十七日 电 ) 目前 中国 海军 正在 加快 提高 现代化 作战 能力 , 海军 装备 续 列 中 的 主战 舰艇 已 全部 实现 了 国产化 和 导弹 化 .\r\n《 人民 日报 》 社 副社长 朱新民 等 参加 了 会见 .\r\n里斯 - 莫格 勋爵 是 应 人民 日报 社 邀请来 华 进行 访问 的 .\r\n这是 毛主席 , 小 平 同志 一贯 强调 的 , 也是 我们 党 在 领导 人民 进行 革命 , 建设 , 改革 的 长期 实践 中 得出 的 一 条 基本 经验 .\r\n这 一 极其 重要 的 指导思想 , 不仅 对 全面 加强 党 的 建设 , 加强 和 改善 党 的 领导 具有 重大 的 现实意义 , 而且 必将 产生 更加 广泛 而 深远 的 历史 影响 .\r\n这 \" 三 代表 \" 是 密切相关 , 辩证 统一 的 整体 , 它们 十分 鲜明 地 反映 了 我们 党 的 性质 , 任务 和 宗旨 , 充分 体现 了 我们 党 所 领导 的 建设 有 中国 特色 社会主义 伟大 事业 的 本质 要求 .\r\n它 丰富 了 马列主义 , 毛泽东思想 和 邓小平 理论 的 宝库 , 将 在 我们 党 的 建党 理论 和 实践 中 留下 光辉 的 篇章 .\r\n( 《 毛泽东 选集 》 第2 第3 第1079 ) 在 中国 , 工人阶级 是 先进 社会 生产力 的 代表 , 也是 解放 和 发展 生产力 的 主力军 .\r\n新民主主义革命 时期 , 我们 党 带领 人民 浴血奋战 , 夺取 政权 , 是 为了 打破 旧 的 生产关系 对 生产力 的 束缚 而 解放 生产力 .\r\n新 中国 成立 后 , 党 领导 人民 进行 社会主义革命 和 建设 , 也是 为了 解放 和 发展 生产力 , 以 不断 增强 国家 的 经济 实力 和 满足 人民 的 物质 文化 需要 , 努力 实现 人民 的 根本 利益 .\r\n一定 的 文化 是 一定 社会 的 经济 和 政治 在 观念形态 上 的 反映 .\r\n先进 生产力 决定 和 影响 着 先进 文化 , 先进 文化 又是 科学 向上 , 代表 未来 发展 方向 , 推动 社会 前进 的 , 因而 也 为 促进 社会 生产力 发展 服务 .\r\n党 除了 工人阶级 和 广大 人民群众 的 利益 , 没有 自己 特殊 的 利益 .\r\n我们 的 改革 和 建设 是否 取得 成功 , 工作 成效 如何 , 都 必须 以 人民 拥护 不 拥护 , 赞成 不 赞成 , 高兴 不 高兴 , 答应 不 答应 , 作为 最终 检验 标准 .\r\n因此 , 我们 说 \" 三 代表 \" 是 我们 党 的 先进性 , 革命性 和 社会主义 的 本质 要求 的 集中 体现 , 是 我们 党 的 立党 之本 , 力量 之 源 , 生命 之 基 .\r\n面对 复杂 激烈 的 国际 竞争 , 在 改革开放 和 发展 社会主义 市场经济 的 历史 条件 下 , 我们 要 抓住 机遇 , 迎接 挑战 , 实现 中华 民族 的 伟大 复兴 , 关键 取决于 我们 党 .\r\n更好地 做到 \" 三 代表 \" , 就要 始终 坚持 以 经济 建设 为 中心 , 集中 力量 发展 生产力 .\r\n生产力 不 发展 , 综合 国力 不 强 , 国内 就 难以 稳定 , 在 国际上 就 没有 发言权 .\r\n排除 一切 干扰 , 集中 精力 加快 生产力 的 发展 , 是 改革开放 以来 我们 国家 不断 发展 壮大 , 国际 地位 日益 提高 的 一 条 基本 经验 , 也是 解决 我们 面临 的 诸多 问题 的 关键 .\r\n我们 要 采取 切实 有效的 措施 , 在 提高 经济效益 的 基础 上 , 始终 保持 较快 的 发展 速度 , 使 国家 经济 实力 不断 增强 .\r\n正反 两 方面 的 经验 告诉 我们 , 任何 时候 都 不能 以 牺牲 精神文明 为 代价 换取 经济 一时 的 发展 .\r\n坚持 马列主义 , 毛泽东思想 , 邓小平 理论 为 指导 , 是 我们 立 党 立国 的 根本 , 也是 社会主义 思想 文化 建设 的 根本 , 决定 着 我国 思想 文化 建设 的 性质 和 方向 .\r\n要 努力 继承 和 发扬 中华民族 的 一切 优秀 文化 传统 , 努力 学习 和 吸收 一切 外国 的 优秀 文化 成果 , 并 将 其 统一 于 改革开放 和 社会主义 现代化 建设 的 伟大 实践 中 .\r\n更好地 做到 \" 三 代表 \" , 就要 始终 坚持 党 的 全心全意 为人民服务 的 宗旨 , 切实 实现 好 , 发展 好 和 维护 好 人民 的 利益 .\r\n这种 现 像 应 引起 我们 的 高度 重视 , 采取 切实 有效的 措施 坚决 予以 纠正 .\r\n要 把 党 的 群众路线 贯彻 到 各项 工作 中 去 , 搞 改革 , 想 问题 , 作 决策 , 办事情 都要 以 党 和 人民 的 利益 为重 , 一切 为了 人民 , 一切 依靠 人民 .\r\n要 正确 使用 手中 的 权力 , 带头 遵纪守法 , 廉洁 为 民 , 坚决 同 以权谋私 , 铺张浪费 等 消极 腐败 现 像 作 斗争 .\r\n任何 脱离 群众 , 任何 违反 群众 意愿 和 危害 群众 利益 的 行为 , 都是 不 允许 的 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月17日 电 安全生产 责任 如 山 新华社 特约 评论员 3月11日 , 江西 萍乡市 上栗县 一家 私人 爆竹 作坊 发生 特大 爆炸 事故 , 造成 33 人 死亡 .\r\n新 中国 成立 50 多年 来 , 我们 在 各行各业 都 制定 了 一些 安全生产 规章制度 , 但 在 一些 行业 , 一些 地方 没有 得到 有效 落实 .\r\n这些 厂 点 无视 国家 有关 法规 , 事故 隐患 大量 存在 , 违章 作业 现 像 十分 突出 .\r\n严格 发 证 管理 是 安全 管理 的 第一 个 重要 环节 .\r\n加强 对 企业 安全生产 的 监督 , 是 防止 严重事故 的 重要 保障 .\r\n安全 与 生产 , 安全 与 效益 从来 都是 统一 的 .\r\n当前 , 我国 正 处于 经济 发展 的 关键 时期 , 这就 要求 企业 经营者 高度 重视 安全生产 , 为 改革 和 发展 创造 一个 良好 , 稳定 的 环境 .\r\n对 \" 3 · 11 事故 \" , 大家 都要 引以为鉴 .\r\n这 对于 扩大 内需 , 推动 国民经济 持续 增长 ; 对于 促进 各地区 经济 协调 发展 , 最终 实现 共同 富裕 ; 对于 加强 民族团结 , 维护 社会 稳定 和 巩固 边防 , 具有 十分 重要 的 意义 .\r\n实施 西部 大 开发 战略 , 目前 条件 已经 具备 , 时机 已经 成熟 .\r\n现在 的 条件 是 , 经过 20 多年 的 改革 , 建设 和 探索 , 东部 地区 已经 取得 较快 发展 , 积累 了 一定 的 资金 , 人才 , 技术 和 管理 经验 .\r\n一方面 , 东部 地区 在 继续 发展 壮大 自己的 同时 , 有 愿望 也 有能力 支持 西部 地区 的 发展 ; 另一方面 , 西部 地区 的 丰富 资源 和 巨大 市场 潜力 , 已经 成为 东部 地区 继续 发展 的 重要 条件 .\r\n实施 西部 大 开发 是 一个 改造 客观 世界 的 宏伟 规划 , 必须 将 主观 愿望 和 客观 实际 结合 在 一起 , 将 国家 的 宏观调控 包括 发挥 政策 的 导向 作用 与 坚持 按 经济 规律 办事 结合 在 一起 .\r\n实施 西部 大 开发 , 态度 要 积极 , 要 抓住 时机 , 勇于 开拓 , 又 不能 急于求成 , 一哄而起 , 乱 铺摊子 , 必须 科学 规划 , 精心 设计 , 有 步骤 , 分 阶段 地 达到 目标 .\r\n西部 大 开发 , 包括 物质文明 建设 和 精神文明 建设 .\r\n军委 命令 东南 沿海 实施 空中 管制 , 部分 部队 即日 起 进入 战备 状态 , 应付 可能 出现 的 状况 .\r\n而 对 台 白皮书 和 朱 的 讲话 引起 美国 强烈 反弹 , 也是 北京 意料之中 的 事 .\r\n北京 高层 认为 , 和平 统一 要 靠 强大 的 军事 力量 和 正确 的 战略 设计 来 保证 , 否则 , 就 会 失去 对 两岸 关系 的 主导 权 .\r\n没有 一 场 较量 , 台湾 社会 不会 真正 理解 北京 在 领土 完整 , 追求 统一 上 的 决心 , 也 不会 理解 分裂 所 要 付出 的 代价 , 中国 也 难以 保持 国际 威望 .\r\n但 这些 主张 都 缺少 一个 大前提 , 这就是 \" 一个 中国 \" 的 原则 .\r\n陈水 扁 更是 叫嚣 台湾 未来 的 领导者 , 有 义务 使命 捍卫 台湾 主权 , 不能 成为 香港 澳门 第二 .\r\n他 要 维持 台湾 \" 主权 \" 永远 确保 , 不要 让 台湾 成为 中国 的 一部分 .\r\n朱鎔基 总理 已 对 \" 台独 \" 发出 了 前所未有 的 警告 , 但 同时 也 提出 了 两岸 必须 在 \" 一个 中国 \" 的 原则 下 进行 政治 谈判 的 要求 .\r\n\" 祖国 大陆 方面 愿意 听取 台湾 各 党派 各阶层 各界 代表 人士 的 意见 , 通过 平等 协商 , 找到 能够 更好地 照顾 台湾 同胞 利益 双方 都 能够 接受 的 解决 办法 .\r\n人们 希望 新 的 台湾 领导人 不要 再 错过 良机 , 为 改善 两岸 关系 做 些 实事 . 如果 当选者 坚持 \" 两国 论 \" , \" 海峡 两岸 是 一边 一 国 \" , 坚持 不 承认 台湾 是 中国 一部分 .\r\n\" 台独 \" 和 分裂 势力 以及 国外 反华 势力 希望 台湾 问题 无限期 拖延 下去 , 这是 中国 所 不能 容许 的 .\r\n国家 统一 是 民心 所向 , 大势所趋 , 中国 绝不 容许 将 台湾 从 中国 分裂 出去 .\r\n民进党 候选人 陈水扁 得票 领先 .\r\n台湾地区 此次 共有 五 候选人 参加 选举 .\r\n双方 回顾 了 近年来 两国 关系 的 发展 , 对 双边 关系 不断 取得 进展 表示 满意 .\r\n两国 关系 的 良好 发展 不仅 给 两国 人民 带来 了 重要 利益 , 而且 为 维护 朝鲜半岛 和 本地区 的 和平 稳定 与 安全 作出 了 积极 贡献 .\r\n唐家璇 强调 , 中国 党 和 政府 重视 发展 两国 传统 友谊 的 立场 是 一贯 的 , 坚定不移 的 .\r\n今后 中方 将 一如既往 为此 作出 不懈 的 努力 .\r\n白南舜 表示 , 在 双方 领导人 的 深切 关怀 下 , 朝 中 友谊 正在 继续 得到 良好 发展 .\r\n双方 一致 认为 , 金正日 总书记 近日 访问 中国 驻 朝鲜 大使馆 , 充分 体现 了 中朝 两国 人民 之间 的 伟大 友谊 .\r\n两国 外长 还 就 朝鲜半岛 和 地区 形势 交换 了 意见 .\r\n双方 认为 , 中朝 两国 对 许多 问题 有 著 重要 共识 , 双方 今后 应 加强 在 有关 问题 上 的 沟通 联系 与 合作 , 共同 致力 於 维护 朝鲜半岛 东北亚 地区 乃至 世界 的 和平 与 稳定 .\r\n唐家璇 重申 了 中方 支持 朝鲜 北 南 双方 改善 关系 , 实现 自主 和平 统一 的 一贯 立场 .\r\n两国 外长 还 相互 通报 了 各自 国内 形势 和 对外 交往 情况 .\r\n会谈 结束 后 , 唐家璇 设宴 款待 了 白南舜 一行 .\r\n白南舜 是 应 唐 外长 的 邀请 於 今天 乘飞机 抵达 北京 , 开始 对华 进行 正式 访问 的 .\r\n和平 统一 是 以 一个 中国 原则 为 前提 的 .\r\n任何 形式 的 \" 台独 \" , 都是 绝对 不 允许 的 .\r\n我们 愿意 同 一切 赞同 一个 中国 原则 的 台湾 各 党派 , 团体 和 人士 交换 有关 两岸 关系 与 和平 统一 的 意见 .\r\nReceivedTime:1441GMT18Mar2000XHZHH0130. 20000318 ( 1220 ) 新闻 分析 : 艰难 而 重要 一 步 新闻 分析 : 艰难 而 重要 一 步 新华社 德黑兰 3月18日 电 新闻 分析 : 艰难 而 重要 的 一 步 新华社 记者 荣松 美国 国务卿 奥尔布赖特 17日 宣布 , 美国 将 允许 从 伊朗 进口 地毯 , 鱼子酱 以及 瓜果 等 食品 .\r\n伊朗 外交部 发言人 阿瑟费 随即 表示 欢迎 , 称 美国 这 一 步骤 是 \" 积极 的 \" , 伊朗 也 将 采取 相应 措施 允许 进口 美国 的 农产品 和 药品 .\r\n奥尔布赖特 在 宣布 部分 缓解 对 伊朗 的 制裁 措施 时 还 表示 , 美国 将 为 更多 的 伊朗 学者 , 艺术家 , 专业人员 , 运动员 以及 非 政府 团体 访美 提供 方便 , 以 增进 相互 之间 的 了解 和 信任 .\r\n她 说 , 美国 准备 作出 努力 , 同 伊朗 最终 解决 悬而未决 的 法律 方面 的 问题 , 包括 在 美 冻结 的 伊朗 财产 .\r\n奥尔布赖特 称 , 克林顿 政府 采取 这些 步骤 是 为了 同 伊朗 一起 拆掉 哈塔米 总统 所 说 的 两国 间 的 \" 不信任 之 墙 \" .\r\n1998年1月 , 哈塔米 公开 呼吁 两国 人民 进行 文化 交流 , 以 推倒 挡 在 两国 之间 的 \" 不信任 高墙 \" .\r\n但是 , 两国 长期 对抗 导致 双方 之间 缺乏 必要 信任 , 两国 关系 一直 未能 出现 突破性 进展 .\r\n今年 2月18日 , 伊朗 改革派 以 绝对 优势 击败 势力 强大 的 保守派 , 获得 议会 的 多数 席位 .\r\n美国 政府 对 这 一 选举 结果 表示 欢迎 .\r\n美国 宣布 部分 取消 对 伊朗 制裁 无疑 有助 於 推动 美 伊 关系 进一步 改善 , 但 美国 宣布 取消 的 仅 是 其 对 伊朗 制裁 的 一 小部分 .\r\n这 表明 美 伊 之间 仍 缺乏 必要 的 信任 , 美 伊 要 真正 实现 和解 和 关系 正常化 仍然 需要 一个 较 长 的 过程 .\r\n这 说明 李登辉 全力 打击 宋楚瑜 造成 国民党 的 分裂 , 因而 导致 国民党 的 失败 .\r\n陈水扁 和 吕秀莲 都是 \" 台独 \" 分子 , 无论 过去 和 在 这次 选举 中 都 发表 了 不少 鼓吹 \" 台独 \" 的 言论 , 理所当然 地 引起 祖国 大陆 的 警惕 和 受到 岛内 外 舆论 的 批判 .\r\n台湾 新 领导人 上台 后 , 台湾 政局 和 社会 能否 稳定 ?\r\n陈水扁 的 \" 台独 \" 色彩 对 两岸 关系 和 近 二十 年 发展 起来 的 两岸 经贸 文化 交流会 有 什 麽 影响 ?\r\n台湾 政治 和 社会 的 动荡 , 必然 制约 自身 经济 的 发展 和 民生 的 提高 , 也 必然 影响 两岸 关系 的 发展 .\r\n我们 对 未来 台湾 局势 的 复杂性 , 应有 充分 的 估计 .\r\n李登辉 是 台湾 分裂 势力 的 总代表 .\r\n台湾 的 这次 选举 是 地区性 的 选举 , 选举 的 结果 绝 不能 改变 台湾 是 中国 一部分 的 事实 , 更 不能 成为 搞 分裂 和 割裂 中国 版图 的 借口 .\r\n中国 政府 和 中国 人民 在 这个 问题 上 的 立场 是 十分 明确 , 十分 坚定 的 .\r\n中国 人民 最 珍惜 国家 主权 和 领土 完整 .\r\n为了 捍卫 国家 主权 和 领土 完整 , 中国 人民 不惜 付出 血肉 代价 , 坚决 粉碎 任何 \" 台独 \" 图谋 和 分裂 行为 .\r\n任何 人 如果 低估 中国 人民 维护 主权 和 领土 完整 的 决心 和 力量 , 都会 犯下 无可 弥补 的 大错 .\r\n和平 统一 的 前提 是 \" 一个 中国 \" 的 原则 .\r\n对 於 陈水扁 执政 以后 的 两岸 政策 动向 , 宜 听其言 , 观其行 .\r\n北京 方面 已经 表明 , 愿意 同 一切 赞同 \" 一个 中国 \" 原则 的 台湾 各 党派 , 团体 和 人士 交换 有关 两岸 关系 与 和平 统一 的 意见 .\r\n我们 希望 看到 台湾 方面 能够 作出 积极 的 回应 .\r\n中共 中央 台湾 工作 办公室 国务院 台湾 事务 办公室 昨日 就 台湾地区 产生 新 的 领导人 发表 声明 指出 , 世界上 只有 一个 中国 , 台湾 是 中国 领土 不可 分割 的 一部分 .\r\n台湾地区 领导人 的 选举 及其 结果 , 改变 不了 台湾 是 中国 领土 一部分 的 事实 .\r\n在 连战 宋楚瑜 \" 鹬蚌相争 , 渔人得利 \" 的 情况 下 , 民进党 候选人 陈水扁 胜 出 .\r\n主张 \" 台独 \" 的 陈水扁 当选 将 使 岛内 政局 和 两岸 关系 更加 复杂化 .\r\n李登辉 当政 近 十二 年 , 蓄意 搞 分裂 , 妄图 制造 \" 两 中国 \" \" 一 中 一 台 \" , 将 台湾 永远 从 中国 分裂 出去 .\r\n去年 更 公然 抛出 \" 两国 论 \" , 将 两岸 推向 战争 的 边缘 .\r\n这次 宋楚瑜 连战 得票 总数 达 近 七百六十万 , 远远 超过 陈水扁 的 四百九十七万 .\r\n在 这次 选举 中 可以 明显 看出 , 李登辉 明 保 连战 , 暗 助 陈水 扁 .\r\n但 改善 两岸 关系 是 要 坚持 \" 一个 中国 \" 为 前提 的 .\r\n他 是否 打算 放弃 \" 台独 \" 立场 ? \" 台独 \" 即 可能 引发 战争 , 这是 \" 台独 \" 论 者 也 不能 否定 的 推论 .\r\n祖国 大陆 方面 亦 一再 警告 , \" 台独 \" 意味 著 战争 .\r\n台湾 民众 对 大陆 十二亿 中国 人民 坚决 反 \" 台独 \" 反分裂 的 立场 , 也是 清楚 的 .\r\n岛内 民调 结果 显示 , 支持 \" 台独 \" 的 只 占 不到 一成 , 而 支持 统一 的 有 一成三 , 主张 维持 现状 的 占 六成 .\r\n台湾 新 领导人 应 顺应 台湾 人民 求 安定 盼 两岸 关系 改善 和 维持 台海 和平 的 愿望 , 回到 \" 一个 中国 \" 的 原则 立场 上来 .\r\n台湾 新 领导人 也 应该 后退 一 步 , 海阔天空 .\r\n祖国 大陆 方面 愿意 同 一切 赞同 一个 中国 原则 的 台湾 各 党派 团体 和 人士 交换 有关 两岸 关系 与 和平 统一 的 意见 .\r\n这些 政策 使 中国 在 周边 国家 经济 增长 放慢 的 情况 下 , 能 一 枝 独秀 , 保持 了 一个 较快 的 经济 增长速度 .\r\n事实 证明 , 这是 市场 繁荣 , 解决 就业 , 再就业 , 剩余劳动力 转移 和 促进 社会保障 的 根本性 措施 .\r\n尤其是 加快 了 科技 体制 的 改革 , 并 在 发展 风险投资 基金 , 高科技 中小企业 , 探索 第二板块 市场 方面 大有 进展 .\r\n第六 , 在 地区 总体 战略 方面 , 中国 开始 实施 西部 大 开发 战略 , 谋求 东西部 之间 的 平衡 发展 .\r\n第七 , 在 体制改革 方面 , 无论 是 所有制 结构 调整 , 还是 社会保障 , 住房 , 教育 等 体制改革 , 从 理论 到 实践 , 都 有 重大 的 突破 .\r\n第九 , 在 社会化 程度 方面 , 中国 在 努力 建立 社会主义 市场经济 的 同时 , 又 推动 企业 资本 社会化 , 投资 风险 社会化 和 就业 社会化 .\r\n访日 \" 中新社 东京 三月十九日 电 \" ( 记者 刘莉生 ) 中国 驻 日 大使 陈健 今天 在此间 重申 , 中国 反对 李登辉 卸任 后 以 任何 名义 和 身份 到 日本 访问 .\r\n陈健 是 在 应邀 出席 日本 民间 的 朝日 电视台 的 \" 星期日 讨论 \" 现场 直播 节目 时 作出 上述 表示 的 .\r\n陈健 指出 , 邓小平 先生 提出 的 \" 一国两制 \" 的 核心 是 一个 中国 原则 , 只要 是 坚持 一个 中国 原则 , 我们 什 麽 都 愿意 谈 , 也 没有 排斥 任何 人 .\r\n陈健 还 就 其他 有关 台湾 两岸 局势 和 中日 关系 等 问题 表明 中方 的 立场 .\r\n理 提出 的 框架 内 决定 自己的 态度 ( 香港 中国 通讯社 三月十九日 电 ) 东京 消息 : 中国 驻 日 大使 陈健 今天 表示 , 陈水扁 当选 后 , 要 在 朱鎔基 总理 所 说 的 任何 人 不能 搞 台独 这个 框架 内 决定 自己的 态度 .\r\n陈健 认为 , 这个 框架 的 上限 就是 , 中国 政府 支持 一切 主张 \" 一个 中国 \" 的 人 , 和 一切 主张 \" 一个 中国 \" 的 人 进行 谈判 .\r\n朱鎔基 还 指出 了 一个 底线 , 就是 任何 人 不能 搞 台独 , 任何 形式 的 台独 都是 不能 允许 的 .\r\n现在 陈水扁 当选 了 , 那 他 就要 在 朱鎔基 总理 所 说 的 这个 框架 内 决定 自己的 态度 .\r\n陈健 还 表示 , 在 这次 台湾地区 竞选 当中 , 三 主要 的 候选人 比分 很 接近 , 事先 很难 预测 谁 当选 .\r\n从 选举 图表 来看 , 可以 说明 两点 问题 : 第一点 , 宋楚瑜 和 陈水扁 相差 只有 两 个 百分点 ; 第二点 , 陈水 扁 得到 的 选民 支持 率 , 不到 百分之四十 .\r\n所以 , 在 看到 陈水扁 以 相对 多数 当选 的 同时 , 这 两点 也 应该 看到 .\r\n陈健 大使 在 节目 中 强调 , 台湾 历来 就是 中国 领土 的 一 部份 .\r\n是 中国 人 最早 发现 了 台湾 岛 , 并 在 岛 上 居住 .\r\n陈健 大使 重申 , 世界上 只有 一个 中国 , 台湾 是 中国 领土 不可 分割 的 一 部份 , 和平 统一 是 以 \" 一个 中国 \" 原则 为 前提 的 .\r\n因此 , 需要 让 人民群众 了解 发展 的 道理 , 发展 的 规划 , 发展 的 政策 等等 , 把 各族 人民 的 思想 , 精神 和 力量 最大限度 地 凝聚 起来 , 焕发 出 更大 的 积极性 , 主动性 和 创造性 .\r\n政府 机构 , 城镇 住房 , 医疗 保险 , 医药 卫生 等 改革 要 逐步 实施 .\r\n要 减少 和 消除 不稳定 的 因素 , 就 必须 正确 区分 两 类 不同 性质 矛盾 , 运用 多种 方式 和 手段 , 进行 综合治理 .\r\n希望 台湾 新 领导人 认真 聆听 中央 的 \" 声明 \" , 认真 思考 中央 的 态度 和 诚意 , 以 实际 行动 作出 回应 .\r\n全国 人大 常委 曾宪梓 指出 , 如果 台湾 新 的 领导人 将 台湾 引向 台独 , 未来 海峡 两岸 麻烦 事情 多多 .\r\n陈水扁 当选 后 的 两岸 政策 究竟 如何 定位 , 目前 不要 过早 下结论 , 需要 看 陈水 扁 政纲 , 听其言 观其行 .\r\n全国 人大 代表 曾德成 指出 , 美国 政府 向来 的 立场 是 不支持 台独 的 , 在 中美 之间 的 几个 联合公报 里 , 美方 都 确认 只有 一个 中国 , 台湾 是 中国 领土 的 一部分 .\r\n他 说 , 香港 成功 实行 一国两制 , 是 对 台湾 一个 很好 的 示范 , 在 两岸 关系 上 具有 独特 作用 , 维护 香港 的 繁荣 稳定 可以 对 祖国 的 统一 大业 做出 应有 的 贡献 .\r\n全国 人大 代表 马力 表示 , 陈水扁 上台 后 要 面对 摆平 来自 政治 上 的 各方 压力 , 应付 不稳定 的 因素 .\r\n两岸 问题 更 因为 陈水扁 的 当选 而 变得 不 明朗 , 虽然 他 曾 表示 当选 后 会 辞去 民进党党 借 和 愿意 谈 统一 问题 , 但是 在 这 方面 还是 要 看 他 的 表现 , 短期 内 是 对 他 的 观察 期 .\r\n全国 政协 委员 卢文端 强调 , 台湾 人 最 关心 的 是 两岸 关系 , 陈水 扁 要 搞好 两岸 关系 , 则 一定 要 放弃 \" 台独 \" 的 路线 , 否则 台湾 没有 前途 .\r\n全国 政协 委员 周安 达源 强调 , 台湾 不管 谁 上台 , 都 必须 坚持 \" 一个 中国 \" 的 原则 .\r\n希望 台湾 人民 , 希望 台湾 各界 有识之士 , 以 认真 的 态度 , 在 统一 与 分裂 何去何从 的 关头 , 以 民族 大义 为重 , 实现 国家 统一 .\r\n吕东 指出 , 美国 国务院 发表 的 《 一九九九年 国别 人权 报告 》 , 再次 对 包括 中国 在内 的 一百九十 国家 和 地区 的 人权 状况 妄加 评论 , 近日 又 将 在 日内瓦 联合国 人权 委员会 上 抛出 涉 华 提案 .\r\n吕东 说 , 把 一个 积弱 积 贫 备受 屈辱 的 旧 中国 变成 了 独立自主 初步 繁荣昌盛 的 新 中国 , 是 中华 民族 对 人类 文明 和 世界 人权 事业 做出 的 杰出 贡献 , 是 任何 人 也 抹煞 不了 的 .\r\n改革开放 以来 , 中国 找到 了 一 条 适合 自己 国情 的 促进 和 发展 人权 的 道路 -- 将 生存权 发展 权 放在 首位 , 在 改革 发展 稳定 的 条件 下 , 全面 推进 人权 发展 .\r\n实践 证明 , 这是 中国 人权 事业 在 制度化 法制化 轨道 上 长远 发展 的 必由之路 , 成功 之路 .\r\n吕东 说 , 一贯 对 别国 的 人权 状况 指 手 划 脚 的 美国 , 自身 的 人权 记录 劣迹 斑斑 , 却 充耳不闻 , 闭口 不 谈 .\r\n大量 来自 美方 的 证据 证明 , 在 过去 的 一 年 里 , 美国 公民 政治权利 , 经济 社会 权利 , 妇女 儿童 权利 都 遭受 严重 侵害 , 种族歧视 更是 无所不在 .\r\n最 令人 无法 容忍 的 是 , 美国 常 以 \" 世界 人权 警察 \" 的 面目 在 国际上 到处 穷兵黩武 , 侵犯 别国 主权 和 人权 .\r\n其 所谓 \" 人权 高於 主权 \" \" 人权 无 国界 \" 的 谬论 , 不过是 他们 抛开 国际法 , 粗暴 干涉 它 国 内政 , 肆意 侵犯 它 国 主权 的 歪理 和 借口 , 是 对 现代 国际法 的 公然 挑衅 .\r\n他 最后 表示 , 爱好 和平 追求 人权 的 中国 人民 , 永远 不会 屈从 於 霸权主义 和 强权政治 的 各种 压力 , 任何 遏制 中国 发展 , 对 中国 搞 西化 分化 的 图谋 , 都是 注定 要 失败 的 .\r\n该 会 名誉 会长 黄华 称 , 不许 以 人权 为 幌子 干涉 主权 .\r\n黄华 说 , 旧 中国 人民 连 起码 的 生存权 都 不能 得到 保障 , 更 谈不上 享有 其他 人权 .\r\n今天 , 改革开放 的 中国 物质 日益 丰富 , 法制 日益 健全 , 人权 状况 可以 说是 历史 上 最好 的 时期 .\r\n黄华 说 , 我 在 新 中国 的 外交 战线 上 度过 了 大半辈子 , 深知 一个 国家 倘若 没有 完善 的 主权 , 就 根本 谈不上 人权 .\r\n中国 之所以 强调 生存权 和 发展 权 是 首要 人权 , 正是 从 自己的 国情 出发 提出 并 积极 付诸 实践 的 .\r\n过去 半个世纪 , 一些 国家 , 一些 人 用 种种 办法 干预 中国 内政 没有 成功 , 今天 想 用人 权 问题 干涉 中国 内政 , 也 注定 要 失败 .\r\n中国 正步入 强盛 , 历史 上 \" 大漠 无 兵 阻 , 穷 边 有 客 游 \" 的 受 欺凌 的 时代 一去不复返 了 .\r\n黄华 说 , 中国人 权 发展 基金会 正是 遵照 这 一 原则 在 工作 著 努力 著 .\r\n美国 常驻 联合国 代表 抵达 上海 新华社 上海 三月十九日 电 ( 记者 周解蓉 ) 美国 常驻 联合国 代表 理查德 . 霍尔布鲁克 大使 今天 上午 抵达 上海 , 开始 对 中国 进行 为期 四 天 的 访问 .\r\n据悉 , 霍尔布鲁克 一行 将 於 今晚 前往 北京 .\r\n[ [ 社评 ] ] 台 民众 \" 反 李 \" 怒火 终 燃起\r\n台湾 \" 总统 选举 \" 结束 , 当选者 陈水 扁 兴高采烈 四出 \" 谢票 \" 之际 , \" 李登辉 立即 下台 \" 的 呼声 已经 响彻 全 台湾 .\r\n期间 并 多次 出现 混乱 失控 的 局面 , 多人 受伤 .\r\n李登辉 之所以 成为 千夫所指 , 并 不仅 在 於其 为人 之 \" 坏 \" , 而 更 在 於其 自始至终 推行 一 条 背离 台湾 人民 根本 利益 的 错误 路线 .\r\n他 为 巩固 其 权力 地位 , 不惜 把 曾 对 台湾 安全 构成 威胁 的 大批 \" 台独 \" 分子 从 美国 日本 请 回来 , 纵容 \" 台独 \" 势力 公开 \" 合法 \" 活动 , 甚至 取得 部分 政权 .\r\n陈水扁 在 台湾 大选 中 胜 出 , 中国 大陆 军方 及 政府 有关 部门 立 Y 进入 高度 警戒 状态 .\r\n不过 , 当局 特别 强调 要 保障 在 大陆 的 台湾 游客 台商 的 安全 , 禁止 到 台资 企业 抗议 .\r\n中共 中央 台办 , 国务院 台办 , 昨晚 对 台湾 选出 新 领导人 发表 简短 声明 , 重申 这次 选举 结果 , 改变 不了 台湾 是 中国 领土 一部分 事实 .\r\n\" 对 台湾 新 领导人 我们 将 听其言 观其行 , 对 他 将把 两岸 关系 引向 何 方 , 拭目以待 .\r\n消息 指出 , 北京 对 陈水扁 当选 作 了 各种 可能性 分析 , 原则 是 u 对 陈水 扁 不 作 任何 幻想 \" .\r\n东南 沿海 城市 防空 演习 消息 表示 , 北京 之前 对 陈水扁 当选 作 了 最坏 的 打算 , 制订 了 X 套 方案 , 其中 对 连战 和 宋楚瑜 当选 的 方案 大致 相同 .\r\n不过 , 对 陈水扁 当选 的 对策 就是 要 压 一 压 \" 台独 气焰 \" .\r\n消息 并 指出 , 驻 深圳 驻军 , 武警 及 公安 已 内定 在 十 天 之内 取消 休假 , 随时 待命 .\r\n另外 , 过去 几 天 , 解放军 陆海空 三军 及 导弹 部队 , 也 悄悄 加 j 了 在 福建 前线 的 军力 .\r\n消息 强调 , 这次 军力 增加 并 不同 於 九六 年 台湾 大选 前 i 行军 演 , \" 将会 是 一次 实实在在 的 行动 \" , 行动 前 再 不会 先进行 演习 .\r\n如果 民进党 敢 於呲牙 闹 \" 独 \" , 中国 政府 以 武力 打击 卖国贼 也 便 顺理成章 .\r\n美国 国务院 一 年 一度 的 国别 人权 报告 本身 就是 一种 霸道 的 行径 .\r\n这样 做 并 没有 国际法 的 基础 , 并 没有 一致 公认 的 国际 授权 , 而 只是 按照 美国 国会 的 授权 进行 的 .\r\n如果 世界上 其他 国家 也 仿照 美国 的 霸道 逻辑 和 恶劣 先例 , 按照 本国 国会 的 授权 , 对 其他 国家 内部 管辖 的 事务 说三道四 , 横加 指责 , 那 还有 什 幺 正常 的 国际 秩序 , 世界 不是 乱 了 套 !\r\n显然 , 这 不是 真正 关心 人权 , 而是 为了 达到 自己的 政治 目的 , 所以 这 又是 伪善 .\r\n当然 , 这 并不是 说 , 中国 在 人权 方面 没有 任何 问题 了 .\r\n霸道 还 表现 在 , 美国 只 热衷于 攻击 他国 的 人权 状况 , 而 对 自身 的 人权 问题 却 闭口 不 谈 .\r\n实际上 , 美国 的 人权 状况 并不 美妙 , 人权 记录 并不 光彩 .\r\n美国 国务院 想像 自己 是 人权 的 典范 , 好象 它的 人权 观念 , 人权 制度 , 人权 标准 , 人权 模式 , 人权 实践 是 最 完善 的 , 是 唯一 有 普遍 意义 的 东西 .\r\n其实 , 上述 观念 , 制度 , 标准 , 模式 等 也是 美国 历史 演进 的 产物 , 是 一个 过程 , 这个 过程 到 现在 也 没有 结束 , 怎 幺 能 把 它们 看 得 那 幺 十全十美 呢 ?\r\n其实 , 世界上 各国 政府 在 各自 国家 促进 和 保护人 权 不可能 以 完全 一样的 方式 进行 .\r\n正如 联合国 前 秘书长 加利 所 说 , \" 如果 每一个 人 都 穿 一模一样 的 衣服 , 说 一模一样 的 语言 , 有 一模一样 的 习惯 , 那 幺 我们 就 面临 一种 全球 法西斯 型 帝国 的 危险 \" .\r\n何谓 世界 经济一体化 ?\r\n说 得 透彻 一点 , 就是 在 市场 竞争 日益 国际化 的 过程 中 , 各国 在 经济 , 贸易 , 金融 , 投资 各个 领域 逐渐 形成 了 你 中 有 我 , 我 中 有你的 利益 格局 , 国家 间 政治 , 地域 上 的 障碍 逐渐 减少 或 淡化 .\r\n正 因为 如此 , 在 此次 台湾 选举 中 , \" 台独 \" 势力 一 嚣张 , 台北 股市 就 顿挫 600多点 , 说明 台湾 多数 民众 对 \" 台独 \" 是 不 认同 的 .\r\n事实上 , \" 台独 \" 分子 之所以 敢 逆 历史潮流 而 动 , 逆 民心 而 动 , 主要 仰仗 一部分 国际 势力 的 支持 , 这是 不待 明言 的 .\r\n这 还要 从 经济 利益 上 分析 .\r\n近 10 多年 来 , 随着 冷战 的 结束 , 各国 的 战略物资 都 大量 积压 , 军 伙 商 的 生意 越来越 难做 .\r\n你 不听 吗 ? 好 , 那就 由 我们 来 \" 维 和 \" 吧 !\r\n接下来 的 就是 在 炮火 下 政府 购买 武器 , 刺激 了 经济 增长 ; 军火商 赚 了 大钱 , 政客 鼓起 了 腰包 .\r\n现在 中东 休战 了 , 南斯拉夫 的 战事 也 暂 告一段落 , 谁 再 买 军火 呢 ?\r\n而 在 这样 一个 买方 市场 上 , 显然 谁 买 谁 就得 回扣 , 这个 回扣 可能 是 经济 的 , 也 可能 是 政治 的 , 或者 是 兼而有之 的 .\r\n最近 一个 时期 以来 , 台湾 政坛 丑闻 不断 , 然而 将来 最大 的 丑闻 恐怕 还是 军火 贸易 背后 的 丑闻 .\r\n对此 , 台湾 人民 不可不 察 , 世界 人民 不可不 察 !\r\n国家 计委 主任 曾培炎 日前 在 有关 研讨会 上 指出 , 中华 民族 走过 的 历程 , 充分 证明 了 邓小平 阐述 的 真理 : 发展 是 硬 道理 .\r\n同时 , 居民 收入 也 有所 增加 , 较大 幅度 地 增加 了 中 低收入 居民 的 收入 , 从而 直接 扩大 消费 需求 , 有效 拉动 了 经济 增长 .\r\n目前 , 中国 正在 设法 解决 , 有些 已 初见成效 .\r\n初步 统计 显示 , 国有 及 国有 控股 工业 企业 实现 利润 900亿 元 左右 . 比 上年 增长 70% 左右 , 创造 了 近 几 年 来 最好 的 水平 .\r\n第一 , 加快 经济 结构 调整 .\r\n更 注重 实效 , 量力而行 , 并 与 东部 和 中部 地区 的 发展 结合 起来 .\r\n要 加快 西部 地区 的 基础 设施 建设 , 加强 生态 环境保护 , 积极 调整 产业 结构 , 发展 科技 教育 和 加快 人才 培养 , 加大 改革开放 力度 .\r\n第三 , 推进 城镇化 .\r\n第五 , 坚持 可持续发展 .\r\n风起云涌 的 国际 企业 兼并 孕育着 又 一次 产业 大 转移 , 发展中国家 在 承接 了 七十年 代 劳动 密集型 产业 的 市场 后 , 有可能 面对 跨国公司 的 全面 进逼 .\r\n这是 一个 非常 关键 的 时刻 , 正是 在 这种 背景 下 关注 广东 如何 应对 WTO 的 问题 , 使 我们 看到 了 一种 十分 令人 振奋 的 景 像 .\r\n1999年 春天 , 中美 新 一 轮 世 贸 谈判 刚 拉开 帷幕 , 广东省 有关 部门 就 已经 开始 忙碌 , 分批 下到 全省 各地 市 实地 调研 , 组织 企业 座谈 , 邀请 专家 献策 .\r\n而 点题 的 正是 李长春 .\r\n11月19日 , 中美 谈判 刚 一 结束 , 广东省 政府 办公厅 就 请 来 国家 外 经贸部 副部长 龙永图 , 组织 了 一 场 高水平 的 专题 报告会 .\r\n研讨会 举行 当天 , 偌大 的 中山 纪念堂 被 将近 3000 人 挤 得 满满当当 , 800 元 一 张 的 门票 一扫而空 , 不少 人 在 寒风 中 焦急 地 等着 退票 .\r\n花 近 千 元 听 一 场 报告 值 吗 ?\r\n广东 一家 饲料 公司 的 副 总经理 是 这样 回答 的 : \" 这 钱 当然 花 得 值 , 我 和 我们 公司 总经理 都 来了 , 希望 从 这个 高层次 的 会上 获取 最新 信息 , 发现 商机 . \"\r\n我们 欣喜地 看到 , 带着 \" 增 创新 优势 , 更上一层楼 \" 的 决心 , 广东 各界 在 党中央 的 正确 指引 下 , 坚定 地 选择 了 进一步 扩大 改革开放 的 道路 .\r\n面对 WTO , 广东 已经 着手 准备 .\r\n广东 仍然 具有 基础 设施 齐备 的 低成本 加工 生产 优势 , 跨国公司 将 其 劳动 密集型 生产 工序 向 广东 分 包 或 转移 的 趋势 不变 , 这 将 使 广东 的 劳动 密集型 产业 获得 新 的 发展 空间 .\r\n此外 , 积极 加入 国际 服务业 的 竞争 , 能够 迅速 提升 广东 的 服务业 水平 , 促进 广东 率先 基本 实现 社会 , 文化 , 思想 观念 等 方面 的 现代化 .\r\n由此可见 , 广东 的 思路 是 清晰 的 , 正在 以 积极 的 姿态 , 脚踏实地 地 为 \" 入世 \" 作准备 , 并 将 其 视为 一个 主动 参与 高水平 的 国际 竞争 , 对 整体 经济 进行 全面 提升 的 过程 .\r\n具体 的 情况 又 如何 呢 ?\r\n广东 的 粮食 自给 率 为 65% , 肉类 自给 率 为 76% .\r\n此外 , 对于 目前 尚未 发育 的 某些 高新技术 产品 , 如 芯片 生产 等 , 在 国外 企业 的 技术 优势 下 , 起步 任务 颇为 艰巨 .\r\n服务业 方面 , 银行 , 电信 , 保险 , 商业 零售 等 领域 会 受到 程度 不同 的 冲击 , 主要 原因 在于 我们 的 服务业 水平 与 发达国家 差距 较 明显 , 但 广东 服务业 有信心 在 \" 与 狼 共 舞 \" 当中 成长 壮大 .\r\n改革开放 20 年 , 广东 在 全国 先行 一 步 , 赶上 了 国际 产业 分工 的 机遇 , 以 劳动 密集型 产业 开路 , 总体 走 的 是 一 条 引 资 招商 为主 的 路子 .\r\n广东 认同 这样的 看法 : \" 引进来 \" 是 成长 的 需要 , \" 走出去 \" 则是 竞争 的 必然 .\r\n世纪之交 看 南粤 , 旌旗招展 马蹄 疾 .\r\n人们 完全 有 理由 相信 , 在 党中央 的 正确 指引 下 , 广东 一定 能够 再创 佳绩 .\r\n正如 国际 舆论 所 认为 的 那样 , 美国 的 \" 年度 国别 人权 报告 \" 完全 就是 一 盘 \" 充斥 着 谬误 , 夸张 , 无端 指责 和 片面 武断 的 \" 大杂烩 .\r\n再 读 得 细 一些 , 你 还 会 发现 , 这 一 报告 通篇 宣扬 的 是 美国 的 价值观 , 其他 国家 凡是 不 符合 \" 美国 价值观 \" 的 举动 , 都 被 它 指责 为 \" 侵犯 人权 \" .\r\n换句话说 , 美国 自己的 人权 状况 又 如何 呢 ?\r\n人人自危 : 怎 一个 \" 糟 \" 字 了得\r\n山姆大叔 自己 不 说 , 却 捂不住 世人 的 耳朵 .\r\n仿佛 为 \" 年度 国别 人权 报告 \" 作 注脚 一样 , 这 一 报告 公布 不到 两 天 , 美国 密歇根州 比尔 小学 就 响起 了 枪声 .\r\n短短的 11 天 里 , 美国 连续 发生 了 4 枪击 案 , 9 无辜 的 生命 随 枪口 冒 出 的 青烟 而 永远 消失 : 2月29日 , 美国 密歇根州 比尔 小学 一 名 年仅 6 岁 的 一 年 级 男生 , 将 一 名 同 年级 女生 开枪 打死 ;\r\n据 美国 司法部 估计 , 美国 每年 发生 的 枪击 事件 都 在 100万 起 以上 .\r\n而 自 1972年 以来 , 美国 每年 死 于 枪械 造成 的 他杀 , 自杀 以及 意外 事故 的 人 都 超过 3万 名 , 这 在 发达国家 中 是 最多 的 .\r\n2月27日 , 数千 名 示威者 在 纽约 联合国 总部 对面 的 广场 上 举行 集会 , 抗议 这 一 纵容 美国 国内 种族歧视 的 判决 .\r\n迪亚洛 去年 2月4日 夜 被 枪杀 , 仅仅 因为 那 4 白人 便衣 警察 武断 地 认为 他 \" 行踪 鬼祟 \" , 并且 有 伸手 到 衣兜 里 \" 掏 枪 \" 的 嫌疑 , 便 一齐 向 他 连 开 41 枪 .\r\n而 倒毙 在 血泊 之中 , 年方 22 岁 的 黑人 青年 迪亚洛 , 当时 只不过 是 想 掏出 钱包 来 出示 身份证 件 , 或者 拿出 点 钱 来 \" 破财 免 灾 \" .\r\n此 案 一 审 经年 , 临了 法院 判 了 个 无罪 释放 , 这 不能不 让 美国 民众 --- 无论 他 长 着 黑 皮肤 , 白 皮肤 , 抑或 有色 皮肤 --- 禁不住 人人自危 .\r\n人权 外交 : 打 一个 \" 义 \" 字 招牌 推行 人权 外交 , 是 70年 代末 以来 美国 对外 政策 的 一个 基本 组成部分 .\r\n按照 美国 人权 外交 的 始作俑者 --- 吉米·卡特 总统 的 说法 , 一 项 \" 根植 于 美国 人民 的 自由 信仰 和 人权 传统 的 \" 美国 外交 政策 , 才能 真正 得到 \" 美国 人民 的 支持 \" , 并 \" 真正 具有 力量 \" .\r\n90年 代 以来 , 美国 政府 更是 强调 , 坚持 \" 人权 \" , \" 民主 \" , \" 自由 \" 等 观念 是 美国 人民 的 坚定 信仰 , 也是 美国 外交 政策 的 力量 所在 .\r\n乍 听起来 , 人权 外交 实在 是 体现 了 山姆大叔 \" 胸怀 世界 \" 的 \" 国际主义 道义 感 \" .\r\n大量 的 事实 说明 , 美国 的 人权 外交 只不过 是 打 了 一个 \" 替天行道 \" 的 金字招牌 , 私下里 兜售 的 却是 霸权主义 , 强权政治 的 一套 .\r\n远 的 不 说 .\r\n口口声声 讲 人权 的 美国 , 竟然 使用 集束 炸弹 , 贫 铀 炸弹 等 国际法 禁止 使用 的 武器 , 轰炸 南联盟 的 居民点 , 学校 , 医院 等 平民 目标 , 甚至 大肆 轰炸 化工 设施 , 造成 化工 原料 及 制品 外 泄 , 变相 实施 化学战 .\r\n造成 南联盟 伤亡 近 万 人 , 成 百万 人 衣食 无着 的 这 种种 丧心病狂 的 反 人权 手段 , 暴露 了 美国 在 无法 征服 一个 民族 的 意志 时 , 便 要 从 肉体 上 消灭 这个 民族 的 丑恶 嘴脸 .\r\n此时 的 美国 , 连 \" 人权 \" 这 块 遮羞布 都 抛开 不要 了 , 完全 成了 一 部 吃 人 的 机器 , 哪 还有 什 幺 \" 道义 \" 可言 .\r\n更 何况 , 美国 的 目的 是 以 进行 \" 人道主义 干涉 \" 来 削弱 或 损害 他国 的 主权 !\r\n美国 学者 亨廷顿 在 1999年 发表 的 《 孤独 的 超级大国 》 一 文 中 就 尖锐 地 指出 , 美国 在 许多 国家 眼 中 , 完全 就是 一个 \" 流氓 超级大国 \" .\r\n即便 没 到 赤膊上阵 的 时候 , 美国 的 人权 外交 也 不 那 幺 温柔 .\r\n别有用心 : 哪 还有 \" 信 \" 字 可言\r\n美国 口口声声 高喊 \" 维护 人权 \" , 却 只 加入 了 《 防止 和 惩治 灭绝 种族 罪 公约 》 等 7 国际 人权 公约 之中 的 一个 .\r\n这种 颇具 讽刺 意味 的 现 像 , 让 世人 清楚地 认识到 , 山姆大叔 讲 人权 , 实在 是 别有用心 .\r\n因此 , 巴基斯坦 政府 对 这 份 报告 的 客观性 提出 质疑 .\r\n他 说 , 美国 在 报告 中 对 俄罗斯 的 攻击 是 \" 不能 接受 的 \" , 是 \" 不 客观 的 \" , 是 对 俄罗斯 \" 抱有 成见 \" .\r\n他 强调 , 美国 所谓 的 人权 报告 对 俄 军 在 车臣 行动 的 指责 是 \" 没有 根据 的 \" , 因为 报告 所 使用 的 材料 \" 没有 经过 核实 \" .\r\n山姆大叔 要想 当 \" 世界 人权 大法官 \" , 至少 也 应该 先 把 自己的 屁股 擦擦 干净 .\r\n现在 , 也就是 3月20日 , 美国 又要 在 日内瓦 举行 的 联合国 第56 人权 会上 再度 提出 \" 谴责 中国 人 权状觥 钡 反华 提案 了 .\r\n因为 越来越 多 的 国家 不 赞成 采取 对抗 的 方式 处理 人权 分歧 .\r\n有 一种 观点 非常 形 像 , 即 国际 人权 问题 就是 \" 一 幅 活生生 的 拼 花 图案 \" , 虽然 图案 的 大体 样子 已经 有了 , 但 尚 有 许多 零散 的 拼 块 必须 经过 抛光 和 加工 之后 才能 镶嵌 到位 .\r\n现在 的 问题 是 , 使用 什 幺 样 的 方法 来 调整 错 色 与 斑驳 之处 , 促使 这 幅 图案 完整 地 呈现 在 世人 面前 .\r\n然而 , 以 美国 为首 的 西方 国家 在 人权 问题 上 却 总是 采取 双重 标准 , 推行 干涉 主义 和 强权政治 .\r\n目前 , 克林顿 政府 对此 采取 了 坚决 反对 的 态度 .\r\n然而 , 如果 美国 一旦 以 人权 为 借口 , 将 其 在 欧洲 推行 的 \" 新 干涉 主义 \" 政策 运用 于 东亚 事务 , 美国 对华 政策 的 内在 矛盾 , 甚至 内在 紧张 因素 只会 愈演愈烈 .\r\n朱鎔基 表示 , 中朝 传统 友谊 是 两国 老一辈 领导人 亲手 缔造 和 培育 的 , 是 中朝 两国 人民 共同 的 宝贵 财富 .\r\n白南舜 受 委托 转达 了 金正日 总书记 对 江泽民 主席 , 李鹏 委员长 和 朱鎔基 总理 的 亲切 问候 , 并 转达 了 洪成南 总理 对 朱鎔基 总理 的 亲切 问候 .\r\n他 还 表示 , 进一步 发展 两国 老一辈 领导人 亲手 缔造 和 培育 的 朝 中 友谊 是 朝鲜 党 和 政府 始终不渝 的 立场 .\r\n无论 国际 风云 如何 变幻 , 朝 中 友谊 都 绝 不会 改变 .\r\n白南舜 还 对 中国 人民 在 改革开放 和 现代化 建设 中 取得 的 成就 表示 祝贺 .\r\n他们 指出 , 是 李登辉 出卖 了 国民党 , 才 导致 政权 旁落 .\r\n全国 政协 常委 徐四民 指出 , 陈水扁 当选 之后 , 已 处在 四面楚歌 , 内外交困 的 状态 ; 岛内 出现 的 群众 示威 活动 , 表明 了 台湾 民众 对 李登辉 之 阴谋 手段 的 极度 愤懑 .\r\n徐四民 说 , 国民党 在 台湾 统治 了 这 麽 长 时间 , 却 在 选举 中 输 得 如此 不伦不类 , 完全 是 由於 李登辉 的 两面 手段 .\r\n他 一方面 公开 支持 连战 , 另一方面 处处 扶植 陈水 扁 , 台湾 民众 对 他 这样的 做法 十分 反感 , 因此 才 会 出现 这 两 天 群众 的 激烈 抗议 活动 .\r\n他们 希望 陈水扁 能 慎重 考虑 , 放弃 所 坚持 的 \" 台独 \" 路线 .\r\n希望 陈水扁 上台 后 , 能够 有 改变 \" 台独 \" 路线 的 见识 和 智慧 . 否则 , 搞 \" 台独 \" 是 没有 出路 的 .\r\n陈水扁 作为 一个 政客 , 大家 要 观察 一段 时间 , \" 听其言 , 观其行 \" .\r\n新华社 北京 3月20日 电 题 : 关于 \" 债 转 股 \" 的 通信 新华社 记者 孙杰 吕鹏 韩振军 党 的 十五 四 中 全会 对 进一步 推进 国有 企业 改革 与 发展 作出 了 战略 部署 .\r\n随着 信 达 , 东方 , 长城 , 华 融 四 资产 管理 公司 的 成立 并 开始 运作 , 至今 已有 80 企业 与 金融 资产 管理 公司 和 国家 开发 银行 签订 了债 转 股 协议 或 框架 协议 .\r\n这项 政策 措施 的 积极 作用 正在 逐步 显现 .\r\n( 小标题 ) 破解 双重 困 局 力求 一箭双雕 1997年 , 以 泰 铢 贬值 为 始 , 亚洲 爆发 金融 危机 , 一直 延续 至 1998年 .\r\n中国人民 银行 负责人 警告说 , 巨额 的 不良 债务 如果 长期 得不到 解决 , \" 不仅 会 给 国民经济 造成 严重 损害 , 也 将 给 广大 人民群众 造成 直接 的 经济 损失 . \"\r\n就 象 一 枚 硬币 的 两面 , 银行 大量 不良 债权 的 另 一面 就是 国有 企业 的 巨额 不良 贷款 .\r\n据统计 , 国有 企业 的 平均 负债 率 高达 70% 以上 .\r\n卸 除 债务 负担 , 成为 国企 改革 脱困 攻坚战 中 必须 逾越 的 障碍 .\r\n面对 银行 , 国企 的 双重 困 局 , 党中央 , 国务院 作出 了 实施 债权 转 股权 的 重大 决策 .\r\n国家 经贸委 负责人 指出 , 所谓 \" 债 转 股 \" , 就是 把 商业银行 原来 对 符合 条件 的 国有 企业 的 债权 , 转变 为 资产 管理 公司 对 企业 的 股权 .\r\n资产 管理 公司 作为 投资 主体 , 成为 企业 的 股东 , 依法 行使 股东 权利 , 参与 公司 重大 事务 的 决策 .\r\n债 转 股 极大 地 降低 企业 的 负债 率 , 银行 不良 资产 也 有了 盘活 的 希望 , 金融 风险 得到 有效 化解 .\r\n据介绍 , 早在 80年 代 中期 , 智利 等 国家 就 曾 使用 债权 转 股权 的 方法 化解 巨额 债务 .\r\n而 金融 资产 管理 公司 的 出现 , 则 源于 美国 的 债务 重整 信托 公司 ( 又 称 \" 美国 坏账 银行 \" ) .\r\n北京 水泥厂 是 第一 实施 债 转 股 的 企业 .\r\n从 企业 的 角度 看 , 债 转 股 等于 给 了 他们 又 一次 轻装上阵 的 机会 .\r\n在 中国 做事 , 最 怕 歪嘴和尚 把 经 念 歪 .\r\n\" 债 转 股 \" 是 经 有关方面 反复 研究 , 酝酿 才 提出 的 , 有着 严格 的 政策 界限 .\r\n必须 严格 坚持 条件 , 按 有关 规定 规范 操作 , 从严 审查 , 绝 不能 一哄而起 , 草率 行事 , 防止 国有 资产 流失 和 消极 影响 .\r\n实施 债 转 股 的 企业 只能 是 关系 国计民生 , 符合 条件 的 少数 国有 重点 企业 .\r\n资产 管理 公司 作为 投资 主体 , 对 实施 债 转 股 的 企业 有着 更高 的 要求 .\r\n实施 中 必须 严格 把关 , 规范 运作 , 遵循 市场 规律 , 防止 过多 行政 干预 .\r\n( 小标题 ) 并非 包治 百病 重 在 制度 创新 债 转 股 成功的 关键 是 激活 企业 .\r\n只有 把 企业 激活 了 , 金融 资产 管理 公司 才有 \" 红利 \" 可 分 , 将来 变 现时 也 才能 卖 个 好 价钱 .\r\n否则 , 不良 债权 变成 不良 股权 , 金融 资产 管理 公司 可能 陷入 困境 .\r\n一旦 发生 清盘 , 资产 管理 公司 的 损失 将 更大 , 因为 原来 银行 持有 债权 还 可 优先 受 偿 , 而 变为 公司 股权 后 只能 最后 受 偿 .\r\n要 激活 国有 企业 , 仅 靠 债 转 股 是 不可能 的 .\r\n国有 企业 要 走出 困境 , 必须 对症下药 , 综合治理 , 期望 一 \" 转 \" 就 灵 是 不切实际 的 幻想 .\r\n债 转 股 作为 一种 债务 重组 的 有效 手段 , 是 降低 企业 债务 负担 的 一 剂 良药 , 但 不是 包治 百病 的 \" 灵丹妙药 \" .\r\n债 转 股 并 不能 代替 企业 改善 生产 经营 和 加强 管理 , 更 不能 代替 企业 转换 机制 , 建立 现代 企业 制度 .\r\n从 这个 角度 说 , 国有 企业 改革 脱困 是 \" 没有 救世主 , 只能 靠 自己 \" .\r\n其它 企业 也 进行 了 类似 安排 .\r\n此间 分析 人士 认为 , 债 转 股 一头 连着 国有 企业 , 一头 连着 国有 商业银行 , 担子 很 重 .\r\n从 目前 实施 情况 看 , 方案 较为 周密 , 操作 比较 规范 , 将 大大 降低 债 转 股 政策 潜藏 的 风险 .\r\nReceivedTime:1044GMT20Mar2000SS379020.BFL ( 1223 ) 请 注意 : 今 播 \" 题 : 骗汇 狂潮 是 如何 被 遏制 的 ? \" 稿 , 请 撤销 .\r\n新华社 记者 丛亚平 近几年 , 逃汇 , 骗汇 行为 曾 使 国家 外汇 资源 大量 流失 , 有关 部门 曾 费尽 精力 打击 , 却 收效 甚微 .\r\n联网 核查 系统 使用 一 年 来 , 有效 解决 了 假 报关 单 骗汇 问题 , 对 我国 外汇储备 增加 起到 很大 作用 .\r\n1998年 我国 贸易 项 下 的 外汇 顺差 是 435亿 美元 , 而 顺 收 的 外汇 仅 70多亿 美元 .\r\n1999年 我国 贸易 项 下 的 外汇 顺差 是 291亿 美元 , 而 外汇储备 顺 收 却 达到 了 220亿 美元 , 基本 实现 了 外汇 顺差 安全 入库 .\r\n还 有效地 遏制 了 不法 企业 进口 时 低 报 价格 , 少 报 数量 等 逃税 现 像 , 对 国家 关税 增收 起 了 重大 作用 .\r\n去年 全国 关税 收入 达到 1590亿 元 , 比 前年 增长 80% 多 , 其中 也 有 联网 核查 系统 的 功劳 .\r\n联网 核查 系统 的 使用 , 大大 方便 了 合法 企业 办理 外汇 相关 手续 .\r\n过去 企业 递交 有关 证明 办理 外汇 手续 时 , 银行 与 海关 之间 需要 通过 邮递 方式 完成 报关 单 的 二 核对 . 每 笔 业务 的 操作 时间 约 需 半个月 , 甚至 更 长 .\r\n使用 核查 系统 后 , 办理 外汇 兑付 业务 时 , 企业 和 银行 各 将 两 种 不同 的 卡 插入 电脑 , 几 分钟 之内 便 可 验证 报关 单 的 真伪 .\r\n几部 门 携手 遏制 曾经 猖獗一时 的 骗汇 狂潮 , 给 我们 很 深 的 启示 , 使 许多 部门 意识到 精诚合作 和 信息 技术 的 作用 有 多大 .\r\n有关 专家 认为 , 如果 在 其他 许多 领域 也 采取 这样的 办法 , 我们 的 许多 问题 也 会 得到 有效 解决 .\r\n新华社 长春 3月 20日 电 ( 记者 鲍盛华 ) 长春 近日 公开 曝光 10 案件 , 14 利用 手中 权力 野蛮 执法 , 吃 拿 卡 要 , 坑害 老百姓 的 干部 受到 处理 .\r\n市 工商局 绿园 分局 春阳 市场 一 管理员 多次 到 春阳 商 城 业 户 摊床 上 拿 衣物 及 日常 用品 .\r\n九 市 工商局 个体 三 擅自 提高 办理 个体 营业执照 和 年检 收费 标准 , 多 收取 费用 1.6万多 元 .\r\n国家 下放 部分 外商 投资 项目 审批 权限\r\n新华社 北京 3月20日 电 ( 记者 索研 ) 为 进一步 扩大 对外开放 , 鼓励 外商 投资 , 日前 , 国家 计委 和 国家 经贸委 就 扩大 部分 外商 投资 项目 审批 权限 发出 通知 .\r\n此类 项目 的 建议书 和 可行性 研究 报告 的 批准 文件 按 项目 性质 抄报 国家 计委 或 国家 经贸委 备案 .\r\n通知 说 , 两 门 在 收到 备案 文件 之 日 起 1个 月 内 未 提出 异议 的 , 视为 同意 .\r\n通知 强调 , 为 防止 出现 新 的 重复 建设 , 各地 有关 部门 要 根据 本地 情况 , 切实 做好 相关 政策 的 衔接 , 强化 项目 备案 制度 .\r\n台 的 重要 原因 新华社 北京 3月20日 电 台湾地区 新 领导人 选举 结束 , 国民党 败 选 失去 执政 权 一 事 对 台湾 社会 产生 极大 冲击 .\r\n国民党 《 中央 日报 》 也 发表 专文 指出 , 从 选 战 一 开始 就 喊 得 如火如荼 的 \" 弃 保 效应 \" , 是 影响 选民 最后 决定 的 重要 关键 .\r\n《 中国 时报 》 的 社论说 , 民进党 给 民众 最大 的 隐忧 , 在于 它的 \" 台独 \" 色彩 .\r\n他 说 , 台湾 地方 选举 已经 结束 了 , 我们 过去 说 过 , 现在 仍然 认为 , 台湾 不管 谁 当权 , 我们 都 欢迎 他 来 大陆 谈 ; 同时 , 我们 也 可以 到 台湾 去 .\r\n在 这个 前提 下 , 什 麽 都 可以 谈 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月18日 电 中华人民共和国 主席令 第三十一 号 《 中华人民共和国 立法 法 》 已 由 中华 人民 共和国 第九届 全国 人民 代表 大会 第三 会议 于 2000年3月15日 通过 , 现 予 公布 , 自 2000年7月1日 起 施行 .\r\n我们 将 听其言 , 观其行 , 对 台湾 新 领导人 将把 两岸 关系 引向 何 方 拭目以待 .\r\n民盟 中央 主席 丁石孙 表示 , 坚决 拥护 中国 政府 解决 台湾 问题 的 一贯 政策 和 主张 .\r\n任何 一个 热爱 中华 民族 与 中华 文化 的 同胞 都 不能 容忍 任何 形式 的 \" 台独 \" , 都会 支持 政府 采取 一切 必要 的 手段 来 制止 \" 台独 \" .\r\n农工 民主党 中央 主席 蒋正华 认为 , 台湾地区 领导人 的 选举 在 各种 复杂 的 因素 下 结束 .\r\n九三 学社 中央 主席 吴阶平 指出 , 和平 统一 是 以 坚持 一个 中国 的 原则 为 前提 的 , 任何 形式 的 \" 台独 \" 都是 绝对 不能 允许 的 .\r\n对 台湾地区 新 领导人 我们 将 听其言 , 观其行 , 对 他 把 两岸 关系 引向 何 方 拭目以待 .\r\n同时 , 我们 也 可以 到 台湾 去 .\r\n但是 , 对话 谈判 要 有 个 基础 , 就是 首先 必须 承认 一个 中国 的 原则 , 在 这个 前提 下 , 什 麽 都 可以 谈 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月20日 电 ( 中央 人民 广播 电台 记者 刘振英 新华社 记者 尹鸿祝 ) 中共 中央 政治局 常委 , 国务院 副总理 李岚清 今天 邀请 国家 自然科学 基金 委员会 第四 委员会 全体 委员 到 中南海 进行 座谈 .\r\n李岚清 在 听取 委员 , 院士 的 发言 后 讲话 .\r\n他 首先 联系 当今 世界 经济 , 科技 发展 的 趋势 以及 我国 经济 社会 的 发展 对 科技 的 迫切 需求 , 强调 了 基础 科学研究 的 重要性 .\r\n李岚清 说 , 党 和 国家 对 基础 科学研究 十分 重视 .\r\n国家 加大 了 对 基础科学 研究 的 投入 , 相继 推出 不少 重大 举措 , 基础 科学研究 的 战略 地位 不断 得到 提高 .\r\n他 指出 , 发展 基础 科学研究 , 要 着力 抓好 源头 创新 .\r\n推动 源头 创新 , 是 科学家 和 科技 管理 工作者 共同 的 责任 .\r\n要 充分 尊重 和 保护 科学家 的 首创 精神 , 鼓励 科学家 树立 在 学术 上 艰苦 求索 , 敢于 创新 , 敢 为人 先 的 意识 .\r\n因此 , 要 重视 学科 建设 , 完善 和 发展 具有 我国 特色 又 符合 当代 科学 发展 趋势 的 基础 研究 学科 体系 .\r\n一些 学科 研究 取得 的 成果 , 在 国际上 引起 广泛 的 关注 和 反响 .\r\n国家 自然科学 基金 委员会 第四届 委员会 共有 委员 26 , 其中 两 院 院士 18 .\r\n19日 下午2时P.M. 许 , 又 有 大批 群众 来到 国民党 中央 党部 前 , 举 着 \" 李登辉 下台 ! \"\r\n准备 进入 党部 大楼 开会 的 国民党 中常委 被 抗议 群众 包围 , 场面 数 度 出现 混乱 .\r\n但 这 一 决定 并 未能 平息 群众 的 不满 情绪 , 他们 依旧 彻夜 抗议 , 要求 李登辉 立即 下台 .\r\n今天 群众 继续 抗议 行动 .\r\n今天 在 台湾 南部 也 发生 了 数起 群众 到 国民党 地方 党部 抗议 的 情况 .\r\n台北 街头 愤怒 民众 强烈 要求 李登辉 立即 下台 , 为 国民党 在 这次 选举 中 溃败 负 全部 责任 .\r\n李登辉 搞 \" 台独 \" 没有 好 下场 , 在 这次 选举 中 得到 充分 验证 , 他 不仅 一手 断送 了 国民党 , 而且 加速 了 自己的 下台 .\r\n人们 清楚地 看到 , 李登辉 上台 十二 年 来 , 实行 的 是 彻头彻尾 的 \" 台独 \" 路线 .\r\n在 这次 选举 最后 阶段 , 他 采取 \" 弃 连 保扁 \" 的 花招 也就 不足为怪 .\r\n在 他 的 姑息 怂恿 下 , 岛内 \" 台独 \" 势力 日益 坐大 , 二十一 县市 中 , 民进党 把持 的 已 将近 三分之二 .\r\n难怪 有 舆论 指出 , 李登辉 早在 前 几年 已 把 台湾 \" 半壁江山 \" 拱手 让给 民进党 .\r\n十二 年 来 , 李登辉 一直 激化 两岸 紧张 关系 , 不断 制造 麻烦 .\r\n李登辉 养 虎 为 祸 , 导致 民进党 的 候选人 在 这次 台湾地区 选举 中 当选 .\r\n集会 者 高呼 \" 李登辉 立即 下台 \" 并 在 国民党 中央 党部 前 抗争 连续 数日 .\r\n高雄县 凤山 地区 一百 抗议 的 国民党 人 , 上午 由 县 议员 刘德林 率领 , 到 县 党部 表达 不满 .\r\n他们 群情 激愤 , 大 骂 李登辉 .\r\n高雄市区 的 眷 村 社区 , 张贴 出 声援 的 告示 , 第一 声援 民众 约 四百 人 於 十九日 深夜 搭 游览车 北上 , 第二 则 於 今天 凌晨 五百 人 各自 出发 .\r\n我们 过去 说 过 , 现在 仍然 认为 , 台湾 不管 谁 当权 , 我们 都 欢迎 他 来 大陆 谈 , 同时 , 我们 也 可以 到 台湾 去 .\r\n在 这个 前提 下 , 什 幺 都 可以 谈 .\r\n( 以上 黑体 ) 会谈 时 , 江泽民 对 萨苏 再次 访华 表示 热烈 欢迎 .\r\n江泽民 说 : 中国 和 刚果 ( 布 ) 同是 发展中国家 , 在 世界 多极化 和 经济 全球化 的 趋势 不断 发展 的 今天 , 都 面临 着 维护 和平 , 谋求 发展 的 共同 任务 .\r\n进一步 发展 两国 友好 合作 关系 , 符合 我们 的 共同 利益 .\r\n江泽民 说 : 中国 一贯 重视 非洲 , 并 将 发展 与 非洲 国家 的 友好 合作 作为 对外 政策 的 重要 组成部分 .\r\n我们 支持 非洲 国家 维护 国家 主权 和 领土 完整 , 保持 政局 稳定 , 发展 经济 , 提高 人民 生活水平 , 以及 依靠 自身 力量 , 通过 对话 协商 解决 本 大陆 冲突 的 努力 .\r\n他 表示 相信 , 这次 会议 对于 进一步 促进 中非 在 新世纪 的 全面 合作 将 具有 重要 意义 .\r\n他 说 , 中国 人民 在 改革开放 20 多年 中 的 历程 中 取得 了 巨大 成就 , 广大 发展中国家 对此 表示 高兴 和 钦佩 .\r\n萨苏 赞赏 中方 倡议 在 今年 10月 召开 \" 中非 合作 论坛 ━ 北京 2000年 部长级 会议 \" .\r\n他 说 , 刚果 ( 布 ) 支持 这次 会议 的 召开 , 并 将 派 代表团 参加 .\r\n我们 祝贺 中国 恢复 对 香港 , 澳门 恢复 行使 主权 , 并 相信 中国 一定 会 解决 台湾 问题 , 早日 完成 祖国 的 统一 大业 .\r\n中方 参加 会谈 的 有 : 国务院 副总理 钱其琛 , 外 经贸部 部长 石广生 , 文化部 部长 孙家正 , 中国 驻 刚果 ( 布 ) 大使 曲阜君 , 外交部 副部长 吉佩定 , 卫生部 副部长 王陇德 等 .\r\n尉健行 对 代表团 的 到来 表示 真诚 的 欢迎 .\r\n他 向 客人 介绍 了 中国 政治 经济 , 特别是 实施 西部 大 开发 战略 的 有关 情况 , 并 希望 双方 继续 加强 交流 与 合作 .\r\n日本 日中 技能 者 交流 中心 访华团 是 应 中国 职工 对外 交流 中心 邀请 访华 的 .\r\n中华 全国 总工会 副主席 , 书记处 第一书记 张俊九 等 会见时 在座 .\r\n按照 中央 的 部署 , 目前 , 第一 县 ( 市 ) \" 三 讲 \" 正在 陆续 展开 .\r\n开局 关系 全局 .\r\n第一 县 ( 市 ) \" 三 讲 \" 单位 必须 作出 具体 安排 , 认真 学习 , 反复 研读 , 深刻 领会 .\r\n要 坚决 防止 那种 坐不住 , 钻 不 进 , 浮光掠影 , 浅尝辄止 的 不良 学风 .\r\n学习 江泽民 同志 重要 讲话 , 要 紧密 联系 思想 实际 和 工作 实际 , 真正 把 自己 摆进去 .\r\n还 存在 一些 什 幺 差距 和 不足 , 好好 想 一 想 \" 参加 革命 为 什 幺 ?\r\n将来 身后 留什 幺 \" 的 问题 , 牢记 党 的 谆谆教诲 , 努力 实践 , 不 负 厚望 .\r\n学习 的 目的 在于 运用 .\r\n尚未 集中 进行 \" 三 讲 \" 的 县 ( 市 ) 也要 认真 学习 .\r\n要 把 学习 讲话 贯穿 整个 县 ( 市 ) \" 三 讲 \" 的 全过程 .\r\n国民党 李主 席登辉 先生 昨天 下午 与 党籍 立委 座谈 时 表示 , 总统 大选 惨败 , 他 个人 难 辞 其 咎 须 负起 最大 的 责任 .\r\n就 民主政治 的 精神 来说 , 政党 轮替 本来 就是 常态 , 所有 第 T 波 民主化 的 国家 , 没有 一个 能够 例外 .\r\n然而 , 就 本 党 来讲 , 这次 失利 , 确实 是 空前 的 重大 挫败 , 我们 必须 接受 失败 的 事实 也 必须 速 进行 彻底 的 检讨 .\r\n理由 很多 .\r\n第三 , 民心 望 治 思变 : 民众 对本 党 执政 卓越 政绩 并 没有 深刻 的 感受 , 反而 相信 在野党 \" 政党 轮替 \" , \" 结 黑金 \" 的 诉求 .\r\n然而 , 选举 既 已 揭晓 , 光是 追究 责任 , 一味 责难 批评 , 也 无 济 於 事 , 重要 的 是 , 我们 如何 能够 记取 失败 的 教训 , 尽快 的 站起 , 为 未来 的 竞争 做好 准备 .\r\n昨天 的 临时 中常会 里 , 就 已经 通过 成 \" 中国 国民党 改造 委员会 \" , 希望 尽快 坚实 党 的 组织 , 凝聚 党 的 O 量 , 以 因 应 新 的 情势 .\r\n登 辉 要 特别 指出 , 在 未来 的 政局 里 , 立法院 势 将 扮演 举 足 重 的 关键 角色 . 因为 依据 宪法 增修 条文 , 我国 目前 的 宪政 体制 是 谓 的 \" 双 首长 制 \" .\r\n也 正 因为 如 , 行政 院长 的 人选 , 固然 是 总统 提名 , 不需要 立法院 同意 , 但 总统 必须 尊重 立法院 多数 的 意见 .\r\n在此 情形 之下 , 此次 大选 的 挫败 , 本 党 丧失 的 是 主导 施政 行政权 , 但是 本 党 的 立法 委员 同志 如果 能够 团结一致 , 本 党 就 仍然 有 实质 的 立法权 , 四 年 之后 , 本 党 还有 很大 的 机会 赢回 行政权 .\r\n反 的 , 如果 本 党 委员 同志 不能 一心一德 , 本 党 就 很可能 成为 长久 在野党 !\r\n为此 , 登 辉 特别 责成 政策 会 召开 今天 的 座谈会 , 希望 听取 U 位 委员 的 意见 , 并且 尽快 汇 整 , 做 为 本 党 今后 改造 重整 的 重要 依据 .\r\n愈 是 困难 , 愈 要 坚忍 , \" 坚忍 图 成 \" 与 大家 共勉 .\r\n台湾 不管 谁 当权 , 我们 都 欢迎 他 来 大陆 谈 .\r\n但是 , 对话 谈判 要 有 个 基础 , 就是 必须 承认 一个 中国 的 原则 .\r\n中国 人民 决心 以 鲜血 和 生命 保卫 国家 主权 和 领土 完整 的 钢铁意志 是 不可 动摇 的 .\r\n当 我们 唱 起 国歌 时 , 我们 就 想起 捍卫 国土 , 保卫 国家 主权 的 神圣 公民 职责 .\r\n联合国 二七五八 号 决议 也 在 法理 上 肯定 一个 中国 原则 , 反对 搞 两 中国 .\r\n美国 一九七八年 同 中国 建交 , 前提 是 同 台湾 断交 , 从 台湾 撤出 第七 舰队 , 断绝 同 台湾 的 所有 条约 .\r\n所以 , 在 国际 法理 上 而言 , 一个 中国 原则 是 完全 无可 讨论 , 无可置疑 的 .\r\n两岸 谈判 是 为了 和平 统一 , 不 奠定 以 一个 中国 的 原则 作为 基础 , 谈判 会 有 什 麽 作用 呢 ?\r\n这 只会 起 帮助 陈水 扁 搞 真 \" 台独 \" , 假 谈判 的 作用 .\r\n中国人 大 会议 已 通过 政府 工作 报告 , 以 决议 形式 肯定 在 一个 中国 原则 下 早日 解决 台湾 问题 .\r\n中国 政府 的 立场 是 坚定 的 , 严肃 认真 的 .\r\n陈水 扁 欲想 挟 洋 自重 , 试图 改变 一个 中国 原则 , 那 是 太 不自量力 了 .\r\n陈水扁 上台 只是 弱势 政权 , \" 台独 \" 阴影 不 除 , 台湾 政治 经济 必 乱 , 他 须 认真 思考 形势 , 权衡 利害 , 空言 不如 尽快 行动 接受 一个 中国 原则 .\r\n中国 人民 都 知道 , 早日 解决 台湾 问题 , 最后 要 靠 中国 的 经济 实力 和 国防 实力 , 靠 有 周详 的 部署 和 有力 的 措施 .\r\n所以 , 全国 人民 必须 集中 全力 建设 祖国 , 尽快 壮大 国家 综合 国力 , 为 早日 解决 台湾 问题 作出 贡献 .\r\n台湾 选举 结果 一经 公布 , 随即 引爆 了 大规模 民众 抗议 示威 浪潮 和 股市 暴跌 , 预示 著 陈水 扁 今后 的 执政 之路 可能 会 荆枣满 途 .\r\n\" 台独 \" 一直 是 陈水扁 竞选 的 \" 票房 毒药 \" .\r\n陈水扁 表示 一个 中国 可 作为 一个 议题 来 讨论 , 但 不 承认 是 个 原则 , 祖国 大陆 方面 是 绝 不会 接受 的 .\r\n两岸 政治 谈判 , 必须 以 一个 中国 的 原则 为 前提 , 因为 两岸 政治 谈判 的 最终 目标 是 实现 国家 统一 .\r\n如果 连 这个 前提 都 不 承认 , 两岸 政治 谈判 就 失去 了 意义 .\r\n在 这个 关键 问题 上 , 陈水扁 仍 采取 回避 立场 .\r\n这种 步步 进逼 , 不断 冲击 大陆 底线 的 做法 已 使 祖国 大陆 方面 的 忍耐 力 接近 极限 , 不得不 准备 必要 时 使用 武力 .\r\n陈水 扁 必须 尽快 在 \" 一个 中国 \" 与其 \" 两岸 一边 一 国 \" 之间 作出 抉择 .\r\n但 有 一点 是 肯定 的 , \" 台独 \" 是 死路一条 .\r\n\" 台独 \" 两岸 人民 不 答应 , 国际 社会 也 不会 支持 . 回到 主页\r\n闽 驻军 移防 台 战备 升级 两岸 军事 形势 又 趋 紧张 .\r\n消息 透露 , 迟浩田 已 南下 福建 视察 , 近日 在 厦门 一带 巡视 了 三军 部队 的 装备 及 军队 医院 等 后勤 机构 .\r\n300 大陆 船 逼近 东 沙 设 於 厦门 , 漳州 的 解放军 医院 近年来 一直 开放 给 地方 民众 作 诊治 之 用 , 但 近日 已 奉命 留空 部分 楼层 , 而 邻近 军用 机场 , 军港 的 民用建筑 也 被 要求 尽快 清 拆 .\r\n厦门市 面 的 气氛 虽然 平静 , 但 军港 内 的 战舰 已 褪去 炮衣 , 露出 炮口 , 显示 军舰 已 进入 戒备 状态 .\r\n而 前天 晚上 开始 , 三百 多 艘 大陆 渔船 逼近 东 沙 外海 , 至 昨天 有 部分 渔船 离去 , 但 又 有 少 部分 渔船 在 北 竿 出现 , 军方 都 在 密切 的 监控 中 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月21日 电 中国 共产党 中央 委员会 21日 致电 老挝 人民 革命党 中央 委员会 , 热烈 祝贺 老挝 人民 革命党 成立 45 周年 .\r\n专家 说 , 中国 经济 保持 百分之七 左右 的 速度 是 正常 的 新华社 北京 三月二十一日 电 ( 记者 张瑾 ) 中国 在 经历 了 十五 年 的 高速 成长 后 , 从 一九九三年 起 , 经济 增长速度 开始 逐年 回落 , 近 五 年 来 这 一 趋势 表现 得 更加 明显 .\r\n国家 经贸委 综合 司 司长 马建堂 在 接受 记者 专访 时 认为 , 这 一 回落 是 内 生 的 和 正常 的 .\r\n三 是 传统 主导 消费品 的 相对 饱和 .\r\n以上 三 个 因素 中 有一个 因素 得不到 解决 , 中国 经济 就 必然 会 出现 增速 回落 .\r\n在 未来 的 五 至 十 年 内 , 中国 处在 消化 过剩 能力 , 淘汰 落后 的 调整 时期 .\r\n在 这 两 个 任务 没有 完成 之前 , 中国 经济 保持 百分之七 左右 的 速度 就是 必然 的 而且 也是 自然 的 .\r\n第八 国务院 有关 部门 和 地方 人民政府 有关 部门 应当 支持 , 配合 监事会 的 工作 , 向 监事会 提供 有关 情况 和 资料 .\r\n第九 监事会 每次 对 企业 进行 检查 结束 后 , 应当 及时 作出 检查 报告 .\r\n监事会 不得 向 企业 透露 前 款 所 列 检查 报告 内容 .\r\n监事 对 检查 报告 有 原则性 不同 意见 的 , 应当 在 检查 报告 中 说明 .\r\n监事会 管理 机构 应当 加强 同 国家经济贸易委员会 , 财政部 等 有关 部门 的 联系 , 相互 通报 有关 情况 .\r\n第十二 企业 应当 定期 , 如实 向 监事会 报送 财务 会计 报告 , 并 及时 报告 重大 经营 管理 活动 情况 , 不得 拒绝 , 隐匿 , 伪 报 .\r\n第十四 监事会 由 主席 一 人 , 监事 若干 人 组成 .\r\n监事 分为 专职 监事 和 兼职 监事 : 从 有关 部门 和 单位 选任 的 监事 , 为 专职 ; 监事会 中 国务院 有关 部门 , 单位 派出 代表 和 企业 职工 代表 担任 的 监事 , 为 兼职 .\r\n第十五 监事会 主席 人选 按照 规定 程序 确定 , 由 国务院 任命 .\r\n监事会 主席 由 副部级 国家 工作人员 担任 , 为 专职 , 年龄 一般 在 60 周岁 以下 .\r\n专职 监事 由 监事会 管理 机构 任命 .\r\n监事会 中 的 企业 职工 代表 由 企业 职工 代表大会 民主 选举 产生 , 报 监事会 管理 机构 批准 .\r\n第十六 监事会 成员 每届 任期 3 年 , 其中 监事会 主席 和 专职 监事 , 派出 监事 不得 在 同一 企业 连任 .\r\n监事会 主席 和 专职 监事 , 派出 监事 可以 担任 1 至 3 企业 监事会 的 相应 职务 .\r\n第十七 监事会 主席 应当 具有 较高 的 政策 水平 , 坚持 原则 , 廉洁 自持 , 熟悉 经济 工作 .\r\n第二十一 监事会 成员 不得 接受 企业 的 任何 馈赠 , 不得 参加 由 企业 安排 , 组织 或者 支付 费用 的 宴请 , 娱乐 , 旅游 , 出访 等 活动 , 不得 在 企业 中 为 自己 , 亲友 或者 其他 人 谋取 私利 .\r\n监事会 主席 和 专职 监事 , 派出 监事 不得 接受 企业 的 任何 报酬 , 福利 待遇 , 不得 在 企业 报销 任何 费用 .\r\n第二十六 企业 发现 监事会 成员 有 违反 本 条例 第二十一 , 第二十二 所 列 行为 时 , 有权 向 监事会 管理 机构 报告 , 也 可以 直接 向 国务院 报告 .\r\n第二十七 对 国务院 不 派出 监事会 的 国有 企业 , 由 省 , 自治区 , 直辖市 人民政府 参照 本 条例 的 规定 , 决定 派出 监事会 .\r\n第二十八 国务院 向 国有 重点 金融 机构 派出 的 监事会 , 依照 《 国有 重点 金融 机构 监事会 暂行条例 》 执行 .\r\n第二十九 本 条例 自 发布 之 日 起 施行 .\r\n1994年7月24日 国务院 发布 的 《 国有 企业 财产 监督 管理 条例 》 同时 废止 .\r\n1月4日 , 朝鲜 同 西方 七 大工业 国 之一 的 意大利 建交 .\r\n3月5日 , 朝 最高 领导人 金正日 做客 中国 大使馆 .\r\n3月18日 , 朝鲜 外务 相 白南舜 访华 .\r\n朝日 邦交正常化 谈判 也 将 于 4月 开始 .\r\n与此同时 , 朝 与 澳大利亚 及 东南亚 一些 国家 也 频频 接触 , 并 加快 了 同 英 法 德 等 西方 国家 接触 的 步伐 .\r\n世纪之交 , 朝鲜 外交 日趋 活跃 , 其 多边 外交 的 新 特点 更加 明朗 , 这是 一个 积极 的 变化 .\r\n近 几 年 来 , 朝鲜半岛 紧张 局势 在 有关 各方 努力 下 已 逐渐 有所 缓解 .\r\n特别是 过去 的 一 年 , 和平 , 和解 , 合作 成为 半岛 新 的 主题 .\r\n同时 , 朝鲜 北 南 双方 经济 与 文体 方面 的 交流 不断 加强 , 成果 显著 .\r\n在 这种 形势 下 , 朝鲜 及时 调整 了 外交 政策 , 加快 了 推行 积极 多边 外交 的 步伐 并 取得 了 可喜 进展 .\r\n朝鲜 推进 多边 外交 政策 显示 了 朝鲜 欲 改善 包括 与 西方 国家 在内 的 各国 关系 的 愿望 , 受到 国际 社会 的 欢迎 .\r\n目前 , 朝鲜半岛 局势 尽管 趋向 缓和 , 但 冷战 阴云 并 没有 完全 消散 .\r\n人们 希望 朝鲜 积极 推进 的 多边 外交 , 能 在 不断 克服困难 中 取得 进展 .\r\n第二 本 条例 所 称 国有 重点 金融 机构 , 是 指 国务院 派出 监事会 的 国有 政策 性 银行 , 商业银行 , 金融 资产 管理 公司 , 证券 公司 , 保险公司 等 ( 以下 简称 国有 金融 机构 ) .\r\n监事会 与 国有 金融 机构 是 监督 与 被 监督 的 关系 , 不 参与 , 不 干预 国有 金融 机构 的 经营 决策 和 经营 管理 活动 .\r\n第七 监事会 一般 每年 对 国有 金融 机构 定期 检查 两 , 并 可以 根据 实际 需要 不定期 地 对 国有 金融 机构 进行 专项 检查 .\r\n监事会 主席 根据 监督 检查 的 需要 , 可以 列席 或者 委派 监事会 其他 成员 列席 国有 金融 机构 董事会 会议 和 其他 有关 会议 .\r\n第十一 检查 报告 经 监事会 成员 审核 , 并 征求 有关 部门 意见 后 , 由 监事会 主席 签署 , 经 监事会 管理 机构 报 国务院 .\r\n监事会 成员 对 检查 报告 有 原则性 不同 意见 的 , 应当 在 检查 报告 中 说明 .\r\n第十三 国有 金融 机构 应当 定期 , 如实 向 监事会 报送 财务 报告 , 资金 营运 报告 , 并 及时 报告 重大 业务 经营 活动 情况 , 不得 拒绝 , 隐匿 , 伪 报 .\r\n第十五 监事会 由 主席 一 人 , 监事 若干 人 组成 .\r\n第十六 监事会 主席 人选 按照 规定 程序 确定 , 由 国务院 任命 .\r\n第十七 监事会 主席 应当 具有 较高 的 政策 水平 , 坚持 原则 , 廉洁 自持 , 熟悉 金融 工作 或者 经济 工作 .\r\n第二十二 监事会 成员 必须 对 检查 报告 内容 保密 , 并 不得 泄露 国有 金融 机构 的 商业 秘密 .\r\n第二十三 监事会 成员 在 监督 检查 工作 中 成绩 突出 , 为 维护 国家利益 做出 重要 贡献 的 , 给予 奖励 .\r\n第二十七 本 条例 自 发布 之 日 起 施行 .\r\n1997年10月20日 国务院 批准 , 1997年11月12日 中国人民 银行 发布 的 《 国有 独资 商业银行 监事会 暂行 规定 》 同时 废止 .\r\n徐明阳 说 , 去年 的 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 , 使 西藏 的 党员 领导干部 普遍 受到 了 一次 深刻 的 党性 党风 党纪 教育 , 增强 了 党性 觉悟 和 廉政 意识 .\r\n这种 新 的 形势 , 给 香港 带来 新 机遇 的 同时 也 带来 新 挑战 .\r\n中国 \" 入世 \" 后 , 香港 还 有没有 \" 戏 \" ?\r\n应该 怎样 在 巩固 原有 优势 的 基础 上 再 创新 优势 ?\r\n人们 在 憧憬 美好 前景 的 同时 , 也 在 认真 地 思考 着 当前 和 今后 能够 做 些 什 幺 . 特殊 角色 特殊 的 地理 优势 和 历史 背景 , 使 香港 成为 中国 内地 与 世界 沟通 , 交流 的 最 重要 门户 .\r\n与此同时 , 香港 也 成为 中国 内地 最 稳定 的 外汇 收入 来源 .\r\n香港 商贾 云集 , 现有 9万 多 家 贸易公司 , 有 超过 1000 跨国公司 在 香港 设立 地区 总部 及 地区 办事处 , 专门 负责 在 内地 市场 的 销售 业务 .\r\n去年 , 内地 与 香港 贸易 总额 超过 1万亿 港元 , 约 占 香港 总体 贸易 的 四成 .\r\n据 特区 政府 财政 司 司长 曾荫权 的 估计 , 中国 加入 世 贸 后 , 与 香港 有关 的 出口 业务 将 继续 增加 , 至 2010年 会 比 现时 增加 15% , 转口 , 转运 贸易量 也 会 增加 .\r\n中国 \" 入世 \" 后 , 贸易 伙伴 便 不能 单方面 实施 歧视 性 措施 , 将 有助 保障 中国 以至 香港 的 经济 利益 .\r\n香港特区 正 努力 加强 与 内地 的 联系 , 进一步 创造 便利 两地 经贸 的 营 商 环境 .\r\n比如 , 香港 有 地理 上 紧贴 内地 , 语言 相通 , 文化 相近 , 亲情 相联 的 优势 , 别国 , 别 地 无以 比拟 .\r\n再 如 , 近 20 多年 , 香港 商界 已 在 内地 织就 了 巨大 的 商贸 网络 , 这是 一 笔 丰厚 的 资源 . 而 对 内地 市场 的 熟悉 程度 也是 别人 望尘莫及 的 .\r\n这类 诸多 优势 汇集 的 大城市 , 世界 少有 .\r\n全世界 的 大都市 , 没有 一个 象 香港 这样 , 位于 一个 购买力 可 象 火山 一样 喷发 , 人口 12亿 的 庞大 市场 的 旁边 .\r\n香港 作为 \" 近水楼台 \" 可以 也 必然 \" 先 得 月 \" .\r\n前景 无限 具体 在 哪些 方面 可以 有所作为 ?\r\n港商 必须 先 着 一 鞭 , 促进 内地 出口 , 带动 香港 贸易 发展 .\r\n随着 对 中国 的 非 关税壁垒 措施 的 减少 , 众多 的 内地 港 资 加工 贸易 企业 会 得到 更好 的 发展 环境 , 产品 可以 更 顺畅 地 进入 国际 市场 .\r\n而 国家 政策 鼓励 向 内陆 投资 和 开发 大西北 , 必然 带来 巨大 而 持久 的 物流 , 给 港商 提供 了 更 广阔 的 发展 天地 .\r\n在 服务 贸易 方面 , 香港 也 可以 大有作为 .\r\n中国 加入 世 贸 后 , 内地 的 各行各业 将 分别 有 三 至 五 年 缓冲 期 , 北京 学者 黄丹涵 认为 , 港商 比 欧美 商人 对 中国 内地 了解 更 全面 , 更 深入 , 完全 可以 把握 这个 契机 , 开拓 新 业务 .\r\n中方 愿 加强 双方 在 联合国 领域 的 合作 .\r\n唐家璇 强调 , 台湾 问题 是 中国 的 内政 .\r\n最近 , 台湾 举行 了 地方 选举 .\r\n对 台湾 新 领导人 , 我们 是 听其言 , 观其行 .\r\n我们 重视 这些 承诺 , 更 重视 美方 履行 承诺 的 实际 行动 , 希望 美国 充分 认清 当前 形势 的 敏感性 和 复杂性 , 在 台湾 问题 上 谨慎 行事 .\r\n中美 两国 在 人权 问题 上 的 分歧 应 在 平等 和 相互 尊重 的 基础 上 , 通过 对话 解决 .\r\n大跌 汇市 爆 天 量 ( 香港 中国 通讯社 三月二十日 电 ) 特稿 : 台湾 选 后 金融市场 急剧 动荡 , 股市 大跌 汇市 爆 天 量 香港 中通社 记者 卓苓 台湾 大选 结束 后 , 台湾 工商 , 金融 , 证券业 界 以及 投资者 对 局势 前景 十分 忧虑 , 台湾 金融市场 急剧 震荡 .\r\n周一 台 股 开盘 后 即 大幅 急挫 , 终场 大跌 二百多点 ; 汇市 爆出 巨量 , 而 台 指 期货 亦 纷纷 跌 停 .\r\n大选 结束 后 为了 稳定 金融 证券 市场 , 台湾 \" 财政部 \" 十九日 宣布 大幅 缩减 股市 跌 停 幅度 , 由 原来的 百分之七 缩 至 百分之三点五 , 安定 基金 及 党政 基金 都 表示 全力 护 市 , 但是 仍 无法 挽回 投资者 信心 .\r\n至 於 外汇市场 方面 , 进口商 及 民众 出现 抢 买 美元 热溯 .\r\n台湾 股市 在 周一 大幅 下挫 二百多点 影响 下 , 周二 开盘 再 挫 九十七点 后 , 指数 最低 曾 跌至 八千三百五十五点 , 大 挫 一百八十 多 点 .\r\n( 香港 中国 通讯社 北京 三月二十一日 电 ) 今年 二月 , 居民 消费 价格 总 水平 在 连续 二十二个 月 下降 后 首次 回升 , 预示 著 中国 实施 扩大 消费 需求 政策 已 见 成效 .\r\n为了 保证 这 一 良好 势头 , 著名 学者 魏杰 认为 , 目前 刺激 消费 需求 应从 影响 中国 消费 需求 变动 的 六 大 要素 入手 : 第一 , 消费 倾向 .\r\n为了 刺激 消费 需求 的 增加 , 就 必须 加速 完善 社会保障 制度 , 完善 社会保障 制度 完全 可以 以 国家 信用 为 基础 , 采取 借债 的 方式 加速 完善 社会保障 制度 .\r\n第三 , 物价 政策 .\r\n利用 价格 杠杆 刺激 消费 需求 .\r\n根据 目前 价格 连续 下降 而 消费 需求 增长 乏力 的 状况 , 应该 适当 提高 价格 , 尤其是 防止 过度 竞争 中 的 乱 降价 .\r\n这种 乱 降价 既 损害 国家利益 , 也 不利 於 刺激 消费 需求 , 必须 要 加以 禁止 .\r\n现在 , 中国 面临 的 是 以 新 三 件 为 特征 的 消费 升级 , 即 以 私人 住房 , 私人 小轿车 , 私人 现代 通讯 设施 为 特征 的 消费 升级 .\r\n近期 政府 已经 实施 了 一系列 调整 分配 收入 的 政策 , 这 对 启动 消费 应该 说是 有 好处 的 , 但 就 全社会 刺激 需求 来说 , 收入 增加 的 幅度 还是 不够 的 .\r\n因此 , 应该 在 人们 预期 支出 增大 的 条件 下 , 需要 再 进一步 提高 人们 的 收入 水平 , 尤其是 应该 充分 利用 财政 与 货币 政策 提高 人们 旳 收入 水平 .\r\n第六 , 金融 政策 .\r\n考虑到 中国 的 实际情况 , 利息 不宜 再 下降 .\r\n吴仪 同志 充分 肯定 了 \" 口岸 电子 执法 系统 \" , 认为 这是 实现 对 进出口 监管 综合治理 和 口岸 通关 管理体制 改革 目标 的 一 项 开创性 尝试 .\r\n她 高度 赞扬 了 参与 这个 系统 开发 的 业务 技术 专家 , 对 他们 夜以继日 , 无私 奉献 的 精神 表示 感谢 .\r\n吴仪 说 , 信息 技术 飞速 发展 , 因特网 的 出现 和 迅速 普及 , 标志着 一个 全球性 的 信息社会 正在 逐步 形成 , 社会 经济 和 人们 生活 越来越 依赖 现代 信息 技术 .\r\n江泽民 总书记 曾 深刻 指出 : \" 四个现代化 , 哪 一样 也 离不开 信息化 . \"\r\n我们 一定 要 站在 这样的 高度 , 在 信息化 , 全球化 这个 大 背景 , 大趋势 下去 认识 加快 \" 金关 工程 \" 建设 特别是 口岸 管理 信息化 的 重要性 和 必要性 .\r\n信息 技术 发展 为 我们 加强 管理 提供 了 强有力 的 手段 , 加快 \" 金关 工程 \" 特别是 口岸 管理 信息化 的 建设 也是 贯彻 落实 国务院 关于 加强 管理 的 有力 措施 和 直接 体现 .\r\n二 , 实现 各 有关 部门 的 联网 是 关键 .\r\n三 , 要 集中 精力 搞好 应用 项目 开发 . 当前 的 重点 是 加工 贸易 管理 , 进出口 报关 管理 , 配额 许可证 管理 和 结 售 汇 管理 项目 的 开发 建设 和 联网 .\r\n联网 的 根本 目的 就是 要 实现 信息 资源 的 交换 与 共享 , 堵塞 管理 漏洞 , 提高 效率 .\r\n四 要 有利于 政务 公开 , 便于 接受 监督 , 相互 制约 .\r\n总的 看 , 世纪之交 的 中美 关系 既 存在 良好 的 发展 机遇 , 也 面临 着 严峻 的 挑战 , 最大 的 挑战 就是 台湾 问题 .\r\n如何 妥善 处理好 这个 问题 对于 中美 关系 向 何处 发展 具有 至关重要 的 影响 .\r\n我们 主张 在 一个 中国 原则 的 前提 下 , 海峡 两岸 什 幺 问题 都 可以 谈 .\r\n钱其琛 表示 , 和平 与 发展 仍然 是 当今 时代 的 两 大 主题 .\r\n( 28 ) 孙玉玺 谈 美国 特使 的 中国 之行 \" 中新社 北京 三月二十一日 电 \" 外交部 发言人 孙玉玺 今天 在此间 向 中外 记者 介绍 了 美国 特使 即将 访华 和 霍尔布鲁克 大使 正在 中国 进行 访问 的 有关 情况 .\r\n在 今天 的 中国 外交部 新闻发布会 上 , 孙玉玺 说 , 应 中国 政府 的 邀请 , 美国 总统 国家 安全 事务 助理 伯杰 将 在 本月 的 最后 几 天 访问 中国 .\r\n中国 领导人 届时 将 会见 伯杰 一行 , 并 将就 中美 关系 和 双方 共同 关心 的 问题 交换 意见 .\r\n他 说 , 根据 中美 双方 事先 商定 , 应 外交部 的 邀请 , 美国 常驻 联合国 代表 霍尔布鲁克 大使 正在 访问 中国 , 同 中方 就 联合国 事务 进行 磋商 .\r\n( 32 ) 中国 要求 美国 只 同 台湾 发展 民间 关系 并 停止 对 台 售 武 \" 中新社 北京 三月二十一日 电 \" 中国 外交部 发言人 孙玉玺 今天 在此间 表示 , 中国 政府 要求 美方 只 同 台湾 发展 民间 关系 , 并 停止 向 台湾 出售 先进 武器 .\r\n在 今天 的 外交部 新闻发布会 上 , 孙玉玺 再次 表示 , 世界上 只有 一个 中国 , 台湾 是 中国 领土 不可 分割 的 一部分 .\r\n孙玉玺 指出 , 台湾地区 领导人 的 选举 及其 结果 , 改变 不了 上述 事实 .\r\n美国 政府 在 台湾 问题 上 也曾 作出 过 庄严 的 国际 承诺 .\r\n他 说 , 中国 在 人权 问题 上 主张 国际间 对话 , 而不是 对抗 .\r\n如果 某些 国家 要 在 日内瓦 人权 会上 搞 对抗 , 中国 将 奉陪 到底 .\r\n孙玉玺 说 , 中国 认为 有些 国家 借 人权 问题 干涉 中国 内政 的 企图 将 注定 失败 .\r\n中国 政府 依法 处理 \" 法 轮 功 \" 问题 , 正是 对 中国 公民 基本 人权 和 自由 的 保护 .\r\n( 34 ) 孙玉玺 谈 朝鲜 外务 相 白南舜 访华 \" 中新社 北京 三月二十一日 电 \" 外交部 发言人 孙玉玺 今天 在此 偬 到 朝鲜 外务 相 白南舜 访华 时 表示 , 中朝 高层 互访 将 有助 於 两国 友好 关系 的 发展 .\r\n双方 表示 , 将 继续 重视 发展 两国 传统 友谊 , 为 推动 两国 关系 不断 发展 而 努力 .\r\n有关 中朝 高层 首脑 互访 问题 , 孙玉玺 指出 , 中国 和 朝鲜 之间 有 高层 互访 的 传统 , 两国 领导人 的 互访 对 发展 两国 友好 合作 关系 具有 重要 的 意义 .\r\n朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 说 , 阁下 上次 访华 是 在 1987年 .\r\n我们 对 总统 阁下 长期 致力于 中 刚 ( 布 ) 关系 的 发展 表示 赞赏 .\r\n在 谈到 刚果 ( 布 ) 重建 时 , 朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 说 , 中国 愿 向 刚果 ( 布 ) 提供 力所能及 的 帮助 , 鼓励 和 支持 有实力 的 中国 公司 和 企业 到 刚果 ( 布 ) 投资 , 开展 互利 合作 .\r\n我们 两国 在 经贸 方面 的 合作 体现 了 两国 人民 之间 的 友好 情谊 .\r\n萨苏 总统 高度 评价 了 刚 ( 布 ) 中 两国 在 各个 领域 的 合作 和 取得 的 成果 .\r\n他 说 , 两国 友谊 源远流长 , 并 经历 了 历史 的 考验 .\r\n我 此次 访问 期间 目睹 了 中国 10 多年 在 经济 建设 方面 所 取得 的 成就 , 相信 访问 必将 进一步 推动 和 加强 两国 业已 存在 的 友好 关系 .\r\n萨苏 强调 , 世界上 只有 一个 中国 , 刚果 ( 布 ) 将 继续 奉行 一个 中国 的 原则 立场 .\r\n朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 对 刚果 ( 布 ) 政府 长期 奉行 一个 中国 的 原则 立场 表示 感谢 和 赞赏 , 并 强调 指出 , 昨天 , 江泽民 主席 已经 郑重 声明 , \" 台湾 不管 谁 当权 , 我们 都 欢迎 他 来 大陆 谈 . \"\r\n\" 但是 , 对话 谈判 要 有 个 基础 , 就是 首先 必须 承认 一个 中国 的 原则 , 在 这个 前提 下 , 什 幺 都 可以 谈 \" .\r\n萨苏 总统 再次 表示 , 刚果 ( 布 ) 政府 全力 支持 中国 今年 十月 举行 的 \" 中非 ━ ━ 2000年 合作 论坛 \" 会议 , 这次 论坛 将会 进一步 开拓 非洲 与 中国 合作 的 新 领域 .\r\n他 说 , 中国 和 刚果 ( 布 ) 虽 分 处 亚 , 非 两 大陆 , 但 两国 人民 保持 着 传统 友谊 .\r\n总统 阁下 多次 访华 , 重视 发展 对华 关系 , 贵国 政府 始终 坚持 一个 中国 的 立场 , 并 在 人权 等 国际 问题 上 坚定 支持 中国 , 我们 对此 表示 赞赏 和 感谢 .\r\n今年 1月 , 我们 高兴 地 接待 了 贵国 全国 委员会 主席 孔巴 先生 , 我 就是 在 这个 厅 同 他 进行 了 富有 成果 的 会晤 .\r\n李鹏 说 , 中国 严格 恪守 和平共处五项原则 , 特别是 互不 干涉 内政 的 原则 .\r\n中国 尊重 包括 刚果 ( 布 ) 在内 的 非洲 国家 各国 人民 自主 选择 符合 自身 国情 的 发展 道路 .\r\n和平 稳定 是 发展 的 前提 和 基础 , 祝 刚果 ( 布 ) 在 稳定 政局 , 恢复 经济 的 事业 中 取得 新 的 进展 .\r\n他 说 , 自 1964年 首次 访华 以来 , 我 已 7 来 中国 , 目睹 中国 的 发展 历程 , 深 有 感触 .\r\n我 这次 访问 中 , 同 江主席 , 李 委员长 和 朱 总理 的 会谈 , 会见 都 取得 了 圆满 成功 , 我 将 带着 满意 的 心情 返回 我 的 祖国 .\r\n我们 要求 美方 恪守 中美 三 个 联合公报 和 \" 三 不 \" 承诺 .\r\n美方 应 在 实际 行动 上 坚持 一个 中国 的 政策 , 只有 这样 , 中美 关系 才能 避免 波折 , 才能 得到 改善 和 发展 .\r\n江泽民 说 , 今年 是 美国 的 大选 年 , 美国 国内 有些 人 企图 把 美国 的 大选 政治 带到 中美 关系 中 来 , 干扰 中美 关系 的 改善 和 发展 .\r\n维护 中国 的 主权 和 领土 完整 , 实现 祖国 的 完全 统一 , 是 全体 中国 人民 的 共同 愿望 和 神圣 使命 .\r\n中国 完成 统一 大业 , 不仅 是 全体 中国 人民 的 共同 愿望 , 符合 中华 民族 的 根本 利益 , 也 有利于 中美 关系 健康 , 稳定 发展 , 这 对 美方 也是 有 好处 的 .\r\n江泽民 说 , 我们 正 密切 关注 台湾 岛 内 局势 的 发展 .\r\n我 已经 公开 表示 , 海峡 两岸 领导人 可以 谈 , 前提 必须 是 一个 中国 的 原则 .\r\n霍尔布鲁克 转达 了 克林顿 总统 对 江泽民 主席 的 问候 . 江泽民 主席 也 请 霍尔布鲁克 转达 他 对 克林顿 总统 的 问候 .\r\n霍尔布鲁克 赞同 美中 两国 应用 长远 , 战略 的 眼光 建立 稳定 , 成熟 与 合作 的 双边 关系 .\r\n美方 认识到 台湾 问题 的 重要性 和 敏感性 , 将 恪守 一个 中国 的 原则 , 中美 三 个 联合公报 和 \" 三 不 \" 承诺 .\r\n他 指出 , 在 新 的 世纪 里 , 人权 会议 应当 有 新 面貌 , 摈弃 \" 冷战 \" 时期 的 做法 , 更 不要 把 本国 国内 政治 斗争 引入 人权 会议 , 妨碍 委员会 各项 工作 的 正常 开展 , 影响 成员国 之间 的 合作 .\r\n他 强调 , 人权 不是 少数 国家 的 权利 , 也 不是 富人 的 权利 , 而是 所有 人 的 权利 .\r\n实现 生存权 和 发展 权 是 充分 实现 其他 各项 人权 的 基础 , 对于 占 世界 人口 绝大多数 的 广大 发展中国家 来说 更加 具有 迫切性 .\r\n他 还 对 一些 地区 和 国家 关于 通过 重组 议题 , 隔 年 审议 等 把 人权 会 会期 缩短 为 4 周 并 提高 会议 效率 的 建议 表示 支持 .\r\n新华社 日内瓦 3月21日 电 ( 记者 陆大生 严明 ) 中国 常驻 联合国 日内瓦 办事处 代表 乔宗淮 大使 21日 在 日内瓦 举行 新闻发布会 , 介绍 中国 政府 取缔 \" 法 轮 功 \" 邪教 组织 的 有关 情况 .\r\n乔宗淮 指出 , \" 法 轮 功 \" 是 地地道道 的 邪教 , 其 创始人 李洪志 编造 并 宣扬 的 一系列 谎言 和 歪理 邪说 造成 了 严重 的 社会 危害 .\r\n\" 法 轮 功 \" 严重 损害 了 中国 的 社会 安定 , 给 受害人 家庭 和 亲属 造成 极大 痛苦 .\r\n他 说 , 中国 政府 取缔 \" 法 轮 功 \" 的 行动 , 不仅 符合 国际 人权 文书 的 规定 , 而且 也是 世界上 任何 负责任 的 政府 面对 邪教 都会 采取 的 行动 .\r\n随后 , 乔宗淮 回答 了 与会者 的 提问 .\r\n他 奉劝 个别 仍 坚持 利用 \" 法 轮 功 \" 问题 干涉 中国 内政 的 人 改弦更张 .\r\n他 说 , 如果 有人 借 \" 法 轮 功 \" 问题 在 人权 会议 上 搞 涉 华 提案 , 支持 邪教 , 只会 落得 身败名裂 和 很 不 光彩 的 结果 .\r\n这 明显 冲 著 李登辉 拖延 至 九月 辞职 而来 .\r\n国民党 总部 门前 , 已 连续 四 天 有 大批 国民党 员 举行 示威 , 要求 李登辉 立即 下台 , 这 将 发展 为 全 台 性 的 浪潮 .\r\n正是 : 玩弄 权谋 者 , 败在 自己的 权谋 之下 .\r\n\" 今后 几 天 , 会 有 更多 国民党 员 以 集会 和 联署 形式 , 要求 李登辉 下台 , 避免 国民党 再 走 \" 台独 \" 之路 , 避免 台湾 再 滑 向 战争 危机 边缘 .\r\n\" 台独 之 父 \" 李登辉 已经 四面楚歌 , 穷途末路 , 李登辉 不会 有 好 下场 .\r\n历史 证明 , 背叛 祖国 , 分裂 祖国 都是 不得 民心 的 , 必然 失败 的 .\r\n( 22-03-2000 ) 陈 水扁勿 走 三 绝路 [ Image ] 大陆 军事 专家 指出 , 台湾 当局 \" 以 武拒统 \" 之路 行不通 .\r\n这位 知名 的 军事 问题 专家 指出 , 除 统一 之路 外 , 目前 摆 在 台湾 新 领导人 面前的 还有 三 绝路 , 第一 是 以 武拒统 .\r\n这 几 年 为了 阻止 以 武力 收复 台湾 , 台 军 苦心经营 , 军力 已 达到 四十 多 万 人 .\r\n作战 飞机 达到 四百 , 海军 舰船 达到 三百 余 艘 .\r\n但是 , 洋 武器 \" 硬件 \" 弥补 不了 台 军 素质 , 士气 等 \" 软件 \" 上 的 缺陷 .\r\n因此 , 如果 将来 台独 势力 以 武力 抗拒 统一 , 那麽 这样 一 场 逆 历史潮流 而 动 的 非正义战争 , 不仅 得不到 台湾 人民 的 支持 , 也 得不到 台 军 官兵 的 支持 .\r\n连 台湾 \" 国防部长 \" 唐飞 都 惊叹 \" 没 料到 军纪 松散 , 废弛 到 如此 地步 .\r\n在 军事 战略 方面 , 台 军 自称 对 目前 采取 的 \" 防卫 固守 , 有效 吓 阻 \" , \" 反 封锁 作战 \" 等 战略 已 进行 了 反 覆 论证 , 但 这 套 战略 已 引起 国际 军事 专家 的 怀疑 , 甚至 一些 台湾 民众 也 认为 军方 有 吹牛 之 嫌 .\r\n第二 绝路 是 以 拖 拒 统 .\r\n胡思远 指出 , 拖 的 路 也是 不行 的 .\r\n胡 教授 认为 , 这 三 \" 如果 \" 中 的 第三 \" 如果 \" , 已经 充分 反映 了 中国 政府 和 人民 反对 \" 台独 \" , 排除 外部 干涉 , 彻底 解决 台湾 问题 , 最终 实现 祖国 完全 统一 的 坚定 决心 .\r\n中国 人 都 明白 , 这样 拖 下去 是 不行 的 , 因为 拖 下去 对 统一 不利 , 对 两岸 的 经济 不利 , 对 两岸 的 骨肉 同胞 不利 .\r\n特别是 中国 政府 发表 的 《 一个 中国 的 原则 与 台湾 问题 》 白皮书 墨迹未干 , 台湾 又 和 美国 达成 一 笔 新 的 军售 交易 , 美国 向 台湾 出售 一六二 防空 导弹 和 相应的 雷达 设备 , 其 总价值 二亿六百万 美元 .\r\n这 批 F-十六 飞机 的 质量 问题 令 台湾 当局 大为 恼火 , 有人 甚至 说 美国 洛克希德马丁 公司 买 给 台湾 的 F-十六 战机 是 二手货 .\r\n台湾 当局 购买 的 美国 E-二T 预警机 性能 要 比 美国 自己 和 日本 等 国 用 的 E-二C 整整 差 一代 .\r\n中国 是 拥有 核武器 的 大国 , 而且 在 事关 祖国 统一 和 领土 完整 的 重大 问题 上 我们 历来 决不 妥协 , 甚至 不惜 为此 承担 巨大 的 民族 牺牲 .\r\n从 另一方面 来讲 , 美国 也 不 愿意 为 台独 而 付出 太 大 的 代价 .\r\n事实上 , 美国 近年来 在 亚洲 推行 的 一直 是 一种 \" 间接 战略 \" , 即 努力 在 亚太地区 维持 力量 的 均势 .\r\n越战 的 苦味 让 美国 人 回味 了 好 多年 , 如果 美国 再次 直接 卷入 越南 战争 那样的 大规模 局部战争 , 那麽 不仅 违背 了 这样 一种 战略 , 而且 将 是 得不偿失 .\r\n最后 胡 教授 表示 , 对 台湾地区 的 新 领导人 来说 , 这 三 绝路 是 走 不通 的 .\r\n陈水扁 胜选 , 为 两岸 关系 带来 复杂 的 效应 , 使 台海 局势 笼罩 在 不安 的 气氛 之中 .\r\n两岸 关系 走向 何 方 , 完全 取决 於 台湾 新 领导人 对 一个 中国 原则 的 态度 .\r\n预计 北京 关注 的 焦点 在 陈水 扁 五月二十日 的 就职 演说 . 这是 陈水 扁 新政府 能否 展现 改善 两岸 关系 诚意 的 契机 .\r\n\" \" 但是 , 对话 谈判 要 有 基础 , 就是 首先 必须 承认 一个 中国 的 原则 , 在 这个 前提 下 , 什 麽 都 可以 谈 .\r\n\" 这就是 我们 的 底线 .\r\n我们 历来 的 方针 是 \" 和平 统一 一国两制 \" .\r\n但 我们 绝对 不能 允许 任何 形式 的 台湾 \" 独立 \" , 绝对 不会 与 任何 主张 台湾 \" 独立 \" 的 政党 和 人士 进行 谈判 .\r\n祖国 大陆 方面 的 立场 已 交代 得 极为 清楚 .\r\n对 \" 一个 中国 \" 的 内涵 , 双方 可以 对话 交换 意见 , 达 不成 共识 可以 求同存异 ; 但 对 \" 一个 中国 \" , 双方 要 有 共同 承诺 .\r\n坚持 一个 中国 原则 , 是 祖国 大陆 力争 以 和平 方式 实现 统一 的 真诚 表现 , 并 完全 符合 台湾 同胞 的 切身 利益 和 根本 利益 .\r\n陈水 扁 要想 开启 两岸 对话 谈判 的 大门 只有 一个 办法 : 承认 一个 中国 的 原则 , 别 无他 途 .\r\n坚持 搞 \" 台独 \" 只能 意味 著 两岸 之间 的 战争 .\r\n正是 决不 容忍 , 决不 姑息 , 决不 坐视 任何 人 分裂 中国 的 图谋 得逞 , 才能 压住 \" 台独 \" 的 气焰 , 确保 台海 和平 , 维护 住 国家 主权 和 领土 完整 .\r\n军队 文艺 工作者 一定 要 认清 形势 , 肩负 起 自己的 历史 使命 , 创作 出 更多 更 玫 奈 蘩 ⒂ 谖 们 这个 时代 的 优秀 作品 , 为 国家 和 军队 现代化 建设 做出 新 贡献 .\r\n军队 文艺 工作者 要 肩负 起 历史 使命 , 关键 在于 能不能 深刻 认识 和 准确 把握 我们 所 处 这个 伟大 时代 的 本质 .\r\n无论 是 军事训练 , 作战 演习 , 战备 执勤 , 还是 完成 抢险 救灾 等 急难 险 重 任务 , 军人 身上 都 有 我们 时代 最 闪光 , 最 崇高 的 东西 .\r\n江主席 最近 又 一次 强调 指出 , 马克思主义 要 在 意识形态 领域 占 主导 地位 .\r\n推陈出新 繁荣 文艺 --- 面向 新世纪 的 军队 文艺 工作 思考 之 二 报 评论员\r\n半个 多 世纪 以来 , 军队 文艺 工作 创造 了 引人瞩目 的 辉煌 业绩 , 出自 军队 的 名人 名 骺 晌 举不胜举 , 其中 许多 作品 堪称 是 流传 后世 的 经典 .\r\n今年 春节 的 \" 双拥 \" 晚会 《 世纪 的 春天 》 如同 一 只 报春 鸟 , 发出 了 第一 异常 响亮 的 呼唤 .\r\n这 台 晚会 的 成功 , 再一次 启示 我们 , 文艺 的 生命 在于 创新 , 文艺 的 发展 之路 实质上 就是 一 条 不断 创新 之路 .\r\n因此 , 在 新 的 历史 条件 下 , 要 进一步 繁荣 和 发展 军队 文艺 , 就 一定 要 贯彻 推陈出新 的 思想 .\r\n能不能 创作 出 更多 更新 更 高水平 的 精品 力作 , 是 衡量 军队 文艺 是否 繁荣 的 重要 标志 .\r\n在 这 方面 , 我们 过去 做 得 是 好的 , 并 积累 了 丰富 的 创作 经验 .\r\n但是 , 我们 也 应 看到 , 那些 脍炙人口 的 优秀 传统 节目 和 作品 , 只能 证明 和 代表 我们 的 昨天 , 新 的 时代 给 我们 提供 了 新 的 生活 , 也 向 我们 提出 了 创作 上 新 的 更高 的 要求 .\r\n推陈出新 , 还要 努力 推出 新人 .\r\n军队 文艺 之所以 在 社会上 产生 巨大 而 持久 的 影响 , 与 我们 拥有 和 不断 涌现 一批 又 一批 具有 较高 知名度 的 作家 , 艺术家 密切相关 .\r\n因此 , 抓好 文艺 人才 的 培养 , 始终 是 军队 文艺 工作 的 一个 带 根本性 的 任务 .\r\n拿 军队 的 文艺 舞台 来说 , 既要 有 老 演员 , 名演员 , 也要 不断 出现 新 演员 , 这样 我们 的 文艺 舞台 才能 后继有人 , 我们 的 文艺 事业 才能 繁荣 兴旺 .\r\n如果 过去 的 舞台 总是 由 老 演员 , 名演员 在 表演 , 今天 的 名演员 也就 很难 有 崭露头角 , 成 大气候 的 机会 .\r\n同理 , 如果 今天 有 潜力 , 有希望 的 新 演员 始终 得不到 锻炼 和 展示 的 机会 , 他们 就 很难 冒出来 成为 军队 文艺 队伍 出类拔萃 的 接班人 , 真正 挑起 军队 文艺 工作 的 大梁 .\r\n长 此 下去 , 我们 的 文艺 队伍 就 可能 出现 后继乏人 , 甚至 断代 的 现 像 .\r\n因此 , 不断 推出 新人 , 是 文艺 事业 的 需要 , 也是 时代 的 需要 .\r\n各级领导 既要 注意 充分 发挥 老 演员 , 名演员 的 作用 , 又要 给 新 演员 的 成长 进步 创造 条件 .\r\n面对 即将 到来 的 新世纪 , 军队 文艺 怎样 才能 以 其 独特 的 审美 形态 走向 社会 , 走向 世界 , 走向 未来 , 这是 我们 每一个 军队 文艺 工作者 面临 的 新 课题 .\r\n而 解决 这 一 课题 的 关键 就在于 抓 创作 .\r\n因此 , 提高 创作 质量 , 多出 精品 力作 , 是 今后 一个 时期 军队 文艺 工作 的 重 中 之 重 .\r\n这一点 , 我们 从 2000年 \" 双拥 \" 晚会 《 世纪 的 春天 》 的 成功 就 可以 看到 .\r\n实践 证明 , 舞台 演出 的 成功 , 靠 的 是 抓 创作 ; 同样 , 其它 艺术品 类 出 成果 , 也要 靠 抓 创作 .\r\n抓 创作 , 是 军队 文艺 繁荣 的 基础 , 也是 出 精品 的 关键 .\r\n创作 的 根本 问题 是 深入 生活 问题 .\r\n艺术 精品 的 产生 , 更 需要 创作者 长期 的 生活 积累 和 扎实 的 艺术 功底 .\r\n毋庸讳言 , 我们 一些 军队 文艺 工作者 在 这 方面 还 不是 做 得 很好 .\r\n有的 受 物欲 影响 , 心情 浮躁 , 急功近利 , 对 深入 生活 缺乏 热情 , 个别 的 甚至 不想 去 亲近 它 , 了解 它 ; 有的 虽然 下去 了 , 但 多 是 走马观花 式 的 \" 采风 \" , 蜻蜓点水 式 的 \" 体验 \" , 缺乏 对 生活 的 真知灼见 .\r\n\" 濯 足 长 流 , 抽 足 再入 , 已 非 前 水 \" .\r\n艺术 的 生命 在于 创新 , 提高 艺术 质量 , 多出 精品 的 关键 也 在于 创新 .\r\n只有 这样 , 才能 给 广大 官兵 提供 清新 的 审美 感受 .\r\n虽说 艺术 是 永恒 的 , 而 形式 却是 时代 的 产物 .\r\n经验 证明 , 许多 艺术 精品 , 最初 往往 出自 于 业余 .\r\n与此同时 , 还要 处理好 创作 人员 和 领导 的 关系 .\r\n特别 要 注意 把 好 政治 关 , 在 艺术 上 提出 意见 和 建议 , 让 他们 结合实际 去 创造 , 去 发挥 , 不要 束缚住 他们 的 手脚 .\r\n此外 , 加强 创作 队伍 建设 , 努力 把 创作 人员 配齐 配 强 , 也是 提高 创作 质量 , 多出 精品 的 一个 重要 的 组织 保证 .\r\n可以 展望 , 21世纪 的 中国 军事 文艺 必将 出现 一个 新 的 高峰期 .\r\n但 这 并不 意 蹲 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 已经 结束 .\r\n这次 \" 三 讲 \" 集中 教育 取得 实效 的 一个 重要 原因 , 就是 在 启发 自觉 的 基础 上 , 制定 了 一些 规定性 程序 和 具体 要求 .\r\n坚持 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 经常化 , 还必须 大力 弘扬 探索 精神 .\r\n创新 是 一个 国家 , 民族 和 政党 发展 的 灵魂 .\r\n我们 相信 , 坚持 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 经常化 , 一定 能 促进 党委 班子 和 领导干部 队伍 建设 有 新 的 进步 , 一定 能 推动 我军 的 建设 和 改革 取得 更大 成绩 .\r\n去年 10月2日 和 今年 1月18日 , 美国 军方 对 计划 用 於 美国 \" 国家 导弹 防御 系统 \" 的 导弹 拦截 技术 进行 了 两 试验 , 第一 成功 , 第二 失败 .\r\n五角 大楼 官员 说 , 第二 试验 失败 的 原因 是 拦截 导弹 上 的 一个 输送 氮气 的 小 金属 管 破裂 , 致使 拦截 导弹 未能 寻找 到 攻击 目标 .\r\n美国 国防部 计划 於 今年 夏季 就 导弹 拦截 技术 是否 可行 一 事 向 克林顿 总统 提出 报告 , 克林顿 将 据此 作出 是否 部署 \" 国家 导弹 防御 系统 \" 的 决定 .\r\n对外开放 前 先 对内 开放 -: \" 入世 \" 在即 , 大门 即将 大开 , 中国 内地 如何 应对 ?\r\n不仅 电信 领域 , 其他 领域 都 应该 这样 , 给 外方 国民 待遇 之前 , 先 给 内 方 国民 待遇 .\r\n对 投资 领域 , 外方 能 进 的 , 国内 的 民间 投资 也 应 能够 进去 .\r\n我 对 内地 经济 形势 谨慎 乐观 .\r\n内地 目前 的 情况 , 不可能 发生 象 一般 的 发展中国家 那样的 财政危机 , 理由 有 三 : 第一 , 内地 现在 是 处在 一个 物资 储备 充足 的 阶段 .\r\n第三 , 所有 的 发展中国家 财政危机 , 都 和 政局 不稳定 有 关系 .\r\n政局 不稳定 , 老百姓 就 不 放心 , 就 抢购 物资 , 就 提取 存款 , 甚至 资金 外流 , 等等 .\r\n而且 , 新政府 上来 不 承认 旧 的 国债 , 怎 麽 办 ?\r\n: 中国 内地 的 经济 运行 状况 还 比较 平稳 , 但 没有 太 大 的 起色 , 为什麽 ?\r\n真正 让 市场 平稳 运转 , 必须 把 民间 投资 调动 起来 .\r\n加入 WTO 对 中国 来说 是 好的 , 自然 对 香港 也是 利 大 於弊 .\r\n第三 , 香港 作为 国际 金融 中心 , 将会 利用 内地 进入 世 贸 , 企业 需要 融资 , 金融 需要 跟 国际上 加强 合作 的 机会 , 而 起到 更大 的 作用 .\r\n香港 金融界 是 看好 方面 的 .\r\n: 教育 产业化 不等 於 教育 商业化 , 也 不等 於 教育 单位 企业化 .\r\n当然 , 教育 商业化 是 错 的 .\r\n民办 学校 怎 麽 搞 ?\r\n不能 用 储备 金 的 形式 搞 , 物价 降低 了 , 储备 金 不管 用 , 利息 太少 , 形势 变化 了 很难 兑现 原先 承诺 的 .\r\n捐钱 办学 的 人 毕竟 是 少数 , 群众 中 多数人 是 集资 办学 , 集资 就 应该 有 一定 的 回报 , 就 相当 於 买 教育 债券 一样 .\r\n浙江 有些 地方 用 股份制 办学 , 这 行不行 ?\r\n: 我 谈 三 问题 . 第一 , 西部 开发 的 前途 从 哪里 来 ?\r\n优惠 政策 不能 只 给 外商 而 不 给 内 商 , 给 外商 的 价 , 也要 给 内 商 , 西部 开发 更 主要 的 是 要 靠 内 商 .\r\n第四 趋势 , 中国 证监会 公布 了 一些 新 的 措施 , 拓宽 了 证券 商 的 融资 渠道 , 今年 的 股市 稳 中 有 进 , 股市 向 好 对 国企 改革 也 有利 .\r\n: 有 一点 赚头 总 比 没有 赚头 要好 , 从 这一点 而言 , 我 是 乐观 的 .\r\n但是 绝 不能 就 对 国有 企业 的 改革 感到 很 满意 了 .\r\n几万 亿 资产 盈利 九百多亿 元 , 利润率 太低 了 , 而且 国家 为此 付 了 很大 代价 , 比如 降低 了 利息 , 企业 得以 少 还 许多 利息 了 , 在 这个 情况 之下 才 取得 了 九百 多 亿 .\r\n改制 与 脱困 是 两 个 问题 , 不要 把 它们 混为一谈 .\r\n假如 改制 放慢 的话 , 国企 还 这 麽 亏损 的话 , 国企 的 债 只会 越 积 越 多 .\r\n现在 应该 把 改制 问题 提到 更 重要 的 位置 上来 .\r\n农民 问题 是 大 问题 -: 国内 需求 不足 , 问题 在 哪 : 农村 人口 占 内地 人口 的 百分之七十 , 购买力 却 只 ? 百分之三十五 .\r\n怎样 来 提高 农民 收入 ?\r\n人们 现在 吃 米 , 都 欢迎 吃 比较 好的 米 , 普通 米 是 困难 时期 吃 的 , 这些 东西 堆 在 仓库 有 什 麽 用 ?\r\n酸 苹果 现在 谁 吃 ?\r\n科技 下乡 来 支持 农业 技术 的 推广 , 金融 支持 来 帮助 农民 调整 结构 , 公司 用 定单 的 方式 跟 农村 订立 合同 , 这 三 者 缺一不可 .\r\n农民 要 从 市场 得到 消息 , 但 农民 身 在 农村 , 哪里 有空 天天 到 市场 去 看 有 什 麽 可 种 , 所谓 公司 加 农户 , 要 大力 发展 农产品 经纪人 , 农民 管 生产 , 经纪人 管 营销 .\r\n债 转 股 不能 搞 配额 -: 国企 脱困 , 债 转 股 似乎 褒贬 不一 , 您 如何 看 ?\r\n第一 , 债 转 股 是 一个 可供 选择 的 一种 试验 , 但 不是 唯一 的 方式 .\r\n债 转 股 问题 需要 不断 解决 .\r\n《 求是 》 网络 版 与 文本 求是 杂志 既有 联系 又 有 区别 , 主要 刊发 当 期求 是 杂志 发表 的 党 和 国家 领导人 的 文章 , 社论 , 评论员 文章 , 重点 理论 文章 等 .\r\n随 著 网络 版 杂志 的 逐步 完善 , 求是 杂志 还 准备 陆续 在 网上 提供 \" 理论 专题 信息库 \" 等 服务 项目 , 更好地 为 读者 服务 .\r\n这个 网址 已 同 《 人民 日报 》 , 《 光明 日报 》 等 报刊 网络 版 的 主页 炼 接 .\r\n他 说 , 自从 澳中 建交 以来 , 澳大利亚 只 同 台湾 保持 非官方 的 经贸 关系 .\r\n曾庆红 对 澳大利亚 坚持 一个 中国 的 政策 , 支持 中国 的 统一 大业 表示 赞赏 .\r\n他 希望 澳 政府 继续 坚持 一个 中国 的 原则 , 反对 \" 台独 \" .\r\n他 指出 , 这样 有利于 台湾 问题 的 和平 解决 , 有利于 台湾海峡 的 和平 与 稳定 , 也 有利于 亚太地区 乃至 世界 的 和平 与 安定 .\r\n霍华德 表示 , 当前 澳中 两国 关系 处于 务实 的 最佳 发展 时期 , 澳大利亚 政府 十分 重视 对华 关系 , 并 将 进一步 推动 两国 全面 合作 关系 的 发展 .\r\n当天 , 曾庆红 还 会见 了 澳大利亚 代理 外长 , 贸易 部长 韦尔 和 工党 领袖 比兹利 等 .\r\n曾庆红 一行 是 应 澳大利亚 政府 邀请 于 21日 开始 对 澳 进行 访问 的 .\r\n( 27 ) 台湾 中部 五 大学 教授 发表 声明 要 李登辉 下台 \" 中新社 香港 三月二十二日 电 \" 台北 消息 : 台湾 中部 地区 五 大学 教授 今天 在 台中 召开 记者会 , 共同 发表 声明 敦促 李登辉 立即 下台 .\r\n要求 李登辉 立即 下台 是 他们 的 共同 呼声 .\r\n报道说 , 中兴 大学 孙若怡 逢 甲 大学 蒋安国 朝阳 科技大 学 郭达鸣 等 三 教授 对 谢渝生 教授 的 发言 一致 认同 , 并 认为 此时 敦促 李登辉 下台 是 最佳 时间 , 透过 共同 诉求 可以 汇 成 巨大 洪流 , 促 李登辉 下台 .\r\n6月 中旬 , 北约 同 南联盟 签订 停战 协议 , 由 3.7万 人 组成 的 国际 维和 部队 在 联合国 的 旗号 下 开进 科索沃 .\r\n然而 , 一 年 过去了 , 维和部队 并 没有 给 科索沃 人民 带来 和平 与 安全 .\r\n据 南联盟 最新 统计 , 自 去年 6月 以来 , 科索沃 共 发生 4354 恐怖 事件 , 造成 910 无辜 平民 丧生 , 800 多人 受伤 , 821 人 被 劫持 , 36万 名 非 阿族 居民 被迫 离开 家园 , 5万 多 所 房屋 被 毁 .\r\n联合国 秘书长 安南 在 不久前 的 一 份 报告 中 指出 , 科索沃 的 \" 安全 局势 严重 恶化 \" , \" 如果 任 其 发展 下去 , 将 严重 破坏 联合国 的 和平 努力 \" , 联合国 在 科索沃 的 维 和 行动 正 面临 \" 前所未有 的 挑战 \" .\r\n联合国 派往 南联盟 的 特使 丁斯特比尔 更是 直言不讳 地 说 , \" 科索沃 的 维 和 行动 已经 失败 \" , \" 维 和 行动 已 陷入 死胡同 , 必须 另 寻 它 路 \" .\r\n联合国 特派 团 和 国际 维和 部队 还 采取 了 一系列 违反 联合国 安理会 决议 和 严重 侵犯 南联盟 主权 的 措施 .\r\n对于 阿族 极端 分子 肆无忌惮 的 暴力 活动 , 国际 维和部队 借口 经费 不足 和 不 负责 社会 治安 而 袖手旁观 .\r\n科索沃 战争 结束 后 , 阿族 强硬派 势力 迅速 膨胀 .\r\n科索沃 局势 恶化 还有 另一个 原因 .\r\n同时 , 由于 北约 不断 偏袒 阿族 , 科索沃塞 族人 同 维和部队 的 关系 也 日趋 紧张 , 这 使 科索沃 局势 变得 更加 扑朔迷离 .\r\n双方 进行 了 友好 交谈 .\r\n中国 政府 一贯 致力 於 和平 解决 台湾 问题 , 但 和平 统一 是 以 一个 中国 原则 为 前提 的 .\r\n我们 绝不 允许 任何 形式 的 \" 台独 \" .\r\n曾庆红 表示 , 我们 赞赏 澳大利亚 坚持 一个 中国 原则 支持 中国 的 统一 大业 .\r\n他 希望 澳大利亚 政府 继续 坚持 一个 中国 原则 , 反对 \" 台独 \" .\r\n认为 这 有利 於 台湾 问题 的 和平 解决 , 有利 於 台湾海峡 的 和平 与 稳定 , 也 有利 於 亚太地区 乃至 世界 的 和平 与 安定 .\r\n对此 , 霍华德 表示 , 澳 政府 一贯 坚持 一个 中国 的 政策 不会 改变 .\r\n曾庆红 今天 还 会见 了 澳大利亚 代理 外长 贸易 部长 维尔 和 工党 领袖 比兹利 等 .\r\n陪同 曾庆红 访问 的 有 中联部 副部长 李成仁 中组部 副部长 张柏林 等 .\r\n台湾 自古 就是 中国 的 领土 . 在 台湾 社会 发展 的 过程 中 , 始终 延续 着 中华 文化 的 传统 .\r\n台湾地区 新 的 领导人 将 如何 行动 , 我们 拭目以待 .\r\n杨国庆 在 谈话 中 表示 , 居住 在 祖国 大陆 的 台湾 籍 同胞 对于 近来 台湾 的 形势 十分 关注 .\r\n江泽民 主席 的 谈话 合情合理 , 既 表明 了 维护 国家 领土 和 主权 完整 的 坚定 决心 , 也 体现 了 极大 诚意 , 必然 会 得到 包括 台湾 同胞 在内 的 全体 中国 人 的 拥护 和 支持 .\r\n\" 中新社 东京 三月二十二日 电 \" ( 记者 刘莉生 刘敬师 ) 台湾地区 \" 选举 \" 的 结果 和 今后 两岸 关系 的 走向 引起 旅日 华侨 华人 的 高度 关注 .\r\n中国 驻 日 大使 陈健 出席 座谈会 并 发言 .\r\n他 认为 , 李登辉 的 \" 两国 论 \" 对 国民党 的 统治 产生 根本性 的 危害 , 大多数 台湾 人民 希望 稳定 不支持 \" 台独 \" 的 立场 没有 改变 .\r\n他 希望 旅日 侨胞 继续 在 事关 祖国 和 中华 民族 根本 利益 的 问题 上 作出 贡献 .\r\n他们 表示 , 拥有 一个 完整 的 中国 , 是 海内外 中华 儿女 的 共同 心愿 , 包括 旅日 台胞 在内 的 侨胞 将 团结一致 , 积极 推动 祖国 的 早日 统一 .\r\n今年 福州市 拟 推出 对外 招商 项目 约 三百二十 , 包括 农业 工业 科技 旅游 房地产 和 商贸 等 , 总投资 达 一百零五亿 美元 .\r\n事发 一 小时 后 , 火车 继续 南下 , 於 今天 中午 安全 到达 广州 .\r\n今晨 五时A.M.五十分 , 列车 驶入 坪石 车站 , 九 伤员 马上 被 送入 医院 .\r\n爆炸 原因 仍在 调查 之中 .\r\n新华社 上海 3月22日 电 ( 记者 张学全 ) \" 星火 西 进 \" 已 被 列为 我国 \" 十五 \" 期间 实施 星火计划 的 重头戏 .\r\n今天 在 上海 召开 的 全国 星火 办 主任 会议 介绍 说 , \" 十五 \" 星火计划 发展 规划 的 重心 向 西部 倾斜 , 对 促进 西部 大 开发 有着 积极 的 意义 .\r\n上海 台湾 研究所 副所长 严安林 则 认为 , 目前 两岸 互 信 基础 还 未 建立 , 因此 不 看好 汪道涵 访 台 的 可能性 .\r\n他 表示 , 北京 当局 对 陈水扁 当选 的 立场 表达 已 很 清楚 , 就是 \" 听其言 , 观其行 \" , 看看 陈水扁 的 所作所为 .\r\n两岸 之间 最 重要 的 问题 是 有无 互 信 , 去年 秋天 汪道涵 无法 顺利 访问 台湾 , 就是 因为 七月 时 李登辉 提出 了 \" 两国 论 \" .\r\n如今 陈水扁 提出 邀请 汪道涵 参加 五二零 就职 典礼 , 究竟 是 试探 气球 还是 陈水扁 的 诚意 , 恐怕 还是 个 问号 .\r\n( 68 ) 旅美 华人 政论家 方焰 发表 文章 : 一个 中国 是 \" 议题 \" 还是 \" 原则 \" ? \" 中新社 纽约 三月二十一日 电 \" 旅美 华人 政论家 方焰 今日 发表 题为 《 一个 中国 是 \" 议题 \" 还是 \" 原则 \" ?\r\n》 的 文章 , 指出 \" 一个 中国 \" 原则 同 \" 一个 中国 \" 议题 含义 根本 不同 , 维护 国家 领土 和 主权 的 完整 统一 属 於 根本性 原则 , 不能 讨论 , 不能 商量 , 不能 谈判 和 妥协 让步 .\r\n陈水 扁 \" 当选 \" 后 提出 不 接受 \" 一个 中国 \" 原则 , 但 愿意 把 \" 一个 中国 \" 作为 议题 , 列入 两岸 讨论 的 内容 .\r\n作为 海外 华人 的 一 员 , 对 两岸 开展 对话 谈判 是 欢迎 的 .\r\n该 文 指出 , \" 原则 \" 同 \" 议题 \" , 看来 只是 两 字 的 差别 , 其 含义 根本 不同 .\r\n根本性 原则 不能 讨论 , 不能 商量 , 不能 谈判 和 妥协 让步 .\r\n所以 中国 人民 有 一 条 血 的 历史 教训 , 对 外国 各种 谈判 都 可以 接受 , 可以 进行 , 但是 要 让 中国 割让 领土 分割 主权 的 谈判 绝不 接受 , 也 不能 接受 .\r\n文章 指出 , 有人 可能 质疑 , 中国 同 许多 邻国 都 进行 了 关於 边界 的 谈判 , 并且 签订 了 边界 条约 , 怎 麽 能 说 领土 问题 不能 谈判 呢 ?\r\n因此 中华人民共和国 成立 以后 , 为了 确立 同 各 邻国 的 友好 关系 , 陆续 进行 划界 谈判 , 签订 边界 条约 , 这 同 对 已经 明确 属 於 中国 有 国际 条约 作 国际法 依据 明明白白 属 於 中国 的 领土 主权 进行 谈判 , 根本 是 两码事 .\r\n在 竞选 \" 总统 \" 期间 和 当选 之后 , 陈水扁 都 曾经 疾言厉色 的 说 : \" 不 做 香港 第二 \" .\r\n这 在 香港 人 听来 有点 不解 , 怎 麽 这位 候任 \" 总统 \" 好象 患 了 什 麽 \" 香港 恐惧 症 \" 似的 ? 香港 有 这 麽 可怕 可恨 麽 ?\r\n日后 在 台湾地区 实施 的 \" 一国两制 \" , 肯定 会 超越 人们 现在 所 能 理解 想象 的 \" 一国两制 \" .\r\n但 这 一 伟大 的 构思 和 美好 的 图景 如何 可以 画 得 更 圆满 更 出色 , 就 有赖 广大 台湾 同胞 和 全体 中国 人民 一道 发挥 聪明才智 和 政治 智慧 去 完成 .\r\n这些 都是 和 中央 的 大力 支持 , 以 董建华 为首 的 特区 政府 依法 施政 , 以及 全体 港 人 的 共同 努力 分不开 的 .\r\n对此 , 国际 社会 各国 政要 都 曾 予以 赞赏 和 认可 , 认为 \" 一国两制 \" 确实 可行 .\r\n承认 \" 一个 中国 \" 原则 接受 \" 一国两制 \" 模式 , 将会 是 陈水 扁 未来 不可以 回避 的 根本 问题 .\r\n国民党 人 都 认识到 , 不 清除 李登辉 , 不 排除 \" 两国 论 \" , 国民党 就 只会 沉沦 下去 , 分裂 下去 .\r\n他 还 透露 , 他 会 出访 美国 , 日本 , 新加坡 .\r\n但 谁 都 可以 从此 番 表态 看到 , 陈水扁 急 於 开展 \" 出访 外交 \" , \" 务实 外交 \" , 把 李登辉 之 \" 两国 论 \" 付诸 实践 .\r\n他 的 想法 是 要 北京 放弃 一个 中国 的 原则 , 容许 台湾 搞 \" 一边 一 国 \" , 这是 异想天开 .\r\n美国 人 做不到 的 事 , 陈水扁 想 做到 , 只是 痴心妄想 .\r\n观察 期 不会 太 长 , 北京 早已 有一套 对策 , \" 台独 \" 路线 一定 彻底 失败 .\r\n如 沿 著 李登辉 路线 走 , 陈水扁 没有 政治 前途 , 他 将 深陷 政经 危机 .\r\n他 的 政权 在 \" 立法院 \" 仅 得 少数 支持 票 数 , 要 通过 甚 麽 法案 , 财政 案 都 很 困难 ; 台胞 又 催迫 他 早日 放弃 \" 台独 \" 主张 , 缓和 两岸 关系 , 加快 两岸 经贸 交流 , 陈水 扁 形 格势禁 , 政治 空间 很小 .\r\n他 的 出路 只有 一 条 , 就是 公开 宣布 承认 一个 中国 原则 .\r\n若 陈 不 放弃 , 朱鎔基 总理 前天 重申 , 我们 历来 的 方针 是 \" 和平 统一 , 一国两制 \" .\r\n绝对 不 允许 任何 形式 的 台湾 \" 独立 \" , 绝对 不会 与 任何 主张 台湾 独立 的 政党 和 人士 谈判 .\r\n陈水 扁 若 不 抛弃 李登辉 路线 , 仍 想 扮演 约 书 亚 角色 , 他 将 不会 得到 北京 的 接纳 , 他 一定 会 把 两岸 关系 弄得 更 紧张 , 甚至 推向 战争 . [ Image ] ----------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n\" 亚拉巴马 \" 号 船长 塞姆斯 生于 美国 马里兰州 , 曾 在 美国 海军 中 服役 , 官 至 海军 中校 .\r\n南北战争 开始 后 , 他 去职 犊 磕 部 叛军 .\r\n\" 亚拉巴马 \" 号 是 一 艘 轻便 但 威力 很大 的 战船 .\r\n一路上 , \" 亚拉巴马 \" 号 每逢 北方 商船 必 抢 , 抢 不成 就 毁 之 , 成为 令 北方 切齿痛恨 的 海盗 船 .\r\n1864年6月11日 , \" 亚拉巴马 \" 号 战船 进入 法国 的 瑟堡 港 修理 , 被 守候 在此 多时 的 美国 北方 战船 发现 .\r\n19日 , 在 瑟堡 港 外海 , \" 亚拉巴马 \" 号 与 北方 战船 \" 克沙奇 \" 号 展开 激战 .\r\n英国 一直 在 为 南方 同盟 秘密 建造 战船 和 其他 武器 装备 .\r\n这 期间 , 美国 驻 英国 公使 亚当斯 多次 向 英国 政府 提出 抗议 , 英国 政府 则 对此 置之不理 .\r\n1862年7月 , 英国 利物浦 莱德尔 公司 建造 的 另 2 艘 铁甲舰 完工 , 即将 交给 美国 南方 .\r\n亚当斯 代表 美国 政府 再次 告诫 英国 政府 , 英国 这样 做 是 干涉 美国 内部 事务 , 破坏 美国 的 南 北方 统一 .\r\n他 严厉 地 指出 , 如果 英国 继续 为 南方 造船 , 对 美国 来说 , \" 这就是 战争 \" .\r\n美国 政府 强烈 谴责 英国 政府 在 美国 内战 期间 支持 分裂 的 不 友好 行为 .\r\n它 提出 , 这 一 不 友好 行为 给 美国 带来 了 巨大 的 损失 . 因此 , 美国 政府 坚决 要求 英国 政府 给予 赔偿 .\r\n时任 美国 外交 委员会 主席 的 查尔斯萨姆纳 指出 , 英国 对 美国 南方 叛乱 分子 的 支持 , 使 美国 内战 的 时间 延长 了 一 倍 .\r\n所以 , 英国 必须 赔偿 它 给 美国 带来 的 损失 .\r\n1871年3月 , 美 英 两 国 正式 同意 成立 赔偿 委员会 , 开始 就 \" 亚拉巴马 \" 号 赔偿 一 事 进行 协商 .\r\n这就是 美国 历史 上 著名 的 \" 亚拉巴马 \" 号 赔偿 案 .\r\n自从 与 中华人民共和国 建交 以来 , 美国 就 始终 没有 停止 过 向 中国 台湾 出售 武器 装备 , 而且 近年来 出售 的 武器 装备 质量 有所 提高 , 数量 有增无减 .\r\n其实 , 早在 40年 代末 中国 内战 期间 , 美国 就 向 中国 出 枪 卖 炮 , 支持 它 在 中国 的 代理人 蒋家 王朝 打内战 , 无数 中国 人 惨死 在 美制 枪炮 下 .\r\n记者 : 改革开放 以来 , 在 我国 国民经济 和 社会 发展 中 , 对外 经济 贸易 作用 显著 .\r\n从 东部 沿海地区 开放 发展 的 成功 实践 中 , 我们 可以 看到 , 扩大 对外开放 , 大力 发展 对外 经济 贸易 , 是 沿海 地区 乃至 全国 经济 发展 的 重要 推动 力量 .\r\n但是 , 我们 可以 看到 , 西部 地区 发展 对外 经贸 也 存在 许多 优势 .\r\n如 云南 生物 资源 丰富 , 四川 加工工业 相对 发达 , 陕西 高技术 产业 已 形成 一定 规模 , 新疆 的 \" 一 黑 一 白 \" ( 石油 和 棉花 ) 已 初步 形成 优势 .\r\n第二 , 要 运用 区位 优势 大力 发展 边境 贸易 .\r\n要 打通 西部 地区 连接 周边 国家 的 运输 通道 , 认真 落实 边境 贸易 的 各项 优惠 政策 , 鼓励 西部 地区 大力 发展 边境 贸易 , 开展 同 周边 国家 的 经济 技术 合作 .\r\n第三 , 要 注重 培育 和 形成 新 的 外经贸 增长点 , 发挥 潜在 优势 的 作用 .\r\n那 幺 , 国家 在 这 方面 有 哪些 政策 措施 ? 石广生 : 进一步 扩大 对外开放 是 西部 大 开发 战略 的 重要 内容 .\r\n三 是 外商 投资 企业 到 中西部 地区 再 投资 项目 , 凡 外资 比例 超过 25% 的 , 均可 享受 外商 投资 企业 相应 待遇 ;\r\n四 是 允许 开展 试点 的 开放 领域 的 试点 项目 , 原则上 应 在 东 中西部 地区 同时 进行 ;\r\n五 是 允许 沿海地区 外商 投资 企业 到 中西部 地区 承包 经营 管理 外商 投资 企业 和 内资 企业 ;\r\n第一 为 基础 电讯 , 包括 固定 通讯 , 移动 通讯 , 卫星 通讯 等 .\r\n此类 电讯 仅 允许 国有 及 国有 控股 企业 经营 , 外资 或 国内 民营 企业 可以 参股 , 但 不能 控股 .\r\n第二 为 电讯 增值 业务 , 包括 互联网 及其 相关 服务 等 , 对 包括 外资 在内 的 任何 所有制 形式 的 企业 均 开放 .\r\n自 去年 底 , 中美 达成 世 贸 协议 后 , 外资 投资 互联网 业务 的 空间 到底 有 多大 , 便 成为 市场 关注 的 焦点 .\r\n新 条例 会 否 规定 外商 的 持股 上限 不 超过 五成 , 也 倍受 关注 .\r\n总理 朱鎔基 上周 表示 , 中国 的 互联网 发展 速度 全球 第一 , 现在 上网 人数 超 逾 一千万 人 , 而且 将 以 更高 的 速度 向前 发展 .\r\n菲尔特 说 , 目前 , 对 克林顿 来说 , 还有 \" 足够的 时间 \" 得到 作出 是否 部署 导弹 防御 系统 这 一 决定 所 需要 的 信息 .\r\n此间 观察家 指出 , 目前 , 美国 在 研制 \" 国家 导弹 防御 系统 \" 的 同时 , 还 在 加紧 开发 \" 战区 导弹 防御 系统 \" .\r\n中国 社科院 世界 经济 与 政治 研究所 副所长 王逸舟 科索沃 危机 是 一件 坏事 , 但 它 也 教会 世人 诸多 道理 .\r\n不论 从 哪 方面 讲 , 中国 人 都 有 理由 认真 对待 这场 危机 , 想 得 更深 一些 , 更 远 一点 .\r\n以 美国 为首 的 北约 对 南斯 拉夫 联盟 实施 的 野蛮 空袭 , 距 今 已 整整 一 年 .\r\n联系 一 年 来 事态 的 发展 , 再次 审视 中国 知识界 和 传媒 在 科索沃 危机 发生 后 进行 的 前所未有 的 大 争论 , 展望 未来 欧洲 和 世界 政治 的 复杂 趋势 , 对 之 做出 更加 全面 和 准确 的 评估 , 是 很 有必要 的 .\r\n北约 作为 一个 冷战 军事 同盟 不仅 没有 在 冷战 后 消失 , 而且 将 扩大 势力 范围 , 在 巴尔干地区 打入 一 根 深深的 楔子 .\r\n这 也是 北约 在 其 成立 半个世纪 之后 确立 的 \" 新 概念 \" 或 \" 新 战略 \" 的 题 中 之 义 .\r\n眼下 最 明显 的 一个 事实 是 , 在 驻 科索沃地区 北约 部队 的 偏袒 式 调停 下 , 当地 的 种族 隔阂 和 敌对 情绪 仍在 不断 尖锐 和 难以 收拾 .\r\n一 年 来 的 国际 军备 领域 的 各种 逆转 性 的 重大 事件 , 使 这 一 预测 不幸 言 中 , 也 令 世界 各国 爱好 和平 的 人们 格外 担忧 .\r\n就此 意义 讲 , 北约 对 南 空袭 标志着 冷战 结束 后 单 极 霸权主义 恶性 膨胀 , 新 的 大规模 军备 竞赛 的 重新 开始 .\r\n一个 有争议 , 现在 仍 无法 验证 的 重大 问题 , 是 北约 向 外 扩张 的 限度 和 时间表 .\r\n人们 目前 尚 无法 估计 , 北约 的 下一次 扩张 何时 进行 , 由 哪里 着手 和 以什 幺 方式 实现 .\r\n第三 悬而未决 , 需要 更 长期 研讨 的 问题 , 是 由 科索沃 危机 引起 的 对 现今 国际 体制 的 批评 .\r\n然而 , 从 多方面 情况 分析 , 联合国 的 未来 并不 如此 简单 , 安理会 的 道义 权威 仍有 它 不可 替代 的 作用 .\r\n近 一段 时期 以来 , 联合国 内部 也 出现 了 强化 这 一 国际 组织 的 干涉 力度 , 重新 思考 和 制订 联合国 指导 下 的 国际 干涉 之 指导 原则 的 趋势 .\r\n归根结底 , 国家 主权 的 国际 保障 与 国家 内部 的 团结 进步 是 不可 脱节 的 .\r\n南联盟 和 一些 受 \" 新 干涉 主义 \" 严重 危害 的 发展中国家 , 在 这 方面 便 存在 着 深刻 教训 .\r\n江泽民 同志 提出 的 \" 三 代表 \" 是 相互 联系 , 相互 统一 的 有机 整体 . 它 全面 完整 地 揭示 了 抓好 党 的 建设 , 保持 党 的 先进性 , 与 办好 中国 的 事情 之间 的 辩证 关系 .\r\n历史 证明 , 保持 和 发扬 我们 党 的 先进性 , 是 把 中国 事情 办好 的 关键 .\r\n江泽民 同志 在 总结 历史 经验 的 基础 上 , 从 历史唯物主义 的 高度 , 明确 提出 了 党 要 始终 成为 \" 三 代表 \" , 对 党 的 先进性 作出 了 新 的 , 全面 而又 完整 的 概括 .\r\n这 对于 我们 党 在 新 的 历史 条件 下 进一步 加强 自身 建设 , 始终 保持 先进性 , 带领 全国 人民 团结 奋斗 , 推动 改革开放 和 现代化 建设 , 实现 跨世纪 的 宏伟 目标 , 具有 重大 的 理论 和 实践 意义 .\r\n\" 三 代表 \" 全面 体现 了 党 的 先进性 我们 党 的 先进性 , 是 由 党 的 工人阶级 的 先锋队 性质 决定 的 , 是 经过 长期 斗争 考验 形成 的 .\r\n马克思 和 恩格斯 在 《 共产党 宣言 》 中 深刻 阐明 了 共产党人 在 革命 运动 中 的 先进性 : \" 共产党人 为 工人阶级 的 最近 的 目的 和 利益 而 斗争 , 但是 他们 在 当前 的 运动 中 同时 代表 运动 的 未来 . \"\r\n以 毛泽东 和 邓小平 为 代表 的 老一辈 无产阶级 革命家 , 一贯 重视 保持 和 发扬 我们 党 在 革命 和 建设 实践 中 的 先进性 .\r\n我们 党 作为 中国 工人阶级 的 先锋队 , 从 诞生 那天 起 就 始终 代表 着 中国 先进 社会 生产力 的 发展 要求 .\r\n二 是 领导 人民 经过 长期 的 探索 和 实践 , 找到 了 一 条 适合 中国 国情 的 解放 和 发展 社会 生产力 的 道路 , 即 建设 有 中国 特色 社会主义 的 道路 .\r\n建设 有 中国 特色 社会主义 的 核心 , 就是 解放 和 发展 社会 生产力 .\r\n建党 之 初 , 党 的 刊物 就 开始 讨论 文化 问题 .\r\n随着 党 对 社会主义 文化 建设 认识 的 进一步 深化 , 1997年 江泽民 同志 在 十五大 报告 中 对 有 中国 特色 社会主义 文化 建设 的 基本 目标 和 基本 政策 进行 了 系统 论述 .\r\n最近 , 江泽民 同志 在 广东 视察 时 , 又 进一步 把 党 的 建设 与 有 中国 特色 社会主义 文化 建设 联系 起来 , 深刻 阐发 了 党 始终 代表 先进 文化 前进 方向 的 重要 意义 .\r\n我们 党 不仅 代表 着 中国 先进 社会 生产力 的 发展 要求 和 先进 文化 的 前进 方向 , 而且 忠实 地 代表 着 中国 最 广大 人民群众 的 根本 利益 .\r\n毛泽东 曾经 明确 指出 : 共产党人 就是 要 \" 和 最 广大 的 人民群众 取得 最 密切 的 联系 .\r\n全心全意 为人民服务 是 党 的 根本 宗旨 .\r\n新 中国 成立 以来 , 党 领导 人民 彻底 改变 了 旧 中国 分崩离析 , 一穷二白 的 落后 状况 .\r\n\" 三 代表 \" 体现 了 党 的 建设 中 继承 优良 传统 与 不断 发展 创新 的 辩证 统一 .\r\n江泽民 同志 要求 我们 党 始终 成为 \" 三 代表 \" , 就是 要求 继承 党 的 优良 传统 , 始终 保持 党 的 本色 , 并 使之 在 新 的 历史 条件 下 发扬光大 .\r\n战争 年代 , 党 作为 \" 三 代表 \" , 把 斗争 锋芒 直指 \" 三座大山 \" , 目的 在于 彻底 打碎 束缚 中国 先进 社会 生产力 和 先进 文化 发展 的 桎梏 , 彻底 解放 受 压迫 受 奴役 的 中国 人民 .\r\n革命 胜利 后 , 党 顺应 新 的 形势 , 领导 人民 进行 了 大规模 的 经济 , 政治 和 文化 建设 .\r\n十一 三中全会 以来 , 党 更是 把 不断 满足 人民群众 日益 增长 的 物质 文化 需要 作为 自觉 的 行动 , 艰苦奋斗 , 不懈 进取 , 取得 了 举世瞩目 的 成就 .\r\n\" 三 代表 \" 体现 了 党 的 建设 中 改造 客观 世界 与 改造 主观 世界 的 辩证 统一 .\r\n生产力 决定 生产关系 , 经济基础 决定 上层建筑 .\r\n但是 , 解放 和 发展 社会 生产力 , 必须 同时 处理 生产关系 和 上层建筑 特别是 思想 文化 领域 里 的 诸多 问题 , 物质文明 建设 必须 与 精神文明 建设 协调 发展 .\r\n先进 政党 不仅 代表 着 先进 社会 生产力 的 发展 要求 , 而且 代表 着 先进 文化 的 前进 方向 .\r\n能否 拥有 和 代表 先进 文化 的 前进 方向 , 同样 决定 着 一个 政党 的 感召力 和 生命力 .\r\n只有 拥有 和 代表 先进 的 文化 , 才能 为 物质文明 建设 提供 精神 动力 和 智力 支持 .\r\n因此 , 我们 党 要 成为 先进 文化 前进 方向 的 代表 , 要 主导 精神文明 建设 的 发展 进程 , 就 必须 使 每个 共产党员 特别是 党员 领导干部 , 带头 改造 主观 世界 .\r\n在 改造 客观 世界 的 同时 , 努力 改造 主观 世界 , 把 \" 两 改造 \" 辩证 地 统一 起来 , 是 抓好 新时期 党 的 建设 , 保持 党 的 先进性 和 代表性 的 重要 一 环 .\r\n\" 三 代表 \" 体现 了 党 的 建设 中 保持 自身 先进性 与 联系群众 广泛性 的 辩证 统一 .\r\n党 的 先进性 , 代表性 植根于 她 的 阶级性 和 联系群众 的 广泛性 之中 .\r\n人民群众 是 历史 的 创造者 .\r\n不论 任何 时候 , 只要 我们 党 把 自己 所 代表 , 所 从事 的 事业 , 真正 转化为 亿万 人民群众 的 自觉 行动 , 党 就 会 变得 真正 有 力量 , 有 生命力 , 从而 立于不败之地 .\r\n代表 群众 利益 , 是 代表 先进 社会 生产力 和 先进 文化 的 出发点 和 落脚点 .\r\n党 的 根本 宗旨 , 就是 全心全意 为人民服务 . 我们 夺取 政权 , 执掌 政权 , 改革开放 , 解放 和 发展 生产力 , 都是 为了 从 根本上 实现 广大 人民群众 的 利益 .\r\n代表 人民群众 的 根本 利益 , 必须 集中 精力 发展 生产力 , 创造 更多 的 物质财富 和 精神财富 .\r\n\" 三 代表 \" 充分 体现 了 完成 党 的 根本 任务 与 实践 党 的 根本 宗旨 的 辩证 统一 .\r\n江泽民 同志 关于 \" 三 代表 \" 的 重要 论述 , 高瞻远瞩 , 既 对 党 的 建设 的 历史 经验 作出 了 科学 总结 , 又 对 新 形势 下 党 的 建设 提出 了 更高 的 要求 .\r\n但是 , 军工 产品 科研 生产 和 武器 装备 使用 中 仍然 存在 一些 质量 问题 , 与 当前 国防 建设 的 要求 不 相适应 .\r\n去年 , 国防 科技 工业 在 全行业 开展 了 质量 整顿 工作 , 取得 了 一定 的 成绩 .\r\n30 还 吸收 了 欧美 国家 开展 产品 保证 的 经验 , 要求 在 全行业 重点 型号 研制 生产 中 加以 推广 .\r\n国防 科工委 党组 副 书记 , 常务 副主任 徐鹏航 在 会上 作 了 题为 《 统一思想 认识 , 加大 管理 力度 , 提高 军工 产品 质量 水平 》 的 报告 .\r\n实行 地方 保护主义 , 设置 重重 壁垒 , 这 等于 拒绝 开发 .\r\n中央 一再 强调 西部 开发 要 有 新 思路 .\r\n这 最 重要 的 新 思路 就是 发挥 市场 机制 的 作用 , 创造 一个 良好 的 投资 环境 和 市场 环境 , 促进 国内外 的 资金 , 技术 , 人才 等 生产 要素 向 西部 流动 .\r\n政府 财政 投入 固然 重要 , 但 只能 是 起作用 .\r\n国内外 社会 资本 才是 开发 的 资金 \" 主力军 \" .\r\n西部 各地 只有 用 更 优越 的 环境 , 更 开放 的 市场 , 吸引 国内 资金 前来 开发 , 才是 明智 之举 .\r\n市场 资源 是 西部 最 有 吸引力 的 资源 之一 , 开放 市场 已 是 大势所趋 , 地方 保护主义 最终 是 保护 不了 本地 市场 的 .\r\n时隔 一 年 后 , 中国 政府 如何 看待 20世纪末 发生 的 这 一 重大 事件 ?\r\n中国 政府 在 科索沃 问题 上 的 政策 是否 有 新 的 变化 ?\r\n迄今 科索沃 局势 依然 紧张 , 民族 仇视 不减 , 冲突 不断 .\r\n他 说 : \" 我们 希望 以 美国 为首 的 北约 国家 能够 进行 深刻 的 反思 , 吸取教训 , 不要 在 人类 进入 新世纪 的 时候 再 制造 这类 违背 世界 人民 ' 和平 与 发展 ' 愿望 的 事件 \" .\r\n他 表示 , 检察 机关 将 正视 问题 , 找出 差距 , 切实 加以 改进 .\r\n台湾地区 领导人 的 选举 及其 结果 , 改变 不了 这 一 事实 .\r\n他 说 , 中国 政府 坚决 反对 与 中国 建交 的 国家 同 台湾 进行 任何 形式 的 官方 往来 , 这 一 立场 是 明确 的 , 一贯 的 .\r\n中方 要求 它们 以 实际 行动 坚持 一个 中国 的 原则 , 遵守 向 中方 所 做 的 有关 承诺 , 不 允许 陈水扁 以 任何 身份 前去 访问 .\r\n这 对 确保 中国 与 有关 国家 之间 关系 的 健康 发展 是 至关重要 的 .\r\n巴尔舍夫斯基 说 , 这项 双边 协议 可以 促进 美国 产品 的 出口 , 并 创造 与 出口 有关 的 巨大 就业 机会 , 同时 美国 可能 放宽 向 中国 出口 高科技 产品 的 限制 .\r\n她 在 再次 强调 中国 加入 世贸 组织 的 重要性 后 , 敦促 美国 国会 在 5月 底 以前 批准 给予 中国 永久性 正常 贸易 关系 待遇 .\r\n共有 100 来自 美国 各行业 的 知名人士 出席 了 演讲会 .\r\n有 报道说 , 陈水扁 准备 出访 美国 和 日本 .\r\n在 今天 的 外交部 新闻发布会 上 , 他 说 , 有关 国家 在 台湾 问题 上 曾 向 中国 政府 做出 庄严 的 国际 承诺 .\r\n他 重申 , 世界上 只有 一个 中国 , 台湾 是 中国 领土 不可 分割 的 一部分 . 这是 国际 社会 公认 事实 . 台湾地区 领导人 的 选举 及其 结果 , 改变 不了 这 一 事实 .\r\n中美 人权 对话 解决 的 前景 取决 於 美方 是否 能够 真正 放弃 对抗 , 回到 对话 的 道路 上来 .\r\n孙玉玺 说 , 在 人权 问题 上 , 中美 之间 的确 存在 不同 看法 和 分歧 .\r\n中国 为 改善 和 保护人 权 做 了 大量 工作 .\r\n中国 现在 的 人权 状况 处 於 历史 上 最好 时期 .\r\n中美 在 人权 问题 上 的 分歧 应该 在 平等 和 相互 尊重 的 基础 上 通过 对话 解决 .\r\n( 23 ) 孙玉玺 谈 中国 南海 问题 和 对 朝 援助 \" 中新社 北京 三月二十三日 电 \" 外交部 发言人 孙玉玺 今天 在此间 就 有关 解决 南海 问题 发表 评论 .\r\n这位 发言人 指出 , 近年来 , 中国 与 东盟 的 有关 国家 包括 菲律宾 就 南海 问题 进行 的 双边 磋商 取得 了 积极 进展 .\r\n双边 磋商 及 协调 机制 正在 有效地 运行 .\r\n中国 相信 , 通过 双方 共同 努力 , 中国 同 东盟 国家 的 睦邻 友好 关系 一定 会 不断 得到 巩固 和 发展 .\r\n中国 今后 将 继续 这样 做 .\r\n另外 , 应 国家主席 江泽民 的 邀请 , 密克罗尼 西亚 联邦 总统 利奥法尔卡姆 一行 将 於 三月二十六日 至 三十一日 对 中国 进行 访问 .\r\n( 香港 中国 通讯社 三月二十三日 电 ) 台北 消息 : 宋楚瑜 阵营 二十三日 下午 召开 记者会 , 要求 选 务 单位 对 这次 大选 进行 全面 验票 , 确保 大选 的 公正 性 .\r\n宋楚瑜 的 竞选 搭档 张昭雄 表示 , 台南 市民 德 中学 发生 的 宋张配 选票 外流 事件 , 有关单位 的 说明 并不 合理 , 他 怀疑 这是 有 系统 的 作假 .\r\n宋楚瑜 新 台湾 人 服务 团队 上午 由 团长 刘松藩 , 竞选 总 干事 吴容明 率 十 拥 宋立委 赴 中选 会 , 质疑 高雄县市 , 台南市 接二连三 出现 宋 张 选票 有 问题 , 另 提出 许多 疑点 , 要求 中选 会 全面 重新 验票 .\r\n还有 选举 中 高 票 落选 的 宋楚瑜 , 组 党 后 将 形成 台湾 最大 的 反对党 , 在 日后 台湾 政局 中 所 起作用 不容 忽视 .\r\n这些 都 可能 造成 未来 台湾 政局 的 不稳定 因素 .\r\n北京 大学 国际 关系学 院 教授 李义虎 认为 , 当前 的 客观 大 形势 会 压 著 陈水 扁 调整 他 的 政策 姿态 , 不 允许 他 象 李登辉 一样 继续 制造 麻烦 .\r\n陈水扁 当选 票 数 不足 四成 , 所以 无论 是 主导 岛内 政策 还是 两岸 关系 , 他 的 余地 都 不是 很大 .\r\n他 会 受到 民意 的 牵制 , 受到 \" 立法院 \" 的 牵制 , 受到 新 的 政党 格局 的 牵制 .\r\n在 这 麽 一种 政治 环境 和 民意 环境 下 , 主张 台独 的 陈水扁 究竟 能够 走 多远 , 对 两岸 关系 会 有 最 直接 的 影响 .\r\n就 陈 水扁 本人 而言 , 他 正 站在 一个 历史 的 十字路口 , 这次 他 会不会 顺 民意 而 变 , 大家 都 拭目以待 .\r\n但是 信息 的 相互 发送 只是 解决 问题 的 初步 阶段 , 还要 看 稍 长 一段 时间 内 双方 的 政策 有没有 对接 的 可能 .\r\n\" 一个 中国 \" 作为 与 大陆 对话 的 必要 前提 是 谁 也 回避 不了 的 .\r\n陈水 扁 如果 坚持 民进党 的 主张 , 则 很难 和 大陆 展开 对话 .\r\n许信良 今天 在 香港 理工 大学 参加 \" 两岸 关系 促进会 \" 举办 的 学术 会议 时 作 上述 表示 .\r\n许信良 认为 , 李远哲 很 有可能 出来 \" 组阁 \" , 陈水 扁 会 把 处理 两岸 问题 推 给 李远哲 .\r\n胡锦涛 说 , 阿罗约 副总统 长期 致力于 中 菲 友好 并 为此 作出 了 积极 贡献 , 我们 对此 表示 赞赏 .\r\n今年 是 中 菲 建交 25 周年 .\r\n双边贸易 持续 增长 , 经贸 合作 不断 扩大 .\r\n特别是 1996年 江泽民 主席 访问 菲律宾 , 同 菲 方 领导人 就 建立 面向 21世纪 的 中 菲 睦邻 互 信 合作 关系 达成 共识 , 为 中 菲 关系 的 长远 发展 指明 了 方向 .\r\n在 谈到 台湾 问题 时 , 胡锦涛 强调 指出 , 中国 政府 一贯 致力于 和平 解决 台湾 问题 , 但 和平 统一 是 以 一个 中国 原则 为 前提 的 .\r\n不管 什 幺 人 , 如果 背弃 一个 中国 原则 , 搞 任何 形式 的 \" 台独 \" , 中国 人民 都 绝 不会 答应 .\r\n阿罗约 说 , 今年 是 菲 中 建交 25 周年 , 她 对 有机会 在 这个 具有 特殊 意义 的 时刻 应邀 访华 感到 非常 高兴 .\r\n她 说 , 两国 建交 以来 , 各 领域 合作 发展 顺利 .\r\n她 重申 了 菲律宾 政府 的 一个 中国 政策 .\r\n她 表示 , 这是 菲 中 建交 的 政治 基础 , 菲 方 立场 没有 任何 变化 .\r\n会谈 中 , 双方 还 介绍 了 各自 国内 情况 并 就 共同 关心 的 问题 交换 了 看法 .\r\n会谈 前 , 胡锦涛 在 人民 大会堂 北大 厅 为 阿罗约 访华 举行 欢迎 仪式 .\r\n我们 对 贵国 在 台湾 , 西藏 和 人权 问题 上 始终 支持 中国 表示 赞赏 .\r\n我们 高兴 地 看到 , 近年来 , 两国 政府 以 求实 开拓 精神 , 积极 支持 和 推动 双方 有关 部门 和 企业 探讨 开展 经贸 合作 的 新 方式 和 新 途径 , 并 已 初见成效 .\r\n中国 政府 愿 同 贵国 政府 一道 , 进一步 加强 团结 与 合作 , 使 两国 友好 合作 关系 在 新世纪 里 结 出 更加 丰硕 的 成果 .\r\n另一方面 是 到 中国 看 一 看 , 了解 中国 经济 建设 情况 , 中国 是 如何 在 短 时间 内 取得 重要 成就 的 , 学习 借鉴 中国 的 经验 .\r\n姆卡帕 总统 及 贵国 政府 致力于 民族团结 和 统一 , 积极 维护 国家 稳定 , 实施 稳妥 的 经济 改革 , 国民经济 稳步 增长 , 人民 生活 逐步 改善 , 我们 对此 感到 十分 高兴 .\r\n早在 六七十年 代 , 坦桑尼亚 便 因 坚定 支持 非洲 大陆 的 政治 解放 而 获得 国际 社会 的 赞誉 .\r\n如今 , 贵国 在 坚持 不结盟 和 睦邻 友好 的 同时 , 积极 参与 地区 事务 , 推动 经济一体化 , 为 维护 和 促进 本地区 和平 与 发展 作出 了 积极 贡献 , 在 非洲 特别是 东 南部 非洲 依然 发挥 着 重要 影响 .\r\n我们 对此 表示 赞赏 .\r\n台湾 当局 今天 召开 会议 , 针对 台湾 \" 立法院 \" 通过 的 \" 离岛 建设 条例 \" 的 \" 小 三通 \" 条款 进行 讨论 .\r\n民进党 \" 立法院 \" 党团 指出 , 该 条文 是 \" 行政院 \" 自己 答应 的 , 如今 反 覆 不已 , 不知 是 什 麽 意思 ?\r\n两国 高层 交往 频繁 , 促进 了 双方 在 各个 领域 友好 合作 关系 的 全面 发展 .\r\n李鹏 指出 , 中国 全国 人大 与 英国 议会 关系 不断 加强 .\r\n我们 认为 , 议会 间 的 交往 是 两国 关系 的 重要 组成部分 .\r\n查普曼 说 , 英 中 小组 成员 有 一百 , 是 英国 议会 中 人数 最多 的 小组 , 这 充分 体现 了 英国 议员 了解 中国 的 浓厚 兴趣 .\r\n要 更好地 了解 中国 , 就 应当 来 中国 实地 看看 .\r\n英国 议会 英 中小 组 愿意 在 发展 英 中 两国 和 两国 议会 关系 方面 继续 作出 努力 .\r\n我们 坚决 反对 任何 形式 的 \" 台独 \" .\r\n台湾 新 领导人 只有 承认 和 接受 一个 中国 的 原则 , 两岸 政治 谈判 和 对话 才能 展开 , 两岸 关系 才能 切实 得到 缓和 与 发展 .\r\n如果 继续 坚持 \" 台独 \" 立场 , 将 是 十分 危险 的 , 只会 给 台湾 同胞 带来 深重 的 灾难 .\r\n台盟 作为 生活 在 祖国 大陆 的 台湾省 籍 同胞 组成 的 参政党 , 我们 企盼 海峡 两岸 的 和平 统一 .\r\n但是 和平 统一 是 以 一个 中国 原则 为 前提 的 , 任何 形式 的 \" 台独 \" 都是 绝对 不 允许 的 .\r\n他们 表示 , 对 台湾 新 领导人 来说 , 现在 是 关键 的 时刻 .\r\n是 承认 一个 中国 的 原则 , 实现 两岸 政治 对话 和 谈判 , 走上 和平 道路 ; 还是 否认 一个 中国 的 原则 , 坚持 搞 分裂 , 搞 \" 台独 \" , 引发 两岸 之间 的 战争 .\r\n我们 希望 广大 台湾 乡亲 能 督促 台湾 新 领导人 选择 正确 的 道路 , 确保 台湾 的 稳定 和 繁荣 .\r\n座谈会 由 全国 台联 副会长 苏民生 主持 .\r\n一九九七年八月 , 该市 总工会 成立 了 国内 首个 职工 法律 援助 中心 , 目前 已 在 各 区县 局 ( 产业 ) 建立 了 三十 分 中心 .\r\n据不完全统计 , 有 三万 职工 得到 了 不同 方式 的 法律 援助 , 其中 外商 投资 企业 职工 占 近 四成 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月23日 电 ( 人民 日报 记者 赵川东 , 新华社 记者 曲志红 ) 中共 中央 政治局 常委 , 国务院 副总理 李岚清 今晚 观看 了 昨天 在 军事 博物馆 开幕 的 《 崇尚 科学 文明 , 反对 迷信 愚昧 》 大型 图片 展览 .\r\n丁关根 , 李铁映 , 朱光亚 等 也 观看 了 展览 .\r\n李岚清 仔细 观看 了 展览 的 各个 部分 , 还 尝试 操作 展览 中 设置 的 各种 模型 , 并 听取 专家 们 对 其 原理 的 说明 .\r\n刘云山 , 王胜俊 , 张玉台 等 有关 部门 负责人 分别 陪同 参观 了 展览 .\r\n乔宗淮 说 , 中国 政府 历来 重视 促进 和 保护人 权 .\r\n中国 宪法 明确 规定 , 中国 公民 有 言论 , 集会 , 结社 , 宗教 信仰 的 自由 .\r\n中国 公民 在 国家 宪法 和 法律 的 保护 下 , 依法 自由 行使 上述 权利 , 根本 不 存在 \" 受 迫害 \" 的 现 像 .\r\n美国 一方面 严厉 打击 本国 的 邪教 组织 , 另一方面 又 对 中国 处理 邪教 问题 说三道四 .\r\n乔宗淮 说 : 美国 老是 喜欢 对 别国 人权 状况 评头论足 .\r\n但是 , 美国 国内 却 存在 著 非常 严重 的 人权 问题 -- 种族歧视 臭名昭著 , 警察 暴力 接连不断 , 监狱 酷刑 和 侵害 妇女 时 有 发生 , 校园 枪杀 事件 此起彼伏 .\r\n象 美国 这种 人权 状况 极 差 的 国家 , 根本 没有 资格 在 联合国 讲坛 上 对 他国 的 人权 状况 进行 评判 .\r\n我们 希望 , 美国 还是 多 花 些 时间 来 关注 一下 自己的 人权 状况 , 不要 老是 借 人权 问题 干涉 他国 的 内部 事务 .\r\n国家主席 江泽民 二十一日 在 会见 美国 常驻 联合国 代表 霍尔布鲁克 时 强调 , 台湾 问题 是 影响 中美 关系 改善 和 发展 的 最大 障碍 .\r\n维护 中国 的 主权 和 领土 完整 , 实现 祖国 的 完全 统一 , 是 全体 中国 人民 的 共同 愿望 和 神圣 使命 .\r\n中国 完成 统一 大业 , 不仅 是 全体 中国 人民 的 共同 愿望 , 符合 中华 民族 的 根本 利益 , 也 有利 於 中美 关系 健康 稳定 发展 , 这 对 美方 也是 有 好处 的 .\r\n如何 妥善 处理好 这个 问题 对 於 中美 关系 向 何处 发展 具有 至关重要 的 影响 .\r\n中方 要求 美方 恪守 中美 三 个 联合公报 和 \" 三 不 \" 承诺 .\r\n外交部 发言人 孙玉玺 昨日 指出 , 中国 政府 要求 有关 国家 坚持 一个 中国 的 原则 , 不 允许 陈水扁 以 任何 身份 前去 访问 .\r\n中国 政府 坚决 反对 与 中国 建交 的 国家 同 台湾 进行 任何 形式 的 官方 往来 , 这 一 立场 是 明确 一贯 的 .\r\n美国 政府 在 台湾 问题 上 已 向 中国 政府 做出 了 庄严 的 国际 承诺 , 不 与 台湾 进行 任何 形式 的 官方 往来 .\r\n两岸 兵戎相见 , 有 将 美国 拖 下水 的 危险 .\r\n美国 总统 克林顿 为此 率先 表态 重申 \" 一个 中国 \" 的 立场 , 并 多次 强调 \" 美 在 台湾 问题 上 的 政策 没有 改变 \" , 表明 美 将 美中 关系 置 於美 台 关系 之上 的 战略 决心 .\r\n美国 打 著 保持 台海 两岸 力量 平衡 的 旗号 , 向 台湾 出售 大量 的 现代化 武器 装备 , 美国 会 又 妄图 通过 《 加强 台湾 安全 法 》 , 进一步 助长 了 \" 台独 \" 势力 的 气焰 .\r\n因此 , 在 台湾 问题 上 , 美国 如 不 认识到 台湾 问题 的 重要性 和 敏感性 , 审慎 加以 处理 , 美国 很可能 发展 到 损人 又 害 己 的 地步 .\r\n众所周知 , \" 台独 \" 分子 如果 明目张胆 地 主张 分裂 , 就 会 迫使 中国 政府 最后 不得已 而 采用 武力 方式 解决 台湾 问题 .\r\n届时 , 美国 如果 进行 实质性 介入 , 美国 就 必须 准备 付出 高昂 的 代价 , 中美 两国 发生 冲突 并不 符合 美国 的 利益 .\r\n以 中美 为 主轴 的 亚太 安全 体系 将 不复 存在 , 亚太 当然 也 无 和平 与 稳定 可言 , 美国 在 亚太地区 的 战略 利益 将 受到 损害 .\r\n这是 美国 当政者 不得不 深思 的 .\r\n陈水扁 当选 之后 , 克林顿 总统 发表 声明 , 重申 恪守 一个 中国 政策 , 这是 明智 的 表态 .\r\n台湾地区 领导人 的 选举 结果 , 改变 不了 台湾 是 中国 领土 一部分 的 事实 .\r\n霍尔布鲁克 则 表示 , 美方 认识到 台湾 问题 的 重要性 和 敏感性 , 将 恪守 一个 中国 的 原则 , 中美 三 个 联合公报 和 \" 三 不 \" 承诺 .\r\n美国 来华 的 代表作 出 了 承诺 , 就 应 不折不扣 执行 , 包括 不能 允许 发出 签证 让 陈水 扁 入境 .\r\n因为 , 迄今为止 , 陈水扁 仍 没有 放弃 \" 台独 \" 主张 , 他 甚至 公开 表示 不能 接受 江泽民 主席 视 一个 中国 为 两岸 谈判 的 前提 的 提法 .\r\n美国 若 走 错 一 步 , 会 把 台海 局势 推 到 危险 边缘 , 那时 的 美国 须 对 严重 局势 承担 后果 .\r\n美国 官员 最近 表态 说 , 在 可能 发生 冲突 和 战争 的 时刻 , 美国 不 插手 两岸 的 纷争 是 明智 的 .\r\n美国 议会 中 的 反华 势力 此时 拉拢 陈水扁 访美 , 目的 是 给 克林顿 政府 制造 麻烦 , 把 美国 推入 漩涡 之中 .\r\n两岸 的 事情 , 只要 在 一个 中国 原则 下 , 就 可 和平 解决 .\r\n美国 插手 只会 把 事情 搞 糟 , 把 局势 弄得 紧张 .\r\n前车之鉴 , 只要 记取 , 事情 将 可 处理 得 妥善 得 多 .\r\n外国 不 插手 , 台湾海峡 将 有 和平 .\r\n新华社 华盛顿 3月23日 电 ( 记者 胡晓明 ) 美国 参议院 财政 委员会 23日 就 是否 给予 中国 永久性 正常 贸易 关系 地位 举行 听证会 , 该 委员会 主席 威廉 · 罗思 在 会上 呼吁 国会 通过 立法 , 解决 美中 贸易 关系 中 存在 的 这 一 问题 .\r\n罗思 说 , 他 和 民主党 参议员 莫伊尼汗 当天 向 参院 联合 提出 了 给予 中国 永久性 正常 贸易 关系 地位 的 议案 , 并 要求 克林顿 总统 继续 对此 给予 积极 支持 .\r\n据报道 , 美国 总统 克林顿 本月 8日 向 国会 提交 了 给予 中国 永久性 正常 贸易 关系 地位 的 议案 , 并 敦促 国会 尽快 批准 这 一 议案 .\r\n按照 程序 , 这 一 议案 将 首先 在 负责 贸易 立法 的 财政 委员会 投票 表决 , 然后 交 参 , 众 两 院 审议 .\r\n他 说 , 朝 中 友谊 是 两国 老一辈 领导人 亲手 缔造 和 培育 起来 的 .\r\n朝鲜 领导人 金正日 最近 访问 中国 驻 朝鲜 大使馆 表明 了 金正日 同志 珍惜 , 关怀 朝 中 友谊 .\r\n陈冀平 在 会见时 说 , 中朝 友谊 有着 悠久 的 历史 , 是 用 鲜血 凝成 的 , 经受 了 时间 的 考验 .\r\n中国 党 , 政府 和 人民 非常 重视 发展 中朝 友谊 , 在 对外 交往 中 把 中朝 友谊 摆 在 十分 重要 的 位置 .\r\n他 说 , 进一步 发展 中朝 友谊 不仅 符合 两国 人民 的 利益 , 而且 也 有利于 朝鲜半岛 乃至 世界 的 和平 与 稳定 .\r\n双方 在 会见 中 还 介绍 了 各自 国家 的 经济 建设 情况 和 党建 工作 .\r\n中国 共产党 工作者 代表团 应 朝鲜 劳动党 国际 部 的 邀请 , 于 18日 抵达 这里 进行 为期 一 周 的 访问 .\r\n国民党 现任 副主席 连战 将 代理 主席 职务 , 并 出任 新 设立 的 \" 国民党 改造 委员会 \" 召集人 .\r\n国民党 党章 规定 , 党 主席 辞职 后 , 由 第一 副主席 代理 , 3个 月 内 国民党 要 召开 代表大会 推举 新 主席 .\r\n国民党 3月18日 在 变更 台湾地区 领导人 的 活动 中 惨败 后 , 岛内 要求 李登辉 下台 的 呼声 强烈 .\r\n3月19日 国民党 高层 宣布 , 李登辉 将 在 9月 召开 的 国民党 临时 代表大会 上 辞职 .\r\n涉 替 走私 车 上 牌 传家 中 搜 出 亿 元 穗 前 交管 分局 长 遭 拘 查\r\n调查组 在 进行 调查 时 , 调查 工作 遇到 相当 阻力 .\r\n於是 调查组 决定 将 原 市 公安局 局长 郑国 强调 离 局长 位置 , 把 张林生 调到 市 司法 局 任 副局长 , 把 交管局 和 车管所 的 大部分 负责人 都 调到 其他 单位 .\r\n现 调查 已 基本 认定 张林生 收受 贿赂 为 走私 车 上 牌 的 犯罪 事实 .\r\n目前 广州 流传 馍 q 张林生 家中 查出 款项 达 近 亿 元人民币 .\r\n调查组 经过 半年 多 的 调查 , 现 已 基本 查清 广州 市 公安局 车 管 所 的 主要问题 -- 非法 为数 千 辆 走私 汽车 配发 车牌 , 属 全国 最大 规模 的 走私 车 上 牌 案 .\r\n此次 被 \" 双 规 \" 的 张荣 , 十几 年 前 在 市 公安局 任 交 管 处长 , 张林生 接任 后 , 他 升任 市 公安局 副局长 , 主管 车辆 管理 业务 .\r\n张荣 几 年 前因 年龄 届满 , 已 办理 退休 手续 , 近 两 年 更 身体 欠佳 , 长期 在家 养病 , 很少 出门 .\r\n那 幺 , 作为 地处 西部 的 国防 军工 , 如何 抢 抓 机遇 , 发挥 自身 优势 , 积极 参与 西部 大 开发 呢 ?\r\n为此 , 我 想 : 其一 , 要 进一步 解放 思想 , 转变 观念 , 积极 参与 西部 大 开发 .\r\n同时 , 要 进一步 扩大 对内 对外开放 的 力度 , 转换 机制 , 实现 更 高层次 的 军民 结合 , 振兴 国防 军工 经济 .\r\n这个 重要 谈话 发表 后 , 在 全党 , 全社会 产生 了 强烈 的 反响 , 一个 深入 学习 , 贯彻 谈话 精神 , 加强 和 改进 教育 工作 的 热潮 正在 兴起 .\r\n2月12日 , 也就是 春节 后 上班 的 第一 天 , 市委 常委会 就 召开 会议 , 传达 学习 了 总书记 的 这个 重要 谈话 .\r\n教育 作为 经济 发展 和 社会 全面 进步 的 重要 基础 , 是 提高 民族 整体 素质 和 创造 能力 的 基本 途径 .\r\n以 片面 追求 升学率 为 主要 特征 的 \" 应试 教育 \" , \" 为 应试 而 教 , 为 应试 而 学 \" , 是 造成 学生 课业 负担 过重 的 主要 根源 , 严重 地 影响 着 青少年 的 全面 发展 .\r\n全市 各级 各类 学校 要 全面 贯彻 党 的 教育 方针 , 就 必须 把 德育 , 智育 , 体育 等 方面 有机 地 统一 在 教育 活动 的 各个 环节 之中 , 相互 渗透 , 协调 发展 , 促进 学生 的 全面 成长 .\r\n素质 教育 的 重点 , 是 对 学生 进行 创新 精神 和 实践 能力 的 培养 .\r\n我们 一定 要 按照 江 总书记 在 谈话 中 提出 的 要求 , 把 青少年 学生 的 思想 政治 教育 这 件 大事 切实 抓紧 抓好 .\r\n加强 青少年 学生 的 思想 教育 , 学校 的 责任 重大 .\r\n广大 学生 家长 要 积极 支持 和 配合 学校 的 思想 教育 .\r\n青少年 学生 只要 面向 社会 的 伟大 实践 , 全面 提高 自身 的 素质 , 通过 不断 努力 , 就 能 成长 为 社会主义 现代化 建设 事业 的 有用 之 才 .\r\n改革开放 和 社会主义 现代化 建设 需要 的 人才 是 多方面 的 , 人才 成长 的 途径 有 多条 .\r\n这个 道理 , 一定 要 向 广大 青年 学生 讲清楚 , 支持 和 鼓励 他们 走 全面 发展 , 健康 成长 的 道路 .\r\n三 , 大力 加强 教师 队伍 建设 振兴 民族 的 希望 在 教育 , 振兴 教育 的 希望 在 教师 .\r\n从 总体上 看 , 我 市 教师 队伍 是 好的 , 他们 在 比较 艰苦 的 条件 下 , 任劳任怨 , 为 教育 事业 辛勤 耕耘 , 取得 了 很大 成绩 , 做出 了 重要 贡献 .\r\n但是 也 应当 看到 , 由于 原有 教育 观念 , 教育 模式 的 制约 和 教育 事业 的 迅速 发展 , 教师 队伍 的 整体 素质 与 实施 素质 教育 的 要求 , 与 人民群众 对 高水平 教育 的 期望 相比 , 还不能 很好 地 适应 , 还有 一定 差距 .\r\n四 , 进一步 深化 教育 体制改革 , 全面 推进 素质 教育 在 党中央 , 国务院 的 正确 领导 下 , 经过 广大 教育 工作者 不懈 努力 和 全社会 的 大力 支持 , 首都 的 教育 事业 发生 了 令人 鼓舞 的 变化 , 取得 了 长足 发展 .\r\n北京 不仅 已经 发展 成为 全国 最大 的 教育 基地 , 而且 已 成为 亚太地区 知名 的 国际 教育 中心 之一 , 为 深化 教育 改革 全面 推进 素质 教育 打下 了 一个 良好 的 基础 .\r\n这些 问题 , 事关 首都 教育 的 发展 方向 和 发展 水平 , 影响 和 制约 着 党 的 教育 方针 的 全面 贯彻 和 落实 , 关系到 青少年 能否 全面 健康 的 成长 .\r\n要 合理 调整 教育 布局 , 不断 深化 人事 制度 改革 , 进一步 提高 办学 质量 和 效益 .\r\n通过 改革 , 全面 推进 素质 教育 , 使 教育 真正 与 社会 实践 相结合 , 为 社会主义 现代化 建设 事业 培养 全面 , 健康 发展 的 高素质 人才 .\r\n五 , 切实 加强 党 对 教育 工作 的 领导 , 为 青少年 学生 健康 成长 创造 良好 的 社会 环境 贯彻 落实 江泽民 总书记 《 谈话 》 精神 , 切实 加强 和 改进 教育 工作 , 关键 在 领导 .\r\n各级党委 和 政府 要 从 对 国家 , 对 民族 和 子孙后代 高度 负责 的 精神 , 高度 重视 教育 工作 .\r\n一方面 充分 发挥 领导 , 组织 , 协调 职能 , 动员 社会 方方面面 的 力量 , 关心 , 支持 教育 工作 .\r\n当前 , 在 全市 上下 要 深入 学习 江 总书记 重要 谈话 精神 , 提高 认识 , 统一思想 , 进一步 增强 全面 贯彻 党 的 教育 方针 的 坚定性 和 自觉性 .\r\n家庭教育 是 学生 素质 教育 的 基础 , 对 青少年 的 健康 成长 至关重要 .\r\n二 是 大力 净化 社会风气 , 创造 良好 的 社会 环境 .\r\n在 现代 社会 中 , 青少年 的 认知 能力 不仅 来自 于 课堂 上 , 书本 里 , 还 受到 社会 的 影响 .\r\n目前 社会生活 中 存在 的 迷信 愚昧 , 歪理 邪说 , 低俗 文化 等 不良 习气 对 他们 的 影响 很大 .\r\n三 是 要 充分 利用 和 积极 开辟 活动 场所 , 丰富 青少年 的 业余 文化 生活 .\r\n四 是 要 加强 学校 周边 环境 的 社会 治安 综合治理 .\r\n在 去年 整治 的 基础 上 , 今年 要 继续 清理 学校 周边 的 集贸 市场 和 无照 摊贩 , 继续 打击 危害 学校 正常 秩序 , 侵害 青少年 权益 的 各类 违法 犯罪 活动 .\r\n江泽民 同志 《 关于 教育 问题 的 谈话 》 是 继 《 中共 中央 , 国务院 关于 深化 教育 改革 , 全面 推进 素质 教育 的 决定 》 之后 , 又 一个 指导 面向 新世纪 教育 工作 的 重要 文件 .\r\n企业 事业单位 超过 国家 规定 的 或者 地方 规定 的 污染物 排放 标准 排放 污染物 的 , 在 提交 《 排污 申报 登记表 》 时 , 还 应当 写 明 超过 污染物 排放 标准 的 原因 及 限期 治理 措施 .\r\n第五 企业 事业单位 需要 拆除 或者 闲置 污染物 处理 设施 的 , 必须 事先 向 所在地 的 县级 以上 地方 人民政府 环境保护 部门 申报 , 并 写 明 理由 .\r\n总量 控制 实施 方案 应当 确定 需要 削减 排污量 的 单位 , 每 一 排污 单位 重点 污染物 的 种类 及 排放 总量 控制 指标 , 需要 削减 的 排污量 以及 削减 时限 要求 .\r\n总量 控制 指标 分配 办法 由 国务院 环境保护 部门 商 国务院 有关 部门 制定 .\r\n具体 办法 由 国务院 环境保护 部门 制定 .\r\n第十一 总量 控制 实施 方案 确定 的 削减 污染物 排放量 的 单位 , 必须 按照 国务院 环境保护 部门 的 规定 设置 排污 口 , 并 安装 总量 控制 的 监测 设备 .\r\n第十二 国家 确定 的 重要 江河 流域 所在地 的 省 , 自治区 , 直辖市 人民政府 , 应当 执行 国务院 批准 的 省界 水体 适用 的 水 环境 质量 标准 .\r\n第十三 国家 确定 的 重要 江河 流域 的 省界 水体 的 水 环境 质量 状况 监测 , 必须 按照 国务院 环境保护 部门 制定 的 水 环境 质量 监测 规范 执行 .\r\n第十四 城市 建设 管理 部门 应当 根据 城市 总体 规划 , 组织 编制 城市 排水 和 污水 处理 专业 规划 , 并 按照 规划 的 要求 组织 建设 城市 污水 集中 处理 设施 .\r\n第十五 城市 污水 集中 处理 设施 出水 水质 , 按照 国家 规定 的 或者 地方 规定 的 污染物 排放 标准 执行 .\r\n城市 污水 集中 处理 的 营运 单位 , 应当 对 城市 污水 集中 处理 设施 的 出水 水质 负责 .\r\n船舶 造成 水污染 事故 时 , 必须 立即 向 就近 的 海事 管理 机构 报告 .\r\n造成 渔业 水体 污染 事故 的 , 必须 立即 向 事故 发生 地 的 渔政 管理 机构 报告 .\r\n海事 或者 渔政 管理 机构 接到 报告 后 , 应当 立即 向 本 级 人民政府 的 环境保护 部门 通报 情况 , 并 及时 开展 调查 处理 工作 .\r\n生活 饮用水 地表 水源 保护 区分 为 一级 保护区 和 二 保护区 .\r\n第二十二 生活 饮用水 地表 水源 一级 保护区 的 保护 , 依照 水污染 防治 法 第二十 的 规定 执行 .\r\n在 生活 饮用水 地表 水源 二 保护区 内 改建 项目 , 必须 削减 污染物 排放量 .\r\n第二十六 在 内河 航行 的 船舶 , 必须 持有 海事 管理 机构 规定 的 防 污 文书 或者 记录 文书 .\r\n第二十七 港口 或者 码头 应当 配备 含 油 污水 和 垃圾 的 接收 与 处理 设施 .\r\n在 内河 航行 的 船舶 不得 向 水体 排放 废油 , 残 油 和 垃圾 .\r\n第二十九 船舶 在 港口 或者 码头 装卸 油 类 及 其他 有毒 有害 , 腐蚀性 , 放射性 货物 时 , 船 方 和 作业 单位 必须 采取 预防 措施 , 防止 污染 水体 .\r\n生活 饮用水 地下 水源 保护区 的 水质 , 适用 国家 《 地下 水质 标准 》 Ⅱ 类 标准 .\r\n第三十六 矿井 , 矿坑 排放 有毒 有害 废水 , 应当 在 矿床 外围 设置 集 水 工程 , 并 采取 有效 措施 , 防止 污染 地下水 .\r\n第三十七 人工 回 灌 补给 地下 饮用水 的 水质 , 应当 符合 生活 饮用水 水源 的 水质 标准 , 并 经 县级 以上 地方 人民政府 卫生 行政 主管 部门 批准 .\r\n第四十一 依照 水污染 防治 法 第四十八 规定 处以 罚款 的 , 可以 处 10万 元 以下 的 罚款 .\r\n第四十二 依照 水污染 防治 法 第五十二 第一 款 处以 罚款 的 , 可以 处 20万 元 以下 的 罚款 .\r\n第四十八 缴纳 排污 费 , 超标 排污 费 或者 被 处以 警告 , 罚款 的 单位 , 不免 除 其 消除 污染 , 排除 危害 和 赔偿 损失 的 责任 .\r\n近年来 , 这个 大队 从 未来 高技术 条件 下 局部战争 需要 出发 , 主动 提高 训练 起点 , 加大 训练 难度 , 积极 探索 海上 编队 综合 训练 等 新 课目 .\r\n大队 所属 N1101 船 创下 了 陆军 船艇 部队 中 的 多项 第一 : 第一 安全 实现 单 船 跨 海区 航行 , 总 航程 第一 , 运输量 第一 , 航 区 跨度 第一 .\r\n大队 近年 多次 参加 战区 兵种 协同 军事 演习 , 均 出色 完成 了 任务 , 在 去年 总部 战备 训练 大检查 中 , 所有 项目 均 达到 优秀 , 被 总部 评为 \" 战备 训练 工作 先进 单位 \" .\r\n2000年3月24日 上午 , 国家主席 江泽民 在 中南海 会见 了 菲律宾 副总统 格洛丽亚·马卡帕加尔·阿罗育 .\r\n我 同 埃斯特拉达 总统 也 两 卧 赢 PEC 会议 期间 会面 , 谈 得 很好 .\r\n我 已经 邀请 埃斯特拉达 总统 今年 5月 灾 泄 泄 路 问 .\r\n我 期待 着 同 他 就 双边 关系 和 共同 关心 的 问题 交换 意见 .\r\n江主席 说 , 中 菲 是 近邻 , 两国 友好 交往 源远流长 .\r\n至于 双方 之间 存在 的 分歧 , 我们 仍 主张 本着 \" 搁置 争议 , 共同 开发 \" 的 原则 , 通过 友好 协商 加以 解决 .\r\n江泽民 还 向 客人 介绍 了 中国 经济 发展 情况 , 表示 中 菲 两国 同 ⒄ 怪 泄 遥 都 面临 着 发展 经济 , 提高 人民 生活水平 的 任务 .\r\n阿罗育 说 , 这是 我 第四 访华 , 早在 中 菲 建交 以前 , 我 就 参与 促进 两国 友好 工作 .\r\n阿罗育 说 , 今年 是 中 菲 关系 当中 的 一个 重 晖 贰零K 固 拉达 总统 即将 应邀 访华 , 菲律宾 政府 和 人民 期待 这次 访问 取得 圆满 成功 , 希望 两国 在 经贸 , 农业 , 文化 , 科技 等 领域 的 合作 得到 进一步 深化 .\r\n江泽民 积极 评价 中国 和 南非 建交 以来 双边 关系 取得 的 进展 .\r\n他 说 , 南非 是 非洲 大国 和 重要 的 发展中国家 , 中南 两国 有着 共同 的 遭遇 和 共同 的 命运 , 中国 重视 同 南非 发展 友好 合作 关系 .\r\n在 谈到 中非 关系 时 , 江泽民 说 : 中国 政府 一贯 重视 非洲 , 同 非洲 国家 保持 着 密切 友好 的 合作 关系 , 中非 友谊 经受住 了 时间 和 国际 风云变幻 的 考验 , 我们 是 可以 相互 信赖 的 朋友 .\r\n他 说 , 今年 十月 将 召开 \" 中非 合作 论坛 ━ ━ 北京 2000年 部长级 会议 \" .\r\n中国 政府 倡导 召开 这次 会议 有 两 个 目的 : 一 是 讨论 建立 国际 政治 经济 新 秩序 , 二 是 探讨 中非 合作 的 新 方式 和 新 途径 .\r\n祖马 转达 了 南非 总统 姆贝基 和 前总统 曼德拉 对 江泽民 主席 的 问候 , 江泽民 也 请 祖马 转达 他 对 姆贝基 和 曼德拉 的 问候 .\r\n祖马 说 , 南非 高度 重视 同 中国 的 关系 , 将 中国 视为 南非 , 乃至 整个 非洲 发展 的 重要 的 战略 伙伴 , 认为 双方 的 合作 是 南南合作 的 重要 组成部分 .\r\n南非 对 建交 以来 两国 关系 快速 , 全面 发展 和 两国 合作 的 水平 感到 满意 , 希望 双方 进一步 加强 和 扩大 合作 .\r\n她 表示 , 南非 赞赏 中国 倡议 召开 \" 中非 合作 论坛 ━ ━ 北京 2000年 部长级 会议 \" , 愿 为 会议 的 成功 做出 贡献 .\r\n自古以来 , 中国 人民 的 国家 观念 和 民族 意识 十分 强烈 , 涌现 了 诸如 岳飞 文天祥 关天培 这样的 民族英雄 .\r\n近 百 年 来 , 中国 人民 受尽 了 列强 侵略 和 军阀 混战 之苦 , 更加 体会到 国家 统一 民族 自强 的 重要性 .\r\n李登辉 从 言论 到 行动 肆意 恶化 两岸 关系 , 把 两岸 推向 战争 边缘 , 理所当然 地 受到 包括 台湾 人民 在内 的 绝大多数 华夏 子孙 的 反对 .\r\n至 於 在 近期 的 \" 总统 \" 大选 中 , 李登辉 更是 机关算尽 .\r\n会议 传达 , 学习 了 中央 有关 台湾 问题 的 指示 精神 , 研究 了 当前 对 台 工作 面临 的 形势 , 部署 了 新 形势 下 的 对 台 工作 .\r\n中共 中央 政治局 委员 , 国务院 副总理 钱其琛 出席 会议 并 作 了 重要 讲话 .\r\n他 说 , 我们 旗帜鲜明 地 同 \" 台独 \" 等 分裂 势力 进行 了 坚决 斗争 , 12亿 多 中国 人民 充分 显示 了 捍卫 国家 主权 和 领土 完整 的 坚强 决心 .\r\n世界上 绝大多数 国家 重申 坚持 一个 中国 的 政策 , 承诺 在 一个 中国 的 框架 内 处理 与 台湾 的 关系 .\r\n大多数 台湾 同胞 不支持 \" 台独 \" , 希望 稳定 和 发展 两岸 关系 .\r\n如果 有人 置 2300万 台湾 同胞 的 生命 安全 于 不顾 , 图谋 搞 什 幺 \" 台湾 独立 \" , 那 是 绝对 没有 好 下场 的 .\r\n钱其琛 强调 指出 , 台湾地区 领导人 的 选举 及其 结果 改变 不了 台湾 是 中国 一部分 的 事实 .\r\n中国 政府 和 中国 人民 在 维护 一个 中国 原则 , 维护 国家 主权 和 领土 完整 这样的 大是大非 问题 上 , 是 绝不 妥协 , 绝不 让步 的 .\r\n我们 要 加强 与 一切 赞成 一个 中国 原则 , 反对 \" 台独 \" , 主张 发展 两岸 关系 的 台湾 各 党派 , 各界人士 的 接触 .\r\n两岸 同胞 和 一切 拥护 中国 统一 的 人士 团结 起来 , 共同 为 发展 两岸 关系 , 推进 祖国 和平 统一 进程 努力 奋斗 .\r\n中共 中央 台湾 工作 办公室 , 国务院 台湾 事务 办公室 主任 陈云林 在 会上 作 了 工作 报告 .\r\n中央 和 国家机关 有关 部门 负责人 , 各省 , 自治区 , 直辖市 及 计划单列市 台办 主任 出席 了 会议 .\r\n自觉 地 把 这项 活动 摆 在 党委 ( 党组 ) 工作 的 重要 日程 切实 抓紧 抓好 .\r\n张全景 说 , 这次 \" 回头 看 \" 活动 要 把 学习 放在 首位 , 着眼于 思想上 政治 上 的 提高 .\r\n将来 身后 应该 留 点 什 幺 \" 这些 基本 问题 深入 反思 , 切实 解决好 有的 同志 在 理想 信念 方面 存在 的 模糊不清 , 动摇 不定 的 问题 , 不断 加强 党性 修养 , 增强 拒腐防变 的 能力 .\r\n张全景 要求 , \" 回头 看 \" 要 立足于 总结经验 , 查找 差距 .\r\n在此 基础 上 , 召开 党委 ( 党组 ) 会议 或 专题 民主生活会 , 针对 存在 的 差距 , 分析 原因 , 开展 批评 和 自我批评 , 研究 深入 整改 的 措施 .\r\n张全景 指出 , \" 回头 看 \" 要 抓住 事关 全局 的 重大 问题 深入 思考 , 进一步 明确 努力 方向 .\r\n要 结合 落实 整改 措施 , 抓紧 解决 经济 , 政治 , 文化 建设 上 和 党 的 自身 建设 上 存在 的 不 符合 甚至 违背 先进 生产力 , 先进 文化 要求 和 人民 利益 的 问题 .\r\n要 处理好 开展 \" 回头 看 \" 活动 与 各项 工作 的 关系 , 做到 \" 两 不 误 , 两 促进 \" .\r\n新华社 社长 郭超 人 , 农业部 部长 陈耀邦 , 外 经贸部 部长 石广生 在 会上 分别 介绍 了 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 \" 回头 看 \" 的 做法 和 体会 .\r\n中央 , 国家机关 各 部门 主要 领导 或 分管 负责人 , \" 三 讲 \" 办 主任 和 中央 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 检查组 组长 参加 了 会议 .\r\n通知 如下 : 一 , 音 象 制品 网上 经营 活动 实行 许可证 制度 .\r\n禁止 未经 音 象 市场 行政管理 部门 备案 , 批准 , 擅自 从事 音 象 制品 网上 经营 活动 .\r\n二 , 经 批准 成立 的 音 象 制品 出版 , 批发 , 零售 , 出租 经营 单位 可以 通过 本单位 建立 的 网站 , 网页 , 从事 音 象 制品 网上 购销 和 租赁 经营 活动 .\r\n经营 单位 要 标明 音 象 出版 单位 名称 , 标准 编码 , 属 引进 出版 的 , 还要 标明 引进 批准 文 号 .\r\n禁止 经营 《 音 象 制品 管理 条例 》 第三 所 列 禁止 内容 的 音 象 制品 和 走私 , 盗版 等 非法 音 象 制品 .\r\n禁止 经营 从 网上 下载 的 MP3 音乐 制品 .\r\n不得 在 网上 从事 音 象 制品 批发 业务 .\r\n六 , 从事 网上 经营 的 单位 应 在 网站 或 网页 的 显著 位置 标明 音 象 制品 经营 许可证 号码 , 备案 机关 及 发 证 机关 的 电话号码 .\r\n七 , 音 象 制品 网上 经营 活动 必须 严格 执行 音 象 市场 管理 的 法规 制度 , 接受 音 象 市场 行政管理 部门 的 监管 .\r\n李登辉 祖籍 福建省 永定 , 一九二三年一月 生 於 台湾 台北县 三芝乡 .\r\n淡水 中学 毕业 后 , 入 台北 高等学校 .\r\n一九四九年四月 被捕 , 叛党 后 获释 .\r\n一九四九年 毕业 后 留校 任教 .\r\n同年 返 台 后任 台湾省 \" 农林 厅 经济 分析 股 股长 \" 合作 金库 研究员 , 台湾 大学 讲师 副教授 教授 .\r\n一九五七年 后任 \" 中国 农村 复兴 委员会 \" 技 佐 技 正 .\r\n一九八八年 七月 当选 国民党 主席 , 任 \" 国民 大会 宪政 研讨 委员会 \" 主任委员 , \" 国安会 \" 主席 .\r\n一九九零年 三月 当选为 台湾 第八 任 \" 总统 \" . 一九九零年十月 任 \" 国统会 \" 主任委员 . 同年 十一月 兼任 \" 中华 文化 复兴 运动 推行 委员会 \" 会长 .\r\n一九九三年 他 出台 了 \" 阶段性 两 中国 \" 言论 , 并 推动 台湾 \" 重返 联合国 \" .\r\n同年 , 李登辉 又 授意 \" 修宪 \" , 将 \" 总统 \" 改为 直 选 , 并 实现 政权 的 \" 台湾 本土化 \" .\r\n西藏 是 中国 的 一个 自治区 , 西藏 同胞 是 中华 民族 大家庭 的 一 员 .\r\n西藏 民主改革 后 , 特别是 改革开放 以来 , 在 各方面 都 有 长足 发展 , 这是 有目共睹 的 .\r\n我们 对 纽约市 议会 又 步 其 后尘 , 作出 所谓 支持 \" 西藏 国庆日 \" 等 的 议案 , 表示 坚决 反对 和 强烈 不满 .\r\n朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 说 , 去年 11月 , 他 曾 应邀 访问 菲律宾 . 时隔 不久 , 有机会 在 北京 同 阿罗约 副总统 再次 见面 , 他 感到 十分 亲切 .\r\n他 说 : \" 访 菲 期间 , 我 有幸 同 埃斯特拉达 总统 , 副总统 阁下 本人 和 菲律宾 参议院 和 众议院 议长 进行 了 亲切 友好 的 会晤 , 并 受到 菲律宾 政府 和 人民 的 热情 款待 .\r\n访问 给 我 留下 了 十分 美好 的 印 像 . \"\r\n他 表示 , 通过 这次 访问 , 他 深切 感到 中 菲 两国 合作 潜力 很大 .\r\n朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 对 菲律宾 支持 中国 加入 世界 贸易 组织 表示 感谢 .\r\n朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 还 请 阿罗约 转达 他 对 埃斯特拉达 总统 的 亲切 问候 .\r\n阿罗约 表示 对 有机会 访华 并 再次 见到 朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 感到 非常 高兴 .\r\n她 说 , 朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 总理 不久前 对 菲律宾 的 访问 非常 成功 .\r\n近期 来 , 两国 关系 出现 了 良好 的 发展 势头 .\r\n两国 贸易 发展 已经 趋于 平衡 .\r\n双方 已经 就 中国 加入 世界 贸易 组织 问题 达成 协议 .\r\n菲律宾 相信 两国 关系 一定 能 在 新时期 得到 进一步 发展 .\r\n双方 还 就 其他 共同 关心 的 问题 交换 了 意见 .\r\n朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 总理 夫人 劳安 , 民政 部 部长 多吉 才 让 , 外 经贸部 部长 石广生 , 外交部 副部长 杨文昌 等 参加 了 会见 .\r\n李鹏 对 巴杜勒 议长 时隔 近 20 年 再次 来访 表示 热烈 欢迎 .\r\n他 说 , 中 吉 两国 建交 20 多年 来 , 关系 发展 顺利 , 相信 议长 先生 的 来访 将 有助于 增进 中 吉 两国 关系 以及 中国 全国 人大 与 吉布提 国民 议会 的 关系 .\r\n李鹏 强调 : 我们 主张 世界 多极化 , 是 因为 多极化 格局 有利于 和平 与 发展 .\r\n世界 各国 不分 大小 , 贫富 , 强弱 , 都是 国际 大家庭 中 平等 的 成员 , 都 有 平等 参与 国际 事务 的 权利 .\r\n中国 反对 在 国际 关系 中 以 大 欺 小 , 以强凌弱 , 主张 建立 和平 稳定 和 公正 合理 的 国际 政治 经济 新 秩序 .\r\n李鹏 说 , 中国 重视 发展 同 吉布提 的 关系 , 对 吉 顺利 实现 民族 和解 , 结束 内战 感到 高兴 .\r\n中国 支持 包括 吉布提 在内 的 广大 非洲 国家 为 摆脱 贫困 , 振兴 经济所 做 的 努力 .\r\n巴杜勒 说 : 1981年 我 曾 访华 .\r\n这次 再度 来访 目睹 中国 的 巨大 变化 , 印像 十分 深刻 .\r\n活生生 的 现实 再次 表明 , 谁 搞 \" 台独 \" , 搞 分裂 , 都 绝 没有 好 下场 .\r\n这就是 历史 的 辩证法 .\r\n李登辉 的 权力 来源 是 中国 国民党 , 李登辉 登上 台湾 领导人 的 权力 顶峰 , 靠 的 也是 中国 国民党 .\r\n但 李登辉 上台 之后 , 却 篡改 国民党 坚持 一个 中国 , 反对 \" 台独 \" 的 路线 , 步步 将 国民党 拖 向 搞 分裂 , 搞 \" 台独 \" 的 危险 道路 .\r\n国民党 的 名声 被 败坏 , 甚至 被 视为 腐朽 和 \" 黑金 \" 的 代名词 .\r\n在 有关 台湾 前途 的 问题 上 , 他 搞 的 是 \" 明统暗 独 \" ; 在 台湾 政治 上 , 他 搞 的 是 \" 假 民主 真 独裁 \" ; 在 国民党 内 , 他 搞 的 是 拉 一派 , 打 一派 ......\r\n李登辉 的 所作所为 , 导致 了 国民党 的 大 分裂 , 最终 把 国民党 推向 了 沉沦 的 边缘 .\r\n李登辉 的 阴谋 只能 得逞 于 一时 , 但 不能 得逞 于 长久 .\r\n在 海内外 中国 人 的 同声 反对 之下 , 越来越 多 的 台湾 同胞 看清 了 李登辉 的 \" 台独 \" , 独裁 , 假 民主 , 搞 欺骗 的 真面目 .\r\n李登辉 已然 信用 破产 , 他 的 所作所为 已 是 天 怨 人 怒 , 天人 共 愤 .\r\n一个 中国 的 原则 是 主张 \" 台独 \" 还是 真正 的 主张 两岸 和平 并 逐步 走向 统一 的 试金石 .\r\n那些 仍在 试图 以 花言巧语 掩饰 \" 台独 \" 立场 , 欺骗 台湾 民众 , 执意 否定 一个 中国 原则 , 企图 将 台湾 从 中国 分裂 出去 的 人 , 应 以 李登辉 为 戒 .\r\n将 是 死路一条 \" 中新社 纽约 三月二十三日 电 \" ( 记者 龚文谟 ) 中国 新任 驻 联合国 代表 王英凡 大使 今天 告诫 台湾地区 新 领导人 : 搞 \" 台独 \" 将 是 死路一条 .\r\n这是 王英凡 大使 在 纽约 华人 社团 联合 总会 举行 的 新春 联欢 和 欢迎 他 履新 的 宴会 上 说 这番话 的 .\r\n今晚 , 是 王英凡 到任 首次 参加 侨 界 活动 , 他 一 到 宴会 厅 就 被 记者 围 住 , 请 他 对 台湾地区 选举 后 的 两岸 关系 发表 看法 .\r\n王 大使 说 : 台湾地区 选举 结果 和 今后 发展 , 是 全世界 炎黄子孙 共同 关心 的 , 因为 这 关系到 祖国 统一 的 大 问题 .\r\n现在 , 台湾地区 新 领导人 仍 不 愿意 接受 一个 中国 的 原则 , 这是 非常 不 明智 的 .\r\n中国 驻 纽约 总领事 张宏喜 在 讲话 中 希望 台湾地区 新 领导人 放弃 \" 台独 \" 主张 , 朝 实现 祖国 统一 的 正确 方向 前进 .\r\n纽约 华人 社团 联合 总会 主席 梁冠军 代表 侨 界 对 王英凡 大使 到任 表示 热烈 欢迎 .\r\n梁冠军 指出 : \" 民意 不可 违 , 潮流 不 可逆 , 何去何从 , 望 陈水扁 先生 三思 而后 行 . \"\r\n李登辉 出卖 了 国民党 , 背叛 了 中华 民族 , 落得 如此 可耻 的 下场 是 罪有应得 .\r\n人们 期望 台湾 新 领导人 引以为戒 , 切莫 步 李登辉 后尘 , 将 台湾 引向 灾难 .\r\n这次 选举 国民党 惨败 , 引爆 了 大规模 的 群众 抗议 示威 浪潮 , 国民党 内 要求 李登辉 立即 辞职 为 选 战 失败 负责 的 呼声 甚 高 .\r\n主政 近 十二 年 的 李登辉 竟 成了 过街老鼠 , 落得 如此 可悲 可耻 的 下场 , 完全 是 他 咎由自取 , 罪有应得 .\r\n李登辉 一九八八年 上台 执政 后 , 不断 扩充 权力 , 整肃 异己 , 独断专行 , 纵容 黑金 横行 , 政 商 勾结 , 治安 恶化 , 民不聊生 .\r\n李登辉 蓄意 搞 分裂 , 妄图 在 国际上 制造 \" 两 中国 \" \" 一 中 一 台 \" , 将 台湾 永远 从 中国 分裂 出去 .\r\n十 余年 来 , 台湾 社会 被 所谓 的 \" 李登辉 路线 \" , 即 \" 台独 \" 路线 弄得 四分五裂 , 两岸 关系 剑拔弩张 , 台湾 政局 持续 动荡 .\r\n祖国 统一 是 中华 民族 最大 的 利益 所在 , 是 两岸 中国 人民 共同 追求 的 神圣 目标 .\r\n两岸 同胞 求 和平 盼 统一 , 海内外 华夏 子孙 也 都 期盼 祖国 统一 , 国际 社会 也 承认 一个 中国 .\r\n然而 , 李登辉 却 逆 历史潮流 而 动 , 螳臂当车 , 自不量力 .\r\n大多数 台湾 同胞 不支持 \" 台独 \" , 希望 稳定 和 发展 两岸 关系 .\r\n它 符合 台湾 人民 的 利益 , 是 当前 台湾 最大 的 民意 .\r\n当前 两岸 关系 处 於 极 不确定 时期 , 随时 可能 出现 问题 , 若 处理 不好 , 后果 极为 严重 .\r\n尽管 有 \" 台独 \" 色彩 的 陈水扁 当选 , 祖国 大陆 方面 还是 采取 了 \" 听其言 , 观其行 \" 的 克制 态度 , 这 无非是 给 台湾 新 领导人 新 的 机会 和 时间 , 重新 研究 制定 两岸 政策 .\r\n---- 中国 ---- 北京 谋 加快 和平谈判 开台 办 主任 会 \" 明报 专 讯 \" 针对 台湾 总统 选举 结果 及 两岸 出现 的 新 局势 , 中共 高层 过去 两日 专门 在 北京 召开 全国 台办 主任 工作会议 .\r\n据悉 , 这次 会议 的 基调 是 \" 加快 和平谈判 , 促进 祖国 统一 \" , 大陆 对 陈水扁 将 任 台湾 新 总统 保持 \" 继续 观察 \" 的 谨慎 态度 , 而 未 作 进一步 表态 .\r\n主管 对 台 事务 的 国务院 副总理 钱其琛 则 在 会上 强调 , 如果 有人 置 二千三百万 湾 同胞 的 生命 安全 於 不顾 , 图谋 搞 台独 , 那 是 绝对 没有 好 下场 的 .\r\n据 指出 , 此次 会议 间接地 回应 了 陈水扁 日前 提出 的 有关 \" \" 一个 中国 \" 不是 原则 \" 而是 \" 议题 \" 的 说法 .\r\n任何 形式 的 \" 台湾 独立 \" 都是 绝对 不能 允许 的 .\r\n只要 承认 \" 一个 中国 \" 原则 , 台湾 领导人 什 麽 时候 都 可以 来 大陆 谈 , 我们 也 愿意 去 台湾 , 海协会 和 海基会 也 可以 接触 往来 , 否则 , 一切 都 谈不上 .\r\n钱其琛 并 表示 , 中国 政府 和 中国 人民 在 维护 \" 一个 中国 \" 原则 维护 国家 主权 和 领土 完整 这样的 大是大非 问题 上 , 是 绝不 妥协 绝不 让步 的 .\r\n两岸 同胞 和 一切 拥护 中国 统一 的 人士 团结 起来 , 共同 为 发展 两岸 关系 推进 祖国 和平 统一 进程 努力 奋斗 .\r\n通知 规定 , 音 象 制品 网上 经营 活动 实行 许可证 制度 .\r\n通知 规定 , 禁止 外商 投资 , 中外合资 合作 的 信息 网络 经营 单位 从事 音 象 制品 的 网上 经营 活动 ; 上网 经营 的 音 象 制品 必须 是 国内 音 象 出版 单位 出版 的 合法 音 象 制品 .\r\n禁止 音 象 制品 的 走私 , 盗版 等 非法 音 象 制品 . 禁止 在 网上 经营 从 海外 进口 的 音 象 制品 成品 .\r\n通知 说 , 从事 网上 经营 的 单位 应 在 网站 或 网页 的 显著 位置 标明 音 象 制品 经营 许可证 号码 , 备案 机关 及 发 证 机关 的 电话号码 .\r\n如 有 违反 通知 的 有关 规定 , 音 象 市场 行政管理 部门 应 依据 《 音 象 制品 管理 条例 》 和 有关 法规 予以 处罚 .\r\n国务院 三峡 建设 委员会 副主任 , 重庆市 副市长 甘宇平 日前 向 记者 介绍 , 三峡 库 区 被 淹没 的 工矿企业 达 1397 .\r\n重庆市 将 按照 企业 迁建 与 结构 调整 相结合 的 原则 , 对 淹没 企业 进行 搬迁 , 建设 和 改造 .\r\n外来 资本 可 收购 , 可 兼并 ; 可 参股 , 也 可 控股 这些 企业 .\r\n前来 参与 库 区 企业 迁建 的 投资者 , 可 享受 到 比 沿海开放城市 和 开发区 更 宽松 的 政策 环境 .\r\n无论 是 国有 , 民营 资本 兼并 库 区 企业 , 都 可 享受 国家 出台 的 国有 企业 兼并 国有 企业 的 优惠 政策 .\r\n据 甘宇平 介绍 , 重庆市 还 希望 中外 投资者 参与 三峡 库 区 的 小 城镇 建设 .\r\n三峡 工程 淹没 区 涉及 237 乡镇 , 有 101 集镇 被 淹没 , 需要 搬迁 重建 .\r\n渝万 ( 洲 ) 高等级 公路 正在 分段 加紧 建设 , 部分 路段 已经 通车 .\r\n达(县 ) 万 ( 洲 ) 铁路 今年 内 将 通车 .\r\n前 两 年 入驻 库区 的 杭州 娃 哈哈 集团 , 武汉 北斗 集团 等 企业 都 盈利 丰厚 .\r\n新华社 北京 月 日 电 ( 记者 胡晓梦 ) 日前 在京 参加 \" 中国 的 低 生育 水平 -- 现状 与 未来 \" 研讨会 的 人口 专家 指出 , 如何 稳定 低 生育 水平 是 世纪 前年 中国 人口 工作 的 最大 挑战 .\r\n时 至 今日 , 低 生育 水平 已 成为 一个 基本 的 人口学 事实 , 低 生育 水平 局面 基本 形成 标志着 我国 的 人口 与 计划生育 工作 进入 一个 新 的 重要 发展 时期 .\r\n人口 问题 本质上 是 一个 发展 问题 , 低 生育率 的 稳定 需要 建立 在 人们 生育 观 根本 转变 的 基础 上 .\r\n10 年 制裁 给 伊拉克 平民 造成 了 无尽 的 伤害 , 这 决不会 是 安理会 当初 对 伊拉克 实施 制裁 的 初衷 和 目的 .\r\n在 处理 人道主义 问题 时 , 安理会 对 不同 地区 或 国家 应 一视同仁 , 既要 避免 政治 化 , 也要 防止 采取 双重 标准 .\r\n这是 一 项 上 , 中 , 下游 一体化 , 跨地区 , 跨行业 , 涉及 面 广 的 系统工程 .\r\n他 提出 , 要 处理好 天然气 资源 开发 与 其他 能源 开发 之间 的 关系 , 以及 西 气 东 输 与 东海 天然气 开发 的 关系 .\r\n在 项目 实施 中 , 要 扩大 对外开放 , 积极 利用 外资 , 吸引 国际上 有实力 的 合作 伙伴 参与 投资 , 建设 和 管理 .\r\n他 说 , 西 气 东 输 工程 投资 大 , 建设 周期 长 , 协调 任务 十分 艰巨 .\r\n据了解 , 经 国务院 批准 , 西 气 东 输 工程 成立 建设 领导 小组 , 由 国家 计委 副主任 张国宝 任 领导 小组 组长 .\r\n登 辉 后尘 ( 香港 中国 通讯社 三月二十五日 电 ) 综述 : 香港 舆论 警醒 台湾 新 领导人 勿 步 李登辉 后尘 香港 中通社 记者 禾山 在 台湾 民众 的 抗议 声浪 中 , 李登辉 终 於被迫 辞去 国民党 主席 之 职 , 提前 下台 .\r\n其次 是 控制 政权 , 为 民进党 上台 铺路 , 并且 不惜 以此 断送 国民党 政权 .\r\n台湾 同胞 不 铲除 \" 两国 论 \" 的 遗毒 , 台湾 不可能 有 稳定 和 安宁 .\r\n中华 民族 反对 台独 , 反对 分裂主义 , 争取 \" 一国两制 , 和平 统一 \" 的 斗争 , 还要 更加 深入 地 开展 下去 .\r\n《 大公报 》 社评 指出 , 李登辉 的 下场 , 对 台湾 新 领导人 有 强烈 的 警示 作用 : 搞 台独 是 绝对 没有 好 下场 的 .\r\n当前 两岸 关系 处 於 极 不确定 时期 , 随时 可能 出现 问题 , 若 处理 不好 , 后果 极为 严重 .\r\n台湾 新 领导人 面临 著 至关重要 的 抉择 : 是 坚持 搞 台独 , 还是 改弦更张 , 承认 \" 一个 中国 \" 的 原则 , 改善 两岸 关系 ?\r\n新华社 北京 3月25日 电 新闻 分析 : 李登辉 缘何 提前 下台 新华社 记者 在 延及全岛 的 反对 和 抗议 声浪 中 , 李登辉 于 3月24日 提前 辞去 国民党 主席 一 职 .\r\n获悉 李登辉 下台 的 消息 后 , 聚集 在 台北 国民党 中央 党部 大楼 周围 的 抗议 民众 鼓掌 相庆 .\r\n更 有 岛内 报刊 把 李登辉 实行 的 种种 政治 措施 称为 \" 比 烂 \" , 台湾 民众 对此 已 是 深恶痛绝 .\r\n还是 这个 李登辉 , 上台 后 一直 玩弄 权谋 , 欺瞒 民众 , 并 经常 自食其言 , 完全 丧失 了 一个 政治 人物 起码 的 道德 准则 .\r\n事实 证明 , 诡计 和 欺骗 是 不可能 长久 的 .\r\n这个 棋局 , 从 开始 到 终结 , 皆 由 李登辉 幕后 操纵 \" , 虽然 他 \" 辞职 辞 得 这 幺 早 , 这 幺 狼狈 , 这 幺 不得人心 \" , 并非 他 始料 所 及 .\r\n这是 李登辉 种下 的 恶果 , 也 导致 了 李登辉 下台 的 结局 .\r\n而 这一切 应 成为 台湾 今后 的 政治 人物 的 前车之鉴 .\r\n巴尔舍夫斯基 华美 银行 总裁 吴建民 和 中国 驻 洛杉矶 总领事 安文彬 等 出席 并 在 主 桌 就座 .\r\n巴尔舍夫斯基 在 晚宴 上 发表 题为 《 美中 贸易 协定 : 为 二十一世纪 的 安全 与 战略 制定 方针 》 的 演讲 中 作出 上述 表示 .\r\n她 说 , 不管 美国 国会 争论 结果 如何 , 中国 都 将 进入 世界 贸易 组织 , 都 将 继续 一如继往 地 对 美国 出口 .\r\n但是 , 国会 给予 中国 永久 正常 贸易 地位 非常 重要 .\r\n根据 世界 贸易 组织 协定 , 每个 成员 都 享有 永久 正常 贸易 地位 .\r\n巴尔舍夫斯基 说 , 我们 还 应从 更 广泛 的 意义 上 看待 中美 间 协议 .\r\n在 本世纪 的 战略 上 , 未来 美中 关系 很 重要 .\r\n我们 过去 所以 能 战胜 艰难险阻 取得 革命 和 建设 的 巨大 胜利 , 就是 因为 我们 党 坚持 用 崇高 理想 和 各个 历史 阶段 的 奋斗 目标 , 教育 党员 , 引导 群众 , 凝聚 了 人心 , 激励 了 斗志 .\r\n当前 开展 理想 信念 教育 , 必须 紧 扣 这个 主题 .\r\n世纪 交替 之际 , 国际 形势 错综复杂 , 我国 正 处在 改革 的 攻坚 阶段 和 发展 的 关键 时期 , 思想 意识形态 的 斗争 将会 长期 存在 , 有时 甚至 很 激烈 .\r\n必须 巩固 和 加强 马克思主义 在 我国 思想 意识形态 领域 的 指导 地位 , 绝不 允许 搞 多元化 .\r\n当前 , 特别 要 加强 马克思主义 的 唯物论 , 无神论 教育 和 科学 精神 教育 .\r\n能否 用 正确 的 理想 信念 武装 全党 , 凝聚 人民 , 首先 取决于 各级 领导干部 特别是 高中级 领导干部 是否 真正 树立 了 正确 的 理想 信念 .\r\n胡长清 之类 的 反面教员 警示 我们 , 理想 信念 的 动摇 是 最 危险 的 动摇 .\r\n新时期 我国 社会 生活 发生 了 深刻 的 变化 .\r\n要 把 理想 信念 教育 同 解决 群众 的 实际 困难 和 问题 结合 起来 , 把 教育 引导 群众 与 切实 服务 群众 结合 起来 .\r\n各级 党组织 在 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 , 党员 先进性 教育 , \" 致富 思 源 , 富 而 思 进 \" 教育 等 各种 教育 活动 中 , 都要 突出 理想 信念 教育 .\r\n访 印 是 克林顿 此行 的 重头戏 , 6 天 中 有 5 天 在 印度 , 而 在 美国 过去 的 盟友 巴基斯坦 只 逗留 了 几个 小时 .\r\n首先 , 美国 极力 劝说 印度 放弃 其 核 计划 , 签署 《 全面 禁止 核试验 条约 》 .\r\n美国 所 希望 的 印度 在 克林顿 访问 期间 签约 的 目的 没有 达到 .\r\n在 美国 副 国务卿 塔尔博特 与 印度 外长 辛格 的 会谈 中 , 美方 也 没有 能 说服 印度 参加 停止 制造 核武器 裂变 材料 的 国际 会议 .\r\n其次 , 在 克什米尔 问题 上 , 克林顿 反复 强调 印巴 双方 应 结束 冲突 , 恢复 对话 , 增进 往来 , 以 逐渐 消除 分岐 , 最终 解决 问题 .\r\n他 还 表示 愿意 充当 双方 的 调停人 .\r\n但 印度 表示 无意 在 近期内 恢复 同 巴基斯坦 就 克什米尔 问题 进行 谈判 , 并 断然 拒绝 了 克林顿 充当 调停人 的 意愿 .\r\n印度 总理 瓦杰帕伊 坚持 地区 国家 间 的 问题 应 由 有关 国家 自行 解决 的 立场 .\r\n印度 则 表示 , 因 预算 吃紧 , 现在 无法 做到 .\r\n克林顿 此行 对 印度 而言 可谓 得 大于 失 .\r\n除 得到 不少 援助 和 投资 外 , 印度 还 趁 此 机会 游说 美国 官员 , 使 美方 \" 对 印度 的 处境 和 立场 有了 较 深 的 了解 \" .\r\n因此 , 虽然 美 印 宣称 双方 关系 进入 了 新纪元 , 但 实际上 跨入 新纪元 的 路 似乎 还 未 铺好 .\r\n来 商机 ( 香港 中国 通讯社 三月二十六日 电 ) 综述 : 中国 加入 世 贸 将 为 香港 多个 行业 带来 商机 香港 中通社 记者 施文 香港 如何 面对 中国 加入 世界 组织 的 问题 , 最近 随 著 中国 入世 谈判 的 进展 , 逐渐 成为 谈论 的 焦点 .\r\n对此 , 特区 政府 高级 官员 最近 纷纷 表示 , 中国 在 加入 世 贸 后 , 与 世界 各国 的 贸易 和 投资 往来 会 更加 频繁 , 将 带动 香港 经济 增长 .\r\n去年 内地 与 香港 的 贸易 总额 超过 港币 一万亿 元 , 占 香港 整体 贸易 接近 四成 .\r\n根据 香港 政府 的 经济 顾问 估计 , 随 著 中国 加入 世 贸 , 香港 与 内地 有关 的 出口 在 二零一零年 将 比 现时 增加 百分之一点三 .\r\n周德熙 指出 , 中国 入世 , 香港 不仅 在 贸易 方面 得利 , 而且 香港 金融 中心 将 继续 在 为 内地 企业 筹集 资金 方面 扮演 重要 角色 .\r\n到 目前 为止 , 共有 八十七 内地 企业 在 香港 的 股票 交易所 和 创业 板 上市 , 集资 量 达到 二千四百五十六亿 元 .\r\n香港 的 国际 金融 中心 地位 , 亦 有助 内地 金融 机构 设 於 香港 的 分支 拓展 国外 金融市场 , 借此 与 国际 架构 接轨 .\r\n而且 , 香港 的 企业 与 内地 营运 商 可 掌握 在 电讯 及 资讯 科技 这 两 方面 的 巨大 合作 空间 , 共同 推动 中国 资讯 科技 基础 设施 和 电子 商贸 的 发展 .\r\n周德熙 表示 , 中国 人口 超过 十二亿 , 本身 已 是 一个 甚 具 吸引力 的 消费 巿 场 .\r\n支持 香港 在 二十一世纪 成为 以 创新 导向 和 技术 密集 经济 体系 的 最大 优势 , 周德熙 说 , 这 莫 过 於 香港 与 内地 紧密 的 经济 联系 .\r\n今后 香港 的 角色 , 不再 仅仅 是 内地 向 外 开放 的 门户 , 而是 以 服务 为 主导 的 经济 体系 , 更 直接 参与 国内 的 经济 发展 .\r\n舆论 则 呼吁 , 再 过 一个 半月 即将 总 辞 的 \" 萧 内阁 \" 不应 继续 败坏 国民党 的 诚信 .\r\n台湾 \" 立法院 \" 炮轰 \" 萧 内阁 \" 继续 玩弄 权谋 , \" 戒 急用 忍 \" 阴魂不散 .\r\n台湾 《 联合报 》 民意调查 显示 , 六成一 民众 赞成 离岛 先 试办 \" 小 三通 \" , 反对 者 仅 一成九 , 可见 提 覆 议案 乃 逆反 民意 之举 .\r\n离岛 选出 的 \" 立委 \" 更 对此 发出 严肃 的 警告 .\r\n国民党 金门 \" 立委 \" 陈清宝 指出 , 如果 \" 行政院 \" 敢 提 覆 议案 , 他 不惜 退党 明志 .\r\n他们 会同 离岛 选出 的 \" 国 大 \" 代表 造访 \" 行政院 \" , 并 递交 六 共同 声明 .\r\n\" 立法院 \" 於 日前 通过 条例 推动 \" 小 三通 \" , 是 台湾 大陆 政策 的 重大 突破 , 而今 传出 \" 行政院 \" 另 种 声音 , 令人 费解 .\r\n离岛 官 民 抨击 \" 萧 内阁 \" 罔 视 现实 , 准备 全面 抗争 .\r\n澎湖县 议长 苏昆雄 则 强调 , \" 离岛 民众 无法 接受 覆 议案 , 如果 覆 议案 过关 , 澎湖 各界 将 进一步 抗争 \" .\r\n进而 推论 , 在 \" 一个 中国 \" 原则 下 解决 台湾 问题 , 是 天经地义 , 两岸 都 必须 服从 这 一 原则 , 在 这个 原则 面前 , 两岸 完全 平等 , 根本 没有 陈水扁 所 说 的 \" 不对 等 \" 问题 .\r\n这就是 中国 人 的 逻辑 , 全世界 华人 的 逻辑 , 也是 国际上 一百 国家 公认 的 逻辑 , 是 联合国大会 早已 通过 并 作出 决议 的 逻辑 .\r\n他们 承认 第一 命题 , 不 承认 第二 命题 .\r\n照 他 的 逻辑 , 就是 江泽民 与 陈水 扁 处 於 对等 地位 , 两岸 也就 可以 马上 开始 谈判 .\r\n为了 两岸 和平 , 恳切 地 期望 陈水扁 先生 收拾起 不可能 起作用 的 \" 太极拳 \" , 真心实意 地 想想 能 打开 两岸 谈判 大门 的 正道 吧 !\r\n陈水扁 也 很 认真 面对 来自 美方 的 消息 , 日前 特别 派出 \" 密使 \" 前往 北京 , 传达 出 最大 的 善意 , 同时 进一步 了解 北京 的 真正 用意 .\r\n这个 问题 如果 处理 过 於急迫 , 反而 使得 岛内 政局 变得 异常 复杂 , 造成 新政府 的 不稳定 , 对 两岸 关系 未来 的 发展 反而 不好 .\r\n二 , 对 台 基本 方针 是 \" 和平 统一 , 一国两制 \" .\r\n谈判 要 有一个 基础 , 就是 要 承认 地球 上 只有 一个 中国 , 这是 没有 任何 讨价还价 余地 的 大 原则 .\r\n五 , 陈水扁 是 台独 势力 的 代表 人物 .\r\n和 台独 作 斗争 , 粉碎 台独 的 图谋 , 是 北京 坚定不移 的 立场 .\r\n北京 将 根据 台湾 局势 的 发展 变化 作出 回应 , 采取 相应 措施 .\r\n七 , 对 台湾 问题 要 有 两手 准备 , 要 决心 打赢 一 场 粉碎 台独 的 解放战争 ; 打赢 一 场 高科技 局部战争 ; 打赢 一 场 反击 霸权主义 军事 干涉 和 军事 侵略 和 宪 国 战争 .\r\n北京 的 台湾 问题 专家 认为 , 政治局 的 决议 显示 北京 对 陈水 扁 会 观察 一个 阶段 , 再 作出 相应 对策 .\r\n中美 关系 可以 说是 亚太地区 最 重要 的 双边 关系 .\r\n由於 中美 两国 在 国家利益 , 社会制度 , 经济 发展 水平 和 文化 传统 方面 存在 重大 差异 , 因此 , 在 两国 关系 中 不可 避免 地 会 出现 种种 矛盾 和 磨擦 .\r\n同时 , 两国 还 决定 将 各自 的 战略 核武器 互不 瞄准 对方 .\r\n此外 , 两国 还 同意 共同 努力 保持 朝鲜半岛 及 南亚 地区 的 和平 与 稳定 .\r\n中俄 关系 近年来 发展 迅速 .\r\n两国 在 保持 国家 间 关系 稳定 发展 的 同时 , 还 加强 了 在 军控 领域 的 合作 , 积极 推动 世界 的 多极化 进程 , 并 确立 了 双方 面向 21世纪 的 战略 协作 伙伴 关系 .\r\n美俄 关系 虽然 有 各种 矛盾 , 但 总体 来说 两国 间 的 合作 是 主要 方面 .\r\n美日 关系 的 调整 对 亚太地区 的 和平 与 稳定 的 消极 影响 较大 , 但 两国 加强 经济 合作 有利 於 地区 的 繁荣 与 稳定 .\r\n中日 关系 也 有 一定 程度 的 发展 .\r\n中国 国家元首 已 正式 访日 , 表明 中日 两国 的 关系 基本 是 稳定 的 .\r\n但是 大国 间 合作 的 战略 基础 将 经历 严峻 的 考验 .\r\n1999年 年末 美国 众议院 国际 关系 委员会 还 通过 了 所谓 《 加强 台湾 安全 法 》 , 极力 把 台湾 拉 入 美日 的 战区 导弹 防御 系统 .\r\n尤其是 近 一段 时期 , 日本 右翼 公开 否认 南京 大 屠杀 , 日本国 会 也 准备 修改 日本 宪法 .\r\n新旧 安全 观 的 斗争 日趋 激烈 合作 安全 模式 更加 广泛 在 亚太地区 通过 什 麽 方式 建立 和平 与 稳定 , 各国 间 存在 著 严重 的 分歧 .\r\n中俄 等 国 主张 建立 新 的 安全 观念 , 强调 一 国 的 安全 不能 建立 在 别国 的 不安全 之上 , 通过 合作 安全 的 模式 来 维护 地区 的 和平 与 稳定 .\r\n为此 , 中俄 建立 的 战略 协作 伙伴 关系 是非 结盟 性 , 非对抗性 的 , 并不 针对 任何 第三 国 .\r\n中 印 两国 已 达成 在 边境 地区 实际 控制 线 地区 建立 军事 领域 信任 措施 的 协定 .\r\n东盟 地区 论坛 目前 是 亚太地区 最大 的 多边 安全 对话 场所 .\r\n第一 阶段 是 促进 建立 信任 措施 , 第二 阶段 是 发展 预防 性 外交 机制 , 第三 阶段 是 建立 解决 冲突 机制 .\r\n目前 该 论坛 主要 处 於 第一 阶段 .\r\n由於 亚太地区 各国 存在 著 各种 历史 的 和 现实 的 矛盾 , 因此 , 建立 信任 措施 符合 亚太地区 的 实际 , 有利 於 该 地区 的 稳定 .\r\n美国 军方 高层 领导人 多次 访问 日本 和 韩国 , 协调 三 国 立场 .\r\n由 於新旧 安全 观念 在 战略 目标 , 合作 模式 以及 合作 机制 方面 存在 著 本质 的 不同 , 也 反映 了 各国 不同 的 战略 构想 和 战略 意图 , 因此 , 这 两 安全 观念 的 斗争 将 是 长期 的 .\r\n核军备 发展 悄然 抬头 , 防止 大规模 毁伤 性 武器 的 扩散 更加 困难 .\r\n1998年 以来 , 亚太地区 的 印度 和 巴基斯坦 相继 进行 了 核爆炸 , 实质上 使 印巴 两国 跨入 了 有核国家 的 行列 .\r\n众所周知 , 反 导 系统 的 技术 主要 还是 以 导弹 技术 为 基础 的 . TMD 主要 就是 用 导弹 来 拦截 导弹 , 其 技术 完全 可以 转换 用 於 进攻 目的 .\r\n美国 研制 TMD 及 声称 要 用 武力 保护 台湾 实质上 就是 遏制 中国 的 战略性 步骤 .\r\n随 著 经济 的 发展 , 各国 间 经济 上 的 相互 依存 将 进一步 加深 , 任何 一 国 的 经济 繁荣 都 离不开 整个 地区 经济 的 发展 .\r\n总体上 看 , 今后 一段 时期 内 , 亚太地区 保持 稳定 仍是 主流 .\r\n大国 间 战略 关系 相对 稳定 , 减少 了 大国 关系 中 的 不 确定性 , 也 形成 了 大国 间 不 使用 武力 解决 分歧 的 默契 , 因此 , 该 地区 发生 大规模 冲突 的 可能性 较小 .\r\n但是 , 与 冷战 后 初期 相比 , 该 地区 不稳定 因素 在 增长 , 这些 不稳定 因素 仍有 可能 导致 整个 地区 局势 的 恶化 .\r\n今年 2月 欧佩克 原油 平均 价 已 上升到 每 桶 26.84 美元 , 3月7日 更 一度 暴涨到 31.26 美元 , 达到 1990年 海湾 危机 以来 的 最高 点 .\r\n油价 大幅 上涨 , 加重 了 进口 国 的 财政 负担 , 但 从 长远 看 对 出口 国 也 同样 不利 , 因为 过高 的 油价 必然 最终 导致 需求 萎缩 .\r\n有关 专家 认为 , 这是 欧佩克 内部 在 增产 问题 上 出现 意见 分歧 的 另 一 原因 .\r\n在 选择 增产 时机 和 确定 增产 数量 方面 , 分析家 认为 , 第二 季度 市场 需求 季节性 疲软 , 增产 过多 必然 导致 油价 下滑 , 因此 每天 增加 的 供应量 应 少于 100万 桶 .\r\n在 世界 已 探明 的 原油 储量 中 , 欧佩克 占 了 76.6% , 其 出口量 占 世界市场 交易量 的 55% .\r\n因此 , 在 目前 形势 下 , 欧佩克 的 部长 们 能否 协调 立场 , 加强 团结 , 做到 既 维护 产油国 的 利益 , 又 能 确保 国际 石油 市场 的 稳定 , 这 将 是 对 它的 又 一 次 重大 考验 .\r\n审时度势 灵活 变通 1997年7月 亚洲 金融 危机 爆发 后 , 许多 国家 纷纷 向 国际 金融 机构 求援 .\r\n如 在 治理 金融 秩序 方面 并不是 一刀切 , 对 资不抵债 银行 也 没有 立即 关闭 , 而是 根据 其 影响 大小 有 选择 地 调整 或 关闭 , 等等 .\r\n东亚 发展 主要 是 依赖 国民 的 高 储蓄 , 在 危机 之 时 , 通过 调动 国内 资金 , 开拓 国内 市场 等 灵活 办法 , 仍 可 维持 一定 的 经济 增长 .\r\n但 在 市场 需求 不足 , 私人 消费 低迷 的 情况 下 , 紧缩 在 一些 国家 行不通 , 一些 国家 实行 了 也 不能 维持 长久 .\r\n事实上 东亚 国家 不是 用 紧缩 的 办法 , 而是 采用 扩张 性 财政 金融 政策 , 刺激 消费 等 积极 的 办法 来 实现 经济 复苏 的 .\r\n泰 政府 在 1999年 还 推出 总计 65亿 美元 的 一揽子 财政 措施 以 刺激 消费 和 扩大 出口 .\r\n菲律宾 在 近年 内 , 增加 了 219亿 比索 的 预算 开支 , 财政 赤字 是 原计划 的 四 .\r\n韩国 在 金融 危机 爆发 后 , 比较 诚实 地 遵守 了 同 IMF 达成 的 协议 , 实行 高强度 的 金融 紧缩 政策 , 增加 税收 , 减少 开支 , 关闭 , 兼并 和 整顿 不 符合 国际 清算 银行 标准 的 金融 机构 .\r\n但 不到 半年 时间 , 金大中 总统 就 宣布 韩 不再 奉行 经济 紧缩 政策 , 将 采取 扩大 货币 供应量 , 增加 财政 开支 , 促进 国内 消费 和 降低 银行 贷款 利率 等 措施 以 刺激 经济 发展 .\r\n日本 在 1998年 底 就 开始 实施 积极 的 财政 金融 政策 , 推行 赤字 预算 , 大幅 削减 所得税 和 法人 税 , 同时 通过 发行 巨额 国债 , 增加 公共 投资 , 促进 经济 恢复 .\r\n东亚 经济 在 很大 程度 上 依赖 出口 , 出口 扩张 对 复苏 经济 的 作用 十分 明显 , 电子 与 制造业 是 东亚 主要 出口 产业 部门 , 其 产品 出口 能 拉动 整个 经济 的 增长 .\r\n金融 危机 爆发 后 , 东亚 许多 国家 企业 倒闭 , 市场 萧条 , 失业 人数 剧增 .\r\n劳资 双方 多 以 对话 与 协调 方式 解决 问题 .\r\n政府 精 减 机构 和 人员 , 保证 最大限度 节约 开支 ; 工会 接受 \" 灵活 的 劳工 市场 \" , 容忍 部分 解雇 工人 ; 企业 财团 进行 产业 交换 和 重组 .\r\n这种 举国上下 的 团结 合作 , 为 韩 经济 复苏 创造 了 良好 的 社会 环境 .\r\n重视 改革 主动 调整 金融 危机 爆发 后 , 一 场 以 金融 改革 为 起点 , 全面 调整 国民经济 结构 的 调整 改革 在 东亚 普遍 兴起 .\r\n在 金融 机构 改革 过程 中 , 泰国 政府 先后 关闭 了 56 金融 机构 , 接管 4 商业银行 和 7 金融 公司 ; 韩国 先后 对 91 金融 机构 实施 停业 处理 并 促成 9 较 大型 银行 合并 .\r\n对 东亚 而言 , 产业 结构 调整 更为 关键 .\r\n韩国 调整 改革 涉及到 金融 , 企业 , 公共 和 劳动 部门 , 其中 企业 改革 力度 最大 且 任务 艰巨 .\r\n目前 , 韩 大 企业集团 纷纷 \" 缩水 \" , 许多 下属 公司 被 出售 或 转让 , 变成 完全 独立 的 企业 .\r\n中国 物价 回升 有望 持续 新华社 北京 三月二十七日 电 有 迹像 表明 , 在 近年 一系列 扩大 内需 , 刺激 消费 的 宏观 政策 调控 下 , 中国 消费 市场 物价 回升 , 且 这种 上涨 趋势 有望 持续 .\r\n而且 , 权威 部门 还 分析 认为 , 物价 上涨 将 得以 持续 .\r\n首先 , 服务 价格 将 明显 上升 , 对 物价 总 水平 的 上升 起到 带头 作用 ; 其次 , 生产资料 价格 将 略 有 上升 , 对 物价 总 水平 略 有 推动 作用 ; 另外 , 农产品 和 工业 消费品 价格 都 将 保持 平衡 , 对 物价 总 水平 将 起到 稳定 作用 .\r\n从 一九九七年 下半年 开始 , 中国 经济 生活 中 出现 了 消费 不振 , 物价 持续 下跌 的 状况 .\r\n多年来 , 国民经济 的 粗放 式 增长 , 使 经济 结构 存在 较大 的 不合理 性 ; 社会 供求 总量 失衡 , 部分 商品 出现 了 供给 相对 过剩 , 而 需求 增长 仍 显 不足 , 尤其是 最终 消费 需求 增长 乏力 .\r\n在 供给 方面 , 中国 将 重点 加速 国内 经济 结构 的 调整 和 重组 .\r\n同时 , 军备 生产 占 国内 生产 总值 的 比重 较高 , 官方 公布 为 8% , 学者 估计 为 25% .\r\n某些 部门 例如 机器 制造业 70% 服务 於 军备 生产 .\r\n前 苏联 对 第三产业 的 地位 和 作用 认识 失 偏 , 重 生产 , 轻 流通 的 思想 根深蒂固 , 把 服务 部门 视为 非 生产 领域 , 使 第三产业 长期 处 於 落后 状态 .\r\n在 国内 生产 总值 中 , 商品性 产值 比 重大 , 服务性 产值 比重 小 .\r\n据 俄国 家 统计 委员会 资料 , 1991年 服务性 产值 占 国内 生产 总值 的 35.9% , 而 按 俄 经济部 公布 的 数字 只 占 24% .\r\n基础工业 成为 \" 夕阳 产业 \" , 在 其 基础 上 蓬勃发展 的 是 高新技术 产业 , 特别是 信息 技术 和 信息 产业 的 发展 尤为 迅速 .\r\n俄 在 军转民 问题 上 存在 三 不同 观点 和 方案 , 即 \" 渐进式 \" 转产 , \" 雪崩 式 \" 转产 和 \" 暂缓 \" 转产 .\r\n随 著 向 市场经济 过渡 , 小 私有化 的 基本 完成 , 市场 型 服务 机构 的 出现 和 发展 , 俄罗斯 的 第三产业 迅速 发展 , 在 国内 生产 总值 中 的 比重 上升 , 第一 和 第二 产业 的 比重 则 下降 .\r\n与 此 相关 , 采掘 工业 与 加工工业 的 比例 关系 也 进一步 恶化 .\r\n这 表明 , 俄 工业 结构 没有 改变 重型 , 低效 的 特征 , 而是 重型 更 重 ; 工业 生产 没有 面向 最终 产品 , 而是 原料 性 更 强 .\r\n工业 结构 的 畸形 决定 了 外贸 结构 的 反 工业化 趋向 , 形成 出口 能源 和 原材料 ( 占 出口 的 75% ) 换回 食品 和 消费品 ( 占 进口 的 30- 50% ) 的 低级 循环 .\r\n这 一 阶段 的 主要 任务 是 扩大 投资 , 实施 合理 的 结构 政策 , 刺激 经济 快速 增长 .\r\n为了 扭转 前 一时 期 结构 变化 的 不 正常 状态 , 普京 政府 强调 尽快 摆脱 持续 已 久 的 危机 , 促使 经济 快速 增长 , 在此 基础 上 使 经济 结构 得到 合理 的 调整 .\r\n普京 强调 , 当今 世界 经济 增长 的 90% 是 靠 新 知识 和 新技术 的 推广应用 .\r\n因此 , \" 政府 的 工业 政策 是 优先 发展 在 科技 进步 领域 处 於 领先 地位 的 部门 \" , 同时 考虑 现有 经济 结构 和 优势 产业 部门 .\r\n普京 指出 , 没有 俄罗斯 农村 的 复兴 , 没有 农业 的 振兴 , 就 不可能 有 俄罗斯 的 复兴 .\r\n国家 将 认真 地 帮助 农业 部门 , 帮助 数百万 农民 , 使 他们 为 国家 提供 高质量 的 产品 .\r\n原来 按照 中央 的 安排 , 广东 有 对口 帮扶 广西 , 贵州 , 西藏 等 地 的 任务 , 这些 工作 要 在 西部 大 开发 决策 的 指导思想 下 , 进一步 做好 .\r\n广东 要 把 西部 大 开发 作为 自身 发展 的 新 机遇 , 用 市场经济 的 办法 , 参与 西部 开发 .\r\n省政府 准备 于 下个月 组织 广东 企业家 到 西安 考察 .\r\n根据 西部 大 开发 决策 , 中央 对 东部 地区 提出 了 更高 要求 .\r\n江 总书记 前不久 到 广东 视察 工作 时 , 要求 广东 增 创新 优势 , 更上一层楼 , 率先 基本 实现 社会主义 现代化 , 给 广东 指明 了 跨世纪 的 发展 方向 .\r\n广东 要 通过 加快 发展 , 率先 基本 实现 现代化 , 为 国家 提供 更多 的 税收 , 上缴 更多 的 外汇 , 为 国家 转移 支付 , 支持 西部 发展 提供 雄厚 的 物质 基础 .\r\n广东 在 率先 基本 实现 现代化 过程 中 , 进一步 在 若干 领域 走在 全国 前面 , 为 全国 的 改革开放 提供 新鲜 经验 , 也是 对 西部 开发 的 有力 支持 .\r\n全省 上下 要 将 这 四点 重要 指示 作为 推动 各项 工作 的 强大 动力 和 思想 武器 , 以 实际 行动 贯彻 党中央 西部 大 开发 的 决策 .\r\n两 文件 都 强调 了 一个 重要 思想 , 这就是 改革 创新 .\r\n改革 创新 是 加强 和 改进 思想 政治 工作 的 题 中 应有 之 义 , 也是 在 新 形势 下 发挥 思想 政治 工作 生命线 作用 的 必然 要求 .\r\n我军 在 长期 实践 中 形成 的 思想 政治 工作 基本 的 理论 , 方针 , 原则 和 制度 , 无论 过去 , 现在 还是 将来 , 都是 我们 的 政治 优势 , 必须 始终 加以 坚持 .\r\n但是 , 一些 具体 的 政策 制度 , 工作 内容 和 方法 手段 , 必须 随着 形势 , 任务 和 社会 环境 的 变化 而 变化 , 随着 时代 的 发展 而 发展 .\r\n在 改革开放 和 发展 社会主义 市场经济 的 新 形势 下 , 经济 成分 和 经济 利益 的 多样化 , 社会 生活方式 的 多样化 , 社会 组织 的 多样化 , 社会 岗位 和 就业 形式 的 多样化 , 给 思想 政治 工作 带来 一系列 新 情况 和 新 问题 , 提出 了 新 的 更高 的 要求 .\r\n而 当前 思想 政治 工作 在 一定 程度 上 还 与 之 不 相适应 , 这是 一个 比较 突出 的 矛盾 .\r\n我们 讲 加强 , 讲 改进 , 讲 改革 创新 , 目的 都是 为了 更好地 解决 这个 矛盾 , 在 坚持 我军 根本 原则 和 根本 制度 的 前提 下 , 推进 思想 政治 工作 自身 的 发展 和 完善 .\r\n如果 不 与 时俱 进 , 不 改革 创新 , 就 无法 保持 思想 政治 工作 的 生机 和 活力 , 无法 肩负 起 为 \" 打得赢 \" 提供 强大 精神 动力 , 为 \" 不 变质 \" 提供 可靠 政治 保证 的 历史 使命 .\r\n思想 政治 工作 的 改革 创新 需要 解放 思想 .\r\n要 从 正在 做 的 和 可以 做 的 事情 做起 , 逐步 积累 改革 成果 , 一步一个脚印 地 向前 推进 .\r\n本报 记者 岳富荣 王建新 中央 决定 实施 西部 大 开发 战略 , 进军号 已经 吹响 .\r\n这是 我们 参与 西部 大 开发 的 优势 .\r\n西藏 的 经济 发展 现在 处于 各省市 区 的 末尾 , 许多 指标 不能 进入 排行榜 .\r\n不单是 从 经济 总量 上 来看 是 这样 , 因为 我们 人口 少 , 经济 总量 自然 比不上 比 我们 多 几倍 甚至 几 十 倍 的 省份 .\r\n西藏 与 全国 发展 的 平均 水平 差距 这 幺 大 , 有 历史 的 , 自然 的 原因 , 但 也 不能 只讲 客观 , 总要 平心静气 , 实事求是 地 反思 主观上 , 工作 上 的 原因 .\r\n争取 西部 大 开发 这次 机遇 , 一定 要 坚决 冲破 封闭 , 保守 的 观念 , 克服 无所作为 的 思想 .\r\n要 消除 数 十 年 发展 的 差距 , 弥补 高原 地域 的 短处 , 不是 轻而易举 之 事 , 没有 特殊 的 机遇 , 是 难以 想像 的 .\r\n现在 中央 提出 实施 西部 大 开发 战略 , 就是 我们 缩短 和 消除 与 内地 省市 发展 差距 的 机遇 .\r\n西部 大 开发 这次 新 的 机遇 , 与 以前 的 机遇 相比 , 有 什 幺 新 的 特点 ?\r\n中央 曾 给予 过 西藏 几次 特殊 的 机遇 .\r\n能否 更 快 更好地 加入 西部 大 开发 行列 , 最 根本 , 最 关键 的 在于 西藏自治区 各级 组织 , 各级 领导干部 是否 具有 积极 进取 的 精神 状态 .\r\n大 开发 , 大发展 不能 走老路 .\r\n除了 水电 , 铁路 , 公路 等 建设 项目 外 , 不能 靠 建 国有 企业 的 老办法 , 也 不能 完全 重复 第二 和 第三 西藏 工作 座谈会 以来 由 内地 包 项目 的 路子 .\r\n我们 要 开阔 视野 , 既 考虑 国家 投资 帮 我们 搞 基础 设施 建设 , 同时 要 考虑 提出 一些 政策 措施 , 寻求 多方面 的 横向 联合 , 要 鼓励 , 吸引 内地 企业 和 外商 到 西藏 来 参与 资源 开发 .\r\n我们 可以 把 一些 开发 项目 推向 市场 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月27日 电 3月27日 , 在 普京 当选 俄罗斯 联邦 总统 之际 , 中华人民共和国 主席 江泽民 向 普京 发去 贺电 .\r\n我 对 你 为 发展 中俄 关系 所 作 的 积极 努力 表示 高度 赞赏 , 愿 与 你 建立 良好 的 工作 关系 和 个人 友谊 , 共同 推动 两国 战略 协作 不断 扩大 和 深化 .\r\n祝 你 在 这 一 崇高 的 职位 上 取得 更大 的 成就 , 祝 友好 的 邻邦 俄罗斯 在 新世纪 国家 昌盛 , 人民 幸福 .\r\n面对 \" 入世 \" 挑战 的 对策 ( 中国 经济 论坛 )\r\n加入 WTO 可能 对 中国 经济 带来 四 个 方面 的 挑战 , 即 : 对 中国 某些 行业 和 企业 国际 竞争力 的 挑战 ; 对 中国 政府 管理体制 的 挑战 ; 对 中国 产业 结构 升级 的 挑战 ; 对 中国 宏观经济 调控 能力 的 挑战 .\r\n加快 财政 金融 体制改革 , 确保 经济 较快 增长 .\r\n加快 政府 管理 体制改革 , 逐步 完善 市场经济 的 法治 基础 .\r\n大力 实施 \" 科教 兴 国 \" 战略 以 加速 产业 结构 升级 .\r\n要 大幅度 提高 政府 对 R ＆ D 的 投入 .\r\n要 坚定不移 , 积极 稳妥 地 继续 推进 对外开放 .\r\n只有 这样 , 才能 尽可能 地 利用 加入 世贸 组织 带来 的 发展 机遇 并 把 \" 入世 \" 的 冲击 降到 最低 限度 .\r\n新华社 莫斯科 3月27日 电 新闻 分析 : 普京 何以 获胜 新华社 记者 孙占林 俄罗斯 总统 大选 初步 结果 揭晓 , 代总统 普京 获得 52.52% 的 选票 , 以 明显 优势 击败 对手 , 当选为 俄 联邦 第三 任 总统 .\r\n普京 获胜 并非 偶然 , 标志着 选民 对 他 的 政绩 的 认同 , 同时 又 对 他 寄予 新 的 希望 .\r\n普京 获胜 是 由 多方面 因素 决定 的 .\r\n其二 , 他 担任 总理 和 代总统 期间 , 国家 经济 形势 有所 好转 , 持续 近 10 年 的 滑坡 趋势 得以 扭转 .\r\n去年 俄 国内 生产 总值 增长 3.2% , 今年 以来 的 工业 生产 出现 了 比较 强劲 的 增长 势头 .\r\n其 四 , 他 倡导 走 富 国 强 民 之路 .\r\n他 主张 法制 , 坚决 打击 贪污 腐败 及 其他 犯罪 活动 , 限制 寡头 势力 干预 政治 .\r\n他 主张 建立 强大 国家 , 恢复 民族 尊严 , 从 本国 利益 出发 制定 对外 政策 .\r\n其 五 , 他 年富力强 , 意志 坚定 , 树立 了 良好 的 公众 形 像 .\r\n俄罗斯 经历 了 十 年 动荡 , 人心 思 定 , 许多 人 把 希望 寄托 在 普京 身上 .\r\n还 应 看到 , 另外 9 人 的 得票率 只 在 5.58% 至 0.08% 之间 , 因此 未 出现 因 选民 投票 过于 分散 而 使 普京 得票率 低于 50% 的 局面 .\r\n普京 当选 总统 后 , 将 面临 一系列 严峻 挑战 .\r\n目前 , 国家 经济 虽 有 回升 , 但 并未 摆脱 危机 局面 .\r\n此外 , 清除 贪污 腐败 和 打击 有 组织 犯罪 也 任重道远 .\r\n近 几 年 , 朝鲜 在 坚持 独立自主 建设 国家 的 过程 中 , 遇到 了 严重 的 自然灾害 , 经济 上 出现 暂时 困难 .\r\n美国 等 国家 利用 朝鲜 的 核 问题 和 导弹 问题 又 不断 向 朝 施加压力 .\r\n在 这种 情况 下 , 日趋 活跃 的 朝鲜 外交 为 本国 发展 创造 了 有利 的 国际 环境 .\r\n去年 6月 , 朝 最高 人民 会议 常任 委员会 委员长 金永南 对 中国 进行 了 正式 友好 访问 , 使 两国 高层 互访 得以 恢复 .\r\n10月 , 中国 外长 唐家璇 访 朝 并 出席 了 中朝 建交 50 周年 活动 .\r\n今年 3月5日 , 朝 最高 领导人 金正日 应邀 访问 中国 驻 朝鲜 大使馆 , 表明 朝鲜 决心 加强 朝 中 两国 的 友好 合作 关系 .\r\n中朝 两国 关系 的 良好 发展 , 为 维护 朝鲜半岛 及 本地区 的 和平 , 稳定 与 安全 作出 了 积极 贡献 .\r\n近年来 , 美国 对 朝鲜 的 政策 有所 调整 , 在 实行 遏制 政策 的 同时 , 扩大 了 同 朝鲜 的 对话 .\r\n在朝 美 之间 出现 \" 导弹 危机 \" 时 , 朝鲜 承诺 暂时 冻结 导弹 开发 计划 , 为 美国 宣布 部分 解除 对 朝 实施 了 半个世纪 的 经济制裁 创造 了 条件 .\r\n同年 10月 佩里 向 美国 国会 提交 了 经 修改 的 新 的 对 朝 政策 后 , 两国 的 外交 接触 进一步 加强 .\r\n去年 12月 , 朝鲜 邀请 日本 前 首相 村 山 富 市 率领 日本 政党 代表团 访 朝 , 双方 就 改善 两国 关系 达成 了 三点 协议 .\r\n这次 访问 后 , 日本 政府 宣布 全面 解除 对 朝鲜 的 制裁 .\r\n最近 , 朝日 双方 商定 将 在 4月 上旬 恢复 中断 了 7 年 多 的 两国 政府 建交 谈判 .\r\n朝鲜 同 俄罗斯 的 关系 经过 多年 的 调整 最近 取得 了 明显 进展 .\r\n双方 签订 了 《 朝 俄 友好 睦邻 合作 条约 》 , 以 替代 1961年 签订 的 《 朝 苏 友好 合作 互助 条约 》 .\r\n朝鲜 在 加强 或 调整 与 周边 大国 关系 的 同时 , 进一步 拓展 外交 空间 .\r\n今年 2月 , 朝鲜 邀请 澳大利亚 代表团 访 朝 , 两国 商讨 了 恢复 中断 25 年 的 邦交 问题 .\r\n朝鲜 和 菲律宾 也 在 为 尽快 恢复 外交关系 进行 接触 .\r\n其中 , 中国 出口 四点九四亿 美元 , 同比 增长 百分之一百四十一点五 ; 进口 六点四四亿 美元 , 同比 增长 百分之四十九点六 .\r\n哈萨克斯坦 驻华 大使 库阿内什 . 苏尔丹诺夫 在 接受 记者 专访 时 指出 , 哈 中 双边贸易 的 巨大 进展 应 归功 於 哈 总统 纳扎尔巴耶夫 和 中国 国家主席 江泽民 以及 两国 其他 领导人 的 关注 和 支持 .\r\n这位 大使 认为 : \" 两国 领导人 业已 建立 的 友好 伙伴 关系 不仅 为 哈 中 经贸 合作 提供 重要 保证 , 也 为 其 不断 发展 注入 新 的 活力 . \"\r\n与此同时 , 中 哈 建交 八 年 来 , 两国 间 睦邻 友好 合作 关系 不断 巩固 和 加强 , 双方 就 双边 关系 一系列 重大 问题 达成 共识 .\r\n中 哈 间 良好 的 政治 关系 为 两国 经贸 合作 提供 了 坚实 的 基础 , 为 进一步 拓展 合作 开辟 了 广阔 的 空间 .\r\n中 哈 两国 经济 在 许多 领域 具有 较强 互补性 , 双边 经贸 合作 的 潜力 十分 巨大 .\r\n自 一九九三年 起 , 中国 由 石油 出口 国 转为 净进口 国 .\r\n据 专家 预测 , 到 二零一零年 中国 年 石油 进口量 将 可能 高达 年 消费 总量 的 百分之四十 .\r\n为此 , 专家 指出 , 除 直接 购买 石油 外 , 中国 今后 应 积极 参与 开发 国外 石油 资源 , 并 以此 获得 油 源 来 解决 国内 石油 供应 不足 的 问题 .\r\n业内 人士 认为 , 今后 新疆 可 继续 发挥 其 在 中 哈 经贸 中 的 龙头 作用 , 带动 其它 省区 , 特别是 沿海地区 对 哈 贸易 的 开展 .\r\n接着 , 坐 在 台上 的 另一个 \" 法 轮 功 \" 在 美国 的 发言人 张而平 让 记者 提问 , 但 限定 只能 问 这 4 \" 受害者 \" .\r\n但是 记者 们 脸上 的 表情 显示 无人 相信 这种 胡扯 .\r\n另一个 外国 女 记者 干脆 问道 : \" 你们 在 人权 会议 期间 到这里 活动 , 想 达到 什 幺 目的 ? \"\r\n李洪志 声称 , \" 法 轮 功 \" 不 介入 政治 , 但 事实 是 , \" 法 轮 功 \" 配合 西方 一些 国家 反华 活动 十分 积极 .\r\n在 美国 国务卿 奥尔布赖特 3月23日 在 人权 会上 大肆 抵 毁 和 攻击 中国 人权 状况 时 , 一些 \" 法 轮 功 \" 分子 又 再次 在 广场 上 集会 , 互相 配合 非常 密切 .\r\n但是 , 她 不 明白 \" 法 轮 功 \" 到底 是 在 干什 幺 .\r\n《 光明 日报 》 记者 手中 举 着 \" 法 轮 功 \" 记者招待会 的 通知 问 : \" 你们 这 份 通知 上 写着 : 谁 害怕 ' 法 轮 功 ' ?\r\n我 理解 当然 是 人民 , 因为 ' 法 轮 功 ' 是 邪教 .\r\n昨晚 ( 19日 ) 大家 在 电视 上 看到 非洲 乌干达 邪 教徒 集体 自焚 的 惨状 , 同类 事件 也曾 发生 在 瑞士 和 法国 .\r\n《 经济 日报 》 记者 起来 建议 放映 有关 因 练习 \" 法 轮 功 \" 而 剖腹 , 跳楼 , 上吊 和 割 脉 自杀 者 的 照片 , 以及 真正 受害者 揭露 \" 法 轮 功 \" 的 录象带 , 让 在座 的 记者 作 一 比较 .\r\n\" 法 轮 功 \" 分子 赶紧 阻拦 , 拒绝 播放 中国 的 录象带 .\r\n记者会 举行 到 最后 , 记者 席上 的 人 已经 没有 台上 的 人 多 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月27日 电 外交部 发言人 孙玉玺 今天 下午 就 普京 当选 俄罗斯 总统 发表 了 谈话 .\r\n孙玉玺 说 : 3月26日 , 俄罗斯 举行 了 总统 大选 , 普京 当选 俄罗斯 联邦 总统 .\r\n这个 选举 结果 反映 了 广大 俄罗斯 人民 的 意愿 与 期待 .\r\n江泽民 主席 已 致电 普京 , 代表 中国 政府 和 中国 人民 对 其 当选 表示 衷心 的 祝贺 .\r\n我们 衷心 祝愿 在 普京 总统 的 领导 下 , 俄罗斯 社会 稳定 , 经济 发展 , 人民 安居乐业 .\r\n我们 相信 , 在 中俄 两国 元首 的 直接 推动 和 双方 共同 努力 下 , 中俄 关系 在 新世纪 里 必将 不断 发展 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月27日 电 题 : 搞 分裂 的 人 绝 没有 好 下场 人民 日报 评论员 曾经 嚣张 一时 的 李登辉 , 终于 在 台湾 各地 群众 声讨 的 怒潮 中 被迫 提前 下台 了 .\r\n作为 始作俑者 的 李登辉 焉 能 不 倒 ?\r\n今天 , 他 的 真面目 终于 在 国民党 内 , 在 台湾 人民 面前 彻底 暴露 , 落得 个 过街老鼠 人人喊打 的 下场 .\r\n这一切 说明 历史 自有 公论 , 公道 自在 人心 .\r\n他 的 可悲 下场 给 了 世人 一个 警示 : 不管 什 幺 人 , 只要 搞 \" 台独 \" 搞 分裂 , 就 绝对 没有 好 下场 !\r\n\" 台独 \" 势力 的 滋长 导致 两岸 关系 紧张 加剧 , 台湾 广大 人民 不仅 为 两岸 关系 发展 前途 忧虑 , 而且 也 为 台湾 的 安全 担心 .\r\n我们 一贯 主张 在 一个 中国 原则 的 前提 下 进行 海峡 两岸 的 对话 谈判 , 什 幺 问题 都 可以 谈 .\r\n但是 , 如果 否定 或 回避 一个 中国 的 原则 , 两岸 关系 的 改善 , 两岸 政治 谈判 , 两岸 领导人 互访 都 无从 谈起 .\r\n我们 看 事情 从来 是 看 其 本质 .\r\n如果 后来者 重蹈覆辙 , 否定 一个 中国 的 原则 , 那 幺 无论 怎样 装扮 , 都 掩饰 不了 \" 台独 \" 的 真面目 .\r\n他 对 中国 同 包括 菲律宾 在内 的 东盟 国家 发展 友好 关系 表示 赞赏 .\r\n钱树根 在 会见时 说 , 中国 军事 代表团 在 中 菲 建交 25 周年 之际 访问 菲律宾 , 旨在 \" 增进 了解 , 加强 信任 , 发展 友谊 , 促进 合作 \" .\r\n钱树根 率领 的 中国 军事 代表团 是 应 菲 武装 部队 的 邀请 于 26日 抵达 这里 , 对 菲律宾 进行 为期 5 天 访问 的 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月27日 电 国家主席 江泽民 今天 下午 与 新 当选 的 俄罗斯 总统 普京 通 了 热线电话 , 对 他 的 当选 表示 热烈 祝贺 , 并 对 普京 在 出任 俄罗斯 代总统 期间 为 中俄 关系 稳步 发展 所 作 的 努力 表示 赞赏 .\r\n江泽民 说 , 无论 是 中俄 两国 的 根本 利益 , 还是 两国 对 世界 所 负有 的 特殊 责任 , 都 要求 我们 不断 加强 和 深化 中俄 战略 协作 伙伴 关系 .\r\n江泽民 主席 还 表示 相信 , 通过 双方 的 共同 努力 , 中俄 两国 关系 在 新 的 世纪 一定 会 发展 得 更好 .\r\n普京 对此 深表 感谢 .\r\n他 说 : 您 是 外国 领导人 中 第一 向 我 表示 祝贺 的 , 发展 并 深化 与 中国 的 战略 协作 伙伴 关系 是 俄罗斯 坚持不懈 的 对外 政策 .\r\n我 同样 相信 , 俄中 关系 将 在 新世纪 得到 全面 发展 .\r\n我们 不仅 要 解决 历史 遗留 的 老 问题 , 也 面对 时代 发展 的 新 课题 .\r\n但 只要 坚持 改革开放 , 坚持 走 有 中国 特色 社会主义 的 道路 , 坚持 在 发展 中 前进 , 就 一定 能够 逐步 解决好 这些 问题 .\r\n以 \" 中国 2010 : 目标 , 政策 与 前景 \" 为 主题 的 这次 论坛 由 国务院 发展 研究 中心 与 深圳 发展 银行 共同 主办 .\r\n在 为期 两 天 的 会 程中 , 国内外 知名 学者 , 国际 经济 组织 负责人 和 一些 跨国公司 领导人 将 围绕 中国 经济 发展 目标 , 中国 加入 世贸 组织 等 问题 进行 探讨 .\r\n在 这些 高新技术 地带 , 通过 政府 和 市场 的 共同 推动 , 实现 人才 , 资金 和 技术 的 聚集 , 进行 规模 化 的 生产 , 从而 带动 区域 经济 的 发展 .\r\n目前 , 在 江苏 沿江 , 京津塘 沿线 , 珠江 三角洲 , 陕西 关中 等 区域 , 已经 形成 多个 初具规模 的 高新技术 产业 带 .\r\n他 强调 , 要 全面 推进 和 深化 医药 卫生 体制改革 , 让 人民群众 享受 到 优质 而 价格 相对 低廉 的 基本 医疗 服务 .\r\n3月25日 , 李岚清 在 天津市 委 书记 张立昌 , 市长 李盛霖 的 陪同 下 , 考察 了 天津市 第三 中心 医院 , 并 在 该院 召开 了 医药 卫生 体制改革 座谈会 .\r\n他 说 , 关于 医药 卫生 体制 的 改革 , 国务院 办公厅 已经 转发 了 八 委 《 关于 城镇 医药 卫生 管理 体制改革 的 指导 意见 》 , 这是 一个 指导性 文件 , 各地 应该 结合 本地区 的 实际情况 , 制定 实施 方案 , 认真 落实 .\r\n二 , 医院 的 药房 要 与 医院 分别 核算 , 实行 收支 两 条 线 管理 , 政府 对 非 盈利 性 医院 实行 补偿 机制 .\r\n三 , 改进 医院 内部 管理 .\r\n病人 在 就诊 时 有权 选择 医护 人员 , 同时 改革 分配 制度 , 实行 优 劳 优 得 , 多劳多得 .\r\n这 方面 天津市 第三 中心 医院 的 改革 是 成功的 , 值得 借鉴 .\r\n四 , 实行 医疗 资源 的 合理 重组 , 优势互补 , 充分 利用 .\r\n天津市 第一 中心 医院 与 其他 医院 组织 医院 集团 后 , 取得 了 明显 成效 .\r\n五 , 实行 医院 后勤 社会化 , 摆脱 医院 办 社会 的 负担 , 降低 后勤 服务 成本 , 提高 服务 质量 .\r\n26日 , 李岚清 同 天津 教育 , 公安 , 宣传 等 部门 和 部分 中小学校 负责人 就 全面 推进 素质 教育 进行 了 座谈 .\r\n在 天津 海关 , 李岚清 参观 了 由 清华 大学 研究 开发 生产 的 在 国际上 处于 领先 地位 的 集装箱 进出口 检验 系统 .\r\n李岚清 还 考察 了 南开 大学 , 天津 大学 的 科技 产业化 工作 , 以及 天津经济技术开发区 , 社区 老龄 工作 ; 并 召开 了 高校 教育 改革 座谈会 .\r\n随同 李岚清 副总理 分别 考察 有关 工作 的 部门 负责人 有 多吉 才 让 , 张天保 , 王陇德 , 刘京 , 李剑阁 .\r\n美国 白宫 发言人 洛克哈特 在 会谈 后 发表 的 声明 中 说 , 会谈 是 认真 和 有益 的 , 但 叙利亚 和 以色列 之间 的 分歧 仍然 很大 , 美方 将 敦促 叙 以 双方 努力 缩小 分歧 .\r\n叙利亚 方面 则 表示 , 以色列 为 恢复 和谈 设置 的 障碍 依然 存在 .\r\n叙利亚 一贯 要求 以色列 执行 联合国 安理会 242 号 决议 , 从 戈兰 高地 撤回 到 1967年 \" 六 · 五 战争 \" 以前 的 双方 实际 控制 线 .\r\n二 , 安全 安排 问题 .\r\n三 , 水资源 问题 .\r\n这 对 目前 视 太巴列湖 为 \" 内湖 \" 的 以色列 来说 无疑 将 是 一 大 损失 .\r\n因此 , 叙 以 和谈 能否 在 近期 恢复 并 取得 进展 , 在 很大 程度 上将 取决于 能否 找到 一个 解决 边界 划分 与 水资源 分配 的 合理 方案 .\r\n( 28-03-2000 ) 石广生 强调 中国 守 诺 \" 本报 记者 北京 廿 七 日 电 \" 外 经贸部 部长 石广生 今天 在此间 举行 的 \" 中国 发展 高层 论坛 \" 上 表示 , 目前 , 中国 加入 世贸 组织 的 双边 谈判 和 多边 进程 都 已 进入 最后 阶段 , 中国 加入 世贸 组织 已经 为期不远 .\r\n他 指出 , 加入 世贸 组织 后 , 作为 负责任 的 大国 , 中国 将 同 世贸 组织 其他 各 成员 一道 , 在 促进 成员 间 的 经贸 合作 , 制定 多边 贸易 规则 和 推动 建立 国际 经济 新 秩序 等 各方面 发挥 建设性 的 作用 .\r\n石广生 表示 , 中国 还将 参加 世贸 组织 新 一 轮 谈判 , 加强 成员 间 的 相互 协调 , 让 更多 的 国家 包括 发展中国家 , 分享 多边 贸易 体制 带来 的 机会 和 利益 , 实现 共同 发展 .\r\n普京 是 在 三 个 多 月 前 的 总理 任内 , 由 叶利钦 指定 为 接班人 的 .\r\n叶利钦 宣布 提前 大选 , 使 其他 候选人 必须 仓促 上阵 , 同时 普京 可以 利用 作为 代总统 的 种种 优势 , 进入 竞选 状态 .\r\n结果 普京 顺利 当选 , 俄国 在 新 千年 有了 新 总统 .\r\n叶利钦 年老 体衰 , 又 频频 更换 总理 , 曾经 有 一 年 内 三 更换 总理 的 纪录 .\r\n俄国 在 国际上 已经 沦为 二 等 国家 .\r\n在 这种 情况 下 , 一九五二年 出生 的 普京 , 以 其 年富力强 , 务实 精干 的 形 像 , 获得 了 俄国 民众 普遍 的 好感 .\r\n普京 在 去年 担任 总理 的 时候 , 采取 果断 行动 , 下令 俄 军 收复 被 非法 武装 占据 的 车臣 , 尽管 俄 军 伤亡 较 重 , 但 此举 大 得人心 军心 .\r\n俄国 去年 首次 出现 了 多年来 第一 的 经济 增长 , 通胀率 亦 从 前年 的 百分之八十四 降低 到 百分之三十六 ; 石油 价格 的 上涨 使 俄国 外汇 收入 急剧 增加 .\r\n普京 担任 代总统 之后 , 一方面 签署 命令 保证 了 叶利钦 及其 家属 今后 不受 追究 , 另一方面 明显 地 和 叶利钦 拉开 了 距离 , 他 的 政策 和 人事 布局 都 证明 了 这 一点 .\r\n普京 强调 爱国主义 和 强国 意识 , 强调 既 不 倒退 到 苏联 时代 , 也 不 全盘 西化 , 而是 要走 俄罗斯 特色 的 强国 之路 .\r\n他 的 主要 幕僚 和 助手 都是 受过 高等教育 的 中青年 精英 , 没有 明显 的 意识形态 色彩 , 制订 政策 和 执行 政策 都 强调 国家利益 .\r\n这一切 , 都 和 叶利钦 时代 有 明显 的 区别 , 也是 选民 选择 普 京 的 重要 原因 .\r\n普京 在 当选 后 指出 , 不要 期望 他 当选 后 立即 出现 奇迹 , 但是 他 将 为 俄罗斯 的 将来 而 努力 工作 .\r\n普京 支持 中国 在 台湾 问题 上 的 立场 , 不支持 \" 台独 \" , 不支持 \" 两 中国 \" 或 \" 一 中 一 台 \" , 不 允许 台湾 加入 只能 由 主权 国家 参加 的 国际 组织 , 不 向 台湾 提供 武器 .\r\n根据 中俄 之间 已经 达成 的 协议 , 普京 将 在 五月 访问 中国 , 可以 预期 中俄 战略 协作 伙伴 关系 将 稳定 发展 .\r\n美国 干涉 俄罗斯 内政 , 恫吓 俄罗斯 必须 在 车臣 停止 军事 行动 , 普京 根本 不理会 美国 的 恫吓 .\r\n美俄 摩擦 难免 .\r\n历史 给 了 普京 以 重大 的 机遇 , 普京 能否 领导 俄国 重振 雄风 , 将 是 他 今后 的 最大 课题 .\r\n傅全有 在 会谈 中 阐述 了 中国 对 当前 国际 形势 的 看法 , 并 介绍 了 中国 的 对外 政策 .\r\n在 谈到 双边 关系 问题 时 , 傅全有 说 , 近年来 , 中德 关系 保持 了 良好 的 发展 势头 , 各个 领域 的 合作 与 交流 不断 扩大 .\r\n两 军 的 友好 合作 关系 不断 发展 , 增进 了 相互间 的 了解 与 信任 .\r\n中国 愿意 同 德国 共同 努力 , 进一步 发展 中德 两 军 多层次 , 多 领域 的 友好 交往 与 合作 关系 .\r\n冯·基希巴赫 指出 , 傅全有 这次 来访 是 中国 军队 的 总参谋长 首次 访 德 , 是 德 中 两 军 关系 史 上 的 一个 里程碑 .\r\n他 强调 , 发展 德 中 两国 的 军事 友好 合作 关系 符合 两国 的 利益 , 对 维护 世界 的 安全 与 稳定 也 具有 重要 意义 .\r\n当日 , 傅全有 还 会见 了 德国 国防部 国务 秘书 施蒂茨勒 , 向 他 介绍 了 中国 对 国际 事务 及 发展 中德 关系 的 看法 .\r\n傅全有 还 说 , 他 这次 访 德 的 目的 之一 是 学习 和 借鉴 德 军 先进 的 经验 .\r\n中国 军队 愿意 同 德 军 加强 交流 , 相互 学习 , 进一步 发展 友好 合作 关系 .\r\n除 双边 会晤 外 , 他 还将 访问 德国 军事 院校 和 部队 .\r\n从 政治 角度 看 , 科索沃 战争 反映 了 美国 在 冷战 后 独霸 世界 的 企图 越来越 明显 , \" 新 干涉 主义 \" 有了 变本加厉 的 发展 .\r\n美国 在 军事 技术 领域 所 握有 的 巨大 优势 , 刺激 了 其 干涉 主义 欲望 进一步 膨胀 .\r\n二 , 科索沃 战争 表明 , 美国 的 兵力 不 足以 打 几乎 同时 发生 的 两 大规模 战区 战争 .\r\n三 , 高技术 对付 中 低 技术 仍 存在 不少 弱点 , 尤其是 当 对方 士气 高昂 , 战法 灵活 时 , 高技术 武器 的 效能 将 遭到 较大 的 削弱 .\r\n在 信息化 战争 开始 初露 端倪 的 海湾 战争 中 , 美军 的 信息化 装备 并不 多 , 战场 信息 获取 和 传输 手段 也 很 有限 , 精确 制导 弹药 仅 占 使用 弹药 总量 的 8.4% .\r\n到 科索沃 战争 时 , 美国 陆军 的 信息化 装备 比例 已达 53% , 海 , 空军 的 这 一 比例 更高 达 70% .\r\n作为 一个 联盟 , 北约 采取 任何 军事 行动 都 必须 获得 所有 成员国 的 一致 同意 , 但 可以 想见 , 就 干涉 别国 内政 的 侵略 性 战争 达成 政治 共识 并不是 一件 容易 的 事情 .\r\n此外 , 考虑到 各 盟国 不同 的 国内 政治 因素 , 北约 也 不得不 以 牺牲 军事 打击 效能 和 增加 作战 费用 来 保持 联盟 的 稳定 .\r\n然而 在 不利 的 地形 及 气 像 条件 下 , 这样的 高度 无法 有效 攻击 机动 战术 目标 和 隐藏 目标 , 更 无法 区分 真假 目标 .\r\n在 科索沃 战争 中 , 美军 对 \" 非 对称 作战 \" 理论 进行 了 实践 检验 .\r\n美国 动用 了 全部 最 先进 的 高技术 航空 航天 兵器 和 作战 支援 系统 , 对 南联盟 的 各类 地面 目标 大打出手 .\r\n\" 平行 作战 \" 也是 美军 提出 的 新 的 战役 作战 理论 , 其 核心 是 同时 展开 各类 空中 进攻 作战 行动 打击 敌人 的 战略 , 战役 和 战术 目标 .\r\n从 \" 沙漠 风暴 \" 到 \" 沙漠 之 狐 \" , 再 到 \" 联盟 力量 \" , 高技术 空中 力量 在 战争 中 的 决胜 作用 一再 得到 证明 , 而且 其 决胜 作用 也 越来越 明显 .\r\n未来 的 空袭 作战 将 具有 全新 的 作战 样式 , 它 将 从 地球 的 另 一头 发起 , 将 运用 包括 天 基 武器 系统 和 计算机网络 在内 的 所有 军事 资源 .\r\n因此 , 反 空袭 作战 也 不能 只 局限于 打 已经 接近 的 飞机 和 飞到 眼前 的 巡航导弹 .\r\n反 空袭 作战 必须 具备 抗击 多种 威胁 的 手段 .\r\n美国 主导 北约 对 南联盟 国内 民族 争端 进行 军事 干预 , 并 公开 支持 恐怖主义 , 分裂主义 组织 \" 科索沃 解放军 \" , 在 国际 关系 领域 开 了 支持 民族 分裂 和 恐怖活动 的 恶劣 先例 .\r\n这 不能不 引起 全世界 所有 爱好 自由 与 和平 的 人民 的 高度 警惕 .\r\n广告 片 尾 呼吁 国会 议员 对 有关 给予 中国 永久性 正常 贸易 关系 ( PNTR ) 地位 的 法案 投 反对票 .\r\n画外音 说 : \" 拥有 13亿 人口 的 中国 是 世界 最大 的 市场 .\r\n' \" 这 两 则 广告 争论 的 焦点 , 便是 美国 眼下 最 热门 的 话题 , 即 中国 加入 世贸 组织 ( WTO ) 和 是否 给予 中国 PNTR 待遇 .\r\n此前 , 他 三番五次 发表 讲话 , 敦促 国会 尽快 批准 给予 中国 PNTR.\r\n以 劳工 组织 为 代表 的 反对 势力 则 对 中国 大 泼 脏水 , 企图 以 人权 等 问题 为 借口 , 阻挠 议案 的 通过 .\r\n而 高踞 国会山 的 议员 大人 们 则 似乎 正在 待价而沽 , 举棋不定 .\r\n( 小标题 ) PNTR 并非 美国 \" 恩赐 \" 1999年 11月 , 中美 两国 签署 了 中国 加入 WTO 的 协议 , 作为 WTO 的 基本 要求 和 该 协议 生效 的 前提 , 美国 国会 需要 给予 中国 PNTR.\r\n《 关贸总协定 》 明确 要求 所有 WTO 成员 \" 立即 和 无条件 地 \" 给予 其他 成员 最惠国待遇 .\r\n如果 美国 国会 不 批准 给予 中国 PNTR , 中国 入世 以后 , 中美 两国 将 无法 按照 WTO 的 互惠 安排 开展 贸易 .\r\n可以说 , 是否 给予 中国 贸易 最惠国待遇 , 成了 美国 遏制 中国 的 一 张 \" 王牌 \" .\r\n中美 就 中国 入世 达成 协议 为 永久性 解决 这 一 问题 提供 了 契机 .\r\n不过 , 由於 尖锐 的 政治 和 经济 利益 冲突 , 美国 各界 围绕 是否 给予 中国 PNTR 待遇 的 较量 也 进入 了 白热化 阶段 .\r\n( 小标题 ) \" 拒绝 中国 , 至少 后悔 20 年 \" 2月24日 , 华盛顿 的 美国 商会 总部 高朋满座 , 巨富 云集 .\r\n克林顿 表示 : \" 如果 我们 不能 抓住 这个 机遇 , 我们 整整 一代 人 都要 为之 后悔 . \"\r\n克林顿 的话 并不 夸张 .\r\n美国 国会 研究 服务 局 公布 的 关於 中国 入世 协议 的 调查 报告 说 , 中国 是 当今 世界 经济 发展 最 快 的 国家 之一 , 并且 将 成为 世界 最大 的 消费品 和 服务 市场 .\r\n美国 农业部 长 丹 . 格利克曼 预测 , 如果 美中 关於 中国 入世 的 协议 得到 执行 , 光是 美国 向 中国 出口 的 农产品 每年 就 可 增加 20亿 美元 .\r\n目前 , 中国 是 世界上 增长 最 快 的 半导体 市场 , 第二 大 移动电话 市场 , 第四 大 电脑 市场 , 是 世界上 增长 最 快 的 因特网 市场 , 也是 增长 最 快 的 软件 市场 .\r\n基 於 巨大 的 商业 利益 , 由 商界 圆桌会议 和 商会 组成 的 庞大 游说 集团 慷慨解囊 , 先后 投入 1200万 美元 巨资 , 展开 声势浩大 的 游说 运动 .\r\n在 美国 商会 , 美中 全国 贸易 委员会 , 商界 圆桌会议 等 主要 企业 组织 的 策划 下 , 美国 50 大企业 负责人 联袂 前往 国会 山庄 , 向 国会 议员 及 助理 展开 密集 撒网 式 游说 .\r\n( 小标题 ) 是 选择 孤立 还是 联合 ? 与此同时 , 反对 给予 中国 PNTR 待遇 的 势力 也 在 积极 活动 , 法案 的 主要 反对 者 便是 拥有 1000万 成员 , 由 68 大 工会 组成 的 劳 联 - 产 联 .\r\n劳联 - 产 联 以 不支持 竞选 下 一 任 议员 为 要挟 , 向 国会 展开 强大 攻势 , 要求 国会 投票 反对 给予 中国 PNTR , 维持 目前 的 年 审 制度 .\r\n一些 人权 组织 和 环保 组织 也 紧 随 其后 , 一唱一和 , 竭力 阻止 中国 PNTR 法案 在 国会 顺利 通过 .\r\n今年 正值 美国 大选 , 将 选举 产生 新 总统 , 全体 众议员 和 1 ＼ 3 的 参议员 .\r\n这是 因为 众议院 的 反对 势力 较强 大 , 而 向来 较 支持 对外贸易 的 参议院 则 有可能 顺利 通过 这 一 法案 .\r\n白宫 希望 PNTR 提案 能 於 4月 底 在 参议院 通过 , 6月 在 众议院 获得 通过 .\r\n因为 7月 底 国会 将 休会 , 而 8月 底 复会 后 又 将 忙 於 审议 下 一 年 度 的 拨款 法 .\r\n而且 8月 大选 阶段 将 开始 , 那时 议员 们 将 无心 顾及 PNTR 了 .\r\n为 拖延 时间 , 少数 议员 借 中国 发表 \" 台湾 问题 白皮书 \" 之际 指责 我 威胁 台湾 安全 , 刻意 阻挠 PNTR 投票 .\r\n少数 反华 议员 还 在 考虑 将 《 加强 台湾 安全 法 》 的 全部 或 一部分 挂 在 PNTR 上 .\r\n不管 美国 国会 是否 同意 给 中国 PNTR 待遇 , 都 不 影响 中国 加入 WTO.\r\n这 也许 是 美国 国会 议员 们 投票 时 应 牢记 在心 的 .\r\n公司 拥有 完整 的 核 工业体系 , 由 246 工业 企业 , 公司 科研 设计院 所 和 事业单位 组成 .\r\n这是 一 组 中国 核工业 科技 开发 建设者 们 永 载 史册 的 记录 : 1964年10月16日 , 中国 成功地 爆炸 了 第一 原子弹 ;\r\n70年 代 和 80年 代 , 我国 又 先后 掌握 了 中子弹 设计 , 核武器 小型化 和 潜艇 水下 导弹 发射 技术 .\r\n加入 WTO , 将会 给 我国 的 核工业 带来 什 幺 样 的 影响 ?\r\n中国 核工业 将 以 何种 姿态 迎接 新 的 挑战 ?\r\n让 核能 造福 人类 , 是 我国 核 科技 开发 人员 努力 追求 的 目标 .\r\n请问 , 加入 WTO 将会 给 中国 核工业 带来 什 幺 样 的 机遇 和 挑战 ?\r\n李定凡 : 这个 话题 很好 , 也是 我们 核工业 人 正在 面对 和 思考 的 问题 .\r\n但是 , 机遇 和 挑战 是 同时 并存 的 .\r\n1999年12月6日 , 世界 著名 核电 企业 , 法国 法马通 公司 与 德国 西门子 公司 宣布 将 在 民用 核工业 领域 联合 组建 世界 最大 的 核工业 企业 .\r\n面对 如此 强大 的 竞争 对手 , 我们 应 清醒 地 看到 , 我国 核电 工业 还 处在 小批量 建设 阶段 , 在 技术 , 资金 , 服务 等 方面 , 与 国外 同行 相比 , 存有 一定 差距 .\r\n核能 在 国民经济 建设 中正 发挥 着 重要 作用 .\r\n眼下 , 我国 \" 入世 \" 和 西部 大 开发 的 机遇 来之不易 , 我们 将 发挥 自身 优势 , 积极 主动 地 投入 到 西部 的 开发 建设 中 去 , 以 开辟 国内 更大 的 市场 空间 .\r\n国防 科技 工业 体制改革 , 就是 为了 更好地 实现 军民 结合 .\r\n因此 , 无论 国际 风云 如何 变幻 , 我国 核工业 所 面临 的 任务 将 更加 艰巨 , 求生存 , 求 发展 , 任 重 而 道 远 .\r\n单 , 双面 镀 铝 聚酯 薄膜 和 聚 酰 亚 胺 薄膜 , 是 空间 飞行器 热 控 系统 中 使用 的 热控 材料 之一 .\r\n过去 我国 飞行器 所 使用 的 该 项 产品 全部 由 国外 进口 , 不仅 价格 高 , 而且 时常 受 人 制约 .\r\n这 两 新产品 与 国外 同类 产品 比较 , 其 主要 性能 指标 与 之 相当 , 有些 特殊 性能 指标 还 优于 国外 同类 产品 , 而 造价 较 国外 产品 大大 降低 .\r\n低成本 进入 太空 , 是 当今 航天 科技 的 一个 令人 关注 的 课题 , 这 一 课题 的 突破 将 使 人类 以 低廉 的 成本 频繁 地 进入 太空 .\r\n在 该 课题 中 , 与 之 相关 的 离子 推进器 技术 的 应用 , 离不开 微小 推力 测试 系统 支持 .\r\n某 研究所 苦战 攻关 , 研制 成功 微小 推力 测试 系统 试验 样机 , 为 该 项 课题 研究 提供 了 可靠 的 实验 手段 , 样机 的 性能 和 各项 技术 指标 均 优于 俄罗斯 , 日本 同类 设备 .\r\n3月27日 清晨 , 在 俄罗斯 政府 工作会议 上 , 第一 副总理 卡西亚诺夫 手捧 一 大 束 鲜花 走到 俄代 总统 普京 面前 , 代表 政府 全体 成员 祝贺 他 获得 选举 胜利 , 当选 俄罗斯 联邦 第三 总统 .\r\n普通 百姓 也 对 这 一 结果 表示 满意 .\r\n一个 大学生 对 记者 说 , 他 对 普京 当选 感到 欣慰 , \" 他 有能力 使 俄罗斯 恢复 秩序 , 俄罗斯 不能 再 乱 下去 了 ! \"\r\n在 车臣 问题 上 , 他 旗帜鲜明 , 行动 果断 , 坚决 与 恐怖主义 和 民族 分裂主义 势力 作 斗争 .\r\n几个 月 的 军事 行动 使 俄罗斯 解放 了 被 分裂主义 分子 盘踞 长达 9 年 之久 的 车臣 绝大部分 地区 , 歼灭 非法 武装 1.3万 人 .\r\n普京 的 做法 赢得了 多数 选民 的 赞誉 . 作为 三军 统帅 , 普京 主张 加强 军队 地位 , 明确 支持 将军 们 在 车臣 的 军事 行动 .\r\n在 北约 东扩 和 车臣 问题 上 , 西方 向 俄罗斯 施压 , 普京 一直 采取 坚决 不 妥协 的 立场 , 这 满足 了 俄罗斯 人 在 国际上 不愿 受 人 欺 , 重新 做 大国 , 强国 公民 的 心态 .\r\n当然 , 普京 获胜 还有 其他 一些 原因 , 如 俄共 在 大选 之前 出现 分裂 , 原 俄共 领导人 之一 图列耶夫 参选 , 使 久加诺夫 的 选票 分流 , 这 也是 普京 获胜 的 因素 之一 .\r\n俄 中央 选举 委员会 主席 韦什尼亚科夫 说 , 4月4日 将 公布 选举 的 最后 结果 , 届时 各 候选人 的 得票率 可能 发生 0.5% 浮动 , 但 选举 结果 不会 有 本质 的 变化 .\r\n根据 俄 宪法 , 5月8日 普京 将 宣誓 就任 总统 .\r\n\" 人权 高于 主权 论 \" 是 近 几 年 在 西方 出现 的 一种 \" 新 理论 \" , 是 西方人 权 理论 的 主要 组成部分 , 成为 西方 \" 新 干涉 主义 \" 的 一 条 重要 依据 .\r\n二战 后 , 获得 独立 的 新兴 国家 走上 了 国际 政治 舞台 , 它们 要求 捍卫 国家 主权 和 民族 的 自然资源 , 反对 殖民主义 , 向 旧 的 国际 政治 经济 秩序 提出 了 挑战 .\r\n而 \" 人权 高于 主权 论 \" 则是 对 发展中国家 维护 主权 原则 的 一种 反动 , 其 目的 在于 干涉 第三世界 国家 的 内政 .\r\n事实上 , 广大 发展中国家 在 人权 方面 取得 的 成就 有目共睹 , 而 某些 西方 大国 的 人权 纪录 却 不乏 劣迹 .\r\n例如 美国 , 其 国内 存在 严重 违反 人权 的 状况 , 迄今 非但 没有 改善 , 反而 不断 恶化 .\r\n美国 政府 对此 视而不见 , 闭口 不 谈 , 却 发表 所谓 别国 的 \" 人权 报告 \" , 对 他国 的 人权 状况 肆意 歪曲 攻击 .\r\n这 自然 要 引起 许多 第三世界 国家 的 强烈 抗议 .\r\n我 不假思索 地 回答 : \" 当然 是 主权 高 於 人权 . \"\r\n据 他 说 , 这种 疑惑 , 现在 在 国内 还 并非 个别人 有 .\r\n渐渐 地 , 一个 概念 形成 了 , 并且 愈来愈 清晰 , 这就是 \" 具体 问题 具体 分析 \" .\r\n他们 提出 \" 人 人生 而 平等 \" , 要求 重新 安排 旧 山河 , 无疑 是 一种 进步 的 行动 .\r\n我 只是 佩服 , 西方 进步 人士 在 谋求 自身 解放 的 道路 上 , 是 很 有些 探索 精神 的 .\r\n然而 , 当 资产阶级 夺取 了 政权 , 生产力 发展 以后 , 便 立即 向 海外 扩张 , 开启 了 黑暗 的 殖民主义 时代 .\r\n假若 他 真的 被判 了 罪 , 坐 了 牢 , 那 可 真的 要 \" 含冤 於九泉 \" 了 .\r\n他 镇压 和 屠杀 的 人中 , 有 不少 是 共产党人 , 进步 人士 .\r\n这 叫 什 麽 ?\r\n再说 科索沃 .\r\n西方 却 一口咬定 南联盟 搞 种族 灭绝 , 违反 了 人权 .\r\n於是 乎 大打出手 , 自己 动手 帮 阿族 分裂主义 分子 屠杀 南联盟 无辜 平民 , 中国 说 了 公道 话 , 连 中国 大使馆 也 炸 了 , 中国 人 也 杀 了 .\r\n为什麽 ?\r\n但 俄罗斯 对 车臣 的 军事 行动 已经 持续 了 几个 月 , 西方 也 嚷嚷 \" 人权 人权 \" , 但 就是 不敢 用 武力 干涉 , 美国 政客 还 对 俄罗斯 代总统 普京 说 些 好话 .\r\n这 又是 为什麽 ?\r\n非 不 为 也 , 是 不能 也 .\r\n他们 打 伊拉克 可以 , 打 南联盟 可以 , 打 俄罗斯 就 难 了 .\r\n真的 打起 核战争 来 , 俄罗斯 固然 要 吃 些 苦头 , 但 西方 也 没有 好 果子 吃 .\r\n若是 搞 成功 了 , 而 俄罗斯 没有 有效的 防 核弹 盾牌 , 你 看看 , 他们 不 干涉 才怪 呢 !\r\n这 又 叫 什 麽 ?\r\n软 的 欺 , 硬 的 怕 .\r\n这些 年 , 中国 也是 西方 某些 政治家 的 眼 中 之 钉 , 既是 他们 \" 扩展 \" 的 对 像 , 又是 他们 \" 扩展 \" 的 障碍 .\r\n我 始终 不 相信 美国 人 说 的 \" 一个 强大 , 繁荣 的 中国 对 美国 有利 \" 的话 .\r\n他们 内心 里 , 巴不得 台湾 分出去 , 新疆 分出去 , 西藏 分出去 !\r\n也 巴不得 中国 搞得 一塌糊涂 , 活 不 下去 , 拜倒 在 他们 脚下 !\r\n为什麽 把 达赖 奉为 上宾 ?\r\n那麽 , 为什麽 他们 说 一套 做 一套 ?\r\n中国 毕竟 不是 50 年 前 的 中国 了 , 他们 要 搞 中国 , 决不 敢 象 搞 南联盟 那样 放心 大胆 .\r\n於是 乎 , 他们 寄 希望 於 中国 自己 乱 起来 .\r\n他们 支持 策划 包围 中南海 的 人 , 支持 成立 什 麽 \" 民主党 \" 的 人 , 支持 一切 所谓 持不同政见者 .\r\n凭 这些 人 的 政治 素质 , 文化 素质 , 有 几个 中国 人 相信 他们 能 给 中国 人民 带来 民主 , 带来 安康 ?\r\n经历 过 \" 文革 \" 的 人 都 知道 , 那时 中国 的 人权 状况 是 很 差 的 , 连 国家主席 的 人权 都 不能 保障 , 何况 平头百姓 ?\r\n写 错 了 一个 字 , 说 错 了 一 句 话 , 因而 挨整 甚至 丧命 的 事情 , 绝非 偶然 .\r\n但 恰恰 就 在 那个 时候 , 尼克松 飞越 太平洋 , 和 周恩来 总理 握手 了 .\r\n那时 他们 不提 \" 人权 \" .\r\n如今 , 中国 的 人权 状况 大为 改善 , 到 老百姓 中间 走 一 走 , 说 什 麽 的 没有 ?\r\n而 恰恰 在 这个 时候 , 美国 人 没完没了 地 纠缠 人权 问题 , 内 心里想 的 什 麽 , 谁 都 明白 .\r\n人权 是 一 根 打 人 的 棒 , 什 麽 时候 有利 , 就 什 麽 时候 拿出来 .\r\n还有 一点 要 说清楚 , 就是 西方 政治家 们 , 或 某些 政治家 们 , 可能 还 包括 某些 非 政治家 们 , 他们 在 自己的 国家 内 , 人权 意识 也是 虚伪 的 .\r\n白人 警察 无缘无故 地 对 一个 黑人 连 开 几 十 枪 , 可以 宣判 无罪 , 这样的 事 若 发生 在 中国 , 他们 又 不知 要 闹 到 什 麽 程度 !\r\n美国 及其 追随 者 , 是 想 乘 冷战 结束 , 世界 力量 对比 一时 失衡 的 时机 , 扩大 战果 , 建立 他们 的 一统天下 , 以 谋取 最大 的 经济 利益 .\r\n於是 想到 了 \" 人权 \" 这 根 大棒 .\r\n又 为了 便 於 施展 拳脚 , 就 想到 要 拆除 碍手碍脚 的 各家各户 的 围墙 篱笆 , 於是 提出 了 \" 人权 高於 主权 \" 的 \" 高 \" 论 .\r\n写 了 这 麽 一 大 篇 , 我 想 可以 提出 这 麽 一个 问题 作为 结束 : 脱离 了 实际 , 脱离 了 现实 政治 , 书生气 十足 地 谈论 人权 主权 孰 高孰 低 的 问题 , 是否 明智 ?\r\n次仁拉姆 出生 在 隆子县 一个 世代 农奴 家庭 , 6 岁 就 开始 给 领主 当 奴隶 .\r\n民主改革 中 , 次仁拉姆 与 广大 农奴 开展 了 反 叛乱 , 反差 役 , 反 人身 奴役 和 减租减息 斗争 , 态度 异常 坚决 .\r\n她 说 : \" 在 黑暗 的 旧 西藏 , 百万 农奴 没有 丝毫 人权 可言 .\r\n昔日 任人 践踏 , 而今 主宰 自己 命运 .\r\n记者 在 山南 乃东县 昌珠镇 采访 时 , 正 逢 镇 人大 , 政府 换届 选举 .\r\n在 优美 的 藏族 音乐 声 中 , 人民 代表 们 投票 选举出 自己 信赖 的 镇 政府 , 镇 人大 领导 成员 .\r\n41 年 前 的 夏季 , 就是 在这里 的 克松 庄园 , 翻身 农奴 和 奴隶 自发 组织 起来 , 建立 了 西藏 历史 上 第一 农民协会 , 高原 民主改革 迈出 了 第一 .\r\n与此同时 , 藏族 群众 的 宗教 信仰 自由 权利 得到 切实 尊重 和 依法 保护 .\r\n拉萨 ! \"\r\n在 拉萨 城 里 吆喝 \" 拉萨 \" , 这 让 一些 外地人 摸不着 头脑 , 不知 拉萨 究竟 在 哪里 , 有 多大 .\r\n到 民主改革 前 , 拉萨 城区 范围 仍 不足 3 平方公里 .\r\n现在 , 布达拉宫 依然 静静 地 仰望 蓝天 白云 , 但 它 昔日 俯视 下 的 灰暗 低矮 的 简陋 房屋 和 破旧 不堪 的 贫民 帐篷 , 已 被 幢幢 现代化 建筑 所 取代 .\r\n翻 过 念青唐古拉山 , 眼前 是 坦 坦荡荡 的 羌 唐 草原 .\r\n在 平均 海拔 4700多 米 的 藏北 班戈县 , 德保乡 牧民 塔巴 领 着 记者 参观 他 家 四季 定居 的 石 木结构 新房 .\r\n随着 旧 生产关系 的 桎梏 被 彻底 打破 , 生产力 得到 极大 的 解放 , 西藏 经济 在 很 短 的 时间 内 实现 了 历史性 的 腾飞 .\r\n1999年 , 西藏 国内 生产 总值 首次 突破 百 亿 大关 , 达到 103.35亿 元 , 年 增长 幅度 连续 6 年 高于 全国 平均 水平 .\r\n在 被 称作 \" 世界 屋脊 的 屋脊 \" 的 阿里 地区 , 沿途 各 城镇 , 现在 到处 可以 看到 椭圆形 的 \" 国际 国内 直拨 \" 的 标牌 .\r\n今天 , 西藏 七 地市 所有 县 的 电话 均 进入 全国 自动 交换 网 .\r\n自治区 邮电 管理局 局长 曾忠义 告诉 记者 : \" 目前 , 因特网 , 电子 信箱 , 会议 电视 , 信息 服务 , 多媒体 业务 查询 等 电信 新 业务 已 在 高原 陆续 开办 . \"\r\n拉萨 已 开通 直达 成都 , 加德满都 , 重庆 , 西安 , 北京 , 西宁 , 广州 , 昌都 邦达 等 航线 .\r\n历经 千年 沧桑 , 石碑 上 藏 汉 两 种 文字 至今 清晰 可 辨 : 唐蕃 社稷 如一 , 结 立 大 和 盟约 , 永 无 渝 替 , 神人 俱 以 证 之 .\r\n\" 没有 党 的 民族 政策 , 没有 全国 各 兄弟 民族 的 支援 , 就 没有 我们 珞 巴 人 的 今天 . \" 达登 感慨 地 说 .\r\n西藏 是 藏 民族 聚居区 , 藏族 占 全 自治区 总人口 的 95% , 汉族 和 回 , 珞 巴 , 门巴 等 其他 民族 人口 占 5% .\r\n西藏 和平 解放 尤其是 民主改革 后 , 生活 在 雪域 高原 上 的 各民族 和睦 相处 , 同舟共济 , 逐步 形成 了 平等 , 团结 , 互助 的 社会主义 民族 关系 .\r\n在 后 藏 谷地 日喀则 , 上海市 投资 援建 了 日喀则 上下水 工程 , 日喀则 上海 广场 等 数 十 个 项目 , 表达 了 上海 人民 对 藏族 兄妹 的 深厚 情谊 .\r\n党中央 十分 关怀 西藏 的 建设 和 发展 , 全国各地 给予 了 西藏 许多 无私 的 支援 .\r\n自 50年 代 以来 , 中央 给 西藏 的 财政补贴 和 各类 投资 累计 达 400多亿 元 .\r\n为 庆祝 自治区 成立 30 周年 而 援建 的 62 工程 , 实际 投资 就 达 48亿 元 , 其中 中央 有关 部委 和 全国 各 省区市 承担 了 44.84亿 元 .\r\n当前 , 西部 开发 已 成为 社会 各界 关注 的 热点 , 记者 日前 就 如何 加快 中西部 地区 对外 经济 贸易 的 发展 ?\r\n记者 : 石 部长 , 您 怎样 看待 中西部 地区 外经贸 发展 的 优势 ?\r\n三 是 中西部 各 省区 的 社会 经济 发展 各 有 特点 , 具有 独特 的 发展 优势 .\r\n我 认为 , 发展 中西部 的 对外贸易 , 一定 要 同 当地 的 优势 结合 起来 , 以 国际 市场 为 导向 , 扬长避短 , 发挥 优势 , 形成 特色 .\r\n记者 : 有 专家 , 学者 建议 , 应 积极 吸收 外资 参与 西部 大 开发 .\r\n引导 和 鼓励 沿海地区 的 外商 投资 企业 到 中西部 地区 开展 再 投资 ; 鼓励 外资 参与 中西部 地区 国有 工业 企业 的 改组 改造 等 .\r\n党中央 提出 西部 大 开发 战略 决策 , 恰逢 其 时 , 符合 我国 发展 实际 .\r\n当前 和 今后 一个 时期 , 要 下大 力量 加快 基础 设施 建设 , 加强 生态 环境保护 和 建设 , 为 大 开发 奠定 坚实 的 基础 .\r\n西北地区 资源 丰富 , 具有 相当 的 生产 技术水平 和 科研 开发 能力 , 有些 产品 在 国际上 也 有 较强 的 竞争力 , 应当 在 改革 和 调整 中 促进 其 更好地 发展 .\r\n吴邦国 说 , 推进 西部 大 开发 需要 大量 的 资金 和 人才 .\r\n既要 不断 加强 硬环境 的 建设 , 更 要 加强 软环境 建设 .\r\n吴邦国 指出 , 要 积极 推进 国有 企业 改革 和 发展 , 充分 发挥 他们 在 西部 开发 中 的 骨干 和 带动 作用 .\r\n今年 是 实现 国有 企业 改革 与 脱困 三 年 目标 的 最后 一 年 , 也是 决战 之 年 .\r\n国家 关于 搞好 国有 企业 的 有关 政策 , 要 向 西部 倾斜 .\r\n吴邦国 指出 , 无论 是 推进 西部 大 开发 , 调整 经济 结构 , 还是 推进 企业 改革 和 发展 , 都要 有 稳定 的 社会 环境 .\r\n要 积极 创造 条件 , 加快 社会保障 的 社会化 管理 , 为 社会 稳定 提供 更好 的 体制 保障 .\r\n陪同 吴邦国 考察 的 有关 部门 负责人 有 盛华仁 , 张左己 , 郑斯林 , 张吾乐 , 石秀诗 , 王瑞祥 , 魏礼群 等 .\r\n1999年3月 毕业 后 找到 一 份 工作 , 但 没 多久 就 辞职 回家 .\r\n在 家里 既 不干 农活 , 也 不 跟 父母 讲话 , 一个人 躲 在 房间 里 练功 .\r\n自 去年 11月 起 , 她 精神 恍惚 , 觉得 自己 在 另外的 空间 , 常常 梦见 \" 大师 \" 李洪志 及 多名 男性 要 与 她 发生关系 , 还要 杀 她 .\r\n袁 的 父母 痛哭流涕 地 说 : \" 我们 辛辛苦苦 拼命 干 , 每年 花 万 把 块钱 供 她 到 省城 读书 .\r\n家里 就 她 书 读 得 最多 , 谁 知道 她 会 读 这些 东西 ?\r\n是 ' 法 轮 功 ' 把 我 的 小 女儿 害 成 这样的 . \"\r\n1999年12月23日 , 黑龙江省 森林 工业 总局 营林 处 干部 , 39 岁 的 \" 法 轮 功 \" 练习 者 邹刚 持刀 将 处长 吕庆生 砍 死 , 将 处 里 的 周亚洁 等 3 同事 砍 成 重伤 .\r\n据 邹刚 交待 , 他 自 1995年8月 开始 练习 \" 法 轮 功 \" , 去年 11月 以来 产生 幻觉 , 经常 听到 李洪志 对 他 说 \" 你们 单位 的 吕庆生 和 周亚洁 是 你 的 克星 , 只有 杀死 他们 , 你 才能 解脱 . \"\r\n于是 邹刚 于 12月22日 在 市场 买 了 一 把 菜刀 , 于 23日 行凶 杀人 .\r\n1998年9月 , 徐 升入 中学 后 , 对 \" 法 轮 功 \" 越来越 痴迷 , 学习 成绩 急剧 下降 . 学校 的 老师 及 亲属 都 找 她 父母 谈话 , 让 徐 好好 读书 .\r\n可 徐 的 父母 却说 : \" 念 不 念书 没有用 , 在家 练 ' 法 轮 功 ' 就 行 . \"\r\n1999年 初 , 山东省 威海市 长虹 电工 机械 有限 公司 26 岁 的 \" 法 轮 功 \" 练习 者 董宁 以为 自己 练 的 \" 法 轮 大法 \" 已经 圆满 , 便 开始 拟订 了 \" 度 人 度 己 \" 的 计划 .\r\n1月7日 , 他 趁 工友 小 刘 不备 , 拿起 一个 模具 朝 小 刘 头部 猛 击 , 由于 紧张 没有 击中要害 , 受害人 迅速 逃离 了 现场 .\r\n第二 天 晚上 , 一心 想 完成 \" 度 人 计划 \" 的 董宁 , 趁 父亲 生火 做饭 时 , 顺手 拿起 一 把 菜刀 朝 父亲 砍去 , 幸亏 其 父 躲闪 及时 , 未能 砍 中 .\r\n姜 的 儿子 听到 呼救声 赶来 , 在 与 董宁 夺 刀 的 过程 中 , 腰部 , 腿部 被刺 数 刀 .\r\n幸亏 110 民警 迅速 赶到 , 将 董 抓获 .\r\n上述 案例 中 , 这些 修炼 \" 法 轮 功 \" 的 人 都是 在 精神失常 的 情况 下 , 干出 了 行凶 杀人 , 害人 害 己 的 事情 .\r\n他们 由 一个 好端端 的 正常人 , 变成 走火 入魔 的 \" 疯子 \" , 就是 李洪志 的 \" 法 轮 功 \" 对 修炼 者 进行 精神 控制 的 最终 恶果 .\r\n这种 精神 控制 , 本身 就是 侵犯 人权 , 践踏 自由 .\r\n据 精神病 专家 分析 , 正常人 如果 长期 处在 精神 高度 紧张 与 压力 之下 , 处在 敬畏 和 恐惧 之中 , 难免 会 出现 精神 崩溃 , 染上 病态 的 执著 和 疯狂 .\r\n据不完全统计 , 全国 因 修炼 \" 法 轮 功 \" 致死 的 已达 1400 多人 , 仅 北京 , 天津 , 河北 , 山东 等 地 的 7 医疗 机构 收治 的 因 修炼 \" 法 轮 功 \" 导致 精神 障碍 的 就 有 100 多 例 .\r\n而 认为 \" 肚子 中 有 法 轮转 \" , \" 感到 五六 有形 物质 附 在 身上 \" 等 附体 感 , 被 控制 感 , 自 认为 \" 开 天 目 \" 的 比例 也 不小 .\r\n凡此种种 , 天理 难容 , 国法 难容 .\r\n这些 血淋淋 的 事实 表明 , \" 法 轮 功 \" 不是 维护 人权 而是 践踏 人权 .\r\n一个人 如果 连 生命 和 健康 都 不 存在 了 , 其他 的 任何 权利 都 无从 谈起 .\r\n皮之不存 , 毛将焉附 ?\r\n许多 \" 法 轮 功 \" 的 练习 者 最初 是 抱着 \" 祛病 强身 \" 的 目的 开始 修炼 的 .\r\n这些 血淋淋 的 事实 表明 , \" 法 轮 功 \" 不是 保障 自由 而是 扼杀 自由 .\r\n这是 对 公民 信仰 和 言论 自由 的 侵犯 , 是 对 公民 思想 的 禁锢 .\r\n在 正 邪 不 辨 , 真假 不分 的 境地 中 , 干出 害 己 , 害人 的 勾当 , 成为 邪教 的 殉葬品 .\r\n这些 血淋淋 的 事实 表明 , \" 法 轮 功 \" 不是 尊重 法律 而是 蔑视 法律 .\r\n现代 社会 的 稳定 和 秩序 , 是 以 民主 和 法治 为 基础 的 . 这就 要求 所有 公民 和 一切 社会 组织 , 都 必须 在 宪法 和 法律 规定 的 范围 内 活动 , 都 必须 尊重 和 维护 依法 产生 的 政府 的 权威 .\r\n只有 坚持 依法 办事 , 才能 有 社会 的 稳定 和 秩序 ; 只有 尊重 政府 的 权威 , 才能 使 现代 文明 的 建设 更加 富有 成效 .\r\n但是 , 这些 现代人 本应 具备 的 常识 , 在 \" 法 轮 功 \" 那里 统统 被 否定 .\r\n综上所述 , 邪教 \" 法 轮 功 \" 把 正常人 变成 失常 者 , 把 心理 健全 者 变成 精神 变态 者 , 把 守法 公民 变成 敌视 , 危害 社会 的 分子 .\r\n以 人民 利益 为 最高 利益 的 中国 共产党 和 人民政府 绝 不能 容忍 \" 法 轮 功 \" 这样的 邪教 组织 为非作歹 , 危害 社会 .\r\n其中 主要 报纸 的 日 发行量 近 二百万 , 占 北京地区 报纸 发行 总量 的 六成 以上 .\r\n北京 日报 报业 集团 成立 后 , 将 以 其 时政 新闻 的 权威性 , 舆论 传播 的 广泛性 和 \" 日 , 晚 , 晨 \" 等 报 滚动 的 快速 性 , 为 广大 人民 的 日常生活 提供 更 周到 全面 的 服务 .\r\n《 邓小平 理论 通俗 读本 》 出版 发行 新华社 北京 3月28日 电 中共 中央 组织部 办公厅 , 中共 中央 宣传部 办公厅 近日 联合 发出 通知 , 要求 党员 和 干部 认真 学习 《 邓小平 理论 通俗 读本 》 .\r\n《 通知 》 指出 : 党 的 十五大 提出 , 全党 要 重视 学习 , 善于 学习 , 兴起 一个 学习 马列主义 , 毛泽东思想 特别是 邓小平 理论 的 新高潮 .\r\n《 中共 中央 关于 在 全党 深入 学习 邓小平 理论 的 通知 》 要求 , 要 继续 在 广大 党员 中 开展 学习 邓小平 理论 , 学习 党章 的 活动 , 使之 经常化 , 制度化 .\r\n这 本 书 以 广大 基层 党员 为 主要 读者 对 像 , 既 可 作为 基层 党员 学习 邓小平 理论 的 自学 参考 用 书 , 也 可 作为 基层 党组织 和 党校 培训 党员 的 教材 .\r\n中国 自 一九八零年 开始 翻印 \" 圣经 \" , 到 去年 底 共 印刷 二千三百 多 万 册 在 全国 范围 内 发行 .\r\n韩文藻 认为 , 这 反映 了 中国 基督徒 群体 的 增长 , 仅 上海地区 去年 皈依 基督教 的 民众 就 有 二万 人 .\r\n韩文藻 率 中国 基督教 代表团 日前 前往 肯塔基州 与 美国 基督教 长老 会 进行 联谊 .\r\n长老 会 表示 继续 奉行 美中 基督教 会 交流 协定 的 承诺 , 与 中国 的 基督 姐妹 兄弟 发展 友好 关系 .\r\n( 香港 中国 通讯社 三月二十八日 电 ) 特稿 : 中国 怎样 迎接 \" 新经济 \" 时代 ? 香港 中通社 记者 思良 在 经济 全球化 , 市场 一体化 , 资本 证券 化 的 进程 中 , 二零零零年 新年 伊始 , 全球 对 一种 以 知识经济 为主 的 \" 新经济 \" 展开 了 热烈 讨论 .\r\n中国 不少 学者 认为 , 中国 应 加快 研究 发展 具有 中国 特色 的 新经济 模式 , 以 迎接 新经济 时代 的 挑战 .\r\n自 二十世纪九十年代 以来 , 美国 和 西欧 几个 发达国家 的 经济 开始 呈现出 不同 以往 的 发展 趋势 , 知识经济 成为 主导 , 被 称作 \" 新经济 \" 时代 .\r\n欧盟 主席 普罗迪 最近 表示 , 为 新经济 作好 准备 是 欧盟 首脑 会议 任务 重点 , 并 要求 欧盟 十五 国 政府 实施 广泛 的 经济 和 社会 改革 , 以 创造 一种 共同 的 欧洲 知识经济 .\r\n而 这 \" 三 低 一 高 \" 正是 多少 年来 各国 经济 奋斗 的 目标 .\r\n人 , 是 保证 创新 的 决定性 因素 .\r\n九十年 代 崛起 的 信息 经济 , 如今 正在 经历 从 \" 个人电脑 ( PC ) \" 到 \" 因特网 ( IT ) \" , 再 到 \" 电子商务 ( E-commer ) \" 三 发展 阶段 , 这 清楚地 表明 \" 新经济 \" 的 核心 内容 是 网络 经济 .\r\n据 经济学家 分析 , 新经济 源 於 美国 .\r\n美国 经济 持续 增长 虽然 有 科技 股市 泡沫 成分 , 具有 一定 的 危机 , 但 美国 经济 正 处 於 高增长 , 低 失业 和 低通胀 并存 的 状态 .\r\n他 指出 : 面对 当代 经济 科技 的 澎湃 潮流 , 不 进 则 退 .\r\n我们 必须 抓住 机遇 , 勇 於 创新 , 加快 发展 , 迎头赶上 .\r\n对 於 经济 全球化 可能 带来 的 弊端 和 负面 影响 , 我们 要 加紧 研究 对策 .\r\n经济学家 指出 , 美国 经济 多年 的 持续 增长 , 主要 得益 於 高新技术 产业 的 快速 发展 .\r\n同时 , 中国 各种 电子 网络 如 雨后春笋 般 出现 .\r\n今年 是 中意 建交 三十 周年 , 三十 年 来 两国 在 各个 领域 的 友好 合作 得到 很大 发展 .\r\n他 说 , 中方 愿意 同 意大利 政府 共同 努力 , 进一步 充分 利用 两国 间 的 优势互补 , 使 双方 的 友好 合作 提高到 一个 新 的 水平 .\r\n朱鎔基 还 就 双边 关系 和 共同 关心 的 国际 问题 与 迪尼 深入 交换 了 意见 .\r\n朱鎔基 指出 , 中国 正在 致力 深化 改革 , 完善 社会主义 市场经济 体制 并 进一步 扩大 对外开放 , 努力 为 外国 企业 提供 良好 的 投资 环境 .\r\n迪尼 说 , 二十 年 的 改革开放 为 中国 带来 了 世界 任何 国家 无法 比拟 的 巨大 变化 .\r\n意大利 十分 珍惜 并 希望 不断 扩大 同 中国 在 各个 领域 的 合作 关系 .\r\n新华社 北京 月 日 电 短评 : 要 善于 解开 农民 心中 的 \" 结 \" 改革开放 多年来 , 我国 农村 发生 了 翻天覆地 的 变化 , 农村 工作 也 面临 许多 新 情况 , 新 问题 .\r\n在 新 形势 下 做好 农民 工作 , 要 善于 让 农民 自己 管理 自己 , 自己 教育 自己 . 通过 村 务 公开 等 措施 , 把 农民 的 积极性 , 创造性 发挥好 , 引导 好 , 保护好 .\r\n在 新 形势 下 做好 农民 工作 , 更 要 坚持 用 邓小平 理论 凝聚 人心 .\r\n湖南省 浏阳市 龙塘村 的 实践 再次 证明 了 这个 道理 : 只有 把 人心 凝聚 到 邓小平 理论 旗帜 下 , 农民 心中 才有 \" 主心骨 \" , 农村 各项 工作 才能 健康 发展 .\r\n[ Image ] 时事 -- > > 财经 新闻 2000年 03月 28日 国有 企业 改革 的 形势 与 途径 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 国务院 发展 研究 中心 副主任 陈清泰 在 \" 中国 发展 高层 论坛 \" 上 的 演讲 下面 我 就 中国 国有 企业 改革 的 形势 和 途径 问题 作 一 发言 .\r\n一 , 中国 国有 企业 改革 已 进入 关键 时期 , 攻坚 阶段 进入 九十年 代 中期 , 企业 环境 发生 了 质的 变化 .\r\n对 企业 影响 最大 的 是 : -- 市场 机制 正 取代 计划 体制 .\r\n-- 短缺 经济 正 转向 供需 平衡 或 供过于求 .\r\n-- 中国 市场 对外开放 的 格局 进一步 形成 .\r\n这里 既 充满 了 挑战 , 也 有 众多 的 机遇 .\r\n一批 企业 经营 观念 转变 早 , 经营 机制 转变 快 , 在 竞争 中 脱颖而出 , 抓住 遇 得到 了 迅速 发展 .\r\n与此同时 , 长期 沉淀 于 国有 企业 的 深层次 矛盾 也 充分 暴露 .\r\n-- 企业 制度 创新 滞后 , 经营 机制 不 适应 市场 竞争 的 矛盾 .\r\n近年 , 有 相当 数量 的 企业 停工 , 半 停工 , 上 千万 的 国有 企业 职工 下岗 或 停发 , 减 发 工资 .\r\n这 涉及 众多 企业 的 转产 , 分立 , 合并 , 甚至 关闭 , 破产 , 影响 着 职工 的 下岗 , 分流 驮 就业 , 它 牵动 着 全社会 .\r\n目前 , 国有 工业 企业 约 占用 了 工业 资本 的 [per 2 3] , 银行 工业 贷款 的 70% , 但 只 创造 了 工业 总产值 的 [per 1 2.]\r\n国有 企业 的 低 效率 已经 影响到 中国 经济 持续 增长 的 潜力 .\r\n这是 国有 企业 深化 改革 , 充分 调 国民经济 增长 潜力 的 两 个 根本性 问题 . 当前 , 市场 约束 明显 增强 .\r\n国有 企业 两极分化 的 格局 迅速 形成 .\r\n优势 企业 有 低成本 扩张 的 欲望 ; 困难 企业 急于 寻求 生存 的 出路 .\r\n-- 由 着眼于 搞好 一 户 户 国有 企业 , 转向 从 战略 上 调整 国有 经济 布局 , 向 国家 必须 控制 和 提供 公共 服务 的 领域 集中 , 进一步 发挥 国有 经济 的 不可 替代\r\n司 制 改革 ; 政府 要 为 各种 所有制 企业 创造 公平 竞争 的 条件 , 使 优势 企业 的 壮 发展 有 空间 ; 使 竞争 失败 的 企业 退出 市场 有 通道 .\r\n-- 由 力图 搞好 搞活 每 户 国有 企业 , 转向 抓 大 放 小 , 怨 衅 笠 凳 敌 姓 铰 性 改组 , 重点 抓好 关系 国家 经济 命脉 的 关键 少数 .\r\n2 . 实行 政企 分开 为此 要 并行 地 做好 几 件 事 : 推进 政府 机构改革 , 转变 政府 职能 ; 党政 与 企业 脱钩 , 不再 直接 管理 企业 ; 要 探索 适合 企业 走向 市场 的 国有 资产 管理\r\n运营 监督 体制 , 寻找 国家 所有者 行使 股东 权力 的 途径 和 方式 ; 企业 要 实行 公司制 改革 , 建立 企业 法人 治理 结构 , 同时 还要 培育 社会 中介 机构 , 发挥 服务 , 沟通 , 公证 , 监督 职能 等 , 创造 政企 分开 的 必要条件 . 3 . 从 战略 上 调整 国有 经济 布局\r\n一般 竞争性 行业 已 转向 买方 市场 , 此时 , 国家 财政 无力 , 也 没有 必要 支持 行业 如此 宽泛 , 数量 如此 庞大 的 国有 经济 .\r\n随着 多种 所有制 经济 的 迅速 发展 国有 经济 布局 有可能 也 必须 进行 战略性 调整 .\r\n也就是 在 国家 安全 , 国民经济 发展 有 需要 , 民营 投资 不能 进入 或 不愿 进入 的 领域 , 由 国有 经济 进入 , 为 国家 安全 国民经济 发展 创造 基础 条件 , 使 国家 对 经济 发展 具有 相应的 调控 能力 .\r\n三 , 形成 科学 的 法人 治理 结构 .\r\n依 《 公司法 》 建立 企业 领导 体制 和 组织 制度 形成 企业 的 激励 和 约束 机制 .\r\n目前 , 国有 企业 向 公司 体制 转变 时 遇到 的 一个 的 困难 是 如何 建立 规范 有效的 公司 法人 治理 结构 . 5 . 对 国有 企业 实施 战略性 重组 , 抓好 大 的 , 放 活 小 的\r\n目前 中国 国有 企业 总计 约 23万 户 , 在 行业 分布 上 重复 , 分散 , 大 的 未 形成 经济 规模 , 小 的 缺乏 市场 活力 .\r\n同时 要 采取 多种 形式 放开 搞活 国有 中小企业 , 使 他们 择 适宜 的 企业 财产 组织形式 , 独立 走向 市场 ; 政府 要 为 中小企业 发展 放宽 市\r\n大企业 与 中小企业 之间 要 形成 专业化 生产 , 社会化 协作 的 企业 群体 结构 , 提高 整体 运行 效率 . 6 . 实行 减人 增 效 , 增 资 减 债\r\n由于 历史 原因 , 国有 企业 普遍 人员 多 , 债务 重 和 社会 负担 重 .\r\n国家 已 采 措施 , 在 社会保障 体系 尚 不 完善 时 , 通过 建立 再就业 服务 中心 , 发展 劳动力 市场 , 鼓励 职工 自谋职业 , 自主 创业 等 办法 , 每年 可 从 国有 企业 分流 约 500万 名 职工 .\r\n为 改善 企业 资产 负债 结构 , 首先 要 制止 企业 无效 投资 或 低效 投资 , 切实 停止 低水平 重复 建设 , 同时 支持 企业 嗲 道 引进 新 的 投资者 , 增加 资本金 .\r\n具备 条件 的 可 引进 外资 嫁接 , 合作 .\r\n试行 债权 托管 , 债权 转 股权 .\r\n目前 , 国有 企业 破产 的 一 大 困难 是 破产 企业 职工 的 基本 生活 保证 和 再就业 安置 .\r\n当前 影响 深化 改革 和 经营 状况 改善 的 重要 因素 , 是 缺乏 懂得 市场经济 的 营 管理 人才 .\r\n主要 是 : 加快 建立 和 完善 养老 , 医疗 和 失业 保障 制度 .\r\n加强 市场 法制 建设 , 改善 市场 管理 , 维护 经济 秩序 .\r\n在 中国 20 年 改革 的 实践 , 还有 国际 经验 可以 借鉴 , 我 相信 经过 持续 不断的 努力 和 探索 , 改革 是 能 成功的 .\r\n同时 , 中国 政府 和 人民 反对 并 谴责 李登辉 以 任何 名义 去 外国 进行 制造 分裂 中国 的 活动 .\r\n这 对 中国 与 有关 国家 的 关系 健康 发展 至关重要 .\r\n这位 发言人 还 说 , 李登辉 已经 下台 了 .\r\n他 指出 , 李登辉 长期以来 不断 破坏 中国 和 其他 国家 的 友好 关系 , 在 国际上 制造 两 个 中国 的 活动 .\r\n他 再次 表示 , 李登辉 以 任何 名义 去 外国 进行 制造 分裂 中国 的 活动 , 都会 受到 中国 政府 和 人民 的 反对 与 谴责 .\r\n于永波 在 讲话 中 说 , 在 全军 基层 党组织 中 开展 \" 三 讲 \" 正面 教育 , 是 经 军委 批准 的 , 是 今年 全军 政治 工作 的 一件 大事 .\r\n基层 党组织 是 党 的 全部 工作 和 战斗力 的 基础 , 是 党 的 细胞 .\r\n重视 基层 党组织 建设 是 我军 的 优良 传统 , 也是 党 的 三代 领导 核心 的 一贯 思想 .\r\n几十 年 来 我军 之所以 始终 听 党 指挥 , 不断 发展 壮大 , 与 我们 始终 重视 基层 党 的 建设 是 紧密 联系 在 一起 的 .\r\n各级党委 和 领导 要 充分 认识 这次 全军 基层 党组织 \" 三 讲 \" 正面 教育 的 必要性 和 重要性 , 以 很 强 的 政治 责任感 , 切实 把 这件事 关 全局 的 大事 抓紧 抓好 .\r\n九 全国 人大 三 会议 期间 , 江主席 又 进一步 强调 了 这 一 思想 .\r\n我们 必须 深刻 认识 \" 三 代表 \" 重要 思想 的 现实意义 和 历史意义 , 自觉 运用 \" 三 代表 \" 的 重要 思想 指导 军队 党 的 建设 .\r\n于永波 指出 , 江主席 关于 \" 三 代表 \" 的 重要 思想 , 为 \" 三 讲 \" 教育 进一步 指明 了 方向 , 提出 了 新 的 更高 的 要求 .\r\n这次 基层 \" 三 讲 \" 正面 教育 , 必须 把 它 作为 总的 指导思想 贯穿 始终 .\r\n\" 三 代表 \" 是 \" 三 讲 \" 的 集中 体现 , \" 三 讲 \" 是 实践 \" 三 代表 \" 的 基本 要求 .\r\n因此 , 我们 要 把 这次 \" 三 讲 \" 正面 教育 作为 \" 三 代表 \" 的 一次 集中 学习 教育 活动 , 使 \" 三 代表 \" 的 思想 在 广大 党员 干部 头脑 中 牢固 树立 起来 .\r\n于永波 强调 , 学习 和 实践 江主席 关于 \" 三 代表 \" 的 重要 思想 , 不仅 要 抓好 党 的 基层组织 , 尤其 要 抓好 团 以上 党委 和 高中级 干部 .\r\n中央军委 委员 , 总政治部 常务 副主任 徐才厚 主持 会议 并 讲了话 , 他 要求 各级党委 要 切实 提高 认识 , 切实 把握好 教育 的 指导思想 和 原则 , 切实 解决 问题 , 切实 加强 领导 , 确保 这次 基层 党组织 \" 三 讲 \" 正面 教育 取得 扎实 成效 .\r\n充分 发挥 全国 新闻 系统 43 精神文明 示范 单位 的 作用 , 树立 新闻 工作 和 新闻 工作者 的 良好 形 像 , 更好地 为人民服务 , 为 社会主义 服务 , 为 全党全国 工作 大局 服务 .\r\n中宣部 副部长 徐光春 作 了 总结 讲话 .\r\n会议 由 广电 总局 副局长 吉炳轩 主持 .\r\n会议 认为 , 去年 电视电话 会议 以来 , 中央 , 地方 大多数 新闻 单位 狠抓 新闻 报道 活动 和 经营 活动 分开 , 新闻 采编 队伍 和 经营 队伍 分开 , 成效 明显 .\r\n党中央 满意 , 人民 群众 满意 .\r\n会议 指出 , 当前 在 整个 新闻 宣传 呈现 积极 健康 向上 工作 态势 的 同时 , 一些 报刊 特别是 部分 小报 小 刊 , 在 宣传 上 还 存在 一些 突出 问题 .\r\n在 这 方面 , 上海 的 经验 值得 借鉴 .\r\n县政府 , 县 人大 , 县 政协 及 有关 部门 为 购买 , 更新 小汽车 还 到处 借款 , 共计 53.96万 元 .\r\n对 县委 , 县政府 及 有关单位 挪用 , 截留 有关 资金 或 借款 购买 的 车辆 予以 拍 买 , 并 责令 有关单位 限期 追回 并 归还 被 挪用 , 截留 的 资金 和 借款 .\r\n雷渊德 未经 审查 就 同意 给 市 审计 局 参会 的 16 人 办理 了 自费 前往 泰国 旅游 的 审批 手续 和 因 私 出国 ( 境 ) 的 普通 护照 .\r\n郴州 市委 决定 , 给予 匡初 ( 申加王 旁 ) 党内 严重 警告 处分 , 免去 其 审计局 党组 书记 职务 , 经 人大 有关 程序 罢免 其 局长 职务 ; 并 给予 陶建中 , 雷渊德 党内 警告 处分 .\r\n中央 纪委 , 监察 部 有关 负责人 指出 , 近年来 , 党中央 , 国务院 对 党政机关 和 领导干部 配备 更换 小汽车 , 公费 出国 境 等 问题 , 作出 了 一系列 规定 .\r\n他 说 , 访问 期间 , 什 磪 D 要 领导人 都 将 会见 伯杰 一行 .\r\n外交部 长 唐家璇 将 与 他 就 中美 关系 和 双方 共同 关心 的 暋 D 举行 会谈 .\r\n他 说 , 中国 政府 历来 重视 促进 和 保护人 权 .\r\n去年 , 经过 中国 政府 的 积极 努力 , 中国 人民 享受 经济 社会 文化 和 公民 政治权利 的 水平 都 得到 进一步 高 .\r\n美方 不在 发言 中 认真 检讨 自 v 的 人权 状况 , 却 公然 对 别国 进行 无端 攻击 和 指责 , 这是 搞 双重 标准 和 霸权主义 的 典型 表 { .\r\n中国 奉劝 美方 认清 历史潮流 , 不要 在 政治 对抗 的 错误 道路 上 越 走 越 远 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月28日 电 ( 记者 谭国器 ) 国务院 总理 朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 今天 在 中南海 会见 了 来访 的 意大利 外长 兰贝托·迪尼 , 宾主 在 亲切 友好 的 气氛 中 , 就 双边 关系 和 共同 关心 的 国际 问题 深入 交换 了 意见 .\r\n朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 表示 , 中国 高度 重视 发展 同 意大利 的 关系 .\r\n今年 是 中意 建交 30 周年 , 30 年 来 , 两国 在 各个 领域 的 友好 合作 得到 很大 发展 .\r\n这些 都 为 包括 意大利 在内 的 外国 企业 在 华 扩大 发展 提供 了 巨大 的 现实 可能 .\r\n迪尼 说 , 20 年 的 改革开放 为 中国 带来 了 世界 任何 国家 都 无法 比拟 的 巨大 变化 , 意大利 十分 珍惜 并 希望 不断 扩大 与 中国 在 各个 领域 的 合作 关系 .\r\n意大利 的 经贸 界 , 特别是 中小企业 一定 会 积极 参与 .\r\n朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 也 请 迪尼 外长 转达 他 对 达莱马 总理 的 亲切 问候 .\r\n形势 教育 历来 是 思想 政治 工作 的 一 项 重要 内容 .\r\n在 今天 的 座谈会 上 , 来自 北京 , 上海 等 20 省市 区 的 有关 负责 同志 交流 了 各地 形势 教育 工作 的 经验 和 做法 .\r\n与会 的 同志 认为 , 2000年 是 世纪 交替 之 年 , 是 历史性 , 标志 性 的 一 年 .\r\n形势 教育 的 任务 很 重 , 具体 内容 很多 , 各地 应 结合 本地 的 实际 , 抓住 重点 , 精心 组织 实施 .\r\n会议 提出 了 今年 要 抓好 的 几项 形势 教育 重点 工作 .\r\n一 是 继续 举办 各种 层次 的 形势 报告会 .\r\n举办 干部 群众 形势 报告会 , 是 有关方面 多年来 坚持 的 做法 , 已经 形成 制度 .\r\n二 是 组织 开展 以 \" 回顾 百 年 沧桑 , 展望 美好 未来 \" 为 主要 内容 的 群众性 教育 活动 .\r\n中宣部 , 科技 部 , 中国 科协 将 在 今年 第二 季度 到 第四 季度 , 联合 组织 \" 让 科学 走 近 生活 , 让 公众 理解 科学 \" 大型 科普 宣传 活动 .\r\n中宣部 副部长 刘鹏 在 座谈 会上 讲了话 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月28日 电 ( 记者 钱彤 ) 国务院 副总理 李岚清 今天 下午 在 中南海 会见 了 美国 教育部 长 理查德·赖利 一行 .\r\n李岚清 和 客人 就 发展 中美 两国 教育 交流 与 合作 , 以及 其他 共同 关心 的 问题 交换 了 意见 .\r\n教育部 长 陈至立 和 美国 驻华 大使 普理赫 等 参加 了 会见 .\r\n赖利 是 应 教育部 的 邀请 于 3月26日 来华 访问 的 .\r\n访问 期间 , 陈至立 和 赖利 分别 代表 本国 政府 签署 了 《 中华人民共和国 政府 和 美利坚合众国 政府 教育 交流 合作 协定 》 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月28日 电 外交部 长 唐家璇 今天 在这里 与 来访 的 意大利 外长 兰贝托·迪尼 举行 会谈 .\r\n双方 在 友好 坦诚 的 气氛 中 就 两国 关系 和 共同 关心 的 国际 问题 深入 交换 了 意见 .\r\n意大利 是 中国 在 欧盟 的 重要 贸易 伙伴 , 经贸 合作 的 潜力 很大 , 两国 在 一些 重大 的 国际 问题 上 也 有 相同 或 相似 的 看法 .\r\n中方 愿 与 意 方 共同 努力 推动 中意 关系 长期 稳定 地 向前 发展 .\r\n迪尼 表示 , 意大利 政府 愿意 与 中方 保持 政府 间 高层 接触 , 进一步 发展 各个 领域 的 合作 关系 , 包括 鼓励 意大利 企业界 积极 参与 中国 西部 大 开发 .\r\n他 还 重申 支持 中国 早日 加入 世贸 组织 .\r\n两国 外长 还 就 台湾 和 人权 问题 交换 了 意见 .\r\n唐家璇 指出 , 前不久 在 台湾 的 选举 是 中国 的 一个 地方 选举 , 不论 谁 当选 , 都 不能 改变 台湾 是 中国 领土 一部分 的 事实 .\r\n事实 证明 , 对话 是 处理 双方 在 人权 问题 上 分歧 的 唯一 正确 途径 .\r\n他 对 意 方 主张 对话 不 搞 对抗 的 立场 表示 赞赏 , 希望 其 继续 在 这 方面 发挥 积极 作用 .\r\n迪尼 强调 , 意大利 政府 将 继续 坚持 一个 中国 的 立场 , 现在 和 将来 都 不会 与 台湾 发生 任何 官方 关系 .\r\n国际 社会 应 承认 中国 在 人权 方面 取得 的 成绩 , 意大利 将 继续 主张 与 中国 开展 在 这 一 领域 的 对话 与 交流 .\r\n迪尼 是 应 唐家璇 邀请 于 26日 抵达 广州 , 开始 对 中国 进行 访问 的 .\r\n三月二十八日 至 二十九日 , 全国 公安厅 局 纪委 书记 会议 在 北京 召开 .\r\n他 要求 公安 机关 强化 专项 治理 措施 , 最大限度 地 遏制 刑讯 逼供 等 违法 违纪 问题 .\r\n这些 措施 包括 , 建立 健全 处理 治安 案件 和 交通 事故 公开 听证 公开 调解 公开 裁决 制度 ; 建立 群众 报案 反馈 制度 等 .\r\n李登辉 曾经 责骂 北京 当局 要求 台湾 遵守 \" 一个 中国 \" 原则 是 \" 鸭 霸 \" 行为 , 是 \" 霸权主义 \" .\r\n错 了 , \" 一个 中国 \" 原则 既 不是 北京 的 发明 , 也 不是 祖国 大陆 政府 的 专利 .\r\n\" 一个 中国 \" 原则 是 中华 民族 的 原则 , 是 全世界 华人 共同 奉行 和 信守 的 原则 , 大陆 当局 不过是 继承 和 捍卫 这个 原则 .\r\n第一 , 台湾 属 於 中国 , 解决 台湾 问题 必须 遵循 \" 一个 中国 \" 原则 , 这是 中华 民族 的 宝贵 遗产 , 是 中国 人 的 祖先 和 前辈 用 鲜血 和 生命 捍卫 的 神圣 原则 .\r\n作为 中华 民族 的 子孙 , 没有 权利 和 资格 篡改 或 放弃 这个 原则 .\r\n至迟 在 秦汉 时期 , 台湾 已经 成 中国 的 一部分 .\r\n朱鎔基 在 记者 会上 宣告 , 中国 人民 将 用 鲜血 和 生命 制止 台湾 独立 , 马上 被 某些 人 攻击 为 \" 不 友善 \" \" 不 负责任 \" \" 无 助 於 台湾 问题 的 解决 \" .\r\n其实 朱鎔基 只不过 遵守 中华 民族 祖先 的 遗训 , 说 了 中国 人 应 说 的话 .\r\n在 台湾 问题 上 , 第二 用 鲜血 和 生命 捍卫 \" 一个 中国 \" 原则 的 , 是 长达 八 年 的 抗日战争 .\r\n北京 如果 放弃 \" 一个 中国 \" 原则 , 同意 或 默认 台湾 独立 , 对得起 祖先 吗 ?\r\n根据 民调 , 大陆 民众 百分之九十 以上 赞成 两岸 统一 , 百分之八十 以上 赞成 为了 制止 台湾 独立 不怕 流血 牺牲 .\r\n台湾 《 中国 时报 》 三月十五日 的 民调 , 台湾 民众 中 , 支持 台湾 独立 的 只 占 百分之九 .\r\n硬 要 把 少数人 \" 一 党 之 私 \" 强加 到 全球 华人 身上 , 这 才是 蛮不讲理 .\r\n所以 台湾 是 中国 的 一部分 有 充足 的 国际法 根据 , 是 国际 社会 公认 的 .\r\n联合国大会 通过 决议 恢复 中华人民共和国 在 联合国 的 合法 席位 时 , 同时 从 联合国 驱逐 了 \" 中华 民国 \" 代表 , 这 表明 国际 社会 只 承认 一个 中国 , 即 中华人民共和国 .\r\n最近 几 年 , 台湾 当局 年年 运作 回到 联合国 , 年年 碰壁 , 去年 更 遭到 安理会 五 个 常任 理事国 联手 封杀 .\r\n美国 也 一再 重申 \" 一个 中国 \" 政策 不变 , \" 三 不 \" 政策 不变 , 这 仅 是 \" 老调重弹 \" 吗 ?\r\n北京 一再 宣告 , 不 接受 \" 一个 中国 \" 原则 就 没有 和谈 基础 和 前提 , 凡 主张 台独 的 党派 和 人士 , 概 不 接受 .\r\n期望 台湾 新 领导人 真心 把 谋求 两岸 和平 作为 己任 , 慎重 地 及时 地 作出 正确 决断 , 以 安 两岸 和 海外 华人 之心 .\r\n两 分钟 后 , 外 经贸部 长 石广生 抵达 谈判 地点 .\r\n双方 谈判 代表 各 有 二十 多人 .\r\n谈判 开始 时 气氛 十分 融洽 , 石广生 部长 代表 中国 政府 和 中方 谈判 代表 对 欧盟 代表 的 到来 表示 了 热烈 的 欢迎 .\r\n被 问及 对 此次 谈判 的 前景 有 何 展望 时 , 他 表示 相信 , 中欧 之间 的 这 轮 谈判 正在 朝 著 积极 的 方向 努力 , 中方 对此 持 乐观 态度 .\r\n该 官员 亦 强调 , 是 轮 谈判 能否 取得 实质 成果 , 主要 取决 於 欧盟 的 态度 , 也就是 他们 的 要价 .\r\n除了 向 所有 WTO 成员 都 不能 承诺 的 条件 外 , 对 於 欧盟 提出 的 其他 要求 , 中国 都会 给予 积极 的 考虑 和 回应 .\r\n他 希望 欧盟 代表 能够 本 著 务实 , 积极 的 态度 与 中方 进行 谈判 , 以期 早日 达成 双方 就 中国 加入 世贸 组织 的 双边 协议 .\r\n在 上 一 轮 二月 廿 一日 至 廿 四日 进行 的 谈判 后 , 中方 表示 , 中欧 双方 的 差距 已经 很小 .\r\n本报 蕲春 26日 电 记者 周志兵 报道 : 今日 上午2时A.M. 许 , 蕲春县 汽运 公司 老 客运站 发生 爆炸 , 9 汽车 不同 程度 遭 损毁 .\r\n住 在 附近 的 一 位 陈 姓 居民 对 记者 说 , 当时 听到 3 巨响 , 随 罂 醇 站 内 火光 冲天 .\r\n县 公安局 局长 干学保 介绍 , 接 警 后 , 公安 消防 部门 出动 两 消防车 , 控制 了 火势 蔓延 .\r\n肇事者 疑为 汽运 公司 一 职工 .\r\n其 使用 炸药 炸 车 后 已 自缢 身亡 .\r\n详细 情况 仍在 调查 中 .\r\n双方 就 中国 加入 世界 贸易 组织 问题 进行 了 友好 和 坦诚 的 会谈 .\r\n国务委员 吴仪 , 外 经贸部 部长 石广生 , 外交部 副部长 王光亚 和 外 经贸部 首席 谈判 代表 龙永图 参加 了 会见 .\r\n一 国企 改革 已 进入 关键 时期 攻坚 阶段 ─ ─ 进入 九十年 代 中期 , 企业 环境 发生 了 质的 变化 .\r\n对 企业 影响 最大 的 是 : ─ ─ 市场 机制 正 取代 计划 体制 .\r\n─ ─ 中国 市场 对外开放 的 格局 进一步 形成 .\r\n对 企业 来说 , 最 直接 的 感受 就是 市场经济 的 优胜劣汰 真的 事到临头 了 .\r\n这里 既 充满 了 挑战 , 也 有 众多 的 机遇 .\r\n市场 占有率 利润 向 这些 企业 集中 , 企业 知名度 迅速 提高 .\r\n与此同时 , 长期 沉淀 於 国有 企业 的 深层次 矛盾 也 充分 暴露 .\r\n主要 的 有 : ─ ─ 政企不分 造成 的 体制 性 矛盾 .\r\n─ ─ 企业 制度 创新 滞后 经营 机制 不 适应 市场 竞争 的 矛盾 .\r\n近年 , 有 相当 数量 的 企业 停工 半 停工 , 上 千万 的 国有 企业 职工 下岗 或 停发 减 发 工资 .\r\n这些 矛盾 的 暴露 , 使 国有 经济 整体 运行 效率 下降 .\r\n目前 , 国有 工业 企业 大约 占用 了 工业 资本 的 三分之二 , 银行 工业 贷款 的 百分之七十 , 但 只 创造 了 工业 总产值 的 二分之一 , 国有 企业 的 低 效率 已经 影响到 中国 经济 持续 增长 的 潜力 .\r\n国有 企业 改革 已 进入 关键 时期 攻坚 阶段 .\r\n这是 国有 企业 深化 改革 充分 调动 国民经济 增长 潜力 的 两 个 根本性 问题 .\r\n当前 , 市场 约束 明显 增强 , 国有 企业 两极分化 的 格局 迅速 形成 .\r\n但是 , 结构 调整 和 体制 转换 遇到 了 传统 体制 阻力 社会 观念 企业 内部 人 控制 市场 环境 和 社会保障 条件 等等 一系列 的 障碍 , 使得 本应 出现 的 大规模 企业 重组 结构 调整 和 制度 创新 的 形势 并未 如愿 到来 .\r\n在 多年 改革 实践 的 基础 上 , 去年 九月 中 共 十五 四 中 全会 对 国有 企业 改革 和 发展 作出 了 《 决定 》 , 使 深化 国有 企业 改革 的 途径 更加 清晰 . 1 · 调整 国有 企业 改革 的 思路\r\n─ ─ 由 著 眼 於 搞好 一 户 户 国有 企业 , 转向 从 战略 上 调整 国有 经济 布局 , 向 国家 必须 控制 和 提供 公共 服务 的 领域 集中 , 进一步 发挥 国有 经济 的 不可 替代 作用 .\r\n一般 竞争性 行业 已 转向 买方 市场 , 此时 , 国家 财政 无力 也 没有 必要 支持 行业 如此 宽泛 数量 如此 庞大 的 国有 经济 .\r\n随 著 多种 所有制 经济 的 迅速 发展 , 国有 经济 布局 有可能 也 必须 进行 战略性 调整 .\r\n因此 , 要 改变 国有 经济 战线 过长 , 在 国民经济 各个 领域 无处不 有 无所不包 的 状况 , 使 国有 经济 有进有退 , 有所 为 有所 不 为 .\r\n二 建立 法人 财产 制度 , 企业 自主 经营 法人 财产 自负盈亏 .\r\n三 形成 科学 的 法人 治理 结构 .\r\n依 《 公司法 》 建立 企业 领导 体制 和 组织 制度 , 形成 企业 的 激励 和 约束 机制 .\r\n目前 中国 国有 企业 总计 约 二十三万 , 在 行业 分布 上 重复 分散 , 大 的 未 形成 经济 规模 , 小 的 缺乏 市场 活力 .\r\n大企业 与 中小企业 之间 要 形成 专业化 生产 社会化 协作 的 企业 群体 结构 , 提高 整体 运行 效率 . 6 · 实行 减人 增 效 增 资 减 债\r\n由於 历史 原因 , 国有 企业 普遍 人员 多 债务 重 和 社会 负担 重 .\r\n一些 地方 也 采取 措施 由 政府 接收 企业 办 的 医院 学校 等 社会 服务 机构 , 每年 全国 大约 可以 转移 三千 这类 机构 .\r\n为 改善 企业 资产 负债 结构 , 首先 要 制止 企业 无效 投资 或 低效 投资 , 切实 停止 低水平 重复 建设 , 同时 支持 企业 多渠道 引进 新 的 投资者 , 增加 资本金 .\r\n具备 条件 的 可 引进 外资 嫁接 合作 .\r\n国家 对 国有 独资 企业 派出 监事会 , 对 企业 财务 状况 和 经营者 业绩 进行 监督 . 9 · 加快 推进 配套 改革\r\n为 改革 成功 , 不仅 要 设计 良好 的 改革 方案 , 而且 必须 为 改革 创造 配套 环境 , 妥善 处理 各 利益 相关 者 关系 , 克服 阻力 .\r\n中国 二十 年 改革 实 路 , 还有 国际 经验 可以 借鉴 , 我 相信 经过 持续 不断的 实践 探索 , 改革 是 能 成功的 . \" 作者 为 国务院 发展 研究 中心 副主任 , 本文 为 在 北京 召开 的 \" 中国 经济 发展 论坛 \" 上 的 演 辞 , 本报 略 有 删节 \"\r\n内地 下月 起 推行 储蓄 实名制 \" 本报 记者 杨帆 北京 二十八日 电 \" 据了解 , 中国 金融 监管 当局 将 於 下月 起 推行 储蓄 实名制 .\r\n中国人民 银行 行长 戴相龙 曾 於 今年 一月 透露 , 储蓄 实名制 方案 已经 拟定 , 预计 在 年内 推出 .\r\n该 方案 采取 新 老 分开 的 方式 , 即 在 储蓄 实名制 推行 之前 , 用 假名 存 的 钱 可以 用 假名 取出来 , 自 实施 储蓄 实名制 之 日 起 , 必须 使用 真实 姓名 .\r\n戴相龙 称 , 在 推行 储蓄 实名制 的 过程 中 , 要求 储户 用 真实 姓名 并不 难 , 而 要 实现 全国 联网 则 需要 很大 的 投资 , 需要 一个 过程 .\r\n他 表示 , 实行 储蓄 实名制 后 , 银行 将会 严格 为 储户 保密 .\r\n具体 而言 , 与 存款 记名 制 相比 , 实行 储蓄 实名制 的 益处 , 主要 表现 在 以下 几 方面 : 第一 , 有利 於 保障 存款 人 的 利益 .\r\n第二 , 有利 於 提高 存款 人 的 信用 .\r\n原因 是 银行 等 金融 机构 不必 过 於 担心 债务人 不 偿还 到期 债务 , 无需 用 各种 \" 苛刻 \" 条件 来 保障 贷款 本息 的 回收 .\r\n第四 , 有利 於 完善 税收 体系 .\r\n另一方面 , 随 著 市场经济 发展 , 征收 遗产 税 势在必行 .\r\n在 记名 制 条件 下 , 个人 存款 新 增量 难以 统计 监督 , 由此 给 一些 人 提供 了 可乘之机 .\r\n在 实行 实名制 条件 下 , 一个人 的 资金 虽 可 存入 多个 金融 机构 , 但 仅有 一个 真实 姓名 和 身份证 号码 , 比较 容易 查询 和 统计 , 由此 给 那些 试图 收受 贿赂 或 得 不义之财 的 人 , 以 一个 客观 的 约束 , 即 不义之财 难以 隐匿 .\r\n广东省 委 《 南方 日报 》 社 属下 的 《 南方 都市 报 》 上周 一 在 国际 版 刊登 了 一 张 伊斯兰教 圣地 位 於 沙地 阿拉伯 的 \" 天 房 \" , 但 在 这 张 相片 之上 , 刊出 另 一 张 五 复制 小猪 的 相片 .\r\n事件 很快 引起 其他 省份 的 回教徒 的 反响 .\r\n\" 据悉 , 深圳 市委 广东省 委 至 北京 高层 都 对 事件 表示 关注 .\r\n新华社 南京 3月29日 电 ( 人民 日报 记者 胡健 , 新华社 记者 盖金东 ) 我国 对 沿海 船舶 边防 治安 管理 将 有法可依 .\r\n由 公安部 2月15日 颁布 的 《 沿海 船舶 边防 治安 管理 规定 》 将 于 今年 5月1日 起 正式 实施 .\r\n目前 海上 治安 管理 新 情况 , 新 问题 层出不穷 , 出海 船舶 超出 规定 海域 , 海区 从事 生产 作业 的 问题 屡屡 发生 , 利用 船舶 进行 偷渡 , 走私 , 贩毒 以及 海上 抢劫 , 盗窃 等 违法 犯罪 活动 逐年 增多 .\r\n过去 边防 管理 法规 建设 滞后 , 尤其是 沿海 船舶 管理 一直 没有 全国 统一 的 规定 .\r\n《 沿海 船舶 边防 治安 管理 规定 》 共 6 42 , 是 我国 第一 对 沿海 船舶 边防 治安 管理 工作 进行 统一 规范的 部门 规章 .\r\n会议 要求 , 各地 公安 边防 部门 落实 《 规定 》 必须 坚持 依法 行政 , 严格 履行 执法 程序 , 严禁 超 权限 , 超 限额 处罚 和 随意 执法 的 现 像 .\r\n要 突出 执法 办案 , 证件 管理 , 船只 管理 等 重点 环节 上 的 执法 检查 监督 力度 , 树立 严格 , 文明 , 公正 执法 的 良好 形 像 , 让 人民群众 满意 .\r\n要 按照 警务 公开 的 要求 , 向 群众 公开 各项 办事 制度 和 工作 程序 , 自觉 接受 监督 .\r\n在 新 千年 的 第一 春天 , 由 中央 文献 研究室 , 国家 旅游局 编辑 的 《 邓小平 论 旅游 》 正式 出版 了 .\r\n这是 全国 旅游 行业 的 一件 大事 , 对于 进一步 加快 新世纪 我国 旅游业 的 发展 , 将 产生 重要 的 指导 作用 和 深远 的 历史 影响 .\r\n邓小平 同志 作为 我国 改革开放 的 总 设计师 , 在 改革开放 之 初 的 1978年10月 至 1979年7月 这 段 时间 里 , 连续 五 谈话 , 强调 要 大力 发展 旅游业 , 并 具体 阐明 了 发展 旅游业 的 基本 思路 , 奋斗 目标 和 工作 方针 , 为 我国 旅游业 的 发展 指明 了 正确 的 方向 .\r\n邓小平 同志 指出 , \" 旅游 事业 大有文章 可 做 , 要 突出 地 搞 , 加快 地 搞 \" , \" 旅游业 要 变成 综合性 的 行业 \" , 并 提出 了 本世纪末 达到 创汇 100亿 美元 的 宏伟 目标 .\r\n邓小平 同志 提出 的 这 一系列 重要 思想 , 是 党 的 十一 届 三中全会 精神 的 具体 体现 , 是 邓小平 解放 思想 , 实事求是 思想 路线 的 具体 体现 .\r\n学习 邓小平 同志 关于 发展 旅游业 的 思想 , 要 全面 落实 政府 主导 型 战略 , 切实 把 旅游业 当成 综合性 产业 来 办 .\r\n各 有关 部门 要 积极 配合 和 支持 旅游业 发展 , 抓紧 研究 制定 扶持 旅游业 发展 的 具体 措施 , 真正 形成 部门 联动 的 格局 .\r\n学习 邓小平 同志 关于 发展 旅游业 的 思想 , 要 全面 发挥 资源 优势 , 加快 中西部 旅游业 发展 步伐 .\r\n重温 小平 同志 当年 的 指示 , 纵观 中西部 , 旅游 资源 无疑 是 开发 振兴 的 一 大 资本 .\r\n学习 邓小平 同志 关于 发展 旅游业 的 思想 , 要 更好地 发挥 旅游业 在 社会主义 精神文明 建设 中 的 作用 .\r\n旅游业 不仅 是 一个 经济 产业 , 也是 精神文明 建设 的 一个 重要 阵地 .\r\n当前 , 我国 旅游业 发展 面临 着 十分 有利 的 机遇 .\r\n最 重要 的 是 , 党中央 和 国务院 对 旅游 工作 十分 重视 , 对 旅游业 发展 寄予 厚望 , 江泽民 主席 , 李鹏 委员长 , 朱镕基 总理 等 领导 同志 都 对此 作出 了 许多 重要 指示 .\r\n做好 今年 的 工作 , 具有 承上启下 的 重要 意义 .\r\n贯彻 落实 \" 两会 \" 精神 , 首先 必须 紧紧 抓住 经济 建设 这个 中心 .\r\n贯彻 落实 \" 两会 \" 精神 , 就 必须 在 服从 , 服务于 经济 建设 这个 中心 的 前提 下 , 努力 搞好 社会主义 政治 , 文化 和 其他 各项 建设 , 推动 经济 和 社会 协调 发展 .\r\n要 始终不渝 地 坚持 \" 两手抓 , 两手 都要 硬 \" 的 方针 , 不断 提高 社会主义 精神文明 建设 水平 .\r\n要 积极 实施 科教 兴 国 战略 和 可持续发展 战略 , 加快 发展 科技 , 教育 事业 , 特别是 要 大力 发展 高科技 , 并 进一步 加强 科技 , 教育 与 经济 的 结合 .\r\n要 正确 把握 改革 , 发展 , 稳定 的 关系 , 高度 重视 和 妥善 处理 新 形势 下 的 人民内部矛盾 .\r\n各级 党政 领导干部 一定 要 认真 组织 广大 干部 群众 学习 好 \" 两会 \" 精神 , 全面 , 准确 , 深刻 地 领会 文件 精神 .\r\n要 狠抓 落实 , 创造性 地 工作 , 使 \" 两会 \" 精神 迅速 成为 本地区 , 本部门 , 本单位 的 工作 实践 .\r\n积极 推进 政务 公开 , 鼓励 人民群众 依法 对 各级 党政 工作人员 特别是 领导干部 进行 监督 , 并 充分 发挥 舆论 监督 的 作用 .\r\n人民代表大会制度 是 适合 我国 国情 的 社会主义 民主 制度 .\r\n各级 人民 代表 要 继续 广泛 联系 群众 , 履行 代表 职责 , 参与 管理 国家 事务 , 在 促进 改革 , 发展 , 稳定 中 发挥 重要 作用 .\r\n人民 政协 是 共产党 领导 的 多党合作 和 政治 协商 制度 .\r\n21世纪 即将 到来 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月29日 电 题 : 调整 结构 要 注意 解决 农民 \" 三 怕 \" 问题 新华社 记者 鹿永建 积极 调整 农业 结构 , 大力 发展 效益型 农业 , 是 党中央 , 国务院 基于 我国 农业 进入 农产品 相对 过剩 新 阶段 作出 的 重大 决策 .\r\n经过 努力 探索 , 不少 地方 在 这 方面 已 取得 成功的 经验 , 但 有些 地方 也 反映出 一系列 问题 , 概括 起来 , 就是 农民 有 \" 三 怕 \" .\r\n农民 一 是 怕 干部 瞎指挥 .\r\n如果 干部 缺乏 对 市场 的 深入 分析 , 盲目 引进 一些 \" 新 优 品种 \" , 并 强行 推广 , 农民 不 种 不行 , 但 种 了 又 怕 增收 不成 反而 背上 债务 .\r\n二 是 怕 购 来 假劣 种苗 和 落后 过时 的 农业 技术 .\r\n农民 的 这 \" 三 怕 \" 突出 反映 了 目前 农业 结构 调整 中 存在 的 问题 , 说明 调整 结构 是 一 项 艰巨 的 工作 , 我们 既要 积极 推进 , 更 要 注意 探索 解决 目前 存在 的 问题 的 方法 , 努力 确保 调整 结构 工作 健康 稳妥 地 进行 .\r\n如何 进行 农业 结构 调整 ?\r\n农业 结构 要 调整 , 就是 因为 市场 供求 关系 变 了 , 按 过去 老 思路 生产 的 东西 卖不动 了 .\r\n如果 不 认真 深入 研究 市场 , 把握 不准 市场 的 动向 和 趋势 , 调整 就要 冒 很大 的 风险 .\r\n农业 结构 调整 是 一件 大事 , 一方面 要 研究 市场 需要 什 幺 , 另一方面 要 弄清楚 自己 适宜 种 什 幺 , 养 什 幺 .\r\n也就是说 要 解决 理想 与 现实 结合 的 问题 .\r\n在 这个 结合点 上 做文章 , 就 能 在 市场 竞争 中 立于不败之地 .\r\n三 要 坚持 尊重 农民 的 意愿 .\r\n历史 经验 证明 , 什 幺 时候 充分 尊重 群众 意愿 , 就 能够 把 群众 的 积极性 调动 起来 , 工作 就 能够 顺利 进行 .\r\n尊重 群众 意愿 并不 意味着 各级 干部 就 无所作为 了 .\r\n服务 就是 要 真心实意 为 群众 着想 , 切实 解决 农民 在 产前 , 产 中 , 产后 遇到 的 各种 难题 .\r\n各级 干部 把 这些 工作 扎扎实实 做好 了 , 就 能够 为 农民 发展 质量 效益型 农业 提供 强有力 支持 , 农民 就 能够 在 调整 结构 中 发现 新 的 致富 亮点 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月29日 电 满怀信心 推进 反腐败 斗争 新华社 特约 评论员 正确 分析 和 判断 反腐败 斗争 形势 , 是 正确 决策 的 前提 , 也是 坚定 反腐败 信心 的 基础 .\r\n对 反腐败 斗争 充满 信心 , 首先 是 由于 我们 党 在 反腐败 方面 确立 了 正确 的 路线 , 方针 , 政策 .\r\n对 反腐败 斗争 充满 信心 , 是 因为 反腐败 各项 政策 和 工作 部署 始终 一 以 贯 之 , 反腐败 斗争 始终 保持 着 健康 的 发展 势头 , 并 不断 向纵深 推进 .\r\n只要 我们 把握住 这种 良好 发展 的 势头 , 就 能 不断 把 反腐败 斗争 推向 前进 .\r\n当前 , 反腐败 斗争 形势 依然 严峻 , 一些 消极 腐败 现 像 蔓延 的 势头 还 没有 得到 有效 遏制 , 已经 取得 的 成效 离 中央 的 要求 和 人民群众 的 期望 还有 较大 的 差距 , 任务 还 十分 繁重 .\r\n我们 既要 看到 这场 斗争 的 严重性 , 紧迫性 , 又要 看到 这场 斗争 的 长期性 , 复杂性 , 艰巨性 .\r\n要 从 确保 政令 畅通 的 高度 , 坚决 贯彻 落实 中央 制定 的 军 转 安置 工作 方针 政策 .\r\n会议 由 国务院 军转 安置 工作 小组 组长 , 人事部 部长 宋德福 主持 .\r\n( 22 ) 卢瑞华 会见 美国 客人 \" 中新社 广州 三月二十九日 电 \" 昨晚 , 广东省 省长 卢瑞华 在 广州 会见 并 宴请 了 由 州长 保罗塞路奇 率领 的 美国 马萨诸塞州 贸易 代表团 .\r\n卢瑞华 对 塞路奇 一行 的 来访 表示 欢迎 .\r\n卢瑞华 向 客人 介绍 了 广东省 近 两 年 的 经济 发展 情况 , 并 表示 广东 正 致力 於 发展 以 信息 产业 为 重点 的 高新 科技 产业 , 相信 塞路奇 州长 一行 的 到 访 会 促进 双方 在 这些 方面 的 合作 .\r\n塞路奇 一行 是 应 卢瑞华 的 邀请来 广东省 访问 的 .\r\n马萨诸塞州 与 广东省 一九八三年十一月 正式 建立 友好 省 州 关系 , 多年来 双方 在 经贸 科技 卫生 和 教育 等 领域 开展 了 较 有成效 的 的 合作 .\r\n谁 搞 \" 台独 \" , 谁 就 没有 好 下场 , 李登辉 就是 一个 活生生 的 反面教材 .\r\n掌权 之 初 , 他 立脚 未 稳 , 也 高唱 过 \" 一个 中国 \" , 主张 \" 统一 \" .\r\n可 没 过 多久 , 在 他 的 纵容 , 庇护 之下 , 流亡 海外 的 \" 台独 \" 分子 和 \" 台独 \" 组织 纷纷 重返 台湾 , 岛内 \" 台独 \" 活动 日益 公开化 , 合法化 .\r\n他 自己 , 什 幺 \" 一 中 一 台 \" , \" 一国两府 \" , \" 两 政治 实体 \" , \" 阶段性 两 中国 \" , \" 两国 论 \" 一类 的 谬论 相继 出笼 .\r\n他 让 人们 既 对 他 抱有 幻想 , 又 不敢 真正 相信 他 , 而 他 就 利用 这种 局面 , 一 步步 来 推行 他 的 分裂 阴谋 .\r\n即 以 台湾 这次 领导人 变更 活动 而言 , 岛内 众 口 流传 的 , 是 他 操纵 的 \" 弃 保 \" 阴谋 , 是 某些 人 的 \" 受骗 论 \" .\r\n李登辉 近年 已 把 两岸 关系 推 到 了 极为 危险 的 地步 .\r\n他 机关算尽 , 结果 是 国民党 分裂 , 不得不 下台 ; 台湾 族 群 矛盾 深化 , 社会 冲突 加剧 ; \" 台独 \" 势力 嚣张 , 台湾海峡 的 安定 局面 遭到 破坏 .\r\n台湾 人民 要 他 立即 下台 , 是 形势 发展 的 必然 结果 .\r\n他们 玩弄 权术 , 欺骗 人民 , 自作聪明 , 其实 是 最 愚蠢 的 .\r\n李登辉 是 这样 , 步 李登辉 后尘 的 人 也 只能 和 他 一样 , 最终 必然 落得 个 身败名裂 的 下场 .\r\n谓 予 不信 , 请 拭目以待 .\r\n每亩 退 耕地 每年 补助 粮食 的 标准 , 长江 上游 地区 300 斤 , 黄河 上 中游 地区 200 斤 , 省 内 可 进行 平衡 安排 .\r\n退耕 粮 源 由 省级 人民政府 按 就地 就近 原则 统筹 安排 解决 .\r\n原则上 以 地方 国有 粮食 购销 企业 的 商品 周转 粮 为主 , 必要 时 再 动用 地方 储备粮 或 申请 动用 中央 储备粮 .\r\n凡 未经 检验 或 检验 不合 标准 的 粮食 , 不得 供应 给 退耕 区 农民 .\r\n这个 办法 说 , 粮食 供应 的 组织 工作 由 各 省级 粮食 部门 负责 , 并 委托 国有 粮食 企业 承担 粮食 的 发放 , 兑付 业务 .\r\n粮食 调运 费用 由 地方 财政 负担 .\r\n承担 粮食 供应 任务 的 企业 要 根据 林业 部门 对 退耕 还 林 还 草 进度 , 质量 的 检查 验收 凭证 , 按 国家 确定 的 补助 标准 向 退耕 区 农户 发放 粮食 .\r\n对 没有 收购 网点 的 乡镇 , 可 增设 临时 供应 网点 , 基本 做到 每个 有 补助 粮食 供应 任务 的 乡镇 设立 一个 供应 网点 , 方便 农民 领取 粮食 .\r\n西部 大 开发 作为 全国性 的 战略 决策 , 政府 正 竭尽全力 地保 其 顺利 实施 , 采取 了 一系列 明显 的 倾斜 政策 .\r\n又 成为 新 的 探索 焦点 .\r\n由於 西部 地区 人均 GDP 仅 相当 於 全国 平均 的 百 之 六十 , 那里 的 工业化 率 低 於 全国 平均 水平 的 五 至 六个百分点 , 工业 产值 仅 占 全国 的 十分之一 左右 .\r\n因而 , 政府 对此 早已 有所 考虑 .\r\n今年 , 国家 就 将 在 西部 地 开始 建设 十 大型 项目 .\r\n日前 已 启动 前期 工作 的 \" 西 气 东 输 \" 工程 , 仅 一 期 建设 投资 就 达 一千二百亿 元 .\r\n今年 的 国债 资金 ( 四千亿 元 ) 投向 西部 的 比例 , 将 从 去年 的 百分之六十 提高到 百分之七十 .\r\n国家 财政 对 西部 开发 固然 重要 , 金融 业 也要 担当 重要 角色 .\r\n现在 该行 提出 , 为 更加 适应 西部 开发 , 要 以 新 思路 , 新 办法 , 建立 新 的 融资 机制 .\r\n当前 , 要 加强 财政 与 银行 的 配合 联动 , 包括 中央 财政 及 金融 协调 支持 , 地方 财政 与 金融 协调 支持 , 发挥 市场 机制 , 增强 特色 经济 支持 等 .\r\n据悉 , 新疆 境内 的 各 金融 机构 , 预计 今年 即 投放 近 百亿 元 资金 支持 当地 建设 .\r\n国内外 的 私人 投资 以及 国际 金融 机构 的 贷款 , 也是 西部 开发 资金 的 重要 来源 .\r\n纽约 人寿 最近 已 同 四川省 , 重庆市 政府 签署 了 金额 三亿五千万 美元 的 投资 意向书 .\r\n如何 动员 中国 民间 资本 向 西部 投资 , 受到 各方 的 密切 关注 .\r\n这些 政策 一旦 真正 兑现 , 民间 资本 将 大大 推动 西部 开发 的 进程 .\r\n在 认真 听取 了 与会者 的 发言 后 , 李岚清 发表 了 讲话 .\r\n他 说 , 基础 研究 是 人类 文明 进步 的 动力 , 是 科技 与 经济 发展 的 源泉 和 后盾 , 是 新技术 , 新 发明 的 先导 , 也是 培养 和 造就 科技 人才 的 摇篮 .\r\n李岚清 指出 , 新 中国 成立 50 年 来 , 我国 基础 研究 取得 了 很大 成绩 , 为 国民经济 和 社会 发展 作出 了 突出 贡献 .\r\n我国 基础 科研 取得 了 一批 具有 国际 先进 水平 的 成果 .\r\n一 是 要 引入 竞争 机制 .\r\n从 对 基础 研究 机构 的 支持 , 项目 课题 的 立项 , 到 学术 带头人 的 选择 , 基础 研究 队伍 的 形成 和 成长 , 都要 进行 公开 , 平等 , 公正 的 竞争 .\r\n三 是 要 提高 科研 管理 水平 , 加强 对 基础 研究 工作 的 总体 规划 和 部署 .\r\n科学 精神 的 内涵 十分 丰富 , 其 精髓 是 求实 创新 , 是 追求 真理 的 精神 .\r\n加紧 培养 和 选用 优秀 人才 , 应当 成为 今后 一个 时期 基础 研究 工作 的 主要 任务 之一 . 在 培养 和 选用 优秀 中青年 学术 带头人 问题 上 , 一定 要 有 紧迫感 , 思想 要 来 一个 大 解放 .\r\n李岚清 强调 , 要 继续 多渠道 , 多层次 地 增加 投入 .\r\n这些 年来 , 国家 对 基础 研究 的 投入 , 一直 在 逐年 增加 .\r\n在 以 政府 投入 为 主体 的 同时 , 要 积极 引导 和 鼓励 多渠道 增加 对 基础 研究 的 投入 .\r\n李岚清 指出 , 各级 党政 领导 特别是 科研 管理 部门 , 要 关心 从事 基础 研究 的 科研 人员 的 工作 和 生活 , 帮助 他们 解决 实际 问题 , 解除 他们 的 后顾之忧 .\r\n对于 在 基础 研究 领域 作出 突出 贡献 的 科学家 , 要 给予 他们 应有 的 物质 和 精神 奖励 , 大力 宣传 他们 的 先进事迹 , 在 全社会 形成 尊重 知识 , 崇尚 科学 的 浓郁 氛围 和 良好 环境 .\r\n全国 人大 常委会 副 委员长 周光召 也 在 会上 讲了话 .\r\n全国 政协 副主席 宋健 , 朱光亚 以及 有关 部门 负责人 陈至立 , 路甬祥 , 李主 其 , 陈佳洱 出席 了 会议 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月29日 电 ( 记者 李诗佳 ) 中央军委 副主席 张万年 上将 今天 在这里 会见 了 来访 的 孟加拉国 海军 参谋长 塔赫尔 少将 一行 .\r\n在 国际 事务 中 , 中 孟 两国 一贯 相互 理解 , 相互 支持 , 相互 帮助 , 密切 配合 .\r\n他 说 , 中国 政府 十分 赞赏 和 感谢 孟加拉国 政府 在 台湾 , 西藏 , 人权 等 问题 上 给予 中国 的 坚定 支持 和 帮助 .\r\n中 孟 两国 两 军 关系 的 发展 不仅 符合 两国 人民 的 根本 利益 , 也 有利于 本地区 的 和平 与 稳定 .\r\n谈到 台湾 问题 时 , 张万年 说 , 台湾 问题 是 历史 遗留 问题 , 台湾地区 的 选举 是 地方 选举 , 无论 谁 当选 , 都 应 坚持 \" 一个 中国 \" 的 原则 .\r\n张万年 还 向 客人 介绍 了 当前 中国 国内 形势 和 军队 建设 情况 .\r\n孟加拉国 政府 十分 珍视 并 将 继续 致力于 发展 孟中 友谊 .\r\n孟加拉国 将 继续 坚持 \" 一个 中国 \" 的 政策 .\r\n中国人民 解放军 副 总参谋长 吴铨叙 在 此前 也 会见 了 塔赫尔 .\r\n孟加拉国 客人 是 应 中国人民 解放军 海军 司令员 石云生 中将 邀请来 华 访问 的 .\r\n( 香港 中国 通讯社 三月二十九日 电 ) 特稿 : 普京 当选 总统 有利 中俄 关系 发展 香港 中通社 记者 贺冲 在 普京 当选 俄罗斯 联邦 总统 后 , 中国 国家主席 江泽民 立即 发出 贺电 , 并 通过 热线电话 对 他 热烈 祝贺 .\r\n江泽民 说 , 无论 是 中俄 两国 的 根本 利益 , 还是 两国 对 世界 所 负 的 特殊 责任 , 都 要求 我们 不断 加强 和 深化 中俄 战略 伙伴 关系 .\r\n中国 分析家 认为 , 普京 当选 俄国 总统 , 对 中俄 两国 关系 稳定 发展 有利 .\r\n他 的 对 台 \" 四 不 \" 政策 , 比 美国 总统 克林顿 的 \" 三 不 \" 政策 , 还 多 了 一 条 \" 不 向 台湾 提供 武器 \" , 以 表示 俄国 支持 中国 维护 国家 统一 和 领土 完整 所 作 的 努力 .\r\n中国 是 俄国 的 友好 邻邦 , 俄国 的 稳定 发展 , 自然 对 中国 有利 .\r\n中国 分析家 相信 , 普京 以 绝对 多数 票 当选 总统 , 主要 原因 之一 是 叶利钦 为 他 打下 良好 的 政治 基础 .\r\n叶利钦 近年 体弱多病 , 急 於 物色 接班人 , 曾 发生 一 年 内 三 换 总理 的 纪录 .\r\n去年 九月 , 他 提拔 普京 担任 总理 , 以 车臣 问题 来 考验 他 的 治国 能力 .\r\n普京 不 负 众望 , 采取 断然 措施 , 出动 大军 围剿 车臣 叛军 , 只 用 三个 月 时间 , 一举 攻陷 车臣 首府 , 捉拿 叛军 头目 , 为 俄国 军方 消气 立 威 , 大 得 军方 拥戴 .\r\n普京 本人 , 也 有过 人 的 长处 .\r\n虽然 他 出身 於 国家 安全部 , 但 他 对 经济 问题 也 有 深刻 的 研究 .\r\n他 的 首要 挑战 是 如何 处理 经济 问题 , 特别是 如何 处理 庞大 的 债务 ( 其中 外债 达 二千亿 美元 ) , 扭转 过去 过分 依赖 西方 贷款 的 倾向 .\r\n据说 普京 已 跟 各 部长 拟订 一 项 整顿 经济 计划 , 誓言 要 推行 市场经济 改革 , 整治 金融 领域 的 无政府状态 , 加强 法律 治国 .\r\n近日 , 乌 警方 又 相继 发现 另外 几处 被害 邪 教徒 的 坟墓 , 使 已知 死亡 人数 达到 760 人 , 其中 包括 160 儿童 .\r\n乌干达 有关方面 通过 调查 取证 认定 , 这是 邪教 组织 谋财害命 的 结果 , 它 充分 暴露 了 邪教 组织 反 人类 , 反 社会 , 反 科学 的 丑恶 本质 .\r\n邪教 组织 是 人类 文明 发展 的 毒瘤 , 反 科学 是 一切 邪教 的 共同 特征 .\r\n乌 \" 恢复 上帝 十 戒 运动 \" 是 一个 名叫 科波卫塔瑞 的 人 1989年 创建 的 .\r\n由于 教堂 所有 门窗 都 被 封 死 , 包括 78 儿童 在内 的 所有 在场 的 人 连同 整 座 教堂 一起 被 熊熊 大火 吞噬 .\r\n于是 , 科波卫塔瑞 及其 同伙 便 穷凶极恶 地 制造 了 这 起 \" 集体 自焚 事件 \" .\r\n邪教 头目 声称 , 在 教堂 被 焚 致死 的 邪 教徒 都是 \" 自愿 升入 天堂 \" 的 .\r\n但 乌 警方 的 调查 表明 , 事实 并非 如此 .\r\n那天 许多 人 曾 力图 逃命 , 因为 教堂 内 靠 门口 处 堆满 了 尸体 .\r\n在 被 挖掘 出 的 近 230 具 尸体 中 , 发现 许多 人 是 被 用 绳索 勒死 或 被 毒死 的 , 有的 尸首 留有 明显 被 刺杀 的 刀痕 .\r\n乌干达 政府 已经 对 \" 恢复 上帝 十 戒 运动 \" 残害 教徒 的 事件 进行 调查 , 并 采取 一系列 措施 杜绝 此类 事件 再度 发生 .\r\n打击 邪教 不仅 是 受 危害 国家 的 紧迫 任务 , 而且 是 国际 社会 的 共同 责任 .\r\n最近 , 受 邪教 危害 的 一些 国家 相继 采取 了 果断 的 打击 措施 , 以 确保 社会 的 稳定 .\r\n朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 阐述 了 中国 在 台湾 问题 上 的 原则 立场 , 强调 指出 , 不管 台湾 什 幺 人 上台 , 都 不能 搞 \" 台湾 独立 \" , 任何 形式 的 \" 台湾 独立 \" 都 不能 允许 .\r\n朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 要求 美方 充分 认识到 台湾 问题 的 重要性 和 敏感性 .\r\n江泽民 主席 和 克林顿 总统 已经 为 中美 关系 面向 21世纪 的 发展 确立 了 方向 和 框架 , 中美 双方 应 为此 而 继续 共同 努力 .\r\n朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 说 , 事实 证明 , 中美 发展 经贸 合作 对 双方 都 有利 .\r\n中美 就 中国 加入 世贸 组织 达成 双边 协议 是 一个 \" 双赢 \" 的 结果 .\r\n中方 希望 美方 切实 履行 自己的 有关 承诺 .\r\n外交部 副部长 杨洁 篪 , 外 经贸部 副部长 孙振宇 , 美国 驻华 大使 普理赫 等 参加 了 会见 .\r\n他 说 , 同 中国 发展 包括 军事 关系 在内 的 友好 合作 关系 是 哈萨克斯坦 重要 的 优先 政策 .\r\n近年来 , 中 哈 两 军 关系 也 保持 了 良好 的 发展 势头 , 两 军 在 各个 层次 , 各个 领域 的 友好 合作 关系 不断 发展 .\r\n中 哈 在 反对 民族 分裂 势力 问题 上 的 合作 , 不但 有利于 两国 的 安全 和 稳定 , 也 有利于 中亚 地区 乃至 世界 的 和平 与 安定 .\r\n希望 今后 双方 继续 加强 合作 , 共同 打击 民族 分裂主义 , 极端 宗教 势力 和 国际 恐怖主义 .\r\n托克帕克巴耶夫 说 : 在 哈 建国 之 初 , 纳扎尔巴耶夫 总统 就 强调 反对 任何 形式 的 民族 分裂主义 .\r\n哈 方的 这 一 立场 至今 不变 .\r\n中方 十分 重视 中 吉 关系 , 愿 与 吉 方 共同 努力 , 以 扎扎实实 的 行动 共同 构筑 跨世纪 的 两国 睦邻 友好 合作 关系 , 让 中 吉 两国 人民 世代 友好 下去 .\r\n他 说 , 在 吉 遇到 困难 的 时候 , 是 中国 及时 提供 了 真诚 的 帮助 , \" 患难 之中 见 真情 \" , 中国 人民 是 我们 值得 信赖 的 朋友 , 吉 政府 和 人民 对此 永远 不会 忘记 .\r\n吉 愿 积极 发展 吉 中 两国 睦邻 , 互 信 , 友好 合作 关系 , 加强 两国 在 各个 领域 的 交流 与 合作 , 使 两国 长达 1100 公里 的 共同 边界 成为 和平 , 友好 , 安宁 的 典范 .\r\n托波耶夫 说 , 吉 决不 允许 民族 分裂 势力 在 吉 境内 从事 分裂 中国 的 活动 , 两国 有关 部门 应 加强 协调 , 采取 措施 , 共同 打击 民族 分裂主义 , 宗教 极端 主义 和 国际 恐怖主义 活动 .\r\n谢尔盖耶夫 对 时隔 两个 月 再次 见到 迟浩田 表示 非常 高兴 .\r\n两 军 高层 领导 保持 经常性 接触 有利于 促进 两 军 友好 合作 关系 的 进一步 发展 .\r\n迟浩田 说 : 今天 有机会 与 部长 阁下 再次 见面 , 就 双边 合作 , 地区 局势 和 共同 感兴趣 的 问题 继续 交换 意见 感到 很 高兴 .\r\n中俄 两国 在 重大 国际 问题 上 密切 合作 , 相互 支持 , 在 维护 世界 和平 与 稳定 , 反对 霸权主义 和 强权政治 方面 发挥 了 重要 作用 .\r\n中方 认为 , 车臣 问题 是 俄 内政 , 中方 充分 理解 并 完全 支持 俄 政府 为 维护 国家 统一 , 领土 完整 和 社会 稳定 所 采取 的 行动 .\r\n台湾地区 领导人 选举 及其 结果 , 丝毫 不能 改变 台湾 是 中国 领土 一部分 的 事实 .\r\n中方 对 俄方 在 台湾 问题 上 的 一贯 理解 表示 感谢 .\r\n俄中 两国 对 维护 世界 和平 负有 重要 责任 , 今后 将 继续 进行 这 方面 的 合作 .\r\n他 重申 , 俄 一贯 支持 中国 政府 在 台湾 问题 上 的 原则 立场 , 认为 台湾 问题 是 中国 的 内部 事务 , 台湾 是 中国 领土 不可 分割 的 一部分 .\r\n迟浩田 祝愿 俄罗斯 人民 在 新 总统 普京 领导 下 , 把 国家 建设 得 更加 繁荣富强 , 人民 生活 更加 幸福 .\r\n冯沪祥 明确 的 说 : \" 我 相信 大陆 已经 做好 军事 准备 .\r\n\" 他 表示 , 他 是 根据 北京 有关方面 告诉 他 的 讯息 , 以及 他 本人 的 评估 而 得出 上述 的 结论 .\r\n( 30-03-2000 ) 中欧 展开 激烈 讨价还价 \" 本报 记者 滕悦 北京 二十九日 电 \" 中国 与 欧盟 关於 中国 加入 世贸 组织 的 新 一 轮 谈判 今天 进入 第二 天 .\r\n双方 代表 下午 进行 了 约 两 半小时 的 会谈 , 尚未 取得 突破性 进展 .\r\n他们 商定 於 明天 上午 继续 谈判 .\r\n本次 会见 大约 持续 了 七十五 分钟 .\r\n会见 结束 后 , 拉米 的 发言人 古奇 表示 , 谈判 工作 目前 还 处在 \" 初期 阶段 \" .\r\n他 说 : \" 我们 此次 来到 北京 的 目的 就是 促成 中欧 达成 双边 协定 .\r\n正在 进行 的 各类 接触 和 即将 进行 的 一些 接触 将会 有助 於 我们 达到 这 一 目标 .\r\n\" 古奇 未 就 拉米 与 朱 总理 的 会谈 发表 任何 直接 评论 .\r\n但是 从 另外 一个 角度 来看 , 陈水 扁 有意 组成 暂时 内阁 政府 .\r\n他 强调 , 真正 关键 在 於 陈水扁 个人 要不要 对 \" 一个 中国 \" 原则 表态 , 陈水扁 的 人事 安排 并非 重点 .\r\n美国 在 历史 上 曾经 有 很 长 一段 时期 对 黑人 实行 奴隶 统治 .\r\n它 是 所谓 西方 \" 文明 国家 \" 中 唯一 在 本国 领土 上 实行 过 奴隶 统治 的 国家 .\r\n国际上 早在 1926年 就 通过 了 《 禁 奴 公约 》 , 1956年 又 通过 了 《 废止 奴隶制 , 奴隶 贩卖 及 类似 奴隶 之 制度 与 习俗 补充 公约 》 , 美国 是 这 两 个 公约 的 参加 国 .\r\n这就是说 , 在 这 以前 奴隶制 在 这个 州 一直 是 合法 的 .\r\n这 简直 是 美国 这个 自称为 \" 人权 卫士 \" 国家 的 一 大 笑话 .\r\n既然 美国 如此 尊重 人权 , 那 为 什 幺 不 首先 把 密西西比州 的 事 管 一 管 呢 ?\r\n这 说明 种族主义 和 种族歧视 在 美国 是 根深蒂固 的 .\r\n第二 , 美国 是 一个 崇尚 暴力 和 刑事犯罪 严重 的 国家 .\r\n每天 打开 报纸 , 几乎 无处 不是 令人 触目惊心 的 暴力 犯罪 报道 .\r\n当 这场 枪杀 事件 还 未 了结 , 美国 得克萨斯州 又 发生 一起 暴徒 打死 4 人 , 打伤 2 人 的 恶性 枪杀 事件 .\r\n产生 这些 枪杀 事件 的 根本 原因 , 是 美国 宪法 和 法律 对 私人 持有 枪支 不 加 禁止 .\r\n法新社 华盛顿 电 称 : \" 新 千年 刚过 6个 星期 , 美国 的 犯人 就 达到 了 全世界 犯人 总数 的 [per 1 4.] \"\r\n罪犯 数量 的 大量 增加 说明 犯罪 暴行 的 严重 和 普遍 , 更 说明 在 美国 社会 人权 是 没有 保障 的 .\r\n第三 , 美国 是 当今 世界上 贫富 悬殊 十分 巨大 的 国家 .\r\n美国 《 芝加哥 论坛 报 》 1999年9月6日 报道说 , 在 过去 20 年 中 , 几乎 所有 工人 的 工资 都 有所 下降 , 而 工作 时间 则 比 以往 更 长 .\r\n一旦 生 了 重病 , 只好 束手待毙 .\r\n第四 , 美国 是 一个 对外 实行 穷兵黩武 , 奉行 霸权主义 的 国家 .\r\n众所周知 , 美国 军费 开支 占 世界 第一 .\r\n美国 制定 如此 庞大 的 军事 预算 , 当然 是 为了 对外 发动 侵略战争 , 干涉 别国 内政 .\r\n美国 凭借 其 强大 的 军事 实力 , 在 国际上 到处 穷兵黩武 , 侵犯 别国 主权 和 人权 .\r\n仅 九十年 代 以来 , 美国 对外 使用 武力 就 达 40 .\r\n总之 , 美国 人权 记录 不管 对内 对外 , 都 十分 糟糕 .\r\n进入 新 千年 , 朝鲜 党报 , 军 报 和 青年 报 发表 联合 社论 , 号召 全体 朝鲜 人民 努力 奋斗 , \" 掀起 第二 千里马 运动 大 高潮 \" .\r\n朝鲜 是 一个 山地 占 国土 面积 约 达 80% 的 国家 , 耕地 非常 有限 , 人均 耕地面积 仅有 0.2 英亩 .\r\n朝鲜 党 和 政府 积极 开展 各种 声势浩大 的 群众运动 , 一 场 全国 范围 内 生产 高潮 正在 兴起 .\r\n电力 工业 部门 认真 贯彻 落实 大 中小型 水电站 并举 的 方针 , 积极 推广 慈江 道 建设 中小型 水电站 的 经验 .\r\n到 去年 6月 底 , 在 全国各地 共 竣工 并 投产 的 中小型 水电站 就 有 5000 , 电力 供应 紧张 的 难题 逐步 得到 缓解 .\r\n各种 轰轰烈烈 的 运动 , 极大 地 调动 了 广大 人民群众 建设 祖国 的 豪情 , \" 为 明天 而 生活 \" 成了 近年来 常见 诸 于 报端 的 口号 .\r\n今年 政府 提出 要 主攻 电力 , 煤炭 , 冶金 , 铁路 运输 和 农业 等 几个 重要 的 瓶颈 部门 , 加大 生产 力度 .\r\n去年 一 年 , 朝 美 , 朝日 等 关系 得到 改善 , 拓展 了 对外 经济 合作 渠道 . 外部 环境 逐步 得到 改善 , 全国 人民 生产 建设 的 热情 高涨 , 这是 朝鲜 进行 经济 建设 的 有利 条件 .\r\n朝鲜 人民 面对 苦难 , 表现出 超 强 的 承受 忍耐 能力 和 坚强 的 意志 .\r\n凡是 接受 记者 采访 的 朝鲜 同志 都会 坚定 地 说 , \" 无论 考验 有 多 幺 艰巨 , 前进 的 道路 有 多 险 , 我们 将 坚定 地 迎着 困难 上 , 笑 着 向前 走 \" .\r\n朝鲜 人民 的 这种 乐观主义 精神 和 坚强 的 意志 以及 对 美好 未来 的 渴望 , 必将 成为 朝鲜 经济 发展 的 强劲 动力 .\r\n完善 收入 分配 结构 和 分配 方式 任务 艰巨 ; 中国 经济 同 世界 经济 进一步 融合 , 国内 市场 日益 国际化 , 增强 产业 竞争力 成为 当务之急 .\r\n综合 考虑 中国 经济 发展 的 国内外 环境 , 我们 完全 能够 保持 一个 比较 快 的 增长速度 , 为 下世纪中叶 基本 实现 现代化 打下 坚实 基础 .\r\n持续 二十 年 的 快速 增长 , 奠定 了 比较 雄厚 的 物质 技术 条件 , 特别是 交通 通信 能源 等 基础 设施 建设 的 大发展 , 增强 了 经济 发展 的 后劲 .\r\n国民 储蓄 率 较高 , 90年 代 以来 一直 保持 在 38 ﹪ 左右 , 具备 支持 经济 快速 增长 的 资金来源 .\r\n劳动力 资源 丰富 , 青壮年 人口 比重 高 , 成本 优势 明显 , 加之 国家 采取 措施 减轻 国有 企业 负担 , 分流 富余 人员 , 分离 办 社会 职能 , 有利 於 提高 劳动生产率 .\r\n改革开放 以来 , 城乡 居民 的 收入 有了 较大 幅度 的 提高 , 人民群众 得到 了 实惠 , 但 人民 生活 的 总体 水平 还 不高 , 城镇 下岗 职工 生活 还 比较 困难 , 三千 多 万 人 尚未 解决 温饱 , 在 提高 人民 生活水平 方面 , 还要 进行 长期 的 艰苦 努力 .\r\n当前 有效 需求 不足 某些 产品 和 生产能力 过剩 的 现 像 , 是 在 社会 生产力 和 人民 生活 总体 水平 不高 的 情况 下 出现 的 .\r\n如何 扩大 国内 需求 , 开拓 国内 市场 , 是 关系 我国 未来 发展 全局 的 重大 课题 .\r\n调整 和 优化 经济 结构 , 是 促进 经济 发展 , 提高 经济 增长 质量 和 效益 的 根本性 措施 .\r\n中国 作为 工业化 任务 还 十分 艰巨 的 发展 中 大国 , 基础 设施 建设 的 任务 远 没有 结束 .\r\n─ ─ 全面 推进 素质 教育 , 加快 科技 进步 , 提高 技术 创新 能力 .\r\n科技 与 教育 是 经济 和 社会 发展 的 主导 力量 , 创新 是 民族 进步 的 灵魂 , 是 国家 兴旺发达 的 不 竭 动力 .\r\n加快 科技 教育 体制改革 , 从 根本上 解决 发展 科技 教育 的 体制 束缚 , 解决 科技 教育 与 经济 脱节 问题 , 建立 国家 创新 体系 , 使 企业 真正 成为 技术 创新 的 主体 .\r\n把 技术 引进 与 自主 创新 有机 结合 起来 , 继续 积极 引进 国外 先进 适用 技术 , 下大 力气 搞好 消化 吸收 , 提高 自主 研究 开发 能力 , 实现 在 较高 水平 上 的 技术 跨越 .\r\n积极 发展 各种 形式 的 职业教育 成人教育 和 现代 远程 教育 , 构建 终身 教育 体系 , 拓宽 人才 成长 的 道路 .\r\n─ ─ 实施 西部 大 开发 战略 , 加快 中西部 地区 发展 步伐 , 促进 地区 经济 协调 发展 .\r\n实施 城市化 战略 , 加快 城市化 步伐 , 既是 实现 现代化 不可逾越 的 历史 阶段 , 也是 解决 经济 社会 发展 中 诸多 矛盾 的 关键 举措 .\r\n凡是 具有 远见卓识 , 早期 来华 投资 , 并 积极 转让 技术 的 企业 , 都 有效地 开拓 了 中国 市场 , 得到 了 很好 的 回报 , 创造 了 在 其他 国家 和 地区 难以 取得 的 业绩 .\r\n未来 十 年 , 中国 将 继续 进行 大规模 的 现代化 建设 , 成为 世界 经济 增长 最 快 的 \" 板块 \" 和 增长 潜力 最大 的 市场 .\r\n中国 的 发展 和 改革开放 的 推进 , 必将 为 世界 各国 与 中国 发展 贸易 和 经济 合作 带来 广阔 的 前景 .\r\n新华社 华盛顿 3月29日 电 ( 记者 刘江 ) 美国 总统 克林顿 29日 在 白宫 举行 的 记者招待会 上 再次 强调 , 美国 政府 将 继续 奉行 一个 中国 的 政策 .\r\n他 说 , 如果 美国 放弃 一个 中国 政策 , 美中 关系 将会 陷入 \" 危急 的 境地 \" .\r\n在 谈到 美中 两国 去年 11月 就 中国 加入 世贸 组织 达成 协议 的 问题 时 , 克林顿 说 , 这项 协议 将 增加 美国 的 就业 机会 , 促进 经济 的 发展 .\r\n他 说 , 从 国际 经济 和 国家 安全 的 长远利益 来看 , 目前 没有 比 支持 中国 加入 世贸 组织 更 重要 的 问题 .\r\n如果 中国 加入 世贸 组织 而 美国 拒绝 给予 中国 上述 贸易 地位 , 那 幺 美国 通过 谈判 得到 的 利益 就 会 流向 欧洲 , 日本 和 其他 世贸 组织 成员 , \" 这 不仅 会 在 经济 上 导致 不良 后果 , 而且 将 给 国家 安全 带来 更 严重 的 恶果 \" .\r\n他 呼吁 国会 在 今年 春季 批准 给予 中国 永久性 正常 贸易 关系 地位 .\r\n江泽民 同志 《 关于 教育 问题 的 谈话 》 对 我国 教育 工作 中 一系列 带有 根本性 和 方向性 的 重大 问题 进行 了 深刻 , 精辟 的 论述 .\r\n其中 特别 强调 了 全面 贯彻 党 的 教育 方针 , 抓好 青少年 学生 思想 教育 的 紧迫性 , 必要性 .\r\n在 建国 初期 , 毛泽东 同志 就 提出 了 德 , 智 , 体 全面 发展 的 教育 方针 , 强调 要 把 思想 政治 教育 放在 学校 工作 的 首位 , 从而 奠定 了 学校 思想 教育 工作 的 基础 .\r\n80年 代末 , 国内外 形势 错综复杂 , 思想 战线 出现 一些 混乱 .\r\n这 一 论述 为 扭转 青少年 思想 教育 工作 一度 出现 的 被动 局面 发挥 了 巨大 作用 .\r\n在 去年 召开 的 全国 教育 工作会议 上 他 又 语重心长 地 告诫 教育 战线 的 同志们 : \" 如果 轻视 思想 政治 教育 , 历史 知识 教育 和 人格 培养 , 那就 会 产生 很大 的 片面性 , 而 这种 片面性 往往 会 影响 人 的 一生 的 轨迹 .\r\n这 充分 表明 了 党中央 实施 科教 兴 国 战略 的 坚强 决心 和 对 教育 工作 的 高度 重视 , 充分 体现 了 党 和 政府 对 青少年 一代 健康 成长 的 关切 与 期望 之情 .\r\n二 , 加强 与 改进 青少年 思想 工作 是 新时期 教育 战线 面临 的 紧迫 课题 改革开放 以来 , 教育 改革 和 发展 取得 巨大 成就 .\r\n爱党 爱国 , 思想 活跃 , 渴望 成才 , 是 广大 青少年 的 主流 .\r\n但是 , 我们 必须 清醒 地 看到 , 今天 青少年 成长 的 外部 环境 和 他们 的 身心 发展 特点 都 发生 了 很大 变化 .\r\n另一方面 , 目前 社会上 出现 的 拜金主义 , 享乐 主义 , 个人主义 等 腐朽 思想 及 各种 社会 丑恶 现 像 也 给 青少年 带来 许多 消极 影响 .\r\n此外 , 千年 封建 文化 的 影响 也 依然 存在 .\r\n这些 都 干扰 着 青少年 正确 的 理想 , 信念 , 人生观 , 价值观 , 道德 观 的 形成 .\r\n江泽民 同志 在 《 谈话 》 中 指出 , \" 正确 引导 和 帮助 青少年 学生 健康 成长 , 使 他们 能够 德 , 智 , 体 , 美 全面 发展 , 是 一个 关系 我国 教育 发展 方向 的 重大 问题 \" .\r\n广大 教育 工作者 应该 明确 , 加强 和 改进 青少年 思想 教育 工作 是 全面 贯彻 党 的 教育 方针 的 必然 要求 和 具体 体现 ; 全面 贯彻 党 的 教育 方针 必须 以 加强 和 改进 青少年 思想 教育 为 首要 任务 .\r\n这是 保证 我们 的 培养 目标 和 培养 方向 不 偏离 正确 轨道 的 基本原则 .\r\n因此 , 我们 必须 始终如一 地 全面 贯彻 党 的 教育 方针 , 将 其 落实 到 具体 的 教育 实践 中 去 , 真正 做到 对 青少年 思想 教育 的 针对性 , 有效性 和 一贯性 的 统一 .\r\n他 深刻 指出 , \" 要 说 素质 , 思想 政治 素质 是 最 重要 的 素质 .\r\n因而 加强 和 改进 青少年 思想 教育 是 全面 实施 素质 教育 , 全面 提高 教育 质量 的 重要 举措 .\r\n改进 学校 的 思想 教育 工作 是 抓好 青少年 思想 教育 的 重要 环节 .\r\n各级 各类 学校 都 应该 在 建设 一 支 以 班主任 , 任课 教师 , 少先队 , 共青团 和 学生 管理 干部 为 骨干 的 思想 教育 队伍 上下 功夫 .\r\n必须 把 加强 和 改进 青少年 思想 教育 作为 系统工程 来 抓 .\r\n学习 领会 这 一 思想 , 重要 的 是 要 学会 用 系统 的 , 事物 之间 互相 联系 的 观点 分析 并 解决 教育 问题 .\r\n应当 看到 , 在 教育 这个 系统工程 中 , 思想 教育 的 成功 与否 , 直接 影响 和 决定 着 教育 整体 工程 的 成功 与否 .\r\n同时 , 思想 教育 本身 也是 个 系统工程 .\r\n不仅 教育 方针 , 原则 , 内容 , 途径 和 方法 之间 相互 关联 , 教育 者 , 被 教育 者 以及 教育 环境 之间 也 存在 着 相互 作用 , 相互 制约 的 关系 .\r\n只有 相互 配合 , 形成 合力 , 思想 教育 才能 取得 良好 效果 .\r\n在 思想 教育 这个 系统工程 中 , 家庭教育 是 青少年 健康 成长 的 基础 , 学校 教育 是 关键 , 社会教育 是 基本 保证 .\r\n思想 教育 作为 一个 系统工程 , 其 内容 之 丰富 , 涉及 面 之 广 , 运作 之 复杂 , 在 理论 与 实践 方面 都 需要 我们 不断 认识 和 探索 .\r\n在 工作 中 , 教育 部门 要 深刻 认识 思想 教育 工作 在 整个 教育 工作 中 的 地位 , 同时 充分 认识 学校 , 家庭 , 社会 在 青少年 思想 教育 中 不可 缺 一 的 作用 .\r\n学校 要 努力 作好 青少年 思想 教育 工作 , 同时 呼吁 家庭 , 社会 等 各个 方面 都要 关心 和 支持 青少年 的 教育 工作 , 形成 有利于 青少年 身心健康 发展 的 大 环境 .\r\n青少年 学生 是 整个 社会 力量 中 最 热情 , 最 有 生气 和 创造力 的 力量 , 是 祖国 的 未来 和 希望 .\r\n2000年2月28日 , 是 《 中华人民共和国 人民警察 法 》 颁布 实施 五 周年 纪念日 .\r\n人民警察 法 是 确立 我国 人民警察 基本 制度 的 法律 , 是 公安 工作 全面 实现 法制化 的 基础 和 保障 .\r\n一 , 全国 公安 机关 依法 履行 警察 法 赋予 的 职责 , 不断 加强 组织 管理 和 队伍 建设 , 保障 了 人民警察 法 的 全面 贯彻执行\r\n人民警察 法 作为 公安 工作 的 基本 法律 , 其 规定 的 内容 涉及 公安 业务 和 队伍 建设 的 各个 方面 , 公安 机关 对 人民警察 法 的 贯彻 实施 贯穿 在 各项 工作 之中 .\r\n济南 交警 , 漳州 110 指挥 中心 , 东莱 派出所 , 邱娥国 等 为人民服务 的 先进集体 和 个人 , 得到 党 和 人民 群众 的 高度 赞扬 .\r\n对 人民警察 职权 的 规定 是 人民警察 法 的 核心 内容 .\r\n严格 依法 履行 职责 是 公安 机关 贯彻 人民警察 法 的 基本 要求 .\r\n第三 , 强化 执法 监督 , 健全 完善 内外 监督 机制 .\r\n第四 , 依法 从严 治 警 , 建设 高素质 的 公安 队伍 .\r\n建设 一 支 强有力 的 公安 队伍 是 做好 公安 工作 的 前提 和 基础 .\r\n另外 , 公安 机关 人民警察 抚恤 办法 的 实施 , 公安 英烈 抚恤 基金 的 建立 , 以及 \" 金盾 工程 \" 的 实施 等 , 使 警务 保障 日益 加强 .\r\n第五 , 公安 法规 体系 日益 完善 , 公安 法制 建设 全面 发展 .\r\n经过 多年 的 努力 , 公安 工作 的 主要 方面 已经 实现 了 有法可依 , 各项 公安 工作 和 队伍 建设 已经 逐步 纳入 法制化 的 轨道 .\r\n首先 , 要 在 全体 公安 民警 中 深入 开展 全心全意 为人民服务 的 宗旨 教育 , 进一步 强化 服务 意识 和 宗旨 观念 .\r\n第二 , 从 公安 执法 工作 的 普遍性 , 倾向性 问题 着手 , 继续 狠抓 严格 , 公正 , 文明 执法 .\r\n严格 , 公正 , 文明 执法 , 是 公安 工作 永恒 的 主题 , 是 公安 机关 进一步 贯彻 人民警察 法 的 迫切要求 , 也是 真正 实现 公安 工作 让 人民 满意 的 根本 途径 .\r\n第三 , 要 深化 公安 组织 体制改革 .\r\n\" 三 教育 \" 与 人民警察 法 的 贯彻 实施 相辅相成 .\r\n他 和 他 的 \" 法 轮 功 \" , \" 永远 不 参与 政治 , 不 干涉 国事 \" , \" 对 政治 和 政权 不 感兴趣 \" . 李洪志 的 这 套 瞒天过海 之 说 确实 迷惑 了 不少 天真 的 练习 者 .\r\n有的 甚至 中毒 极 深 , 时 至 今日 仍有 极 少数 愚 冥 不 化 者 替 \" 法 轮 功 \" 喊冤叫屈 .\r\n事实 已经 得出 一个 公正 的 结论 .\r\n先 来 听 李洪志 的 言论 .\r\n他 说 : \" 现在 社会 问题 层出不穷 , 哪个 政府 也 解决 不了 . \"\r\n既然 现行 的 制度 解决 不了 社会 问题 , 那 只能 让位 于 李洪志 和 他 的 \" 法 轮 大法 \" .\r\n首先 , 自打 所谓 \" 出山 \" 以来 , 李洪志 所 干 的 一切 , 就是 把 \" 法 轮 功 \" 组织 建成 一个 组织 严密 , 指挥 灵敏 , 行动 统一 的 邪恶 势力 .\r\n就 这样 , 近 两 年 来 指挥 了 300 对 新闻 单位 和 政府 机关 的 围攻 , 直至 发展 到 \" 4 · 25 \" 这样 极其 严重 的 政治 事件 .\r\n事实 充分 表明 , 李洪志 及其 \" 法 轮 功 \" 邪教 组织 不仅 对 政治 , 对 权力 垂涎欲滴 , 而且 胆大妄为 公然 向 社会 挑战 .\r\n表面 的 那 套 \" 不问 政治 \" 的 言辞 , 只不过 是 为了 诱骗 善良 的 群众 , 好 让 这些 无辜者 来 充当 他 实现 自己 政治 图谋 的 \" 炮灰 \" .\r\n真相 早已 大白天 下 , 受 蒙骗 者 该当 彻底 醒悟 了 !\r\n\" 中国 的 猫 要 抓 中国 的 老鼠 , 只有 能够 回答 中国 现代化 道路 中 的 根本 问题 , 才能 形成 社会学 的 中国 学派 \" .\r\n纪念 大会 上 , 李铁映 发表 了 题为 《 社会学 大有作为 》 的 讲话 .\r\n他 说 : 今天 老中青 学者 在这里 庆祝 社会学 所 成立 20 周年 , 在 中国 学术 史 上 有 重大 意义 .\r\n在 谈到 社会学 的 历史 任务 时 , 他 指出 : 中国 现代化 面临 的 问题 , 需要 我们 的 社会学 研究 人员 作出 回答 .\r\n例如 几亿 农民 如何 实现 现代化 ?\r\n社区 组织形式 在 新 形式 下 会 有 什 幺 样 的 特点 ?\r\n家庭 在 今后 的 社会 发展 中 应 起到 什 幺 样 的 作用 ?\r\n再 如 当前 近 亿 人 的 民工 流动 等 问题 , 都是 中国 现代化 不可 回避 的 大 问题 .\r\n1980年 成立 的 中国 社科院 社会学 所 , 10 年 前 仅 两 博士 , 现 已 增加到 24 .\r\n今天 上午 的 谈判 是 从 九时三十分 开始 的 , 接近 十一点 时 结束 .\r\n下午 的 磋商 是 从 十三时三十分 开始 的 .\r\n欧盟 方面 不肯 透露 今天 晚间 是否 将 进行 今天 的 第三 磋商 .\r\n统计 还 显示 , 中国 累计 已 发现 的 二十 多 万 矿产 地 中 , 共有 十五 万 多 的 矿产 地 已 探明 储量 , 使 中国 成为 世界上 探明 矿产资源 矿 种 多 , 开发 量 大 的 少数 国家 之一 .\r\n现在 , 中国 矿石 的 年 开采 总量 达 六十亿 吨 , 占 全国 工业 总产值 的 百分之六点三 , 矿石 开采 为 全国 提供 一千五百 多 万 个 就业 机会 .\r\n同时 , 鞍山 , 包头 , 海南 等 地区 还 建成 了 一大批 铁矿石 生产 基地 , 产量 共 达 二亿三千万 吨 .\r\n中国 对 煤炭 的 勘探 开发 成绩 辉煌 .\r\n据 勘探 发现 , 中国 的 矿产资源 约 有 三分之二 位 於 中西部 地区 , 大部 份 仍 有待 进一步 的 勘探 开发 .\r\n参加 会晤 的 有 中华 人民 共和国 国防部 长 迟浩田 上将 , 哈萨克 斯坦 共和国 国防部 长 托克帕克巴耶夫 中将 , 吉尔 吉斯 共和国 国防部 长 托波耶夫 中将 , 俄罗斯 联邦 国防部 长 谢尔盖耶夫 元帅 , 塔吉克 斯坦 共和国 国防部 长 海鲁洛耶夫 上将 .\r\n五 国 在 边境 事务 和 军事 信任 领域 达成 的 共识 , 体现 了 互利 , 互 信 , 平等 , 合作 的 新型 安全 观 , 有助于 巩固 互 信 和 睦邻 , 为 保障 整个 地区 的 稳定 做出 了 建设性 贡献 .\r\n各方 表示 要 坚决 完整 地 贯彻 上述 协定 .\r\n国防部 长 们 对 五 国 代表 组成 的 负责 组织 和 协调 核查 的 联合 监督 小组 工作 的 良好 开端 表示 满意 , 认为 利用 这 一 小组 探讨 加强 军事 领域 信任 的 有关 问题 是 有益 的 .\r\n五 , 国防部长 们 认为 , 国际局势 正在 发生 深刻 的 变化 , 多极化 的 发展 趋势 日趋 明显 .\r\n各方 指出 , 霸权主义 和 强权政治 依然 威胁 着 世界 的 和平 与 稳定 .\r\n只有 建立 和平 , 稳定 , 公正 , 合理 的 国际 政治 经济 新 秩序 才能 实现 二十一世纪 的 持久 和平 与 繁荣 .\r\n六 , 各方 强调 必须 强化 不 扩散 核武器 制度 , 推动 全面 禁止 核试验 条约 早日 生效 .\r\n七 , 国防部长 们 再次 重申 支持 联大 1999年 通过 的 《 关于 维护 和 遵守 反弹道导弹 条约 》 决议 .\r\n各方 强调 , 该 条约 是 战略 稳定 的 基础 和 全球 裁军 进程 发展 的 重要 条件 .\r\n部长 们 指出 , 在 亚太地区 部署 战区 导弹 防御 系统 将 可能 导致 破坏 地区 的 稳定 与 安全 .\r\n各方 希望 , 未来 有关 建立 无核区 的 条约 能 符合 无核区 的 宗旨 和 目标 , 以便 获得 包括 核国家 在内 的 国际 承认 .\r\n各方 决心 继续 促进 中亚 安全 的 巩固 , 这种 安全 的 基础 旨在 保持 长久 和平 的 合作 , 而且 不应 受 地区 外 势力 干涉 的 破坏 .\r\n为此 , 五 国 将 加强 防务 部门 的 磋商 与 合作 .\r\n十 , 各方 表示 理解 和 支持 中国 争取 国家 统一 的 愿望 和 努力 , 重申 世界上 只有 一个 中国 , 台湾 是 中国 领土 不可 分割 的 一部分 .\r\n各方 支持 中方 关于 反对 任何 国家 以 任何 形式 将 台湾 纳入 战区 导弹 防御 计划 的 立场 .\r\n十一 , 各方 对 阿富汗 国内 仍在 继续 的 军事 对抗 表示 严重 关切 , 它 对 地区 和 国际 的 稳定 造成 严重 威胁 .\r\n各方 一致 认为 , 历史 证明 , 阿富汗 问题 不可能 通过 军事 途径 得到 解决 .\r\n本 公报 于 2000年3月30日 在 阿斯塔纳市 签订 , 一 式 五 , 每 份 均 用 中文 和 俄 文书 就 , 两 文本 同等 作准 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月30日 电 ( 记者 赵新兵 ) 国务院 副总理 钱其琛 今天 下午 在 中南海 会见 了 以 洪清源 为 团长 的 香港岛 各界 联合会 访 京团 一行 .\r\n我们 坚持 以 \" 和平 统一 , 一国两制 \" 方针 来 解决 台湾 问题 , 实现 祖国 的 统一 , 但 不能 承诺 放弃 使用 武力 .\r\n如果 出现 外国 势力 干涉 , 出现 台湾 独立 , 台湾 问题 无限期 拖延 下去 , 我们 将 不得不 采取 一切 必要 措施 维护 国家 领土 和 主权 的 完整 .\r\n谁 搞 \" 台独 \" , 谁 就 没有 好 下场 .\r\n钱其琛 希望 香港 各界人士 在 加强 两岸 各 领域 合作 与 交流 方面 做出 积极 的 贡献 .\r\n李日焕 表示 , 朝鲜 青年 将 为 推动 两国 老一辈 领导人 所 培育 的 朝 中 传统 友谊 在 二十一 世纪 的 不断 发展 而 努力 .\r\n朝鲜 客人 是 应 共青团 中央 的 邀请来 华 访问 的 .\r\n双方 就 广泛 问题 交换 了 看法 .\r\n在 回答 记者 有关 中东 和平 进程 问题 时 , 孙玉玺 说 , 巴勒斯坦 问题 是 中东 问题 的 核心 .\r\n自 一九九一年 马德里 和会 以来 , 巴 以 和谈 在 双方 共同 努力 和 国际 社会 的 推动 下 , 取得 了 重要 进展 .\r\n他 说 , 中国 认为 , 支持 和 帮助 巴勒斯坦 人民 恢复 合法 的 民主 权利 , 包括 重返 家园 建立 独立 国家 , 是 国际 社会 应 尽责任 和 义务 .\r\n中国 希望 , 巴 以 双方 能够 恪守 已经 达成 的 协议 , 在 联合国 有关 决议 基础 上 , 以 灵活 务实 的 态度 , 通过 正 糸 判 , 尽早 解决 巴勒斯坦 问题 , 恢复 巴勒斯坦 人民 合法 的 民主 权利 .\r\n外交部 长 唐家璇 同 他 举行 了 会谈 .\r\n今天 , 中央 外事 办公室 主任 刘华秋 会见 了 他 .\r\n今天 下午 江泽民 主席 将 会见 他 .\r\n他 说 , 在 会见 和 会谈 中 , 双方 就 中美 关系 台湾 问题 中国 加入 世贸 组织 美国 对华 永久 正常 贸易 关系 不 扩散 以及 共同 关心 的 国际 和 地区 问题 交换 了 意见 .\r\n中方 重申 在 台湾 问题 上 的 原则 立场 , 要求 美方 充分 认识 当前 局势 的 敏感性 和 复杂性 , 以 实际 行动 坚持 一个 中国 的 原则 , 恪守 中美 三 个 联合公报 .\r\n对此 , 伯杰 表示 , 美国 和 中国 的 关系 正 处 於 关键 时刻 .\r\n中共 中央 政治局 常委 , 国务院 副总理 李岚清 出席 会议 并 讲话 .\r\n他 指出 , 国务院 决定 今年 11月1日 进行 第五 全国 人口普查 , 这是 一次 世纪之交 的 普查 , 意义 十分 重大 , 必须 精心 部署 , 确保 成功 .\r\n人口普查 作为 重大 的 国情 国力 调查 , 是 一 项 庞大 的 社会 系统工程 .\r\n对 违反 《 统计法 》 和 《 第五 全国 人口普查 办法 》 规定 , 干扰 普查 工作 , 编造 普查 数据 的 , 要 依法 严肃 予以 处理 .\r\n为了 搞好 普查 , 国务院 有关 部门 已 制定 了 相关 配套 政策 , 各地区 要 认真 贯彻 落实 , 不能 自 定 政策 , 各行其是 .\r\n各级 政府 要 按照 《 第五 全国 人口普查 办法 》 的 规定 , 做好 普查 人员 的 选调 工作 , 确保 普查 所需 人员 的 数量 和 质量 .\r\n地方政府 的 经费 还 没有 安排 或者 安排 得 不足 的 , 要 抓紧 落实 .\r\n各级 政府 要 采取 一切 有效的 方式 , 做好 组织 领导 工作 , 动员 群众 和 社会 力量 , 投入 到 人口普查 中 来 .\r\n各 新闻 媒体 要 积极 配合 , 充分 利用 电视 , 广播 , 报刊 和 其他 生动活泼 的 宣传 形式 , 深入 宣传 人口普查 的 重要 意义 和 基本 知识 , 宣传 国家 关于 人口普查 的 各项 规定 和 政策 , 做到 家喻户晓 , 人人皆知 .\r\n每个 公民 都要 认真 履行 自己 应 尽 的 义务 , 如实 申报 有关 情况 和 数据 .\r\n各级 普查 机构 及 广大 普查 工作人员 , 要 认真 工作 , 确保 普查 源头 数据 的 高质量 .\r\n他 强调 , 各级 政府 要 把 人口普查 各项 工作 落到 实处 .\r\n( 44 ) 孙玉玺 敦促 日本 不要 做 有损 於 中国 统一 大业 的 事情 \" 中新社 北京 三月三十日 电 \" 外交部 发言人 孙玉玺 今天 在此间 敦促 日本 有关方面 多 为 发展 中日 友好 关系 作 努力 , 不要 做 任何 有损 於 中国 统一 大业 的 事情 .\r\n有 消息 说 , 最近 当选 台湾地区 领导人 的 陈水 扁 计划 邀请 各国 政党 和 政府 的 代表 前去 参加 其 就任 有关 仪式 .\r\n孙玉玺 严正 指出 , 台湾 问题 纯属 中国 内政 .\r\n日本 政府 曾 就 台湾 问题 向 中国 作出 过 一系列 郑重 表态 和 承诺 .\r\n在 今天 的 外交部 新闻发布会 上 , 孙玉玺 再次 重申 , 世界上 只有 一个 中国 , 台湾 是 中国 领土 不可 分割 的 一部分 .\r\n中国 坚决 反对 任何 与 中国 建交 国 , 同 台湾 建立 官方 关系 或 进行 具有 任何 性质 的 官方 往来 .\r\n张万年 在 讲话 中 代表 江泽民 主席 向 辛勤 工作 在 军事 科研 战线 的 全体 同志 , 向 为 军事 科研 事业 做出 突出 贡献 的 专家 , 学者 , 表示 亲切的 问候 .\r\n要 进一步 加强 对 军事 科研 工作 的 领导 , 各级党委 和 领导 要 把 军事 理论 研究 作为 一 项 经常性 的 重要 工作 , 列入 议事日程 , 作出 明确 部署 , 为 抓好 这项 工作 创造 必要 的 条件 .\r\n解放军 四 总部 , 军事 科学院 和 军委 办公厅 有关 领导 参加 了 今天 的 会议 .\r\n温家宝 指出 , 要 充分 认识 国土 绿化 的 重要 意义 .\r\n我国 国土 绿化 事业 取得 了 巨大 成就 , 去年 造林 绿化 继续 保持 了 良好 的 发展 势头 .\r\n但 也 必须 清醒 看到 , 我国 的 生态 环境 状况 依然 相当 严峻 , 水土流失 严重 .\r\n生态 环境 的 恶化 , 严重 威胁 和 制约 了 国民经济 和 社会 的 可持续发展 , 改善 生态 环境 已 成为 经济 , 社会 发展 和 人民 生活水平 提高 的 迫切要求 .\r\n要 增强 紧迫感 和 责任感 , 迅速 行动 起来 , 广泛 动员 亿万 人民群众 , 投身于 祖国 绿化 事业 , 加快 建设 山川 秀美 的 新 河山 .\r\n温家宝 强调 , 努力 做好 今年 的 国土 绿化 工作 , 对于 全面 加快 我国 新世纪 的 生态 环境 建设 具有 十分 重要 的 意义 .\r\n当前 国土 绿化 工作 的 主要 任务 , 一 是 继续 开展 全民 义务 植树 运动 .\r\n积极 探索 发挥 各方面 力量 , 以 各种 形式 参与 绿化 建设 的 新 机制 . 二 是 全面 加快 城乡 绿化 进程 .\r\n坚持 以 城 带 乡 , 以 乡 促 城 , 城乡 联动 , 总体 推进 .\r\n城乡 绿化 要 与 城市 基础 设施 建设 和 小 城镇 建设 相结合 , 纳入 城乡 建设 规划 , 全面 安排 , 同步 实施 .\r\n三 是 为 改善 农业 生产 条件 和 生态 环境 服务 , 为 实现 农业 可持续发展 创造 条件 .\r\n四 是 与 实施 西部 大 开发 战略 结合 起来 .\r\n西部 地区 要 从 生态 环境 脆弱 的 实际情况 出发 , 把 绿化 重点 放在 生态 环境 的 保护 和 林 草 植被 的 恢复 建设 上 .\r\n各 有关 部门 要 积极 开展 绿化 对口 支援 活动 .\r\n东部 地区 要 加强 与 中西部 地区 的 协作 , 要 以 投资 入股 , 联合 开发 , 互利 合作 等 各种 形式 造林 种草 , 促进 绿化 事业 共同 发展 .\r\n二 要 依靠 科技 进步 , 提高 国土 绿化 水平 .\r\n三 要 完善 机制 , 调动 广大群众 的 绿化 积极性 .\r\n把 思想 动员 与 物质 利益 结合 起来 , 让 群众 从 绿化 中 得到 实惠 ; 鼓励 不同 地区 , 行业 , 所有制 的 投资者 从事 绿化 建设 .\r\n四 要 严格 依法 治 林 , 全面 加强 林 草 资源 与 绿化 成果 的 保护 .\r\n要 在 国土 绿化 立法 上 取得 新 进展 , 在 加大 执法 力度 上 有 新 举措 .\r\n五 要 统一 认识 , 切实 加强 对 绿化 工作 的 领导 .\r\n坚持 实行 绿化 目标 责任制 , 进一步 明确 造林 绿化 和 资源 保护 的 任务 , 切实 帮助 基层 解决 绿化 工作 中 的 实际 问题 .\r\n据了解 , 调整 后 的 中国人民 银行 货币 政策 委员会 主席 是 中国人民 银行 行长 戴相龙 , 副主席 为 中国人民 银行 副 行长 刘廷焕 .\r\n自 1997年7月 以来 , 货币 政策 委员会 共 召开 例会 9 , 就 有关 货币 政策 事项 向 党中央 , 国务院 报告 , 较好 地 发挥 了 货币 政策 委员会 咨询 议事 机构 的 作用 .\r\n会议 上 发言\r\n能 在这里 重逢 故友 , 结交 新 朋 , 我 感到 格外 高兴 .\r\n我 对 东道主 的 盛情 邀请 和 热情 接待 表示 衷心 的 感谢 !\r\n在 开始 于 1996年4月 的 \" 上海 五 国 \" 元首 会晤 进程 中 , 先后 形成 了 关于 在 边境 地区 加强 军事 领域 信任 和 相互 裁减 军事 力量 两 个 协定 .\r\n两 个 协定 生效 后 , 各国 为 履约 进行 了 积极 而 富有 成效 的 工作 .\r\n我们 认为 , 各方 都 能 严格 遵守 协定 , 没有 任何 违反 协定 规定 的 行为 .\r\n据 我 所 知 , 中俄 双方 还将 于 4月 中旬 在 中国 黑龙江省 绥芬河 再次 进行 试验 性 核查 .\r\n某些 国家 无视 公认 的 国际 关系 准则 , 鼓吹 \" 人权 高于 主权 \" , 以 \" 人权 \" , \" 人道 \" 为 由 干涉 别国 内政 和 损害 别国 主权 .\r\n同时 不能不 看到 , 一些 国家 坚持 冷战 思维 , 不断 强化 军事 同盟 , 增加 了 地区 的 不稳定 因素 .\r\n互利 合作 , 共同 发展 , 是 维护 和平 与 安全 的 经济 保障 .\r\n建立 在 平等 基础 上 的 对话 , 协商 和 谈判 , 是 解决 争端 , 维护 和平 与 安全 的 正确 途径 .\r\n我们 支持 俄罗斯 在 车臣 问题 上 采取 的 果断 措施 , 支持 俄罗斯 政府 维护 国家 统一 和 领土 完整 的 神圣 事业 .\r\n我们 也 同样 支持 中亚 国家 为 维护 本国 和 地区 和平 与 稳定 所 作 的 努力 .\r\n我们 重视 同 中亚 各国 的 关系 , 衷心 希望 该 地区 长期 稳定 , 经济 不断 发展 , 各国 和睦 相处 , 并 同 所有 邻国 加强 友好 互利 合作 关系 .\r\n\" 上海 五 国 \" 元首 比什凯克 会晤 发表 的 联合声明 明确 规定 : \" 各方 决不 允许 利用 本国 领土 从事 损害 五 国 中 任何 一 国 主权 , 安全 及 社会 秩序 的 行为 \" .\r\n作为 国防部长 , 我们 有 责任 落实 这 一 共识 .\r\n我们 不 承诺 放弃 使用 武力 , 不是 针对 台湾 人民 , 而是 针对 外国 干涉 势力 和 台独 势力 .\r\n中方 对 各国 在 台湾 问题 上 一贯 理解 和 支持 中国 政府 的 立场 表示 赞赏 和 感谢 , 并 希望 继续 得到 你们 的 有力 支持 .\r\n最后 我 想 特别 强调 , 我们 五 国 国防部长 新 千年 伊始 举行 首次 会晤 具有 重要 意义 , 它 标志着 五 国 军事 安全 领域 合作 有了 新 的 开端 .\r\n谢谢 各位 !\r\n纪 工委 的 成立 , 对于 加强 国有 重要 骨干 企业 党风 廉政建设 具有 重要 意义 .\r\n要 遵守 纪检 监察 工作 的 有关 纪律 和 规定 , 坚决 摈弃 衙门 作风 , 积极 为 基层 排忧解难 .\r\n要 加强 学习 , 不断 提高 自己的 工作 能力 和 水平 .\r\n中央 企业 工委 委员 , 纪 工委 书记 张轰 在 会上 作 了 报告 , 对 今年 国有 重要 骨干 企业 纪检 监察 工作 作 了 部署 .\r\n认真 落实 中央 纪委 四 会议 提出 的 国有 企业 领导 人员 \" 五 不准 \" .\r\n企业 纪检 监察 工作 要 贯彻 \" 教育 , 监督 , 惩处 , 保护 \" 八字方针 , 教育 是 基础 , 监督 是 保证 , 惩处 是 手段 , 保护 是 目的 .\r\n他 要求 , 有关 企业 要 尽快 建立 健全 纪检 监察 机构 , 努力 提高 纪检 监察 干部 素质 , 造就 一 支 优秀 的 企业 纪检 监察 干部 队伍 .\r\n中央 企业 工委 副 书记 王瑞祥 主持 会议 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月30日 电 题 : 西部 大 开发 将 为 百姓 带来 什 幺 ? 新华社 记者 邹清丽 不久前 , 强劲 的 西北风 把 黄土高原 部分地 表土 带到 上海 上空 , 使 上海 出现 严重 的 浮尘 污染 天气 , 并 下 起 了 泥浆 雨 .\r\n改善 生态 环境 是 西部 大 开发 的 重 中 之 重 .\r\n国土 资源 部 部长 田凤山 说 , 西部 地区 生态 改善 不仅 利于 当地 , 更 将 惠及 全国 .\r\n田凤山 介绍 , 作为 西部 大 开发 的 重点 之一 , 今后 10 年 , 西部 地区 5000万 亩 25 度 以上 坡 耕地 将 全部 退耕 还 林 还 草 .\r\n经过 几十 年 努力 , 当 西部 地区 山川 秀美 的 时候 , 全国 百姓 会 看到 更 蓝 的 天 , 更 清 的 水 .\r\n可以 预见 , 今后 一个 时期 , 西部 地区 对 建材 , 工程 机械 , 工业 设备 , 电子 产品 等 的 巨大 需求 , 将对 相关 产业 起到 相当 有力 的 拉动 作用 , 使 一大批 企业 摆脱 开工 不足 的 局面 .\r\n西部 基础 设施 完善 了 , 特别是 交通 便利 了 , 经济 发展 了 , 人民 生活水平 提高 , 潜在 的 消费 需求 将 被 激活 .\r\n从 新疆 塔里木 盆地 到 上海 的 \" 西 气 东 输 \" 工程 , 正 加紧 前期 准备 工作 .\r\n在 大 中 城市 推广 使用 清洁 , 廉价 的 天然气 , 将会 有效 提高 企业 经济效益 , 改善 工业 污染 状况 , 并 为 百姓 生活 带来 方便 .\r\n青海 柴达木盆地 钾盐 的 探明 储量 占 全国 90% 以上 , 而且 开采 条件 优越 .\r\n据 专家 预测 , 这个 项目 的 产品 质量 将 与 进口 产品 相当 , 价格 却 便宜 许多 , 这 将 给 广大 农民 带来 实惠 .\r\n据 记者 了解 , 目前 西部 各 省份 都 已 制订 或 正在 制订 有关 政策 , 以 良好 服务 和 市场经济 利益 驱动 机制 , 吸引 更多 国内外 客商 成为 投资 主体 .\r\n这些 投资 机会 广泛 分布 在 基础 建设 , 资源 开发利用 , 改善 生态 环境 , 旅游 , 农牧业 结构 调整 和 产品 深加工 , 饮食 服务业 等 众多 领域 , 适合 各种 投资 规模 .\r\n创造 大量 就业 机会 是 西部 大 开发 带 给 老百姓 的 一个 巨大 实惠 .\r\n未来 一个 时期 , 西部 地区 对 经济管理 , 生态 建设 , 工程 技术 与 管理 , 资源 开发 与 利用 , 旅游 管理 等 方面 的 人才 需求 十分 巨大 .\r\n过去 \" 一窝蜂 \" 南 涌 的 民工潮 , 如今 开始 向 西部 分流 ; 过去 \" 东南 飞 \" 的 科技 人才 和 高校 毕业生 , 如今 西 进 的 数量 也 开始 增加 了 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月30日 电 国务院 副总理 吴邦国 今天 在 中南海 会见 了 美国 摩托 罗拉 公司 前 首席执行官 加里·图克 一行 .\r\n图克 表示 , 摩托 罗拉 公司 在 中国 投资 以来 , 和 中方 建立 了 互 信 互利 的 合作 关系 , 公司 将 进一步 扩大 在 中国 的 投资 .\r\n新华社 阿斯 塔 纳 3月30日 电 ( 记者 陈启民 张言 ) 中央军委 副主席 , 国务委员 兼 国防部 长 迟浩田 上将 30日 下午 同 参加 中 , 哈 , 俄 , 吉 , 塔 五 国 国防部长 会晤 的 塔吉克 斯坦 国防部 长 海鲁洛耶夫 上将 举行 了 双边 会晤 , 双方 进行 了 亲切 友好 的 谈话 .\r\n迟浩田 说 , 中 塔 是 友好 邻邦 , 两国 人民 有着 传统 友谊 .\r\n两国 建交 以来 , 双边 关系 稳步 发展 , 合作 领域 不断 扩大 .\r\n中方 对 塔 政府 在 台湾 , 西藏 , 人权 及 反对 民族 分裂主义 等 问题 上 一贯 明确 支持 中方 的 立场 表示 赞赏 和 感谢 .\r\n迟浩田 说 , 加强 协调 与 合作 , 共同 反对 宗教 极端 主义 和 国际 恐怖主义 , 包括 共同 打击 民族 分裂 势力 , 以利 维护 地区 安全 与 稳定 , 符合 中 塔 两国 人民 的 根本 利益 .\r\n海鲁洛耶夫 说 , 拉赫莫诺夫 总统 和 江泽民 主席 为 两国 关系 的 发展 奠定 了 良好 的 基础 .\r\n塔吉克 人民 非常 珍视 同 中国 人民 和 军队 之间 的 友谊 , 认为 中国 的确 是 塔吉克斯坦 的 友好 邻居 和 真诚 伙伴 .\r\n海鲁洛耶夫 指出 , 国际 恐怖主义 , 宗教 极端 主义 和 好战 的 民族 分裂主义 已 成为 世界上 很多 国家 共同 面临 的 问题 , 我们 必须 联合 起来 共同 对付 才能 给予 有效 打击 .\r\n去年 吉尔 吉斯 斯坦 南部 发生 劫持 人质 事件 后 , 塔 与 几个 邻国 采取 的 联合 行动 便是 良好 范例 .\r\n今后 塔 仍将 为此 继续 努力 , 以 维护 本身 及 地区 的 安全 与 稳定 .\r\n作为 交换 , 他 向 上级 组织 部门 推荐 处 级 干部 7 人 , 提拔 , 调整 科 级 干部 42 人 , 调整 工作 岗位 10 人 , 还 为 11 人 在 转干 , 催 拨 经费 , 承包 工程 等 方面 提供 方便 .\r\n依照 刑法 有关 规定 , 丁仰宁 犯 受贿罪 , 判处 无期徒刑 , 剥夺 政治权利 终身 , 并 处 没收 财产 5万 元人民币 , 犯罪 所得 予以 没收 , 上缴 国库 .\r\n1996年 我 访问 印度 期间 , 同 贵国 领导人 就 建立 中 印 面向 21世纪 建设性 合作 伙伴 关系 达成 共识 , 为 两国 关系 揭开 了 新 的 一 页 .\r\n我们 还 高兴 地 看到 , 当前 中 印 关系 又 进入 了 一个 改善 和 发展 的 新 阶段 .\r\n作为 世界上 两 最大 的 发展中国家 , 我们 在 国际 事务 中 有着 广泛 的 共识 和 诸多 良好 的 配合 .\r\n朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 总理 致电 印度 总理 祝贺 中 印 建交 50 周年 新华社 北京 3月31日 电 中华 人民 共和国 国务院 总理 朱 ( 金字 旁 容 ) 基 今天 致电 印度 总理 阿塔尔·比哈里·瓦杰帕伊 , 热烈 祝贺 中 印 两国 建交 50 周年 .\r\n新 中国 成立 后 , 印度 是 率先 同 中国 建交 的 国家 之一 .\r\n在 国际 形势 发生 深刻 变化 的 今天 , 作为 世界上 两 最大 的 发展中国家 , 我们 都 肩负 着 发展 经济 , 提高 人民 生活水平 的 重任 .\r\n值此 新世纪 的 黎明 , 我 相信 , 共同 的 历史 使命 和 责任 必将 促使 中 印 两国 携手 共 进 , 把 一个 和平 , 稳定 , 友好 的 中 印 关系 带入 21世纪 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月31日 电 中国 外交部 长 唐家璇 今天 致电 印度 外交部 长 贾斯万特·辛格 , 热烈 祝贺 中 印 两国 建交 50 周年 .\r\n中 印 两国 国情 相似 , 我们 之间 存在 着 广泛 的 共识 和 共同 利益 , 这 构成 了 我们 友好 相处 的 坚实 基础 .\r\n我 特别 高兴 地 忆 及 阁下 去年 对 中国 的 成功 访问 , 两国 关系 再次 步入 改善 和 发展 的 进程 .\r\n中 印 关系 正 展现出 美好 的 发展 前景 .\r\n中国 三 领导人 都 重视 发展 与 印度 的 睦邻 友好 关系 .\r\n新华社 阿斯 塔 纳 3月31日 电 ( 记者 陈启民 张言 ) 中央军委 副主席 , 国务委员 兼 国防部 长 迟浩田 上将 在 圆满 结束 参加 中 , 哈 , 俄 , 吉 , 塔 五 国 国防部长 会晤 后 , 于 今天 上午 乘飞机 离开 阿斯塔纳 回国 .\r\n哈萨克斯坦 总统 纳扎尔巴耶夫 会见 了 参加 会晤 的 中 , 俄 , 吉 , 塔 四 国 国防部长 .\r\n迟浩田 副主席 分别 会晤 了 哈 国防部 长 托克帕克巴耶夫 中将 , 俄 国防部 长 谢尔盖耶夫 元帅 , 吉 国防部 长 托波耶夫 中将 和 塔 国防部 长 海鲁洛耶夫 上将 , 着重 就 发展 双边 军事 友好 合作 关系 和 共同 感兴趣 的 问题 进行 了 交谈 , 并 达成 广泛 一致 .\r\n《 意见 》 指出 , 新 中国 成立 50 年 来 , 特别是 改革开放 以来 , 我国 社会 福利 事业 取得 了 长足 进展 , 在 社会主义 物质文明 和 精神文明 建设 中 发挥 了 积极 作用 .\r\n我国 老年 人口 基数 大 , 增长 快 , 特别是 随着 家庭 小型化 的 发展 , 社会化 养老 需求 迅速 增长 .\r\n同时 , 残疾人 和 孤儿 的 养护 , 康复 条件 也 需要 进一步 改善 .\r\n《 意见 》 强调 , 对 社会 力量 投资 创办 社会 福利 机构 , 各级 政府 及 有关 部门 应 给予 政策 上 的 扶持 和 优惠 .\r\n( 一 ) 各地 要 将 社会 福利 机构 及 床位 数 作为 社会 发展 的 指导性 指标 纳入 国民经济 和 社会 发展 计划 , 要 在 基本建设 计划 中 统筹 安排 社会 福利 设施 建设 .\r\n各 市 人民政府 对此 项 市政 基础 设施 配套 建设 费 应 酌情 给予 减免 .\r\n( 四 ) 对 社会 福利 机构 及其 提供 的 福利 性 服务 和 兴办 的 第三产业 , 安置 残疾人 的 福利 企业 , 以及 单位 和 个人 捐赠 支持 社会 福利 事业 的 , 国家 给予 税收 优惠 政策 , 按照 现行 国家 税法 规定 执行 .\r\n( 五 ) 对 获得 民政 部门 批准 设置 的 社会 福利 机构 按规定 到 有关 部门 办理 法人 注册 登记 时 , 有关 部门 应 优先 办理 ; 对 未 获得 民政 部门 批准 而 设置 的 社会 福利 机构 , 有关 部门 不应 办理 法人 注册 登记 手续 .\r\n\" 中新社 北京 三月三十一日 十 三时二十分 电 \" ( 记者 余东晖 ) 欧盟 代表处 今 午 一时 在 其 驻华 使团 门口 向 新闻界 披露 , 中国 与 欧盟 就 中国 加入 WTO 的 最新 一 轮 谈判 虽然 取得 了 一些 进展 , 但是 没有 达成 最终 的 双边 协议 .\r\n欧盟 贸易 委员 帕斯卡尔拉米 是 应 中国 外 经贸部 部长 石广生 的 邀请 , 三月二十八日 来 京 进行 部长级 磋商 的 .\r\n中国 加入 世贸 组织 , 将对 我国 社会 经济 文化 等 各方面 产生 一定 影响 , 作为 社会 经济 文化 发展 多种 因素 综合 集聚 体 的 城市 也 将 受到 种种 挑战 .\r\n另外 , 每个 城市 也 必须 找出 自身 发展 科技 产业 的 优势 和 特点 , 认真 作好 科技 教育 发展 战略 规划 , 并 在 城市 规划 中 进行 合理 的 布置 与 安排 , 为 发展 高科技 提供 支持 .\r\n如 北京 中关村 要 建 高科技 园 , 城市 规划 就 为 其 服务 , 提供 多个 规划 方案 进行 优化 比 选 .\r\n其次 , 随着 产业 结构 的 变化 , 每个 城市 要 结合 自身 特点 , 对 其 性质 和 职能 作出 恰当 的 调整 和 选择 .\r\n我们 有 工资 成本 较低 , 素质 较高 的 劳动力 , 将会 极大 地 释放 市场 拓展 潜力 .\r\n需要 注意 的 是 在 选择 纺织业 为 城市 发展 方向 时 , 必须 要 根据 自身 的 基础 和 条件 , 客观 分析 市场 需求 , 善于 发挥 优势 , 不可 一哄而起 , 不要 产品 雷同 , 不 搞 恶性 竞争 .\r\n铁路网 分布 也 很 不 均衡 , 全国 铁路网 54% 在 东部 , 30% 在 中部 , 西部 仅 占 16% .\r\n对于 各个 城市 来说 , 要 适应 加入 世 贸 后 对外 联系 的 扩大 , 必须 进一步 加强 交通 , 电讯 , 给水 , 排水 , 电力 , 燃气 等 设施 的 规划 建设 .\r\n本报 特约 记者 涂学能 本报 记者 顾伯良 深秋 , 华北 某地 . 总参 某 工程兵 团组织 了 一次 高技术 条件 下 研究 性 伪装 演练 .\r\n\" 蓝军 \" 空中 侦察机 运用 多种 高技术 侦察 设备 实施 航空 侦察 , 没有 发现 伪装 的 隐 真 目标 .\r\n近些年 来 , 随着 迷彩 作业 车 , 假 目标 制作 车 和 伪装 勘察 车 陆续 装备 部队 , 该 团防 侦察 能力 有了 一定 提高 .\r\n为 使 重要 目标 的 伪装 根据 不同 季节 , 地形 地貌 和 侦察 手段 而 变化 , 他们 研制 的 计算机 辅助 决策 系统 , 既 可 对 目标 进行 各种 背景 下 的 伪装 方案 设计 , 又可 给 战时 复杂 条件 下 的 伪装 提供 多种 辅助 决策 的 方案 .\r\n为 实现 假 目标 从 静止 向 运动 转变 , 攻关 小组 连续 奋战 几个 月 , 因陋就简 , 革新 成功 了 能 运动 的 假 坦克 , 假 装甲车 等 假 目标 .\r\n演练 场上 , 坦克 , 装甲车 一 辆 接 一 辆 地 向 冲击 地域 开进 , 排气管 喷吐 着 一 股 股 黑 烟 , 车 后 留下 一道 道 履带 碾 压 过 的 车辙 , 使 示 假 更加 逼真 .\r\n他们 革新 成功的 单兵 伪装 烟幕 发射 装置 , 组装 式 假 目标 等 成果 , 还 获得 军队 科技 进步 成果 三 等 奖 .\r\n在 工程师 姜士文 的 带领 下 , 经过 一次 又 一次 试验 , 革新 成功 了 变形 伞 , 变形 树丛 等 多种 变形 遮 障 .\r\n在 朱镕基 总理 所 作 的 《 政府 工作 报告 》 中 , 第一 没有 出现 的 计划 指标 除了 \" 增长速度 \" 以外 , 还有 一个 : 粮食 产量 .\r\n取消 粮食 生产 计划 指标 , 部分 粮食 品种 退出 保护价 收购 范围 , 对 农业 实行 战略性 结构 调整 , 这些 对 10亿 农民 来说 , 无疑 是 件 天大 的 事 .\r\n为此 , 记者 采访 了 国务院 发展 研究 中心 农村 经济 研究 部 部长 陈锡文 研究员 .\r\n陈锡文 研究员 长期 从事 农村 经济 理论 和 政策 研究 , 参与 了 改革开放 以来 大部分 有关 农村 问题 的 中央 文件 的 起草 工作 , 有 专著 10 , 发表 论文 , 研究 报告 150 , 是 我国 该 领域 内 的 著名 专家 .\r\n这 是否 意味着 布朗 的 担忧 没有 根据 ?\r\n其次 是 农业 科技 进步 对 粮食 增产 起 了 重要 促进 作用 .\r\n以 谷物 为 例 , 1998年 亩产 330.2 公斤 , 比 1992年 289.5 公斤 提高 了 14% .\r\n这 几 年 粮食 丰收 , 有 上述 几 方面 的 必然性 和 偶然性 .\r\n但 不可 否认 , 我国 农业 确实 存在 许多 问题 , 1992 ～ 1993年 , 经济 过热 时 , 农业 被 许多 地方 所 忽视 , 造成 大量 农业 资源 流失 , 一些 地方 的 资金 , 劳动力 都 涌向 了 房地产 .\r\n自从 国家 实行 宏观经济 调控 以后 , 这种 情况 逐渐 扭转 .\r\n记者 : 老百姓 认为 粮食 多 了 是 好事 , 您 怎 幺 看 目前 的 粮食 过剩 ? 陈 : 在 我国 农产品 供求 中 , 数量 矛盾 已经 缓解 , 但 粮食 的 品种 , 质量 矛盾 开始 突出 .\r\n去年 国务院 已经 公布 : 从 2000年 开始 , 国家 缩小 保护价 收购 范围 , 低 品质 粮食 不再 纳入 保护价 .\r\n第二 低劣 品种 是 东北 的 玉米 , 俗话说 种 在 火 上 , 收 在 冰上 , 收获 的 时候 作物 已经 被 冻死 了 , 并 没有 完全 生长 成熟 , 结 了 冰 的 籽粒 显得 很 硬 , 水分 特别 大 , 如果 烘干 籽粒 是 瘪 的 , 质量 差 , 成本 高 .\r\n研究 培育 适应 东北 寒冷 气候 , 在 上冻 以前 就 成熟 的 品种 , 也 不是 件 容易 的 事 .\r\n出现 粮食 过剩 这种 情况 , 近年来 已经 是 第3 了 , 1984年 , 1990年 各 有一次 , 但 都 没有 顺利 转化成 品质 的 提高 .\r\n记者 : 这次 农业 产业 战略性 结构 调整 , 与 以往 的 调整 有 什 幺 不同 ? 陈 : 以前 的 结构 调整 只 局限在 农业 内部 进行 , 重点 是 依靠 科技 进步 , 提高 一些 农产品 的 产量 , 实现 增产增收 ; 为 适应 市场 供求 变化 调整 .\r\n古人 也 知道 砍 树 , 烧荒 不好 , 但 人 得 吃饱 肚子 , 为了 生存 , 不得已 而 为之 .\r\n现在 , 农产品 供给 充足 , 我们 就 有条件 做 一些 恢复 生态 环境 的 工作 , 如 有计划 地 退耕 还 林 , 还 草 , 还 湖 等 , 使 不 适应 农业 生产 的 土地 逐步 退出 农业 生产 ; 二 是 积极 发展 农产品 加工业 .\r\n唐家璇 外长 致电 印度 外交部 长 祝贺 中 印 建交 50 周年 新华社 北京 3月31日 电 中国 外交部 长 唐家璇 今天 致电 印度 外交部 长 贾斯万特·辛格 , 热烈 祝贺 中 印 两国 建交 50 周年 .\r\n中华 人民 共和国 外交部 长 唐家璇 二零零零年四月一日 于 北京\r\n民进党 的 竞选 委员会 主任 邱义仁 也 在座 .\r\n任何 企图 否定 \" 一个 中国 \" 原则 的 做法 都是 完全 不能 接受 的 , 并 将 产生 严重 后果 .\r\n台湾海峡 两岸 领导人 可以 见面 会谈 , 但 见面 会谈 必须 在 \" 一个 中国 \" 的 原则 基础 上 进行 .\r\n只要 在 \" 一个 中国 \" 的 框架 之内 , 什 麽 问题 都 可以 谈 , 包括 台湾 方面 关心 的 各种 问题 .\r\n他 说 , 只有 在 台湾 新 领导人 放弃 \" 台湾 独立 \" 的 立场 , 承认 \" 一个 中国 \" 的 原则 的 情况 下 , 海峡 两岸 关系 才能 取得 积极 进展 .\r\n刘晓明 指出 , 最近 台湾地区 举行 的 选举 及其 结果 改变 不了 也 不会 改变 台湾 是 中国 领土 一部分 的 事实 .\r\n他 说 : \" 我们 将 听其言 , 观其行 .\r\n他 说 , \" 一个 中国 \" 指 的 是 世界上 只有 一个 中国 , 台湾 是 其中 的 一部分 , 中国 的 主权 和 领土 完整 是 不可 分割 的 .\r\n如果 台湾 否定 \" 一个 中国 \" 原则 , 试图 把 台湾 从 中国 领土 上 分割 出去 , 和平 解决 台湾 问题 的 基础 将 不复 存在 .\r\n刘晓明 说 , 目前 的 海峡 两岸 关系 和 中美 关系 都 处 於 极其 敏感 的 关键 时期 .\r\n外 经贸部 部长 石广生 欢迎 欧盟 贸易 委员 拉米 再次 到 北京 会谈 .\r\n本轮 谈判 是 二十八日 下午 开始 的 , 到 今天 上午 结束 .\r\n古奇 不愿 说明 取得 何种 进展 .\r\n本轮 谈判 今天 结束 后 , 拉米 即将 离开 北京 , 返回 布鲁塞尔 向 欧盟 理事会 和 十五 成员 汇报 谈判 情况 .\r\n石广生 部长 欢迎 拉米 委员 再次 来 北京 谈判 . \"\r\n会议 认为 , 《 中华人民共和国 专利法 》 自 1985年4月1日 实施 以来 , 对 鼓励 发明创造 , 引进 外国 先进 技术 , 促进 我国 科技 进步 和 经济 发展 , 发挥 了 重要 作用 .\r\n随着 体制改革 不断 深化 , 对外开放 逐步 扩大 , 现行 专利法 在 实施 中 又 出现 了 一些 新 的 情况 .\r\n会议 决定 , 《 中华人民共和国 专利法 修正案 ( 草案 ) 》 , 由 国务院 提请 全国 人大 常委会 审议 .\r\n新华社 北京 3月31日 电 个人 存款 账户 实名制 规定 第一 为了 保证 个人 存款 账户 的 真实性 , 维护 存款 人 的 合法权益 , 制定 本 规定 .\r\n第三 本 规定 所 称 金融 机构 , 是 指 在 境内 依法 设立 和 经营 个人 存款 业务 的 机构 .\r\n第六 个人 在 金融 机构 开 立 个人 存款 账户 时 , 应当 出示 本人 身份证 件 , 使用 实 名 .\r\n代理 他人 在 金融 机构 开 立 个人 存款 账户 的 , 代理人 应当 出示 被 代理人 和 代理人 的 身份证 件 ."
},
{
"path": "NLP/16.6 Attention/myjiebadict.txt",
"content": "_NUM nz\r\n_PAD nz\r\n_GO nz\r\n_EOS nz\r\n_UNK nz"
},
{
"path": "NLP/16.6 Attention/seq2seq_model.py",
"content": "# Copyright 2015 The TensorFlow Authors. All Rights Reserved.\n#\n# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n# You may obtain a copy of the License at\n#\n# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n#\n# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n# distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n# limitations under the License.\n# ==============================================================================\n\n\"\"\"带有注意力机制的Sequence-to-sequence 模型.\"\"\"\n\nfrom __future__ import absolute_import\nfrom __future__ import division\nfrom __future__ import print_function\n\nimport random\n\nimport numpy as np\nfrom six.moves import xrange # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin\nimport tensorflow as tf\ndatautil = __import__(\"9-33 datautil\")\nimport datautil as data_utils\n\n\nclass Seq2SeqModel(object):\n \"\"\"带有注意力机制并且具有multiple buckets的Sequence-to-sequence 模型.\n 这个类实现了一个多层循环网络组成的编码器和一个具有注意力机制的解码器.完全是按照论文：\n http://arxiv.org/abs/1412.7449 - 中所描述的机制实现。更多细节信息可以参看论文内容\n 这个class 除了使用LSTM cells还可以使用GRU cells, 还使用了sampled softmax 来\n 处理大词汇量的输出. 在论文http://arxiv.org/abs/1412.2007中的第三节描述了\n sampled softmax。在论文http://arxiv.org/abs/1409.0473里面还有一个关于这个模\n 型的一个单层的使用双向RNN编码器的版本。\n \"\"\"\n\n def __init__(self,\n source_vocab_size,\n target_vocab_size,\n buckets,\n size,\n num_layers,\n dropout_keep_prob,\n max_gradient_norm,\n batch_size,\n learning_rate,\n learning_rate_decay_factor,\n use_lstm=False,\n num_samples=512,\n forward_only=False,\n dtype=tf.float32):\n \"\"\"创建模型.\n\n Args:\n source_vocab_size:原词汇的大小.\n target_vocab_size:目标词汇的大小.\n buckets: 一个 (I, O)的list, I 代表输入的最大长度，O代表输出的最大长度，例如[(2, 4), (8, 16)].\n size: 模型中每层的units个数.\n num_layers: 模型的层数.\n max_gradient_norm: 截断梯度的阀值.\n batch_size: 训练中的批次数据大小;\n learning_rate: 开始学习率.\n learning_rate_decay_factor: 退化学习率的衰减参数.\n use_lstm: 如果true, 使用 LSTM cells 替代GRU cells.\n num_samples: sampled softmax的样本个数.\n forward_only: 如果设置了, 模型只有正向传播.\n dtype: internal variables的类型.\n \"\"\"\n\n self.source_vocab_size = source_vocab_size\n self.target_vocab_size = target_vocab_size\n self.buckets = buckets\n self.batch_size = batch_size\n self.dropout_keep_prob_output = dropout_keep_prob\n self.dropout_keep_prob_input = dropout_keep_prob\n self.learning_rate = tf.Variable(\n float(learning_rate), trainable=False, dtype=dtype)\n self.learning_rate_decay_op = self.learning_rate.assign(\n self.learning_rate * learning_rate_decay_factor)\n self.global_step = tf.Variable(0, trainable=False)\n\n # 如果使用 sampled softmax, 需要一个输出的映射.\n output_projection = None\n softmax_loss_function = None\n # 当采样数小于vocabulary size 是Sampled softmax 才有意义.\n if num_samples > 0 and num_samples < self.target_vocab_size:\n w_t = tf.get_variable(\"proj_w\", [self.target_vocab_size, size], dtype=dtype)\n w = tf.transpose(w_t)\n b = tf.get_variable(\"proj_b\", [self.target_vocab_size], dtype=dtype)\n output_projection = (w, b)\n\n def sampled_loss(labels, logits):\n labels = tf.reshape(labels, [-1, 1])\n #需要使用 32bit的浮点数类型来计算sampled_softmax_loss,才会避免数值的不稳定性发生.\n local_w_t = tf.cast(w_t, tf.float32)\n local_b = tf.cast(b, tf.float32)\n local_inputs = tf.cast(logits, tf.float32)\n return tf.cast(\n tf.nn.sampled_softmax_loss(\n weights=local_w_t,\n biases=local_b,\n labels=labels,\n inputs=local_inputs,\n num_sampled=num_samples,\n num_classes=self.target_vocab_size),\n dtype)\n softmax_loss_function = sampled_loss\n\n\n # The seq2seq function: we use embedding for the input and attention.\n def seq2seq_f(encoder_inputs, decoder_inputs, do_decode):\n# cells = []\n# for i in range(num_layers):\n# with tf.variable_scope('RNN_{}'.format(i)):\n# cells.append(tf.contrib.rnn.GRUCell(size))\n# cell = tf.contrib.rnn.MultiRNNCell(cells)\n \n with tf.variable_scope(\"GRU\") as scope:\n cell = tf.contrib.rnn.DropoutWrapper(\n tf.contrib.rnn.GRUCell(size),\n input_keep_prob=self.dropout_keep_prob_input,\n output_keep_prob=self.dropout_keep_prob_output)\n if num_layers > 1:\n cell = tf.contrib.rnn.MultiRNNCell([cell] * num_layers) \n \n \n print(\"new a cell\")\n return tf.contrib.legacy_seq2seq.embedding_attention_seq2seq(\n encoder_inputs,\n decoder_inputs,\n cell,\n num_encoder_symbols=source_vocab_size,\n num_decoder_symbols=target_vocab_size,\n embedding_size=size,\n output_projection=output_projection,\n feed_previous=do_decode,\n dtype=dtype)\n\n # 注入数据.\n self.encoder_inputs = []\n self.decoder_inputs = []\n self.target_weights = []\n for i in xrange(buckets[-1][0]): #最后的bucket 是最大的.\n self.encoder_inputs.append(tf.placeholder(tf.int32, shape=[None],\n name=\"encoder{0}\".format(i)))\n for i in xrange(buckets[-1][1] + 1):\n self.decoder_inputs.append(tf.placeholder(tf.int32, shape=[None],\n name=\"decoder{0}\".format(i)))\n self.target_weights.append(tf.placeholder(dtype, shape=[None],\n name=\"weight{0}\".format(i)))\n\n #将解码器移动一位得到targets.\n targets = [self.decoder_inputs[i + 1]\n for i in xrange(len(self.decoder_inputs) - 1)]\n\n # 训练的输出和loss定义.\n if forward_only:\n self.outputs, self.losses = tf.contrib.legacy_seq2seq.model_with_buckets(\n self.encoder_inputs, self.decoder_inputs, targets,\n self.target_weights, buckets, lambda x, y: seq2seq_f(x, y, True),\n softmax_loss_function=softmax_loss_function)\n # 如果使用了输出映射, 需要为解码器映射输出处理.\n if output_projection is not None:\n for b in xrange(len(buckets)):\n self.outputs[b] = [\n tf.matmul(output, output_projection[0]) + output_projection[1]\n for output in self.outputs[b]\n ]\n else:\n self.outputs, self.losses = tf.contrib.legacy_seq2seq.model_with_buckets(\n self.encoder_inputs, self.decoder_inputs, targets,\n self.target_weights, buckets,\n lambda x, y: seq2seq_f(x, y, False),\n softmax_loss_function=softmax_loss_function)\n\n # 梯度下降更新操作.\n params = tf.trainable_variables()\n if not forward_only:\n self.gradient_norms = []\n self.updates = []\n opt = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(self.learning_rate)\n for b in xrange(len(buckets)):\n gradients = tf.gradients(self.losses[b], params)\n clipped_gradients, norm = tf.clip_by_global_norm(gradients,\n max_gradient_norm)\n self.gradient_norms.append(norm)\n self.updates.append(opt.apply_gradients(\n zip(clipped_gradients, params), global_step=self.global_step))\n\n self.saver = tf.train.Saver(tf.global_variables())\n\n def step(self, session, encoder_inputs, decoder_inputs, target_weights,\n bucket_id, forward_only):\n \"\"\"注入给定输入数据步骤。\t\n Args:\n session: tensorflow 所使用的session.\n encoder_inputs: 用来注入encoder 输入数据的numpy int vectors类型的list。\n decoder_inputs: 用来注入decoder输入数据的numpy int vectors类型的list。\n target_weights: 用来注入target weights的numpy float vectors类型的list.\n bucket_id: which bucket of the model to use.\n forward_only: 只进行正向传播.\n \n\t Returns:\n 一个由gradient norm (不做反向时为none),average perplexity, and the outputs组成的triple.\n \n\t Raises:\n ValueError:如果 encoder_inputs, decoder_inputs, 或者是target_weights 的长度与指定bucket_id 的bucket size不符合.\n \"\"\"\n\n # 检查长度..\n encoder_size, decoder_size = self.buckets[bucket_id]\n if len(encoder_inputs) != encoder_size:\n raise ValueError(\"Encoder length must be equal to the one in bucket,\"\n \" %d != %d.\" % (len(encoder_inputs), encoder_size))\n if len(decoder_inputs) != decoder_size:\n raise ValueError(\"Decoder length must be equal to the one in bucket,\"\n \" %d != %d.\" % (len(decoder_inputs), decoder_size))\n if len(target_weights) != decoder_size:\n raise ValueError(\"Weights length must be equal to the one in bucket,\"\n \" %d != %d.\" % (len(target_weights), decoder_size))\n\n # 定义Input feed\n input_feed = {}\n for l in xrange(encoder_size):\n input_feed[self.encoder_inputs[l].name] = encoder_inputs[l]\n for l in xrange(decoder_size):\n input_feed[self.decoder_inputs[l].name] = decoder_inputs[l]\n input_feed[self.target_weights[l].name] = target_weights[l]\n\n # Since our targets are decoder inputs shifted by one, we need one more.\n last_target = self.decoder_inputs[decoder_size].name\n input_feed[last_target] = np.zeros([self.batch_size], dtype=np.int32)\n\n # 定义Output feed\n if not forward_only:\n output_feed = [self.updates[bucket_id], # Update Op that does SGD.\n self.gradient_norms[bucket_id], # Gradient norm.\n self.losses[bucket_id]] # Loss for this batch.\n else:\n output_feed = [self.losses[bucket_id]] # Loss for this batch.\n for l in xrange(decoder_size): # Output logits.\n output_feed.append(self.outputs[bucket_id][l])\n\n outputs = session.run(output_feed, input_feed)\n if not forward_only:\n return outputs[1], outputs[2], None # Gradient norm, loss, no outputs.\n else:\n return None, outputs[0], outputs[1:] # No gradient norm, loss, outputs. \n\n def get_batch(self, data, bucket_id):\n \"\"\"在迭代训练过程中，从指定 bucket中获得一个随机批次数据.\n\t Args:\n\t data: 一个大小为len(self.buckets)的tuple，包含了创建一个batch中的输入输出的\n\t lists.\n\t bucket_id: 整型, 指定从哪个bucket中取数据.\n\t Returns:\n\t 方便以后调用的 triple (encoder_inputs, decoder_inputs, target_weights) \n \"\"\"\n encoder_size, decoder_size = self.buckets[bucket_id]\n encoder_inputs, decoder_inputs = [], []\n\n # 获得一个随机批次的数据作为编码器与解码器的输入,\n # 如果需要时会有pad操作, 同时反转encoder的输入顺序，并且为decoder添加GO.\n for _ in xrange(self.batch_size):\n encoder_input, decoder_input = random.choice(data[bucket_id])\n\n # pad和反转Encoder 的输入数据..\n encoder_pad = [data_utils.PAD_ID] * (encoder_size - len(encoder_input))\n encoder_inputs.append(list(reversed(encoder_input + encoder_pad)))\n\n # 为Decoder输入数据添加一个额外的\"GO\", 并且进行pad.\n decoder_pad_size = decoder_size - len(decoder_input) - 1\n decoder_inputs.append([data_utils.GO_ID] + decoder_input +\n [data_utils.PAD_ID] * decoder_pad_size)\n\n # 从上面选择好的数据中创建 batch-major vectors.\n batch_encoder_inputs, batch_decoder_inputs, batch_weights = [], [], []\n\n # Batch encoder inputs are just re-indexed encoder_inputs.\n for length_idx in xrange(encoder_size):\n batch_encoder_inputs.append(\n np.array([encoder_inputs[batch_idx][length_idx]\n for batch_idx in xrange(self.batch_size)], dtype=np.int32))\n\n # Batch decoder inputs are re-indexed decoder_inputs, we create weights.\n for length_idx in xrange(decoder_size):\n batch_decoder_inputs.append(\n np.array([decoder_inputs[batch_idx][length_idx]\n for batch_idx in xrange(self.batch_size)], dtype=np.int32))\n\n # 定义target_weights 变量，默认是1，如果对应的targets是padding，就为0.\n batch_weight = np.ones(self.batch_size, dtype=np.float32)\n for batch_idx in xrange(self.batch_size):\n # 如果对应的输出target 是一个 PAD符号，就将weight设为0.\n # 将decoder_input向前移动1位得到对应的target.\n if length_idx < decoder_size - 1:\n target = decoder_inputs[batch_idx][length_idx + 1]\n if length_idx == decoder_size - 1 or target == data_utils.PAD_ID:\n batch_weight[batch_idx] = 0.0\n batch_weights.append(batch_weight)\n return batch_encoder_inputs, batch_decoder_inputs, batch_weights\n"
},
{
"path": "NLP/16.6 Attention/test.py",
"content": "\nimport tensorflow as tf\nimport numpy as np\nimport os\nfrom six.moves import xrange\n\n\n_buckets = []\nconvo_hist_limit = 1\nmax_source_length = 0\nmax_target_length = 0\n\n\nflags = tf.app.flags\nFLAGS = flags.FLAGS\ndatautil = __import__(\"datautil\")\nseq2seq_model = __import__(\"seq2seq_model\")\nimport datautil\nimport seq2seq_model\n\n\n\ntf.reset_default_graph()\n\n\n_buckets =[(3, 3), (5, 5), (10, 10)]#, (20, 20)]# [\"40,10\",\"50,15\"]\nmax_train_data_size= 0#(0: no limit)\n\ndata_dir = \"datacn/\"\n\ndropout = 1.0 \ngrad_clip = 5.0\nbatch_size = 60\nhidden_size = 14\nnum_layers =2\nlearning_rate =0.5\nlr_decay_factor =0.99\n\ncheckpoint_dir= \"data/checkpoints/\"\n\n\n\n###############翻译\nhidden_size = 100\ncheckpoint_dir= \"fanyichina/checkpoints/\"\ndata_dir = \"fanyichina/\"\n_buckets =[(20, 20), (40, 40), (50, 50), (60, 60)]\n\ndef getfanyiInfo():\n vocaben, rev_vocaben=datautil.initialize_vocabulary(os.path.join(datautil.data_dir, datautil.vocabulary_fileen))\n vocab_sizeen= len(vocaben)\n print(\"vocab_size\",vocab_sizeen)\n \n vocabch, rev_vocabch=datautil.initialize_vocabulary(os.path.join(datautil.data_dir, datautil.vocabulary_filech))\n vocab_sizech= len(vocabch)\n print(\"vocab_sizech\",vocab_sizech) \n\n return vocab_sizeen,vocab_sizech,vocaben,rev_vocabch\n################################################################ \n#source_train_file_path = os.path.join(datautil.data_dir, \"data_source_test.txt\")\n#target_train_file_path = os.path.join(datautil.data_dir, \"data_target_test.txt\") \n \n\ndef main():\n\t\n vocab_sizeen,vocab_sizech,vocaben,rev_vocabch= getfanyiInfo()\n\n if not os.path.exists(checkpoint_dir):\n os.mkdir(checkpoint_dir)\n print (\"checkpoint_dir is {0}\".format(checkpoint_dir))\n\n with tf.Session() as sess:\n model = createModel(sess,True,vocab_sizeen,vocab_sizech) \n \n print (_buckets)\n model.batch_size = 1\n\n conversation_history =[]\n while True: \n prompt = \"请输入: \"\n sentence = input(prompt)\n conversation_history.append(sentence.strip())\n conversation_history = conversation_history[-convo_hist_limit:]\n \n token_ids = list(reversed( datautil.sentence_to_ids(\" \".join(conversation_history) ,vocaben,normalize_digits=True,Isch=False) ) )\n #token_ids = list(reversed(vocab.tokens2Indices(\" \".join(conversation_history))))\n print(token_ids)\n #token_ids = list(reversed(vocab.tokens2Indices(sentence)))\n bucket_id = min([b for b in xrange(len(_buckets))if _buckets[b][0] > len(token_ids)])\n\n encoder_inputs, decoder_inputs, target_weights = model.get_batch({bucket_id: [(token_ids, [])]}, bucket_id)\n\n _, _, output_logits = model.step(sess, encoder_inputs, decoder_inputs,target_weights, bucket_id, True)\n\n #TODO implement beam search\n outputs = [int(np.argmax(logit, axis=1)) for logit in output_logits]\n print(\"outputs\",outputs,datautil.EOS_ID)\n if datautil.EOS_ID in outputs:\n outputs = outputs[:outputs.index(datautil.EOS_ID)]\n #print(vocab.indices2Tokens(outputs))\n #print(\"结果\",datautil.ids2texts(outputs,rev_vocabch))\n convo_output = \" \".join(datautil.ids2texts(outputs,rev_vocabch))\n conversation_history.append(convo_output)\n print (convo_output)\n else:\n print(\"can not translation！\")\n\n\n\n\ndef createModel(session, forward_only,from_vocab_size,to_vocab_size):\n \"\"\"Create translation model and initialize or load parameters in session.\"\"\"\n model = seq2seq_model.Seq2SeqModel(\n from_vocab_size,#from\n to_vocab_size,#to\n _buckets,\n hidden_size,\n num_layers,\n dropout,\n grad_clip,\n batch_size,\n learning_rate,\n lr_decay_factor,\n forward_only=forward_only,\n dtype=tf.float32)\n \n print(\"model is ok\")\n\n \n ckpt = tf.train.latest_checkpoint(checkpoint_dir)\n if ckpt!=None:\n model.saver.restore(session, ckpt)\n print (\"Reading model parameters from {0}\".format(ckpt))\n else:\n print (\"Created model with fresh parameters.\")\n session.run(tf.global_variables_initializer()) \n\n return model\n\n\n\n\nif __name__==\"__main__\":\n\tmain()\n"
},
{
"path": "NLP/16.6 Attention/train.ipynb",
"content": "{\n \"cells\": [\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"markdown\",\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"source\": [\n \"## 注意力模型实现中英文机器翻译\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"### 1.数据预处理\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"首先先下载本目录的数据和代码，并执行 **datautil.py**，生成中、英文字典\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"### 2.执行如下代码\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"训练时间会比较长\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"### 3.测试模型\\n\",\n \"运行 **test.py**\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": 1,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [\n {\n \"name\": \"stderr\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"Building prefix dict from the default dictionary ...\\n\",\n \"Loading model from cache /tmp/jieba.cache\\n\",\n \"Loading model cost 0.657 seconds.\\n\",\n \"Prefix dict has been built succesfully.\\n\"\n ]\n }\n ],\n \"source\": [\n \"import math\\n\",\n \"import os\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"import sys\\n\",\n \"import time\\n\",\n \"import numpy as np\\n\",\n \"from six.moves import xrange\\n\",\n \"import tensorflow as tf\\n\",\n \"datautil = __import__(\\\"datautil\\\")\\n\",\n \"seq2seq_model = __import__(\\\"seq2seq_model\\\")\\n\",\n \"import datautil\\n\",\n \"import seq2seq_model\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": null,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [\n {\n \"name\": \"stdout\",\n \"output_type\": \"stream\",\n \"text\": [\n \"vocab_size 11963\\n\",\n \"vocab_sizech 15165\\n\",\n \"checkpoint_dir is fanyichina/checkpoints/\\n\",\n \"WARNING:tensorflow:From /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow/python/framework/op_def_library.py:263: colocate_with (from tensorflow.python.framework.ops) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"Colocations handled automatically by placer.\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"WARNING: The TensorFlow contrib module will not be included in TensorFlow 2.0.\\n\",\n \"For more information, please see:\\n\",\n \" * https://github.com/tensorflow/community/blob/master/rfcs/20180907-contrib-sunset.md\\n\",\n \" * https://github.com/tensorflow/addons\\n\",\n \"If you depend on functionality not listed there, please file an issue.\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"WARNING:tensorflow:From /home/python_home/WeiZhongChuang/ML/TensorFlow/Attention/seq2seq_model.py:124: GRUCell.__init__ (from tensorflow.python.ops.rnn_cell_impl) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"This class is equivalent as tf.keras.layers.GRUCell, and will be replaced by that in Tensorflow 2.0.\\n\",\n \"WARNING:tensorflow:From /home/python_home/WeiZhongChuang/ML/TensorFlow/Attention/seq2seq_model.py:128: MultiRNNCell.__init__ (from tensorflow.python.ops.rnn_cell_impl) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"This class is equivalent as tf.keras.layers.StackedRNNCells, and will be replaced by that in Tensorflow 2.0.\\n\",\n \"WARNING:tensorflow:At least two cells provided to MultiRNNCell are the same object and will share weights.\\n\",\n \"new a cell\\n\",\n \"WARNING:tensorflow:From /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow/contrib/legacy_seq2seq/python/ops/seq2seq.py:863: static_rnn (from tensorflow.python.ops.rnn) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"Please use `keras.layers.RNN(cell, unroll=True)`, which is equivalent to this API\\n\",\n \"WARNING:tensorflow:From /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow/python/ops/rnn_cell_impl.py:1259: calling dropout (from tensorflow.python.ops.nn_ops) with keep_prob is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"Please use `rate` instead of `keep_prob`. Rate should be set to `rate = 1 - keep_prob`.\\n\",\n \"WARNING:tensorflow:From /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow/python/ops/nn_impl.py:1444: sparse_to_dense (from tensorflow.python.ops.sparse_ops) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"Create a `tf.sparse.SparseTensor` and use `tf.sparse.to_dense` instead.\\n\",\n \"new a cell\\n\",\n \"new a cell\\n\",\n \"new a cell\\n\",\n \"WARNING:tensorflow:From /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow/python/ops/array_grad.py:425: to_int32 (from tensorflow.python.ops.math_ops) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"Use tf.cast instead.\\n\",\n \"model is ok\\n\",\n \"WARNING:tensorflow:From /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/tensorflow/python/training/saver.py:1266: checkpoint_exists (from tensorflow.python.training.checkpoint_management) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.\\n\",\n \"Instructions for updating:\\n\",\n \"Use standard file APIs to check for files with this prefix.\\n\",\n \"INFO:tensorflow:Restoring parameters from fanyichina/checkpoints/seq2seqtest.ckpt-54000\\n\",\n \"Reading model parameters from fanyichina/checkpoints/seq2seqtest.ckpt-54000\\n\",\n \"Using bucket sizes:\\n\",\n \"[(20, 20), (40, 40), (50, 50), (60, 60)]\\n\",\n \"fanyichina/fromids/english1w.txt\\n\",\n \"fanyichina/toids/chinese1w.txt\\n\",\n \"bucket sizes = [1649, 4933, 1904, 1383]\\n\",\n \"global step 54200 learning rate 0.3699 step-time 0.72 perplexity 3.16\\n\",\n \"fanyichina/checkpoints/seq2seqtest.ckpt\\n\",\n \" eval: bucket 0 perplexity 1.74\\n\",\n \"输入 ['third', ',', 'the', 'pace', 'of', 'selling', 'public', 'houses', 'was', 'accelerated', '.', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD']\\n\",\n \"输出 ['_GO', '三', '是', '加快', '了', '公有', '住房', '的', '出售', '.', '_EOS', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD']\\n\",\n \" eval: bucket 1 perplexity 2.93\\n\",\n \"输入 ['thanks', 'to', 'the', 'equilibrium', 'of', 'the', 'international', 'payments', ',', 'china', \\\"'s\\\", 'exchange', 'rates', 'have', 'all', 'along', 'been', 'comparatively', 'stable', '.', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD']\\n\",\n \"输出 ['_GO', '由', '於', '国际', '收支平衡', ',', '中国', '的', '汇率', '一直', '比较', '稳定', '.', '_EOS', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD']\\n\",\n \"结果 ['记者', '中国', '关系', '进行', '对']\\n\",\n \" eval: bucket 2 perplexity 3.96\\n\",\n \"输入 ['in', 'order', 'to', 'respond', 'to', 'the', 'vast', 'business', 'opportunities', 'in', 'the', 'future', 'when', 'there', 'are', 'direct', 'cross', '-', 'strait', 'flights', ',', 'taiwan', \\\"'s\\\", 'fu', 'hsing', 'aviation', 'has', 'spent', 'a', 'huge', 'sum', 'on', 'buying', 'medium', 'and', 'long', '-', 'range', 'versions', 'of', 'the', 'european', 'airbus', '.', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD']\\n\",\n \"输出 ['_GO', '台湾', '复兴', '航空', '为', '因', '应', '未来', '两岸', '直航', '的', '庞大', '商机', ',', '大笔', '购', '进', '欧洲', '空中', '巴士', '的', '中', ',', '长程', '客机', '.', '_EOS', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD']\\n\",\n \"结果 ['建设', '建设', '说', '建设', '加强', '是', '说', '是', '重要', '是', '是', '是', '实现', '市场', '这', '这', '的']\\n\",\n \" eval: bucket 3 perplexity 5.66\\n\",\n \"输入 ['zhu', 'bangzao', 'said', 'that', 'after', 'hong', 'kong', \\\"'s\\\", 'reversion', ',', 'china', \\\"'s\\\", 'central', 'government', 'and', 'the', 'hong', 'kong', 'special', 'administrative', 'region', '[', 'hksar', ']', 'government', 'implemented', 'the', 'policy', 'of', '\\\"', 'one', 'country', ',', 'two', 'systems', ',', '\\\"', '\\\"', 'hong', 'kong', 'people', 'governing', 'hong', 'kong', ',', '\\\"', 'and', 'a', 'high', 'degree', 'of', 'autonomy', '.', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD']\\n\",\n \"输出 ['_GO', '朱邦造', '说', ',', '香港', '回归', '后', ',', '中国', '中央政府', '和', '香港特区', '政府', '贯彻', '\\\"', '一国两制', '\\\"', '\\\"', '港人', '治', '港', '\\\"', '和', '高度', '自治', '的', '方针', '.', '_EOS', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD', '_PAD']\\n\"\n ]\n }\n ],\n \"source\": [\n \"tf.reset_default_graph()\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"steps_per_checkpoint=200 \\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"max_train_data_size= 0#(0: no limit)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"dropout = 0.9 \\n\",\n \"grad_clip = 5.0\\n\",\n \"batch_size = 60\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"num_layers =2\\n\",\n \"learning_rate =0.5\\n\",\n \"lr_decay_factor =0.99\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"###############翻译\\n\",\n \"hidden_size = 100\\n\",\n \"checkpoint_dir= \\\"fanyichina/checkpoints/\\\"\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"_buckets =[(20, 20), (40, 40), (50, 50), (60, 60)]\\n\",\n \"def getfanyiInfo():\\n\",\n \" vocaben, rev_vocaben=datautil.initialize_vocabulary(os.path.join(datautil.data_dir, datautil.vocabulary_fileen))\\n\",\n \" vocab_sizeen= len(vocaben)\\n\",\n \" print(\\\"vocab_size\\\",vocab_sizeen)\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" vocabch, rev_vocabch=datautil.initialize_vocabulary(os.path.join(datautil.data_dir, datautil.vocabulary_filech))\\n\",\n \" vocab_sizech= len(vocabch)\\n\",\n \" print(\\\"vocab_sizech\\\",vocab_sizech) \\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" filesfrom,_=datautil.getRawFileList(datautil.data_dir+\\\"fromids/\\\")\\n\",\n \" filesto,_=datautil.getRawFileList(datautil.data_dir+\\\"toids/\\\")\\n\",\n \" source_train_file_path = filesfrom[0]\\n\",\n \" target_train_file_path= filesto[0]\\n\",\n \" return vocab_sizeen,vocab_sizech,rev_vocaben,rev_vocabch,source_train_file_path,target_train_file_path\\n\",\n \"################################################################ \\n\",\n \"#source_train_file_path = os.path.join(datautil.data_dir, \\\"data_source_test.txt\\\")\\n\",\n \"#target_train_file_path = os.path.join(datautil.data_dir, \\\"data_target_test.txt\\\") \\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"def main():\\n\",\n \"\\t\\n\",\n \" vocab_sizeen,vocab_sizech,rev_vocaben,rev_vocabch,source_train_file_path,target_train_file_path = getfanyiInfo()\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" if not os.path.exists(checkpoint_dir):\\n\",\n \" os.mkdir(checkpoint_dir)\\n\",\n \" print (\\\"checkpoint_dir is {0}\\\".format(checkpoint_dir))\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" with tf.Session() as sess:\\n\",\n \" model = createModel(sess,False,vocab_sizeen,vocab_sizech)\\n\",\n \" print (\\\"Using bucket sizes:\\\")\\n\",\n \" print (_buckets)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" source_test_file_path = source_train_file_path\\n\",\n \" target_test_file_path = target_train_file_path\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" print (source_train_file_path)\\n\",\n \" print (target_train_file_path)\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" train_set = readData(source_train_file_path, target_train_file_path,max_train_data_size)\\n\",\n \" test_set = readData(source_test_file_path, target_test_file_path,max_train_data_size)\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" train_bucket_sizes = [len(train_set[b]) for b in xrange(len(_buckets))]\\n\",\n \" print( \\\"bucket sizes = {0}\\\".format(train_bucket_sizes))\\n\",\n \" train_total_size = float(sum(train_bucket_sizes))\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" # A bucket scale is a list of increasing numbers from 0 to 1 that we'll use\\n\",\n \" # to select a bucket. Length of [scale[i], scale[i+1]] is proportional to\\n\",\n \" # the size if i-th training bucket, as used later.\\n\",\n \" train_buckets_scale = [sum(train_bucket_sizes[:i + 1]) / train_total_size for i in xrange(len(train_bucket_sizes))]\\n\",\n \" step_time, loss = 0.0, 0.0\\n\",\n \" current_step = 0\\n\",\n \" previous_losses = []\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" while True:\\n\",\n \" # Choose a bucket according to data distribution. We pick a random number\\n\",\n \" # in [0, 1] and use the corresponding interval in train_buckets_scale.\\n\",\n \" random_number_01 = np.random.random_sample()\\n\",\n \" bucket_id = min([i for i in xrange(len(train_buckets_scale)) if train_buckets_scale[i] > random_number_01])\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" # 开始训练.\\n\",\n \" start_time = time.time()\\n\",\n \" encoder_inputs, decoder_inputs, target_weights = model.get_batch(train_set, bucket_id)\\n\",\n \" _, step_loss, _ = model.step(sess, encoder_inputs, decoder_inputs,target_weights, bucket_id, False)\\n\",\n \" step_time += (time.time() - start_time) / steps_per_checkpoint\\n\",\n \" loss += step_loss / steps_per_checkpoint\\n\",\n \" current_step += 1\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" # 保存检查点，测试数据\\n\",\n \" if current_step % steps_per_checkpoint == 0:\\n\",\n \" # Print statistics for the previous epoch.\\n\",\n \" perplexity = math.exp(loss) if loss < 300 else float('inf')\\n\",\n \" print (\\\"global step %d learning rate %.4f step-time %.2f perplexity \\\"\\n\",\n \" \\\"%.2f\\\" % (model.global_step.eval(), model.learning_rate.eval(),step_time, perplexity))\\n\",\n \" # Decrease learning rate if no improvement was seen over last 3 times.\\n\",\n \" if len(previous_losses) > 2 and loss > max(previous_losses[-3:]):\\n\",\n \" sess.run(model.learning_rate_decay_op)\\n\",\n \" previous_losses.append(loss)\\n\",\n \" # Save checkpoint and zero timer and loss.\\n\",\n \" checkpoint_path = os.path.join(checkpoint_dir, \\\"seq2seqtest.ckpt\\\")\\n\",\n \" print(checkpoint_path)\\n\",\n \" model.saver.save(sess, checkpoint_path, global_step=model.global_step)\\n\",\n \" step_time, loss = 0.0, 0.0\\n\",\n \" # Run evals on development set and print their perplexity.\\n\",\n \" for bucket_id in xrange(len(_buckets)):\\n\",\n \" if len(test_set[bucket_id]) == 0:\\n\",\n \" print(\\\" eval: empty bucket %d\\\" % (bucket_id))\\n\",\n \" continue\\n\",\n \" encoder_inputs, decoder_inputs, target_weights = model.get_batch(test_set, bucket_id)\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" _, eval_loss,output_logits = model.step(sess, encoder_inputs, decoder_inputs,target_weights, bucket_id, True)\\n\",\n \" eval_ppx = math.exp(eval_loss) if eval_loss < 300 else float('inf')\\n\",\n \" print(\\\" eval: bucket %d perplexity %.2f\\\" % (bucket_id, eval_ppx))\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" inputstr = datautil.ids2texts(reversed([en[0] for en in encoder_inputs]) ,rev_vocaben)\\n\",\n \" print(\\\"输入\\\",inputstr)\\n\",\n \" print(\\\"输出\\\",datautil.ids2texts([en[0] for en in decoder_inputs] ,rev_vocabch))\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" outputs = [np.argmax(logit, axis=1)[0] for logit in output_logits] \\n\",\n \" #outputs = [int(np.argmax(logit, axis=1)) for logit in output_logits]\\n\",\n \" #print(\\\"outputs\\\",outputs,datautil.EOS_ID)\\n\",\n \" if datautil.EOS_ID in outputs:\\n\",\n \" outputs = outputs[:outputs.index(datautil.EOS_ID)]\\n\",\n \" print(\\\"结果\\\",datautil.ids2texts(outputs,rev_vocabch))\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" sys.stdout.flush()\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"def createModel(session, forward_only,from_vocab_size,to_vocab_size):\\n\",\n \" \\\"\\\"\\\"Create translation model and initialize or load parameters in session.\\\"\\\"\\\"\\n\",\n \" model = seq2seq_model.Seq2SeqModel(\\n\",\n \" from_vocab_size,#from\\n\",\n \" to_vocab_size,#to\\n\",\n \" _buckets,\\n\",\n \" hidden_size,\\n\",\n \" num_layers,\\n\",\n \" dropout,\\n\",\n \" grad_clip,\\n\",\n \" batch_size,\\n\",\n \" learning_rate,\\n\",\n \" lr_decay_factor,\\n\",\n \" forward_only=forward_only,\\n\",\n \" dtype=tf.float32)\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" print(\\\"model is ok\\\")\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" \\n\",\n \" ckpt = tf.train.latest_checkpoint(checkpoint_dir)\\n\",\n \" if ckpt!=None:\\n\",\n \" model.saver.restore(session, ckpt)\\n\",\n \" print (\\\"Reading model parameters from {0}\\\".format(ckpt))\\n\",\n \" else:\\n\",\n \" print (\\\"Created model with fresh parameters.\\\")\\n\",\n \" session.run(tf.global_variables_initializer()) \\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \" return model\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"def readData(source_path, target_path, max_size=None):\\n\",\n \"\\t'''\\n\",\n \"\\tThis method directly from tensorflow translation example\\n\",\n \"\\t'''\\n\",\n \"\\tdata_set = [[] for _ in _buckets]\\n\",\n \"\\twith tf.gfile.GFile(source_path, mode=\\\"r\\\") as source_file:\\n\",\n \"\\t\\twith tf.gfile.GFile(target_path, mode=\\\"r\\\") as target_file:\\n\",\n \"\\t\\t\\tsource, target = source_file.readline(), target_file.readline()\\n\",\n \"\\t\\t\\tcounter = 0\\n\",\n \"\\t\\t\\twhile source and target and (not max_size or counter < max_size):\\n\",\n \"\\t\\t\\t\\tcounter += 1\\n\",\n \"\\t\\t\\t\\tif counter % 100000 == 0:\\n\",\n \"\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tprint(\\\" reading data line %d\\\" % counter)\\n\",\n \"\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tsys.stdout.flush()\\n\",\n \"\\t\\t\\t\\tsource_ids = [int(x) for x in source.split()]\\n\",\n \"\\t\\t\\t\\ttarget_ids = [int(x) for x in target.split()]\\n\",\n \"\\t\\t\\t\\ttarget_ids.append(datautil.EOS_ID)\\n\",\n \"\\t\\t\\t\\tfor bucket_id, (source_size, target_size) in enumerate(_buckets):\\n\",\n \"\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tif len(source_ids) < source_size and len(target_ids) < target_size:\\n\",\n \"\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tdata_set[bucket_id].append([source_ids, target_ids])\\n\",\n \"\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tbreak\\n\",\n \"\\t\\t\\t\\tsource, target = source_file.readline(), target_file.readline()\\n\",\n \"\\treturn data_set\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"\\n\",\n \"if __name__ == '__main__':\\n\",\n \"\\tmain()\"\n ]\n },\n {\n \"cell_type\": \"code\",\n \"execution_count\": null,\n \"metadata\": {},\n \"outputs\": [],\n \"source\": [\n \"\\n\"\n ]\n }\n ],\n \"metadata\": {\n \"kernelspec\": {\n \"display_name\": \"Python3\",\n \"language\": \"python\",\n \"name\": \"python3\"\n },\n \"language_info\": {\n \"codemirror_mode\": {\n \"name\": \"ipython\",\n \"version\": 3\n },\n \"file_extension\": \".py\",\n \"mimetype\": \"text/x-python\",\n \"name\": \"python\",\n \"nbconvert_exporter\": \"python\",\n \"pygments_lexer\": \"ipython3\",\n \"version\": \"3.6.2\"\n }\n },\n \"nbformat\": 4,\n \"nbformat_minor\": 2\n}\n"
},
{
"path": "NLP/16.7 Transformer/README.md",
"content": "## 目录\n- [1. 什么是Transformer](#1-什么是transformer)\n- [2. Transformer结构](#2-transformer结构)\n - [2.1 总体结构](#21-总体结构)\n - [2.2 Encoder层结构](#22-encoder层结构)\n - [2.3 Decoder层结构](#23-decoder层结构)\n - [2.4 动态流程图](#24-动态流程图)\n- [3. Transformer为什么需要进行Multi-head Attention](#3-transformer为什么需要进行multi-head-attention)\n- [4. Transformer相比于RNN/LSTM，有什么优势？为什么？](#4-transformer相比于rnnlstm有什么优势为什么)\n- [5. 为什么说Transformer可以代替seq2seq？](#5-为什么说transformer可以代替seq2seq)\n- [6. 代码实现](#6-代码实现)\n- [7. 参考文献](#7-参考文献)\n\n## 1. 什么是Transformer\n\n**[《Attention Is All You Need》](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1706.03762.pdf)是一篇Google提出的将Attention思想发挥到极致的论文。这篇论文中提出一个全新的模型，叫 Transformer，抛弃了以往深度学习任务里面使用到的 CNN 和 RNN**。目前大热的Bert就是基于Transformer构建的，这个模型广泛应用于NLP领域，例如机器翻译，问答系统，文本摘要和语音识别等等方向。\n\n\n\n## 2. Transformer结构\n\n### 2.1 总体结构\n\nTransformer的结构和Attention模型一样，Transformer模型中也采用了 encoer-decoder 架构。但其结构相比于Attention更加复杂，论文中encoder层由6个encoder堆叠在一起，decoder层也一样。\n\n不了解Attention模型的，可以回顾之前的文章：[Attention](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/NLP/16.6%20Attention)\n\n\n\n每一个encoder和decoder的内部结构如下图：\n\n\n\n- encoder，包含两层，一个self-attention层和一个前馈神经网络，self-attention能帮助当前节点不仅仅只关注当前的词，从而能获取到上下文的语义。\n- decoder也包含encoder提到的两层网络，但是在这两层中间还有一层attention层，帮助当前节点获取到当前需要关注的重点内容。\n\n\n\n### 2.2 Encoder层结构\n\n首先，模型需要对输入的数据进行一个embedding操作，也可以理解为类似w2c的操作，enmbedding结束之后，输入到encoder层，self-attention处理完数据后把数据送给前馈神经网络，前馈神经网络的计算可以并行，得到的输出会输入到下一个encoder。\n\n\n\n\n\n#### 2.2.1 Positional Encoding\n\ntransformer模型中缺少一种解释输入序列中单词顺序的方法，它跟序列模型还不不一样。为了处理这个问题，transformer给encoder层和decoder层的输入添加了一个额外的向量Positional Encoding，维度和embedding的维度一样，这个向量采用了一种很独特的方法来让模型学习到这个值，这个向量能决定当前词的位置，或者说在一个句子中不同的词之间的距离。这个位置向量的具体计算方法有很多种，论文中的计算方法如下：\n\n=sin(\\frac{pos}{10000^{\\frac{2i}{d_{model}}}}))\n\n=cos(\\frac{pos}{10000^{\\frac{2i}{d_{model}}}}))\n\n其中pos是指当前词在句子中的位置，i是指向量中每个值的index，可以看出，在**偶数位置，使用正弦编码，在奇数位置，使用余弦编码**。\n\n最后把这个Positional Encoding与embedding的值相加，作为输入送到下一层。\n\n\n\n\n\n#### 2.2.2 Self-Attention\n\n接下来我们详细看一下self-attention，其思想和attention类似，但是self-attention是Transformer用来将其他相关单词的“理解”转换成我们正在处理的单词的一种思路，我们看个例子：\n\nThe animal didn't cross the street because it was too tired\n\n这里的 it 到底代表的是 animal 还是 street 呢，对于我们来说能很简单的判断出来，但是对于机器来说，是很难判断的，self-attention就能够让机器把 it 和 animal 联系起来，接下来我们看下详细的处理过程。\n\n1. 首先，self-attention会计算出三个新的向量，在论文中，向量的维度是512维，我们把这三个向量分别称为Query、Key、Value，这三个向量是用embedding向量与一个矩阵相乘得到的结果，这个矩阵是随机初始化的，维度为（64，512）注意第二个维度需要和embedding的维度一样，其值在BP的过程中会一直进行更新，得到的这三个向量的维度是64。\n\n \n\n2. 计算self-attention的分数值，该分数值决定了当我们在某个位置encode一个词时，对输入句子的其他部分的关注程度。这个分数值的计算方法是Query与Key做点成，以下图为例，首先我们需要针对Thinking这个词，计算出其他词对于该词的一个分数值，首先是针对于自己本身即q1·k1，然后是针对于第二个词即q1·k2。\n\n \n\n3. 接下来，把点成的结果除以一个常数，这里我们除以8，这个值一般是采用上文提到的矩阵的第一个维度的开方即64的开方8，当然也可以选择其他的值，然后把得到的结果做一个softmax的计算。得到的结果即是每个词对于当前位置的词的相关性大小，当然，当前位置的词相关性肯定会会很大。\n\n \n\n4. 下一步就是把Value和softmax得到的值进行相乘，并相加，得到的结果即是self-attetion在当前节点的值。\n\n \n\n在实际的应用场景，为了提高计算速度，我们采用的是矩阵的方式，直接计算出Query, Key, Value的矩阵，然后把embedding的值与三个矩阵直接相乘，把得到的新矩阵 Q 与 K 相乘，乘以一个常数，做softmax操作，最后乘上 V 矩阵。\n\n**这种通过 query 和 key 的相似性程度来确定 value 的权重分布的方法被称为scaled dot-product attention。**\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n#### 2.2.3 Multi-Headed Attention\n\n这篇论文更牛逼的地方是给self-attention加入了另外一个机制，被称为“multi-headed” attention，该机制理解起来很简单，**就是说不仅仅只初始化一组Q、K、V的矩阵，而是初始化多组，tranformer是使用了8组**，所以最后得到的结果是8个矩阵。\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n#### 2.2.4 Layer normalization\n\n在transformer中，每一个子层（self-attetion，Feed Forward Neural Network）之后都会接一个残缺模块，并且有一个Layer normalization。\n\n\n\nNormalization有很多种，但是它们都有一个共同的目的，那就是把输入转化成均值为0方差为1的数据。我们在把数据送入激活函数之前进行normalization（归一化），因为我们不希望输入数据落在激活函数的饱和区。\n\n**Batch Normalization**\n\nBN的主要思想就是：在每一层的每一批数据上进行归一化。我们可能会对输入数据进行归一化，但是经过该网络层的作用后，我们的数据已经不再是归一化的了。随着这种情况的发展，数据的偏差越来越大，我的反向传播需要考虑到这些大的偏差，这就迫使我们只能使用较小的学习率来防止梯度消失或者梯度爆炸。**BN的具体做法就是对每一小批数据，在批这个方向上做归一化。**\n\n**Layer normalization**\n\n它也是归一化数据的一种方式，不过**LN 是在每一个样本上计算均值和方差**，而不是BN那种在批方向计算均值和方差！公式如下：\n\n=\\alpha*\\frac{x_i-\\mu_L}{\\sqrt{\\sigma_L^2+\\varepsilon}}+\\beta)\n\n\n\n\n\n#### 2.2.5 Feed Forward Neural Network\n\n这给我们留下了一个小的挑战，前馈神经网络没法输入 8 个矩阵呀，这该怎么办呢？所以我们需要一种方式，把 8 个矩阵降为 1 个，首先，我们把 8 个矩阵连在一起，这样会得到一个大的矩阵，再随机初始化一个矩阵和这个组合好的矩阵相乘，最后得到一个最终的矩阵。\n\n\n\n\n\n### 2.3 Decoder层结构\n\n根据上面的总体结构图可以看出，decoder部分其实和encoder部分大同小异，刚开始也是先添加一个位置向量Positional Encoding，方法和 2.2.1 节一样，接下来接的是masked mutil-head attetion，这里的mask也是transformer一个很关键的技术，下面我们会进行一一介绍。\n\n其余的层结构与Encoder一样，请参考Encoder层结构。\n\n\n\n#### 2.3.1 masked mutil-head attetion\n\n**mask 表示掩码，它对某些值进行掩盖，使其在参数更新时不产生效果**。Transformer 模型里面涉及两种 mask，分别是 padding mask 和 sequence mask。其中，padding mask 在所有的 scaled dot-product attention 里面都需要用到，而 sequence mask 只有在 decoder 的 self-attention 里面用到。\n\n1. **padding mask**\n\n 什么是 padding mask 呢？因为每个批次输入序列长度是不一样的也就是说，我们要对输入序列进行对齐。具体来说，就是给在较短的序列后面填充 0。但是如果输入的序列太长，则是截取左边的内容，把多余的直接舍弃。因为这些填充的位置，其实是没什么意义的，所以我们的attention机制不应该把注意力放在这些位置上，所以我们需要进行一些处理。\n\n 具体的做法是，把这些位置的值加上一个非常大的负数(负无穷)，这样的话，经过 softmax，这些位置的概率就会接近0！\n\n 而我们的 padding mask 实际上是一个张量，每个值都是一个Boolean，值为 false 的地方就是我们要进行处理的地方。\n\n2. **Sequence mask**\n\n 文章前面也提到，sequence mask 是为了使得 decoder 不能看见未来的信息。也就是对于一个序列，在 time_step 为 t 的时刻，我们的解码输出应该只能依赖于 t 时刻之前的输出，而不能依赖 t 之后的输出。因此我们需要想一个办法，把 t 之后的信息给隐藏起来。\n\n 那么具体怎么做呢？也很简单：**产生一个上三角矩阵，上三角的值全为0。把这个矩阵作用在每一个序列上，就可以达到我们的目的**。\n\n- 对于 decoder 的 self-attention，里面使用到的 scaled dot-product attention，同时需要padding mask 和 sequence mask 作为 attn_mask，具体实现就是两个mask相加作为attn_mask。\n- 其他情况，attn_mask 一律等于 padding mask。\n\n\n\n#### 2.3.2 Output层\n\n当decoder层全部执行完毕后，怎么把得到的向量映射为我们需要的词呢，很简单，只需要在结尾再添加一个全连接层和softmax层，假如我们的词典是1w个词，那最终softmax会输入1w个词的概率，概率值最大的对应的词就是我们最终的结果。\n\n\n\n### 2.4 动态流程图\n\n编码器通过处理输入序列开启工作。顶端编码器的输出之后会变转化为一个包含向量K（键向量）和V（值向量）的注意力向量集 ，**这是并行化操作**。这些向量将被每个解码器用于自身的“编码-解码注意力层”，而这些层可以帮助解码器关注输入序列哪些位置合适：\n\n\n\n在完成编码阶段后，则开始解码阶段。解码阶段的每个步骤都会输出一个输出序列（在这个例子里，是英语翻译的句子）的元素。\n\n接下来的步骤重复了这个过程，直到到达一个特殊的终止符号，它表示transformer的解码器已经完成了它的输出。每个步骤的输出在下一个时间步被提供给底端解码器，并且就像编码器之前做的那样，这些解码器会输出它们的解码结果 。\n\n[解码器动态图请点击](https://julyedu-img.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/quesbase64156846899939997439.gif)\n\n\n\n## 3. Transformer为什么需要进行Multi-head Attention\n\n原论文中说到进行Multi-head Attention的原因是将模型分为多个头，形成多个子空间，可以让模型去关注不同方面的信息，最后再将各个方面的信息综合起来。其实直观上也可以想到，如果自己设计这样的一个模型，必然也不会只做一次attention，多次attention综合的结果至少能够起到增强模型的作用，也可以类比CNN中同时使用**多个卷积核**的作用，直观上讲，多头的注意力**有助于网络捕捉到更丰富的特征/信息**。\n\n\n\n## 4. Transformer相比于RNN/LSTM，有什么优势？为什么？\n\n1. RNN系列的模型，并行计算能力很差。RNN并行计算的问题就出在这里，因为 T 时刻的计算依赖 T-1 时刻的隐层计算结果，而 T-1 时刻的计算依赖 T-2 时刻的隐层计算结果，如此下去就形成了所谓的序列依赖关系。\n\n2. Transformer的特征抽取能力比RNN系列的模型要好。\n\n 具体实验对比可以参考：[放弃幻想，全面拥抱Transformer：自然语言处理三大特征抽取器（CNN/RNN/TF）比较](https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/54743941)\n\n 但是值得注意的是，并不是说Transformer就能够完全替代RNN系列的模型了，任何模型都有其适用范围，同样的，RNN系列模型在很多任务上还是首选，熟悉各种模型的内部原理，知其然且知其所以然，才能遇到新任务时，快速分析这时候该用什么样的模型，该怎么做好。 \n\n\n\n## 5. 为什么说Transformer可以代替seq2seq？\n\n**seq2seq缺点**：这里用代替这个词略显不妥当，seq2seq虽已老，但始终还是有其用武之地，seq2seq最大的问题在于**将Encoder端的所有信息压缩到一个固定长度的向量中**，并将其作为Decoder端首个隐藏状态的输入，来预测Decoder端第一个单词(token)的隐藏状态。在输入序列比较长的时候，这样做显然会损失Encoder端的很多信息，而且这样一股脑的把该固定向量送入Decoder端，Decoder端不能够关注到其想要关注的信息。 \n\n**Transformer优点**：transformer不但对seq2seq模型这两点缺点有了实质性的改进(多头交互式attention模块)，而且还引入了self-attention模块，让源序列和目标序列首先“自关联”起来，这样的话，源序列和目标序列自身的embedding表示所蕴含的信息更加丰富，而且后续的FFN层也增强了模型的表达能力，并且Transformer并行计算的能力是远远超过seq2seq系列的模型，因此我认为这是transformer优于seq2seq模型的地方。 \n\n\n\n## 6. 代码实现\n\n地址：[https://github.com/Kyubyong/transformer](https://github.com/Kyubyong/transformer)\n\n代码解读：[Transformer解析与tensorflow代码解读](https://www.cnblogs.com/zhouxiaosong/p/11032431.html)\n\n\n\n## 7. 参考文献\n\n- [Transformer模型详解](https://blog.csdn.net/u012526436/article/details/86295971)\n- [图解Transformer（完整版）](https://blog.csdn.net/longxinchen_ml/article/details/86533005)\n- [关于Transformer的若干问题整理记录](https://www.nowcoder.com/discuss/258321)\n\n\n\n------\n\n> 作者：[@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> GitHub：[https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> 欢迎大家加入讨论！共同完善此项目！群号：【541954936】\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
},
{
"path": "NLP/16.8 BERT/README.md",
"content": "## 目录\n- [1. 什么是BERT](#1-什么是bert)\n- [2. 从Word Embedding到Bert模型的发展](#2-从word-embedding到bert模型的发展)\n - [2.1 图像的预训练](#21-图像的预训练)\n - [2.2 Word Embedding](#22-word-embedding)\n - [2.3 ELMO](#23-elmo)\n - [2.4 GPT](#24-gpt)\n - [2.5 BERT](#25-bert)\n- [3. BERT的评价](#3-bert的评价)\n- [4. 代码实现](#4-代码实现)\n- [5. 参考文献](#5-参考文献)\n\n## 1. 什么是BERT\n\n**BERT的全称是Bidirectional Encoder Representation from Transformers**，是Google2018年提出的预训练模型，即双向Transformer的Encoder，因为decoder是不能获要预测的信息的。模型的主要创新点都在pre-train方法上，即用了Masked LM和Next Sentence Prediction两种方法分别捕捉词语和句子级别的representation。\n\nBert最近很火，应该是最近最火爆的AI进展，网上的评价很高，那么Bert值得这么高的评价吗？我个人判断是值得。那为什么会有这么高的评价呢？是因为它有重大的理论或者模型创新吗？其实并没有，从模型创新角度看一般，创新不算大。但是架不住效果太好了，基本刷新了很多NLP的任务的最好性能，有些任务还被刷爆了，这个才是关键。另外一点是Bert具备广泛的通用性，就是说绝大部分NLP任务都可以采用类似的两阶段模式直接去提升效果，这个第二关键。客观的说，把Bert当做最近两年NLP重大进展的集大成者更符合事实。\n\n\n\n## 2. 从Word Embedding到Bert模型的发展\n\n### 2.1 图像的预训练\n\n自从深度学习火起来后，预训练过程就是做图像或者视频领域的一种比较常规的做法，有比较长的历史了，而且这种做法很有效，能明显促进应用的效果。\n\n\n\n那么图像领域怎么做预训练呢，上图展示了这个过程，\n\n1. 我们设计好网络结构以后，对于图像来说一般是CNN的多层叠加网络结构，可以先用某个训练集合比如训练集合A或者训练集合B对这个网络进行预先训练，在A任务上或者B任务上学会网络参数，然后存起来以备后用。\n\n2. 假设我们面临第三个任务C，网络结构采取相同的网络结构，在比较浅的几层CNN结构，网络参数初始化的时候可以加载A任务或者B任务学习好的参数，其它CNN高层参数仍然随机初始化。\n\n3. 之后我们用C任务的训练数据来训练网络，此时有两种做法：\n\n **一种**是浅层加载的参数在训练C任务过程中不动，这种方法被称为“Frozen”;\n\n **另一种**是底层网络参数尽管被初始化了，在C任务训练过程中仍然随着训练的进程不断改变，这种一般叫“Fine-Tuning”，顾名思义，就是更好地把参数进行调整使得更适应当前的C任务。\n\n一般图像或者视频领域要做预训练一般都这么做。这样做的优点是：如果手头任务C的训练集合数据量较少的话，利用预训练出来的参数来训练任务C，加个预训练过程也能极大加快任务训练的收敛速度，所以这种预训练方式是老少皆宜的解决方案，另外疗效又好，所以在做图像处理领域很快就流行开来。\n\n**为什么预训练可行**\n\n对于层级的CNN结构来说，不同层级的神经元学习到了不同类型的图像特征，由底向上特征形成层级结构，所以预训练好的网络参数，尤其是底层的网络参数抽取出特征跟具体任务越无关，越具备任务的通用性，所以这是为何一般用底层预训练好的参数初始化新任务网络参数的原因。而高层特征跟任务关联较大，实际可以不用使用，或者采用Fine-tuning用新数据集合清洗掉高层无关的特征抽取器。\n\n\n\n### 2.2 Word Embedding\n\n\n\n神经网络语言模型(NNLM)的思路。先说训练过程。学习任务是输入某个句中单词 ![[公式]](https://www.zhihu.com/equation?tex=W_t=（Bert）) 前面句子的t-1个单词，要求网络正确预测单词Bert，即最大化：\n\n![[公式]](https://www.zhihu.com/equation?tex=++P%28W_t%3D%E2%80%9CBert%E2%80%9D%7CW_1%2CW_2%2C%E2%80%A6W_%28t-1%29%3B%CE%B8%29)\n\n前面任意单词 ![[公式]](https://www.zhihu.com/equation?tex=W_i) 用Onehot编码（比如：0001000）作为原始单词输入，之后乘以矩阵Q后获得向量 ![[公式]](https://www.zhihu.com/equation?tex=C%28W_i+%29) ，每个单词的 ![[公式]](https://www.zhihu.com/equation?tex=C%28W_i+%29) 拼接，上接隐层，然后接softmax去预测后面应该后续接哪个单词。这个 ![[公式]](https://www.zhihu.com/equation?tex=C%28W_i+%29) 是什么？这其实就是单词对应的Word Embedding值，那个矩阵Q包含V行，V代表词典大小，每一行内容代表对应单词的Word embedding值。只不过Q的内容也是网络参数，需要学习获得，训练刚开始用随机值初始化矩阵Q，当这个网络训练好之后，矩阵Q的内容被正确赋值，每一行代表一个单词对应的Word embedding值。所以你看，通过这个网络学习语言模型任务，这个网络不仅自己能够根据上文预测后接单词是什么，同时获得一个副产品，就是那个矩阵Q，这就是单词的Word Embedding。\n\n2013年最火的用语言模型做Word Embedding的工具是Word2Vec，后来又出了Glove，Word2Vec。对于这两个模型不熟悉的可以参考我之前的文章，这里不再赘述：\n\n- [Word2Vec](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/NLP/16.1%20Word%20Embedding)\n- [GloVe](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/NLP/16.3%20GloVe)\n\n上面这种模型做法就是18年之前NLP领域里面采用预训练的典型做法，之前说过，Word Embedding其实对于很多下游NLP任务是有帮助的，只是帮助没有大到闪瞎忘记戴墨镜的围观群众的双眼而已。那么新问题来了，为什么这样训练及使用Word Embedding的效果没有期待中那么好呢？答案很简单，因为Word Embedding有问题呗。这貌似是个比较弱智的答案，关键是Word Embedding存在什么问题？这其实是个好问题。\n\n**这片在Word Embedding头上笼罩了好几年的乌云是什么？是多义词问题。**我们知道，多义词是自然语言中经常出现的现象，也是语言灵活性和高效性的一种体现。多义词对Word Embedding来说有什么负面影响？如上图所示，比如多义词Bank，有两个常用含义，但是Word Embedding在对bank这个单词进行编码的时候，是区分不开这两个含义的，因为它们尽管上下文环境中出现的单词不同，但是在用语言模型训练的时候，不论什么上下文的句子经过word2vec，都是预测相同的单词bank，而同一个单词占的是同一行的参数空间，这导致两种不同的上下文信息都会编码到相同的word embedding空间里去。所以word embedding无法区分多义词的不同语义，这就是它的一个比较严重的问题。\n\n有没有简单优美的解决方案呢？ELMO提供了一种简洁优雅的解决方案。\n\n\n\n### 2.3 ELMO\n\nELMO是“Embedding from Language Models”的简称，其实这个名字并没有反应它的本质思想，提出ELMO的论文题目：“Deep contextualized word representation”更能体现其精髓，而精髓在哪里？在deep contextualized这个短语，一个是deep，一个是context，其中context更关键。\n\n在此之前的Word Embedding本质上是个静态的方式，所谓静态指的是训练好之后每个单词的表达就固定住了，以后使用的时候，不论新句子上下文单词是什么，这个单词的Word Embedding不会跟着上下文场景的变化而改变，所以对于比如Bank这个词，它事先学好的Word Embedding中混合了几种语义 ，在应用中来了个新句子，即使从上下文中（比如句子包含money等词）明显可以看出它代表的是“银行”的含义，但是对应的Word Embedding内容也不会变，它还是混合了多种语义。这是为何说它是静态的，这也是问题所在。\n\n**ELMO的本质思想是**：我事先用语言模型学好一个单词的Word Embedding，此时多义词无法区分，不过这没关系。在我实际使用Word Embedding的时候，单词已经具备了特定的上下文了，这个时候我可以根据上下文单词的语义去调整单词的Word Embedding表示，这样经过调整后的Word Embedding更能表达在这个上下文中的具体含义，自然也就解决了多义词的问题了。所以ELMO本身是个根据当前上下文对Word Embedding动态调整的思路。\n\n\n\nELMO采用了典型的两阶段过程，第一个阶段是利用语言模型进行预训练；第二个阶段是在做下游任务时，从预训练网络中提取对应单词的网络各层的Word Embedding作为新特征补充到下游任务中。\n\n上图展示的是其预训练过程，它的网络结构采用了双层双向LSTM，目前语言模型训练的任务目标是根据单词 ![[公式]](https://www.zhihu.com/equation?tex=W_i) 的上下文去正确预测单词 ![[公式]](https://www.zhihu.com/equation?tex=W_i) ， ![[公式]](https://www.zhihu.com/equation?tex=W_i) 之前的单词序列Context-before称为上文，之后的单词序列Context-after称为下文。\n\n图中左端的前向双层LSTM代表正方向编码器，输入的是从左到右顺序的除了预测单词外 ![[公式]](https://www.zhihu.com/equation?tex=W_i) 的上文Context-before；右端的逆向双层LSTM代表反方向编码器，输入的是从右到左的逆序的句子下文Context-after；每个编码器的深度都是两层LSTM叠加。\n\n这个网络结构其实在NLP中是很常用的。使用这个网络结构利用大量语料做语言模型任务就能预先训练好这个网络，如果训练好这个网络后，输入一个新句子 ![[公式]](https://www.zhihu.com/equation?tex=Snew) ，句子中每个单词都能得到对应的三个Embedding:\n\n- 最底层是单词的Word Embedding；\n- 往上走是第一层双向LSTM中对应单词位置的Embedding，这层编码单词的句法信息更多一些；\n- 再往上走是第二层LSTM中对应单词位置的Embedding，这层编码单词的语义信息更多一些。\n\n也就是说，ELMO的预训练过程不仅仅学会单词的Word Embedding，还学会了一个双层双向的LSTM网络结构，而这两者后面都有用。\n\n\n\n上面介绍的是ELMO的第一阶段：预训练阶段。那么预训练好网络结构后，**如何给下游任务使用呢**？上图展示了下游任务的使用过程，比如我们的下游任务仍然是QA问题:\n\n1. 此时对于问句X，我们可以先将句子X作为预训练好的ELMO网络的输入，这样句子X中每个单词在ELMO网络中都能获得对应的三个Embedding；\n2. 之后给予这三个Embedding中的每一个Embedding一个权重a，这个权重可以学习得来，根据各自权重累加求和，将三个Embedding整合成一个；\n3. 然后将整合后的这个Embedding作为X句在自己任务的那个网络结构中对应单词的输入，以此作为补充的新特征给下游任务使用。对于上图所示下游任务QA中的回答句子Y来说也是如此处理。\n\n因为ELMO给下游提供的是每个单词的特征形式，所以这一类预训练的方法被称为“Feature-based Pre-Training”。\n\n**前面我们提到静态Word Embedding无法解决多义词的问题，那么ELMO引入上下文动态调整单词的embedding后多义词问题解决了吗？解决了，而且比我们期待的解决得还要好**。对于Glove训练出的Word Embedding来说，多义词比如play，根据它的embedding找出的最接近的其它单词大多数集中在体育领域，这很明显是因为训练数据中包含play的句子中体育领域的数量明显占优导致；而使用ELMO，根据上下文动态调整后的embedding不仅能够找出对应的“演出”的相同语义的句子，而且还可以保证找出的句子中的play对应的词性也是相同的，这是超出期待之处。之所以会这样，是因为我们上面提到过，第一层LSTM编码了很多句法信息，这在这里起到了重要作用。\n\n**ELMO有什么值得改进的缺点呢**？\n\n- 首先，一个非常明显的缺点在特征抽取器选择方面，ELMO使用了LSTM而不是新贵Transformer，Transformer是谷歌在17年做机器翻译任务的“Attention is all you need”的论文中提出的，引起了相当大的反响，很多研究已经证明了Transformer提取特征的能力是要远强于LSTM的。如果ELMO采取Transformer作为特征提取器，那么估计Bert的反响远不如现在的这种火爆场面。\n- 另外一点，ELMO采取双向拼接这种融合特征的能力可能比Bert一体化的融合特征方式弱，但是，这只是一种从道理推断产生的怀疑，目前并没有具体实验说明这一点。\n\n\n\n### 2.4 GPT\n\n\n\nGPT是“Generative Pre-Training”的简称，从名字看其含义是指的生成式的预训练。GPT也采用两阶段过程，第一个阶段是利用语言模型进行预训练，第二阶段通过Fine-tuning的模式解决下游任务。\n\n上图展示了GPT的预训练过程，其实和ELMO是类似的，主要不同在于两点：\n\n- 首先，特征抽取器不是用的RNN，而是用的Transformer，上面提到过它的特征抽取能力要强于RNN，这个选择很明显是很明智的；\n- 其次，GPT的预训练虽然仍然是以语言模型作为目标任务，但是采用的是单向的语言模型，所谓“单向”的含义是指：语言模型训练的任务目标是根据 ![[公式]](https://www.zhihu.com/equation?tex=W_i) 单词的上下文去正确预测单词 ![[公式]](https://www.zhihu.com/equation?tex=W_i) ， ![[公式]](https://www.zhihu.com/equation?tex=W_i) 之前的单词序列Context-before称为上文，之后的单词序列Context-after称为下文。\n\n如果对Transformer模型不太了解的，可以参考我写的文章：[Transformer](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/NLP/16.7%20Transformer)\n\nELMO在做语言模型预训练的时候，预测单词 ![[公式]](https://www.zhihu.com/equation?tex=W_i) 同时使用了上文和下文，而GPT则只采用Context-before这个单词的上文来进行预测，而抛开了下文。这个选择现在看不是个太好的选择，原因很简单，它没有把单词的下文融合进来，这限制了其在更多应用场景的效果，比如阅读理解这种任务，在做任务的时候是可以允许同时看到上文和下文一起做决策的。如果预训练时候不把单词的下文嵌入到Word Embedding中，是很吃亏的，白白丢掉了很多信息。\n\n\n\n### 2.5 BERT\n\nBert采用和GPT完全相同的两阶段模型，首先是语言模型预训练；其次是使用Fine-Tuning模式解决下游任务。和GPT的最主要不同在于在预训练阶段采用了类似ELMO的双向语言模型，即双向的Transformer，当然另外一点是语言模型的数据规模要比GPT大。所以这里Bert的预训练过程不必多讲了。模型结构如下：\n\n\n\n对比OpenAI GPT(Generative pre-trained transformer)，BERT是双向的Transformer block连接；就像单向rnn和双向rnn的区别，直觉上来讲效果会好一些。\n\n对比ELMo，虽然都是“双向”，但目标函数其实是不同的。ELMo是分别以![[公式]](https://www.zhihu.com/equation?tex=P%28w_i%7C+w_1%2C+...w_%7Bi-1%7D%29) 和 ![[公式]](https://www.zhihu.com/equation?tex=P%28w_i%7Cw_%7Bi%2B1%7D%2C+...w_n%29) 作为目标函数，独立训练处两个representation然后拼接，而BERT则是以 ![[公式]](https://www.zhihu.com/equation?tex=P%28w_i%7Cw_1%2C++...%2Cw_%7Bi-1%7D%2C+w_%7Bi%2B1%7D%2C...%2Cw_n%29) 作为目标函数训练LM。\n\nBERT预训练模型分为以下三个步骤：**Embedding、Masked LM、Next Sentence Prediction**\n\n#### 2.5.1 Embedding\n\n这里的Embedding由三种Embedding求和而成：\n\n\n\n- Token Embeddings是词向量，第一个单词是CLS标志，可以用于之后的分类任务\n- Segment Embeddings用来区别两种句子，因为预训练不光做LM还要做以两个句子为输入的分类任务\n- Position Embeddings和之前文章中的Transformer不一样，不是三角函数而是学习出来的\n\n\n\n#### 2.5.2 Masked LM\n\nMLM可以理解为完形填空，作者会随机mask每一个句子中15%的词，用其上下文来做预测，例如：my dog is hairy → my dog is [MASK]\n\n此处将hairy进行了mask处理，然后采用非监督学习的方法预测mask位置的词是什么，但是该方法有一个问题，因为是mask15%的词，其数量已经很高了，这样就会导致某些词在fine-tuning阶段从未见过，为了解决这个问题，作者做了如下的处理：\n\n80%是采用[mask]，my dog is hairy → my dog is [MASK]\n\n10%是随机取一个词来代替mask的词，my dog is hairy -> my dog is apple\n\n10%保持不变，my dog is hairy -> my dog is hairy\n\n**注意：这里的10%是15%需要mask中的10%**\n\n那么为啥要以一定的概率使用随机词呢？这是因为transformer要保持对每个输入token分布式的表征，否则Transformer很可能会记住这个[MASK]就是\"hairy\"。至于使用随机词带来的负面影响，文章中解释说,所有其他的token(即非\"hairy\"的token)共享15%*10% = 1.5%的概率，其影响是可以忽略不计的。Transformer全局的可视，又增加了信息的获取，但是不让模型获取全量信息。\n\n\n\n#### 2.5.3 Next Sentence Prediction\n\n选择一些句子对A与B，其中50%的数据B是A的下一条句子，剩余50%的数据B是语料库中随机选择的，学习其中的相关性，添加这样的预训练的目的是目前很多NLP的任务比如QA和NLI都需要理解两个句子之间的关系，从而能让预训练的模型更好的适应这样的任务。\n个人理解：\n\n- Bert先是用Mask来提高视野范围的信息获取量，增加duplicate再随机Mask，这样跟RNN类方法依次训练预测没什么区别了除了mask不同位置外；\n- 全局视野极大地降低了学习的难度，然后再用A+B/C来作为样本，这样每条样本都有50%的概率看到一半左右的噪声；\n- 但直接学习Mask A+B/C是没法学习的，因为不知道哪些是噪声，所以又加上next_sentence预测任务，与MLM同时进行训练，这样用next来辅助模型对噪声/非噪声的辨识，用MLM来完成语义的大部分的学习。\n\n\n\n## 3. BERT的评价\n\n总结下BERT的主要贡献：\n\n- 引入了Masked LM，使用双向LM做模型预训练。\n- 为预训练引入了新目标NSP，它可以学习句子与句子间的关系。\n- 进一步验证了更大的模型效果更好： 12 --> 24 层。\n- 为下游任务引入了很通用的求解框架，不再为任务做模型定制。\n- 刷新了多项NLP任务的记录，引爆了NLP无监督预训练技术。\n\n**BERT优点**\n\n- Transformer Encoder因为有Self-attention机制，因此BERT自带双向功能。\n- 因为双向功能以及多层Self-attention机制的影响，使得BERT必须使用Cloze版的语言模型Masked-LM来完成token级别的预训练。\n- 为了获取比词更高级别的句子级别的语义表征，BERT加入了Next Sentence Prediction来和Masked-LM一起做联合训练。\n- 为了适配多任务下的迁移学习，BERT设计了更通用的输入层和输出层。\n- 微调成本小。\n\n**BERT缺点**\n\n- task1的随机遮挡策略略显粗犷，推荐阅读《Data Nosing As Smoothing In Neural Network Language Models》。\n- [MASK]标记在实际预测中不会出现，训练时用过多[MASK]影响模型表现。每个batch只有15%的token被预测，所以BERT收敛得比left-to-right模型要慢（它们会预测每个token）。\n- BERT对硬件资源的消耗巨大（大模型需要16个tpu，历时四天；更大的模型需要64个tpu，历时四天。\n\n**评价**\n\nBert是NLP里里程碑式的工作，对于后面NLP的研究和工业应用会产生长久的影响，这点毫无疑问。但是从上文介绍也可以看出，从模型或者方法角度看，Bert借鉴了ELMO，GPT及CBOW，主要提出了Masked 语言模型及Next Sentence Prediction，但是这里Next Sentence Prediction基本不影响大局，而Masked LM明显借鉴了CBOW的思想。所以说Bert的模型没什么大的创新，更像最近几年NLP重要进展的集大成者，这点如果你看懂了上文估计也没有太大异议，如果你有大的异议，杠精这个大帽子我随时准备戴给你。如果归纳一下这些进展就是：\n\n- 首先是两阶段模型，第一阶段双向语言模型预训练，这里注意要用双向而不是单向，第二阶段采用具体任务Fine-tuning或者做特征集成；\n- 第二是特征抽取要用Transformer作为特征提取器而不是RNN或者CNN；\n- 第三，双向语言模型可以采取CBOW的方法去做（当然我觉得这个是个细节问题，不算太关键，前两个因素比较关键）。\n\nBert最大的亮点在于效果好及普适性强，几乎所有NLP任务都可以套用Bert这种两阶段解决思路，而且效果应该会有明显提升。可以预见的是，未来一段时间在NLP应用领域，Transformer将占据主导地位，而且这种两阶段预训练方法也会主导各种应用。\n\n\n\n## 4. 代码实现\n\n[bert中文分类实践](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/NLP/16.8%20BERT/bert-Chinese-classification-task.md)\n\n\n\n## 5. 参考文献\n\n- [【NLP】Google BERT详解](https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/46652512)\n- [从Word Embedding到Bert模型—自然语言处理中的预训练技术发展史](https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/49271699)\n- [一文读懂BERT(原理篇)](https://blog.csdn.net/jiaowoshouzi/article/details/89073944)\n\n\n\n------\n\n> 作者:[@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> GitHub:[https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> 欢迎大家加入讨论！共同完善此项目！群号:【541954936】\n"
},
{
"path": "NLP/16.8 BERT/bert-Chinese-classification-task.md",
"content": "# bert-Chinese-classification-task\nbert中文分类实践\n\n在run_classifier_word.py中添加NewsProcessor，即新闻的预处理读入部分 \\\n在main方法中添加news类型数据处理label \\\n processors = { \\\n \"cola\": ColaProcessor,\\\n \"mnli\": MnliProcessor,\\\n \"mrpc\": MrpcProcessor,\\\n \"news\": NewsProcessor,\\\n }\n \ndownload_glue_data.py 提供glue_data下面其他的bert论文公测glue数据下载\n\ndata目录下是news数据的样例\n\nexport GLUE_DIR=/search/odin/bert/extract_code/glue_data \\\nexport BERT_BASE_DIR=/search/odin/bert/chinese_L-12_H-768_A-12/ \\\nexport BERT_PYTORCH_DIR=/search/odin/bert/chinese_L-12_H-768_A-12/\n\npython run_classifier_word.py \\\n --task_name NEWS \\\n --do_train \\\n --do_eval \\\n --data_dir $GLUE_DIR/NewsAll/ \\\n --vocab_file $BERT_BASE_DIR/vocab.txt \\\n --bert_config_file $BERT_BASE_DIR/bert_config.json \\\n --init_checkpoint $BERT_PYTORCH_DIR/pytorch_model.bin \\\n --max_seq_length 256 \\\n --train_batch_size 32 \\\n --learning_rate 2e-5 \\\n --num_train_epochs 3.0 \\\n --output_dir ./newsAll_output/ \\\n --local_rank 3\n \n 中文分类任务实践\n\n实验中对中文34个topic进行实践（包括：时政，娱乐，体育等），在对run_classifier.py代码中的预处理环节需要加入NewsProcessor模块，及类似于MrpcProcessor，但是需要对中文的编码进行适当修改，训练数据与测试数据按照4:1进行切割，数据量约80万，单卡GPU资源，训练时间18小时，acc为92.8%\n\neval_accuracy = 0.9281581998809113\n\neval_loss = 0.2222444740207354\n\nglobal_step = 59826\n\nloss = 0.14488934577978746\n"
},
{
"path": "NLP/16.8 BERT/data/dev.tsv",
"content": "game\tEDGϣʦʾ̭ ϷԭֹվõȡΥ߱ؾFnaticʦɹʾһƱȫĽǿŶACD0-3ս˵ǴǵʿΪ0-3Ŀ֣Ϊֻ۳ߵĿܣ֮ǰʵߵķʽк֣ܶ١ֻҪһĶս֡Fnaticʦ조ʱ˺͡Ĵ˵ҲǡС6-02-4·ߡFnatic״̬ãһ4-0ʵת˫ɱIMTGAM°ǿƱŴLZһôôõһʦʾEDGĽDzǸأһɣEDGС֣SKTC9AHQEDGҪԼ뱣ֺ״̬õijɼȻսȫʤѡҲֻSKTӱȫʤӮC9C9IMTDZսӣСڶֺܲˡBuffӳɣC9S5ʱһ־ȫʤǵڶֱӺͽIMTһ̭C9ⲻҪBuffһ֡EDGӮC9ѣӲʵ˵C9ԭͲEDGĶ֡һֵIJҰ¬ǰڷƣC9ϵõӡֻҪܵһֵЩȶأƴ汾ͶEDGȫɻC9ġӮAHQAHQҲѣEDGAHQҪкڵDzָӳʧӲʵAHQеȷʵûEDG㣬Ż油ֻҪScoutߣEDGԻAHQҪ˵EDGսAHQSKTΪʵǿжΪһսָӾϳֵʧԭƵEDG̡һڵʱEDGѵܽԼʧֱEDGǷӮSKTSKTDZȽѵһ֣ϾSKTķǾԲٸEDGһ1ƵĶԾֵġEDGӦÿЧµһֵսɱijһ·ʼFakerҰʵSKTϵлͦǰץġֶսSKTʱFakerץˣŵڶıӦҲEDGϣSKTҲнϴϣ3ʤǴ3-3ôEDGߵĸʾͻdzߡ4-4һSKTҲûϵFnaticõӣҲLZȻ2-4Ļִ˼ҪC9AHQĶԾ֣ҲC9ӮIMTһ2-4ףAHQӮC9SKTEDGSKT֮⣬ȫ2-4ĻִˡEDGʵ־кܴˣضEDGڶֻC9AHQҲƣͻˡʱܵ˵EDG߲ѣҪEDGѧϰFnaticԼ״̬áͳߵĸ·ҪԼ2ʤսġFnaticսԽEDGƾʲôأԲҪ̫EDGǵʵѡϣEDGܹúѧϰFnaticLPLϮɣȻҪһ㣬EDGսȫʤ3-3SKTõ4ʤˮõ3ʤC9EDGǻᱻ̭...ԣԼŬҲҪսӵıˡϷԭδֹתظлλ֧~ĹעdzµĶ\ngame\tCSGOҡţһ± бCTץ شϲѶCSGOҡţѾɹץò˵Чʻġ õĽ϶һҳ˵ټĻ϶ҲһȥϷ֣Ҳȥˣڼôľˡ ˵СڹʷҲЩʹŰIJɾϷˡЩڿƼʹ֧ ֶˣͱ̱ͷͱǽͷȵȿŵĻɱʽ˺ҶϷϲҸе˾ һȾڹһЩеķҴʩпϣ룬ѵһ鵽δĹƽеСȻе̡ ԴӹʼеʱػѾδķˣ2WҵʺˡһνĹ ˻ϲľʼᵽCSGO̵ҡţ߱ץˣڶࡰţӡҿɹ飬νԴϲ ˡCSGOţijбץ ҿɹġţӡѾҵIJ֪ˡ ijţQQȺѾ ֱQQȺCSGOؼʵЩȺŲٵȺ˵ġţȺɡ ﲻò˵һ£ĶȫúܶȰCSGOҳһ裬ЩӵǾųһ亹 ֱAWPһֱЩߺʹߡ͵¶ͷȻһǹǵĹͷ ҹDzǸòˣǵġʳĸѾˣͻֵˡ žһֵĴĻúܶ࣬ɴܵijҲ˺ֲܶ࣬Ҫˡ ˵ʱһRUSH Bɡ\ngame\tLOLŮҲʤʶ˻в ںܶϲADC˵ǰ汾ȵŮձӶȷʵ˿ЩۣΪÿڴ֮û˵dzĻᣬºͳƣŮʤѾǵһˣ Ҫ˵IJңİȺ۵ĵһ̶1ʱ˵һںܶ˻ڴȭͷܹλADCмǿʱIJԷ˵ Ϊˣ εٴŮļӽиĶܵʱ䣬һ˼ӵijʱ䣬ǰ˵кڻһĻڵĻdzˣ Ҿ̳ŭȭͷýƽС Ŀǰ7.19汾IJԷڱܼĶصôŮӢۻGGˣ\ngame\tֿΡڴּӸУҪIJǾԱ ϷƼƤСǡĿ汦ʦ˵Щڴ֡ؼʸλɻɣͯĿʱ⣿ڡϷУҪƼƷǡΣPokemonΪֿΣWorkemonֻϷϷԱɿֿΡһ淨Ч¡ڴ֡ƷƷʱկƷϷ֪ҪߵȥϷУ㽫Ϊһ̳ϵĹ˾ĿDzԱΪѹկͶĴʦڴʽĿWokremonPokemonֿΡһȤģ⾭ӪϷϷҿ鸻CEOģ˹ԼǮϵǼ̳еһҹ˾ϷռĿǾӪҹ˾ҪļԱͬʱͨ˿нˮѹեԱͶӹ˾档̳ϵ־ ΪԵܲáֿΡ淨һ̶Ͻ˷ȫġڴ֡սģʽͼռϵͳ˼ӸСʽԱȡ˾飬ҪӦͼͨķʽƸǣģ¿ڴֵŶ˸еһЦΪ˻ԭҳνӴڴֵĸжϷĿ·ֱڴһëһսͼֿڴҪѱЩҰԱIJǾҪѹǵнڴѹǵ,ֱԸţΪֹɹܴ˾ϰ࣬Ϊҵ档Գ˿ڴֵҪ⣬ʵ淨ǾӪɡȻϷѹեͶҪҪһϰ壬ǵðʱԱʣҪȻȫ·Ļ˾ҲƲˡϰ廹ѹեԱͶֿΡľӪҪ쳣ḻﻹǽܲ꣬ϵ̾ΪԱѵԱӪգ˾ڿĹλµ˹ߵȣӦĿֻ٣Ϸǰڳʽľ㲻봽ֻͨۿȡĽҡҪǮĿܶ࣬ȱǮιɡֿΡ˻ڴ֮⣬ϷȤ¼ҰⲶԱʱûԼСϵܺܵõһǮᷢļҪн¼ΪһԵܲã˭Ҹ㿪̸ǹʾͿץˡܽ˼ؽˡڴ֡ȴֲֹģ¡ԼḻϷ淨˻һЦĹ˵ֿΡϷĿȤζȷʵڷƵĿӪϷƼλ档Դԣ״ϷʱѡϷڰг\ngame\tսDZ̵ս˵ļ Ҷ֪ϿеÿӢ۶иԵص㣬ЩǰǿƣЩЩӢǶ˵Ĵڣս˱СſЩӢ۰ɣһļϰӢۣÿܶܶģ2ܵĶ˵ըпǸɴѪʱмټܣϡڲǷϲķʦˣϿǷ˵ңŻ÷һضǣг˺˸ĵǴ氮Ƥ褣ֳһƬõ廨ߵӢۣӢ²¡սе˷еˣŴͻȻѪˣҪȥкţһܾͶ㲻֪ȥˡСұġսеһʺ۶ôֻͣҪ϶㶥ķѣûͻȻֺתܣҲDzҲǡ\ngame\tLOLԭ¯ļǿ ϷԭֹվõȡΥ߱ؾLOLPBEռ7.19汾£ԭߣӢ۸ĶƽȻΧŮȵչװ¯ٴνֵһĽɣԭٻʦͷƤĶԼعƤֱӴлƶЧƽףعǹ䡣عЧӢ۸ĶWǰĶüܻɱĿЧԷһֵ˼ǿĶԭĻɱ6/8/10/12/14ӵ20/25/30/35/40ԻһβСļǿڻǰڶʱվ֪ʦ˸ĶУDzطеCarryλأŮWܳʱ30/22/16/12/10Ϊ30/24/19/15/12Ĵȫȼ30½20ʱ30/40/50/60/70Ϊ30/35/40/45/50롣һƽԵĸĶʱӳĽͣʱ̡ŮļȻãǺڵʱ20룬ϳܵӰ죬ڵļСŮ[Ч]Ŀ귨Ҳɶħ˺Wȴʱ12/11/10/9/8Ϊеȼ8˺60/115/170/225/280Ϊ60/105/150/195/240ٳʱ3뽵͵2ƽԵĸĶȴʱ٣˺ʱ̡װĶ¯ǰһѾӹ̶ֵĻϰ汾ЧĹٶȼӳɴ[20-35%]Ϊ[20-40%]˺[20-35]Ϊ[20-40] [Ч]Ψһٶ/лѪЩӳɽҲʩԼûPBEԵ¯Ǹĵ¯Լ趨¯ڸͷŻܼӳɵʱͬЧҵʩԼӢۻdzΪA˾ͲδӹٺѪЧADCӦûסȻĿǰֻڲԷĸĶǷʽдδIJԽҫ۸2500ǵ2650ϳɷô950ߵ1100˵ľۺܳɱ2200ߵ2250ϳɷѴ200ߵ250Ϸԭδֹתظлλ֧~ĹעdzµĶ\ngame\tDNFǹͺǹְҵ, ʷʫһ DNFħǹʿְҵǹͺǹְҵħǹʿְҵôְҵʷʫѾ£ֻǼĺһ£ҲοôȽܵǹʷʫǹ60-90ֹûкֻԺ60ʷʫǹBUFF+215+5,30+3,35+3,45+2ٶ+10%˵BUFF͵70ʷʫǹ˼+3+3%ǹ˻ָٶ+40%ǹȴʱ+50%˵רΪǹ˼ġ75ʷʫͷ+2%ǿ+18Թħ+2%ʱ8%Ļ˺30ܹ+20%40ܹ+20%80ʷʫͷ+2%ǿ+32Թħ+2%ʱ17%˺ʱ5%500PXΧ5硣85ʷʫͷ+2%Թﱬ+5%ħ+7%ħ+13%ʱ30%˺̡״̬·ڡ90ʷʫͷ+2%ﱬ+6%ħ+8%ʱ17%˺ʱ100ڣʱ˺5%(40%CD0.1)90ʷʫͷ+2%ħ+2%й+18%װBUFF150Sٶ+10%ͷ+15%ʱ˺35%ĸӡǹʷʫôǹʷʫЩ?60ʷʫǹ60ʷʫһһBUFF͵70ʷʫͷ+4%ħ+2%-1%ٶ+30%ʱ5%ļ30Sڷ壬30%ٶȡ75ʷʫͶǹͨ+4ʱ˺+20%80ʷʫ35ȴʱ-20%45ܹ+25%ըΧ+30%ʱ18%˺85ʷʫһ+1ʱ25%˺й+17%500PXΧжԱĹ+10%+10%ͷ+15%90ʷʫͶǹͨ+1һ+3ʱ˺42%ӣܹ+10%90ʷʫͷ+4%Կ+35ħ+2%-1%ʱBUFFʱ35%˺ħ+18%ǹͺǹܣħǹʿְҵǷñȽ죬һ?ְҵǻ?\ngame\tӢ7.18ԷS7ƤߣӢ۸Ķ 7.18ԷΪܵĸĶѾˣڱԤܸ£S7ȫܾı汾ҪΧƽиĶԷڰŮΥƤ羺ƤϣϣƤƤ۰ٷֱȻ뵽ءƤϹս (1350RPħڡƤͬһϵ)ھ֮ʸ ϣ(1350RPS7ȫܾ羺Ƥ۰ٷֱȼS7)ٻʦͼ2ھϣͷ3ģʽͻͷ2S7ȫܾͷ55S7ȫܾضͷֻнS724֧ͷƤ1S7ȫܾƤ1S7ȫܾĽɫƤ(ֻùϵͳ)ŲƤ (ɫ)ھ֮ʸ ϣ(ɫֻͨϵͳ)±5Ӣ۵45S7ȫܾض¾ģʽͻԽϷвS7ȫܾ¼ų¶ļͼ¶ٻʦͼS7ȫܾϿѾӵͻ˿ͻезĹܴƤнӢ۸Ķὣħ п˹Qڰ֮ԾڷпʼʱΪ赲̬ڷ·пɱɳĮʵ ȶR֮ǽ˺150/225/300ӵ150/250/450ħ֮ӵ E˫жĿɵĶ˺15/40/65/90/115͵10/30/50/70/90APӳ0.4ӵ0.5֩Ů ˿WԱ֩(̬)˺60/110/160/210/260͵55/95/135/175/215APӳɴ0.8ӵ0.95E˿(̬֩)ȴʱ26/23/20/17/14ӵ26/24/22/20/18˫ ưȱ֮ٴ15/25/35/45%ӵ20/30/40/50%R˫սڷưĿ긽ʱþ֮Ķټӳʧ֮ ɶһֵ540͵510Ͱ ˹һ״29.05͵26.05Eⵯĩ˵ײ Eֶùϻ˺50/70/90/110/130ӵ60/80/100/120/140˺APӳɴ0.7ӵ0.8ǻ Wƽʥֵܻ65/90/115/140/165͵60/85/110/135/160ÿһзӢṩĻֵ2/2.5/3/3.5/4%͵2/2.25/2.5/2.75/3%äɮ Wֵֻ40/100/160/220/28055/110/165/220/275ʥǹ ¬Eȴʱ18/17/16/15/14ӵ22/20/18/16/14̩̹ ŵ˹QֵͨĴ60/70/80/90/100͵ȫȼ60˵Σһ뷨ֵĿҰŮ εEҰԱ(̬)APӳɴ0.275ӵ0.325ɽ֮ ¶ʦڰ¶ﵽ13װWϢ˺Ŀ굱ǰֵٷֱȵĿֵٷֱעòʦʾĶȡ˰֮ Ӷһ״22ӵ25ķʦ WĽAPӳɴ0.2ӵ0.6 ˿EըADӳɴ0.5/0.65/0.8/0.95/1.1͵0.5/0.6/0.7/0.8/0.9װĶֵ325͵300֮ȴ10%ӵ20%ܼ۴2200ӵ2300˪Ůʵָȴ10%ӵ20%ܼ۴2200ӵ2300˪֮ȴ0%ӵ5%ʿܼ֮۴2300͵2200ֵ350͵250עӡĶǻعָصʦ(¶棬Ťֵͼ)ܼ4550ϳɼ۸1050+55APע7.17汾ݸ֮(¶)ֵ38+22*ȼ͵35+22*ȼѾȥ5֮ܵϻĻЧûЧ0עӡʦʾBUG(-¶)ϳ·ߣɳ©+1000ܼۣ3900+100AP(+30AP)+60(+15)\ngame\tLOL˵ʮһӵұԪպǵãѧѧ˼ңٿ㣡 LOL˵ǵʵӵLPL˵̨ͱܺܶ˵ĹעȻ짵ŵǷзŸʧܣCPҲֻͬǵȻûзŹƯӣͱڽĿбҪȫ2017ӵʲôġ ڽıDZԪúõijһ ģ˵ʮһǴҹϵӣҲɹһźʹԼĺ Ԫת@˼ǵãɹһʮһһƬǻǡ ǵõȻ˷ʾԼҲӵұֻզôԾأ ǵʦϽҸŮѰɣ\ngame\tACGһң˶ԪﻹϷҵġ\" ͬɡͬˡȻѾ㲻һϷˡ2014 6 25 յ½ƻƽ̨ Playstation mobile20157תսiOSƽ̨iOSսʼ㣬Ҳнӽ3ʱ䡣Ѿӽ3꣬Խ۹ͬɡȻҲһƷʼߣҾ߱ߵıʶȵΡͬɡѡϵɫ֮һ¼˴ԪĿBվܺVϵСеġͨDiscoǿνBվ2016ںӵĿݳݳͨDisco˼ߵȳBվfansױʾǡ˴Ԫڡ ʷʱ̡֮⣬粻ͬƵ棬ҲáͬɡӾ˾öĿһ¡ǵԻøУǶԪʱĶ⣬ֱкϵʮСڹĿУöҡַdzŷȡгmiss20157¡ͬɡiOSϼʱϷֻ2120172£ͬɡ¼ĿѾﵽ100סһ˵㲻̫ߡǰѡͬɡбȽҪĸһҲVҶԪ֮⣬һЩĶͬɡµһθУ˺galgameNEKOPARAլѾõϷܡ˾ֻҪĿλŮװӣ¶˻ĵЦݡԡͬɡ˵Ͳǵһˡ20165£߿֮ǰͬɡƳˡ߿100졷ϷνѡǸһͬ߿ϷϵһİڡͬɡУ㻹ҵڶƽ̨϶¼ѼġICEYԸΪҵΡŮǹŮǰߡЩϷٵĴŶԪԡ˵ǶԪȵ㣬˵ЩϷȵ㡣ͬģС롶OPUSƻµŵĶϷЩϷƷȶȲرijãӵмõĿڱ֮⣬ͬɡˡ桱ֽλȶ⡣֮ѡϣǷ·ܿͬɡһλϷ˫ҡǡд˽ԼϲϷƷкһͬϷӸԼϲϷԪأȻصȴͬϲЩԪصҵʵ֮̾ijϷû֮ŲɱʲôԱͬѧڿμԼϲ̳ϰԼˮϷڴʱϷ¸ֹ㿴ЩµĹһЦ˲䷢Լҵָ֯оáͬɡܸĸܲһදĿô֮ͬͬͨһţһȷϱ˴ݵĬȻָоҪһ仰ǴžǺܶǰѾġACGһҡչĶ\nfashion\tIJѧ¶ɱ,㻹˼˵Լʱgirl? 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IJߣҾװɫҲǵİɫǺɫʿװĴɡСһЩҾװɫ似ɣһѧϰ°~ݿռIJδɫǽ桢桢컨ϴĵطʺdzɫΪر컨壬ɫ̫һѹ֡ظСɷһЩ컨塢ǽɫԱСڼüԵóݷ书ܴɫɫΪذ塢컨ǽɫȽϸߵdzɫɫIJ輸ůɫɫΪǿ˵ʳԸůɫɫΪɵĵطмɫΪ ɫɰ˵ϲãȽϸߵɫʿȽʽྻݷ䳯ɫķѡdzůɫϵķѡɫķѡɫķѡůɫɫҪdzɫʴ1++=㾭 +ӪǿҵӾЧɫ˺֮ӾͻھסַΧԡרҵС2+= ɫܴɫʣǹʹðɫҲһֵУӾƣ͡ɫԵúܿͻ˰ɫɣֵкʽþӼҵķΧȻ3+=ϲ ɫһ۵ɫʣϲãʺϼСļͥɫ˸оƽ꣬ɫʺķʹá ҾװɫװķкܴӰ죬ûѧרҵɫ䣬Լ뷨ϣʦļҾɫüɫӺгͼƬԴ磬Ȩɾ\nhouseliving\t127ƽ¼ס оDzһ ҿ װȫǸԼ뷨,ʱʦ,װסҲ˿һʱ,ͦ尾ġ¼ҵģ,һжԺˡס·оDzһ,ɹɹ:һ鷿:127O:еʽζ,ɫͦḻ,Ǵͦõ,̫ͻأ,ֱ̨Ӱװ˲,оÿ,յͦġͦ,ˢ齺,ǽװ,컨ͦ,ͦвθеġڵѡıȽһЩͦ,ɹҲ,͵ɫͦÿ,еҰϵӡˮѡIJǺ,оôȽϺһЩЬƵͦر,ʽߵ,ЬȫԷ,ͦʵõġЬ̨,ƽʱԷһЩԿʲôġˢ齺,̵ľذ,Ҳµ,Ʈ˲ɹЧ,忴ŲԵǽĵɫıֽ,˸,ͦġͯװеС,ɫϱȽϻԾ,ԺӱȽϺʡڷһС,Ӷѧϰʹá鷿ͦС,Ҫ칫õ,ڷ̨,Ͳ,,öͦİɡ鷿иСƮ,˻Ϣ,оͦõġȽһЩ,ò˸ʪ,Чо̨ʽ,ϴһǶʽ,ͦʵõġ̨װ˸,ڷһЩֲͦġװϲ?װʵܼ,ǰ㶨!ĶԭơȡƷ\n"
},
{
"path": "NLP/16.8 BERT/data/test",
"content": "\n"
},
{
"path": "NLP/16.8 BERT/data/train.tsv",
"content": "game\t5000,ͶϷж!Ϸǿÿα Ϣ,һлĶ Ϸǿÿα!/ԣС5µһܿν߳𡱡رǿտպ˺ǻԵ¼(ͬѧտպؼ)µĽչ,˵Ůҵ߸迪5Wн,LV,չͶ5000,Ųù˾ʽҽƱաµĽչ,С57ٴη,ǻԵָ,Ͷ5000ǷϤˡݡɹԭί9Ӧڴ¼,С,ǡ5000W,ϷȦ,ٸ黳뷨ĴҵŶӰ!,ܶͶ,ͶϷͥ!һӭ!ͥ׳,ݲͳ,ϷѾ200ֻ,֤Ϸ˾IPOָڲ塣53,֤ᡶϷ˾IPOָڲ,ļϷ˾IPOļЧָꡢϢ¶ȸָ˽ϴĶڴֲ²֮ʱ,54,֤ȯ֤زʿ֤Ϥ,õЩžʵйزűʾ,IPO˹,ҵżڵҪޱ仯,Ϊй˾,Ϸӿ롱,¹ɷг̬ͬʱ,ˡϰѹءҲڳΪ̬ڴ,Сһ桱,֯ͨý巽ʽṩϢʱ,۸ġӡ鹹ϢһϢ칫52շµġϢ涨,ȷ˻ϢɡСල顢ε,ý롣ù涨61ʩСҺ,ڻû61աŰ췢¹涨,Ļ̨ġĻڹ淶ϷӪǿºܹ֪ͨѾʲôˡ201751֮,ϷҪжûʵ,ǿδϷ,ҹϷп鿨ǿĸʡ ΪӦҺ,ѾNϷ˵,N+1Ϸ𡣡ӢˡҲһκ˹սƷıʡʾ,սƷ,ƤĽΪ29.255%,ٻʦͼƤĸʶΪ2%Ϊûκμֵ,ûиܵôߵĽ,Ҿʵļ㷽۸һʵ,СһܹԹ!!!,λKhemist49eBayԶʱһΪѩӻƷ,۸ͦ˾ԺطоȻһšǼԡհԴ̡Դ1998,ԴڻܼϢ,ͨҼֵϡƷھδŹ̵,ѾҪλСƷˡѩٷ֪һ֮Ҳϵ,ٷŶŹ,Ϊа֪ʶȨҵܡԴҲѰ˷ɽ,Ź̽ѩ˾Khemist49,ȴ൱ϲ:ѩһݡȷ桷Ϸ,ֵ250Ԫս,֮ⱩѩרµKhemist49,ȥμӽıѩ껪λСΪòϡƷ,ջǾ黹,ٷΪ˽λСҲһݴȥμӽıѩ껪֪ԵϡƷô?ô,ɴ˿ɼѩٷͦ۷˿ǵġѩ֮ԱΪְ֡,ΪȫҵĹ,رڵӾϷǿǰܱйýѧýרҵ(ֺ͵Ӿ),ⲻ,ϺѧԺҲͲסˡ,ڡӾѡ2018żӴ˻Ϣ,Ϣ¶,ϺѧԺרҵ조Ӿ˵רҵڴ˻,ʽ챾иУеһӾרҵҳ,ӾͬڴϷ,ҵ,רҵĿƱһ顣ֵע,羺гȷ,ݱ,2021ʱйϷгĹģܻ2017260Ԫ350Ԫ(Լ2413),ɼģ֮Ϸй˿ռ44%,һ2021ʱ,54%,ʱϷйĻûռıӽ90%ǿ̺Ϸ,Ժܺ˽ЩȺ,һĻϷ,ϰʵҲһšʦҫΪ,ֻϷٱСС,PCηͥ,Щɿ̻,רɿר,˿ͶϷר,ԿģPC桶ҫ,֮ҲֱֻͨϷڲɵר,ûPC,Դֻ,ֻṩWi-Fiͳ缴ɡɴǰĴԴ,ȶģʽ,ٵڵġר,ɼҲʱʱеij! ˵ʱ𱬵ֻϷ,DZȻǡҫĪҶڡҫԽԽԶ.......Ҫ˵λСνˡý屨,ݵϴѧһҽԺһλΪҫշԹԺС!17С()ҫ˿,Ϊ˳嵽ҫ߶λ,ᴲ,ս40Сʱ,м3СʱֻСӦһٷ!Ŀ,ϷͻȻԼͷΡͷʹ,վҲվȡʶܲ,ǰخijҽԺн,֢״תϴѧһҽԺרҾ˴Ź̺,ȷСľԹȻСҲΪλϵͳ,òһ,һ,ǸͰˡڴ˻ϣеϷ,ֵͬʱҲҪѿغϢʱ,Զ롰ԡ ҫڹڿνǴ,˶мܲסջ,С,ҲϷ,һͦ6Ȼٷʾʰ,DzΪ桶ҫɷѿġ˷ǽ,ΪܺúõϷ,Ҳʹȥѧϰ,ĿijܸиõĹͨ,Ҫһ!!!ܹϷһȺͷIJ˼ѡĵ,СͻȻֱܡҫƵеߡû취,˭ȫһء,˵NԺ,ҫܹ롰ϷáҲ˵һ,Ϸá,Strongֲ2015,ýֻPCƻֻȫƽ̨ϷӰȷijɾ͡201754,ŦԼ˹صStrongݹһڻ,ֱ:ա:һս鱦:/̡͡ͷ2СصطһϷõƷ,СսʿGTA3ﴫ˵ո֮áԶˡPongģˡ̫ߡֵܡ˹顷͡ħ硷ϱĿƷ,Сʷƾõġա1981,Ҳǹï֮֮:黳,!Ȼ,СΪ,ϣгһܹйIJƷϴĵ!ϵϷǿⶩ:ֱӲҡϷǿ⡱GameTHKע:ӭѯϷǿ-˼˼ QQ:2819435219Ͷ:뷢 ed@gamethk.comϷǿAPP:1ϷǿŹںҳ2ǿɫ˵3iOSءءϷǿ201410,һڹϷг,ͬʱۺϷҵý塣ϷǿϷߡ̡ý塢Ͷ˼ҵʿ,ΪṩֵѶݡͨȽIJƷ̬,˫֮ʵ\ngame\tLOLS7Χ̹˿ȰWEÿ鶼SKT ʱ915գӢ˹ٷ2017ȫܾΧʽ̡ΧLPLWEսӲμӡһWEķ˿ҲܵWEĹٲ¡̵WEҪÿһWEı23պ24աϢ2526ƱWE˿еץˣ϶뻻Ʊֵķ˿ΪWEͣWEÿһҪBO5һÿһֶҪSKTѾġ̡WEʵ˵WEҪΧͻΧʤ㻹DZȽϴģȻҪСġϾB01ʲô鶼пܷ̭FNC C9ȶҲǺܺôġϣWE˿ǽһÿһֶSKTԴɣ\ngame\tLOLܾ: վPP, WEȫϰ۷Ұλһ 2017ӢܾΧ̸սãLPLWEսҲ˳뵽ܾССWEС鵽һС飬DϣWEܹLPLӦеķɡܾ105ʽʼLPLͣΧ֪֮վBEST.GGΧθλѡֵijPPַ֣ڰУWEսӵԱȫϰ֮سΪΧǿսӡϵλУWEսӵȸ957ƾԼȶϵռϵĵһWEսУ957ǶΪȶһλãȻʱرʣȴ˷ġΧеĶʵԽ957֮϶Ҫ綥ϵʱʱڴҰλϣСԾǣ۵ı־ȻûһֻԳ165ppֵڶһC9ĴҰˡWEΧ7ֱУCONDIеֱmvpһGMBضƣ´ľͰcondiΪ۵Ļ̭ڶУezҰһɷ̡СൣĵǣȻĹâezҰ·ЧòƲWEսӻҪһ£رʱѡҪء˫Cλϣҹеѡڶppֵߴ186WEսӵADCѡmysticppֵΪ193ھҵADѡеWEսӵ˫CȷʵͣɱΧѡڶ͵mysticʵȶԣСûֵͦģ·λ˫飬еѡҹ֮ķȷСൣĵġϾܾУܶսӵʵǿѡֺcarryĵ㶼еλϣҹܷסѹԼΪԷͻƿWEȡʤĹؼڸλϣWEսӸԱϰZEROһBENġڸλϣWEսӿѡZEROѡִḻ״̬BENѡΪͶı֮࣬ĥĬáϣWEսеıܹù۷ٴǾ仰\ngame\tҫӢ εè ڴһϵӢ֮ҫڴƳ͵ԭӢˡڸոոµУҫһèӢۡ档ӼϿӦһϵŲԱķϵӢۡ Ȼأļȴйоأһ+ܵϡ ͼʾıĿǰΪʳΣڼƶٶȵͬʱչѪֵܷΧȤǣСЧʹüǰʹú棬Ļˮ⣬ЧЧҲչ϶Ҫ棬Ҫ似չνӡ һΪξƣ˵ʵһʦܣеĵıܱ֮ģܱʱɷ˺˴ȵļ١ȻĿǰٵʱֻ1.5룬ԴƤķʦ˵ѪҲһ˲¡ ξͬǸȤļܣӳȥجλ˺ͼ٣ĻܽաҪجˢ˵ҪӢۣҪú÷ÿجεջʱˡ ӽϿξһԴλƵļܣͷŴ֮ɷ˺ͼ֮⣬ͻᱻλƽеĵشĴĵ˴ɺ˺ЧҪעǣмĵجȻԻգԣҪȥôجεİѿؽǹؼ Ŀǰҫٷ䶽ʽȷʱ䣬ҲֻΪһӢ۷̽Ӣ۵ĵ½¶һźţҫڼӴԸԭӢ۵Ĵȡ ôDz½èһӢ۵dzأ\ngame\tջһֻ赮 ȸлСǵ֧֣ǰĶ⼼ܹĽܣ˺öҶĽԼϳ裬һӾĺϳ裬һ4ֻһֻǶһĺó裬Ǹ߳ɱϳ裬ĽѾˣ1&1ϳ裬ûظŶһֻͳɾˣɳ1.3ҪըˣڶֻҲըˣȻֻ2ظ7+3=10ξͶˣ˸10ܵijɾͣһӾ͵õ2ѵijɾͣϲңһֻֻϵĺÿ5+5ȴ2صڶֻѾõ10ܵijɾˣصʣɳ1.268ܸߣŶòֳ裬ǵĻⷨҪˢµˣʣλ34ǵ10341534أ𰸽1534ŵķһˣŵһľǼûأǰĸûܣⲨĵĦУһֱӵˣϲDzǿѪڣҲһ¡ྫݣעλεһţͷĹעťעǣǻÿΪṩʱȤλݡ\ngame\tLOLѡUZI ˿²ֳۣ һλɵĴϣDWսӵĴҰѡLPLְҵѡUZIûӡ̶Сʱ֮䣬ٹڵ²ۡϾŵʱһλɵĴϣDWսӵĴҰѡLPLְҵѡUZIûӡ̶Сʱ֮䣬ٹڵ²ۡڽıǶĿãC9DWΧУC9ҰŮDWҰ֮IJģ˴СһҰϸϡһC9Ұǰʮ飬ٶԱһDWҰǰʮӣڱʾһΧõˣˣUZIǹˣȻUZIıбֲ̫ãѲǸƴ꣬ϸĵ˶֣UZIڵĴƫŶӣŶԼԾС֮ԴãСUZIҪͬʱUZIܻὫԼDzԴøСǴҶܿ顣˵UZIûӣֻ˵жûпˣ\ngame\t̵㼸ҫϷҫܻꣿ ԭֻϵ̰ߣɫħֻҫֶҲֻܾ̾ԽԽˡǵDZҫ֧Ŀ־ÿᣬķϣֻܿҫˣڵֻҫNOЩϷܺܶ˶ûһǾƷһɡ1ַųԼ̶ܶصбַʮֱijһֻġɱҲһ㣬˺ܶҡ2ԪͨѶһϷҪһֱѡشйͨԿп罻Сͻ3ҵϷϷ˵ϷˣҪҪͨŬȥҵȤСȥһԡ47һ߶ɵĽðϷ7ǰʧȥ˼䡭 ΨһûǵģǸԼ 7㡭 Ǻֶ벻ij˵ԼΪȡʧȥļƬ Ϊһ춨µԼ һصС5һ߶ɵ3DɳϷûеȼƣûض淨ֻƻʹȤ;ԴһУҲһȺСսĺڰֿɽˮı硣6̰ߴսǵͯṴֻ̋ǿĻ䰡ܻҲ̰ˣ淨࣬ҪͨλñײϡЩϷǷdzȤģҲõĶѵͻȻһϷMAXϷȻ棬ǹѧϰҲҪˡҷֻϷôҷһPPTģɡ·۾ͣҷģС͵ġɰ칫ѸPDFת칫ļת\ngame\tB:Ҫɵɧ!حBBƷ Сƹح滳һͬ¡ ƽʱҴNS˾,ʲôҰ֮Ϣ,ôŵϷ,ûҡ B粻֪ĸһָ,˾ըˡ cһ20,תһ,ͷۻ ,˵õϷں?Ϸ,Ȼȫֶ?벻,ݵ?תһϷ? 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죬ƻ̵ϸʦappʱλԵȫΪлҶȹһЩʱ⡣ᡣȥʦԺһʱʢǰ˵ʦӪòƵĽƣϵʦۣתһȦʦңʦĸܱ߲ƷߣcosplayְסһΨ磬÷ϷôھԽԽأȥ10ʦĿӡҶôӵġҼǵõʱϷʱûô档ʱݡһõµĻ磬˲һսģʽҿʼʦĿӡ죬賿4˯Դ˲ΡصԺӷÿ춼ֻ棬ʱڹ֮ȥҲʦһ¶ϻؼңȻҲdzʽս浱СһĩǾ˫ʱֻһƻһСףһһͨˢʦĵĪڳʽˡעüţΪ˳ʽһеSSRС¹УʱֿļDzС¹˺þãżٵϲ쳣ġֳ˻Ĵ֮еƵSSRڹǶʱ䣬Լķ˰ʦڴʱҵˡʱ172·ݡҰҵĺŸҸ桭Ҹ˵ҵС¹Ūûˡӽ2·ݿʼұҲʦˡڣûȤȥʱ䰡ҪȥҪһЩ㵱ʱΪõĶҴǰϲħ磬һ档ʦħIJͬնʦϷģʽǽɫģʽħкܴIJͬûʤڣʽҲȱԷḻĹ£ĸоûжݵġÿ½Ϸ˳ʽܴһЩȤ֮⣬ĺܻеΨһȤijʽijȡҲǵ͵ÿ£죬ʦ죬½šƺʽȡSSRʵһЩȻһûκһȥʱʦߣʱʦ죻ʱʦڷҪлҶȹһЩʱ⣬˵һЩʱ⡭д201792723㡣ڶĺšսƽɡȨУתϵߡ\ngame\tLOLȫܾSKTSSGս̨ƳʵٻʦϿ ꣬LOLȫܾľ114վСǰʱ䣬ѾѱϹڸLOLȫܾijغͶս̨LOLȫܾľѾӽɣҲѱ˸ɵLOLȫܾijغ֧SKTSSGĶս̨ѱϵѾɵľؿSKTSSGĶս̨ϯ̨棬λڳ롣ֵעǣSKTSSGĶս̨ƳLOLٻʦϿȵģSKTSSG֧Ķս˫ˮأ·ߣмкӵ˫ԵҰҲ˳˵˫Ķս̨ƳٻʦϿȣҲˡǣܶLPLҿﶼЩᣬΪܾûLPLӰLPLȴ֧LCKսLPLȻͷɬ\ngame\tҵϷ˼άӪ Ϸͷź:gametoutiao()йҹʽý嶨Լýݵ:ϷΪˮޡ,ӳϷDz˼ȡ,˳ϷDzҵ,ԼϷ,Ҳؿ,̲סӡ˳Ե״̬,ʵӪռĿ,߶ƷơΡʹϷӪĸлӪĸͨϷ̬ƺȥ,ԵϷȥ,ȥ֪,ȥĿ,ӶʹתΪDZ,һƷƻл ϷӪĺôϷӪҪܹͬʱﵽΡ䡢ϵûרעԼû֪ĿꡣÿһĿ궼ּΪṩϷĹ,ʹϷ,ʹû۵桢,Ӷ߲ƷҵЧ档һ,ϷĹɳΪ˲Ʒûֱ֮ӻֻϷͲֻһĻApp,һעеý塣ûרעͶ뵽Ϸ,ƷͨϷȻĹ潫ѳ嶯ݸ,ҾͻDZʶγɸʵĸϷĹ治ȴͳӾ,ܸû߳еΧڴϷ,沢Ҵ,ڹʽϵĴɸͶŵĻرʡûΪһ桰桱ϲ,DzŻעҪݱ ϷӪµ˼·1Ϸֲ(In-Game Advertising,IGA),ƷƺͲƷŵƵϷ,չʾ,ֱӰ쵽Ϸ淨,еӴû,ƷϢ2ƷƶƻϷ,ΪǶƳAPPϷSNSϷ,ƷȫλϷ,Ϸ۵Ʒ,ͬʱƷƲƷΪ,̼ҵIJȡ3ƷϷIPCo-Marketing,ƷϷIP,ԽƷֲƶ,ƷIPп,ȿ,ھIPӰ˿á 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ע!\ngame\tRookieл˿ңҪжˣ ȻS7ȫLPLͶƱֻ˰ʱ䣬ȫͶƱ˵һҲؼʱ̣ΪҶͶƱڽɣµļֻһЩɢɢͶƱԴĿǰƱȷLPLȫǵݡеλõľΪҵģĿǰrookieҹԼСƱֱǰrookieĿǰ38.4%ʱ߾еһrookieȻû뵽ԼܻôͶƱڸոգѱrookie˿ȺԷ˿˸лò˵һĺ~ȻĿǰյĽǻ֪ǿórookieη˿İҲǷdzĸжrookieS4ĩLPLһֱIGһˣ˵LPLûиƭ˵ģЩļҲڲϵĽS7ȫȥĻҲȽͬϾIGѵе֧LPLS7ܾ飬ⲻǴѣ\ngame\t̵ȭŮԽɫΧ һλŮ Ҫ˵ʲôйʱϷǼ̵Ļ䣬ôFCϷͽֻԿԽǰףFCԲ˵ʹɽկСһЩϷҲֺһ١ֻͬDzеİҹɰ루ΪǸʱڣҵĿڴﶼûжǮġǸʱĽֻϷжԸϷΪڸϷУߵĵȻȭˡ ȭеŸָĽɫȭʽ綼֪IJSͰһУŮԽɫĻһЩûнӴȭʵҿֻ֪֪衣ʵȭʵ統лŮķȫȲ֪鹬ŵ ߣ163CM أ49KG ΧB83W57H82 鹬ŵȳdzSNKϷսʿһӵгձŮӸż֣趨Ⱦͻ˲ҵע⣬䳬ŵȹתáԸ趨Ͽʻã֪Ƿϲλ崿Ůأֶǧ ߣ169CM أ52KG ΧB85W57H84 λ縺ŴٶȷӡһԼSԹΣǰǧףΪԸ¶֡ǧdzʱҲͦˣвʹùս ߣ154CM أ45KG ΧB75W54H78 ڡ֮ȭȭʡϵϷеdzɫһγ֮ȭУKOF96KING ֪ŮӸӲμӱλŸβſֵװŮȻʱ䲢࣬ȴҲʵʵǵӡĶ ߣ173CM أ68KG ΧB92W63H87 KOFŮƵĵط.ĶȴܱΪKOFͷ˱ʡȻûȫ¶ò.ȴ˲һ\"һ\"ĸоΪʱװģòȷʵKOFκŮԸңǴߵ֮һ.ҲĶ𣿲֪ ߣ165CM أ48KG ѪͣB ΧB89W55H91 Ϊ֪ȺܸߵIJ֪裬ܻвҲ˽ɫԭ֪ͣ鷿ԭϸ佭βԭԷʱŮ˶żű¶ԸеIJ֪ʵȴһӵԸķҲǰһ³ ߣ168CM أ49KG ΧB88W54H85 λСǸ顷ĵdz18дģȭ֮еdz֮⣬ҲڶǴ˵г̨֡ҲǷdzһ㣬ڵʼʱе˼Ϊ̨һһhĸо23333 ߣ168CM أ53KG ΧB82W56H80 ȻǼˣȭзΪŮԸҡԱĴȽ϶ࡣ94KingͲ֪һΪӢ״εdzҪ˵ĻССӡžǣKOFŮƽȵĵطһ֤ŮҲѷ˵ĴһdzҪսʤԼִŮӡ ߣ177CM أ58KG ΧB88W57H87 ¬飬ĸĽ㣬һüһ۶˷顣˳96չֳʵжıɱѹԵĴٶȣϺ֣˼ߵIJпòһơ ߣ168CM أ300 ΧB92W60H89 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Ĺӳɴ20/26/32/38%16/22/28/34%³- ָ2/3/4/5㣯4/5/6/7㣯ɯ- ɳ1.951.5- 10츳10% 12%- 15츳+10% ȡħ+15%- 20츳+2 ʯӳʱ+2.5- Ѽ˺35/50/65/80%30/45/60/75%- ݴ20 + 3.618 + 3.2徫- ¼ӳģʽ- 幥ݣ˺ϵ0.250.5- 幥ݣ˺ϵ0.5/1.0/1.5/2.01.0/1.5/2.0/2.5- 幥ѣδ0.250.5- Ա任Ķݺ3/4/5/64/5/6/7- 10츳+20 ƶٶȸΪ+300 ̬- 25츳+800 ̬Ϊ2 ̬- 25츳4 鴬3ʯ۽ʿ- ڻʹӢ۹Ϊ24/42/60/78㣬˺ζſԴѪȣ- ܳ˺ʹ8/10/12/149/12/15/18%- ܳڻʹӢǰƶ225루ԴԽΣ- Ҫ1.2ʩʱ䣬1.2ʩ- תٶȴ105/110/115120- ƶٶȴ550/575/600600- ƶٶΪ̶ֵ- ˺200/250/300200/275/350- ƵĹԼߵλЧ- 25츳-12 ȴ-16- 15츳-4Ļȴ-5- ݴ3430ѻ- ڤһȴʱ80/70/60Ϊ100/80/60˹- ֮ӳɴ12/24/36㽵10/20/30- 25츳-8 籩֮ȭȴ-9ʥô̿- 10츳+200 +250- Ķ˺100/125/150175/250/325СС- 4- ץȴʱ40/32/24/1615- ץĽ˺70%100%- ץԵзλĶ˺25%30%- ץĹ2/3/4/52/3/4/6- ĹٶȽʹ-30Ϊ-20/25/30- Ͷλܵ˺20%30%- 10츳+25 +30- 10츳+15% ħ+20%֮- ѾĻʱ7뽵6- 3ά- ӶĹ25/40/5530/45/60\ngame\tȭͷٷS720ǿѡûϰ?:̩ȭ! ڸո,ȭͷʽȫͬ˴˴ιٷS720ǿѡ!Ƿֱ:LPL6ϰ,ֱ:EDG SCOUT(19)EDG MEIKO(9)WE CONDI(18)WE MYSTIC(11)RNG XIAOHU(5)RNG UZI(14)СǷLCKѡߵLPLѡ,ǰܹעEDGҰȻûϰ,ʵе,Ȼвѱʾ,ȭͷȻȭͷ,ѵ̩ȭ?Ҳע,ǰ10,LCKռ7ϯλ,ıȶɭǿ˵ʮ,ʦŵ˵20,,LCKռ10ϯ,һ밡!ٷǿ֮,֪˴αڵһfakerܲܶסⲨǿ?ַ:http://lpl.qq.com/es/act/a20170919top20/\ngame\tҫΣͽʦҪǧ֮⧲ɾ ѴҺãӭտҵҫǵѡͯСҫһʦһ飬û¾ʹԼһ֣˿ܻ͵ƤɶģǽȴһСЦõʦͽ¼һͽܺһʵʦ¼ǺģǼӼСŴϷ֮ʦͽ죬ҲԿʦDzģϷϢСҲôģȻȴе⧲ǽſͽܿʦڴţҲ֪dzʲôԭ̽Եʦһ䣺ʦҸǧ֮ɣλҲһЦȻʦȴˣʦûϢͲסˣ̶ַһ䣺ʦȴһĵϵͳʾʧܣӶԷΪѣԲۣʦҲ̫ʵ˰ɣҪƤɾСò˵һ666ҲģΪʦһЦһֱڷϢֱ˵ԼҪƤˣϷֱȽҪȻʦû˼ӦҲǡ߳ŭ˿¼СҲеˣ֪ôûأƪµ˾һˣɽģˮͬһʱ䣬ͯ㣡\ngame\tLOLСɣ7нǰѹƣ ֪LOLĶǺҪģеûбץ¾·̵߱ԭҪڶԷƾ;ãѩԽԽ ֪һЩӢ۵ļ⣬ҲǺҪһõģȡѪϵƣöԷ߲òسDzһ̶ƶֵķôڶ߹УӦôأ1.IJģ˼ǿֲļ϶ȥĶ֣dzõķڶͼʱֱչȥĶ֣ö©ǵѪѾء2.ϷУ㾭ԿһĻijӢȥĶԷһףȫУȴԷѪĵĸءкܴСǵ˺Ҫ֪ǰڣСĹDzһӢ۵ġڶߵĹУվԶ̱ĸ㱻ʱСͻɹԷޣȻһĶ֡Ƕ˵Ʋر£ҪŴӲնԷСĵòʧ3.سǰĵسʱԳûĶ֣ǧҪעԼ״̬Ҫ˱ְװ״ܻͳسǰijǣѪѾûãʱѪͬһѪֻҪ֤ԷҲ൱ڰװױĺܶʱؼңҲͻ˷ͬľ顢ãؼҵĻٶȻصϾͻȡѪϵƣ⡣4.ȼƴ˻˺֮⣬Ӣ۵ȼڹؼ(3.6)һܣԿȼƴǷdzҪһͨ·7(ڶһ)15(ǰ)ǾͿڼ˲ȥֶƴ(ҲҪעֵȼ)öֲԴĴʵ˲ֱӽ̶ˣӶСɱԷ5.CDƴCDָͨԷؼܵȴijЩӢ۵ĿơҪսܡһЩؼԼܱƭͿԴȥһס6.˻ѪľĿơܼظȥͬԷѪĵ˵ͬʱԼܵ˺QWAEEAWQEȣͨܵĻͬ˻Ѫ7.նɱѪնɱѪһԻɱΪĿļɣָͬԷѪѪѹ͵ԼһױߵķΧַȻԼѪҲģὫһߡѪնɱҪǶ˫ܵ˺CDһ˽⣬Ȼпܳ˺߷ȱֻɱ¶ϣҲֻеһС֡ϾʵϷлֵ̫̫࣬ÿǴҰgankӢۿƵüɣǶȡʤ֮\ngame\tжǿ?MAUǧ 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921ձʱ1㣬羺ЭᣨKeSPAٿ2017羺ѡᡣѡְLCKKeGLOLսӹ80ѡ֣FIFA3Ǽ2¯ʯ˵ȡDeftScoreMataҲ˻᳡Deft¶˾ΥЦݣ黹LZPrayҲˣûгԷﻹһɿɡSKTĶԱҲμλBangԺֵķdz߰ѵҪǣȥѡ֣ǩԼʱҪע⡣ҪƭһЩȥйӡȻǹ˴Ǯ֮ôôǮǮء״̬ƺѡƺûСְҵѡһЩְϵѵ֮ǰLPLҲʼѡִѧһЩǰְҵѡְϵѵǣְҵѡֲôɡ\ngame\t1---ԼԼԶǹһѣ Һ ΰ֮ǰDzôϷֻϲӰͼƵȴˡԼĿһСĵϷϷ趨ͦϲŷǹսƬĸо100ŵĵϴԼǹеװҩƷȵҿԻ˵װƾ»ֻһʤĻϻһ֣ԼPSϷҲӣ׳˫ţĸӣ׳ţΰڴϷͬʱҲдһھС˵߾籾ϾʱҲڲ϶Ϸ֪ʶͼҲ˳ڹںһұϾֲ֣ǡϵеĵһƪԶǹͼȫϷԶǹ5һ1AKMʣAKMϷԶӭѡҿѡȫԶʽﵽʱɸ˺Ŀġҩͣ7.62mmϻ30չϻ40ϡжȣݵ (AR, S12K)ٵ (AR, S12K)ݵ (AR, S12K)ǹAR,ǹڲAR, S12KAR, S12KȫϢ24815ϸݣ2SCAR-LԿ5.56mmھAKMͬM416һսӵƿơҩͣ5.56mmϻ30չϻ40ϡжȣٵ(ARS12K)ݵ(ARS12K)ݵ(ARS12K)ֱǰհ(M416,SCAR-L,UMP9,Vector)ֱհ(M416,SCAR-L,UMP9)ǹ(ARS12K)(ARS12K)ǹڲ(ARS12K)ȫϢ24815ϸݣ3M416Ϸõ£M416ӦսеĶѻ֡ӵеͺоսɨߣǵɱܵܶҵϲҩͣ5.56mmϻ30չϻ40ϡжȣM416רսǹУֱǰհѣֱհѣݵ (AR, S12K)ٵ (AR, S12K)ݵ (AR, S12K)ǹAR,ǹڲAR, S12KAR, S12KȫϢ24815ϸݣ4M16A4M16A4Ϸõڳ뻹оսжзdzõܡЩһڽս滻ǹǹM16A4һɫɿʽҼȿѡԶʽҲѡȷ3ҩͣ5.56mmϻ30չϻ40ϡжȣݵ (AR, S12K)ٵ (AR, S12K)ݵ (AR, S12K)ǹAR,ǹڲAR, S12KAR, S12KȫϢ24815ϸݣ5Groza¸µԶǹ˺ͬAKMһģAKM֮ͬ䲻ʹ4ϵľѻԼȻҲˡҩͣ7.62mmϻ30չϻ40ϡжȣڲҵݵ (AR, S12K)ٵ (AR, S12K)ݵ (AR, S12K)ǹAR,ǹڲAR, S12KAR, S12KȫϢ24ϸݣС飬ϲһԶǹΰһıעĵͼֽʱҵѽ㡣ԭͼ1080P壬ںţΰӰң̨ظԼɻȡأ\ngame\tLOL³װյBUGһתû LOL汾ƳһٶӢۣȫмϷڶУLOLӦһЩӰϷˡϷڶжô𱬣ʱĸ棬ЩϷܻᱻһϷ棬ԭBUGӦǻٵϷ϶һءѱʾLOLʱΪһװװûˡвҷԼ¼˳ŬŬʱҰװϳص̵ҳװûˡ˱ʾαϵͳԵɣعƵԼأBUGϷձAggroΪһȫΪBUGܴΪҾ߶ȼУװ˻ûӦLOLҲв֪BUGվȪˮҲɱˡǹ˫ȣȭͷBUGAggroʾ˵λѷشBUGȭͷӳܻýءСƵ\ngame\tDNFһħ, վ8W﹥, 4692 ΪװںܶװǿƣϾװװְҵ˵ܱȽǿƣǶְҵﲢѡλħȴĵĴװħڵ³ϡְҵŶڼְҵħϷСλħܱΪһħΪħվֵﵽ4692﹥Ǵﵽ8W1ij̶ȡ¹ħְҵﵽĻδ֣⡰ħ˫ԿװӦ13ϡңħվֵսﵽ41ƿֲܴﵽ̶ֳȵħмʵֻһħϷмħְҵĻDZȽ϶ģλһġ˹ħŮװⲢһⷨϷҲDZȽǿǿԿⷨĴСϷжȽϵټⷨҲȽϵĸߣ¶ܴ˺ħȻϷпܱȽϵϡУְҵ˺DZȽϸߵģװȽϺõħһͷءħΪͷϷжǿ\ngame\t湫DLCԤվս ؿĦСݣȫDLCݡϷ117շذ棬127շʵ棬۸Ϊ5800ԪԼ341ԪУذصΪ5ֳʵصΪԭCD趨Լ⣬ٻˡDLCԪ䡱ԤƵĴսĻDLCԤƵԪ䡱̨ڴ֮սʱĴսµĵˣߣܣػ飬ȵ⣬ģʽֹУǿĵ˰Ƿı꣡ոߵǾնսԼļޡDLC926ϼܣڴƵ棺\ngame\tȡʽع,Ҫҵȯ,ռѶһ ҫмߵ70λӢ,ǾǶλսʿ,Ӣ۽715յ½Ϸ,Ϸ¶ȵĸ,ʧ˼ԻľΪӳijСӢǷdzǿƵ,Բοĺϵ½Ϸʱǿȡһӷɵ,ڵеĴ,ֻһĿɼ2һСλƼ,˺,ڶѣλЧٻħ,һ״̬,ȫ״̬֮ǰıм۸13888,588ȯû뵽һź,ռӡ,15ŵ½ϷҲԻӡ,ӡǿѶһӢⲻ,ϲ?ʱ֪,ԸλǧҪӢŶ,Ƽһ׳װ:+Ь++籩+֮+ꡣıҪڿ֮,ļ֮Ⱥ,ҫϷ,עҫ!\ngame\tDNFװ˲Ѫ, 㾭? ۵ܻĻָһHPֻѪȽٵʩšȻ90汾ôǣڵνǺ۵жΪܾԼһ?ȷʵѪDZȽҪģְҵȱѪں˵ȽϵҪں˵ѪȽٵʱѡװˣȻʹܼܣӶԼѪ˲Ļڵʱ֪ģرͼܶ˶ѡװˣȻͼܻѪΪװ˵ʱֻôѪװѪûмӣ㴩װ˲ܻѪBUGȻֻк۵ܻѪڵʱѪҩƺҲЧԺܶԼѪʱԼװѵȻϻѪҩȻװ˲䣬Ѫͻǣ̳ҩЧҪáЩѪڵȽϵĻ𣬺ܶ˶ЩѪƴӶʡҩҪǣԼ֪ʿǣûоװѪ?\ngame\tRNGSKT±Уѵ٩ţζİɣ йͳѽˣٽS7УԺܶйѡ־ûͼžˣȻЩźɣܺһЩСһҲġ֪𣿺ҲǹŶǽڽϦڣΪ˴ζǣҲڽǰԼף SKTٲϢǸոյRNGAHQսӵͼƬӦ±У Ӧζ Ҳѵ٩ⲻţζİɣ ιιιok ˵ӦEDGһɣϾҶA飬ҪɼܵŶ\ngame\tDNFĺűһ, ˭ʶ? ĺͻȻѾ⣬òҵ룬Ѿ֪߰꣬ⱻĺŻ?ΪңӶʱ䣬ʱѾţͻȻţѾȥԶ˵ⱻĺѾȥôãñʲô?ģҵ¼Υ˺šҵһţװĴڽϣϡļǵãΪһװ60汾˵DZȽϰġֿл൱Ƚ֪⽣ȡڸɫУҵͨװװԣװװװԿ˵ټǸװװԵIJࡣʵһսɫսɫΪһҲǰש˺ܾáսŵ˭ʶ?ο¾֮Уܻ˵¾֮Уǿȷĸ㣬¾֮УֻҲ֪ȻЩŽɫڵǰ90汾˵Ⲣֵһᣬ˵Ļ䡣ȷʵ˵ʷʫװ룬ԽԽϷͷˢʬһĻĿ\ngame\tLOLŮѺΪʲôû˹עҵʵ LOLȦ˲£S7ܾWERNGǿ55͵ɫֳ飬ֱŮѻɳɫ55˺ѾռͷȻⲨݣֱռѵһLPLĹûˣΪͷеࡣ 276㣬ºȷijơΪʲôû˹עһֱʵֻϲ嶯飿Դѱʾ㵹ǺúôǶ֤Լһûгɼôܵõעֱԣ£˶ûѧᣬôɴ£ ļʱΪNB油ADѡ̨֣Ǽֺܲܲɷʱ˵Ҳʱ˸̾ڳˣҪתְҵˣȻûٵdzһ滹Ǹ棬ɽıưɡ ϷձAggroãɫ55˺ԼֱŮ£ǿ˹һɵġţ֪ᷢЩ¡\ngame\tҫ°汾Ķҷ²ۣdzǮͲǮ Ӧ1019տµİ汾ҫٷȴ°汾bugԭ1019ո°汾ƳٷS9Ҳ°汾һһѿը˹ˣһʱ鵽µİ汾ĽҲҪƳˡϿȵµͼģͷųҲѵ²ۡٷΪµͼƳһҲ硱ĻȴҸ²ۡŵͼɫһְɫ˲٣ҷ²ۣdzǮûǮµĸĶȴҵ⣬ȥҩ裿λô\ngame\tRNGҰMlxgֱʱũ Եȫǣ RNGսӡӢˡֲҰѡMlxgֱʱһٶȻֱʱڿһʧֱԶԷǡũʵũ˼ʱʾũɵX˼ֱ֮䵯Ļ˲䱬ըѷʾ˼DZIJˣ豸ûרҵûĶ࣬ô߹ũֱϷͺ?ҲΪ⣬ǵصũһ٩˼ǶĨũ˼ڴѵУ˼ڸɺ̳л磺ڲǰҲ϶Դ½˵ǸıⲢũûעǸֱʱ˵ȷܲõӰ졣ڵͷչ㲻ᱻ̬ըµijҲʶһ⣬ǾǴְҵѡ䶼ȽСDzʱõԽнʺĿ˵֪λСοһ?\ngame\tϷ¼Switchж?ǺͿ VGTIME2015 עϷʱVGtimeSwitchϷ76,ڶ Wish Fang ƽ̨ϷI and Me Switch ƽ̨ۡ629,Ŷ Hunter Studio ĺ涯ϷʧDZ2017ļȵ½ SwitchI and MeЩ⡣,PCϷڹܵԽԽĹע,ԽԽʷ/ԸЩƽ̨ƳϷSteam йûѴ1800,PS4/Xbox One Ƴ˹а,ڳ,Ѷ,Ҳع/ԼϷƽ̨ڹڿ/˵,Щƽֿ̨ɼ,ʩչ̨ Switch ⡣ǫ̃ϷԷ,ǿϷݡصļû & Я豸Ի˴Ĺע,гҲ൱á Switch ûй½,öԴ½гһֱȡ̬,,ںܶϷ˵,õƽ̨ǡһ㡱ġ½ƽ̨,ûôʧDZôһϷ,βܵ½ Switch?ʹDzɷˡI and MeĿ Wish FangʧDZ Another Indie ڹҵĸ EricѾж Switch ϷĹڷнϷ(CIRCLE Ent.)ϴʼ/CEO ChrisڶϷƽ̨ indienova ķо ROY,ϣܶԹϷ½ Switch Ĺи˽,Ǻ Switch ֮ľ롣ΪʲôҪ¼Switchڡε½ Switch֮ǰ,ҪȻش:ڿ/˵,һϷ,ΪʲôҪ½ Switch?I and Me2016 Steam Ϸ,һֻɫ״Сèͬж,ͬʱյΪĿꡱĽϷ, Wish Fang һ˰ơ̡֡Ϸ Steam ϻáر(96% ), Wish Fang ˵:(Ϸ)Ժٿ,Ķë,õĵ,ֶһëϷȫƽֲ̨,ʱдһԼϷI and Me淨һĿȻI and MeǴֲȫƽ̨,Ѿ½ Switch,Xbox One Ѿڽֲ,PlayStation ƽֲ̨δȷ,iOS ͰԺ϶ʧDZҲ2016 Steam ,кֽ, Switch,Ѿʼ PS4 ֲ,Xbox One 滹δȷϡ Switch ,з Eric ʾıģʽdz Switch ԡȥ,һ Joy Con Ϳһ档Ƴ4˾ģʽΪ,϶ϣϷ½ܶƽ̨,øҽӴ Eric ڲзʱᵽ,(½µƽ̨, Switch,)ɱҪ뿼,治ܵӸƽ̨,½ƽ̨Ϸع,ƽ̨дٽЩDzġAnother Indie ǰҵҪǺϷ,硶:֮š,ڵҪҵǹϷĺⷢ,硶ʧDZԭʼó̡ڸƽ̨ѡ,indienova ķо ROY ʾ:Ƕ,ƽ̨Ƹ,Ϊƽ̨Էе֧ȶȽϴ,Դ,̳չʾԴԼýԴҲҪǵ,Steam ķбȽϷ,Լܲ;ƽ̨Ϸϼ̱Ƚϳ, Switch Ϊÿ,һЩ鷳ڲɷù,ҷ̶Ϸ½ Switch ƽ̨ʾ,Ҫ¼:һʻȵƽ̨Switch Ƴƽ̨,ܹעȺܸ,һֱ,ںȻȻ Switch ȫװֻм(ùٷ:ֹ20173,Switch ȫ274),Ƕġʺ϶Ϸﲢ˵ Switch ֻʺ϶Ϸ, Switch ʺ3AϷнϷ CEO Chris ָ:Switch ĿǰƷһ·,Ҫгɱϵй,õûԶϷҲõӭ϶ȡEric ҲᵽʧDZк:Ϸdzʺ SwitchSwitch ϷҵǶ,DZȻעROY ʹ̸:Ŀǰʱdz, Switch Ϸȱ,ڵ½,DZȻкڵġ EricҲʾ:ҵǶ,(ѡ½ Switch)Ϊ Switch ƽ̨ϵϷࡣõ黳νܲɷõķԼǽӴĿ̶ʾ:ϲ,ϲ Switchҵ̫ɹ,ҲԸô,Ҳ˵黳ɡ ̸ꡰҵǶȡ,Eric ˵(Ц)нϷ, NDS ʱھͿʼкϵĿ/, Switch δʽʱ(ǻ NX),Ѿ Switch Ϸ, Switch ϷաǸġChris ˵:Switch ǰDzûйг,ֻǵƽ̨ƳЩƷ ԼȦεIJɷö,нϷרעƽ̨ķ̡Chris ʾ:ڷ̶,ӦȽóгŻ,гϸԼȦ,гһչ,ȦԼ,עԼý,Щ˾ǿӲֶġʼնڹ᳹һµ˼롣нϷѾ Switch Ϸ7Ϸ,ж Switch Ϸǰé,ڷ۵ġ۱(Implosion) eShop շŷҵѴﵽڶ,ӢλӰסнϷкܶϷƻ½ Switch,һֱŵ,йԭ Switch ƷȻ,ҷ̶ԼĹ滮,ѡһƽ̨,Ǹȫƽ̨,Ƿ̸ԴгжϡϷƵ Switch ϡ,ЩһжϡнϷһרעƽ̨ķ̹Ϸ¼Switch,ѹڿ Switch ĿȨǼѵġChris :ȷʾ,ֹй(̨)Ȼ, Switch ȨҲûô,Ŀǰδȫʽ,ܶŷ̵δͨнϷȽ,ձ˾ PSPNDS Ϸ,ֱ֮ȫl NDS3DSWiiU Ϸ,11ꡣ Chris ж,öȫӳ̶ȴԼ:ձ > > ŷ > > йг,һֱŽ̬, NDS ʱ,òų̨ij,ֻǶԴ½ȽϽ(ʱ½),3DSʱ,ȡսIJԡdzõ:ءϷչ BitSummit 4th(2016,),óչ ȫò,ձءEric ڵķŶ Another Indie Bitsummit ձöνӴ,Eric ôǺձ̸ʧDZʱ:,ǵϷ,ܿ!ѽѽ,ۡĺÿ!̸̸ܲƽ̨°!Ŷûˡ Eric ,öйƷӳ̶ԶԶġΪʲôöйг̬˽?ùٷûиӦ(ҲӦ),Ӳ²,dzгж,Ҳûȥ˵֪ͺ,˵֪֮Ƕòȡij̬,֪,ȷԼڱȱʲô,ҪôǰһChris ںõĽӴ(ǰñij߹)˽,öйϷ̬ǡáԷδ˵ԭ,Chris ݾ²,ΪйûȫҶ֪Ϸ,Ϊйƽ()ԼֳڹѡIJ˵,ٴ,ϷƹպȷԵIJࡣнϷƻƳĶϷ,ȻйƷ,ֶǺ̵ϷⲻҸ˶йϷ̬,й(Ϸ)кܴDZӹɵġ Switch ֮ǰ,ϷҲ½ WiiUô,I and MeʧDZЩϷô½ Switch ?˵Ҳ:ίӵ Switch ϷȨĺⷢ̽зСI and Me Ratalaika Gamesձ Rainy Frog зСʧDZе Another Indie 5,ֱİϡӢ Iainڿ Vladйڵ Eric AllenձDZں,תϵŷ,DZߵ̬Կ,ɴ˻ Switch ϵķȨʧDZǵĵһ Switch Ϸ Switch ķȨȫͳһ,ŷû÷Ȩ,ȫϷROY ڲɷбʾ:ķ̶йϷdzȤ,dz֧йϷ,½,ҲкܶຣⷢԼϵϷΪÿ,ڿҪϷԴ뽻,÷ֲ̽ػԴ ROY ᵽ,һЩ߶ԡԴ롱ִҪܿ,ֲйڿ˵鷳,ȻֲҪ֧ġWish Fang ʾֻҪֲػ(롢ݵطּ淶Ϸزĵ)еһЩϸȷϡI and Meձʱ,ⷭΪܥȃWǡзæһ PV,Wish Fang ʾԼĺ,ʢ̵רҵ档,пôô?,ǰڵĹͨɱ,ֲʱɱ( Switch ֲϷһʱ3,ƽ̨һҲ3~6,ʱϷ), Another Indie ķ̻ṩػ,ЩػʱԼеáڷеҪʱ,ּз,ձ,ȫ eShop ְϷ,ƽ̨(ձ CERO,20Ԫ,ԱһЩ)еص˰ԴȪ˰(Ԥ˰,withholding tax)ƽ̨ķֳ(30%)ȵȡзҪΪϷųչýˡⶼϷڵ½һƽ̨ʱ,/ҪġЩ,һ()Ϸ½ Switch ʱҪһ:ϷΡż:ǿϷô? Eric :Another Indie ôõ Switch ķȨ? Eric ˵:Ҫ鹦Ϸ,Ϸ˵ġ˵ Switch ϵϷһ,ûвƽӹϷ,˵,/ѡһϷ½ Switch(ƽ̨)ʱ϶Ҫ:ƽ̨١жһϲϷɱ,3000ݺ30000ȻвġкܶϷ½ Switch, Chris ,ֻмһϷúܺáôϷ Switch Ƚܻӭ?Chris ΪǰһЩȫ/ġ羺/ˡϷ Switch ϺDZ,һ!(Snipper Clips)õӡһ! Switch շ2017ϰϷھнϷеĶϷ, Switch Ƶԭ(ԭ)ƷֲƷҪǿܶࡣֲƷ,߱ʶ:ΪʲôҷҪ Switch ϷֲƷڵ½ Switch ʱԼһЩݡ֧ HD ȵ,ʱ,Ӧ˽ƽ̨ûƫúͷеϷгĻ,ԴΪƵij㡣ѡϷǰ,̻,Chris Ǵ·Ϸ:ȡϷԡгλǷƷЧӦ깤ڡĸӶȡ̵϶ȺԵȵȡChris ΪϷӦڴﵽһ߾ȡȥǵ½ƽ̨,ԽһЩ߿ȰƷŵ Steam ԼϴĥƷƽ̨,ֱӵ½ѹʵġ,˵,Steam Ϸ㡣ʧDZ Steam ʽǰѾṩ,˴µ,ۺҲڲ,Ҷȡ½ Switch İ汾Ƚơһҷ˵,һггͶܵгϿɵIJƷչΨһѡȻ,Ҳôɵġȷһҷ̽к,͵ĬҷδвƷõƽ̨Ϸ,ϷΥһЩƶȻͶ,ûὨϷ¼ܡ 3DS / WiiU ʱ,һЩϷ̴,ڽ Switch һʱͲ̫˳,þЩ̿/Ȩʱ,Щ̵ȼdz͡νгϿɡ,͡Ͽɡһ¡ЩõϷ,ûЭƹ,չṩչλ,Ϸ,ûƽضԴϿɵϷһ,ЩûõϷҲдӡг,Ϊ,ȻϷòͬϷƷ,Ϸ,϶úõ,ϿɡڶйгйϷ̬ȱ,Ҳȱ㹻Ĺע,òֹѡʲôϷβɷõķ̶ڹעйϷ,кܶຣⷢڹעйϷ,óϷ, Switch ƽ̨,Ҳ߳һ·߳һ·νġ·:йϷ,ȫϷҵעйгҵϷ,ҪùϷͨƽ̨⡣Switch Ȼûй½,Ϸ½ Switch,ͬչʾԼƷ,úע;ȫ̶йϷгĹעڲߡ˵öйг̬ȱء, 3DS Switch õһϷƳ/ƻƳİ,İ,IJעйгô?ҲȻڹڿ˵,Ϸ½ Switch ˡҪһ֡ڡ̬, Chris ڲɷ̸,ΪΪ,١ڡ,㡣ں̫ϡƽҾӦץס,ѧϰһºгڹϷǺͺϷͬһƽ̨ȫû,ҪϷ⡢ƹաĻںԼľ,ڱԼɫͬʱ,ҲҪȥ˽ڻ㺣˵,Switch ʲôϷ?Ϊʲô?˵ܶΪʲôʿ,ʼΪȥ̽ԭ˷ʱ,҂ӦաʿɹƷľ,ӭûϰԵơ Chris ʾǴδֹͣ۲ѧϰʿ½ PCMac,Լļƽ̨,ֹ 20161214,ۼ150ס 3DSWiiU ˲йķ,ؿʵϷͨ·,ȰѹϷƵ,ҲȡϷйг,,İ档Indienova ΪߵĶϷƽ̨,Ϊṩ̳,ƹ,ͨߺϵһǺຣϷнӴ,Эڿߺͺ̹ⷢͨAnother Indie ǰҪϷĹ,ҪϷȫСڻ Switch ϷȨ,ǼƻϷƳ Switch ,һϷԭʼó̡ͻ½ SwitchнϷкڿߺϷ,ƻ½ SwitchΪϷʱ,Chris ʾǽܶϷ,ԷṩĻ()İϷûôһİжֵ?ɱʱǶ?϶ô?ⶼǿжǷİʱῼǵ⡣нϷֻܽ鿪̼,Chris ϣи˵ϢÿԸ( Switch )Ƴİ,ڹٷûйݡ,йж Switch û,û֪(ÿ֪)Dzһȥƿ,,ת5000εͼ߿,Ҳڴ1/3˻ΪǵҡΪ,Chris ˵ЩΡ,ֻϣλѸ⡣ͬʱҲϢϢ,йܸĺ,ĻܻϷ֮ȷβɷ,ǽӴķҲ,ǵϷһõ,ԸѾ,˾,ȡ Switch ˵ƽ̨ϷϷ Switch µĻ,ϷｫͺϷֱӾ,罫ͨƽ̨ǡǵҵһֱȫ,ͨƶ̼,ʹҵδעйг˵,ڳһ·,ϧʱ䡣Chris ڿʼܲɷʱ,ǵԸͼƬϷʱApp,ȡྫݡĶԭġ\ngame\tҫ: S9֮ADƪ, Ϊʲôô ûӮΪûעڰɣҺãǿھӭĵ羺ѶϹأۺģϷҫS9ѾλADиˣƪߴĹԣУadڸ߶˾ʵҪλãŵ5Ϊ߶˾ֻûкadӾллˡԹadʶΪadһǧãҰļҰ˫buffץ˻ǾͲøad·һضߣΪˣһˣһʱֱӴӲݴǹȥѶϵ߸ˣҾͲ˵ˣӦöסپadһ˶ɱʱһмҪֱȥ·֧Ԯеǿ·Ҳ˵adһ·adѹƶϵʱһҪԹԵߣʱֱӺȥֶҰƶҰáadмDz˶Էʱ·äĿ뷢ٸӡ ·Լ߷ʱһͼϵʹҰģ㿴ͼҰץϵʱѡߣм̽ݴԲܱϵˣסһ£̿ͺսʿʹ㣬㣡ʲô²ٴߣܹӵȥⲨʱСͼֶҰͼУϵҲޣʱһ̫룬ܿץˡadҪʡָýͽҪȵٽ˽͵ûسǣһץͽˣѪܽöسǵڼ俪ţadһסŵʱҺԼλãٺòվλãо·ϵɱԺ㸴ԺһҪעⲻҪäĿȥú죡пܶں㣨߶˾ְٷְٶ㣬ȥúһСʶadһѲóɵģʽܶʱˮadȥ˲¶ˮʣһѪûԼȫ˶淭̵ĻᡣΪھԭδֹǷתأ\ngame\tҫ460أͭ99ǶСװ ҫУΪ˵ʱʲôأӶѹһͷСֻܸ˵Щʲôëë갡ʷʫ460Ͳ˵ˡСʹʶһҫеЩ460ӳٰɣ ԭǴ˵е¶ˣΪʲô¶ȻijƺšЧС˵ֻϼӵƤܴŶ~ ǹӽ۶𣿲ûȫǿˣѪڵָû¯ˡ ʲôҵ죬ҼţĶλǿͭIII99ǵġǵٴ100Ҳͭ˰ɣֵܣΪ ۻ𣿻һߣҫʲôʱһװ氡ĵĵһɫԭ̡װѵǹٷһǰϣˣ¾ΪҷˣϣϲСĬĬһ䣬ҫУЩȽ460أӭ۽\ngame\t糤˵07ЩϷıද˴ƴĨȥĺʷ \"Ϸıද\"ЩƷ ܴ뵽ģǡFate/Stay Nightʯ֮šֽЩƷСʱġ鱦Ρ棬ֻǵʱСС顷汦ڴ֮֡ġ ¡ıĶܴҾֻжţIJˡһΪö1980ʱΪԶûмʱڣһڶԭϵвδΪ䡱ٷڵҰ ʵˡ¡֮⣬ʱһЩϷ˫ˡʲôģҲǸı˶ƷһЩڹڵ̨ҲŹ糤ЩƷʱ֣DZָͬһ˾ҹ˾ǸϷͶΡõȵҵͷɺһʱȴת˲֮ȵףΪ֪ ڡ糤˵ҹ˾ǸϷıදƵԤעǵĹںšϷо硱yysaag¹ؼʣɿྫݣ | | ֻ | | 糤˵ | ־ | FC | | Ǿ | | ħ | | ʦ | VR | ȷ | 鱦 | ʦ | ҵ | ̵ | 糡 | ǿ | 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ڲΪڹвټ˵ȥֵûл㱵ġ2017ϷIJڹҲܶûģˣSTEAMƽ̨ϸֲˢȻôһЩҾǺ˵ҶΪҲˬôãϷйŪĸСøǺϷģ㿴ǰûʲôڲİɣȻڸƽվӪݱʲôƽ鷭ĺDzΪûе˲ȥ棬ǡǡΪ֧㣬ŻƷϻǮǣǮұлǮܵӦеĴϷѵͬʱȷأϷǮˣ˿ûг⣬Ǯ鲻ûǮģộΣһ⣬ϷȻйˣ͵ÿйҵĿζûʲôɣҲϷʽĻҼϣйҿԿö˵ʲô𣿽ȫûѶȵİĻԸӣϷԵúˣȥֱ߳Сԣϰ㲻ҪˣϰǸ콷ҾŲţƼƼҵꣿҲѾʴ˺ðɣ㲻ͨϵͳ˵㻹ʲô˵ҷǸϷѾ˼㷴ʲôֻͨϵͳʾϷ˾ȷʶԼĴϾϷ˾Dzģӣ裬Ƶ鲻ͨʵʵʧȥͱõĴϵͳ⣬Ϊ˿ȡİɣϷ۵һϷ۵һϷҲ۵һʲôΪ۵ıΪɶƫƫһǷġأ㵱˶ȫ𣿾ǹפʹҲ˵Զȫοҵͨѧ磬ûзû飬ûʲôȤԣˢôˣϷҵĸоǡ⡱ǰСǮϷôʸۡ˵ҵȻǮϷˣôʹʸʱ˵ʲôûǷľǵĹOKͶԺѣϷûģܲ˰ɣ\ngame\tҫ5Ӣ۲ǿ,ӲԶ ңԶľ벻,Ҳվǰ,ȴ֪Ұ,ҪӢϷ,ȴbanˡӢ۱ban˵Ӣ̫ǿ,Ҳڶ,ô5Ӣban?NO.5߽,ban:46.61%,ʤ:53.24%(ͯԧһ)ױȵ˿־,,Ҳѽһ˵ߵ˱ض,˱ض,Ǹ߽൱Ǽ,ֱսըȱûʱ,ҵرǿҲûбҪʡ,κ֪զʱȿ˵,̹ȼ١NO.4,ban:55.67%,ʤ:50.13%,Ѿǰսûͷ,˺ʵޡͷյĻ,ոǺǿ,õĻպü,⡣һŵˢҰܿ,ԽʱҪΪԼ,ϾѾܶ,һᷢȽ֮NO.3ļ,ban:65%,ʤ:74%ܶӢҪ,ļȴ,Ǿ㲻Ҳܺǿʱ,1ܺʹ˫,ͺĶѡһ2ܳǿѣ,,ӲIJļֱǵ˵ج,ɱɱĶѡϲļҪ,Ѫӷǿл,ͱƵòļܳװNO.2̫,ban:75.86%,ʤ:55.09%ƺ,ؼǴпԸ,൱75,սǿ,ƽʱӢ۶ôô,û뵽,Ӣۻϰռһbanλ̫ҲҪ,лѪҲǴӷǿл,Ƶ̫Ҳܳװ̫ҵ˺ǿ,ҪСըŶNO.1¶,ban:79.92%,ʤ:52.87%¶ҲDZ˺ܶ,ֱȲϴǰĻ,Ի¶ȻǺ,ֲȷû¶ȵĸ,banΪʵҲ̫ϲbanرԲӢ,ѡ¶úܺðҴӮ,ҲˡϲbanԲҲܶ˵Ӣ,ڶbanѾ,㿴һbanѾúܲ˵Ļ,벻Ҫ,˵ء*ԹٷƵĿݷ5Ӣ۾ģʽ,ban5Ӣ,ǿעִ·\ngame\tųԼ֮ѡսƪ 羺ձ ˵ĺã£ڳԼ;УֵdzɹԼҪڵŵʱÿֻѡЯôҪѡԵ÷dzҪˣ ڵųԼѡУһһԶһ˵ǻһִ䣬һԶһнõѡڸ¶ԴݲȵӦԵˣƼS686 ŵ˵S686νǵųԼڵǿԱ˫˲ոر֮ѹװʱһ˫ڳΪոS686ȱǻdzijȱлᱻķŴȻڵȴûôǣֶ1V1ijǹ˫һŵ㱻ŴˣԵ㿴S686ڵϵʱҪԥѡɣ S1897 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Ҷ+ţп ҶѾdz鶯,ϼԼţп,ˬˬ һ+ȿ һ+ȿĴνݷ,һü粿س˳,ȿȲ,,ֻͤͤݡ ¶װ+Сȹ+ͷЬ ¶װϺСȹ,鶯,ϼͷЬ,ֶһ ¶װ+СЬ ¶һԵĿ,һ˫СЬ,˻,ԸС\nfashion\t16ڵı˺ķ˹˧һӣ ˺ķĴ۷ʱڲ֪²˶ŮġȻ˺ķѾ۶꣬ǵлԾţֻǻΪ˼ͥ˺ķӢ˻ϣǧŮԼУԶŶͼ42ϸɲƾִԣ۲ǣ6ڡ3˧Ӻ1ŮĽǡǰŹ42յŮСһСӣŮū˺ķֵٽĺ~ôôиɻͼƬ ICʱ2017910գŦԼ˺ķ뿪Ƶꡣȫ˧İ˹....ӣͷҲɲȴ˧ʮ㣡˺ķôԽԽζɱζʮ˧壡ҲףҲ࣬ʵϳʣȻõԵá\nfashion\tɵɵëţп㣿MMڴ˫ޣը еְٴĵƷ˵˫ëش£װij˷ݸʡ㵱˶ڳʱеɵİȫĴÿءµëˬЧdz˫ëɴŮζµĹգdzϸÿŵʣŷdzԴѡϺ;ԸСġͦʣľŵĸоžİ˿ȥʱ࣬360ȻƽָãͿ䡣¿ëرʸеһƤݣëIJʣʸʮ㣬dzʣdzԹֱͲݲģdzݣOLϰ߲μĩۻȳϣ¶ȵѡɫͿɵİǡôʽжһЩᣬͿʹгëëԼİƣŵһ棬ůƷʣ㴩ŵͬʱֺоѡϣָϸ壬ӷף෴ӵвߣ³ϥڽͷзԳŮԵƤãܺõβߡ\nfashion\tһٴСڿ,ܸ㶨ﶬʱִ! ,˵СŮѾë¡ȻƷں,ȴΪ촩ʲôաʵһٴݵСڿ,ܹ䷳աСڿ㿰ļܴıgetƷ촩ɫǦʿ,ﶬֵôֵ,DZů͵ĺɫƤĪˡܳаﶬд,¶ܴ?!ΪƤ㲻ô,ʵֻǴʽ˴!ᵽɫƤ,ܺܶ౦鲻Խ뵽Ƥ˫ɷ塣˾Ͷ䵥ƷȴĻ,ǿʹش!ʵʶָʮƤԶеĸٴô,Ҵ˻ͨĻӳʵöࡣͬΪƤ氮۵Ĵ,Ƥȷʽ˽ҲһֱڴƷһֱߵμ,Ƥ˧¸߶ȡϪСɫƤп+Ƥ,ֱӽɱŷ˽,ɫƤʱ־,ǿְ©ʱȦ16ꡱģKaia GerberͿᰮƤ㴩,Ҫ!ɱΪƤֻdz˵ר ,160ͷĴ°Olivia PalermoͺϲһɫƤͲͬƷ,תͷ硢·硣дܰС˴°ܶ,ɫƤҲΥСŮ,ʵֻҪѡõ,ҲȫԼԦƤ㴩ġҶԱһ²ѷ,ɫƤ㻹кܲЧľ~HoldסɫƤ㴩,ʽѡǹؼ!ӳϿ,ɫƤһԾŷֿ㳤Ϊ,¶һؽ,ͼ,˿ȥҲΪƤʵصԭ,ʹСΪƤƤҲʱȦȻߺ졣ǰڳϯYSL2018Ĵʱ,úɫSmoking״ɫƤ㿪girlģʽԱһ²ѷ,ʵصƤ,ȴʺҵȷճšοûмһ,ﭹƤӾϲ,ûһѡ~ӿϿ,ҪĺɫƤֵֻ֡Ҫõ,Чһ,ҲʵĴܡȱݷdz,ôֱȽϿɵƤȿܻʺ㴩š֮ǰһpo,ԱǸͬӡԸ,λһ氮ƷƤ㡣͵͵,ι,ҿȫǿһСڿ!ճھѡijƤʱ,ŵһ㿴ĶƤֵƤѡõǽڷǸϻPU,͡,ؼdzʹڴ˵Ĵײ,ô¶ôϴֱƤ,ԷĴĵϡİðĵֱȥ,ѹûһ,൱Ͳ˲ƤıǶзɫƤ,˫ӾϿȥ˳Զڴ˶ԶǷdzѺõġůԶںﶬڴһĿꡣƤõ˫A+߿ڲ,˻ϵͨƤõıůá,һõƤ㻹Ǵ+dzġھάӳ,ƤкܳɫźʪЧ,ʱ̱Ƥˬ㿴,90ȵˮ,ҲȻɢȵЧͨƤԱ,Ƿdzԡѹִ⼸߶,ö!Ϊ?Ƥ֮ʵԶ!Զ!!ֹ!!!߿ƼƤ㡱߿Ƽɷ,кܲȼ֬ЧƤ,м˽顢ѵȶȻֲɷȡɵȼ֬ҡ㴩·˶ʱ,ϽĦ,Ӷʹ,ͷȼ֬ɷּȼ֬,ЧᾫŴҶİ,ǻƷвɻȱıʪɷ֡ڷ֯뽺ԭһӵ,ǡ,ǵȲʪۻáƤͱȽϸ,һﶬܻ,촩Ƥ֮,зȲñ֮ǰۻءԽ,ůݡȼ֬ȶŵ,ӲdzʵƤ,Ǵ㻻սƷ⾪ϲһ֮ǰʵ˽źŰһСϷ,ͼ,ЩҪϣҲöİǴŻ,ٶϼ顢,һ~By The Way,㻹зƤʵĿʽѡһ֯֯,иʵĴŸСͬҲзdzɫΡЧȿԵճ,ҲֱĽ˶,˵ǷdzˡȻwuliǵij*ʶά, *ʶ,һٴɫƤ,аﶬʱִ!ƤȴһСľͻƫ?ܿΪ㴥Ƥһ,Ƥ㱾,ԴӦμǡLess is MoreԸСһЩָ,ֻ˵һѡ²˻,ЬҲܾͬɱء߷ˮ̨̫ŵЬ,ԶպԶĺɫƤ㡣˵ô,ͺʹһ,Զǰ,һܺɫƤаﶬʱְɡƤ+=׳Ҳһļܹľ䵥Ʒð׳Եְ̫̰,ʱһɫƤܺܺõĽ!˰׳,߽ͷƳţгҲɫƤܰ䡣зֲ,ӰμѾͶôƤ+=˧еǵΪڴ,ſƤcp,ܻͷʱ͡Ƥ+oversized֯=ĵĹ,ƤԵÿȴ,ѡOversized֯䡣½ľϼܺܺԳƤIJƤ+=ʵͬƤͬ＾رľ䵥Ʒ,ɫƤ㿴ȥ˧ˡAll blackԴһ֡ĸ,ѡɫƤ,ȺӱɫƤҲܻײһʱֻƤļӳֿʽ,ȴֲʧְճ,·ֲʧʱַŮ㻹ԺͿ϶һţɫƤCP,˧ϵ»ϵһλicon GigiԱп+ɫƤĴ·ص,ͬѭ½,еġԭ,̿ѡOversizedиõĴЧƤ+=Ƥ볤¸֮,ȥů,˧ҵƤʺɫϵĴcp,ɫײ,ĿǡôƤ+ͷ߸Ь=߹Ƥͷ߸ЬŮ䡣ͷϸ߸ЬƤѡһصľŷֿ,¶ϸСȸͽ,㿴ȥӸˡƤ+Ь=м仹ڶСŮҲ赣Ƥƫ첻üԦһ˫Ь㿴ഺ,ʱֲƤ+ѥ=ȳǿƼǺɫƤ+ѥͬɫϵ,Ӿ˫ӳӲӲάʹ,Ҳ䰮,״״ȵļӸС˽ķ͵,һٴɫƤ,ﶬֵӵ!Ҳ˴ͬɫƤ,յӭpoһ,ʹ㽻ĵáʲôֵﶬƷ,ҲԸߴ,֮ҲѡҡӴ~Ƥٴݡаﶬʱִ*ʶά, Tips:14:00֮ǰ췢,14:00֮췢 Ķԭ,ҲֱӹŶ\nfashion\tح˵˵Ϥij ͷڽͷڵ̡̾ǰǵľֲڳͽ֮ҲͨĻƷˣγйģȦӡ ϳ˵GGMMԽԽ࣬ʵ峱ҲһȴģʧŴҶҪԹҲ濴أʵ峱ܹӴԵƷ߱ģֽصҵҰС ʵ峱꣬һר sTOREĿǰѾʮҳ̡ VOL.11 VOL.10 VOL.9 VOL.8 VOL.7 VOL.6 VOL.5 VOL.4 VOL.3 VOL.2 VOL.1 VOL.0 Ļ ϲҲﶼһij꣬ҲɷùģҲǻδֵġ˵ְɣʣҲͻδijһ sTORE ֮УøѸڲͬ UNDERCOVER x sacai ɽֳЯһʮǰ\nfashion\tݵĿӲǺÿ У㡱һֽСƿ㡱Ϊ̫СʱУֽСУ㡱УĴִΣеIJƿϮɹ ȡȴɫȿ˼Ҳȿжεŵ㣬ҲǽͷĿʽΪ˷ֹǧƪһɣܶʽڲ£ʱر𡣱糣ɫƣ桢ʽíֱӰƷLOGOʶڲϣò˵ҲhinȨСŻšſСſ˶з磬ЧҲõġ ôѡƿ㣿ϣѡ˶ʣһֻܴ˶磬ѴճУ ǿϣͣͣ˶ܼԦƫź ƿʽϣԽϸԽʽԽֶҶ࣬С ܶƮݵIJƿ㣬е˶磬ԴһҪŮԻԪش䡣 ЬӴǿСʱдõľǸ߸Ь˶磬Ըкʱֶȣɴsporty chic硣 ϰ߸߸ЬԻաͷѥȣЩ䡣 װ˶硪¿ѡЩģкͿװԸУtee֯ȡ¡µȸЩĵƷʱֶģʮ㡣ҪƤЩģԴɳ£ɰë»е¡ɫӦƿȴɫɫʸãҪʸкȣԾɫĻӦͬɫϵʡ µɫͲһ£Ӧɫһ£̶ȱƿУ㡱ôÿʱеħԽԽԽԽԵǶõĹ\nfashion\tͷ | ôҪ϶ܻհ! ǵùϣơC?ѳΪĴʡʱ˰,Ǹʱ䳤,Ųһ˫֮,ٴ CLOT C,ڵʱijˡųݽ,CҲڹȥǶλԻʷ,ʹ ϣҲѾٱȳˡյƱָô,Ŀǰӭʲô?ǰʱҳо˸վ,Ϊһ 4 ˱ѧ,ĸ˧һЩͿƪˡҪʽķڵĴվ϶ԷΪҪ,,ֵĸߵ;ͳ˷DZҪء(ʵΪԼֵ̫ҽ)ȻǷƽ̨,ֻܴ˧,¶¶ν,ֻǸ,ûá̫,ӰЧĻ,ֻҪסɡ1-2-3 !,һ,!!!ȻҲֱֻס,һġڱʽķԶ,ڱ·DzҪĵһ졣ҪЩԼֵôһŵȺڱĵʱ,⼸ҪҪסҪȻ,һ㾭ĵطͻȻƮһɳƨ,ʱDzҪסһ?PS:סʱǧҪ,ȻΪŵ˲õζǹʽķ,ⲻϲǸǹֻһǹӰˡֱǹס,Լֵų̶ȥ¶,Ҳָ,ָ¶(ɫ)(ɫ)ְͨ¶ص,ӶԷĺ,ʺϷȦ,ȡҮ/֡õ֪ȥ,ҪDZƸ!ͷʽķ˭˵ȫͷSupremeVisvimGivenchyBalenciagaYEEZYĴŽг,һ̬,һֶԳļ֡ǹ,Ȼ܌ŵġȻ,ɷ,ֽԲķʽչ,̬Ʊ,Ҳ·ĺļּװϵЬĶܿһ˵,ΪΪһƬ,Ҫϼʮ,˵ġӰɱʽķΪֹĿǰһշʽ,ֻҪĴ㹻,û˻ں()ʱѡһ㹻˵logo,˲Żעȫе·ϡ㳤ίһ,ֻҪӰĵĹ,ġ!ϱҳΪij˱ر,øλѧû?ҲӭǺĵķԼ,!ǻ˺!ŵһýԼ,ͷID:swagdogάע\nfashion\tпԱ˵, 鱦Ǻڰͷ\"\"! Ҫ˵һʱװܡdzǰͬͽʥһ㣬ɶ˻𣬷ܲ·Ůʹ涷ޣһСͣͳˡֳ ʱװܴͻƣɫ¿װˡgetlook ˵ȷʽ~ ׳Ĵ䷨Ҳʱнʱ⡣߷ּϣӰתܳΪľ䡣ǺڰӦǼĵɫ伸㾦鱦Ůִ˲ƣľ䡣 01 һɫȹ 2018ϵС ֳɫļԼǰСЩʱиУɫİ߸ЬڲͬĦIJõıȫSerpentiϵаָߵϡָ䣬㾦֮ʵĸӳ 02 Ůݣ˽ƷζܵϯʽϵҲٳ ڡBAZAARǴҹϣѡһЩɫĨƴӺɫȹPiagetLimelight鱦ϵָװͣתԣׯصijϣ ˽Ȼͬĸ߹ŵʣΪȫĿĽ㡣 03 ɺ Ů˿ȹȻûɫײԼڴƣѾʱиʮ㣬ټFoevermark̺ϵе鱦гŮͨԵáȻԶ 04 ി´ɫȹȹϵİɫͼʵlookһ˿Ƥζx鱦װУһľʻɡ̤֣һ黨ּ侫һ㡣 05 ٳ ٳһɫ˿ɫ˿ޱĦдСƤִƾʵãƤСѥʮۣENZO鱦ΪڰlookСϲķԱ۾Ҳǿᵽûѣ 06 ݵɫ˯ȹϼοպѵ ˯ΣʱиУгͬʱθƵChopard Ice Cube Pureϵнµʱָںϣһɵ顣 ǴġСסೢԺףһ鱦㡰ʧholdסгϡ\nfashion\tƭñȷС | յĽŲԽԽñֿԴˣñӣҲΪʱΪ䲻ãƻ͡ѵûñʺУǾDZññΪŮʿñеľ߽ʱȦܵڶྫŮʿĻӭʺ͵ˣʹǿɰԲñҲһñУ 70 ﵽ˶壬Ҫ鹦DzӰ۴ӰƬУ Faye Dunaway ıñͣʱˣʱ˧ˣñз쾡¡ڻعˡ۴ľգŵڿҲʱֵûѣŸ֯䱴ñͶԡFaye DunawayñĴ䷽ʽӵӰʵǧַñΡڣǾһññ 5 ־һһʺ㣡籴ñ£˵һԣﶬִʽ൱ʱֺÿġñµศɣ߽ϣһ̨סƤʵıñĦǸʮ㣬ʮĴ£Ҳȫû⡣ñϵΧɫͳһɫӦӺгñ²ʱֺÿѡëءëߵȲʣůҲǼѡ쵱ñŮʮĴʱͻøƤɰͿϲŷʮֹɵıñ֯һչʾŮľϡ찮ññŮ紩ʱѡŮɫ Slogan װαñҲǽdzеĿʽͷɫµıñʹɫףҲ㿴Ůʮ㡣ȫТʢñηͣ㿴籴ñһԣԴʣϸĵҲᷢвңDZñʵӵñʿ㿴Ҳdzţ㵱ʱĴññţ Look ԼdzϢතıñ Look Ҳʮ㣬ʮְݶˡƽıñһͻҵȻʡ̷뱴ñҲdzʣ仨ףжյůСԴԾװıñԴ˧ԣ˧ٺʲĵȫ Look һƤʱñʸʮ㣬ʮ˧ⶥñܱñԣӲļпˣᾢʮ㡣Ըеװ뱴ñϣ Look ʸиһ¥˧Ĵ䣬ȻٲƤ Look ññʮֺгѸʵǴȹװһñҲʡ 70 ĸŵƷñ Vintage Look ЧˣȵĸŸƵƷ൱ʱ֡ͨɫԱȣԱñʡñɴͬڸŷĽʸеƷ˿ȹ T ţп䣬ԴڷʽĸŮ Look ԼˡڣññDzǺأ \nfashion\tֵ¶ȵļ,,! ,Ůѧ~ĺÿ?ŵӾӦô©Ĵ!ţж̿,ͨԲʷҲ˲һζˬĴˡţмֱҪ̫˺ҲΪ,һ϶ţ,ַ·ˡ¶Ȼʹţװһ!ʱпǶ!յԽĿʽڴŮ˵һʶ,ǻԽԵȸdz׳켸ÿŮᴩȹ,ʵͬȹӳȻֱӰӾߺΡ˵,ҪﵽݡԸߵЧ,ȹͳȹѡϥ15ȹܴഺƤ,ԴŶ~¶ű϶ЬdzڵЬ,Ьǡŵijȳ,ű¶ö,ܲȳôȱȽϸ,Ǿѡ̿,İѴչʾ(Ҫ,ŵ!dz!ܰһ!),˵,Ҫ·Ͽ˳ϸ,ͳ۾Ĵ͵ôˬ,һɫ,һɫë֯,´,´ɫ̿¶γɸ,ŴƽװЬҲʱкȳʱ!ůů ÿ侫ѡѴڲŻȯŶ~עС˽˺\nfashion\t˼ | ӱȰ͵ľ飬ΪDzЩУ Ƕ֪ͣҲܹŮζû˹۲òÿЧġϾһdzϵķͣҲ⡣ȰΪһάֽͷ࣬ƫַ˵ǾÿĹؼͷƤͣƯҲԵûϴͷһɣʱʦжοʼͻȽˣ°ؾˣϰؾͻԵøֱ͵һëܷŻ½ͷô٣͡ÿ˼СҪ̯ͨˣЧҲͦģźĶԱȾܿɶھҪˡӱҲԾʾ˾Ӷ࣬ͷˣҲܹͺۼӱԾϲˡ˭룬ӱҲйľʱ¸ǣ̫ϡԼȽխͷϢġƫȻģԴƬʹΪͷǻԵʱлΪɶǶɸоͻֱͶȣӶҲɸУͨԾʹСĴ÷˿ҲɸУԵࡣϸͨͳһڷ˿෴ȼÿһƬ˿ĻȺСеķ˿ῪҲͣշͲܹholdסشСҲƽʱԼиĿʱиеڳֱϸŷܺʱ֣תҪײһҪױݵġʱֱʱиУΪھпиķϸڱ仯ŷŷ硢ϵϵȵȣ任ͺ;ȴСܵõΪͷɶȺͲθУͬķþͷֱõͬЧͨŵall backβ̷Ǹʺ͵ġ ô1 ƽоþʱҪƬչ״ֱϾȻ˳һÿƬ2 þӷ˿жοʼƵȦʱȻȡpsеŶ3 ͨھþжοʼ˳һȻῪעȲҪ̫ҪƺþķʵһķǷֺ÷ƬÿӷβʼϾµλáȻ綨͡ʱCOSMOԭδȨֹתתأǻȡȨ˰㰮ġʱCOSMOöŶһʱ俪ʱ鿴ྫݣ\nfashion\tȶ˹ǡٷᡭϢҪ ʯԶһ ʯ̼Ԫɵľ壬Ǧо̫ڴͳʯ̵Ĺ£ǮʯĶ֮ļꡣ ijƽֽ̨мһԪʯ ʯȻԴ˾ƣȶ˹ǡٷĹʾͷһʵҴϢܻЩͳʯҵͷγش ÿվţע¼LLAƼ˾һɹǿֻһʵֲȻʯѷɫʯЩʯĴ֮ߣȻ綼ʮֺԼֻռʯܴ1%2%ʯ ͼƬԴBusiness Insider Ҫǣʯļ۸ͬȳɫȻʯ40%ҡʯƷʲ ʵʯĪ⣬ʵϾǽ̼ʵȻȻ缸ǧ귢ı仯̵¶ѡ ÿվţ˽ԱģȻʯڵؿγʱĿɵġʯӡŽ顰ϡС̼ԭӻڡʯӡϣɳΪʯ塣̴ԼֻҪ̶̵1012ܡ ͼƬԴ˹ ù˾гܼŵ±ʾ ǺȻʯijɷһģһǻʵʯֻǰѴȻеȻӦʵ ֮ŵ»ʾڼ۸棬ʯͬȼɫȡи̶ȵȣȻʯҪ˴Լ40% ŦԼʱʯѧоִδ˹̹Ҳ˵˹ʯͿʯΨһԴ,ֻڸ²֡ ĿǰΪ˷ڽʯʯֳ еʯҪüӡ Ӱʯ ʵʯļɱʡ˴Ҿɫɳչơ䣬ʯƷʺͳɱϴﵽ˿ҵˮͼƬԴYouTubeôͳȻʯ̸еǣġǧһ1980-2000ˣԼ۸ɫʯʮӰŵ±ʾǵǧһ˻ѡʯ Ҳϲءʯ迪ƻر̼ŷŸ١ ʯ˾Pure Grown DiamondCEOɯ˹ҲΪ ʯδƣǸԵIJΪǷϿɳչ ɯ˹չʾʯ ĦʿһݱʾĿǰʯгԼռȫʯг1%ȻĿǰгСԤƵ2020꣬ʯгݶܻ15% ʯܡԶ Ȼʯڻͼ۸ʤһںܶ˸ٹ̵ĹֻдȻʯ⡣һŴȶ˹(De Beers)ߵܽ(Tiffany)ʯԺܶ˵ȻǸ߹ݵ ʵϣƵʯ̼ҶߵźǿʶΪ߶鱦ʯҪȻʯΪҲԸΪ˸ѡ Դͳ鱦ͷȶ˹ĹŶҲǿ˵ ʯһȻʮǰڵϾγˡ ϳɲϺȻʯᲢۡ ʯ֮һֱץסǵΪھϺ϶Ŷһļֵ ԹʯģIDCİĪҲΪ ʯʵǽдʯаѼ۸ڵһλⲢǰҪġ ¼ʯϯִйٵϴԼ 1ʱЩ仯275̣ʮŴĵϢ3725ڣΪһҫTAϰ4ȻҲã315ڣ¿ĸ˾ɶ\nfashion\tսʤֵľȻֵ?ȿҲ! ǰǶԵò,ø,Դӿܶ¶ȵľͷ,ԽԽñֵߵʵġֵ!ûдʲôȳװ˵ĸ,ҲûдСȵĸ߸Ь,Justһdz͵˶ᴩLook,˲ǽա˶µõΪʲô:ƽ·,ƽĴȡһŮǵ,Ҫ߸ЬƬֵܰƬװ˶Ьʱָе,ûһ˫,붼~жٱŮ,ϲгgirlȿ,ĿгġͣȺƵʱ,ȵصǵ·ϵķ羰~ ƽЬȻô,ϸ,ȺСȵıкܴϵŶ!(һ)СʱƬͿԿ,˫ȱֱֱ,ϥǸ߶ȱһСѵϥǶ߳һءɼССȾͱһ˳!СȳɱȴȳȳŶ~ ȻСȺʹȵıӳһѾ,ǿԡ߾ȹ!ôŻͰ~СȾҪСȱϸStep1:貿ͬʱСȿ,ͨ뵽С,ͨ֬ͰĦ,֬͵Чġ֬Сһ㶼ػܴ,Ȳ֬϶,ĵŮȽϳǡ֬͡С,ҲǼȽ϶ࡣСȼγɺͿ貿й,Ϊ貿λ·Ʋȷ,ʹС,γɡĥ𡱵ļ~ ϰԽ貿,ͬʱβ,ȥȻҲԳŶ~1. 貿϶,,״,˫ֿԾƽ,βµʱעⲻ,ظ3Ρ2. ,סͷ,һ֧һ,ʼȵĶ,˶һֱ״̬,ظ5,ԼСȵķ,ӴƵ,ֲϰȺβ3. ֧ͷ,ͬһֱڿлȦȦ,3ٻһࡣһ3顣Step2:ϥǺܶŮСȲôϸ,ϥ̫,ϥǻȲȫ,ԵȺӷסôϥ?˵,ֻҪ˶ܰϥܲӾ,Զϥ,ϥۻ֬ϥΧøʵTips:Ů˵,ϥDZȽϴ,ÿϥǵĸ̫,ϥؽˡػȽϴŮ,ǵŶ~:http://www.lamer.com.cnӯʵ,滺弡,ΪṩЧʪLA MER֮˪ĹͶصԷ,˪һޡ廤,Ϊˮ,ƼˮĶѭ:http://www.whoo.com.cnطѩɢ,͢׳ɷ˰ɢԼɣƤȡʵ熨״,ܹº̼ϷϽʺƤ֬,ʹɫ,˳:http://www.origins.com.cn̺ʡȵ12ֲ;,ȡڴٽѪҺѭ,ٰĦաرʺϱ¶Ȳ,ͼ粿,ʱʹáպӮ,ĽıͲҪǶ˶~ ˶Ļٶɳٶˮ,ȻǻӴ~ ˶ǵֵ춯,Get!ཡϴ軹ܼ?ϴϴ!˺,άʹɱﵻ!עʱаɯѡƵСBazaarVɨ·άעʱаɯBazaarVŹںŹעʱаɯѡѶСʱаɯin\nfashion\tһη8,⼸ֱʡ ǵϻĹֱʵõĹʲô?ѽ!ӦҪһƪ,ʵݵijҸΪ,ʱҪ72Сʱ,㳤һ8䳤,λеи,ξѡTISSOT-T-CLASSIC ϵT097.407.26.033.00 еб :4,389.00 ȡΪ˹µƷ,ȻõETAоľˡETAΪƷзһ80Сʱо,ӦõϡоΪPowermatic 80о,ûӷ,ͨӳıݲʵ80СʱЧȻݲִһ,ص㻹ֵÿ϶ġ80оͬõĴ,ʵ̫ˡصѡϢŨĸϵ,Զ,dzõĽ,ʸзḻıȦ,Ȼ˵͵ĵ¹Ǯ,Ƿıǿֱʽ,ʺصʿMIDO- MULTIFORTϵM025.407.36.061.10 еб :5,382.00 2016ȫƳȶ˶Ϣ,4λͻijʱֱʱϢ,ͬʱ˶ļװ,ȫغɫţƤ̵ʱɫһ,ɫɺٻصо,ȰоCALIBER 80,ƹƺڴı,ԿȾƴĥı־Զ,Ĵĥ̶Ȳ¡100ķˮȺͰٴöܹӦִճHamilton-ϵH77715553 еб :5,662.00 ,оij˴ҵH10оȵCaliber 80Powermatic 80,Ҹ˾úٵĴĥΪȫ,ﵽ˹ϵtopͨԿ,оĴֿհƵĴĥ,οƵԶӳH,Ȼ̶ֳȵĸѶȲܸ,ʾλij⡣ͱ,ŵָ,ŵ,ֳǿҵĺӵϢ,43ı̳ߴʺֵĸߴ,ṩ200ķˮ,ԾȥӾˡʱZenith-Eliteָӹϵ03.2270.6150/01.C493 еб :38,400.00 100СʱʱElite 6150о,һֱΪгɿĻо֮һʱŶΪ˴һöԵijо,ԭȵEliteоһ,ͬʱоֱ30,СΪ,ֱľȡоʹ195,Ƚ3.92,ȳķнϵĸо,dzɾ,̶Ըɾʾ,Ҿĵ̳ƸİЧ,ϸڴԾáϸŵҶ,ɫĻϻ,˸о̤ʵġԶӵһ,ʱ̤ʵ,еյij֮ġɺPaneraiLUMINOR MARINAϵPAM00564 еб :42,543.00 8ʵҲɺһɫɺרְΪṩʱ,ѾΪʱҵı书ˡȫԲP5000оԴķʽ,ﵽӳȵЧ,ӶΪֱṩ192СʱġЧɺԪö϶ܿ,ıڻšʽ,ҹЧΪ˱֤Եͬʱ,ɺѽ,ĥɰ,̳ߴԵųжȡBlancpain-Villeretϵ6606A-1127-55B еб :59,860.00 ڳŽִ,ʹֻǻſڶʱҲʧVilleretϵװ,ʹñȫз11C5о,öоֻ3.33mm,72СʱĶЧ˵Խֱ,ԽȻή,ľȴʼֵֶоı,ηĻоапȻ,аԵֹǴĥʾĴҷ緶СƵ氲ƽеĶʾ,ɴСĶʾֱ塣пҪһöƷƵĻ,һdzѡٿEberhard-8 JOURS ϵ21027.1 CP еб :30,700.00 ٿ˵8Դ1997״Ƴ,ͳΪƷƵһɫеıǶ,ֱ۸̫,ٿȴܺõؿ˳ɱ,˶е8ɫ,ʽġǵʯ,Կĵ8Ƽа,ȷֱΪ0.31.25˫ɼ,ṩогһڵĶ¶ٿŨĸ黳,ȰĻʽʱ,ɫҶԼʽСȦ֤8նָʾŵ910мλ,֮Եǵֱ8 JoursʫVacheron ConstantinTRADITIONNELLEϵ89000/000R-9655 еб :1,324,400.00 þûռ,˽ʫ١VCչʾױȵijӷּ,ӵ14ijµĶʱ2260о4,ÿ䱸һܳԼΪ2.2ķ,Լ13Ȧ;ĸܹͬʱ,ʱȽϻƽ,ת൱ڵеķ֮һ14Ķһ280ȵʾʮֿܵӷֱ,14Ķ·ҲװΡֹĥװԴӷװɼ,ӵĻеڽ,ֹܿиĺۼӷֵ˱Ե,ҪƱʦ11СʱɼʫٶϸڴĥҪ֮,IJиҲΪʲô2012ƳΪ֤߱,ʫȻӵ֤߱Ʒơд,ֱг,Ŀֱеõij?Ըǰɡ б۸ŻΪб䶯,ˡ֪ͨ\nfashion\t˫ЬȦڴbaby͵ȰͶͽţ һȹټһ˫߸ЬԸвʧţɫϵܲȰͿǷdzϲ ɫһִЬӣ϶ϯ Ը ķһִЬΪЬСȹ ʮ ΪȦᴩµĵ䷶ СμҲǾһִЬӳϯֻ һִЬҲСμѸӵʱгAngelababyҲǾϯɫĺɫĻкɫɫģbaby˫Ьӵϲ\nfashion\t˫ƴ,·Ҳ! ,µĴǻ,dz·ºAȹĵ߸ֽʽ,,ⲻϵƿһʱ,ֲˡƴӿ,һȤڡ̡ݹԹŮ,˽ȴȦɵĹعرϲ봩,봩,Ǿһһˡٳ½Ƴƴӿ,ҲǺܴJacquemus2016ĸоԺԼʲô?Ҵ,,,Dz?O(_)O~ʱװƴӳĻ治,ֲͬײܳϲ?ΪϤMonse2017㳡,½,ƺͳµķdz淨ǰһϯƷƻʱ,үDZȽϱصĿʽ,߿ʽͬ,ɫͬ,¶Ĵdzио,Ųʧ⡣ΨdzȹĿʽ,һdz,һȹװ,¶ͲԳ°ƺݳĺܴԱZoe Saldanaϯƴӵȹװװȹװƴӿ,˫ƴײɫ龫ֵĸԱ¶Selena DomezҲ˫ƴȹ,ɫۻɫ,¿ɰɵƺһӰķƴӰ׳,ԪصԭijʱҲһƴӳ,һǾʿ,һǰɫ,˧Ų,ϳģ,ʱвMargaret ZhangʩƬʱʹһ˫ƴ,ƺͺƽ,θзdzḻƵƴ,ϸͬƴ,ƲŷѡĿǰƲŷѾ,˫ƴǾ?ԭij õĶԭġǵתͷǶĹһ̬ȵʱй\nfashion\t | ˶Polo,㲻һʱ ҪΪPOLOֻ˵ר,ŮҲܴ˵LOOKPOLOīسɹ,رŮװļ˲ԪسΪȫµĵƷ,ʱ־ϲ㳡ҲǵӰ㻹ϿҲһ01ԲPOLOT02ѧԺ纣Tȹ03poloƶT04POLOĸT05ɴƴ¨06аٴ POLOT07ѧĸPOLO08ſ֯poloȹ09ŷɫ˿֯䨋10ѧԺ緭T11ٴ̿poloѧT12ѧԺPOLO13˯·ƴɫѧT14˿֯ȹ15ײɫƴӶPOLO16ѧԺɴƶ䨋17֯POLO18Polo Լȹ19˯ƴɫȹ20ѧԺͷPOLOƴɫȹԭ ֧֨ | -ʰų˽ | wangbole123Źں | wangbole02\nfashion\tģBen Hillʮͷףֵһ Ben Hill1978꣬39ˡڵIJͬBen HillӲȥıƺͰòҪԶᣬֻҪԼеžͿˣ ʵһʼLana Del Reyĸ泪Ծʱйµ˵һеֵͦġȻһ쿴Ben Hill̫ÿˣDaddyˣ֤ʵ䲻DZԭBen Hillͷɢɶɵ͡ ͷһɽInstagramܻӭʮƬ ʿͦġÿοijͷ СXXhuskyҾ뷭ۣлȮ\nfashion\t185ǰûͺ˵ֻĩ 185Ǽ֤ȫ¼ķʱʽǼ¼ٱȫܲûŵ (Walter von Kaenel)2017꣬ʿӱٱӭ185ӽ11𣬵㿪ٱĹٷվܿרΪ185ƳרÿһƷƹ£ٱƾʷͳԺաžӱѡķʽʱ䡣¸ĩЩʿѣǵٱݴ˺196021ͳڵʮöϡҪ̫йӱߴ185ʿƱͳ̬ȡƪţһ뺯ܿλߣһμٱ185ջᡣ ȲҪЩϡٱ185Ĺ½ʡϾҪٱţʱصաڹϵʿСǣʱͣ½ŲʿӱٱԴء1832꣬ٱɰ¹˹ءAugusteAgassizʿǡڣٱڴͳġtablissageƶ´ӱ൱ΪӱڼҹٽƷṩó˾ءƱǵļͥʱ19ҶǵƱҵѾչʮֺIJƷԶޣӡȺԶСģҼһԼæӱֱ1960ٱļ̳ŷ˹ءErnest FrancillonΪʵָÿ˶Ʒĺ룬ʼĿڻеʱӭڶιҵķӦڴδԵʱʷٱѡӭսȸǵʱƱҵＫΪʼΪ185ʱУٱƱͳʱ̽ȷսʱ١1927520գ33Сʱ30ӵij;У˹μʻʥ·˹֮ŷɻڰ貼Ȼɹ½ʷ״β϶ԷԽ׳١ΪʺϻĹٷʱٱΪ˴ηȫ̼ʱм¼֤һʷĻԻͳɾ͡Щ̽ռDzֱսľҲΪٱԽļʱдõעš185ٱʼռƱͳֲʱֻΪʱÿһʱÿһˣֱսͬС Щ꣬ٱÿһͻƣܿڼ֤ ꡷ܿ2017ӱؿΪעĿӱչý壬ܿÿӱؿٲٱĴԼˡԣֵصӣһ̫ɣϾ˺ûᣬĩ2죬Ҳ֮չʮϡ㻹лĿٱȫ·Ŀϵϵڻом뵥˿ɾٱбʿ̨֤COSCϵУͬʱԶеоںŵԼƷʣٱΪ185رס ڱԲμ ܿ ٱ Ķԭ תдʵϢμӡԿʱתٱ185ʷʱչǰ30ͨıĶߣԽͼܿź̨ʱΪ1118յĻֳȡٱذһݡ1118 - 1119գ̫㡣 / ༭ / ·ͼһµ¿\nfashion\t#ֱ# ŷĵ ʿˮ ʾʱġͷϣָʾʱһ־˵Ҳ˵ı䣻ֱһõֱһֱɹֱ𣿿⣬DZˮһʱĺͬѧˡϲֱϲƺǴȤôǽĸӰʿźܶѶʿһ֪Ͼ һ ֲҽеġôҽͽ㲻һģ˵˵ҵŷճʹáʿٷĽ һ,ʿƾԽ,Ժշ¼ΪչֵʼԺշȵľ.˽йʿȫϵ,ʱ,ͺ˫ʱ һСգˮ˼DZˮֱĿǰһƷһ1953귢ʱҲˮﵽ100רΪDZˮƵIJֱر̵ķˮʽǡڿǴӵڶʼݱ䣬ݣĴĸıǸΪתȦ˵ʱDZˮԱˮ´⣬һĸı䡣ȵҲڿһ 2005ıCerachromȦȦʿʹüӲƳɣԽĿʴֹɫȦʹ䣬뺬ȵˮˮӴ Ȼ˿𡣴ӴҲῴƵʿˮʿˮȤƼĶCollezionare Rolex SubmarinerΪϸڹŷҲʮӰʿʹõı־һָֻ쿪ƣԢƷȫֹƣݱΪ֪ĻʹڣչʿƱҵĵ֮ڹгϣһֻͨʿֱļλ3300Ԫ15000ԪȡȻ۸ƣǻΪֵⲻʿƷʾΪжصͶʼֵֵǿ˶¡װԣȥɼװĵôΪʲôѡʿ? ҪΪˮٴ90ŻеӰӰ죬ϾһҲһǩͨһҷԼľǶԵġΪֱһ˵dzҪرݡһҷֱû𣬸оڳֲûпܶ࣬ҾóֵҲһԼǵֱҵĽܡô˵ΪΪʲôϲʿ? 衶ɯؐж@һ䌦ףobƣʿDS㣬S]ЄʿDŽe˿㣬ǸҊ㣩ŻеУº·ҲBĽ͡ɽúϣٻͷҸϰ壬DzǺидСۡձŷޣ㣿е˻ʣۡձ̨ңЩҸ˸ءȣʿƼġҲ˻ʣʿֱӦȥʿô ȥʿֱܶ˶ôΪʿֱһҲˣһԭǻ⡣Ҳͬٻ⣬۵Ļȥû̫ˡȻձպֱеʱȷԣֱŵ⣬պֱŷޱôһѡԭ2016ҶһŷԪĻʴ6.8 ˵DZȽϻ㡣һ仰ܽᣬǡȥijһطȥȥƱȥŷޡȫŷ㡣ŷŵ깺ͲŪܴѾдϸƷƹ¡Ʒ۵ȡ˵ԼļܡϾ˭ǮǴģڹʱҸר깺Ǯġ2016222һرӹص ǡܶѶһ⣬ھƷԲͨô졣ڳҲȽϵ⣬ҽʿרҶǵġΪֶйĵ( СرƯ) ȫ̹ͨϰ⣬йܼҼʿΪҽرܰ ⣬⣬ŷңٵҵĵһLOGOĴӣƷƴӲ棬ġƯڴɺĵ ˰˰17%Ҳ˵ҿ17%˰ѣ˵Ҳһʲ֣ԼһҰɡΪһƱ---ʿԱҪд˰˰Ҳ˵˰Ҵȫظ֪ﲻܰ˰Ҫſԡҵһ뷨ǣDzDz˰?? ڵεЭͬ½Ҫֱ˲ſ˰˾һ⣬һӶô? ;˴ô? Σһ˳ɡɹ˰˰飬ҴΪҹݳƷҪ뿪˰ҵг ---ҾҪں˰ｨǰд˰ÿһѡʱתʱ価һûʱ˰ˡ д˰ÿһҪдм! ŷ˺Ժпû˺дǮ͵ŷˡʿʹõı־һָֻ쿪ƣԢƷȫֹƣݱΪ֪ĻʹڣչʿƱҵĵ֮ΪԼϲɫټϺɫǰٴûôۡĺĻʹ֤ô дֵıҵĸܴĺˮҵؽѣô ҵĴ𰸿϶Dzڣֱⶫÿ궼Ǽۣڵļ۸ԼжЦʿһħƷƣһĵƷơȻ㲻϶ƷƣڴڹϵһƷƣһҾѡ߿ѡһļżɹʱɹװôңϲô ҵĴϲֲϲˡͷǽһƺı䣬Ͼӽ1000ҵĶٶи飬ͻϲµĿʽԼһİһʱ˻ͷӰը侲£һǾõͨûҲǸѡˣе㳶Զˣ#ֱ#͵ɡ\nfashion\tȺƤ̶,ȴʱȦ һλ,Ϊɱ·ģʱг,¡Ȧ5¿ʱа,ȫʱ־Elleް6µķ档DzǾϤ,ܶʱдﶼõĽ,24,ȴڰʱнžصĵλ,ýΪӰŮԡinsӵķ˿,ýһ,ϹǴ쳯ӡŶ,Сǰ,߲160,IJϴ,е㡰һ,ƾʲôڿȵʱȦ÷ˮ?Ůա,ӢMargaret Zhangϼڶ,ԭ,һؾ˰ޡһĿ,ܻܵеС˧ġʵMargaret Zhang֮ǰijɳ,ѧ,ûʲôܸʱйϹȻ16ʱ,һʹ˸ıԼһľٶԼIJ,СSHINE BY THREEڲ,Margaret ZhangСǷ͵Ĵ,²۸ִʱװΡ˶ΪҲͣ,Ȼû,עʱȦ̬,ʹMargaret Zhang֮ģءӰʦʦʮ,䡣Ϳ,˵С֮,ͰԼʱиҵѧУĴҵ,ȻɹõǮȥŦԼʱװ...ҵ,ѧ̵ġûҪǶȥģ,Ҫһѵͷ,֪ԼҪʲô,Ҳ֪ԼҪǧټƵĴﵽĿꡣһ·ҵ Margaret ZhangBusiness Of Fashion ѡΪʱҵ500ǿ,BOF,ŵҵͷԡҲ,Ҳջ˺ܶݳƵMargaret ZhangѾ,ÿñ˵ͼ˿Ƿ,ԼϾǿʼĥӰ,ոһնԹߡ豸Ƕȵ,ӰҲûû˵ʩ2015ϵйƬ,ģMiranda KerrԡϵйƬMargaret Zhangִ,Miranda Kerrͬͷǰʱ,ҲѷɫMargaret ZhangЯPolo RalphLaurenһĹƬSENSOƬҲMargaret ZhangִʱԼļ,Margaret ZhangҲǾϲ,Ȱ,ÿһöҪ¡,ò̾һ,˳òÿ֮,ϵƺMargaret Zhangе츳ܶˡMargaret Zhangּܵը,Dzǻᷢ,ʵԼ̬Ⱥ,˭ں߶,ȻMargaret ZhangҲԼһ״,ʱиԵҲԡĴȵȿMargaret ZhangȻŹ,Ǵɫǻƿ,ɼԦϴĻǹŰij,ʮchicԪرز١ϵϵͽеʮֺӦ,һͨĴɫȹҲΪ·ϵʱָСchocker+ǰV+ŵĿ,ڽ벻˽Ķ!ƶţпһ˱ر档ij°¶IJ,ĿŹȷʵʮlookԵƤ,ʺ߿ɰֽƶţб+ɫ,ٴһ˫Ь,ûë,ּ䡣Margaret Zhangʱв,ı紩,У䵭,ŵżͷ߸,ʱ־㡣+Aȹ,Ů˵ַ֪ըѡɽ,ϸҲúܵλײɫ,»,ȹ,ϵԴԸ,ôMargaret Zhangѧ,·ĺܺ,ޡͬɫϵƷһʵҲǺзġ+Aȹ,вʸ,С㲻!ʵMargaret ZhangѡĿŷ,Ҳսźݻװ,ܽ֡ҲԶԻ,ײͬ,ԼһסŰ˵Ҫ硱,Margaret ZhangѾˡûͣ½Ų,ƴ,ִ˲ƣؿ㳡,ɡڻǰ,ͷԡڷܺǿ,ʵسΪýŮҵִšͺѧ,ΪһģӰʦȷʵһ,Margaret ZhangҲòɷ Դ:йID:chenliegongheEND³girlֲ,ÿ촫ڵıʱеСtips,ӶShare the beauty of womenlady8844com\nfashion\t¶ʹ̿ѵСŮ¾ûбľˣ ֮ǰһСδµ£ǶǴ̿£¶ףЩ˵СѾģӾƣ͡ʵ˵ʵڵģ̿¶ںĶ˵һͺսһ춼̿ڰ˵ʵе㲻ϳ...˵£Сӵǿ϶ֻæsay no..ΪǵĸСע볤·ԵʹԴҲǿͷ˵ߵȼ..ȫûǰһԽܵɡƳ棬˵ЩĵСɣӴµĿʽɫԼ似֣һǿķڷ˶̿㻹ýЩԸߵġƽ𡱳˵һСӴµĽɳȡһDzҪպõϥǵĴ£ΪԭͲߵĴмһΪȶ̣ʡξdzңϵسĴעݸ߸ijǾͲҪˣϾڽϱҲǺε...ԶСٵСȶǵijԸߵĻƽȡԭ̿һ̿ǰϰ̣Ȼ°ͳСȶǵĴӾϽСӾȻԸˡǵвijȣҲʺСŮҲ͵ġЧ䡣Ժɫsay noɫĹ˵ԸߣܶŮһǾѡɫʵɫȷݣɫûãΪ̫ˣȥۣҲԡ̡ıˡɫǸܺõѡɫɫỹǻɫϵᷢΡ֮⣬߸ԼԦɫϵҲСǵרԵ˷dzͻӶȥԸߡͬɫϵӪӾͳһΪûɫϵķֲ㣬ԿȥȽԸߣֳĸСѡߣܾݵڴ֪СΪԸӪһ߷dzҪ¶ȵĴѡʱҲһҪ౸ֱͲЧûĿʽãoversizeһҪֹģҪס˧֮ڸ߸ŮӵŮֻݶ֣dzקߡξ£Ӫһߣ֣fashionʮ㡣Ӫһ統³ͿΪԸߵСߣʵ⣬ص൱ʱ֣˴µΣڴѡҲҪСмѡɢڴֳȹrealʺϣȻƸУǶĽС㣬ϻԵøݣһὫСӶеƤһԻǹԹѡϸװɣȲһڴȹӸŶҲҪһ㣬ŵ̬Ӱиõ̬ʲô·ԼԦ˵ģԭͼƬ磬Ȩϵɾллϲƪ֣ӭתȦ\nfashion\tŮǵСһС䡱һΪ һʽСôԽݣԽʶŵȦʱ־ϣҪɡôԽ䣬Խ ԽԽһжΪ ֪ҷûȦŮһļĴſȥû̫ı仯رʱҲǴô⡰ʧ١ǡʧ١ģŲʣIJ𣿿ʱֵĶŮݵ˽ָڹعһƬɫ粿οë´ɫƶ㣬ڵƻԻ͵ĽֵˡС¶Ըжʱ֣ϾݵIJǶ֪ġͱ紺Ѿ¶˸СϽֻˣο¶ëĵʱвʱڲ䲻ȵãҪĵضҪⲻס~ͷɫ֯ñɫο£¼ֳһĺºȹrockerɫñӺͻֺСŮζһкͣᡰΪ⡣Ƕǹȣһ˾ɪɪҪ˵οյƿɲֹ£ԶʱȦĸλϡ档µɫοյопΪۣʱ´ȵĵоοԪؼӳ֣ĴһɫҲܳ¶ǶǸ¶Carvenɫб´ɫȹϲͬഺŮ磬С¶ȣ·Ҳͦģġţ䲻䣬Ȱ˵~PܾеELLEдϣҲһϮС¶£ЩĸоˣIJμԼ¾翪ᡣɫб粻ԳƳ£һ¶ʱָǽһСס¶뿨ɫȹĴǸţ֮ǵһlookİ貢Υ͡ʱֵƴɫбëԵп㣬ܴͷз硣һʱװϣСܶBurberryб;ͺܳ¶꣬ʱְðݵСҲ¶£ɫ¶֯˶ȿĴик㣬С¶ֳԸУӻ~ɫñCrop Top´ҪȹĦŮɵûתСԸСعⲻõİһĦǴ翴ȥΪһЦôҶܵáTallia StormǣŮҲDzģ¶°͵ͬʱŴʱůʵԵҲʱַȻҲŮǶģϮʱʵȽϿס˶װϵС;μeasy chicĴ·һд翴žͺů͡Сšͷɫ֯ñɫ˶װůӾҲůĸоӱlookзʮ㣬ϸϻпģɫƴƮ³úܵ͵+ϵСߵ¼ݸϷɻҲIJɫ֯Ѷɫ£ůзgetʵ·ߵĴδɫڴ·糬ʱ֡Դķرǵݽ̻ǣ첻֣ܵˣڻɫĴΪԼһɫ˶йоصlook\nfashion\t＾,Ҫʲô?!! 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ܶС㻹,ϷݳԼС椷,ҲԼζΡеıĿ,һġʧֶζ,,ܶϷ趼ϲ,ֹڴ,ÿο,νĿⶼŵ鱦ŲһͿ鱦μνǰЩ컹,֪ܶϡ,ҡĹô?˵ܶ?ô,ֲûвμӹĿ!˵ܶ³?ô,֮ǰͳŮ!ֱĿ,ܶ꽫һġʧµζ,νŶ!Ȼ֪ĩġǾû,ܶһɤùǼѵݲôġʧԭͨ,ܶ·չһζ,ú!ɫȹ,Ѭױ,ÿһϸڶμνְݵ鱦!ϴζֳŮʱ,ҲһϮɫȹ,ҲDzԳƵĶ,Ҳͬ˾һ!һ:ܶ鱦ôԴôÿֲ?ʵڡŵʱ,ܶѾö˼νĿ⡣͵ĽڶϱճеߵĴҲӷ,С龫ֵĶȤ,ֱҪ100ֵϲ!鱦 Ȼܶ鱦ǷŮǵƵ,ܰ鱦ԼζŮ˲ŸȤ,ܶС൱,Ǻ̺Ҫ,鱦ȻԼstyleϯйӰЭ2016Ƚ佱ʱܶѡײɫ,鱦ѡѡ貵Ķͽָɴ䡣CHAUMET Josphineϵ鱦,ŸбŶ!24챱ѧӰڱĻʽ,ܶͬѡ˼ײɫ,鱦ҲͬˡּͬԼƵChopard Ice CubeϵнָۼChopardHappy Dreamsϵ,ϵChopard鱦ϵж,㻹˵,Щŵܶ귴ʵӰ,Oscar de la RentaChopard鱦Ĵá塱һ,Լһ!VɴȹͶ,ܶСŮɹ!ʱԪһҲݹܶ鱦,ʱԪؿνһҲûԳƵ鱦,˺öchoker似Ҳһֱ,ͯȤûŹ,νһ˵Գ鱦˴ܶ꾿жమԳƵ鱦,˵Ҫ˵ҹ!ⲻ,һ뻹鱦ϴˡ̡֮һһϷMFPĶܶҪԳƵĴеˡͬMFPĶС硱ܶꡣHoopһֱԴŸ,ܶIJԳƴ¸˵ԵСȻ,ҲһһС˫ԲͷֲҲǵŮ鱦زٵ鱦Ԫ֮һ,wuliܶȻҲ,˼Ȼѡ˲ԳƵĴ,Miu MiuĶ൱ɹ,ɫʵһ⡣chokerȻ⼸chokerһֱ,Ҹ·ʱֿǷԼchoker moment,choker滨,϶gigi֮һҲܶСӡChlo׳ܶת,Ϻ;ϵ鱦Ȼʱֵû˭!Alexander WangĶChinchinchoker,˫ʵĻ,ֻһ׳װ,ҲȻʧȤνѾᵽ鱦,ܶ겢ڶϼӿ,ʱָҲһŽ˵صchoker,ܶchokerʽҲʮҪ,һעͻᱻ»ϤܶСһӡ,ٹҲҪ鹦ӳֵchoker˰!ԵchokerɫϽ˽ɫ,˰ƺͱʯϸ,ٱ鶼塣鱦Ӱϲ㡷ܶ,ȹ黨ɹ(ȻҪ)ϸܶϵͶŷ,QeelinС鱦ȸʮ,Ǽ˲ԳƵĴһͷ,һǿ»ȫ,ʵڸ˼ʱֵʽҲܶϵķ羰֮һ,Ҷϸȹɫ,ɵܶҲholdסTuleste¶APM Monacochokerһ,ܶһ˿Ůʽ,,ÿ㿴,ܶ굽ǿʲô,ôÿץӵ˰ٿļ,ѡ鱦ԼӵԼķҪҲ,ʲôܶ,²ǿ鱦\nfashion\tﴩʲô?3ٲ! 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Supreme2017910ϺִLouis Vuitton Supremeű2017910ձ2017910ձ201794ձİTXander Zhou˶ЬPUMAְ (Balenciaga) ˸201798ϺŻĺܻǵĽĴžЩϲԬȪɺ衢СSǼΪļ͡أĶԭġ 鿴wapվʱдdzһʱգ\nfashion\tԱģ42ձŮװƷ嵥 | ղ ߣ׳ ȨתŹںţ׳IDyanzaitashuδɣתء ֵϲĴֲݻ 42è콢ձŮװƷƣ˵ĿǰȫˣдоҪڳ𣩡ƷƷµͷȺܴ۸ҲӼʮԪǧԪȣûϲġ еĵֻΪ˷ҽ̣ûдû~ûӵģҿֱԱƷҵ~ ĩһҵĶ־飬~ Mark Styler ձĴŮװ֮һĿǰ Ungrid Evris Emoda 15Ʒơ Mark Styler èһƷƼϵRUNWAY channel Ŀǰפе9Ʒơ 128-1800rmb Ϣ rnCr0Vcun2t ֻԱ ȫʣձֱʡԼҪö࣬ҲȴҪб֤ 4ƷԼè콢꣬Ʒƾҵ Ungrid ʽ | | ţ 199-1699rmb Ʒ Ungrid ˼ǡûбһԵУԼÿľͺãأ ȻձƷƣߵʽз磬Ҳ۵IJǷ ˮϴţеƷ Ungrid ~ MURUA Ħ | 129-1499rmb Murua ϵݶԭӴ06꣬ٷƷ˼ڼǿŮҲԿɰķΣ۸˵ ʦƫɫϵ۴ĻﶬῴɫϵƷҲΪ Murua Ķ Juetie | ͷ 369-1299rmb ƷһԽûʦ Ami & Aya ģּ Mix Girl ǻ ԽͷΪںҡԼŮ硣йɵĸƳҲʮ˿ȹӿ˷ļпˣԭһݰɵĸо Evris ͷ | | ʱ 399-1199rmb Evris ϲͷԪ븴ŷںһ𣬴ȴķ ȫʽС£СӦǸŮᰮϵƷơ MASH MASH Ŀǰ9Ʒƣè5Ʒƣ Snidel | | Ů 228-3280 rmb ᵽϵ磬 Snidel ӦõһƷƣڰռձ־ҳ档 ҲӰӾͷϲ̸Ӵľ ʯԭڡУŮSnidel ҲʵܶΡ ﶬ¿Ǹ˿黨ԪأԼλɴƲʡ Lily Brown | | 222-2700rmb Snidel Lily Brown ʱɵɵֲܵ˵ Lily Brown ţлһ˿ԣûôߡ ײɫͦ书ġ Fray I.D Լ | ͨ | 258 -3560rmb Fray I.D ƫ죬ʽʺͨڡ ö䣬dzʵһЩصСƣͨװô Mila Owen | ͨ | 169-2669rmb Mila Owen MASH ϺȤźƷƣ2014꣬һסŦԼĽõΪС 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BeckhamǺɫԶʱġPradaFendiGivenchyҸװȻ㹤װѡCalvin KleinJason WuAlexander Wangƾʱ,ʵ,BalenciagaķºStella McCartneyװȹ,ǰ㽫쵽칫⡣Calvin KleinJason WuAlexander WangBalenciagaStella McCartney㻹òԳڿ͵۹ĺɫƤȹBottega VenetaɫƤȹװ,FendiĺɫƤ,ͲbiubiubiuǹսˡBottega VenetaFendiŮ·ߵĻǵÿëԪӡƷһƷPradaSonia RykielDolce&Gabbana,ͻᷢ,ԼɡDZıˡPradaSonia RykielDolce&Gabbanadz˶зLeisure suitˡֻнĹ;ۻ,һ˶ûʱ,ԶEffortless chicLacoste:ʱаɯʱװ:Ƭ:Yve Xuڱ༭:Yve Xuʵϰ༭:April Xiao¼:Yve XuӾͳ:::毸90Sɯʮ롿ʱ뻷ּ,ɳҲ!ҪŻ!Щֵʦ,ֻ뾲ؿ!עʱаɯѡƵСBazaarVɨ·άעʱаɯBazaarVŹںŹעʱаɯѡѶСʱаɯin\nfashion\tһ,ʮ!ԽԽ!̫! ͰȹĴû˲صഺʱ~ɾˬij鶯ഺİȹ,ȴ˾áҲഺƤܶ!̿İȹܴഺĸо,ȳ!~һصУʱ!ԴСЬЬ,ҪеŮζ߸ЬҲ˿ûΥ!˳ùùҲж~Ħȵչ¶쾡!AngelababyڷҲѡ˰ȹ,ʮС,۵ÿˮ!һֱԳұʾ˵Blake Lively,ϳȹҲصgossip girlѧʱö̿ļԦЩѹ~ϲķ,ֻҪȹӵijЩıͿ!ѡгİȹ,ϥijȸʺϰ߳ϯ!Ůļس~СӵĹǵҪһ˫߸Ь!°ҲҪȹ~СΪѡ2017,ͬ,ͬ,ϣӱķ!\nfashion\tΨһһʱģأʳˤŹ 2017άǵܡʱдѾ1120Ϻ÷˹ĻĻάܳ˾̽T̨ϵʹǣһdzĻ⣬йģ⾪һˤάʧϼҲѣ϶ˤ¼һΪȫģΨһһϺſڡսŴˡάҲܸӵطָһ׳ɵoutfitԼһƯijƫƫɵɴȹռʱˤ˸ʺ¹ʷ²ۣһˤʳˣӵⲻˤŹ֣ȥάʱӵġע⣡ҪΪάʹԼҪܺãıҪҲܸߣҲҪꡣˤһ㶼⡣ϵ֪ˡעλģһⶼûСٲȻѾһרҵģӦе̬ʲôӵģڹԼģȻ̫ãˤҲƬΨһһʱģأҲάˤģزⰡ\nfashion\tδŮ?⼸С~ ˵Ů,С뵽ľʱŵļλСʻÿοŮǵijִ,˸̾Ľԭ֮,̾С̫̫̫ᴩ,˳㡰͵ʦһǵŮд!贲ݵġŮӳ,Сྭܿ贵·ݻĽԭ֮,¸ʮŮҲСˡAȹǴŮĵijƷ!ȹװ̫ȶ,һһʧȥ~¶ƵĵƷ˵ڽˡ¶ƳȹҲǽdzʱֵƷ,ƮݵŮ绹ҪɴȹŶ~ȹϴڵʵһ˺ѼԦ,ԼҪȽϸ,Ȳ̫ʿܻϱ150cmѩµɫᱡʵŮϢ,ӡ֮±СӡһЩŮζʡʶʹĶѡڴлƵȹʶľƼǶʮ,֮´ĵİɫҶ߳ȹӾдŮζTʽȹҲdz,̷Ϻһһ״˲ͬɫԴѧ,ɫͻӿһЩ~BUY IT!BURBERRY ɫȹNEEDLE & THREAD ɫӡȹFIGUE ȹҲæԼĻŷ~ȱȼֱǰTеĽడ,ÿ״T,Ʒõÿζܳ!ԼĻTȻdz״,ҪʵѡȹDZѧɰиβҲŮر֮һ!ŮһҪмT,ӡ˳ƤСŮҲϡɫװִ˿girlӸСģT!ٴİTȹȻ꾭䴩,ţϵĴƻɫðȹΪʱָ!ݺ˼ҲdzƫT,ƻߺTǷdz״ĵƷţаȹܴʲôdzٴ,Ҷ̿ȳ!ڰײŮ?ǾͮһѳŮĵķɫ!СЬţж̿ʮ㡣BUY IT! MARC JACOBS ɫTGUCCI LOGO TEETHE ELDER STATESMAN ɫTΪٶܹעСƷҲ۵ˮ!,ѳҲСŮ崿Ƥ~ǻٻDzμӿ챾,Ǽİ׳ƤഺͷſӲû̫Ըзʮ㡣żԿһЩ,ţж̿ҲȻƷ~ɫ̫,㾦ǡô!׳ţȻijʵ!ѳ,ַӱɴ!ȵɫôԴ!СֽϿѧܶĴСTIPS!Ʋܱ⽿СĸоŶ~BUY IT!THEORY JOSEPH ɫPROENZA SCHOULER ɫ¶ûŮıﰡ?ᴩС˭ѽ?ԺС~ʶά ѧԺעޱ,ྫ\nfashion\tPoloŲר,ݾʹúܳʰ ɫ֡´㡱ע,Ӵ!תرԭ,ź:Dressing-show,ȡȨ,תʱעԴID(´,dressshow)֮ǰдƷʱ,дݴŮʮPoloȹ,ҲдѧʮPolo,˶()רƷʱָ:Ͼ,Ҫ֪Poloİ:˵˵Poloȷư~Polo+װ¶ѭĻǸţп,ֻһҪ,Poloƽֱĺ°,ȻúһÿĶԱ:°еƸ,ͨƽֱ,ҲʲӰĻ,Dzԡһԭ,Ĵ////ٵɫ,۹ԹԵıܿ߰ɫ,ڰҲīЩɫüԦ~Ϊ˽ͼԦѶ,ڵĿӽ,²Ҷ˵˰~ҪʱһѿӻɱȽеȿȿ֮,ǿϸڵĥëճ̿ŵȿʽ~ţп,ип,̿,ֻҪע°ںɫ,µɫʵı,һDz:еIJ˶,PoloƥҲܸ,˶+˶Ч:Polo+ȹûʲôڵĿװ,ǴȹиоҲӶ䡣ϥϵĶ̿ȹAֶȹ,dz״ѧԺ,ʺѧŶ~ȽϳְֱͲȹǿȹ,ô˼,忴ĶȹҪŮһЩ,,ʲͬҲиķ仯:ȹڱȽϴһгȹ,ȹгȹ֮,ƫջһ:ƷߵĻ,ײɫҲǷdz,ʱָкǿ,ɫҲ,ĺܿɫ~ܿdzͼ,籪ơ,ԦѶȲһĴPoloȹݴľPoloȹ,ĿʽȻPoloһŮСҶ߲ǰŵ,ּĶװPoloȹ,СЬ,˶Ů,ݴļ,ҲüԦһЩ:,Polo,һر,ǿholdס,ҲǺʺϴ˵Ŷ~һʲô뷨,ӭŶ~ע,һ~\nfashion\tƹ˫ʮһ ЩҲҪ ˫ʮһҪˣƽ̨ĴҲסǩԼ˲ͬƷƣҲҲ㣬һ˫ʮһأЩ۸ߣЩ۸ĺʣݹԣܹǵƪʿǻе˳Ϊĸ߶ʿ̼ܳҴʱŻݵdzֵѡ TISSOT ȱͬ˹ţͬҲʿһҰӱƷơͬʱҲע˶ĿװҲ塣ƷƷͬͬҪȥ飬֪ĸIJˣ TISSOTϵԶбTISSOTϵԶбԭۣ3910Ԫ˫ʮһۿۼۣ 3559Ԫ TISSOTʯӢŮԭۣ2300Ԫ˫ʮһۿۼۣ 1955 ԪʿУdzƷ֮һйӵƵۡۺһ廯һ۸6ǧԪ¡оȫʿETAо˹רΪƷŸбȽǿװʺϰʱ MIDOȶϵԶеб ԭۣ6399Ԫ˫ʮһۿۼۣ5999Ԫ (MIDO)ֱ ϵԶб ԭۣ6000Ԫ˫ʮһۿۼۣ3788Ԫ FIYTAǴǴһֱǹеıȽƷƣǴＯҲԴƷʱʱУǺܶ˹еѡ֮һ FIYTAǴҶϵԶŮFIYTAǴҶϵԶŮԭۣ3680Ԫ˫ʮһۿۼۣ 2699Ԫ FIYTAǴӰʦϵԶԭۣ4980Ԫ˫ʮһۿۼۣ2909Ԫ DANIEL WELLINGTON DW DWУ˴ˣԴפƽ̨DWҲȲһȫܹ230Ԫۺ82ˣԻǺܺʵġͬ40ʽԼ28Ůʽѡ28ĸŹŵ䡣DW32ʱŮԭۣ1290Ԫ˫ʮһۿۼۣ 1060Ԫ\nfashion\th뻭СüữüëŮǻӱ... ȦŮǼÿ춼ӲױⲢÿ˵Ļױţÿ춼䱸ױʦ£Ů˸ûʲôԼױĻᡣҪhữױŲµﻯױʦ~¼عݵഺ磬㷢һ¶ǣԭǵijģ벻ôữױ~ Ȼˢӵ¿ģһhǰ¶ˡ ˼ҿʱвģױ¶Ȼڻ¡ ̺뻭üë൱зġ ȻСü ԭdzhüëӡ¡ ζɵ~ СüСüָüëñȽϴ֣ɫdzһµüë ü͵Ůֻ֪Ҫ㲻ûüëֵĻ粻~ ˶ȥdzأܻǻҲ⡣ӱдԵıӱÿһᵽСü뵽ӱڡɼɼˡı֣ Ҳӱɾһ~ǻĻױʦôء ӱԲüëộԵԲ ְüëôֺڣױʦӱüëϰëֶ ϴκʹ˵ŮƣҲDzửüëһ ܰԼüëôֺڴֺڡ DZӱһľǣٰûԡ ˣ㷢֣ŴҶϸüеģ ܾСüüüͺ͵ıϣǧҪüë̡̫ ӱĺСһޡ üβλнġüʱһ£ڱ۽ǵϾüβλá ϸ㻭һüβüüëĴϸһҪֳ һüͷüбȽϴ֣üβȽϸ һϸḶ́ǰ涼ܴ֣һüβļͻȻϸ Աh̺ȻüβֲֺеĽ鷴ȴüͷ Ļʶ֪üͷüβĴϸ̶ȡȻüβüͷúܴ֡ ɫdzǺܶ˻üëʱ᷸һǰüëɫͿ÷dzȡ üëҪúÿɫdzǹؼ ɫĵطüУʵüβüͷ üͷֻҪһأСµĸоϳ֡ Ȼ㲻ҪΪ֪dzλԺľdzľͺdzȻhữױ˵ĻױһҪȥгЧδء˵õױݾǿȥûڴҶױˡ СtipsüˢǵüʻһͷDZʣһͷüˢüҲһҪӵ üˢüëɫкܺõĵáijλеˣüˢˢ ʵüˢҲеģǾǩɡ üߺֲܶеdzϲһЩüߣٵð㻭üë ЩüһõĵDzÿüëɫdz 㿴hõüëӡ¾֪ˡ һֹü֮ǰҲҽܹӡɫϵdz ΪֻṩһüͣɫԼȥġͱȽϺÿüɫdzˡ üͿںܶϵĽ̶̳ȻһüͣҪһüͿܶ˾ͷdzȥһú ᷢüȻˣüëЧûеȣΪüͿ̫ˡ ˵üͿûǿҵı߿СڻʱһҪķʽȥ~ĸֵholdסСüǧҪŶ~\nfashion\t36ݼŮ,ȴ20,Ȧᴩ·! ĿؽġʱQQ1835988ᵽμ,ܶ뵽λݼʵŮԱ,иӡ̵Ľɫضﰮ̷ʶ˧ǿ̵ڷ¡ϻѪĹ1980μǹֵĴͳŮԱ,Ȼ36ȴȻ20,ҡΪȦᴩµŮ֮һ,ʲôʱȦ?ԼΪ,²ֵʱд,ʹʱи~< >ĺڰ,ԵĴ仹˻õŮ,36?°׳ʵİȹ,ֲᵥİ׳ϵɰ,Ե̫ơ< ţп >˶еţпҲԴ»,ϸּĻ,ţпҲ~ɫţп,һ~< +ȹ >ɫɫСȹͷ,ഺ,۵İЬͻԳơTţȹ,ӾЧ,ԵĸװͳСȹ,ʧٴ,Ȳѽ~ͻ,ǰؽ־䵥ƷʱϢܶ˶,ܲսͻƲʱеǰزġᴩ< ˯ϵ >·ʱȦƷ˯ʽܿ鴩ߵʱй,Ϊ͵·״Ҿӷ̫ĸо˯¿,дһζ~˯¿,ʱеƤ~˯¿,ţ,л¶һСԸ< ȿϵ >ȿҲ˽괺ġ߷ȿ,䴿С,벻䶼Сʽȿ,βŵİβ,·,ŶһӰ~ȿӪ쳤Ч,ĨƸĵ÷ò~< ϵ >㱾Ǻķ,ҲΪʱеƷ,˴ϱЧѸͰT,Ĵ,УѧϢ~;ɫС,һñ,Ů~36μӲԼĺƷԦס˸ֲͬķС¶,֪,СŮ~һװ,ԵŮܲ,˧ʮ~ȹƮ,תǸ߹Ů~˭˵40Ů˲Ůһ?μһ,ϲ·,ĺÿƬ,šƯԱĹ,ǸաСͨŮˡȥҴʱ,ʻĹõµÿһ˲䡣Ķά3 ʶͼжά롱ɹעŮǿˡŮǿǿŮѵ(ź:ssvv999)\nfashion\t쵰Ů Ů ˵Ůķ֮һͬ͵ŮҲиԵķDZСΪҽܼ쵰ŮijͣôҼ֮ԸŮ쵰Ǽͣӵж쵰ŮκηͶÿ֪쵰ŮĻôŻŮ𣿲֪ûϵ֪쵰ŮͶ쵰˺ÿ¶ûʲôԣͲõƫƣһȻɢٵһӪ߲ԳƸ֮⣬ŮIJչֳڼǰеɵɢ¶һСзֵƷdzʺ϶쵰Ů쵰ͺÿݵзŮˣȵͷͷȻ£ڶʿʼͷо̴ʹ°벿ͷþɣͻŮСɵ°ͣϴ·ϷۣϢ硣˵쵰ܺÿڵҲδáƽڶǰסͷŮ٣һͷС״ijಢסԵŮϸСůɫķɫ˿˱УǸƽ˵ŮһͷٲijβЩУԵúǶأְڶͷеñĶ쵰ľˣǾŻһЦ֪ŮӸСڳֱķȻ£зٺʲˣзʹŮƯĶ쵰ֳʹʵּŮͦıϣ¶ͷҲˬֱֱijɢ£Ȼһ崿Ůһijͣijɢڱҫ·˿Ļȳ鶯Уᱡüʮ㣬ֵĶͷͻŮ٣˿ڶһĶ쵰֣ͷһñ·Ұȼ٣ȻϢ֪Щ쵰ŮijʹǷأȻֻǶ쵰ŮķͣϲʺԼĻǾȥһ~\nfashion\tDzǰֱһã 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Brandy MelvilleBrandy MelvilleһеŮƷƣΪȫе·ʽֻS룬ţҪôݣҪôȥ~һ˼ģشЧǽʹұը~һĬĬȥɡغܶӶһߺšΪƽΪԼBrandy MelvilleƴʡһֻSŵ·Ʒƣļ۸ҲʮСŶһٶٶˣ·Ҳ60ӡԺͯװСӡСϽ~ҪΪʵ·գѡܶŶССţףTС~С֯С廹Ĵءǿɰ˶ףҲССһС£㹻ѡ죬㴩϶~~ɭŶ~ Petite StudiopetiteʾǽС˼ƷϾܿ˼ҾΪСǷ𣬳СxxsʱֵIJСڽȵĸװСDzǺܿԼŲȻoversizeҲСŲаPetite Studio㡣СĿʽ㰼²ӷסгĻƷĺƷȥС룬Petite StudioֻС롣ٷմְҵװɿˡϸĵӦ÷ҵģҲһɫСӣ߳160ĶǿɰССŵȹǼҲȴһֱʣСӵܴܲææoversize׳֯ȹȻǺIJźÿһֱûѡ֯ȹ㣬ʹƷưɡ˸~~һֱı~ԭͼƬ磬Ȩϵɾллϲƪ֣ӭתȦ\nfashion\tǮ˵ҲֱеǮµʿ ϲӦûв֪ٴģϵ֮ı۸߰ȻٴǺܶ˵ġĿꡱҲֻԶۡٴȺǽĸ¹ֱ˵ǮˡⲻһֵİٴоҪ9飡ɶӷdzϡкһԭװİٴľСԴһرĹŶ1976ĵһNautilusֱRef.3700ֵһǣӻУзdzϡУûм⣬ı״dzãΨһҲ$13,000ԪԼ90000Ԫңļ۸ˡľʱϿԿٴLOGONautilusdzϸԷֱеĺϷ촦IJֱ߿ĥ𣬵ǵ䣬״ѾdzˡȻͬҲаٴLOGOɫģǰٴ1976ĵһNautilusֱRef.3700ߴ39ףװ28-255 CԶһоʱʾȴֻ3.15סټNautihisõıǣȫܷ⣬ʡԵһˮṹֱֻĺȻ8סȻDZˮȴʺװʱǿԴͼĹпֱ֮һDzġDzľʺͲֲʽϣ֪DzΪһʱĸֱǿԿڲľм˵dzáһRef.3700УDzãebayϴۣۼ$12,995ԪԼ89634.29ԪȻ9ǮһʿˮʣǮһ鱦ʮxֻŷѺ...˵9ĺӵֵDzֵѰܾúֵ֮ܲΪʲô˻ôǮֺӡݹٷͳʾ˿ＸʮġʿʮСٷҲڡܶʿ⡰šںšԭλʮ˾ڽ̴ΰԿף\nfashion\tȫƷɹ嵥ղƪ ﱸӦ˼ĸƵһʱ䡣ΪҪͣƷʹпСҲñԷһԣƷڼ䣬ĸ˿һϽΣΪȥǸû......¸ĸingԣ۾ƪ˼ĸǽѵƷ嵥ȫԣÿҪʹõƷһһгﱸڼ䡿β֡ɴ+ƷɴƣǰµʽƣҪǰꡣЬԱ˫һ˫ɴĸ߸Ьһ˫ʴ侴ƷĵƽЬԸ˯+ۣձر۾з++ڴ++ᣨ+ƤЬ+Ӱɰʻĸװװ+++߸Ьְʽ+ƤЬ ·֡Ϸߣָѹ塢٤桢ĩĤ......Ʒϲֶϲǡ̡ӣֽƱƷҵƷƷƷӱϴ»ʳƷ֡ӻϲǡӹԲϡࣨơҶ/ԲϣһǣԲӡ桢Բ˻ιĻãӣʱԣԢӣ β֡鱦 + + +ɫΣϼͷΣ ֳװβֳ֡ӭơϯλָССоƱϲǺУʻػȣ̺ϲǩʡڻֽͷϵijϵϲ֡ رȰߡСָСӡͷ뱸ó˿ࡢ۾ҺΣˮˮֽߡױޡЬ桢ҩ̱Աɢɢǣ 㶨³ѣֹͷʱ ϲǡˮ̡ꡢǩ ͳʽرƷ+֧ +軨Ǵͳʽбزٵĵߣ൱ڵĻ鳵֧½֮ǰɳģһ·ϿմȾаġڷڴſڵĻ裬ȥԢӺ𡣸ͷ+ϼ+ϲӴͳУҪľԭ֭ԭζķϼʽĻɴͷɴһϲȥͷĵߣԢ⡰⡱++ϲ+ɡ̻йеĵλԶǴͳӪյһ֡ϲǻҪװƷԢáҸãӺʽ+«ʽԢδıԸһ˳«һȡг»Ԣ⼪飻ɽʳưȽƣʽĴͳǣų֮Ϊ(jn)Ƶư˸һưƣ˺϶Ϊһ- END -\nfashion\tѩӭ¾¿ˣµһã ͮעȱȽϸߣͬѩӭԵе͵ˣʵѩӭһֱæ¾ءɹѩӭµĻƬҲ¾ͣdz¿ˣСµһءѩӭܽûڹ¶棬˿ʾdzءɹµĻգҿԿʱĴС£һİɫ䴩һɫţжȹϴһ˫ɫЬdzԼǿźڴϸһѩӭ磬ʵİɫţжȹĴ仹ǺܳģϵȴǺܶصģر崿ŮϢСѩӭϲɫ·СһعһѩӭĴµһþϲɫ·ڿͣһɫijҲͬɫϵİȹ·ȹоµĻƣеرҲܺÿѩӭĺϲɫǰɫijǰȹȹϲڿͣһϮɫȹͺţϾµױݺֲʧŮζѩӭϲɫijϲɫȹôİɫȹϲģٴͷdzµķͣĻлءѩӭµһϲϲɫ·Ǿúÿ\nfashion\tԳ16δͣƿ 죬Գ־ḴϵϲѶˢСͻȻ뵽һ⣬ҵӡУԳʮһһֱһͣôҲ벻͵ӣû취С̫ǿͿʼԳЩķͣķ֣ûʲô仯ĿԳ֮Ϊ겻ˡλСǣСһعһԳķͣǷഺ䣿2002꡶ǻǻ ԳݵĵɬŶ80һ˵ľ䡣ҲһҼ̵Dzͷlalalala~СDzѾǸǵʱһƣеԳ˷ͷͣǺӰгġܶʱеҲЧF4泤2006꡶ɫԳΪֱ鵥ɡ2008꡶Գݶ裬Ϳڣ°ԣ߰˧Ըջһ˿Ǹıһ·͵ģΪϾԸԱȴǰһЩͷһ㣬ûʲô仯Ǹ2010꡶㡷Գƽʦһֻص˵¡2011꡶ҵIJԳƣһɵĸ˸ɫΪҾϲǵ2015꡶ǰѡǰѡƣƻͼܾ˼ǰѡû̫ı䡣2015ҵŮʱԳ̫ӡʮ꣬һֱһַ͵ҲDzһֱһͻô˧ľˡ֮ǰö˿Ц˵F4ֻʣԳǵҲͣ ܾջ氮ˡʵ֤ʮ겻͵Գʮһյİһأһջ氮ףԳ־ͯеӹһֱҸȥ̫ ²̫ſľõǾԳķ\nfashion\tȹÿȴ,Bugô? ÿȹ¶ĸôӾ?ż,СĻ㴩С!Ļһ:ѡԼ!!!Ҫ˵!ȻֽƬ,ôȹӵѡϾ;ʽͿʽΪҪָӷȹ,Щ80ŹǾǰ,ͨ˾ͷŹԼҲ̣ȹˡ̫ɵİʽҲǴ,Ϊ34DѪҲȫʾĺ,ҸӾʮԲ!,Ҫ˫,Լѡ!Ļ:VVVV²֪ı,һðɱ!ֻʶҪμҵİҲͬ,ϸĴV,·Ĭ㡰Ļ满!Ļ:ƺܹؼ˵ͬǵȹ,ӵôƲҲ൱ġֽƬ˵,ȻDzϸϾҪϵĴ,Ǻȫ֪Լ!ı˵,һļ,ϾDZһһԭ!СĻ㶼ѧ?Դ:ױ- END -ʶά,עǡ·Ķԭġ鿴\nfashion\tʲôԵ TOP涺 Ц Ц㴩 THE END \nfashion\tжģأýŦԼʱװܱеů ʱװܵT̨ʲô0ųȾǵר̨ȻµŦԼʱװϣһöڲͬģءⲻģ˾ƷEckhaus LattaVogue RunwayƵNicole Phelpsˣҿ21ʱװ㣬˽죬ֻһλеģءʱúˡ岢ޣPhelps˵ģԼ2015ʱװܵDolce & Gabbana㳡ʱģBianca BaltiҲǴһнǵĹǸӵʱҲеཱུġEckhaus LattaƷأMike EckhausZoe Lattaɵ˫ʦƷơΪ͵ǹġ˹־30under3030 30λܰϣƵƷһѰ·ٰ˼˼ҵӲͼһгУܿҼ·δģأҲְҵģءMaia Ruth LeeᲴĺңŦԼȦҲǷˮԼҵͨģELʦ˵Lee߽ȥԴһëȻokǣ㳡չʾξͽɣҪ֪Lee¸¿ɾҪ¡жˣʦ֮һMike Eckhaus˵һûʲôĻֻΪIJͬΣһ¡Zoe LattaҲ˵۶ͬͬ͡ߡͬױݵˣִŸо·ȥһĵ𣿡87.75%Ȥζˣڿ̸ʡ̸ʣtanziappظؼʡաȡVIP¿\nfashion\tdzϯߵȭӳ 塷ﶬ̨ͬ 926գӰߵȭӳŮǴϺջؾϯڡסȺѻۣطաﶬʱٶ̨ͬ һڰװ̺Լߺġӱصһּɫȿ㣬гʣֻ״Ϊ˼Ƥͱ¡ ߵȭУ뿪黨ǰԵʹǫʾܲѾdzҡֳǰӰŶǵϷݲ࣬ȴر͵߸ľͷһ֣ӰԺһӱЦƣߵȭ롶طապӦӶҿˡһ÷¡ĺ\nfashion\tӰҵXXOOҸ÷ ˺l -fujislz-һ˽Ȧ飬ԭҪһλС˵С֪ @²۾ ԼķգӰҵXXOO......Ҹòüȥզأ֪ģΪϵij˭֪λСﻹPoԼϢеҳsirִȻֳУȻһͷˮҾüһ仰ܽ˼XXOO½ˣҸòüWHAT ȻΥֻΰһXǵǽȴСˣλСй⣬ʵDzģʶ ǼǷؼȼһ鲻䡣ǷҲǺǿ ڼ콡һҹߴɣôܣغͪڣʱ᳤ܶడDzģԼһֱֽԺܸθ㣻ΪΪ㲻ϢϢ죬̩ϣҪ״̬õʱ۵ĵȻӰˣҵĽͺаֵܣһһСʱ䣬ҽ㿴пƣֻ֪һߣСʱôģӦþͼӾͽôܱһСʱʱơƶǴӣмǿµСʱ90%й ϰ㲻ȥXXOOʱ ɢע Ҫ̫ͻ ȴҪýǾͲֵܡ Ϊһ˵ʵĺúڽһϱ˵žҶûΪij۰ֻкҲλСǰѽȷʵҿһģܶ˻Ӵʵ룬ĵʻӴĸǷйأʱ̣ѿᰮ̸˿ꡣʹӽʼʱ̵ij棬ǰȻҲôиʮӰСʱӶûСڣ꣬¼һΣһһΣһӣ¡ԣҺ˺ô·Ҳвߣ˵ԭԹϲͻ㽡̫Ƶ̫ݣ϶˳ԭԹ½Ҳ⡣ģСߣͦܳԿడһĴμɣҪΡⱾҲҪʱʵûҪʾDzֿĶ˾ʱԣԿԡٶЩģ̸ʱӲָ꣬ѧĽѵ50%ʱӳɡѧĽ˶ȫĸ̶֪ȺעߡʱĹؼڡעĺ䡱ֻעȫڡҪ̼֮ǿȾͿܽе෴ǡؽע䵽ļȺϣܾս˥һЩ̼ӣغͪڵѵǰǼߵӲеСǸϽŰ-THANKS FOR READING-ŮIJŽмƷͽ¶ڼߣˣAnllela SagraĽճǶѪ˽߶ע˸˺lɨע\nhouseliving\tͷһεżǿЦã鷿û˭ ǴϷﳤģΪܱȽԶҾǰϹסĵżңΪĻ鷿ҼֱDzţеЦðرdzźܶϷ˶ûżס˲Ÿоʵûʲôֵģ˵ӺӱʡһֱũÿÿûܱϷûůΧǸƻ߶µǿҾءżҵķС¥װͨŰʰÿ춼ǺܸɾDZĿҪڶڴرůͣһ㲻̫ӲҲڷһɳijķװ൱IJͲϴ»ҲǽʱżȻûϷĺãϹŶҶܺãҲϲҡͼƬԴ磺Ȩϵɾ\nhouseliving\t10뽡йصļװϸ,һܺ ŸҾװ(ź:jiufujiaju)ÿΪѷװҾͼ,װ֪ʶ,ڼװϸ,ΪʡǮʡ,װ!ÿ˶ע,עʳ˶,ע,ⲻ֪ʵϸھ,10뽡йصļװϸ,ƽʱӦע⡣1ֽѡȺɫо,ɫɫǿɫ˽,ӰѪܽ鷿ǽֽѡɫ,dzɫ,þԵø,ܷ顣2Ӿɳ1~3ײܵж,λþĻ1~3ס̫ƣͺͷʹķա3ŲҪ̫о,һĶܻӰ,Ǹոշ顣4ҲҪ·35ֱϵ(൱һʱ)ͻѪѹߡšסԶɵ1ϵಡ,ٽס27%泯·,Զ·ķӱ,ֲ5ƾ̫߱ڲɫԴۻ,Ŵ,ʹͷĿѣʧߵȡ,ڵƾѡӦתơ˸ԼɫʺʽڸӵĴչ,ѡ͵Ľܵơ6Ҫ̫Ҵּ̫ʽϸߡѧһʵ鷢,˯ʱ¶ڹµСȺڰеС50%,ʹĿ·ͬоԱ,Ϊƹ,Ӱ³´л7װʽʽſ,Ӣȴѧоָ,ֲпǷϵͳ²Դһֱʳ·;ʱŪ,շסȼ8Ҫͨܶʱûд⡣ʪͻ,컨ù,дܺܺõͨûд,Ҫװһʴܺõȡװʱ,Ҫˮܰʵʵ,⳱ɢȥ;²аҶ,ͨԡ9ƼҪװЩζѧо,Ķ,ij,ôҪij嶯ͻһ,پõķǰѼеľƷŵε,װƼ,龡ƵһЩ10·ϴ²ƷеζһΪӷлкѧ,ɴ̼Ⱦ,շԻ,齫¼̨,ɹʱͨ硣ʹ·ġĶԭġװ!\nhouseliving\tֻ飬װޣӱǽоϷأ ·̵ȥ·ԿףΪҳʡװԷܸ˵ҪһеűƽʦҲDZȽεģ˵ŴװϲʲôװʲôŻصУƿżֱôȢôһϱ̨̨Ĵשϸĵשԡʵ벻ͨôһ²ۣ95ģںܻDz65ģӱǽ~ʵڲ˵㲻оǽе}ûôDzǸɶϲˮģһҪ˵ʵëϴּɫǸϰɣֶЦûdzһӱǽҿŵӻ̲סȥµҲʹ˵ˣ̫Ϸصĸоˣ벹ҲˣϱҲֻϣ¶ҼҷӵĿҪ֪ˣиҪϱ\nhouseliving\tũǷô죿16X83¥40 ʵũ彨УҪĵΪչ˵ڵ⣬ͬʱҲΪ˴ϻһ߶ȵƣǷԼ˿϶࣬Ϊ¥õĽչʾʵȴľסռ䣬״ⶰ16ף8.24ףռ142ƽף301ףܸ߶104 6 2 1 3¶̨ 2̨ 1 1ñ 1ƽ沼ͼţײռ佫ȫںһһֽϴĿռչʾǰӾЧӳɫסи䣬ռһΪ¶̨ƣɹ¥ǿͷռãҵȣֶơüָŹںţסլ500ױͼֽͥԺʩ\nhouseliving\t90O,ϲı߰~ Լļװʱ,ʵǵһԭ,ͬʱҲҪۡҷһ90Oıŷԭľװް,һ±ŷȫݶǶôľʰ!һƽͼ,,һ̨,dz,Dz,ȫĶdzľذŶ,忴һԳƵĻ͡ռܴ,dzɾ,һռԭľذ,ԵȻº͡ǺIJ,شʹռͨ,˼ѵIJɹ,ɴƮҲۼӴ~ɳǽ͵Ĺһ,صҲʮص,ټϵ̺ĵ,ʹռ߲θкˡŷɳ˼ҷԭľ輸,رǰɫкɫɫԱ,һʵȻ,ľ?û˵ľʵذǿռ¶ȵ?(IJ!)ľذϾԱڴשҪů~˵ľɫƴӲ輸͵ӱǽװι,ҲDZ,ڲĶǽϻһľ,ӾЧҲܰŶ!ʹ˴ľ,ǿռӵθ,ǾÿͲù,ʵѡװι,ܺܺõķָռ,ǿ!ܼ,ǿȴܰ,IJδһյصĵ,ӪһܰľӼҷΧ,DzǶʱθڸ?Ƕȿ,ɫIJɫ,ں,Ա߱dz,һΪ,ܹ֤Ӿͨԡٹ鷿,鷿ɹ÷dzֵ,˹ͬʹáһʽ¹,ռDZزٵ,ϲþǿӾ,Ʋʹ鷿̫ѹ֡Ҳľذķ,ڴƷʹѡʹɫ,һӾЧøʡ֮Ĵܰɫ,ԼɫĴƷҵϢ,IJɹҲܱ֤ҵԡͷdzĵ,߶Գƺɫ,ʹһƿҲŵһ,һͷôСһ㻭װ,Ҳ˭˵ԾͲа칫?ҲһĹ,ճ,߱һɹŶԵС˵,Ĺ,ƽȺȲ,ͻһdzʺϷɵĵطĿǰûзôƷ,ԾһɳεIJ,һʽİɫ¹,!˵¼ԼŶɫϵɳ̺ʵ,ٴһֻСľСɵװƷ,ǾµòϽз,ܹɽʪ,ϲ侲͵ɫ,һҪѡڰҵŶ~\nhouseliving\tװ74ƽСӻ13 Ѷ˵ֵƯҪ ԭĶȡ3װ뱨:74O:һһ:ŷ:13ǼװʵӲװûô,ҪľװĴ,еļҾҵװƷԼ,Լ뷨ʦ֮,װܹ13,ҵǼҶ˵װεرƯҼǮҲʵ,ҪЩװεӡԼҲǺܽءƽͼƽ沼ͼ,Ҽҷ64.6ƽ,˴9.54ƽ,ܹ74ƽһ㡣صĹѡ,ɫ·е㸴ŵĸоɡؿͲǽǵӹܵ,ϲĸСֲ,,رС̨֮ǿʽ,Ե̫,ɳԱ߷˸ľʵĶ౦,鱾ԶܺáͲҲǿʽ,ֵŶ,ɳС輸,ܰɳǽϵװλ,Ļ,öƯɳϸװΡɹ,ʵƬǽʽ,ԸʱСɹΧϸװΡǽرѡ˲ɫĴש,ԵûһЩ,ʱáұȽܰһ,Ҳ¹,ͷһ,һ˸С,鿴綼ܷ㡣Ҿͺ¿ɰ,ԺĶͯҲǸ鷿,ʽ,ɺԺ,ҲͷϢҰϴ̨,ʹñȽϷһ,ֱש,ҲƯʡǮƼĶ:С8װ78ƽŷ ǽŴռ̫90Сװ76ƽСͻ5 ǽɹʱʵóעȡ500װްԤ\nhouseliving\t170Oִʽ,Ҽ,ʵ! 170ƽķ,ִŵʽװ,ͬʱĻ,ڿռַҲDZȽ϶,ӵ,ȻϳȴƵ൱ž,һؼҾܵ˶صܰϢظֱȽϳ,źֱ,ÿλؼҺһʱϴ;ߵǽҲǹһܰƬǽ,һžܸܵҵζ; ұߴֱЬ뻻Ь,Ьмλյ̨,һСֲ,źܸܵµϢǽԸשͨ,ͬʱԲɫשΪ;Ь뻻ЬʵײյĿռ,طɾЬ;ЬԸӵͼ,IJɫҹ,ССĿռ䶼Եøľĵǽװ϶Գŵװ,ȴֳŵĵθСɳǽͬĶԳ,2µװλ,ɫIJɳĸɳ,ԵŶִשĵ,ռ䶼ֳݻߵķΧйо,ʵӲװ,ݻļҾװ,Եָߵǽװ˸ͱ߹,Ϸ2,ڷʳĻװƷ,ʵáʽʵľIJ,һµ,ֲĵװ,òʵϢԱߵǽи,һһԲι,ԵֱӴۡɫľذ,ɫĴ¹,dzɫ,жִŵִʸСͬʱ˸СƮ,Ĵ,Ʈϻװɴ,㲻ͬĹҪѴڷ,Ϊڷ¹ȡ˿ռ,ɫĴ,ɫĴͷ,ͬʱɫĴ,ռδԵú¡ͯľɫ+ɫ,ͬʱиһС,СӳΪӵͯȤء鷿ԲŸ,òɹڹͬʱӵпĴҰ;2ǽڷ,СռʡƮλýƮӿװС,ڱҪʱԱɿͷʵáɫij,ɫǽש,õɫ,˻ĸоװɫשĻ,ɫȵĴשƴ,һֶصСĵש+ǽשĴ,ЧԵøĴ⾫¡ ֪ϲҵķ\nhouseliving\tװޱƷ1ùװޡʮݽڣʵݴؼң ҵװ϶ Ͱ¹ذ塢שɳָһꡭ ùװ12ۻ900װҵڱùװڳɽݡҵرڹƳװޡʮݽڴƼȫ 5ɱƷ1һݴ 1 ѡװùװѡݱװƷƣΪѡʽļҾߣװʡʱʡĸʡƷƳ˱ؼۡʱɱƷ֮⣬ɹƷȨʹ10Ԫ100Ԫ50Ԫ300Ԫ100Ԫ500ԪȯװʡǮײĶԭ-᳡ƷȨ 2 ɱ925930գװޡʮݽĻ˿ͼɱƷʱֽѧҶɣܶ˼װǻѡҶһߡˮ⣬ܸİҶ˵ѡˣؼɱŻݼ۸ð50Ʒҳɯԡ©3ֻװ ɣֵ©װò˿洦ţʹðȫˮˮٶȿ ˮĸģƷҳӱǽɣװ϶Ҫӣϲ࣬ǿѡȩԸߴ85.7%ĹƷƣѡϣԷֹϷ÷꼾ǽ巢ùŶ10Ʒҳ¹¾ ɣ˼ôȱ¾ǻСô죿¾ﵽ㣬ת¾ģ۴ʡռ䡣30Ʒҳ3Mǰùɣ3Mˮг֪ȻDZȽϸߵģǿȵ˿ǣѹԺã40ײо˾ȸߣʹʽϴоƷҳ 3 101105գ¡صdzÿѡڲƷʱƣۣ59Ԫ/Oгۣ178Ԫ/Oשۣ64Ԫ/Ƭгۣ198Ԫ/Ƭñذ ۣ208Ԫ/Oгۣ448Ԫ/Oɿأ20ֻײۣͣ488Ԫ/гۣ1584Ԫ/ɯˮ ۣ599Ԫ/гۣ1280Ԫ/ŷԡԡҹ ۣ1999Ԫ/гۣ2880Ԫ/̫̻ ۣ4680Ԫ/гۣ7026Ԫ/ɿۣ6099Ԫ/гۣ18965Ԫ/ϽоٲֱƷҳ档ƷδǰԤԼ 4 װޡʮݽԹЩѿ˻㿴ҪôأСϸ룡1.ιĩײĶԭĽװޡʮݽ᳡Ʒʱ䣬Ȼϲĸĸ925-930գǰ鿴925-927ա928-930ʱɱľƷǰùŻݾû925-105գʱڣѡݱװıƼֵ⼸ģIJƷ˾Ϳ2.ɺβ鿴ùװApp߹ٷŹںŵĸIJ鿴ĶҲùװװܼҵţΪʵʱʣ⣬Appûȡ188ԪŶ켴ãʱֱӵֽÿû1Σ 5 װޡʮݽȺڼ䣬װޡʮݽȺ:ɱƷʱѣƷʵʱƼڲƷϸڡʽеⶼΪùװƽ̨ϣʡĸģ ɨ·άװܼűעɱȺͼʾһڶ*λȨùװиƷŻݴĶԭĽ᳡ΪϢŹ۵Υ桢Ȩϵǽʱ\nhouseliving\t90ƽִݻ,˳ȵĸ߹ ϽҽһִݻװްͻĦǡʱ,뷨ƷưԪ,ɫԳɫΪ,ͻռšʡļҾߡµĵ,Ӫ߹ݻĸо䰮˷ĹһƷɫ,ůɫΪ,˳ȡɫʹܰš ִԼ߹ݻ,ѡůɫΪɫ ڲ,øߵʵľͽ¶ʡ ˳ȱµһʹܰš Բεĺɫ輸,鼮,ʸС ŵƥװλҵķΧŨƷλ ݻˮ,뾫µIJ;ߡ ƤӲIJ,õʯ ӲӵĻ ˿ķ,˿õְ,˳ȵ Եʵľذ,ǽø齺,ıǽʮ㡣 ͱµĴͷ Ҳͬķ,ͷ˰˳,鶯á һ߷һ,Ϊ칫ط ͷһװûӭעװ3000ЧͼŶ~㡸Ķԭġ,ȡ!\nhouseliving\tǮһмװ8Ҿ߽Ϳס һװƺ·6ѮͿʼװˣǮˮװûʲô⣬ҪȻѰˡװԭҲһ㣬κǮϵʱǴСӣϸģȻЩſҲû취Ӳװ깤8㣬ܶˣװůƬƬҿͦġڽŴЬ棬ڱȽϸɾһͱ߹мտԷһЩõ800*800שŴһЩմɨɾѽһ顣ЩɧѡɫĹţŴչյĵط˵ôװôװˣǽһЩװޱûüȥеβûеţɳǽˢҰɫ齺ᣬǽõıֽװΣװŵģʦ°װˣ˵ǸЧã֪DzǺҡԭαشģʦһӣƮЧɣ۶ҲҲͬˣ깤ЧȷʵǽֽӡģƷζһ㣬Ҿͱ²ˡ¹ƣڲҲֵĺܺãͦõģΨһȱҪʱϴ¹ͦİɣԸģ˺üأ700飬ǰЩˮͷûװأԽԽϲߴֱġ̨ɹҰdzܱɡԵеӵܻǺȫģⰲװ˲ʪ룬ȻͰŲãʵûб÷õ\nhouseliving\tƽլ,ɵ µСƽ,,ڹϾܴȻá,紩,ҶƬ,ĿĴ䡣ѡȡȻɫ,ϸɫصغݶ,ɫɫһ,彨Χ,˹,ҲȻ!װ۵ĻɫƤɫһĿռ,ɫ滺˻õķΧ,аȻϵij,ˮƽ ȻľԪ,洦ɼ,Ȼ;װԼΪ,ɫ嵭,ڱ仯,ǰӰ ش,ʵĹ,ĵӰҲҡҷ,һӵ衣һʽ,ݶҲ촰,ʳͬʱ,ҲܾȻ֮,֮ů鶯,ľɫ,ÿռȤζ,һͯȤ,ҲܵõɡƽСլ,쾫ԵľӼ,ȻȤζ\nhouseliving\t,ʵ APP Store һļҾ־ɵװ,ijŴ,ʧµŵΧžȻķ,ôһIJõŷʽ,һ˵롣Ŀռ,ӵΧ,ܱڡشľϵعЬλתǿռ,ľƤǽ桢ʯƴ컨,˼,ӭʸС,þĺڰΪɫ,ԴɫϵʽȻʯĵذ,Χء,¶ȵں˫Ƭش,ǿӵеľѲ,ϰɴͽڲϴ,ݷΪĹ⾰һɴ,Լء컨塢ڰ塢ǽ,Կɿ˵߰,Կķ,ں,ǽı,ֳһռ䡪ѡԲʽʵľ,Բž,Ϸ컨,Բ߰,Բˮ,ºӦ;ֹƵй,,չƷζ,ԲͲӳһŨʽζĻڿĹռ,ִ߱Ԫ,赵ں,Ļ϶Ϊһ,ĸ̵Ŀռ⺭ƿ,ǰɫϵľij߹,Լʵõе̨,óɫϵʮ㡢ռҲʮֿÿһתÿһůķ羰ͬڹռĻԻ,˽µϡܹļһҵĹ滮,ʵľƤ,˽Ϊʵľľذ,ǽɹΪȻʵľƤ,гġáұڹҵ,źɫɫܺƻ,任ĽĿݡԸٿͽڱֽ,߰塢ʵľذ,ʹɫϵĴ顢,ÿһ䶼ѹĸ,Ŷ߹ΪdzľƵIJα仯,ǽɹ,ʵչʾղƷ,ʮ,¯ͼϽƷ,ƮɢŨŨŷʽζ,ɾһӾ硣ʦ: 1. ϣռӵзʽĺΰ,Ϳִ,ӪķΧ 2. ϣ˽IJֿԴѹĻ,ʵ,˳,Ӫȼٷ S o l ut i o n 4 01 ӳĶ˽ǶȨԵǽοոդչʾ,ȡʵǽΪռ綨,صѹȸ,ռеͨ,Ұ촩,ÿռиӿŴ02 ŷʽ¯ڶůĵĽ,ԸդʽΪƬ,ռĴ,ӳ,رƵı¯,ŷʽӵ쾡,Ϊռ䴴һĨ˵ů⡣03 DZһļҨȵռ,ķʽ,ŷʽζľԪ,ʯذϸۼ͵ƾ,ݷŷʽDZλ04 ɫŷһèԺͿҲŷʽľԪ,ŵİɫ䵭ŵɫ,,ʵľذǽ,Լڱڲɴͷ,ŷʽŵΧHome Data ƹ˾:ʦ:ҶѧԢֱƷ:緿״:ëݿռƺ:600Oռ:52Ҫ:ѡʯʵľƤרhttp://www.searchome.net/PChouseҾ־Ȩ ؾӭת ע>> չĶ <<>>ŷ,һ<<>>36ƽСݾñʹԡ<1.45m0.25~0.35m*̨֮ľ>0.55m : ϴ̨:Ϊ0.55~0.65m߶Ϊ0.85mϴ̨ԡ֮ӦԼ0.76mͨ ԡ:һΪ0.9X0.9m߶2.0~2.0m ˮͰ:߶0.68m0.38~0.48m 0.68~0.72m ڳóߴ:1ǽߴ(1)߽Ű;80200mm(2)ǽȹ:8001500mm(3)Ҿ߸:16001800(ľ߶)mm2.(1) :750790mm(2) θ;450500mm(3) Բֱ:500mm.800mm,900mm,1100mm,1100-1250mm,1300mm,ʮl500mm,ʮ1800mm(4) ߴ:700850(mm),1350850(mm),2250850(mm),(5) תֱ;700800mm:(ռ500mm)Ӧ500mm(6) ͨ:12001300mmڲ:600900mm(7) ų̛:900l050mm,500mm(8) ưɵʸ;600һ750mm3.̳Ӫҵ(1)˫ߵ:1600mm(2)˫˫ߵ:2000mm(3)˫ߵ:2300mm(4)˫ߵ;3000mm(5)ӪҵԱ̨ߵ:800mm(6)ӪҵԱ̨:600mm,:800l 000mm(7)*:300500mm,:18002300mm(8)˫*;;600800mm,:18002300mm(9)СƷ::500800mm,:4001200mm(10)е̨:400800mm(11)ʽ:400600mm(12)ʽۻ:ֱ2000mm(13)տ̨::1600mm,:600mm4.ͷ(1)::25ƽ,:1618ƽ,С:16ƽס(2)::400450mm,*:850950mm(3)ͷ:500700mm;:500800mm(4)д̨:;11001500mm;450600mml700750mm(5)̨,9l01070mm500mm400mm(6) ¹::8001200mm16002000mm500mm(7)ɳ::600һ800mm:350400mm*1000mm(8)¼ܸ:17001900mm5.(1);35ƽס(2)ԡ׳;һ122015201680mm;;720mm,450mm(3);750350(mm)(4)ϴ:690350(mm)(5)ϴ:550410(mm)(6) ԡ:2100mm(7)ױ̨;:1350mm;450 mm6.(1)Ļҿ:߳600(mm)(2)ʽҿ;߳700l 000mm(3)ʽҷͨ:600800mm7.ͨռ(1)¥ݼϢƽ̨:ڻ2100mm(2)¥ܵ:ڻ2300mm(3)ͷȸ;ڻ2400mm(4)ۺʽȿȵڻ2500mm(5)¥ݷָ;8501100mm(6) ŵijóߴ::8501000mm(7)ijóߴ;;4001800mm,(ʽ)(8)̨;8001200mm8.ƾ(1)С߶:2400mm(2)ڵƸ:15001800mm(3)ƲСֱ:ڻڵƹֱ(4)ʽͷƸ:12001400mm(5)ظ:1000mm9.칫Ҿ(1)칫::12001600mm::500650mm 5;700800mm(2)칫:;400450mm:450450(mm)(3)ɳ::600800mm;:350400mm;*:1000mm(4)輸;ǰ:900400400()( mm);:900x 900400(mm)700700400(mm);:600400400(mm)(5)::1800mm,:12001500mm;:450500mm::1800mm 6:10001300mm ;:350450mmƼ:2017ܻӭ100ױǽ!ղػŶ!,ͻ!װ?װ?װι˾װ? ŷĴΪʲôװ˾ǩԼǰܾҵԤ?һװ,ֱ,ѡĸ?Ƽ:8000GԴ!(Ҫȫ)---- TOP20 Ƽ ---װ21,dzʵ,99%ղ!100Ưǽ,dzް!Ѫ:װ,Ҳͼ!ʵ¼ӹ,ǽDZ˷! ǰһǽǸ!װһ,ʧ51681Ԫ!һװ,ֱ,ѡĸ?ÿװ˾Ϊʲô? ˶!ש¥,ȻƯ!װ300Ԫһ춼,꿪Ǯһ!ļҾ߳ߴȫ,Ϊ˵Ľ!10Ҫסļ,ʵ̫ǿ!ΪʲôҪ?ƺ?ƪúܺ,ҲdzƯ!װ,ÿס?Ҫװ,̨֪!,ֻ1%֪!¹ô,ȫٵ?װ·,ֻ뾲 ...14ֻʹס,!װʦôһ!Ϊʲôװ˾ǩԼǰܾҵԤ? !¹ؼ,ɻȡʵ:ǽ | ǽ | | С | | | | | ͯ | | | ̨ | Ʈ | ʽ | ʽ | ŷʽ | ʽ | ִ | ŵ | Loft | к | 칫 | ˮ | | Ƶ | | | ռ | | | | ̳ ...·Ķԭġ,롰ؼʡѳҪ!(ǵõ ɸѡ ضȡ ,Ŷ!)\nhouseliving\t138O·װ,ؼҶվŻЬ! شõصΪŻЬṩ˷,ֽԼ˵طשм˻ɫʽĵשԡ:138O::ɫǽľʵذ,ټľʵذɫĵ,ʹ䲻еСȴ˺ܺõЧ,ͨ,ƵΪһĨ,ɫɴڱ֤õЧʱ,־ԡɫĵ̺,ľʵIJ輸,ǰһĸоɫ,ڷԼϲ,Ʒ,ɵͬʱ־ԡľʵijβ,ڼͥаڷ,ռ̫ϰڷŵֲԺÿIJ;߶ʹڳԷʱиõ顣õŵ,Ųռÿռ䡣ʱŹ,ʹ̡ܵСɫ,ʹúܺô,,ʹжź,Ϊȡṩ˷㡣ֻһǽ֮,ռµĴ,ɫǽ,Ӫʵ˯ͲƵ,Ҿװ|༭δID:vipjjzxάע\nhouseliving\tװԲܷ8ǮĽѵ װ׳ĵطˮù©ˮȵȣһСëἫӰҺdz鷳ԴװĹУֻרעУҪ⡣Ʋֻٱ鹫ƽ̨鿴žµװƣղΪ֮Ƶаɣ1. ¶ȹˮպ¶ǺҪģΪ˸õˮĸһˮڶҪ¶͵ĵطֹˮ2. šˮܵΪ˲ˮܵˮһڰװˮ֮ܵҪš⣬ҷܵļڣΪպάķ㣬һ㶼Ὠұ3.ͰΪ˸ĴɨͰѡҲһҪ飬һõͰɫƣȽϴ4.©ȷװҲҪ©λˮ繤ҪϺãòۣװ©ȷĽоװ֮ܺܺõķֹˮζ5.שˮΪ˴һʵ䣬שѡҲһص㡣שһҪѡˮʵͣˮЧõIJʵġשʱҪעӷȷͶ룬⣬ҪעҪҪһйˮ¶ȡ6.ͰͰװʵҪϸҪȥʩ ȣˮƽȻӰԲεˮΧשӴĨƽ÷棬ֹζ©ھIJɿͼͰΧǷյģΧִԽͰǸϺͰ᷵ģǣͰǿյģͰ潻ӴûôΣζܳġԣװͰʱҪչ淶ɡ7.ڵǰͨҲãԴIJþѡPVCġ8.PPRӷ©ˮܱȺڰװĽӿںáڽǷκõϴĵطÿεİװжҪϲòҼ©ΪװŹںšֻٱ顿Сܰװɣ㾫ۣҪǮײ\nhouseliving\tװܽ15ѵװź װһḶ́ССѧʲ٣ҵ·رҷעЩСϸڣװһЩ£װѣһҪסЩѪѵٷˣ1ﰲװʱûпǷèλãס֮ŷ֣èѹŲ¡2װƾߵʱûпǵİڷλãסŷֲѹڲ룬ÿγԷоܱŤ3װʱǸװܷסŷÿιŶСѡ4Ҽ̨ûשһ죬̨ϵˮ©ӡѩǽϣʮѿ5ƾߵʱֻۣûпʵԣĵƣڶҪ鷳ֱװʵã6Ҫѵˮڵ棬Ϊһڳ⣬ά鷳7ĵذɫһҪѡdzһЩģҡǹ߲õĻͣСͣdzɫĵذһ̶ȡ8ڸװôƾߣ˷ǮѸʵõľôĶ˰衣9ʱѡصģÿüҵʱذβͷֻҪһɸ㶨Ҽûڣ10װʱкܶϸҪע⣬DzİװҪǰԤλãԺʹõʱܷ㡣11һҪˮ¶ȣСԡһҪʩСˤӡ12Ьʱûпǵ߸Ьĸ߶ȣס֮ŷЬ̫߸ЬͲѥѹͷŲ¡13װǰ˵һҪװغͲҼҾװһ壬һ绰壬סŷ֣ʵǿԺ϶Ϊһ˲Ѫ14ͼˣðˮдש죬˲һ£ڷ죬ѿ찡3440ԪһƽҲúܶ࣡ķ죬ûпˣã15طãĸоΣգͱȽϳʪһ©ôҪһˮֲУ\nhouseliving\tҪڿԺ鷿֮,һ! ƽʱôס˵ĿԱ+鷿+ؿռ+;ͼƬ60,չʾ˸ʺϵ,ֱӿͼɺ,˵,ϣܰﵽ\nhouseliving\tװĻ鷿,ʱƯ,һ鷿! һ115ƽִԼ鷿,ҵǶ,װĻ鷿dzƯ,Լʱ,,Ҫķ,ֻҪʵþͺ,һͬһǵĻ鷿ɡ,Ҫӱǽ,ֻҪһܰǽ,ͲǴͨһ,ǽ塣,ԳҲ˿ʽ,˸̨Ҽܰסž鷿dzƯ,ͬʱ̨鷿\nhouseliving\t̨ͨͿݶô200ƽķӣ ԭľ ܶ˾ͻ뵽MUJI뵽ʽʱҲɻԭľּЩIJôռԼһҲë˵Ŀ֣ǿϲǿʹϸˮ̺һԭľҲę̈СݣҲǼԭľ֮ڳɶôһ˰٣Ů귽25ij˹ͬ110OĿռ乲ÿһ峿ͰԭʼĻͽṹڿ뻧ţ3̨ѹҺͲͳĿռɹͨҲܺá ԭʼͼһڵĴ뻧ţԵӴ˳ռ仹ѳĴҸij鷿 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ӭעƽ:ȫװޱ,ÿһƪװ!ֳļҾ߳ߴ,Ҫܳ(ͥе)Ҿ߳ߴ,һЩȽϺļҾ߾Ͳ˹!,ÿҾ߳ʵеijߴ粢о,ܵijߴο!λѡʱ,ʦȸݻͳߴ,岼ַ!һΪ뻧źĵһռ,ҪְܾǻЬ,ЬЬرȽҪļҾ;1Ь:40-60cm,߶40-55cm,һЩС,ҲһЩ25-30cmֱСԲ,ΪʱЬõĻ,Ҳͦ;2Ь:ЬijߴҪǽ,ǶװЬļͥ,߶һ㶼ǰԼһʹС,ֻҪҪЬĽһ35cm,ȻЬλҪͳѥλ,ϳЬŲµ;ߴѡ,һҪݿɳ輸ӹ岼,λҾ֮ǰ,Ҫ滮Ҿߵijߴ,ŷֲþ!1ɳ:ٵɳ:80-95cm,85-90cm;˫ɳ:126-150cm,80-90cm;ɳ:175-196cm,80-90cm;2ӹ:ȸݿǽ,40-45cm,߶40-60cm;3輸:60-180cm,45-80cm,40cm;4Ǽ:70cm,60cm,ݷ;һ˾Ͳ͵Ŀռ,Էʱ̫,̫Եÿ,в˲,˲IJҪݼͥ˿!1ĸ߶70-76cm,Ļݲݿ,һ㳤70-240cm,85cm;ԲĻ:50cm80-90cm110-120cm;2:76*76cm,߶45cm;3ƹ:ƹĸ߶һݰڷžƹλõijߴ,һ30-35cm;4ͱ߹:ȸݾ,40-60cm,90cm;5:Ҫǽ45-50cm,߶45cm,ȵĻһʵ;ġΪĿռ,ǸƵռ,ÿһϸƶܻδľס,ijߴýǡ1̨:60cm,̨70-80cm,ϴ80-90cm,ĿԸʹߵ߶;2:ĽһСڲ̨,ȸ߶̨IJ;3:30-35cm,߶ȵĻ,ײ̨75cmΪ;Ȼÿųߴ粻70cm,ž;塢Ϣ˯߿ռ,ļҾҪǴ¹,Ϊ˱ҿռʶ,ijߴҲҪպù!1:200cm,120150180200cmȹ,45cm;2ͷ:40-60cm,35-45cm,50-70cm;3¹:60cm,߶ݾ廧ͳߴ;4ױ̨:40cm,70cm,80-130cm;鷿ִС,֮ܶ,ֳߴͲ,ҪܹƷҾߵ鷿ļҾ߳ߴ硣1:75-80,55-60cm,һ㵥110-120cm,峤ȻԸ鷿ɶõ;2:45-48cm,55cm;3:30cm,߶30-40cm,35-80cm;ߡϴ衢Ͱԡ֮Ҳ֪òҾߵķ,ЩƽҲ˳!1ϴ:80-100cm,48-60cm,68cm;2Ͱ:75cm,35cm;3ԡ:122152168cm,72cm,45cm;ˡ̨̨һϴ»ϴ֮ijߴ,ϴ»صϴ»Ļ,ô߶ȻҪһµ,˷Ųȥ!1ϴ:60cm,߶75-80cm,ȸݾ̨ȶ;2ϴ»:ϴ»ijߴ,ע߶ȶҪһijߴ,ϴ»ȥ,ϴ»ijߴԲοﳣн!3ɹ:Ľ30-35cm,ϴ̨75cm;̨߶ɹ,ôԸ;(¹60cm,Ǵ30-35cm);֮ǰ,ƽҲһƪڼﳣ,ȤѿԿһ¹~ںװɻ,ݴ!ӭ·Ķ!1ľשΪʲôԽԽ?2ҾҪܰ,̺?3̨,ҪЩ?ÿһƪװ֪ʶ,ӭƽź:gujianvrenƽԭ,ںתػظתء\nhouseliving\tլ,ȫʽʱ! йĻǿƻعʱҲÿһλ˵ʱDZ,ڷزںܶඥĿתʽDT.ҷʽ־1 :˹ƼŻǻõƳľլĿʾΪʽʽԺ,Ԫض,שʯġַͭḻIJα仯̩ɽʯʵؼӲ,,ӡԾ,ֱӻԭ˴ȻۡĿѡ˶̩ɽʯֲ뾰ʯķô,ֳɽˮ⾳̺ͭصĶ,ŶȡǶԲͬͭνϸͼӹ,شĿռĶϡ2Ͼ³ кɽ:Ϻ徰³кɽĿ,ȫ´¥(ɽż),˵ڲȡ2500֮,νѧȡϡΪ³ϵϾصĵڶƷ,³кɽõؿʼܵĹע,ϡɽۻ,кɽһȫµĶ--йԺӡԺ뻧,һһ;Է,˺һ;,ͨġ3Ͼ³ ɽ:ĦλϾ·ʯʨ·㴦,ǧϽɽ´,·ǻʼ,ֻдٹˡſɵ˴,ѰղڡĿѡַĿ,ĴɽˮȻ,ڴﵽ֮⡣ʦššȡ,йʽ,йʽ,ӪݽǸ,űйͳž,ṹ,ˮƽ,ʵڡ4Ͼ ö:ɽˮȵԡȫΪƸ, ö̾ڳǶϽɽ,ļȻ,ֲ˴ϾصԪ,ͩӣ÷ֵ,ýζӷïľ֮алƺ,ϸ֮,Ӫһʡܡ̬ռ,ԹŶšԼе,ڸž۵Ƶӳ,,ҹ,ů,İ5п ɽZ:ʵʱĻʼǸĽ,ڹܺͲϳֳǿҵׯءʽظСȡ˴ͳַ,ռȡ:Ժ䡱ؾַۡ,ΡϵIJϽийٵĵӡ[ͷ][ձ][ǽ] һĿռϸ,֤ĹӺݡŴ˼ɽˮ,[⾳][Զ],ϲɽˮ֮,֮ǽȻõձڡǽ桢ͤ¥ǰӪء仯ƽ档6̡̩йԺӾ:̡̩йԺλڳֶ,侩˺Ӻ,81000O˺ԭӵ,Ȼij̷,ʹԺӳΪĵһдԺйԺӳּ̳ж־,ַϴﵽȻ滭ѧͳһԺǧ,̨ͤӳˮɪ㡢ʫ黭⡣뾲ϡʵֱ,йСǽͥ,ͳԺ佨Ļڡ̡̩йԺӡ,ԺΧϸԴ֡ȫȫľֵ,ƾװɽˮ,չйԺߡĴ⾳Ӳ鿴Ķ ľդʽװ,ܶѶ,ܴʷʬꡱʽͥԺ,ŵԺһʽ,鷿ƽⶾ ˵ʽʽװλ,ԽŵԽʱһֻ,һʦ,һ߹50ȸ,ˬǸڡͬʽϨҾװչ+ŷ֮ѧ ˽\nhouseliving\t120Oʽ| 18Ӳװ,װ˵ʮɶ! ʾ:ĩβȡ4+ÿ5ɰļҵĵڶ,ڵһװһͷˮ,ζ˼ִݡźӵij,ԭ70ƽķӸס,رǶĶ֪ȥ,ķӾüˡ120ƽ,ʽ,úʮֺŶ~Ϣ:ʽ ::120ƽ :18žܿǽϾѡĸŵװλ,ϴɫĴש,ʽζŨ,ʧҵܰСӲ?ˢ˻ɫ齺,мĸоǵɵ,ûнɳڷŵƮĵط,ճռڷŽǹ,⡣Ȼûд̨,ƮҲСʰ~ɳ,ǽҲܼ,ܸҵĹСŴһ9,ϱԺҲõЬӺ·֪ȥˡӻǽ˸лȵ,ռһȤ,ҲϼСڼ,Ŀһôһ,֪ô?ʽ,ȫðɫ,һ⿿ռԵøɾˡǽСשװ,Ǹ뷨Ŷ,ǽDzŶϱ˵óԷζһЩ,Ͳַͬ͵,ɫҲһ,ЧǾû?Ȼһ,ڵ滹Dzͬġŵ,ϸŵ,дһݳȡΪҸ͵ĵƾ,ҿǹԱġҡܰ,ԵµĴɫϸŵĴǽֽ,ռиǿҡ¹ɫʹɫһ,ڸŷ,ǽֽѡñȽܰķɫ,ʹռӵܰTIPS:ѡֽͬʱ,ҲҪ˽һ»Ĥ(ǽ)ۡʹù,ǻֱӰֽʩͺЧԷķԾͲһ,СһЩΪ,ҵתǵǽ,Ʈ,֮ءõԡ,ϴֱ̨,滹רһС,ŷЬƷһ˵ȫ㹻,ԭСƮŷϴԡƷ,ǽúͳһСש,ɫº,Ҳܳȡʴ112ƽ鷿6wװ깤 ȻԼĽ120OԼŷ鷿,㿴Ҳ˵ÿ130OԼʽ32,ھ˵̨,װ˸ͬ124OԼ25,ЧôþȻ˵ֵ,Ȧ!!Ҽʹľذ ²ϲENDװʿں̨ԻϢСἰʱظһ!װװü,Ҹ￪ʼסάע!ԭĶȡơ\nhouseliving\t316ʽ㾡ԡҿռ䣬õװ֪ʶ ԡҼҾߵѡں̶ܴӰԡռЧʡƺڷŵõļҾߣԡƷҲȵؽʡռ䣬ҽԵҵĹߵʵãյõӾЧ1ʽñ߽ǿռļҾߺܶԡһijһǽûװƷռݣʱǽĿѡһʽɹǽܹòԡƷ2ʽѡһõļҾΪӭϣܳÿռҪںܶԡҼҾ߲һܣͼʾΣпԴĸӣһǾӣڻױ滹ԷһЩƷһЩĴĹҲˡǽ·ռõ3ʽǽ·ռԡﰲװǹǽʽ̨ʽ裬ô·ռ˿õأ氲ÿշƷԡҹdz÷ʽܹڱ·ĹߵӰռе壬ԵúܹڽռʹòͬҾߵ4ʽڽռʹòͬҾ\nhouseliving\t70ƽִСʺСڵļװܰ ˵Ļ˵һ䡰СϷӣûеݣÿ컹¥ݣΣϷӵĸֱȽϲװв˲ٵǽ壬ǿɹȽϻ谵ôʦΰСķӸһ黳ƷλˬǿСأ棬һ~Ϊͽṹ⣬˶صĴЬȴҲһġɼǿİЬߣֻһסķ˵Ҳ㹻ˣ뻧Ŵ龰ӳDzԼ˿ײɣ˴﹦ܣͬʱҲʡ˿ռ䣬ԭСIJòôӵpsĵƺƯľ?dzȥӽǣòΪϣ˰̨ϣַʽĸϣСĿռ䡢ӾϿÿռ俴Ҫǿù߸ͨЧؽ˿ɹⲻõ⣻L͵IJɳߵǽˢɫ齺ᣬһڰһԵúС£ҲرԵƷζиԭľɫ¹Ȼ࣬ΪһƷȿװΣҲɣһãƵĵӱǽԡʱУΪÿĹ߸ԴǽҲһزʱɱø˽ûʱѴӹߣ̨ϲ߷ױ̨ұ˲ʽñ䣻ǽˢůɫϵƹ£ӪһܰʵҷΧԴԣƳףƮ¹+ȻʹǺܷ㣬ɻ·żһιҲԵòˣUͳ̨̨һԵúʵãֱڰ̨Ͳͣ˶ʱɰѲ˷ڰ̨ȥ䣬ԡϴ̨Ͱһϴ»صǻӵƽ沼ͼϲǵĹעС࣬װҾڴ\nhouseliving\tһס¼ ܰ ԷƮ ÿʵ ܲס¼ңһҪʼҸ¼~~ߣȥؽŲԶDzλˡεѡɫԭľʽʵáûɶװμģͦÿġƣװζͦġʵɳʵõIJ輸ӹ䡣Ѵߺܺã ˲ռ˲ءڴλÿͲСǿɳŽȥͺЩӵˣѵǽǶȵ⡣ɫĶƳڴĹ°ԵʮֵĿƯǽשѡDZȽůɫģƵijɲٵĶԣĸķ䣬ʵûʲôɹһãһƳƮλãÿĹǽǽֽÿ临ʽһζԣǵķ䣬䶼ͦģһѴƳƮλãʵûۣܲƣҴĴ̼ʵûͯѡ̵Ĵ̣һͷʵáǷɫϵģÿҸرĴС鷿λãѡĶʵûͦÿģص㻹ˣмͦտģλôŷҲҲ泩䣬ϴֳ߿λͦģöɡŽȥԡλã˸ʪ룬ͦõġָߡװϲװУ10000װްͼ·עŹںŻȡѯʽռװޣrskjzx \nhouseliving\tͬѧװ·18Ч͵֣ҾûͺƯ ·Ӳװװϣɣ͵ȼҾҵ볡вּҵѾ˵ˡͬѧװģӲװ+װ+Ҿҵȫзü18ι۶˵ƯͬѧûǮװޡҲ͵֣̫ˡͲȫͼж˱һˣ+´ʯʵĴשʱлҷdzĸ߶˴ŽһСϣȻոDzˡͬѧǽţȿʽáұȽϲһʽĮ̇ƽʱ³Ƚ٣İʽijһɹdzIJIJɹܴڳӱǽɣѡʮıֽʱֽԼɱӵˣǵӹûȷڵϿЧ濴ֽ3DӡЧܲԵģĺܹƵͬ˺ö࣬ʡǮֺÿֶΪ̨ɹ·ĵطͬʱҲ˳ɿռ䣬ܶƽʱҪõĿͲмȣͨԡҺ䡣ƾֵɣ϶ԱȺþòѡģ۸ҲܶΪʲô¹?ʱûһҪƶģ̳ûкʵijߴ磬ľġûëǷdzġϾʱװЧͼװʱбעŹںţȫװ ÿʰװԣ\nhouseliving\t160Oʽʽ,ȴŲһĹ :ʽ:160O:ʽװκܾ,ܾ~ӱǽװκܼ,ȴͿҾߡӶѡʵľ,۸ǻ߶˳˻ɫǽש,ɫϲɫһ¥ĸĸ,Ӥ,ͲıСˤ,ɫıֽܰһС鷿һͯ,ѡõĶǻIJϴ鷿߶˴ϵ,ԼĹҾװ|༭δID:vipjjzxάע\nhouseliving\tȫ-,װЧͼ ,ռ䡢ɡ!ҽһҾ,һԽ,ǿƽ!,鷿һȽС,,Ͳ÷Ŵ,żСס,õѡ,һĴ,ΪĿͷ,ΪҪĹ֮һŶȻӣҵӡĴ,ӪȻܰԷΧնĿռ䲼,дһ,ÿҲоҵܰ˵ijŶ~Ʈ,̫ƮһС͵,Ͼʱڴ̨ˮ,ƾ档鷿,ûϷһת,Эͳһ,,س,ʹճ칫Ķӷ㡢ġ졢顢ȺȲ,Ƿdz¡ϷΪ,ǽ߰ν,¡Իƺײɫ,¶ŷҾӷ,鷿Եշʮ㡣ɴ,ǿСƳ,·ΪɻƷĴ,Ϸװι,ͷŸ,ճ鼮װƷͳͳɽȥͳһ,ʱдĺô,ռĶ,˿ռĴɹܡϽҾؼ!\nhouseliving\t4ײ3Loft? ䷿Ƭһ! 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},
{
"path": "NLP/16.8 BERT/download_glue_data.py",
"content": "''' Script for downloading all GLUE data.\n\nNote: for legal reasons, we are unable to host MRPC.\nYou can either use the version hosted by the SentEval team, which is already tokenized, \nor you can download the original data from (https://download.microsoft.com/download/D/4/6/D46FF87A-F6B9-4252-AA8B-3604ED519838/MSRParaphraseCorpus.msi) and extract the data from it manually.\nFor Windows users, you can run the .msi file. For Mac and Linux users, consider an external library such as 'cabextract' (see below for an example).\nYou should then rename and place specific files in a folder (see below for an example).\n\nmkdir MRPC\ncabextract MSRParaphraseCorpus.msi -d MRPC\ncat MRPC/_2DEC3DBE877E4DB192D17C0256E90F1D | tr -d $'\\r' > MRPC/msr_paraphrase_train.txt\ncat MRPC/_D7B391F9EAFF4B1B8BCE8F21B20B1B61 | tr -d $'\\r' > MRPC/msr_paraphrase_test.txt\nrm MRPC/_*\nrm MSRParaphraseCorpus.msi\n'''\n\nimport os\nimport sys\nimport shutil\nimport argparse\nimport tempfile\nimport urllib.request\nimport zipfile\n\nTASKS = [\"CoLA\", \"SST\", \"MRPC\", \"QQP\", \"STS\", \"MNLI\", \"SNLI\", \"QNLI\", \"RTE\", \"WNLI\", \"diagnostic\"]\nTASK2PATH = {\"CoLA\":'https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/mtl-sentence-representations.appspot.com/o/data%2FCoLA.zip?alt=media&token=46d5e637-3411-4188-bc44-5809b5bfb5f4',\n \"SST\":'https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/mtl-sentence-representations.appspot.com/o/data%2FSST-2.zip?alt=media&token=aabc5f6b-e466-44a2-b9b4-cf6337f84ac8',\n \"MRPC\":'https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/mtl-sentence-representations.appspot.com/o/data%2Fmrpc_dev_ids.tsv?alt=media&token=ec5c0836-31d5-48f4-b431-7480817f1adc',\n \"QQP\":'https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/mtl-sentence-representations.appspot.com/o/data%2FQQP.zip?alt=media&token=700c6acf-160d-4d89-81d1-de4191d02cb5',\n \"STS\":'https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/mtl-sentence-representations.appspot.com/o/data%2FSTS-B.zip?alt=media&token=bddb94a7-8706-4e0d-a694-1109e12273b5',\n \"MNLI\":'https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/mtl-sentence-representations.appspot.com/o/data%2FMNLI.zip?alt=media&token=50329ea1-e339-40e2-809c-10c40afff3ce',\n \"SNLI\":'https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/mtl-sentence-representations.appspot.com/o/data%2FSNLI.zip?alt=media&token=4afcfbb2-ff0c-4b2d-a09a-dbf07926f4df',\n \"QNLI\":'https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/mtl-sentence-representations.appspot.com/o/data%2FQNLI.zip?alt=media&token=c24cad61-f2df-4f04-9ab6-aa576fa829d0',\n \"RTE\":'https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/mtl-sentence-representations.appspot.com/o/data%2FRTE.zip?alt=media&token=5efa7e85-a0bb-4f19-8ea2-9e1840f077fb',\n \"WNLI\":'https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/mtl-sentence-representations.appspot.com/o/data%2FWNLI.zip?alt=media&token=068ad0a0-ded7-4bd7-99a5-5e00222e0faf',\n \"diagnostic\":'https://storage.googleapis.com/mtl-sentence-representations.appspot.com/tsvsWithoutLabels%2FAX.tsv?GoogleAccessId=firebase-adminsdk-0khhl@mtl-sentence-representations.iam.gserviceaccount.com&Expires=2498860800&Signature=DuQ2CSPt2Yfre0C%2BiISrVYrIFaZH1Lc7hBVZDD4ZyR7fZYOMNOUGpi8QxBmTNOrNPjR3z1cggo7WXFfrgECP6FBJSsURv8Ybrue8Ypt%2FTPxbuJ0Xc2FhDi%2BarnecCBFO77RSbfuz%2Bs95hRrYhTnByqu3U%2FYZPaj3tZt5QdfpH2IUROY8LiBXoXS46LE%2FgOQc%2FKN%2BA9SoscRDYsnxHfG0IjXGwHN%2Bf88q6hOmAxeNPx6moDulUF6XMUAaXCSFU%2BnRO2RDL9CapWxj%2BDl7syNyHhB7987hZ80B%2FwFkQ3MEs8auvt5XW1%2Bd4aCU7ytgM69r8JDCwibfhZxpaa4gd50QXQ%3D%3D'}\n\nMRPC_TRAIN = 'https://s3.amazonaws.com/senteval/senteval_data/msr_paraphrase_train.txt'\nMRPC_TEST = 'https://s3.amazonaws.com/senteval/senteval_data/msr_paraphrase_test.txt'\n\ndef download_and_extract(task, data_dir):\n print(\"Downloading and extracting %s...\" % task)\n data_file = \"%s.zip\" % task\n urllib.request.urlretrieve(TASK2PATH[task], data_file)\n with zipfile.ZipFile(data_file) as zip_ref:\n zip_ref.extractall(data_dir)\n os.remove(data_file)\n print(\"\\tCompleted!\")\n\ndef format_mrpc(data_dir, path_to_data):\n print(\"Processing MRPC...\")\n mrpc_dir = os.path.join(data_dir, \"MRPC\")\n if not os.path.isdir(mrpc_dir):\n os.mkdir(mrpc_dir)\n if path_to_data:\n mrpc_train_file = os.path.join(path_to_data, \"msr_paraphrase_train.txt\")\n mrpc_test_file = os.path.join(path_to_data, \"msr_paraphrase_test.txt\")\n else:\n mrpc_train_file = os.path.join(mrpc_dir, \"msr_paraphrase_train.txt\")\n mrpc_test_file = os.path.join(mrpc_dir, \"msr_paraphrase_test.txt\")\n urllib.request.urlretrieve(MRPC_TRAIN, mrpc_train_file)\n urllib.request.urlretrieve(MRPC_TEST, mrpc_test_file)\n assert os.path.isfile(mrpc_train_file), \"Train data not found at %s\" % mrpc_train_file\n assert os.path.isfile(mrpc_test_file), \"Test data not found at %s\" % mrpc_test_file\n urllib.request.urlretrieve(TASK2PATH[\"MRPC\"], os.path.join(mrpc_dir, \"dev_ids.tsv\"))\n\n dev_ids = []\n with open(os.path.join(mrpc_dir, \"dev_ids.tsv\")) as ids_fh:\n for row in ids_fh:\n dev_ids.append(row.strip().split('\\t'))\n\n with open(mrpc_train_file) as data_fh, \\\n open(os.path.join(mrpc_dir, \"train.tsv\"), 'w') as train_fh, \\\n open(os.path.join(mrpc_dir, \"dev.tsv\"), 'w') as dev_fh:\n header = data_fh.readline()\n train_fh.write(header)\n dev_fh.write(header)\n for row in data_fh:\n label, id1, id2, s1, s2 = row.strip().split('\\t')\n if [id1, id2] in dev_ids:\n dev_fh.write(\"%s\\t%s\\t%s\\t%s\\t%s\\n\" % (label, id1, id2, s1, s2))\n else:\n train_fh.write(\"%s\\t%s\\t%s\\t%s\\t%s\\n\" % (label, id1, id2, s1, s2))\n\n with open(mrpc_test_file) as data_fh, \\\n open(os.path.join(mrpc_dir, \"test.tsv\"), 'w') as test_fh:\n header = data_fh.readline()\n test_fh.write(\"index\\t#1 ID\\t#2 ID\\t#1 String\\t#2 String\\n\")\n for idx, row in enumerate(data_fh):\n label, id1, id2, s1, s2 = row.strip().split('\\t')\n test_fh.write(\"%d\\t%s\\t%s\\t%s\\t%s\\n\" % (idx, id1, id2, s1, s2))\n print(\"\\tCompleted!\")\n\ndef download_diagnostic(data_dir):\n print(\"Downloading and extracting diagnostic...\")\n if not os.path.isdir(os.path.join(data_dir, \"diagnostic\")):\n os.mkdir(os.path.join(data_dir, \"diagnostic\"))\n data_file = os.path.join(data_dir, \"diagnostic\", \"diagnostic.tsv\")\n urllib.request.urlretrieve(TASK2PATH[\"diagnostic\"], data_file)\n print(\"\\tCompleted!\")\n return\n\ndef get_tasks(task_names):\n task_names = task_names.split(',')\n if \"all\" in task_names:\n tasks = TASKS\n else:\n tasks = []\n for task_name in task_names:\n assert task_name in TASKS, \"Task %s not found!\" % task_name\n tasks.append(task_name)\n return tasks\n\ndef main(arguments):\n parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()\n parser.add_argument('--data_dir', help='directory to save data to', type=str, default='glue_data')\n parser.add_argument('--tasks', help='tasks to download data for as a comma separated string',\n type=str, default='all')\n parser.add_argument('--path_to_mrpc', help='path to directory containing extracted MRPC data, msr_paraphrase_train.txt and msr_paraphrase_text.txt',\n type=str, default='')\n args = parser.parse_args(arguments)\n\n if not os.path.isdir(args.data_dir):\n os.mkdir(args.data_dir)\n tasks = get_tasks(args.tasks)\n\n for task in tasks:\n if task == 'MRPC':\n format_mrpc(args.data_dir, args.path_to_mrpc)\n elif task == 'diagnostic':\n download_diagnostic(args.data_dir)\n else:\n download_and_extract(task, args.data_dir)\n\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n sys.exit(main(sys.argv[1:]))"
},
{
"path": "NLP/16.8 BERT/modeling.py",
"content": "# coding=utf-8\n# Copyright 2018 The Google AI Language Team Authors and The HugginFace Inc. team.\n#\n# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n# You may obtain a copy of the License at\n#\n# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n#\n# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n# distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n# limitations under the License.\n\"\"\"PyTorch BERT model.\"\"\"\n\nfrom __future__ import absolute_import\nfrom __future__ import division\nfrom __future__ import print_function\n\nimport copy\nimport json\nimport math\nimport six\nimport torch\nimport torch.nn as nn\nfrom torch.nn import CrossEntropyLoss\n\ndef gelu(x):\n \"\"\"Implementation of the gelu activation function.\n For information: OpenAI GPT's gelu is slightly different (and gives slightly different results):\n 0.5 * x * (1 + torch.tanh(math.sqrt(2 / math.pi) * (x + 0.044715 * torch.pow(x, 3))))\n \"\"\"\n return x * 0.5 * (1.0 + torch.erf(x / math.sqrt(2.0)))\n\n\nclass BertConfig(object):\n \"\"\"Configuration class to store the configuration of a `BertModel`.\n \"\"\"\n def __init__(self,\n vocab_size,\n hidden_size=768,\n num_hidden_layers=12,\n num_attention_heads=12,\n intermediate_size=3072,\n hidden_act=\"gelu\",\n hidden_dropout_prob=0.1,\n attention_probs_dropout_prob=0.1,\n max_position_embeddings=512,\n type_vocab_size=16,\n initializer_range=0.02):\n \"\"\"Constructs BertConfig.\n\n Args:\n vocab_size: Vocabulary size of `inputs_ids` in `BertModel`.\n hidden_size: Size of the encoder layers and the pooler layer.\n num_hidden_layers: Number of hidden layers in the Transformer encoder.\n num_attention_heads: Number of attention heads for each attention layer in\n the Transformer encoder.\n intermediate_size: The size of the \"intermediate\" (i.e., feed-forward)\n layer in the Transformer encoder.\n hidden_act: The non-linear activation function (function or string) in the\n encoder and pooler.\n hidden_dropout_prob: The dropout probabilitiy for all fully connected\n layers in the embeddings, encoder, and pooler.\n attention_probs_dropout_prob: The dropout ratio for the attention\n probabilities.\n max_position_embeddings: The maximum sequence length that this model might\n ever be used with. Typically set this to something large just in case\n (e.g., 512 or 1024 or 2048).\n type_vocab_size: The vocabulary size of the `token_type_ids` passed into\n `BertModel`.\n initializer_range: The sttdev of the truncated_normal_initializer for\n initializing all weight matrices.\n \"\"\"\n self.vocab_size = vocab_size\n self.hidden_size = hidden_size\n self.num_hidden_layers = num_hidden_layers\n self.num_attention_heads = num_attention_heads\n self.hidden_act = hidden_act\n self.intermediate_size = intermediate_size\n self.hidden_dropout_prob = hidden_dropout_prob\n self.attention_probs_dropout_prob = attention_probs_dropout_prob\n self.max_position_embeddings = max_position_embeddings\n self.type_vocab_size = type_vocab_size\n self.initializer_range = initializer_range\n\n @classmethod\n def from_dict(cls, json_object):\n \"\"\"Constructs a `BertConfig` from a Python dictionary of parameters.\"\"\"\n config = BertConfig(vocab_size=None)\n for (key, value) in six.iteritems(json_object):\n config.__dict__[key] = value\n return config\n\n @classmethod\n def from_json_file(cls, json_file):\n \"\"\"Constructs a `BertConfig` from a json file of parameters.\"\"\"\n with open(json_file, \"r\") as reader:\n text = reader.read()\n return cls.from_dict(json.loads(text))\n\n def to_dict(self):\n \"\"\"Serializes this instance to a Python dictionary.\"\"\"\n output = copy.deepcopy(self.__dict__)\n return output\n\n def to_json_string(self):\n \"\"\"Serializes this instance to a JSON string.\"\"\"\n return json.dumps(self.to_dict(), indent=2, sort_keys=True) + \"\\n\"\n\n\nclass BERTLayerNorm(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, config, variance_epsilon=1e-12):\n \"\"\"Construct a layernorm module in the TF style (epsilon inside the square root).\n \"\"\"\n super(BERTLayerNorm, self).__init__()\n self.gamma = nn.Parameter(torch.ones(config.hidden_size))\n self.beta = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(config.hidden_size))\n self.variance_epsilon = variance_epsilon\n\n def forward(self, x):\n u = x.mean(-1, keepdim=True)\n s = (x - u).pow(2).mean(-1, keepdim=True)\n x = (x - u) / torch.sqrt(s + self.variance_epsilon)\n return self.gamma * x + self.beta\n\nclass BERTEmbeddings(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, config):\n super(BERTEmbeddings, self).__init__()\n \"\"\"Construct the embedding module from word, position and token_type embeddings.\n \"\"\"\n self.word_embeddings = nn.Embedding(config.vocab_size, config.hidden_size)\n self.position_embeddings = nn.Embedding(config.max_position_embeddings, config.hidden_size)\n self.token_type_embeddings = nn.Embedding(config.type_vocab_size, config.hidden_size)\n\n # self.LayerNorm is not snake-cased to stick with TensorFlow model variable name and be able to load\n # any TensorFlow checkpoint file\n self.LayerNorm = BERTLayerNorm(config)\n self.dropout = nn.Dropout(config.hidden_dropout_prob)\n\n def forward(self, input_ids, token_type_ids=None):\n seq_length = input_ids.size(1)\n position_ids = torch.arange(seq_length, dtype=torch.long, device=input_ids.device)\n position_ids = position_ids.unsqueeze(0).expand_as(input_ids)\n if token_type_ids is None:\n token_type_ids = torch.zeros_like(input_ids)\n\n words_embeddings = self.word_embeddings(input_ids)\n position_embeddings = self.position_embeddings(position_ids)\n token_type_embeddings = self.token_type_embeddings(token_type_ids)\n\n embeddings = words_embeddings + position_embeddings + token_type_embeddings\n embeddings = self.LayerNorm(embeddings)\n embeddings = self.dropout(embeddings)\n return embeddings\n\n\nclass BERTSelfAttention(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, config):\n super(BERTSelfAttention, self).__init__()\n if config.hidden_size % config.num_attention_heads != 0:\n raise ValueError(\n \"The hidden size (%d) is not a multiple of the number of attention \"\n \"heads (%d)\" % (config.hidden_size, config.num_attention_heads))\n self.num_attention_heads = config.num_attention_heads\n self.attention_head_size = int(config.hidden_size / config.num_attention_heads)\n self.all_head_size = self.num_attention_heads * self.attention_head_size\n\n self.query = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, self.all_head_size)\n self.key = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, self.all_head_size)\n self.value = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, self.all_head_size)\n\n self.dropout = nn.Dropout(config.attention_probs_dropout_prob)\n\n def transpose_for_scores(self, x):\n new_x_shape = x.size()[:-1] + (self.num_attention_heads, self.attention_head_size)\n x = x.view(*new_x_shape)\n return x.permute(0, 2, 1, 3)\n\n def forward(self, hidden_states, attention_mask):\n mixed_query_layer = self.query(hidden_states)\n mixed_key_layer = self.key(hidden_states)\n mixed_value_layer = self.value(hidden_states)\n\n query_layer = self.transpose_for_scores(mixed_query_layer)\n key_layer = self.transpose_for_scores(mixed_key_layer)\n value_layer = self.transpose_for_scores(mixed_value_layer)\n\n # Take the dot product between \"query\" and \"key\" to get the raw attention scores.\n attention_scores = torch.matmul(query_layer, key_layer.transpose(-1, -2))\n attention_scores = attention_scores / math.sqrt(self.attention_head_size)\n # Apply the attention mask is (precomputed for all layers in BertModel forward() function)\n attention_scores = attention_scores + attention_mask\n\n # Normalize the attention scores to probabilities.\n attention_probs = nn.Softmax(dim=-1)(attention_scores)\n\n # This is actually dropping out entire tokens to attend to, which might\n # seem a bit unusual, but is taken from the original Transformer paper.\n attention_probs = self.dropout(attention_probs)\n\n context_layer = torch.matmul(attention_probs, value_layer)\n context_layer = context_layer.permute(0, 2, 1, 3).contiguous()\n new_context_layer_shape = context_layer.size()[:-2] + (self.all_head_size,)\n context_layer = context_layer.view(*new_context_layer_shape)\n return context_layer\n\n\nclass BERTSelfOutput(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, config):\n super(BERTSelfOutput, self).__init__()\n self.dense = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.hidden_size)\n self.LayerNorm = BERTLayerNorm(config)\n self.dropout = nn.Dropout(config.hidden_dropout_prob)\n\n def forward(self, hidden_states, input_tensor):\n hidden_states = self.dense(hidden_states)\n hidden_states = self.dropout(hidden_states)\n hidden_states = self.LayerNorm(hidden_states + input_tensor)\n return hidden_states\n\n\nclass BERTAttention(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, config):\n super(BERTAttention, self).__init__()\n self.self = BERTSelfAttention(config)\n self.output = BERTSelfOutput(config)\n\n def forward(self, input_tensor, attention_mask):\n self_output = self.self(input_tensor, attention_mask)\n attention_output = self.output(self_output, input_tensor)\n return attention_output\n\n\nclass BERTIntermediate(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, config):\n super(BERTIntermediate, self).__init__()\n self.dense = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.intermediate_size)\n self.intermediate_act_fn = gelu\n\n def forward(self, hidden_states):\n hidden_states = self.dense(hidden_states)\n hidden_states = self.intermediate_act_fn(hidden_states)\n return hidden_states\n\n\nclass BERTOutput(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, config):\n super(BERTOutput, self).__init__()\n self.dense = nn.Linear(config.intermediate_size, config.hidden_size)\n self.LayerNorm = BERTLayerNorm(config)\n self.dropout = nn.Dropout(config.hidden_dropout_prob)\n\n def forward(self, hidden_states, input_tensor):\n hidden_states = self.dense(hidden_states)\n hidden_states = self.dropout(hidden_states)\n hidden_states = self.LayerNorm(hidden_states + input_tensor)\n return hidden_states\n\n\nclass BERTLayer(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, config):\n super(BERTLayer, self).__init__()\n self.attention = BERTAttention(config)\n self.intermediate = BERTIntermediate(config)\n self.output = BERTOutput(config)\n\n def forward(self, hidden_states, attention_mask):\n attention_output = self.attention(hidden_states, attention_mask)\n intermediate_output = self.intermediate(attention_output)\n layer_output = self.output(intermediate_output, attention_output)\n return layer_output\n\n\nclass BERTEncoder(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, config):\n super(BERTEncoder, self).__init__()\n layer = BERTLayer(config)\n self.layer = nn.ModuleList([copy.deepcopy(layer) for _ in range(config.num_hidden_layers)]) \n\n def forward(self, hidden_states, attention_mask):\n all_encoder_layers = []\n for layer_module in self.layer:\n hidden_states = layer_module(hidden_states, attention_mask)\n all_encoder_layers.append(hidden_states)\n return all_encoder_layers\n\n\nclass BERTPooler(nn.Module):\n def __init__(self, config):\n super(BERTPooler, self).__init__()\n self.dense = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.hidden_size)\n self.activation = nn.Tanh()\n\n def forward(self, hidden_states):\n # We \"pool\" the model by simply taking the hidden state corresponding\n # to the first token.\n first_token_tensor = hidden_states[:, 0]\n pooled_output = self.dense(first_token_tensor)\n pooled_output = self.activation(pooled_output)\n return pooled_output\n\n\nclass BertModel(nn.Module):\n \"\"\"BERT model (\"Bidirectional Embedding Representations from a Transformer\").\n\n Example usage:\n ```python\n # Already been converted into WordPiece token ids\n input_ids = torch.LongTensor([[31, 51, 99], [15, 5, 0]])\n input_mask = torch.LongTensor([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 0]])\n token_type_ids = torch.LongTensor([[0, 0, 1], [0, 2, 0]])\n\n config = modeling.BertConfig(vocab_size=32000, hidden_size=512,\n num_hidden_layers=8, num_attention_heads=6, intermediate_size=1024)\n\n model = modeling.BertModel(config=config)\n all_encoder_layers, pooled_output = model(input_ids, token_type_ids, input_mask)\n ```\n \"\"\"\n def __init__(self, config: BertConfig):\n \"\"\"Constructor for BertModel.\n\n Args:\n config: `BertConfig` instance.\n \"\"\"\n super(BertModel, self).__init__()\n self.embeddings = BERTEmbeddings(config)\n self.encoder = BERTEncoder(config)\n self.pooler = BERTPooler(config)\n\n def forward(self, input_ids, token_type_ids=None, attention_mask=None):\n if attention_mask is None:\n attention_mask = torch.ones_like(input_ids)\n if token_type_ids is None:\n token_type_ids = torch.zeros_like(input_ids)\n\n # We create a 3D attention mask from a 2D tensor mask.\n # Sizes are [batch_size, 1, 1, to_seq_length]\n # So we can broadcast to [batch_size, num_heads, from_seq_length, to_seq_length]\n # this attention mask is more simple than the triangular masking of causal attention\n # used in OpenAI GPT, we just need to prepare the broadcast dimension here.\n extended_attention_mask = attention_mask.unsqueeze(1).unsqueeze(2)\n\n # Since attention_mask is 1.0 for positions we want to attend and 0.0 for\n # masked positions, this operation will create a tensor which is 0.0 for\n # positions we want to attend and -10000.0 for masked positions.\n # Since we are adding it to the raw scores before the softmax, this is\n # effectively the same as removing these entirely.\n extended_attention_mask = extended_attention_mask.to(dtype=next(self.parameters()).dtype) # fp16 compatibility\n extended_attention_mask = (1.0 - extended_attention_mask) * -10000.0\n\n embedding_output = self.embeddings(input_ids, token_type_ids)\n all_encoder_layers = self.encoder(embedding_output, extended_attention_mask)\n sequence_output = all_encoder_layers[-1]\n pooled_output = self.pooler(sequence_output)\n return all_encoder_layers, pooled_output\n\nclass BertForSequenceClassification(nn.Module):\n \"\"\"BERT model for classification.\n This module is composed of the BERT model with a linear layer on top of\n the pooled output.\n\n Example usage:\n ```python\n # Already been converted into WordPiece token ids\n input_ids = torch.LongTensor([[31, 51, 99], [15, 5, 0]])\n input_mask = torch.LongTensor([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 0]])\n token_type_ids = torch.LongTensor([[0, 0, 1], [0, 2, 0]])\n\n config = BertConfig(vocab_size=32000, hidden_size=512,\n num_hidden_layers=8, num_attention_heads=6, intermediate_size=1024)\n\n num_labels = 2\n\n model = BertForSequenceClassification(config, num_labels)\n logits = model(input_ids, token_type_ids, input_mask)\n ```\n \"\"\"\n def __init__(self, config, num_labels):\n super(BertForSequenceClassification, self).__init__()\n self.bert = BertModel(config)\n self.dropout = nn.Dropout(config.hidden_dropout_prob)\n self.classifier = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, num_labels)\n\n def init_weights(module):\n if isinstance(module, (nn.Linear, nn.Embedding)):\n # Slightly different from the TF version which uses truncated_normal for initialization\n # cf https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/pull/5617\n module.weight.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=config.initializer_range)\n elif isinstance(module, BERTLayerNorm):\n module.beta.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=config.initializer_range)\n module.gamma.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=config.initializer_range)\n if isinstance(module, nn.Linear):\n module.bias.data.zero_()\n self.apply(init_weights)\n\n def forward(self, input_ids, token_type_ids, attention_mask, labels=None):\n _, pooled_output = self.bert(input_ids, token_type_ids, attention_mask)\n pooled_output = self.dropout(pooled_output)\n logits = self.classifier(pooled_output)\n\n if labels is not None:\n loss_fct = CrossEntropyLoss()\n loss = loss_fct(logits, labels)\n return loss, logits\n else:\n return logits\n\nclass BertForQuestionAnswering(nn.Module):\n \"\"\"BERT model for Question Answering (span extraction).\n This module is composed of the BERT model with a linear layer on top of\n the sequence output that computes start_logits and end_logits\n\n Example usage:\n ```python\n # Already been converted into WordPiece token ids\n input_ids = torch.LongTensor([[31, 51, 99], [15, 5, 0]])\n input_mask = torch.LongTensor([[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 0]])\n token_type_ids = torch.LongTensor([[0, 0, 1], [0, 2, 0]])\n\n config = BertConfig(vocab_size=32000, hidden_size=512,\n num_hidden_layers=8, num_attention_heads=6, intermediate_size=1024)\n\n model = BertForQuestionAnswering(config)\n start_logits, end_logits = model(input_ids, token_type_ids, input_mask)\n ```\n \"\"\"\n def __init__(self, config):\n super(BertForQuestionAnswering, self).__init__()\n self.bert = BertModel(config)\n # TODO check with Google if it's normal there is no dropout on the token classifier of SQuAD in the TF version\n # self.dropout = nn.Dropout(config.hidden_dropout_prob)\n self.qa_outputs = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, 2)\n\n def init_weights(module):\n if isinstance(module, (nn.Linear, nn.Embedding)):\n # Slightly different from the TF version which uses truncated_normal for initialization\n # cf https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/pull/5617\n module.weight.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=config.initializer_range)\n elif isinstance(module, BERTLayerNorm):\n module.beta.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=config.initializer_range)\n module.gamma.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=config.initializer_range)\n if isinstance(module, nn.Linear):\n module.bias.data.zero_()\n self.apply(init_weights)\n\n def forward(self, input_ids, token_type_ids, attention_mask, start_positions=None, end_positions=None):\n all_encoder_layers, _ = self.bert(input_ids, token_type_ids, attention_mask)\n sequence_output = all_encoder_layers[-1]\n logits = self.qa_outputs(sequence_output)\n start_logits, end_logits = logits.split(1, dim=-1)\n start_logits = start_logits.squeeze(-1)\n end_logits = end_logits.squeeze(-1)\n\n if start_positions is not None and end_positions is not None:\n # If we are on multi-GPU, split add a dimension\n if len(start_positions.size()) > 1:\n start_positions = start_positions.squeeze(-1)\n if len(end_positions.size()) > 1:\n end_positions = end_positions.squeeze(-1)\n # sometimes the start/end positions are outside our model inputs, we ignore these terms\n ignored_index = start_logits.size(1)\n start_positions.clamp_(0, ignored_index)\n end_positions.clamp_(0, ignored_index)\n\n loss_fct = CrossEntropyLoss(ignore_index=ignored_index)\n start_loss = loss_fct(start_logits, start_positions)\n end_loss = loss_fct(end_logits, end_positions)\n total_loss = (start_loss + end_loss) / 2\n return total_loss\n else:\n return start_logits, end_logits\n"
},
{
"path": "NLP/16.8 BERT/optimization.py",
"content": "# coding=utf-8\n# Copyright 2018 The Google AI Language Team Authors and The HugginFace Inc. team.\n#\n# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n# You may obtain a copy of the License at\n#\n# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n#\n# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n# distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n# limitations under the License.\n\"\"\"PyTorch optimization for BERT model.\"\"\"\n\nimport math\nimport torch\nfrom torch.optim import Optimizer\nfrom torch.nn.utils import clip_grad_norm_\n\ndef warmup_cosine(x, warmup=0.002):\n if x < warmup:\n return x/warmup\n return 0.5 * (1.0 + torch.cos(math.pi * x))\n\ndef warmup_constant(x, warmup=0.002):\n if x < warmup:\n return x/warmup\n return 1.0\n\ndef warmup_linear(x, warmup=0.002):\n if x < warmup:\n return x/warmup\n return 1.0 - x\n\nSCHEDULES = {\n 'warmup_cosine':warmup_cosine,\n 'warmup_constant':warmup_constant,\n 'warmup_linear':warmup_linear,\n}\n\n\nclass BERTAdam(Optimizer):\n \"\"\"Implements BERT version of Adam algorithm with weight decay fix (and no ).\n Params:\n lr: learning rate\n warmup: portion of t_total for the warmup, -1 means no warmup. Default: -1\n t_total: total number of training steps for the learning\n rate schedule, -1 means constant learning rate. Default: -1\n schedule: schedule to use for the warmup (see above). Default: 'warmup_linear'\n b1: Adams b1. Default: 0.9\n b2: Adams b2. Default: 0.999\n e: Adams epsilon. Default: 1e-6\n weight_decay_rate: Weight decay. Default: 0.01\n max_grad_norm: Maximum norm for the gradients (-1 means no clipping). Default: 1.0\n \"\"\"\n def __init__(self, params, lr, warmup=-1, t_total=-1, schedule='warmup_linear',\n b1=0.9, b2=0.999, e=1e-6, weight_decay_rate=0.01,\n max_grad_norm=1.0):\n if not lr >= 0.0:\n raise ValueError(\"Invalid learning rate: {} - should be >= 0.0\".format(lr))\n if schedule not in SCHEDULES:\n raise ValueError(\"Invalid schedule parameter: {}\".format(schedule))\n if not 0.0 <= warmup < 1.0 and not warmup == -1:\n raise ValueError(\"Invalid warmup: {} - should be in [0.0, 1.0[ or -1\".format(warmup))\n if not 0.0 <= b1 < 1.0:\n raise ValueError(\"Invalid b1 parameter: {} - should be in [0.0, 1.0[\".format(b1))\n if not 0.0 <= b2 < 1.0:\n raise ValueError(\"Invalid b2 parameter: {} - should be in [0.0, 1.0[\".format(b2))\n if not e >= 0.0:\n raise ValueError(\"Invalid epsilon value: {} - should be >= 0.0\".format(e))\n defaults = dict(lr=lr, schedule=schedule, warmup=warmup, t_total=t_total,\n b1=b1, b2=b2, e=e, weight_decay_rate=weight_decay_rate,\n max_grad_norm=max_grad_norm)\n super(BERTAdam, self).__init__(params, defaults)\n\n def get_lr(self):\n lr = []\n for group in self.param_groups:\n for p in group['params']:\n state = self.state[p]\n if len(state) == 0:\n return [0]\n if group['t_total'] != -1:\n schedule_fct = SCHEDULES[group['schedule']]\n lr_scheduled = group['lr'] * schedule_fct(state['step']/group['t_total'], group['warmup'])\n else:\n lr_scheduled = group['lr']\n lr.append(lr_scheduled)\n return lr\n\n def to(self, device):\n \"\"\" Move the optimizer state to a specified device\"\"\"\n for state in self.state.values():\n state['exp_avg'].to(device)\n state['exp_avg_sq'].to(device)\n\n def initialize_step(self, initial_step):\n \"\"\"Initialize state with a defined step (but we don't have stored averaged).\n Arguments:\n initial_step (int): Initial step number.\n \"\"\"\n for group in self.param_groups:\n for p in group['params']:\n state = self.state[p]\n # State initialization\n state['step'] = initial_step\n # Exponential moving average of gradient values\n state['exp_avg'] = torch.zeros_like(p.data)\n # Exponential moving average of squared gradient values\n state['exp_avg_sq'] = torch.zeros_like(p.data)\n\n def step(self, closure=None):\n \"\"\"Performs a single optimization step.\n Arguments:\n closure (callable, optional): A closure that reevaluates the model\n and returns the loss.\n \"\"\"\n loss = None\n if closure is not None:\n loss = closure()\n\n for group in self.param_groups:\n for p in group['params']:\n if p.grad is None:\n continue\n grad = p.grad.data\n if grad.is_sparse:\n raise RuntimeError('Adam does not support sparse gradients, please consider SparseAdam instead')\n\n state = self.state[p]\n\n # State initialization\n if len(state) == 0:\n state['step'] = 0\n # Exponential moving average of gradient values\n state['next_m'] = torch.zeros_like(p.data)\n # Exponential moving average of squared gradient values\n state['next_v'] = torch.zeros_like(p.data)\n\n next_m, next_v = state['next_m'], state['next_v']\n beta1, beta2 = group['b1'], group['b2']\n\n # Add grad clipping\n if group['max_grad_norm'] > 0:\n clip_grad_norm_(p, group['max_grad_norm'])\n\n # Decay the first and second moment running average coefficient\n # In-place operations to update the averages at the same time\n next_m.mul_(beta1).add_(1 - beta1, grad)\n next_v.mul_(beta2).addcmul_(1 - beta2, grad, grad)\n update = next_m / (next_v.sqrt() + group['e'])\n\n # Just adding the square of the weights to the loss function is *not*\n # the correct way of using L2 regularization/weight decay with Adam,\n # since that will interact with the m and v parameters in strange ways.\n #\n # Instead we want ot decay the weights in a manner that doesn't interact\n # with the m/v parameters. This is equivalent to adding the square\n # of the weights to the loss with plain (non-momentum) SGD.\n if group['weight_decay_rate'] > 0.0:\n update += group['weight_decay_rate'] * p.data\n\n if group['t_total'] != -1:\n schedule_fct = SCHEDULES[group['schedule']]\n lr_scheduled = group['lr'] * schedule_fct(state['step']/group['t_total'], group['warmup'])\n else:\n lr_scheduled = group['lr']\n\n update_with_lr = lr_scheduled * update\n p.data.add_(-update_with_lr)\n\n state['step'] += 1\n\n # step_size = lr_scheduled * math.sqrt(bias_correction2) / bias_correction1\n # bias_correction1 = 1 - beta1 ** state['step']\n # bias_correction2 = 1 - beta2 ** state['step']\n\n return loss\n"
},
{
"path": "NLP/16.8 BERT/run.sh",
"content": "\n\nexport GLUE_DIR=/search/odin/wuyonggang/bert/extract_code/glue_data\nexport BERT_BASE_DIR=/search/odin/wuyonggang/bert/chinese_L-12_H-768_A-12/\nexport BERT_PYTORCH_DIR=/search/odin/wuyonggang/bert/chinese_L-12_H-768_A-12/\n\npython run_classifier_word.py \\\n --task_name NEWS \\\n --do_train \\\n --do_eval \\\n --data_dir $GLUE_DIR/NewsAll/ \\\n --vocab_file $BERT_BASE_DIR/vocab.txt \\\n --bert_config_file $BERT_BASE_DIR/bert_config.json \\\n --init_checkpoint $BERT_PYTORCH_DIR/pytorch_model.bin \\\n --max_seq_length 256 \\\n --train_batch_size 32 \\\n --learning_rate 2e-5 \\\n --num_train_epochs 3.0 \\\n --output_dir ./newsAll_output/ \\\n --local_rank 3\n\n#python run_classifier_word.py \\\n# --task_name NEWS \\\n# --do_train \\\n# --do_eval \\\n# --data_dir $GLUE_DIR/News/ \\\n# --vocab_file $BERT_BASE_DIR/vocab.txt \\\n# --bert_config_file $BERT_BASE_DIR/bert_config.json \\\n# --init_checkpoint $BERT_PYTORCH_DIR/pytorch_model.bin \\\n# --max_seq_length 128 \\\n# --train_batch_size 32 \\\n# --learning_rate 2e-5 \\\n# --num_train_epochs 3.0 \\\n# --output_dir ./news_output/ \\\n# --local_rank 2\n\n#python run_classifier.py \\\n# --task_name MRPC \\\n# --do_train \\\n# --do_eval \\\n# --do_lower_case \\\n# --data_dir $GLUE_DIR/MRPC/ \\\n# --vocab_file $BERT_BASE_DIR/vocab.txt \\\n# --bert_config_file $BERT_BASE_DIR/bert_config.json \\\n# --init_checkpoint $BERT_PYTORCH_DIR/pytorch_model.bin \\\n# --max_seq_length 128 \\\n# --train_batch_size 32 \\\n# --learning_rate 2e-5 \\\n# --num_train_epochs 3.0 \\\n# --output_dir ./mrpc_output/\n"
},
{
"path": "NLP/16.8 BERT/run_classifier_word.py",
"content": "# coding=utf-8\n# Copyright 2018 The Google AI Language Team Authors and The HugginFace Inc. team.\n#\n# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n# You may obtain a copy of the License at\n#\n# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n#\n# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n# distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n# limitations under the License.\n\"\"\"BERT finetuning runner.\"\"\"\n\nfrom __future__ import absolute_import\nfrom __future__ import division\nfrom __future__ import print_function\n\nimport csv\nimport os\nimport logging\nimport argparse\nimport random\nfrom tqdm import tqdm, trange\n\nimport numpy as np\nimport torch\nfrom torch.utils.data import TensorDataset, DataLoader, RandomSampler, SequentialSampler\nfrom torch.utils.data.distributed import DistributedSampler\n\nimport tokenization_word as tokenization\nfrom modeling import BertConfig, BertForSequenceClassification\nfrom optimization import BERTAdam\n\n\nlogging.basicConfig(format = '%(asctime)s - %(levelname)s - %(name)s - %(message)s', \n datefmt = '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S',\n level = logging.INFO)\nlogger = logging.getLogger(__name__)\n\n\nclass InputExample(object):\n \"\"\"A single training/test example for simple sequence classification.\"\"\"\n\n def __init__(self, guid, text_a, text_b=None, label=None):\n \"\"\"Constructs a InputExample.\n\n Args:\n guid: Unique id for the example.\n text_a: string. The untokenized text of the first sequence. For single\n sequence tasks, only this sequence must be specified.\n text_b: (Optional) string. The untokenized text of the second sequence.\n Only must be specified for sequence pair tasks.\n label: (Optional) string. The label of the example. This should be\n specified for train and dev examples, but not for test examples.\n \"\"\"\n self.guid = guid\n self.text_a = text_a\n self.text_b = text_b\n self.label = label\n\n\nclass InputFeatures(object):\n \"\"\"A single set of features of data.\"\"\"\n\n def __init__(self, input_ids, input_mask, segment_ids, label_id):\n self.input_ids = input_ids\n self.input_mask = input_mask\n self.segment_ids = segment_ids\n self.label_id = label_id\n\n\nclass DataProcessor(object):\n \"\"\"Base class for data converters for sequence classification data sets.\"\"\"\n\n def get_train_examples(self, data_dir):\n \"\"\"Gets a collection of `InputExample`s for the train set.\"\"\"\n raise NotImplementedError()\n\n def get_dev_examples(self, data_dir):\n \"\"\"Gets a collection of `InputExample`s for the dev set.\"\"\"\n raise NotImplementedError()\n\n def get_labels(self):\n \"\"\"Gets the list of labels for this data set.\"\"\"\n raise NotImplementedError()\n\n @classmethod\n def _read_tsv(cls, input_file, quotechar=None):\n \"\"\"Reads a tab separated value file.\"\"\"\n file_in = open(input_file, \"rb\")\n lines = []\n for line in file_in:\n lines.append(line.decode(\"gbk\").split(\"\\t\"))\n return lines\n\nclass NewsProcessor(DataProcessor):\n \"\"\"Processor for the MRPC data set (GLUE version).\"\"\"\n\n def __init__(self):\n self.labels = set()\n \n def get_train_examples(self, data_dir):\n \"\"\"See base class.\"\"\"\n logger.info(\"LOOKING AT {}\".format(os.path.join(data_dir, \"train.tsv\")))\n return self._create_examples(\n self._read_tsv(os.path.join(data_dir, \"train.tsv\")), \"train\")\n\n def get_dev_examples(self, data_dir):\n \"\"\"See base class.\"\"\"\n return self._create_examples(\n self._read_tsv(os.path.join(data_dir, \"dev.tsv\")), \"dev\")\n\n def get_labels(self):\n \"\"\"See base class.\"\"\"\n return list(self.labels)\n\n def _create_examples(self, lines, set_type):\n \"\"\"Creates examples for the training and dev sets.\"\"\"\n examples = []\n for (i, line) in enumerate(lines):\n guid = \"%s-%s\" % (set_type, i)\n text_a = tokenization.convert_to_unicode(line[1])\n label = tokenization.convert_to_unicode(line[0])\n self.labels.add(label)\n examples.append(\n InputExample(guid=guid, text_a=text_a, text_b=None, label=label))\n\n\n return examples\n\nclass MrpcProcessor(DataProcessor):\n \"\"\"Processor for the MRPC data set (GLUE version).\"\"\"\n\n def get_train_examples(self, data_dir):\n \"\"\"See base class.\"\"\"\n logger.info(\"LOOKING AT {}\".format(os.path.join(data_dir, \"train.tsv\")))\n return self._create_examples(\n self._read_tsv(os.path.join(data_dir, \"train.tsv\")), \"train\")\n\n def get_dev_examples(self, data_dir):\n \"\"\"See base class.\"\"\"\n return self._create_examples(\n self._read_tsv(os.path.join(data_dir, \"dev.tsv\")), \"dev\")\n\n def get_labels(self):\n \"\"\"See base class.\"\"\"\n return [\"0\", \"1\"]\n\n def _create_examples(self, lines, set_type):\n \"\"\"Creates examples for the training and dev sets.\"\"\"\n examples = []\n for (i, line) in enumerate(lines):\n if i == 0:\n continue\n guid = \"%s-%s\" % (set_type, i)\n text_a = tokenization.convert_to_unicode(line[3])\n text_b = tokenization.convert_to_unicode(line[4])\n label = tokenization.convert_to_unicode(line[0])\n examples.append(\n InputExample(guid=guid, text_a=text_a, text_b=text_b, label=label))\n return examples\n\nclass MnliProcessor(DataProcessor):\n \"\"\"Processor for the MultiNLI data set (GLUE version).\"\"\"\n\n def get_train_examples(self, data_dir):\n \"\"\"See base class.\"\"\"\n return self._create_examples(\n self._read_tsv(os.path.join(data_dir, \"train.tsv\")), \"train\")\n\n def get_dev_examples(self, data_dir):\n \"\"\"See base class.\"\"\"\n return self._create_examples(\n self._read_tsv(os.path.join(data_dir, \"dev_matched.tsv\")),\n \"dev_matched\")\n\n def get_labels(self):\n \"\"\"See base class.\"\"\"\n return [\"contradiction\", \"entailment\", \"neutral\"]\n\n def _create_examples(self, lines, set_type):\n \"\"\"Creates examples for the training and dev sets.\"\"\"\n examples = []\n for (i, line) in enumerate(lines):\n if i == 0:\n continue\n guid = \"%s-%s\" % (set_type, tokenization.convert_to_unicode(line[0]))\n text_a = tokenization.convert_to_unicode(line[8])\n text_b = tokenization.convert_to_unicode(line[9])\n label = tokenization.convert_to_unicode(line[-1])\n examples.append(\n InputExample(guid=guid, text_a=text_a, text_b=text_b, label=label))\n return examples\n \n\nclass ColaProcessor(DataProcessor):\n \"\"\"Processor for the CoLA data set (GLUE version).\"\"\"\n\n def get_train_examples(self, data_dir):\n \"\"\"See base class.\"\"\"\n return self._create_examples(\n self._read_tsv(os.path.join(data_dir, \"train.tsv\")), \"train\")\n\n def get_dev_examples(self, data_dir):\n \"\"\"See base class.\"\"\"\n return self._create_examples(\n self._read_tsv(os.path.join(data_dir, \"dev.tsv\")), \"dev\")\n\n def get_labels(self):\n \"\"\"See base class.\"\"\"\n return [\"0\", \"1\"]\n\n def _create_examples(self, lines, set_type):\n \"\"\"Creates examples for the training and dev sets.\"\"\"\n examples = []\n for (i, line) in enumerate(lines):\n guid = \"%s-%s\" % (set_type, i)\n text_a = tokenization.convert_to_unicode(line[3])\n label = tokenization.convert_to_unicode(line[1])\n examples.append(\n InputExample(guid=guid, text_a=text_a, text_b=None, label=label))\n return examples\n\n\ndef convert_examples_to_features(examples, label_list, max_seq_length, tokenizer):\n \"\"\"Loads a data file into a list of `InputBatch`s.\"\"\"\n\n label_map = {}\n for (i, label) in enumerate(label_list):\n label_map[label] = i\n features = []\n for (ex_index, example) in enumerate(examples):\n tokens_a = tokenizer.tokenize(example.text_a)\n\n tokens_b = None\n if example.text_b:\n tokens_b = tokenizer.tokenize(example.text_b)\n\n if tokens_b:\n # Modifies `tokens_a` and `tokens_b` in place so that the total\n # length is less than the specified length.\n # Account for [CLS], [SEP], [SEP] with \"- 3\"\n _truncate_seq_pair(tokens_a, tokens_b, max_seq_length - 3)\n else:\n # Account for [CLS] and [SEP] with \"- 2\"\n if len(tokens_a) > max_seq_length - 2:\n tokens_a = tokens_a[0:(max_seq_length - 2)]\n\n # The convention in BERT is:\n # (a) For sequence pairs:\n # tokens: [CLS] is this jack ##son ##ville ? [SEP] no it is not . [SEP]\n # type_ids: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1\n # (b) For single sequences:\n # tokens: [CLS] the dog is hairy . [SEP]\n # type_ids: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0\n #\n # Where \"type_ids\" are used to indicate whether this is the first\n # sequence or the second sequence. The embedding vectors for `type=0` and\n # `type=1` were learned during pre-training and are added to the wordpiece\n # embedding vector (and position vector). This is not *strictly* necessary\n # since the [SEP] token unambigiously separates the sequences, but it makes\n # it easier for the model to learn the concept of sequences.\n #\n # For classification tasks, the first vector (corresponding to [CLS]) is\n # used as as the \"sentence vector\". Note that this only makes sense because\n # the entire model is fine-tuned.\n tokens = []\n segment_ids = []\n tokens.append(\"[CLS]\")\n segment_ids.append(0)\n for token in tokens_a:\n tokens.append(token)\n segment_ids.append(0)\n tokens.append(\"[SEP]\")\n segment_ids.append(0)\n\n if tokens_b:\n for token in tokens_b:\n tokens.append(token)\n segment_ids.append(1)\n tokens.append(\"[SEP]\")\n segment_ids.append(1)\n\n input_ids = tokenizer.convert_tokens_to_ids(tokens)\n\n # The mask has 1 for real tokens and 0 for padding tokens. Only real\n # tokens are attended to.\n input_mask = [1] * len(input_ids)\n\n # Zero-pad up to the sequence length.\n while len(input_ids) < max_seq_length:\n input_ids.append(0)\n input_mask.append(0)\n segment_ids.append(0)\n\n assert len(input_ids) == max_seq_length\n assert len(input_mask) == max_seq_length\n assert len(segment_ids) == max_seq_length\n\n label_id = label_map[example.label]\n if ex_index < 5:\n logger.info(\"*** Example ***\")\n logger.info(\"guid: %s\" % (example.guid))\n logger.info(\"tokens: %s\" % \" \".join(\n [tokenization.printable_text(x) for x in tokens]))\n logger.info(\"input_ids: %s\" % \" \".join([str(x) for x in input_ids]))\n logger.info(\"input_mask: %s\" % \" \".join([str(x) for x in input_mask]))\n logger.info(\n \"segment_ids: %s\" % \" \".join([str(x) for x in segment_ids]))\n logger.info(\"label: %s (id = %d)\" % (example.label, label_id))\n\n features.append(\n InputFeatures(\n input_ids=input_ids,\n input_mask=input_mask,\n segment_ids=segment_ids,\n label_id=label_id))\n return features\n\n\ndef _truncate_seq_pair(tokens_a, tokens_b, max_length):\n \"\"\"Truncates a sequence pair in place to the maximum length.\"\"\"\n\n # This is a simple heuristic which will always truncate the longer sequence\n # one token at a time. This makes more sense than truncating an equal percent\n # of tokens from each, since if one sequence is very short then each token\n # that's truncated likely contains more information than a longer sequence.\n while True:\n total_length = len(tokens_a) + len(tokens_b)\n if total_length <= max_length:\n break\n if len(tokens_a) > len(tokens_b):\n tokens_a.pop()\n else:\n tokens_b.pop()\n\ndef accuracy(out, labels):\n outputs = np.argmax(out, axis=1)\n return np.sum(outputs==labels)\n\ndef copy_optimizer_params_to_model(named_params_model, named_params_optimizer):\n \"\"\" Utility function for optimize_on_cpu and 16-bits training.\n Copy the parameters optimized on CPU/RAM back to the model on GPU\n \"\"\"\n for (name_opti, param_opti), (name_model, param_model) in zip(named_params_optimizer, named_params_model):\n if name_opti != name_model:\n logger.error(\"name_opti != name_model: {} {}\".format(name_opti, name_model))\n raise ValueError\n param_model.data.copy_(param_opti.data)\n\ndef set_optimizer_params_grad(named_params_optimizer, named_params_model, test_nan=False):\n \"\"\" Utility function for optimize_on_cpu and 16-bits training.\n Copy the gradient of the GPU parameters to the CPU/RAMM copy of the model\n \"\"\"\n is_nan = False\n for (name_opti, param_opti), (name_model, param_model) in zip(named_params_optimizer, named_params_model):\n if name_opti != name_model:\n logger.error(\"name_opti != name_model: {} {}\".format(name_opti, name_model))\n raise ValueError\n if test_nan and torch.isnan(param_model.grad).sum() > 0:\n is_nan = True\n if param_opti.grad is None:\n param_opti.grad = torch.nn.Parameter(param_opti.data.new().resize_(*param_opti.data.size()))\n param_opti.grad.data.copy_(param_model.grad.data)\n return is_nan\n\ndef main():\n parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()\n\n ## Required parameters\n parser.add_argument(\"--data_dir\",\n default=None,\n type=str,\n required=True,\n help=\"The input data dir. Should contain the .tsv files (or other data files) for the task.\")\n parser.add_argument(\"--bert_config_file\",\n default=None,\n type=str,\n required=True,\n help=\"The config json file corresponding to the pre-trained BERT model. \\n\"\n \"This specifies the model architecture.\")\n parser.add_argument(\"--task_name\",\n default=None,\n type=str,\n required=True,\n help=\"The name of the task to train.\")\n parser.add_argument(\"--vocab_file\",\n default=None,\n type=str,\n required=True,\n help=\"The vocabulary file that the BERT model was trained on.\")\n parser.add_argument(\"--output_dir\",\n default=None,\n type=str,\n required=True,\n help=\"The output directory where the model checkpoints will be written.\")\n\n ## Other parameters\n parser.add_argument(\"--init_checkpoint\",\n default=None,\n type=str,\n help=\"Initial checkpoint (usually from a pre-trained BERT model).\")\n parser.add_argument(\"--do_lower_case\",\n default=False,\n action='store_true',\n help=\"Whether to lower case the input text. True for uncased models, False for cased models.\")\n parser.add_argument(\"--max_seq_length\",\n default=128,\n type=int,\n help=\"The maximum total input sequence length after WordPiece tokenization. \\n\"\n \"Sequences longer than this will be truncated, and sequences shorter \\n\"\n \"than this will be padded.\")\n parser.add_argument(\"--do_train\",\n default=False,\n action='store_true',\n help=\"Whether to run training.\")\n parser.add_argument(\"--do_eval\",\n default=False,\n action='store_true',\n help=\"Whether to run eval on the dev set.\")\n parser.add_argument(\"--train_batch_size\",\n default=32,\n type=int,\n help=\"Total batch size for training.\")\n parser.add_argument(\"--eval_batch_size\",\n default=8,\n type=int,\n help=\"Total batch size for eval.\")\n parser.add_argument(\"--learning_rate\",\n default=5e-5,\n type=float,\n help=\"The initial learning rate for Adam.\")\n parser.add_argument(\"--num_train_epochs\",\n default=3.0,\n type=float,\n help=\"Total number of training epochs to perform.\")\n parser.add_argument(\"--warmup_proportion\",\n default=0.1,\n type=float,\n help=\"Proportion of training to perform linear learning rate warmup for. \"\n \"E.g., 0.1 = 10%% of training.\")\n parser.add_argument(\"--save_checkpoints_steps\",\n default=1000,\n type=int,\n help=\"How often to save the model checkpoint.\")\n parser.add_argument(\"--no_cuda\",\n default=False,\n action='store_true',\n help=\"Whether not to use CUDA when available\")\n parser.add_argument(\"--local_rank\",\n type=int,\n default=-1,\n help=\"local_rank for distributed training on gpus\")\n parser.add_argument('--seed', \n type=int, \n default=42,\n help=\"random seed for initialization\")\n parser.add_argument('--gradient_accumulation_steps',\n type=int,\n default=1,\n help=\"Number of updates steps to accumualte before performing a backward/update pass.\") \n parser.add_argument('--optimize_on_cpu',\n default=False,\n action='store_true',\n help=\"Whether to perform optimization and keep the optimizer averages on CPU\")\n parser.add_argument('--fp16',\n default=False,\n action='store_true',\n help=\"Whether to use 16-bit float precision instead of 32-bit\")\n parser.add_argument('--loss_scale',\n type=float, default=128,\n help='Loss scaling, positive power of 2 values can improve fp16 convergence.')\n\n args = parser.parse_args()\n\n processors = {\n \"cola\": ColaProcessor,\n \"mnli\": MnliProcessor,\n \"mrpc\": MrpcProcessor,\n \"news\": NewsProcessor,\n }\n\n if args.local_rank == -1 or args.no_cuda:\n device = torch.device(\"cuda\" if torch.cuda.is_available() and not args.no_cuda else \"cpu\")\n n_gpu = torch.cuda.device_count()\n else:\n device = torch.device(\"cuda\", args.local_rank)\n n_gpu = 1\n # Initializes the distributed backend which will take care of sychronizing nodes/GPUs\n # torch.distributed.init_process_group(backend='nccl')\n if args.fp16:\n logger.info(\"16-bits training currently not supported in distributed training\")\n args.fp16 = False # (see https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/pull/13496)\n logger.info(\"device %s n_gpu %d distributed training %r\", device, n_gpu, bool(args.local_rank != -1))\n\n if args.gradient_accumulation_steps < 1:\n raise ValueError(\"Invalid gradient_accumulation_steps parameter: {}, should be >= 1\".format(\n args.gradient_accumulation_steps))\n\n args.train_batch_size = int(args.train_batch_size / args.gradient_accumulation_steps)\n\n random.seed(args.seed)\n np.random.seed(args.seed)\n torch.manual_seed(args.seed)\n if n_gpu > 0:\n torch.cuda.manual_seed_all(args.seed)\n\n if not args.do_train and not args.do_eval:\n raise ValueError(\"At least one of `do_train` or `do_eval` must be True.\")\n\n bert_config = BertConfig.from_json_file(args.bert_config_file)\n\n if args.max_seq_length > bert_config.max_position_embeddings:\n raise ValueError(\n \"Cannot use sequence length {} because the BERT model was only trained up to sequence length {}\".format(\n args.max_seq_length, bert_config.max_position_embeddings))\n\n if os.path.exists(args.output_dir) and os.listdir(args.output_dir):\n raise ValueError(\"Output directory ({}) already exists and is not empty.\".format(args.output_dir))\n os.makedirs(args.output_dir, exist_ok=True)\n\n task_name = args.task_name.lower()\n\n if task_name not in processors:\n raise ValueError(\"Task not found: %s\" % (task_name))\n\n\n processor = processors[task_name]()\n\n tokenizer = tokenization.FullTokenizer(\n vocab_file=args.vocab_file, do_lower_case=args.do_lower_case)\n\n train_examples = None\n num_train_steps = None\n if args.do_train:\n train_examples = processor.get_train_examples(args.data_dir)\n num_train_steps = int(\n len(train_examples) / args.train_batch_size / args.gradient_accumulation_steps * args.num_train_epochs)\n\n label_list = processor.get_labels()\n\n print(\"label_list.size:%d\\n\" %(len(label_list)))\n\n # Prepare model\n model = BertForSequenceClassification(bert_config, len(label_list))\n if args.init_checkpoint is not None:\n model.bert.load_state_dict(torch.load(args.init_checkpoint, map_location='cpu'))\n if args.fp16:\n model.half()\n model.to(device)\n #if args.local_rank != -1:\n #model = torch.nn.parallel.DistributedDataParallel(model, device_ids=[args.local_rank],\n # output_device=args.local_rank)\n #elif n_gpu > 1:\n # model = torch.nn.DataParallel(model)\n\n # Prepare optimizer\n if args.fp16:\n param_optimizer = [(n, param.clone().detach().to('cpu').float().requires_grad_()) \\\n for n, param in model.named_parameters()]\n elif args.optimize_on_cpu:\n param_optimizer = [(n, param.clone().detach().to('cpu').requires_grad_()) \\\n for n, param in model.named_parameters()]\n else:\n param_optimizer = list(model.named_parameters())\n no_decay = ['bias', 'gamma', 'beta']\n optimizer_grouped_parameters = [\n {'params': [p for n, p in param_optimizer if n not in no_decay], 'weight_decay_rate': 0.01},\n {'params': [p for n, p in param_optimizer if n in no_decay], 'weight_decay_rate': 0.0}\n ]\n optimizer = BERTAdam(optimizer_grouped_parameters,\n lr=args.learning_rate,\n warmup=args.warmup_proportion,\n t_total=num_train_steps)\n\n global_step = 0\n if args.do_train:\n train_features = convert_examples_to_features(\n train_examples, label_list, args.max_seq_length, tokenizer)\n logger.info(\"***** Running training *****\")\n logger.info(\" Num examples = %d\", len(train_examples))\n logger.info(\" Batch size = %d\", args.train_batch_size)\n logger.info(\" Num steps = %d\", num_train_steps)\n all_input_ids = torch.tensor([f.input_ids for f in train_features], dtype=torch.long)\n all_input_mask = torch.tensor([f.input_mask for f in train_features], dtype=torch.long)\n all_segment_ids = torch.tensor([f.segment_ids for f in train_features], dtype=torch.long)\n all_label_ids = torch.tensor([f.label_id for f in train_features], dtype=torch.long)\n train_data = TensorDataset(all_input_ids, all_input_mask, all_segment_ids, all_label_ids)\n if args.local_rank == -1:\n train_sampler = RandomSampler(train_data)\n else:\n \n train_sampler = RandomSampler(train_data)\n #train_sampler = DistributedSampler(train_data)\n train_dataloader = DataLoader(train_data, sampler=train_sampler, batch_size=args.train_batch_size)\n\n model.train()\n for _ in trange(int(args.num_train_epochs), desc=\"Epoch\"):\n tr_loss = 0\n nb_tr_examples, nb_tr_steps = 0, 0\n for step, batch in enumerate(tqdm(train_dataloader, desc=\"Iteration\")):\n batch = tuple(t.to(device) for t in batch)\n input_ids, input_mask, segment_ids, label_ids = batch\n loss, _ = model(input_ids, segment_ids, input_mask, label_ids)\n if n_gpu > 1:\n loss = loss.mean() # mean() to average on multi-gpu.\n if args.fp16 and args.loss_scale != 1.0:\n # rescale loss for fp16 training\n # see https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/sdk/mixed-precision-training/index.html\n loss = loss * args.loss_scale\n if args.gradient_accumulation_steps > 1:\n loss = loss / args.gradient_accumulation_steps\n loss.backward()\n tr_loss += loss.item()\n nb_tr_examples += input_ids.size(0)\n nb_tr_steps += 1\n if (step + 1) % args.gradient_accumulation_steps == 0:\n if args.fp16 or args.optimize_on_cpu:\n if args.fp16 and args.loss_scale != 1.0:\n # scale down gradients for fp16 training\n for param in model.parameters():\n param.grad.data = param.grad.data / args.loss_scale\n is_nan = set_optimizer_params_grad(param_optimizer, model.named_parameters(), test_nan=True)\n if is_nan:\n logger.info(\"FP16 TRAINING: Nan in gradients, reducing loss scaling\")\n args.loss_scale = args.loss_scale / 2\n model.zero_grad()\n continue\n optimizer.step()\n copy_optimizer_params_to_model(model.named_parameters(), param_optimizer)\n else:\n optimizer.step()\n model.zero_grad()\n global_step += 1\n\n if args.do_eval:\n eval_examples = processor.get_dev_examples(args.data_dir)\n eval_features = convert_examples_to_features(\n eval_examples, label_list, args.max_seq_length, tokenizer)\n logger.info(\"***** Running evaluation *****\")\n logger.info(\" Num examples = %d\", len(eval_examples))\n logger.info(\" Batch size = %d\", args.eval_batch_size)\n all_input_ids = torch.tensor([f.input_ids for f in eval_features], dtype=torch.long)\n all_input_mask = torch.tensor([f.input_mask for f in eval_features], dtype=torch.long)\n all_segment_ids = torch.tensor([f.segment_ids for f in eval_features], dtype=torch.long)\n all_label_ids = torch.tensor([f.label_id for f in eval_features], dtype=torch.long)\n eval_data = TensorDataset(all_input_ids, all_input_mask, all_segment_ids, all_label_ids)\n if args.local_rank == -1:\n eval_sampler = SequentialSampler(eval_data)\n else:\n\n eval_sampler = SequentialSampler(eval_data)\n #eval_sampler = DistributedSampler(eval_data)\n eval_dataloader = DataLoader(eval_data, sampler=eval_sampler, batch_size=args.eval_batch_size)\n\n model.eval()\n eval_loss, eval_accuracy = 0, 0\n nb_eval_steps, nb_eval_examples = 0, 0\n for input_ids, input_mask, segment_ids, label_ids in eval_dataloader:\n input_ids = input_ids.to(device)\n input_mask = input_mask.to(device)\n segment_ids = segment_ids.to(device)\n label_ids = label_ids.to(device)\n\n with torch.no_grad():\n tmp_eval_loss, logits = model(input_ids, segment_ids, input_mask, label_ids)\n\n logits = logits.detach().cpu().numpy()\n label_ids = label_ids.to('cpu').numpy()\n tmp_eval_accuracy = accuracy(logits, label_ids)\n\n eval_loss += tmp_eval_loss.mean().item()\n eval_accuracy += tmp_eval_accuracy\n\n nb_eval_examples += input_ids.size(0)\n nb_eval_steps += 1\n\n eval_loss = eval_loss / nb_eval_steps\n eval_accuracy = eval_accuracy / nb_eval_examples\n\n result = {'eval_loss': eval_loss,\n 'eval_accuracy': eval_accuracy,\n 'global_step': global_step,\n 'loss': tr_loss/nb_tr_steps}\n\n output_eval_file = os.path.join(args.output_dir, \"eval_results.txt\")\n with open(output_eval_file, \"w\") as writer:\n logger.info(\"***** Eval results *****\")\n for key in sorted(result.keys()):\n logger.info(\" %s = %s\", key, str(result[key]))\n writer.write(\"%s = %s\\n\" % (key, str(result[key])))\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n main()\n"
},
{
"path": "NLP/16.8 BERT/tokenization_word.py",
"content": "# coding=utf-8\n# Copyright 2018 The Google AI Language Team Authors and The HugginFace Inc. team.\n#\n# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n# You may obtain a copy of the License at\n#\n# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n#\n# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n# distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n# limitations under the License.\n\"\"\"Tokenization classes.\"\"\"\n\nfrom __future__ import absolute_import\nfrom __future__ import division\nfrom __future__ import print_function\n\nimport collections\nimport unicodedata\nimport six\n\ndef convert_to_unicode(text):\n \"\"\"Converts `text` to Unicode (if it's not already), assuming utf-8 input.\"\"\"\n if six.PY3:\n if isinstance(text, str):\n return text\n elif isinstance(text, bytes):\n return text.decode(\"utf-8\", \"ignore\")\n else:\n raise ValueError(\"Unsupported string type: %s\" % (type(text)))\n elif six.PY2:\n if isinstance(text, str):\n return text.decode(\"utf-8\", \"ignore\")\n elif isinstance(text, unicode):\n return text\n else:\n raise ValueError(\"Unsupported string type: %s\" % (type(text)))\n else:\n raise ValueError(\"Not running on Python2 or Python 3?\")\n\n\ndef printable_text(text):\n \"\"\"Returns text encoded in a way suitable for print or `tf.logging`.\"\"\"\n\n # These functions want `str` for both Python2 and Python3, but in one case\n # it's a Unicode string and in the other it's a byte string.\n if six.PY3:\n if isinstance(text, str):\n return text\n elif isinstance(text, bytes):\n return text.decode(\"utf-8\", \"ignore\")\n else:\n raise ValueError(\"Unsupported string type: %s\" % (type(text)))\n elif six.PY2:\n if isinstance(text, str):\n return text\n elif isinstance(text, unicode):\n return text.encode(\"utf-8\")\n else:\n raise ValueError(\"Unsupported string type: %s\" % (type(text)))\n else:\n raise ValueError(\"Not running on Python2 or Python 3?\")\n\n\ndef load_vocab(vocab_file):\n \"\"\"Loads a vocabulary file into a dictionary.\"\"\"\n vocab = collections.OrderedDict()\n\n index_vocab = collections.OrderedDict()\n index = 0\n with open(vocab_file, \"rb\") as reader:\n while True:\n tmp = reader.readline()\n token = convert_to_unicode(tmp)\n\n\n if not token:\n break\n \n #file_out.write(\"%d\\t%s\\n\" %(index,token))\n token = token.strip()\n vocab[token] = index\n index_vocab[index]=token\n index += 1\n\n\n return vocab,index_vocab\n\n\ndef convert_tokens_to_ids(vocab, tokens):\n \"\"\"Converts a sequence of tokens into ids using the vocab.\"\"\"\n ids = []\n for token in tokens:\n ids.append(vocab[token])\n return ids\n\n\ndef whitespace_tokenize(text):\n \"\"\"Runs basic whitespace cleaning and splitting on a peice of text.\"\"\"\n text = text.strip()\n if not text:\n return []\n tokens = text.split()\n return tokens\n\n\nclass FullTokenizer(object):\n \"\"\"Runs end-to-end tokenziation.\"\"\"\n\n def __init__(self, vocab_file, do_lower_case=True):\n self.vocab,self.index_vocab = load_vocab(vocab_file)\n self.basic_tokenizer = BasicTokenizer(do_lower_case=do_lower_case)\n self.wordpiece_tokenizer = WordpieceTokenizer(vocab=self.vocab)\n\n def tokenize(self, text):\n split_tokens = []\n for token in self.basic_tokenizer.tokenize(text):\n for sub_token in self.wordpiece_tokenizer.tokenize(token):\n split_tokens.append(sub_token)\n\n return split_tokens\n\n def convert_tokens_to_ids(self, tokens):\n return convert_tokens_to_ids(self.vocab, tokens)\n\n\nclass BasicTokenizer(object):\n \"\"\"Runs basic tokenization (punctuation splitting, lower casing, etc.).\"\"\"\n\n def __init__(self, do_lower_case=True):\n \"\"\"Constructs a BasicTokenizer.\n\n Args:\n do_lower_case: Whether to lower case the input.\n \"\"\"\n self.do_lower_case = do_lower_case\n\n def tokenize(self, text):\n \"\"\"Tokenizes a piece of text.\"\"\"\n text = convert_to_unicode(text)\n text = self._clean_text(text)\n # This was added on November 1st, 2018 for the multilingual and Chinese\n # models. This is also applied to the English models now, but it doesn't\n # matter since the English models were not trained on any Chinese data\n # and generally don't have any Chinese data in them (there are Chinese\n # characters in the vocabulary because Wikipedia does have some Chinese\n # words in the English Wikipedia.).\n text = self._tokenize_chinese_chars(text)\n orig_tokens = whitespace_tokenize(text)\n split_tokens = []\n for token in orig_tokens:\n if self.do_lower_case:\n token = token.lower()\n token = self._run_strip_accents(token)\n split_tokens.extend(self._run_split_on_punc(token))\n\n output_tokens = whitespace_tokenize(\" \".join(split_tokens))\n return output_tokens\n\n def _run_strip_accents(self, text):\n \"\"\"Strips accents from a piece of text.\"\"\"\n text = unicodedata.normalize(\"NFD\", text)\n output = []\n for char in text:\n cat = unicodedata.category(char)\n if cat == \"Mn\":\n continue\n output.append(char)\n return \"\".join(output)\n\n def _run_split_on_punc(self, text):\n \"\"\"Splits punctuation on a piece of text.\"\"\"\n chars = list(text)\n i = 0\n start_new_word = True\n output = []\n while i < len(chars):\n char = chars[i]\n if _is_punctuation(char):\n output.append([char])\n start_new_word = True\n else:\n if start_new_word:\n output.append([])\n start_new_word = False\n output[-1].append(char)\n i += 1\n\n return [\"\".join(x) for x in output]\n \n def _tokenize_chinese_chars(self, text):\n \"\"\"Adds whitespace around any CJK character.\"\"\"\n output = []\n for char in text:\n cp = ord(char)\n if self._is_chinese_char(cp):\n output.append(\" \")\n output.append(char)\n output.append(\" \")\n else:\n output.append(char)\n return \"\".join(output)\n\n def _is_chinese_char(self, cp):\n \"\"\"Checks whether CP is the codepoint of a CJK character.\"\"\"\n # This defines a \"chinese character\" as anything in the CJK Unicode block:\n # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_(Unicode_block)\n #\n # Note that the CJK Unicode block is NOT all Japanese and Korean characters,\n # despite its name. The modern Korean Hangul alphabet is a different block,\n # as is Japanese Hiragana and Katakana. Those alphabets are used to write\n # space-separated words, so they are not treated specially and handled\n # like the all of the other languages.\n if ((cp >= 0x4E00 and cp <= 0x9FFF) or #\n (cp >= 0x3400 and cp <= 0x4DBF) or #\n (cp >= 0x20000 and cp <= 0x2A6DF) or #\n (cp >= 0x2A700 and cp <= 0x2B73F) or #\n (cp >= 0x2B740 and cp <= 0x2B81F) or #\n (cp >= 0x2B820 and cp <= 0x2CEAF) or\n (cp >= 0xF900 and cp <= 0xFAFF) or #\n (cp >= 0x2F800 and cp <= 0x2FA1F)): #\n return True\n \n return False\n \n def _clean_text(self, text):\n \"\"\"Performs invalid character removal and whitespace cleanup on text.\"\"\"\n output = []\n for char in text:\n cp = ord(char)\n if cp == 0 or cp == 0xfffd or _is_control(char):\n continue\n if _is_whitespace(char):\n output.append(\" \")\n else:\n output.append(char)\n return \"\".join(output)\n\n\nclass WordpieceTokenizer(object):\n \"\"\"Runs WordPiece tokenization.\"\"\"\n\n def __init__(self, vocab, unk_token=\"[UNK]\", max_input_chars_per_word=100):\n self.vocab = vocab\n self.unk_token = unk_token\n self.max_input_chars_per_word = max_input_chars_per_word\n\n def tokenize(self, text):\n \"\"\"Tokenizes a piece of text into its word pieces.\n\n This uses a greedy longest-match-first algorithm to perform tokenization\n using the given vocabulary.\n\n For example:\n input = \"unaffable\"\n output = [\"un\", \"##aff\", \"##able\"]\n\n Args:\n text: A single token or whitespace separated tokens. This should have\n already been passed through `BasicTokenizer.\n\n Returns:\n A list of wordpiece tokens.\n \"\"\"\n\n text = convert_to_unicode(text)\n\n output_tokens = []\n for token in whitespace_tokenize(text):\n chars = list(token)\n if len(chars) > self.max_input_chars_per_word:\n output_tokens.append(self.unk_token)\n continue\n\n is_bad = False\n start = 0\n sub_tokens = []\n while start < len(chars):\n end = len(chars)\n cur_substr = None\n while start < end:\n substr = \"\".join(chars[start:end])\n if start > 0:\n substr = \"##\" + substr\n if substr in self.vocab:\n cur_substr = substr\n break\n end -= 1\n if cur_substr is None:\n is_bad = True\n break\n sub_tokens.append(cur_substr)\n start = end\n\n if is_bad:\n output_tokens.append(self.unk_token)\n else:\n output_tokens.extend(sub_tokens)\n return output_tokens\n\n\ndef _is_whitespace(char):\n \"\"\"Checks whether `chars` is a whitespace character.\"\"\"\n # \\t, \\n, and \\r are technically contorl characters but we treat them\n # as whitespace since they are generally considered as such.\n if char == \" \" or char == \"\\t\" or char == \"\\n\" or char == \"\\r\":\n return True\n cat = unicodedata.category(char)\n if cat == \"Zs\":\n return True\n return False\n\n\ndef _is_control(char):\n \"\"\"Checks whether `chars` is a control character.\"\"\"\n # These are technically control characters but we count them as whitespace\n # characters.\n if char == \"\\t\" or char == \"\\n\" or char == \"\\r\":\n return False\n cat = unicodedata.category(char)\n if cat.startswith(\"C\"):\n return True\n return False\n\n\ndef _is_punctuation(char):\n \"\"\"Checks whether `chars` is a punctuation character.\"\"\"\n cp = ord(char)\n # We treat all non-letter/number ASCII as punctuation.\n # Characters such as \"^\", \"$\", and \"`\" are not in the Unicode\n # Punctuation class but we treat them as punctuation anyways, for\n # consistency.\n if ((cp >= 33 and cp <= 47) or (cp >= 58 and cp <= 64) or\n (cp >= 91 and cp <= 96) or (cp >= 123 and cp <= 126)):\n return True\n cat = unicodedata.category(char)\n if cat.startswith(\"P\"):\n return True\n return False\n"
},
{
"path": "NLP/16.9 XLNet/README.md",
"content": "## 目录\n- [1. 什么是XLNet](#1-什么是xlnet)\n- [2. 自回归语言模型（Autoregressive LM）](#2-自回归语言模型autoregressive-lm)\n- [3. 自编码语言模型（Autoencoder LM）](#3-自编码语言模型autoencoder-lm)\n- [4. XLNet模型](#4-xlnet模型)\n - [4.1 排列语言建模（Permutation Language Modeling）](#41-排列语言建模permutation-language-modeling)\n - [4.2 Transformer XL](#42-transformer-xl)\n- [5. XLNet与BERT比较](#5-xlnet与bert比较)\n- [6. 代码实现](#6-代码实现)\n- [7. 参考文献](#7-参考文献)\n\n## 1. 什么是XLNet\n\nXLNet 是一个类似 BERT 的模型，而不是完全不同的模型。总之，**XLNet是一种通用的自回归预训练方法**。它是CMU和Google Brain团队在2019年6月份发布的模型，最终，XLNet 在 20 个任务上超过了 BERT 的表现，并在 18 个任务上取得了当前最佳效果（state-of-the-art），包括机器问答、自然语言推断、情感分析和文档排序。\n\n作者表示，BERT 这样基于去噪自编码器的预训练模型可以很好地建模双向语境信息，性能优于基于自回归语言模型的预训练方法。然而，由于需要 mask 一部分输入，BERT 忽略了被 mask 位置之间的依赖关系，因此出现预训练和微调效果的差异（pretrain-finetune discrepancy）。\n\n基于这些优缺点，该研究提出了一种泛化的自回归预训练模型 XLNet。XLNet 可以：\n\n1. 通过最大化所有可能的因式分解顺序的对数似然，学习双向语境信息；\n2. 用自回归本身的特点克服 BERT 的缺点；\n3. 此外，XLNet 还融合了当前最优自回归模型 Transformer-XL 的思路。\n\n\n\n## 2. 自回归语言模型（Autoregressive LM）\n\n在ELMO／BERT出来之前，大家通常讲的语言模型其实是根据上文内容预测下一个可能跟随的单词，就是常说的自左向右的语言模型任务，或者反过来也行，就是根据下文预测前面的单词，这种类型的LM被称为自回归语言模型。GPT 就是典型的自回归语言模型。ELMO尽管看上去利用了上文，也利用了下文，但是本质上仍然是自回归LM，这个跟模型具体怎么实现有关系。ELMO是做了两个方向（从左到右以及从右到左两个方向的语言模型），但是是分别有两个方向的自回归LM，然后把LSTM的两个方向的隐节点状态拼接到一起，来体现双向语言模型这个事情的。所以其实是两个自回归语言模型的拼接，本质上仍然是自回归语言模型。\n\n自回归语言模型有优点有缺点：\n\n**缺点**是只能利用上文或者下文的信息，不能同时利用上文和下文的信息，当然，貌似ELMO这种双向都做，然后拼接看上去能够解决这个问题，因为融合模式过于简单，所以效果其实并不是太好。\n\n**优点**其实跟下游NLP任务有关，比如生成类NLP任务，比如文本摘要，机器翻译等，在实际生成内容的时候，就是从左向右的，自回归语言模型天然匹配这个过程。而Bert这种DAE模式，在生成类NLP任务中，就面临训练过程和应用过程不一致的问题，导致生成类的NLP任务到目前为止都做不太好。\n\n\n\n## 3. 自编码语言模型（Autoencoder LM）\n\n自回归语言模型只能根据上文预测下一个单词，或者反过来，只能根据下文预测前面一个单词。相比而言，Bert通过在输入X中随机Mask掉一部分单词，然后预训练过程的主要任务之一是根据上下文单词来预测这些被Mask掉的单词，如果你对Denoising Autoencoder比较熟悉的话，会看出，这确实是典型的DAE的思路。那些被Mask掉的单词就是在输入侧加入的所谓噪音。类似Bert这种预训练模式，被称为DAE LM。\n\n这种DAE LM的优缺点正好和自回归LM反过来，它能比较自然地融入双向语言模型，同时看到被预测单词的上文和下文，这是好处。缺点是啥呢？主要在输入侧引入[Mask]标记，导致预训练阶段和Fine-tuning阶段不一致的问题，因为Fine-tuning阶段是看不到[Mask]标记的。DAE吗，就要引入噪音，[Mask] 标记就是引入噪音的手段，这个正常。\n\nXLNet的出发点就是：能否融合自回归LM和DAE LM两者的优点。就是说如果站在自回归LM的角度，如何引入和双向语言模型等价的效果；如果站在DAE LM的角度看，它本身是融入双向语言模型的，如何抛掉表面的那个[Mask]标记，让预训练和Fine-tuning保持一致。当然，XLNet还讲到了一个Bert被Mask单词之间相互独立的问题。\n\n\n\n## 4. XLNet模型\n\n### 4.1 排列语言建模（Permutation Language Modeling）\n\nBert的自编码语言模型也有对应的缺点，就是XLNet在文中指出的：\n\n1. 第一个预训练阶段因为采取引入[Mask]标记来Mask掉部分单词的训练模式，而Fine-tuning阶段是看不到这种被强行加入的Mask标记的，所以两个阶段存在使用模式不一致的情形，这可能会带来一定的性能损失；\n2. 另外一个是，Bert在第一个预训练阶段，假设句子中多个单词被Mask掉，这些被Mask掉的单词之间没有任何关系，是条件独立的，而有时候这些单词之间是有关系的。\n\n上面两点是XLNet在第一个预训练阶段，相对Bert来说要解决的两个问题。\n\n其实思路也比较简洁，可以这么思考：XLNet仍然遵循两阶段的过程，第一个阶段是语言模型预训练阶段；第二阶段是任务数据Fine-tuning阶段。它主要希望改动第一个阶段，就是说不像Bert那种带Mask符号的Denoising-autoencoder的模式，而是采用自回归LM的模式。就是说，看上去输入句子X仍然是自左向右的输入，看到Ti单词的上文Context_before，来预测Ti这个单词。但是又希望在Context_before里，不仅仅看到上文单词，也能看到Ti单词后面的下文Context_after里的下文单词，这样的话，Bert里面预训练阶段引入的Mask符号就不需要了，于是在预训练阶段，看上去是个标准的从左向右过程，Fine-tuning当然也是这个过程，于是两个环节就统一起来。当然，这是目标。剩下是怎么做到这一点的问题。\n\n\n\n首先，需要强调一点，尽管上面讲的是把句子X的单词排列组合后，再随机抽取例子作为输入，但是，实际上你是不能这么做的，因为Fine-tuning阶段你不可能也去排列组合原始输入。所以，就必须让预训练阶段的输入部分，看上去仍然是x1,x2,x3,x4这个输入顺序，但是可以在Transformer部分做些工作，来达成我们希望的目标。\n\n具体而言，XLNet采取了Attention掩码的机制，你可以理解为，当前的输入句子是X，要预测的单词Ti是第i个单词，前面1到i-1个单词，在输入部分观察，并没发生变化，该是谁还是谁。但是在Transformer内部，通过Attention掩码，从X的输入单词里面，也就是Ti的上文和下文单词中，随机选择i-1个，放到Ti的上文位置中，把其它单词的输入通过Attention掩码隐藏掉，于是就能够达成我们期望的目标（当然这个所谓放到Ti的上文位置，只是一种形象的说法，其实在内部，就是通过Attention Mask，把其它没有被选到的单词Mask掉，不让它们在预测单词Ti的时候发生作用，如此而已。看着就类似于把这些被选中的单词放到了上文Context_before的位置了）。\n\n具体实现的时候，XLNet是用“双流自注意力模型”实现的，细节可以参考论文，但是基本思想就如上所述，双流自注意力机制只是实现这个思想的具体方式，理论上，你可以想出其它具体实现方式来实现这个基本思想，也能达成让Ti看到下文单词的目标。\n\n这里简单说下“**双流自注意力机制**”，一个是内容流自注意力，其实就是标准的Transformer的计算过程；主要是引入了Query流自注意力，这个是干嘛的呢？其实就是用来代替Bert的那个[Mask]标记的，因为XLNet希望抛掉[Mask]标记符号，但是比如知道上文单词x1,x2，要预测单词x3，此时在x3对应位置的Transformer最高层去预测这个单词，但是输入侧不能看到要预测的单词x3，Bert其实是直接引入[Mask]标记来覆盖掉单词x3的内容的，等于说[Mask]是个通用的占位符号。而XLNet因为要抛掉[Mask]标记，但是又不能看到x3的输入，于是Query流，就直接忽略掉x3输入了，只保留这个位置信息，用参数w来代表位置的embedding编码。其实XLNet只是扔了表面的[Mask]占位符号，内部还是引入Query流来忽略掉被Mask的这个单词。和Bert比，只是实现方式不同而已。\n\n\n\n上面讲的Permutation Language Model是XLNet的主要理论创新，所以介绍的比较多，从模型角度讲，这个创新还是挺有意思的，因为它开启了自回归语言模型如何引入下文的一个思路，相信对于后续工作会有启发。当然，XLNet不仅仅做了这些，它还引入了其它的因素，也算是一个当前有效技术的集成体。感觉**XLNet就是Bert、GPT 2.0和Transformer XL的综合体变身**：\n\n1. 首先，它通过PLM(Permutation Language Model)预训练目标，吸收了Bert的双向语言模型；\n2. 然后，GPT2.0的核心其实是更多更高质量的预训练数据，这个明显也被XLNet吸收进来了；\n3. 再然后，Transformer XL的主要思想也被吸收进来，它的主要目标是解决Transformer对于长文档NLP应用不够友好的问题。\n\n\n\n### 4.2 Transformer XL\n\n目前在NLP领域中，处理语言建模问题有两种最先进的架构：RNN和Transformer。RNN按照序列顺序逐个学习输入的单词或字符之间的关系，而Transformer则接收一整段序列，然后使用self-attention机制来学习它们之间的依赖关系。这两种架构目前来看都取得了令人瞩目的成就，但它们都局限在捕捉长期依赖性上。\n\n为了解决这一问题，CMU联合Google Brain在2019年1月推出的一篇新论文《Transformer-XL：Attentive Language Models beyond a Fixed-Length Context》同时结合了RNN序列建模和Transformer自注意力机制的优点，在输入数据的每个段上使用Transformer的注意力模块，并使用循环机制来学习连续段之间的依赖关系。\n\n\n\n#### 4.2.1 vanilla Transformer\n\n为何要提这个模型？因为Transformer-XL是基于这个模型进行的改进。\n\nAl-Rfou等人基于Transformer提出了一种训练语言模型的方法，来根据之前的字符预测片段中的下一个字符。例如，它使用 ![[公式]](https://www.zhihu.com/equation?tex=x_1,x_2,...,x_{n-1})预测字符 ![[公式]](https://www.zhihu.com/equation?tex=x_n)，而在 ![[公式]](https://www.zhihu.com/equation?tex=x_n) 之后的序列则被mask掉。论文中使用64层模型，并仅限于处理 512个字符这种相对较短的输入，因此它将输入分成段，并分别从每个段中进行学习，如下图所示。 在测试阶段如需处理较长的输入，该模型会在每一步中将输入向右移动一个字符，以此实现对单个字符的预测。\n\n\n\n该模型在常用的数据集如enwik8和text8上的表现比RNN模型要好，但它仍有以下缺点：\n\n- **上下文长度受限**：字符之间的最大依赖距离受输入长度的限制，模型看不到出现在几个句子之前的单词。\n- **上下文碎片**：对于长度超过512个字符的文本，都是从头开始单独训练的。段与段之间没有上下文依赖性，会让训练效率低下，也会影响模型的性能。\n- **推理速度慢**：在测试阶段，每次预测下一个单词，都需要重新构建一遍上下文，并从头开始计算，这样的计算速度非常慢。\n\n\n\n#### 4.2.2 Transformer XL\n\nTransformer-XL架构在vanilla Transformer的基础上引入了两点创新：循环机制（Recurrence Mechanism）和相对位置编码（Relative Positional Encoding），以克服vanilla Transformer的缺点。与vanilla Transformer相比，Transformer-XL的另一个优势是它可以被用于单词级和字符级的语言建模。\n\n1. **引入循环机制**\n\n 与vanilla Transformer的基本思路一样，Transformer-XL仍然是使用分段的方式进行建模，但其与vanilla Transformer的本质不同是在于引入了段与段之间的循环机制，使得当前段在建模的时候能够利用之前段的信息来实现长期依赖性。如下图所示：\n\n \n\n 在训练阶段，处理后面的段时，每个隐藏层都会接收两个输入：\n\n - 该段的前面隐藏层的输出，与vanilla Transformer相同（上图的灰色线）。\n - 前面段的隐藏层的输出（上图的绿色线），可以使模型创建长期依赖关系。\n\n 这两个输入会被拼接，然后用于计算当前段的Key和Value矩阵。\n\n 该方法可以利用前面更多段的信息，测试阶段也可以获得更长的依赖。在测试阶段，与vanilla Transformer相比，其速度也会更快。在vanilla Transformer中，一次只能前进一个step，并且需要重新构建段，并全部从头开始计算；而在Transformer-XL中，每次可以前进一整个段，并利用之前段的数据来预测当前段的输出。\n\n \n\n2. **相对位置编码**\n\n 在Transformer中，一个重要的地方在于其考虑了序列的位置信息。在分段的情况下，如果仅仅对于每个段仍直接使用Transformer中的位置编码，即每个不同段在同一个位置上的表示使用相同的位置编码，就会出现问题。比如，第i−2i-2i−2段和第i−1i-1i−1段的第一个位置将具有相同的位置编码，但它们对于第iii段的建模重要性显然并不相同（例如第i−2i-2i−2段中的第一个位置重要性可能要低一些）。因此，需要对这种位置进行区分。\n\n 论文对于这个问题，提出了一种新的位置编码的方式，即会根据词之间的相对距离而非像Transformer中的绝对位置进行编码。从另一个角度来解读公式的话，可以将attention的计算分为如下四个部分：\n\n - 基于内容的“寻址”，即没有添加原始位置编码的原始分数。\n - 基于内容的位置偏置，即相对于当前内容的位置偏差。\n - 全局的内容偏置，用于衡量key的重要性。\n - 全局的位置偏置，根据query和key之间的距离调整重要性。\n\n 详细公式见：[Transformer-XL解读（论文 + PyTorch源码）](https://blog.csdn.net/magical_bubble/article/details/89060213)\n\n\n\n## 5. XLNet与BERT比较\n\n尽管看上去，XLNet在预训练机制引入的Permutation Language Model这种新的预训练目标，和Bert采用Mask标记这种方式，有很大不同。其实你深入思考一下，会发现，两者本质是类似的。\n\n**区别主要在于**：\n\n- Bert是直接在输入端显示地通过引入Mask标记，在输入侧隐藏掉一部分单词，让这些单词在预测的时候不发挥作用，要求利用上下文中其它单词去预测某个被Mask掉的单词；\n- 而XLNet则抛弃掉输入侧的Mask标记，通过Attention Mask机制，在Transformer内部随机Mask掉一部分单词（这个被Mask掉的单词比例跟当前单词在句子中的位置有关系，位置越靠前，被Mask掉的比例越高，位置越靠后，被Mask掉的比例越低），让这些被Mask掉的单词在预测某个单词的时候不发生作用。\n\n所以，本质上两者并没什么太大的不同，只是Mask的位置，Bert更表面化一些，XLNet则把这个过程隐藏在了Transformer内部而已。这样，就可以抛掉表面的[Mask]标记，解决它所说的预训练里带有[Mask]标记导致的和Fine-tuning过程不一致的问题。至于说XLNet说的，Bert里面被Mask掉单词的相互独立问题，也就是说，在预测某个被Mask单词的时候，其它被Mask单词不起作用，这个问题，你深入思考一下，其实是不重要的，因为XLNet在内部Attention Mask的时候，也会Mask掉一定比例的上下文单词，只要有一部分被Mask掉的单词，其实就面临这个问题。而如果训练数据足够大，其实不靠当前这个例子，靠其它例子，也能弥补被Mask单词直接的相互关系问题，因为总有其它例子能够学会这些单词的相互依赖关系。\n\n当然，XLNet这种改造，维持了表面看上去的自回归语言模型的从左向右的模式，这个Bert做不到，这个有明显的好处，就是对于生成类的任务，能够在维持表面从左向右的生成过程前提下，模型里隐含了上下文的信息。所以看上去，XLNet貌似应该对于生成类型的NLP任务，会比Bert有明显优势。另外，因为XLNet还引入了Transformer XL的机制，所以对于长文档输入类型的NLP任务，也会比Bert有明显优势。\n\n\n\n## 6. 代码实现\n\n[中文XLNet预训练模型](https://github.com/ymcui/Chinese-PreTrained-XLNet)\n\n\n\n## 7. 参考文献\n\n- [XLNet原理解读](https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_37947156/article/details/93035607)\n- [XLNet:运行机制及和Bert的异同比较](https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/70257427)\n- [Transformer-XL解读（论文 + PyTorch源码）](https://blog.csdn.net/magical_bubble/article/details/89060213)\n\n\n\n------\n\n> 作者:[@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> GitHub:[https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> 欢迎大家加入讨论！共同完善此项目！群号:【541954936】\n"
},
{
"path": "NLP/README.md",
"content": "------\n\n\n\n## 目录\n\n| 模块 | 章节 | 负责人(GitHub) | 联系QQ |\n| ---- | ------------------------------------------------------------ | --------------------------------------- | --------- |\n| NLP | [16. 自然语言处理(NLP)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/NLP/16.%20NLP) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| NLP | [16.1 词嵌入(Word2Vec)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/NLP/16.1%20Word%20Embedding) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| NLP | [16.2 子词嵌入(fastText)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/NLP/16.2%20fastText) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| NLP | [16.3 全局向量词嵌入(GloVe)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/NLP/16.3%20GloVe) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| NLP | [16.4 textRNN & textCNN](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/NLP/16.4%20textRNN%20%26%20textCNN) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| NLP | [16.5 序列到序列模型(seq2seq)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/NLP/16.5%20seq2seq) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| NLP | [16.6 注意力机制(Attention Mechanism)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/NLP/16.6%20Attention) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| NLP | [16.7 Transformer模型](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/NLP/16.7%20Transformer) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| NLP | [16.8 BERT模型](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/NLP/16.8%20BERT) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| NLP | [16.9 XLNet模型](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/NLP/16.9%20XLNet) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n\n\n> 欢迎大家加入！共同完善此项目！NLP学习QQ2群【207576902】\n\n\n"
},
{
"path": "Project/17. Recommendation System/README.md",
"content": "## 目录\n- [1. 什么是推荐系统](#1-什么是推荐系统)\n- [2. 总体架构](#2-总体架构)\n - [2.1 离线推荐](#21-离线推荐)\n - [2.2 在线训练](#22-在线训练)\n- [3. 特征数据](#3-特征数据)\n- [4. 协同过滤算法](#4-协同过滤算法)\n - [4.1 基于物品的协同过滤(ItemCF)](#41-基于物品的协同过滤itemcf)\n - [4.2 基于用户的协同过滤(UserCF)](#42-基于用户的协同过滤usercf)\n - [4.3 矩阵分解](#43-矩阵分解)\n- [5. 隐语义模型](#5-隐语义模型)\n - [5.1 基本思想](#51-基本思想)\n - [5.2 模型理解](#52-模型理解)\n- [6. 排序算法](#6-排序算法)\n- [7. 评估测试](#7-评估测试)\n - [7.1 A/B测试](#71-ab测试)\n - [7.2 其它评估方法](#72-其它评估方法)\n- [8. 推荐系统冷启动问题](#8-推荐系统冷启动问题)\n - [8.1 用户冷启动](#81-用户冷启动)\n - [8.2 物品冷启动](#82-物品冷启动)\n - [8.3 系统冷启动](#83-系统冷启动)\n- [9. 参考文献](#9-参考文献)\n\n## 1. 什么是推荐系统\n\n推荐系统是利用电子商务网站向客户提供商品信息和建议，帮助用户决定应该购买什么产品，模拟销售人员帮助客户完成购买过程。个性化推荐是根据用户的兴趣特点和购买行为，向用户推荐用户感兴趣的信息和商品。\n\n随着电子商务规模的不断扩大，商品个数和种类快速增长，顾客需要花费大量的时间才能找到自己想买的商品。这种浏览大量无关的信息和产品过程无疑会使淹没在信息过载问题中的消费者不断流失。\n\n为了解决这些问题，个性化推荐系统应运而生。**个性化推荐系统是建立在海量数据挖掘基础上的一种高级商务智能平台，以帮助电子商务网站为其顾客购物提供完全个性化的决策支持和信息服务。**\n\n常见的推荐栏位例如：淘宝的猜你喜欢、看了又看、推荐商品，美团的首页推荐、附近推荐等。\n\n推荐系统是比较偏向于工程类的系统，要做得更加的精确，需要的不仅仅是推荐算法，还有用户意图识别、文本分析、行为分析等，是一个综合性很强的系统。\n\n\n\n## 2. 总体架构\n\n本节介绍的几种推荐系统架构，并不是互相独立的关系，实际的推荐系统可能会用到其中一种或者几种的架构。在实际设计的过程中，读者可以把本文介绍的架构作为一个设计的起点，更多地结合自身业务特点进行独立思\n考，从而设计出适合自身业务的系统。\n\n根据响应用户行为的速度不同，推荐系统可以大致分为基于**离线训练和在线训练**的推荐系统。\n\n\n\n### 2.1 离线推荐\n\n于离线训练的推荐系统架构是最常见的一种推荐系统架构。这里的“离线”训练指的是使用历史一段时间（ 比如周或者几周 ）的数据进行训练，模型迭代的周期较长（一般 以小时为单位 ）。模型拟合的是用户的中长期兴趣。\n\n如下图所示， 一个典型的基于离线训练的推荐系统架构由**数据上报、离线训练、在线存储、实时计算和 A/B 测试**这几个模块组成。其中，数据上报和离线训练组成了监督学习中的学习系统，而实时计算和 A/B 测试组成了预测系统。另外，除了模型之外，还有一个在线存储模块，用于存储模型和模型需要的特征信息供实时计算模块调用。图中的各个模块组成了训练和预测两条数据流，训练的数据流搜集业务的数据最后生成模型存储于在线存储模块；预测的数据流接受业务的预测请求，通过 A/B 测试模块访问实时计算模块获取预测结果。\n\n\n\n1. **数据上报**：据上报模块的作用是搜集业务数据组成训练样本。一般分为收集、验证、清洗和转换几个步骤。将收集的数据转化为训练所需要的样本格式，保存到离线存储模块。\n\n \n\n2. **离线训练**：线训练模块又细分为离线存储和离线计算。实际业务中使用的推荐系统一般都需要处理海量的用户行为数据，所以离线存储模块需要有一个分布式的文件系统或者存储平台来存储这些数据。离线计算常见的操作有：样本抽样、特征工程、模型训练、相似度计算等。\n\n3. **在线存储**：因为线上的服务对于时延都有严格的要求。比如，某个用户打开手机 APP ，他肯定希望APP 能够快速响应，如果耗时过长，就会影响用户的体验。一般来说，这就要求推荐系统在几十毫秒以内处理完用户请求返回推荐结果，所以，针对线上的服务，需要有一个专门的在线存储模块，负责存储用于线上的模型和特征数据 。\n\n4. **实时推荐**：实时推荐模块的功能是对来自业务的新请求进行预测。1.获取用户特征；2.调用推荐模型；3.结果排序。\n\n 在实际应用中，因为业务的物品列表太大，如果实时计算对每 个物品使用复杂的模型进行打分，就有可能耗时过长而影响用户满意度。所以，一种常见的做法是将推荐列表生成分为召回和排序两步。召回的作用是从大量的候选物品中（例如上百万）筛选出一批用户较可能喜欢的候选集 （一般是几百）。排序的作用是对召回得到的相对较小的候选集使用排序模型进行打分。更进一步，在排序得到推荐列表后，为了多样性和运\n 营的一些考虑，还会加上第三步重排过滤，用于对精排后的推荐列表进行处理。\n\n \n\n5. **A/B测试**：对于互联网产品来说， A/B 测试基本上是一个必备的模块，对于推荐系统来说也不例外，它可以帮助开发人员评估新算法对客户行为的影响。除了 离线的指标外，一个新的推荐算法上线之前 般都会经过 A/B 测试来测试新算法的有效性。\n\n下图是与之对应的实际系统中各个组件的流转过程。**需要注意的是生成推荐列表就已经做完了召回和排序的操作，业务层直接调用API就可以得到这个推荐列表。**\n\n\n\n\n\n### 2.2 在线训练\n\n对于业务来说，我们希望用户对于上 个广告的反馈 （喜欢或者不 欢，有没有点击 ，可以很快地用于下\n一个广告的推荐中。这就要求我们用另 种方法来解决这个问题，这个方法就是在线训练。\n\n基于在线训练的推荐系统架构适合于广告和电商等高维度大数据量且对实时性要求很高的场景 相比较基于离线训练的推荐系统，基于在线训练的推荐系统不区分训练和测试阶段，每个回合都在学习，通过实时的反馈来调整策略。 方面，在线训练要求其样本、特征和模型的处理都是实时的，以便推荐的内容更快地反映用户实时的喜好；另一方面，因为在线训练井不需要将所有的训练数据都存储下来，所以不需要巨大的离线存储开销，使得系统具有很好的伸缩性，可以支持超大的数据量和模型。\n\n\n\n1. **样本处理**：和基于离线训练的推荐系统相比，在线训练在数据上报阶段的主要不同体现在样本处理上。，对于离线训练来说，上报后的数据先是被存储到一个分布式文件系统，然后等待离线计算任务来对样本进行处理；对于在线训练来说，对样本的去重、过滤和采样等计算都需要实时进行。\n2. **实时特性**：实时特征模块通过实时处理样本数据拼接训练需要的特征构造训练样本，输入流式训练模块用于更新模型。该模块的主要的功能是特征拼接和特征工程。\n3. **流式训练**：、流式训练模块的主要作用是使用实时训练样本来更新模型。推荐算法中增量更新部分的计算，通过流式计算的方式来进行更新。在线训练的优势之一，是可以支持模型的稀疏存储。训练方面，在线模型不一定都是从零开始训练，而是可以将离线训练得到的模型参数作为基础，在这个基础上进行增量训练。\n4. **模型存储和加载**：模型一般存储在参数服务器中。模型更新后，将模型文件推送到线上存储，并由线上服务模块动态加载。\n\n\n\n## 3. 特征数据\n\n要训练推荐模型，就需要先收集用户的行为数据生成特征向量以后才能进行训练，而一个特征向量由特征以及特征的权重组成，在利用用户行为计算特征向量时需要考虑以下因素。\n\n1. **用户行为的种类**：在一个网站中，用户可以对物品产生很多不同种类的行为。用户可以浏览物品、单击物品的链接、收藏物品、给物品打分、购买物品、评论物品、给物品打上不同的标签、和好友分享物品、搜索不同的关键词等。这些行为都会对物品特征的权重产生影响，但不同行为的影响不同，大多时候很难确定什么行为更加重要，一般的标准就是用户付出代价越大的行为权重越高。\n2. **用户行为产生的时间**：一般来说，用户近期的行为比较重要，而用户很久之前的行为相对比较次要。因此，如果用户最近购买过某一个物品，那么这个物品对应的特征将会具有比较高的权重。\n3. **用户行为的次数**：有时用户对一个物品会产生很多次行为。比如用户会听一首歌很多次，看一部电视剧的很多集等。因此用户对同一个物品的同一种行为发生的次数也反映了用户对物品的兴趣，行为次数多的物品对应的特征权重越高。\n4. **物品的热门程度**：如果用户对一个很热门的物品产生了行为，往往不能代表用户的个性，因为用户可能是在跟风，可能对该物品并没有太大兴趣，特别是在用户对一个热门物品产生了偶尔几次不重要的行为（比如浏览行为）时，就更说明用户对这个物品可能没有什么兴趣，可能只是因为这个物品的链接到处都是，很容易点到而已。反之，如果用户对一个不热门的物品产生了行为，就说明了用户的个性需求。因此，推荐引擎在生成用户特征时会加重不热门物品对应的特征的权重。\n5. **数据去燥**：对样本做去噪。对于数据中混杂的刷单等类作弊行为的数据，要将其排除出训练数据,否则它会直接影响模型的效果；样本中的缺失值也要做处理。\n6. **正负样本均衡**：一般我们收集用户的行为数据都是属于正样本，造成了严重的不平衡。所以对于一个用户，从他没有过行为的物品中采样出一些物品作为负样本，但采样时，保证每个用户的正负样本数目相当。\n7. **特征组合**：我们需要考虑特征与特征之间的关系。例如在美团酒店搜索排序中，酒店的销量、价格、用户的消费水平等是强相关的因素，用户的年龄、位置可能是弱相关的因素，用户的ID是完全无关的因素。在确定了哪些因素可能与预测目标相关后，我们需要将此信息表示为数值类型,即为特征抽取的过程。除此之外，用户在App上的浏览、交易等行为记录中包含了大量的信息，特征抽取则主要是从这些信息抽取出相关因素，用数值变量进行表示。常用的统计特征有计数特征,如浏览次数、下单次数等;比率特征，如点击率、转化率等;统计量特征，如价格均值、标准差、分位数、偏度、峰度等。\n\n\n\n## 4. 协同过滤算法\n\n协同过滤算法起源于 1992 年，被 Xerox 公司用于个性化定制邮件系统。Xerox 司的用户需要在数十种主题中选择三到五种主题，协同过滤算法根据不同的主题过滤邮件，最终达到个性化的目的。\n\n**协同过滤算法分为基于物品的协同过滤和基于用户的协同过滤，输出结果为 TOPn 的推荐列表。**\n\n\n\n### 4.1 基于物品的协同过滤(ItemCF)\n\n基于物品的协同过滤算法的核心思想：给用户推荐那些和他们之前喜欢的物品相似的物品。\n\n基于物品的协同过滤算法首先计算物品之间的相似度， 计算相似度的方法有以下几种：\n\n1. **基于共同喜欢物品的用户列表计算**\n\n \n\n 在此，分母中 N(i) 是购买物品 i 的用户数，N(j) 是购买物品 j 的用户数，而分子 是同时购买物品i 和物品 j 的用户数。。可见上述的公式的核心是计算同时购买这件商品的人数比例 。当同时购买这两个物品人数越多，他们的相似度也就越高。另外值得注意的是，在分母中我们用了物品总购买人数做惩罚，也就是说某个物品可能很热门，导致它经常会被和其他物品一起购买，所以除以它的总购买人数，来降低它和其他物品的相似分数。\n\n2. **基于余弦的相似度计算**\n\n 上面的方法计算物品相似度是直接使同时购买这两个物品的人数。但是也有可能存在用户购买了但不喜欢的情况 所以如果数据集包含了具体的评分数据 我们可以进一步把用户评分引入到相似度计算中 。\n\n }{\\sqrt{\\sum_{k=1}^{len}n_{ki}^2}*\\sqrt{\\sum_{k=1}^{len}n_{kj}^2}})\n\n 其中 是用户 k 对物品 i 的评分，如果没有评分则为 0。\n\n3. **热门物品的惩罚**\n\n 对于热门物品的问题，可以用如下公式解决：\n\n \n\n 当 )时，N(i) 越小，惩罚得越厉害，从而会使热 物品相关性分数下降。\n\n\n\n### 4.2 基于用户的协同过滤(UserCF)\n\n基于用户的协同过滤（User CF ）的原理其实是和基于物品的协同过滤类似的。所不同的是，基于物品的协同过滤的原理是用户 U 购买了 A 物品，推荐给用户 U 和 A 相似的物品 B、C、D。而基于用户的协同过滤，是先计算用户 U 与其他的用户的相似度，然后取和 U 最相似的几个用户，把他们购买过的物品推荐给用户U。\n\n为了计算用户相似度，我们首先要把用户购买过物品的索引数据转化成物品被用户购买过的索引数据，即物品的倒排索引：\n\n\n\n建立好物品的倒排索引后，就可以根据相似度公式计算用户之间的相似度：\n\n\n\n其中 N(a) 表示用户 a 购买物品的数量，N(b) 表示用户 b 购买物品的数量，N(a)∩N(b) 表示用户 a 和 b 购买相同物品的数量。有了用户的相似数据，针对用户 U 挑选 K 个最相似的用户，把他们购买过的物品中，U 未购买过的物品推荐给用户 U 即可。\n\n\n\n### 4.3 矩阵分解\n\n上述计算会得到一个相似度矩阵，而这个矩阵的大小和纬度都是很大的，需要进行降维处理，用到的是SVD的降维方法，具体可以参考我之前写的降维方法：[2.5 降维方法](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/8.%20ML%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%81%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%92%8C%E4%BC%98%E5%8C%96%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95#25-%E9%99%8D%E7%BB%B4%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95)\n\n**基于稀疏自编码的矩阵分解**\n\n矩阵分解技术在推荐领域的应用比较成熟，但是通过上一节的介绍，我们不难发现矩阵分解本质上只通过一次分解来对 原矩阵进行逼近，特征挖掘的层次不够深入。另外矩阵分解也没有运用到物品本身的内容特征，例如书本的类别分类、音乐的流派分类等。随着神经网络技术的兴起，笔者发现通过多层感知机，可以得到更加深度的特征表示，并且可以对内容分类特征加以应用。首先，我们介绍一下稀疏自编码神经网络的设计思路。\n\n1. **基础的自编码结构**\n\n 最简单的自编码结构如下图，构造个三层的神经网络，我们让输出层等于输入层，且中间层的维度远低于输入层和输出层，这样就得到了第一层的特征压缩。\n\n \n\n 简单来说自编码神经网络尝试学习**中间层约等于输入层**的函数。换句话说，它尝试逼近一个恒等函数。如果网络的输入数据是完全随机的，比如每一个输入都是一个跟其他特征完全无关的独立同分布高斯随机变 ，那么这一压缩表示将会非常难于学习。但是如果输入数据中隐含着 些特定的结构，比如某些输入特征是彼此相关的，那么这一算法就可以发现输入数据中的这些相关性。\n\n2. **多层结构**\n\n 基于以上的单层隐藏层的网络结构，我们可以扩展至多层网络结构，学习到更高层次的抽象特征。\n\n \n\n## 5. 隐语义模型\n\n### 5.1 基本思想\n\n推荐系统中一个重要的分支，隐语义建模。隐语义模型LFM：Latent Factor Model，其核心思想就是通过隐含特征联系用户兴趣和物品。\n\n**过程分为三个部分，将物品映射到隐含分类，确定用户对隐含分类的兴趣，然后选择用户感兴趣的分类中的物品推荐给用户。它是基于用户行为统计的自动聚类。**\n\n隐语义模型在Top-N推荐中的应用十分广泛。常用的隐语义模型，LSA(Latent Semantic Analysis)，LDA(Latent Dirichlet Allocation)，主题模型(Topic Model)，矩阵分解(Matrix Factorization)等等。\n\n首先通过一个例子来理解一下这个模型，比如说有两个用户A和B，目前有用户的阅读列表，用户A的兴趣涉及侦探小说，科普图书以及一些计算机技术书，而用户B的兴趣比较集中在数学和机器学习方面。那么如何给A和B推荐图书呢？\n\n对于UserCF，首先需要找到和他们看了同样书的其他用户(兴趣相似的用户)，然后在给他们推荐那些用户喜欢的其他书。\n对于ItemCF,需要给他们推荐和他们已经看的书相似的书，比如用户B 看了很多数据挖掘方面的书，那么可以给他推荐机器学习或者模式识别方面的书。\n\n还有一种方法就是使用隐语义模型，可以对书和物品的兴趣进行分类。对于某个用户，首先得到他的兴趣分类，然后从分类中挑选他可能喜欢的物品。\n\n### 5.2 模型理解\n\n1. 如何给物品进行分类？\n2. 如何确定用户对哪些类的物品感兴趣，以及感兴趣的程度？\n3. 对于一个给定的类，选择哪些属于这个类的物品推荐给用户，以及如何确定这些物品在一个类中的权重？\n\n为了解决上面的问题，研究人员提出：为什么我们不从数据出发，自动地找到那些类，然后进行个性化推荐，隐语义分析技术因为采取基于用户行为统计的自动聚类，较好地解决了上面的问题。隐语义分析技术从诞生到今天产生了很多著名的模型和方法，其中和推荐技术相关的有pLSA，LDA，隐含类别模型（latent class model）, 隐含主题模型（latent topic model）, 矩阵分解（matrix factorization）。\n\nLFM通过如下公式计算用户 u 对物品 i 的兴趣：\n\n=r_{ui}=p_u^Tq_i=\\sum_{f=1}^Fp_{u,k}q_{i,k})\n\n这个公式中 和 是模型的参数，其中 度量了用户 u 的兴趣和第 k 个隐类的关系，而 度量了第 k 个隐类和物品 i 之间的关系。那么，下面的问题就是如何计算这两个参数。\n\n对最优化理论或者机器学习有所了解的读者，可能对如何计算这两个参数都比较清楚。这两个参数是从数据集中计算出来的。要计算这两个参数，需要一个训练集，对于每个用户u，训练集里都包含了用户u喜欢的物品和不感兴趣的物品，通过学习这个数据集，就可以获得上面的模型参数。\n\n\n\n## 6. 排序算法\n\n在工业应用中，推荐系统通常可分为两部分，召回和排序。协同过滤属于召回的算法，从召回中得到一个比较小的推荐列表，然后经过排序之后才会输出到最终的推荐列表里，是一个有序的推荐列表。\n\n这个过程会从几千万 item 中筛选出几百或者上千的候选集，然后在排序阶段选出30个给到每位用户。这个排序可理解为一个函数，F(user, item, context)，输入为用户、物品、环境，输出一个0到1之间的分数，取分数最高的几首。这一过程通常称为 CTR 预估。那么 F 函数常见的运作形式有：\n\n1. **Logistic Regression**\n\n 最简单的是逻辑回归(Logistic Regression)，一个广义线性模型。拿某 user 的用户画像(一个向量)比如`[3, 1]`，拼接上某 item 的物品画像比如`[4, 0]`，再加上代表 context 的向量`[0, 1, 1]`后得到`[3, 1, 4, 0, 0, 1, 1]`，若该 user 曾与该 item 发生过联系则 label 为1，这些加起来是一个正样本，同时可以将用户“跳过”的 item 或热门的却没有与用户产生过联系的 item 作为负样本，label 为0。按照这样的输入和输出就可以训练出排序算法了。详细模型见：[2. 逻辑回归](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Machine%20Learning/2.Logistics%20Regression/2.Logistics%20Regression.md)\n\n2. **GBDT**\n\n 使用梯度提升决策树(GBDT) 的方案也可以解决这个排序的问题，只是模型与 LR 不一样。GBDT作为集成模型，会使用多棵决策树，每棵树去拟合前一棵树的残差来得到很好的拟合效果。一个样本输入到一棵树中，会根据各节点的条件往下走到某个叶子节点，将此节点值置为1，其余置为0。详细模型算法见：[3.2 GBDT](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/3.2%20GBDT)\n\n3. **GBDT+LR**\n\n GBDT与LR的stacking模型相对于只用GBDT会有略微的提升，更大的好处是防止GBDT过拟合。升级为GBDT+LR后，线上效果提升了约5%，并且因为省去了对新特征进行人工转换的步骤，增加特征的迭代测试也更容易了。\n\n4. **GBDT+FM**\n\n GBDT是不支持高维稀疏特征的，如果将高维特征加到LR中，一方面需要人工组合高维特征，另一方面模型维度和计算复杂度会是O（N^2）级别的增长。所以设计了GBDT+FM的模型如图所示，采用Factorization Machines模型替换LR。\n\n \n\n Factorization Machines（FM）模型如下所示：\n\n =w_0+\\sum_{i=1}^nw_ix_i+\\sum_{i=1}^n\\sum_{j=i+1}^nx_ix_j)\n\n 具有以下几个优点\n ①前两项为一个线性模型，相当于LR模型的作用\n ②第三项为一个二次交叉项，能够自动对特征进行交叉组合\n ③通过增加隐向量，模型训练和预测的计算复杂度降为了O(N)\n ④支持稀疏特征。\n\n 几个优点，使的GBDT+FM具有了良好的稀疏特征支持，FM使用GBDT的叶子结点和稀疏特征（内容特征）作为输入，模型结构示意图如下，GBDT+FM模型上线后相比GBDT+LR在各项指标的效果提升在4%~6%之间。\n\n5. **DNN+GBDT+FM**\n\n GBDT+FM模型，对embedding等具有结构信息的深度特征利用不充分，而深度学习（Deep Neural Network）能够对嵌入式（embedding）特征和普通稠密特征进行学习，抽取出深层信息，提高模型的准确性，并已经成功应用到众多机器学习领域。因此我们将DNN引入到排序模型中，提高排序整体质量。\n\n DNN+GBDT+FM的ensemble模型架构如图所示，FM层作为模型的最后一层，即融合层，其输入由三部分组成：DNN的最后一层隐藏层、GBDT的输出叶子节点、高维稀疏特征。DNN+GBDT+FM的ensemble模型架构介绍如下所示，该模型上线后相对于GBDT+FM有4%的效果提升。\n\n \n\n 使用分布式的TensorFlow进行训练，使用基于TensorFlow Serving的微服务进行在线预测，DNN+GBDT+FM的ensemble模型使用的是Adam优化器。Adam结合了The Adaptive Gradient Algorithm（AdaGrad）和Root Mean Square Propagation（RMSProp）算法。具有更优的收敛速率，每个变量有独自的下降步长，整体下降步长会根据当前梯度进行调节，能够适应带噪音的数据。实验测试了多种优化器，Adam的效果是最优的。\n\n**工业界DNN ranking现状**\n\n1. Youtube于2016年推出DNN排序算法。\n2. 上海交通大学和UCL于2016年推出Product-based Neural Network（PNN）网络进行用户点击预测。PNN相当于在DNN层做了特征交叉，我们的做法是把特征交叉交给FM去做，DNN专注于深层信息的提取。\n3. Google于2016年推出Wide And Deep Model，这个也是我们当前模型的基础，在此基础上使用FM替换了Cross Feature LR，简化了计算复杂度，提高交叉的泛化能力。\n4. 阿里今年使用attention机制推出了Deep Interest Network（DIN）进行商品点击率预估，优化embedding向量的准确性，值得借鉴。\n\n\n\n## 7. 评估测试\n\n### 7.1 A/B测试\n\n新的推荐模型上线后要进行A/B测试，将它和旧的算法进行比较。\n\nAB测试是一种很常用的在线评测算法的实验方法。它通过一定的规则将用户随机分成几组，并对不同组的用户采用不同的算法，然后通过统计不同组用户的各种不同的评测指标比较不同算法，比如可以统计不同组用户的点击率，通过点击率比较不同算法的性能。对AB测试感兴趣的读者可以浏览一下网站http://www.abtests.com/ ，该网站给出了很多通过实际AB测试提高网站用户满意度的例子，从中我们可以学习到如何进行合理的AB测试。\n\n切分流量是AB测试中的关键，不同的层以及控制这些层的团队需要从一个统一的地方获得自己AB测试的流量，而不同层之间的流量应该是正交的。\n\n> “正交性”是从几何中借来的术语。如果两条直线相交成直角，他们就是正交的。用向量术语来说，这两条直线互不依赖。\n\n下图是一个简单的AB测试系统。用户进入网站后，流量分配系统决定用户是否需要被进行AB测试，如果需要的话，流量分配系统会给用户打上在测试中属于什么分组的标签。然后用户浏览网页，而用户在浏览网页时的行为都会被通过日志系统发回后台的日志数据库。此时，如果用户有测试分组的标签，那么该标签也会被发回后台数据库。在后台，实验人员的工作首先是配置流量分配系统，决定满足什么条件的用户参加什么样的测试。其次，实验人员需要统计日志数据库中的数据，通过评测系统生成不同分组用户的实验报告，并比较和评测实验结果。\n\n\n\n当完成了AB测试后，根据指标结果，如果优于之前的推荐算法，那么旧的算法就可以替换成新的了。\n\n\n\n### 7.2 其它评估方法\n\n模型准备就绪后，一般会先通过离线指标来评估模型的好坏， 然后再决定能否上线测试。离线算法评估常见的指标包括准确率、覆盖度 、多样性、新颖性和 UC 等。在线测试一般通过 A/B 测试进行，常见的指标有点击率、用户停留时间、 广告收入等，需要注意分析统计显著性。同时，需要注意短期的指标和长期的指标相结合， 一些短期指标的提升有时候反而会导致长期指标下降 比如 ，经常推荐美女或者搞笑类的内容会带来短期的点击率提高，但是可能会引起长期的用户粘性下降。设计者需要从自己的产品角度出发，根据产品的需要制定评估指标，这样才能更好地指导推荐系统的优化方向。常见的评价指标如下：\n\n\n\n\n\n## 8. 推荐系统冷启动问题\n\n冷启动（ cold start ）在推荐系统中表示该系统积累数据量过少，无法给新用户作个性化推荐的问题，这是产品推荐的一大难题。每个有推荐功能的产品都会遇到冷启动的问题。一方面，当新商品时上架 会遇到冷启动的问题，没有收集到任何一个用户对其浏览、点击或者购买的行为，也无从判断如何将商品进行推荐；另一方面，新用户到来的时候，如果没有他在应用上的行为数据，也无法预测其兴趣，如果给用户的推荐千篇律，没有亮点，会使用户在一开始就对产品失去兴趣，从而放弃使用。所以在冷启动的时候要同时**考虑用户的冷启动和物品的冷启动。**\n\n基本上，冷启动题可以分为以下三类。\n\n### 8.1 用户冷启动\n\n用户冷启动主要解决如何给新用户作个性化推荐的问题。当新用户到来时，我 没有他的行为数据，所以也无法根据他的历史行为预 其兴趣，从而无法借此给他做个性化推荐。解决方法参考以下：\n\n1. 利用用户的账号信息。\n2. 利用用户的手机 IMEI 号进行冷启动。\n3. 制造选工页，让用户选择自己感兴趣的点后，即时生成粗粒度的推荐。\n\n### 8.2 物品冷启动\n\n物品冷启动主要解决如何将新的物品推荐给可能对它感兴趣的用户这一问题。解决方法参考以下：\n\n1. 利用物品的内容、分类信息。\n2. 利用专家标注的数据。\n\n### 8.3 系统冷启动\n\n系统冷启动主要解决如何在一个新开发的网站上（还没有用户，也没有用户行为，只有一些物品的信息）设计个性推荐系统，从而在产品刚上线时就让用户体验到个性 推荐服务这一问题。\n\n\n\n## 9. 参考文献\n\n1. [推荐系统实践--项亮](https://www.lanzous.com/i6362bi)\n2. [推荐系统与深度学习](https://www.jianguoyun.com/p/DS32RkwQj4G5BxjCte4B)\n3. [美团机器学习实践](https://www.jianguoyun.com/p/DQYaGLAQj4G5BxjFte4B)\n\n\n\n------\n\n> 作者:[@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> GitHub:[https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> 欢迎大家加入讨论！共同完善此项目！群号:【541954936】\n"
},
{
"path": "Project/18. Intelligent Customer Service/README.md",
"content": "## 目录\n- [1. 智能客服系统](#1-智能客服系统)\n - [1.1 智能客服的目标](#11-智能客服的目标)\n - [1.2 细分领域](#12-细分领域)\n - [1.3 智能客服常见功能](#13-智能客服常见功能)\n- [2. 智能客服的工作原理](#2-智能客服的工作原理)\n - [2.1 自然语言理解](#21-自然语言理解)\n - [2.2 意图识别](#22-意图识别)\n - [2.3 知识库](#23-知识库)\n - [2.4 知识图谱](#24-知识图谱)\n - [2.5 对话技术](#25-对话技术)\n - [2.6 聊天机器人](#26-聊天机器人)\n- [3. 整体架构](#3-整体架构)\n- [4. 评价体系](#4-评价体系)\n- [5. 参考文献](#5-参考文献)\n\n## 1. 智能客服系统\n\n智能客服产生的背景：为什么要有智能客服这样的一个产品，或者说研究方向呢？主要有以下这几个原因：\n\n- 我们日常生活中会遇到大量的客服问题，比如说你打电话给联通、移动等，或者说在淘宝上买东西，这些问题大部分都是一些重复的问题，而且频率也特别高，非常的耗人工；\n- 对于一个客服密集型的企业来说，大量的人工客服，造成了企业的客服成本非常的高；\n- 人工客服是没有办法做到 24 小时全天候的服务；\n- 在客户和客服的对话的过程中产生了大量的有价值的数据，这些数据也没有被很好的利用起来。\n\n基于以上的这些原因，我们就会产生一个想法：能不能有一个机器人来回答这些重复的问题，它能 24 小时的工作不用休息，降低客户成本，还能挖掘聊天记录里面的一些有价值的知识点。这就是智能客服产生的背景。\n\n\n\n### 1.1 智能客服的目标\n\n如果说要做一个智能客服，那做智能客服的一个基本的目标，或者说它的技术目标是要做到什么样的程度呢？它是要完全的替代人工，还是要部分的替代人工呢?\n\n一般情况下，一个智能客服的目标就是下面这张图里描述的这些：一个客服的机器人负责回答客户的一些高频简单问题，将疑难问题交给人工客服团队来回答。那这个一定比例是多大比例呢？我这边写了一个百分之 X，也就是说这个比例不太确定，它是根据不同的场景以及不同的技术条件，不同厂商的技术能力而不同的，有的厂商是 80%，有的是 90%，有的甚至 95%，这都是不确定的。\n\n\n\n总之智能客服做的一个技术目标就是：**一定比例的解决客服的简单的高频问题，将疑难问题仍然交给人工客服团队。**这是目前智能客服一个基本的技术目标，是一个比较现实的目标。那么想让客服的机器人来完全取代人工客服，这个目标到目前为止，在绝大部分场景下还是没有办法实现的。\n\n\n\n### 1.2 细分领域\n\n整个智能客服系统的发展非常快，应用也划分了很多的细分领域。\n\n1. 第一大类是**对话操作系统级别的系统**。那么这一类系统比较有代表性的有亚马逊的 Alexa，这些系统都希望做操作系统级别的人机对话，就是把人机对话直接做成一个操作系统，那在这个系统上开发各种各样不同的智能硬件、软件等等这些应用。\n2. 第二大类，就是**智能客服**，智能客服里面又细分成两类：一类是企业内部的智能客服，为了企业自身的业务发展需要研发的智能客户系统；还有一类是对外服务的智能客服，并且以 SaaS 的方式对外服务。\n3. 第三大类就是**个人助理类**，最有名的就是苹果的 Siri，还有微软的 Cortana 等。智能家居现在做得比较火热的就是一些智能音箱，比如说亚马逊 Echo 等。还有些公司是做一些智能交互的服务，这些智能交互服务主要是自然语言处理和意图识别方面的服务，其他的厂商可以基于这些智能交互服务做一些自己的应用。\n4. 第四类是**开放平台**，这个开放平台也可以叫 Bot Factory，比较有代表性的，有 Google 的 API.AI、Facebook 的 Wit.AI、还有微软的 Luis.AI 等等。这些开放平台主要是做任务对话方面的一些定制。\n\n\n\n### 1.3 智能客服常见功能\n\n智能客服系统最常见的功能有哪些？目前最常见的形式是在人工客服系统基础上，扩展出智能客服的功能，最常见的功能有 **单轮问答、多轮对话和人机协作。**\n\n- **单轮问答**：一问一答，但是没有记录上下文，每一次问答和下一次问答都没有任何的关系；\n- **多轮对话**：是带着上下文来问答，每个问答可能跟它的上文是有一定关系，或者是它记录了上文的一些信息；\n- **人机协作**：人机协作是一种比较有效的一种智能客服功能，现有的方式主要有两大类：一类是机器人加人工进行问答，另外一大类是机器人推荐答案，人工选择回答 。我们这里举几个例子：比如说上班的时候人工来回答，下班的时候机器人来回答；普通的客户机器人来回答，VIP 客户人工来回答；或者是说分渠道来选择，比如说微信渠道来的机器人回答，手机渠道来的人工回答；还有就是机器人优先，机器人答不出来，转给人工回答。\n\n\n\n## 2. 智能客服的工作原理\n\n刚才我们是给智能客服做了一个概述。接下来，我们介绍一下智能客服的工作原理。一个常见的智能客服，就包括以下这些模块并且按照一个类似的流程进行工作。\n\n\n\n1. **识别模块**：首先可能会有一个 ASR（语音识别）模块，也可能没有，这取决于具体厂商的一个选择，这个语音识别模块会把语音转换成文字。如果没有语音识别模块，直接就是文字。\n2. **意图识别**：对这个文字做一个问句的理解，或者说做一个查询的理解，理解完以后，再对意图做一个识别；\n3. **机器回答**：最后，我们把这个问句的理解和意图识别的结果带到对话管理系统里边，对话管理系统会决定到底是给哪一种机器人发过去，这些机器人最后给出答案，将答案返回。\n\n对话管理系统可以选择一个机器人将问题发过去，也可以同时将问题发给所有的机器人，当它们都回复答案时，进行答案选择再返回，使用哪种方式取决于厂商自己的一个选择。上图中这四种机器人分别对应了四种不同的模块：\n\n- 第一种是**任务管理类**的模块，比如说订机票，它属于一个特定的任务，这种机器人就类似苹果的 Siri，是任务处理类；\n- 第二种是**知识库问答**，也就是咨询问答类的，只是做一些咨询类的工作，一般情况下，它并不处理实际的一些任务；\n- 第三类是**知识图谱问答**，知识图谱是知识库常见的是提供一个问答对结构和一个树型结构，知识图谱提供一个图结构，可以认为是一个广义上的知识库问答。\n- 第四类是**聊天机器人**的技术，聊天并不是客服的首要功能，客服主要是解决问题的，不是来聊天的，为什么在一个智能客服系统里面会有聊天这么一个功能呢？原因在于，一是在用户没有输入知识库内容的时候，这个聊天机器人会被客户当成是测试厂商机器人技术能力的评测对象；二是在某些场景下，会让整个客服对话没那么单调。\n\n\n\n### 2.1 自然语言理解\n\n自然语言理解主要做一些什么事情呢？比如说用户的问题如果是多句话，那么我们做一个**“分句”**，对每一句话来寻找答案，最后呢，将答案组合起来，发给用户；“分词”很常见，分词后才能理解，才能进行标注，进行实体识别，这是常规的一些处理，然后就是句法分析、指代消解，再有就是词权重、语义相似度等等，做这些分析都是为后面的算法做准备，这是第一部分的预处理工作，就是自然语言理解或者自然语言处理的内容。 \n\n\n\n### 2.2 意图识别\n\n第二部分的预处理工作就是意图识别。意图识别主要是用户的这句话暴露了用户什么样的意图，比如说我们这个例子里：“今天天气怎么样”，这个意图实际上就是用户要问天气。那么如果用户说“帮我定一张去上海的机票”，这个意思就是用户要订机票。\n\n那么意图识别一般是怎么实现的？就是有模板和分类器两种方式。\n\n**模板的方式**，比如说：“北京今天天气怎么样？”我们会建一个叫“city”的词典，这里面会有北京、上海、天津等城市；我们会把今天、明天、后天等等也做一个词典，词典名字叫做“date”。这样如果满足刚开始有一个“city”，中间有任意字符串，然后再有一个“date”，然后再有“天气”这个词，就满足了一个模板，那么我们基本上可以认为它是一个询问天气怎么样的意图，这是模板的方法。\n\n**分类器**的方法很容易理解，我们在某一个特定领域里面收集大量语料，人工去标注这些语料是属于哪种意图的，用分类器模型来做一些二分类或者多分类的分类器，用来判断意图。但是分类器方法需要大量人工标注的数据，以及如何去收集多个领域里面的语料的问题。\n\n基于知识库的问答可以使用检索或者分类模型来实现。检索式回答的流程是：首先对用户的输入问题做处理，如分词、抽取关键词、同义词扩展、计算句子向量等；然后基于处理结果在知识库中做检索匹配，例如利用BM25、TF-IDF或者向量相似度等匹配出一个问题集合，这类似推荐系统中的召回过程；\n\n由于我们是一个问答系统，最终是直接返回给用户一个答案，因此需要从问题集合中挑出最相似的那个问题，这里会对问题集合做重排序，例如利用规则、机器学习或者深度学习模型做排序，每个问题会被打上一个分值，最终挑选出top1，将这个问题对应的答案返回给用户，这就完成了一次对话流程。在实际应用中，我们还会设置阈值来保证回答的准确性，若最终每个问题的得分低于阈值，会将头部的几个问题以列表的形式返回给用户，最终用户可以选择他想问的问题，进而得到具体的答案。\n\n\n\n### 2.3 知识库\n\n知识库问答的技术本质也是用一些跟搜索引擎相似的技术，分为两个阶段：**第一个阶段是侯选集召回，第二个阶段是重排序。**\n\n首先是侯选集，侯选集**召回**有很多种方式，和搜索引擎相比，相对简单，原因是搜索引擎要召回的量特别的大，但是知识库，因为是人工导入的，它的召回的就没有那么复杂。\n\n第二是**重排序**，其实我们可以用文本相似度、检索相关度，如果有足够数据的话，还可以用神经网络的语义相似度等，来做重排序工作。这些工作也可以用多模型融合的方式来做，将多个模型的结果综合考虑得到最终结果。这些都跟搜索引擎的技术没有特别本质的区别，也会有些微小的差别，这是知识库这块的工作。\n\n\n\n### 2.4 知识图谱\n\n知识图谱（Knowledge Graph），在图书情报界称为知识域可视化或知识领域映射地图，是显示知识发展进程与结构关系的一系列各种不同的图形，用[可视化技术](https://baike.baidu.com/item/可视化技术/1549548)描述[知识资源](https://baike.baidu.com/item/知识资源/2336050)及其载体，挖掘、分析、[构建](https://baike.baidu.com/item/构建/8601024)、绘制和显示知识及它们之间的相互联系。\n\n\n\n知识图谱问答最难的一点在于数据的整理，其次是工具方面。有很多开源的工具，例如：Neo4j、OrientDB、Titan。\n\n假设我们解决了数据来源和更新的问题，同时也有了工具，接下来要做的事情就是查询转换的工作。因为一般的知识图谱工具都会有一些自己的查询语言，那么我们所要做的工作实际上就是把自然语言通过某种方式转换成知识图谱的工具所支持的查询语言。\n\n查询转换也有常见的两种方式，一种是可以用模板，做一些查询转换的工作。\n\n\n\n### 2.5 对话技术\n\n对话技术就是我们前面所说的任务对话等等，比较典型的有三大类：\n\n1. 第一大类是一种用**状态机**，或者和状态机类似的填槽方式。这种方式的主要特点是将整个的对话过程抽象成一个有限状态机，每一轮对话，或者每几轮作为一种状态，随着对话状态的进行，这个状态机在不断的迁移，最终对话结束，状态机也结束。**这里面的所有状态，以及所要执行的动作都是事先约定好的**，所以状态机它比较适合一些场景简单的对话，对于场景复杂的对话，状态机这种方式就已经不太适应了。\n2. 第二大类就是**马可夫决策过程**（Markov Decision Process, MDP）的方式，它和状态机的区别在于它里面增加了动作，状态机里面的动作是我们事先约定好的，是固定的动作，已经事先知道对话到了那时候，于是就固定的采取这样的动作，但是 MDP 这种方式，状态不确定，动作也不确定，所以说我的状态和动作是需要根据我的上一个状态和将要采用的动作做了以后的回馈（Reward）来进行决策的，所以说这个决策过程在特定领域里有足够的语料的时候可以做出很好的效果，但是我们得想办法去找到合适的领域，以及找到足够的语料才能做这样的事情。\n3. 最后一类是**端到端**的模型。端到端的模型主要出发点是：我有一个问题，把问题输入到一个模型里面之后，这个模型是帮我解决了我们之前整个对话过程所有流程的所有问题，而这个模型是需要从数据里面去学习，包括自然语言处理、意图识别，包括整个系统里面方方面面的各种东西都要学习到。这个模型对于我们来说它是个黑盒，我给它一个问题，它也能给我答案，我并不需要仔细的去研究里面是怎么做得，我只需要设计训练这么一个模型就行了。\n\n那么这三种方式是现在的比较常见的三类对话技术，第一大类，像状态机和填槽这一类是商用系统的主流；第二大类是学术界的主流，但是工业界也在积极的尝试，有的也已经落地，或者接近落地；端到端这种模型，主要还是停留在学术界的研究阶段，我并没有看到哪一个商业系统已经做到了端到端的模型的产品化，还没有成为商用主流的技术。\n\n\n\n### 2.6 聊天机器人\n\n在智能客服系统里面通常都会有聊天机器人的模块。这个模块主要有三种做法：\n\n1. 第一种就是**检索式**，比如答案是事先编辑好的，并不会随便生成，在检索式里面又会分为两大类：第一类是用大量的语料和模型来训练，收集大量的语料，把问题和答案给一个神经网络的模型，用这个模型帮我去找到问题和答案之间的相关度，这样的话，就能够用大量的语料训练出聊天机器人模型，这是最常见的一种方式；\n2. 第二种方式是**基于规则**来做，使用类似于之前介绍过的 Alice 机器人所用到的 AIML 标记语言，写大量的 pattern，以及在这个 pattern 下所需要的答案，写大量这样的人工规则就可以做一个检索式的机器人，但是这仅限于少量的小规模应用，如果需要编辑大量的规则，规则之间可能会有冲突等问题，所以主流的这种聊天机器人的方式是我们说到的第一种，用统计模型和大量的语料来训练聊天机器人。\n3. 第三种是**生成式的聊天机器人**，我需要把我的答案直接生成出来，这种方式是需要限定在一定的领域里面。开放领域里直接生成式的聊天机器人会有一些敏感词的问题，因为语料一般是网上收集的，想做到所有语料都人工审核成本是巨大的。所以说生成式需要把它限定在一个特定的领域里面，生成式分为两种：一种是纯粹的生成，一种是基于一些模板来生成。\n\n\n\n## 3. 整体架构\n\n整体技术架构如下图所示，包括**基础服务层、应用服务层、编辑运营层、接入层以及在线客服系统。**基础服务层提供对话系统的基础技术能力，系统需要对用户输入的一段语句进行理解，这里需要自然语言理解模块，对语句进行分词、词性标注、实体识别、关键词抽取和句法分析等；同时需要识别用户的意图，包括通用意图和业务意图，通用意图是指用户是来做业务咨询还是闲聊，业务意图是指若用户是做业务咨询，具体咨询什么业务，这里会使用文本分类的技术去识别用户意图。\n\n\n\n基础服务之上是应用服务层，这一层具体实现了KB-Bot基于问答知识库的机器人、Task-Bot任务对话型机器和Chat-Bot闲聊类型机器人，这是智能客服系统的三种核心能力。编辑运营层是指有一个编辑团队支撑算法策略迭代，主要完成数据标注、问答运营、数据分析和效果评估的工作，这些工作输出会作用到基础服务层和应用服务层。基于应用服务层，对外提供通用的接口服务以便于业务方接入。此外，机器不是万能的，用户有很多复杂的问题仍需要人工解决，这里有一套在线客服系统提供了人工在线客服的能力，应用服务层会和这套在线客服系统做无缝对接。\n\n\n\n## 4. 评价体系\n\n智能客服系统需要有一个完备的评价体系去评价它的好坏，在我们的评价体系中有基于人工标注的评价和基于用户反馈的评价两种方式：\n\n1. **基于人工标注的评价**\n\n 系统的回答能力受限于知识库的丰富程度，因此并非能回答用户的所有问题，系统最佳的状态是将能回答的全部回答准确，不能回答的全部拒识，即拒绝回答。因此这里的**评价指标包括有结果率、拒识率、召回率和准确率等**，我们的目标是让系统的有结果率无限接近数据的真实有结果率，召回率和准确率尽量高。这里我们是通过标注标准评测集来计算系统的各项指标，我们会从每日的全量数据集中抽样出一个小数据集，保证小数据集的数据分布尽量符合全量数据集，然后由标注团队对数据集做标注，标注出每个问题的实际答案，一般标注完成后还有质检的环节，以保证标注结果尽量准确，这样便生成了每日数据的标准评测集。基于该标准评测集我们会去评价系统的好坏，并且每次做新模型迭代时都会使用标准评测集去评价新模型，只有新模型的效果好了才允许上线。\n\n2. **基于用户反馈的评价**\n\n 人工评价能够评价智能客服系统的准确率，但是答案是否合理，能否为用户解决问题，需要用户去反馈评价，整个智能客服系统的最终目标是帮助用户解决问题。我们会在产品上设计智能客服和在线客服的评价功能，例如会让用户评价智能客服的每个答案或者某次会话，在和人工客服聊天完毕会发送评价卡片给用户去评价满意度。最终我们会统计参评比例、满意度等指标，这些指标能够真正反应智能客服系统的好坏。实际中往往用户参评比例低，我们会使用各种方法去刺激用户评价。\n\n\n\n## 5. 参考文献\n\n[15年研发经验博士手把手教学：从零开始搭建智能客服 ](http://www.sohu.com/a/228122295_355140)\n\n[五八同城智能客服系统“帮帮”技术揭秘. 詹坤林, DataFunTalk. 2018.](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/5ewD2xD8J08W89-Rwixw4Q)\n\n\n\n------\n\n> 作者:[@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> GitHub:[https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP)\n>\n> 欢迎大家加入讨论！共同完善此项目！群号:【541954936】\n\n"
},
{
"path": "Project/README.md",
"content": "------\n\n\n\n## 目录\n\n| 模块 | 章节 | 负责人(GitHub) | 联系QQ |\n| ---- | ------------------------------------------------------------ | --------------------------------------- | --------- |\n| 项目 | [17. 推荐系统(Recommendation System)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Project/17.%20Recommendation%20System) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 项目 | [18. 智能客服(Intelligent Customer Service)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Project/18.%20Intelligent%20Customer%20Service) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 项目 | 19. 评论分析 | | |\n\n\n> 欢迎大家加入！共同完善此项目！NLP学习QQ2群【207576902】\n"
},
{
"path": "README.md",
"content": "## 项目介绍\n\n- 此项目是**机器学习、NLP面试**中常考到的**知识点和代码实现**，也是作为一个算法工程师必会的理论基础知识。\n- 既然是以面试为主要目的，亦不可以篇概全，请谅解，有问题可提出。\n- 此项目以各个模块为切入点，让大家有一个清晰的知识体系。\n- 此项目亦可拿来常读、常记以及面试时复习之用。\n- 每一章里的问题都是面试时有可能问到的知识点，如有遗漏可联系我进行补充，结尾处都有算法的**实战代码案例**。\n- 思维导图，**请关注 第5纪元 公众号并回复：NLP思维导图** ，即能下载高清大图。\n- \n\n\n------\n\n\n\n## 目录\n\n- **项目持续更新中......**\n\n| 模块 | 章节 | 负责人(GitHub) | 联系QQ |\n| -------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ | --------------------------------------- | --------- |\n| 机器学习 | [1. 线性回归(Liner Regression)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Machine%20Learning/Liner%20Regression/1.Liner%20Regression.md) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 机器学习 | [2. 逻辑回归(Logistics Regression)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Machine%20Learning/2.Logistics%20Regression/2.Logistics%20Regression.md) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 机器学习 | [3. 决策树(Desision Tree)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Machine%20Learning/3.Desition%20Tree/Desition%20Tree.md) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 机器学习 | [3.1 随机森林(Random Forest)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Machine%20Learning/3.1%20Random%20Forest/3.1%20Random%20Forest.md) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 机器学习 | [3.2 梯度提升决策树(GBDT)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Machine%20Learning/3.2%20GBDT/3.2%20GBDT.md) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 机器学习 | [3.3 XGBoost](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Machine%20Learning/3.3%20XGBoost/3.3%20XGBoost.md) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 机器学习 | [3.4 LightGBM](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Machine%20Learning/3.4%20LightGBM/3.4%20LightGBM.md) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 机器学习 | [4. 支持向量机(SVM)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Machine%20Learning/4.%20SVM/4.%20SVM.md) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 机器学习 | 5. 概率图模型(Probabilistic Graphical Model) | | |\n| 机器学习 | [5.1 贝叶斯网络(Bayesian Network)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Machine%20Learning/5.1%20Bayes%20Network/5.1%20Bayes%20Network.md) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 机器学习 | [5.2 马尔科夫(Markov)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/blob/master/Machine%20Learning/5.2%20Markov/5.2%20Markov.md) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 机器学习 | [5.3 主题模型(Topic Model)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/5.3%20Topic%20Model) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 机器学习 | [6.最大期望算法(EM)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/6.%20EM) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 机器学习 | [7.聚类(Clustering)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/7.%20Clustering) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 机器学习 | [8.ML特征工程和优化方法](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/8.%20ML%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%81%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%92%8C%E4%BC%98%E5%8C%96%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 机器学习 | [9.K近邻算法(KNN)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Machine%20Learning/9.%20KNN) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 深度学习 | [10.神经网络(Neural Network)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Deep%20Learning/10.%20Neural%20Network) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 深度学习 | [11. 卷积神经网络(CNN)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Deep%20Learning/11.%20CNN) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 深度学习 | [12. 循环神经网络(RNN)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Deep%20Learning/12.%20RNN) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 深度学习 | [12.1 门控循环单元(GRU)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Deep%20Learning/12.1%20GRU) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 深度学习 | [12.2 长短期记忆(LSTM)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Deep%20Learning/12.2%20LSTM) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 深度学习 | [13.迁移学习(Transfer)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Deep%20Learning/13.%20Transfer%20Learning) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 深度学习 | [14.强化学习(Reinforcement) & 多任务](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Deep%20Learning/14.%20Reinforcement%20Learning) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 深度学习 | [15. 深度学习的优化方法](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Deep%20Learning/15.%20DL%20Optimizer) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| NLP | [16. 自然语言处理(NLP)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/NLP/16.%20NLP) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| NLP | [16.1 词嵌入(Word2Vec)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/NLP/16.1%20Word%20Embedding) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| NLP | [16.2 子词嵌入(fastText)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/NLP/16.2%20fastText) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| NLP | [16.3 全局向量词嵌入(GloVe)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/NLP/16.3%20GloVe) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| NLP | [16.4 textRNN & textCNN](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/NLP/16.4%20textRNN%20%26%20textCNN) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| NLP | [16.5 序列到序列模型(seq2seq)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/NLP/16.5%20seq2seq) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| NLP | [16.6 注意力机制(Attention Mechanism)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/NLP/16.6%20Attention) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| NLP | [16.7 Transformer模型](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/NLP/16.7%20Transformer) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| NLP | [16.8 BERT模型](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/NLP/16.8%20BERT) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| NLP | [16.9 XLNet模型](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/NLP/16.9%20XLNet) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 项目 | [17. 推荐系统(Recommendation System)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Project/17.%20Recommendation%20System) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 项目 | [18. 智能客服(Intelligent Customer Service)](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/ML-NLP/tree/master/Project/18.%20Intelligent%20Customer%20Service) | [@mantchs](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE) | 448966528 |\n| 项目 | 19. 知识图谱(Knowledge Graph) | | |\n| 项目 | 20. 评论分析 | | |\n\n\n\n> 欢迎大家加入！共同完善此项目！\n\n**其他项目推荐：** [personal-llm-api 轻量级的 LLM 接口服务](https://github.com/NLP-LOVE/personal-llm-api)\n"
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