[ { "path": ".gitattributes", "content": "docs/* linguist-vendored\nbf/* linguist-vendored\n" }, { "path": ".github/dependabot.yml", "content": "# To get started with Dependabot version updates, you'll need to specify which\n# package ecosystems to update and where the package manifests are located.\n# Please see the documentation for all configuration options:\n# https://help.github.com/github/administering-a-repository/configuration-options-for-dependency-updates\n\nversion: 2\nupdates:\n - package-ecosystem: \"cargo\" # See documentation for possible values\n directory: \"/\" # Location of package manifests\n schedule:\n interval: \"monthly\"\n groups:\n dependencies:\n patterns:\n - \"*\"\n" }, { "path": ".github/workflows/ci.yml", "content": "name: CI\n\non:\n push:\n branches:\n - main\n - 'feat/**'\n pull_request:\n branches:\n - main\n - 'feat/**'\n schedule:\n - cron: '0 0 * * 0' # at midnight of each sunday\n workflow_dispatch:\n\njobs:\n develop:\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n steps:\n - uses: actions/checkout@v4\n - uses: taiki-e/install-action@just\n - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@nightly\n with:\n components: rustfmt, clippy, miri, rust-src\n - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2\n - run: just ci\n\n msrv:\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n strategy:\n fail-fast: false\n matrix:\n toolchain: \n - 1.78.0 # MSRV\n - stable\n steps:\n - uses: actions/checkout@v4\n - uses: taiki-e/install-action@just\n - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@master\n with:\n toolchain: ${{ matrix.toolchain }}\n - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2\n - run: just test\n \n audit:\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n steps:\n - uses: actions/checkout@v4\n - uses: taiki-e/install-action@cargo-audit\n - run: cargo audit -D warnings\n" }, { "path": ".github/workflows/deploy.yml", "content": "name: Deploy\n\non:\n push:\n branches: [\"main\"]\n workflow_dispatch:\n\npermissions:\n contents: read\n pages: write\n id-token: write\n\nconcurrency:\n group: \"pages\"\n cancel-in-progress: false\n\njobs:\n deploy:\n environment:\n name: github-pages\n url: ${{ steps.deployment.outputs.page_url }}\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n steps:\n - uses: actions/checkout@v4\n - uses: taiki-e/install-action@mdbook\n - run: cd book && mdbook build\n - name: Upload artifact\n uses: actions/upload-pages-artifact@v3\n with:\n path: ./dist\n - name: Deploy to GitHub Pages\n id: deployment\n uses: actions/deploy-pages@v4\n" }, { "path": ".gitignore", "content": "/target\n**/*.rs.bk\n.vscode\n/dist\n" }, { "path": "Cargo.toml", "content": "[package]\nname = \"bfjit\"\nversion = \"0.1.4\"\nauthors = [\"Nugine \"]\nedition = \"2021\"\nlicense = \"AGPL-3.0\"\nrepository = \"https://github.com/Nugine/bfjit\"\ndescription = \"Brainfuck JIT VM tutorial\"\nkeywords = [\"brainfuck\", \"jit\", \"tutorial\"]\ncategories = [\"compilers\", \"command-line-utilities\"]\n\n# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html\n\n[dependencies]\nthiserror = \"2.0.18\"\ndynasm = \"5.0.0\"\ndynasmrt = \"5.0.0\"\nclap = { version = \"4.5.60\", features = [\"derive\"] }\n\n[profile.release]\ndebug = \"full\"\n" }, { "path": "LICENSE", "content": " GNU AFFERO GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE\n Version 3, 19 November 2007\n\n Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. \n Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies\n of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.\n\n Preamble\n\n The GNU Affero General Public License is a free, copyleft license for\nsoftware and other kinds of works, specifically designed to ensure\ncooperation with the community in the case of network server software.\n\n The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed\nto take away your freedom to share and change the works. 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The terms of this\nLicense will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work,\nbut the work with which it is combined will remain governed by version\n3 of the GNU General Public License.\n\n 14. Revised Versions of this License.\n\n The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of\nthe GNU Affero General Public License from time to time. Such new versions\nwill be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to\naddress new problems or concerns.\n\n Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the\nProgram specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU Affero General\nPublic License \"or any later version\" applies to it, you have the\noption of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered\nversion or of any later version published by the Free Software\nFoundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of the\nGNU Affero General Public License, you may choose any version ever published\nby the Free Software Foundation.\n\n If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future\nversions of the GNU Affero General Public License can be used, that proxy's\npublic statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you\nto choose that version for the Program.\n\n Later license versions may give you additional or different\npermissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any\nauthor or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a\nlater version.\n\n 15. Disclaimer of Warranty.\n\n THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY\nAPPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT\nHOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM \"AS IS\" WITHOUT WARRANTY\nOF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,\nTHE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR\nPURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM\nIS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF\nALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.\n\n 16. Limitation of Liability.\n\n IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING\nWILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS\nTHE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY\nGENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE\nUSE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF\nDATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD\nPARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS),\nEVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF\nSUCH DAMAGES.\n\n 17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.\n\n If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided\nabove cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms,\nreviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates\nan absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the\nProgram, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a\ncopy of the Program in return for a fee.\n\n END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS\n\n How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs\n\n If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest\npossible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it\nfree software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.\n\n To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest\nto attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively\nstate the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least\nthe \"copyright\" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.\n\n \n Copyright (C) \n\n This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify\n it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by\n the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or\n (at your option) any later version.\n\n This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,\n but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\n MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the\n GNU Affero General Public License for more details.\n\n You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License\n along with this program. If not, see .\n\nAlso add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.\n\n If your software can interact with users remotely through a computer\nnetwork, you should also make sure that it provides a way for users to\nget its source. For example, if your program is a web application, its\ninterface could display a \"Source\" link that leads users to an archive\nof the code. There are many ways you could offer source, and different\nsolutions will be better for different programs; see section 13 for the\nspecific requirements.\n\n You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school,\nif any, to sign a \"copyright disclaimer\" for the program, if necessary.\nFor more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU AGPL, see\n." }, { "path": "README.md", "content": "# Brainfuck JIT 虚拟机教程\n\n当我们谈到 JIT 时，通常会想到 V8、JVM 之类的庞然大物，然后望而生畏，觉得 JIT 是一种极其高深复杂的技术。\n\n但 JIT 也可以变得非常简单，我们不需要做完善的优化和分析，只要输入源码，输出机器指令，再执行，这和普通的文本处理程序没什么区别。\n\n在本教程中，我们将用 Rust 语言实现一个简单的 Brainfuck JIT 虚拟机，逐步理解 JIT 技术。\n\n教程地址：\n\n如果本教程对您有帮助，请[赞助我的开源工作](https://github.com/Nugine#sponsor)。\n" }, { "path": "bf/cgbfi2.bf", "content": "Brainfuck Self Interpreter: by Clive Gifford \n\nVersion 1: 01 December 2006 (one trip between code and data per op)\nVersion 2: 16 December 2006 (virtual codes for various combinations)\n\nCredits\n\nA large section of code to load the input to the interpreter is copied \nfrom the the 423 byte dbfi interpreter as described in the November 2003\npaper \"A Very Small Interpeter\" by Oleg Mazonka and Daniel B Cristofani\n\nGoals\n\nThe goal for this interpreter was to be efficient rather than small and\nparticularly to allow as many copies of itself as possible to be \"stacked\"\nup with something else on top / In other words to achieve a low \"eigenratio\"\n(See http eigenratios dot blogspot dot com for more information)\n\nThe main idea of the first version was to only make one round trip between\nthe emulated code and emulated data for each instruction executed instead\nof multiple round trips which is what Daniel and Oleg's version does\n\nThe second version does more pre processing of the guest program in order\nto map several common sequences to virtual codes thus reducing the memory\nfootprint and also further reducing the number of round trips between the\nemulated code and data\n\nOther info:\n\nThe input must consist of valid brainfuck code (to be interpreted) which\nmust always be followed by an exclamation mark and then any associated data\nInput can also include \"comments\" (if desired) except for exclamation mark\n\nIf you are stacking multiple copies of this interpreter then each additional\nlevel also has to appear in the input with a trailing exclamation mark and \nthen we finally have the input for the very top level to finish things off\n\nThe underlying brainfuck machine determines the possible range of values in\nthe data cell values and what happens if an attempt is made to go outside the\nsupported range but this interpreter does not more than 8 bit data itself\n\nLoops in the emulated code can be nested up to the maximum cell value in the\nunderlying machine and this interpreter requires that at least 17 levels of\nnesting is supported\n\nBehaviour on end of input is also inherited from the next level down\n\n>>>> leave a little extra space before the program code\n+ start in left hand cell of first program code pair\n[\n ->>> clear flag and move to the starting position\n ++>+>+++++++ setup differences and read char as per dbfi\n [<++++>>++<-]++>>+>+> (by Daniel B Cristofani)\n +++++[>++>++++++<<-]\n +>>>,<++\n [\n [>[->>]<[>>]<<-] see section 3 of dbfi paper\n <[<]<+>>[>]>\n [ see section 4 of dbfi paper\n <+>-\n [[<+>-]>] see section 5 of dbfi paper\n < see section 6 of dbfi paper\n [\n [[-]<] scan left and zero the differences\n ++<- see section 7 of dbfi paper\n [\n <+++++++++>[<->-]>>\n ]\n >>\n ]\n ]\n <<\n ]\n\n a three way switch to handle possibilities and adjust positioning\n \n >[-]+<< set \"done\" flag and position to value\n [\n -- 2 means last decode was for a valid instruction\n [ so if we still have something left now it was a 9\n [-] originally (meaning input should be ignored)\n >>- <<<+> so all we do is set the \"more input\" flag\n ]\n >> \n [\n -\n <<<<[>+<-] for valid input move everything right one\n\n start of processing to find and recode certain combinations of codes \n\n +<<+ set flags to indicate we want to process \n the last two instructions in the loop below\n [ \n -> clear flag and move to instruction\n [<+>>>>>>+<<<<<-] double copy instruction and then\n <[>+<-]>>>>>> restore original before moving to copy\n\n map relevant codes to values giving unique pairwise sums and also\n set a flag if we see the end of a loop\n\n >+<\n [\n -[\n -[\n -[\n -[\n -[\n -[\n -[\n -[\n [-]\n >-<\n ]>[-<<+++++++>>] <\n ]\n ]\n ]>[-]<\n ]>[-<<+++>>]<\n ]>[-<<+>>]<\n ]>[-]<\n ]>[-<<<<<<<+>>>>>>>]< set flag if it is end of loop\n ]>[-]<\n <<<< goto next instruction flag\n ]\n\n add values from above together to get unique sum\n\n >>>[<<+>>-]\n <+<\n\n setup a switch to figure out what it means\n\n [\n -[\n -[ \n -[\n -[\n -[\n -[\n -[\n -[\n -[\n -[\n [-]\n >-<<<[-]<<+>> change code 8 (add 1) to 9 (add 2)\n ]\n ]\n ]\n ]>[-]<\n ]>[-<<<[-]<<+++++++>>>]< change code 4 (left) to 11 (left 2)\n ]\n ]\n ]>[-]<\n ]>[-<<<[-]<<+++++++>>>]< change code 3 (right) to 10 (right 2)\n ]\n ]>[-]<\n\n clear flag set if second to last was end of loop\n and go to similar flag for last instruction\n\n <<<<<[-]>>\n [\n -\n <<<[>+>>+<<<-]>[<+>-]>> copy third to last instruction\n \n if it is the start of a loop then we can (in some cases)\n collapse the last three instructions to single virtual code\n\n [\n -[\n -[\n [-]\n >>\n ]\n >\n [ Now we are ready to check what code is in the loop (must be at least 1)\n <<[<+>>+<-]>[<+>-]+<<\n -\n [\n -[\n -[\n -[\n -[\n -[\n -[\n -[\n -[\n -[\n -\n <+> fall through & code as 16 (double skip left)\n ]<+++++++++++++>>[-]>->-<< code as 15 (double skip right)\n ] \n ]\n ]>>[->>>>>]<<\n ]>>[-<<<++++++++++++>>[-]>>-]<< code as 14 (zero)\n ]>>[->>>>>]<<\n ]>>[-<<<+++++++++++>>[-]>>-]<< code as 13 (skip left)\n ]>>[-<<<++++++++++>>[-]>>-]<< code as 12 (skip right)\n ] \n ]>>[->>>>>]<<\n ]\n <\n ]\n ]>[>>]<\n <<\n ]\n >>+>>>\n ] \n <<\n ]\n >> [->+>] << end of input so clear \"done\" and set data mark and\n finally position to a zero cell ready for next phase\n \n < move to \"more input\" flag\n \n]\n\n<<[<<]>> go to the first instruction\n\n ******** MAIN INTERPRETER LOOPS STARTS HERE ********\n\n[ start on current instruction code\n setup a big switch statement to decode instructions\n [<+>>+<-] move/copy instruction code and set \"done\" flag to\n +<- start with '(i less 1) (1) (i) for i = instruction\n [\n -[\n -[\n -[\n -[\n -[\n -[\n -[\n -[\n -[\n -[\n -[\n -[\n -[\n -[\n - can't be anything but 1 so bracketing not needed\n >->> [>>] >> [>>]< [<-<<-<] <[<<] << [<<]< double skip left (code 16)\n ]\n >[->> [>>] >> [>>]< [>+>>+>] <[<<] << [<<]]< double skip right (code 15)\n ]\n >[->> [>>] >> [>>] <[-]< [<<] << [<<]]< zero (code 14)\n ]\n >[->> [>>] >> [>>]< [<-<] <[<<] << [<<]]< skip left (code 13)\n ]\n >[->> [>>] >> [>>]< [>+>] <[<<] << [<<]]< skip right (code 12)\n ] \n >[->> [>>] >> [>>]< <-<<-< <[<<] << [<<]]< double move left (code 11)\n ]\n >[->> [>>] >> [>>] +>>+ [<<] << [<<]]< double move right (code 10)\n ]\n >[->> [>>] >> [>>]< ++ <[<<] << [<<]]< add 2 (code 9)\n ]\n >[->> [>>] >> [>>]< + <[<<] << [<<]]< increment\n ]\n >[->> [>>] >> [>>]< , <[<<] << [<<]]< input\n ]\n >[->> [>>] >> [>>]< - <[<<] << [<<]]< decrement\n ]\n >[->> [>>] >> [>>]< . <[<<] << [<<]]< output\n ]\n >[->> [>>] >> [>>] <<-<< [<<] << [<<]]< move left\n ]\n >[->> [>>] >> [>>] + [<<] << [<<]]< move right\n ]\n >\n [- left hand bracket\n >> [>>] >> [>>]< move to data cell\n [>+>>+<<<-]> make double copy and move to first\n [<+>-] restore original data cell value\n >>[<<+>>[-]]+ This and the following achieves\n <<[>>-<<-] x = not x\n >> go to flag cell (0 or 1)\n\n Some tricky stuff here: set up (not flag) also so we can later choose\n appropriate instruction sequence to get back to code area in one pass\n In one case we set flags at the other end (data greater than 0) but\n for the other we just go back without setting any flags (data equals 0)\n\n [<<+>>>>+<<-] make two copies of flag\n >>[<<+>>-]\n <<[>>+<<-]+ This and the following achieves\n >>[<<->>-]<< x = not x\n\n << so we now have (data) '(flag) (?) (not flag)\n\n [ if flag set then\n -<< [<<] << [<<]< clear and return to code section where we save\n << << ++ a 2 meaning we need (later) to match left bracket\n >> stop in zero cell for now\n ]\n\n >> if we executed code above then now at switch flag\n else it will put us ready to return from data area\n\n [-<<<<<<[<<]<<[<<]<] move back to switch flag without setting anything\n\n >\n ]\n <\n ]\n >\n [- right hand bracket\n >> [>>] >> [>>]< move to data cell\n [>+>>+<<<-]> make double copy and move to first\n [[<+>-]>>[-]+<<] restore data from one then zero second and set flag\n >> go to flag cell (0 or 1)\n\n Some tricky stuff here: set up (not flag) also so we can later choose\n appropriate instruction sequence to get back to code area in one pass\n In one case we set flags at the other end (data greater than 0) but\n for the other we just go back without setting any flags (data equals 0)\n\n [<<+>>>>+<<-] make two copes of flag\n >>[<<+>>-]\n <<[>>+<<-]+ This and the following achieves\n >>[<<->>-]<< x = not x\n \n << so we now have (data) '(flag) (?) (not flag)\n \n [ if flag set then\n -<< [<<] << [<<]< clear and return to code section where we save\n << << + a 1 meaning we need (later) to match right bracket\n >> stop in zero cell for now\n ]\n\n >> if we executed code above then now at switch flag\n else it will put us ready to return from data area\n \n [-<<<<<<[<<]<<[<<]<] move back to switch flag without setting anything\n \n >\n ]\n\n >[<+>-] restore original instruction code\n\n *** We are positioned in the cell immediately to the right of the ***\n *** instruction that has just been \"executed\" in the switch above ***\n *** The following code is to handle finding matching brackets ***\n *** because code above has only set a cell value to 1 or 2 to show ***\n *** what kind of loop scanning is required (1=scan left 2=right) ***\n \n << << << position to cell showing if matching required\n [ if non zero we need to find a matching bracket\n >> + set up \"done\" flag for switch and\n << - decrement switch value so now is 0 or 1\n [ if 1 we are looking for matching right bracket\n - >> - >> + clear switch value & \"done\" & set level to 1\n [ while level is more than 0\n >>>[-<+>>+<] make double copy of instruction code\n +<- set flag and prepare for switch\n [\n -[\n [-] clear whatever is left of code\n > - < do nothing except clear flag\n ]\n > [- <<< + >>>] < increment level\n ]\n > [- <<< - >>>] decrement level\n\n >[-<+>]<< restore instruction code\n\n << go to level\n [>>+<<-] if level then move right one instruction\n >>\n ]\n << << << go back to switch value cell\n ]\n >> go to switch done flag and if still set then\n [ we must be looking for a matching left bracket\n - << + clear switch value & \"done\" & set level to 1\n [ repeat while level is more than 0\n >>>[-<+>>+<] make double copy of instruction code\n +<- set flag and prepare for switch\n [\n -[\n [-] clear whatever is left of code\n > - < do nothing except clear flag\n ]\n > [- <<< - >>>] < decrement level\n ]\n > [- <<< + >>>] increment level\n\n >[-<+>]<< restore instruction code\n\n << go to level\n [<<+>>-] if level then move left one instruction\n <<\n ]\n ]\n ]\n\n >> >> >>\n\n > move forward to next instruction\n]\n" }, { "path": "bf/hello.bf", "content": "[ This program prints \"Hello World\" and a newline to the screen, its\n length is 106 active command characters. [It is not the shortest.]\n\n This loop is an \"initial comment loop\", a simple way of adding a comment\n to a BF program such that you don't have to worry about any command\n characters. Any \".\", \",\", \"+\", \"-\", \"<\" and \">\" characters are simply\n ignored, the \"[\" and \"]\" characters just have to be balanced. This\n loop and the commands it contains are ignored because the current cell\n defaults to a value of 0; the 0 value causes this loop to be skipped.\n]\n++++++++ Set Cell #0 to 8\n[\n >++++ Add 4 to Cell #1; this will always set Cell #1 to 4\n [ as the cell will be cleared by the loop\n >++ Add 2 to Cell #2\n >+++ Add 3 to Cell #3\n >+++ Add 3 to Cell #4\n >+ Add 1 to Cell #5\n <<<<- Decrement the loop counter in Cell #1\n ] Loop till Cell #1 is zero; number of iterations is 4\n >+ Add 1 to Cell #2\n >+ Add 1 to Cell #3\n >- Subtract 1 from Cell #4\n >>+ Add 1 to Cell #6\n [<] Move back to the first zero cell you find; this will\n be Cell #1 which was cleared by the previous loop\n <- Decrement the loop Counter in Cell #0\n] Loop till Cell #0 is zero; number of iterations is 8\n\nThe result of this is:\nCell No : 0 1 2 3 4 5 6\nContents: 0 0 72 104 88 32 8\nPointer : ^\n\n>>. Cell #2 has value 72 which is 'H'\n>---. Subtract 3 from Cell #3 to get 101 which is 'e'\n+++++++..+++. Likewise for 'llo' from Cell #3\n>>. Cell #5 is 32 for the space\n<-. Subtract 1 from Cell #4 for 87 to give a 'W'\n<. Cell #3 was set to 'o' from the end of 'Hello'\n+++.------.--------. Cell #3 for 'rl' and 'd'\n>>+. Add 1 to Cell #5 gives us an exclamation point\n>++. And finally a newline from Cell #6" }, { "path": "bf/mendelbrot.bf", "content": "[A mandelbrot set fractal viewer in brainf*** written by Erik Bosman]\n+++++++++++++[->++>>>+++++>++>+<<<<<<]>>>>>++++++>--->>>>>>>>>>+++++++++++++++[[\n>>>>>>>>>]+[<<<<<<<<<]>>>>>>>>>-]+[>>>>>>>>[-]>]<<<<<<<<<[<<<<<<<<<]>>>>>>>>[-]+\n<<<<<<<+++++[-[->>>>>>>>>+<<<<<<<<<]>>>>>>>>>]>>>>>>>+>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>\n>+<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<[<<<<<<<<<]>>>[-]+[>>>>>>[>>>>>>>[-]>>]<<<<<<<<<[<<<<<<<<<]>>\n>>>>>[-]+<<<<<<++++[-[->>>>>>>>>+<<<<<<<<<]>>>>>>>>>]>>>>>>+<<<<<<+++++++[-[->>>\n>>>>>>+<<<<<<<<<]>>>>>>>>>]>>>>>>+<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<[<<<<<<<<<]>>>[[-]>>>>>>[>>>>>\n>>[-<<<<<<+>>>>>>]<<<<<<[->>>>>>+<<+<<<+<]>>>>>>>>]<<<<<<<<<[<<<<<<<<<]>>>>>>>>>\n[>>>>>>>>[-<<<<<<<+>>>>>>>]<<<<<<<[->>>>>>>+<<+<<<+<<]>>>>>>>>]<<<<<<<<<[<<<<<<<\n<<]>>>>>>>[-<<<<<<<+>>>>>>>]<<<<<<<[->>>>>>>+<<+<<<<<]>>>>>>>>>+++++++++++++++[[\n>>>>>>>>>]+>[-]>[-]>[-]>[-]>[-]>[-]>[-]>[-]>[-]<<<<<<<<<[<<<<<<<<<]>>>>>>>>>-]+[\n>+>>>>>>>>]<<<<<<<<<[<<<<<<<<<]>>>>>>>>>[>->>>>[-<<<<+>>>>]<<<<[->>>>+<<<<<[->>[\n-<<+>>]<<[->>+>>+<<<<]+>>>>>>>>>]<<<<<<<<[<<<<<<<<<]]>>>>>>>>>[>>>>>>>>>]<<<<<<<\n<<[>[->>>>>>>>>+<<<<<<<<<]<<<<<<<<<<]>[->>>>>>>>>+<<<<<<<<<]<+>>>>>>>>]<<<<<<<<<\n[>[-]<->>>>[-<<<<+>[<->-<<<<<<+>>>>>>]<[->+<]>>>>]<<<[->>>+<<<]<+<<<<<<<<<]>>>>>\n>>>>[>+>>>>>>>>]<<<<<<<<<[<<<<<<<<<]>>>>>>>>>[>->>>>>[-<<<<<+>>>>>]<<<<<[->>>>>+\n<<<<<<[->>>[-<<<+>>>]<<<[->>>+>+<<<<]+>>>>>>>>>]<<<<<<<<[<<<<<<<<<]]>>>>>>>>>[>>\n>>>>>>>]<<<<<<<<<[>>[->>>>>>>>>+<<<<<<<<<]<<<<<<<<<<<]>>[->>>>>>>>>+<<<<<<<<<]<<\n+>>>>>>>>]<<<<<<<<<[>[-]<->>>>[-<<<<+>[<->-<<<<<<+>>>>>>]<[->+<]>>>>]<<<[->>>+<<\n<]<+<<<<<<<<<]>>>>>>>>>[>>>>[-<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<+>>>>>>>>>>>>>\n>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>]>>>>>]<<<<<<<<<[<<<<<<<<<]>>>>>>>>>+++++++++++++++[[>>>>\n>>>>>]<<<<<<<<<-<<<<<<<<<[<<<<<<<<<]>>>>>>>>>-]+>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>+<<<[<<<<<<\n<<<]>>>>>>>>>[>>>[-<<<->>>]+<<<[->>>->[-<<<<+>>>>]<<<<[->>>>+<<<<<<<<<<<<<[<<<<<\n<<<<]>>>>[-]+>>>>>[>>>>>>>>>]>+<]]+>>>>[-<<<<->>>>]+<<<<[->>>>-<[-<<<+>>>]<<<[->\n>>+<<<<<<<<<<<<[<<<<<<<<<]>>>[-]+>>>>>>[>>>>>>>>>]>[-]+<]]+>[-<[>>>>>>>>>]<<<<<<\n<<]>>>>>>>>]<<<<<<<<<[<<<<<<<<<]<<<<<<<[->+>>>-<<<<]>>>>>>>>>+++++++++++++++++++\n+++++++>>[-<<<<+>>>>]<<<<[->>>>+<<[-]<<]>>[<<<<<<<+<[-<+>>>>+<<[-]]>[-<<[->+>>>-\n<<<<]>>>]>>>>>>>>>>>>>[>>[-]>[-]>[-]>>>>>]<<<<<<<<<[<<<<<<<<<]>>>[-]>>>>>>[>>>>>\n[-<<<<+>>>>]<<<<[->>>>+<<<+<]>>>>>>>>]<<<<<<<<<[<<<<<<<<<]>>>>>>>>>[>>[-<<<<<<<<\n<+>>>>>>>>>]>>>>>>>]<<<<<<<<<[<<<<<<<<<]>>>>>>>>>+++++++++++++++[[>>>>>>>>>]+>[-\n]>[-]>[-]>[-]>[-]>[-]>[-]>[-]>[-]<<<<<<<<<[<<<<<<<<<]>>>>>>>>>-]+[>+>>>>>>>>]<<<\n<<<<<<[<<<<<<<<<]>>>>>>>>>[>->>>>>[-<<<<<+>>>>>]<<<<<[->>>>>+<<<<<<[->>[-<<+>>]<\n<[->>+>+<<<]+>>>>>>>>>]<<<<<<<<[<<<<<<<<<]]>>>>>>>>>[>>>>>>>>>]<<<<<<<<<[>[->>>>\n>>>>>+<<<<<<<<<]<<<<<<<<<<]>[->>>>>>>>>+<<<<<<<<<]<+>>>>>>>>]<<<<<<<<<[>[-]<->>>\n[-<<<+>[<->-<<<<<<<+>>>>>>>]<[->+<]>>>]<<[->>+<<]<+<<<<<<<<<]>>>>>>>>>[>>>>>>[-<\n<<<<+>>>>>]<<<<<[->>>>>+<<<<+<]>>>>>>>>]<<<<<<<<<[<<<<<<<<<]>>>>>>>>>[>+>>>>>>>>\n]<<<<<<<<<[<<<<<<<<<]>>>>>>>>>[>->>>>>[-<<<<<+>>>>>]<<<<<[->>>>>+<<<<<<[->>[-<<+\n>>]<<[->>+>>+<<<<]+>>>>>>>>>]<<<<<<<<[<<<<<<<<<]]>>>>>>>>>[>>>>>>>>>]<<<<<<<<<[>\n[->>>>>>>>>+<<<<<<<<<]<<<<<<<<<<]>[->>>>>>>>>+<<<<<<<<<]<+>>>>>>>>]<<<<<<<<<[>[-\n]<->>>>[-<<<<+>[<->-<<<<<<+>>>>>>]<[->+<]>>>>]<<<[->>>+<<<]<+<<<<<<<<<]>>>>>>>>>\n[>>>>[-<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<+>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>\n]>>>>>]<<<<<<<<<[<<<<<<<<<]>>>>>>>>>[>>>[-<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<+>\n>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>]>>>>>>]<<<<<<<<<[<<<<<<<<<]>>>>>>>>>++++++++\n+++++++[[>>>>>>>>>]<<<<<<<<<-<<<<<<<<<[<<<<<<<<<]>>>>>>>>>-]+[>>>>>>>>[-<<<<<<<+\n>>>>>>>]<<<<<<<[->>>>>>>+<<<<<<+<]>>>>>>>>]<<<<<<<<<[<<<<<<<<<]>>>>>>>>>[>>>>>>[\n-]>>>]<<<<<<<<<[<<<<<<<<<]>>>>+>[-<-<<<<+>>>>>]>[-<<<<<<[->>>>>+<++<<<<]>>>>>[-<\n<<<<+>>>>>]<->+>]<[->+<]<<<<<[->>>>>+<<<<<]>>>>>>[-]<<<<<<+>>>>[-<<<<->>>>]+<<<<\n[->>>>->>>>>[>>[-<<->>]+<<[->>->[-<<<+>>>]<<<[->>>+<<<<<<<<<<<<[<<<<<<<<<]>>>[-]\n+>>>>>>[>>>>>>>>>]>+<]]+>>>[-<<<->>>]+<<<[->>>-<[-<<+>>]<<[->>+<<<<<<<<<<<[<<<<<\n<<<<]>>>>[-]+>>>>>[>>>>>>>>>]>[-]+<]]+>[-<[>>>>>>>>>]<<<<<<<<]>>>>>>>>]<<<<<<<<<\n[<<<<<<<<<]>>>>[-<<<<+>>>>]<<<<[->>>>+>>>>>[>+>>[-<<->>]<<[->>+<<]>>>>>>>>]<<<<<\n<<<+<[>[->>>>>+<<<<[->>>>-<<<<<<<<<<<<<<+>>>>>>>>>>>[->>>+<<<]<]>[->>>-<<<<<<<<<\n<<<<<+>>>>>>>>>>>]<<]>[->>>>+<<<[->>>-<<<<<<<<<<<<<<+>>>>>>>>>>>]<]>[->>>+<<<]<<\n<<<<<<<<<<]>>>>[-]<<<<]>>>[-<<<+>>>]<<<[->>>+>>>>>>[>+>[-<->]<[->+<]>>>>>>>>]<<<\n<<<<<+<[>[->>>>>+<<<[->>>-<<<<<<<<<<<<<<+>>>>>>>>>>[->>>>+<<<<]>]<[->>>>-<<<<<<<\n<<<<<<<+>>>>>>>>>>]<]>>[->>>+<<<<[->>>>-<<<<<<<<<<<<<<+>>>>>>>>>>]>]<[->>>>+<<<<\n]<<<<<<<<<<<]>>>>>>+<<<<<<]]>>>>[-<<<<+>>>>]<<<<[->>>>+>>>>>[>>>>>>>>>]<<<<<<<<<\n[>[->>>>>+<<<<[->>>>-<<<<<<<<<<<<<<+>>>>>>>>>>>[->>>+<<<]<]>[->>>-<<<<<<<<<<<<<<\n+>>>>>>>>>>>]<<]>[->>>>+<<<[->>>-<<<<<<<<<<<<<<+>>>>>>>>>>>]<]>[->>>+<<<]<<<<<<<\n<<<<<]]>[-]>>[-]>[-]>>>>>[>>[-]>[-]>>>>>>]<<<<<<<<<[<<<<<<<<<]>>>>>>>>>[>>>>>[-<\n<<<+>>>>]<<<<[->>>>+<<<+<]>>>>>>>>]<<<<<<<<<[<<<<<<<<<]>>>>>>>>>+++++++++++++++[\n[>>>>>>>>>]+>[-]>[-]>[-]>[-]>[-]>[-]>[-]>[-]>[-]<<<<<<<<<[<<<<<<<<<]>>>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}, { "path": "book/book.toml", "content": "[book]\nauthors = [\"Nugine\"]\nlanguage = \"zh-CN\"\nmultilingual = false\nsrc = \"src\"\ntitle = \"Brainfuck JIT 虚拟机教程\"\n\n[build]\nbuild-dir = \"../dist\"\n" }, { "path": "book/src/1.md", "content": "# 1. 背景知识\n\n## Brainfuck 简介\n\n\n\nBrainfuck 仅包含八个指令，却是图灵完备的，理论上它可以做到任何用图灵机能做到的事情。\n\n机器模型：一个字节数组，一个数据指针，一个指令指针，输入流，输出流。\n\n数组初始化为全零，数据指针初始时指向数组的第一个字节，指令指针指向第一条指令。\n\n字符 '>'：将数据指针加一。\n\n字符 '<'：将数据指针减一。\n\n字符 '+'：将数据指针所指的单元加一。\n\n字符 '-'：将数据指针所指的单元减一。\n\n字符 ','：从输入流中读取一个字节，存入数据指针所指单元。\n\n字符 '.'：输出数据指针所指单元的字节。\n\n字符 '['：如果当前单元是 0，那么跳转到对应的 ']' 的下一条指令，否则继续执行。\n\n字符 ']'：如果当前单元不是 0，那么跳转到对应的 '[' 的下一条指令，否则继续执行。\n\n\nBrainfuck 可以直接对应到 C 代码，仅用几十行就能写个从 bf 到 c 的编译器。\n\n初始化\n\n```c\nchar array[30000] = {0};\nchar *ptr=array;\n```\n\n| 指令 | C 代码 |\n| ---- | --------------- |\n| > | ++ptr; |\n| < | --ptr; |\n| + | ++*ptr; |\n| - | --*ptr; |\n| . | putchar(*ptr); |\n| , | *ptr=getchar(); |\n| [ | while (*ptr) { |\n| ] | } |\n\nBrainfuck 可视化\n\n\n\n## Rust 资源\n\nRust 官网 \n\nRust 一键安装 \n\nRust 并不是一个能立即上手的语言，如果您是一位 Rust 新手，最好先全面了解 Rust 语言特性。\n\nRust 官网入门教程 \n\n中文书《Rust编程之道》 \n" }, { "path": "book/src/2.md", "content": "# 2. 启动项目\n\n初始化项目\n\n```bash\ncargo new bfjit\ncd bfjit\ncargo run\n```\n\n空白项目默认为 Hello world\n\n```\nFinished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.06s\nRunning `target/debug/bfjit`\nHello, world!\n```\n\n一切就绪。" }, { "path": "book/src/3.md", "content": "# 3. 中间表示\n\n为了方便后期处理，我们先将 Brainfuck 代码转换为一种中间表示 (IR).\n\n在 src 目录下添加文件 bfir.rs\n\n此时目录结构\n\n```\n.\n├── Cargo.lock\n├── Cargo.toml\n└── src\n ├── bfir.rs\n └── main.rs\n```\n\nmain.rs\n\n```rust ,noplaypen\nmod bfir;\n\nfn main() {\n println!(\"Hello, world!\");\n}\n```\n\n本节以下代码都将写入 bfir.rs\n\n## IR 定义\n\nAddVal, SubVal 表示将当前单元加减某一数值。\n\nAddPtr, SubPtr 表示将数据指针加减某一数值。\n\nJz，Jnz 表示跳转指令，带有跳转地址。\n\n```rust ,noplaypen\n{{#include ../../src/bfir.rs:3:13}}\n```\n\n## 错误处理\n\n\n我们使用 thiserror 库，用来轻松定义错误类型。\n\n\n\n导入第三方库时：\n\n若 Rust 版本 >= 1.62，可直接 [cargo add](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/commands/cargo-add.html) 。\n\n若 Rust 版本 < 1.62，推荐用 cargo-edit 插件。安装 cargo-edit 插件后，可以用命令导入第三方库。\n\n\n\n也可手动编辑 Cargo.toml。\n\n```bash\ncargo install cargo-edit\n```\n\n```bash\ncargo add thiserror\n```\n\n错误定义\n\n```rust ,noplaypen\n{{#include ../../src/bfir.rs:15:28}}\n```\n\n为 CompileError 实现 Display 和 Error，Display 用于对人友好的信息，Error 表明它是一个错误类型。\n\n```rust ,noplaypen\n{{#include ../../src/bfir.rs:23:34}}\n```\n\n## 编译为 IR\n\n\n```rust ,noplaypen\n{{#include ../../src/bfir.rs:38:44}}\n```\n\ncompile 函数接收一个字符串，返回 IR 序列。\n\ncode 存储已解析的 IR，stk 作为栈，存储左括号的IR位置、源代码行位置、源代码列位置，line 和 col 分别记录行号和列号。\n\n主循环结构\n\n```rust ,noplaypen\nfor ch in src.chars() {\n col += 1;\n match ch {\n ...\n }\n}\n```\n\n处理换行\n\n```rust ,noplaypen\n'\\n' => {\n line += 1;\n col = 0;\n}\n```\n\n处理普通指令\n\n```rust ,noplaypen\n'+' => code.push(BfIR::AddVal(1)),\n'-' => code.push(BfIR::SubVal(1)),\n'>' => code.push(BfIR::AddPtr(1)),\n'<' => code.push(BfIR::SubPtr(1)),\n',' => code.push(BfIR::GetByte),\n'.' => code.push(BfIR::PutByte),\n```\n\n处理左括号，将左括号位置入栈。\n\n```rust ,noplaypen\n'[' => {\n let pos = code.len() as u32;\n stk.push((pos, line, col));\n code.push(BfIR::Jz)\n}\n```\n\n处理右括号，从栈中弹出左括号位置，如果栈为空，说明没有匹配的左括号，生成一个编译错误并返回。如果有匹配的左括号，则正常生成 IR。\n\n```rust ,noplaypen\n']' => {\n stk.pop().ok_or(CompileError {\n line,\n col,\n kind: CompileErrorKind::UnexpectedRightBracket,\n })?;\n\n code.push(BfIR::Jnz)\n}\n```\n\n忽略其他字符\n\n```rust ,noplaypen\n_ => {}\n```\n\n循环结束后，如果栈不为空，说明有左括号没有匹配到右括号，弹出左括号位置，生成编译错误。最后返回生成的IR.\n\n```rust ,noplaypen\nif let Some((_, line, col)) = stk.pop() {\n return Err(CompileError {\n line,\n col,\n kind: CompileErrorKind::UnclosedLeftBracket,\n });\n}\nOk(code)\n```\n\n完整代码\n\n```rust,noplaypen\n{{#include ../../src/bfir.rs:38:84}}\n```\n\n## 简单优化\n\nbrainfuck 代码中经常有连续的算术加减和指针移动，这些操作完全可以折叠起来。\n\n优化函数直接操作 IR 序列，用一次遍历完成折叠，原地操作。时间复杂度 O(n)，空间复杂度 O(1)。\n\n这里定义两个宏来避免复制粘贴大量同样的代码。\n\n```rust,noplaypen\n{{#include ../../src/bfir.rs:88:132}}\n```\n\n## 简单测试\n\nRust 内置一套单元测试框架，在模块内随手写个函数，标上 `#[test]`，然后运行命令 `cargo test`。cargo 会收集所有测试，逐个运行，并报告结果。\n\n```rust,noplaypen\n{{#include ../../src/bfir.rs:134:161}}\n```\n" }, { "path": "book/src/4.md", "content": "# 4. Hello, JIT\n\n通常来说，Just In Time (JIT) 编译器 是指在某段高阶代码即将运行时将其编译到机器码再执行的程序。下文中，我们把这样的程序叫做 \"JIT\"。\n\n一个最简单的 JIT 工作方式是这样的：\n\n1. 将源代码编译为机器码。\n2. 申请一段可写可执行内存，写入机器码。\n3. 跳转到这段内存，执行机器码。\n4. 执行完毕，稍作清理，退出。\n\n以下代码引用自 [Hello, JIT World: The Joy of Simple JITs](http://blog.reverberate.org/2012/12/hello-jit-world-joy-of-simple-jits.html)\n\n```c\n#include \n#include \n#include \n#include \n\nint main(int argc, char *argv[]) {\n // 机器码：\n // mov eax, 0\n // ret\n unsigned char code[] = {0xb8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xc3};\n\n if (argc < 2) {\n fprintf(stderr, \"Usage: jit1 \\n\");\n return 1;\n }\n\n // 把用户给出的数值写入机器码，覆盖立即数 \"0\"\n // mov eax, \n // ret\n int num = atoi(argv[1]);\n memcpy(&code[1], &num, 4);\n\n // 分配可写可执行内存\n // 注意：真实的程序不应该映射同时可写可执行的内存，\n // 这里有安全风险。\n void *mem = mmap(NULL, sizeof(code), PROT_WRITE | PROT_EXEC,\n MAP_ANON | MAP_PRIVATE, -1, 0);\n memcpy(mem, code, sizeof(code));\n\n // 定义一个函数指针指向机器码内存，再执行函数\n int (*func)() = mem;\n return func();\n}\n```\n\n编写 JIT 的一大难点是如何生成机器码，这里通常有跨平台问题、可读性消失问题。\n\n最笨的方法：写一段汇编，用汇编器生成机器码，再复制到高级代码里。但这样不具有通用性，开发效率非常低。\n\n## dynasm\n\n[DynAsm](http://luajit.org/dynasm.html) 是 LuaJIT 的一部分，它用预处理器把混合汇编的 C 文件转换成 纯 C 文件，还包含一个微型运行时，用来执行运行时工作。\n\n[dynasm-rs](https://crates.io/crates/dynasm) 是对应的 Rust 实现，用过程宏在编译期解析汇编语法，也包含微型运行时。\n\nRust 过程宏作为编译器插件几乎是万能的，不光是汇编，html、shell、cpp 等语言都能嵌入，转换成对应的 Rust 结构，给人一种相当纯粹的感觉。过程宏还有很多用途，感兴趣的可以自行研究。\n\n```bash\ncargo add dynasm dynasmrt\n```\n\n修改 main.rs，导入 dynasm.\n\n```rust ,noplaypen\nmod bfir;\n\nuse dynasm::dynasm;\nuse dynasmrt::{DynasmApi, DynasmLabelApi};\n\nuse std::io::{stdout, Write};\n```\n\n编写 print 函数，使用 \"sysv64\" ABI。\n\nx86-64 Linux 系统上默认为 System V ABI. [相关文档](https://github.com/hjl-tools/x86-psABI/wiki/X86-psABI)\n\n```rust ,noplaypen\nunsafe extern \"sysv64\" fn print(buf: *const u8, len: u64) -> u8 {\n let buf = std::slice::from_raw_parts(buf, len as usize);\n stdout().write_all(buf).is_err() as u8\n}\n```\n\n首先初始化汇编器，指定架构为 x64，全局标签 hello 指向字符串。\n\n\n```rust ,noplaypen\nfn main() {\n let mut ops = dynasmrt::x64::Assembler::new().unwrap();\n let string = b\"Hello, JIT!\\n\";\n\n dynasm!(ops\n ; .arch x64\n ; ->hello:\n ; .bytes string\n );\n```\n\ndynasm 使用 nasm 的方言，左操作数为目标，右操作数为源。\n\nsysv64 调用约定规定 rdi, rsi, rdx, rcx 存放前四个整数参数，rax 存放返回值。\n\n```rust ,noplaypen\n let hello = ops.offset();\n dynasm!(ops\n ; lea rdi, [->hello] // 将 hello 字符串地址放入 rdi\n ; mov rsi, QWORD string.len() as _ // 将 字符串长度放入 rsi\n ; mov rax, QWORD print as _ // 将 print 函数地址放入 rax\n ; call rax // 调用函数\n ; ret // 返回\n );\n```\n\n完成汇编，取得可执行缓冲区。根据偏移拿到函数地址，强制转换为函数指针。最后调用机器码，得到结果。\n\n```rust ,noplaypen\n let buf = ops.finalize().unwrap();\n\n let hello_fn: unsafe extern \"sysv64\" fn() -> u8 =\n unsafe { std::mem::transmute(buf.ptr(hello)) };\n\n let ret = unsafe { hello_fn() };\n\n assert_eq!(ret, 0);\n}\n```\n\n运行结果\n\n```bash\n$ cargo run\n Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 1.30s\n Running `target/debug/bfjit`\nHello, JIT!\n```\n\n\n完整代码\n\n```rust ,noplaypen\nmod bfir;\n\nuse dynasm::dynasm;\nuse dynasmrt::{DynasmApi, DynasmLabelApi};\n\nuse std::io::{stdout, Write};\n\nunsafe extern \"sysv64\" fn print(buf: *const u8, len: u64) -> u8 {\n let buf = std::slice::from_raw_parts(buf, len as usize);\n stdout().write_all(buf).is_err() as u8\n}\n\nfn main() {\n let mut ops = dynasmrt::x64::Assembler::new().unwrap();\n let string = b\"Hello, JIT!\\n\";\n\n dynasm!(ops\n ; .arch x64\n ; ->hello:\n ; .bytes string\n );\n\n let hello = ops.offset();\n dynasm!(ops\n ; lea rdi, [->hello]\n ; mov rsi, QWORD string.len() as _\n ; mov rax, QWORD print as _\n ; call rax\n ; ret\n );\n\n let buf = ops.finalize().unwrap();\n\n let hello_fn: unsafe extern \"sysv64\" fn() -> u8 =\n unsafe { std::mem::transmute(buf.ptr(hello)) };\n\n let ret = unsafe { hello_fn() };\n\n assert_eq!(ret, 0);\n}\n```\n\n## 如何处理 panic\n\n跨越 Rust 边界的 panic 是未定义行为，我们很难让汇编去匹配 unwind ABI。\n\n暴露给外部调用的 Rust 函数最好捕获 panic，用其他方式去处理。\n\n例如这样 \n\n```rust\nunsafe extern \"sysv64\" fn print(buf: *const u8, len: u64) -> u8 {\n let ret = std::panic::catch_unwind(|| {\n let buf = std::slice::from_raw_parts(buf, len as usize);\n stdout().write_all(buf).is_err()\n });\n match ret {\n Ok(false) => 0,\n Ok(true) => 1,\n Err(_) => 2,\n }\n}\n```" }, { "path": "book/src/5.md", "content": "# 5. 来点错误\n\n添加一个错误模块\n\nsrc/main.rs\n\n```rust ,noplaypen\nmod error;\n```\n\nsrc/error.rs\n\n```rust ,noplaypen\n{{#include ../../src/error.rs}}\n```\n\n虚拟机运行时可能出现两种错误，IO 错误和指针溢出。\n\n虚拟机首先需要读取源代码，可能出现IO错误，然后将源代码编译为 IR，可能发生编译错误，最后运行程序，可能有运行时错误。\n" }, { "path": "book/src/6.md", "content": "# 6. 实现虚拟机\n\n添加模块 src/bfjit.rs\n\n导入必要的类型\n\n```rust,noplaypen\n{{#include ../../src/bfjit.rs:1:9}}\n```\n\n\n虚拟机定义与 Brainfuck 机器模型一致。\n\n机器码缓冲区，起始偏移，字节数组，输入输出流。\n\n字节数组大小至少为 30000，这里设置为 4 MiB.\n\n```rust,noplaypen\n{{#include ../../src/bfjit.rs:13:19}}\n```\n\n准备汇编可调用的函数，brainfuck 通过 unsafe 函数与虚拟机交互。\n\n为了传出可能的错误，把错误移动到堆上，返回裸指针。您也可以选择其他方式来传出错误。\n\n在 FFI 时完善地处理 panic 和 backtrace 是一个复杂的问题。为了不增加过多处理代码，这里选择忽略 unsafe 函数中的 panic 问题。在代码正确的情况下，panic 应该不会发生。\n\n请注意：跨语言的栈展开 (stack unwind) 是未定义行为，有可能引发段错误，您需要仔细研究 ABI 才能解决它。\n\n```rust,noplaypen\n{{#include ../../src/bfjit.rs:21:52}}\n```\n\n用输入流、输出流、源文件路径初始化虚拟机，优化选项也由外部提供。\n\ncompile 方法暂时留空。\n\n```rust ,noplaypen\nimpl BfVM<'_> {\n fn compile(code: &[BfIR]) -> Result<(dynasmrt::ExecutableBuffer, dynasmrt::AssemblyOffset)> {\n todo!()\n }\n```\n\n```rust,noplaypen\n{{#include ../../src/bfjit.rs:54:79}}\n```\n\n即时编译出的裸函数接收虚拟机指针和字节数组的边界指针，返回错误指针。\n\n执行函数后检查错误指针，如果非空，就把错误从堆上移动到栈上再返回。\n\n```rust,noplaypen\n{{#include ../../src/bfjit.rs:81:102}}\n```" }, { "path": "book/src/7.md", "content": "# 7. 生成机器码\n\n完成上一节留空的 compile 方法。\n\n整个 brainfuck 程序将被编译为一个大函数，在上一节的 run 方法中我们已经指定了该函数的签名。\n\n```rust,noplaypen\ntype RawFn = unsafe extern \"sysv64\" fn(\n this: *mut BfVM<'_>,\n memory_start: *mut u8,\n memory_end: *const u8,\n) -> *mut VMError;\n```\n\n在 compile 方法中，首先初始化汇编器，函数起始地址就是最开始的偏移。\n\nloops 作为栈，用来存放动态标签，指引跳转。\n\n```rust,noplaypen\n{{#include ../../src/bfjit.rs:104:110}}\n```\n\nsysv64 调用约定规定 rdi, rsi, rdx, rcx 存放前四个整数参数，rax 存放返回值，这些属于易失性寄存器，在调用子函数时其内容可能丢失。\n\nrbp, rbx, r12 ~ r15 是非易失性寄存器，在调用子函数时不会丢失。如果函数中会占用这些寄存器，也要在开头和结尾相应地保存和恢复它们的内容。\n\n我们在注释里记录函数会用到的所有寄存器。rdi, rsi, rdx 对应函数的三个参数，我们将其保存到 r12, r13, r14 寄存器。函数中需要一个 ptr 变量记录 brainfuck 程序的当前指针，我们使用 r15 寄存器。\n\n```rust,noplaypen\n{{#include ../../src/bfjit.rs:112:115}}\n```\n\n汇编函数开始，首先把 rax 压栈。x86-64-psABI 规定参数区域的结尾按16字节对齐。函数开始时返回地址压栈，此时 栈指针+8 是 16 的倍数，因此再把 rax 压栈，使栈指针对齐，以便之后的函数调用，rax 的内容没有意义。\n\n由于函数中用到 r12 ~ r15 非易失性寄存器，将其压栈保存。注意这里压入 4 个 8 字节寄存器，栈指针仍然对齐。\n\n```rust,noplaypen\n{{#include ../../src/bfjit.rs:117:127}}\n```\n\n每个 IR 依次映射到汇编。\n\n指针移动，需要检查算术溢出和数组边界溢出，出错即跳转到全局标签所指的错误处理区域。\n\n```rust,noplaypen\n{{#include ../../src/bfjit.rs:129:143}}\n```\n\n单个字节的算术加减，允许溢出。\n\n```rust,noplaypen\n{{#include ../../src/bfjit.rs:144:149}}\n```\n\nIO 操作。首先保存当前数据指针寄存器，将虚拟机函数所需的各参数和函数地址放入寄存器，调用函数。\n\n如果函数返回的不是空指针，说明出错，应该跳转到IO错误处理区域。\n\n最后恢复数据指针寄存器。\n\n```rust,noplaypen\n{{#include ../../src/bfjit.rs:150:165}}\n```\n\n跳转指令。利用 dynasm 提供的 api， 创建两个动态标签，分别生成跳转汇编。由于编译到 IR 时已经验证过跳转指令的对应关系，这里的栈可以直接弹出。\n\n```rust,noplaypen\n{{#include ../../src/bfjit.rs:166:186}}\n```\n\n正常退出函数时应该返回空指针，表示没有错误。\n\n溢出时生成一个溢出错误，IO错误时错误指针已经存入 rax，无需处理。\n\n最后退栈，与函数开始时的压栈对应，维持栈平衡。注意退栈时不能破坏 rax 中的返回值。\n\n```rust,noplaypen\n{{#include ../../src/bfjit.rs:188:203}}\n```\n\n完成汇编，取出可执行缓冲区，返回。\n\n```rust,noplaypen\n{{#include ../../src/bfjit.rs:205:210}}\n```\n" }, { "path": "book/src/8.md", "content": "# 8. 命令行界面\n\n虚拟机已经完成，剩下的就是把它包装成命令行界面 (CLI) 了。\n\n我们使用 clap 库，用结构体定义命令行参数解析。\n\n\n\n```bash\ncargo add clap --features derive\n```\n\n这就是 main.rs 的全部代码。\n\n```rust,noplaypen\n{{#include ../../src/main.rs}}\n```\n\n把写好的命令行应用安装到系统。\n\n```bash\n$ cargo install --path .\n$ bfjit --help\nUsage: bfjit [OPTIONS] \n\nArguments:\n \n\nOptions:\n -o, --optimize Optimize code\n -h, --help Print help\n -V, --version Print version\n```\n\n从 github 上找一些 brainfuck 程序运行，观察 JIT 与解释器的效率差别。\n\n```bash\n$ bfjit bf/hello.bf\nHello World!\n```\n\n观察折叠操作对速度的影响。\n\n```bash\n$ time bfjit bf/mendelbrot.bf > m.txt\n\nreal 0m5.858s\nuser 0m5.840s\nsys 0m0.012s\n\n$ time bfjit bf/mendelbrot.bf -o > m.txt\n\nreal 0m1.921s\nuser 0m1.903s\nsys 0m0.010s\n```\n\n甚至可以运行一层 brainfuck 自解释器。\n\n注意：多层自解释器的效率会严重下降，短时间内无法得出结果。\n\n\n\n\n\n" }, { "path": "book/src/SUMMARY.md", "content": "# Summary\n\n[介绍](introduction.md)\n\n- [背景知识](./1.md)\n- [启动项目](./2.md)\n- [中间表示](./3.md)\n- [Hello, JIT](./4.md)\n- [来点错误](./5.md)\n- [实现虚拟机](./6.md)\n- [生成机器码](./7.md)\n- [命令行界面](./8.md)\n\n[结语](./conclusion.md)\n" }, { "path": "book/src/conclusion.md", "content": "# 结语\n\n本教程基于 dynasm 实现了一个 Brainfuck JIT 虚拟机，主要功能有 Brainfuck 解析编译、简单优化、动态生成机器码，并提供了友好的命令行界面。\n\n希望本项目对有兴趣深入研究 JIT 技术的人有所帮助。\n\n欢迎 PR 来进一步改进本项目。\n\n第三方依赖：\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" }, { "path": "book/src/introduction.md", "content": "# Brainfuck JIT 虚拟机教程\n\n当我们谈到 JIT 时，通常会想到 V8、JVM 之类的庞然大物，然后望而生畏，觉得 JIT 是一种极其高深复杂的技术。\n\n但 JIT 也可以变得非常简单，我们不需要做完善的优化和分析，只要输入源码，输出机器指令，再执行，这和普通的文本处理程序没什么区别。\n\n在本教程中，我们将用 Rust 语言实现一个简单的 Brainfuck JIT 虚拟机，逐步理解 JIT 技术。\n" }, { "path": "justfile", "content": "build:\n cd book && mdbook build\n\nserve:\n cd book && mdbook serve --open\n\ndev:\n just fmt\n just lint\n just test\n\nfmt *ARGS:\n cargo fmt --all {{ARGS}}\n\nlint *ARGS:\n cargo clippy --all-features --tests --benches {{ARGS}}\n\ntest *ARGS:\n cargo test --all-features {{ARGS}}\n cargo run --release -- bf/hello.bf\n cargo run --release -- bf/hello.bf -o\n cargo run --release -- bf/mendelbrot.bf\n cargo run --release -- bf/mendelbrot.bf -o\n\nci:\n just fmt --check\n just lint -- -D warnings\n just test\n" }, { "path": "src/bfir.rs", "content": "use std::fmt;\n\n#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]\npub enum BfIR {\n AddVal(u8), // +\n SubVal(u8), // -\n AddPtr(u32), // >\n SubPtr(u32), // <\n GetByte, // ,\n PutByte, // .\n Jz, // [\n Jnz, // ]\n}\n\n#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]\npub enum CompileErrorKind {\n #[error(\"Unclosed left bracket\")]\n UnclosedLeftBracket,\n #[error(\"Unexpected right bracket\")]\n UnexpectedRightBracket,\n}\n\n#[derive(Debug)]\npub struct CompileError {\n line: u32,\n col: u32,\n kind: CompileErrorKind,\n}\n\nimpl fmt::Display for CompileError {\n fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {\n write!(f, \"{} at line {}:{}\", self.kind, self.line, self.col)\n }\n}\n\nimpl std::error::Error for CompileError {}\n\npub fn compile(src: &str) -> Result, CompileError> {\n let mut code: Vec = vec![];\n\n let mut stk: Vec<(u32, u32, u32)> = vec![];\n\n let mut line: u32 = 1;\n let mut col: u32 = 0;\n\n for ch in src.chars() {\n col += 1;\n match ch {\n '\\n' => {\n line += 1;\n col = 0;\n }\n '+' => code.push(BfIR::AddVal(1)),\n '-' => code.push(BfIR::SubVal(1)),\n '>' => code.push(BfIR::AddPtr(1)),\n '<' => code.push(BfIR::SubPtr(1)),\n ',' => code.push(BfIR::GetByte),\n '.' => code.push(BfIR::PutByte),\n '[' => {\n let pos = code.len() as u32;\n stk.push((pos, line, col));\n code.push(BfIR::Jz)\n }\n ']' => {\n stk.pop().ok_or(CompileError {\n line,\n col,\n kind: CompileErrorKind::UnexpectedRightBracket,\n })?;\n\n code.push(BfIR::Jnz)\n }\n _ => {}\n }\n }\n if let Some((_, line, col)) = stk.pop() {\n return Err(CompileError {\n line,\n col,\n kind: CompileErrorKind::UnclosedLeftBracket,\n });\n }\n Ok(code)\n}\n\npub fn optimize(code: &mut Vec) {\n let len = code.len();\n let mut i = 0;\n let mut pc = 0;\n\n macro_rules! _fold_ir {\n ($variant:ident, $x:ident) => {{\n let mut j = i + 1;\n while j < len {\n if let $variant(d) = code[j] {\n $x = $x.wrapping_add(d);\n } else {\n break;\n }\n j += 1;\n }\n i = j;\n code[pc] = $variant($x);\n pc += 1;\n }};\n }\n\n macro_rules! _normal_ir {\n () => {{\n code[pc] = code[i];\n pc += 1;\n i += 1;\n }};\n }\n\n use BfIR::*;\n while i < len {\n match code[i] {\n AddPtr(mut x) => _fold_ir!(AddPtr, x),\n SubPtr(mut x) => _fold_ir!(SubPtr, x),\n AddVal(mut x) => _fold_ir!(AddVal, x),\n SubVal(mut x) => _fold_ir!(SubVal, x),\n GetByte => _normal_ir!(),\n PutByte => _normal_ir!(),\n Jz => _normal_ir!(),\n Jnz => _normal_ir!(),\n }\n }\n\n code.truncate(pc);\n code.shrink_to_fit();\n}\n\n#[test]\nfn test_compile() {\n assert_eq!(\n compile(\"+[,.]\").unwrap(),\n vec![\n BfIR::AddVal(1),\n BfIR::Jz,\n BfIR::GetByte,\n BfIR::PutByte,\n BfIR::Jnz,\n ]\n );\n\n match compile(\"[\").unwrap_err().kind {\n CompileErrorKind::UnclosedLeftBracket => {}\n _ => panic!(),\n };\n\n match compile(\"]\").unwrap_err().kind {\n CompileErrorKind::UnexpectedRightBracket => {}\n _ => panic!(),\n };\n\n let mut code = compile(\"[+++++]\").unwrap();\n optimize(&mut code);\n assert_eq!(code, vec![BfIR::Jz, BfIR::AddVal(5), BfIR::Jnz]);\n}\n" }, { "path": "src/bfjit.rs", "content": "use crate::bfir::{self, BfIR};\nuse crate::error::{Result, RuntimeError, VMError};\n\nuse std::io::{Read, Write};\nuse std::path::Path;\nuse std::ptr;\n\nuse dynasm::dynasm;\nuse dynasmrt::{DynasmApi, DynasmLabelApi};\n\nconst MEMORY_SIZE: usize = 4 * 1024 * 1024;\n\npub struct BfVM<'io> {\n code: dynasmrt::ExecutableBuffer,\n start: dynasmrt::AssemblyOffset,\n memory: Box<[u8]>,\n input: Box,\n output: Box,\n}\n\n#[inline(always)]\nfn vm_error(re: RuntimeError) -> *mut VMError {\n let e = Box::new(VMError::from(re));\n Box::into_raw(e)\n}\n\nimpl BfVM<'_> {\n unsafe extern \"sysv64\" fn getbyte(this: *mut Self, ptr: *mut u8) -> *mut VMError {\n let mut buf = [0_u8];\n let this = &mut *this;\n match this.input.read(&mut buf) {\n Ok(0) => {}\n Ok(1) => *ptr = buf[0],\n Err(e) => return vm_error(RuntimeError::IO(e)),\n _ => unreachable!(),\n }\n ptr::null_mut()\n }\n\n unsafe extern \"sysv64\" fn putbyte(this: *mut Self, ptr: *const u8) -> *mut VMError {\n let buf = std::slice::from_ref(&*ptr);\n let this = &mut *this;\n match this.output.write_all(buf) {\n Ok(()) => ptr::null_mut(),\n Err(e) => vm_error(RuntimeError::IO(e)),\n }\n }\n\n unsafe extern \"sysv64\" fn overflow_error() -> *mut VMError {\n vm_error(RuntimeError::PointerOverflow)\n }\n}\n\nimpl<'io> BfVM<'io> {\n pub fn new(\n file_path: &Path,\n input: Box,\n output: Box,\n optimize: bool,\n ) -> Result {\n let src = std::fs::read_to_string(file_path)?;\n let mut ir = bfir::compile(&src)?;\n drop(src);\n\n if optimize {\n bfir::optimize(&mut ir);\n }\n let (code, start) = Self::compile(&ir)?;\n drop(ir);\n\n let memory = vec![0; MEMORY_SIZE].into_boxed_slice();\n Ok(Self {\n code,\n start,\n memory,\n input,\n output,\n })\n }\n\n pub fn run(&mut self) -> Result<()> {\n type RawFn = unsafe extern \"sysv64\" fn(\n this: *mut BfVM<'_>,\n memory_start: *mut u8,\n memory_end: *const u8,\n ) -> *mut VMError;\n\n let raw_fn: RawFn = unsafe { std::mem::transmute(self.code.ptr(self.start)) };\n\n let this: *mut Self = self;\n let memory_start = self.memory.as_mut_ptr();\n let memory_end = unsafe { memory_start.add(MEMORY_SIZE) };\n\n let ret: *mut VMError = unsafe { raw_fn(this, memory_start, memory_end) };\n\n if ret.is_null() {\n Ok(())\n } else {\n Err(*unsafe { Box::from_raw(ret) })\n }\n }\n}\n\nimpl BfVM<'_> {\n #[allow(clippy::fn_to_numeric_cast)]\n fn compile(code: &[BfIR]) -> Result<(dynasmrt::ExecutableBuffer, dynasmrt::AssemblyOffset)> {\n let mut ops = dynasmrt::x64::Assembler::new()?;\n let start = ops.offset();\n\n let mut loops = vec![];\n\n // this: rdi r12\n // memory_start: rsi r13\n // memory_end: rdx r14\n // ptr: r15\n\n dynasm!(ops\n ; push rax\n ; push r12\n ; push r13\n ; push r14\n ; push r15\n ; mov r12, rdi // save this\n ; mov r13, rsi // save memory_start\n ; mov r14, rdx // save memory_end\n ; mov r15, rsi // ptr = memory_start\n );\n\n use BfIR::*;\n for &ir in code {\n match ir {\n AddPtr(x) => dynasm!(ops\n ; add r15, x as i32 // ptr += x\n ; jc ->overflow // jmp if overflow\n ; cmp r15, r14 // ptr - memory_end\n ; jnb ->overflow // jmp if ptr >= memory_end\n ),\n SubPtr(x) => dynasm!(ops\n ; sub r15, x as i32 // ptr -= x\n ; jc ->overflow // jmp if overflow\n ; cmp r15, r13 // ptr - memory_start\n ; jb ->overflow // jmp if ptr < memory_start\n ),\n AddVal(x) => dynasm!(ops\n ; add BYTE [r15], x as i8 // *ptr += x\n ),\n SubVal(x) => dynasm!(ops\n ; sub BYTE [r15], x as i8 // *ptr -= x\n ),\n GetByte => dynasm!(ops\n ; mov rdi, r12 // arg0: this\n ; mov rsi, r15 // arg1: ptr\n ; mov rax, QWORD BfVM::getbyte as *const () as _\n ; call rax // getbyte(this, ptr)\n ; test rax, rax\n ; jnz ->io_error // jmp if rax != 0\n ),\n PutByte => dynasm!(ops\n ; mov rdi, r12 // arg0: this\n ; mov rsi, r15 // arg1: ptr\n ; mov rax, QWORD BfVM::putbyte as *const () as _\n ; call rax // putbyte(this, ptr)\n ; test rax, rax\n ; jnz ->io_error // jmp if rax != 0\n ),\n Jz => {\n let left = ops.new_dynamic_label();\n let right = ops.new_dynamic_label();\n loops.push((left, right));\n\n dynasm!(ops\n ; cmp BYTE [r15], 0\n ; jz => right // jmp if *ptr == 0\n ; => left\n )\n }\n Jnz => {\n let (left, right) = loops.pop().unwrap();\n dynasm!(ops\n ; cmp BYTE [r15], 0\n ; jnz => left // jmp if *ptr != 0\n ; => right\n )\n }\n }\n }\n\n dynasm!(ops\n ; xor rax, rax\n ; jmp >exit\n ; -> overflow:\n ; mov rax, QWORD BfVM::overflow_error as *const () as _\n ; call rax\n ; jmp >exit\n ; -> io_error:\n ; exit:\n ; pop r15\n ; pop r14\n ; pop r13\n ; pop r12\n ; pop rdx\n ; ret\n );\n\n let code = ops.finalize().unwrap();\n\n Ok((code, start))\n }\n}\n" }, { "path": "src/error.rs", "content": "#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]\npub enum RuntimeError {\n #[error(\"IO: {0}\")]\n IO(#[from] std::io::Error),\n\n #[error(\"Pointer overflow\")]\n PointerOverflow,\n}\n\n#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]\npub enum VMError {\n #[error(\"IO: {0}\")]\n IO(#[from] std::io::Error),\n\n #[error(\"Compile: {0}\")]\n Compile(#[from] crate::bfir::CompileError),\n\n #[error(\"Runtime: {0}\")]\n Runtime(#[from] RuntimeError),\n}\n\npub type Result = std::result::Result;\n" }, { "path": "src/main.rs", "content": "mod bfir;\nmod bfjit;\nmod error;\n\nuse crate::bfjit::BfVM;\n\nuse std::io::{stdin, stdout};\nuse std::path::PathBuf;\n\nuse clap::Parser;\n\n#[derive(Debug, clap::Parser)]\n#[clap(version)]\nstruct Opt {\n #[clap(name = \"FILE\")]\n file_path: PathBuf,\n\n #[clap(short = 'o', long = \"optimize\", help = \"Optimize code\")]\n optimize: bool,\n}\n\nfn main() {\n let opt = Opt::parse();\n\n let stdin = stdin();\n let stdout = stdout();\n\n let ret = BfVM::new(\n &opt.file_path,\n Box::new(stdin.lock()),\n Box::new(stdout.lock()),\n opt.optimize,\n )\n .and_then(|mut vm| vm.run());\n\n if let Err(e) = &ret {\n eprintln!(\"bfjit: {e}\");\n }\n\n std::process::exit(ret.is_err() as i32)\n}\n" } ]