[
  {
    "path": ".gitignore",
    "content": "# Byte-compiled / optimized / DLL files\n__pycache__/\n*.py[cod]\n*$py.class\n\n# C extensions\n*.so\n\n# Distribution / packaging\n.Python\nbuild/\ndevelop-eggs/\ndist/\ndownloads/\neggs/\n.eggs/\nlib/\nlib64/\nparts/\nsdist/\nvar/\nwheels/\nshare/python-wheels/\n*.egg-info/\n.installed.cfg\n*.egg\nMANIFEST\n\n# PyInstaller\n#  Usually these files are written by a python script from a template\n#  before PyInstaller builds the exe, so as to inject date/other infos into it.\n*.manifest\n*.spec\n\n# Installer logs\npip-log.txt\npip-delete-this-directory.txt\n\n# Unit test / coverage reports\nhtmlcov/\n.tox/\n.nox/\n.coverage\n.coverage.*\n.cache\nnosetests.xml\ncoverage.xml\n*.cover\n*.py,cover\n.hypothesis/\n.pytest_cache/\ncover/\n\n# Translations\n*.mo\n*.pot\n\n# Django stuff:\n*.log\nlocal_settings.py\ndb.sqlite3\ndb.sqlite3-journal\n\n# Flask stuff:\ninstance/\n.webassets-cache\n\n# Scrapy stuff:\n.scrapy\n\n# Sphinx documentation\ndocs/_build/\n\n# PyBuilder\n.pybuilder/\ntarget/\n\n# Jupyter Notebook\n.ipynb_checkpoints\n\n# IPython\nprofile_default/\nipython_config.py\n\n# pyenv\n#   For a library or package, you might want to ignore these files since the code is\n#   intended to run in multiple environments; otherwise, check them in:\n# .python-version\n\n# pipenv\n#   According to pypa/pipenv#598, it is recommended to include Pipfile.lock in version control.\n#   However, in case of collaboration, if having platform-specific dependencies or dependencies\n#   having no cross-platform support, pipenv may install dependencies that don't work, or not\n#   install all needed dependencies.\n#Pipfile.lock\n\n# poetry\n#   Similar to Pipfile.lock, it is generally recommended to include poetry.lock in version control.\n#   This is especially recommended for binary packages to ensure reproducibility, and is more\n#   commonly ignored for libraries.\n#   https://python-poetry.org/docs/basic-usage/#commit-your-poetrylock-file-to-version-control\n#poetry.lock\n\n# pdm\n#   Similar to Pipfile.lock, it is generally recommended to include pdm.lock in version control.\n#pdm.lock\n#   pdm stores project-wide configurations in .pdm.toml, but it is recommended to not include it\n#   in version control.\n#   https://pdm.fming.dev/#use-with-ide\n.pdm.toml\n\n# PEP 582; used by e.g. github.com/David-OConnor/pyflow and github.com/pdm-project/pdm\n__pypackages__/\n\n# Celery stuff\ncelerybeat-schedule\ncelerybeat.pid\n\n# SageMath parsed files\n*.sage.py\n\n# Environments\n.env\n.venv\nenv/\nvenv/\nENV/\nenv.bak/\nvenv.bak/\n\n# Spyder project settings\n.spyderproject\n.spyproject\n\n# Rope project settings\n.ropeproject\n\n# mkdocs documentation\n/site\n\n# mypy\n.mypy_cache/\n.dmypy.json\ndmypy.json\n\n# Pyre type checker\n.pyre/\n\n# pytype static type analyzer\n.pytype/\n\n# Cython debug symbols\ncython_debug/\n\n# PyCharm\n#  JetBrains specific template is maintained in a separate JetBrains.gitignore that can\n#  be found at https://github.com/github/gitignore/blob/main/Global/JetBrains.gitignore\n#  and can be added to the global gitignore or merged into this file.  For a more nuclear\n#  option (not recommended) you can uncomment the following to ignore the entire idea folder.\n#.idea/\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "CITATION",
    "content": "@article{li2023loogle,\n  title={Can Long-Context Language Models Understand Long Contexts?},\n  author={ Li, Jiaqi and Wang, Mengmeng and Zheng, Zilong and Zhang, Muhan },\n  url={https://github.com/bigai-nlco/LooGLE}\n  year={2023}\n}\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "Evaluation/automatic_eval.py",
    "content": "import json\nimport openai\nfrom nltk.translate.bleu_score import sentence_bleu\nfrom nltk.translate.meteor_score import single_meteor_score\nfrom rouge import Rouge\nfrom bert_score import score\nimport numpy as np\nimport argparse\nimport openai\nfrom automatic_metrics import (\n    get_bleu_score,\n    get_rouge_score,\n    get_meteor_score,\n    get_bertscore,\n    get_exact_match,\n    get_partial_match\n)\n\n\ndef evaluation(data, scores, functions, task):\n    for i in range(len(data[\"output\"])):\n        hyp, ref = data[\"llm_output\"][i], data[\"output\"][i]\n        if hyp == '':\n            hyp = 'None'\n        if \"qa_pairs\" in data:\n            if data[\"qa_pairs\"] != \"none\":\n                question = data[\"qa_pairs\"][i][\"Q\"]\n            else:\n                question = \"\"\n\n        for j in functions:\n            if j not in scores:\n                scores[j] = []\n            scores[j].append(eval(j)(question, ref, hyp, task))\n\n    return scores\n\n\ndef get_semantic_matching(result, functions):\n    final_score = {}\n    for i in functions:\n        if type(result[i][0]) is tuple:\n            l = result[i]\n            final_score[i] = [np.mean([i[j] for i in l]) for j in range(len(l[0]))]\n        else:\n            final_score[i] = np.mean(result[i])\n    return final_score\n\n\ndef get_match_score(result, functions):\n    final_score = {}\n    for i in functions:\n        match_count = np.sum([j[0] for j in result[i]])\n        all_count = np.sum([j[1] for j in result[i]])\n        final_score[i] = round(match_count / all_count, 4)\n    return final_score\n\n\ndef parse_args(args=None):\n    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()\n    parser.add_argument(\n        \"--model_name\", type=str, default=None, help=\"model name for evaluation\"\n    )\n    parser.add_argument(\n        \"--task\",\n        type=str,\n        default=None,\n        help=\"long context understanding tasks in LooGLE\",\n        choices=[\n            \"shortdep_qa\",\n            \"shortdep_cloze\",\n            \"longdep_qa\",\n            \"longdep_summarization\",\n        ],\n    )\n    parser.add_argument(\"--output_path\", type=str, default=\"./Output/\")\n    parser.add_argument(\n        \"--eval_metric\",\n        type=str,\n        default=None,\n        help=\"evaluation method for LLM predictions\",\n        choices=[\"automatic_sim\", \"automatic_match\"],\n    )\n\n    return parser.parse_args(args)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    args = parse_args()\n    if args.eval_metric == \"automatic_sim\":\n        eval_functions = [\n            \"get_bleu_score\",\n            \"get_rouge_score\",\n            \"get_meteor_score\",\n            \"get_bertscore\"\n        ]\n    elif args.eval_metric == \"automatic_match\":\n        eval_functions = [\"get_exact_match\", \"get_partial_match\"]\n\n    score_result = {}\n    with open(\n        args.output_path + args.task + \"_\" + args.model_name + \".jsonl\", \"r\"\n    ) as f:\n        for line in f.readlines():\n            ds_llm = json.loads(line)\n            score_result = evaluation(ds_llm, score_result, eval_functions, args.task)\n\n\n        if args.eval_metric == \"automatic_sim\":\n            print(get_semantic_matching(score_result, eval_functions))\n        elif args.eval_metric == \"automatic_match\":\n            print(get_match_score(score_result, eval_functions))\n\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "Evaluation/automatic_metrics.py",
    "content": "import json\nfrom nltk.translate.bleu_score import sentence_bleu\nfrom nltk.translate.meteor_score import single_meteor_score\nfrom rouge import Rouge\nfrom bert_score import score\nimport numpy as np\n\ndef get_bleu_score(question, reference, hypothesis, task):\n    reference, hypothesis = (\n        reference.replace(\"\\n\", \" \").split(),\n        hypothesis.replace(\"\\n\", \" \").split(),\n    )\n\n    bleu1 = sentence_bleu([reference], hypothesis, weights=(1, 0, 0, 0))\n    bleu4 = sentence_bleu([reference], hypothesis, weights=(0, 0, 0, 1))\n    return bleu1, bleu4\n\n\ndef get_rouge_score(question, reference, hypothesis, task, metric=\"r\"):\n    rouge = Rouge()\n    rouge_ = rouge.get_scores(hyps=[hypothesis], refs=[reference])[0]\n    return (\n        rouge_[\"rouge-1\"][metric],\n        rouge_[\"rouge-2\"][metric],\n        rouge_[\"rouge-l\"][metric],\n    )\n\n\ndef get_meteor_score(question, reference, hypothesis, task):\n    reference, hypothesis = (\n        reference.replace(\"\\n\", \" \").split(),\n        hypothesis.replace(\"\\n\", \" \").split(),\n    )\n    meteor = single_meteor_score(set(reference), set(hypothesis))\n    return float(meteor)\n\n\ndef get_bertscore(question, reference, hypothesis, task):\n\n    bertscore = score([reference], [hypothesis], lang=\"EN\")\n    return float(bertscore[1])\n\n\n\ndef get_exact_match(question, reference, hypothesis, task):\n    count = len(reference)\n    if type(hypothesis) is str:\n        try:\n            hypothesis = eval(hypothesis)\n            assert isinstance(hypothesis, dict)\n        except Exception as e:\n            return 0, count\n    \n    exact_score_count = 0\n    for key in reference:\n        if key in hypothesis and hypothesis[key] == reference[key]:\n            exact_score_count += 1\n    return exact_score_count, count\n\ndef get_partial_match(question, reference, hypothesis, task):\n    count = len(reference)\n    if isinstance(hypothesis, str):\n        try:\n            hypothesis = eval(hypothesis)\n            assert isinstance(hypothesis, dict)\n        except Exception as e:\n            return 0, count\n\n    partial_score_count = 0\n    for key in reference:\n        if key in hypothesis:\n            true_set = set(reference[key].split())\n            pred_set = set(hypothesis[key].split())\n            partial_score_count += int(len(true_set.intersection(pred_set)) > 0)\n    return partial_score_count, count\n\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "Evaluation/llm_eval.py",
    "content": "import json\nfrom nltk.translate.bleu_score import sentence_bleu\nfrom nltk.translate.meteor_score import single_meteor_score\nfrom rouge import Rouge\nfrom bert_score import score\nimport numpy as np\nimport argparse\nimport openai, os\nfrom llm_score import (\n    get_gpt4_score\n)\n\ndef evaluation(data, scores, functions, task):\n    for i in range(len(data[\"output\"])):\n        hyp, ref = data[\"llm_output\"][i], data[\"output\"][i]\n        if \"qa_pairs\" in data and data[\"qa_pairs\"] != \"none\":\n            question = data[\"qa_pairs\"][i][\"Q\"]\n        else:\n            question = \"\"\n\n        for j in functions:\n            if j not in scores:\n                scores[j] = []\n            scores[j].append(eval(j)(question, ref, hyp, task))\n\n    return scores\n\n\ndef get_accuracy(result, functions, task):\n    final_score = {}\n    for i in functions:\n        res = result[i]\n        if \"qa\" in task:\n            final_score[i] = res.count(\"True\") / (res.count(\"True\") + res.count(\"False\"))\n        else:\n            final_score[i] = np.mean(res)\n    return final_score\n\n\n\ndef parse_args(args=None):\n    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()\n    parser.add_argument(\n        \"--model_name\", type=str, default=None, help=\"model name for evaluation\"\n    )\n    parser.add_argument(\n        \"--task\",\n        type=str,\n        default=None,\n        help=\"long context understanding tasks in LooGLE\",\n        choices=[\n            \"shortdep_qa\",\n            \"longdep_qa\",\n            \"longdep_summarization\",\n        ],\n    )\n    parser.add_argument(\"--output_path\", type=str, default=\"./Output/\")\n    parser.add_argument(\n        \"--eval_metric\",\n        type=str,\n        default=\"llm\",\n        help=\"evaluation method for LLM predictions\",\n        choices=[\"llm\"],\n    )\n\n    return parser.parse_args(args)\n\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    args = parse_args()\n    openai_api_key = os.environ[\"OPENAI_API_KEY\"]\n    eval_functions = [\"get_gpt4_score\"]\n\n    score_result = {}\n\n    with open(\n        args.output_path + args.task + \"_\" + args.model_name + \".jsonl\", \"r\"\n    ) as f:\n        for line in f.readlines():\n            ds_llm = json.loads(line)\n            score_result = evaluation(ds_llm, score_result, eval_functions, args.task)\n\n\n        print(get_accuracy(score_result, eval_functions, args.task))\n\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "Evaluation/llm_score.py",
    "content": "import json\nimport numpy as np\nimport openai\n\n\ndef get_gpt4_score(question, reference, hypothesis, task):\n    if \"qa\" in task:\n        p = \"Given one question, there is a groundtruth and a predict_answer. Please decide whether they are the same or not in semantic. Please only output 'True' or 'False' .\"\n\n        prompt = [{\"role\": \"system\", \"content\": p,},\n        {\n            \"role\": \"user\",\n            \"content\": \"Question: \"\n            + question\n            + \"\\n\"\n            + \"groudtruth = \"\n            + reference\n            + \"\\n\"\n            + \"predict_answer = \"\n            + hypothesis,\n        }]\n\n    else:\n        # p = \"There is a groundtruth summary of a arxiv paper and a auto-generated summary .Please Compare generated summary with the goundtruth and evaluate the generated summary from the perspectives of information completeness, consistency, fluency, and grammar by giving a score within the range of 0 to 100.\"\n        prompt_format = \"There is a groundtruth summary of a arxiv paper and a auto-generated summary .Please Compare generated summary with the goundtruth and evaluate the generated summary from the perspectives of information completeness, consistency, fluency, and grammar by giving a score within the range of 0 to 100. \\nGroundtruth = {} \\nGenerated = {} \\nScore = \"\n        prompt = prompt_format.format(reference, hypothesis)\n        prompt = [{\"role\": \"system\", \"content\": prompt}]\n        \n    rr = openai.ChatCompletion.create(\n        model=\"gpt-4\",\n        messages=prompt,\n        temperature=0.0,\n        top_p=1,\n        max_tokens=10,\n        frequency_penalty=0,\n        presence_penalty=0,\n    )\n    rsp = rr[\"choices\"][0][\"message\"][\"content\"]\n\n    if \"qa\" in task:\n        return rsp\n    else:\n        return int(rsp)\n\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "LICENSE",
    "content": "MIT License\n\nCopyright (c) 2023 BIGAI Natural Language and Conversational AI Lab\n\nPermission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\nof this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to deal\nin the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights\nto use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell\ncopies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\nfurnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n\nThe above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all\ncopies or substantial portions of the Software.\n\nTHE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\nIMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\nFITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\nAUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\nLIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,\nOUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE\nSOFTWARE.\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "LooGLE-testdata/longdep_qa.jsonl",
    "content": "{\"input\": \" Early life. Picardo was born in Jerez de la Frontera, in the Province of C\\u00e1diz in Andaluc\\u00eda, Spain on 18 June 1919. His father was Alvaro Picardo de Celis and his mother's family name was Castell\\u00f3n. He had four brothers, one of whom died in infancy. His father died in 1929 when Picardo was ten years old. With his mother and his brothers he moved to Madrid, Spain. He enrolled at the newly created Instituto de Bachillerato Cervantes for his high school education. On completing school he initially wanted to join the navy, but was frustrated by the closure of the military academies in Madrid during the Second Spanish Republic. He turned to the study of law, but was frustrated again, this time by the start of the Spanish Civil War in July 1936 when he was in the middle of his course. He had just celebrated his seventeenth birthday. Training in architecture. To avoid being evacuated from Madrid when the Spanish Civil War began, Picardo joined the studio of the architect Luis Moya Blanco, a professor 15 years his senior at the Escuela T\\u00e9cnica Superior de Arquitectura de Madrid (Higher Technical School of Architecture of Madrid). Impressed by Picardo's abilities, Moya Blanco encouraged Picardo to abandon law and take up a career in architecture.. The Civil War and the dictatorial regime that followed it resulted in fewer architects in Spain. Some of those who had prospered during the Republic did not survive the war. Others had gone into exile or had been professionally disqualified. Under decree by the dictator Francisco Franco the Direcci\\u00f3n General de Aquitectura (General Directorate of Architecture) was set up to control architecture in Spain and collaborate in what his regime called la reconstrucci\\u00f3n nacional (national reconstruction). Many architects were required to be subordinate to it. Against this background, in 1945 Picardo entered the Escuela T\\u00e9cnica Superior de Arquitectura de Madrid.From the beginning of Picardo's studies, his abilities in painting and drawing \\u2014 in particular his mastery of perspective \\u2014 drew him to the attention of a number of architects who praised him highly. While he was still a student, architects commissioned murals from him for the interiors of their buildings, and employed him within their practices for the graphic representations and perspectives of their plans. Picardo executed his first professional mural painting at the age of 20 in 1939 in the Cine F\\u00edgaro (Figaro Cinema) in Madrid, commissioned by his architecture mentor Luis Moya Blanco. The painting of murals was the main source of income for Picardo during his youth and early career.As a student Picardo also began to illustrate many articles and later several covers for the Spanish architectural magazines Revista Nacional de Arquitectura and the Bolet\\u00edn de la Direcci\\u00f3n General de Arquitectura. His drawings in these publications have been described as showing \\\"increasing sophistication\\\" and being of \\\"complexity and extraordinary quality\\\". Particularly noted in his post-student days were illustrations portraying Madrid in the 1950s and 1960s, the Spanish protectorate in Morocco, and sketches of the Canarias (Canary Islands) in 1953. He also showed a growing interest in historic architecture, in particular its preservation and restoration. Picardo completed his training by making increasingly numerous travels to study buildings around Spain and abroad. His investigative journeys around the Iberian Peninsula awakened in him an intense interest in its historical and vernacular architecture. He was described as an \\\"outstanding\\\" student. Early career. Architect. On qualifying in 1951, Picardo pursued his interest in historical architecture by collaborating on a number of building preservation and restoration projects with the Spanish architect and architectural historian Fernando Chueca Goitia, who was 8 years his senior. Chueca's appeal to Picardo was the older man's lengthy research into what he saw as the unchanging elements of Spanish architecture that maintained their constancy despite political and religious changes. Picardo was one of the 24 signatories of the ''Manifiesto de la Alhambra'' of 1952, described as one of \\u201cthe most remarkable texts in the histiography of 20th-century Spanish architecture\\\", of which Chueca was the main instigator. The manifesto collected the reflections of a group of architects (Picardo among them) and \\\"sought inspiration in the design\\\" of the Alhambra in Granada, Andaluc\\u00eda for \\\"a distinctively Spanish form of modern architecture\\\". This inspiration was to guide much of Picardo's work throughout his career. Its influence, particularly in his work on Paradores, can be clearly seen.. During the 1950s Picardo pursued his personal architectural ambitions, entering competitions and publishing plans and drawings of uncommissioned buildings. In 1951 in  company with his fellow architect Carlos de Miguel he designed a centre for the Cofrad\\u00eda de Pescadores (Fishermen's Brotherhood) of Altea in the province of Alicante which attracted much attention but remained unbuilt.Picardo, working alone, designed a small hotel which could be built on the Costa del Sol in Andaluc\\u00eda. He described it as \\\"un modesto parador (a modest inn), resolved in a simple and attractive way\\\".In competition, Picardo entered plans and drawings of a preliminary draft for the Delegaci\\u00f3n de Hacienda de Gerona (Treasury Delegation in Gerona) but came second behind the Spanish architect Carlos Sobrini who had been a year behind Picardo at college. He also came second in a similar competition a year later with a design for the Delegaci\\u00f3n de Hacienda en Las Palmas (Treasury Delegation in Las Palmas), once again losing to Carlos Sobrini.In 1958 Picardo co-designed with his brother Carlos Picardo a six-storey edificio de viviendas (apartment building) near Madrid's Plaza de Las Ventas, designed for middle-class families.In the early 1960s Picardo built some houses in the vernacular and historical Andaluc\\u00edan style on the Costa del Sol and in Jerez and, in contrast, a number of modernist apartment blocks for the construction company Urbis in Madrid. He also moved on to a series of building commissions for the Spanish Ministerio de Informaci\\u00f3n y Turismo (Ministry of Information and Tourism) which laid the foundation for his notable work in the 1960s and 1970s on a large number of the state-owned luxury hotel network Paradores de Turismo de Espa\\u00f1a.. Even early in his architectural career, Picardo was viewed as a supreme draughtsman, producing quick sketches, perspectives, views, details and innumerable plans of his projects in which his skills can be easily identified. Artist. As well as his work on modern buildings and on preservation and restoration projects through the 1950s, Picardo continued to receive commissions for decorative mural paintings, where he \\\"demonstrated his mastery in the use of colour and techniques such as watercolour and oil\\\". His works were seen in locations such as the new Hotel de Los Cisnes in Jerez, while in Madrid he embellished the Bar Jerez, the Hotel Plaza, the Residencia de Ingenieros del Instituto Nacional de Colonizaci\\u00f3n (Engineers' residence of the National Institute of Colonization), the Exposici\\u00f3n de Regiones Devastadas (Exposition of Devastated Regions), the Instituto de \\u00d3ptica \\\"Daza de Vald\\u00e9s\\\" (Institute of Optics), the sales area of the Garaje Villamagna (Villamagna Garage) and in 1953 he completed extensive paintings at the Restaurante Commodore in Madrid where amongst other images he produced two large curved panoramic views, one of Madrid and one of C\\u00e1diz. Picardo was regarded as an \\\"outstanding\\\" muralist.At the same time his drawings of buildings and architectural details were published as illustrations in a best-selling textbook on monumental and historic Spanish architecture, Arquitectura Popular Espa\\u00f1ola, by the restoration and conservation architect Leopoldo Torres Balb\\u00e1s. Picardo travelled around Spain with him, making a multitude of detailed drawings of vernacular architectural elements for Balb\\u00e1s' books.. Picardo's published architectural drawings were highly regarded. They were described as \\\"magnificent\\\" by the leading Spanish restoration architect Luis Men\\u00e9ndez-Pidal y \\u00c1lvarez.In 1959 Picardo was given an unusual commission: to design a pack of baraja de naipes (playing cards) for exclusive use as advertising material by the Spanish fashion brand Loewe. With much imagination he personalised the characters he portrayed, for instance rendering the King of Hearts as the Emperor Charlemagne, the King of Clubs as Goliath, the King of Diamonds as Julius Caesar and the King of Clubs as Alexander the Great. They were produced in colour by the Spanish firm Naipes Heraclio Fournier and surviving packs are much in demand by collectors. Another games design produced by Picardo at much the same time was a set of wooden chess pieces formed in tall, slender, conical shapes and, with the exception of the pawns, surmounted by intricate and delicate indications of the pieces' types. It is dated to 1960.Around 1960 Picardo was rewarded by the Direcci\\u00f3n General de Arquitectura (DGA) for the many illustrations he had provided for the DGA's Bolet\\u00edn since he was a student with the publication of a small book, Dibujos de Jos\\u00e9 Luis Picardo (Drawings of Jos\\u00e9 Luis Picardo). More than 60 drawings appear in the book, both illustrations and humorous cartoons, and the foreword compares Picardo's work to illustrators such as the Romanian-American Saul Steinberg and in Britain Osbert Lancaster and Hugh Casson. The book is long out of print and virtually unknown in Spain, and not at all elsewhere, but is available second-hand. Paradores de Turismo. From the early 1960s to 1985 Picardo dedicated much of his professional life to the state-run hotel chain, Paradores de Turismo de Espa\\u00f1a. He had for some time carried out minor work for the Ministerio de Informaci\\u00f3n y Turismo which controlled the hotel network. For the purposes of tourism the Ministry and its forebears had for over 30 years rehabilitated rundown and sometimes ruined historic buildings such as castles and convents and converted them into luxury hotels in a style that went beyond ordinary hotel use. In the early 1960s, as Spanish tourism increased, the Ministry decided to rapidly expand its Parador operation (which would within a decade grow from 40 to 83 establishments) and Picardo, with his previous experience of historical restoration and his abiding interest in historical and vernacular buildings, was seen by the Ministry be a suitable architect to take on much of this type of work.. Picardo began working for Paradores on a series of restorations of old, monumental buildings and sometimes building new establishments adjacent to ruined monuments in a style that faithfully copied their original designs. His hybrid conversions maintained and often embellished the monuments' ancient appearance while at the same time finding inspiration in them for the style of luxurious modern hotel arrangements the authorities required.. A wealth of Picardo's drawings for his Paradores projects survive. There are large collections of extensively detailed plans which cover his designs from whole Paradores to the smallest detail of door furniture. There are axonometric before-and-after drawings of the buildings and the landscapes around them. There are bird's eye views exercising his mastery of perspective and his spatial vision. They all show meticulous skill.For nearly twenty years, from the early 1960s to his last work for the Paradores in the 1980s, Picardo carried out eleven major reconstructions of historical buildings and/or erected sympathetic and imitative new constructions abutting them or rising from their ruined foundations. With a number he returned to build additions to his earlier work. He also worked on a number of other Parador projects which for various reasons did not reach fruition. His eleven Parador masterworks encouraged other Spanish architects to work in the same vein, and Portuguese architects, too, in the similar state-run chain of hotels in Portugal, the Pousadas de Portugal. Picardo's work for Paradores de Turismo is highly regarded by other professionals, and also by hotel guests who revel in the historical imagery and romance of his work. Parador de Guadalupe: Zurbar\\u00e1n. For his first of many Parador projects Picardo was appointed by the Ministry of Information and Tourism in July 1963 to convert into a Parador two ancient neighbouring buildings in the village of Guadalupe in the province of C\\u00e1ceres in Extremadura. One building was the Hospital de San Juan Bautista, also known as the Hospital de Hombres, which was built in the mid-14th-century, rebuilt in 1402 and refurbished in the 16th century. The other building was the Colegio de Infantes, also known as the Colegio de Gram\\u00e1tica, built in the early 16th-century for the education of  boys. They were situated close to the Monastery of Santa Mar\\u00eda de Guadalupe, one of the most important monasteries of medieval Spain, in the centre of the village. The college was included in the Cat\\u00e1logo de Monumentos Nacionales (Catalogue of National Monuments) when Guadalupe was declared a conjunto monument urban de inter\\u00e9s nacional hist\\u00f3rico-artistico (monumental urban complex of national historic-artistic interest).Picardo found the two buildings to be in a ruinous state, housing humble dwellings and poor workshops. While constructing a hotel out of the buildings, his task was to save what remained of their basic structures, including an \\\"outstanding\\\" staircase, and to return them to their original Mud\\u00e9jar style. He partly demolished the old structures of both buildings, rebuilding them as they had originally looked, using ancient Mud\\u00e9jar  construction techniques based on lime, clay and wood.Picardo set the main hospitality section of the Parador within the Colegio de Infantes, adding to the external south side of the cloister to provide a dining room and, above it, terraces for guest rooms facing the garden. The cloister remained intact, with Picardo leaving the lower arches open, but closing the upper ones with glass and wooden latticework. The exposed wooden framework and coffered ceilings were respected and clay tile flooring was laid on the upper floor.. The Hospital de San Juan Bautista was remodelled for the hotel's kitchens, service areas, laundry, staff residences, and car parking. Picardo also designed a large first floor breakfast room on the street side of the hospital building. Ventilation for all the services and rooms throughout the Parador was provided by chimneys which were covered with Arabic tiles and whitewashed uprights perforated with starry latticework and topped with glazed ceramic tiles in white, blue and green.Most of the furniture and internal decoration was designed by Picardo and he made much use of decorative wall tiles produced by the ceramicist Juan Manuel Arroyo Ruiz de Luna, including some explaining the history of the buildings, signed by Picardo. He was to employ Arroyo repeatedly in his Parador projects over the following twenty years and as a result the ceramicist's work became an identifying feature of Picardo's work.Restoration at Guadalupe started in November 1963 and the hotel, with twenty double rooms, opened on 11 December 1965.In 1981 Picardo was invited back to Guadalupe to add a new wing of guest rooms. He built them in understated but similar style to the rest of the Parador, providing views of the rooftops and towers of the monastery and of the surrounding mountains. The new wing increased the number of guest rooms to 41. As a result of being an afterthought to the original design, access to the new wing was complicated and required an abundance of staircases and lifts. Parador de Ja\\u00e9n: Castillo de Santa Catalina. At the same time as preparing his restoration at Guadalupe, Picardo was commissioned by the Ministry to design and build a Parador at the Castillo de Santa Catalina (Castle of Santa Catalina) in Ja\\u00e9n in Andaluc\\u00eda. The castle stands on the site of a Moorish fortress and was built in the mid-13th century. It was damaged both in the frontier wars between Moors and Christians and in the Castilian Civil Wars. During the Peninsular War it housed Napoleonic troops. By the time Picardo came to the castle it had been completely abandoned. The site is on the top of a steep hill 800 metres above the city, with views in all directions.. Picardo began work on the Parador in early 1963 and his draft plans were ready by the late summer of that year. The building was planned as a simple hoster\\u00eda with the emphasis on refreshment rather than accommodation, and was built on the location of the old barracks and stables of the castle rather than in the castle building itself. Picardo wanted large windows so visitors could enjoy the views; building in the castle would either mean making substantial openings in the original walls or building above the height of the battlements. Neither idea was acceptable to him.Using the elongated site at the top of the hill, Picardo planned a dining room, a lounge, service accommodation and guest rooms. He styled his new building on the layout and dimensions of the old castle and on what had been discovered during his research of its surviving interior designs. Work started in 1963, and the Parador opened to guests on 11 September 1965.The first phase, built only as a hoster\\u00eda, had on the first floor 7 double guest rooms with fireplaces and with wooden balconies of a design that Picardo would repeat in a number of his later Parador designs. A mezzanine floor housed a cafeter\\u00eda and a bar with an outside terrace, and on the ground floor was the reception area, the lounge and the restaurant, together with the service areas. There were also four single rooms for drivers, and a mechanical workshop.Picardo's Parador at Ja\\u00e9n was a pastiche, which paid homage to the neighbouring castle. The basic structure was 20th-century concrete, steel, block and cement but he completely hid it from the public gaze with stone, brick, timber and iron in a way that suggested age and implied that the cladding materials formed the entire construction. The 20 metres high vault of the lounge appears to be built entirely of brick, but the structural impression is false; the Parador's admiring guests are not aware of the modern supporting skeleton behind the brick. Also much admired are the six impressively large and lofty stone arches in the dining room, which appear to support the ceiling and roof and achieve \\\"una sensaci\\u00f3n espacial espectacular\\\" (a spectacular spatial sensation), but are in fact hiding the room's steel frame.In a second phase in 1969 Picardo added service rooms on the south wall, allowing the old service area to be converted into a further 12 guest rooms.In the late 1960s and early 1970s excessive rain caused a number of landslips in the unstable ground around the castle and hoster\\u00eda and Picardo was regularly called in to strengthen the building.. Picardo returned to the project in 1973 to build a further extension in the same style. This was erected to the west of the first building and was joined to it by a tower which allowed for a change of heights between the original building and the new one. 24 guest rooms were added by the new extension, on two floors, bringing the total to 43. Picardo was hampered by the layout of the available land, and by limitations in the height to which he could build, so the extension elongated the building in a way that produced long corridors and distances between bedrooms and public areas. With the opening of Picardo's extension, the building was elevated to the title of Parador. It was inaugurated in 1978.Picardo also designed the building's interior, producing furniture, wall-hangings, shutters, carpets, light fittings, door furniture, floor and wall tile patterns and so on to continue emphasising the building's medieval ambience. He also used coats of arms from demolished buildings for both the interior and exterior of the Parador. He featured hand-painted written ceramic tiles, produced by Juan Manuel Arroyo, to decorate and 'sign' the building, to expound on its history and to credit the surveyor and stoneworker.In an article about the Ja\\u00e9n Parador for an architectural magazine in 1967, Picardo rhapsodised about the mood and aura he had created for the building: \\\"Exterior, un conjunto de masas elementales rectangulares./Interior, techos con artesas, b\\u00f3vedas y arcos, madera, barro y piedra. .../Ay del romancero!\\\" (Outside, a gathering of rectangular blocks./Inside, artesonado ceilings, vaults and arches, wood, clay and stone. .../Oh, the romance!)In the same article Picardo credited his \\\"maestros\\\" (masters): \\\"Torres-Balb\\u00e1s, Moya, Sota y Luis Santamaria. Ninguno de ells la ha vista. Qu\\u00e9 dir\\u00e1n?\\\" (None of them has seen it. What will they say?). At Jaen, and at Guadalupe, finished at much the same time, Picardo established a style of architecture and interior design which found favour with his clients and their guests and which he was to pursue in most of his further work for Paradores, refining it where required and elsewhere repeating it faithfully. Parador de Arcos de la Frontera: Casa del Corregidor. The Parador at Arcos de la Frontera in the province of C\\u00e1diz in Andaluc\\u00eda is located in the centre of the old town, at the top of the cliffs that overhang the Rio Guadalete. Picardo first visited the triangular site in February 1964. He decided immediately that the fa\\u00e7ades of the buildings facing the Plaza de Espa\\u00f1a and the castle should be preserved, while the rest of the site \\u2014 the old municipal slaughterhouse and other public utility premises and houses \\u2014 should be demolished, though seven 2.35 metre columns from a patio within one of the buildings should be preserved to be used in the new building.In the twelve months from February 1964 all the demolition work was carried out. Picardo started work in October that year. He encountered a problem with a 15 centimetres wide crack across the top of the cliff which had been caused by the 1755 Lisbon earthquake.  He surmounted it by constructing a patio rather than building on the fractured zone next to the cliff edge. This single deck was built as an independent structure separated from the main building, so that any future movement of the terrain would not effect the Parador itself.. Picardo's design of the Parador was a copy of a typical Andaluc\\u00edan residence with an entrance hallway leading to a typical patio, open to the sky, with terracing supported by the seven reused columns (though one further column had to be made to copy the others so as to achieve the same number of columns on all four sides). There were further small secondary patios. The dining room and sitting room were positioned to take advantage of the widespread views to the south and southwest over and beyond the river.Throughout the building Picardo copied many Andaluc\\u00edan architectural features, most particularly in the ceilings, using exposed pine wood joists, linked by vaulted plasterwork, and the floors which were terracotta throughout. As at Guadalupe and J\\u00e1en, Picardo designed much of the interior furniture, fittings, lighting and decoration, copying many of the features, both large and small, he had used in the earlier projects. He also used his typical ceramic tiles throughout the building, both for decoration and for explanatory texts.Picardo planned 18 guest rooms, but initially only 9 were built, some in the building facing the plaza, and the rest fronting the cliff-edge view. The latter benefitted from the same design of open wooden galleries Picardo had utilised at Ja\\u00e9n. The Parador opened to guests on 7 November 1966.Picardo returned to Arcos in 1974 to complete his original plan, building another floor on the part of the building overlooking the cliff, using the same design features, and increased the number of guest rooms to 18. The extension entered service in 1979. Hoster\\u00eda de Pedraza: Hoster\\u00eda Pintor Zuloaga. In 1965 Picardo was commissioned by Paradores to restore and rehabilitate the old Casa de la Inquisici\\u00f3n (House of the Inquisition) in the small, historic village of Pedraza, 37 kilometres northeast of Segovia in  Castilla y Le\\u00f3n. It was to be a hoster\\u00eda - only a restaurant and a bar - without guest rooms.The three-storey property was mostly in ruins when Picardo surveyed it and was consequently not protected by conservation laws. He was therefore free to carry out his renovation as he saw fit, building on the medieval and rural ambience of the village. On the exterior he rearranged and improved the windows, preserved the surviving coat of arms above the front door, and at the rear added what was becoming his signature open wooden gallery on the top floor. Inside, Picardo followed the rustic style of the region's inns, building a spacious lounge behind the entrance hall, with a large and low fireplace, and on the upper floors the bar and the 90-seat dining-room opening onto the balcony-gallery.Once again, Picardo designed his own furniture and other fittings, the lighting and decoration, following the local style.. The hoster\\u00eda - named \\\"Pintor Zuloaga\\\" - opened to the public on 14 December 1967.At the same time Picardo raised the idea of expanding the property by purchasing neighbouring buildings. He had been concerned that the Hoster\\u00eda had restricted views, and felt that an extension could be designed with extensive views of the Sierra de Guadarrama to the south. His plans offered the prospect of 16 guest rooms and in November 1969 the proposal to convert the Hoster\\u00eda into a Parador was made public. However, difficulties in purchasing the neighbouring property made the project impossible.The Pedraza Hoster\\u00eda continued in operation until 15 December 1992 when economic pressures on the Parador chain caused its closure. Parador de Alca\\u00f1iz: La Concordia. In 1966 Picardo began the conversion into a Parador of the Palacio de los Comendadores at Alca\\u00f1iz in the province of Teruel in Aragon. The palace - the fa\\u00e7ade of which was remodelled in late-Renaissance style in 1728 - stood as the most prominent additional part of the Castillo de los Calatravos (Castle of the Calatravos), a monastery-fortress built in 1179. The oldest parts of the structure, a keep, a church and a cloister, date to the 12th and 13th centuries.The section of the property set aside for Picardo's conversion was the immense south wing, which was flanked by two towers and divided into three floors, the ground floor built of ashlar and the upper two floors of brick. There were balconies on the first floor, and on the uppermost floor a characteristic Aragonese long gallery had been developed, created by a succession of semi-circular arches. The castle had been allowed to fall into disrepair and in some parts into ruin, but in 1925 it was declared a National Monument.When Picardo began work on the design he found that space in the palace was limited and he was unable to provide more than 12 guest rooms. His plan for the public areas included the conversion of two large and long ground floor interiors, with pointed barrel-vaulted ceilings, on each side of the building's entrance. To the left of the entry, in the original guardhouse, he placed the reception area and to the right, where the old stables were situated, he placed the bar and cafeter\\u00eda, adding one single window to each space to allow in some daylight. In these rooms Picardo left the exposed masonry of the walls and ceilings. The main dining room, which he placed on the first floor, connected by the main staircase from the ground floor, was based on the great hall of a palace. In it he featured a large fireplace and chimney at one end, and used a multitude of large timber beams to shape a coffered ceiling, with decorative plasterwork strung below.. The twelve guest rooms were arranged on the second floor, but the windows being high in the walls, Picardo arranged for a raised area in front of each window so that guests could see out of the windows with greater ease. The public corridors followed the design pioneered by Picardo at Ja\\u00e9n of imitation stone groin vaults at regular intervals.In planning the interior decoration Picardo determined that the ground floor would be medieval in design in keeping with the original military use of the palace, and the upper floors would be more palatial in decor. He designed much of the joinery, the beds, the tables, the chairs and, in particular, the light fittings, making use of the emblem of the Order of Calatrava as a decorative motif. His attention to detail even extended to the design of hinges and handles for doors, and for the heads of nails used in the door faces. He also made considerable use of his characteristic ceramic murals decorating the public parts of the building, including his history of the castle, all produced by his favoured ceramicist, Juan Manuel Arroyo, and signed by Picardo.The Parador opened for service on 18 May 1968 and was inaugurated on 6 July 1968.As early as 1972 Picardo had reported to the Ministry of Information and Tourism on the feasibility of carrying out further work to increase the number of rooms at Alca\\u00f1iz. In 1975 he designed a new two-storey wing for the ruined west side of the complex which would double the number of guests rooms. His plans lay in abeyance until 1998 when the architect Carlos Fern\\u00e1ndez-Cuenca G\\u00f3mez resurrected Picardo's original 1975 designs. They had to be altered somewhat in the light of archeological discoveries made since 1975, but much of Picardo's ideas were incorporated in the expansion of the Parador, bringing the number of guest rooms to 38. Hoster\\u00eda de C\\u00e1ceres: El Comendador. In 1966 Picardo was commissioned by the Ministry of Information and Tourism to work on the Palacio del Comendador de Alc\\u00faescar (Commander's Palace of Alc\\u00faescar), also known as the Palacio de los Marqueses de Torre Orgaz, in the historic centre of C\\u00e1ceres in the province of the same name in Extremadura. Originally built as a medieval fortified residence on pre-existing Arab buildings in 1488, the palace was modified in later centuries, adding Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque elements. The Ministry proposed the conversion of one part of the palace into a Hoster\\u00eda.The part of the building on which Picardo was to work was a jumble of old buildings, some attached to the main palace building and some free-standing, which had mostly formed stables and coach houses. There was also a patio-garden between these buildings and the palace and its tower.. Picardo began by demolishing most of the ramshackle service buildings, other than the square structure at Number 6 Calle Ancha which benefitted from substantial stone walls and four brick, groined vaults. Picardo decided the lower ground floor of this building would form the bar and cafeter\\u00eda, with a doorway from the street which would become the main entrance to the Hoster\\u00eda. He erected three further floors above the lower-ground floor, reusing many architectural elements from the demolished buildings. Picardo also installed a sgraffito image above the main doorway, featuring the cross of the Orden de Santiago (Order of Santiago).A new one-storey building was erected to the rear of the plot, imitating similar buildings in the city. Ashlar and solid brick formed the interior and exterior facings of the walls, and pantiles were utilised on the roofs. Picardo also excavated large areas beneath the buildings to make service areas. He designed and built a stone and iron enclosure and entrance gateway from the street to the patio garden. Throughout, his intention was to make the Hoster\\u00eda appear, through imitation, to be an integral historic part of the old city centre.Internally, Picardo repeated many of his pastiche medievalisms as seen in his previous Parador projects, with much use of heavy timber, such as a dark coffered ceiling in the dining room and classic Castilian designs for windows, doors, furniture, and light fittings. Terracotta tiles were used for the floors in the bar, the dining room and the two lounges.The Hoster\\u00eda de C\\u00e1ceres opened on 18 May 1971.Further work for Picardo included the complete re-roofing of the palace, which involved renewing the roof structure, because of what he described as \\\"a degree of imminent ruin due to its terrible wooden structure\\\", and an extension to the original dining room area by glassing-in the colonnaded portico facing the patio garden.. In 1970 Picardo had suggested to the Ministry that the rest of the palace could be converted into a full Parador, utilising the already converted Hoster\\u00eda. This proposal was not taken up at the time, and a Parador was opened elsewhere in the city.The Hoster\\u00eda was closed in June 1984 because it was not making a profit. At that point the rest of the palace was, as Picardo had recommended, restored and converted and, with his original Hoster\\u00eda, opened as a full Parador with 27 guest rooms on 10 October 1989. Picardo was not involved in this work.. Subsequent expansions into neighbouring buildings have turned the Parador into a much larger establishment. Picardo's original entrance, bar and cafeter\\u00eda area now form a sumptuous suite, though the medieval aura of his interior decoration and furnishings for that part of the building has been lost through modernisation. Parador de Carmona: Alcazar del Rey Don Pedro. In 1966, while building the Parador at Arcos de la Frontera, Picardo was commissioned to inspect three ancient sites near the city of Sevilla in the province of the same name in Andaluc\\u00eda with a view to constructing another Parador. After looking at the castle at Alcal\\u00e1 de Guada\\u00edra, and the palaces of \\u00c9cija, he came across the ruined castle of Carmona the Alc\\u00e1zar del Rey Don Pedro (also known as the Alc\\u00e1zar de Arriba y Puerta de Marchena). In his subsequent report to the Ministry of Information and Tourism Picardo was enthusiastic about Carmona and provided preliminary sketch designs, which the Ministry accepted, and in 1968 he began his preparatory work.The origin of the castle is probably Muslim and Pedro I restored it in the 14th century into a lavish palace in Mud\\u00e9jar style. It was used by the Catholic Monarchs of Spain during their final battles with the Moors in Granada. The castle was abandoned after being severely damaged in a 1504 earthquake whose epicentre was near Carmona and ruined even further in the Lisbon earthquake of 1755. Seven towers remained, but most of the connecting walls of the fortress were in ruins.. Picardo chose the southeast of the vast castle area, a corner known as the Plaza de Armas (parade ground) to build the Parador. Situated at the highest point of the town, the views were judged to be spectacular, looking far over the plains.. Picardo also resolved to position the building on the edge of the cliff overlooking the valley and overlapping the foundations of the original castle walls by such an extent that there would be space for guest rooms within the sloping walls below the Parador's ground floor. The 1504 earthquake and Picardo's location of the building were to set up permanent problems for the Parador. In 1918 a survey of the area had revealed that the earthquake had opened a deep crack more than a metre wide in exactly the position where Picardo intended to locate the Parador's southern wall. The result was that one part of the castle's ancient wall, and the land behind it, had subsided by about 180 centimetres. As the crack and the subsidence had been concealed by rubble to a depth of about half a metre, and Picardo and his engineers were unaware of the results of previous surveys, it was not until work began in 1969 preparing for the new building that the potential instability of the ground was revealed.. The Service Geol\\u00f3gico de Obras P\\u00fablicas (the Public Works Geological Service) was brought in and located an underground fault of three to four metres. Despite that, the geologists considered the ground to be stable and decided that as long as certain protective measures to protect the foundations were taken the terrain would present sufficient resistant characteristics. Cement was injected to fill all the cavities and a reinforced concrete slab was constructed which, belatedly, allowed work on the Parador to continue.Picardo designed a typical Hispanic-Arabic layout with two central patios, one of which would be the centre of the public area, and the other the centre of the service department. The layout would effectively reproduce that of the original fortress. Even though it was an entirely new building, in keeping with his previous works for Paradores Picardo ensured it would be in vernacular form and would appear to be historic and as if elements of it had been there for centuries. The south and east walls of the building, which descended well below the parade ground level, would have four floors, and be sloping steeply outwards towards the ground below the cliff, allowing for the installation of rooms within them. Conversely, on the parade ground entrance side of the building there would be only two floors.Picardo's first plan was that there would be 23 double guest rooms and 10 singles, together with the hospitality and service areas. The considerable delay in the start of building to allow the ground to be stabilised encouraged the Ministry to decide on a pre-completion expansion of the building, bringing the total guest capacity from 56 to 102. Most of the rooms would be on the southern fa\\u00e7ade with some below the Parador's access level and others in what from the outside would appear to be the third and fourth floors, with those on the top floor, just beneath the roof, benefitting from Picardo's now typical timber balconies.The main structure of the building, as was Picardo's style, was formed of concrete, clad with ashlar and brickwork and enhanced by buttresses. The roof was formed of clay pantiles, topped with decorative chimneys of the same style as those Picardo designed for the Parador at Guadalupe, disguising guest bathroom ventilation outlets. Internally, he installed limestone columns and made much use of ceramic tiling, and brick. The floors were marble and terracotta.. As in previous Paradores built by Picardo he had control of the interior decoration down to the smallest detail, in Carmona achieving a Hispanic-Arabic ambience of a palatial Mud\\u00e9jar style, with much use of coffered ceilings and star lattice-work in wood and stone and subtle changes of style in the progression from room to room. The public patio was adorned with semi-circular arches on tall, slender pillars, while the dining room was more robustly medieval in a gothic style with exposed wooden beams and pointed arches with finely cut stone hiding the structural ironwork of the roof. Lights and furniture, door fittings and mural tiles were all designed by Picardo.The Carmona Parador was inaugurated on 30 March 1976 by King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sof\\u00eda.. In the year of the Parador's inauguration a large crack was detected parallel to the south fa\\u00e7ade, affecting the entire building. To deal with this an expansion joint was constructed that divided the building into two zones. In 1977 Picardo reported that the building had moved in the direction of the valley. He calculated the lateral displacement as 4 centimetres at the expansion joint. There was a 45 degree crack in the Parador indicating a similar degree of slippage in the ground beneath the building. Picardo also indicated a number of smaller cracks in the building, but viewed them as of minor importance.The Service Geol\\u00f3gico de Obras P\\u00fablicas was brought onto the site again to monitor the building for a period. They found that there was continuing movement, and that this was more noticeable in the rainy season. They recommended that the foundations of the south wall be underpinned.Due to new government policy at the Ministry which required only employed personnel to work on Parador buildings, Picardo \\u2014 as a freelance \\u2014 could not be involved in the building's structural problems after 1978.Despite underpinning in 1980, and in 1987 a tie beam being concreted in the ground at the foot of the south wall with anchors penetrating deep into the sandstone beneath the building, more movement was detected in 1996. In 2013 it was reported that further cracks had been detected in the area where the large cracks had first appeared in 1977. The building is considered to be seriously at risk in the event of a sharp rise in the water table, or another earthquake.Minor improvements and modernisations were carried out in the Parador in 1982 and 1983 under the supervision of the architect Jes\\u00fas Valverde Vi\\u00f1as. In 1987 an expansion was carried out by the architect Carlos Fern\\u00e1ndez-Cuenca G\\u00f3mez which included additional guest rooms, and a new pavilion for conventions. He rigidly copied Picardo's style.. The Carmona Parador now has 9 double rooms, 51 twin rooms and 3 single rooms, making a total guest complement of 123. Parador de Sig\\u00fcenza: Castillo de Sig\\u00fcenza. In 1964 Picardo was involved, with the Ministry of Information and Tourism, in investigating old buildings for conversion into a new Parador in the Province of Guadalajara. Possible locations were the castle at Atienza and the Casa del Cord\\u00f3n, an old inn in the same town, the castle at Molina de Arag\\u00f3n and the castle at Sig\\u00fcenza. He considered the last to be the best proposition despite it being comprehensively ruined. It stands prominently above the town and cathedral of Sig\\u00fcenza and dominates the landscape. The Ministry set about acquiring it the same year. The Castillo de los Obispos de Sig\\u00fcenza (the Castle of the Bishops of Sig\\u00fcenza) was a palace-fortress with Iberian, Roman, Visigothic and Moorish origins. It was enlarged and modified repeatedly between the 14th and 18th centuries, after which it declined and deteriorated, suffering progressive damage during the French invasion, the Carlist Wars, and finally during the Spanish Civil War when it was bombed by artillery and from the air during the Battle of Guadalajara in 1937. It was then left in ruins for over three decades.Starting in October 1969 Picardo analysed the condition of the building. \\\"The state of the castle could not have been more pitiful\\\" he wrote years later. \\\"Its military nature had been spoiled by converting its towers into belfries; huge windows and balconies had been opened for living quarters, particularly in the southern part of the castle which had served as the living area for the bishops; all the walls had been covered with plaster and render which hid the original stone; and an endless number of parasitic features had been patched onto it.\\\" The structure was without roofs and there were numerous collapses along the entire fortified enclosure walls. In his report to the ministry, Picardo was blunt: \\\"La cobra de este Parador lava en s\\u00ed la reconstrucci\\u00f3n de todo el castillo, hoy en ruins.\\\" (The work on this Parador entails the reconstruction of the entire castle, now in ruins)In making his plans for the castle, Picardo resolved that it would be remodelled as totally medieval, without any concession to what remained of later additions, obliviating almost all of its later history. The castle's real past was to be reinvented. Picardo later stated that \\\"the reconversion mainly consisted of re-creating the military feeling of the castle with its towers and battlements and of leaving as much wall-facing as possible in naked stone. The most delicate part was disguising or hiding the windows of the guest rooms and of other outside rooms which would have spoiled the massive impact a castle should have.\\\"   Work on converting the castle began in 1972. In pursuit of requiring the castle to appear entirely medieval, and as a fortress rather than as its later existence as a bishop's palace, Picardo raised most of the outer walls by at least one more storey, causing the roofs to be flat rather than sloping and allowing for the hotel accommodation required. The towers, too, were further raised, including the twin towers of the fortified gateway, the barbican, which over the centuries had been restyled almost as belfries with sloping conical roofs.. In search of a military external image Picardo removed all the large windows, balconies and other wide openings which had been cut in the original outer walls of the castle, reducing what windows had to remain in the exterior (other than those of the dining room) to their minimum in size. The parts of the walls which had been destroyed by bombardment during the Civil War were rebuilt using the remaining stone detritus to match the surviving walls. The plaster and rendering with which the exterior walls were faced (in parts in sgraffito) was removed to reveal the original bare stone. Later buildings attached to the exterior of the building were demolished and any extraneous cladding was removed. All the surrounding walls and towers were crenellated.. Picardo cleared the central courtyard of all the post-medieval accretions. His criterion was what he termed \\\"unidid de estilo\\\" (unity of style): clearing the property of all non-medieval additions because he felt they distorted the castle's \\\"guerrero\\\" (warrior) intensity. 40,000 tons of debris were removed from the courtyard.In his reconstruction of the interior of the castle Picardo exercised the standard practice of the Paradores network, and of which he was deemed to be the master, of using steel, reinforced concrete, blockwork and cement to erect the basic structure but hiding those modern elements behind a faked historical veneer of walls, beams, arches, and cladding made of stone, brick, timber and iron. Because the ingress of light to the interior of the building had been reduced by the minimising of the size of the exterior windows that remained, daylight had to reach the interior by making many window openings in the courtyard walls.. On the north wall of the courtyard and approached from the outside by the barbican towers, Picardo installed the main reception area and rebuilt a portico area with pillars and intermediate glass. Above were bedrooms with balconied terraces erected in his signature timber style. He repeated the historical rendering of the exterior facades of the castle which had been decorated with sgraffito, and which he had removed, by replicating the decoration on the northern walls of the courtyard.In the northeast corner of the ground floor had been the bishops' throne room, and Picardo here installed the main guest lounge, a lofty room with a timber-beamed ceiling and two large fireplaces and chimneys. On the east side of the ground floor was the dining room, with the building's only large windows, which looked out onto the wooded ravine of the Arroyo Vadillo. The room used Picardo's favoured powerful stone vaulting to hide the steel supporting structure of the floor above. On the courtyard side of the dining room he placed a similarly vaulted bar and caf\\u00e9. Wide wooden staircases on this eastern side led to the first and second floor bedrooms, a few of which were in the northeast tower with windows looking over the town, and some towards the south, but most looking into the courtyard with those on the upper floor benefitting from Picardo's typical  balconies. Another lounge with a wooden coffered ceiling was located on the first floor. Picardo took care to preserve one of the oldest rooms of the castle, the original chapel.. A further much smaller, three-storied pastiche monastic courtyard with semi-circular arches was built at the southern end of the castle which had sustained the most damage in the Civil War bombardment, with more guest rooms arranged around it. On the inner face of the west wall the original wine cellars, dungeons, granaries, bakeries and stables were removed and against this wall Picardo installed a 65 metres long banqueting hall with his familiar stone vaulting, and an attached bar room. Below this hall he installed large service areas.. Picardo, as  usual, provided his own interior decor, with special attention to the medieval. He designed classic Castilian-style furniture, flooring, rugs, doors, windows, light fittings, mirrors, heraldic displays, seigneurial crests, banners, explanatory mosaics and so on, everything down to the smallest detail. Picardo built 38 guest rooms and one suite on the first floor, and 42 rooms and one suite on the second floor, providing space for 162 guests. On the wall of the main entrance hall Picardo placed a mural consisting of 45 tiles making up a cartouche recounting, in his own words, the history of the Castillo de los Obispos de Sig\\u00fcenza accompanied by a description of the physical work carried out in restoring the building. \\\"La actual construcci\\u00f3n es casi toda nueva ...\\\" (The present building is almost all new ...) Picardo declaimed. He continued (translated into English): \\\"... the authentic parts being preserved, though reconstructed, the Romanesque chapel, the entrance and towers as well as the barbican, the two Renaissance doorways of the parade ground and the throne room. \\u2026 The perimeter of the castle has been respected, the eastern fa\\u00e7ade being completely new and the other three reconstructed and remodelled. Wide gaps have been closed and additions have been demolished, trying to restore the medieval character of the exterior.\\\" He goes on to say the work was completed in 1976 and that he, Don Jos\\u00e9 Luis Picardo, was the architect.The Parador opened to the public on 20 July 1976 and the first stage of building work was finished in November of that year. It was inaugurated by King Juan Carlos and Queen Sof\\u00eda in April 1978. Sig\\u00fcenza was to be Picardo's last major project for the Paradores.. Remodelling and modernisation of the Parador took place in 1990 under the direction of the architect Carlos Fern\\u00e1ndez-Cuenca G\\u00f3mez who scrupulously followed Picardo's style. Despite these further works, the Parador has kept its original character as established by Picardo. Most of the improvements have been only to modernise the services and facilities. Other Parador projects. In the 1960s and 1970s Picardo was called upon by the Ministry of Information and Tourism to investigate and report on a number of other old buildings for possible conversion into Paradores. He drew up proposals and plans for a number of these buildings but, despite detailed work on some of them, they did not become Paradores within his working life or were completed by other architects. Picardo was also asked to review proposed works for similar buildings to be restored by other architects, and to develop ideas for improvements to existing Paradores.. Among the most advanced plans Picardo drew up were in 1969 for the renovation and conversion into a Parador of the castle at Puebla de Alcocer, a small municipality 70 miles east of M\\u00e9rida in the Province of Badajoz in Extremadura. His draft plans show that a multitude of openings would have to have been made in the outside walls for windows. An access road was built, but ultimately the project did not materialise.Another project, in 1970, was the conversion into a Parador of the 11th century remains of the castle in Monz\\u00f3n, in the Province of Huesca in Aragon, but Picardo judged the project to be unviable and the idea was abandoned by 1972.Among other buildings Picardo reported on were three for which he executed preliminary designs and drawings and which later became Paradores, though he was not involved in their completion. They were, in 1963, the old palace at Olite in Navarra, in March 1969 the Castillo de la Zuda at Tortosa in the Province of Tarragona in Catalu\\u00f1a and in 1970 the castle at Cardona in the Province of Barcelona in Catalu\\u00f1a.Picardo also surveyed several other buildings which were ultimately destined not to become Paradores. Among them were the Castillo de San Ant\\u00f3n at A Coru\\u00f1a in 1968, the Posada del Cord\\u00f3n at Atienza in the province of Guadalajara in 1969, in 1970 the Palacio del De\\u00e1n and the Palacio del Dr Trujillo at Plasencia in the Province of C\\u00e1ceres in Extremadura, and in 1971 the Castillo de Segunto near Valencia. Also in 1971 Picardo inspected the castle at Molina de Arag\\u00f3n in the province of Guadalajara, and possibly also in 1971 the Castillo de Valderrobres in Teruel in Aragon. In 1972 he surveyed the castle at Trujillo in the Province of C\\u00e1ceres in Extremadura, the cave houses of Mes\\u00f3n Gitano (now known as the yacimiento arqueol\\u00f3gico Barrio Almohad\\u00ed (archeological site Barrio Almohad\\u00ed) and the nearby Alcazaba of Almer\\u00eda, and the castle-fortress at Aracena in the Province of Huelva in Andaluc\\u00eda. In 1975 he also developed improvements for one of the earliest existing Paradores, opened in 1929, the castle at Ciudad Rodrigo in the Province of Salamanca in Castilla y Le\\u00f3n. Controversial legacy of Picardo's Paradores. It was not unusual in Spain in the 1960s and 1970s for the rehabilitation of castles and convents (not all destined to be Paradores) to be carried out without archeological research either before work began, which would have added to expense and delayed the project, or while work was being carried out. Instead, Picardo's rebuilding projects were planned mostly on the basis of his own historical and architectural research. The hotel conversions and the demolition of large parts of monumental buildings without detailed investigation and record-keeping was somewhat frowned upon in the 1960s and 1970s, and over half a century later is seen by archeologists and historians as a matter of significant controversy and regret. Picardo's work at Sig\\u00fcenza, in particular, converting a castle-palace into a Parador, has been decried as \\\"medieval scenery for tourist accommodation\\\".The leading researcher into the architectural history of the Paradores network and its restoration of architectural heritage, Dr Mar\\u00eda Jos\\u00e9 Rodr\\u00edguez P\\u00e9rez, has extensively documented and studied the work of Picardo and his fellow Paradores architects of the 1960s and 1970s in her lengthy and detailed doctoral thesis and subsequent books and publications. She has described the architects' objective as being escenograf\\u00eda convincente (convincing set design) to evoke the historical era considered to be of interest to tourists, generally the medieval period. In writing of the new extensions which were designed to be identical to the monuments to which they were attached \\u2014 Picardo's Parador at J\\u00e4en is a good example \\u2014 she has described them as being \\\"falso hist\\u00f3rico\\\" (false history) ... \\\"a replica whose documentary value has been masked or even lost\\\".In Picardo's defence, his early mentor Fernando Choeca Goitia defined him as \\\"un arquitecto sue entiende la arquitectura como arte\\\" (an architect who understands architecture as art). Picardo himself maintained: \\\"El Arte es eterno ...\\\"(Art is eternal ...), \\\"...it is always current. The reconstructions of the castles are really false. If they are Art, they are justified and if they are not, they are truly condemnable.\\\" Picardo had no qualms about his film set concept of restoration, using modern construction techniques and concealing them with traditional materials, as long as the buildings looked old rather than modern. One Spanish academic, an assistant professor of architecture and design, writing of Picardo's artistry, has stated: \\\"The end ... justified the means, in such a way that in his work we can find an impressive rib vault supported by a hidden metallic substructure, a coffered ceiling suspended from a concrete slab or a stone retaining wall with a reinforced concrete core.\\\" He goes on to say that faced with the dilemma of adopting a \\\"mimetic and conservative attitude or a more modern and disruptive approach\\\", Picardo claimed supremacy for Art. \\\"En Arte todo es posible\\\" (In Art everything is possible), wrote Picardo in 1994. \\\"A good architect will know how to weigh up both solutions and his sensitivity shall dictate his choice.\\\"Despite the current views of historians, Picardo's Paradores \\u2014 particularly those at J\\u00e4en, Carmona and Sig\\u00fcenza \\u2014 though pastiche, remain amongst the most popular of the network's hotels. One United States travel writer enthused about J\\u00e4en: \\\"I love this parador, so dramatic in its setting, so theatrically conceived ... Inside, the deception is masterly, creating an ambience as old and austere as it is surrealistic and extravagant.\\\" Other historical restorations. Demonstrating his educated and precise knowledge of classical styles, during his career Picardo carried out restoration works on the Catedral de C\\u00e1diz, deleteriously affected by salt from being near the sea, the Real Monasterio de Santa Mar\\u00eda de Guadalupe, the Catedral de Santa Mar\\u00eda de Sig\\u00fcenza, damaged during the Civil War, and in the tiny Ermita del Humilladero in the Sierra de Villuercas. He rehabilitated the Antiguo Palacio del Marqu\\u00e9s de Montana (also known as Palacio Domecq) in Jerez, rebuilt the Palacio de Gamazo in Madrid which had been partially demolished three years before, restored the Castillo de San Felipe in Puerto de la Cruz de Tenerife and in his last project worked on the Archivo Hist\\u00f3rico Provincial de Salamanca in the old centre of the city in 1995. Fundaci\\u00f3n Juan March. In 1970 Picardo was invited to compete with fellow notable architects Javier Carvajal Ferrer and Mariano Garc\\u00eda Benito for the contract to design and build a new headquarters building in the Salamanca neighbourhood of Madrid for the Fundaci\\u00f3n Juan March (Juan March Foundation) which promotes Spanish culture and science. He was asked to take part after Juan March himself was impressed by Picardo's work at the Parador in Ja\\u00e9n. In 1971, Picardo, after seeking inspiration in the buildings of Greece and New York which he claimed provided \\\"two basic architectural references: the classic perfection of the Parthenon and the constructive audacity of the new languages of New York\\\", Picardo's design won the competition and he was awarded the contract for the building.. Picardo designed a building of \\\"extreme simplicity and elegance, of great architectural beauty and modernity\\\".  Located between Calle de Castell\\u00f3 and Calle de Padilla, the building, started in 1972, consisted of seven floors at ground level and above, measuring 1,400 square metres in all, and four below ground, measuring 3,000 square metres. Picardo's purpose in burying most of the building below ground was to obtain the maximum amount of free land for the garden. It was conceived as a cube with the same dimensions on each of the four fa\\u00e7ades and designed with continuous horizontal banding without break around the corners. The ribbon windows, formed of near-black anodised aluminium frames and dark coloured glass, alternated with bands of white Carrara marble cladding laid in a uniquely patterned bond. Black and white were to be the dominant colours, but Picardo, for reasons of time, was forced to accept an off-white marble mistakenly delivered for the fa\\u00e7ades rather than the pure white that was ordered.For the interior of the building Picardo designed several assembly halls, auditoria for concerts, theatre, cinema and conferences, along with numerous exhibition and gallery spaces, libraries, offices, Council rooms, conveniences and two floors of car parking below ground. The predominant materials used inside the building were white marble, bronze and walnut, with much carpeting and a wide staircase with fabric walls. The dominant colours were dark brown and beige.. In detail, Picardo set a large entrance hall and an exhibition space of more than 400 square metres on the ground floor, administration and the archive department on the first floor, a library with reading rooms and book storage on the second floor, and offices, meeting rooms and banqueting areas and reserve space on the remaining upper floors. Two of the basement floors were dedicated to car parking for about 100 cars and for services, while another basement floor housed two venues for events, conferences, concerts and theatre performances, one of them with 300 seats, the other with 100. A large hall connected the two performance spaces.Picardo integrated pictorial and sculptural works into the architecture itself and many pieces were produced by artists and sculptors specifically for the building. Among them were sculptures by Eduardo Chillida and Pablo Serrano and a mural by Joaqu\\u00edn Vaquero Turcios. Prominent amongst the artworks Picardo designed for his own building were the large bronze double doors in the south fa\\u00e7ade leading to the garden. The garden itself, of 1,700 square metres and also designed by Picardo, was intended from the original concept to be a notable part of the project.The building was inaugurated in January 1975 to acclaim. One observer has noted that in producing the building Picardo had been \\\"controlling proportions and spaces with complete ease and achieving one of the best buildings in the recent history of Madrid\\\". Picardo himself described it as his best work. Real Escuela Andaluza del Arte Equestre. In 1978 Picardo was commissioned by the Ministry of Information and Tourism to build a public indoor riding arena for the Real Escuela Andaluza del Arte Equestre (Royal Andaluc\\u00edan School of Equestrian Art) in Jerez de la Frontera, his birthplace. The school was established in 1973, dedicated to preserving the heritage of the Pura Raza Espa\\u00f1ola (Pure Bred Spanish horse). It had few decent facilities until the interest and involvement in its activities of Prince Juan Carlos (later the King of Spain) and the Ministry's subsequent decision to take charge of the school.. Picardo's commission from the Ministry was to design a sala de equitaci\\u00f3n, a huge arena for horse and riding displays, in particular the school's signature performance \\\"Como Bailan los Caballos Andaluces\\\" (\\\"How the Andalusian Horses Dance\\\") which would seat up to 1,600 spectators. Connected to it were to be stable facilities for 60 horses.Picardo utilised a neo-Renaissance style which in its colouring referred to Andaluc\\u00eda. Externally most of the structure was coloured in a deep ochre, representative of the land and soil of the region while the infilling of the fa\\u00e7ades copied the stark white of traditional Andaluc\\u00edan village homes. Rows of relief pillars were the perceived support for the immense crowning hip roof, with between them 54 large circular windows in a single row around the building. Above them, in the roof, Picardo positioned 36 dormer windows serving as ventilation. At ground level was another row of circular windows each placed within its own semi-circular arch and pseudo-supporting pillars.. Internally, the display area is rectangular with spectator seating on six tiers around the arena. Picardo repeated the external colouring inside the hall, with the ochre of the loose sand on which the horses perform, and bright white walls and pitched ceiling reflecting daylight from the many windows. At one end of the arena is the royal box and at the other the grand entrance, beneath flags, which leads to the stables and a central octagonal two-level tack room. Five stable blocks radiate out from the tack room, each with twelve boxes. Within the stables, Picardo repeated his images from the outside, with rows of semi-circular arches topping simple stone pillars.. The Sal de Equitaci\\u00f3n was opened for performances in 1980. Guernica in the Museo Nacional del Prado. When Pablo Picasso's large 1937 anti-war painting Guernica was brought to Spain in 1981 from its then home in the Museum of Modern Art in New York, it was decided to hang it permanently in the Museo Nacional del Prado in Madrid, as Picasso had requested. Picardo and fellow architect Jos\\u00e9 Garc\\u00eda Mar\\u00eda de Paredes, jointly heading a technical team, were commissioned to design a means of displaying the painting securely in the Sal\\u00f3n de Luca Giordano in the Museum's annexe, the Cas\\u00f3n del Buen Retiro.The painting had to be protected by armoured glass from bombs, bullets, and vandalism. The architects' problem was that, while the painting is 7.76 metres long by 3.49 metres high, the largest sheet of 18mm triple armoured glass available at that time was smaller, at 7.50 metres by 2.45 metres. The decision was therefore made to install the painting some distance away from the main sheet of glass, so that the metal frame of the glass would not infringe on the view of the image. The solution for the display was to build an armoured glass and steel polyhedron case whose bevels, for full security, would meet the floor, the walls and the ceiling around the picture. The main glass itself was set at 10 degrees to the vertical to avoid reflections. The sources of illumination would be within the case. The size of the room in which the picture was displayed \\u2014 a large high space originally created as a ballroom \\u2014 allowed the whole canvas to be viewed from 25 metres away.Guernica was installed in September 1981 and the room opened to the public on 25 October that year, Picasso's centenary. Within a year, over one million people had seen Guernica in its new Picardo/de Paredes setting. Opinions of the method of display differed. The artist's daughter, Paloma Picasso, applauded the location and the method of display, as did Spanish artist Josep Renau. Catalan architect, Josep Llu\\u00eds Sert, described it as \\\"magnificent\\\". The British art critic and collector, Douglas Cooper, wrote that the painting was \\\"admirably lit, there being no shadows, no reflections and no distortions.\\\" He went on: \\\"Never in its history has Guernica been displayed so beautifully or so entirely to its advantage.\\\" Others were not so convinced. It was reported that the fact the installation was built by the technicians of the C\\u00edrculo de Bellas Artes rather than by the Prado's own staff brought practical difficulties. And British art critic, David Sylvester, maintained years later that when Guernica was returned to Spain in 1981 \\\"it was hung in an annexe to the Prado, where by common consent it was not seen to advantage.\\\"In 1992 Guernica was controversially moved from the Museo Nacional del Prado (where Picasso had wanted the painting to be permanently displayed) to a purpose-built gallery at the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sof\\u00eda. The Picardo/Garc\\u00eda de Paredes display installation is no longer in use. Election to the Real Academia. On 3 February 1997, at the age of 78, Picardo was elected Academician of the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando (Royal Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando), being proposed by Julio Cano Lasso, Fernando Chueca Goitia and Luis Garc\\u00eda-Ochoa Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez. He entered the Academy on 22 February 1998 with a speech entitled Hip\\u00f3lito, the composition and delivering of an address having been established as one of the requirements after being elected Academician. In it he talked of two of his passions: architecture and the horse. \\\"The horse is an animal that surpasses the human body in beauty, strength and speed,\\\" Picardo claimed. \\\"... and architecture, in turn, is the art that protects this human body and enables and exalts it.\\\" He confessed that it was impossible for him to decide between architectural beauty and equine beauty because both \\\"son perfecciones\\\" (are perfections).In 2000 Picardo gifted the academy his oil painting Guardia civil en el puerto de Alazores, an image of five policemen mounted on five horses in a compact group. The academy observes the complicated juego (game) of the twenty horses' legs of different colours and in different positions seemingly almost entwined.The academy also houses in its collection a portrait of Picardo by Luis Garc\\u00eda-Ochoa Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez. Painted in 1953 it portrays Picardo in an informal pose at the age of 34. It was donated to the academy by his sons in 2023. Premio Antonio Camu\\u00f1as de Arquitectura. In 2001 Picardo won the prestigious Premio Antonio Camu\\u00f1as de Arquitectura (Antonio Camu\\u00f1as Prize for Architecture). The prize has been awarded every two years since 1985. Its purpose is to recognise the oeuvre of a Spanish architect who has stood out in his or her work for architectural renovation. The prize jury praised Picardo, the ninth winner, as an architect \\\"knowledgeable about our culture ... who has quietly exercised his professional activity, reinterpreting and valuing the richness of our historical heritage.\\\" Personal life. Picardo married Trinidad de Ribera Talavera and they had five children: three boys and two girls.In a rare public description of Picardo's personality a US travel journalist wrote of him in 1972 as \\\"a package of energy, wit and imagination ... eyes twinkling\\\".Picardo died on 27 July 2010 in Madrid. \", \"title\": \"Jos\\u00e9 Luis Picardo\", \"qa_pairs\": \"[{'Q': \\\"How many people were in Picardo's family when he was twelve?\\\\n1. seven\\\\n2. six\\\\n3. five\\\\n4. four\\\", 'A': '3', 'type': 'comprehension_and_reasoning', 'S': [\\\"His father was Alvaro Picardo de\\\\nCelis and his mother's family name was Castell\\u00f3n. He had four brothers,one of brothers died in infancy.\\\", 'His father died in 1929 when Picardo was ten years old.']}, {'Q': 'Picardo created a lots of illustrations for a book named \\u300aDibujos de Jose Luis Picardo\\u300b in 1960, where is this original book kept now?', 'A': 'The book is long out of print and virtually unknown in Spain, and not at all elsewher.', 'type': 'comprehension_and_reasoning', 'S': ['The book is long out of print and\\\\nvirtually unknown in Spain, and not at all elsewhere, but is available second-hand.']}, {'Q': 'How did Picardo build the Parador at the Castillo de Santa Catalina to get a good view for vistors?', 'A': 'He used the elongated site at the top of the hill, styled his new building on the layout and dimensions of the old castle and on what had been discovered during his research of its surviving interior designs.', 'type': 'multiple_information_retrieval', 'S': ['Using the elongated site at the top of the hill, Picardo planned a dining room, a lounge, service accommodation and guest rooms.', 'He styled his new\\\\nbuilding on the layout and dimensions of the old castle and on what had been discovered during his research of its surviving interior designs.']}, {'Q': 'How many years did Picardo work for Parador from his first of Parador projects until the bankruptcy on Parador?', 'A': 'Twenty-nine years.', 'type': 'computation', 'S': ['For his first of many Parador projects Picardo was appointed by the Ministry of Information and Tourism in July 1963 to convert into a Parador two ancient neighbouring buildings in the\\\\nvillage of Guadalupe in the province of C\\u00e1ceres in Extremadura.', 'The Pedraza Hoster\\u00eda continued in operation until 15 December 1992 when economic pressures on the Parador chain caused its closure.']}, {'Q': 'Picardo dedicated much of his professional life to Paradores, please order these projects by open day:\\\\n1.Parador de Arcos de la Frontera\\\\n2.Parador de Guadalupe\\\\n3.Parador de Carmona', 'A': '2,1,3', 'type': 'timeline_reorder', 'S': ['Restoration at Guadalupe started in November 1963 and the hotel, with twenty double rooms, opened on 11 December 1965.', 'Parador de Arcos de la Frontera opened to guests on 7 November\\\\n1966.', 'The Carmona Parador was inaugurated on 30 March 1976 by King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sof\\u00eda.']}, {'Q': \\\"All of historians speak highly of Picardo's work, is this true? Why?\\\", 'A': 'False, because some people believe that Parrado destroyed the part of historical and architectural.', 'type': 'multiple_information_retrieval', 'S': [\\\"Instead, Picardo's rebuilding projects were planned mostly on the\\\\nbasis of his own historical and architectural research. The hotel conversions and the demolition of large parts of monumental buildings without detailed investigation and record-keeping\\\\nwas somewhat frowned upon in the 1960s and 1970s, and over half a century later is seen by archeologists and historians as a matter of significant controversy and regret.\\\", 'In writing of the new extensions which were designed to be identical to the monuments to which they were attached \\u2014 Picardo\\\\'s Parador at J?en is a good example \\u2014 she has\\\\ndescribed them as being \\\"falso hist\\u00f3rico\\\" (false history) ... \\\"a replica whose documentary value has been masked or even lost\\\".', \\\"Despite the current views of historians, Picardo's Paradores \\u2014 particularly those at J?en, Carmona and Sig\\u00fcenza \\u2014 though pastiche, remain amongst the most popular of the network's\\\\nhotels.\\\"]}]\", \"output\": \"None\"}\n{\"input\": \" Geography and location. Barcelona, capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Catalonia, is located in the Spanish Levant, on the Mediterranean coast. Its geographical location is between 41\\u00b016' and 41\\u00b030' north latitude and between 1\\u00b054' and 2\\u00b018' east longitude. With an area of 102.16 km\\u00b2, it is situated on a plain about 11 km long and 6 km wide, bounded on its sides by the sea and by the Collserola mountain range \\u2014with the summit of Tibidabo (516.2 m) as its highest point\\u2014, as well as by the deltas of the Bes\\u00f3s and Llobregat rivers. Above the coastline and separating the city from the Llobregat delta is the mountain of Montju\\u00efc (184.8 m). Also, from the Collserola mountain range, several hills that follow a line parallel to the coastal range rise up on the plain: the hills of La Peira (133 m), La Rovira (261 m), El Carmel (267 m), Creueta del Coll (249 m), El Putget (181 m) and Monterols (121 m).The plain of Barcelona is not uniform, but has several undulations caused by the many torrents that once crossed the land, and also has a uniform slope from the sea to the Collserola mountain range, with an ascent of about 260 m. It is crossed by several faults, mainly the one that separates the Collserola mountain range from the hills that come forward in the plain, with a northeast-southwest orientation, and the one that separates the mountain of Montjuic from the coast. The terrain is formed by a substrate of slate and granitic formations, as well as clays and limestones. The coast was formerly occupied by tidal marshes and salt-water lagoons, which disappeared as the coastline advanced thanks to the sediments provided by the rivers and streams that flowed into the beach; it is estimated that since the sixth century BC, the coastline has been able to advance about 5 km. The area of the plain was formerly crossed by numerous torrents and streams, which were grouped into three fluvial sectors: Horta stream in the area near the Bes\\u00f2s river (or eastern area); the Blanca stream and the Gornal torrent in the Llobregat area (or western area); and, in the central area of the plain, a group of streams coming from the southern slope of Tibidabo, such as the San Gervasi, Vallcarca, Mag\\u00f2ria and Collserola streams.The climate is Mediterranean, with mild winters thanks to the protection that the orography of the terrain offers to the plain, which is sheltered from the north winds. The temperature usually ranges between 9.5 \\u00b0C and 24.3 \\u00b0C, on average. Rainfall is low, about 600 mm per year, and most of the precipitation occurs in spring and autumn. This scarcity meant that in the past numerous works had to be carried out to supply water to the city, including wells, canals and irrigation ditches. The vegetation of the area consists mainly of pines and evergreen oaks, and undergrowth of heather, laurestine, arbutus and climbing plants. In the past, both rainfed and irrigated agriculture was practiced \\u2014mainly vineyards and cereals\\u2014, although nowadays almost the entire surface area is built up.Barcelona, capital of the Barcelon\\u00e8s region and of the province of Barcelona, is the most important urban center in Catalonia in demographic, political, economic and cultural terms. It is the seat of the autonomous government and the Parliament of Catalonia, as well as the provincial deputation, the archbishopric and the IV Military Region, and has a port, an airport and an important network of railroads and roads. With a population of 1,604,555 inhabitants in 2015, it is the second most populous city in Spain after Madrid, and the eleventh most populous in the European Union. Administrative divisions. Barcelona is divided into 10 districts and 73 neighborhoods: Ciutat Vella (4.49 km\\u00b2, 100 685 inhabitants): corresponds to the old core of the city, the one derived from the Roman and medieval periods, plus the Barceloneta neighborhood, created in the eighteenth century. This area received much immigration from the rest of Spain during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, settled mainly in the neighborhoods of Sant Pere and Raval; it has continued to do so during the twenty-first century, although with immigrants from other countries. This district has the oldest and lowest socioeconomic level population in the city, although in the new millennium a slow process of gentrification has begun in parallel to the urban development plans carried out in the district. Being the oldest part of the city, it has numerous monuments and architectural works of interest, making it an important focus of tourist attraction. On the other hand, it houses the most important institutions of the city, such as the City Hall or the Generalitat de Catalunya.. Eixample (7.46 km\\u00b2, 263,565 inhabitants): this district arose from the expansion of the old city after the demolition of the walls, thanks to the Cerd\\u00e1 Plan drawn up by Ildefons Cerd\\u00e0. It is a densely populated district, since in its beginnings it was mainly a residential area where wealthy families stayed after leaving the old part of the city. The social level, however, has stabilized, and today corresponds mainly to the middle class. Even so, it is an important focus of tourist attraction, especially due to the presence of modernist architectural works, which has encouraged trade and the installation in the area of major commercial brands.. Sants-Montju\\u00efc (21.35 km\\u00b2, 180,824 inhabitants): includes the old town of Sants, annexed to Barcelona in 1897, together with the land of Montju\\u00efc mountain, which makes it the largest district of the city; it also includes the Zona Franca. It has a low population density, and its rate of population of foreign origin exceeds the average. It has a high percentage of green area, thanks mainly to the presence of the Montjuic mountain, as well as industrial land.. Les Corts (6.08 km\\u00b2, 81,200 inhabitants): it comes from the old town of Les Corts de Sarri\\u00e0, added to the city in 1897, with a probable origin in a medieval masia. It was an eminently agricultural area, which in the mid-nineteenth century experienced a significant urban growth with the construction of the area called Corts Noves. The population is mainly autochthonous, and stands out for its high rate of young people. The majority is middle class, although the Pedralbes neighborhood stands out as one of the most exclusive in the city. Its main economic activity is in the tertiary sector, and it is home to numerous financial institutions and office centers.. Sarri\\u00e0-Sant Gervasi (20.09 km\\u00b2, 145,761 inhabitants): it comes from the union of two former municipalities, Sarri\\u00e0 and Sant Gervasi de Cassoles. It is one of the largest districts, especially because it includes a large part of the Collserola mountain range. It is also the district with the lowest population density, mainly because it is a high status residential area, with a predominance of single-family houses. The economy is dominated by quality facilities, as well as private schools and health centers. Its population has the highest rate of higher education and technical and managerial professionals, as well as autochthonous residents, while the foreign population is dominated by the European Union.. Gr\\u00e0cia (4.19 km\\u00b2, 120,273 inhabitants): has its origins in the old village of Gr\\u00e0cia, incorporated into the city in 1897. It was an agricultural area, which in the early nineteenth century began to forge an urban and industrial fabric. It has one of the highest population densities in the city, since its old center is characterized by narrow streets and tightly packed houses. Its population has a high percentage of elderly people and, although the level of education is above average, most are of lower-middle social class.. Horta-Guinard\\u00f3 (11.96 km\\u00b2, 166,950 inhabitants): comes from the old town of Horta, added in 1904, to which the Guinard\\u00f3 district, formerly belonging to Sant Mart\\u00ed de Proven\\u00e7als, was added administratively. It was an agricultural area and summer residences, which received numerous immigrants, especially in the first two thirds of the twentieth century. Being a peripheral area, it has a low population density, with a predominance of young and lower-middle class population. During the years of massive immigration, it was an area of strong real estate speculation.. Nou Barris (8.04 km\\u00b2, 164,516 inhabitants): is the most recently created district, on land segregated from Sant Andreu de Palomar. It is a peripheral area with a majority immigrant population, which also suffered from strong real estate speculation and even suffered from shantyism and self-construction, and which for a long time has suffered from a significant lack of assistance, infrastructure and basic services, which have been mitigated in recent times. The majority of the population is working class and has low purchasing power.. Sant Andreu (6.56 km\\u00b2, 145,983 inhabitants): corresponds to the former municipality of Sant Andreu de Palomar, annexed in 1897. It was an agricultural and milling area until the mid-nineteenth century, when numerous industries began to settle. On the other hand, in the mid-twentieth century it received a strong wave of immigration, which was received in neighborhoods of cheap houses and residential estates, such as the Bon Pastor and Bar\\u00f3 de Viver. In recent times it has experienced a certain revitalization thanks to commercial activities such as the location of the La Maquinista center or the urbanization of the surroundings of La Sagrera Station to accommodate the arrival of the AVE high-speed train.. Sant Mart\\u00ed (10.80 km\\u00b2, 232,629 inhabitants): it comes from the old town of Sant Mart\\u00ed de Proven\\u00e7als, added in 1897. Like the previous one, it was an agricultural and milling area, until the arrival of the Industrial Revolution when numerous factories were installed in the area; however, in recent decades it has suffered a process of deindustrialization, replaced by economic activities more based on new technologies, especially after the location of the so-called 22@ district. This district also welcomed a large immigrant population. Thanks to the 1992 Olympic Games, it underwent a process of renovation of the entire waterfront, where the Olympic Village was located. Historical evolution. The administrative division has varied over time. The first delimitation was established in 1389, when the city was divided into four quarters: Framenors, Pi, Mar and Sant Pere. This division was made by establishing a grid with the Pla\\u00e7a del Blat as the geometric center, with the separation of the northern and southern quarters set in the ancient Roman cardo maximus. This separation already showed the social difference between the different parts of the city: Framenors was an aristocratic neighborhood, Pi was residential and civil service, Sant Pere was industrial and commercial, and Mar was popular and religious, since it housed most of the convents and monasteries. In the 15th century, another quarter, Raval, was added, establishing a division that lasted until the 18th century.In 1769 a reform was made by which five quarters were created, each subdivided into eight neighborhoods: I-Palacio included the port and the new neighborhood of Barceloneta; II-San Pedro was an eminently industrial area; III-Audiencia corresponded to the center of the city; IV-Casa de la Ciudad was a mostly residential area; and V-Raval included the land west of La Rambla.Numerous divisions were made in the 19th century, most of them for political reasons, since the districts also marked the electoral districts. The most notable were those of 1837, in which the city was divided into four districts (Lonja, San Pedro, Universidad and San Pablo); and that of 1878, after the demolition of the walls, in which 10 districts were established: I-La Barceloneta, II-Borne, III-Lonja, IV-Atarazanas, V-Hospital, VI-Audiencia, VII-Instituto, VIII-Universidad, IX-Hostafranchs and X-Concepci\\u00f3n.Between the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, several neighboring municipalities were added to the city (Sants, Les Corts, Sant Gervasi de Cassoles, Gr\\u00e0cia, Sant Andreu de Palomar, Sant Mart\\u00ed de Proven\\u00e7als, Sant Joan d'Horta, Sarri\\u00e0); a new administrative reorganization was then carried out, again with 10 districts: I-Barceloneta and Pueblo Nuevo, II-San Pedro, III-Lonja and Audiencia, IV-Concepci\\u00f3n, V-Atarazanas and Hospital, VI-Universidad, VII-Sans, Las Corts and Hostafranchs, VIII-Gracia and San Gervasio, IX-Horta and Sant Andreu de Palomar, X-Sant Mart\\u00ed de Proven\\u00e7als.In 1933 a new reformulation was made, also with ten districts: I-Barceloneta, II-Poble Sec and Montju\\u00efc, III-Sarri\\u00e0, Vallvidrera and Sant Gervasi, IV- Sant Pere and Dreta de l'Eixample, V-Raval, VI-Esquerra de l'Eixample, VII-Sants, Les Corts and Hostafrancs, VIII-Gr\\u00e0cia, IX-Horta, Sant Andreu del Palomar, Sagrera and Camp de l'Arpa, X-Sant Mart\\u00ed de Proven\\u00e7als, Clot and Poblenou. These districts were expanded in 1949 with two more: XI-Les Corts and XII-Sagrada Fam\\u00edlia.In 1984 the current division into ten districts was approved, established with the aim of decentralizing the City Council, transferring competencies to the new consistories. The new districts were established with maximum respect for their historical and morphological identity, but also seeking a practical and functional delimitation that would guarantee the residents a wide range of services. In general, an attempt was made to respect the old demarcations coming from the old city, its expansion and the aggregated municipalities, although some areas varied with respect to their historical belonging: Pedralbes, previously belonging to Sarri\\u00e0, passed to Les Corts; Vallcarca, before Horta, was incorporated to Gr\\u00e0cia; El Guinard\\u00f3, originally from Sant Mart\\u00ed, was added to Horta; and the new district of Nou Barris was segregated from Sant Andreu.The last reform was carried out in 2006, this time aimed at establishing the neighborhoods that make up each district, with the objective of improving the distribution of facilities and proximity services. Seventy-three neighborhoods were established, stipulated according to historical, cultural and social criteria, although the decision was not without controversy, mainly due to the fragmentation of some historical neighborhoods defended as units by the neighborhood associations: thus, for example, from the neighborhood of El Clot was segregated El Camp de l'Arpa; from Sants was segregated the neighborhood of Badal; Esquerra de l'Eixample was divided between La Nova and L'Antiga Esquerra de l'Eixample; and Poblenou was fragmented into five neighborhoods. Similarly, some neighborhood units were not satisfied with their aspirations to become neighborhoods, such as Can Caralleu, Penitents, Torre Melina or El Polvor\\u00ed. The ancient city. Barcelona was founded by Roman colonizers in the first century BC with the name of Barcino. Originally, it was a small walled city which took the urban form of castrum initially, and later oppidum, seated on the Mons Taber (16.9 meters above sea level), a small hill located on the site of the current Pla\\u00e7a de Sant Jaume. The maximum splendor of the Roman period took place during the second century, with a population that must have ranged between 3500 and 5000 inhabitants.The main reason for the choice of a small promontory near the coast to build the city was its natural harbor, although the alluvium of the torrents and the sedimentation of sand from the coastal currents would make the port's draught difficult. The center of the city was the forum, the central square dedicated to public life and business. It was located at the confluence of the cardus maximus (Llibreteria and Call streets) and the decumanus maximus (Bisbe, Ciutat and Regomir streets), approximately in the center of the walled enclosure. From this center, the city followed an orthogonal layout, with square or rectangular blocks, following a grid layout based on two main axes: a horizontal axial order (northwest-southwest) and a vertical one (southeast-northeast), which would mark the future layout of the city, and would be collected by Ildefonso Cerd\\u00e1 in his Plan de Eixample of 1859.The Romans were great experts in architecture and civil engineering, and provided the territory with roads, bridges, aqueducts and an urban design with a rational layout and basic services, such as sewerage. The enclosure of Barcino was walled, with a perimeter of 1.5 km, which protected a space of 10.4 ha. The first wall of the city, of simple construction, began to be built in the first century B.C. It had few towers, only in the corners and at the gates of the walled perimeter. However, the first incursions by Franks and Alemanni from the 250s onwards made it necessary to reinforce the walls, which were enlarged in the 4th century. The new wall was built on the foundations of the first, and consisted of a double wall of 2 meters, with a space in the middle filled with stone and mortar. The wall consisted of 74 towers about 18 meters high, most of which were rectangular in base.Of the rest of the urban elements preserved from the Roman period, it is worth mentioning the necropolis, a group of tombs located outside the walled area, in the current Pla\\u00e7a de la Vila de Madrid: it has more than 70 tombs from the second and third centuries, discovered by chance in 1954. There are also remains of two aqueducts that carried water to the city, one of them from the Collserola mountain range, to the northwest, and another from the north, taking water from the Bes\\u00f3s river; both joined in front of the decuman gate of the city \\u2014currently the Pla\\u00e7a Nova\\u2014.After the fall of the Roman Empire and until the formation of the Catalan counties, there were several conquests and the passage of successive civilizations, from the Visigoths and Arabs to a period of integration into the Carolingian Empire. This period was marked by the reuse of the Roman city and the use of its urban structure, which did not undergo significant changes. A noteworthy aspect of this period is its consideration as a military stronghold, which will lead it to acquire hegemony over other surrounding cities and become the capital of its territory. The colonization of the surrounding countryside also began at this time, within a system of feudal structure, as well as a certain suburbanization began, with the appearance of the first suburbs. Middle Ages. At this time Barcelona was constituted as a county and later became part of the Crown of Aragon and the political and economic center of the Principality of Catalonia, becoming an important maritime and commercial axis of the Mediterranean Sea. The city grew from the primitive urban core \\u2014what is now the Gothic Quarter\\u2014 and, in the 14th century, the Raval district emerged. Barcelona had about 25,000 inhabitants at that time.Medieval Barcelona arose from the reconstruction of the city after its near destruction by Almanzor in 985, starting again as the main nucleus of the structure and the wall from Roman times. The city underwent numerous changes as a center of political and religious power, a center of trade and craft production, and as the nexus of a new and complex network of social and institutional relations. Thus, the city acquired an autonomy of its own, a singularity within the surrounding territory, becoming the center of a hinterland that would mark the organization of the modern city.The progressive increase in the size of the city, and its increasing urban, social and economic complexity, led to the creation of a specific system of government for the administration of the city, the Council of One Hundred (1265). This entity operated in a field of action that went from Montcada to Molins de Rei, and from Castelldefels to Montgat. Among other things, it was responsible for the supply of food and water, the maintenance of roads, the census of the population and territorial demarcation. It also established the first urban building patterns, known as Consuetuds de Santacilia and promulgated by James I.. During medieval times Barcelona had a Jewish quarter, the Call, located between the current streets of Ferran, Banys Nous, Palla and Bisbe. Founded in 692, it survived until its destruction in 1391 in a xenophobic assault. It was separated from the rest of the city by a wall, and had two synagogues (Mayor, now a museum, and Menor, now the parish church of Sant Jaume), baths, schools and hospitals.Outside the city walls, the plain of Barcelona was devoted to agriculture, especially dedicated to supplying the city: it was known as the hort i vinyet de Barcelona (\\\"orchard and vineyard\\\"), which produced fruit, vegetables and wine, in an area between the streams of Horta and Sants, and between the Collserola mountain range, Puig Aguilar and Coll de Codines to the sea. This agricultural development was consolidated with the construction, in the middle of the 10th century \\u2014and probably by Count Mir\\u00f3\\u2014 of two canals that directed the waters of the Llobregat and Bes\\u00f2s rivers to the vicinity of the city: the Bes\\u00f2s canal was known as Rec Comtal or Regomir, and was parallel to the Strata Francisca, a road that was a variant of the ancient Roman Via Augusta, and was built by the Franks to better bring the city closer to the center of the Carolingian Empire.Once the danger of Muslim incursions was over, the first settlements outside the city walls were established. Various population centers (vila nova) were created, generally around churches and monasteries: this was the case around the church of Santa Maria del Mar, where a neighborhood of port character was created; likewise around the church of Sant Cugat del Rec , of an agrarian character; the neighborhood of Sant Pere around Sant Pere de les Puelles; the neighborhood of El Pi arose around the church of Santa Maria del Pi; that of Santa Anna next to the church of the same name; the neighborhood of Arcs settled around the Portal del Bisbe; and the Mercadal, around the market of Portal Major. The Raval neighborhood (Catalan for \\\"suburb\\\"), initially a suburb populated by orchards and some religious buildings, such as the monastery of Sant Pau del Camp (914), the church of Sant Antoni Abat (1157), the convent of the Carmelites Cal\\u00e7ats (1292), the priory of Nazareth (1342) or the monastery of Montalegre (1362), was also formed little by little.. The creation of these new neighborhoods made it necessary to extend the walled perimeter, so in 1260 a new wall was built from Sant Pere de les Puelles to the Drassanes, facing the sea. The new section was 5100 m long and covered an area of 1.5 km\\u00b2. The enclosure had eighty towers and eight new gates, among which were several enclaves of relevance today, such as the Portal de l'\\u00c0ngel, the Portaferrissa or La Boqueria. A network of fortifications was also built in the urban periphery for the defense of the city, such as the castle of the Port, in Montju\\u00efc; those of Martorell and Castellv\\u00ed de Rosanes, at the entrance of the Llobregat river; those of Erampruny\\u00e0 (Gav\\u00e0) and Castelldefels in the delta of the same river; and that of Montcada at the entrance of the Bes\\u00f2s river.The medieval urban fabric was marked by different areas of influence, from the aristocracy and institutional power, through the bishopric and religious orders, to the guilds and the various trade associations. The network of streets was irregular, and the squares were mere widenings of the streets, or plots of land derived from the demolition of a house, which were usually used to store wheat, wool or coal. The houses were usually of the \\\"artisan type\\\", with a first floor for the workshop and one or two floors for living, generally measuring 4 m wide and 10\\u201312 m deep, sometimes with a small vegetable garden at the back. The larger buildings were either churches or palaces, along with some institutional buildings, such as the Casa de la Ciutat, seat of the Consell de Cent \\u2014later City Hall\\u2014 or the Palau de la Generalitat de Catalunya, seat of the homonymous political institution of the Principality, as well as a hospital \\u2014such as the Santa Creu\\u2014 or buildings such as the Llotja or the Drassanes.. In 1209, one of the first private urban planning operations in the city took place, the opening of Montcada street, thanks to the concession made by Peter II to Guillem Ramon de Montcada; a wide, straight street was laid out, running from the B\\u00f2ria to the sea, and was occupied by large stately residences. Another of the few urban planning processes of this period was the opening of the Pla\\u00e7a Nova, next to the Episcopal Palace and near the cathedral of Barcelona, carried out in 1355 thanks to the demolition of several houses and the reuse of the Bishop's orchard.Between the 14th and 15th centuries, the continuous urban growth led to a new extension of the walled enclosure, with the construction of the Raval wall, in the western part of the city, which covered an area of 218 ha, with a perimeter of 6 km. The new urban enclosure started at the Drassanes, following the current ring roads of Sant Pau, Sant Antoni, Universitat and Sant Pere, going down the current Passeig de Llu\\u00eds Companys to the monastery of Santa Clara \\u2014in the current Citadel Park\\u2014, and to the sea, along the current Avinguda Marqu\\u00e8s del l'Argentera. Currently only the Portal de Santa Madrona, in the Drassanes, is still preserved.With the extension of the wall, a long avenue known as La Rambla, occupied mainly by religious institutions, was left within the city walls. It was then proceeded to its urbanization, which was completed in 1444. In its day it was the widest space in the city, dedicated to strolling, leisure or the installation of occasional markets. Deeply reformed between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, today it is one of the most emblematic places of the city.Finally, it is worth noting that during the Middle Ages an extensive network of roads emerged in the plain of Barcelona that connected the city with the various suburbs and villages in the vicinity, as well as other points of interest: farmhouses (Melina tower road), mills (Verneda road), quarries (Creu dels Molers road), bleaching meadows (Teulat road), churches or chapels (Sant Ll\\u00e0tzer road), fountains (Font dels Ocellets road), etc. Early Modern Age. In this period Barcelona and Catalonia became part of the Hispanic Monarchy, which arose from the dynastic union of the crowns of Castile and Aragon. It was a time of alternation between periods of prosperity and economic crisis, especially due to plague epidemics in the sixteenth century and social and military conflicts such as the Reapers' War and the War of Succession between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, although in the latter century the economy rebounded thanks to the opening of trade with America and the beginning of the textile industry. The city was still confined within its walls \\u2014the only expansion was on the beach, in the neighborhood of La Barceloneta\\u2014 despite the fact that by the end of the period it had almost 100,000 inhabitants.This period was not one of excessive urban reforms, since the loss of Barcelona's capital status meant that large-scale projects were not carried out. In the first half of the 16th century, the sea wall was built, where the bastions of Llevant, Torre Nova, Sant Ramon and Migdia were placed. Otherwise, the main urban reform was in the area around the cathedral, where the Pla\\u00e7a de la Seu was opened, in front of the main portal of the cathedral (1546), as well as the Pla\\u00e7a de San Iu, with a space cut out of the Grand Royal Palace.. During the 15th and 16th centuries, an artificial port was built to finally meet the needs of the important mercantile center that was Barcelona: paradoxically, during the period of splendor of Catalan trade in the Mediterranean, Barcelona did not have a port prepared for the port volume that was common in the city. The old port at the foot of Montju\\u00efc had been abandoned, and the city had only the beach to receive passengers and goods. Deep-draught ships had to unload by means of boats and rope lads (bastaixos). Finally, in 1438, royal permission was obtained to build a port: first, a ship loaded with stones was sunk to serve as a base for the wall that connected the beach to the island of Maians; the wall was reinforced in 1477 and lengthened in the form of a breakwater in 1484. In the mid-16th century, the port was enlarged in response to the campaign launched by Charles I against Tunisia. At the end of the century, the quay had a length of 180 m by 12 m wide.With the construction of the port, the seafront between Pla de Palau and La Rambla was embanked, thus urbanizing the Passeig del Mar, now Passeig de Colom. At this time the water supply and sewage system was also improved, and for its maintenance the figure of the mestre de les fonts (\\\"master of the fountains\\\") was instituted, in charge of the care of mines, fountains and gutters.In the 17th century, the city wall was extended again with the construction of five new gates (Sant Sever, Tallers, Sant Antoni, Sant Pau and Santa Madrona, the latter a reconstruction of the 14th century one). Streets were also paved, sewers were installed, drinking water fountains were built and improvement works were carried out in the port.. In the eighteenth century the Principality of Catalonia and Barcelona itself saw much of its autonomy truncated with the victory of Philip V in the War of Succession: the Nueva Planta Decree (1716) eliminated the Generalitat, the Corts and the Consell de Cent, which were replaced by a military government, and the municipal jurisdiction was reduced to the city, losing the area of influence that the Consell de Cent had in the metropolitan area. In this period there was a notable demographic increase, and the economy was progressively industrialized, until it led to the so-called Industrial Revolution.. The arrival of the Bourbons generated a series of military engineering works, such as the castle of Montju\\u00efc and the fortress of the Citadel. For the construction of the Citadel (1715-1751), 1200 houses in the Ribera neighborhood were demolished, leaving 4500 people homeless and without compensation, and the Rec Comtal was diverted. The work of Jorge Pr\\u00f3spero de Verboom, it was a pentagonal walled bastion, with a protective moat and an esplanade of 120 m between the walls and the surrounding buildings. Demolished in the Revolution of 1868, on its perimeter was installed the park of the Citadel.There were also two new military roads that crossed the plain of Barcelona: the Matar\\u00f3 road \\u2014coincident with the current Pere IV street\\u2014 and the Creu Coberta road, which connected with the Madrid road \\u2014current streets of Hostafrancs and Sants\\u2014.In 1753, the construction of the neighborhood of La Barceloneta began at the initiative of the Marquis of La Mina. Located on a small peninsula of land reclaimed from the sea, its layout was designed by the engineer Pedro Mart\\u00edn Cerme\\u00f1o, with a grid of orthogonal streets and blocks of houses of elongated plan, which is a clear example of academic baroque urbanism. In this neighborhood was located in 1772 the Clock Tower, the first lighthouse of the city; it was followed by the Llobregat in 1845 and Montju\\u00efc in 1925.In 1771, the Edicto de obreria was approved, a municipal ordinance aimed at controlling private works in the city, which involved the regulation of the alignment of houses according to the layout of the streets, as well as the supervision of aspects such as the paving of the streets, the sewage system, the numbering of houses, etc. This edict established for the first time the obligation to request a building permit, accompanied by a report and the payment of the respective fees. Likewise, in 1797 a height limit was established for all buildings. During this century there was a change in the typology of private buildings, which went from the \\\"artisan house\\\" of the medieval type to the \\\"multi-family house\\\" with a collective staircase, which definitively separated work from residence.. Between 1776 and 1778 the redevelopment of La Rambla was carried out, an ancient torrent that during the Middle Ages marked the western boundary of the city, which had been populated since the 16th century, mainly by theaters and convents. At this time the inner wall was demolished, the buildings were realigned and a new landscaped promenade, in the style of the French boulevard, was designed. The paseos of Sant Joan and Gr\\u00e0cia were also planned, although they were not built until the turn of the century for the former and 1820-1827 for the latter. Likewise, the street of the Count of the Assault \\u2014currently New Street of La Rambla\\u2014 (1778-1789) was laid out, named after Francisco Gonz\\u00e1lez de Bassecourt, captain general of Catalonia, who had the initiative to create the street. In 1797 the Paseo Nuevo or Paseo de la Explanada was also created, located next to the military Citadel, a wide avenue lined with poplars and elms and decorated with ornamental fountains, which for a time was the main green space of the city, but disappeared in the urbanization works of the park of the Citadel.During the eighteenth century, the Born and Boqueria markets were established as the only two general supply markets, and in 1752 aspects such as weights and measures for the marketing of food products, in addition to coal, were regulated. 19th Century. In this period there was a great economic revitalization, linked primarily to the textile industry, which in turn led to a Catalan cultural renaissance. Between 1854 and 1859, the city walls were demolished, allowing the city to expand, under a project called the Eixample, drawn up by Ildefons Cerd\\u00e0 in 1859. After the revolution of 1868, the Citadel was also demolished and the land transformed into a public park. The population grew, especially thanks to immigration from the rest of Spain, reaching 400,000 inhabitants by the end of the century.Although chintz printing was well established in Barcelona since the 18th century, the industrial era proper began with the founding in 1832 of the Bonaplata Factory, founded by Josep Bonaplata. In 1849 the complex La Espa\\u00f1a Industrial, owned by the Muntadas brothers, was opened in Sants. The textile industry grew steadily until a crisis in 1861, caused by the shortage of cotton due to the American Civil War. The metallurgical industry was also gaining importance, boosted by the creation of the railroad and steam navigation. In 1836 the Nueva Vulcano foundry opened in La Barceloneta and, in 1841, La Barcelonesa began, one of the predecessors of La Maquinista Terrestre y Mar\\u00edtima (1855), one of the most important factories in the history of Barcelona.Industrialization brought about important changes in the urban planning of the city, due to the new needs of the economic sectors of the capitalist system, which required a strong concentration of labor and auxiliary services. Barcelona thus underwent an important leap to modernity, characterized by three factors: the population migration from the countryside to the city, the link between industrial and urban developments, and a better articulation of the territory through a wide network of roads and railroads, which will lead Barcelona to become a colonizing metropolis of its territorial environment.. During this century, the municipal ordinances that began with the Edicto de obrer\\u00eda (Workmen's Edict) were consolidated: in 1814, the Preg\\u00f3n de polic\\u00eda urbana (Proclamation of Urban Police) established in 84 articles all the provisions on civil building, maintenance of public spaces and various regulations on security and public order. In 1839, the Bando general de buen gobierno (General Good Governance Charter) renewed and expanded these provisions and, among other things, regulated the relationship between the width of streets and the height of buildings. On the other hand, the law of January 8, 1845 established the City Council's own attributions in various aspects such as urban planning, regulating the sanitary conditions of public spaces, as well as the conditioning of streets, squares and markets. In 1856 the first Ordenanzas Municipales (Municipal Ordinances) were approved, which brought together and expanded previous provisions, within an urban code that contemplated for the first time all aspects of civic and institutional relations in the city. For the first time, building permits were required to include an interior layout plan. These ordinances soon became obsolete due to the new Eixample plan, until in 1891 new ones were drawn up that took into account the new specificities of the expansion and new links in the city. Among other things, the area of occupation of the plots was increased from 50% \\u2014established in the Cerd\\u00e0 Plan of 1859\\u2014 to 70%.Among the main urban planning actions of these years were the opening of Calle de Fernando (Ferran) in 1827, between La Rambla and the Plaza de San Jaime (Sant Jaume), with a later continuation towards the Borne with the streets of Jaime I (Jaume I) (1849\\u201353) and Princesa (1853). In 1833 the expansion of the Pla de Palau began, which was then the nerve center of the city, with the presence of the Royal Palace, the Llotja and the Aduana. The square was enlarged and the Portal de Mar was built (1844-1848), a monumental gateway to Barceloneta from the old quarter, the work of Josep Massan\\u00e8s, which was demolished in 1859 along with the city walls. Massan\\u00e8s was also the author of a widening plan in 1838 that was never completed, which included the triangle between Canaletes, Pla\\u00e7a de la Universitat and Pla\\u00e7a Urquinaona, and which already sketched what would become Pla\\u00e7a de Catalunya, located in the center of the triangle.. Another factor that favored the urban planning of these years was the confiscation of 1836, which left numerous plots of land that were built on or converted into public spaces, such as La Boqueria and Santa Catalina markets, the Gran Teatro del Liceo (Liceu) and two squares designed by Francesc Daniel Molina: the Pla\\u00e7a Reial and the Pla\\u00e7a del Duc de Medinaceli.Similarly, the new sanitary provisions enacted at this time led to the disappearance of numerous parish cemeteries, whose plots were developed as new public squares: thus, squares such as Santa Maria, del Pi, Sant Josep Oriol, Sant Felip Neri, Sant Just, Sant Pere and San Jaime (Sant Jaume) came into being. The latter became the political heart of the city, since the Barcelona City Council and the Generalitat de Catalunya were located there. On the other hand, the disappearance of the parish cemeteries led to the creation of a new cemetery located outside the city, the cemetery of the East or Pueblo Nuevo (Poblenou), based on a project of 1773 but which was built mainly between 1813 and 1819. It was followed in 1883 by the Southwest or Montjuic cemetery, while already in the 20th century, the North or Collserola cemetery was built (1969).In 1842, one of the clearest factors of modernity derived from new scientific advances, the gas lighting, began. The first illuminated streets were La Rambla, Fernando Street and the Plaza de San Jaime, specifically with gas produced by dry distillation of black coal (town gas). That year the Sociedad Catalana para el Alumbrado por Gas (Catalan Society for Gas Lighting) was created, renamed in 1912 as Catalana de Gas y Electricidad. In 1856, gas was successfully applied to domestic stoves and heaters.. One of the major factors in the dynamization of the city as the capital of a large metropolitan area was the arrival of the railroad: in 1848, the first railroad line in peninsular Spain left from Barcelona, connecting Barcelona with the town of Matar\\u00f3. The stations of Francia (1854), Sants (1854) and Norte (1862) were then created. The Catalan capital became the center of a railway network in the shape of an 8 \\u2014the so-called \\\"Catalan eight\\\"\\u2014 formed by two rings that intersected in the city. In the 1880s there were already links with France, Madrid, Zaragoza and Valencia, in addition to the rest of the Catalan provincial capitals. Two companies operated at that time: Ferrocarril del Norte and MZA (Madrid-Zaragoza-Alicante), integrated in 1941 in RENFE.The city's first fire and police services also appeared at this time. In 1843 the Guardia Urbana de Barcelona was created, in charge of the defense of public safety; in 1938 they also assumed control of traffic and urban circulation. On the other hand, in 1849 the Sociedad de Socorro Mutuo contra Incendios (Mutual Fire Aid Society) emerged, a private company that in 1865 was replaced by the Sociedad de Extinci\\u00f3n de Incendios y Salvamento de Barcelona (Barcelona 's Fire Extinguishing and Rescue Companyy), he first public fire department managed by the City Council. Its first chief was the architect Antoni Rovira i Trias, and its first firehouse was the Casa de Comunes Dep\\u00f3sitos (House of Common Warehousess) which was followed by multiple firehouses throughout the city. In 1908, animal-drawn vehicles were replaced by motor vehicles, and in 1913 the figure of the firefighter, until then casual, was professionalized.. In the middle of the century, the Diputation of Barcelona took charge of establishing new road layouts in the Barcelona plain: the Sarri\\u00e0 road (now Sarri\\u00e0 Avenue), designed by Ildefons Cerd\\u00e0 and built between 1850 and 1853; the road from Sants to Les Corts (1865-1867); and the road from Sagrera to Horta (1871), now Garcilaso Street. In these years, the port, increasingly important as a source of raw materials \\u2014especially cotton and coal\\u2014, was improved with the construction of a new wharf and the dredging of the port by the engineer Jos\\u00e9 Rafo, who presented his project in 1859.On the other hand, in 1855 the telegraph service began, with a network of radial character centered in Madrid, which from 1920 was extended peripherally with Valencia, Seville and A Coru\\u00f1a. Controlled by the State, the service was incorporated into the postal service, creating the Direcci\\u00f3n General de Correos y Tel\\u00e9grafos (General Directorate of Posts and Telegraphs).It should also be noted that the first public parks appeared in the nineteenth century, as the increase in urban environments due to the phenomenon of the Industrial Revolution, often in conditions of environmental degradation, made it advisable to create large urban parks and gardens, which were paid for by the public authorities, thus giving rise to public gardening \\u2014until then preferably private\\u2014 and landscape architecture. The first public garden in Barcelona was created in 1816: the General's Garden, an initiative of Captain General Francisco Javier Casta\\u00f1os; it was located between the present Marqu\\u00e9s de la Argentera avenue and the Citadel, in front of where today is the station of Francia, and had an area of 0.4 ha, until it disappeared in 1877 during the development of the park of the Citadel. At this time several gardens were installed on Passeig de Gr\\u00e0cia: in 1848 the T\\u00edvoli Gardens were created, between Valencia and Consell de Cent streets; and in 1853 the so-called Champs Elys\\u00e9es, with a garden, a lake with boats, a theater and an amusement park with roller coasters, were located between Aragon and Roussillon streets. These gardens disappeared a few years later with the urbanization of Passeig de Gr\\u00e0cia. Expansion of Barcelona (Eixample). In the middle of the century a transcendental event took place that completely changed the physiognomy of the city; the demolition of the walls. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the population grew steadily (from 34,000 inhabitants at the beginning of the eighteenth century to 160,000 in the mid-nineteenth century), which led to an alarming increase in population density (850 inhabitants per hectare), endangering the health of the citizens. However, due to its status as a stronghold, the central government opposed the demolition of the walls. A strong popular outcry began, led by Pedro Felipe Monlau, who in 1841 published the memoir \\u00a1Abajo las murallas! (Down with the walls!) in which he defended their destruction to prevent diseases and epidemics. Finally, in 1854, permission was granted for their demolition, which gave the way out for the territorial expansion of the city.In 1859 the City Council appointed a commission to promote a competition for urban expansion projects, which was won by Antoni Rovira i Trias; however, the Ministry of Development intervened and imposed the project of Ildefons Cerd\\u00e0, author of a topographic plan of the Barcelona plain and a demographic and urbanistic study of the city (1855). The Cerd\\u00e0 Plan (Plan de los alrededores de la ciudad de Barcelona y del proyecto para su mejora y ampliaci\\u00f3n, 1859) instituted an orthogonal layout between Montjuic and the Bes\\u00f2s, with a system of straight northwest-southeast oriented streets, 20 meters wide, cut by other southwest-northeast oriented streets parallel to the coast and the Collserola mountain range. Cerd\\u00e0 had planned to build on only two sides and leave the other spaces for gardens, although this point was not fulfilled and finally practically all the buildable land was used; the buildings were designed with an octagonal floor plan characteristic of the Eixample, with chamfers that favored circulation. The plan called for the construction of several main avenues: Diagonal, Meridiana, Paral\\u00b7lel, Gran Via and Passeig de Sant Joan, as well as several large squares at their intersections: Tetuan, Gl\\u00f2ries, Espanya, Verdaguer, Letamendi and Universitat. It also foresaw the opening of three large avenues in the old part of the city: two that would connect the Eixample with the coast (Muntaner and Pau Claris) and another perpendicular one that would connect the Citadel with Montjuic (avenida de la Catedral). It also contemplated a series of new ring roads that would circumvent the old city, in the place left by the walls: the ring roads of San Pablo, San Antonio, Universitat and Sant Pere.. Cerd\\u00e1's project was quite innovative for the time, especially with regard to the delimitation of green spaces and service areas, taking into account both functional, recreational and welfare aspects. The buildings were to have a height of 16 meters (first floor and four floors), and a depth of 10 to 20 meters. The distribution of the Eixample was to be in sectors of 20 x 20 blocks, divided into districts of 10 x 10 and neighborhoods of 5 x 5. Each neighborhood was to have a church, a civic center, a school, a day care center, a nursing home and other welfare centers, while each district was to have a market and each sector a park. It also had industrial and administrative facilities, and in the suburbs there was a slaughterhouse, a cemetery and three hospitals. However, most of these provisions did not come to fruition, due to the opposition of the City Council, annoyed by the imposition of Cerd\\u00e0's plan as opposed to Rovira's, which had been approved in the competition, and also due to real estate speculation, which led to building the blocks on all sides and not only on the two sides planned by Cerd\\u00e1.Cerd\\u00e1 accompanied his project with several memoirs and statistical studies in which he showed his urbanistic theory, developed in three main points: hygienism, based on his Monograf\\u00eda estad\\u00edstica de la clase obrera (Statistical monograph of the working class), where he criticizes the living conditions within the walled city in force until then \\u2014life expectancy was 38.3 years for the rich and 19.7 for the poor\\u2014, against which he proposes improvements in urban orientation according to factors such as climatology, as well as in the constructive elements; circulation, with a view to making public roads compatible between pedestrians and vehicular traffic, which led him to regulate the distribution of streets and to establish chamfers on all sides of the blocks to facilitate crossings; and the multipurpose design, with an urban layout that would be extrapolated both to spaces to be built and to those already existing, integrating the notions of \\\"widening\\\" and \\\"reform\\\", and that would give a hygienic and functional city, although this part of his project would not be carried out.It must be taken into account that in many cases the Cerd\\u00e0 plot was superimposed on suburban layouts already existing or under development, in addition to the fact that the towns bordering the city of Barcelona, which would be added in successive phases at the turn of the nineteenth century, had their own urban development projects. Among these layouts we must take into account the highways and rural roads, or the easements imposed by railroads, canals, irrigation ditches, torrents and other land features.. A tangential aspect of the new layout was the question of toponymy, since the new urban grid designed by Cerd\\u00e1 included a series of new streets for which there was no tradition when it came to naming them. The naming of the new streets was entrusted to the writer V\\u00edctor Balaguer, who was inspired by the history of Catalonia: Thus, many streets are named after territories linked to the Crown of Aragon, such as Valencia, Mallorca, Aragon, Provence, Roussillon, Naples, Corsica, Sicily or Sardinia; with institutions such as the Catalan Courts, the Generalitat or the Consell de Cent; with characters such as Jaime Balmes, Enrique Granados, Buenaventura Carlos Aribau, Ram\\u00f3n Muntaner, Rafael Casanova, Pau Claris, Roger de Flor, Antoni de Villarroel, Roger de Lauria, Ausi\\u00e0s March or the Count of Urgel; or battles and historical events such as Bail\\u00e9n, Lepanto, El Bruch or Caspe.Projects of Expansion (Eixample) Interior renovations. The Cerd\\u00e0 Plan was developed mainly outside the city walls, due to real estate speculation, leaving aside the necessary improvements for the development of the old part of Barcelona. The need for a project of \\\"interior renovations\\\" was then raised, with the aim of modernizing the old core of the expanding city. One of the first was that of Miquel Garriga i Roca, author of a joint plan of alignments (1862), the first exhaustive plan of the city, at 1/250 scale. Garriga's project foresaw the realignment of streets as the basic method of a broad renovation of the city's interior, but the difficulty of its execution and the absence of expropriation mechanisms paralyzed this first project.. A more elaborate project was carried out by \\u00c0ngel Baixeras in 1878, who presented an expropriation bill to the Senate, which was approved in 1879. Baixeras' project envisaged a thorough remodeling of the old city, and its most outstanding aspect was the opening of three major thoroughfares \\u2014initially called A, B and C\\u2014 to make the old city center more walkable, following Cerd\\u00e0's old project. However, the project was not approved until 1895, and it still had to wait until 1908 for its execution, partially realized, since only the A road, renamed V\\u00eda Laietana, was built.It is also worth mentioning the introduction of the tramway for urban transport. In 1860 an omnibus line had been opened along La Rambla, but the slowness of the carriages made this means of transport not very viable. In 1872, rails were laid for its traction, which lightened the transport, with imperial model cars \\u2014of English origin\\u2014, pulled by two or four horses. The line was extended from the port (Drassanes) to the village of Gracia, and later from the Drassanes to La Barceloneta. One of the first lines to operate was the English Barcelona Tramways Company Limited. In 1899 the streetcars were electrified.. During these years, street furniture also grew, especially since the appointment in 1871 of Antoni Rovira i Trias as head of Buildings and Ornamentation of the City Council, as well as his successor, Pere Falqu\\u00e9s, who made a special effort to combine aesthetics and functionality for this type of urban adornments. The increase of elements such as lampposts, fountains, benches, kiosks, railings, planters, mailboxes and other public services was favored by the rise of the iron industry, which allowed their mass production and resulted in greater strength and durability.. In the 1880s the installation of electric lighting began, which gradually replaced the gas lighting on public roads. In 1882 the first street lamps were placed in the Pla\\u00e7a de Sant Jaume, and between 1887 and 1888 La Rambla and Passeig de Colom were electrified. However, the generalization of electric light did not take place until the beginning of the 20th century, with the invention of the light bulb, and it was not completed until 1929.Another service that emerged at the end of the century was the telephone. The first telephone communication in the whole peninsula took place in Barcelona, in 1877, between the Montjuic castle and the fortress of the Citadel \\u2014in the process of dismantling but still housing a garrison\\u2014. That same year the first interurban transmission between Barcelona and Girona was carried out by the company Dalmau i Fills, pioneer in the installation of lines in Barcelona. In 1884 the state monopoly of the service was established, but two years later the company Sociedad General de Tel\\u00e9fonos de Barcelona (General Telephone Society of Barcelona) was authorized to operate it, which was later absorbed by the Compa\\u00f1\\u00eda Peninsular de Tel\\u00e9fonos (Peninsular Telephone Company). In 1925 the service was nationalized by the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, and the Compa\\u00f1\\u00eda Telef\\u00f3nica Nacional de Espa\\u00f1a (National Telephone Company of Spain) was created. In 1897 there were 2479 telephones in the city, a figure that grew progressively: in 1917 there were about 10 .00, in 1930 26 .00, in 1960 200 .00, in 1985 750 .00 and in 2000 there were 850 .00 telephones.It should also be noted that in the last third of the century numerous supply markets were built, many of them made of iron, a fashionable element in the architecture of the time. The markets of Born (1872-1876), Sant Antoni (1872-1884), Hostafrancs (1881), La Barceloneta (1884), Concepci\\u00f3n (1887-1888), Llibertat (1888-1893), Clot (1884-1889), Uni\\u00f3 (1889), Gr\\u00e0cia (1892) and Sants (1898-1913) were built in this way. 1888 Universal Exposition. At the end of the century, an event was held that had a great economic, social, urban, artistic and cultural impact on the city: the Universal Exposition of 1888. It took place between April 8 and December 9, 1888, and was held in the park of the Citadel, a land formerly belonging to the Army and won for the city in 1868. The incentive of the fair events led to the improvement of the infrastructure of the entire city, which took a huge leap towards modernization and development.The remodeling project of the Citadel Park was commissioned to Josep Fontser\\u00e8 in 1872, who designed extensive gardens for the recreation of the citizens, and together with the green area he planned a central square and a ring road, as well as a monumental fountain and various ornamental elements, two lakes and a wooded area, as well as various auxiliary buildings and infrastructures, such as the Born market, a water reservoir \\u2014currently the library of the Pompeu Fabra University\\u2014, a slaughterhouse, an iron bridge over the railroad lines and several service sheds. He also designed the urbanization of the new sector of the Born, composed of a hundred plots of land, which would present a common stylistic stamp, although it was finally only partially realized.In addition to the Citadel, the Sal\\u00f3n de San Juan (now Passeig de Llu\\u00eds Companys), a long avenue 50 meters wide that served as the entrance to the Exposition, at the beginning of which was located the Arc de Triomf, designed by Josep Vilaseca, was remodeled. This promenade featured wrought iron balustrades, pavement mosaics and large lampposts, all designed by Pere Falqu\\u00e9s. Most of the buildings and pavilions built for the Exposition disappeared after its completion, although the Castle of the Three Dragons and the Martorell Museum (both integral parts of the Museum of Natural Sciences of Barcelona), the Orangery and the Umbraculum survived, while part of the park grounds were later occupied by the Barcelona Zoo.. Numerous works and improvements were carried out throughout the city for the event: the urbanization of the entire seafront of the city was completed, between the Citadel Park and the Rambles, through the remodeling of the Passeig de Colom and a new pier, the Fusta; the urbanization of the Pla\\u00e7a de Catalunya began, a process that would culminate in 1929 thanks to another Exposition, the International Exhibition of Electrical Industries; Riera d'en Malla was covered, giving rise to the Rambla de Catalunya; Avenue of Paral\\u00b7lel was begun; and Passeig de Sant Joan was extended towards Gr\\u00e0cia and Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes towards the west. The Golondrinas, pleasure boats that left in front of the statue of Columbus and offered a promenade to visitors, were also installed and still remain.. From the end of the century it is worth mentioning Pere Garcia F\\u00e0ria's project to regulate the city's sewage system (Proyecto de saneamiento del subsuelo de Barcelona: alcantarillado, drenaje, residuos urbanos, 1891). It was a project that placed special emphasis on hygienism, with innovative criteria that are still in force today: it established a visitable sewerage network, 80 cm wide by 170 cm high, maintained by a municipal brigade that still performs its functions. It is a unitary system for rainwater and wastewater, which works mainly by gravity \\u2014except for a few small pumping stations\\u2014 making it necessary to have large collectors in the lower part of the city. Thanks to this project, the sewerage network was extended in a few years from 31.2 km to 212 km. Around this time, the streets also began to be urbanized with tiled sidewalks and cobblestone roadways, replaced in the 1960s by asphalt.It should also be noted that during the nineteenth century the increase in population and new industrial needs led to an increase in water consumption, which required a larger water collection and distribution network. Thus, at the end of the century a new pipeline was built from Dosrius (Maresme), with a 17 km gallery and a 37 km aqueduct that brought water to the city. The first marketing companies appeared then, the main one of which was the Sociedad General de Aguas de Barcelona (AGBAR), created in 1882.On the other hand, the increase in population between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries led to the creation of new hospitals to serve the population of the new districts of the city: the Hospital Cl\\u00ednico y Provincial (1895-1906) and the Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (1902-1930), a monumental modernist-style complex designed by Llu\\u00eds Dom\\u00e8nech i Montaner. Later, the hospitals of Esperan\\u00e7a (1924), the Red Cross (1924), the Military (1924) and the Hospital del Mar (1931) were created, while in 1955 the Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, one of the main health referents of Catalonia, was inaugurated.During these years the Eixample was progressively urbanized, first thanks to private initiative and the so-called Sociedades de Fomento (Development societies), and from 1892 with the appearance of the Comisiones Especiales de Ensanche (Special Commissions for the Eixample) arising from the new Eixample Law of 1892. This law was based on the Law of Forced Expropriation of 1879, and developed a management system with public and private participation. The urbanization process used to have several phases: filling the area, parceling the land, installation of services such as sewerage, running water and lighting, and construction of buildings. Most houses used to be rented: the owner reserved the second floor (planta noble) and rented the others. 20th Century. The 20th century was conditioned by the convulsive political situation, with the end of the monarchy in 1931 and the arrival of the Second Republic, which ended with the Civil War and was replaced by Franco's dictatorship, until the reestablishment of the monarchy and the arrival of democracy. Socially, this century saw the massive arrival of immigration to the city, with the consequent increase in population: if in 1900 there were 530 000 inhabitants, in 1930 they had almost doubled (1 009 000 hab), to reach between 1970 and 1980 the maximum peak (1 754 900) and by the end of the century to 1 500 000 inhabitants.With the turn of the century, a new political scenario opened up, marked by the loss of the colonies in America and Asia and the rise of the Regionalist League, led by politicians such as Francesc Camb\\u00f3, Enric Prat de la Riba and the architect Josep Puig i Cadafalch, who expressed their desire to place Barcelona on the international front line, at the level of cities such as Paris, New York, Berlin or Vienna. It is the model of the \\\"Imperial Barcelona\\\" proposed by Prat de la Riba, or the \\\"Nova Par\\u00eds del Migdia\\\" (New Paris of the Midday) commented by Puig i Cadafalch. In this sense, projects for the improvement of infrastructures, railroads, transport and equipment, the creation of a free port, the attention to the needs of an increasingly industrialized society, the search for mechanisms to accommodate the increase in population and to satisfy aspects hitherto little attended to, such as education, culture and green spaces, all arise in this sense. Municipal Aggregations and Plan of Connections. The beginning of the century was marked by the geographical expansion of the city: in 1897 Barcelona annexed six neighboring towns, until then independent: Sants, Les Corts, San Gervasio de Cassolas, Gr\\u00e0cia, Sant Andreu de Palomar and Sant Mart\\u00ed de Proven\\u00e7als. Likewise, in 1904, Sant Joan d'Horta was annexed; in 1921, Sarri\\u00e0 and Santa Creu d'Olorda (a small piece of land in Collserola segregated from Molins de Rei); in 1924, Collblanc and the Marina de Hospitalet, where the Zona Franca was created; and, in 1943, Bon Pastor and Bar\\u00f3 de Viver, segregated from Santa Coloma de Gramenet. The city grew from 15.5 km\\u00b2 to 77.8 km\\u00b2, and from a population of 383,908 to 559,589.. The annexation of the new municipalities raised the need for a plan to connect the city, which was put out to public tender in 1903 (Concurso Internacional sobre anteproyectos de enlaces de la Zona de Ensanche de Barcelona y los pueblos agregados entre s\\u00ed y con el resto del t\\u00e9rmino municipal de Sarri\\u00e0 y Horta; \\\"International Competition on preliminary projects to connect to each other the Barcelona Eixample Area and the towns added and with the rest of the municipality of Sarri\\u00e0 and Horta\\\"), in which the French town planner L\\u00e9on Jaussely was the winner. The integration of the new aggregated municipalities with Barcelona and between them was sought, with a predominance of the organizational aspects over the expansive ones, in an attempt to reformulate the Cerd\\u00e0 Plan, badly seen by the modernist generation. The Jaussely Plan was based on a structural scheme, with a differentiated treatment of the various urban fabrics, which recalls the Beaux-Arts type layouts in vogue in the international environments of the time. His proposal was based mainly on three criteria: a road scheme of main axes (five radial roads and two ring roads), the zoning of activities and the systematization of green spaces. The project envisaged large road infrastructures (boulevards, large squares, promenades, diagonals), parks and gardens, rail links \\u2014with underground interior lines\\u2014, public and collective buildings at the central points of the road layout, facilities and service areas. The project was only partially realized, and in 1917 it was reformulated with the so-called Romeu-Porcel Plan; however, the innovative nature of its ideas left a deep mark and inspired Barcelona's urban planning for much of the century.. The most important action in these years was the opening of the Via Laietana, which connected the Eixample with the sea, projected with the letter A in the Plan Baixeras of 1878. The works were finally carried out in 1908, with joint financing between the City Council and the Banco Hispano Colonial (Hispanic Colonial Bank), the first concerted operation in Barcelona. The new road was designed with the desire to create an avenue with a uniform appearance, so most of the buildings are of noucentista appearance, with some influence of the Chicago School. Criticism of the works for the opening of this road, which involved numerous demolitions of houses \\u2014some buildings of artistic value were moved\\u2014, paralyzed the construction of the other two roads planned by Baixeras, although later some punctual interventions were made in these places, according to the projects of Antoni Darder (1918), Joaquim Vilaseca (1932, Plan de Reforma, urbanizaci\\u00f3n y enlace entre los puntos singulares del Casco Antiguo; \\\"Renovation, urbanization and linkage plan between the singular points of the Old Town\\\") and Soteras-Bordoy (1956, Plan parcial de Ordenaci\\u00f3n del Casco Antiguo de Barcelona; \\\"Partial Plan for the Development of the Old Town of Barcelona\\\"). . Also in the early years of the century the slopes of Tibidabo were urbanized, with a wide avenue linking the avenue of San Gervasio with the mountain, which was occupied by single-family houses in the style of the English garden cities. For transportation, a tramway was installed on the avenue and a funicular to ascend to the top of the mountain (1901), where the Tibidabo Amusement Park was located. In 1906, the Vallvidrera funicular was also opened.An interesting urbanization project was that of the Can Muntaner estate (1900-1914), at the foot of Mount Carmel, in the neighborhood of La Salut, also designed as a garden city of single-family houses. The promoter was the industrialist Eusebi G\\u00fcell, and the architect Antoni Gaud\\u00ed was in charge of the layout. The project was unsuccessful, as only two plots were sold, and in 1926 the land was ceded to the City Council and converted into a park, known today as Park G\\u00fcell.. During the first years of the century the port was enlarged, with a project elaborated by Julio Vald\\u00e9s and carried out between 1905 and 1912: the eastern dock was extended and a counter dock and the inner docks were built. These works gave the port practically its current physiognomy, except for the construction of the south dock and the inner dock in 1965.The turn of the century brought the general electrification of the city, both public and private. In 1911 the company Barcelona Traction Light and Power \\u2014better known as La Canadiense\\u2014 was founded, which was committed to the use of the hydraulic resources of the Pyrenees, building reservoirs in Tremp (1915) and Camarassa (1920). It also built the F\\u00edgols and Sant Adri\\u00e0 de Bes\\u00f2s thermal power stations. Thanks to electrification, Barcelona began to stand out in sectors such as metallurgy, chemistry and automobiles, consolidating itself as an industrial and commercial center.During the first decade of the century, public urinals called vespasianas were installed, made of metal with a circular body with a capacity for six people, above which rose a hexagonal section for advertising, topped by a little dome. In the 1910s they were removed, and in the future it was established that all urinals had to be underground.[140]. During these years the tramway network was extended, thanks to companies such as Les Tramways de Barcelone Soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9 Anonyme. The expansion of the city with the aggregation of the adjoining municipalities increasingly required a wide and fast transport network, whose progress was favored by the electrification of the streetcars, a fact that also lowered their cost and allowed the service to become more popular: from seven million passengers in 1900 it went to 17 million in 1914.At the beginning of the century the first buses also appeared: in 1906 the first line was created between Pla\\u00e7a de Catalunya and Pla\\u00e7a de Trilla, in Gr\\u00e0cia, operated by the company La Catalana, with five Brilli\\u00e9-Schneider cars. The service was suppressed in 1908 due to protests from the tramway companies, for which it was clear competition, but in 1916 some suburban lines appeared, running between Barcelona and Sant Just Desvern, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Hospitalet, Badalona, El Prat, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Gav\\u00e0 and Sant Climent de Llobregat. In 1922, city buses were reestablished, in charge of the Compa\\u00f1\\u00eda General de Autobuses de Barcelona (General Bus Company of Barcelona, CGA), which was later absorbed by Tranv\\u00edas de Barcelona, (Tramways of Barcelona) which went on to operate both transports.Also at this time the first taxis appeared: in 1910 the first 21 vehicles were licensed; in 1920 there were already a thousand taxis, with 64 stops throughout the city. In 1928 the green light was incorporated as a \\\"free\\\" signal, and in 1931 the color black and yellow was established as the city's distinguishing color.. In the 1920s, urban transport was improved with the construction of the Barcelona Metro. Work began in 1920 with the installation of two lines: line 3 (Lesseps-Liceo), inaugurated in 1924, and line 1 (Catalu\\u00f1a-Bordeta), put into service in 1926. The network was progressively expanded, and today Barcelona has 12 lines. Initially it was operated by three companies: Gran Metropolitano de Barcelona (L3), Metropolitano Transversal (L1) and Ferrocarril de Sarri\\u00e0 a Barcelona (now Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya); the first two merged in 1957 into the company Ferrocarril Metropolitano de Barcelona, which together with the bus company Transportes de Barcelona formed in 1979 the company Transportes Metropolitanos de Barcelona (TMB).It should also be noted that during the first decades of the century, public schooling was greatly boosted, thanks above all to the initiative of the City Council, the Provincial Deputation and the Commonwealth of Catalonia. In 1922, the City Council created the Patronat Escolar, which promoted secular, bilingual education and pedagogical renovation, and promoted an ambitious plan of school buildings, including those built in noucentista style by Josep Goday (Ramon Llull, Collaso i Gil, Llu\\u00eds Vives, Mil\\u00e0 i Fontanals, Baixeras and Pere Vila schools). After the Civil War, public education was taken over by the central government, until the arrival of democracy, when the competences were transferred to the Generalitat.In these years, increasing importance was also given to the question of green spaces, which was raised in 1926 by Nicolau Maria Rubi\\u00f3 i Tudur\\u00ed, director of the Parks and Gardens Service of Barcelona: with the text El problema de los espacios libres (The problem of open spaces), presented at the XI Congreso Nacional de Arquitectos (XI National Congress of Architects), he proposed the placement of a series of green spaces in the form of concentric semicircles between the Bes\\u00f2s and Llobregat rivers, all along the Collserola mountain range, with small enclaves in the inner part of the city in the style of the London squares. He proposed four levels for the city: interior parks, among which would be the Citadel and Montju\\u00efc, as well as three smaller ones (Letamendi, Sagrada Fam\\u00edlia and Gl\\u00f2ries); suburban parks, among which would be the Hippodrome, Tur\\u00f3 Park, Tur\\u00f3 Gil, Font del Rac\\u00f3, Vallcarca, Guinard\\u00f3 and Park G\\u00fcell; exterior parks (Llobregat, Pedralbes, Vallvidrera, Tibidabo, Sant Medir, Horta and Bes\\u00f2s); and the Collserola nature reserve. Rubi\\u00f3's project was not executed, except in small portions, but little by little the city was gaining green land: from 1910 to 1924 it went from 72 ha to 450 ha. 1929 International Exposition. In 1929 the International Exposition was held in Montju\\u00efc. For this event the entire area of the Pla\\u00e7a dEspanya, the avenue of Queen Maria Christina and the mountain of Montju\\u00efc was urbanized, and the pavilions that currently house the Barcelona Fair were built. One of the main architects of the project was Josep Puig i Cadafalch, and it was one of the main test beds of noucentisme, the successor style to modernisme. The Exposition took place from May 19, 1929 to January 15, 1930, over an area of 116 ha, and cost 180 million pesetas.On the occasion of the Exposition, a large part of the Montjuic mountain was landscaped, with a project by Jean-Claude Nicolas Forestier and Nicolau Maria Rubi\\u00f3 i Tudur\\u00ed, who created an ensemble of marked Mediterranean character and classicist taste: the Laribal, Miramar and Greek Theater gardens were thus created.As in 1888, the 1929 Exposition had a great impact on the city's urban development, not only in the area of Montju\\u00efc, but also throughout the city: the squares of Tetuan, Urquinaona and Letamendi were landscaped; the Marina bridge was built; Pla\\u00e7a de Catalunya was urbanized; Diagonal was extended to the west and Gran V\\u00eda to the southwest, as well as the promenades of Gr\\u00e0cia and Sant Joan in the sections around Gr\\u00e0cia. Various public works were also carried out: street asphalting and sewerage were improved, public toilets were installed, and the replacement of gas lighting with electric lighting was completed.. Finally, the city's communications were improved, with the construction in the 1920s of the Prat Airport, the renovation of the France Station, the improvement of connections with the suburbs, the elimination of level crossings within the city, the burying of the train tracks in the urban interior \\u2014in streets such as Arag\\u00f3, Balmes and Via Augusta\\u2014 and the electrification of public streetcars. A funicular railway was also built to reach the top of the mountain \\u2014with a second section to ascend to the castle which was replaced by a cable car in 1970\\u2014, as well as a cable car to access the mountain from the port of Barcelona, a work by Carles Bu\\u00efgas that was inaugurated in 1931 due to a delay in the works.All these public works led to a strong demand for employment, causing a large increase in immigration to Barcelona from all parts of Spain. This increase in population led to the construction of several working-class neighborhoods of \\\"cheap houses\\\", such as the Eduardo Aun\\u00f3s group in Montjuic (now disappeared), the Ramon Alb\\u00f3 group in Horta (now Can Peguera) and the Milans del Bosch (now Bon Pastor) and Bar\\u00f3 de Viver groups in Bes\\u00f3s. However, one of its worst effects was the rise of shantyism, since many of the immigrants who could not have access to housing resorted to self-construction, with precarious buildings made of scrap materials (cane, wood, brass), in single spaces for the family of about 25 m\\u00b2. In 1930 there were about 15,000 barracks in Barcelona, mainly in Sant Andreu, Montju\\u00efc mountain and the beaches of Barceloneta and Poblenou, where neighborhoods such as Pequ\\u00edn, La Perona and Somorrostro are still remembered.In 1929, the first traffic lights were installed to regulate vehicular traffic: the first was located at the intersection of Balmes and Provenza streets, and by the end of the year there were ten operating throughout the city, regulated by agents of the Guardia Urbana. The Civil War meant a halt in the installation of traffic lights, which was reactivated in the 1950s. The first synchronization took place in 1958, in Via Laietana. In 1984 the Traffic Control Center was opened, which in 2004 controlled 1,500 traffic light crossings. Second Republic and the Maci\\u00e0 Plan. The arrival of the Second Republic and the grant of self-government to Catalonia favored the creation of various urban development projects in a city that by 1930 had reached one million inhabitants and was deficient in infrastructure, housing, transport and facilities such as schools and hospitals. In 1932 the autonomous government of Catalonia, the Generalitat, commissioned the brothers Nicolau and Santiago Rubi\\u00f3 i Tudur\\u00ed to develop a zoning project for the Catalan territory (Regional Planning), which would be the first attempt at joint planning of all the lands of the Principality. The project included a region of Barcelona, which included the plain of the city, the Baix Llobregat and the group of towns around the Tibidabo mountain. The Regional Plan included all the considerations about the territory, both urban and natural, as well as in aspects such as agriculture and livestock, mining, industry, tourism, health and culture.Another territorial structuring project was carried out in 1936, the Territorial Division of Catalonia, based on a work commissioned by the Generalitat in 1932 to Pau Vila. The project sought a spatial organization based on administrative public services, which resulted in a division into 9 regions and 38 comarques. Barcelona became the capital of the Barcelon\\u00e8s comarca, which included Hospitalet de Llobregat, Badalona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet and Sant Adri\\u00e0 de Bes\\u00f2s. At that time, Catalonia had an area of 32 049 km\\u00b2, 2 920 748 inhabitants and 1070 municipalities.. During these years an interesting urban planning project was generated, the Maci\\u00e0 Plan (1932-1935), elaborated by the architects of GATCPAC, with Josep Llu\\u00eds Sert at the head, in collaboration with the French rationalist architect Le Corbusier. The project envisaged a functional distribution of the city with a new geometric order, through large vertebral axes and with a new maritime fa\\u00e7ade defined by Cartesian skyscrapers, in addition to the improvement of facilities and services, the promotion of public housing and the creation of a large park and leisure center next to the Llobregat delta.. The Plan presented Barcelona as a political and administrative capital, with a working-class and functional character, which would be structured in different areas: a residential zone, a financial and industrial zone, a civic and service zone, and a recreational zone, which included parks and gardens and beaches; connectiobs, communications and transport were also studied in detail. The backbone would be the Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes, a 600 m wide strip that would run from the Llobregat to the Bes\\u00f2s. The Meridiana and Paral\\u00b7lel avenues were also promoted, which would converge at the port, where a city or business center would be located, moving the port facilities to the Zona Franca. For the residential area, they proposed the creation of 400 x 400 m modules \\u2014equivalent to nine blocks of the Eixample\\u2014 with large housing complexes and social facilities. The recreational area was conceived through green spaces located in these residential modules and in a large strip of land in the coastal area, between Barceloneta and Poblenou, as well as the creation of a vast complex for leisure called Ciutat de Rep\\u00f2s i Vacances (Rest and Vacation City), which would be located on the beaches of Viladecans, Gav\\u00e0 and Castelldefels.Although the Maci\\u00e0 Plan was not put into practice, its innovative and avant-garde design made it one of the landmarks of Barcelona urban planning, along with the Cerd\\u00e0 and Jaussely plans. Some of its aspects inspired the city's urban planning in the democratic period, especially in terms of the recovery of the seafront as a space intended for leisure, as evidenced by the location of the Maremagnum shopping center on the Quai d'Espanya or the creation of the Olympic Village and the various parks that follow one after the other from this to the Diagonal Mar area.Also on the initiative of GATCPAC, the Pla de Sanejament del Casc Antic (Old Town Sanitation Plan) (1935-1937), which provided for the demolition of blocks considered unhealthy, a sponging of urban space and the creation of hygienic facilities, all supported by a strong public intervention, a fact that favored the decree in 1937, in the course of the Civil War, the municipalization of urban property.The GATCPAC also developed a workers' housing plan inspired by Le Corbusier's model of building \\u00e0 r\\u00e9dent, which was embodied in the Bloc house (1932-1936, Josep Llu\\u00eds Sert, Josep Torres Clav\\u00e9 and Joan Baptista Subirana), an S-shaped housing complex of long, narrow blocks with a two-bay metal structure, with access to the dwellings through covered corridors. The outbreak of the Civil War cut short the dissemination of this project.In the 1930s the first pedestrian road signs appeared: the first ones were vertical, consisting of a white oval plate on a pole with the inscription \\\"pedestrian crossing\\\"; later, horizontal signs were placed, in the form of 10 x 30 cm metal plates, with a rough texture, placed on the asphalt in such a way that their protruding bands made cars slow down. Franco's dictatorship and the Comarcal Plan. The years of the Franco dictatorship (1939-1975) were characterized by urban development, which consisted of the unbridled construction of cheap housing, mostly subsidized housing, to absorb immigration from the rest of Spain. In two decades it went from 1,280,179 inhabitants in 1950 to 1,745,142 in 1970. However, although subsidized housing was encouraged, this did not stop speculation. New housing was developed mostly on the periphery of the city \\u2014an area of about 2500 ha, twice the size of the Eixample\\u2014, with three main models: suburban sprawl neighborhoods, marginal or self-construction urbanization neighborhoods, and mass housing estates. The construction of housing was carried out, in many cases, without prior urban planning, and using cheap materials that, over the years, would cause various problems such as aluminosis. The construction fever caused the creation or expansion of new neighborhoods, such as El Carmel, Nou Barris, El Guinard\\u00f3, Vall d'Hebron, La Sagrera, El Clot or El Poblenou. The growth of the suburbs caused the uninterrupted connection with the neighboring municipalities (Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Badalona, Sant Adri\\u00e0 de Bes\\u00f2s, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Esplugues de Llobregat), which in turn grew enormously, a fact that led Mayor Porcioles to coin the concept of the \\\"Great Barcelona.\\\"Real estate speculation was favored by the reform of the Municipal Ordinances carried out in 1942, which increased the height of buildings in relation to the width of the streets: in streets between 20 and 30 m (average width of the Eixample), heights of up to 24.40 m were allowed, equivalent to a first floor and six floors, while in streets over 30 m the height could reach 27.45 m (seven floors). This increase in buildability caused notable differences between buildings constructed at different times, and led to the presence of numerous party walls that disfigured the urban space, a problem that the city still suffers from despite several projects to remedy it, such as the Barcelona posa't guapa (Barcelona, make yourself pretty) campaign.The post-war urban renewal was led by the head of urban planning of the new authorities, Pedro Bidagor, who in 1945 promoted the creation of the Barcelona Provincial Planning Commission, responsible for drawing up a planning project for the city and its surroundings. Thus arose the Regional Plan of 1953, developed by Josep Soteras, an attempt to integrate the city with neighboring municipalities in order to meet the strong demand for housing in the years of massive immigration, while trying to curb real estate speculation and improve the urban environment. The Plan was accompanied by a legislative change, the Land and Urban Planning Law of 1956, which sought to bring rationality to urban development, although it encountered numerous difficulties in its application. The project differentiated between zones of urban expansion, suburban or garden cities, applying a polarized distribution of the territory; thus, in Barcelona it identified three zones as areas of growth: Levante, Poniente and Diagonal Norte. It also reserved large areas for infrastructure, facilities and green spaces; among the latter, it emphasized the enclosure of the Collserola mountain range as a large central metropolitan park.Although it was not carried out in its entirety, various \\\"partial plans\\\" emerged from its initial approach, most of which yielded to the pressures of the land owners and tended towards the requalification of land: a 1971 study calculated a 1.8 multiplication of the population density of the partial plans with respect to the Comarcal of 1953. The most relevant were those referring to the two ends of the Diagonal avenue, east and west: in the first the new neighborhoods of La Verneda and Bes\\u00f2s were created, while in the second the Zona Universitaria was projected and the neighborhoods of Les Corts and Collblanc were enlarged.. The growth of the population and the appearance of new neighborhoods implied the construction of new markets for the supply of basic products: Sagrada Fam\\u00edlia (1944), Carme (1950), Sagrera (1950), Horta (1951), Vallvidrera (1953), Estrella (1954), Guinard\\u00f3 (1954), Tres Torres (1958), Bon Pastor (1960), Montserrat (1960), Merc\\u00e8 (1961), Corts (1961), Guineueta (1965), Ciutat Meridiana (1966), Felip II (1966), Sant Mart\\u00ed (1966), Bes\\u00f2s (1968), Sant Gervasi (1968), Carmel (1969), Vall d'Hebr\\u00f3n (1969), Port (1973), Proven\\u00e7als (1974), Lesseps (1974), Trinitat (1977) and Canyelles (1987).During these years, automobile traffic increased considerably, which led to the improvement of the city's road network: Meridiana Avenue was opened, the First Ring Road (Ronda del Mig) was built and the Second Ring Road was planned, the construction of subway parking lots was started and the freeway network was extended thanks to the 1962 arterial network project, with a set of radial highways starting from Barcelona in several axes (Vall\\u00e8s, Llobregat, Maresme). The opening of three tunnels to cross the Collserola mountain range, at Vallvidrera, Tibidabo and Horta, was also proposed, of which only the first one was built, of which only the first phase was built between 1969 and 1976 and the second between 1982 and 1991; the Rovira tunnel was also built between 1983 and 1987, linking El Guinard\\u00f3 with El Carmel, which was supposed to link the Horta tunnel with the center of the city.. In transportation, streetcars were replaced by buses, and the metro network was expanded; in 1941 trolleybuses appeared, which disappeared in 1968. The water supply was also improved with the contribution coming from the Ter River, natural gas was introduced, and the electrical and telephone networks were renewed.In 1952 Barcelona hosted the XXXV International Eucharistic Congress, which allowed the development of a new neighborhood known as Congreso (Congr\\u00e9s), with a housing complex designed by Josep Soteras, Carles Marqu\\u00e8s and Antoni Pineda. The complex, of 16.5 ha, included a complex of 3,000 homes, 300 commercial premises, a church (parish of San P\\u00edo X) and various school, sports and cultural services and facilities, with alternating open and closed blocks. In the rest of the city, several renovations were also carried out, such as the opening of the avenues of Pr\\u00edncipe de Asturias (now Riera de Cassoles) and Infanta Carlota (now Josep Tarradellas); a monumental fountain was placed at the intersection of Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes and Passeig de Gr\\u00e0cia, the work of Josep Soteras; and Calvo Sotelo square \\u2014currently Francesc Maci\\u00e0\\u2014 was landscaped, with a project by Nicolau Maria Rubi\\u00f3 i Tudur\\u00ed.In 1957 the first section of the Paseo Mar\\u00edtimo was opened, an idea that had emerged in the 1920s but had not yet been developed, with a project by Enric Giralt i Ortet. On the other hand, the housing deficit to accommodate the new immigration led to the enactment of the Social Urgency Plan of 1958, which led to the construction of large blocks of social housing in neighborhoods on the periphery, such as La Verneda, Torre Llobeta, La Trinitat and Verdum.. The Zona Franca, an industrial sector located between the mountain of Montjuic, the port and the Llobregat, was also established at that time. The idea arose in 1900, due to the loss of the colonial market in Cuba, promoted by Fomento del Trabajo Nacional (National Labor Development) an entity that commissioned the project to Guillem Graell. However, bureaucratic obstacles, the outline of several projects that did not come to fruition and the Civil War delayed its construction until the 1960s, although then simply as an industrial estate, abandoning the concept of a zona franca. In addition to the industrial area itself, several residential neighborhoods were located in the sector, such as Casa Ant\\u00fanez, Can Clos, La Vinya and Polvor\\u00edn. In 1967, Mercabarna, a central wholesale food market that supplies the entire city, was established in the area. In 1993 the Zona d'Actividades Log\\u00edsticas (Logistics Activities Zone) (ZAL), dedicated to post-production and pre-commercial activities, was also created in the area.Between 1957 and 1973, Josep Maria de Porcioles was mayor, a long term of office known as the \\\"Porcioles era\\\", which stood out in urban planning for its speculative rampage, favored by the Municipal Charter of 1960, which granted the City Council broad powers in many areas, including urban planning. Porcioles created the Municipal Housing Board, whose developments included the creation of large housing estates, such as Montbau (1958-1961), Southwest Bes\\u00f2s (1959-1960) and Canyelles (1974). Some of the urban development actions of this period were positive, such as the covering of Arag\\u00f3n street, the extension of the Gran V\\u00eda towards the Maresme, the adaptation of the seafront of Montjuic or the Barceloneta promenade; however, the speculative rampage of large real estate operations generated popular discontent that resulted in the so-called \\\"urban social movements\\\", which combined the discomfort generated by the degradation of the urban periphery with political protest against the Franco regime. Examples of this were the opposition to the new layout of Lesseps square caused by the opening of the First Ring Road (Ronda del Mig), or the reaction against the Partial Plan of Vallbona, Torre Bar\\u00f3 and Trinitat, organized by a neighborhood association called Nueve Barrios (Nine Neighbourhoods) which later gave rise to the name of that new district of the city.. Despite the rise of developmentalism, there were some attempts at urban reorganization, such as the Master Plan for the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona (1966), which sought to make profitability and urban construction compatible, although its guiding character did not lead to practical realization; and the so-called Plan Barcelona 2000 (1970), a somewhat utopian attempt to establish criteria for the future city, where the importance given to infrastructure predominates, while a realistic commitment was made to the disorderly nature of urban growth. In the same 1970 a project for a Universal Exposition in 1982 emerged, which foresaw the opening of large avenues in the city, among them a vertical axis that would link Plaza de Espa\\u00f1a with Vall\\u00e8s through the Vallvidrera tunnel, and a Gran V\\u00eda Norte formed with Josep Tarradellas street and the Travessera de Gr\\u00e0cia extended to Santa Coloma; all this was not finally realized. In 1969 the Vilalta Plan for the construction of treatment plants for the treatment of the city's wastewater was also approved.Between 1964 and 1972 the Plan de la Ribera was developed, aimed at the urbanization of the city's eastern seafront, from Barceloneta to Bes\\u00f2s, an area of 225 ha. Prepared by Antoni Bonet i Castellana, it was based on the deindustrialization of the area, and proposed the creation of a megastructure of seven large blocks of 500 x 500 m of luxury housing. The project had a long administrative process, and was not included in the Regional Plan until 1970. However, in 1972 the Town Planning Department of the City Council requested a redrafting of the project, due to opposition from neighbors and professional associations, who denounced the speculation attempts of the companies that financed the project, so it was definitively paralyzed. However, over time the plan was recognized as an attempt to renew Barcelona's urban planning, in line with international trends such as urban renewal or renovation urbaine, and the renovation of the coast remained in the collective imagination, which was finally carried out on the occasion of the Olympic Games.Finally, during the dictatorship the actions in green spaces focused more on the maintenance and restoration of existing areas than on the creation of new spaces. In 1940 Llu\\u00eds Riudor, the initiator of landscaping in Catalonia, was put in charge of Parks and Gardens. His actions included the Austria Garden \\u2014located in the Park G\\u00fcell enclosure\\u2014, the Monterols Park, the Cervantes Park, and various interventions in the Montju\\u00efc mountain aimed at eliminating shantytowns, a project continued by his successor, Joaquim Casamor, with the creation of several thematic gardens, such as the Moss\\u00e8n Costa i Llobera gardens, specialized in cacti and succulents, and the Moss\\u00e8n Cinto Verdaguer gardens, dedicated to aquatic, bulbous and rhizomatous plants. His work also included the Mirador del Alcalde and Joan Maragall gardens on Montjuic, located around the Alb\\u00e9niz Palacete; and, in the rest of Barcelona, the Putget, Guineueta and Villa Amelia parks. Democracy and the General Metropolitan Plan. The end of the dictatorship and the advent of democracy brought a new era in the architectural and urban planning panorama of the city, which was increasingly immersed in international avant-garde trends. The new socialist councils of Narc\\u00eds Serra (1979-1982) and Pasqual Maragall (1982-1997) were committed to urban planning and architecture as the city's hallmarks, and initiated an extensive program of urban reforms that culminated with the 1992 Olympic Games. The new public commitment was reflected in the increase of facilities such as schools, parks and gardens, roads and urban spaces, and civic, cultural and sports centers.A large part of the municipal actions consisted of the acquisition of urban land, a fact favored by the relocation of factories and industrial complexes that moved out of the city. This policy was favored by the new consistory, which appointed Oriol Bohigas as Urban Planning delegate, which began a period of strong public investment in the city that led to a radical change in the urban physiognomy and a new projection of Barcelona at international level, which came to fruition with the Olympic Games.Municipal actions in those years focused on reconstruction versus expansion, on public versus private initiative. Against the vision of the city as a unitary entity, the concept of the sum of realities was opposed, prioritizing attention to local needs. It sought to palliate both quantitative and qualitative deficits, in which each intervention in public space served as an engine of urban regeneration, compensating the peripheries with a \\\"monumentalization\\\" of their environment.One of the factors driving urban change was industrial restructuring, promoted by the Plan for the reindustrialization of the center of Barcelona, which resulted in the creation of an Zona d'Urgent Reindustrialitzaci\\u00f3 (Urgent Reindustrialization Zone) (ZUR). The new industrial development was based on factors such as R&D, and on the commitment to new technologies.. The new urban planning was embodied in the General Metropolitan Urban Development Plan (1976), drafted by Joan Antoni Solans, an attempt to curb speculation and rehabilitate the most degraded urban spaces, placing special emphasis on social, welfare and cultural facilities. To this end, the Metropolitan Corporation of Barcelona was created, which included the capital and 26 surrounding municipalities. Three general lines of action were outlined: one of small-scale urban rehabilitation, such as the opening of streets and squares, the creation of parks and gardens and the restoration of buildings and artistic monuments; another of urban restructuring, focused on aspects such as road reorganization (ring roads), new central areas and land requalification; and another of morphological reorganization, which took the form of the current administrative division of the city into ten districts (1984), most of which coincided with the former municipalities attached to Barcelona. One of the main tools for these interventions would be the Plans Especials de Reforma Interior (Special Plans of Interior Renovations) (PERI).However, the ambitious nature of the project, which reserved numerous areas for green spaces and intended to requalify others with a high population density, provoked countless lawsuits and claims, both from individuals and landowners, which delayed its execution and eventually left the project practically inoperative, a fact that was materialized with the dissolution of the Metropolitan Corporation in 1985 by the Generalitat de Catalunya. Even so, its general guidelines have marked the urban planning actions of the late twentieth century and early twenty-first century.Between 1983 and 1989 the concept of \\\"areas of new centrality\\\" was developed, in search of a more polycentric and better connected city. The aim was to decongest the center by promoting various sectors of the urban periphery, which should regenerate low-quality urban fabrics thanks to their intrinsic morphological qualities. Twelve areas were delimited: RENFE-Meridiana, Diagonal-Sarri\\u00e0, Tarragona street, Cerd\\u00e0 square, Port Vell, Gl\\u00f2ries square, Diagonal-Prim (future F\\u00f2rum area), Sant Andreu-Sagrera and four related to the Olympic Games: Montjuic, Diagonal-Zona Universit\\u00e0ria, Vall d'Hebron and Carles I-Avinguda Ic\\u00e0ria (future Olympic Village).. During this period, numerous stretches of the city's roads were improved, with wide and often landscaped avenues designed mainly for pedestrian traffic. Some examples are: Avinguda de Gaud\\u00ed, Avinguda de Josep Tarradellas, Carrer Tarragona, the connection between the old Rambles and the Rambla de Catalunya, Passeig de Llu\\u00eds Companys, Avinguda de la Reina Maria Cristina, Via J\\u00falia and Rambla de Prim. Numerous squares were also opened and refurbished, in many cases also landscaped, such as those of Salvador Allende, Baixa de Sant Pere, Sant Agust\\u00ed Vell, la Merc\\u00e8, S\\u00f3ller and Robacols.Among the sectoral plans developed during these years it is worth mentioning: those of Ciutat Vella, especially in the Raval, Santa Caterina and Barceloneta; that of Carmel; that of Gr\\u00e0cia, where several squares were urbanized (Sol, Virreina, Trilla, Diamant and Raspall, 1982-1985); and those of Sarri\\u00e0, Sant Andreu and Poblenou. Policies to promote affordable housing were also carried out, and in Eixample the recovery of the block courtyards as green areas or public services was sought.In 1988 the Pla Especial de Clavegueram de Barcelona (Special Sewerage Plan of Barcelona) (PECB) was approved, which remodeled the network of coastal sewers, eliminating practically half of the city's flood areas, while promoting the construction of breakwaters, which allowed the recovery of the city's beaches. The same purpose was served by the 1997 Pla Especial de Clavegueram de Barcelona (Special Sewerage Plan for Barcelona) (PECLAB), which boosted stormwater regulation reservoirs to prevent flooding.The arrival of democracy favored the creation of new green areas in the city. At this time gardening was closely linked to urban planning, with a concept that combined aesthetics with functionality, as well as recreational aspects, sports facilities and services for certain groups such as children or the elderly, as well as areas for dogs. Numerous parks were converted from former municipal facilities, such as the Joan Mir\\u00f3 park, built between 1980 and 1982 on the site of the former central slaughterhouse of Barcelona; or in industrial areas (Espanya Industrial park, 1981-1985; Pegaso park, 1982-1986; Clot park, 1982-1986) or former railway facilities (Sant Mart\\u00ed park, 1985; Estaci\\u00f3 del Nord park, 1988). The Creueta del Coll park (1981-1987), a work of the Martorell-Bohigas-Mackay team, was also established on the site of an old quarry. 1992 Olympic Games. Another of Barcelona's profound transformations came on the occasion of the 1992 Olympic Games. The event involved the remodeling of part of the mountain of Montju\\u00efc, where the so-called Olympic Ring (1985-1992), designed by Carles Buxad\\u00e9, Joan Margarit, Federico Correa and Alfons Mil\\u00e0, a large enclosure located between the Olympic Stadium Llu\\u00eds Companys and the Pla\\u00e7a d'Europa, which houses several sports facilities including the Palau Sant Jordi, was located.To accommodate the athletes, a new neighborhood was built, the Poblenou Olympic Village (1985-1992), with a general layout of the Martorell-Bohigas-Mackay-Puigdom\\u00e8nech team. The planning of the Olympic Village was complex, and several aspects had to be adapted: the coastal railroad had to be buried; sewage treatment plants had to be built and the wastewater that had previously gone directly into the sea had to be channeled; a new port (Olympic Port) was built; new beaches were established and regenerated; and new road and transport axes were laid out, such as Avinguda d'Ic\\u00e0ria. Several facilities were also installed in the area, such as the Telephone Exchange (1989-1992, Jaume Bach and Gabriel Mora) and the Meteorology Center (1990-1992, \\u00c1lvaro Siza). On the other hand, the construction of two large skyscrapers (Hotel Arts and Torre Mapfre) changed the physiognomy of Barcelona.. Another area of action was the Vall d'Hebron neighborhood, planned according to a project by Eduard Bru (1989-1991), which combined green areas with sports facilities. This area was the site of the Olympic Press Village (1989-1991), designed by Carlos Ferrater.The Olympic Games also led to the creation of new parks and gardens, such as the parks of Mirador del Migdia, Poblenou, Carles I and three designed by the firm Martorell-Bohigas-Mackay: the park of the Cascades, the Olympic Port and the park of Nova Ic\\u00e0ria.On the occasion of the Games, the Old port (Port Vell) was also remodeled, with a project by Jordi Henrich and Olga Tarras\\u00f3. The new space was dedicated to leisure, with the creation of the Maremagnum leisure center, connected to land by the Rambla de Mar, a pivoting bridge designed by Helio Pi\\u00f1\\u00f3n and Albert Viaplana. For the event a Coastal Plan was also instituted with a view to the regeneration of the city's beaches, which had been quite eroded until then, and which were totally renovated and won for the enjoyment of the citizens. Beaches such as Sant Sebasti\\u00e0, Barceloneta, Nova Ic\\u00e0ria, Bogatell, Mar Bella and Nova Mar Bella were cleaned and filled with sand from the seabed, sewage treatment plants were built on the Bes\\u00f2s and Llobregat rivers and underwater reefs were placed to favor flora and fauna. On the other hand, the Llobregat River was diverted in its final stretch 2.5 km to the south, thus allowing the port to be extended in that direction.. Another urban planning action was in the Raval neighborhood, which was remodeled with a project by Jaume Artigues and Pere Cabrera, which consisted of the opening of the Rambla del Raval and the adequacy of the surroundings of the Pla\\u00e7a dels \\u00c0ngels as a cultural center, where the Center of Contemporary Culture of Barcelona (1990-1993) and the Museum of Contemporary Art of Barcelona (1987-1996) were located.The Games also brought progress in the technological sector, with new infrastructures especially in the telecommunications sector: the Collserola (by Norman Foster) and Montju\\u00efc (by Santiago Calatrava) communications towers were built, and 150 km of optical fiber cabling were installed in the city's subsoil.It should also be noted that the road infrastructure of the city was significantly expanded for the Games, especially with the creation of the ring roads, arranged as a ring road around the entire urban perimeter. The general planning was carried out between 1989 and 1992 by Josep Acebillo, technical director of the Municipal Institute for Urban Development, and Alfred Morales, coordinator of transport and circulation of the Barcelona City Council. There are currently three ring roads: the Ronda de Dalt, the Ronda del Mig and the Ronda del Litoral; the first two ring roads circumvent Barcelona, while the Ronda del Mig (of the \\\"middle\\\") crosses the city and receives different names depending on the section (Passeig de la Zona Franca, Carrer de Badal, Rambla del Brasil, Gran Via de Carles III, Ronda del General Mitre, Travesera de Dalt and Ronda del Guinard\\u00f3).. On the other hand, there was a campaign to restore facades and monuments and to adapt dividing walls, called Barcelona posa't guapa (Barcelona make yourself pretty) (1986-1992), directed by Josep Emili Hern\\u00e1ndez-Cros, from the Heritage area of the City Council.The celebration of the Games was a challenge for the urban planning of the city, and was a platform for a determined strategic urban planning action, with a perfect harmony between social and economic agents, which led to a new projection of the city both nationally and internationally, and led to talk of a \\\"Barcelona model\\\" as an integrative project of urban reform that was exportable to other cities.The last years of the century were marked by the search for a more sustainable urban planning based on ecological criteria. This new awareness was reflected in the search for public spaces adapted to the environment and designed for the residents, with special emphasis on community facilities and services. These criteria were defined in particular at the Sustainable Barcelona Civic Forum, held in 1998. One of the main achievements during these years in the interests of sustainability has been the commitment to the bicycle as a more environmentally friendly means of transport: in 1993 the first bicycle path was installed on Avinguda Diagonal, on a 3 km stretch; since then the space allocated to bicycles has not stopped increasing, the use of which has also been favored by the creation in 2007 of a municipal bicycle rental company (Bicing), with several stopping points throughout the city.The turn of the century also saw an increase in multi-municipal projects, especially in terms of infrastructure and transport, such as the expansion of the port and the airport, the route of the AVE and the Plan for public transport, or the projects for the rehabilitation of the Llobregat and Bes\\u00f3s deltas. The Pla Director d'Infraestructures (Infrastructure Master Plan) (PDI) marked the expansion and improvement of public transport, with a Metro network covering the entire metropolitan area, the reintroduction of the tramway at both ends of the Diagonal (Baix Llobregat and Bes\\u00f2s), and the improvement of the bus network. 21st Century. With the turn of the century, the city continued to focus on innovation and design as projects for the future, together with the use of new technologies and a commitment to environmental sustainability. In 2000, the Urban Strategies Advisory Council was created to assist the City Council in urban planning and strategic decision making for the city and its surroundings. Initially it was composed of Oriol Bohigas, Dominique Perrault, Richard Rogers, Ramon Folch, Jordi Nadal and Antoni Mar\\u00ed.One of the first urban development projects of the new millennium was the creation of the 22@ district, thanks to a modification of the General Metropolitan Plan in 2000. Its objective is the reformulation of the industrial land in the El Poblenou neighborhood, a traditionally industrial sector that fell into decline at the end of the 20th century due to the relocation of most companies to land outside the city. The preservation of the productive business fabric of the area was then promoted, focusing on companies dedicated to new technologies, in line with the private sector and the day-to-day activities of the area. The area of action is 115 ha, which made it one of the areas of greatest urban renewal in Europe at the beginning of the 21st century.. One of the most outstanding events of the new millennium was the celebration of the 2004 Universal Forum of Cultures, which led to new urban changes in the city: the entire Bes\\u00f2s area, until then populated by old disused factories, was recovered, the entire Poblenou neighborhood was regenerated and the new Diagonal Mar neighborhood was built, while the city was provided with new parks and spaces for the leisure of the citizens. The site was designed by El\\u00edas Torres and Jos\\u00e9 Antonio Mart\\u00ednez Lape\\u00f1a, with a 16-hectare multipurpose esplanade culminating at one end with a large photovoltaic panel, which became one of the emblems of the event.The urban planning of the new millennium has reinforced the polynuclear grid structure promoted since the 1990s, which has favored the emergence of new urban centers such as the F\\u00f2rum, 22@ and La Sagrera. Currently the Pla\\u00e7a de les Gl\\u00f2ries Catalanes is being remodeled, an important road axis where the undergrounding of automobile traffic is planned and the recovery of the land for public use.. Communications have improved with the arrival of the high-speed train, which links the Catalan capital with Madrid and Paris; the Mediterranean Corridor, a strategic transport line between the peninsula and the European continent, is in the project. The port and El Prat airport have also been expanded, with the aim of making Barcelona the logistics hub of southern Europe. The metro network has been expanded, with the extension of several lines (3 and 5), and the creation of some new ones (9, 10 and 11), some of them fully automated. In 2012, an orthogonal rearrangement of the bus network was initiated, to create a bus rapid transit network. The construction of a fourth ring road is also planned to improve communications in the metropolitan area, as well as the connection between the Baix Llobregat and Bes\\u00f2s streetcars through Avinguda Diagonal.In recent years, numerous infrastructures have been installed in the city to facilitate pedestrian transit in high and inaccessible areas, mainly elevators and escalators. A clear example is the neighborhood of El Carmel, where in 2005 there was also a subsidence due to the extension works of line 5 of the subway, which caused the demolition of several buildings and the relocation of hundreds of neighbors. As a result, the Generalitat declared El Carmel as an \\u00c0rea Extraordin\\u00e0ria de Rehabilitaci\\u00f3 Integral (Extraordinary Area of Integral Rehabilitation) (AERI), with a program of intervention and promotion of public works, rehabilitation of buildings and improvement of public facilities.In terms of green spaces, the most recent projects include: the Central Park of Nou Barris (1997-2007), by Carme Fiol and Andreu Arriola, which in 2007 received the International Urban Landscape Award architecture prize in Frankfurt (Germany); the Diagonal Mar Park (1999-2002), by Enric Miralles and Benedetta Tagliabue, a park of modern design where the presence of water stands out; and the Poblenou Center Park (2008), by Jean Nouvel, divided into various thematic spaces, with an avant-garde design. In 2016, the first large park for dogs was opened, a 700 m\\u00b2 space located in the Nou Barris district, which has a watering hole and play elements for pets.A new impetus for urban planning began in 2015 with the start of the drafting of the new Pla Director Urban\\u00edstic (Urban Master Plan) (PDU) for the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona, scheduled for approval in 2021. The PDU is intended to complement the 1976 General Metropolitan Plan in order to promote the urban and social transformation of the metropolitan area of the Catalan capital, made up of 36 municipalities and 3.5 million inhabitants. The objectives of the new plan include: classifying metropolitan land and establishing criteria for urbanization, establishing building regulations, defining areas for urban transformation and their sustainable development, preserving the environment, respecting forest and agricultural land, and guaranteeing proper mobility of people and transport. According to Ramon Torra, manager of the Barcelona Metropolitan Area, \\\"the PDU has two conceptual objectives: the definition of a metropolitan urban planning model that integrates the current diversity, is ecologically sustainable, economically efficient and socially cohesive; and the methods and tools necessary to carry it out.\\\"In September 2016, a pilot test was initiated for the adaptation of certain sets of city blocks as \\\"superblocks\\\", intermediate spaces between the block and the neighborhood, with restricted vehicle traffic to enhance pedestrian traffic, bicycle circulation and public transport, also gaining spaces for leisure and public facilities. The first test was carried out on a set of nine blocks in Poblenou, where vertical and horizontal signs were changed to mark the area. Traffic is prohibited in a straight line, so that vehicles can only turn at intersections, and is limited to 10 km/h. This leaves free the interior space between blocks, which will be used for public spaces, for which an ideas competition has been organized among architecture students.After this pilot test, a new phase of creating superblocks in the Eixample district began in 2020, with the aim of establishing 42 new green axes and squares within ten years, until 2030. The first axis of action would be Consell de Cent street, where the creation of four new agoras in Rocafort, Borrell, Enric Granados and Girona is planned. According to the forecast, one out of every three streets in the Eixample would give priority to pedestrianization and public and sustainable transport. In contrast to the pilot tests, this time it will be done by axes instead of blocks, with the subsequent creation of new plazas on intersecting axes. Private traffic will be restricted to residents, with a maximum speed of 10 km/h. A budget of 37.8 million euros is foreseen for these actions. Work is scheduled to start in 2022. These changes seek to comply with the objetivos de desarrollo sostenible (Sustainable Development Goals) (SDGs) promoted by the United Nations Organization.The COVID-19 pandemic that began in December 2019 worldwide led to various urban planning changes in the city, some temporary and others that became permanent. On March 14, 2020, the Spanish government decreed the entry into force of the state of alarm throughout the national territory, with the obligation of citizens to confine themselves to their homes except for essential services. To keep their distance in order to avoid contagion, numerous spaces were set aside for pedestrians to pass through, at the expense of the roadways for vehicular traffic. These areas were marked with colored paint according to their use: blue for bicycles and yellow for pedestrians, together with the use of temporary elements such as bollards and concrete blocks. In many of these spaces, areas were set up as terraces for bars and restaurants, so that customers could drink outdoors, a space more conducive to avoiding contagion. These measures, initially conceived with an ephemeral character, were defined by the councilor of Urbanism, Janet Sanz, as \\\"an example of tactical urbanism.\\\" Over time, many of these temporary changes became permanent, such as the spaces enabled for terraces of hospitality establishments, which were regulated in September 2021 by a new ordinance that established new criteria for permanent street furniture, specifically seven new platform models to integrate the elements of such establishments (tables, chairs, umbrellas) in the surrounding space. \", \"title\": \"Urban planning of Barcelona\", \"qa_pairs\": \"[{'Q': 'Among 10 districts of Barcelona, Which district has the highest population density?', 'A': 'Eixample.', 'type': 'computation', 'S': ['Ciutat Vella:\\\\n[Population (2015): 100,685;\\\\nArea: 4.49 km2;\\\\nDensity = 100,685 / 4.49 = 22,431 people/km2.]\\\\nEixample:\\\\n[Population: 263,565;\\\\nArea: 7.46 km2;\\\\nDensity = 263,565 / 7.46 = 35,338 people/km2.]\\\\nSants-Montju?c:\\\\n[Population: 180,824;\\\\nArea: 21.35 km2;\\\\nDensity = 180,824 / 21.35 = 8,473 people/km2.]\\\\nLes Corts:\\\\n[Population: 81,200;\\\\nArea: 6.08 km2;\\\\nDensity = 81,200 / 6.08 = 13,355 people/km2.]\\\\nSarri\\u00e0-Sant Gervasi:\\\\n[Population: 145,761;\\\\nArea: 20.09 km2;\\\\nDensity = 145,761 / 20.09 = 7,254 people/km2.]\\\\nGr\\u00e0cia:\\\\n[Population: 120,273;\\\\nArea: 4.19 km2;\\\\nDensity = 120,273 / 4.19 = 28,710 people/km2.]\\\\nHorta-Guinard\\u00f3:\\\\n[Population: 166,950;\\\\nArea: 11.96 km2;\\\\nDensity = 166,950 / 11.96 = 13,959 people/km2.]\\\\nNou Barris:\\\\n[Population: 164,516;\\\\nArea: 8.04 km2;\\\\nDensity = 164,516 / 8.04 = 20,466 people/km2.]\\\\nSant Andreu:\\\\n[Population: 145,983;\\\\nArea: 6.56 km2;\\\\nDensity = 145,983 / 6.56 = 22,246 people/km2.]\\\\nSant Mart\\u00ed:\\\\n[Population: 232,629;\\\\nArea: 10.80 km2;\\\\nDensity = 232,629 / 10.80 = 21,540 people/km2.]']}, {'Q': 'What is the founctional zoning of each district in Barcelona?', 'A': 'Ciutat Vella: Historic and cultural center, major tourist area.?\\\\nEixample: residential and tourist area.?\\\\nSants-Montju?c: Industrial and logistics area, sports facilities.?\\\\nLes Corts: Upscale residential area, financial institutions.\\\\nSarri\\u00e0-Sant Gervasi: Residential area with single-family homes and villas.?\\\\nGr\\u00e0cia: Agricultural area, urban and industiral fabric.?\\\\nHorta-Guinard\\u00f3: Residential neighborhood.\\\\nNou Barris: Working class residential area.?\\\\nSant Andreu: Formerly industrial, now regenerating.?\\\\nSant Mart\\u00ed: Formerly industrial, now new technology firms.', 'type': 'multiple_information_retrieval', 'S': ['(Ciutat Vella) It corresponds to the old core of the city, the one derived from the Roman and medieval periods, plus the Barceloneta neighborhood, created in the eighteenth century.?\\\\n....Being the oldest part of the city, it has numerous monuments and architectural works of interest, making it an important focus of tourist attraction.', '(Eixample) It is a densely populated district, since in its beginnings it was mainly a residential area where wealthy families stayed after leaving the old part of the city.Even so, it is an important focus of tourist attraction, especially due to the presence of modernist architectural works, which has encouraged trade and the installation in the area of major commercial brands', \\\"(Sants-Montju?c)?\\\\nIt also includes the?Zona Franca.?\\\\nIt has a high percentage of green area, thanks mainly to the presence of the Montjuic mountain, as well as industrial land.\\\\nAnother of Barcelona's profound transformations came on the occasion of the 1992 Olympic Games. The event involved the remodeling of part of the mountain of Montju?c.\\\\nThe Zona Franca, an industrial sector located between the mountain of Montjuic, the port and the Llobregat, was also established at that time.\\\", '(Les Corts) It is also the district with the lowest population density, mainly because it is a high status residential area, with a predominance of single-family houses.', '(Sant Mart\\u00ed) Like the previous one, it was an agricultural and milling area, until the arrival of the Industrial Revolution when numerous factories were installed in the area; however, in recent decades it has suffered a process of deindustrialization, replaced by economic activities more based on new technologies, especially after the location of the so-called 22@ district.', '(Gr\\u00e0cia) It was an agricultural area, which in the early nineteenth century began to forge an urban and industrial fabric.']}, {'Q': 'Reorder the timeline of below events:?\\\\n1. a new wall was built from Sant Pere de les Puelles to the Drassanes, facing the sea.\\\\n2. the city walls were demolished after strong public protests.\\\\n3. The first wall of the city began to be built.\\\\n4. a wall was built and lengthened that connected the beach to the island of Maians.\\\\n5. Walls were strengthened and heightened to defend against Germanic invasions.', 'A': '3,5,1,4,2', 'type': 'timeline_reorder', 'S': ['The first wall of the city, of simple construction, began to be built in the first century B.C.', 'However, the first incursions by Franks and Alemanni from the 250s onwards made it necessary to reinforce the walls, which were enlarged in the 4th century.', 'The creation of these new neighborhoods made it necessary to extend the walled perimeter, so in 1260 a new wall was built from Sant Pere de les Puelles to the Drassanes, facing the sea. The new section was 5100 m long and covered an area of 1.5 km2.', 'Finally, in 1438, royal permission was obtained to build a port: first, a ship loaded with stones was sunk to serve as a base for the wall that connected the beach to the island of Maians; the wall was reinforced in 1477 and lengthened in the form of a breakwater in 1484.', 'Between 1854 and 1859, the city walls were demolished, allowing the city to expand, under a project called the Eixample, drawn up by Ildefons Cerd\\u00e0 in 1859.']}, {'Q': 'How many religious functional zones that have historically emerged in Barcelona?', 'A': '2', 'type': 'comprehension_and_reasoning', 'S': ['Jewish Quarter (Call) :During medieval times Barcelona had a Jewish quarter, the Call, located between the current streets of Ferran, Banys Nous, Palla and Bisbe. Founded in 692, it survived until its destruction in 1391 in a xenophobic assault. It was separated from the rest of the city by a wall, and had two synagogues (Mayor, now a museum, and Menor, now the parish church of Sant Jaume), baths, schools and hospitals.', 'Christian Quarters: Various population centers (vila nova) were created, generally around churches and monasteries: this was the case around the church of Santa Maria del Mar, where a neighborhood of port character was created; likewise around the church of Sant Cugat del Rec , of an agrarian character; the neighborhood of Sant Pere around Sant Pere de les Puelles; the neighborhood of El Pi arose around the church of Santa Maria del Pi; that of Santa Anna next to the church of the same name; the neighborhood of Arcs settled around the Portal del Bisbe; and the Mercadal, around the market of Portal Major.']}, {'Q': 'Throughout its history, how many dynastic successions (include nations) has the city of Barcelona undergone, from ancient times to the present?', 'A': '9', 'type': 'comprehension_and_reasoning', 'S': ['Barcelona was founded by Roman colonizers in the first century BC with the name of Barcino.', 'After the fall of the Roman Empire and until the formation of the Catalan counties, there were several conquests and the passage of successive civilizations, from the Visigoths and Arabs to a period of integration into the Carolingian Empire.', 'At this time Barcelona was constituted as a county and later became part of the Crown of Aragon and the political and economic center of the Principality of Catalonia, becoming an important maritime and commercial axis of the Mediterranean Sea.', 'In this period Barcelona and Catalonia became part of the Hispanic Monarchy, which arose from the dynastic union of the crowns of Castile and Aragon.', 'The arrival of the Bourbons generated a series of military engineering works, such as the castle of Montju?c and the fortress of the Citadel.', \\\"The 20th century was conditioned by the convulsive political situation, with the end of the monarchy in 1931 and the arrival of the Second Republic, which ended with the Civil War and was replaced by Franco's dictatorship, until the reestablishment of the monarchy and the arrival of democracy.\\\"]}, {'Q': \\\"Was Ildefons Cerd\\u00e0's urban expansion scheme conceived prior to or subsequent to the amalgamation of Barcelona with these six neighboring municipalities?\\\", 'A': \\\"Cerd\\u00e0's urban expansion plan was proposed befor Barcelona merged with the 6 surrounding towns in 1897.\\\", 'type': 'multiple_information_retrieval', 'S': ['Between 1854 and 1859, the city walls were demolished, allowing the city to expand, under a project called the Eixample, drawn up by Ildefons Cerd\\u00e0 in 1859.', 'The beginning of the century was marked by the geographical expansion of the city: in 1897 Barcelona annexed six neighboring towns, until then independent: Sants, Les Corts, San Gervasio de Cassolas, Gr\\u00e0cia, Sant Andreu de Palomar and Sant Mart\\u00ed de Proven?als.']}, {'Q': 'In which cardinal direction does Barcelona lie within Spain?', 'A': 'Northeast.', 'type': 'comprehension_and_reasoning', 'S': [\\\"Barcelona, capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Catalonia, is located in the Spanish Levant, on the Mediterranean coast. Its geographical location is between 41\\u00b016' and 41\\u00b030' north latitude and between 1\\u00b054' and 2\\u00b018' east longitude.\\\"]}, {'Q': 'What varieties of urban centers did Barcelona exemplify during diverse historical epochs?', 'A': 'The ancient city: a small walled city with natural harbor;\\\\nMiddle Ages: Political and enconoic center, maritime and commercial axis of the Mediterranean Sea;\\\\nEarly Modern Age: an artificial port with military engineering works;\\\\n19th Century:a major industrial and commercial center, colonizing metropolis;\\\\n20th Century:A continuously expanding city shaped by immigration\\uff1b\\\\n21st Century:?\\\\nAn urban center committed to fostering innovation, design, technology, and environmental sustainability.', 'type': 'multiple_information_retrieval', 'S': [\\\"the main reason for the choice of a small promontory near the coast to build the city was its natural harbor, although the alluvium of the torrents and the sedimentation of sand from the coastal currents would make the port's draught difficult.\\\", 'At this time Barcelona was constituted as a county and later became part of the Crown of Aragon and the political and economic center of the Principality of Catalonia, becoming an important maritime and commercial axis of the Mediterranean Sea.', 'During the 15th and 16th centuries, an artificial port was built to finally meet the needs of the important mercantile center that was Barcelona.?\\\\nThe arrival of the Bourbons generated a series of military engineering works, such as the castle of Montju?c and the fortress of the Citadel.', 'Socially, this century saw the massive arrival of immigration to the city, with the consequent increase in population: if in 1900 there were 530 000 inhabitants, in 1930 they had almost doubled (1 009 000 hab), to reach between 1970 and 1980 the maximum peak (1 754 900) and by the end of the century to 1 500 000 inhabitants.', 'In this period there was a great economic revitalization, linked primarily to the textile industry, which in turn led to a Catalan cultural renaissance.?\\\\nIndustrialization brought about important changes in the urban planning of the city, due to the new needs of the economic sectors of the capitalist system, which required a strong concentration of labor and auxiliary services. Barcelona thus underwent an important leap to modernity, characterized by three factors: the population migration from the countryside to the city, the link between industrial and urban developments, and a better articulation of the territory through a wide network of roads and railroads, which will lead Barcelona to become a colonizing metropolis of its territorial environment.', 'With the turn of the century, the city continued to focus on innovation and design as projects for the future, together with the use of new technologies and a commitment to environmental sustainability.']}, {'Q': 'During the 19th and 20th centuries, which new types of urban transportation emerged in Barcelona?', 'A': 'Railway, tramway, buses, taxis, underground metro.', 'type': 'multiple_information_retrieval', 'S': ['One of the major factors in the dynamization of the city as the capital of a large metropolitan area was the arrival of the railroad: in 1848, the first railroad line in peninsular Spain left from Barcelona, connecting Barcelona with the town of Matar\\u00f3. The stations of Francia (1854), Sants (1854) and Norte (1862) were then created. The Catalan capital became the center of a railway network in the shape of an 8 \\u2014the so-called \\\"Catalan eight\\\"\\u2014 formed by two rings that intersected in the city.', 'It is also worth mentioning the introduction of the tramway for urban transport. In 1860 an omnibus line had been opened along La Rambla, but the slowness of the carriages made this means of transport not very viable.', 'At the beginning of the century the first buses also appeared: in 1906 the first line was created between Pla?a de Catalunya and Pla?a de Trilla, in Gr\\u00e0cia, operated by the company La Catalana, with five Brilli\\u00e9-Schneider cars.', 'Also at this time the first taxis appeared: in 1910 the first 21 vehicles were licensed; in 1920 there were already a thousand taxis, with 64 stops throughout the city.', 'In the 1920s, urban transport was improved with the construction of the Barcelona Metro.']}]\", \"output\": \"None\"}\n{\"input\": \" Background. The issue of pension reforms has been dealt with by various French governments over recent decades, specifically to tackle budget shortfalls. France has one of the lowest retirement ages for an industrialised country, and spends more than most countries on pensions, with it amounting to almost 14% of economic output. France's pension system is largely built on a \\\"pay-as-you-go structure\\\"; both workers and employers \\\"are assessed mandatory payroll taxes that are used to fund retiree pensions\\\". This system, \\\"which has enabled generations to retire with a guaranteed, state-backed pension, will not change\\\". Compared to other European countries, France possesses \\\"one of the lowest rates of pensioners at risk of poverty\\\", with a net pension replacement rate (\\\"a measure of how effectively retirement income replaces prior earnings\\\") of 74%, higher than OECD and EU averages.. The New York Times says the government argues rising life expectancy  \\\"have left the system in an increasingly precarious state\\\"; \\\"[i]n 2000, there were 2.1 workers paying into the system for every one retiree; in 2020 that ratio had fallen to 1.7, and in 2070 it is expected to drop to 1.2, according to official projections\\\". In addition, the cost of pensions has partially contributed to France's national debt rising to 112% of GDP, compared to 98% before the COVID-19 pandemic; this is one of the highest levels in the EU, higher than the UK and Germany. In an interview in March 2023, Macron said that \\\"when he began working there were 10 million French pensioners and now there were 17 million\\\". The New York Times add that in order \\\"[t]o keep the system financially viable without funneling more taxpayer money into it \\u2013 something the government already does \\u2013 Macron sought to gradually raise the legal age when workers can start collecting a pension by three months every year until it reaches 64 in 2030.\\\" Additionally, Macron has \\\"accelerated a previous change that increased the number of years that workers must pay into the system to get a full pension and abolished special pension \\u200crules that benefited workers in sectors like energy and transportation\\\".As part of Macron's pension reforms, the retirement age was to be raised to 64 or 65, from 62.  The pay-as-you-go system \\u2013  raising the retirement age would help to further finance, as life expectancy increases and more start work later \\u2013 would have a surplus of \\u20ac3.2bn in 2022, but the government's pensions advisory board (COR) forecast that it would \\\"fall into structural deficits in coming decades unless new financing sources are found\\\". In March 2023, Labor Minister Olivier Dussopt said that \\\"without immediate action\\\" the pensions deficit would exceed $13bn annually by 2027. The government stated that the reforms would \\\"balance the deficit\\\" in 2030, with a surplus amounting to billions of dollars that would \\\"pay for measures allowing those in physically demanding jobs to retire early\\\".The pension reforms have long been under consideration by Macron and his government. Reforming the pension system was a significant part of his platform for election in 2017, with initial protests and transport strikes in late 2019, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic which saw Macron delay the reforms further. Raising the retirement age was not part of these initial reforms, but another \\\"plan to unify the complex French pension system\\\" by \\\"getting rid of the 42 special regimes for sectors ranging from rail and energy workers to lawyers was crucial to keep the system financially viable\\\".On 26 October 2022, Macron announced that pension reform scheduled for 2023 intended to raise the retirement age to 65, be gradually increased from 62 to 65 by 2031, by three months per year from September 2023 to September 2030. Furthermore, the number of years that contributions would need to be made to qualify for the full state pension would increase from 42 to 43 in 2027, meaning that some may have to work to 67 \\u2013 the year at which a person is automatically able to receive a state pension from.In his New Year's Eve speech on 31 December 2022, he clarified that the reforms would be implemented by autumn 2023. In early January 2023 prior to consultation with unions, Prime Minister \\u00c9lisabeth Borne spoke on FranceInfo radio, stating that the government could \\\"show flexibility\\\" on the intention to raise the retirement age to 65, and were willing to explore \\\"other solutions\\\" that would enable the government to \\\"reach its target of balancing the pensions system by 2030\\\". She announced that the policy would be presented to cabinet on 23 January and debated in parliament in early February, with full details published on 10 January. Use of Article 49.3. Article 49.3 of the French Constitution allows governments to bypass the National Assembly and force through bills without a vote. However, invoking it triggers a proviso that allows for no-confidence motions to be filed in the government. Because each party tends to only vote for their own motions and against those of others, on only one occasion, in 1962, where the Article has been triggered, the government lost a subsequent no-confidence motion.On 14 March, The Guardian declared that Macron had two options \\u2013 broker deals with Les R\\u00e9publicains or force the bill through using Article 49.3, \\\"a measure that avoids an Assembl\\u00e9e nationale vote [the government] risks losing\\\". They said that \\\"[m]inisters have said the government would not use the 49.3, widely condemned as undemocratic and which risks inflaming a volatile public mood\\\" and that \\\"[i]nstead, there has been a flurry of negotiations by ministers to guarantee a majority in the lower house\\\"; \\\"[u]nion leaders have said using the 49.3 would lead to a hardening of opposition and would escalate strikes\\\". On 16 March, it was said \\\"[m]inutes before MPs in the lower house were to vote, Macron was still holding a series of frantic meetings with senior political figures, and suddenly chose to use special powers instead of risking a vote, which he appeared poised to lose\\\". The decision to invoke was a \\\"surprise, last-minute decision\\\" by Macron, as \\\"he was not certain of the support of enough lawmakers\\\" to take the bill to a National Assembly vote.The Guardian explained that 49.3's invoking \\\"illustrates Macron's difficult position in parliament\\\", with his parliamentary party/grouping having lost its majority in the National Assembly following the 2022 legislative election. Motivations. The coordination of the strikes by all of France's trade unions has been labelled a \\\"rare show of unity\\\", with transport and energy workers, teachers, dockers and public sector workers (such as museum staff) all having gone on strike. Trade unions \\\"say the reform will penalise low-income people in manual jobs who tend to start their careers early, forcing them to work longer than graduates, who are less affected by the changes.\\\"Polls have consistently shown that the measures are substantially unpopular, as well as the use of Article 49.3 to enact them without a parliamentary vote in the National Assembly. France 24 reported that a poll from a few days prior to the move suggested around \\\"eight out of ten people opposed legislating in this way, including a majority of voters who backed Macron in the first round of last year's presidential election\\\". The American Prospect opined that earlier support from conservative members of the National Assembly for the reforms had faded away as a result of polling that showed the reforms were unpopular. The decision to invoke Article 49.3 was seen by those on the left as a \\\"a major defeat and a sign of weakness\\\" for the government, that would now be seen as \\\"being brutal and undemocratic\\\"; Antoine Bristielle, a representative of the Fondation Jean-Jaur\\u00e8s think tank, commented that using 49.3 is \\\"perceived as a symbol of brutality\\\" that could \\\"erode support both for the government and democratic institutions\\\". Le Journal du Dimanche reported that Macron's approval ratings hit a low comparable to the Yellow Jackets protests. In a poll spanning 9 to 16 March, 70% of respondents were dissatisfied with him and only 28% were satisfied.It has been suggested that the reforms do not adequately tackle the disadvantage women are at within the workforce, who usually retire later than men and with pensions 40% lower in comparison, attributed to more part-time work and maternity leave. Women are already subject to later retirement due to taking time away from work to raise children. Euronews outlined that the reforms would lead to women retiring later and working, on average, seven months longer over the course of their life, while men would work around five months longer. They quoted Franck Riester, the Minister Delegate for Parliamentary Relations, admitting that women would be \\\"a bit penalised by the reform\\\" in January.As well as this, it has been argued the reforms will hit the working-class and those who work in manual jobs disproportionately. CNN pointed out that blue-collar workers are likely to start working at a younger age than white-collar workers; The Washington Post pointed out that a minor part of those employed in 'physically or mentally demanding' jobs are still eligible to retire earlier with a full pension, which Macron previously removed most exceptions for allowing them to depart early in case of work induced disabilties although The New York Times equally pointed to how this was a concession by the government to \\\"mollify opposition\\\", which overall has failed because unions view the increase in the retirement age as a \\\"non-starter\\\" and was later removed as result of passing the age rise as a financial law. At the other end of the scale, it has been reported that some are concerned about \\\"being forced to retire later because older adults who want to work but who lose their jobs often face age discrimination in the labor market\\\".. Those opposed to the reforms argue \\\"the government is prioritizing businesses and people who are highly paid over average laborers\\\", and have \\\"disputed the need for urgency\\\", The New York Times saying they contest that \\\"Macron is attacking a cherished right to retirement and unfairly burdening blue-collar workers because of his refusal to increase taxes on the wealthy\\\". In addition, opponents opine that Macron has \\\"exaggerated the threat of projected deficits and refused to consider other ways to balance the system, like increasing worker payroll taxes, decoupling pensions from inflation or increasing taxes on wealthy households or companies\\\", and that \\\"the official body that monitors France's pension system has acknowledged that there is no immediate threat of bankruptcy and that long-term deficits\\\", which Macron and the government have argued would occur if these reforms were not implemented, \\\"were hard to accurately predict\\\".Jean Garrigues, a historian on France's political culture, theorized the unpopularity of the reforms can be partially attributed to Macron personally, given the \\\"pre-existing anger against\\\" him, having \\\"struggled to shake off the image of an out-of-touch 'president of the rich'\\\". He said that \\\"[t]hat's why he has not only all the unions, but also a large part of public opinion against him\\\", as \\\"[b]y tying himself to the project, opposition to it is heightened, dramatized in a way.\\\"It has been criticized for having taken place during a cost-of-living crisis, which some have attributed to worsening the anger and protests over the policies. The Times said that some have \\\"questioned the political wisdom of going ahead with the reform at a time when the public mood has been soured by high inflation\\\", as \\u20ac7.1 billion of the \\u20ac17.7 billion that \\\"the reform was meant to have saved has been wiped out by modifications to its provisions\\\". Rioting. The protests gave way to instances of violence and rioting as demonstrators and police forces clashed in the streets. Anti-union degradations. In Chamb\\u00e9ry, \\\"banners, sound systems, flags, and union tunics prepared for the 7 March demonstration went up in smoke\\\" when fire was set to three vehicles parked in front of the Union hall.  The methods used resembled those used in other degradations in the area in the preceding year, including a swastika and anti-vax slogans spray-painted on the regional health agency (ARS) offices. Black bloc. There were black bloc groups at the front of the demonstrations in Paris, Lyon, and Nantes on May 1. There were between 2000 and 3000 in Paris, 1000 in Lyon (among 2000 the Rh\\u00f4ne prefecture identified as \\\"risky individuals\\\"), and large numbers were also present in Nantes. Looting. An unauthorized protest on 15 April attracted over 1000 people to downtown Rennes and permitted two men to make off with \\u20ac25,000 worth of gold bars and coins from a gold seller's shop. Pre-Article 49.3 invoking. 19 January. On 19 January, the Ministry of the Interior counted 1.12 million demonstrators, including 80,000 in Paris. Over 200 demonstrations were reported in the country.More than one million people took to the streets in Paris and other French towns as part of countrywide protests over proposals to raise the retirement age. Eight of the largest unions participated in the strike over pension reforms. The French Ministry of the Interior said that 80,000 demonstrators gathered in the streets in Paris, where small numbers threw bottles, rocks, and fireworks at riot police. Over 200 demonstrations were reported in the country. According to the unions, 2 million people took part in the demonstrations with 400,000 of them participating in the Paris demonstrations.Despite the demonstrations, Emmanuel Macron emphasized that the pension reforms would go forward. French unions declared that further strikes and protests would be held on 31 January in an effort to halt the government's plans to raise the standard retirement age from 62 to 64. The new law would increase annual pension contributions, from 41 to 43 payments throughout the year. Some flights out of Orly Airport were canceled, while the Eurostar website reported the cancellation of many routes between Paris and London. Though \\\"a few delays\\\" were reported at Charles de Gaulle Airport, owing to striking air traffic controllers, no flights were canceled. 21 January. Another demonstration was organized in Paris on 21 January, supposedly long-planned by students and youth organisations.Demonstrations organized by different groups took place in other cities, like in Dinan, Limoges and Lyon. 31 January. Demonstrations were organized around the country with public transport, schools, and electricity production specifically targeted by the strikes. Public television broadcasters were also affected by the strikes, with news broadcasts cancelled and music played instead.According to the CGT union, 2.8 million people took part in the protests while the Ministry of Internal Affairs counted 1.272 million protesters. 7 February. On 7 February, a third day of national protests were held after being called by l'intersyndicale. According to the CGT, 400,000 people demonstrated in Paris, down 100,000 from the 31 of January. In total, over 2,000,000 strikers participated in demonstrations according to the CGT, while the police estimate that around 757,000 strikers participated in protests. 11 February. On 11 February, a fourth day of national protests was held. According to the CGT, over 2,500,000 protesters took part in demonstrations, a rise of 500,000 compared to 7 February, while the Ministry of the Interior claims that 963,000 protested, a rise of over 200,000 compared to 7 February. In Paris, over 500,000 people demonstrated against the reform according to the CGT, while 93,000 demonstrated according to the prefecture. The Intersyndicale called for recurring strikes starting on 7 March. 16 February. On 16 February, protesters joined fresh rallies and strikes. Unions said some 1.3 million people participated nationwide Thursday, the lowest figure since the protest movement started on January 19. The interior ministry put the national figure at 440,000, down from nearly a million on Saturday (11 Feb). On the day, 30 percent of flights from Paris's Orly airport were cancelled. 7 March. In early March, trains around the country continued to be affected by strikes and protests. It is believed that 1.1 to 1.4 million people participated in over 260 protests across the country. As a part of the protest, union members blocked fuel deliveries from being made, with the intention of bringing the French economy to its knees. 11\\u201312 March. On Saturday, 11 March, the seventh day of protests was held in response to the National Assembly and Senate debating the draft law, with a final vote expected that month. Macron twice declined meetings with unions that week. About 368,000 people protested, below the 800,000\\u20131,000,000 expected. The following day, the Senate passed an initial vote by 195\\u2013112. 15 March. On 14 March, The Guardian reported that \\\"French unions have called for a show of force with a final day of strikes and protests in the run-up\\\" the vote on the reforms in the National Assembly, which would be the eighth day of national mobilisation sofar. Transport Minister Cl\\u00e9ment Beaune said \\\"there would be disruption to public transport and flights, but it was unlikely to be a \\\"Black Wednesday\\\"\\\", with \\\"not ... the same level of disruptions as with previous mobilisations\\\".200 protests were reported to have taken place across the country. There were conflicting numbers of the strength of the protests; the Interior Ministry reported 480,000 marched throughout the country, with 37,000 in Paris, while CGT counted 1.78m and 450,000 respectively. Figures from Le Monde dispute both these claims. Reportedly, French police expected 650,000\\u2013850,000 protesters nationwide, fewer than the largest protests the previous week, with preliminary figures demonstrating a lower strike turnout in the energy and transport sectors at midday compared to previous days.Among those who were on strike were train drivers, school teachers, dock workers, oil refinery workers, as well as garbage collectors continuing their now ten-day strike action.In the afternoon, protesters gathered at the Esplanade des Invalides, with \\\"loud music and huge union balloons\\\". Police had ordered that the build-up of rubbish to be \\\"cleared out along the march route\\\" after some \\\"used garbage to start fires or throw trash at police in recent demonstrations\\\". The marchers were \\\"accompanied by a heavy security force\\\" as they \\\"moved through the Left Bank along unencumbered streets\\\". Police reported that one group of protestors \\\"attacked a small business\\\", and that nine people were detained within three hours of the march beginning. The protestors' march ended at the Place d'Italie. Known as \\\"Greve 15 mars\\\", it was co-ordinated and organised by eight trade unions.. Liquefied natural gas operations were suspended, with public transport severely affected; it was stated that 40% of high-speed trains and half the regional trains were cancelled, with the Paris M\\u00e9tro running slower. The DGAC warned of delays, reporting that 20% of the flights at Paris-Orly airport were cancelled.Elsewhere, in Rennes, Nantes, and Lyon, \\\"[s]ecurity forces countered violence with charges and tear gas\\\", according to French media. Demonstrations also took place in Le Havre in Normandy, Nice, and Mulhouse.PBS reported that Interior Minister G\\u00e9rald Darmanin had asked Paris City Hall to force some of the garbage workers to return to work, calling the build-up along the streets a \\\"a public health issue\\\". Paris mayor Anne Hidalgo said that she supported the strike, and in response a government spokesman Olivier V\\u00e9ran declared that if she did not comply, the Interior Ministry would be \\\"ready to act instead\\\". Use of Article 49.3 and aftermath. 16 March. Use of Article 49.3. Protests erupted after the announcement that the pension reforms would be enacted without a parliamentary vote, Borne invoking article 49:3 of the constitution to do so just \\\"minutes\\\" before the scheduled vote on the bill. Inside the National Assembly, opposition MPs on the left booed and jeered the announcement and sang the national anthem in order to prevent Borne from speaking, forcing the session to be briefly suspended before the announcement by Borne was made. Speaking to MPs who were booing her, Borne proclaimed that \\\"[w]e cannot gamble on the future of our pensions ... The reform is necessary.\\\"Marine Le Pen announced she would file a no-confidence motion in the government, describing the use of Article 49.3 as \\\"an extraordinary confession of weakness,\\\" \\\"a total failure for the government\\\", and that Borne should resign. Fabien Roussel of the French Communist Party, who also \\\"called on street protesters and trade unionists to keep mobilising\\\", stated that the left was ready to make the same motion; Socialist Party leader Olivier Faure \\\"accused Macron of deploying a \\\"permanent coup d'\\u00e9tat\\\" to shove through the legislation\\\". The Week said that \\\"Macron and his government insist the reforms are needed to keep the pension system solvent and government borrowing acceptably low\\\".Politicians from across the political spectrum denounced the move. Conservative MPs, such as those from The Republicans, whom Macron has relied upon for support in votes in the National Assembly, \\\"rebuke[d] the government, warning that its move would radicalise opponents and undercut the law's democratic legitimacy.\\\" The Times reported that Macron was thought to have \\\"hoped earlier on Thursday to hold \\u2013 and win \\u2013 a parliamentary vote but changed tack after learning that only 35 of the 64 Republican MPs would back the reform, leaving him short of a majority\\\", quoting Labor Minister Olivier Dussopt, who said that they \\\"did everything [to have a vote] right up to the last minute\\\". MoDem MPs, who are aligned with Macron's Renaissance group, said the decision to force the bill through \\\"was a mistake\\\"; Erwan Balanant said \\\"he had left the parliament chamber \\\"in a state of shock\\\"\\\", while \\\"[o]ther centrist MPs said it was a waste and showed weakness\\\". Reaction by protesters. In the Place de la Concorde, thousands protested (figures are disputed between 2,000 protesters and 7,000). France 24 reported that it was a \\\"spontaneous and unplanned rally\\\", but Le Monde stated that it was \\\"organized by the union Solidaires and authorized by the administrative court\\\". La France Insoumise leader Jean-Luc M\\u00e9lenchon spoke to the crowd, declaring that Macron had gone \\\"over the heads of the will of the people.\\\" He also claimed the reform had \\\"no legitimacy \\u2013 neither in parliament, nor in the street\\\". It is possible that many joined the rally in Paris after being turned away by police from the \\\"blockade of the Veolia warehouse in Aubervilliers\\\".. Later, a bonfire was lit, with police armed with shields and batons deploying tear gas in an attempt to clear the square at around 8pm. One police officer was reportedly injured.By nightfall, 120 people were reported to have been arrested, according to Parisian police, \\\"on suspicion of seeking to cause damage\\\"; by 11:30pm, the number later rose to 217. Protesters in the Place were observed to have thrown cobbled stones at assembled police before they moved in to break up the groups, using tear gas and water cannons, with smaller sections of protesters running down side streets and setting smaller fires, such as to piles of garbage, and \\\"caused damage to shop fronts\\\". Numerous makeshift barricades in Paris streets were set alight.The CGT announced further strikes and demonstrations for 23 March; its head, Philippe Martinez, said that the forcing through of the law \\\"shows contempt towards the people\\\", with unions describing the move by the government as \\\"a complete denial of democracy\\\". France 24 commented that \\\"unionists were also out in strength, hailing a moral victory even as they denounced Macron's \\\"violation of democracy\\\"\\\".Protests took place in other cities, such as Rennes, Nantes, Lyon, Toulouse, and Marseille. In the latter, shop windows and bank fronts were smashed, for which \\\"radical leftist groups\\\" were partially blamed, with shops looted. Protests in the former three cities were reported to have resulted in clashes between protesters and police, and in Lyon consisted of approximately \\\"400 people gathered in front of administrative offices, calling for the president to resign\\\". There had been a brief blockade of the National Library early in the day.The following day, Interior Minister G\\u00e9rald Darmanin told RTL Radio that 310 had been arrested in relation to protest action nationwide, with 258 in Paris.Macron made no public comment on 16 March, but AFP reported that \\\"he told a closed-door cabinet meeting: \\\"You cannot play with the future of the country.\\\"\\\" 17 March. Demonstrations once again took place at the Place de la Concorde, attended by several thousand people \\\"with chants, dancing and a huge bonfire,\\\" protesters chanting \\\"Tax the rich\\\", before riot police intervened using tear gas to clear the square, after some \\\"climbed scaffolding on a renovation site, arming themselves with wood\\\", and \\\"lobbed fireworks and paving stones at police in a standoff\\\". On Twitter, a clip of protesters gathered at the Place chanting \\\"we decapitated Louis XVI and we can start again, Macron\\\" went viral, with protesters also, more generally, calling for Macron to resign. Broadcaster BFMTV reported that police detained 61 people following the protests. The Times claimed that the protestors' \\\"ranks were swollen by members of the 'black bloc' \\u2013 young masked troublemakers out for a fight\\\". Notably, head of the 'moderate' CFDT union, Laurent Berger, said that a change in government or Prime Minister \\\"will not put out this fire, only withdrawing the reform.\\\"Additionally, Paris's Boulevard P\\u00e9riph\\u00e9rique was \\\"disrupted at almost 200 points during peak rush hour\\\" in the morning, by CGT activists. It was also reported that there was \\\"escalated strikes\\\" at refineries, with a blockade of an unspecified refinery in southern France having began earlier in the day. A CGT representative claimed that strikes would \\\"force the shutdown\\\" of TotalEnergies' Normandy refinery by the weekend, furthering the industrial action; a rolling strike was already in place there, with strikers continuing to deliver less fuel than normal from other sites. (DW reported on 18 March that CGT had already shut it down by Friday evening, however.) The CGT also announced an extension to picket lines at Electricite de France.Smaller protests and rallies took place in Bordeaux, Toulouse, Toulon and Strasbourg. Specific methods of protest across France reported were street furniture being destroyed, bins set alight, and windows smashed. In Dijon, protesters burned effigies of Macron. Protests also took place in smaller towns like Laval and \\u00c9vreux.Earlier in the day, police pepper-sprayed students protesting near Sorbonne University, with some also walking out of lectures. In Lille, the Institute of Political studies was blocked by student protesters. Strikers of the CGT union \\\"voted to halt production at one of the country's largest refineries by this weekend or Monday at the latest\\\", having \\\"already been on a rolling strike at the northern site TotalEnergies de Normandie, and halting production would escalate the industrial action and spark fears of fuel shortages\\\", with striking workers continuing to \\\"deliver less fuel than normal from several other sites\\\". In Bordeaux, \\\"dozens\\\" of protesters and demonstrators trespassed onto tracks at the main train station, including CGT unionists, with CGT and NPA flags being flown. In Donges, a roadblock was in place near to the TotalEnergie refinery oil terminals; in Valenciennes, striking workers blocked the entry of a fuel depot while police in riot gear were observed removing tyres from the road near it; striking rubbish collection workers clashed with police at the Ivry-sur-Seine incinerator; and the blockade of the port of Marseille by striking workers of the CGT continued. Unions from SNCF, the national train operator, \\\"urged workers to continue another continuous strike\\\".A multi-party no-confidence motion was tabled in the National Assembly earlier in the day. Spearheaded by centrist group Liot, it was co-signed by NUPES, with a total of 91 MPs from five different parliamentary groups signing. Later in the day, National Rally filed a separate no-confidence motion, signed by 81 cross-party MPs; party leader Le Pen said the decision to push through the pension changes was \\\"a total failure for the government\\\".On RTL radio, Interior Minister \\\"warned against what he called the chaos of random, spontaneous street demonstrations\\\", describing \\\"[t]he opposition is legitimate, the protests are legitimate, but wreaking havoc is not, and \\\"denounced the fact that effigies of Macron, Borne and other ministers were burned at a protest in Dijon\\\" and that \\\"\\\"public buildings had been targeted\\\". Aurore Berg\\u00e9, head of Renaissance in parliament, wrote to Darmanin \\\"asking him to ensure the protection of MPs who feared violence against them\\\", because \\\"she would not accept MPs living in \\\"fear of reprisals\\\"\\\". He replied, saying \\\"police would be vigilant against any violence directed towards lawmakers.\\\" 18 March. On 18 March, it was announced protests in Paris were banned on the Place de la Concorde, opposite parliament, as well at the Champs-\\u00c9lys\\u00e9es. Police explained this was due to \\\"serious risks of disturbances to public order and security\\\", and said those who did not obey this order could be fined. Nevertheless, a bonfire was lit at the Place de la Concorde, with an effigy of Macron dropped onto it to cheers. Despite this, widespread protests were still reported in Paris, with a rally instead planned for Place d'Italie in southern Paris at 6pm that evening, at which demonstrators chanted, once again, for Macron to resign, and \\\"Macron is going to break down, we are going to win\\\". 4,000 were present. Barricades were erected in the streets, rubbish bins were set alight, with the glass on billboards and bus shelters smashed. Barriers used to block the streets and bottles were thrown at riot police, who utilised tear gas and water cannons to disperse protesters. 81 arrests were made in the vicinity. protesters who gathered at the Place d'Italie then \\\"marched toward Europe's biggest waste incineration plant, which has become a flashpoint of tensions\\\", some setting trash cans alight and chanting mottos \\\"such as \\\"the streets are ours\\\" as firefighter sirens wailed\\\". Politico, quoting the Ministry of the Interior, later reported 122 had been arrested in Paris, with a total of 169 nationwide.. Police also used tear gas against protesters who started a fire in Bordeaux, as BFMTV showed demonstrations in major cities such as Marseille, Compiegne, Nantes (where around a thousand protested), Brest, and Montpellier, with around 200 protesting in Lodeve in the south of France. In Nice, the political office of the leader of the Republicans, \\u00c9ric Ciotti, was ransacked, with tags left that threatened riots if the party refused to support any of the motions of no-confidence in the government. In the afternoon in Nantes, protestors threw bottles at police, who also responded with tear gas; in spite of this, DW described the protests in Nantes, as well as Marseille and Montpellier, as \\\"mostly peaceful marches\\\", as did the AP. They reported that in Marseille, protesters eluded police and occupied the main train station for approximately 15 minutes. In Besan\\u00e7on, \\\"hundreds of demonstrators lit a brazier and burned voter cards. In Lyon, some demonstrators tried to break into a town hall and set it alight, with police arresting 36; police claimed that \\\"\\\"groups of violent individuals\\\" triggered clashes\\\".A spokesperson for TotalEnergies reported that 37% of its operational staff at refineries and depots, such as at Feyzin and Normandy, were on strike. Rolling strikes also continued on railways. Students and activists from the Permanent Revolution collective \\\"briefly invaded\\\" the Forum des Halles shopping mall, with banners calling for a general strike and chanting for Paris to \\\"stand up\\\" and \\\"rise up\\\", and letting off red smoke canisters. A representative of a union representing waste collectors said strikers at three incinerators outside of Paris would allow some trucks through to \\\"limit the risk of an epidemic\\\", while police claimed trucks from five depots had restarted work. CGT announced \\\"strikers were halting production at two refineries over the weekend\\\".CGT announced the shutdown of France's largest refinery, TotalEnergies' Gonfreville-L'Orcher (Seine-Maritime) site, and \\\"at least two oil refineries might be shut down starting Monday\\\". Industry Minister Roland Lescure announced the government could order those striking to return to work in order to help avoid fuel shortages.AP reported that the DGAC had requested 30% of flights at Orly Airport to be cancelled, and 20% in Marseille, for Monday 20 March. 19 March. \\\"Hundreds\\\" of protesters were reported in Paris, Lyon, Marseille, and Lille in the evening. In Marseille, a large bonfire was lit, with a large throng of demonstrators dancing around it.Some neighbourhoods of Paris continued to have collection of waste disrupted; Philippe Martinez from CGT \\\"urged\\\" Paris collection workers to continue their now-two-week-long strike. A few hundred people protested outside the Les Halles shopping centre before police moved them on. Early on Sunday, \\\"dozens\\\" of union activists marched through a shopping mall in Rosny-sous-Bois, and cars were allowed to pass through the tolls on the A1 and A13 motorways for free during the day. Shutdowns of refineries continued, with reports of petrol queues building up in the south of France; authorities claimed that \\\"supplies were high enough to avoid shortages\\\".In response to reports of constituency offices of various MPs being vandalized, Macron \\\"called the speakers of both houses of parliament to affirm his support for all legislators and said the government was mobilized to \\\"put everything in place to protect them\\\" late on 19 March.Macron also made his first public statement since 16 March; issued to AFP, he said that he hoped \\\"the text on pensions can go to the end of its democratic journey with respect for all\\\". Bruno Le Maire, the Finance Minister, commented further; \\\"[t]hose among us who are able will gradually need to work more to finance our social model, which is one of the most generous in the world\\\". Leader of the Republicans, \\u00c9ric Ciotti, said his party would not back the no-confidence motions, as he \\\"refuses to 'add chaos to chaos'\\\"; consequently, it was expected that the motions would not pass, as the Republicans act as de-facto kingmakers in the National Assembly, neither Macron's bloc or the other opposition parties combined numbering a majority. NUPES' Jean-Luc M\\u00e9lenchon informed RTL that \\\"[f]or as long as the 64-year reform is on the table, we have to keep it up, but decried the use of violence, advising protesters to not \\\"make our struggle invisible with practices that would be turned against us, as \\\"Macron... is counting on people going too far, so as to profit from a situation of fear.\\\" The Times reported that, in response to Ciotti's party refusing to support the motions, and that some Republican MPs may not follow their leader's decision, National Rally president Jordan Bardella was attempting to \\\"persuade more to follow suit by promising his party will not put up candidates against them if the crisis does lead to an election\\\". 20 March. Morning and afternoon. DW reported, on 18 March, that union leaders were anticipating that some airports would see nearly a third of flights cancelled on 20 March, owing to strike action. easyJet and Ryanair, both British airlines, warned passengers to expect disruption. Ryanair said it was \\\"expecting possible cancellations and delays on flights to and from France from 20 to 23 March.\\\" Eurostar announced that trains would run a normal service on 20 and 21 March, but there would be disruption to public transport in Lille on 20 March.In the morning, rubbish piles were set alight around the ring road in Rennes as part of a road blockade, with protesters also blockading waste collection points and the nearby Vern-sur-Seiche oil depot was blockaded. The road blockade was attended by a \\\"few hundred people\\\". It began at 6:30am, and led to \\\"over 15 miles of halted traffic around the city\\\". Police used tear gas and charged towards protesters who were on the road and in surrounding fields. Shortly before midday, it was announced they had all been lifted. However, a damaged road in Porte de Saint-Malo meant the speed limit was temporarily reduced to 70 kilometers per hour. Crisis24 said that industrial action at oil refineries was \\\"starting to impact fuel supplies\\\", with shortages of fuel at stations, \\\"particularly\\\" in Marseille and the south of the country. Sky News, on 17 March, stated that garbage collection strikes are set to continue until at least 20 March.SNCF has warned of \\\"disruption to intercity and regional train services\\\", with only two out of three trains running on several lines of Paris' RATP network. Crisis24 reported that such disruptions will continue until 23 March, when the national strike will exacerbate service provision.On 17 March, teachers' unions called for strikes in the following weeks, possibly disrupting the baccalaur\\u00e9at exams, which begin on 20 March. CFDT's Laurent Berger proclaimed that she wished for no disruption to the exams as they could just worsen the already-high stress levels of the students taking them.39% of TotalEnergie workers were on strike. Le Monde reported that half \\\"of filling stations lacked one or more fuels in the southeastern region of Provence Alpes C\\u00f4te d'Azur, requiring local authorities to limit sales until Thursday\\\", with prohibition on the filling of jerry cans, and \\\"many areas\\\" in the west of the country affected by the continued blockade, and closure, of the Donges refinery. As well as this, they quoted figures from the UFIP oil lobby that 7% of the country's petrol stations were affected by fuel shortages, (up from 4% prior to the weekend; and that only 5\\u20138 of 200 storage facilities were blocked) meaning \\\"people in major cities in particular would be \\\"suffering\\\"; this was worse in some areas, as in Marseille, \\\"around half of petrol stations are reporting shortages, with an estimated 40 per cent completely closed in Bouches-du-Rh\\u00f4ne\\\", and that \\\"the Paris region could be hit by shortages at the storage facility of Genevilliers, northwest of the French capital\\\". The \\\"collaborative website\\\" Penurie.mon-essence.fr said that approximately 986 fuel stations were \\\"plagued by partial shortages\\\", with 739 out of fuel \\\"completely\\\". Olivier Gantois, executive chairman of UFIP, said \\\"[t]here will only be a shortage if people continue to rush to fill up\\\", and that \\\"[i]f customers panic, logistics will fail and we will be out of supply\\\"; Le Monde added such comments were \\\"in belief that shortages are the sole result of preemptive purchases on the part of consumers\\\". No-confidence votes. Aftermath; evening. Spontaneous protests erupted throughout Paris. In the afternoon, those on the streets reacted to the results of the vote by chanting \\\"Macron d\\u00e9mission\\\" (\\\"Macron step down\\\"). In the evening, in Place Vauban, protesters gathered, chanting \\\"Macron resign!\\\" and \\\"Aux armes\\\" (Take up arms), with police \\\"push[ing] them back and blocked access to the square\\\". Barricades were erected along the Rue de Rivoli. In Paris, protesters burned objects such as rubbish bins and bikes.CNN reported \\\"heavy police presence across the capital as demonstrators moved between locations\\\", with AP quoting Paris police chief Laurent Nunez, who said the violence was \\\"caused by groups of up to 300 people quickly moving through the capital\\\". At least 70 people were arrested in Paris in the evening, which later rose to 234; most were arrested for setting rubbish strewn in the streets alight.. Reuters reported that \\\"[i]n some of Paris' most prestigious avenues, firefighters scrambled to put out burning rubbish piles left uncollected for days due to strikes as protesters played cat-and-mouse with police\\\" and \\\"[u]nions and opposition parties said they would step up protests to try and force a u-turn\\\". A CGT statement read that \\\"[n]othing undermines the mobilisation of workers,\\\" and called for workers to 'step up' industrial action and \\\"participate massively in rolling strikes and demonstrations.\\\" Nunez announced that an internal investigation would take place after footage of an officer punching a man walking backwards, causing him to fall to the ground, went viral on French social media.AP said that the protests that took place in cities across France were predominantly \\\"small\\\" and \\\"scattered\\\", with only some \\\"degenerating into violence\\\" late in the day. In Bordeaux, a predominantly-young group of 200\\u2013300 people chanted for Macron to resign. A \\\"couple\\\" of rubbish bins were set alight, with the gathered protesters chanting \\\"This will blow up\\\". Protests were also reported in Dijon, and in Strasbourg where protestors smashed a department store's windows. 287 people in total were arrested nationwide.The office of Prime Minister Borne announced late in the evening that she will \\\"directly submit the text of the new law to France's Constitutional Council for a review\\\", and that she hopes that \\\"all the points raised during the debates can be examined\\\"; referring, as France 24 says, to the challenges raised by some parliamentarians on the constitutionality of certain measures in the pension reforms. Opponents of the reforms on the left and far-right have submitted requests for review; only once the Constitutional Council has approved the bill can it be formally signed into law, and it can \\\"reject articles within the measure if they aren't in line with the constitution\\\", with those opposed saying the text \\\"as a whole should be rejected\\\"; Borne's office added that the referral was to \\\"accelerate the process\\\". Furthermore, she \\\"expressed the government's 'solidarity'\\\" towards the 400 police officers who were injured in recent days, with 42 alone overnight. The Constitutional Council has a month to \\\"consider any objections\\\" to the bill. 21 March. On 21 March, Macron announced he does not intend to dissolve the National Assembly for new elections, reshuffle the government, or call a referendum for \\\"a reform he considers necessary for the survival of the system\\\", nor intends to withdraw the reforms. This was reasserted by Prime Minister Borne and Labor Minister Dussopt in Parliament; additionally, Borne said the government would attempt to involve the public and unions in legislating more in future, though offered no details as to how, and the two both agreed they had \\\"devoted as much time to dialogue on the pension bill as possible\\\". Macron, instead, plans to use a TV interview on 22 March to \\\"calm things down\\\" and plan and prepare for further reforms to take place over the rest of his term in office. Reuters reported on 21 March of the unease within the parties that Macron is aligned, or close, to, and that the President should not be \\\"continuing business as usual amid violent protests and rolling strikes that represent the most serious challenge to the centrist president's authority since the \\\"Yellow Vest\\\" revolt\\\". Gilles Le Gendre, a senior Renaissance MP, said that \\\"the president, the government and the majority ... are all weakened\\\" and that \\\"it's not because the law was adopted that we can do business as usual\\\". Also of Renaissance, Patrick Vignal \\\"bluntly urged the president to suspend the pension reform bill\\\" due to \\\"the anger it has triggered, and its deep unpopularity\\\".Reuters quoted Eurointelligence analysts, who said Macron has two choices: \\\"[p]retending that nothing major happened and letting the crisis wear itself out, or pursuing co-habitation with the willing in the assembly. Given Macron's nature, we see him being more attracted to the first option. A risky bet.\\\"On 20 March, CNN reported that \\\"[a]uthorities in charge of civil air traffic asked airlines to cancel 20% of their flights on Tuesday and Wednesday, and Air France warned of flight cancellations in the upcoming days\\\".Police \\\"were sent in the early hours of Tuesday to unblock the oil terminal of Donges ... which had been occupied for a week by strikers. The Ministry of Energy Transition \\\"also announced the requisition of \\\"three employees per shift\\\" at an oil storage facility in Fos-sur-Mer\\\", due to \\\"worsening supply tensions\\\"; they clarified that \\\"[t]he requisition is valid for 48 hours as needed, starting March 21,\\\" and relates to \\\"personnel essential to the operation of the storage facility\\\"\\\".\\\"Hundreds\\\" of workers have blocked access to the gas depots in a town near Marseille, with strikes at multiple refineries across western and southern France, \\\"partially disrupt[ing]\\\" oil shipments. Striking workers clashing with police at ExxonMobil's Fos-sur-Mer oil refinery, as the Energy Transition Ministry announced it would need employees \\\"indispensable to the functioning\\\" of the depot to return to work. \\\"Scuffles broke out\\\", with protesters joining strikers in response to the news. Protestors attempted to block access to the site, some \\\"intermittently thr[owing] objects\\\" such as stones at police, which used tear gas to try to disperse the demonstrators. AP added that the depot supplies fuel for southeastern France gas stations, which are currently most afflicted by shortages; government spokesman Olivier Veran \\\"warned that more orders may follow in the coming days for other sites\\\". In Paris, police Paris announced they had ordered rubbish collectors back to work to \\\"ensure a 'minimum service'; this will cover 674 staff, with 206 garbage trucks resuming operation.The Guardian, in an article dated 21 March, detailed activity at a blockaded incineration plant in Ivry-sur-Seine, south of Paris. A \\\"crowd of students gathered to support the strikers\\\" at the depot, with only \\\"a slow dribble of very few rubbish trucks ... now passing each day\\\" there. The blockade has been ongoing since at least 14 March, with some strikers and their supporters having attended as early as 5am over the course of the action.In the morning, police had evacuated Paris 1 Panth\\u00e9on-Sorbonne University's Tolbiac campus, having been previously blockaded and barricaded by students (which has notorious precedent in that regard); an attendee mentioned that many young students there had spoken of their experiences of police violence. Outside the \\u00c9cole Duperr\\u00e9 art school, students had \\\"piled up a barricade of bins\\\", with signs saying that the decision to raise the retirement age \\\"would be met with a new May 1968\\\"; one student interviewed said she was too frightened of being the victim of police violence at night to demonstrate at that time of day. Skips were set alight during a protest in Rennes. 22 March. At lunchtime, Macron gave a televised interview, questioned by journalists from TF1 and France 2.  He called the reform not a \\\"luxury\\\" or a \\\"pleasure\\\", but a \\\"necessity\\\", and that he did not \\\"enjoy passing this reform\\\", and \\\"had a responsibility not to leave the issue alone despite its unpopularity\\\". Of the protests, he \\\"said protesters had a right to take to the streets and their anger had been taken into account, but it was not acceptable when they resorted to violence without any rules whatsoever\\\", and he insisted he had continued confidence in Prime Minister Borne, and regrets \\\"not succeeding in convincing people of the necessity of the reform\\\".The CGT and CFDT union heads responded; of the former, Philippe Martinez said that the interview was \\\"outlandish\\\", and \\\"had taken millions of protesters for fools in claiming his reforms were the only alternative\\\", and adding that \\\"[t]he best response we can give the president is to have millions of people on strike and in the streets tomorrow,\\\" while Laurent Berger of the latter accusing Macron of \\\"rewriting history and lying to hide his failure to secure a majority in parliament\\\", with specific regard to his comments unions had not offered an alternative to the bill. Berger was quoted as having \\\"scolded\\\" the president for \\\"for seeking to portray the pension dispute as a tussle \\\"between one responsible (man) and a group of irresponsibles\\\"\\\". Marine Le Pen said \\\"she would not play \\\"any part in putting out the fire\\\" as the president was the only one who had the keys to a political crisis he had himself created\\\", and, pointing out that the interview being broadcast during lunchtime news programmes mostly watched by pensioners \\u2013 which Reuters stated was \\\"the only demographic that is not dead set against the reform\\\" \\u2013 was an example of Macron's \\\"disdain for workers\\\", and how \\\"[h]e insults all French people, in general, all those who ... are protesting\\\".Striking workers briefly blocked trains during a demonstration at  Nice and  Toulouse.Additionally, it was reported that 13% of petrol stations are undergoing fuel shortages due to oil refinery blockades, and that \\\"almost half the pumps in the Bouches-du-Rh\\u00f4ne area of the south have run dry\\\". Unions also said that \\\"up to half of primary school teachers would go on strike as part of Thursday's day of action but demonstrations were continuing on Wednesday, including outside the southern port of Marseille-Fos\\\". News.com.au reported that \\\"[m]ajor fuel shortages are also impacting service stations across the country due to protesters blocking major locations, with the biggest nationwide protest on record for France recorded this week, with rallies held in more than 200 separate areas\\\". 23 March. CGT had announced on 16 March that the unions planned another day of strikes and demonstrations for 23 March, the ninth day of nationwide industrial action since the pension reform strikes began. The largest protest was expected to be in Paris, with demonstrators departing from Place de la Bastille at 2pm, marching through the city via Place de la R\\u00e9publique, and arriving at Place de l'Op\\u00e9ra at 7pm. Strike action. Public transport was severely impacted by strikes. Only two Paris metro lines were running normal service. By late morning, there was large disruption to rail services across France, with SNCF saying that only one-in-three regional TER trains and one-in-two TGV or Ouigo services running. At Gare de Lyon train station, several hundred unionists and strikers demonstrated on the railway tracks. An unofficial protest in front of Terminal 1 at Charles de Gaulle Airport blocked vehicle access. The Directorate General of Civil Aviation warned of disruption to flights at Paris-Orly, Marseille-Provence, Lyon and Toulouse. Around 30% of flights at Paris Orly Airport were cancelled, and flight services were expected to be reduced through the weekend.The Snuipp-FSU union said 40\\u201350% of primary school teachers were on strike, with strong walkouts anticipated in Paris and departments such as Bouches-du-Rh\\u00f4ne, Pyr\\u00e9n\\u00e9es-Orientales and Haute-Vienne. The Education Ministry stated that about 24% of primary and middle school teachers walked off the job, as well as 15% in high schools. Exam supervisors also went on strike, disrupting baccalaur\\u00e9at exams, with over half a million students impacted.Workers voted to strike at an LNG terminal in Dunkirk, reducing output to the minimum. Amid oil refinery and depot blockades, 14% of petrol stations were experiencing shortages of at least one type of fuel, with 7% dry. The impact varied nationwide, with reports suggesting that 40 out of 96 departments are affected, particularly in the north in Brittany and Normandy, as well as the Mediterranean coast. The government mandated minimum staffing at all depots.The entrance to Paris-Panth\\u00e9on-Assas University, widely considered the top law school of France, was barricaded; France 24 commented this was \\\"a sign of just how broad the protest movement has become\\\". Major tourist attractions such as the Eiffel Tower, the Arc de Triomphe and the Versailles Palace were closed to the public. Protests. The Independent claimed over \\\"12,000 police officers have taken positions in French streets with 5,000 in Paris, as authorities brace for the biggest strike action\\\".Numbers of demonstrators vary. The Interior Ministry said up to 1.08m took part in protests across France, with 119,000 in Paris; the latter is the highest number to have protested in Paris since the strikes and protests related to the reforms began in January. The CGT union, meanwhile, claimed 3.5m nationwide, and 800,000 in Paris.. Demonstrations in Paris began at the Place de la Bastille at 2pm local time. ITV News reported in the early afternoon that it was \\\"currently the site of a large demonstration\\\", and also that \\\"[h]uge crowds have started marching in the major cities of Marseille, Lyon, Paris and Nantes as more than 250 protests were organised across the country\\\".Philippe Martinez, head of the CGT union said that \\\"[t]here is a lot of anger, an explosive situation\\\" at the start of a rally in Paris, as Reuters claimed that union leaders had \\\"called for calm but were angry with what they called Macron's \\\"provocative\\\" comments\\\". Posters along the route of the demonstrations in Paris included those demanding a return to the retirement age of 60, and depicting Macron as Louis XVI. A heavy presence of \\\"[h]eavily armed riot police\\\" was reported. At around 2:40pm GMT, journalist Lewis Goodall claimed that \\\"[t]he main demonstration route [in Paris] is full [and so] they're now filing onto every side street\\\". He quoted the CGT union's claims that 800,000 were demonstrating in Paris. At around 4:05pm GMT, he tweeted that French TV were reporting 14 were arrested so far, presumably in Paris.. BBC News said \\\"the vast majority\\\" of protests \\\"passed off without violence\\\", but in the afternoon, \\\"violent clashes\\\" were reported to have \\\"broken out in parts of Paris\\\", riot police having used tear gas as 'black bloc' protesters were reported to have thrown fireworks, bottles and stones at police and set bins alight. Riot police were also observed using baton charges on the Grands Boulevards. At other times on the march, fires in the streets ignited some of the uncollected piles of rubbish, with some small fires \\\"visible from the junction of Rue Saint-Fiacre and Boulevard Poissonni\\u00e8re\\\".. Mid-afternoon, clashes between police and protesters in Paris had grown more intense. On the Boulevard Bonne Nouvelle, one BFMTV report said \\\"the atmosphere has changed completely\\\" and that \\\"[w]e didn't expect it to get out of hand so quickly\\\". BFMTV also reported that there were at least 350\\u2013400 'black bloc' protesters, using \\\"big\\\" fireworks, and at point targeting a Strasbourg-St Denis McDonald's restaurant. A reporter claimed that police are deploying tear gas to push back the crowds, but it was ineffective due to the large number of people attending the protest. The police estimated that there were 1,000 protestors engaged in violence.By 5pm local time, demonstrators in Paris had converged on the Place de l'Op\\u00e9ra. Firecrackers and bins set alight around Avenue de l'Op\\u00e9ra were reported. At around 5:20pm, it was reported that that police on motorbikes had arrived in the Opera area. Known as the Motos Brav-M, it is a \\\"controversial police unit\\\", as \\\"some have accused [them] of using excessive force\\\". They were \\\"booed and hissed\\\" at as they \\\"passed further away down Boulevard de l'Op\\u00e9ra\\\". By 6pm, \\\"most people [were] now dispersing\\\", but \\\"low-level clashes between police and small groups of rioters [who have] been throwing stones and starting fires\\\" persisted. Up to 5,000 security staff were put on duty in Paris for the day. 320 protests were planned across the country, with the biggest demonstrations in the southern towns of Marseille, Nice, and Toulon; in the former two, \\\"thousands of protesters\\\" demonstrated. Marseille's port was blockaded by demonstrators for a second consecutive day. In Lyon, \\\"hundreds of railway workers, students and others have taken to the tracks disrupting trains\\\". In Normandy, \\\"thousands\\\" turned out in Rouen, Caen, Le Havre and Dieppe. In Rouen, riot police used tear gas against some protesters throwing stones, and in Rennes, used both tear gas and water cannons as \\\"some masked protesters\\\" erected barricades\\\". In Nice, protesters converged on the city centre, before marching to the airport and forming a blockade.Yahoo! quoted local media that stated almost 10,000 were marching in Tours, where protesters blocked train tracks and caused disruption to train departures. Smoke was observed rising from burning debris that blocked traffic on a Toulouse highway, as \\\"wildcat strikes briefly blocked roads in other cities\\\". Police fired tear gas at protesters in Nantes, where also \\\"a group of activists stormed the administrative court\\\", and used water cannons in Rennes.. In Lorient, a local newspaper reported that projectiles were thrown into the yard of the police station, having \\\"triggered a brief fire\\\", with claims that multiple police officers had been \\\"violently attacked\\\". A local prefecture office also \\\"came under attack\\\" in the town, The Times claiming that activists \\\"sought to storm a government building and to set fire to the town's police station\\\". Interior Minister G\\u00e9rald Darmanin responded on Twitter: \\\"The attacks on and defacing of the subprefecture and the police station in Lorient are unacceptable. Thoughts with the injured officers. These acts cannot go unpunished.\\\"The Independent reported that a \\\"video on social media showed several trucks dumping tyres, rubbish and manure in front of council offices in several locations\\\", and \\\"[h]ighways were blocked with barriers of burning wood and tyres as protesters raised slogans\\\".The Palais Rohan in Bordeaux was set on fire by protesters, affecting the front door, though the fire was put out promptly by firefighters.. In the evening, Interior Minister Darmanin made a statement where he declared that there had been an attempt to kill police officers by some protesters. BBC News and France 24 claim he announced 123 police officers had been injured nationwide, while an independent journalist said he claimed 149 had been injured in Paris alone. In Paris, one officer was \\\"dragged to safety while unconscious, as he and his colleagues came under fire from fireworks and other missiles. The officer appeared to have been hit on the head\\\". In Rouen, a young woman was reported to have lost her thumb after hit by a 'flash ball' grenade used by police to try and disperse protesters \\u2013 Damien Adam, Renaissance MP for the area, \\\"says it's \\\"clearly unacceptable\\\" and he wants a police inquiry to find out what happened\\\" \\u2013 and police confirmed two officers were injured after missiles were thrown at them. LFI officials have \\\"complained that six protesters had been hurt by police tear gas and stun grenades and wants to know what orders officers were given\\\".Darmanin claimed over 80 people had been arrested so far. Shortages of firefighters in the evening meant that local residents themselves had to put out fires themselves; Darmanin claimed 140 fires needed to be put out in Paris, with 50 still burning at the time (approximately 8:30pm GMT).In the afternoon, union heads Berger and Martinez spoke out. Berger appealed for non-violence, for the \\\"respect of property and people\\\", for \\\"non-violent actions that don't handicap people's daily lives\\\". Martinez claimed Macron was blamed for the actions of protesters and demonstrators, saying he had \\\"thrown a can of petrol on the fire\\\". Hugh Schofield of BBC News said that unions and the left \\\"are calling the day a success, with once again a large turn-out of people showing their rejection of Macron's pension bill\\\". 28 March. On 28 March, a tenth day of protests was estimated at 740,000 attendees by the French government and 2 million by unions. Prime Minister Borne declined formal mediation, but agreed to talks with eight leading union leaders the following week, when an eleventh day of protest was planned. 6 April. The union leaders' meeting with Borne on 5 April ended after about an hour after both sides insisted that the pension reform must respectively be cancelled or remain. Union leaders exiting the meeting called for an eleventh day of protests to go ahead the following day. According to French authorities, between 600,000 and 800,000 demonstrators were expected, with 60,000 to 90,000 in Paris. According to the French Interior Ministry, 111 arrests were made and 154 police officers were injured. Protesters started a fire at Caf\\u00e9 de la Rotonde, one of Macron's favourite restaurants, and other protesters stormed the office buildings of BlackRock and Natixis Investment Managers. 14 April. On 14 April, the Constitutional Council delivered its verdict on the pension bill, declaring it to be compatible with the Constitution. Prior to the ruling being made public, French Prime Minister \\u00c9lisabeth Borne had said that the proposal was \\\"nearing the end of its democratic process,\\\" and said there were \\\"no winners or losers.\\\" Macron signed the bill later that same day. Labor Minister Olivier Dussopt said the government is already working hard to implement the changes by 1 September. Before the Constitutional Council's decision, Macron invited labour unions to meet with him. The unions rejected Macron's invitation, noting that he had refused their previous offers of a meeting, and called for mass new protests on 1 May, International Workers Day. 17 April. On 17 April, French President Emmanuel Macron vowed to a government action plan in the next 100 days to decrease anger over the pension reform. Macron had also acknowledged the anger over the increasing prices jobs that didn't \\\"allow too many French people to live well\\\". Macron also stated that he wanted the Prime Minister, \\u00c9lisabeth Borne, to take measure on work, law and order, education, and health conditions and issues. 19 April. During Emmanuel Macron's tour of France, protesters gathered in Muttersholtz, wearing CGT vests and held unwelcoming signs and banners, including one banner which threatened to cancel the upcoming 2024 Summer Olympics if Macron did not withdraw the pension reform. The protesters, who banged pots and pans in order to be heard, were pushed back by police in numerous locations across the country. 20 April. Continuing his tour, Emmanuel Macron was jeered by crowds in eastern France in S\\u00e9lestat, in Alsace. Locals chanted for Macron to resign and some heckled him. Macron noted that the incidents would not stop him from making visits across France. 1 May. After the calling for mass new protests on International Workers' Day, clashes erupted between protesters and security forces on 1 May. French President Emmanuel Macron was greeted with pot-bashing and jeers as he toured the country. During the tour, Macron thanked the French workers to their contributions to the nation, however he did not mention the ongoing protests. Effigies of Macron and Interior Minister G\\u00e9rald Darmanin were abused or burned across France, including the city of Strasbourg. In Paris, windows were broken at banks and estate agents, projectiles were thrown at law enforcement, including one who was hit with a Molotov cocktail, suffering severe burns to his face and hands. Tear gas was deployed by police officers in the cities of Toulouse and Nantes, and property damage occurred in Nantes, Lyon, and Marseille. That day, 2.3 million people protested according to the protest organizers, while 800,000 protesters were estimated by French authorities. 108 police officers were injured in the clashes, 19 seriously injured in Paris, and 291 protesters were arrested. 2 May. After the May Day protests, French trade unions on 2 May announced a new day of nationwide protests against Macron's pension reform, setting the future protests on June 6. The next round marks the 14th wave of protests since the signing of the reform. The government responded that it wanted to \\\"move on\\\" to other issues and stated that it will send invitations to the unions for talks, and that the government would use it to reaffirm their opposition to the pension reform and work on proposals to improve workers' conditions. 3 May. On 3 May, France's Constitutional Council rejected a second bid for pension referendum by political opponents. The council issued a statement stating that the proposed referendum failed the legal criteria, which was defined in the constitution, and it also failed to address the required reform regarding social policy. As a result, protests ensued, including some in the financial district of Paris. While the protests continued, Nasser Kanaani, spokesperson for the Iranian Foreign Ministry, called on the French government to refrain from violence against protesters. 8 May. While Macron celebrated Victory Day, law enforcement banned gatherings in Paris and Lyon. In Lyon, several streets were closed to traffic, public transportation was disrupted, and some parking was prohibited. Despite the restrictions, protests and bangs of pots and pans followed, in which authorities responded with tear gas being spread. Clashes also erupted at Montluc prison, where Macron paid tribute to a leading resistance figure, Jean Moulin, when protesters attempted to break through a riot police cordon, who were deployed to keep them away from the French president. 19 May. Hospital workers protested in front of Carlton Cannes Hotel on 19 May, violating the ban on protests throughout most of the city. 21 May. Dozens of protestors gathered in Gannes in the outskirts of Cannes Film Festival on 21 May. Local authorities ordered a ban on protests throughout most of the city. 6 June. 280,000 protesters marched on 6 June, while strikes forced Orly Airport to cancel one-third of its flights that day. Protesters also stormed the headquarters of the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris, briefly occupying the headquarters building, however no damage occurred. 11,000 law enforcement officers were deployed, including 4,000 in Paris. General impact and analysis. Concerns over increasing violence. Multiple outlets, including media and unions, have grown concern over the increasing use of violence in the protests, particularly in the days since the government invoked Article 49.3, with comparisons made to the Gilets jaunes (Yellow Vests) protests of the first years of Macron's presidency. On 19 March, The Guardian commented that as \\\"police brace[d] for a week of unpredictable, spontaneous protests in cities and small towns across France, the mood of anger was likened to the start of the gilets jaunes protests\\\". On 20 March, Reuters also voiced that the tone of the protests had deteriorated to, and were \\\"reminiscent\\\" to, that of the Yellow Vest protest in recent days. Euronews, on 21 March, claimed that \\\"government insiders and observers have raised fears that France is again heading for another bout of violent anti-government protests\\\". On 22 March, Reuters outlined that \\\"[p]rotests against the bill have drawn huge crowds in rallies organised by unions since January\\\", of which \\\"[m]ost have been peaceful, but anger has mounted since the government pushed the bill through parliament without a vote last week\\\"; \\\"[t]he past six nights have seen fierce demonstrations across France with bins set ablaze and scuffles with police\\\".France 24 commented that unions had been \\\"united in coordinating their protests\\\", but that \\\"many expressed fears they could lose control of the protests as more radical demonstrators set the tone\\\". Fabrice Coudour, a leading representative for the 'hard-left' CGT, commented that \\\"tougher action ahead, more serious and further-reaching\\\" was possible that could \\\"escape our collective decision-making\\\". Jean-Marie Pernot, a political scientist specialising in trade unions, said that a lack of \\\"respect [for] any of the channels meant for the expression of dissent, it will find a way to express itself directly\\\". One of the Yellow Vests' \\\"prominent spokesmen\\\", Jerome Rodrigues, spoke to protesters outside the National Assembly after the invoking of Article 49.3 on 17 March, that \\\"the objective was now nothing less than \\\"the defeat\\\" of the president.\\\"Head of the UNSA trade union federation, Lauren Escure, admitted that \\\"when there is this much anger and so many French people on the streets, the more radical elements take the floor\\\", and that it was not something they would want, but was inevitable, and \\\"will be entirely the government's fault,\\\" he told AFP. The heads of two 'moderate' unions, Cyril Chabanier of CFTC and Laurent Berger of CFDT, expressed that unions were concerned. Cabanier said that an impression that \\\"it is just violence that pays\\\" was being created, and that \\\"[t]here are some people who are very angry, [and] the anger leads to greater radicalisation and radicalisation unfortunately leads to violence\\\". Berger has been reported as having warned the government that protests could grow more violent if those protesting begin to feel that the Yellow Vests, in France 24's words, \\\"achieved more with violence than established unions with their peaceful, mass demonstrations\\\". Berger told RMC radio, alongside his demand for the reforms to be \\\"withdrawn\\\", that his union \\\"condemn[s] violence\\\", but added \\\"look at the anger. It's very strong, even among our ranks\\\".On 19 March, The Guardian reported that \\u2013 alongside the leader of the Republicans' office being vandalised \\u2013 other MPs from the party were \\\"receiving hundreds of threatening emails a day\\\". Fr\\u00e9d\\u00e9rique Meunier told BFMTV that \\\"[i]t's as if tomorrow they want to decapitate us\\\", and that the emails being received \\\"amounted to harassment\\\". The constituency offices of Renaissance MPs \\u2013 the party from which Macron originates \\u2013 were also targeted. BBC News's Paris correspondent, Hugh Schofield, on 22 March, said that the protests in recent days had been \\\"spectacular, sometimes, visually\\\" but \\\"not huge in terms of scale\\\" and \\\"mostly .. the work of very committed left-wingers, class-warrior types, who are leading the battle\\\". Natasha Butler of Al Jazeera said the violence in recent days was \\\"sporadic\\\". Waste collection strike. A strike by waste collectors began on 6 March, which included a blockade of the city's incinerators. Originally set to last nine days, it was extended by another five on 15 March. As of 15 March, \\\"bin lorries [were] grounded at depots and at least three waste incinerators in the Paris area [were] at a standstill\\\".The impact of the waste workers' strike has left thousands of tonnes of rubbish uncollected on the streets of Paris. On 17 March, it was estimated the amount was 10,000 tonnes, up from 7,600 earlier in the week. Interior Minister G\\u00e9rald Darmanin said that \\\"strikers were being forced back under emergency powers designed to safeguard essential services\\\", and from the morning of 17 March told RTL radio that \\\"requisitioning is working and bins are being emptied\\\", although this was disputed by an aide of Paris mayor Anne Hidalgo. Hidalgo has maintained her support for the strikers despite efforts by government to break it, with the deputy mayor in charge of waste, Colombe Brossel, commenting that \\\"any demand to force strikers back to work would be \\\"an attack on the constitutional right to strike\\\".\\\"Paris' municipal waste collectors started its strike and blockade of the city's incinerators twelve days earlier; the proposed pension reforms would raise their retirement age from 57 to 59. Waste collection in Paris is split around half-and-half between them and private companies, who remained in operation with some taking contracts to operate in areas worst hit by the strike action; such as the ninth district, whose mayor, Delphine Burkli, suggested \\\"calling in the army to clear the streets.\\\"Waste collection strikes also affected Antibes, Rennes, and Le Havre.On 18 March, the mayor of Paris' 12th district, Emmanuelle Pierre-Marie, said that the priority was food waste in the streets \\u2013 AP describing the \\\"uncollected garbage\\\" as having \\\"become a visual and olfactory symbol of the actions to defeat the president's pension reform plan\\\" \\u2013 \\\"because it is what brings pests to the surface\\\" and that they \\\"are extremely sensitive to the situation. As soon as we have a dumpster truck available, we give priority to the places most concerned, like food markets.\\\" It was claimed that police had \\\"requisitioned garbage workers to clean up some neighborhoods\\\".As of 19 March, Philippe Martinez from CGT had \\\"urged\\\" Paris collection workers to continue their now-two-week-long strike.The strike was suspended on 29 March due to declining participation, partly due to requisitions order by the Paris police. Actions of police (violent behaviour; outcome of arrests). Euronews reported that, of the 292 arrested after the protests on 16 March only nine were \\\"charged with actual offences\\\". Additionally, they have reported that many who just happened to be passing by were taken into custody, some without a \\\"clear reason why\\\", with French media reporting two Austrian children on a school trip were taken into custody after the 16 March protests, only released following intervention by the Austrian Embassy.. On 17 March, 60 people were taken into custody, with 34 cases closed, 21 with another result (such as a caution or warning), with just five ending up at trial. Coline Bouillon, a lawyer who represented some demonstrators, told Euronews that a large group of people who had been at a conference were \\\"rounded up\\\", police justifying the arrests for their \\\"participation in a group with a view to preparing violence\\\", or \\\"concealing their faces\\\"; they were remanded in custody for one to two days; she, among a group of lawyers, intend to \\\"file a collective complaint against the police for \\\"arbitrary detention\\\" and \\\"obstruction of the freedom to demonstrate\\\".\\\"Such \\\"arbitrary police custody\\\", \\\"mass-arrest\\\", tactics have been accused \\u2013 by politicians, judges and lawyers alike \\u2013 of being utilised \\\"simply to frustrate the protest movement\\\", it being perceived, through precedent (such as in the gilet jaunes protests), as a \\\"repression of the social movement\\\". This view was shared by a judges' union, the Syndicat de la Magistrature (SM), with Rapha\\u00ebl Kempf, a French lawyer in judiciary repression methods, commenting that it was the first time the government had used \\\"criminal law to dissuade demonstrators from demonstrating and exercising their freedom,\\\" said Rapha\\u00ebl Kempf, a French lawyer specialising in judiciary repression methods\\\". Fabien Jobard, research director at France's National Scientific Research Centre CNRS, said that a \\\"judicialisation of policing\\\" has taken place over the past 15 years, with specific reference to a 2010 law that created the offence of \\\"participation in a group with a view to committing violence or damage\\\"; its original remit of mitigating against 'gang violence' and at sporting venues has been expanded to protests and demonstrations.According to Le Monde critics are expressing concerns over the \\\"violent confrontations and the systematic use of arrests\\\" at rallies.On 20 March,  on television, police were seen momentarily firing tear gas and rushing at demonstrators in several cities, with special motorbike officers thrusting through protesters, which made Cl\\u00e9ment Voule, the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Association, respond on Twitter by stating that officers should avoid using disproportionate force.On 21 March, an Interior Ministry spokesperson commented that \\\"there are no unjustified arrests\\\", and people are questioned for \\\"offences which, in our eyes, are constituted\\\" and \\\"48 hours (of police custody) to try to process the offence is short\\\". AFP was told by a senior police source that instructions have not been given to conduct mass arrests, adding \\\"when high-risk profiles are arrested, they are no longer agitating others\\\"; another officer added that with such a high number of arrests, the \\\"manoeuvre is risky\\\", as they \\\"expose the workforce, monopolise officers\\\" and \\\"risk radicalising the demonstrators\\\".On 21 March, The Guardian reported that the \\\"police watchdog is investigating allegations that four young women in Nantes were sexually assaulted during police controls at a demonstration last week\\\". On 23 March, British journalist Lewis Goodall, covering the demonstrations in Paris, reported that police were \\\"on pretty brutal form\\\" \\u2013 stating a member of his team had been targeted by police despite asserting they were press \\u2013 and were also throwing their stun grenades with \\\"abandon\\\". During the protests of the 23 March, hundreds of officers were injured across France. However, as BBC News wrote, protesters were also injured by police stun grenades, and the Council of Europe declared that there was no justification for \\\"excessive force\\\" by authorities. Political ramifications. Macron's proposal to raise the retirement age from 62 to 64 has been compared to former President Nicolas Sarkozy's 2010 reform that raised the retirement age from 60 to 62, which also led to massive strikes and protests across France. Public opinion polling analysis has shown that Sarkozy's push for reform played a role in driving voters to both the Socialist Party and the far-right National Front in the 2012 presidential election.One author of a paper in academic journal West European Politics tweeted a screenshot of the results of a study that showed executive approval has historically fallen after no-confidence votes, and linked it to what the impact of invoking Article 49.3 could be. The Guardian touched on political dissatisfaction, comparing the protests to that of the gilet jaunes, which \\\"were initially against fuel tax rises but evolved to encompass a wider lack of trust in the political system\\\". Antoine Bristielle, from the Fondation Jean-Jaures think tank, opined that the invoking of Article 49.3 could be \\\"perceived as a symbol of brutality\\\" and could \\\"erode support both for the government and democratic institutions\\\". Hypothetical alternatives. Many theorised that in the aftermath of the pension reforms controversy, Macron would fire Prime Minister Borne, such as \\\"to try and reset his image\\\", while prominent figures of opposition parties suggested using a referendum, and put the decision to implement the reforms to voters.Prior to the no-confidence votes (which failed and thus the pension reforms entered into law), France 24 outlined the alternatives. They contended that the votes were likely to fail, even the one tabled by the centrist group LIOT which was most likely to attract transpartisan support \\u2013 unless enough members of the Republicans broke ranks and voted in favour (which did not happen) \\u2013 and the potential consequence of the National Assembly being dissolved and fresh elections being triggered (which Macron has at his disposal regardless) was also unlikely. Failure of the no-confidence votes leaves attempts to hold a referendum as one other option, known as a r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rendum d'initiative partag\\u00e9e (a shared-initiative referendum, or RIP); it requires the support of one-fifth of both the National Assembly and Senate, as well as the signatures of a tenth of the electorate, which need to be collected within nine months. However, it was pointed out that the triggering of an 'RIP' would need to have been done \\\"before the enactment of the law\\\"; yet, according to St\\u00e9phane Peu, deputy of the Communist Party Deputy, NUPES has had the support of the necessary 185 National Assembly members since 14 March, two days before the invoking of Article 49.3; he said his bill would include language that stated \\\"the retirement age cannot exceed 62\\\". The Times, on 19 March, wrote that the process being started would lead to the pension reforms being unable to be introduced until the referendum took place, \\\"thwarting Macron's plans to start bringing in the changes from September and casting a shadow over the government's other work.\\\"Furthermore, it was announced that members of NUPES would appeal to the Constitutional Council; a deputy of the LIOT group said on 14 March that had the bill passed by vote in the National Assembly, \\\"several appeals\\\" would have been made. France 24 said that NUPES would \\\"argue that the reform, which was inserted into the social security budget, is a legislative rider, since the text addresses more than just finances\\\", and that \\\"[l]eft-wing deputies intend to rely on the opinion of France's Conseil d'\\u00c9tat (Council of State), which had warned the government of a risk that certain measures in its pension reform plan, as well as the plan's lack of clear calculations, were unconstitutional\\\".On 21 March, Macron declared he would not dissolve the National Assembly or call a referendum on the reforms. Postponement of Charles III's state visit. On 3 March, it was announced that King Charles III and Queen Camilla, would visit France between 26 and 29 March. However, in the week leading up to the scheduled visit, many news organizations began to report that the King's visit could be disrupted by the ongoing protests.The optics for the trip were criticised. The author of a biography of the late Queen Elizabeth II, Stephen Clarke, said it was \\\"very bad timing\\\", and that while the people of France would \\\"normally ... welcome a British king\\\", \\\"in this moment, people protesting are on high alert for any sign of privilege and wealth\\\"; Associated Press (AP) commented that \\\"what was meant to be a show of bonhomie and friendship ... instead ... is being seen as an unnecessary display of hereditary privilege\\\". He added that the King and Queen Consort's plans to attend a \\\"lavish dinner at the former royal residence, the Versailles Palace\\\", \\\"does not look good\\\", and \\\"seems very 1789\\\". Associated Press clarified that the \\\"lavish Versailles, once the dazzling center of royal Europe, is a potent symbol of social inequalities and excess\\\". The Daily Telegraph reported that the banquet, intended to take place on 27 March, could be cancelled or moved.EELV MP Sandrine Rousseau called for the trip to be cancelled, asking if \\\"the priority [is] really to receive Charles III at Versailles? Something is taking place within French society... the priority is to go and talk to society which is rising up.\\\"On 23 March, Associated Press reported how the CGT's members at Mobilier National (the institution in charge of providing flags, red carpets and furniture for public buildings) \\\"would not help prepare a Sunday reception for the king upon his arrival in Paris\\\"; in response, the \\u00c9lys\\u00e9e Palace said \\\"non-striking workers would set up the necessary accoutrements for the trip\\\". On 23 March, unions called for their tenth day of nationwide action for 28 March, coinciding with the last full day of the state visit.On 24 March, at the request of the French Government, the state visit was postponed. Macron reportedly decided it would no longer be feasible or appropriate for the visit to take place once unions announced the tenth day of national walkouts on the 28 March, during the state visit. \\u00c9ric Ciotti, leader of the Republicans said the cancellation brought \\\"shame on our country\\\", while M\\u00e9lenchon was of an opposing mood, \\\"delighted\\\" that the \\\"meeting of kings at Versailles\\\" had been broken up, and that \\\"the English knew that France's interior minister was pathetic on security\\\". The visit was rescheduled for some time in the summer, \\\"when things calm down again\\\". International reactions. Iran condemned what it called France's repression of protests. Iranian Foreign Minister Hossein Amir-Abdollahian said \\\"We call on the French government to respect human rights\\\" and further added \\\"instead of creating chaos in other countries, listen to the voice of your people and avoid violence against them.\\\"France's Human Rights League has accused the authorities of disproportionate and dangerous use of public force, undermining citizens' right to protest. The league's president said \\\"The authoritarian shift of the French state, the brutalisation of social relations through its police, violence of all kinds and impunity are a major scandal.\\\"Rights groups and independent bodies, including the National Consultative Commission on Human Rights, have criticized French police for resorting to excessive force and for making preventative arrests that could amount to arbitrary deprivation of liberty. The French Defender of Rights noted on March 21 that \\\"this practice may induce a risk of disproportionately resorting to custodial measures and fostering tensions.\\\" Human Rights Watch told AFP it was very concerned about \\\"what appears to be abusive police practices.\\\"According to Reporters Without Borders, several \\\"clearly identifiable\\\" journalists were assaulted by security forces during the demonstrations.On March 20, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Association warned French authorities that \\u201cpeaceful demonstrations are a fundamental right that the authorities must guarantee and protect. Law enforcement officers must facilitate them and avoid excessive use of force.\\u201dThe Council of Europe condemned France's crackdown on protests and warned that sporadic acts of violence could not justify \\\"excessive use of force by agents of the state.\\\"White House National Security Council spokesman John Kirby stated \\\"We support the right of people to protest and to express their opinions\\\" when asked about the situation in France.Dimitris Koutsoumpas, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Greece, attended a rally in Paris on 23 March; in a statement from Bastille Square, expressing his solidarity with the \\\"struggle of the French people ... against anti-labor policies, against the anti-popular choices\\\" utilised by both the French and the Greek governments in order to ensure the working people \\\"finally win\\\" and \\\"pave the way for their own interests and not the interests and profits of the few.\\\" The International Anthem was played over loudspeakers, with the railway workers and trade unionists being spoken to offering him a \\\"Friends of the Paris Commune\\\" handkerchief. \", \"title\": \"2023 French pension reform unrest\", \"qa_pairs\": \"[{'Q': 'Because of what structure or system, pension reforms in France may help tackle goverment budget shortfalls?', 'A': 'Pay-as-you-go System.', 'type': 'comprehension_and_reasoning', 'S': ['France\\\\'s pension system is largely built on a \\\"pay-as-you-go structure\\\"; both workers and employers \\\"are assessed mandatory payroll taxes that are used to fund retiree pensions\\\". This system, \\\"which has enabled generations to retire with a guaranteed, state-backed pension, will not change\\\".', 'The pay-as-you-go system \\u2013 raising the retirement age would help to further finance, as life expectancy increases and more start work later \\u2013 would have a surplus of \\u20ac3.2bn in 2022, but the government\\\\'s pensions advisory board (COR) forecast that it would \\\"fall into structural deficits in coming decades unless new financing sources are found\\\".']}, {'Q': 'Why could Marine Le Pen file a no-confidence motion in the government?', 'A': 'Bacausend Macron invoking the Article 49.3 to Force the pension reform Through Bills Without A Vote which Triggers A Proviso That Allows For No-Confidence Motions To Be Filed In The Government.', 'type': 'comprehension_and_reasoning', 'S': ['Marine Le Pen announced she would file a no-confidence motion in the government,[79] describing the use of Article 49.3 as \\\"an extraordinary confession of weakness,\\\"[78] \\\"a total failure for the government\\\", and that Borne should resign.', 'Article 49.3 of the French Constitution allows governments to bypass the National Assembly and force through bills without a vote. However, invoking it triggers a proviso that allows for no-confidence motions to be filed in the government.']}, {'Q': 'In which places did police use tear gas against protestors on 18 March?', 'A': 'Paris, Bordeaux and Nantes.', 'type': 'multiple_information_retrieval', 'S': ['On 18 March, it was announced protests in Paris were banned on the Place de la Concorde, opposite parliament, as well at the Champs-\\u00e9lys\\u00e9es.......Barriers used to block the streets[95] and bottles were thrown at riot police,[18] who utilised tear gas and water cannons to disperse protesters. 81 arrests were made in the vicinity.', 'Police also used tear gas against protesters who started a fire in Bordeaux,[99][100] as BFMTV showed demonstrations in major cities such as Marseille, Compiegne, Nantes (where around a thousand protested),[18] Brest,[25] and Montpellier,[95] with around 200 protesting in Lodeve in the south of France.', 'In the afternoon in Nantes, protestors threw bottles at police, who also responded with tear gas;[96] in spite of this, DW described the protests in Nantes, as well as Marseille and Montpellier, as \\\"mostly peaceful marches\\\",[95] as did the AP.']}, {'Q': \\\"What might be the reasons why Macron's pension reform is substantially unpopular?\\\", 'A': '1. Reforms Do Not Adequately Tackle The Disadvantage Women Are At Within The Workforce.\\\\n2. The Reforms Will Hit The Working-Class And Those Who Work In Manual Jobs Disproportionately.\\\\n3. It is argued that The Government Is Prioritizing Businesses And People Who Are Highly Paid Over Average Laborers.', 'type': 'comprehension_and_reasoning', 'S': ['It has been suggested that the reforms do not adequately tackle the disadvantage women are at within the workforce, who usually retire later than men and with pensions 40% lower in comparison, attributed to more part-time work and maternity leave.', 'As well as this, it has been argued the reforms will hit the working-class and those who work in manual jobs disproportionately.', 'Those opposed to the reforms argue \\\"the government is prioritizing businesses and people who are highly paid over average laborers\\\",[27] and have \\\"disputed the need for urgency\\\", The New York Times saying they contest that \\\"Macron is attacking a cherished right to retirement and unfairly burdening blue-collar workers because of his refusal to increase taxes on the wealthy\\\".']}, {'Q': \\\"According to the Interior Ministry, what's the difference of the number of protestors between 16 February and 14 March?\\\", 'A': '440,000 On 16 Feb and 480,000 on 14 March.The number of protestor had increased by 40000 protestors.', 'type': 'computation', 'S': ['On 14 March, The Guardian reported that \\\"French unions have called for a show of force with a final day of strikes and protests in the run-up\\\" the vote on the reforms in the National Assembly, which would be the eighth day of national mobilisation sofar. Transport Minister Cl\\u00e9ment Beaune said \\\"there would be disruption to public transport and flights, but it was unlikely to be a \\\"Black Wednesday\\\"\\\", with \\\"not ... the same level of disruptions as with previous mobilisations\\\".[16]......There were conflicting numbers of the strength of the protests; the Interior Ministry reported 480,000 marched throughout the country, with 37,000 in Paris, while CGT counted 1.78m and 450,000 respectively.', 'On 16 February, protesters joined fresh rallies and strikes. Unions said some 1.3 million people participated nationwide Thursday, the lowest figure since the protest movement started on January 19. The interior ministry put the national figure at 440,000, down from nearly a million on Saturday (11 Feb).']}, {'Q': 'How was Macron linked to Louis XVI in the protest?', 'A': '1. Threaten the Macron to resign on Twitter video.\\\\n2. Depicting Macron As Louis XVI in posters.', 'type': 'comprehension_and_reasoning', 'S': ['Posters along the route of the demonstrations in Paris included those demanding a return to the retirement age of 60, and depicting Macron as Louis XVI.', 'On Twitter, a clip of protesters gathered at the Place chanting \\\"we decapitated Louis XVI and we can start again, Macron\\\" went viral,[90] with protesters also, more generally, calling for Macron to resign.']}, {'Q': \\\"What Is The 'Yellow Vest Protest Also Called?\\\", 'A': \\\"The Yellow Jackets Protests, The 'Yellow Vest Revolt' or Gilets jaunes Protests.\\\", 'type': 'multiple_information_retrieval', 'S': ['N 20 March, Reuters Also Voiced That The Tone Of The Protests Had Deteriorated To, And Were \\\"Reminiscent\\\" To, That Of The Yellow Vest Protest In Recent Days.', \\\"Le Journal Du Dimanche Reported That Macron's Approval Ratings Hit A Low Comparable To The Yellow Jackets Protests.\\\", 'Reuters Reported On 21 March Of The Unease Within The Parties That Macron Is Aligned, Or Close, To, And That The President Should Not Be \\\"Continuing Business As Usual Amid Violent Protests And Rolling Strikes That Represent The Most Serious Challenge To The Centrist President\\\\'s Authority Since The \\\"Yellow Vest\\\" Revolt\\\".']}, {'Q': 'How long did it take from threatening to cancel the upcoming 2024 Summer Olympics to storming the headquarters of the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris', 'A': '51 days.', 'type': 'computation', 'S': [\\\"During Emmanuel Macron's tour of France, protesters gathered in Muttersholtz, wearing CGT vests and held unwelcoming signs and banners, including one banner which threatened to cancel the upcoming 2024 Summer Olympics if Macron did not withdraw the pension reform.\\\", '280,000 protesters marched on 6 June, while strikes forced Orly Airport to cancel one-third of its flights that day.[175] Protesters also stormed the headquarters of the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris, briefly occupying the headquarters building, however no damage occurred.11,000 law enforcement officers were deployed, including 4,000 in Paris.']}, {'Q': 'Reorder the timeline of below events:\\\\n1. Guardian Reported Sexually Assault.\\\\n2. Nunez Announced taking place An Internal Investigation.\\\\n3. A Young Woman Was Reported To Have Lost Her Thumb.', 'A': '2,1,3', 'type': 'timeline_reorder', 'S': ['Nunez announced that an internal investigation would take place after footage of an officer punching a man walking backwards, causing him to fall to the ground, went viral on French social media.', 'On 21 March, The Guardian reported that the \\\"police watchdog is investigating allegations that four young women in Nantes were sexually assaulted during police controls at a demonstration last week\\\".', 'In Rouen, a young woman was reported to have lost her thumb after hit by a \\\\'flash ball\\\\' grenade used by police to try and disperse protesters \\u2013 Damien Adam, Renaissance MP for the area, \\\"says it\\\\'s \\\"clearly unacceptable\\\" and he wants a police inquiry to find out what happened\\\" \\u2013 and police confirmed two officers were injured after missiles were thrown at them.']}, {'Q': \\\"How long did take from King Charles's visit was announced to it was postponed?\\\", 'A': '21 days(from 3 March to 24 March).', 'type': 'computation', 'S': ['On 3 March, it was announced that King Charles III and Queen Camilla, would visit France between 26 and 29 March.', 'n 24 March, at the request of the French Government, the state visit was postponed.']}, {'Q': 'What organizations condemned the France authority for overuse police forces?', 'A': \\\"France's Human Rights League, Rights Groups And Independent Bodies such as National Consultative Commission On Human Rights, The United Nations Special Rapporteur On Freedom Of Association and The Council Of Europe.\\\", 'type': 'multiple_information_retrieval', 'S': [\\\"France's Human Rights League has accused the authorities of disproportionate and dangerous use of public force, undermining citizens' right to protest.\\\", 'Rights groups and independent bodies, including the National Consultative Commission on Human Rights, have criticized French police for resorting to excessive force and for making preventative arrests that could amount to arbitrary deprivation of liberty.', 'On March 20, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Association warned French authorities that \\u201cpeaceful demonstrations are a fundamental right that the authorities must guarantee and protect. Law enforcement officers must facilitate them and avoid excessive use of force.\\u201d', 'The Council of Europe condemned France\\\\'s crackdown on protests and warned that sporadic acts of violence could not justify \\\"excessive use of force by agents of the state.\\\"']}]\", \"output\": \"None\"}\n{\"input\": \" Tectonic setting. Geology. Central southern Turkey and northwestern Syria are affected by the interaction between three tectonic plates; the African Plate, Arabian Plate and Anatolian Plate. The boundary between the African and Arabian plates is represented by the Dead Sea Transform (DST)\\u2014a major zone of left-lateral strike-slip fault\\u2014it accommodates the relative northward movement of Arabia with respect to Africa. The northern end of the DST truncates at the East Anatolian Fault (EAF) another major left-lateral strike-slip fault zone that accommodates the overall westward movement of the Anatolian Plate as it is extruded in that direction by the northward movement of the Arabian Plate. The DST and EAF meet at the Marash Triple Junction. The EAF continues west of the triple junction, forming the boundary between the African and Anatolian plates, linking into the Cyprus arc to the west via the Latakia Ridge.The 700 km-long (430 mi) EAF is subdivided into seven segments, from the northeast; the Karl\\u0131ova, Il\\u0131ca, Palu, P\\u00fct\\u00fcrge, Erkenek, Pazarc\\u0131k and Amanos segments. The Amanos segment is also considered part of the DST by some geologists, or a transitional structure between the EAF and DST by others. A northern strand to the EAF has also been recognized, including the S\\u00fcrg\\u00fc, \\u00c7ardak, Savrun, \\u00c7okak, Toprakkale, Yumurtal\\u0131k, Karata\\u015f, Yakap\\u0131nar and D\\u00fczi\\u00e7i\\u2013\\u0130skenderun segments. The estimated slip rate on the main strand of the EAF system decreases south-westwards from 10 mm (0.39 in) per year on the Karl\\u0131ova segment down to 2.9 mm (0.11 in) per year on the Amanos segment. On the northern strand, a slip rate of 2.5 mm (0.098 in) per year was estimated on the \\u00c7ardak segment. The S\\u00fcrg\\u00fc-\\u00c7ardak Fault is an east-west striking 160 km (99 mi) long fault that runs north of the EAF. Comprising two segments; the S\\u00fcrg\\u00fc Fault runs 70 km (43 mi) between \\u00c7elikhan and Nurhak; the \\u00c7ardak Fault runs 90 km (56 mi) between Nurhak and G\\u00f6ksun. Seismicity on the fault is low\\u2014the only associated earthquake was a M 6.8 event in 1544.The northern part of the DST is subdivided into several segments, although there is some disagreement between scientists as to which faults should be assigned to the DST and which to the EAF, at the northernmost end of the structure. Following the 2013 \\\"Active Fault Map of Turkey\\\", seven DST segments are recognized in Turkey and neighbouring parts of Syria; the Afrin, Sermada, Armanaz, Hac\\u0131pa\\u015fa, Yesemek, Sak\\u00e7ag\\u00f6z and Narl\\u0131 segments. Seismicity. The EAF has produced large or damaging earthquakes in the past few hundred years along various segments, including the 1789 (M 7.2, Palu), 1795 (M 7.0, Pazarc\\u0131k), 1866 (M 7.2 Karl\\u0131ova), 1872 (M 7.2, Amanos), 1874 (M 7.1, Palu), 1875 (M 6.7, Palu), 1893 (M 7.1, Erkenek), 1971 (M6.6, Karl\\u0131ova) and 2020 (Mw\\u202f6.8, P\\u00fct\\u00fcrge) events. Other large historical earthquakes have been tentatively assigned to segments of the EAF, such as the 1114 and 1513 Marash earthquakes, both thought to have ruptured the Pazarc\\u0131k segment.The Palu and P\\u00fct\\u00fcrge segments in the east display a recurrence interval of about 150 years for M 6.8\\u20137.0 earthquakes. The Pazarc\\u0131k and Amanos segments in the west have recurrence intervals of 237\\u2013772 years and 414\\u2013917 years, respectively, for M 7.0\\u20137.4 earthquakes. A research paper published by Earth and Planetary Science Letters in 2002 studied stress accumulation and increased seismic hazard along the East Anatolian Fault. The study concluded two sections of the fault with considerably high potential for future earthquakes. One of these sections was in Elaz\\u0131\\u011f and Bing\\u00f6l, located between the rupture zones of the 1874 and 1971 earthquakes. The seismic gap ruptured during a Mw\\u202f 6.1 earthquake in 2010. The 2020 Mw\\u202f 6.8 earthquake ruptured to the southwest between the 1893/1905 and 1874 earthquakes. Another seismic gap was located in Kahramanmara\\u015f\\u2014this 103 km (64 mi) long section\\u2014according to the study, believed to last rupture in 1513 has the potential to produce magnitude 7.3 earthquakes.Large earthquakes on the northern part of the DST include events in 115, 526, 587, 1138, 1170 and 1822, which resulted in several tens of thousands to several hundreds of thousands of fatalities. Earthquake sequence. The first and largest earthquake in the sequence struck at 01:17 UTC. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) and Global Centroid Moment Tensor (GCMT) measured it at Mww\\u202f7.8 and Mw\\u202f7.8, respectively. GEOSCOPE reported Mw\\u202f8.0 and Kandilli Observatory (KOERI) reported Mw\\u202f7.7 and ML\\u202f7.4. It had an epicenter at 37.166\\u00b0N 37.032\\u00b0E\\ufeff / 37.166; 37.032, 34 km (21 mi) west of Gaziantep in Gaziantep Province, which is near the border with Syria. The earthquake hypocenter was at a depth of 10.0 km (6 mi) according to USGS and 5 km (3 mi) according to KOERI. The shock had a focal mechanism corresponding to strike-slip faulting.It is one of the strongest ever recorded in Turkey, equivalent in magnitude to the 1939 Erzincan earthquake (Mw\\u202f7.8). These earthquakes are surpassed only by the larger estimates for the 1668 North Anatolia earthquake. Globally it was the strongest recorded since August 2021. Both earthquakes are the largest and only observed to occur on land and within a short span of time. At 10:24 UTC, an earthquake measuring Mww\\u202f7.5 according to USGS, Mw\\u202f7.6 according to KOERI, or Mw\\u202f7.7 according to Geoscope and the GCMT, struck with an epicenter near Ekin\\u00f6z\\u00fc, 95 km northeast of the M7.8 event. It had a depth of 7.4 km (5 mi) according to the USGS, 5 km (3 mi) by KOERI, and 13 km (8 mi) by Geoscope.A reevaluation of the earthquakes using long-period coda moment magnitude obtained moment magnitudes of Mw\\u202f 7.95 \\u00b1 0.013 and Mw\\u202f 7.86 \\u00b1 0.012, respectively. These earthquakes were the largest Turkish earthquakes in over 2,000 years. Aftershocks. Over 570 aftershocks were recorded within 24 hours of the Mw\\u202f7.8 earthquake and over 30,000 recorded by May 2023. An aftershock measuring Mww\\u202f6.7 occurred about 11 minutes after the mainshock. There were 25 aftershocks Mw\\u202f4.0 or greater recorded within six hours of the main tremor, according to the USGS. More than 12 hours later, the USGS had reported at least 54 aftershocks of 4.3 or greater magnitude, while the Turkish Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency (AFAD) recorded at least 120 total aftershocks. A Mww\\u202f6.3 aftershock struck near Uzunba\\u011f in Hatay Province on 20 February; the earthquake was the result of oblique-normal faulting. The Mw\\u202f 7.8 earthquake had aftershocks distributed along ~350 km (220 mi) of the EAF.The Mw\\u202f7.7 earthquake triggered its own aftershock sequence, including two mb 6.0 aftershocks. Aftershocks of the second earthquake continued through at least 9 Feb. Thousands of aftershocks associated with this earthquake were distributed along an east-west trend corresponding to the \\u00c7ardak Fault for about 170 km (110 mi). Seismology. A source model for the Mww\\u202f7.8 earthquake produced by the USGS from observed seismic waves, taking into account preliminary rupture mapping from satellite data, uses three fault segments with individual lengths, widths, strikes and dips of >40 km (25 mi) \\u00d7 30 km (19 mi), 028\\u00b0/85\\u00b0 (Segment 1), >175 km (109 mi) \\u00d7 30 km (19 mi), 060\\u00b0/85\\u00b0 (Segment 2) and >160 km (99 mi) \\u00d7 20 km (12 mi), 025\\u00b0/75\\u00b0 (Segment 3). The mainshock produced a maximum slip of 11.2 m (37 ft) along Segment 2, beneath Sakarya in Kahramanmara\\u015f Province, northeast of the junction where it meets Segment 1. Another zone of large slip estimated at 4.96 m (16.3 ft) occurred further northeast along Segment 2, northwest of Ad\\u0131yaman.The USGS source model for the Mw\\u202f7.7 earthquake which struck nine hours later has three large fault segments with individual lengths, widths, strikes and dips of >70 km (43 mi) \\u00d7 >20 km (12 mi), 276\\u00b0/80\\u00b0 (Segment 1), >40 km (25 mi) \\u00d7 >20 km (12 mi), 250\\u00b0/80\\u00b0 (Segment 2) and ~80 km (50 mi) \\u00d7 >20 km (12 mi), 060\\u00b0/80\\u00b0 (Segment 3). Maximum displacement occurred on Segment 1 at 11.4 m (37 ft).Three segments of the EAF were involved in the Mw\\u202f 7.8 rupture; the Amanos, Pazarc\\u0131k and Erkenek segments. The earthquake ruptured ~370 km (230 mi) of the EAF, producing a maximum slip of 9 m (30 ft) along the Pazarc\\u0131k segment. The northern end of the rupture was about 20\\u201330 km (12\\u201319 mi) south of the Mw\\u202f 6.8 earthquake that struck in 2020. This section of the EAF, the P\\u00fct\\u00fcrge segment, between both earthquakes, may represent a seismic gap. The southern segment of the EAF rupture was at its termination, near Antakya. Slip peaked at 12 m (39 ft) from the surface to 7 km (4.3 mi) depth during the Mw\\u202f 7.7 earthquake; slip was 11 m (36 ft) at the surface. Slip along the fault was compact\\u2014mostly confined to within the \\u00c7ardak Fault; it was also shallower\\u2014attenuating from 8\\u201312 km (5.0\\u20137.5 mi). Slip during the Mw\\u202f 7.8 event extended to 18 km (11 mi) and 12 km (7.5 mi) for the Mw\\u202f 7.7 event. The Mw\\u202f 6.4 aftershock that struck Antakya on 20 February had a rupture area of 25 km (16 mi) \\u00d7 25 km (16 mi) and produced a peak slip of 0.93 m (3 ft 1 in) at 8.3 km (5.2 mi) depth.Preliminary analysis of the effects of stress changes caused by the M7.8 earthquake on the \\u00c7ardak\\u2013S\\u00fcrg\\u00fc Fault, based on the USGS fault model, indicated up to 3 bars of added stress near the epicenter of the M7.7 shock, sufficient to trigger rupture on that zone, assuming that is was already close to failure. Stress on the Hatay Fault, source of the 20 February Mw\\u202f 6.4 aftershock, increased by 1 bar following the 6 February earthquakes. Rupture propagation. Preliminary analysis based on seismology and observations of surface rupture suggest the following sequence of events: initial rupture at the site of the epicenter of the M7.8 shock on the Narl\\u0131 Fault, the northernmost section of the Dead Sea Transform. The fault ruptured unilaterally northwards until it reached the Pazarc\\u0131k segment of the East Anatolian Fault. Ruptures then continued bilaterally to the northeast and southwest along this segment. This subevent on the Narl\\u0131 Fault corresponded to a Mw\\u202f 7.0 earthquake which ruptured for 20 seconds. It had a focal mechanism corresponding to oblique-normal faulting. A preliminary analysis of near-field (within 1 km (0.62 mi) of the fault rupture) seismic records indicates that the initial rupture speed transitioned to supershear after propagating about 19.5 km (12.1 mi) away from the epicenter along the Narl\\u0131 Fault before it reached the EAF. Back projection suggest the total rupture length was ~560 km (350 mi).The rupture continued northeast onto the Ekernek segment and to the southwest onto the Amanos segment. The northeastern rupture ceased 55 seconds after initiation while the southwestern rupture ceased near Antakya about 80 seconds later. A Mw\\u202f6.8 aftershock occurring 11 minutes later and west of the first M>7 epicenter may have ruptured along the Sak\\u00e7ag\\u00f6z Fault, the next segment of the Dead Sea Transform to the south. Rupture along the EAF during the event occurred at subshear velocity (maximum 3.2 km (2.0 mi) per second). An analysis of near-field seismic data revealed transient supershear rupture episodes throughout the EAF rupture. Supershear rupture occurred along the northernmost section of the Narl\\u0131 Fault where it meets the EAF. The rupture transitioned onto the EAF and propagated northeast at supershear velocity until its termination near Malatya. Rupture towards the southwest was mostly subshear, but at the southern termination in Hatay, where the fault has multiple branches and kinks, supershear was likely observed. Supershear rupture at the southern termination contributed to the intense ground motion in Antakya.The second M>7 earthquake initiated on a separate fault known as the \\u00c7ardak\\u2013S\\u00fcrg\\u00fc Fault Zone, part of the northern strand of the East Anatolian Fault. The rupture propagated bilaterally along the \\u00c7ardak segment, continuing eastwards onto the S\\u00fcrg\\u00fc segment before continuing eastwards to Malatya along the northeast\\u2013southwest trending Do\\u011fan\\u015fehir Fault Zone. Rupture also propagated towards the southwest along the \\u00c7ardak segment. The total rupture length was estimated at 160 km (99 mi). The westward-propagating rupture occurred at supershear velocity (maximum 4.8 km (3.0 mi) per second) while the eastward-propagating rupture occurred at subshear velocity (maximum 2.8 km (1.7 mi) per second). The rupture lasted about 35 seconds.The Mw\\u202f 6.4 aftershock on 20 February occurred along the Hatay Fault. The focal mechanism indicated normal faulting along a northeast-southwest striking fault. Surface rupture. The extent of surface ruptures associated with the M7.8 and M7.7 earthquakes have been mapped using a mixture of satellite imagery and ground observations. Pixel matching on images captured by Sentinel-1 before and after the earthquakes showed sharp discontinuities in displacement, revealing two separate zones of surface rupture. The longer of the pair, produced by the first earthquake, measured 320 km (200 mi) while the second earthquake produced 150 km (93 mi) of surface rupture. These observations were backed up with direct imaging of the ruptures using other satellite data, such as from the DigitalGlobe's WorldView-1, 2 & 3 and GeoEye-1, and by field work. Remote sensing using satellite imagery indicated 30 km (19 mi) of surface rupture with large normal faulting component.. The zone of surface rupture extended from north of Antakya, Hatay Province towards Pazarc\\u0131k, Kahramanmara\\u015f Province and G\\u00f6lba\\u015f\\u0131, Ad\\u0131yaman Province. Surface ruptures continued north of these cities. Surface rupture occurred in the Amik Valley. The westernmost part of Hatay Airport was damaged by surface ruptures but cracks in the runway were attributed to ground deformation. A major canal was damaged and lead to flooding in parts of the Amik Valley which was formerly Lake Amik. Field observations indicate a maximum displacement of 7.3 m (24 ft) on the surface. Geologists traced a 15 km (9.3 mi) surface rupture trending south from Pazarc\\u0131k with an offset of 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in). From Golbasi to Nurda\\u011f\\u0131 ground displacements were up to 5 m (16 ft). The surface rupture observed during the M7.8 earthquake was unusually large, comparable to that during the 1906 San Francisco earthquake along the San Andreas Fault.Large surface offsets of 6\\u20138 m (20\\u201326 ft) were observed along the S\\u00fcrg\\u00fc-\\u00c7ardak Fault. The largest offset was measured along a road west of G\\u00f6zp\\u0131nar; the rupture displaced the road left-laterally for 8.6 m (28 ft). Ground motion. Ground acceleration values recorded in some areas near the fault rupture were in excess of 1 g. Three USGS seismic installations, two at Antakya and one at Hassa, recorded large ground accelerations and velocities. The town of Hassa recorded 0.9082 g in ground acceleration (pga) and 215.34 cm/s (84.78 in/s) in ground velocity. The station data corresponded to a Modified Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme). A peak ground acceleration of 1.62 g was recorded by a station at Fevzipa\\u015fa. The peak ground acceleration generally exceeded 0.5 g in a large area around the epicenter, near Adiyaman and a large part of Hatay. High pga values of 2 g were recorded in Hatay. The maximum recorded pga was 2.212 g at a station in Pazarc\\u0131k Belediyesi Park\\u0131, Pazarc\\u0131k; a government health facility nearby had sparce damage but the surrounding town was devastated. The maximum recorded pga during the Mw\\u202f 7.7 earthquake was 0.59 g at G\\u00f6ksun.According to Kandilli Observatory, the maximum Mercalli intensity (MMI) of the mainshock was estimated to have reached MMI XI\\u2013XII (Extreme) in Antakya and near the epicenter. MMI XI (Extreme) or higher was observed along the fault rupture from the epicenter to Antakya. The MMI also reached IX\\u2013X (Violent\\u2013Extreme) in Kahramanmara\\u015f and \\u0130skenderun, VIII\\u2013IX (Severe\\u2013Violent) in Malatya and Ad\\u0131yaman, VII\\u2013VIII (Very strong\\u2013Severe) in Gaziantep, Kilis, Idlib and Aleppo, and VI\\u2013VII (Strong\\u2013Very strong) in Adana and \\u015eanl\\u0131urfa. The maximum MMI of the second earthquake was X (Extreme). Geological effects. Liquefaction was identified via satellite and remote sensing along the southern portion of the Mw\\u202f7.8 rupture on the East Anatolian Fault from Antakya to Golbasi. Liquefaction and lateral spreading were observed at and near coastal areas, fluvial valleys and drained lake or swamp areas, covered by Holocene sediments. These effects were widespread in the Amik Valley and Orontes River plain, north of Antakya, Hatay Province. Limited observations were made in high-elevation areas due to snow cover and lack of satellite observations.  Liquefaction was also observed in Samanda\\u011f. At Lake G\\u00f6lba\\u015f\\u0131, Ad\\u0131yaman Province, lateral spreading occurred along the northern, eastern and southern coast. Parts of the lakeshore were also submerged. G\\u00f6lba\\u015f\\u0131 was also damaged by liquefaction and lateral spreading.. Subsidence due to lateral spreading caused extensive damage in \\u0130skenderun. Liquefaction produced sand ejecta that buried Atat\\u00fcrk Boulevard in \\u00c7ay District. Regular flooding in the city was observed after the earthquakes. Earlier flooding may be attributed to liquefaction while subsequent occurrences may be due to damage to the coast and water infrastructure. The sea inundated parts of the city by as much as 200 m (660 ft). Large areas of the coast and sections of piers were flooded due to lateral spreading. Large waves from bad weather and a tsunami may have contributed to the effects observed at \\u0130skenderun.Despite an epicenter 90 km (56 mi) inland, a tsunami was recorded in the Mediterranean Sea. Small tsunami waves were recorded off the coast of Famagusta, Cyprus, without damage. The tsunami measured 0.17 m (6.7 in), and tsunami waves were recorded at 0.12 m (4.7 in) at \\u0130skenderun and 0.13 m (5.1 in) at Erdemli. Tsunami warnings were issued for the southern Turkish coast, southern and eastern Italian coasts and the whole eastern Mediterranean Sea area, but later withdrawn. Damage and casualties. In Turkey. There were 50,783 deaths, 297 missing and 107,204 injured across 11 of the 17 affected provinces of Turkey. At least 15.73 million people and 4 million buildings were affected. About 345,000 apartments were destroyed. More than 2 million residents in the affected provinces were evacuated to nearby provinces including Mersin, Antalya, Mardin, Ni\\u011fde and Konya. More than 20 percent of Turkey's agriculture production was affected. The United Nations said crops, livestock, fisheries, aquaculture and rural infrastructure were heavily damaged. At least 516 university buildings were affected, of which 106 were heavily damaged.By 23 February 2023, the Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change conducted damage inspections for 1.25 million buildings; revealing 164,000 buildings were either destroyed or severely damaged. A further 150,000 commercial infrastructure were at least moderately damaged. The International Organization for Migration estimated over 2.7 million people were made homeless. A damage assessment by the Turkish government revealed at least 61,722 buildings had to be demolished including 11,900 in Gaziantep Province, 10,900 in Hatay Province, 10,800 in Kahramanmara\\u015f Province and 28,914 in Malatya Province. Broad fissures appeared on roads. During recovery efforts, body parts were often found in the rubble.. In Adana, 12 buildings collapsed in the city center, 23 were badly damaged and 120 were moderately damaged. Three apartments were among the buildings that collapsed in the city. Across Adana Province, damage assessments revealed 59 buildings and 1,274 apartments were destroyed or required demolition.At least 300 buildings were razed in Malatya. Sixty percent of the city's buildings received damage. Nearly every neighborhood of the city was affected by collapsed buildings. Out of the 968 mosques in the city, 25 were destroyed and 420 others were damaged. Two hotels collapsed in Malatya, causing many casualties. The ceiling of Malatya Erha\\u00e7 Airport experienced a partial collapse, as did the historic Yeni Camii mosque. Damage was also reported at the Arslantepe Mound. In Ak\\u00e7ada\\u011f, 11 people died, including four attributed to the second earthquake. At least 263 deaths were reported in Do\\u011fan\\u015fehir.In Gaziantep, many of the historical sites were severely damaged, such as Gaziantep Castle, \\u015eirvani Mosque and Liberation Mosque. The city recorded 16,211 collapses and buildings which were severely damaged or required demolition. In the city center, at least 154 people died after a four-story building collapsed; four other collapsed buildings left another 102 dead. In Nizip, at least 51 people were killed when a six-story apartment building collapsed.In Nurda\\u011f\\u0131, nearly 2,500 people died and about 50 percent of the houses were badly damaged or destroyed. An additional 30 percent of its building stock received moderate damage. Mass graves were created to bury the overwhelming number of dead. Gaziantep O\\u011fuzeli Airport was forced to restrict its service to rescue flights. Ninety percent of houses were heavily damaged or destroyed in Sak\\u00e7ag\\u00f6z\\u00fc, and 256 people died. In \\u0130slahiye, there were 1,368 deaths, over 1,500 injuries and more than 200 destroyed apartments. There were over 130 deaths in Suluma\\u011fara; 200 in Alt\\u0131n\\u00fcz\\u00fcm; and 300\\u2013400 in Kek\\u00fckl\\u00fc.. In Hatay Province, 13,517 buildings collapsed, 8,162 required demolition and 67,346 were heavily damaged. The districts of Antakya, K\\u0131r\\u0131khan and \\u0130skenderun were the most affected. In Antakya, 70 percent of homes and 6,369 buildings collapsed, 3,734 had to be demolished and 21,830 were badly damaged. The collapse of the luxury R\\u00f6nesans Rezidans apartment trapped an estimated 800 people and killed 750 residents. The runway of Hatay Airport was split and uplifted, causing flight cancellations. The Ankara Metropolitan Municipality completed repairs on the airport on 12 February, allowing its reopening. Two provincial hospitals and a police station were destroyed, and a gas pipeline exploded. The building that housed the assembly of Hatay State was destroyed, as was St. Paul's Church and the Habib'i Neccar Mosque, while damage occurred at the Antakya Synagogue and the Hatay Archaeology Museum. Several dozen buildings in G\\u00fczelbur\\u00e7 district and nearly every house in the central and Cebrail districts collapsed. Most of the squad and coaching staff of the local football club Hatayspor were initially trapped in the collapse of their headquarters in Antakya before being rescued, with player Christian Atsu and sporting director Taner Savut dying. In K\\u0131r\\u0131khan District, 1,886 buildings collapsed and 7,190 others were severely damaged or required demolition. At least 982 buildings were destroyed, 8,894 others were badly damaged and 943 had to be demolished in Defne. In Reyhanl\\u0131, 318 buildings collapsed and 1,661 others were severely damaged or required demolition. At least 187 buildings collapsed, 2,176 others were badly damaged and 194 others had to be demolished in Arsuz. In Kumlu, 131 buildings were destroyed, 738 others were severely damaged and 84 others required demolition. At least 58 buildings collapsed and 669 others were badly damaged or had to be demolished in Payas.. In \\u0130skenderun, an industrial city in Hatay Province, a large fire at the port was reported on 6 February at 17:00, believed to have originated from a container carrying flammable industrial oil, forcing the port's closure and the diversion of many ships. It was extinguished on 6 and 8 February, only for it to reignite the next day each time. It was finally extinguished on 10 February. A total of 3,670 containers were destroyed by the fire and the port managing authority said it would take three months for operations to resume. The city saw 534 buildings collapse, 337 requiring demolition and 4,622 receiving severe damage. Flooding occurred along the city shoreline, inundating streets up to 200 m (660 ft) inland. The Cathedral of the Annunciation, seat of the Roman Catholic Apostolic Vicariate of Anatolia, was almost completely destroyed. At least 3,109 people died in the city and over 12,000 were injured. In Erzin District, 31 buildings collapsed and 897 were heavily damaged or had to be demolished. However, there were no collapses or major damage in Erzin, the largest town in the district. Multiple factors including strict building codes prevented destruction. An estimated 20,000 people fled to Erzin, increasing its population by about 50 percent. In Samanda\\u011f, 670 buildings collapsed, 9,212 were badly damaged or required demolition and 7,850 people died. At least 1,046 buildings collapsed and 3,452 others were severely damaged or had to be demolished in Hassa District. In Alt\\u0131n\\u00f6z\\u00fc, 838 buildings were destroyed, 3,892 others were badly damaged and 650 others required demolition. There were 213 collapsed buildings and 1,453 others had been severely damaged or had to be demolished in Yaylada\\u011f\\u0131. At least 139 buildings collapsed, 755 others were badly damaged and 87 others had to be demolished in Belen. In D\\u00f6rtyol, 115 buildings were destroyed and 2,030 others had to be demolished or were severely damaged.. Mass burials occurred in Kahramanmara\\u015f for more than 5,000 bodies. A city official said the mass grave would eventually be the burial ground for 10,000 bodies. Around 75 percent of the city's buildings were damaged or destroyed. In Elbistan, 924 people died and 1,825 were injured. An estimated 2,000 buildings were destroyed. At Ordekdede, a village in Pazarcik District, almost all single-story buildings were decimated. None of the 140 houses in the village were structurally stable. Thirty-four people died in the village. At least 11 people died, 107 houses were destroyed and 70 percent of the building stock were damaged in Ekin\\u00f6z\\u00fc. In Af\\u015fin, at least 180 people died. At least 335 buildings including 90 in the city center were destroyed. The Af\\u015fin-Elbistan Thermal Power Plant was also damaged. In Ericek, a village in G\\u00f6ksun, 95 percent of homes were affected and 152 died. In Nurhak, there were around 200 deaths and all houses were severely damaged. In T\\u00fcrko\\u011flu, 1,171 buildings collapsed and 4,500 others required demolition.. In Ad\\u0131yaman Province, over 20,000 buildings and 56,600 apartments were destroyed. In the city of Ad\\u0131yaman, four neighborhoods were razed. Many buildings along Atat\\u00fcrk Boulevard collapsed. The city hall, a 6th-century mosque and G\\u00f6lba\\u015f\\u0131 District's state hospital were also destroyed. Isias Hotel, the largest hotel in the city, also collapsed, killing 65 people. Up to 10 percent of Ad\\u0131yaman's population perished. The mayor of K\\u00f6m\\u00fcr said the Karap\\u0131nar and Bah\\u00e7elievler neighborhoods were nearly destroyed. Destruction was also observed in Barbaros, \\u00c7elikhan, S\\u00fcmerevler and Karap\\u0131nar districts. In Harmanl\\u0131, a village in G\\u00f6lba\\u015f\\u0131 District, 80\\u201390 percent of it was destroyed. The second earthquake destroyed three buildings in the province. In G\\u00f6lba\\u015f\\u0131, 71 percent of the town's infrastructure was damaged or destroyed and 695 people were killed with over 400 injured, including 286 deaths in the town center. There were also 410 deaths in Besni District, about 90 percent of them in the town itself. In K\\u00e2hta, at least 55 people died.In Diyarbakir Province, 8,086 buildings were damaged, required demolition or were destroyed. Diyarbak\\u0131r Fortress, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, was also partly destroyed. The adjacent World Heritage Site of Hevsel Gardens was also damaged. Part of the Galeria complex in Yeni\\u015fehir, which included a shopping mall and dozens of apartments collapsed, killing 89 and injuring 22.. At least 466 buildings were heavily damaged in \\u015eanl\\u0131urfa Province; 201 were destroyed. Structures around the Pool of Abraham were damaged. The minaret at the religious shrine partially collapsed, sending rubble into the pools below and discoloring the water, which was also contaminated by seeping sewage. In Eyy\\u00fcbiye District, the minaret of the Ey\\u00fcp Prophet Mosque was damaged and removed. Thirty-three people were killed in the collapse of the Osman A\\u011fan Apartment.In Osmaniye Province, of the 22,841 buildings surveyed, 1,739 were heavily damaged, destroyed or required urgent demolision. At least 1,088 of the 13,667 buildings examined in Merkez District were destroyed, seriously damaged or needed to be demolished.In Kilis Province, 119 buildings were destroyed and 138 others were heavily damaged. In Batman Province, 218 buildings were damaged, and an additional 15 were completely destroyed. In Mardin Province, 59 buildings were heavily damaged and another 190 were slightly damaged and a death related to a heart attack occurred in K\\u0131z\\u0131ltepe District. In Bing\\u00f6l Province, several houses cracked and some livestock were killed by collapsing barns. In Samsun, damage occurred in Samsun Stadium. In Kayseri Province, eight buildings collapsed, while 5,252 others were damaged to some extent. Several houses were damaged and a barn collapsed in Mu\\u015f Province. In Sivas Province, the second earthquake destroyed a few houses. In Giresun Province, a five-story building was damaged and evacuated. An unoccupied apartment in Elaz\\u0131\\u011f was damaged and later collapsed during the second earthquake.Among the dead included member of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey for Ad\\u0131yaman Yakup Ta\\u015f, Yeni Malatyaspor goalkeeper Ahmet Ey\\u00fcp T\\u00fcrkaslan, former Turkish national handball team player Cemal K\\u00fctahya and his five-year-old son, and Saul Cenudio\\u011flu, leader of the Jewish community in Antakya, who died along with his wife. Former MP for Kahramanmara\\u015f S\\u0131tk\\u0131 G\\u00fcven\\u00e7 died from earthquake injuries on 9 February. Three Turkish soldiers died during rescue operations. Twenty-six local journalists, four doctors, 120 police officers and 32 gendarmeries were among the dead. In Syria. At least 8,476 people died and over 14,500 were injured in Syria. Among the dead included 2,153 children and 1,524 women. The Syrian Ministry of Health recorded over 2,248 earthquake-related deaths and 2,950 injuries in government held areas, most of which were in the governorates of Aleppo and Latakia. In rebel-held areas, at least 4,547 people died and 2,200 others were injured. The Syrian Network for Human Rights stated 73 medics, five media personnel, 62 workers in humanitarian agencies, and four civil defense personnel were among the dead. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said additional dead were buried before being registered and some victims died in hospitals. Syria's National Earthquake Centre said the earthquake is \\\"the biggest earthquake recorded\\\" in its operational history.An estimated 5.37 million people across Syria may have been made homeless, while 10.9 million people, nearly half of Syria's population, were affected. More than 123 residential areas, villages, towns and cities were badly damaged. Many power plants, water facilities, hospitals and public infrastructure also sustained damage. At least 453 schools were damaged. A total of 10,600 buildings had partially or fully collapsed, while thousands of others were damaged in the country.Hundreds were killed in the towns of Jindires and Atarib. In Jableh, at least 283 people died, 173 were injured and 19 buildings collapsed. Four bodies were recovered and 15 bodies were in the process of recovery during debris clearance on 10 February. On 11 February, six bodies were retrieved from the rubble of a collapsed house along al-Maliyeh Street. Civilians were stuck under the rubble for hours due to the lack of rescue teams in several villages such as Atarib, Besnia, Jindires, Maland, Salqin and Sarmada. In Latakia Governorate, 142,000 people were affected; at least 805 people died and 1,131 others were injured. The region's governor said 105 buildings were destroyed, 247 were at risk of collapse and 900 others were severely damaged. At Tishreen University, 10 students, 3 employees and a professor died. At least 48 people were killed in Hama, of which 43 were from the collapse of an eight-story building.The Associated Press, citing local residents, said the Afrin Dam had cracked. On 9 February at 04:00, the dam burst and flooded the village of Al-Tloul, which was exacerbated by heavy rains along the Afrin River basin. Nearly all its residents fled; about 500 families were displaced. According to Reuters, citing local residents, between 35 and 40 people died and most buildings in Al-Tloul were damaged or destroyed by the earthquake. In Atarib, 148 bodies arrived at an underground hospital. A doctor at the hospital said some bodies were missing their head or limbs. Various archaeological sites in Tartus Governorate were damaged, including the Khawabi Castle and Aleika Castle, which partially collapsed. Damage to historical towers and infrastructure were also reported in Tartous and Safita.The president of the Syrian American Medical Society, Amjad Rass, said emergency rooms were packed with injured. In Idlib Governorate, one hospital received 30 bodies. In the village of Azmarin, Idlib Governorate, at least 260 people died, including 51 members of one family; at least 300 were injured and 100 were rescued. Fifteen buildings in the village were leveled and about 50 percent of its housing stock had cracks. Footballer Nader Joukhadar, who played for the national team, was killed alongside his son when their home collapsed in Jableh.. According to the International Rescue Committee, the earthquake struck when rebel-held areas were preparing for a blizzard and experiencing a cholera outbreak. In Aleppo, dozens of buildings collapsed and at least 444 people died, including 163 children. By 8 February, the bodies of 210 victims were returned to their families. The Directorate-General of Antiquities and Museums said various archeological sites across the city were extensively cracked or collapsed. Cracks were also reported in the outer fa\\u00e7ade of the Aleppo National Museum. In Atarib, Aleppo, the Syrian American Medical Society hospital said 120 bodies were recovered. About 20,000 homes were affected in Aleppo, leaving 70,000 homeless. In Rajo, the doors and walls of a prison facility cracked. Twenty prisoners, believed to be Islamic State (ISIS) members, escaped the facility.In Damascus, many people fled from their homes onto the streets. In the northern parts of the city, many buildings were cracked. Many buildings in Syria had already been damaged by an almost 12-year-long civil war. The Crusader-built castle Margat suffered damage, with part of a tower and parts of some walls collapsing. Cracks also opened up in the walls of the Krak des Chevaliers castle. The Citadel of Aleppo was also affected. In addition, one of the towers of Sahyun Castle near Latakia was destroyed, meanwhile all others were in danger. The minaret of the Grand Mosque in Koban\\u00ee was also damaged. In Jindires, over 1,100 people were killed and at least 250 buildings were razed; among the deaths were a family of 7\\u2014the only survivor was a newborn.. Destruction in Aleppo, Syria Foreign casualties. At least 6,600 Syrians residing in Turkey were killed. According to Turkey's Presidency of Migration Management 1.75 million Syrians live in southern Turkey; 460,150 in Gaziantep; 354,000 in Antakya; 368,000 in \\u015eanl\\u0131urfa; 250,000 in Adana. Turkey's health ministry returned the bodies of 1,793 Syrian victims to their relatives in Syria, while thousands of Syrians were buried in Turkey due to difficulties transporting them to Syria. At least 11 Iraqi war refugees died in Turkey.Most Afghans killed in Turkey were refugees who fled the country after the Taliban takeover in August 2021. Among the deaths of Lebanese was an entire family of three in Malatya. Ten Azerbaijanis were killed in Turkey, including four students in Malatya. An Italian family of six, and an entrepreneur also perished. Nineteen students, two teachers and a parent from Northern Cyprus died when a hotel in Adiyaman collapsed. Seven other Turkish Cypriots died in Hatay and Kahramanmara\\u015f. Effects in other countries. In Lebanon, residents were awakened from their sleep. Buildings in the country shook for up to 40 seconds. In Beirut, residents fled their homes and stayed in streets or drove in their vehicles to flee from buildings. The earthquake damaged 16,200 buildings across the country, including 10,460 in Beirut and 4,000 in Tripoli.In Ashdod, Israel, a building was evacuated after cracks were observed in a pillar, and Champion Motors Tower in Bnei Brak was slightly damaged by the second earthquake. In Nicosia, Cyprus, some windows cracked, and the wall of a house collapsed, damaging two nearby vehicles. Six Cuvier's beaked whales were found dead along the island's northern coast on 10 February. The Department of Fisheries and Marine Research said there was a possible link between the beaching and earthquake as these whales' echolocation system are affected by sea disturbances.The European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre said shaking was felt in Armenia, Egypt, Palestine, Georgia, Greece, Iraq, Jordan, Israel, and Russia. In Iraq, minor damage occurred in some houses and buildings in Erbil, and the city's citadel was severely damaged. In Egypt, tremors were strongly felt in the capital Cairo, and is considered the strongest earthquake felt since 1975. A 20 m (66 ft) crack appeared in the Corniche in Alexandria. Aftershocks. On 20 February, a Mww\\u202f6.3 aftershock struck near Antakya, causing additional buildings to collapse in Samanda\\u011f and further damage in Antakya. Six people died in Antakya, Defne and Samanda\\u011f. At least 562 were injured including 18 in serious condition who received immediate medical attention before being taken to Adana and D\\u00f6rtyol. AFAD warned residents to stay away from the coast as there was potential for a tsunami of up to 50 cm (20 in). The mayor of Hatay said several people were trapped under debris. A bridge was damaged and an empty three-story building in \\u0130skenderun collapsed. In Syria, five people died during stampedes and panic across several governates and at least 500 people were injured. The White Helmets said people in Aleppo and Idlib were injured by collapsed buildings. Some residents in Jinderis were injured after leaping off buildings. In northwestern Syria, damaged and abandoned buildings collapsed without casualties. Shaking was felt in Lebanon, Egypt and Jordan.A Mww\\u202f5.2 aftershock occurred on 27 February, near Ye\\u015filyurt. It collapsed about 30 buildings in the town. Two people died and 140 others were injured; 12 in serious condition. One fatality and four injuries were attributed to a factory collapse in Kahramanmara\\u015f Province. Estimations of losses. The USGS Prompt Assessment of Global Earthquakes for Response (PAGER) service estimated a 35 percent probability of economic losses between US$10 billion and US$100 billion. There was a 34 percent probability of economic losses exceeding US$100 billion. The service estimated a 36 percent probability of deaths between 10,000 and 100,000; 26 percent probability of deaths exceeding 100,000. For the second large earthquake, there was a 46 percent probability of deaths between 1,000 and 10,000; 30 percent probability of deaths between 100 and 1,000. The service also estimated a 35 percent percent probability of economic losses between US$1 billion and US$10 billion; 27 percent probability of economic losses between US$10 billion and US$100 billion.Risklayer estimated a death toll of between 23,284 and 105,671. According to geophysics professor, \\u00d6vg\\u00fcn Ahmet Ercan, \\\"180,000 people or more may be trapped under the rubble, nearly all of them dead.\\\" On 11 February, when the death toll was reported at about 28,000, United Nations emergency relief coordinator Martin Griffiths said the death toll was expected to \\\"more than double\\\". The World Health Organization said up to 26 million people may have been affected; 15 million in Turkey and 11 million in Syria.Immediately after the earthquakes the Turkish lira value struck a record low of 18.85 against the US dollar, but rebounded to its starting position at the end of the day. Turkish stock markets fell; main equities benchmark fell as much as 5 percent and banks fell 5.5 percent but recovered from the losses. The country's main stock market dropped 1.35 percent on 6 February. The Borsa Istanbul fell 8.6 percent on 7 February, and declined by more than 7 percent on the morning of 8 February before trading was suspended; the exchange then announced it would close for five days. Total cost of earthquake damage in Turkey was estimated by T\\u00dcRKONFED at $84.1 billion US dollars; $70.75 billion on rebuilding, $10.4 billion loss in national income, and an additional $2.91 billion loss in workforce. Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan said rebuilding would cost $105 billion. The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development said potential losses may be up to 1 percent of Turkey's GDP in 2023. The Turkish government released a preliminary report estimating the total damage cost at $103.6 billion; corresponding to 9 percent of its GDP in 2023. About half of residential property in the affected area is thought to be covered by Compulsory Earthquake Insurance.. The United Nations Development Programme estimated between 116 million and 210 million tons of debris must be cleared in Turkey. The volume of building debris was estimated at 100 million m3 (3.5 billion cu ft); greater than any recent natural disaster. The amount is 10 times that produced during the 2010 Haiti earthquake.In Syria, the World Bank estimated $5.1 billion in damages, excluding economic impact and losses. Nearly half the cost was direct damage to residential buildings and 18 percent on infrastructure. Aleppo Governate, the worst-affected governate, accounted for 45 percent of the damage cost (equivalent to about $2.3 billion), followed by Idlib and Lattakia governates. The amount of destroyed or damaged capital stock was about 10 percent of Syria's GDP. The World Bank estimated the reconstruction cost at $7.9 billion, additionally the economy may contract by up to 5.5 percent in 2023. Aftermath in Turkey. In the immediate aftermath, thousands were trapped under rubble when buildings collapsed. Many people were missing in collapsed buildings. Survivors trapped under rubble livestreamed their pleas for help on social media. Some trapped survivors shared their location on social media which allowed rescuers to reach them. People who lost contact with their relatives also sent pleas on social media. Several tens of thousands of people across the region were left homeless and spent the night in cold weather. Officials had plans to open hotels in Antalya, Alanya and Mersin to temporarily accommodate the affected population. Authorities were slammed by residents in Hatay Province, who criticized the insufficient search and rescue efforts. Hatay Airport's runway was heavily damaged, making rescue efforts challenging. On 7 February, authorities said 1,846 people in the province have been rescued.. Mosques in Turkey were used as shelters for people unable to return to their homes amid freezing temperatures. In Gaziantep, people sought refuge in shopping malls, stadiums, community centers, and mosques. Nearly 250,000 displaced persons resided in schools across Malatya Province. At least 24 mobile kitchens from vocational schools in the province were distributed across the affected areas.Several Turkish humanitarian institutions such as Ahbap from Haluk Levent, the Turkish Philanthropy Funds (US-based), and Turkish Red Crescent (besides other IFRC members around the world) also launched emergency appeals to help the victims.. Turkish Airlines said it would provide free flights from the provinces of Adana, Ad\\u0131yaman, Gaziantep, Kayseri, Diyarbak\\u0131r, \\u015eanl\\u0131urfa, Malatya, Elaz\\u0131\\u011f and Kahramanmara\\u015f. The Disaster and Emergency Management Authority opened an invitation for citizen volunteers to help with rescue efforts in the affected area. Thousands of volunteers arrived at Istanbul Airport. Bilal Ek\\u015fi, CEO of Turkish Airlines, said it has flown 11,780 volunteers on 80 flights to Adana, Gaziantep, Adiyaman and \\u015eanl\\u0131urfa. Pegasus Airlines said it evacuated 30,771 people from the affected area on 169 flights between 6 and 9 February. Between 6 and 11 February, Turkish Airlines said it evacuated 139,438 people from the affected area on 790 flights. It carried 7,833 members of search and rescue and aid groups to the affected area on 1,595 flights. Search and rescue. President Recep Tayyip Erdo\\u011fan said on Twitter, \\\"search and rescue teams were immediately dispatched\\\" to the affected area. Interior Minister S\\u00fcleyman Soylu urged residents to refrain from entering damaged buildings. On 7 February, President Erdo\\u011fan declared a 3-month state of emergency in the 10 affected provinces: Adana, Hatay, Osmaniye, Kahramanmara\\u015f, Gaziantep, Kilis, \\u015eanl\\u0131urfa, Ad\\u0131yaman, Malatya and Diyarbak\\u0131r.The national government declared a level four alert to appeal for international aid. According to the Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency, 25,000 search and rescue personnel were dispatched to the 10 affected provinces. At least 70 countries offered to help in search and rescue operations.. Emergency services in Turkey were activated and looked for survivors trapped under many collapsed buildings. By 8 February, more than 8,000 people were rescued from rubble across 10 provinces. About 380,000 individuals took refuge at relief shelters or hotels.An \\\"air aid corridor\\\" was established by the Turkish Armed Forces to mobilize search and rescue teams. Many military aircraft including an Airbus A400M and C-130 Hercules planes transported search and rescue teams and vehicles to the area. Food, blankets and psychological teams were also sent. Turkey sent an official request to NATO and allies for assistance.Over 53,000 Turkish emergency workers were deployed to the regions affected from the earthquakes. A team of 90 miners from Soma arrived at Osmaniye to provide assistance. The Izmir Metropolitan Municipality also sent dozens of vehicles and equipment.Poor weather conditions including snow, rain and freezing temperatures disrupted search and rescue efforts undertaken by rescue workers and civilians. Rescuers and volunteers wore winter clothing while searching for survivors. Damaged roads also slowed down aid delivery.On 8 February, Erdo\\u011fan visited the town of Pazarc\\u0131k, Kahramanmara\\u015f Province and Hatay Province. He acknowledged \\\"shortcomings\\\" in the response to the earthquake, but denied that there was an insufficient number of personnel involved in rescue operations. He also described people saying they hadn't seen security forces at all in some areas as \\\"provocateurs\\\".AFAD announced on 19 February that search and rescue efforts in most of the affected provinces had ceased. The chairperson of AFAD, Yunus Sezer, said efforts would largely be discontinued by the night of 19 February. Operations were still ongoing for 40 buildings in Kahramanmara\\u015f and Hatay provinces by 19 February. Charity and volunteer campaigns. President of the Turkish Red Crescent, Kerem K\\u0131n\\u0131k, said the national blood stock may not be sufficient and made an appeal on social media urging people to donate blood across the country. On 7 February, many search and rescue teams from various cities, many from Instanbul, and AFAD volunteers reached the affected areas. At Istanbul, 12,752 volunteers were flown on 73 flights to the region by 06:00. By 11 February, there were over 159,000 volunteer and professional search and rescue personnel in the affected area.Eight of Turkey's most-watched television channels organized a joint broadcast of an aid campaign. The channels; ATV, FOX, Kanal D, Kanal 7, Show TV, Star TV, TRT 1 and TV8 ortak organized the T\\u00fcrkiye Beats with One Heart Campaign on 15 February. The broadcast was featured on 213 television channels and 562 radio stations. The campaign received $6.1 billion in donations; the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey was the largest donor, pledging $1.6 billion. Ziraat Bank and Vak\\u0131fBank each pledged $1 billion. The Ministry of Youth and Sports, Turkish Football Federation, Super League Clubs Association Foundation and beIN Media Group organized the Omuz Omuza campaign which raised $44.8 million on the first day. Government assistance. The government said it would pay compensation to those who have lost their homes. President Erdo\\u011fan said \\u20ba15,000 in relocation assistance per household would be given to those whose homes were moderate, heavy or total destruction. Rent assistance of up to \\u20ba5,000 would be given to homeowners and \\u20ba2,000 to tenants.On 9 February, after touring the city of Gaziantep, Erdo\\u011fan promised to rebuild destroyed homes of survivors within one year. He also said the government is working on temporary accommodation for those made homeless. That same day, force majeure was imposed in the affected region and tax obligations between 6 February and 31 July 2023, were postponed until 31 July 2023.On 10 February, while touring Ad\\u0131yaman Province, President Erdo\\u011fan reiterated the promise to rebuild all homes within one year, and added that the government will subsidize rents for those unwilling to stay in tents. He later added that more than 141,000 rescue personnel, including foreign teams, were working in the 10 affected provinces, that 100 billion lira (US$5.3 billion) were allocated to the disaster response. On 22 February, the Turkish government announced plans to construct 200,000 homes in the 11 affected provinces and a further 70,000 in villages.Over 1.9 million people were rehoused in dormitories, guest houses, tents, hotels and containers. AFAD issued a statement on 16 February, detailing that 387,000 tents had been established in the affected area by local and international organizations. President Erdo\\u011fan said 890,000 survivors were placed in dormitories and 50,000 in hotels. He added that 1.6 million people had access to shelter. Across the affected region, 162 container cities were established. The Governor of \\u015e\\u0131rnak, Osman Bilgin, said the district would be demolished and reconstructed.On 22 April, at an opening ceremony for new homes in Gaziantep, President Erdo\\u011fan said construction had begun for 105,000\\u2014more than half had been completed. He added that the government was constructing 507,000 houses and 143,000 village homes; 319,000 homes were planned for completion by the end of 2023. New facilities including schools, hospitals, bazaars, markets, green areas, and parks were also being built. Incidents. On the morning of 7 February, Turkey accused the People's Defense Units of having overseen an MRL attack on its border checkpoint, and that the Turkish army has responded with further attacks.The Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) declared a ceasefire in its conflict with Turkey. Co-founder of the PKK, Cem\\u00eel Bayik, said \\\"thousands of our people are under the rubble\\\" and pushed for the focus on recovery efforts. He requested for all groups engaged to stop military actions and added that the PKK would not be engaged \\\"as long as the Turkish state does not attack\\\".On 9 February, three inmates were killed and 12 more injured after soldiers opened fire during a prison riot in Hatay. The prisoners were demanding to see their families affected by the earthquake.On 11 February, German and Austrian rescuers deployed to Hatay suspended operations, citing a worsening security situation due to the slow arrival of aid or sporadic clashes between armed groups. The teams later resumed operations when the Turkish Land Forces provided protection. On 12 February, rescuers from the Israeli search-and-rescue group United Hatzalah left Turkey, citing \\\"intelligence of a concrete and immediate threat on the Israeli delegation\\\".On 17 February, a Syrian family of seven, including five children, were killed during a fire that struck a home in Nurda\\u011f\\u0131, Turkey, in which they moved to after surviving the earthquake. Seven other people were injured during the fire. A natural gas explosion at a building in \\u015eanl\\u0131urfa on 20 February killed two, left five injured and damaged businesses. \\u015eanl\\u0131urfa's governor, Salih Ayhan, said due to the earthquakes, gas supply to the city was cut and an investigation was ongoing. A bus ferrying earthquake survivors from Hatay to Konya collided with a truck on the Tarsus-Adana-Gaziantep Motorway on 23 February, killing two and injuring six.On 20 April, an IF1 tornado struck a camp housing people affected by the earthquake in Pazarc\\u0131k, Kahramanmara\\u015f; three people died and 50 others were injured. Floods. Floods which struck the provinces of Ad\\u0131yaman and \\u015eanl\\u0131urfa in March killed at least 14 people. On March 15, Turkey's interior minister Suleyman Soylu said five people were missing. The floods swept away cars, affected homes and campsites housing earthquake survivors. Twelve people, including five Syrians, died in \\u015eanl\\u0131urfa. An intensive care unit in a hospital in the province was evacuated. In Ad\\u0131yaman, two drowning deaths occurred when floodwaters swept away a container home with a family. Over a dozen professional divers participated in search and rescue efforts in each province. 2023 elections. Before the earthquake, the government had planned the elections to be held on 14 May 2023, a month earlier than its latest possible date as a snap election. After the earthquake, doubts arose if elections could be held on schedule. On 13 February, B\\u00fclent Ar\\u0131n\\u00e7 of the AKP demanded the elections be postponed despite the constitution disallowing such a possibility in the absence of war. Ar\\u0131n\\u00e7's declaration has been criticized by media outlets and politicians. It remains to be seen whether the governing coalition, with its 333 seats in parliament, can surpass the 400-number hurdle needed to pass such proposals by changing the constitution. On 18 February, AKP authorities stated that the elections would not be delayed.Kemal K\\u0131l\\u0131\\u00e7daro\\u011flu of the CHP opposed its postponement on constitutional grounds. Mustafa Tolga \\u00d6zt\\u00fcrk, YSK member of the \\u0130Y\\u0130 party stated that YSK does not have any power to postpone an election and only parliament has the right to do so, adding that Turkey had no more time to lose with the AKP. Selahattin Demirta\\u015f of the Peoples Democratic Party (HDP) has described the postponement as a political coup. The declaration of state of emergency in the affected regions was also interpreted as a possible measure to postpone elections. Nevertheless, the earthquake led to the main anti-Erdo\\u011fan coalition postponing its 13 February meeting for the selection of its consensus presidential candidate to 6 March.At the elections, the Erdo\\u011fan-lead elecotral People's Alliance retained its majority in the Grand National Assembly, while Erdo\\u011fan in the first round of the presidential election received 49.5% with 52.2% in the second one against K\\u0131l\\u0131\\u00e7daro\\u011flu. This marked the first time a Turkish presidential election went into a run-off. Education. On 9 February, the Council of Higher Education said education and training at universities in the affected provinces would be suspended until further notice. Student hostels managed by the General Directorate of Higher Education Credit and Hostels would be used to house affected individuals. The minister of national education, Mahmut \\u00d6zer, ordered a week-long closure of all schools in the country, which was later extended to two weeks. Schools in the affected provinces were suspended until 10 March. Students studying in schools located in the affected provinces would be transferred to other provinces of their choice. Sports. After the earthquake, S\\u00fcper Lig was suspended for over a week to mourn the victims. Clubs from affected regions: S\\u00fcper Lig clubs Hatayspor, Gaziantep FK, TFF First League club Yeni Malatyaspor, Adanaspor, TFF Second League club Ad\\u0131yaman FK, Diyarbekirspor and TFF Third League clubs Kahramanmara\\u015fspor, Osmaniyespor FK and Malatya Arguvan SK withdrew from competition. Sivas Belediyespor, Tarsus \\u0130dman Yurdu and Ni\\u011fde Anadolu requested to withdraw but TFF did not approve their requests.On 6 February, it was announced the 2023 ISF World School Winter Games, which were due to be held in Erzurum, were canceled due to the 'force majeure' situation in the country. On 10 February, it was announced the 2023 Men's EuroHockey Indoor Club Cup was canceled due to the impact of the earthquake. The tournament was intended to be held from 17 to 19 February in Alanya. In an official statement, Minister of Youth and Sports Mehmet Kasapo\\u011flu announced that every national championship would be suspended with immediate effect, until further communications.All 39 members of the Northern Cypriot T\\u00fcrk Maarif Koleji's high school volleyball team including players, teachers, parents and a trainer died in the collapse of a hotel in Ad\\u0131yaman.Three players from Iran's national paralympic football team died in Turkey. Hatayspor's Ghanaian winger Christian Atsu died in the collapse of R\\u00f6nesans Rezidans in Antakya. His body was found on the morning of 18 February. Atsu was a former Chelsea, Newcastle, Bournemouth and Everton player. Basketball player Nilay Aydogan died in Malatya.In the first game of the Super Lig after the earthquake between Fenerbahce Istanbul and Konyaspor, the fans protested the Turkish government and shouted demands for its resignation, which was still heard even after the broadcaster of the game BeIN tried to censor the fans' voices. In another football game in Istanbul between Besiktas and Antalyaspor the fans repeated their calls for the government's resignation and threw cuddly toys onto the field. Aftermath in Syria. President Bashar al-Assad held an emergency meeting with his cabinet to organize a rescue plan for the affected regions. He identified Aleppo, Hama and Latakia governates as the most affected. Following orders from President al-Assad, all teams of the civil defense, firefighting, health, and public construction groups were mobilized to the affected governates. He also added that medical services, food and shelter were urgently needed. The Ministry of Internal Trade and Consumer Protection was ordered by President al-Assad to supply food and organize teams to distribute them. Technical teams were also on site to evaluate building conditions and evacuate residents in at-risk structures. The Ministry of Water Resources was tasked with rapidly assessing damage to dams, reservoirs and water stations, and ensuring people have access to water.The Syrian government appealed to UN member states, the International Committee of the Red Cross, and other humanitarian organizations for international aid. Syria also requested for aid from the European Union's European Civil Protection Mechanism, according to commissioner Janez Lenar\\u010di\\u010d. The Syrian government, through its representative in the United Nations, said that it should be responsible for aid distribution in all areas of the country, including those held by the rebels. The UK government said it would deliver aid through its long-term partners, the White Helmets civilian defense force. The US State Department said it would use its humanitarian partners on the ground.The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs said damaged roads and logistical issues prevented the mobilization of international aid across the border from Turkey. Border crossings into Turkey remained closed on 7 February. Critically injured patients were unable to enter Turkey for medical attention. There were exceptions as to which persons could cross, including individuals holding touristic residence permits who could only cross by foot. The Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing was made accessible on 8 February, according to the UN.Some hotels including in Latakia and Damascus offered to accommodate to survivors free of charge and ensure basic necessities. Refugees and expatriates also opened their homes as shelters for people. Al-Sham Private University started an effort to receive people. Sports facilities, events venues, university dormitories and halls were also opened to take in people. The Syria Trust for Development announced the establishment of shelters across many governorates. Volunteer groups inspected buildings for damage and distributed food items, blankets, and first aid essentials.. Due to the high number of casualties, including trauma cases, many hospitals became overcrowded. Hospitals were already experiencing a shortage of medical supplies prior to the earthquake. Hospitals in many cities were forced to operate far beyond capacity. Many patients at hospitals slept on floors due to the lack of beds. The Ministry of Health dispatched medical convoys from the Health Directorates of Damascus, Rif Dimashq Governorate, Quneitra, Homs, and Tartus, to Aleppo and Latakia to rebel-held areas. Twenty-eight ambulances, seven mobile clinics, and four trucks carrying medical, surgical and emergency aid were also dispatched. Local charities across the country, which typically distribute food during the month of Ramadan, have been exhausted to their fullest capacity. One of these charities, Saed Initiative, planned to establish a charity kitchen to provide free meals for the rest of the year. Between 2,500 and 4,000 meals were distributed every day in Aleppo, and the charity plans to distribute up to 40,000 meals every day. Another charity in the city, the al-Bir and al-Ihsan charity, provided 1,500 meals every day.Over 2,000 Syria Civil Defense (White Helmets) volunteers were sent to all the affected areas to conduct search and rescue efforts. With a lack of equipment and tools, they appealed to other humanitarian organizations for support. Officials on 7 February announced rescue and recovery efforts in Hama ended after 15 hours. Over 298,000 people were left without homes and 180 shelters were opened in government-held areas. About 30,000 people were housed in shelters in Aleppo. As of 10 February, no international rescue workers had arrived in rebel-held Jinderis despite official calls for help.United States sanctions against Syria relating to the blocking of banks and payment processors led to the banning of international charities and families attempting to send money to people affected in Syria. On 7 February 2023, the Syrian Arab Red Crescent urged Western countries to lift sanctions against Syria, saying the measures hurt civilians and humanitarian efforts during the earthquake recovery effort. The sanctions are a series of economic measures taken by the European Union, the United States, Canada, Australia, Switzerland, and the Arab League against the Assad regime from the start of the civil war in 2011. They include an oil embargo and the freezing of financial assets of the state and government officials. There were requests to lift or suspend the sanctions to aid humanitarian efforts following the earthquake.On 10 February, the United States announced it would exempt sanctions against Syria for 180 days. The ease of sanctions was for \\\"all transactions related to earthquake relief efforts\\\", according to the United States Department of the Treasury. The Syrian Ministry responded in a statement that the US' decision was \\\"misleading and aims to give a false humanitarian impression\\\" and that \\\"the facts on the ground proved its falsehood.\\\" Some commentators have argued that the sanctions do not pose a problem for the delivery of humanitarian aid to Syria.. International humanitarian assistance began entering northwestern Syria on 9 February via Turkey through the Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing. The first convoy of six trucks carried tents and sanitary items. Turkey said it was working to open two additional border crossings. On 10 February, 14 trucks carrying aid crossed from Turkey into Syria, according to the United Nations. The United States Central Command announced it would cooperate with Syrian Democratic Forces to assist the affected population in Syria. On 11 February, World Health Organization director-general Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus visited Aleppo, accompanying a shipment of emergency medical supplies. On 12 February, all schools across Syria, except for those in the affected areas, were resumed since the earthquakes struck. Schools in Aleppo, Lattakia, Hama and Idleb remained closed. On 14 February, the Syrian government agreed to open the border crossings at Bab al-Salam and al Ra\\u00e9e for three months.President al-Assad met UN relief chief Martin Griffiths met on 21 March to discuss post-earthquake recovery and aid. International humanitarian efforts. Countries. Arab League. Arab League secretary-general Ahmed Aboul Gheit called for international assistance to help those affected by \\\"this humanitarian catastrophe\\\". ASEAN. The Secretariat of ASEAN expressed its heartfelt sympathies and condolences to the Governments and peoples of the affected countries, especially the families of the victims of the earthquake. ASEAN affirms its solidarity with the Governments and peoples of Turkiye and Syria in these trying times and stands ready to extend its assistance to the relief efforts. European Union (EU). The European Union's European Civil Protection Mechanism, in which Turkey participates despite not being a member of the EU, was activated at the request of Turkey. The EU dispatched thirty-one rescue teams and five medical teams from 23 member states to Turkey, committed \\u20ac3 million and \\u20ac3.5 million to Turkey and Syria respectively, and announced a donor conference to raise money. The Copernicus Programme was also activated to provide emergency mapping services and other help. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). NATO secretary-general Jens Stoltenberg said that member countries were mobilizing support. The Strategic Airlift Capability was used to transport search and rescue equipment. NATO deployed \\\"fully equipped semi-permanent shelter facilities\\\" to house displaced persons in Turkey. Flags at NATO headquarters were also lowered to half-mast. A vessel carrying the first 600 of 1,000 containers for temporary housing left Taranto, Italy for Turkey to accommodate at least 4,000 people. United Nations (UN). Several United Nations agencies announced coordinated responses to the disaster, including UNDAC, OCHA, UNHCR, UNICEF and IOM. The World Health Organization's Regional Director for Europe, Hans Kluge, said the organization's regional offices were assisting international efforts to transport medicine and relief equipment. The UN released $25 million from its emergency fund for humanitarian assistance in Turkey and Syria. A second $25 million grant was released for relief efforts in Syria. UN sent humanitarian aid to Syria through Turkey via the Bab al-Hawa border crossing. On 14 February, the UN appealed for \\u20ac396 million to help survivors in Syria. World Bank. The World Bank said it would provide US$1.78 billion in aid for Turkey to support the relief and recovery process. \\\"We are providing immediate assistance and preparing a rapid assessment of the urgent and massive needs on the ground,\\\" said World Bank President David Malpass. Reactions. Criticism of the Turkish government. The Turkish Government was criticized on social media for allegedly trying to cover up the fact that there were not two, but three mainshocks above Mw\\u202f7. However, professor Hasan S\\u00f6zbilir, Director of Dokuz Eyl\\u00fcl University (DEU) Earthquake Research and Application Center, told Anadolu Agency that there were only 2 mainshocks reaching above Mw\\u202f7 between 6 and 17 February 2023, but of the smaller quakes, there was one that reached Mw\\u202f6.7. Additional allegations were made when the death toll in Turkey was at 41,000, could in fact be up to five times higher. The Justice and Development Party (AKP) government was accused of manipulating the death toll of the earthquakes to mask the scale of the disaster amid growing criticism due to what many say was a delayed and ineffective response to the tragedy.The collapse of many newly constructed buildings caused public anger and doubts about the Turkish construction and contracting industry following seismic codes. After the 1999 \\u0130zmit earthquake, new building codes were enacted to make buildings more resilient to earthquakes. The quality of the concrete is often a factor in collapse, especially in older buildings, but the engineering and design of newer high rise buildings, and improper placement of support columns and beams, may contribute to collapse. The building codes, last updated in 2018, required quality standards in engineering design, construction and material. There were complaints that the building codes were poorly enforced.After the earthquake, Erdo\\u011fan had claimed \\\"98 percent of the destroyed buildings were built in before 1999\\\" and described it \\\"as the indicator of an improvement in the quality of building codes and enforcement\\\". Erdo\\u011fan's claim was criticized by civil engineer and earthquake engineering academic Haluk Sucuo\\u011flu, stating that field observations and more than half of the buildings in earthquake-affected areas being built after 2000 making Erdo\\u011fan's claims unlikely, though accepting that concrete data on the destroyed buildings do not exist yet. The comparison of historical satellite images with those taken after the earthquake, especially of those showing the destruction in the newly built area of western Kahramanmara\\u015f, were used to dispute Erdo\\u011fan's claim.In Ad\\u0131yaman, the minister of transport and infrastructure, Adil Karaismailo\\u011flu, and governor, Mahmut \\u00c7uhadar, were met with protests by locals. The state car of the governor was also kicked by protesters. Turkish engineers previously warned that cities could become 'graveyards' with building amnesty. Critics of President Erdo\\u011fan said contractors of housing projects were allowed to skip vital safety mandates which put residents at risk. Videos from several years ago showed President Erdo\\u011fan applauding housing projects which eventually collapsed. During a campaign stop in anticipation of the March 2019 local elections, he listed, among his government's top attainment, new housing in Kahramanmaras. President Erdo\\u011fan said \\\"We solved the problem of 144,156 citizens of Maras with zoning amnesty,\\\" In another video, he said \\\"We have solved the problems of 205,000 citizens of Hatay with zoning peace,\\\"Before the 2018 general election, 3.1 million buildings were granted amnesty certificates, according to Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Secretary General Assistant and city planner, Bugra Gokce. In the ten affected provinces, 294,165 certificates were granted; 59,247 in Adana; 10,629 in Ad\\u0131yaman; 14,719 in Diyarbak\\u0131r; 40,224 in Gaziantep; 56,464 in Hatay; 39,58 in Kahramanmara\\u015f; 4,897 in Kilis; 22,299 in Malatya; 21,107 in Osmaniye; and 25,521 in \\u015eanl\\u0131urfa. After a destructive earthquake struck \\u0130zmir in 2020, Asia Times said the Turkish government generated US$2 billion in profit since the latest zoning amnesty law was approved in May 2018. During that earthquake, there were 811,000 certificates linked to illegal construction in \\u0130zmir.The leader of the opposition in Parliament, Kemal K\\u0131l\\u0131\\u00e7daro\\u011flu of the Republican People's Party (CHP), pinned responsibility for the scale of the disaster on President Erdo\\u011fan. He demanded from the CHP mayors not to back down from providing bread and blankets to people in need and reject bureaucratic blocking as they did during the COVID-19 lockdown. It has also been reported that some donations from relief organizations arriving at the Adana airport were relabeled as assistance by the Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency (AFAD) or also the governing AKP. Questions also arose as to how an \\\"earthquake tax\\\" (officially \\\"special communications tax\\\") levied by the Turkish government in the wake of the 1999 earthquake, estimated to have reached 88bn lira ($4.6bn; \\u00a33.8bn) and meant to have been spent on disaster prevention and the development of emergency services, were spent, given how the government has never given a public explanation.Some Kurdish and Alevi residents alleged discrimination and neglect in the government's recovery efforts. The pro-Kurdish Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) accused Turkish authorities of preventing equal distribution of aid and favoring areas inhabited majorly by people loyal to the governing AKP. Disaster management. AFAD, the state organ for the disaster relief, was criticized on the grounds of slowness during the first days of the earthquake. There were reports of unsuccessful attempts by people to contact AFAD. Emergency management academic Kubilay Kaptan stated that the delayed reaction of AFAD was mainly caused by the increasing centralization of Turkish emergency response agencies under the current government. According to Kaptan, numerous relief agencies were merged into AFAD in the past years and since the implementation of the referendum, AFAD became part of the Ministry of Interior, losing its autonomy and self-governance. Kaptan added that the Ministry of Interior, responsible for making decisions, hindered the fast response since the organization required approval for its actions, contrasting more independent agencies like FEMA in the United States. AFAD was also criticized on the claims of inappropriate board of management, since some members of the board had no disaster management background. \\u0130smail Palako\\u011flu, the general manager of disaster response subdivision of AFAD and a theologian who previously worked at the Directorate of Religious Affairs, was criticized by several politicians and media outlets.Another criticism was the late deployment of military resources. They were not mobilized for two days after the earthquake, and even then in what many considered in very modest amounts. There were many instances where aid was forced to go through local governors, who were not elected but appointed by the government. In some instances, aid was held by the ruling party with the explanation that it would be managed by AFAD. There were reports of aid trucks stopped and not let through unless ruling party placards and signs were placed on them, including stickers of the president placed on individual aid packages. On 16 February the district governor of Pazarcik accompanied by the gendarmerie seized aid stored in a distribution center established jointly by the HDP and the Hasankoca Neighborhood Assistance and Solidarity Association in presence of the head of the Diyarbak\\u0131r Chamber of Industry arguing they could not distribute aid independently.On 9 February 2023, the governing alliance between the MHP and the AKP approved a state of emergency in 10 provinces affected by the earthquakes. The opposition voted no to the measure, claiming that it was unnecessary since the provinces were already declared as \\\"disaster areas\\\".A week after the earthquakes in Samanda\\u011f, a coastal town in Hatay Province, residents dug through the rubble to look for victims because of the slow and limited government response. \\\"We have nothing left and the government barely helped us,\\\" one resident said, adding that assistance only came 48 hours after the earthquake. Media. NetBlocks announced that ICTA limited access to Twitter from Turkey, with Turkish government officials claiming disinformation. According to Reuters, citing an anonymous government official, the block was necessary \\\"because in some accounts there were untrue claims, slander, insults and posts with fraudulent purposes,\\\" The block caused public anger as Twitter assisted in sharing information on arriving aid and the whereabouts of survivors still trapped in rubble. The Peoples' Democratic Party said Twitter helped in organizing aid to the affected and the block would \\\"only cause more death.\\\" Ali Babacan, leader of the Turkey's opposition group, Democracy and Progress Party, also criticized the block.The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) issued a statement critical of fines and penalties issued to Halk TV, Tele1, and Fox over their coverage of the earthquake by the Radio and Television Supreme Council. In addition to the fines, both Halk TV and TELE1 were required to suspend airing of the shows that had criticized the government for five days. The CPJ's statement said that Turkey officials should revoke both the fine and penalties along with refraining from silencing the media for its earthquake coverage. Criminal investigation in Turkey. On 7 February, Turkish police said they detained four people over \\\"provocative posts aiming to create fear and panic\\\" on social media following the earthquake. It added that a wider investigation into social media accounts was ongoing, but offered no information on the content of the posts. The number of detentions increased to a dozen on 8 February. Following reports of property being ransacked by looters, authorities arrested 98 people for robbery or defrauding victims. Syrians have faced increased discrimination in the country, with some Turks blaming them for the looting. Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch alleged that Turkish security forces tortured and ill-treated individuals arrested on suspicion of looting. In a report from both organizations, one person died while being held by authorities. The report said allegations of torture came from 10 provinces, but most reports were in Antakya, Hatay Province.On 9 February, minister of justice, Bekir Bozda\\u011f, said a judicial investigation into the collapse of buildings was opened. The probe attempts to hold accountable those who constructed the buildings or bore any responsibility for their collapse in the 10 hardest-hit provinces. Bozda\\u011f said: \\\"Those who have negligence, faults and those responsible for the destructions after the earthquake will be identified and held accountable before the judiciary\\\". Nearly 150 local prosecutors were authorized to establish units to investigate contractors, surveyors and other experts linked to the collapsed buildings.On 11 February, the justice ministry announced the plan to establish the \\\"Earthquake Crimes Investigation\\\" bureaus. The bureaus aim to hold contractors and other responsible for construction, gathering evidence, recommendation experts; including architects geologists and engineers; and inspecting building permits and occupation permits. Vice President Fuat Oktay said 131 individuals linked to the collapse of buildings were identified.By 25 February, 612 people were investigated for their involvement in building collapses; 184 were arrested and awaiting trial. Those in jail included contractors and building owners and managers. On 12 February, the Adana Chief Public Prosecutor's Office issued arrest warrants for 62 people; Thirty one arrests were made on 14 February. In Malatya, city prosecutors issued arrest warrants for 31 people.The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) published an article on 14 February covering journalists being detained and harassed for their reporting on the earthquake in Turkey. Some of those detained were being investigated for \\\"spreading misinformation\\\" or for \\\"\\\"provoking the people into animosity and hatred\\\" in connection with their reporting.The owner of the Renaissance Residence which collapsed in Hatay Province was arrested in Istanbul while attempting to leave Turkey for Montenegro. In Gaziantep Province, two people were arrested after being suspected of cutting-down columns to make extra space in a building that collapsed. Bekir Bozda\\u011f said 163 people were being investigated for their alleged involvement. Eight people were arrested and awaiting trial while 48 were held in police detention; another seven were prohibited from leaving Turkey. Officials detained two people at Istanbul Airport attempting to flee to Georgia. Among those arrested were a man and his wife who constructed several buildings in Adiyaman which collapsed. A contractor involved in developing the Bahar Apartments in Gaziantep was detained in Istanbul after his inspections were deemed negligent. The owner of a construction company which built several buildings in Adana was apprehended in Northern Cyprus.The majority of buildings that collapsed in Turkey were constructed before 2000, but some were constructed after that year. Following the 1999 earthquake, building construction followed new regulations and had improved materials. Sukru Ersoy, a geology professor at Y\\u0131ld\\u0131z Technical University, said \\\"corruption is high in the construction sector in Turkey. And therefore, there were abuses\\\". However, corruption was not always present in local authorities; in Erzin, which has a strict policy against the construction of buildings that violated safety codes in addition to having endured other earthquakes with less damage, became a popular location for survivors elsewhere to take refuge as no collapsed buildings were reported. National mourning. President Erdo\\u011fan declared seven days of national mourning in Turkey on Twitter. Seven days of national mourning was observed in Northern Cyprus, and one day in Bangladesh and Kosovo. Albania's prime minister, Edi Rama, said 13 February would be a day of national mourning. On 13 February, all overseas diplomatic missions of North Macedonia lowered the North Macedonian flags to half-mast. Criticism by the Syrian government and opposition. Investigative reports revealed that Syrian government had deliberately obstructed aid to all of Syria's opposition-held areas, including the Idlib region, which was the worst-struck area in the earthquake. Syrian government officials and state-run media blamed United States and European Union sanctions against the country for the lack of humanitarian aid and hampering rescue. On 10 February, Syrian president Bashar al-Assad accused Western countries of having \\\"no regard for the human condition.\\\" The US Treasury said its sanctions \\\"contain robust exemptions for humanitarian efforts\\\" in the first place, and that after the earthquake it issued a blanket authorization for relief efforts. The United Nations has also been criticized for its policy of focusing aid shipments solely to the regime, at the expense of Syrian lives in opposition-held territories.Idlib region, under the control of Syrian Salvation Government (SSG), was one of the hardest-hit territories. Assad regime's policy of besieging North-West Syria; which blockades the supply of food, medicines and other humanitarian supplies, has further deteriorated the crisis in Idlib. Abu Muhammad Al-Julani, commander of the SSG-aligned Tahrir al-Sham rebel militia, criticized aid agencies of neglecting the situation in Idlib and called on the international community to be more proactive in reconstruction and relief efforts, adding that the \\\"United Nations needs to understand that it's required to help in a crisis\\\". Upon traveling to the Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing bordering the rebel-held territories, UNOCHA Under-Secretary Martin Griffith stated on 12 February that \\\"We have so far failed the people in north-west Syria\\\". As of 13 February, Ankara and the Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army were accused of blocking aid convoys sent by the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria from entering the north-west region.The United Nations criticized Russia's attempts to block delivery of aid through checkpoints to rebel-held territories. Secretary General Ant\\u00f3nio Guterres urged the Security Council to immediately permit aid flows into Northwestern Syria. United States appealed for the immediate opening of all closed checkpoints to send in relief efforts to all parts of Syria; calling for an emergency UN Security Council meeting to increase humanitarian assistance through Bab al-Hawa and open up more border crossings for the entry of UN aid. St\\u00e9phane Dujarric, a United Nations spokesperson, said on 14 February, \\\"some aid is getting into the north-west, pointing to 58 trucks that arrived with aid through the Bab Al-Hawa crossing.\\\" However, the organization does not possess heavy equipment or search and rescue teams. He stressed that the \\\"international community as a whole needs to step up to get that aid where it is needed.\\\". Raed al-Saleh, chief of Syrian Civil Defence, strongly rebuked the UN for its negligence and delay in responding to the rescue efforts:\\\"Let me be clear: The White Helmets received no support from the United Nations during the most critical moments of the rescue operations.. The UN's failure to respond quickly to this catastrophe is shameful. When I asked the UN why help had failed to arrive in time, the answer I received was bureaucracy. In the face of one of the deadliest catastrophes to strike the world in years, it seems the UN's hands were tied by red tape.\\\" Health concerns. Due to below-freezing temperatures in the affected areas in both Turkey and Syria, the mayor of Hatay, L\\u00fctf\\u00fc Sava\\u015f, warned about the hypothermia risk. In Adiyaman Province, some residents trapped under rubble died from hypothermia.Concerns arose regarding the possible spread of infection in areas where sanitation facilities were damaged or unfunctional. Due to water shortage experienced in both countries, many survivors could not shower. International health organizations said the shortage of clean water would be a public health risk. The World Health Organization said water shortage \\\"increases the risk of waterborne diseases and outbreaks of communicable diseases.\\\"On 18 February, Turkey's Health Minister Fahrettin Koca said there was an increase in intestinal and upper respiratory infection cases but \\\"numbers did not pose a serious threat to public health.\\\" At a stadium serving as shelter in Kahramanmara\\u015f, a clinic managed by 15 to 30 medics attended up to 10,000 patients in the day. The clinic provided tetanus shots and sanitary items to residents. Many people at the stadium were unable to shower and the six toilets were unable to accommodate to the large number of people. In Antakya, residents said more portable toilets were needed.Health authorities in Turkey had to ensure earthquake survivors were free of disease. The World Health Organization collaborated with local authorities to monitor the rates of waterborne diseases, seasonal influenza and COVID-19 among the affected. \", \"title\": \"2023 Turkey\\u2013Syria earthquake\", \"qa_pairs\": \"[{'Q': 'How many buildings have been collapsed by the earthquake in malatya and Adiyaman combined?', 'A': '20,300', 'type': 'computation', 'S': ['In Ad?yaman Province, over 20,000 buildings and 56,600 apartments were destroyed.', 'At least 300 buildings were razed in Malatya.']}, {'Q': 'How many airports are directly effected by the earthquake in Turkey?', 'A': '4', 'type': 'computation', 'S': ['The ceiling of Malatya Erha? Airport experienced a partial collapse,[131] as did the historic Yeni Camii mosque.[132]', 'Gaziantep O?uzeli Airport was forced to restrict its service to rescue flights.', 'The runway of Hatay Airport was split and uplifted, causing flight cancellations.', 'The Ankara Metropolitan Municipality completed repairs on the airport on 12 February,[154] allowing its reopening.']}, {'Q': \\\"Which provinces' mosques have been affected by the earthquake in Turkey\\uff1f\\\", 'A': 'Malatya, Gaziantep, Hatay, Ad?yaman and ?anl?urfa.', 'type': 'multiple_information_retrieval', 'S': ['At least 300 buildings were razed in Malatya. ......The ceiling of Malatya Erha? Airport experienced a partial collapse, as did the historic Yeni Camii mosque.', 'In Gaziantep, many of the historical sites were severely damaged, such as Gaziantep Castle,[136][137] ?irvani Mosque[138] and Liberation Mosque.', \\\"The building that housed the assembly of Hatay State was destroyed,[158] as was St. Paul's Church[159] In Hatay Province, ......and the Habib'i Neccar Mosque, while damage occurred at the Antakya Synagogue[160] and the Hatay Archaeology Museum.\\\", \\\"In Ad?yaman Province,......The city hall, a 6th-century mosque and G?lba?? District's state hospital were also destroyed.\\\", 'At least 466 buildings were heavily damaged in ?anl?urfa Province...... In Eyy\\u00fcbiye District, the minaret of the Ey\\u00fcp Prophet Mosque was damaged and removed.']}, {'Q': 'Besides Turkey and Syria, which other countries have residents been affected by the earthquake?', 'A': 'Lebanon, Israel, Cyprus, Armenia, Egypt, Palestine, Georgia, Greece, Iraq, Jordan and Russia.', 'type': 'multiple_information_retrieval', 'S': ['In Lebanon, residents were awakened from their sleep.', 'In Ashdod, Israel, a building was evacuated after cracks were observed in a pillar,[333] and Champion Motors Tower in Bnei Brak was slightly damaged by the second earthquake.', 'The European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre said shaking was felt in Armenia, Egypt, Palestine, Georgia, Greece, Iraq, Jordan, Israel, and Russia.']}, {'Q': \\\"According to World Bank's estimation, what is the difference between the amount of World Bank's aid to Turkey and the amount of damaged suffered by Syria?\\\", 'A': '3.32 Billion.', 'type': 'computation', 'S': ['In Syria, the World Bank estimated $5.1 billion in damages, excluding economic impact and losses.', 'The World Bank said it would provide US$1.78 billion in aid for Turkey to support the relief and recovery process.']}, {'Q': 'For rebel-held areas in Syria, besides earthquakes, what else could increase the number of 4,547 deaths', 'A': \\\"Investigative reports revealed that Syrian government had deliberately obstructed aid to all of Syria's opposition-held areas, including the Idlib region, which was the worst-struck area in the earthquake.[587] Syrian government officials and state-run media blamed United States and European Union sanctions against the country for the lack of humanitarian aid and hampering rescue.-Blizzard and holera Outbreak.\\\", 'type': 'comprehension_and_reasoning', 'S': ['According to the International Rescue Committee, the earthquake struck when rebel-held areas were preparing for a blizzard and experiencing a cholera outbreak.', \\\"Investigative reports revealed that Syrian government had deliberately obstructed aid to all of Syria's opposition-held areas, including the Idlib region, which was the worst-struck area in the earthquake.[587] Syrian government officials and state-run media blamed United States and European Union sanctions against the country for the lack of humanitarian aid and hampering rescue.\\\", \\\"Investigative reports revealed that Syrian government had deliberately obstructed aid to all of Syria's opposition-held areas, including the Idlib region, which was the worst-struck area in the earthquake.[587] Syrian government officials and state-run media blamed United States and European Union sanctions against the country for the lack of humanitarian aid and hampering rescue.\\\"]}, {'Q': 'What effects did the earthquake indirectly cause which lead to floods in Turkey\\uff1f', 'A': 'Dam burst, Canal damaged, Liquefaction and The Coast And Water Infrastructure damage.', 'type': 'comprehension_and_reasoning', 'S': ['The Associated Press, citing local residents, said the Afrin Dam had cracked.[247] On 9 February at 04:00, the dam burst and flooded the village of Al-Tloul, which was exacerbated by heavy rains along the Afrin River basin.', 'A major canal was damaged and lead to flooding in parts of the Amik Valley which was formerly Lake Amik.', 'Regular flooding in the city was observed after the earthquakes. Earlier flooding may be attributed to liquefaction while subsequent occurrences may be due to damage to the coast and water infrastructure.']}, {'Q': 'How many days after The Governing Alliance Between The MHP And The AKP Approved A State Of Emergency did A Mww?6.3 Aftershock happen in Hatay?', 'A': '11 days', 'type': 'computation', 'S': ['On 9 February 2023, the governing alliance between the MHP and the AKP approved a state of emergency in 10 provinces affected by the earthquakes.', 'A Mww?6.3 aftershock struck near Uzunba? in Hatay Province on 20 February; the earthquake was the result of oblique-normal faulting.']}, {'Q': 'What comments or activities did the President Erdo?an make on Twitter after the earthquake happened?', 'A': 'Erdo?an said on Twitter, \\\"search and rescue teams were immediately dispatched\\\" to the affected area, and declared seven days of national mourning in Turkey.', 'type': 'multiple_information_retrieval', 'S': ['President Recep Tayyip Erdo?an said on Twitter, \\\"search and rescue teams were immediately dispatched\\\" to the affected area.', 'President Erdo?an declared seven days of national mourning in Turkey on Twitter.']}, {'Q': 'What kind of humanitarian help did WHO offer to Turkey and Syria?', 'A': 'Assisting international efforts to transport medicine and relief equipment and collaborating with Health authorities in Turkey to monitor the rates of waterborne diseases, seasonal influenza and COVID-19 among the affected.', 'type': 'multiple_information_retrieval', 'S': [\\\"The World Health Organization's Regional Director for Europe, Hans Kluge, said the organization's regional offices were assisting international efforts to transport medicine and relief equipment.\\\", 'The World Health Organization collaborated with local authorities to monitor the rates of waterborne diseases, seasonal influenza and COVID-19 among the affected.']}]\", \"output\": \"None\"}\n{\"input\": \" Background. Shinzo Abe had served as Prime Minister of Japan between 2006 and 2007 and again from 2012 to 2020, when he resigned due to health concerns. He was the longest-serving prime minister in Japan's postwar history.. Nobusuke Kishi, his maternal grandfather, was Prime Minister of Japan from 1957 to 1960, and like Abe, was the target of an assassination attempt. Unlike Abe, he survived.Abe was the first former Japanese prime minister to have been assassinated since Sait\\u014d Makoto and Takahashi Korekiyo, who were killed during the February 26 incident in 1936, the first Japanese legislator to be assassinated since K\\u014dki Ishii was killed by a member of a right-wing group in 2002, and the first Japanese politician to be assassinated during an electoral campaign since Iccho Itoh, then-mayor of Nagasaki, who was shot dead during his mayoral race in April 2007. Relationship between Abe's family and the Unification Church. Abe, as well as his father Shintaro Abe and his grandfather Nobusuke Kishi, had longstanding ties to the Unification Church (UC), a new religious movement known for its mass wedding ceremonies. Known officially as the Family Federation for World Peace and Unification (FFWPU), the movement was founded by Sun Myung Moon in Korea in 1954 and its followers are colloquially known as \\\"Moonies\\\". Moon was a self-declared messiah and ardent anti-communist.Nobusuke Kishi's postwar political agenda led him to work closely with Ryoichi Sasakawa, a businessman and nationalist politician during the Second World War. As Moon's advisor, Sasakawa helped establish the UC in Japan in 1963 and assumed the roles of both patron and president of the church's political wing, International Federation for Victory over Communism (IFVOC, \\u56fd\\u969b\\u52dd\\u5171\\u9023\\u5408), which would forge intimate ties with Japan's conservative politicians. In this way, Sasakawa and Kishi shielded what would become one of the most widely distrusted groups in contemporary Japan.Moon's organisations, including the UC and the overtly political IFVOC, were financially supported by Ryoichi Sasakawa and Yoshio Kodama.When the UC still had a few thousand followers, its headquarters was located on land once owned by Kishi in Nanpeidaich\\u014d, Shibuya, Tokyo, and UC officials frequently visited the adjacent Kishi residence. By the early 1970s, UC members were being used by the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) as campaign workers without compensation. LDP politicians were also required to visit the UC's headquarters in South Korea and receive Moon's lectures on theology, regardless of their religious views or membership. In return, Japanese authorities shielded the UC from legal penalties over their often-fraudulent and aggressive practices. Subsequently, the UC gained much influence in Japan, laying the groundwork for its push into the United States and its later entrenchment.Such a relationship was passed on to Kishi's son-in-law, former foreign minister Shintaro Abe, who attended a dinner party held by Moon at the Imperial Hotel in 1974. In the US, the 1978 Fraser Report \\u2013 an inquiry by the US Congress into American\\u2013Korean relations \\u2013 determined that, Kim Jong-pil, founder and director of the Korean C.I.A. an associate of Yoshio Kodama and from 1971 to 1975 Prime Minister of South Korea, had \\\"organized\\\" the UC in the early 1960s and was using it \\\"as a political tool\\\" on behalf of authoritarian President Park Chung Hee and the military dictatorship. In 1989, Moon urged his followers to establish their footing in Japan's parliament, then install themselves as secretaries for the Japanese lawmakers, and focus on those of [Shintaro] Abe's faction in the LDP. Moon also stressed that they must construct their political influence not only in the parliament, but also on Japan's district level.Shinzo Abe continued this relationship, and in May 2006, when he was Chief Cabinet Secretary, he and several cabinet ministers sent congratulatory telegrams to a mass wedding ceremony organised by the UC's front group, Universal Peace Federation (UPF, \\u5929\\u5b99\\u5e73\\u548c\\u9023\\u5408), for 2,500 couples of Japanese and Korean men and women.In spring 2021, the chairman of the UPF's Japanese branch, Masayoshi Kajikuri, called Abe and asked if the latter would consider speaking before an upcoming UPF rally in September if former US president Donald Trump also attended. Abe replied that he had to accept the offer should that be the case; he formally agreed to his participation on 24 August 2021. At the September rally, held ten months before the assassination, Abe stated to Kajikuri that, \\\"The image of the Great Father [Moon] crossing his arms and smiling gave me goosebumps. I still respectably remember the sincerity [you] showed in the last six elections in the past eight years.\\\" Kajikuri claimed that he originally invited three unnamed former Japanese prime ministers, but was turned down due to concern of being used as poster boys for UC's mission.According to research by Nikkan Gendai, ten out of twenty members in the Fourth Abe Cabinet had connections to the UC, but these connections were largely ignored by Japanese journalists. After the assassination, Japanese defence minister Nobuo Kishi, Abe's younger brother, was forced to disclose that he had been supported by the UC in past elections. Unification Church practices in Japan. The Japanese government certified the UC as a religious organisation in 1964; the Agency for Cultural Affairs classifies the UC as a Christian organisation. Since then the government was unable to prevent the UC's activities because of the freedom of religion guaranteed in the Constitution of Japan, according to Mitsuhiro Suganuma, the former section head of the Public Security Intelligence Agency's Second Intelligence Department.According to historians, up to 70% of the UC's wealth has been accumulated through outdoor fundraising rounds. Steven Hassan, a former UC member, engaged in the deprogramming of other UC members, describes these as \\\"spiritual sales\\\" (reikan sh\\u014dh\\u014d, \\u970a\\u611f\\u5546\\u6cd5), with parishioners scanning obituaries, going door-to-door, and saying, \\\"Your dead loved one is communicating with us, so please go to the bank and send money to the Unification Church so your loved one can ascend to heaven in the spirit world.\\\"Moon's theology teaches that his homeland Korea is the \\\"Adam country\\\", home of the rulers destined to control the world. Japan is the \\\"fallen Eve country\\\". The dogma teaches Eve had sexual relations with Satan and then seduced Adam, which caused mankind to fall from grace (original sin), while Moon was appointed to bring mankind to salvation. Japan must be subservient to Korea. This was used to encourage their Japanese followers into offering every single material belonging to Korea via the church.According to journalist Fumiaki Tada and other former UC followers, the conditions for Japanese followers to participate in the UC's mass wedding were substantially more difficult than Korean people, on grounds of \\\"Japan's sinful occupation of Korea\\\" between 1910 and 1945. In 1992, each Japanese follower needed to successfully bring three more people into the church, fulfill certain quota of fundraising by selling the church's merchandise, undergo a 7-day long fasting, and pay an appreciation fee of 1.4 million yen. For Korean people, the fee for attending the mass wedding was 2 million won (about 200 thousand yen in September 2022). Most Korean attendees were not followers of the church to begin with, as UC considered it was an honour for a Japanese woman to be married to a Korean man, like an abandoned dog being picked up by a prince. If the Japanese followers wanted to leave their partners of the mass wedding or the church, they would be told that they be damned to the \\\"hell of hell\\\".In 1987, about 300 lawyers in Japan set up an association called the National Network of Lawyers Against Spiritual Sales (Zenkoku Benren) to help victims of the UC and similar organisations. According to statistics compiled by the association's lawyers between 1987 and 2021, the association and local government consumer centers received 34,537 complaints alleging that UC had forced people to make unreasonably large donations or purchase large amounts of items, amounting to about 123.7 billion yen. According to the internal data compiled by the UC which leaked to the media, the donation by the Japanese followers between 1999 and 2011 was about 60 billion yen annually. Timeline. Abe's schedule. Abe was initially scheduled to deliver a speech in Nagano Prefecture on 8 July 2022 in support of Sanshir\\u014d Matsuyama, an LDP candidate in upcoming elections to the House of Councillors. That event was abruptly cancelled on 7 July following allegations of misconduct and corruption related to Matsuyama, and was replaced by a similar event in Nara Prefecture at which Abe was to deliver a speech in support of Kei Sat\\u014d, an LDP councillor running for re-election. The LDP division in Nara Prefecture stated this new schedule was not generally publicly known, but NHK reported that the event had been widely advertised on Twitter and by sound truck. Nara police and Sat\\u014d's campaign staff inspected the site on the evening before the incident, and the head of the prefectural police had approved of the security plan a few hours before the incident; one prefectural assembly member later said, \\\"I thought it was a dangerous place that made it easy to attack former Prime Minister Abe from the cars and bicycles that pass along the road behind him\\\".At approximately 11:10 a.m. on 8 July, Sat\\u014d began speaking at a road junction near the north exit of Yamato-Saidaiji Station in Nara City. Abe arrived nine minutes later, and began his speech at around 11:29 am. He was accompanied by VIP protection officers from the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department alongside VIP protection officers from the Nara Prefectural Police. Assassination. While Abe was delivering his speech, the alleged perpetrator, Tetsuya Yamagami, was able to approach within several metres, despite the presence of security. At around 11:30 am, when Abe said, \\\"Instead of thinking about why he [Sat\\u014d] cannot do it ...\\\" (\\u300c\\u5f7c\\u306f\\u3067\\u304d\\u306a\\u3044\\u7406\\u7531\\u3092\\u8003\\u3048\\u308b\\u306e\\u3067\\u306f\\u306a\\u304f\\u2026\\u300d), he was shot at from behind with a homemade gun resembling a sawn-off, double-barreled shotgun capable of firing six bullets at a time. The first shot missed and prompted Abe to turn around, at which point a second shot was fired, hitting Abe in the neck and chest area. Abe then took a few steps forward, fell to his knees, and collapsed. Abe's security detained the suspect, who did not resist. According to security guards stationed during the assassination, the sound of the gunshot was very different from that of a conventional firearm, reminiscent of fireworks or tire blowout. This may explain the delay of response from Abe's bodyguards after the first round of gunshot. Treatment. Paramedics arrived on the scene at 11:37 am, and an ambulance later arrived at 11:41 am. Six out of the twenty-four emergency responders at the scene later showed signs of post-traumatic stress disorder, according to the Nara City Fire Department.Police sources told NHK that Abe was initially conscious and responsive after being shot. A doctor who arrived at the scene said there were no signs indicating Abe was conscious. Shortly thereafter, he was transported to a local hospital by emergency helicopter with a wound to the right side of his neck and internal bleeding under his left chest, arriving approximately fifty minutes after being shot. He was reported to have no vital signs when he arrived at Nara Medical University Hospital in Kashihara, likely due to cardiopulmonary arrest prior to his arrival. At 2:45 pm, a press conference was held by Prime Minister Fumio Kishida, who stated that Abe was in critical condition and that \\\"doctors [were] doing everything they [could]\\\". Death declaration. Abe's wife Akie arrived at the hospital at 4:55 pm. Despite doctors' efforts, Abe was pronounced dead at the hospital at 5:03 pm, around five and a half hours after being shot. He was 67 years old. Hidetada Fukushima, a doctor at the hospital, said the cause of Abe's death was blood loss, despite four hours of blood transfusions that saw the administration of 100 units of blood. Fukushima said that Abe was hit by two bullets and that one bullet was not found in Abe's body. The police autopsy concluded Abe died from loss of blood after a bullet damaged an artery under his collarbone. Visitations. Several hours after the assassination, both former prime minister Yoshihide Suga and Chief Cabinet Secretary Hirokazu Matsuno visited the hospital where Abe's body was being held.The body was subject to a judicial autopsy and departed from the hospital with Abe's widow at 5:55 a.m. on 9 July. Five vehicles carrying various old professional acquaintances of Abe's, including former defence minister Tomomi Inada, took part in the motorcade conveying Abe's body back to his home in Tokyo. At 1:35 pm, the party arrived at Abe's Tokyo residence. On their arrival, Sanae Takaichi, the chairman of the LDP Policy Research Council, Tatsuo Fukuda, the chairman of the LDP General Council and Hisashi Hieda, the chairman of Fujisankei Communications Group and a friend of Abe's, received them. Afterwards, Kishida visited for condolences, and former prime ministers Yoshir\\u014d Mori and Junichiro Koizumi, Hiroyuki Hosoda (Speaker of the House of Representatives), Akiko Sant\\u014d (President of the House of Councillors), Toshihiro Nikai (former Secretary-General of the LDP), K\\u014dichi Hagiuda (Abe's close aide and the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry), Tetsuo Saito (a politician of Komeito and the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism), and Yuriko Koike (the Governor of Tokyo) also visited for condolences. Suspect. Tetsuya Yamagami (\\u5c71\\u4e0a \\u5fb9\\u4e5f, Yamagami Tetsuya), a resident of Nara, was arrested at the scene of the assassination. He was 41 years old, had no prior criminal history, and was unemployed at the time of his arrest.Yamagami was born on 10 September 1980 in Mie Prefecture to affluent parents who ran a local construction business. Described as quiet and reserved in high school, he wrote in his graduation yearbook that he \\\"didn't have a clue\\\" what he wanted to do in the future. In an interview with The Asahi Shimbun, a relative had stated that Yamagami had been struggling since childhood with the UC, of which his mother had become a member. After the death of his maternal grandfather, his mother inherited ownership of the family business. Aftermath. Effects on election. At 11:45 am, the Japanese government established a liaison office within the crisis management center of the Prime Minister's Office. Kishida, who was campaigning in Sagae, Yamagata Prefecture, cancelled his remaining schedule and returned to Tokyo by 2:29 pm. According to Chief Cabinet Secretary Hirokazu Matsuno, all other members of Kishida's cabinet were recalled to Tokyo except the foreign minister, Yoshimasa Hayashi, who was in Indonesia for the 2022 G20 Bali summit. Kishida later ordered heightened security for high-ranking politicians in Japan. Officers from the Security Police were deployed to protect Akie Abe after she arrived in Kyoto as a precautionary measure.Most political leaders cancelled all campaign events for the remainder of 8 July. Campaigning resumed the day after, on 9 July, with major party leaders vowing to not allow violence to disrupt the democratic process. The LDP subsequently won a supermajority of seats in the House of Councillors in the 10 July elections. Effects on media broadcast. NHK General TV, and four of Japan's five major commercial television networks, cancelled or postponed all scheduled programming to broadcast live news coverage for the rest of the day, as did several radio stations. Of the shows impacted, the anime series Teppen\\u2014!!! had its second episode, scheduled to air on 9 July, cancelled entirely due to the plot of the episode revolving around an attempted assassination. National Police Agency changes. On 20 August 2022, the National Police Agency announced that rules for conducting VIP protection will be revamped, which will also expand VIP protection training.The NPA announced that from 26 August 2022, they will examine all VIP protection plans from the prefectural police and will instruct them to make recommended changes if and when it is deemed necessary. The NPA also announced that they will extend their \\\"cyber patrol\\\" force which was originally established to monitor online illegal drug trade and child pornography to also swiftly identify potential threats against VIPs found on social media and take early counter measures. Resignation. On 25 August 2022, Commissioner General Itaru Nakamura of the National Police Agency said that he will resign from his post to take responsibility for the shooting incident on Abe. The chief of the Nara Prefectural Police Tomoaki Onizuka and the director general of the National Police Agency's Security Bureau Kenichi Sakurazawa also announced their resignation. Unification Church\\u2013related. Responses by the Unification Church. The Unification Church distanced itself from the assassination and confirmed the involvement of Yamagami's mother with it by Tomihiro Tanaka, the chair of the church's Tokyo branch, during a press conference on 11 July.. Tanaka expressed his sorry and heartfelt condolences. He confirmed that Yamagami was not a UC member, but his mother joined in 1998, temporarily disappeared in 2009, and participated monthly in church events for the last half-year. Tanaka stated that the mother was bankrupted around 2002, and there is no record of such donation requests. He said that is a mystery what could lead from the resentment against the Church to the murder, and the Church will cooperate with Police to establish a motive if asked.. Tanaka also downplayed the alleged close tie between the organisation and Abe, stating that the former prime minister, not being a registered member or advisor, only delivered speeches for their \\\"friendly entity\\\", the UPF.On 14 July, the UC released a statement claiming that before the assassination, they reached an agreement to refund 50 million yen donated by the suspect's mother from 2004 to 2015, and that they have no more record of new donations made by her after the refund. On the other hand, the 50 million yen refunded was again donated to the UC, according to the suspect's relatives.At a press conference in Seoul on 19 July 2022, Chung Hwan Kwak, a prominent leader in the UC, apologised and stated that the organisation was responsible for Abe's death, saying: \\\"I feel a deep responsibility [for the attack on Abe] because I heard that the motive of the attacker was associated with a grudge against donations [at the UC]. I sincerely apologize,\\\" he said. Kwak said that Sun Myung Moon enjoyed a close relationship with Abe's father and grandfather, stating: \\\"Donations from Japan have greatly contributed to Moon's activities around the world\\\". Kwak argued that he tried to reform the UC's Japanese branch and end the practice of spiritual sales, but that Jung Ok Yoo and other church leaders resisted and allowed the practice to continue. South Korean church officials and the Japanese branch, on the other hand, denied Kwak's claim.The UC claimed that negative media reports related to the assassination led to hate speech and death threats against their followers. According to a female receptionist working at the Shibuya office of the UC she has been receiving two to three trolling letters every day, some containing home rubbish and even replacement razors. On 18 August 2022, the church organised a rally in Seoul against the Japanese media. About three thousand followers, comprising a considerable portion of Japanese women married to Korea via the UC's mass weddings, were transported from their facility in Gapyeong County via coaches to participate in this protest. All participants refused to be interviewed by any Japanese media on site, with deliberate intervention from the staff of the church. On 21 August, the UC released a statement on its Japanese site which condemned the media's scrutiny towards the organisation's political ties as a witch hunt, demanding apologies to their followers and threatening legal action. On 27 October 2022, the lawyers representing the UC announced that they filed a civil case for defamation against TBS Radio, Nippon TV and the guests who commentated on their shows, Masaki Kito and Yoshifu Arita, demanding public apologies and a total of 33 million yen in damage.In an interview with All-Nippon News Network, Korean journalist Song Ju-yeol (\\uc1a1\\uc8fc\\uc5f4) revealed that, according to an informant, the assassination had thrown the UC into a state of crisis. Negative attention towards the church could realistically impede their capability to raise the funds needed for operating the organisation globally, in which a major portion was contributed by their Japanese followers. The 2023 new year greeting by Tomihiro Tanaka for a private meeting was leaked and reported by media, in that Tanaka addressed to their second generation followers to prepare for a climactic battle against religious persecution, as \\\"2023 marked the 400th anniversary of persecution against Christianity in Japan beginning in 1623\\\". Responses from the Kishida Cabinet. The assassination resulted in renewed public interest into the relationship between the UC and the LDP. On 31 July 2022, Kishida demanded the members of his party to \\\"carefully explain\\\" their relationship with the church to the public. The alleged relationship caused the Kishida Cabinet's approval to drop, by 8% in July according to Yomiuri Shimbun or by 13% according to NHK. Both polls also showed that over 80% of respondents felt that the disclosure by the politicians of their relationship with the UC was insufficient. On 6 August, Kishida announced that he would reshuffle his cabinet on 10 August, much earlier than September 2022 as had been originally scheduled, and that all members of the next cabinet would be closely examined of their ties with the church. Taro Kono, the newly appointed Minister of Digital Affairs in this reshuffle, established a \\\"Spiritual Sales Review Committee\\\" in the Consumer Affairs Agency to hold weekly meeting with experts in cult-related frauds, including Masaki Kito of the anti-cult lawyers network Zenkoku Benren. In a 9 December 2022 consumer committee special meeting, Kono stated that he personally recognises the Unification Church as a \\\"cult\\\".On 24 October 2022, one of the retaining ministers in the reshuffled cabinet, Daishiro Yamagiwa, announced his resignation as the Minister of Economic Revitalization, after being criticised for his past engagements with the UC, announcing his ties with the UC only after the reshuffle to the public, and unsatisfactory responses regarding his participations in the UC-related events such as \\\"I have no memory\\\" or \\\"I have no record\\\" when being questioned by the media and opposition lawmakers. Civil responses. Almost a year before the assassination, in September 2021, the anti-cult lawyers group Zenkoku Benren sent an open protest letter to Shinzo Abe, after he had sent the video message to an online meeting of the Universal Peace Federation. In the letter, the lawyers protested that his video message constituted an \\\"endorsement,\\\" stating: \\\"We urge you to think carefully about this for the sake of your own honour.\\\"On 11 July 2022, in Tokyo's Chiyoda Ward lawyers of Zenkoku Benren held a press conference in response to the assassination. After offering their condolences to Abe, they objected to the UC's claims that it reformed its practices in 2009 after it came under police investigation. Hiroshi Yamaguchi, an advocacy group representative, said that the UC's \\\"explanation that there is no coercion of donations is a lie.\\\" The amount of damages reported by victims in Japan has been higher in recent years, the lawyers said, totalling 5.1 billion yen in more than 400 cases between 2017 and 2020. They emphasised that the activities of the UC are inseparable from front groups, including the UPF, they are all part of a \\\"religious conglomerate\\\" working toward the goal of \\\"unifying\\\" the world under their church. The advocacy group released a statement urging politicians to refrain from any actions that express support for the religious group.The Japan Federation of Bar Associations indicated that: \\\"Neither administrative bodies or politicians in the administration did anything about the activities of the former UC in the past 30 years\\\".The National Family Association of Victims of the Unification Church (\\u5168\\u56fd\\u7d71\\u4e00\\u5354\\u4f1a\\u88ab\\u5bb3\\u8005\\u5bb6\\u65cf\\u306e\\u4f1a), founded in 2003, received a surge of inquiries for helping their family members leave the UC. In June 2022, before the assassination, there were eight inquiries for the association; in July 2022, the number of inquiries jumped to 94; in August 2022, the number exceeded 100.Because there were previous instances of students lured into the UC via the workers of \\\"CARP\\\" (for Collegiate Association for the Research of Principles), a UC-front organisation which was not acknowledged by the university, lingering around the campus, Osaka University erected warning signs in the campus to urge students to avoid cult-related groups like CARP. The signs listed the common behaviours of the workers of such group like asking for personal contact or taking survey. Since 2004, Osaka University provided lectures to all first-year students about the problems with religious cults and how to deal with them on campus. Many other schools, including Waseda University, Keio University and Ritsumeikan University, warned first-year students about on-campus recruitment activities. According to World CARP Japan (WCJ), the Japanese organisation of CARP, there are about 30 CARP-circles active in universities across Japan, where they help clean up communities and teach primary school children. Examination of dissolving the Unification Church. The assassination raised discussion of stripping the UC of its \\\"legal entity of religious organization\\\" status based on Article 81 \\\"Dissolution Order\\\" of the Religious Juridical Person Law which was only issued twice in Japan prior to Abe's assassination, the first being the Aum Shinrikyo in 1996 following the 1995 Tokyo subway sarin attack; the second being My\\u014dkakuji (\\u660e\\u899a\\u5bfa) in Wakayama in January 2002 whose top officials had been convicted for employing fraudulent spiritual sales tactics to attract massive donations from their believers. The rationales being that the UC was engaging in activities which were \\\"clearly detrimental to the public welfare\\\" and/or \\\"out of line with the purpose of the religious organization.\\\" Professor of constitutional law Shigeru Minamino said that stripping the religious status of an organisation does not violate the religious freedom guaranteed by the Constitution of Japan, but it would merely strip them of benefits such as tax break enjoyed by registered religious entity. In October 2022, the leaders of the Aum Shinrikyo's succeeding unregistered religious groups, Aleph and Hikari no Wa, answered to media interviews that their religious activities had not been hindered by the government since the 1996 dissolution order.Since Abe's assassination, a woman under the pseudonym \\\"Sayuri Ogawa\\\" (\\u5c0f\\u5ddd \\u3055\\u3086\\u308a) as one of the former UC followers, who suffered financially and mentally, has become outspoken about her past experiences of how she was exploited by the church and her own parents. On 14 September 2022, she was arranged by the Japan News Network to speak face to face with the Minister of Justice Yasuhiro Hanashi on air and demanded passing new laws to regulate the malpractices of the UC and protect children from religious parents. On 6 October 2022, she and her husband held a press conference to explain their view on the church and why they feel exploited, which was interrupted by a message sent by her parents via the UC, who accused her of lying pathologically due to her mental illness. By the end of the press conference, she demanded the dissolution of the UC in tears.On 11 October 2022, the anti-cult lawyers group Zenkoku Benren formally submitted a request for disbanding the UC to the Prosecutor-General, Minister of Justice and Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Initially the Chief Cabinet Secretary Hirokazu Matsuno responded that the request must be considered with utmost prudence with regards of the precedents. On 16 October 2022, Prime Minister Kishida announced a probe of the UC would be launched regarding the allegations of their anti-social activities, and suggested the possibility of dissolving the UC depending on the report of the investigation. On the next day, organisations of anti-cultism and cult victims initiated an online petition demanding government officials to strip the UC of its religious juridical person status. As of 6 December 2022, the petition has garnered over 200 thousand signatures. Legislation to restrict donations to religious organisations and provide relief to victims. On 10 December, the House of Representatives and the House of Councillors passed two bills to restrict the activities of religious organisations such as the UC and provide relief to victims. These bills were designed to address social problems caused by the UC and the political parties and the media saw these bills as a way to restrict \\\"cults\\\" in the process leading up to the legislation.The new law stipulates prohibited acts and duty of care for juridical persons, including religious organisations, when soliciting donations. Prohibited acts include the following: a juridical person must not induce the donor to borrow money or sell their home or fields in order to raise the funds for the donation, a juridical person must not accompany the donor to a place from which the donor is unable to leave, and a juridical person must not prevent the donor from consulting with someone. The duty of care is that the juridical person shall not suppress the free will of the soliciting subject and that the solicitation shall not make life difficult for the soliciting subject's family. If a juridical person commits a prohibited act, a correction order is issued, and a person who repeatedly violates the order is subject to imprisonment for up to one year and a fine of up to 1,000,000 yen. If a juridical person violates its duty of care, the name of the juridical person will be made public. It was also stipulated that contracts for donations or sales of goods through spiritual sales, i.e. inducing psychological fear or promising spiritual salvation, can be revoked up to 10 years after the contract is concluded and up to three years after the target of the solicitation becomes aware of the damage. In addition, it is also stipulated that donations contracted while the target of the solicitation is under brainwashing can be cancelled. The law also stipulates that the victim's family can also revoke the donation due to improper solicitation, and that the victim or his/her family can claim from the juridical person the amount of past damages as well as living expenses and child support that the child or spouse is entitled to in the future. The new law then defines spiritual sales, in which a contract can be rescinded, as soliciting donations or selling goods after taking advantage of the anxiety of the target of the solicitation or causing the target of the solicitation to become anxious. Minister of State for Consumer Affairs and Food Safety Taro Kono will have jurisdiction over these laws.These bills were supported by the ruling Liberal Democratic Party and Komeito, and opposition parties the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan (CDP), Nippon Ishin no Kai, and Democratic Party for the People, and opposed by the opposition parties the Japanese Communist Party (JCP) and the Reiwa Shinsengumi. The CDP had opposed the bills, seeking legislation to more strictly restrict religious organisations, but switched to support it after a clause to review the law two years later was specified in the bills. According to the CDP and some Unification Church victims, legislation to restrict religious organisations even more strictly is needed. The JCP had proposed another bill to restrict religious organisations and therefore opposed the bills. Sayuri Ogawa, who was invited to spectate the parliament when the bills were being passed, was grateful of the new laws to be made in such a tight schedule of the parliament, but she also stressed that there are still many challenges ahead [surrounding the UC and its victims] with the most pressing one being passing new bill protecting children from religious abuse; Lawyer Hiroshi Yamaguchi who represents Zenkoku Benren wished that there would have been more time to make a solid bill. He worried that under the new laws it would still be difficult to prove that the claimant's free will was being suppressed when accepting the transaction, also the definition of what allows the victim's child or spouse to demand restitution on behalf of their relative was too narrow to be practical. Wake and funeral. In the afternoon of 11 July, Abe's casket was transported to the Z\\u014dj\\u014d Temple in Shiba Park of the Minato ward of Tokyo, where several feudal shoguns are buried. A wake for Abe began at 6:00 p.m. Over 2,500 people attended, according to the LDP.A Buddhist funeral for Abe took place at Z\\u014dj\\u014d Temple on the next day. The ceremony, conducted by priests from the J\\u014dd\\u014d-sh\\u016b tradition, was restricted to Abe's family and select others from the LDP. Following the funeral, Abe's casket was transported through the Nagatach\\u014d district with large crowds watching the procession from the pavements. The casket was driven past LDP headquarters, the National Diet Building and the Prime Minister's Office before being taken to Kirigaya Funeral Hall in the Shinagawa ward for a private funeral. During the funeral, Abe received a posthumous name that reflected his life on the political stage. A farewell ceremony has been planned for sometime after the funeral and the traditional 49-day mourning period. The location is planned to be within the Yamaguchi 4th district and within Tokyo.On 12 August 2022, the UPF held an international conference in Seoul which was attended by foreign dignitaries such as Mike Pompeo, Newt Gingrich, and Stephen Harper. None of the dignitaries from Japan attended. Part of the venue was dedicated to giving a memorial service for Abe. While not attending personally, Donald Trump and Mike Pence's video messages were also played during the event. The event stated that Abe died while participating in a movement for peace. State funeral. On 14 July 2022, six days after the assassination, the Kishida Cabinet formally decided a state funeral of Abe to be held on 27 September at the Nippon Budokan. The cost of the entire ceremony would be paid by the national coffer, drawn from the \\\"annual contingency fund\\\" which was meant for emergency situations like natural disasters. On 26 August, the cabinet approved a budget of 249.4 million yen (about US$1.8 million in August 2022) which did not include the cost of security, but in an estimation announced by the cabinet on 6 September, the grand total of the actual cost with inclusion of security (800 million yen), hosting foreign dignitaries (600 million yen) and other miscellaneous cost (10 million yen) would be at least 1.66 billion yen. The cabinet made the decision without seeking consensus in the parliament, but attempted to convince the opposing lawmakers after they finalised the decision. Kishida insisted pushing forward the state funeral on the grounds of Abe being the longest serving prime minister of Japan, as well as his achievements on domestic affairs and foreign policies. On the other hand, Kishida reaffirmed that, similar to Yoshida's state funeral, the government would only plead with, but not mandate the public to mourn Abe during his state funeral.There was one precedent of a state funeral for a post-war Japanese leader, Shigeru Yoshida, held in 1967 which cost 18 million yen in taxpayer funds. Originally the \\\"State Funeral Decree\\\" (\\u56fd\\u846c\\u4ee4) was enacted in 1926 by the end of Taisho period. Articles three and five stipulated that the \\\"prime minister shall conduct a state funeral for any one who made exceptional contribution to the country not of the imperial family under the Emperor's decree\\\". After the Second World War, the new Constitution of Japan went into effect in 1947, and the State Funeral Decree was declared null and void. Although the state funeral for Yoshida decided by the then Prime Minister Eisaku Sat\\u014d lacked any constitutional basis, by that time, only the Japanese Communist Party opposed the decision. Post-war funerals for the Emperor of Japan, while technically following the custom of a state funeral, have been known as the \\\"Ceremony of the Imperial Funeral\\\" since 1947. Attendees. Kishida's determination to hold Abe's state funeral was described by the media as a form of \\\"funeral diplomacy\\\" to convey his will to inherit Abe's legacy domestically and internationally. However, when compared to the state funeral of Elizabeth II held on 19 September, one week before Abe's state funeral, the media pointed out that the foreign dignitaries attending Abe's funeral were less influential, comprising mostly former heads of state, and none of the incumbent leaders of the G7 attended. Nippon TV cited an anonymous government official who explained that many leaders who attended Elizabeth II's funeral were unsure if it was appropriate to conduct two consecutive trips abroad in such a short period of time. All-Nippon News cited another official who commented that there were almost no notable foreign dignitaries who could attend, and that Kishida was wrong for being overly optimistic of his \\\"funeral diplomacy\\\" plan. Among those who received but eventually turned down invitations were Barack Obama, Donald Trump, Joe Biden, Angela Merkel, and Emmanuel Macron. Justin Trudeau cancelled his schedule three days before the funeral as Hurricane Fiona, a category 4 tropical cyclone, was causing serious damage across Atlantic Canada.Representatives from 218 foreign countries, regions and international organisations attended the funeral, which included heads of state and government as well as ambassadors and cabinet members.On 20 September 2022, former Japanese Prime Minister Naoto Kan stated that he would not attend Abe's state funeral. Kan's predecessor, former Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama also did not attend Abe's state funeral. Reactions to state funeral. The decision to hold a tax-funded state funeral was a radically different from the funerals for other post-war Japanese leaders, which had been jointly organised and funded by the Cabinet and the LDP. It was met with mixed reactions, as there was no legal founding that clarified eligibility or how a state funeral should be conducted. An injunction requesting a suspension to the Cabinet's decision and budget for the event had been filed at the district courts in Tokyo, Saitama, Yokohama and Osaka by civil groups on 21 July, which stated the lack of parliamentary approval and infringement of a constitutional right to freedom of belief. All these lawsuits were dismissed by all courts on 9 September. On 12 September, the Japan Congress of Journalists (JCJ) issued an appeal letter in opposition to Abe's state funeral, citing unfavorable polling data of the state funeral across the news agencies. The letter condemned the 2015 Japanese military legislation (legalisation of Japan's right to collective self-defense), one of Abe's controversial legacies during his tenure, which was described by JCJ as destroying the Constitution and peace diplomacy of Japan, but Kishida attempted to praise such legacy via a state funeral paid by taxpayers' money. Anti-cult journalist Eito Suzuki expressed his concern that Abe's state funeral could be used by the Unification Church to lure more victims into their organisation because of Abe's overt endorsement of their leader Hak Ja Han. On 22 September, in a third press conference held by the Unification Church in response to the assassination and spiritual sales, they would announce their support for Abe's state funeral out of \\\"tremendous respect\\\" for Abe.Opponents of the state funeral organised public rallies. One on 22 July, about 400 people gathered before the Prime Minister's Office. A second one on 16 August had more than a thousand people marching peacefully on the street of Shinjuku in Tokyo. A third one on 31 August organised by the opposition parties saw more than 2500 people protesting before the National Diet Building. On 19 September, two separate anti-state-funeral rallies occurred in Shibuya and Sapporo. On 21 September 2022, a man, believed to be in his 70s, set himself alight near the Prime Minister's Office, after apparently writing an anti-state funeral note.On the day of the state funeral, about 200,000 police officers were deployed around Budokan to maintain law and order. About 3,000 opponents of the state funeral, led by opposing parties, marched from the Diet to Budokan. On their way, they clashed physically with proponents, while police officers attempted to separate the two parties outside of Budokan.In the immediate aftermath of the shooting, many people were in favour of a state funeral, partly due to the shock. As the controversial relationships of the conservative ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) and the UC were revealed in an investigation, public opinion began to voice \\\"opposition to state funerals\\\". Koji Nakakita, a professor of political science at Hitotsubashi University, commented on the reason for the increase in public opinion against the state funeral, saying, \\\"The biggest problem is the issue of the former Unification Church. When the shooting occurred, some people sympathized with it as 'blasphemy against democracy'. However, the tide turned sharply when the problems of the cult came to the surface.\\\" He pointed out that Abe and others had received cooperation from the cult during the national elections, commenting, \\\"Was the former Unification Church used to win?\\\" Memorial. In the aftermath of the assassination, the Nara City government considered erecting a monument on the site where Abe was shot. After opposition from residents, the plans were abandoned, and an unmarked flowerbed that was part of an already planned redevelopment scheme of the area now serves as a de facto memorial. The exact spot of Abe's assassination is the middle of a newly repaved road that was opened for traffic in April 2023. Misinformation. Video capturing the surrounding area of the assassination from the sky by the television station was widely shared online by conspiracy theorists as a proof of Abe's death by sniper rifle, instead of Yamagami's homemade gun, from the roof of the nearby shopping mall Sanwa City Saidaiji. The conspiracy theory claimed that there was a white tent spotted on the roof of the mall in the video, and that tent was used as a hideout by the sniper. The management company of Sanwa City Saidaiji clarified that the tent was set up for the purpose of cleaning the ventilation ducts, and denied the possibility that it could have been used by anyone without authorisation. A comedian admitted that he was responsible for spreading this conspiracy theory online. After receiving criticism, he published an apology video on YouTube.Several media outlets misidentified the video game developer Hideo Kojima as the assassin. The misreporting allegedly stemmed from jokes on the online message board 4chan and Twitter that were taken as fact and subsequently published by the far-right French politician Damien Rieu, the Greek news outlet ANT1, and the Iranian website Mashregh News. ANT1 additionally reported that the suspect was \\\"passionate about Che Guevara\\\". ANT1 uploaded the broadcast to its YouTube account, but later removed it. Rieu took down the original tweet and issued an apology. Kojima's company, Kojima Productions, condemned the false reports and threatened legal action against those perpetuating the rumour.Some social media users also falsely claimed that a fabricated tweet by Abe, detailing supposed information that could incriminate Hillary Clinton, led to his death. Copycat threats. Thirty minutes after the shooting, a threatening phone call was made to Matsuyama's office, where Abe had been initially scheduled to deliver a speech. A suspect was arrested on 9 July for making threats.The Hyogo prefectural police are investigating a death threat and resignation demand for Akashi Mayor Fusaho Izumi, who previously served as an aide to the assassinated lawmaker K\\u014dki Ishii.Hours after the shooting, online assassination threats were made in Singapore and Taiwan against their respective leaders, Prime Minister of Singapore Lee Hsien Loong and Republic of China president Tsai Ing-wen. In Singapore, a 45-year-old man was arrested after his threats online were reported to the police. In Taiwan, the threat came from a 22-year-old man in Tainan, who was arrested at his home in Yongkang District.Thailand additionally tightened security around its government officials and planned to increase security at the upcoming Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit, due to be hosted in Bangkok on 17\\u201318 November. Reactions. Domestic. Incumbent prime minister Fumio Kishida called the assassination an \\\"unforgivable act\\\" and an \\\"act of cowardly barbarism\\\". Noting that Abe was shot while delivering a campaign speech, Kishida also denounced the assassination as an attack on Japan's democracy and vowed to defend a \\\"free and fair election at all costs\\\".Before Abe's death was announced, Governor of Tokyo Yuriko Koike stated that \\\"no matter the reason, such a heinous act is absolutely unforgivable. It is an affront against democracy.\\\" Kazuo Shii, chairman of the Japanese Communist Party, called the assassination \\\"barbaric\\\", an attack on free speech and an act of terrorism in a post to Twitter. Tomohiko Taniguchi, a former advisor to Abe, compared his death to the assassination of John F. Kennedy in terms of likely social impact in Japan.Tomoaki Onizuka, head of Nara Prefecture Police, acknowledged security lapses at the political rally where Abe was killed, and pledged to identify and resolve the flaws, \\\"It is undeniable that there were problems with the security for former prime minister Abe, and we will immediately identify the problems and take appropriate measures to resolve them\\\".On 11 July, Kishida's cabinet decided to award Abe Junior First Rank (Ju Ichi'i (\\u5f93\\u4e00\\u4f4d)), as well as the Collar of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum and Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum (Dai Kun'i Kikkash\\u014d Keishoku (\\u5927\\u52f2\\u4f4d\\u83ca\\u82b1\\u7ae0\\u9838\\u98fe)) effective 8 July, making Abe the fourth former prime minister since Yasuhiro Nakasone to be conferred the Collar under the current Constitution. International. In response to the shooting and Abe's subsequent death, representatives of numerous countries, including present and former world leaders, expressed their condolences.Anthony Albanese, prime minister of Australia, said that Japan had emerged as \\\"one of Australia's most like-minded partners in Asia\\\" under Abe's leadership. Albanese also mentioned Abe's foreign policy contributions, adding that the \\\"Quad and the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership are in many ways the results of his diplomatic leadership\\\". Albanese said that Abe's legacy was \\\"one of global impact, and a profound and positive one for Australia\\\". Landmarks in Melbourne, Adelaide, Sydney and Perth were lit up in red and white, and flags were flown at half-mast on the day of the funeral.National days of mourning were declared in Bangladesh, Brazil, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Cambodia, Cuba and Sri Lanka, with all countries flying their flags at half-mast on their respective days of mourning. In Bangladesh, a day of state mourning was declared for 9 July. Jair Bolsonaro, president of Brazil, ordered three days of national mourning in Brazil, which is home to the world's largest population of Japanese descent outside of Japan. Narendra Modi, prime minister of India, announced that India would observe a day of national mourning on 9 July; Modi's reaction was regarded by some as an extremely personal one compared to other world leaders particularly for his addressal of the former Prime Minister as \\\"Abe-san\\\" in his blog where he paid tributes. Nepal and Bhutan declared their respective days of mourning for 9 July. Cambodian prime minister Hun Sen announced 10 July as a day of national mourning with entertainment venues being closed for that day. Cuba observed a day of national mourning on 11 July. On 12 July, Sri Lanka observed a day of national mourning with its flag flown at half-mast on state buildings. While formal mourning days were not proclaimed in Thailand, the government did fly flags at half-mast on 8 July, and the Thai Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha paid a visit to the Japanese Embassy in Bangkok to pay respects in person.United States President Joe Biden ordered flags of the United States to be flown at half-staff until 10 July 2022, and visited the Japanese embassy to sign a condolence book. Secretary of State Antony Blinken made an unscheduled stop in Tokyo per request from President Biden, en route from the G20 Summit to the US, then met with PM Kishida to offer condolences in person, and shared letters that President Biden had written to the Abe family. Secretary of the Treasury Janet Yellen cancelled her visit to the Port of Yokohama during her visit to Japan, which was scheduled prior to the assassination of Abe. Yellen, alongside the Ambassador to Japan Rahm Emanuel, attended Abe's wake at Z\\u014dj\\u014d Temple on 11 July. Back in the US, members of both the Democratic and Republican parties offered tributes to Abe.The European Council released a photo and video library in memory of Abe, featuring the former prime minister's diplomatic interactions with leaders across the EU.Israeli President Isaac Herzog paid tribute to Abe as \\\"one of Japan's most preeminent leaders in modern times\\\", noting that he had been \\\"deeply impressed\\\" by Abe's \\\"leadership, vision and respect for Israel\\\" during his visit to the Jewish state in 2018.Releasing a joint statement, the leaders of the Quad nations of Australia, India, and the United States noted that the organisation would redouble its work towards \\\"a peaceful and prosperous region\\\" in honour of Abe. The White House noted that Abe played a formative role in the founding of the Quad partnership and worked tirelessly to advance a shared vision for a free and open Indo-Pacific. In his official statement regarding the assassination, Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau seconded the calls made by the Quad.President of the Republic of China (Taiwan) Tsai Ing-wen announced that the nation would observe a national day of mourning on 11 July, with the flag of Taiwan flown at half-mast. Taipei 101 was also illuminated in multiple messages mourning the death of Abe. Lai Ching-te, Taiwan Vice-president, visited Abe's residence as a special envoy of President Tsai to mourn Abe, along with Frank Hsieh, Taiwan's envoy to Japan, on 11 July. Lai became the highest-ranking Taiwanese official to visit Japan in 50 years after Japan severed its diplomatic relationship with Taiwan in 1972 in favour of China. Individuals, non-governmental organisations and sports. The University of Southern California (USC) paid special condolences to Abe, who attended the university for three semesters studying English and Public Policy during a study abroad program. USC's president Carol Folt personally sent her own condolences.The International Olympic Committee (IOC) president, Thomas Bach, recognised Abe for being instrumental in securing the 2020 Summer Olympics for Tokyo before his tenure ended in 2020 as well as his \\\"vision, determination and dependability\\\" that enabled the IOC to make an unprecedented decision to postpone the Olympics by a year. The Olympic flag was flown in Lausanne at half-mast for three days.Despite official condolences sent by the Chinese and South Korean governments, many Chinese and South Korean internet users were unsympathetic to Abe's death. This stemmed from grievances concerning historical colonialism and war crimes by Imperial Japan, and towards nationalist Japanese politicians \\u2013 including Abe \\u2013 who denied or questioned some accounts of the atrocities. In Japan, the assassination led to a renewed level of scrutiny of the ties between the Unification Church and the Liberal Democratic Party, with the newspaper Mainichi Shimbun running an editorial denouncing the LDP's ties to the organisation; anti-Unification Church slogans trended in Japan on social media platforms, and an online petition was launched seeking to deny Abe state honours due to his ties to the group. As of August 2022, approval for the Kishida government had fallen by 12%, and polling suggested that a majority of Japanese citizens were opposed to Abe being given a state funeral.The UN Security Council paid tribute to Abe, saying, \\\"He will be remembered as a staunch defender of multilateralism, respected leader, and supporter of the United Nations.\\\"The American magazine Time unveiled the cover of its next issue, prominently featuring Abe's portrait in black and white. This will be Abe's fourth time featured on the magazine, with Time writing Abe would be \\\"remembered for remaking Japan\\\". \", \"title\": \"Assassination of Shinzo Abe\", \"qa_pairs\": \"[{'Q': \\\"What factors led to Abe's assassination, to name two or three\\\", 'A': \\\"1. Dangerous geographical location UC has a grudge against Shinzo Abe.?\\\\n2. The gunfire is different from others/the police officer's response is slow.\\\", 'type': 'comprehension_and_reasoning', 'S': [\\\"the sound of the gunshot was very different from that of a conventional firearm,?\\\\nreminiscent of fireworks or tire blowout. This may explain the delay of response from Abe's bodyguards after the first round of gunshot.[77]\\\", \\\"Yamagami told investigators that he had shot Abe in relation to a grudge he held\\\\nagainst the Unification Church (UC), to which Abe and his family had political ties, over his mother's bankruptcy in 2002.[10][2] The\\\\nassassination brought scrutiny from Japanese society and media against the UC's alleged practice of pressuring believers into making\\\\nexorbitant donations.\\\", 'thought it was a dangerous place that made it easy to attack former Prime Minister Abe from the cars and bicycles that pass along the road behind him\\\".[60]']}, {'Q': 'How long did it take from the assassination of Shinzo Abe to the declaration of death?', 'A': 'From 11\\uff1a30 to 5\\uff1a03 pm, it took 5 hours and 33 minutes.', 'type': 'multiple_information_retrieval', 'S': ['At 2:45 pm, a press conference was held by Prime Minister Fumio Kishida, who stated that Abe was in critical condition\\\\nand that \\\"doctors [were] doing everything they [could]\\\".[84]', 'Paramedics arrived on the scene at 11:37 am, and an ambulance later arrived at 11:41 am.[78] Six out of the twenty-four emergency responders at?\\\\nthe scene later showed signs of post-traumatic stress disorder, according to the Nara City Fire Department.', 't around 11:30 am, when Abe said, \\\"Instead of thinking about why he [Sat\\u014d] cannot do it ...\\\" (\\u300c\\u5f7c\\u306f\\u3067\\u304d\\u306a\\u3044\\u7406\\u7531\\u3092\\u8003\\u3048\\u308b\\u306e\\u3067\\\\n\\u306f\\u306a\\u304f\\u2026\\u300d),[65] he was shot at from behind with a homemade gun[a][1][70] resembling a sawn-off, double-barreled shotgun capable of firing six bullets?\\\\nat a time.[66][70][71] The first shot missed and prompted Abe to turn around,', \\\"Abe's wife Akie arrived at the hospital at 4:55 pm.[85] Despite doctors' efforts, Abe was pronounced dead at the hospital at 5:03 pm, around five and a half hours after being shot.[6][86][87]\\\"]}, {'Q': \\\"Which departments or organizations have been affected after Abe's death (3-5 can be listed)?\\\", 'A': \\\"Kishida's cabinet\\u3001NHK General TV, four of Japan's five major commercial television networks Of the shows impacted, the anime series Teppen\\u2014!!!, the National Police Agency\\\", 'type': 'comprehension_and_reasoning', 'S': [\\\"Yamagata Prefecture, cancelled his remaining schedule and returned to Tokyo by 2:29 pm.[112][83] According to Chief Cabinet SecretaryHirokazu Matsuno, all other members of Kishida's cabinet were recalled to Tokyo except the foreign minister, Yoshimasa Hayashi, who was in Indonesia for the 2022 G20 Bali summit.[113] Kishida later ordered heightened security for high-ranking politicians in Japan.[114]\\\", \\\"2.NHK General TV, and four of Japan's five major commercial television networks, cancelled or postponed all scheduled programming to broadcast live news coverage for the rest of the day,as did several radio stations.[119][120][121][122]\\\", '3.Of the shows impacted, the anime series Teppen\\u2014!!! had its second episode, scheduled to air on 9 July, cancelled entirely due to the plot of', '4.On 20 August 2022, the National Police Agency announced that rules for conducting VIP protection will be revamped, which will also expand VIP protection training.', '5.The NPA also announced that they will extend their \\\"cyber patrol\\\" force which was originally established to monitor online illegal drug trade and child pornography to also swiftly identify potential threats against VIPs found on social media and take early counter measures.[129]']}, {'Q': 'What are the main reasons why the United Church (UC) was condemned in 2022?', 'A': 'The main reason is that the activities of the United Church were accused of compulsory donation.', 'type': 'multiple_information_retrieval', 'S': ['Hiroshi Yamaguchi, an advocacy group representative, said that the UC\\\\'s \\\"explanation that\\\\nthere is no coercion of donations is a lie.\\\" The amount of damages reported by victims in Japan has been higher in recent years, the lawyers said, totalling 5.1 billion yen in more than 400 cases between 2017 and 2020. They emphasised that the activities of the UC are inseparable from front groups, including the UPF, they are all part of a \\\"religious conglomerate\\\" working', 'Because there were previous instances of students lured into the UC via the workers of \\\"CARP\\\" (for Collegiate Association for the Research of Principles), a UC-front organisation which\\\\nwas not acknowledged by the university, lingering around the campus, Osaka University erected warning signs in the campus to urge students to avoid cult-related groups like CARP.']}, {'Q': 'According to the new legal regulations, why is it necessary to regulate religious organizations?', 'A': 'The regulation of religious organizations is aimed at preventing violations and protecting the rights and freedoms of donors.', 'type': 'comprehension_and_reasoning', 'S': ['1.person must not induce the donor to borrow money or sell their home or fields in order to raise the funds for the donation, a juridical person must not accompany the donor to a place from which the donor is unable to leave, and a juridical person must not prevent the donor from consulting with someone.', \\\"2.The law also stipulates that the victim's family can also revoke the donation due to improper solicitation, and that the victim or his/her family can claim from the juridical person the amount of past damages as well as living expenses and child support that the child\\\\nor spouse is entitled to in the future.\\\", \\\"n 1992, each Japanese follower needed to successfully bring three more people into the?\\\\nchurch, fulfill certain quota of fundraising by selling the church's merchandise, undergo a 7-day long fasting, and pay an appreciation fee of 1.4 million yen. For Korean people, the fee for?\\\\nattending the mass wedding was 2 million won (about 200 thousand yen in September 2022)\\\"]}, {'Q': 'What is the total donation amount of Japanese believers of Unified Church from 1999 to 2011?', 'A': 'The total amount of donations made by the Japanese believers of the Unified Church from 1999 to 2011 was about 720 billion yen.', 'type': 'computation', 'S': [\\\"According to statistics compiled by the association's lawyers between 1987 and 2021, the association and local government consumer centers received 34,537 complaints alleging that UC had forced people to make unreasonably large donations or purchase large amounts of items, amounting to about 123.7 billion yen.[52]\\\", 'According to the internal data compiled by the UC which leaked to the media, the donation by the Japanese followers between 1999 and 2011 was about 60 billion yen annually.[53]']}, {'Q': 'Based on the information provided, why do some media mistakenly mistake video game developer Hideo Kojima for an assassin?', 'A': 'The media mistakenly identified Hideo Kojima as an assassin, stemming from the spread of online jokes as facts.\\\\n', 'type': 'comprehension_and_reasoning', 'S': ['A comedian admitted that he was responsible for spreading this conspiracy\\\\ntheory online. After receiving criticism, he published an apology video on YouTube.[277]\\\\nSeveral media outlets misidentified the video game developer Hideo Kojima as the assassin.[278][279][280] The misreporting allegedly stemmed from jokes on the online message board\\\\n4chan and Twitter that were taken as fact and subsequently published by the far-right French politician Damien Rieu [fr],[281][282] the Greek news outlet ANT1, and the Iranian website\\\\nMashregh News.', 'ANT1 additionally reported that the suspect was \\\"passionate about Che Guevara\\\"']}]\", \"output\": \"None\"}\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "LooGLE-testdata/longdep_summarization.jsonl",
    "content": "{\"input\": \"Distinction and quadratic base change for regular supercuspidal representations\\n\\n\\nChuijia Wang\\n\\n\\n1 Introduction\\nLet  be a connected reductive algebraic group over a non-archimedean local field  with residual characteristic . In the study of representation theory of , one important problem is to capture the distinguished representations with respect to a pair , where  is a closed subgroup of  and  is a one dimensional character of . More precisely, an irreducible smooth representation  of  is said to be -distinguished ifThe distinction property of an irreducible representation could be described in two common ways. One is in terms of the symmetry of the representation itself, such as the self dual or conjugate self dual property. The other one is in terms of the functorial property of the Langlands parameter associated to the representation.\\nSakellaridis and Venkatesh [SV17] have set up a general framework to understand the relationship between distinguished representations and Langlands functoriality when the corresponding homogeneous space  is a spherical variety. Moreover, Dipendra Prasad [Pra15] has a more precise conjecture describing the relationship between the distinction property of an irreducible representation with respect to a specific quadratic character and the base change property of its Langlands parameter when  is a Galois symmetric space.\\nThe main focus of this article is to understand Prasad\\u2019s conjecture on the Galois distinction problem. More precisely, let  be a quadratic extension and  be the non-trivial element in . We are interested in the distinction problem for the pair , where  is regarded as a closed subgroup of  and  is the specific quadratic character of  associated to the quadratic extension  defined in [Pra15]. Let  denote the set of equivalence classes of irreducible representations of  and  denote the set of  conjugacy classes of Langlands parameters of . The local Langlands correspondence states that there exists a finite-to-one surjective map from  to , which is denoted by . Prasad [Pra15] predicts that the Langlands parameters of -distinguished representations are exactly those which are base change from Langlands parameters of , where  is a quasi-split -form of  such that . One can refer to Section\\u00a05 for a more detailed description of these notions. In other words, we have the following:Moreover, he also conjectures that the following identity holds for an irreducible discrete series representation  of  in a generic -packet:where the sum of RHS runs over all the Langlands parameters  such that ,  denotes the irreducible representation of the component group  associated to , and  is the multiplicity of the trivial representation in the restriction of . Notice that 1.1 follows from 1.2, when both sides of 1.2 are non-zero.\\nThis conjecture unifies a number of conjectures which aim to capture the distinction property of representations for Galois symmetric pairs and considerable progress has been made in attacking Prasad\\u2019s conjecture for specific Galois pairs. For the pair , this conjecture generalizes a conjecture of Jacquet, Rallis and Flicker [Fli91], which states that the -distinguished representations of  are precisely those arising as base change from , and the conjecture is proved by Kable [Kab04] for discrete series representations. For the pair , this conjecture generalizes a conjecture of Jacquet [Jac05][Jac10] and is proved by Feigon, Lapid and Offen [FLO12]. Anandavardhanan and Prasad prove the conjecture for  in [AP03][AP16], where they give the first example of a non-supercuspidal Gelfand pair. More precisely, they find that the dimension of the space of invariant linear forms is strictly larger than one for some supercuspidal reprensentations. Hengfei Lu [Lu19][Lu20] proves this conjecture for certain classical groups of small rank and their similitude groups using the machinery of local theta correspondence. All of these work depends on concrete analysis of the terms appearing on both sides of Prasad\\u2019s identity, and developing a general method which could work for all Galois symmetric pairs would be interesting. Recently, Raphael Plessis [Rap18] develops a relative trace formula approach to attack Prasad\\u2019s conjecture for general groups. His method turns out to be powerful, and has already been used to prove Prasad\\u2019s conjecture for Steinberg representations, which recovers early results proved by Broussous and Court\\u00e9s [BC14] [Cou15] using the geometry of Bruhat-Tits building, and by Matringe [Mat17] through careful analysis of double cosets appearing in Mackey theory.\\nIn this article, we try to give some evidence on the possibility of proving this conjecture for regular supercuspidal representations without constraints on the Galois symmetric pair using a different purely local method. Supercuspidal representations are fundamental objects in the study of representation theory of -adic groups. They serve as building blocks of all irreducible smooth representations in the sense that every irreducible representation can be realized as a subrepresentation of a parabolic induction from a supercuspidal representation of a Levi subgroup. One of the reasons why we work on regular supercuspidal representations is that they are parametrized by simple data and their Langlands parameters have good functorial properties. These representations are special cases of tamely ramified supercuspidal representations satisfying certain regular conditions. Explicit constructions of tame supercuspidal representations date back to the work of Howe [How77]. Following his pioneering work, tremendous progress has been made in the explicit construction of tame supercuspidal representations for general reductive groups. Jiu-Kang Yu [Yu01] first develops a general construction of tamely ramified supercuspidal representations using generic cuspidal -data , which generalizes the earlier work of Adler [Adl98]. Ju-Lee Kim [Kim07] later shows that the representations constructed by Yu exhaust all the irreducible supercuspidal representations when the charateristic of the residue is large enough. Recently, the exhaustion theorem is improved by Jessica Fintzen [Fin18] under a weaker constraint on . Based on Yu\\u2019s work, Tasho Kaletha [Kal19] classifies regular supercuspidal representations using simpler data  and established the local Langlands correspondence for regular supercuspidal representations. As pointed out by Kaletha, one crucial property of a regular supercuspidal representation is that its Langlands parameter factors through the -group of the elliptic torus  which defines the representation:This property enables us to describe the base change of  in terms of the base change of  because of the following commutative diagram of functorial maps:\\nTo state and prove Prasad\\u2019s conjecture for regular supercuspidal representations, we need the Langlands-Vogan bijection for regular supercuspidal representations of . For these representations, the full Langlands-Vogan bijection, that is, the map  and the bijection between the set of characters of the component group and the set of rational equivalence classes of rational embeddings of tori, are constructed in a series of papers [Kal19] [FKS21]. In fact, they also deal with more general supercuspidal representations, which are known as non-singular representations. Their work enables us to use the parametrization results of regular supercuspidal representations unconditionally in the study of distinction problem.\\nThe main ingredients to prove the conjecture are Hakim-Murnaghan\\u2019s description of the Hom space by Mackey theory [HM08] and Kaletha\\u2019s parametrization of regular supercuspidal representations using tame regular elliptic pairs [Kal19]. We will use these ingredients in three steps. The first step is to describe the base change map in terms of regular supercuspidal -packet data defined by Kaletha, and check the compatibility between our formulation and the original base change map defined by restriction of the Langlands parameter to the Weil group of the quadratic extension field. Then the right hand side of the conjectural formula 1.2 can be expressed as an identity involving a set of elliptic maximal tori over  and a set of characters of the elliptic tori satisfying certain conditions. The second step is to provide a reinterpretation of Hakim-Murnaghan\\u2019s formula on the dimension of the Hom space using the same data that appears on the parameter side of the formula. The final step is to give a comparison between both sides, and reduce the proof to an identity comparing various characters of the elliptic maximal torus , which naturally appear in the distinction problem, the base change problem, and the construction of local Langlands correspondence. A priori, it seems that there is no obvious relation between these characters, whose constructions are of different nature. However, we can prove this conjectural identity for several examples, which gives a new purely local proof of Prasad\\u2019s conjecture for regular supercuspidal representations of these groups. We also prove Prasad\\u2019s conjecture for regular supercuspidal representations of  when  is unramified, and  is a general quasi-split reductive group.\\nPrasad\\u2019s conjecture 5.17 holds for regular supercuspidal representations when  is unramified.\\nPrasad\\u2019s conjecture 5.17 holds for regular supercuspidal representations of ,, ( odd) and  ( odd) for arbitrary quadratic extension .\\nThis article is organized as follows. In Section\\u00a03 and Section\\u00a04, we briefly summarize Kaletha\\u2019s work on the construction of -parameters and -packets for regular supercuspidal representations, and study the base change map of Langlands parameters (Lemma\\u00a04.1 Proposition\\u00a04.2) in terms of Kaletha\\u2019s supercuspidal -packet data. After that, we give a brief introduction to Prasad\\u2019s conjecture in Section\\u00a05, where we also obtain a new factorization formula (Theorem\\u00a05.15) for the restriction of Prasad\\u2019s quadratic character to an elliptic maximal torus. Then we review Hakim and Murnaghan\\u2019s work on the computation of the dimension of the space of invariant linear forms and give a new interpretation of their formula (Equation\\u00a06.5) in Section\\u00a06. After all these preparation, the reduction to the case of tori (Proposition\\u00a07.8 Proposition\\u00a07.4) and the comparison of the two sides (Proposition\\u00a07.2 Lemma\\u00a07.10) are established in Section\\u00a07 except for 7.9. In Section\\u00a08, we present a detailed study of these quadratic characters and prove Proposition\\u00a08.1 and Proposition\\u00a08.2, which finishes the proof of Theorem\\u00a08.15 and Theorem\\u00a08.16.\\nAcknowledgement.\\nThis article consists of my Ph.D thesis at National University of Singapore. I want to express my sincere thanks to my supervisor Wee Teck Gan for his patient guidance, constant encouragement and valuable discussions over the years. His insight and suggestions play an important role in the whole project. I would like to thank Dipendra Prasad for proposing his conjecture, as well as continuous communications and encouragement during the period of preparing this article. I am also grateful to Tasho Kaletha, Jeffrey Hakim, Fiona Murnaghan, Jiu-Kang Yu, Laure Blasco, Jessica Fintzen, Wen-Wei Li, Chong Zhang and David Schwein for kindly answering my questions. Thanks are also due to Tasho Kaletha, Jeffrey Hakim, Hung Yean Loke, Hengfei Lu, Jiandi Zou for providing useful comments and feedbacks on an early draft. This work was partially supported by a Singapore government MOE Tier 1 grant R-146-000-320-114 and Israel Science Foundation grant 737/20.\\n2 Notations and conventions\\n2.1 Notation.\\nLet  be a non-achimedean local field with residual characteristic . Fix a valuation  on , let ,  and  denote the ring of integers, a uniformizer and the residual field of . Let  denote the cardinality of . Let  be an algebraic closure of  and  be the separable closure of  in .\\nFor any finite Galois extension , let  be the finite Galois group. Let \\nbe the absolute Galois group with the profinite topology. Let  be the relative Weil group of , that is, an extensionwhich corresponds to the fundamental class in . Let  be the Weil group with locally profinite topology. Let  be the inertia group, and  be the wild inertia group. The natural map from  to  fits into the commutative diagram:Let  denote the Weil-Deligne group. Let  be the maximal unramified extension of  and  be the lift of the Frobenius automorphism of , which is a topological generator of . For any reasonable object (abelian group, non-abelian group, algebraic variety) equipped with a  or  action which is compatible with the structure of , let  denote the -th Galois cohomology of  and  denote the -th Weil cohomology of . If  is the complex points of an algebraic group over , we use  and  to stand for continuous cohomology, by which we mean the cochains are continuous with respect to the natural complex analytic topology of .\\nWhenever there is a group homomorphism , we use the notation  instead of  for simplicity, which is a group only when  is normal in . For any one dimensional character  such that , we sometimes use the notation  for simplicity, when there is no confusion.\\nFor a reductive group  defined over , let  denote the derived subgroup of , which is semisimple, and  and  denote the simply connected cover and adjoint quotient of . For any maximal torus  defined over  with splitting field , let  denote the set of absolute roots associated to the adjoint action of . When there is no confusion about the maximal torus, we simply write  for convenience. For any root , let  and  be the subfield of  corresponding to the subgroup  and  of .  is an extension of  of degree at most two. If , then  is called asymmetric, otherwise it is called symmetric. Let  and  denote the set of asymmetric and symmetric roots in . Let  be the absolute root datum of . Let  be the Langlands dual group of , which is a complex algebraic group determined by the root datum . For ,  denotes the corresponding element in . Also, for ,  denotes the corresponding element in . We also use the usual notation  for the algebraic fundamental group of  and  for the component group of , both of which are finite when  is semisimple.\\nFrom now on till the end, we will always assume that  splits over a tamely ramified extension , and  is a maximal torus of  defined over  which splits over . Let  denote the enlarged Bruhat-Tits building of  over . Set  with a natural partial order: for any ,  if ; ,  if ; and ,  for any . For any  and , let  denote the Moy-Prasad subgroup generated by  and  for any  defined in [MP94], and  be , with corresponding filtration lattices of Lie algebra  and . Let  denote , and  denote . For , we also use the notation  for the Moy-Prasad quotient . For a sequence of twisted Levi subgroups , a sequence  in  and , we use the following notation for simplicity:\\nFor an irreducible admissible representation  of , let  be the depth of , which is defined by\\nWe will also adopt the notations from [Kal19]. For any  and , let  denote the jumps of , that is,Let  and  denote the following subsets of roots\\nFor any quadratic extension , we use the notation  for the set of norm  elements inside . When there is no confusion about the subfield , we simply write .\\nWhen  is quasi-split over  with a fixed Borel subgroup  such that  is a maximal torus of  and  is the unipotent radical of , we use the notation  for the pinning of  determined by the pair . By a Whittaker datum , we mean a  conjugacy class of pairs , where  is a generic character of . Let  be a non-trivial additive character. Notice that each choice of  gives a homomorphism , and composing with the addition map  yields a homomorphism . Every generic character  arises as a composition of  and  for some choice of pinning , and we also call  the Whittaker datum determined by the pinning . A representation  of  is said to be generic if it is  distinguished for some Whittaker datum .\\n2.2 Assumption.\\nSince our work is based on the fundamental work of Kaletha [Kal19], we also need to propose certain assumptions on the ground field as in [Kal19]. We list these assumptions for convenience of the readers. We assume the residual characteristic ,  is not a bad prime for ,  and .\\n3 Local Langlands correspondence for regular supercuspidal representations\\n3.1 Langlands-Vogan bijection.\\nWe first recall the conjectural local Langlands correspondence and Vogan\\u2019s refinement. Let  be a quasi-split reductive group defined over , and  be the Weil form of the -group of .\\nA Langlands parameter  of  is a homomorphism  such that: is a morphism of algebraic groups over . is continuous on  and  is semisimple in . is the natural projection.The homomorphism  satisfying the above conditions is usually called an admissible homomorphism.\\nBy the third condition, for any , we can write , such that  lies in . Notice that  is a homomorphism if and only ifwhich means that one can regard  as an element in .\\nLet  denote the set of equivalence classes of irreducible admissible representations of  and  denote the set of  conjugacy classes of Langlands parameters of . The local Langlands correspondence for quasi-split groups predicts that there exists a surjective, finite to one map:such that there exists a bijection between  and  for any , where  is the fiber of  and  is . The set  is called the -packet associated to . This bijection is not canonical and depends on certain normalization of Whittaker datum, under which the trivial representation of the component group corresponds to a generic representation. It is expected that LLC has nice properties, such as preserving local constants on both sides, being compatible with character twists on both sides, etc. We will list some of these properties in Section\\u00a03.5.\\nLater, Vogan [Vog93] notices that one should consider the representation theory of pure inner twist of  simultaneously in the local Langlands correspondence and he predicts that there should exist a bijection between  and  for any , such that the following diagram commutes:where the bottom arrow is given by the Kottwitz isomorphism. Fixing a Whittaker datum of the quasi-split form , one can associate a pair  to any irreducible representation  of , where  is the usual Langlands parameter and  is an irreducible representation of . The pair  is usually called the Langlands-Vogan parameter (enhanced Langlands parameter) of .\\nIt is expected that one can read the information of an irreducible representation from its Langlands parameter. We have the following definitions of various Langlands parameters.\\nLet  be a Langlands parameter of . It is calledelliptic (discrete), if  is not contained in any proper Levi subgroup  of . (or equivalently  is finite modulo .)bounded, if the closure of  in  is compact.unramified, if  is trivial.spherically unramified, if  is trivial.tamely ramified, if  is trivial.torally wild, if  is contained in a torus of .\\nThese Langlands parameters are supposed to parameterize essentially discrete series, tempered, unipotent (unipotent reduction in the sense of Lusztig), unramified (spherical), depth zero and torally wild (essentially tame in the sense of Bushnell and Henniart for ) representations of .\\nThe conjectural refined local Langlands correspondence has been verified for a large number of cases: for all representations of groups of certain type [HT01][Hen00][Sch13][Art13][Mok15][GT11] etc and for particular representations of general reductive groups [DR09][RY14][Kal15][Kal19][Sol 18] etc. One can refer to [Kal16a] for a more detailed description of the status of the conjecture.\\nAs conjectured by Gross and Reeder [GR10, Conjecture 7.1 (4)], for a discrete Langlands parameter, the condition  should be equivalent to the condition that all the representations in  are supercuspidal representations. For these representations, the Langlands parameters are simply homomorphisms from  to .\\nA regular supercuspidal parameter is a discrete Langlands parameter  such that: is contained in a torus of . is a torus.Let , , if  projects to a nontrival element in , then .\\nLet  be a quadratic extension, and  be a regular supercuspidal Langlands parameter of . If  is a Langlands parameter of  such that  is  conjugate to , then  is also a regular supercuspidal parameter of . This is simply due to the fact that  implies  is a tamely ramified extension, so that one has  and .\\n3.2 -embedding and -data.\\nA crucial property of regular supercuspidal parameters is that they factor though the -group of certain elliptic maximal torus of , which could be regarded as a special example of functoriality discussed in Section\\u00a03.5. Let  be an arbitrary maximal tori of a quasi-split reductive group  defined over a local field  of characteristic zero. Langlands and Shelstad [LS87] first realized that one could always extend a -stable  conjugacy class of embedding of dual groups  to an embedding of -groups (Weil form)  with the help of some auxiliary data. We give a brief review about their constructions of -embeddings using -data. A more detailed description could be found in [LS87] and [Tam16].\\nLet  be a quasi-split reductive group over , and  be a maximal torus defined over , and we assume  is contained in a Borel subgroup  since  is split. We may choose a -invariant pinning  of  such that  and  maps the simple roots determined by  to those determined by . Notice that the map  is not necessarily -equivariant, we use subscripts  and  to denote the action on  and  for any .\\nAn admissible -embedding  is a group homomorphism satisfying:for some .\\nFor  to be a homomorphism, one must have:for any . From the first equation, one can see that . From the second equation, one can find that  is a Langlands parameter of .\\nBy choosing a base point of an embeddingone can obtain the following fact.\\nThe set of  equivalent classes of L-embeddings\\n is a torsor under . The explicit bijection with respect to a base point  is given by:Conversely, for any given  and , one can associate an equivalence class of embeddings:\\nFor  with elliptic maximal torus  such that  is a degree  extension, one can choose the canonical pinning of  such that  is the diagonal torus. One can choose a  such that . There is a canonical base point  in  such that:withfor any , and  is given by a permutation matrix in  with entries being  and  determined the the above relation. If we fix a character  and  which corresponds to an equivalence class of -embedding in Equation\\u00a03.2 with respect to the above base point , the composition gives the Langlands parameter of :\\nThe remaining difficulty is to construct a base point of an -embedding in general, which is achieved by Langlands and Shelstad [LS87] using -data.\\nA set of -data for  is a collection of elements  satisfying:for any \\nA set of -data for  is a collection of elements  satisfying:for any  and\\n is the quadratic character attached to  for any symmetric root .\\nLet  denote the Weyl group , one can define a section ofin the following way.\\nLet  be a simple root of  with root vector . Let  be the corresponding  triple. Let  denote the simple reflection associated to , we setand set  for  with . This section gives a map:where  is the section of  in  and the action of  is given by the difference of the  action on  and  action on , that is\\nNotice that the map  is not necessarily a homomorphism of groups. Hence to get a base point, Langlands and Shelsted [LS87] construct a 2 cocyle\\nOne needs to find a splitting  of , that is, the map  should satisfy:Such splittings are constructed by a family of -data. We recall the explicit construction of the cochain . (In fact, the explicit realization of  involves certain choices of coset representatives). Fixing a set of representatives  of the left coset , we can define a family of functions  by the following equations:for suitable .\\nOne can also define  similarly by fixing the coset representatives  of . More explicitly, for , , and for , .\\nWe can define a cochain  by:\\nLanglands and Shelstad prove that such  is a splitting of . A priori, the explicit construction of  depends on a choice of certain coset representatives, which has a more elegant interpretation via the notion of gauge introduced in [LS87].\\nA gauge is a function  such that  for any .\\nA set of coset representatives  of  canonically determines a gauge by . For two different gauges  and , one can associate a cochain  as in [LS87, Lemma 2.4]. The map  and  are related by .\\nGiven a cochain  associated to a set of -data  and a fixed gauge , we can extend the embedding  to  by defining:\\nThe above map in Equation\\u00a03.8 is a group homomorphism.\\nThis is essentially contained in [LS87]. We write down the explicit computation for completeness. To check that the map defines a homomorphism, one needs to check the following identity:Notice that by Equation\\u00a03.1, we haveWe can also compute  explicitly by:Hence we only need to provewhich is exactly given by Equation\\u00a03.6.\\n\\u220e\\nIn fact, the choice of -data is not unique. The difference of -data provides a character of  in the following way.\\nA set of -data for  is a collection of elements  satisfying:for any  and\\n for any symmetric root  .\\nLet  and  be two sets of -data, it is clear from definition that  is a set of -data. Following [LS87] and [Kal19], one can construct a character\\nwhere  denotes the isomorphism . By the notation in Equation\\u00a03.3, the -embeddings associated to  and  are related by:Among the set of -data, the following ones are crucially used in computing the characters of supercuspidal representations.\\nA set of -data:  is called minimally ramified if, if  is asymmetric, is unramified, if  is symmetric unramified, is tamely ramified, if  is symmetric ramified.\\nKaletha also introduced the following notion of mod--data, which can be better used in conjunction with tamely ramified -data.\\nA set of mod--data for  is a collection of elements  satisfying:for any \\nFor regular supercuspidal representations associated to a tame elliptic pair, Kaletha [Kal19] describes a canonical choice of minimally ramified -data associated to the mod--data determined by the character .\\n, if  is asymmetric. is the quadratic character associated to the unique unramified quadratic extension of  by local class field theory, if  is symmetric unramified. is the tamely ramified character determined by the following equation, if  is symmetric ramified.\\nFor any  and a Howe factorization  in Definition\\u00a06.3,where  is the -constant defined by Langlands. More precisely, it has the following expression in terms of Deligne\\u2019s local root numbers:where  denotes the additive character  and  similarly.\\nNotice that the construction of Equation\\u00a03.8 depends heavily on the choice of the -data, which is not unique. For the case of , Tam [Tam16] also constructed certain -data in order to understand the rectifiers defined by Bushnell and Henniart [BH10]. The comparison of Tam\\u2019s -data and Kaletha\\u2019s canonical minimally ramified -data is carefully studied for regular supercuspidal representations of  in [OK21], which also leads to a comparison of the local Langlands correspondences for these representations established by [HT01][Hen00] and [Kal19]. Throughout this article, we work with Kaletha\\u2019s canonical minimally ramified -data.\\nRecently, Kaletha [Kal19a] gives a new interpretation of the work of Langlands and Shelstad by introducing certain double cover of the elliptic torus, where the base point of the -embedding associated to the double cover corresponds to a genuine character of the double cover.\\n3.3 Kaletha\\u2019s parametrization of regular supercuspidal representations.\\nBased on the earlier work of Langlands and Shelstad [LS87], Kaletha [Kal19] uses another type of data to describe these regular supercuspidal Langlands parameters, which he calls regular supercuspidal -packet data. He identifies the set of equivalence classes of regular supercuspidal parameters with the set of equivalence classes of regular supercuspidal -packet data, which forms a category. We give a brief review of his construction.\\nLet  be a maximal torus and  be a character. The pair  is called tame elliptic regular if is elliptic and splits over a tamely ramified extension .The action of  on the root systempreserves a positive set of roots.the character  has a trivial stabilizer for the action of , where  is a reductive group with maximal torus  and root system .\\n[Kal19](Category of regular supercuspidal -packet data.)An object in the category consists of tuples\\n, where is an elliptic torus defined over  such that  and  splits over a tamely ramified extension of . is an embedding of complex reductive groups whose  conjugacy class is -stable. is a minimally ramified -data for . is a character, such that  is a tame elliptic regular pair in the sense of Definition\\u00a03.11.A morphism between  and  is a triple , where is an isomorphism of -tori inducing an isomorphism of complex torus ., such that . is a set of zeta data, that is, a family of characters , such that , and .\\nBy Kaletha [Kal19, 5.1], a -stable  conjugacy class  of embeddings  defined over  determines a -stable  conjugacy class  of embeddings  defined over , and vice versa. Here, the structure of  to be a maximal torus of  is given by , which is determined by , and is not necessarily defined over . Elements in  are usually called admissible embeddings, and the subset of  fixed points in  corresponds to the subset of admissible embeddings defined over , which is non empty due to [Kot82, Corollary 2.2]. As remarked by Kaletha, if we choose a  invariant pinning  of , one can always choose  such that  is an isomorphism over , and pull back  via  to get a  invariant subset . Here the notion of tame regular elliptic pair makes sense if one uses the embedding  defined over  determined by . The notion of symmetric roots or asymmetric roots also makes sense with the help of .\\nThere is a natural 1-1 correspondence between the -conjugacy classes of regular supercuspidal parameters and the isomorphism classes of regular supercuspidal -packet data.\\nFor a given -packet datum  (equivalently a given regular supercuspidal Langlands parameter ), Kaletha also introduces another category to parameterize supercuspidal representations in the -packet , which he calls the category of regular supercuspidal data. The object in the category is formulated in terms of Kaletha\\u2019s rigid inner twist of a quasi-split reductive group. Since Prasad\\u2019s original conjecture is formulated in terms of pure inner twist, we only use the pure inner twist version of Kaletha\\u2019s fomulation. For relationship between rigid inner form and pure inner form, one can refer to Kaletha\\u2019s paper [Kal16].\\n[Kal19](Category of regular supercuspidal data.)An object in the category consists of tuples\\n, where is a regular supercuspidal -packet datum. is a pure inner twist of , that is  is an isomorphism over  and  is an admissible embedding defined over .A morphism between  and  is a tuple , where is an isomorphism of regular supercuspidal -packet datum. is an isomorphism of pure inner twist of , such that .\\nNotice that, one has a natural forgetful functor from the category of regular supercuspidal data to the category of regular supercuspidal -packet data. In this way, the -packet  as a set is in bijection with a torsor under . In fact, one also wants to understand the construction of each member of a given regular supercuspidal -packet data. Kaletha [Kal19] constructs a generic cuspidal -datum from a tame elliptic regular pair, which produces a regular supercuspidal representation by Yu\\u2019s construction [Yu01]. We will describe this explicit construction later in Section\\u00a06.1.\\nFrom a regular supercuspidal datum , one can construct a tame elliptic pair , where  is known as certain rectifying character arising in the earlier work of Debacker-Spice [DS18] and Kaletha [Kal15]. Then, one can run the process described in Section\\u00a06.1 to get a regular supercuspidal representation  of  from this tame elliptic pair.\\nMore precisely, the character  has the following explicit expression.\\nwhere  and  denote the unique non-trivial quadratic character of the cyclic group  and , and  denotes the toral invariants defined in [Kal15].\\nMore detailed descriptions of these characters will be given in Section\\u00a08.2.1.\\n3.4 Comparison of the -packet.\\nNow we have two ways to parameterize the set  for a regular supercuspidal Langlands parameter . One is conjecturally given by , while the other one is given by a torsor under . Notice that the first parametrization depends on certain normalization of Whittaker datum, while the second parametrization depends on a base point of the set of equivalence classes of rational embeddings. According to the strong tempered -packet conjecture, there exists a unique  generic representation in a given tempered -packet for a fixed Whittaker datum . Hence, one may expect that a fixed Whittaker datum canonically and uniquely determines a base point inside the set of equivalence classes of -embeddings of abstract tori.\\nNotice that for a toral regular supercuspidal representation  with regular supercuspidal -packet data , the following lemma due to Kaletha implies that there exists a canonical choice of rational embedding as a base point in a given -packet for any chosen Whittaker datum.\\nFix a Whittaker datum  for  associated to a fixed pinning  defined over  and an additive character . Let  be a toral -packet datum of generic depth . There exists a unique (up to  conjugacy) admissible rational embedding , such that the representation corresponding to  is  generic.\\nIn a recent preprint of [FKS21, Page 25], Lemma\\u00a03.9 is generalized to arbitrary regular supercuspidal representations. After fixing the base point, then these two parameterizations coincide as a consequence of Kottwitz isomorphism for tori and the following lemma due to Kaletha.\\nThe embedding  induces an isomorphism .\\nUnder this isomorphism,  is isomorphic to  by the Kottwitz isormophism for tori. Fix a base point of -embedding , then  could be regarded as an element in  by , which we still denote by  for simplicity.\\n3.5 Cohomological aspects of local Langlands correspondence.\\nIn the study of functorial properties of Langlands parameters, it is often convenient for us to ignore the Frobenius semisimplicity condition and regard  as a subset ofNotice that there is a natural bijection:which provides a parametrization of the (enlarged) space of equivalence classes of Langlands parameters by  as a pointed set. In this way, many functorial maps between Langlands parameters could be described in terms of natural maps between non-abelian Galois cohomology.\\n3.5.1 Functoriality.\\nThe principle of Langlands functoriality provides evidence that there may exist a deep relation between representations of different reductive groups. In a simple word, the Langlands functoriality predicts the existence of certain transfer of representations whenever there exists a homomorphism between their -groups. More precisely, we assume that  is also a reductive group defined over , and there exists an algebraic homomorphism :For any Langlands parameter  of , we can get a Langlands parameter  of  by composing  with :\\nwhich implies that  defines a map from the set of Langlands parameters of  to those of .\\nNotice that  descents to a map from  to , hence defines a transfer from  to . In fact, if we ignore the Frobenious semisimplicity condition,  also defines a map:If there exists a -equivariant mapbetween complex dual groups, then one can easily extend this homomorphism to a homomorphism of -groups simply by:\\nIn this case,  should coincide with  induced by the  equivariant map , which provides a Galois cohomological interpretation of the funtoriality. However, the map  is not -equivariant in general and the -homomorphism  is usually not an extension of a -equivariant . Nonetheless,  may still enjoy some nice cohomological properties as , which will be seen soon.\\n3.5.2 Twisted by characters and taking central characters.\\nNotice that the set of continuous characters of  inherits a natural structure of abelian group with group structure given by pointwise multiplication. In this case, we also have a parametrization of this set in terms of abelian Galois cohomology.\\nThere is a natural map:which is a bijection when  is quasi-split.\\nIn fact, there is a convenient description of the above map using hypercohomology of crossed modules. This has been described in detail in [Bor98], [Kal15] and [Lab08]. Let  be a crossed module. More precisely,  is a group homomorphism and  is endowed with an action of  such thatfor any . Notice that the second equation implies that  is abelian. Let  be a group acting on the crossed module such that the action is compatible with the crossed module structure, that isthen we have the following cohomology theory for crossed modules:where the hypercocycles  and hypercoboundaries  are defined by:Remark that we also adopt the notation in [Kal15] such that the degree in our definition is shifted by  from the usual degree in the cohomology theory of crossed modules. The reason is explained in [Kal15] for the compatibility between the cohomology of crossed module and hypercohomology of a complex concentrated in degree  and , when we take the crossed module to be a complex of tori.\\nUsing the above notation, we have the following isomorphisms.\\nThere are canonical isomorphisms:and\\nThe map  and the map (on the parameter side) of taking the central character of an irreducible representation correspond to the following natural maps between Galois cohomology.\\nThe map  is given by:The map of taking the central character is given by:\\nFor , the map of taking the central character has a simple description. Notice that we have a short exact sequence of -modules:which means that we have a quasi isomorphism of crossed modules:and the following commutative diagram:Hence the map of taking the central charactercoincides with the map of taking determinant on the parameter side\\nNotice that the set of continuous characters of  acts naturally on the set of equivalence classes of irreducible representations of  by character twists, that is, one has a natural actionwhich corresponds to the following action on the parameter side:such that  is given by .\\nFixing an elliptic maximal torus , Kaletha\\u2019s construction of regular supercuspidal representations in Section\\u00a06.1 and his construction of local Langlands for regular supercuspidal representations could be regarded as a map\\nFor any character  with  being regular elliptic, the following well known isomorphism between supercuspidal representations yields the compatibility of character twists and the construction of regular supercuspidal representationswhich corresponds to the commutativity of the diagram on the parameter side:\\n4 Base change of regular supercuspidal -packet data\\nBase change is one of the examples of Langlands functoriality. From the point of view of trace formula and harmonic analysis, the theory of base change could be understood as a special example of the theory of twisted endoscopy, which has been detailed studied in [KS99]. We will not go deep into the theory of twisted endoscopy, instead we only focus on the local counterpart of quadratic base change.\\n4.1 Base change of Langlands parameters.\\nLet  be a quadratic extension. For a Langlands parameter  of , a base change  of  is nothing but the composite of  with the functorial map:where the  action on  is given by:\\nIn other words, BC induces natural maps:There is an alternative way to describe the base change map. Since  is defined over ,  is naturally a -group. Consider the following -group:with the group law induced from the one on . To be more precise, for any , one defines .\\nThere is a natural  action on  given by right multiplication, which preserves the group law:Choosing any element , we could construct a -equivariant isomorphism:For any , we have:which implies that the isomorphism does not depend on the choice of , hence is canonical. Moreover, we have the following commutative diagram:where the -equivariant map  is defined by:By Shapiro\\u2019s lemma for non-abelian Galois cohomology, we have:Hence  coincides with the restriction map, which means that  could be identified with the restriction .\\nMany aspects in the theory of base change have Galois cohomological interpretations. It turns out that the following remark in Prasad\\u2019s paper [Pra15], which describes the fiber of base change map, is quite useful in our work.\\nPicking up a base point  associated to an irreducible representation  of , we can twist the action of the Weil group on  by , which means we can define a new  action on  by:such that  corresponds to the distinguished point in . One advantage of doing this is that we have an identification:If we assume there exists an extension , such that , then under this twisted action, the set of possible extensions of  to a parameter of  can be described by the inflation-restriction sequence:where  denotes the corresponding non-abelian Galois cohomology associated to the twisted  action.\\nThe obstruction of extending the parameter of  to a parameter of  could also be read from this inflation restriction sequence. For example, the inflation restriction map implies the image of  lies in . Hence a necessary condition for  to be extendable to parameters of  is that it is -invariant.(The Galois action is given by conjugation of an element in ). In fact, this is not the only obstruction. For general Langlands parameters, the inflation restriction sequence terminates due to the lack of  for non abelian -groups. However, for regular supercuspidal representations,  is still meaningful due to the special isomorphism in Lemma\\u00a03.10.\\n4.2 Base change for regular supercuspidal -packet data.\\nNow we use tuples  as Langlands parameters for regular supercuspidal representations of . We would like to describe the quadratic base change in terms of regular supercuspidal -packet data. For simplicity, we first focus on those regular supercuspidal -packet data whose base change to  remain regular supercuspidal.\\nA quadratic base change of a supercuspidal -packet datum of  associated toto  is given by a supercuspidal -packet datum of , which is equivalent to:where  is a -data of , such that .\\nThe above definition of base change map only depends on the equivalence class of the supercuspidal -packet datum. Let  denote the subcategory of the category of regular supercuspidal -packet data of  over  consisting of the objects whose base change (in the usual sense) to  remain regular supercuspidal, then  can be regarded as a functor from  to the category of regular supercuspidal -packet data of  over .\\nIt is enough to treat the case when the -isomorphism of  is the identity map. General cases could be reduced to this case by composing the isomorphism over . Recall  and  are equivalent, if and only if:where  is a character  constructed from the zeta datum  (product of characters depending on whether the root is symmetric or asymmetric) determined by the ratio of  and .\\nComposing both sides with , we need to prove the following identity in order to check the definition of base change is well-defined:We only need to check this identity for a fixed  orbit of , which will imply the whole identity by taking the product of components of these orbits.If the  orbit of  remains a single  orbit, then we have the following diagramorNotice that we have a correspondence of orbits when  is symmetric, andwhen  is asymmetric.Hence the identity which we want to prove in this case ( component of Equation\\u00a04.3) is given byIn this case, we have . We also have the following commutative diagram:In this case, the symmetric property of  is the same over  and . Based on the commutativity of the above diagram and the fact , one has the following identity:Composing both sides with , we havewhere  and  are identity maps when  is asymmetric over  and , and are isomorphisms , , when  is symmetric over  and .If the  orbit of  breaks into two  orbits, that is  for , with projection , then we have the following cases:The symmetry of  is different over  and .The only possibility is that  is symmetric over , but asymmetric over . In this case, one can choose  to satisfy . In this case, we have  and the following diagramNotice that we have a correspondence of orbits Hence the identity which we want to prove in this case ( component of Equation\\u00a04.3) is given byIn this case, we have the following commutative diagramthat is,Composing both sides with , we haveNotice that in this case we havewhich implies thatThe symmetry of  is the same over  and .In this case, we have  and the following diagram:orNotice that we have a correspondence of orbits when  is symmetric andwhen  is asymmetric.Hence the identity which we want to prove in this case ( component of Equation\\u00a04.3) is given byIn this case, we have the following commutative diagramthat is, we haveComposing both sides with , we haveNotice that in this case, we havewhich implies that\\u220e\\nA base change of supercuspidal -packet datum sending  to  coincides with the usual base change of the Langlands parameter sending  to .\\nBefore we give a proof of this proposition, we have the following remarks on the base change maps of regular supercuspidal parameters.\\nOne bad news is that  may fail to be minimally ramified. However, one can still find a representative in the equivalence class with minimally ramified -data over  by adjusting the character as in Definition\\u00a03.12. More precisely, one can find a 4-tuple  where  is the minimally ramified -data determined by  such that the tuple is equivalent to . The explicit relation between  and  is described later in Equation\\u00a07.1.\\nThe base change map in the usual sense  given by  is well-defined on the set of equivalence classes of all the Langlands parameters. However, for a discrete Langlands parameter  of a regular supercuspidal representation of ,  may not be a Langlands parameter of a regular supercuspidal representation of . Hence the base change of regular supercuspidal -packet datum is only meaningful when the datum after base change is still a regular supercuspidal parameter. Nonetheless, for a given regular supercuspidal parameter , if , then  is a regular supercuspidal parameter by Remark\\u00a03.2.\\nTo prove Proposition\\u00a04.2, we need the following lemma.\\nLet  be any gauge. The cocycle in  Equation\\u00a03.7 satisfies \\nThis is a direct consequence of [Kal19a, Proposition 5.15.3] by taking  to be  and  to be . This is also proved in [Sch21, Theorem 64].\\n\\u220e\\nLet  denote the Langlands parameter of the regular supercuspidal representation associated to the tame elliptic pair . As described in Section\\u00a03.2,  is of the form:Combining the above lemma with local Langlands correspondence for tori, we havewhich means the supercuspidal -packet datum associated to  is .\\nIn other words, we have the following commutative diagram:\\u220e\\n5 Prasad\\u2019s conjecture for Galois pairs\\nWe give a brief review of Prasad\\u2019s conjecture relating the distinction property of an irreducible admissible representation of  to the base change functorial property of its Langlands parameter and certain numerical invariants on both sides. Before going into details, we give a brief introduction to certain objects defined by Prasad. For more detailed description of these objects, one can refer to Prasad\\u2019s original paper [Pra15]. Let  be a quasi-split reductive group defined over a non-archimedean local field  and  be a quadratic extension with a non-trivial Galois involution .\\n5.1 The quasi-split -form  of .\\nNotice that quasi-split -forms of  are classified by:Let  be the Chevalley involution, which is defined by Prasad [Pra19a] in the general case and Adams-Vogan [Ada14][AV16] independently in the archimedean case. It is a well-defined element in . If we consider the isomorphism:where  is the based root datum of , then the Chevalley involution  is nothing but the  map on , where  is the longest Weyl element.\\nSince  is quasi-split, we can produce a splitting of the exact sequence over :by fixing a pinning  of  over , that is, we have a natural splitting:In this way, we get an automorphism  in  such that . Notice that the involution  does depend on the pinning we choose and a canonical choice of lift  with respect to the given pinning  has been explicitly described by Prasad [Pra19a, Definition 1, Example 1]. Fixing a Chevalley involution  whose image is  in , we get a quasi-split -form  of  defined by the element in , which sends  to .\\nNotice that  is a quasi-split -form of , such that  as algebraic groups over . More precisely, we have the following description of -rational points of :where  is the canonical involution constructed in [Pra19a, Definition 1].\\nLet  be a torus defined over , then there is an isomorphism between  and . In this case,  and we haveThe following cases of tori will be frequently used later:, then ., then ., for a quadratic extension  over , which is different from , then  for the quadratic extension  over , which is different from  and .\\nThe complex dual group of  is equipped with a natural embedding  sending  to , which extends naturally to a homomorphism of -groups  sending  to . This functoriality realizes the base change of , which coincides with the one in Section\\u00a04.1, except that we use isomorphisms  sending  to .\\nWe have already seen that one of the necessary conditions for a Langlands parameter of  to be a functorial lift from a Langlands parameter of  is that the parameter is -invariant (the Galois action is the one associated to the pair ), which is well known in the following cases:\\nIf  is the quasi-split unitary group, then  is the general linear group over . A Langlands parameter of  being -invariant with respect to  means . Since each -packet of  is a singleton, this simply means , that is,  is conjugate invariant.If  is the general linear group, then  is the quasi-split unitary group. Notice that the  action on  is the usual Galois action twisted by the Chavelley involution , where  denotes the matrix . In this case, a Langlands parameter of  being -invariant with respect to  means , that is, . This simply means , that is,  is conjugate self dual.In case 1, the conjugate invariant condition is also a sufficient condition for  being a base change lift from . However, in case 2, the conjugate self dual condition is not sufficient to determine whether  is a (stable) base change lift from . One needs further information, that is, the sign of the conjugate self dual representation to determine whether it is a (stable) base change or not.\\n5.2 The quadratic character  associated to .\\nLet  be the quadratic character of  associated to the quadratic extension  by the local class field theory. More precisely,  is given by the natural projection . Although there is a uniform description of this quadratic character in terms of local class field theory, it is still convenient for us to write down the following explicit description of this quadratic character depending on whether  is ramified or not. Notice that  could be described using the quadratic Hilbert symbol sending  to . More precisely,\\nWhen  is unramified, we havewhere  is the normalized valuation on  such that .\\nWhen  is ramified,  is chosen to be a uniformizer  of . Then we have\\nPrasad\\u2019s quadratic character  is given by the following Galois cohomological construction. Consider the short exact sequence of -groups:which leads to a long exact sequence:Notice that we also have a short exact sequencefor any maximal torus  of .\\nBy the natural identificationtogether with Tate duality, we have a natural map:By Proposition\\u00a03.11, we have a natural bijection:Moreover, we have the following commutative diagram:where the first vertical map is induced by the natural -equivariant morphism , and the second vertical map is given by the composition with the natural map .\\nBy choosing a regular unipotent element  in , we have a map  by Jacobson-Morosov theorem. Notice that . Hence we have a map of -groups:which induces a map:The image of  under this map determines a quadratic character of  hence a quadratic character of  by the vertical map. This is exactly the quadratic character .\\nNotice that the Cartier dual of the finite group scheme  over a -adic field is the constant group scheme . The corresponding Tate duality gives a perfect pairing:When , there is a natural isomorphism between  and  as trivial -modules, where the second isomorphism is given by exponential maps . Together with the isomorphism  induced by the Kummer sequenceit is convenient for us to use the following isomorphisms to parameterize the set of isomorphism classes of quadratic etale algebra over .\\nFrom the bijection in Proposition\\u00a03.11, it is easy to see that  is trivial if  is semisimple, simply connected, since  is adjoint so that  is trivial. Moreover, we have the following lemma describing the relationship between  and .\\n\\n\\nLemma 5.4.\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\nIt follows from the constructions of  and , which are both constructed from a quadratic character of  and the following commutative diagram:\\u220e\\nAs explained by Prasad in his paper, this quadratic character is closely related to the half sum of positive root in the following manner. Let  be a quasi-split group over a local field  and  be a maximal torus of  over  contained in a Borel subgroup  over .\\nLet  be the half sum of positive roots of , then . Then we have the following commutative diagramwhich gives an exact sequence of dual Galois modules\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\nHence the map , which defines Prasad\\u2019s character viais the restriction of the map\\nFor , the map  is given by:It is not hard to see that the principal  map induced by  is given by:such that the induced map on  is given by:For the quasi-split group  with  quadratic, the computation is similar except that the  action on  factors through , and is given byfor , which means that there is an identification .\\nBy later computations in Lemma\\u00a05.11 and Remark\\u00a05.12, Prasad\\u2019s character  is given by:where  denotes the isomorphism , and  denotes the trivial character if , and denotes the quadratic character associated to  if .\\nIn fact, Prasad\\u2019s character has been computed explicitly for many examples [Rap18][MO21]. The above examples are also computed explicitly in [MO21] in a slightly different way. We list some of them.\\n: the quasi-split special orthogonal group,  is given by ,\\nwhere  is the Spin norm given by the connecting homomorphism:associated to the short exact sequence of -groups:  is trivial, since  is simply connected.: the split special orthogonal group or the quasi-split but non split orthogonal group,  is trivial.\\n5.3 The restriction of  to the elliptic maximal torus .\\nNotice that the restriction of a character of  to  is a character of  for any maximal torus  of . Hence we have the following interpretation of restriction of characters of  to  in terms of Galois cohomology\\nNotice that we have the following commutative diagram:which gives the following commutative diagram at the level of :Hence the image of  under the natural mapis the restriction of Prasad\\u2019s character to .\\nNotice that the local Langlands correspondence for tori could be regarded as an isomorphism of two functors from the category of tori over  to the category of abelian groups [Yu09] sending a torus  toHence it enjoys the following functorial property.\\nLet  be a morphism of  tori, which induces a morphism of -modules . Then we have the following commutative diagram\\nThe following functoriality is frequently used in the later computation.\\nLet  be a finite Galois extension and  be a torus defined over . Let  be the natural embedding . Notice that one has a natural identificationsuch that  is given by the corestriction mapWe have the following commutative diagram:\\nMoreover, if we apply Proposition\\u00a05.7 to the case when  is a split maximal torus of  and  is a root of , we can get the following factorization of the restriction of Prasad\\u2019s character to the split maximal torus.\\nLet  be a split maximal torus of a split reductive group . We have the following identity:\\nThis is a direct consequence of the functorial property of local Langlands for tori in Proposition\\u00a05.7 and the explicit description of the map  in Equation\\u00a05.1.\\n\\u220e\\nIn fact, we can also obtain a similar factorization for the restriction of Prasad\\u2019s quadratic character to an elliptic maximal torus  of . However, since there will be no Borel subgroup defined over  containing , we need to find certain replacement of the set of positive roots, which is given by a section of . In the case when  is a maximal torus contained in a Borel subgroup , both of which are defined over ,  could be regarded as a section of  determined by the . Let  be an arbitrary maximal torus of  defined over , one can choose a Borel subgroup  of  defined over  containing  such that  can be identified with  as a set, where the former set may have a non-trivial  action. Let  be the corresponding maximal torus in  such that . We have the following lemma due to Kottwitz [Kot83, Page 292].\\nThe restriction of  to  is independent of the choice of , hence is defined over  and  is preserved by any automorphism of .\\nHence the definition of Prasad\\u2019s character also does not depend on the choice of section . Notice that  indeed inherits a  action given byfor any . We have the following identification:hence the following partition:where ,  and  stand for symmetric, asymmetric  orbits and asymmetric  orbits. This decomposition enables us to get a factorization of Prasad\\u2019s character in terms of certain  orbits.\\nBefore we give a general description of the restriction of Prasad\\u2019s character to an elliptic maximal torus, we first prove the following lemma.\\nLet  be any one dimensional torus defined over a non archimedean local field , consider the natural -equivariant inclusion  (embedding of  into ), which gives the natural map . Let  be a quadratic extension of , which is regarded as an element in . Then the image of  under the above map is the character of  given by the natural map .\\nFirst we need to prove that the map  is indeed a character, that is,  could be embedded into . Notice that there are four kinds of one dimensional tori over a -adic field, when the residue characteristic is not :  and , where  are three quadratic extensions of . When  is , we have  by local class field theory. When  is , we have  by Hilbert , where  is given by . When  is  with  and , we have  and . Then we have the following identificationdue to the following isomorphism:The last isomorphism is due to the fact that the map  is trivial since .Since  acts on  trivially, we have the identificationThen the element  gives rise to a natural quadratic character of  which is trivial on the index two subgroup . Let  denote the image of  under the map . Then  is a cocycle which is trivial on . Under the local Langlands correspondence for tori,  corresponds to a character of  trivial on , which is the natural character .\\u220e\\nThe above quadratic character has a more convenient description in terms of quadratic characters of the splitting field of the one dimensional torus . Let  be a one dimensional torus over  with splitting field . There exists a natural embeddingwith a -equivariant morphism of dual torus given by the corestriction map in Equation\\u00a05.3:Notice that we have a commutative diagramApplying the functor , we get a commutative diagram at the level of :By local Langlands correspondence for tori, the image of  is  for , where  is trivial if  is contained in , and the quadratic character associated to  if  and  are disjoint.\\nIn fact, for any torus  of the form , where  is a one dimensional torus over , one can also construct the following map:The simplest example is when we take  to be . For disjoint  and , the image of  is the quadratic character . For , the image of  is trivial.\\nNow we give a new interpretation of the restriction of Prasad\\u2019s character to , where  is an elliptic maximal torus of . This interpretation is largely inspired by the work of Kaletha and Langlands Shelstad.\\nThe following diagram of -modules is commutative:\\nNotice that the  action on  is trivial. By Equation\\u00a04.1, the natural map  sends  to the constant functions  on . For a  orbit  of a root , we have a natural identification . One can directly check the commutativity of the diagram by explicit computation:\\u220e\\nWe can apply the functor  to get a commutative diagram at the level of :Moreover, if  is symmetric, then we also have:\\n is symmetric.Let  be the one dimensional anisotropic torus over  whose  points correspond to the norm-one elements of  with respect to . A  orbit of  induces a natural map . Then we consider the following diagram:One can define a character of  associated to  and the  orbit of  in the following way:sending  to , where  is the natural mapNotice that we have the following commutative diagram:where  denotes the isomorphism .\\nHence we have is asymmetric.One can define a character of  associated to  and the  orbit of  in the following way:sending  to .Notice that by [Kal19a, Page 6], any root  gives a morphism , and summing over  orbit of  gives a morphism:defined over . (In fact these two morphisms are trivial on , hence define a morphism from  to  over , which is in fact trivial due to the ellipticity of .) This gives a morphism of dual toriNotice that the -mapfactors through the above map, which implies the character  factors throughHence the character is trivial.\\nThe restriction of Prasad\\u2019s character to an elliptic maximal torus  inherits the following factorization:\\nNotice that the restriction of Prasad\\u2019s character to  is given by the image of  under the following map:By Equation\\u00a05.4, we haveNotice that each summand is defined over , hence we have the following factorization by Equation\\u00a05.5 and Equation\\u00a05.6:\\u220e\\nOne advantage of our formulation is that we can compute the restriction of Prasad\\u2019s character to an elliptic torus  according to the property of absolute roots associated to .\\nFor , computations in Example\\u00a05.5 have already shown thatNow we give a reinterpretation of , where  is a maximal elliptic torus of  of the form  for a degree  extension . Since  is still an elliptic torus of , we know that . One can easily see that , which means that we haveIn this case we also have  for each root . Notice that each  orbit of roots has exactly  roots, hence the number of  orbits equals .\\nHence we havewhich means thatBy Theorem\\u00a05.15, we can deduce\\n5.4 Prasad\\u2019s conjecture for regular supercuspidal representations.\\nAlthough Prasad makes his conjecture for an arbitrary irreducible admissible representation of  in a generic -packet, the conjecture has a simpler form for regular supercuspidal representations.\\nFix a Whittaker datum  such that  satisfies , let  be a regular supercuspidal representation of  with Langlands-Vogan parameter , where  is the Langlands parameter of  and  is an irreducible representation of the component group . Let  be the quasi-split -form of  defined in Section\\u00a05.1, and  be the quadratic character of  associated to  defined in Section\\u00a05.2. Then we have the following identity:where the sum of RHS runs over all the Langlands parameters  such that , and  is the multiplicity of the trivial representation in the restriction of .\\nNotice that we can simplify the parameter side of this identity based on the nice parametrization properties of regular supercuspidal representations, which will be described in detail in Section\\u00a07.2.1.\\nThe inflation restriction sequence Equation\\u00a04.2 already implies that the set of possible extensions of  can be identified withNotice that under the twisted (by )  action, we have an identification . In fact, for a regular supercuspidal parameter , Lemma 5.3.4 in [Kal19] impliesHowever, there may exist different  structures on  (hence different  structure on ) such that  is , and we should count them all. If we fix an  structure on , then the set of possible extensions of  can be identified with the pointed setunder the above isomorphism. We will give a comparison between this and the one obtained from the naive base change in Remark\\u00a07.5.\\n6 Hakim-Murnaghan\\u2019s formula for distinguished regular supercuspidal representations\\n6.1 Yu\\u2019s construction of tamely ramified supercuspidal representations.\\nLet  be a reductive group over a nonarchimedean local field  of residual characteristic , such that it splits over a tamely ramified extension of . Yu develops a general method to construct tame supercuspidal representations of  using cuspidal data. We give a brief review of the construction here. For more details, one can refer to [Yu01],[HM08]. We fix an additive character  of conductor  for convenience.\\nA generic cuspidal datum is a -tuple:where is a sequence of tamely ramified twisted Levi subgroups of , such that  is anisotropic. is a point in the enlarged Bruhat-Tits building of  and  denotes its image in the reduced building. is a sequence of real numbers, such that  if , and  if . is an irreducible representation of  such that  is -isotypic and  contains an inflation of a cuspidal representation of , and also - is irreducible.(The last condition is also equivalent to the condition that  is a depth-0 supercuspidal representation of .) is a sequence of quasi-characters  of  of depth , which are  generic in the sense of Yu. More precisely,  is trivial and there exists a  generic element  such that:for any , where  denotes the Moy-Prasad isomorphism:\\nTo understand Yu\\u2019s construction, we first need to understand the representation theory of abstract Heisenberg -groups and Yu\\u2019s special isomorphism, which is crucial in the whole construction. Let  be a symplectic vector space over a finite field  such that , and  be the usual Heisenberg group associated to . More precisely,  is identified with  with multiplication given by\\n[Yu01]\\nA Heisenberg -group is an abstract group  which is isomorphic to a Heisenberg group  associated to a symplectic vector space  over .\\nFor an abstract Heisenberg -group  with center , let  denote . The commutator map defines a symplectic form on :\\nA special isomorphism on  is an isomorphism  such that the following diagram commutes:\\nFix a non-trivial additive character , the Heisenberg Weil representation of  is the pull back of the usual Heisenberg Weil representation of  associated to .\\nThe explicit construction of the tamely ramified supercuspidal representations [Yu01] could be described as follows.\\nLet  be a maximal -split torus of ,  be an -torus containing  such that  is maximal -split, and  be the centralizer of  in . Since  is quasi-split over ,  is a maximal torus of  defined over  with maximal -split subtorus . Let  be the splitting field of  such that  is a tamely ramified extension. We have canonical inclusions of apartments:When  is quasi-split over , then  could be chosen to be the maximal torus , such that  determines the pinning of  over .\\nFor an arbitrary maximal torus  defined over , which splits over a tamely ramified extension . We adopt the notation in [Yu01] and [HM08].\\nLet  denote the intersectionin .\\nSince  is tame, by Galois descent on Bruhat-Tits building, we have a natural identification:\\nFix a cuspidal datum  such that  for a tamely ramified maximal torus , and set , Yu defines a family of subgroups of :These subgroups satisfy the following relations:Since  is of depth , hence is trivial on , so that  factors through a character of . We can get a character of  by inflation:Let  be the unique character of  such thatNotice that  has a natural structure of abstract Heisenberg group over the residue field, such that  has a natural structure of symplectic vector space over the residue field. There exists an irreducible representation  of , which corresponds to the Heisenberg representation via the special isomorphism such thatThe restriction of  to  is  isotypic.The restriction of  is  isotypic.It is also proved that  factors through the mapwhere  is the inflation of  to .\\nLet  be the representation of  such that its inflation to  is . One can produce a sequence of representations  of  by inflation. More precisely, we have\\n,  for , and .\\nThen one can further produce a representation of  byBy [Yu01] and [Fin19], the representation - is irreducible, hence a supercuspidal representation of .\\nAn important class of such representations are the so-called toral supercuspidal representations, that is, the representations with Yu data:where  is an elliptic maximal torus of  and  is a character of . As remarked by [Kal19], these representations are already general enough to include a class of supercuspidal representations called epipelegic representations, which is first constructed by Reeder and Yu [RY14] using stable vectors in geometric invariant theory. Later, Kaletha [Kal15] proved that their constructions could be recovered from Adler\\u2019s construction [Adl98] when the residual characteristic  is good.\\nBased on Yu\\u2019s work, Kaletha provides a strategy to construct regular supercuspidal representations from a tame elliptic pair  satisfying certain regular conditions. We give a short review of his construction here. The key point to recover Yu\\u2019s data from  is the following existence result of Howe factorization proved by Kaletha.\\nLet  be the splitting field of , one can produce a sequence of Levi subsystem of  for a sequence of positive real numbers  and :\\nSet , then one can define  to be the connected reductive subgroups of  with a maximal torus  and root system . We also set .\\nA Howe factorization of  is a sequence of characters  for  such that. is trivial on . is of depth  is  generic. For ,  is the trivial character if , and has depth  if . For ,  is the trivial character if , and is a depth zero character if . In this case we usually denote it by  instead of .\\nAny pair  consisting of a tame elliptic torus  and a character  has a Howe factorization .\\nIf , then  is a maximally unramified elliptic maximal torus of  [Kal19, Definition 3.4.2], and  is a regular depth zero character such that  factors through . Let  denote the inflation of the irreducible Deligne-Lusztig cuspidal representation  of  to . Let  denote the canonical extension of  to  established by Kaletha with the help of  action on the corresponding Deligne-Lusztig variety. By [Kal19, Propositon 3.4.27],  could be chosen to be .\\nHence, the above process associates a generic cuspidal datum  to . One can then get a regular tamely ramified supercuspidal representation of  from Yu\\u2019s construction.\\n6.2 Hakim-Murnaghan\\u2019s formula.\\nFor a tame supercuspidal representation  of  with a fixed Yu-datum, Hakim and Murnaghan [HM08] give a formula to describe the dimension of the space of  invariant linear forms on  for an involution  defined over . We can apply their machinery to the case when  is  and  is the -involution induced by  (also denoted by ).\\nwhere  is certain multiplicity, and  is certain quadratic character of .\\nMoreover, they also describe the relevant condition explicitly.(i.e. the condition of double coset or equivalently  such that .)\\nFor toral supercuspidal representations, this formula could be even much simpler. More explicitly,  is a toral supercuspidal representation, where  and  is the representation of  attached to  through Yu\\u2019s special isomorphism. For these representations, we have:\\nRecently, Hakim [Hak18] transforms the relevant condition on  orbits of involutions to  orbits of involutions, that is, from double coset  to double coset  for regular supercuspidal representations, and gets a refined formula for these representations. Remark that the set of  orbits of involutions within a fixed  orbit of  can be identified with , where  is the stabilizer of  in , and it\\u2019s clear that  contains  as a finite index subgroup. However, in our reinterpretation, we prefer to use the double coset  instead of  for certain reason, which also avoids the factor .\\nThe following theorem (in a slightly different form) is proved by Hakim [Hak18] for regular supercuspidal representations:\\nLet  be a regular supercuspidal representation of  attached to a tame regular elliptic pair , then we have:\\nMore precisely, the quadratic character  has the following explicit description:In fact,  is indeed the quadratic character  in Equation\\u00a06.3 given by , whereis a vector space over the residue field .\\n6.3 Some facts about -adic tori.\\nBefore we give a reinterpretation of the relevant condition on the set of  orbits in the  orbit of the Galois involution , we first review some basic facts about -adic tori.\\n Conjugacy class.\\nFor a connected quasi-split reductive group  defined over , let  be a fixed base maximal torus defined over .\\nLet  and  be two maximal tori of  defined over . They are called rationally conjugate if they are conjugate by an element in . They are called stably conjugate if  and  are conjugate by an element in .\\nWe have the following well-known parametrization of these conjugacy classes.\\nThe set of rational conjugacy classes of maximal tori of  defined over  is in bijection with the pointed set .\\nExplicitly, the bijection is given by:where  is a maximal torus of  such that .\\nIn fact this identification can also be read from the long exact sequence associated to the short exact sequence of Galois pointed sets:where the set of rational conjugacy classes of maximal tori defined over  can be identified with the set . In fact, the variety  is known as the variety of maximal tori, whose rational points  parameterize the set of maximal tori of  defined over .\\nThe set of stable conjugacy classes of maximal tori defined over  is in bijection with the pointed set  and there is a surjective mapwith each fiber consisting of the set of rational conjugacy classes of maximal tori inside a stable conjugacy class of maximal tori.\\nNow we fix a cocycle  with . Let  be the -torus corresponding to  (regarded as an element in  by the natural map ). Notice we have an -isomorphism , where  lies in , such that  projects to . Hence we have an embedding of  into  for any choice of , such that  is a maximal torus of .\\nBy the short exact sequence of -groups:we have a long exact sequencehence also a long exact sequence\\nNotice we have natural isomorphisms:which means  as a set.\\nMoreover, in [Re11, Section 6.2] Reeder also constructs an affine action of  onsuch that the long exact sequence gives a bijection between the set of rational conjugacy classes of maximal torus in  and the set of  orbits in .\\n Rational Embeddings.\\nFix a stable conjugacy class of maximal tori , there is another interpretation of the set:\\nThis set parametrizes rational equivalence classes of -embeddings of a maximal torus  into , that is(two embeddings  and  are equivalent if there exists some  such that )\\nIf we write  for some , we not only have  (this is the condition for  to be defined over ), but also have  for any  and any (this is the condition for  to be defined over , that is ), which means .\\n\\u220e\\nIn the above lemma, we have already assumed that  is a maximal torus of , which means that we have already chosen a base point of an -embedding of the underlying abstract torus of  to . Moreover, if  is an abstract torus with a fixed  conjugacy class of an embedding  such that  is a maximal torus of , then the set of  is a torsor under  by sending  to  for  such that .\\nNotice that the setparameterizes all the  equivalence classes of possible embeddings of maximal torus into . More precisely, this set is in bijection with the set of equivalence classes of the pairs  where  is an -torus with  and  is a  equivalence class of -embeddings.  is equivalent to  if and only if  and there exists  such that .\\nIf  is an elliptic maximal torus of , then  is surjective.\\nBased on this lemma, we can see that the pointed set  with  being an elliptic maximal torus of  can be identified with the set of rational conjugacy classes of -embeddings of  into all pure inner forms  of  for . For a regular supercuspidal parameter , we have already seen in Section\\u00a03.4 that there is a bijection:What\\u2019s more, we also have the following refined bijiection:\\n6.4 Reinterpretation of the indexing set appearing in Hakim-Murnaghan\\u2019s formula.\\nLet  denote the  orbit of the Galois involution . For a regular supercuspidal representation  associated to  with  elliptic torus over  such that  and  is maximal torus of , the relevant condition for  being distinguished becomes that  is stable under  for some  by [Hak18]. Notice that this condition is equivalent to the condition , which means  is defined over . Let  denote this -torus, and we have  as locally compact topological groups.\\nThere is a bijection between the relevant double cosetand the set , where  is defined to be:Let  be a fixed base point of an embedding of an abstract torus  to  over . Then  could be regarded as an element of  via the map . Furthermore, if  is fixed as the base point in , this set can also be identified with the set:\\nNotice that  is -stable hence defined over  with . We partition the relevant double coset according to the isomorphism class of the -structure of . The bijection is given by sending  to  such that . It is clear from definition that  only depends on  and that . It is also direct to check this map is indeed a bijection. The second statement follows from Propostion (6.7), Lemma (6.9) and the following commutative diagram for elliptic torus, which is due to snake lemma:where  is the short notation for .\\n\\u220e\\nWe can also consider the above BC map for pure inner forms  with  and these maps can be glued to a map:which coincides with the usual restriction map:Moreover we have:\\nIn fact, if we choose  to be the base point in , there is a natural identification:\\nIn terms of this interpretation, Hakim-Murnaghan\\u2019s formula becomes:\\n6.5 -extension and a reduction step.\\nSince we are dealing with the distinction problem with respect to a specific quadratic character which may be nontrivial, we can\\u2019t apply Hakim-Murnaghan\\u2019s formula directly. An obstruction is that  could not always be extended to be a character of . To deal with this issue, we take consideration of the -extension of .\\nLet  be a connected reductive group over . A -extension of  is a central extension  of :such that is a connected reductive group over  whose derived subgroup is simply connected. is an induced torus, that is,  is isomorphic to a finite product  for finite extensions .\\nFor any reductive group  over a field of characteristic , a -extension always exists.\\nTaking the long exact sequence of Galois cohomology associted to the short exact sequence of -groups, we have:By Shapiro\\u2019s lemma, we have isomorphisms:which implies that .\\nIn this way, we can treat an irreducible representation of  as an irreducible representation of , which  acts on trivially. In particular, Prasad\\u2019s character  is indeed a quadratic character of .\\n, as a quadratic character of , can be extended to a quadratic character of  for any -extension  of .\\nWe first prove that  regarded as a character of  is the same as . Notice that we have a following commutative diagram:which leads to the following commutative diagram:The commutativity of the above diagram implies that  as a character of . By Lemma (5.4),  coincides with , which is trivial since  is simply connected. This simply means that  is a character of .Notice that we have a second exact sequence of -groups:where  denotes the derived subgroup of  and  denotes the cocenter of , which is a torus defined over .Taking the long exact sequence of Galois cohomology, we have:since  is simply connected. This provides an identification between  and . Since  is a subgroup of the locally compact abelian group ,  as a character of  could be always extended to be a character of , hence a quadratic character of .\\n\\u220e\\nLet  be an extension of  to . Now we review the relationship between representation theory of  and . Notice that we have a natural map:by regarding an irreducible representation of  as an irreducible representation of , on which  acts trivially.\\nLet  be a regular supercuspidal representation of  constructed from a tame regular elliptic pair , the image of  under this map is the regular supercuspidal representation of  attached to , where  is the preimage of  in  and  is the pull back of  along . We have the following commutative diagram:\\nTaking long exact sequence of Galois cohomology, we have the following commutative diagram:\\nSince  is an induced torus, we know that  and . By the snake lemma, we have an isomorphism:\\nIf we fix a stable conjugacy class of an elliptic torus  in , then we have a bijection:Moreover, there is a bijection:since any -embedding  into , whose base change to  is , canonically determines an -embedding  whose base change to  is  and vice versa. Hence we have\\n7 Proof of the theorem under 7.9\\n7.1 Torus case.\\nWe start with Prasad\\u2019s conjecture for torus . This has already been treated in Prasad\\u2019s paper [Pra15], and we give a brief review of the torus case here. Notice that  is trivial, hence for any  which may be nontrivial,  is identified with . From the construction of , we know that it is in fact constructed from a character of , hence is trivial in the torus case.\\nLet  be a character of . The left hand side of Prasad\\u2019s conjecture gives\\nBy Example\\u00a05.1,  is a -torus, whose -rational points are given byFrom the long exact sequence associated to the short exact sequence of -groups:we haveApplying the exact functor  of taking the Pontryagin dual, we can see that a character  of  is distinguished by  if and only if it is a base change of a character of  that is  where  is a character of  and  is the norm map associated to  given by  Hence we haveNotice that the set of possible extensions of the parameter of  (if not empty) can identified with the set . The right hand side of Prasad\\u2019s conjecture reads:In fact, by local Langlands for tori and the exact sequencewe can already see that the number of base change lifts of  from  (if not ) equals the cardinality of\\nNow we give a direct proof based on Galois cohomology. For the exact sequence of algebraic groups over :we have a dual exact sequence of -modulesBy combining a result of Kottwitz [Kot84, Corollary 2.3] and Shapiro\\u2019s lemma, we have the following long exact sequence:which leads to an isomorphism:where the map  is induced by the corestriction map. Since  is dense in ,  for any Galois module . Hence we have the commutative diagram:Notice we have isomorphismsNotice that for a homomorphism of abelian groups , there is a natural identification . As a corollary, we have , which implies the equality\\nNow we try to reduce the proof of Prasad\\u2019s conjecture for regular supercuspidal representations to the case of torus.\\n7.2 Regular supercuspidal case.\\nWe first summarize Kaletha\\u2019s construction of an -packet associated to a regular supercuspidal -packet datum in a few words.\\nFix a regular supercuspidal -packet datum  of  such that  is the minimally ramified -datum determined by , the Vogan -packet associated to this Langlands parameter consists of representations:where  runs over the set of  conjugacy classes of embeddings of  into  over  for any , and the representation  is the one constructed from Yu\\u2019s generic cuspidal datum associted to the tame elliptic pair in Section\\u00a06.1.\\nLet  be a regular supercuspidal representation associated to a regular supercuspidal datum , where  is an admissible embedding of  to  defined over . Now we give an explicit computation of LHS and RHS of Equation\\u00a05.7. Notice the tame elliptic regular pair associated to this regular supercuspidal datum is . We also need the following generalization of Lemma\\u00a03.9 to fix a base point in a given regular supercuspidal -packet.\\nFor any Whittaker datum  for , there is a unique admissible embedding (up to  conjugacy)  such that the regular supercuspidal representation corresponding to  is -generic.\\nIf the Whittaker datum  is chosen to satisfy Prasad\\u2019s condition , then base point of embedding  is defined over .\\nBy Lemma\\u00a0A.11, the condition  is equivalent to the condition . Let  be the generic semisimple element associated to the character . Since we also assume the -parameter of  is a base change lift from one of , we have . By [Kal19, Lemma 6.2.2] [FKS21], the unique embedding (up to  conjugacy)  such that  is  generic is characterized by the condition that\\nthe  conjugacy class of  meets the Kostant section of . More precisely, there exists  such that . To prove  is defined over , we need to verifyLet  denote , then we have . Notice that the facts  and  imply thatBy the uniqueness of the characterization, we have , that is,  is defined over .\\n\\u220e\\nWe shall henceforth fix a Whittaker datum  satisfying Prasad\\u2019s condition and use  in Proposition\\u00a07.2 as a base point to fix the bijection:\\n7.2.1 RHS of Equation\\u00a05.7.\\nNow we try to compute the RHS of Prasad\\u2019s conjecture in Equation\\u00a05.7 explicitly for regular supercuspidal representations in terms of their supercuspidal data. Notice that  plays the role of a character of component group  associated to .\\nTo find an extension of a parameter  to a parameter  is equivalent to find a regular supercuspidal -packet datum  of , where  is an elliptic maximal torus of  defined over  and  is a character of  such thatThis is equivalent to the condition that there exists an abstract isomorphism of  tori:where the norm  is the composite of  and the norm map on  sending  to . We take this abstract isomorphism  as part of our initial data.\\nSince  is tamely ramified, we know that . Then the second condition becomes\\nA priori, it seems that the character  produced by -data depends on the character . However, the computations in Section\\u00a08.4 imply that this character does not depend on , but only depends on .\\nNotice that for a supercuspidal parameter , Lemma 5.3.1 in [Kal19] implies\\nThe parameter side of Prasad\\u2019s conjecture in Equation\\u00a05.7 then becomes:where the notation  means that we fix an abstract isomorphism  of abstract tori over .\\nThe  of Equation\\u00a05.7 is given by:\\nWe give an explicit computation of each term appearing inBy local Langlands correspondence for tori,\\n We also have a commutative diagram:Hence for , the setcan be identified with a torsor for .Fix a Whittaker datum  satisfying Prasad\\u2019s condition, which determines a base point  of the set of equivalence classes of rational embeddings of  to . By Proposition\\u00a07.2,  is in fact defined over , and the representation  has the label  such that , which we still denote by  for simplicity. Consider the following correspondence established in Theorem\\u00a07.1:The condition  (hence must be ) is equivalent to the condition\\n. We also have a commutative diagramwhere the horizontal arrows are given by Kottwitz isomorphisms. Hence the condition  is equivalent to the condition By the above two interpretations of the formula, we prove that the  of Equation\\u00a05.7 is given by\\u220e\\nComparing the number of base change lifting of supercuspidal -packet datum with the one given by inflation and restriction sequence Equation\\u00a04.2, it seems that the extension of the character part of the datum is already parametrized by . In fact, the regularity condition of the character  seems to pose some constraints on the set of pair  whose base change over  is . One natural question is whether  could be a base change of  and  simultaneously such that the -structure of  and  are different. We can even see this in the following example of :Let T be an elliptic maximal torus of  over  and  be a regular character of . Then  can be identified with norm  elements inside a quadratic extension . A necessary condition for the existence of an elliptic maximal torus of  whose base change equals to  is that  is a biquadratic extension. Let  and  be the other  intermediate fields between  and . Let  denote the non-trivial involution. Then  can not be a base change of  and  with  simultaneously.If  comes from two elliptic torus  and  over  with , then there exist characters  such that  for any . A immediate consequence is that , which implies . This contradicts with the regular condition, since we have a natural identification: \\n\\u220eLater we will see that the same phenomenon happens on the representation side. More precisely, the regular condition may pose the condition that  can not be distinguished with respect to  and  with  simultaneously. Since these conditions are equivalent as a simple consequence of local Langlands correspondence for tori, we do not need to exclude these possibilities to prove Prasad\\u2019s identity.\\n7.2.2 LHS of Equation\\u00a05.7.\\nFor , we have a -extension of  depending on . Let  denote the -extension for . Summing these dimensions over -pure inner forms  of  which are trivial over , we have the following identity:\\n\\n\\nProposition 7.8.\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\nWe have the following equalities of charactersfor any reductive group  whose derived subgroup is simply connected.\\nIf we assume 7.9, then the proof is a direct consequence of the proof of torus case and the following comparison of Proposition(7.4) and Proposition(7.8):\\nThe conditions in Proposition\\u00a07.4 and Proposition(7.8) are the same.\\nA stable conjugacy class of a maximal torus  of  uniquely determines a stable conjugacy class of maximal torus  of , and vice versa. By the long exact sequence associated to the short exact sequence of -groups:we haveTaking the Pontryagin dual of the above exact sequence, we can see  if and only if By the long exact sequence associated to the short exact sequence of -tori:we have \\n\\u220e\\nPrasad\\u2019s conjecture 5.17 is true for regular supercuspidal representations if and only if Conjecture 7.9 is true.\\n8 Comparison of various characters\\nTo prove 7.9, we need to detect the relation between the following four quadratic characters: , ,  and , where  appears in [HM08] for the computation the dimension of invariant forms,  is the restriction of Prasad\\u2019s quadratic character to ,  is the the rectifying character, which is used to construct regular supercuspidal representations from  in [Kal19], and  is the character of  associated to the -data, which measures the difference of two different -data. The proof of Conjecture 7.9 is not completely done in this article, we manage to prove Conjecture 7.9 for some particular examples, and when  is unramified. A priori, it is hard to imagine there is any relation between these characters, since the constructions of these characters are of different nature. In fact, these characters are quite mysterious, and of independent interest themselves. Certain deep arithmetic hides behind these characters. We give a short summary of these characters.\\nThe motivation of Prasad\\u2019s character is to detect the sign of a conjugate self dual representation. More precisely, for the case of , the representations distinguished by the trivial character are conjugate orthogonal, and the ones distinguished by Prasad\\u2019s character are conjugate symplectic. Hakim\\u2019s character consists of two parts, both appearing in the computation of the dimension of the linear form. The first part of Hakim\\u2019s character origins from different choices of Yu\\u2019s special isomorphism in his construction of tame supercuspidal representations. The second part of Hakim\\u2019s character appears in the depth zero part, which follows from Lusztig\\u2019s work on the computation of the dimension of linear forms for finite groups of Lie type. Kaletha\\u2019s character naturally appears in the construction of local Langlands for regular supercuspidal representations, which aims to produce the correct character identity based on the work of Adler, Debacker and Spice [AS09] [DS18]. The character  appears naturally measuring the difference of the base point of -embedding given by different tamely ramified -data determined by the characters of the torus. We will give a description, and sometimes a reinterpretation of these characters in detail.\\nWe first recall the explicit expressions of these characters.\\n Hakim-Murnaghan\\u2019s character of .where \\nis a vector space over the residue field .\\n Kaletha\\u2019s character of .\\nwhere  is the toral invariant defined by Kaletha. More precisely, it is given by:where  denotes ,  denotes a nonzero element in ,  is a quadratic extension with , and  denotes the quadratic character  associated to  by local class field theory.\\nIn the next few subsections, we are going to compute these characters explicitly taking into consideration of the distinction problem. For convenience, let  be a maximal torus of , and  be a maximal torus of  such that  is  conjugate to  instead of writing  and  for abstract tori  and embeddings .\\nConjecture 7.9 is true when  is unramified.\\nConjecture 7.9 is true for ,, ( odd) and  ( odd) for arbitrary quadratic extension .\\n8.1 Prasad\\u2019s character.\\nBy Theorem\\u00a05.15, we have the following factorization of Prasad\\u2019s quadratic character:\\n8.2 Kaletha\\u2019s character.\\nKaletha\\u2019s character is given by:\\nNow,  is a maximal torus of . Notice that we care about the situation when  is a base change of a maximal torus  of  over . Then we can identify the absolute character groups .\\n8.2.1 Toral invariant.\\nIn [Kal19], he gives a characterization of the toral invariant in terms of the Kottwitz sign of certain absolute rank  group. Now we describe his formulation.\\nFor a symmetric root  over , let  denote the subgroup of  generated by the root subgroups for  and .\\nWe know that  is defined over , and a semisimple group of absolute rank . If we assume  being simply connected, then the toral invariant could be understood as the Kottwitz sign of .\\nwhere  is a division algebra over  and  denotes the Kottwitz sign [Kot83].\\nThis is essentially proved by Kaletha. Notice that one has a decomposition of Lie algebrasuch that  is the Lie algebra of a one dimensional anisotropic torus  defined over , which splits over . Since  is simply connected, semisimple of rank  over , we know  must be an inner form of  over . From the definition of the toral invariant , we can see that . Hence the computation reduces to a computation of toral invariant of absolute rank one semisimple simply connected group. Notice that  is  by [Kal19, Lemma 4.5.3, Page 57]. By [Kal15, Proposition 4.3], we have the following formula for an inner twist  with its restriction to be an -isomorphism :We apply this formula to the case of absolute rank one group over , and get\\n.In fact, we can write down a direct computation for  and  uniformly.Let  for . Let  be a quaternion algebra over , which possibly splits. Then  could be embedded into  such that  as a (right) -vector space could be written as  for  with multiplication satisfying . Then the quaternion algebra is determined by the Hilbert symbol .\\nNotice that the left multiplication of  on  is  linear since  is a right  vector space. By choosing a basis  over  , one can embed  to  sending  to . Notice that  is the fixed point of  of the following involutionwhich defines the action of . Over , the adjoint action of  is given by . We can choose\\n, then  and , which implies . Hence we have\\u220e\\nNotice that we only care about the case that  is a base change of a torus  over , and  is defined over  for the purpose of distinction. It is clear from the definition that  must be symmetric over  if it is symmetric over .If , that is,  and  are both quadratic extensions, then  is also a base change of a rank one group over . Since  splits over any quadratic extension, in particular, over , we know that .If , then the  orbit of  breaks into two  orbits:  and  for . Then we can put the toral invariant of  and that of  together, and get\\n8.2.2 Explicit computation.\\nWe try to compute the quadratic character  explicitly. Notice that Kaletha\\u2019s character is given by a product of characters over  orbits of roots, we will deal with the component of a fixed  orbit at each time.\\n is asymmetric over , then  is automatically asymmetric over , that is  and . We have two cases:The  orbit of  becomes two  orbits. In this case .Let  and  be the two  orbits, both of which contribute to the character. We can put  component and  component of Kaletha\\u2019s character together. More precisely, for , that is, , we haveThe  orbit of  remains one  orbit. In this case .If  is unramified,  must be unramified.Since  is unramified, we have  for . Let  be the generator of the cyclic group , that is,Then we have:since , which means that every element in  is a square in . Hence the restriction of the character  to  is trivial.If  is ramified,  could be ramified or unramified. If it is unramified, the character is trivial by the same reason. If it is ramified, the quadratic character is given by , where  denotes the non-trivial quadratic character of . is symmetric unramified over , that is  is unramified quadratic.The  orbit of  becomes two  orbits, that is . Notice we have is asymmetric over , that is  and  is unramified quadratic.In this case, one has two  orbits. Notice that we can choose a lift  of  such that , and we only need to compute the contribution of  or  in the asymmetric case. Hence the quadratic character is given by .Since  is symmetric unramified over  in this case, we have  lies in . Similarly, let  be the generator of the cyclic group , that is,Then we havesince , which means that every element in  is a square in . Hence the restriction of the character  to  is trivial. is symmetric (necessarily unramified) over , that is  unramified quadratic extension with .In this case, one has two  orbits  and , both of which are symmetric over . We can put  component and  component of Kaletha\\u2019s character together. For , that is, , we haveThe  orbit of  remains one  orbit, that is  is a quadratic extension. In this case, both  and  are unramified quadratic. Notice that we have , hence , which means  is a biquadratic extension of .In this case  is unramified and  are all ramified. Hence  is symmetric unramified over . The quadratic character is given by . is symmetric ramified over , that is  is ramified quadratic.The  orbit of  becomes two  orbits, that is . Notice we have is asymmetric over , that is  and  is ramified quadratic.In this case, one has two  orbits. Notice that  and we only need to compute the contribution of  or  in the asymmetric case. Hence the quadratic character is given by . is symmetric (necessarily ramified) over , that is  ramified quadratic extension with .In this case, one has two  orbits  and , both of which are symmetric over . We can put  component and  component of Kaletha\\u2019s character together. The quadratic character is given by the toral invariant.The  orbit of  remains one  orbit, that is,  is a quadratic extension. In this case, both  quadratic and  is ramified quadratic. By the same reason  is biquadratic over  and  is unramified. is unramified. Then we have  is unramified and  is ramified, which means that  is symmetric ramified over . Hence the character is given by . is ramified,  could be unramified or ramified. is unramified, and  is biquadratic. Hence  is symmetric ramified over  and the character is given by . is ramified, and  is biquadratic. Then  is unramified, that is,  is symmetric unramified over . Hence for , the character is given by .\\n8.3 Hakim\\u2019s character.\\nAccording to [Hak18, 3.2], Hakim\\u2019s character is given by:where  is a quadratic character given by \\nBefore we give a new interpretation of Hakim\\u2019s character, we first list some properties of Hakim\\u2019s character. These properties are mainly proved by Hakim [Hak17] [Hak18] and Zhang [Zha20a] [Zha20b].\\n\\nThe proof depends on the algebraic nature of this quadratic character, which means that it is the restriction of a algebraic quadratic character of , and the fact that one has a decomposition .\\n factors through , where the latter is the Lusztig quadratic character defined by:where  is the sign defined by Lusztig, which is  for any reductive group  defined over .\\nLet  be any  involution of  preserving . Lusztig\\u2019s quadratic character has the following factorizationwhere  denotes .\\nFor Galois pair,  is always trivial.\\n8.3.1 A new interpretation of \\nNotice that \\nis a vector space over the residue field . We rewrite  as a direct sum over  orbits of roots appearing in .\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n(8.1)\\n\\n\\n\\n\\nNotice that we have isomorphisms of  vector spaces:The adjoint action of  becomes multiplication of  under this identification and the determinant is given by the norm . If we have , that is  is a jump, then  is given by , otherwise  is trivial.If  is asymmetric over , we could put the character associated to  and the character associated to  together. Notice that one has  by [DS18, Corollary 3.18], and the character is unchanged if one replaces  by . The number of  orbits of asymmetric roots is even with the same jump condition for  and . Hence the product of  over asymmetric roots is trivial.If  is symmetric over . Then the determinant of the action is given by .When  is unramified, this character is trivial sinceWhen  is ramified, this character is given by\\n8.4 The character associated to -data.\\n8.4.1 Relation between  and .\\nNotice that , as an element of absolute root system , is the same as , but carries a twisted Galois action. More precisely, the Galois action on  could be descried as follows.\\nFor any , whose projection to  is trivial,For any , whose projection is ,where  denotes the original action on , and  denotes the twisted action.\\nLet  denote the subfield of  which corresponds to  under this  action, which we denote by .\\n.\\nWe only need to prove that . For any , we havewhich means that . The reverse direction is similar.\\n\\u220e\\nIf  is a quadratic extension of  and  with , then  is the other intermediate field of the biquadratic extension  over .\\nLet  and  be the two non-trivial elements. We havewhich impliesHence  is the third intermediate field of  corresponding to the order two element .\\n\\u220e\\nIf  and  is both symmetric over  and . Then \\nNotice that  is symmetric over , hence it is necessarily symmetric over . Hence we havewhich means that .\\n\\u220e\\nIf  and  is symmetric over  but asymmetric over . Then .\\nNotice that we have  and  over  is quadratic. Furthermore, we know  since  action on  is non-trivial. Hence , which means that  is asymmetric over .\\n\\u220e\\n8.4.2 Explicit computation.\\nThe  orbit of  remains a single  orbit.The symmetry of  is necessarily the same over  and .Symmetric case is symmetric ramified both over  and .In this case,  is also symmetric over  since  is symmetric over . Then  is a biquadratic extension of  with three intermediate fields . We have the following diagram:Under the isomorphism ,  is the trivial character on\\n, the unique non-trivial character on , and is determined by its value at . Notice that  is the trivial character on , the unique non-trivial character on , and is also determined by its value at  by the surjectivity oftogether with the factThis means that  is also tamely ramified over . Hence  is trivial on , and is determined by the difference of these two -data. To compare these two -data at the symmetric ramified root  over , one only needs to evaluate the two character at  for certain mod--data over .Let  be the -data corresponding to a character , then  is also the -data corresponding to the character .This follows from the following direct computation.\\u220eApply the above proposition, we know that  is given by  on . According to Bushnell and Henniart [BH05, 1.5.2], for inclusions  such that  is a biquadratic extension, we have a formula:Hence we have:which impliesBy [BH05, Lemma 1.5], for any unramified extension  of degree , . Hence , which means it is the unramified quadratic character of  associated to the unique unramified extension , which means that  is the unramified quadratic character .Hence, the  component of  is given by: is symmetric unramified over  and symmetric ramified over .\\nWe have the following diagram:where  is the unramified extension of , and  is the tamely ramified -data determined by the mod  data. Notice that we haveSince  is ramified, hence we have  mod . By the fact that  is an unramified character and , we know that  is trivial. Hence we only need to compute  explicitly. is .Notice that we have  by the definition of -data, which impliesby considering the diagram:\\u220eHence the  component of  is given by: is symmetric unramified both over  and .We have the following diagram:Notice that we haveby considering the diagramHence, the  component of  is given by:Asymmetric caseIf  is asymmetric both over  and . Then we have:Hence, the  component of  is given by:The  orbit of  breaks into two  orbitsThe symmetry of  is the same over  and .We have the following diagramsororNotice that the equalities  and  imply . Hence the  component of  is trivial in all these three cases.The symmetry of  is different over  and .We have the following diagrams:Notice that  since  is asymmetric over . The  component of  is given byFurthermore, we have  and  is unramified, hence the  component of  is trivial.Notice that  since  is asymmetric over . The  component of  is given bywhere  is a tamely ramified -data, which is the unique nontrivial quadratic character on  and determined by mod--data. Notice that , hence the  component of  is given by\\n8.5 Tables.\\nWe list tables describing the contributions of each type of roots to these four quadratic characters.\\n8.6  unramified case.\\nIn particular, we can use our methods to deal with all cases such that  is unramified. The unramified assumption enables us to prove many components of these characters are trivial due to some arithmetic reasons.\\nPrasad\\u2019s conjecture 5.17 holds for regular supercuspidal representations when  is unramified.\\nPrasad\\u2019s character.\\nNotice that we have the following factorization of Prasad\\u2019s character:for any .\\nWhen  is contained in , then  is trivial.\\nWhen  and  are disjoint, then . Hence the only non-trivial term is the following case:In this case,  is a biquadratic extension of . Since  is unramified, both  and  are also unramified, which means  is symmetric ramified over  and .\\nHence, Prasad\\u2019s character could be simplified by:\\nKaletha\\u2019s character.\\nBy Table\\u00a02, we have the following description of the character .\\nIf  is unramified, we have\\nHakim\\u2019s character.\\nNotice that  consists of two partswhere  has the following factorizationby Section\\u00a08.3.1.\\nNotice that  is trivial for any Galois involution by [Zha20a, Corollary 3.18], which means that\\nHowever, we can not detect more information of this character from this expression. Luckily, when  is unramified,  is trivial by a result of Zhang [Zha20b, Proposition 4.1]. His proof relies on the existence of depth zero good element of trace zero, which is only available when  is unramified. In fact, his argument is global in nature which means that he constructs an  symplectic structure preserved by the adjoint action of , instead of analyzing a fixed root component of Hakim-Murnaghan\\u2019s character. His method is somehow complementary to ours. Hence when  is unramified, we have:\\nThe character associated to -data.\\nBy Table\\u00a04, we have the following description of the character of  associated to -data.\\nIf  is unramified, the character is simply given by:\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\nSummarizing the above computation, we haveIn this case, both  and  are symmetric ramified over , and the above computation implies Conjecture 7.9 is true when  is unramified.\\n\\u220e\\n8.7 Examples.\\nIn this section, we apply our method to various examples and give a new proof of Prasad\\u2019s conjecture for regular supercuspidal representations of these groups. Although most of these results are not new, our method is still somehow illuminating.\\nPrasad\\u2019s conjecture 5.17 holds for regular supercuspidal representations of ,, ( odd) and  ( odd).\\n8.7.1 Example of .\\nIn the case of , Prasad\\u2019s character is trivial since  is simply connected and perfect. Hakim\\u2019s character is also trivial since  is always a square. In fact, we can list all the possible cases of regular toral supercuspidal representations here. We also provide a comparison between our new interpretation of Hakim\\u2019s character in Equation\\u00a08.1 and the original one given by taking determinant of the adjoint action.\\nLet ,  with . Let , so that we have the following biquadratic extension: can be embedded into  in the following two ways:..These two embeddings are -equivalent. More precisely,  maps  to . However, the intersection with  of these two elliptic maximal tori are different:Hence it indeed happens that there are different  structures of , which means that the sum over abstract torus with different -structure in our formula is not trivial a priori.Let  be the split maximal torus of  over  with  consisting of diagonal matrices. Let  be the anisotropic maximal torus of  over  with , together with an embedding (there are two rational conjugacy classes of  embeddings of  into ) given by:Let  (In fact we can even choose an element , here we use  for simplicity). Then we havethat is, .Let  be the apartment associated to  of the building , we have identificationsSince  is split,  acts trivially on  andNotice that  and  are related by . By the -equivariant property of the Bruhat-Tits building , we have:The condition  implies that  is the origin  of . Hence we have , which is a point in .Now we restrict ourselves to the toral case (every tame supercuspidal representation of  is of depth zero or toral), that is, the twisted Levi sequence is , we describe the group  and  explicitly. Such computations have essentially been done by Hakim and Lansky in [HL10].Let  be the depth of the generic element  over , which corresponds to  via . We fix a valuation  on  such that . Let , the valuation of  forces the conditionWe have:where .\\nLet  denote the symplectic vector space over , where the Moy-Prasad isomorphism between  and  is realized by Caylay transform [HL10, A.6]. ramified, .  unramified,  is odd, . unramified,  is even. ,where  is endowed with a natural symplectic structure associated to an additive character such that .In fact, we can compute the action of  on  explicitly (although we actually restrict the action to  on ). If we choose the isomorphism , the action of  is given by:One can see that  (mod  is , since we have .Now we use  as an example to show how to compute Hakim\\u2019s character using our reinterpretation in Equation\\u00a08.1. In this case,  is symmetric both over  and . In particular, we have , ,  and . Furthermore, we havetogether with an isomorphismOne can check directly that the adjoint action of  is simply given by multiplication by  under the above isomorphism, and taking the determinant of the adjoint action mod  is simply given bywhich implies the triviality of .\\nNotice that in the case of ,  is always symmetric over . By our interpretation 8.3 or [Kal19, Lemma 4.5.3], the toral invariant of  is always trivial. Hence Kaletha\\u2019s character is trivial by the triviality of the toral invariant in the symmetric ramified case, together with the fact  in the symmetric unramified case. Hence the only remaining part is the computation of character of -data. Notice that the computation of  is exactly the same as the case of . By Equation\\u00a08.10, Equation\\u00a08.12, and Equation\\u00a08.13, we have  or , both of which are trivial. Hence, Conjecture (7.9) is true for , which gives a proof of Prasad\\u2019s conjecture for regular supercuspidal representations of .\\n8.7.2 Example of .\\nThe difference in treating the case of  and  shows different complexity of Prasad\\u2019s conjecture. For the case of , the double coset part, which is related to the set of certain embeddings of tori, is more complicated, while the character part is relatively easy. However, for the case of , the non-trivial quadratic character associated to  appears, while the embedding part is easy since there are not so many equivalence classes of rational embeddings.\\nLet  be an elliptic maximal torus of  over . Then  for a quadratic extension . A necessary condition for the existence of an elliptic maximal torus of  whose base change equals to  is that  is a biquadratic extension. Let  and  be the other  intermediate fields between  and . Let  denote the non-trivial involution. Then  For simplicity, let  be a torus over , whose base change to  is  with .\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\nIn the case of , Prasad\\u2019s quadratic character is given by:\\nHence  is given by:\\nWe will give an explicit computation of the case of . Before doing this, we first review some results on the descriptions of supercuspidal representations of , which arises as base change of irreducible representations of . These results are essentially due to [Bla10].\\nAssume  is ramified, and  is unramified. Then  could be unramified or ramified. Let  be a character such that  is a regular supercuspidal representation of  associated to . Assume  is a base change from a Langlands parameter of . Then  is a base change of a torus  with , and  is a base change of , which means that .\\n is odd if and only if we have the field diagram\\nThis result has been mentioned in [Bla10]. We write down a proof for completeness.. This direction is relatively easy. Let  denote the depth of . Let  be the generic element associated to , that is,Since , we know that , in particular, . This is equivalent to the fact  mod . We can choose a uniformizer  of  such that  and . The condition  forces  to be odd.. The direction is suggested by Blasco. Since  is unramified, we can choose  to be a uniformizer  of . Since  is ramified, we can choose  to satisfy . Since  corresponds to a level  character,  is a unit. On the other hand, since  is odd, we have , which means that . However  does not lie in , hence does not belong to , which means  generates  over . This implies  is unramified, hence  is ramified.\\u220e\\nNow we give a comparison of these four characters in the case of .\\nThe odd case. (This terminology is from [HM02]) Representation side:In this case, by the above lemma, we know that  is even, which means that there is a non-degenerate Heisenberg quotient and  belongs to :Notice that both of these two characters are trivial on  since  for . On , the product of these two characters is given by:Explicit computation shows that these two non-trivial quadratic characters coincide on , which means: Parameter side.Notice that we have , withMoreover, we have  and . The commutative diagram:becomesand  is given by  for any  or .In this case,  is the unramified quadratic character of  and , where  is the unramified quadratic character of . Hence we have  and we haveHence we have the equalityThe even case. There are two cases: Representation side.A priori, if , we haveIt is clear that  is trivial on  and given by  for . Notice that  satisfiessince , and is given by  for . Moreover, we have the following indentitywhich means that if , then we have .However, in this case,  is odd, which means that  and the Heisenberg quotient is degenerate. Hence Kaletha\\u2019s character and Hakim\\u2019s character are automatically both trivial in this case. Parameter side.Following Equation\\u00a08.5, , where  is the quadratic character of  determined by mod  data, and  is the unramified quadratic character  of . Hence . Now we are going to proveNotice that we have  by the definition of -data, which impliesby consideringHence we also have the equality Representation side.A priori, if , then we haveNotice that  is trivial by Example\\u00a08.17 in this case, which means Hakim\\u2019s character is always trivial. Parameter side.By Equation\\u00a08.2, we have . Hence we have\\nPrasad\\u2019s conjecture 5.17 holds for regular supercuspidal representations of .\\nIt seems that our approach is quite different from the proof existing in the literature. These characters may not be seen explicitly in the trace formula approach or in the local Rankin-Selberg method even in the simple case of .\\n8.7.3 Example of ,  is odd.\\nLet  be the elliptic maximal torus  of , where  is a degree  extension of . Since we are considering the case when  is also elliptic,  and  are disjoint. Let  denote the composite of  and . Fix a set of representatives  of . One can diagonalize the element  over , such that , where  lies in . Then each root in  is of the form . When  is cyclic generated by , then  is simply . Since  is odd, we know that all the roots are asymmetric both over  and . In this case, we have , . In this case, we have . All the roots in  are symmetric over  but asymmetric over . In this case, we have  and .\\nPrasad\\u2019s character.\\nPrasad\\u2019s character is trivial, since  is odd. The fact that the restriction of Prasad\\u2019s character to an elliptic maximal torus is trivial can also be seen from Example\\u00a05.16. Since all the roots are asymmetric over , when  is odd.\\nHakim\\u2019s character.\\nHakim\\u2019s character is also trivial by Section\\u00a08.3.1, since all the roots are asymmetric over , when  is odd.\\nKaletha\\u2019s character.\\nA priori, it seems that Kaletha\\u2019s character is not necessarily trivial from its definition. Notice that all the roots are also asymmetric over . Hence from its definition, the character  is given by\\nLet  be a maximal elliptic torus of . The character  is trivial, if  is of odd ramification degree.\\nNotice that  is character of  defined over , which is trivial due to the ellipticity of .\\nHence we have:where  is the  orbit of , and can be identified with . Hence if  is odd, we have .\\n\\u220e\\nNotice that all the elliptic tori of  is of the form , for a degree  extension . Hence by the above lemma, Kaletha\\u2019s character  is trivial when  is odd, and so is .\\nCharacter from zeta data.\\nSince all the roots are asymmetric over , by Equation\\u00a03.9, the character is\\nNotice that  since  is asymmetric over . We only need to compute . We can choose  in its orbit such that  for some . We have the following cases.\\n is unramified.  is given by . Notice that  since both  and  are unramified. Hence for , . is ramified.  is given by , where  is the tamely ramified character, which is the unique non-trivial character on  and determined by the value at some mod--data.\\nNotice that for any , . is ramified. , which means the character is trivial. is unramified. , since  is odd.\\nThe above computation shows that 7.9 is true for , when  is odd. This also gives a simple proof of Prasad\\u2019s conjecture 5.17 for regular supercuspidal representations of  when  is odd.\\n8.7.4 Example of   is odd. \\nNotice that  is an elliptic maximal torus of , hence  is of the form  for a degree  extension . Hence we have  for a degree  extension  such that . Moreover, we have , , which means all the roots are asymmetric over  but symmetric over . We also know that . Moreover, we have , which means all the roots in  are asymmetric over .\\nPrasad\\u2019s character.\\nNotice all the roots are asymmetric over , since . Hence we have . Prasad\\u2019s character is trivial by Equation\\u00a05.2. The fact that the restriction of Prasad\\u2019s character to an elliptic maximal torus is trivial can also be seen from Theorem\\u00a05.15, since .\\nHakim\\u2019s character.\\nThe only possibility for Hakim\\u2019s character to be non-trivial is that  is ramified quadratic by Section\\u00a08.3.1. In this case Hakim\\u2019s character is given bySince  is ramified, the reduction mod  of  is . Hence the reduction of  is , which means Hakim\\u2019s character is trivial.\\nKaletha\\u2019s character.\\nNotice that . By the argument in Lemma\\u00a08.20, Kaletha\\u2019s character  is trivial when  is odd, so is .\\nCharacter from zeta data\\nSince all the roots are asymmetric both over  and , by Equation\\u00a03.9, the character is\\nThe above computation shows that Conjecture 7.9 is true for , when  is odd. This also gives a simple proof of Prasad\\u2019s conjecture 5.17 for regular supercuspidal representations of  when  is odd.\\nAppendix A Whittaker model for distinguished regular supercuspidal representations\\nIn this appendix, we collect some facts about the characterization of Whittaker models of regular supercuspidal representations in terms of geometry. This origins from the work of Debacker and Reeder [DR10] on description of Whittaker models for generic very cuspidal representations. Basically, one can describe all the characters  of  which occur in  in terms of certain intersection property between the Kostant sections of  and the  orbit of the generic element associated to . Some of these work is generalized to regular supercuspidal representations in [Kal19] and [FKS21]. We will also mention some results about the Whittaker model of a  distinguished representation of . These results interact naturally when we study the distinction problem of a regular supercuspidal representation of .\\nA.1 Local character expansions.\\nWe first review some basic facts about the character expansion and -adic analogue of Rossman\\u2019s character formula, which is known as the Murnaghan-Kirillov formula [Mur96]. Later, this work has been extended to a more general setting by many people: Jeffrey Adler, Stephen Debacker, David Kazhdan, Loren Spice [AD04] [DK11] [AS09] etc. Fix a -invariant bilinear form  on , which identifies  with . For any regular semisimple element , let  denote the semisimple orbital integral:where  denotes the centralizer of  and  is a left invariant Haar measure on  defined by Rao [Rao72], depending on a choice of Haar measures on  and . Notice that  is a distribution if we vary , while it could also be regarded as a function on  if we fix  and vary . We use  and  to distinguish them.\\nFix an additive central character , one can define the Fourier transform of arbitrary orbital integral by:where  is defined by:Notice that the Fourier transform of a nilpotent orbital integral  as a distribution could also be represented as locally constant function on an open dense subset , which we also denote by .\\nLet  denote the character distribution associated to an irreducible admissible representation . More precisely, fix a Haar measure  on , for any ,where  is an operator defined byIt is known that  is represented by some locally constant function on an open dense subset of , which we still denote by . Moreover, we have the well-known local expansion formula of , which is essentially due to Harish-Chandra and Howe [DP99].\\nThere exist constants  and a neighbourhood  of  in  such that, for any where  is a semisimple element of , , and  runs over all the nilpotent  orbits in .\\nFor , this formula is the usual Harish-Chandra character expansion:as an equality of locally constant function in a small neighbourhood of .\\nIn fact, semisimple orbital integrals and nilpotent orbital integrals both play an important role in the space of invariant distribution on . Moreover, they are related by the following germ expansion result of regular semisimple orbital integral by Shalika [Sha72].\\nFor any , there exist locally constant functions  on  and a neighbourhood  of  in  such that for any ,\\nFor a fixed  sufficient close to , this identity is an identity of distributions on :A priori, this identity has nothing to do with representations. In fact, we could expect more for the relationship between character expansions and Shalika germs expansions. For instance, if we admit the philosophy of orbit method in the spirit of Kirillov-Rossmann [Ros78] for real reductive groups, that is, for some particular discrete series representation , we can associate a semisimple elliptic element  (in fact a coadjoint orbit in ), one can relate  and .\\nMurnaghan [Mur96] studies the relation of  and  and found thatfor arbitrary nilpotent orbit , which leads to a formula of Kirillov-Rossmann type.\\nwhere  is a regular elliptic element associated to the supercuspidal representation .\\nA.2 Kostant section.\\nLet  be a regular nilpotent  orbit. Let  be a nilpotent element. By Jacobson Morozov theorem, there exists a  triple  such that:\\nA Kostant section of  at  is an affine subspace  defined by:\\nSince  and  are -rational, the Kostant section  is defined over .\\nEvery regular  orbit  meets  in exactly one point.\\nMoreover, if the  orbit  is also defined over , then the unique point in  is -rational. Hence the Kostant section  determines an -rational point in every regular  orbit.\\nLet  be a regular  nilpotent orbit in ,  be a Kostant section for , and  be a regular semisimple element in . Then the coefficient  is non zero if and only if the  orbit of  meets \\nIf  is a very supercuspidal representation associated to a tame elliptic pair , let  denote the good semisimple element with . We have the following theorem due to Debacker and Reeder.\\nLet  be a regular supercuspidal representation of . Assume  is a hyperspecial point. For any generic character ,  if and only if  orbit of  meets .\\nFrom another perspective, if we pick up a generic representation  of  which is  distinguished, one has the following expectations on the Whittaker model of  from Prasad.\\nLet  be an irreducible generic representation of . If  is  distinguished, then  has a Whittaker model with respect to a character .\\nThis conjecture has been proved by Anandavardhanan and Prasad for  [AP16] based on the study of the restriction of representations of  to  and the classification of representations of . Later, this type of question has been raised and treated in a paper of Dipendra Prasad [DS19] with an appendix by Sakellaridis for general symmetric spaces. Later, Gourevitch and Sayag [GS20] give another proof by carefully studying the geometry of coadjoint orbits sitting inside the image of moment map.\\nWe have the following characterization of generic characters , such that .\\nNotice that we have the following exact sequence of -groups:Since  is unipotent,  is trivial. The long exact sequence gives the isomorphismLet  denote the compositionNotice that any generic character  is of the form . More explicitly,  is defined by:where  is a fixed additive character of .\\nLet  denote the -group , whose -rational points consist of trace zero elements in where  denotes the map  sending  to . Let  denote a chosen trace zero element such that , we have the following exact sequence\\nNotice that we have an exact sequence of -groups:Since  is trivial, the long exact sequence implies the lemma.\\n\\u220e\\n satisfies  if and only if .\\nBy A.1, we know that  if and only if . By applying the exact functor  to A.2, we know  if and only if  is a lift of a character of , that is,  is of the form  for some character  of . This in turns implies that . The reverse direction easily follows from the surjectivity of the trace map  sending  to .\\n\\u220e\\nBy [DR10, 4.5], one has the following assignment:where  is defined byfor any . This implies that the element  associated to  satisfies the condition\\nIn fact, if  is a regular supercuspidal representation of , which is  distinguished, the results of Prasad [DS19] on the description of Whittaker model for  could be regarded as a reverse direction of Proposition\\u00a07.2.\\nFaculty of Mathematics, Technion, Haifa, Israel\\nEmail address:wangchuijia@u.nus.edu\", \"output\": \"In this article, we study Prasad's conjecture for regular supercuspidal representations based on the machinery developed by Hakim and Murnaghan to study distinguished representations, and the fundamental work of Kaletha on parameterization of regular supercuspidal representations. For regular supercuspidal representations, we give some new interpretations of the numerical quantities appearing in Prasad's formula, and reduce the proof to the case of tori. The proof of Prasad's conjecture then reduces to a comparison of various quadratic characters appearing naturally in the above process. We also have some new observations on these characters and study the relation between them in detail. For some particular examples, we show the coincidence of these characters, which gives a new purely local proof of Prasad's conjecture for regular supercuspidal representations of these groups. We also prove Prasad's conjecture for regular supercuspidal representations of G(E), when E/F is unramified and G is a general quasi-split reductive group.\", \"question\": \"none\", \"title\": \"2201.00447\", \"qa_pairs\": \"none\"}\n{\"input\": \"Modular many-valued semantics for combined logics\\u2020\\u2020thanks: Research funded by FCT/MCTES through national funds and when applicable co-funded by EU under the project UIDB/50008/2020.\\n\\n\\nCarlos Caleiro and S\\u00e9rgio Marcelino\\n{ccal,smarcel}@math.tecnico.ulisboa.pt\\nSQIG - Instituto de Telecomunica\\u00e7\\u00f5es\\nDep. Matem\\u00e1tica - Instituto Superior T\\u00e9cnico\\nUniversidade de Lisboa, Portugal\\n\\n\\n1 Introduction\\nModularly putting together logics, or their fragments, namely by joining corresponding calculi, while keeping control of the metatheoretic properties induced and, in particular, of the resulting underlying semantics, is the core idea of the general mechanism for combining logics known as fibring\\u00a0[38, 40, 65, 18, 25, 24].\\nGiven its fundamental character and abstract formulation, this mechanism is a key ingredient of the general theory of universal logic\\u00a0[12, 14]. Further, due to its compositional nature, a deep understanding of combined logics is crucial for the construction and analysis of complex logics, a subject of ever growing importance in application fields (see\\u00a0[37], for instance). Given logics  and , fibring combines them into the smallest logic  on the combined language which extends both  and . This simple idea, however, is far from well understood, to date, despite the long track of work on the subject. An interesting running example of the difficulties at hand consists of the combination of the conjunction-only and disjunction-only fragments of classical logic, which does not coincide with its conjunction-disjunction fragment (see, for instance,\\u00a0[15, 21, 46]), and which we will also address.\\nTo date, we have many interesting general results regarding conservativity, decidability, finite model properties, or interpolation, as well as soundness and completeness preservation with respect to different forms of symbolic calculi\\u00a0[39, 23, 67, 68, 34, 10, 18, 25, 60, 65, 76, 30, 63, 51, 52]\\nfor combined logics, but there is no generally usable tool support for the obtained logics, due mainly to the absence of a satisfactory semantic counterpart of fibring that naturally relates models of the component logics with models of the combined logic. With the honorable exception of fusion of modal logics\\u00a0[70, 74, 41, 35, 48], a very particular case of fibring, the available general semantics for combined logics, so far, are either not constructible from the semantics of the component logics\\u00a0[76, 67, 60] (due to the use of fullness assumptions), or use highly uncommon semantic structures\\u00a0[66, 63].\\nFor these reasons, general fibred semantics is still an open problem: how to combine, in the general case, the semantics  (adequate for logic ) and  (adequate for logic ) into a semantics\\n built directly from  and , providing an adequate semantics for\\n? We have known for some time that this question is far from straightforward. Namely, when taking logical matrices as models, as is most common, we know that combining two logics, each given by a single finite matrix, can result in a logic that cannot even be given by a finite set of finite matrices, nor by a single matrix, even if infinite\\u00a0[52, 22]. This fact led us to considering non-deterministic logical matrices (Nmatrices), as introduced by Avron and coauthors\\u00a0[4, 5], and in\\u00a0[53] we understood how this expressive gain could solve the problem in a neat way, but just for disjoint combinations, that is, when the logics being combined do not share any connectives.\\nIn this paper, finally, we define a simple and usable general semantics for combined propositional-based logics. We do so by further enriching our semantic structures with partiality, and adopting partial non-deterministic logical matrices (PNmatrices), as introduced in\\u00a0[8]. As we shall see, the added expressivity brought by partiality is crucial not just in keeping our semantic structures as compact as possible, but mostly in dealing with shared language.\\nOur work has an additional fundamental ingredient. We consider a very enlightening step forward from traditional Tarski-style  single-conclusion consequence relations (see\\u00a0[73]) to Scott-like  multiple-conclusion consequence relations as introduce in\\u00a0[64]. This abstraction really sheds new light into the overall problem, as shall be made clear.\\nWe will thus show that semantics for combined logics can always be obtained in the form of a PNmatrix obtained directly from given PNmatrices characterizing the original logics. Further, the resulting semantics will be finite as long as the given PNmatrices are finite, at least in the setting of multiple-conclusion logics. The connections between single-conclusion and multiple-conclusion consequence relations (see\\u00a0[69]) are fundamental, at this point, in understanding how much more demanding it is to obtain a similar result in the single-conclusion setting, where indeed finiteness may be lost.\\nOur approach is anchored on the observation that semantics, be they given by means of matrices, Nmatrices, or PNmatrices, are simply clever ways of defining suitable collections of bivaluations (see\\u00a0[13]). Since a collection of bivaluations characterizes in a unique way a multiple-conclusion logic (see\\u00a0[69]), it is relatively simple to express the combination of multiple-conclusion logics in terms of bivaluations. Then, we just need to come up with a matching construction over PNmatrices, generalizing the finiteness-preserving strict-product operation proposed in\\u00a0[53]. The single-conclusion case is harder, simply because the characterization of a Tarski-style consequence in terms of bivaluations is no longer unique. The situation can be restored, however, when the\\ncollection of bivaluations is meet-closed, once we consider a simple (though not finiteness-preserving) corresponding operation over PNmatrices. Furthermore, we show that the constructions above enjoy universal properties, consistent with the definition of  as the least logic that extends  and , as advocated in\\u00a0[65, 18].\\nBesides providing a range of meaningful concrete examples, we also explore three concrete applications of the semantic characterizations obtained, which can be seen as relevant contributions in their own right: a semantic characterization of logics obtained by imposing new axioms to a given many-valued logic (with some perhaps surprising consequences, such as a denumerable semantics for intuitionistic propositional logic); an analysis of when and how to split a logic into syntactical fragments whose combination is the original logic, as a method for obtaining a calculus for a given many-valued logic by putting together axiomatizations for simpler syntactic fragments; and some general, preliminary, results on the preservation of decidability when combining logics.\\nThe rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section\\u00a02 we recall the necessary notions, namely regarding logics, their syntax, semantics and calculi, and define the relevant notions regarding combined syntax and combined logics, along with examples illustrating the particularites both of single-conclusion versus multiple-conclusion consequence, and of partiality and non-determinism. The section is a bit long, but the reader can browse through faster, and come back for details when necessary. Section\\u00a03 is devoted to the main contributions of the paper, namely the semantic characterization of combined logics in terms of bivaluations, and PNmatrices, first in the multiple-conclusion setting and then in the more complex single-conclusion scenario, by means of simple strict-product and -power operations on PNmatrices. Section\\u00a04, then, shows that the characterizations previously obtained enjoy natural universal properties. Section\\u00a05 showcases the three mentioned applications of our characterization, including some relevant important contributions by themselves. The paper concludes, in Section\\u00a06, with a summary of the results obtained, their implications, and an outlook of further research.\\n2 Logics and their combination\\nWe start by introducing our main objects of interest, fixing notation, and setting up the technical framework necessary for studying the semantics of combined logics, as well as of their associated calculi and semantics.\\n2.1 Syntax\\nThe syntax of a (propositional) logic is defined, as usual, by means of a signature, an indexed family  of denumerable sets where each  contains all allowed -place connectives, and an infinite denumerable set  of variables (which we consider fixed once and for all). As standard,  denotes the set of all formulas111In our setting, the set  of all formulas is always denumerably infinite. This is not just a (relatively common) choice. This cardinality constraint plays an essential role in some technical results, where it is crucial to avoid the pitfalls of ill-defined natural extensions as observed in\\u00a0[32, 28]. constructed from the variables in  using the connectives in . We will use  to denote variables,  to denote formulas, and  to denote sets of formulas, in all cases, possibly, with annotations.\\nWe use , ,  to denote, respectively, the set of variables occurring in , the set of subformulas of , and the head constructor of , given a formula . These notations have simple inductive definitions: , and  for ; and if  and , , , and\\n. These notations extend to sets of formulas in the obvious way.\\nAs we will consider combined logics, with mixed syntax, we need to consider different signatures, as well as relations and operations between signatures.\\nSignatures being families of sets, the usual set-theoretic notions can be smoothly extended to signatures. We will sometimes abuse notation, and confuse a signature  with the set  of all its connectives, and write  when  is some -place connective . For this reason, the empty signature, with no connectives at all, will be simply denoted by .\\nLet  be two signatures. We say that  is a subsignature of , and write , whenever  for every . Expectedly, given signatures , we can also define their shared subsignature\\n, their combined signature , and their difference signature . Clearly,  is the largest subsignature of both  and , and contains the connectives shared by both. When there are no shared connectives we have that . Analogously,  is the smallest signature that has both  and  as subsignatures, and features all the connectives from both  and  in a combined signature. Furthermore,  is the largest subsignature of  which does not share any connectives with .\\nA substitution is a function , that of course extends freely to a function  for every . As usual, we use  to the denote the formula that results from  by uniformly replacing each variable  by , and  for each .\\nNote that if  then . Still,  and  are both infinite denumerable. In fact, the pair can be endowed with a very useful bijection capturing the view of an arbitrary  formula from the point of view of , the skeleton function  (or simply , or even ), whose underlying idea we borrow from\\u00a0[52]. Note that, given ,  may be in , in which case we dub  a -monolith or simply a monolith. The idea is simply to replace monoliths by dedicated variables, just renaming the original variables. Let  be the set of all monoliths. It is easy to see that  is always denumerable, though it can be finite when  contains nothing but a finite set of -place connectives.\\nIn any case,  is always infinite denumerable, because  is, and thus we can fix a bijection . The\\n bijection is now easily definable from , inductively, by letting  for , and for  and ,\\n if , and  if .\\nThe  bijection thus defined can be easily inverted by means of the substitution  (or simply , or even ) defined by . Note, namely, that  for every .\\nNote also that the restriction of  to ,  (with a slight abuse of notation, we will use the same name) is a substitution, and  for every .\\n2.2 Consequence relations\\nWith respect to the very notion of logic, we will not only consider the traditional Tarski-style set-formula notion of consequence (single-conclusion), but also the more general Scott-style set-set notion of consequence (multiple-conclusion), which plays an essential role in our results.\\nA multiple-conclusion logic is a pair  where  is a signature, and  is a consequence relation satisfying the properties below, for every  and :if  then , if  then , if  for each partition222Here and elsewhere,  is partition of  if  and .  of , then , if  then . \\nOften, the relation also satisfies the following property, for every :\\nif  then there exist finite sets  and\\n such that .\\nProperty (C) is best known as cut for sets.\\nThe other properties are usually known as overlap (O), dilution (D), substitution invariance (S),\\nand compactness (F)\\n(see\\u00a0[64, 69, 73]). As is well known, a multiple-conclusion logic  has a compact version\\n defined to be the largest compact logic such that .\\nA pair of sets of formulas  is said to be a theory-pair of  (see\\u00a0[16]) when, for every , if\\n then , and also, if\\n then . It is clear that, given sets , the pair of sets\\n is the least theory-pair containing .\\nA theory-pair  is consistent if  (otherwise, by dilution, we necessarily have ). A consistent theory-pair is maximal if there is no consistent theory-pair that properly contains it, that is, if  is a consistent theory with  and  then  and . Equivalently, using cut for the set of all formulas, a consistent theory-pair  is maximal precisely if  is a partition of . This implies, obviously, that a consistent theory-pair can always be extend to a maximal one.\\nWe say that a pair  is a single-conclusion logic if  is a signature,  is a relation, and  is a multiple-conclusion logic where, for ,  if and only if there exists  such that . It is well known (see\\u00a0[69]) that this constitutes an alternative definition of the usual notion of Tarski-style consequence relation, inheriting the usual properties of reflexivity, monotonicity, transitivity, and structurality from properties (ODCS), as well as compactness from (F), when it holds. Again, a single-conclusion logic  has a compact version\\n defined to be the largest compact logic such that .\\nMore standardly, now, a set of formulas  is said to be a theory of \\nwhen, for every , if  then .\\nGiven a set , we know that  is the least theory that contains .\\nAs usual, a theory  is consistent if . A consistent theory  is maximal relatively to  if every theory that properly contains  must also contain , that is, if  for every . A consistent theory  is relatively maximal if it is maximal relatively to some formula .\\nAccording to the usual Lindenbaum Lemma (see, for instance,\\u00a0[73]), if a single-conclusion logic is compact then a consistent theory always has a relatively maximal extension.\\nEvery multiple-conclusion logic  has of course a single-conclusion companion defined simply by  where, for ,  if and only if .\\nWhen  is a single-conclusion logic, it is clear that the single-conclusion companion of\\n is precisely . There may however be many multiple-conclusion logics whose single-conclusion companion coincides with\\n, which we dub as multiple-conclusion counterparts of . Indeed,\\namong the many possible multiple-conclusion counterparts of , we have that  is precisely the minimal\\u00a0[69].\\nNote that whenever , it is easy to see that  is a theory of\\n if and only if there exists  such that the pair  is a theory-pair of .\\nFor both types of logics (we will use  as a placeholder for either a multiple-conclusion  or a single-conclusion ), it is well-known that the logics with a common signature form a complete lattice (under the inclusion ordering on the consequence relations), as in both cases it is relatively straightforward to check that intersections of consequence relations are consequence relations (see\\u00a0[73, 69]). These facts make it relatively easy to enrich the signature of a logic. Namely, if  and  is a logic then the extension of  to , denoted by\\n, is the least logic (of the same type) with signature  such that\\n.\\nIt is relatively simple to see that . Just note that for each substitution  we have that  is also a substitution, and also . The fact that  are bijections make it straightforward to show that  is indeed a consequence relation of the correct type.\\nLet . Concretely, in the multiple-conclusion case, we have that  if and only if  if and only if there exist  and  such that , , and .\\nAnalogously, in the single-conclusion case, we have that  if and only if  if and only if there exist  and  such that , , and .\\nIt is also quite natural to formulate the combination of logics (also known as fibring) as follows.\\nLet .The combination of type-conclusion logics , , which we denote by\\n, is the least type-conclusion logic  such that . The combination is said to be disjoint if .\\nNote that it follows easily that the combination of compact logics is necessarily compact. Namely, if ,  are compact then the least logic such that  is also the\\nleast logic such that . Since it is clear that , it follows that .\\n2.3 Calculi\\nLogics are often defined by syntactic means, using symbolic calculi. Again, we will consider multiple as well as single-conclusion calculi.\\nA multiple-conclusion calculus is pair  where  is a signature, and  is a set of (schematic) (multiple-conclusion) inference rules, each rule  being usually represented as  where  is the set of premises and  the set of conclusions of the rule, also represented as  when  and . We can easily associate a multiple-conclusion logic  to a given calculus  by means of a suitable tree-shaped notion of derivation (see\\u00a0[69, 54, 19]). For the purpose of this paper, however, it is sufficient to characterize  as the least multiple-conclusion logic such that , being compact when the rules in  all have finite sets of premises and conclusions.\\nA single-conclusion calculus is pair  where  is a signature, and  is a set of (schematic) (single-conclusion) inference rules, each rule  being usually represented as  where  is the set of premises and  the conclusion of the rule. It is clear that single-conclusion calculi can be rephrased as particular cases of multiple-conclusion calculi, namely those whose rules all have singleton sets of conclusions, and that the corresponding notion of derivation will now be linear-shaped, and coincide with the usual notion of proof in Hilbert-style calculi, giving rise to an associated single conclusion logic . Again, in any case,  is the least single-conclusion logic such that , and again it is finitary if all the rules in  have finitely many premises. In that case, if we use  for both a single conclusion-calculus and its singleton-conclusion multiple-conclusion rephrasal, it is straightforward to see that\\n.\\nWhen  and  is a calculus, it is immediate that , that is, the extension of  to  is precisely .\\nCombining calculi at this level is quite simple, as has been known for a long time in the single-conclusion case\\u00a0[17]. The logic associated to joining the rules of two calculi is precisely the combination of the logics defined by each calculi.\\nLet .If  are type-conclusion calculi,  their associated type-conclusion logics, then .\\nThe reasoning is straightforward. Let , which means that  is the least consequence with .As  and  it follows that , and since  is the least\\nconsequence with this property we can conclude that .Reciprocally, as  it follows that , and since  is the least consequence with this property we can conclude that .\\u220eFor simplicity, whenever  (in either the single or the multiple-conclusion scenarios), we will say that  constitutes an axiomatization of the logic .\\n2.4 Semantics\\nAnother common way of charactering logics is by semantic means. For their universality we shall consider logical matrices, but will consider an extension of the usual notion which also incorporates two less common ingredients: non-determinism and partiality, following\\u00a0[4, 8]. These two ingredients play essential roles in our forthcoming results.\\nA partial non-deterministic matrix (PNmatrix) is a pair  where  is a signature, and  is such that\\n is a\\nset (of truth-values),  is the set of designated values, and\\nfor each  and ,  provides the truth-table  of\\u00a0 in . When appropriate we shall refer to  as a -PNmatrix.\\nWhen  for all  we say that the truth-table of  in\\n is total. When  has at most one element for all  we say that the truth-table of  in\\n is deterministic.\\nWhen all the truth-tables are total, we say that  is also total, or equivalently that it is a non-deterministic matrix (Nmatrix).\\nAnalogously, when all the truth-tables are deterministic, we say that  is also deterministic, or equivalently that it is a partial matrix (Pmatrix).\\nFinally, if  is total and deterministic we say that it is simply a matrix (the usual notion of a logical matrix, up to an isomorphism).\\nA -valuation is a function  such that  for every , every -place connective , and every . We denote the set of all -valuations by .\\nAs is well known, if  is a matrix then every function  with  can be extended to a -valuation (in an essentially unique way for all formulas  with ). When  is a Nmatrix, a function  as above can possibly be extended in many different ways. Still, we know from\\u00a0[4] that a function  with  can be extended to a -valuation provided that  and\\nthat  whenever . We dub such a function a prevaluation of the PNmatrix .\\nIn case  is not total, in general, one does not even have such a guarantee\\u00a0[8], unless . In other words, given , we have  if the values in  are all together possible in some valuation of . Of course,  if .\\nGiven a signature , a bivaluation is a function . The set of all such bivaluations is denoted by .\\nA set of bivaluations  is known to characterize a multiple-conclusion relation  defined by\\n when, for every , either  or . Of course,  also characterizes the more usual single conclusion relation\\n such that  when , i.e., . In both cases,\\n is a logic whenever  is closed for substitutions, that is, if  and  then . Easily, by definition, if  then .\\nA PNmatrix  with  easily defines a set of induced bivaluations, closed for substitutions, namely , where  such that  if , and  if , simply captures the distinction between designated and undesignated values.\\nWe will write  instead of , and say that  is the type-conclusion logic characterized by , for , which is always compact (finitary) when  is finite. Clearly, .\\nNote that if  is a maximal consistent theory-pair of  then there must exist  such that , and consequently also . In the single-conclusion case, it is well-known that if  is a relatively maximal theory of  then there must also exist  such that  (see\\u00a0[69]).\\nWhen  and , it is straightforward to check that\\n characterizes the extension to  of the logic characterized by .\\nIt is worth noting that  is still closed for substitutions because  is a substitution, and ; consequently, we have that  and  is in  if  is.\\nWhen  is a PNmatrix it is very easy, making essential use of non-determinism, to define a PNmatrix  that characterizes the extension to  of the logic characterized by . If , one defines  such that  if , and  for every  if  is a -place connective. It is straightforward to check that .\\nOur work in the next Section of the paper is to prove results that enable us to describe the semantics of the combination of logics characterized by (P)(N)matrices, analogous to Proposition\\u00a02. Before tackling these problems, it is certainly useful to ground all the relevant notions to concrete illustrative examples.\\n2.5 Illustrations\\nIn this subsection we present a few examples illustrating the relevant notions, as introduced earlier, including the new semantic phenomena brought by partiality and non-determinism, the divide between the single and multiple-conclusion settings, and also the idiosyncrasies of combined logics.\\n(Classical logic, fragments and combinations).\\nLet  be the usual connectives , that is, , ,\\n, and  for .For simplicity, given some connectives  of the signature, we will write  to denote the subsignature of  containing only the connectives in .Take, for instance,  and\\n. The formula  is such that its skeleton from the point of view of  is , if  and for the monolith we have . However, from the point of view of  we have that  is itself a variable, as  is a monolith.Consider now the Boolean -matrix\\n\\ndefined by the following tables. It is well-known that this matrix characterizes classical propositional logic, and we will write .\\nHowever, we can also define a multiple-conclusion version of classical logic . Of course, we have that\\n, but in this case\\n. Namely, note that\\n and , but one has .The multiple-conclusion version of classical logic  is known from\\u00a0[69] to be alternatively characterized by the following multiple-conclusion calculus.It is crucial to observe that the axiomatization above is completely modular with respect to syntax, as each rule involves a single connective.\\nSaid another way, the axiomatization is obtained by joining axiomatizations of each of its single-connective fragments, or equivalently\\nwe have thatwhere  for each  is the corresponding single-connective fragment of the logic.\\nThis fact marks a sharp contrast with respect to the single-conclusion setting, which goes well beyond classical logic, and that will play a key role in our developments. Namely, the single-conclusion version of classical logic is known to be characterized by the following single-conclusion calculus.The fact that the single-conclusion axiomatization is not at all modular with respect to syntax, and that most rules refer to more than one connective, is definitely not a coincidence, as shown in\\u00a0[21]. Indeed, each of the single-connective fragments  of  for each connective  can be axiomatized as follows (see\\u00a0[62]).It is clear that joining all these rules will yield a logic much weaker than classical logic (see\\u00a0[21]), that is,A suitable semantics for the resulting combined logic is not obvious. \\nThe previous example, though very familiar, was useful for illustrating some of the notions and notations used in this paper, and in particular the differences between the single and multiple-conclusion settings, namely when combining logics. However, even in a two-valued scenario, non-determinism allows for characterizing some interesting non-classical connectives and logics.\\n(Some new two-valued connectives).\\nConsider the signature  such that , ,\\n, and  for , and the Boolean-like -Nmatrix\\n\\ndefined by the following tables.The first connective  is a completely free -place connective, known as botop in\\u00a0[55]. Its logic is characterized by the empty calculus, without any rules. Then,  is a -place modal-like box operator whose logic is characterized by the usual necessitation rule:The -place implication-like connective  is characterized solely by the rule of modus ponens:All rules above serve both the single and multiple-conclusion settings.Lastly, the -place connective , was named platypus in\\u00a0[50], and features some properties of classical conjunction mingled with classical disjunction. Namely, its multiple-conclusion logic is characterized by the following two (familiar) rules.As shown in\\u00a0[50], the single-conclusion logic of platypus cannot be finitely axiomatized. \\nOf course, the added richness provided by non-determinism goes well beyond the two-valued cases seen above.\\n(Information sources).\\nIn\\u00a0[3], the authors introduce a logic for modelling the reasoning of a processor which collects information from different classical sources. Namely, each source may provide information that a certain formula of classical logic is true, or false, or no information at all. This situation gives rise to four possible situation as, for each formula,  the processor may have information that it is true and no information that it is false, or  information that it is false and no information that it is true, or  have information that it is true and also information that it is false, or  have no information at all about the formula. This situation is easily understandable if one reads the situations as collecting the available classical truth-values (0,1) for each formula asAs originally presented, the logic is defined over the signature  and characterized by the Nmatrix\\n defined by the tables below.Clearly, both conjunction and disjunction have non-deterministic interpretations. For instance, note that . Thus, a valuation  may be such that there exist formulas  with  and .From\\u00a0[54, 19] we know that both  and  are axiomatized by the following\\nrules.The fact that this single-conclusion calculus characterizes the multiple-conclusion consequence  is remarkable, implying that\\n.\\nNamely, given any set of formulas , note that , as the function such that  for all formulas , is such that .Note that these logics could not possibly be characterized by finite matrices. Namely, let  be a variable, and define  and  for . Note that  satisfies , and consider for each  the prevaluation  of  defined byEach  thus extends to a valuation  showing that  for . Hence,  fails to be locally finite and therefore cannot be characterized by a finite set of finite matrices\\u00a0[22]. The same applies to , simply because .\\n \\nBesides allowing for a great amount of compactification, non-determinism has another outstanding property regarding modularity with respect to syntax.\\n(Language extensions).\\nAbove, given a logic  and ,\\nwe have defined its extension to the larger signature as\\n. If  has an associated calculus , then it is clear that the extension  is associated to the exact same rules via the calculus .Take, for instance, single-conclusion classical propositional logic  as defined in Example\\u00a03. Suppose that we wish to consider its extension to a larger signature  containing a new connective . We know that the exact same calculus presented above is associated to the extended logic\\n. What is more, we also have that the extended logic is characterized by the -Nmatrix\\n which extends the -matrix  by lettingwhere the connective is interpreted in a (neutral) fully non-deterministic manner.\\nThis extension could not be possibly characterized finitely without using non-determinism\\u00a0[4].\\n \\nAt last, we should illustrate the advantages and intricacies that result from introducing partiality.\\n(Kleene\\u2019s strong three-valued logic).\\nWe consider the implication-free fragment of Kleene\\u2019s strong three-valued logic as defined in\\u00a0[36]. The logic is defined over the signature  and is usually characterized by means of two three-valued -matrices. Equivalently, the logic is given just by the four-valued Pmatrix  defined by the following truth-tables.Note that several entries of the tables contain , namely . As such, it is clear that a valuation in  cannot both use the values  and . As a consequence, we have that\\n The two three-valued matrices mentioned above correspond to\\nthe (total) restrictions of  to  and to .The single-conclusion logic  is known to be associated with the calculusThe multiple-conclusion logic  is known from\\u00a0[19] to be associated with the calculusThis latter multiple-conclusion calculus is clearly more natural. As it contains genuinely multiple-conclusion rules, in this case,\\n. Note, for instance, that , but that\\n and . \\nPartiality can indeed be used in almost all cases to provide a single PNmatrix for a logic characterized by a set of Nmatrices, as we will see later.\\n3 Semantics for combined logics\\nIn this section, we are seeking semantic characterizations for combined logics, using bivaluations, and then PNmatrices. The multiple-conclusion abstraction, which we will analyze first, is important for its purity with respect to combination. As we will show, the step toward the single-conclusion case is then a matter of controlling, semantically, the relationship with the multiple-conclusion companions.\\nIn both cases, non-determinism and partiality play fundamental roles (as we know that similar results are impossible with respect to matrices).\\n3.1 The multiple-conclusion case\\nIn the multiple-conclusion case, the characterization we need is really very simple, if one considers bivaluations.\\nThe result stems directly from the known fact (see\\u00a0[69]) that for every multiple-conclusion logic  there exists a unique set of bivaluations  such that , namely . Note that this also implies that  if and only if .\\nWe fix signatures , and sets of bivaluations  and , both closed for substitutions.\\nWe have that\\n with .\\nLet , meaning that  is the least consequence with .As  it follows that  and . Since  is the least\\nconsequence with this property we can conclude that , and therefore .Reciprocally, as  and  it follows that , and so .\\u220eThis result allows us to obtain a clean abstract characterization of the combination of multiple-conclusion logics. One just needs to note that, given a signature , a partition  of  is essentially the same thing as a bivaluation  with  and .Let ,  be multiple-conclusion logics, and consider their combination . For every , we have:Using Proposition\\u00a08, and letting  and , we have\\n if and only if\\nthere exists  such that  and  if and only if\\nthere exists  such that  and  if and only if\\nthere is a partition  of  such that  and .\\n\\u220eThe question is now whether we can mimic this simplicity at the level of PNmatrices.\\nIt turns out that one can define a\\nvery simple but powerful operation (already studied in\\u00a0[53] with respect to Nmatrices, but only in the disjoint case) in order to combine PNmatrices.We fix PNmatrices  and , with  and .The strict product of  and  is the PNmatrix  such that  where,, andfor every ,  and , we define  by letting  if and only if the following conditions hold:if  then , andif  then .Note that  contains all pairs of truth-values which are compatible, that is, either both designated, or both undesignated. The pairs where both values are designated constitute . The truth-table of a shared connective  comprises all the pairs of values in the truth-tables of  which are compatible. The truth-table of a non-shared connective, say , has each possible value in the truth-table of  paired with all compatible values in . Clearly, the resulting PNmatrix is fundamentally non-deterministic for non-shared connectives whenever the given PNmatrices have several designated values, and several undesignated values. For shared connectives, non-determinism may appear if inherited from some of the given PNmatrices. Partiality, on its turn, is crucial to the interpretation of shared connectives, showing up whenever the values given by the truth-tables of  cannot be paired compatibly. For non-shared connectives, partiality may still appear if inherited from the given PNmatrices, or in pathological cases where the given PNmatrices do not have designated values, or do not have undesignated values.Before characterizing the exact scope of this construction, we should note that valuations in  are always suitable combinations of valuations in  and . For , we will use  to denote the obvious projection functions, i.e.,  and .\\nEasily, if  then . Also, it is easy to see that , ,  are all compatible for every formula  in the combined language. Further, if , , and  is compatible with  for every , then  with  for each . These properties apply also to prevaluations over any set of formulas closed for subformulas..Pick . If  then . By definition of , it follows that\\n and\\n are compatible for every formula in , and thus induce the same bivaluation. We then have that .Reciprocally, given valuations  and  inducing the same bivaluation, it turns out that they must be compatible for all formulas,  if and only if . Therefore,  is compatible with both, as  if and only if , and induces the exact same bivaluation. We conclude that .\\n\\u220eNow, we can easily identify the multiple-conclusion logic characterized by a strict product as the corresponding combined logic.The combination of multiple-conclusion logics characterized by PNmatrices is the multiple-conclusion logic characterized by their strict product, that is,\\n.The result follows directly from Proposition\\u00a08 and Lemma\\u00a011.With  and , just note that\\n.\\u220eThis result, besides being based on a simple operation on PNmatrices, has a very useful feature: it provides a finite-valued semantics for the combined logic whenever we are given finite-valued semantics for both given multiple-conclusion logics.Let us look at some examples, starting with the two-valued case.(Multiple-conclusion two-valued combinations).\\nTake two signatures  and consider two-valued PNmatrices  with\\n and , such as those in Examples\\u00a03 or\\u00a04.Note that according to Definition\\u00a010,  is also two-valued, having values  and , with the latter designated. In the following discussion, for simplicity, we shall rename the two values to just 0 and 1, respectively, and assume that the strict product is .If  is a shared connective, and assuming for the sake of exposition that  is a -place connective, we have that  behaves as depicted below.\\u2009\\u2009This behaviour is absolutely similar for connectives with any number of places, that is,\\n for any  and . Consequently,  whenever .If  is not a shared connective, and assuming without loss of generality that , , then in the strict product we have . This implies that one could simply consider the extended PNmatrices  and just use the equation above, as .It is clear that the resulting PNmatrix may be genuinely partial in case some of the sets are disjoint, and in general will be a Pmatrix whenever starting with two matrices.Recalling Example\\u00a03, we see that given any two sets of classical connectives , if  and  are the\\ncorresponding fragments of the classical matrix ,\\nit follows that  is the fragment of  corresponding to\\n. According to Theorem\\u00a012, this implies that\\n and thus we haveWe will see later that in the single-conclusion case the situation can be dramatically different. Let us now consider a richer example.(Combining the three-valued implications of Kleene and \\u0141ukasiewicz).\\nConsider the signature  with  and  for . The three-valued implications of Kleene and \\u0141ukasiewicz are defined by the well known matrices  and\\n defined below.According to Theorem\\u00a012, we know that  is characterized by the five-valued -Pmatrix  given by the truth-table below, where for simplicity we have renamed each truth-value  to .Analyzing  it is clear that the values  and  are spurious, in the sense that they cannot be used by any valuation. This happens because the two corresponding diagonal entries of the table are empty, that is, .Removing these spurious elements we obtain the following table.Further, we also have that , which then implies that the total components of the Pmatrix are , which implies that  is precisely the set of all classical interpretations of classical implication. We can conclude, thus, that\\n coincides with the multiple-conclusion implication-only fragment of classical logic, as defined in Example\\u00a03.Confirmation of this interesting fact can be obtained by putting together calculi for the logics, according to Proposition\\u00a02. These multiple-conclusion versions of the logics are not very well known, but a calculus for  can be readily obtained using the technique of\\u00a0[54, 19], whereas a calculus for  can be found in\\u00a0[2]. Of course, all the rules in these calculi are classically valid, because  (all classical valuations are permitted in both matrices). Further, as we know the rules of classical implication from Example\\u00a03, it suffices to note that: (1) , and also ; (2) , and also ; and (3)\\n and  which implies that .We will return to this example in the more familiar single-conclusion setting.\\n We shall now illustrate how different it is to combine logics with or without shared connectives.(The three-valued implications of Kleene and \\u0141ukasiewicz, disjointly).\\nWe shall revisited Example\\u00a014 above, combining the (multiple-conclusion) logics of Kleene\\u2019s and \\u0141ukasiewicz\\u2019s three-valued implications, but now assuming that the connectives are syntactically different, i.e., that Kleene\\u2019s implication comes from a signature  with  and  for , whereas \\u0141ukasiewicz\\u2019s implication comes from a disjoint signature  with  and  for . The corresponding matrices are now  with  and  with\\n defined below.According to Theorem\\u00a012, we know that  is characterized by the five-valued -Nmatrix  given by the truth-tables below.Of course, this is quite different from simply considering the given three-valued interpretations of each connective.\\nNote, namely, that since all designated entries of  are also designated in  one could perhaps wrongly expect to have that . This assertion can be easily shown to fail by considering, for instance, any valuation  with  and , simply because\\n is necessarily designated but  contains no designated value. \\n3.2 The single-conclusion case\\nThe results above really illustrate the simplifying power of using multiple conclusions. Of course, things are not so simple in the single-conclusion scenario. Still, we know enough to be able to take nice conclusions from the same line of reasoning. Let us start with bivaluations.\\nIf we analyze the proof of Proposition\\u00a08, it is simple to understand why it cannot be simply replicated in the single-conclusion case.\\nEasily, the same line of reasoning would allows us to conclude that  with . However, in general,\\n may very well not be the least such single-conclusion logic. Given  with , we cannot guarantee that .\\nConcretely, assuming that  we still know that  and .\\nThus, we still have bivaluations  such that  and , for . However, now, despite the fact that  and  coincide for all formulas in , we have no way of making sure that .\\nThis problem lies in a crucial difference from the multiple-conclusion case, as the same single-conclusion logic can be characterized by distinct sets of bivaluations.\\nGiven , let its meet-closure be the set\\n with each meet defined by  precisely if  for every , for each . It is well known that\\n if and only if , and thus that two sets of bivaluations characterize the same single-conclusion logic precisely when their meet-closures coincide. Namely, every single-conclusion logic  is such that  with , which is the largest set of bivaluations that characterizes .\\nThe trick is then to work with meet-closed sets of bivaluations, that is, .\\nIn that case, it is worth noting that .\\nWe have that\\n with .\\nLet , meaning that  is the least consequence with .As  it follows that\\n and . Since  is the least\\nconsequence with this property we can conclude that , and therefore .Reciprocally, as  and  it follows that , and so .\\u220eNote that  is necessarily meet-closed, as it is the intersection of meet-closed sets. Hence, not only  and , but also .The next abstract characterization of combined single-conclusion logics follows. Just note that given  closed for substitutions, it is always the case that  is a theory of . The converse is in general not true, unless  is meet-closed. Concretely, if\\n is a theory of  then there always exists  such that .Let ,  be single-conclusion logics, and consider their combination . For every , we have:Using Proposition\\u00a016, and letting  and , we have\\n if and only if\\nthere exists  such that  and  if and only if\\nthere exists  such that  and  if and only if\\nthere is  such that  is a theory of both\\n and\\n with .\\n\\u220eThis result captures neatly the intuition one already had from Proposition\\u00a02, namely that  precisely when  is obtained by closing\\n with respect to both  and .Turning to PNmatrices, expectedly, Theorem\\u00a012 does not immediately apply to single-conclusion logics, as shown by the next counterexample.(Limitations of the strict product operation).\\nWe present an example showing that, contrarily to the multiple-conclusion setting, the single-conclusion logic characterized by the strict product of two PNmatrices may fail to be the combination of the single-conclusion logics characterized by each of the given PNmatrices.Consider the -only and -only fragments of classical logic,  and  respectively, as defined in Example\\u00a03. As we have seen in Example\\u00a013, the strict product of their two-valued matrices is simply the classical two-valued matrix for both connectives  which characterizes the -fragment of classical logic.However, letting , and taking into account the single-conclusion calculi for each of the fragments, shown also in Example\\u00a03 and also Proposition\\u00a02, it is not at all clear that . As a matter of fact, this is not the case, as  is a strictly weaker consequence, as shown in\\u00a0[21, 53]. Namely, . We will show exactly why in a forthcoming example.Clearly, the set of classical bivaluations for conjunction is meet-closed, and therefore the phenomenon above can only be justified by the fact that the set of classical bivaluations for negation is not meet-closed. Concretely, it is clear that there is a unique classical (bi)valuation  such that  for all , and thus  and so on, and also a unique classical (bi)valuation  such that  for all . Letting , it is immediate that  for , but it is also clear that  is not a classical bivaluation.\\n As before, the problem lies with the fact that, in general, the set of bivaluations induced by a PNmatrix does not have to be meet-closed. In order to cope with this possibility, we consider the following property.A PNmatrix  with  is saturated if for each consistent theory  of  there exists  such that\\n.If  with  is a saturated PNmatrix and  then it is worth noting that  is also saturated.\\nIndeed, it suffices to observe, first, that  is a consistent theory of  if and only if  is a consistent theory of , and second, that if  for some valuation  then  with\\n.Of course, a PNmatrix that has a meet-closed set of bivaluations is necessarily saturated.\\nIt turns out, however, that saturation does not necessarily imply a meet-closed set of bivaluations, but it gets sufficiently close. Let  be the trivial bivaluation such that  for every . It is well known that  for . is saturated if and only if .Let  be saturated and . If  then . Otherwise,  is a theory of : if  is inconsistent then again ; if  is consistent then saturation implies that . We conclude that .\\nTo conclude the proof note that , simply because , and any bivaluation  is such that  with .Conversely, assume that . If  is a consistent theory of  then, for each formula  there is a bivaluation  such that  and . Take . The meet bivaluation  and , which implies that  as  is consistent. We conclude that  and thus that  is saturated.\\u220eUnder the assumption that the PNmatrices are saturated, Theorem\\u00a012 can now be adapted to the single-conclusion case too.The combination of single-conclusion logics characterized by saturated PNmatrices is the single-conclusion logic characterized by their strict product, that is, if both\\n and  are saturated then we have\\n.The result follows directly from Proposition\\u00a016, and Lemmas\\u00a011\\u00a0and\\u00a020.With  and , note that we necessarily have\\n.\\u220eAs a corollary of this proof it also results that  is a saturated PNmatrix, and thus that saturation is preserved by the strict product operation.(Strict product and saturation).\\nRecall the discussion in Example\\u00a018 about the single-conclusion combination of the -only and -only fragments of classical logic,  and .Since the set of all classical bivaluations for the -only language is meet-closed, the classical -matrix  with , whose truth-table is shown below, is saturated.On the other hand, as seen before, the set of all classical bivaluations for the -only language is not meet-closed, and the corresponding two-valued matrix is not saturated. Instead, let us consider\\nthe three-valued -matrix  as defined below.It turns out that . Further,  is saturated. To see this, given a consistent theory\\n of , it suffices to consider the valuation  such thatBy the consistency of  we know that  is well defined, because  and  cannot both be in  due to rule\\n. Additionally, rules  and  guarantee that  is indeed a valuation of .Given the saturation of the two matrices, according to Theorem\\u00a021, the resulting combined logic  is characterized by the strict product . By Definition\\u00a010 the resulting truth-values are  (where, again, we are simplifying each pair  to simply ). Renaming these values to simply , respectively, we have that  is defined by the truth-tables below.A valuation  such that ,  and  shows that\\n.Of course, this implies that putting together calculi for each of the connectives is not enough to fully characterize the way they interact in classical logic, as can be visually confirmed from the rules in Example\\u00a03.\\n As this point, we should question the scope of applicability of Theorem\\u00a021, and how often we can expect to find naturally saturated PNmatrices as in the example above. What should we do when given PNmatrices that are not saturated? Fortunately, there is a simple way of transforming a PNmatrix into a saturated PNmatrix both characterizing the same single-conclusion logic\\u00a0333Note that the operation works precisely by weakening the associated multiple-conclusion logic, a subject to which we will return later on..Let  with  be a PNmatrix. The -power of  is the PNmatrix  with  such that,, andfor every ,  and , we let  if and only if the following condition holds:For each  we use  to denote the obvious projection function, i.e., . Clearly, we have that  if and only if  for every .If  is a PNmatrix then  is saturated, and further we have .We first show that .Suppose that , and let  be such that .\\nFor every , this means that  and thus that .\\nWe conclude that  and so .Suppose now that , and let  be such that .\\nEasily,  defined by  for every  is such that , and .\\nTherefore, we have that  and therefore, for any , .\\nWe conclude that .To show that  is saturated, let  be a consistent theory of , and fix .\\nFor each formula  we know that there exists a valuation  such that  and .\\nFix an enumeration  and define, for each , the valuation  such thatLet  be such that  for every .\\nWe have that  because  for every ,\\nand for every , we have that  because with  we have .\\nWe conclude that  is saturated444The proof of Lemma\\u00a024 actually shows that the bivaluations of  are closed for non-empty denumerable meets. This is enough, in our case, since the empty meet corresponds to the irrelevant  bivaluation, and also because non-denumerable meets are not necessary given that we always work with denumerable languages..\\u220eThe following result follows easily from Theorem\\u00a021\\u00a0and\\u00a0Lemma\\u00a024.The combination of single-conclusion logics characterized by PNmatrices is the multiple-conclusion logic characterized by the strict product of their -powers, that is,\\n.Though still usable, this result does not provide us with a finite-valued semantics for the combined logic, even if departing from finite-valued PNmatrices. Indeed, in the relevant cases, a -power PNmatrix is always infinite (and not even denumerable), the exceptions being -powers of PNmatrices with at most one truth-value, easily seen to be saturated to begin with. Note also that the situation is not unexpected, as we know that some combinations cannot be endowed with finite-valued semantics\\u00a0[52], and it is playing the role of meet-closure in the case of bivaluations. Still, there are cases when saturation is not necessary (we will see a relevant example of this phenomenon in Subsection\\u00a05.1 below), or when saturation can be achieved by a finite power of the given PNmatrix. We present some examples below, and further discuss this question in the conclusion of the paper.(Three-valued implications of Kleene and \\u0141ukasiewicz).\\nRecall Example\\u00a014, where we discussed the combination of the three-valued implications of Kleene and \\u0141ukasiewicz in the multiple-conclusion setting, with shared implication, and we concluded that the resulting logic coincided with the multiple-conclusion version of the implication-fragment of classical logic.Now, we shall see that, incidentally, the corresponding single-conclusion combination also coincides with classical implication, albeit for distinct reasons.\\nFor easier readability, we recall here the signature  with  and  for , and the three-valued implication matrices of Kleene and \\u0141ukasiewicz, namely  and\\n, defined below.Concerning the combined logic ,\\nTheorem\\u00a021 cannot be applied directly as the matrices are not saturated, which renders the strict product obtained in Example\\u00a014 useless as our envisaged semantics for the combined logic.Concerning , let . The theory is consistent, as in particular we have\\n (as can be confirmed by any valuation  with ) and also\\n (as witnessed by any valuation  with  and ). Therefore,\\n. However, there is no valuation  such that , simply because if  and  then by just inspecting the truth-table we conclude that  and .Concerning , consider . The theory is consistent, as in particular we have\\n (as can be confirmed by any valuation  with ),\\n (as witnessed by any valuation  with  and ), and also\\n (as witnessed by any valuation  with  and ). Therefore,\\n. However, there is no valuation  such that , simply because if  then by just inspecting the truth-table we conclude that ,  and .We must therefore consider the -power of each of the matrices. Note that in both cases, the resulting truth-values are infinite denumerable tuples  with each , which for simplicity we will represent as pairs of sets  with  and .\\nOf course, then, . The resulting set of truth-values corresponds to\\n. As both matrices have  as their unique designated value, we also get in both cases that . The resulting matrices are thus\\n and\\n, defined according to the tables below.According to Theorem\\u00a025, we know that  is characterized by the infinite -Pmatrix . Representing pairs of pairs as four-tuples we get the set of truth-values\\n, and designated values\\n. The resulting strict product is then\\n as defined by the table below.This semantics has a non-trivial look, but it turns out that one can still draw valuable conclusions from it. Due to the partiality of  it is worth noting that the Pmatrix has a lot of spurious values  useless for valuations, that is, values such that  . Note that, if defined, . Of course, this happens only when , or otherwise we have a spurious value.This observation implies that if  then  never uses the  value of matrix . As  behaves classically for the  values, we conclude that all bivaluations in  are classical. On the other hand, we know from Lemmas\\u00a011, 20 and\\u00a024 that , because obviously . Since not just  but also  behaves classically for the  values, we conclude that all classical bivaluations are in . Thus, we have that  is precisely the implication fragment of classical logic.Again, we can confirm this fact by putting together calculi for the logics, according to Proposition\\u00a02. Even without listing the rules, and since it is well known that , it suffices to check that all rules of the calculus for  (see Example\\u00a03) obtain when we join them. The rule of modus ponens is unproblematic, as we have both  and . Concerning the classical axioms , or actually any other classical tautology , note that , simply because a valuation  such that  must be classical, as .\\nOn the side of \\u0141ukasiewicz, it is clear that  for any formula . Hence, in the combined logic, we know that  for each , and also that  which implies that  for any classical tautology .\\n One must, of course, look again at the combination of fragments of classical logic, now in the single-conclusion setting.(Combining fragments of classical logic).\\nRecall Example\\u00a03, as well as the multiple-conclusion scenario that we have explored in Example\\u00a013. We will now see how much challenging and interesting it is to combine fragments of classical logic in the single-conclusion setting, by means of four distinct cases.(1)\\u00a0Let us first consider the combination of the fragments of classical logic corresponding to  and . It is easy to see that the corresponding two-valued classical matrices are both saturated. Hence, the combined logic  is directly characterized by the corresponding strict product, which coincides with the\\ntwo-valued classical matrix for the fragment . We conclude thus, that , which is compatible with our knowledge that joining single-conclusion calculi for  and  yields a calculus for .(2)\\u00a0Now, let us reanalyze the combination of  and . We already know from Examples\\u00a018 and\\u00a022 that the combination  is weaker than . However, since the two-valued classical matrix for negation is not saturated, we have instead considered an adequate three-valued saturated matrix. Of course, we did not need to know that such a matrix existed, and instead we could have blindly obtained the -power of the two-valued classical matrix for negation, and then obtained its strict product with the saturated two-valued classical matrix for negation. The semantics thus obtained would be less amiable, but still characterizes the combination. Alternatively, we could have noted that the four-valued -power of the matrix of negation would already be saturated (the three-valued matrix used before is a simplification of it).(3)\\u00a0As a last interesting example of disjoint combination let us consider the fragments  and . We already know from\\u00a0[21] that the combination  is weaker than . Namely, we have that , as can be confirmed by any valuation with\\n and , which then implies that , on the Nmatrix resulting from the strict product of the two-valued classical matrix for conjunction and the -power of the two-valued classical matrix for disjunction, corresponding (after renaming) to  as defined by the tables below.Of course a simpler semantics would be desirable, but we know that the two-valued classical matrix for disjunction is not saturated. Namely, note that  and  but any valuation  of the two-valued matrix that sets  necessarily must have  or .(4)\\u00a0Finally, we shall look at a non-disjoint example, the combination of the fragments corresponding to  and . It seems clear, from the calculus for  shown in Example\\u00a03, that all rules involving negation or disjunction only additionally use the shared connective of implication. We may therefore conjecture that\\n. To confirm this, we first note that none of the two-valued classical matrices for the fragments is saturated. This is simply because both include implication,  and\\n but any classical valuation will have  or . Thus, we need to consider the strict product of the -power of each of the matrices, which results (after renaming) in the PNmatrix\\n as defined by the tables below, where we use .All classical bivaluations can be simply obtained in  by taking only the two values  and .\\nSeeing that all valuations of  are classical (i.e., they respect the operations in ) is slightly harder. Let .Easily, we have  and hence  for some . Consequently, for any formula , if  then  and thus , which implies , or equivalently .\\nFurther,  for some  such that . We can see that , which means that  and thus that . Also, we can see that , which means that  and thus that . From these observations, we conclude that .Let  be any surjective function. We claim that the function defined by  is a valuation over  (on the relevant connectives), which is compatible with , as whenever  we have  if and only if . Namely, it is straightforward to check that  and , and also easy to see that  using the observations in the previous paragraph.\\n \\n4 Universal properties\\nAccording to the very successful mathematical approach to General Systems Theory initiated by J. Goguen in\\u00a0[44, 45], composition operations should always be explained by universal properties, in the sense of category theory\\u00a0[49, 1]. This approach has been used also with respect to combinations of logics, for instance in\\u00a0[18, 65]. Herein, we briefly show how our results are explained by simple universal constructions.\\n4.1 PNmatrices and rexpansions\\nIn order to explore the relationships among PNmatrices, let us consider a suitable notion of homomorphism. If ,  and  are PNmatrices, with  and , a strict homomorphism  is a function  such that , and for every , , and , .\\nEasily, if  then . Further, the strictness condition  implies that  and  are compatible for every formula . Consequently, we have that\\n, and therefore  both in the single and the multiple-conclusion cases. PNmatrices with strict homomorphisms constitute a category\\u00a0.\\nExpectedly, the strict product of PNmatrices as introduced in Definition\\u00a010 enjoys a universal characterization, whose proof is straightforward.\\nLet  and  be PNmatrices.\\nTheir strict product  is a product in , with projection homomorphisms\\n for each .\\nIt goes without saying that the relationships between valuations in the PNmatrices  and valuations in  mediated by the projection homomorphisms that were presented in Section\\u00a03.1 are simple consequences of the universal property enjoyed by products in a category.\\nA dual construction is also possible. The key idea is that one can take crucial advantage of partiality to blend together PNmatrices. Let  be a set of PNmatrices, each .\\nThe sum of  is the PNmatrix  where\\n is defined by ,\\n, and\\nfor  and ,\\n.\\nIt is clear that  is a coproduct of  in\\u00a0,\\nwith inclusion homomorphisms  defined, for each  and each , by . Therefore, we have . Perhaps surprisingly, however, it may happen that\\n.\\n(A badly-behaved sum).\\nLet  be the signature whose only connectives are  and , and consider the matrices  with  and , and  with  and .Easily, we have that  with  such that  for every formula . We also have that .However, it is clear that  contains bivaluations which are neither in  nor in . For instance, given a variable , it is clear that\\n such that  if  occurs in A, and  otherwise, defines a valuation . Hence,  contains the bivaluation  such that  if and only if  does not occur in , which is clearly not in . \\n4.1.1 The good, the bad, and the ugly\\nNow, we will prove the (good, very good) fact that \\u2018almost\\u2019 every logic (in the single or multiple-conclusion sense, it does not matter) can be characterized by a single PNmatrix (actually, a Pmatrix). This property is striking, as it is well known to fail for matrices, or even Nmatrices (see\\u00a0[22, 69, 73]), and at the same time reinforces the wide range of applicability of our results. The bad and the ugly are actually both related to the \\u2018almost\\u2019 part of our statement. On the one hand, we need to understand the reason for the exception, which actually lies on the (bad) fact that valuations on PNmatrices cannot be locally assessed for a sublanguage (or subsignature). On the other hand, the nature of the exception is related to a rather annoying (and mathematically ugly) syntactic property. Both are suitably illustrated by Example\\u00a029, as the the crucial reason for the behaviour shown in this example is the absence of a 2-place connective (actually, of any connective with at least two places).\\nLet  be a set of PNmatrices. If  for some \\nthen .\\nObserve that if  and  are such that  and  then it must be the case that . This is a consequence of the existence of a connective  for some , as  and, by definition, we have  if .Hence, it is clear that if  then letting  if  defines a valuation . As the compatibility of these values is granted by the definition of designated values in , it easily follows that .\\u220eWe can now take advantage of well-known results about logical matrices.\\nRecall that a Lindenbaum matrix over  is a matrix of the form  for some , with  for every , , and . Given a bivaluation , we will use  as a synonym for the Lindenbaum matrix\\n.In the single-conclusion case, we know that a logic  is precisely characterized by the set of its theories\\u00a0[73]. Hence, the Lindenbaum bundle  consists of the Lindenbaum matrices  over  such that  is a theory of  (when the logic is compact, we could as well consider only its relatively maximal theories).In the multiple-conclusion case, a logic  is known to be precisely characterized by its maximal theory-pairs\\u00a0[69, 31, 77]. Thus, the Lindenbaum bundle  contains precisely the Lindenbaum matrices  over  such that  is a maximal theory-pair of  (see\\u00a0[16]).Given a set of bivaluation  closed for substitutions, we also define  as consisting of the Lindenbaum matrices  for every .The following result is an immediate consequence of Lemma\\u00a030, taking into account the Pmatrix corresponding to summing the Lindenbaum bundle into consideration.Let  be a logic.If  for some  then\\n.We should note that when considering signatures with no connectives with two or more places, it really may happen that the logic characterized by a set of PNmatrices does not coincide with the logic characterized by their coproduct.(A badly-behaved sum, continued).\\nRecall Example\\u00a029, with a signature  whose only connectives are  and , and matrices  with  such that , and  with  such that . Let . Recall also that  contains the bivaluation  such that  if and only if  does not occur in , which is clearly not in .It is not hard to see that given any PNmatrix  with  such that  it must also be the case that . Namely, since we have , there exist valuations  such that  and  for every . Therefore, the valuation such thatcan be easily seen to be also in . Just note that , and that , because both  and  are in  and  occurs in  if and only if  occurs in . We conclude that .It turns out that it is impossible for a PNmatrix to have , and thus necessarily  for every PNmatrix .Moreover, it is easy to see that  is meet-closed, and that if  is such that  is closed for substitutions and  then one must have . Thus, it is impossible for a PNmatrix to have , and one can also conclude that  for every PNmatrix .For the sake of closure, we should note that  and  where  contains the two ruleswhich are both single-conclusioned rules simply because  is meet-closed. Indeed, we have that  if and only if  for some , and additionally  if and only if  and , i.e.,  is not a variable.\\n \\n4.2 Multiple-conclusion combination\\nThe results of Section\\u00a03, namely Proposition\\u00a08, Lemma\\u00a011 and Theorem\\u00a012, allowed us to characterize the combination of the multiple-conclusion logics defined by two PNmatrices as the logic defined by the intersection of their induced bivaluations, or equivalently as the logic of their strict product. Our aim is to provide a categorial explanation for these results.\\n\\nQBValMult\\n\\nIn the terminology of\\u00a0[6], that we extend here to PNmatrices,\\nthe existence of a strict homomorphism  means that  is a rexpansion of . For simplicity, we will consider the quotient of\\n obtained by identifying all strict homomorphisms between the same two PNmatrices, thus obtaining a thin category that we will dub . Equivalently,  consists of the preordered class of all PNmatrices under the rexpansion relation, and we write  precisely when  is a rexpansion of . The obvious quotient functor  that sends each PNmatrix to itself is trivially continuous and cocontinuous. Therefore,\\nit follows that  is a (non-unique) join in ,\\nand we can say that  is the least PNMatrix of which all PNmatrices in  are rexpansions.\\nDually,  is a (non-unique) meet in , and we can say that the strict product of two PNmatrices is the largest PNmatrix that is a rexpansion of both  and .\\nWe need also to consider the posetal category , consisting of all pairs  where  is a signature and  is closed for substitutions, partially ordered by the relation defined as  if  and . Easily, the mapping BVal extends easily to a (order-preserving) functor  such that . If we further define  by  we also obtain a (order-preserving) functor, which is actually left-adjoint to BVal.\\nThe functors  constitute a Galois connection, that is, for every  in  and every  in , the following conditions are equivalent:,.\\nFirst assume that , i.e., there exists a strict homomorphism . Obviously,\\nwe have . Given , we have the inclusion homomorphism . Composing, we have  and therefore . We conclude that\\n, and so\\n.Reciprocally, assume that . This means that not only\\n but also . The latter inclusion implies that for each  there exists  such that , and thus  is a strict homomorphism. The universal property of  then implies that there exists an homomorphism  (actually a unique one with the property that  for every ). We conclude that .\\u220eConsequently, BVal preserves meets (limits) and we rediscover Lemma\\u00a011, as then\\n, which is easily seen to be equal to .Finally, we consider another posetal category , of multiple-conclusion logics ordered by inclusion, that is,  if  and . It is clear that a combined logic  is a join  in . The mapping  such that  is now easily seen to establish an order isomorphism between . and . is a dual order isomorphism, that is:Mult is bijective, and if and only if .Mult is bijective precisely because for every multiple-conclusion logic  there exists one unique set  such that . We know from\\u00a0[69] that , which relates to the set of all maximal theory-pairs of the logic.As a consequence, just note that  is equivalent to having that, for every ,  implies . On its turn, the later is equivalent to having, for every , that , which actually means that for every  there exists  such that , or simply that .\\u220eAs a consequence, we can recover Proposition\\u00a08, because   which, by duality, is equal to .Theorem\\u00a012 can also be recovered, simply, by noting that  , which is equal to\\n .\\n4.3 Single-conclusion combination\\nThe results of Section\\u00a03, namely Proposition\\u00a016 and\\nTheorems\\u00a021 and\\u00a025, allowed us to characterize the combination of the single-conclusion logics defined by two PNmatrices as the logic defined by the intersection of the meet-closure of their induced bivaluations, or equivalently as the logic of the strict product of their -powers (or the PNmatrices themselves, when saturated). In order to explain these results categorially, we can adopt a similar strategy.\\n\\nQSing\\n\\nGiven the properties of -powers, as stated in Lemma\\u00a024, we can restrict our attention to the full subcategory  of  whose objects are just the saturated PNmatrices. We apply the same restriction to obtain the full subcategory  of . As we know that the strict product of saturated PNmatrices is still saturated, the operation will still correspond to a (non-unique) meet in . Interestingly, however, coproducts of saturated matrices need not be saturated.\\n(Sums and saturation).\\nLet  be the signature whose only connectives are  and , and consider the PNmatrix  with  such that , , , and the matrix  with  such that .Easily, we have that , and\\n. Since  we can conclude from Lemma\\u00a020 that both PNmatrices are saturated.However, the PNmatrix  is not saturated. In fact, it suffices to show that\\n, which clearly contains the bivaluation , is not meet-closed.\\nTo see this, fix a variable  and note that  such thatare valuations . Hence,  such that  if and only if  with  even, and  if and only if  with  odd, both are bivaluations . Letting  we have  such that  if and only if  occurs in . It is not difficult to conclude that , noting that  is the only value not designated and that\\nany valuation  such that\\n must have .\\n \\nFollowing the lines developed in Section\\u00a03, we shall also consider\\nthe full subcategory  of  whose objects are meet-closed sets of bivaluations.\\nThe functor  is such that . The functor \\nis defined by\\n. The following result shows that, despite of Example\\u00a035, it is well-defined.\\nIf  is a signature and  is closed for substitutions and meet-closed then  is saturated.\\nFor simplicity, let .The result is immediate if  contains a connective with two or more places. When that is the case, Lemma\\u00a030 guarantees that . As one can easily check, for Lindenbaum matrices,\\n is simply  closed for substitutions,\\nand thus  since  is itself closed for substitutions. Therefore, we have that , and by Lemma\\u00a020, since  is meet-closed, we can conclude that  is saturated.Things are less straightforward when  for every , since we know that the set  may include bivaluations not in . Indeed,\\nletting\\n be the unique atomic subformula of , one has  if and only if there exists a function  such that  for every formula . For simplicity, we use  instead of just  to denote each such substitution\\n555To make it more explicit, this means that each valuation  can be made to correspond with\\nchoosing a bivaluation  for each , and setting \\n(which is designated precisely when ) for each formula .\\nA similar characterization would apply, mutatis mutandis, to arbitrary coproducts of (total) Nmatrices over a signature without connectives with two or more places..To establish that  is saturated, using again Lemma\\u00a020, it is sufficient to show that given  if the meet  then . First note that if  then it is the case that , and we can fix . For each  consider . As  is meet-closed, the meet , but it may still happen that . Define  byWe claim that . To see this, consider a formula  and let .If  then  if and only if  for every  if and only if .If, on the contrary, we have  this means that  for every . Therefore, it follows that , since  for every .\\u220eSimilarly, we have that  is left-adjoint to .The functors  constitute a Galois connection, that is, for every  in  and every  in , the following conditions are equivalent:,.Let  be a meet-closed set of bivaluations closed for substitutions, and\\n be a saturated PNmatrix.\\nThe result follows from Proposition\\u00a033. Indeed,  if and only if\\n in , which is equivalent to having  in .\\u220eConsequently,  preserves meets (limits). Note also that, in the category , we have that .Finally, we consider another posetal category , of single-conclusion logics ordered by inclusion, that is,  if  and . It is clear that a combined logic  is a join  in . The mapping  such that  is again an order isomorphism, now between  and . is a dual order isomorphism, that is:Sing is bijective, and if and only if .Sing is bijective precisely because for every single-conclusion logic  there exists one unique meet-closed set of bivaluations  such that . We know from\\u00a0[73] that .As a consequence, just note that \\nif and only if , just because  is meet-closed and thus, equivalently,\\n.\\u220eAs a consequence, we can recover Proposition\\u00a016 too, just because we have which, by duality, equals \\n .Theorem\\u00a021 can also be recovered. If  and  are saturated PNmatrices, then note that  , which equals\\n . Theorem\\u00a025 also follows, by the same argument, using Lemma\\u00a024.\\n5 Examples and applications\\nBesides illustrating examples, of which we have already shown a few, our aim is now to present concrete applications of the tools we defined for obtaining usable semantics for combined logics, namely with respect to the modular conception and analysis of logics.\\n5.1 Adding axioms\\nOften, one works with a single-conclusion logic which can then be streghtened by the addition of new axioms\\u00a0[6, 26, 20] (and possibly also new syntax). Concretely, let  be a single-conclusion logic,  be a signature,  be a set of axiom schemata, and define . The strengthening of  with the schema axioms  is the single-conclusion logic \\ndefined by  if and only if , for every .\\nOur aim is to apply the ideas developed above in order to obtain a semantic characterization of  from a given semantic characterization of .\\nIn terms of bivaluations, the following simple result from\\u00a0[21] is instrumental.\\nLet  be signatures,  closed for substitutions, and .\\nThe single-conclusion logic  is characterized by .\\nGiven , note that  if and only if there exists  such that  and  if and only if there exists  such that\\n and  if and only if\\n if and only if .\\n\\u220eClearly, . Of course,\\n is easily seen to be meet-closed, but such a requirement is clearly not necessary for .With respect to PNmatrices, we can take advantage of non-determinism for building a simple semantics for the logic associated to the calculus whose rules are precisely  for each , also equivalently defined by the set of bivaluations .The Nmatrix  with  is defined by,, andfor every ,  and , we letIt is easy to characterize the properties of this construction.We have that .Easily, if  and  then necessarily . Therefore, we have .If  is such that , then we can easily build a compatible valuation  by letting\\n for each . We conclude that .\\u220eOf course, it is simple to check that  if and only if , and thus that\\n. It is worth noting too that  is saturated.The strengthening with  of the single-conclusion logic characterized by a PNmatrix is the single-conclusion logic characterized by its strict product with , that is,\\ngiven a PNmatrix , we have that\\n.The result follows directly from Proposition\\u00a039, and Lemma\\u00a011\\u00a0and\\u00a041.With , note that we necessarily have\\n.\\u220eNote that this construction, though similar to the ones presented in the previous section, has a remarkable difference: the PNmatrix  does not need to be saturated.\\nThe proof technique is essentially the same, but takes advantage of the fact that any set extending a theory of  is still a theory, as it retains all the instances of axioms. The end result, though, is still infinite-valued (denumerably infinite, now, provided  is denumerable), but has really interesting consequences.For instance, we have seen in Example\\u00a04 that the logics defined by the rules of modus ponens and/or necessitation,can be given a very simple non-deterministic two-valued semantics. Hence, according to Theorem\\u00a042, every logic obtained from these by the addition of axioms can be characterized by a denumerable PNmatrix, which of course includes every modal logic, normal or not. A most interesting consequence of this idea is shown in the following example.(Intuitionistic logic).\\nFix a signature  containing the desired set of intuitionistic propositional connectives, including implication, i.e., . Also, fix a set of axioms  which together with the rule of modus ponens constitutes a calculus for intuitionistic propositional logic  ( could consist of just the first two axioms in the axiomatization of , in case implication is the only connective of ).Take a signature  whose only connective is implication, that is,  and consider the -Nmatrix  where  as defined in Example\\u00a04. That is to say that  is the logic axiomatized by the rule of modus ponens.Obviously, , and Theorem\\u00a042 tells us that it is characterized by the PNmatrix .\\nSince  is finite and  is denumerable, we can conclude that  is denumerable, which means that intuitionistic propositional logic\\ncan be characterized by a single denumerable PNmatrix. This is a remarkable property of PNmatrices, witnessing their compactification abilities, as it contrasts with the known fact that a characteristic matrix for intuitionistic logic needs to be non-denumerable\\u00a0[43, 75, 73].  Nicer, finite-valued, semantics can be obtained in particularly well-behaved scenarios, which (unsurprisingly) do not include the examples above. We refer to reader to\\u00a0[20] for further details.\\n5.2 Axiomatizability by splitting\\nObtaining symbolic calculi, or axiomatizations, for logics of interest, namely if presented by semantic means, is well-known to be a non-trivial task, even harder when one seeks particularly well-behaved calculi. Herein, we show that to some extent, our results about combined semantics can have an impact on the possibility of splitting this task into the problem of obtaining calculi for suitably defined syntactic fragments of the logic, which can then put together, in a modular way, to produce a calculus for the original logic. Indeed, in abstract, given a logic  we will be looking for ways to obtain logics  such that .\\nConcretely, let  with  be a PNmatrix, and split the associated logical language into signatures  such that .\\nFor , consider the component PNmatrix  where  is the reduct of  to the subsignature , that is  for every connective . Under which conditions can we obtain an axiomatization of  by just putting together axiomatizations of  and , in either the single and multiple-conclusion settings?\\nIt is useful to introduce the following notation. Given , a formula  with , and values , we define . Given formulas  we will also use  to denote the formula  where  is a substitution such that .\\nRecall from\\u00a0[69, 54, 19] that  is said to be monadic provided that\\nfor every two values  with  there exists a one-variable formula , to which we call a separator of  and , such that  and  and , or vice-versa. When all the separators  can be found in  for a subsignature , we say that the PNmatrix is -monadic.\\nIf  is -monadic then .\\nTaking advantage of rexpansions, and the universal property of strict products from Proposition\\u00a028, it is clear that there are two identity strict homomorphisms  and , and thus there exists a strict homomorphism  (namely,  and  for every ). Therefore, we know .To prove the converse inclusion, we need to take into account that  may have spurious values, that is, pairs  such that  for whatever  and . Indeed, we can show that if  then it must be the case that , using the proviso of monadicity on the shared subsignature. Indeed, if  then there exists a separator  of  and . Easily, then,  which is impossible because the strict product does not have pairs of values where one is designated but not the other. Hence, it is easy to see that  such that  if , for each formula , defines a compatible valuation . We conclude that .\\u220eWe can now state our split axiomatization result for multiple-conclusion logics.If  is an axiomatization of , for each , then  is an axiomatization of ,\\nprovided that  is -monadic.Clearly, using Theorem\\u00a012 along with Proposition\\u00a02, we have\\n, that is,  is an axiomatization of the multiple-conclusion logic characterized by the strict product . Using the monadicity proviso, Lemma\\u00a044 ensures that  and therefore , which concludes the proof.\\u220eThe previous result allows us to obtain a multiple-conclusion calculus for the logic characterized by a given PNmatrix by simply putting together calculi for simpler logics, under the appropriate provisos. For instance, taking advantage of techniques such as\\u00a0[54], one can even obtain incrementally analytic axiomatizations for the logic of a given monadic PNmatrix.It is worth noting that the result of Theorem\\u00a045 has some simple immediate consequences. Namely, it trivially applies to any PNmatrix having no more than one designated value and one undesignated value, namely in Boolean like PNmatrices like those in Examples\\u00a03 and\\u00a04, by simply using the separator  (this actually shows that one can provide axiomatizations for each connective separately, not just for fragments of classical logic, but also covering less common two-valued non-deterministic connectives). Let us look at another interesting example.(Kleene\\u2019s strong three-valued logic, revisited).\\nRecall the multiple-conclusion version of the implication-free fragment of Kleene\\u2019s strong three-valued logic  from Example\\u00a07, defined on the signature  containing the connectives . The characteristic four-valued -Pmatrix  is easily monadic, using  as its separators. Namely,  separates the designated values  from the undesignated values , and  separates  from , and also  from .Consider the splitting corresponding to the signatures  with  containing  and  containing , and let  and  be the corresponding reducts of .\\nSince , Theorem\\u00a045 tells us that we can obtain a calculus for  by simply joining calculi for the fragments  and .It is worth noting that in the multiple-conclusion calculus for  put forth in Example\\u00a07, the rules where  does not appear constitute a calculus for , and the rules where  does not appear constitute a calculus for .\\n In the following example we will see that monadicity in the shared language is only a sufficient condition for splitting axiomatizations, but that it really plays an important role in the result.(Three-valued \\u0141ukasiewicz logic).\\nExpanding from Example\\u00a014, let us now consider the signature  with ,  and  for . The three-valued matrix of \\u0141ukasiewicz for these connectives is  as defined below.Besides the familiar connectives of negation and implication, \\nis a possibility operator that can be traced back to \\u0141ukasiewicz and Tarski (see [72]).\\n\\nNote that  is definable as , and thus .The matrix  is monadic, namely using  as its separators, but also alternatively using\\n, as both  and  separate  from . However, one cannot separate these values using only implication. This said, we could of course apply Theorem\\u00a045 to splittings of signatures sharing , or , or both, as in the previous example. Instead, let us look at some more informative cases.(1) Let us first consider the splitting corresponding to the signatures  with  containing  and  containing , and let  and  be the corresponding reducts of .\\nSince , Theorem\\u00a045 cannot guarantee that we can obtain a calculus for  by simply joining calculi for the fragments  and . Indeed, this can never be the case as  is strictly weaker that the \\u0141ukasiewicz logic . To see this, note that the strict product\\n is defined by the tables belowand that , as witnessed by a valuation  with , , which necessarily has .This example shows that although the given PNmatrix, in this case , is both -monadic and -monadic, the splitting may behave badly precisely because  is not -monadic.(2) Let us now consider the splitting corresponding to the signatures  with  containing  and  containing , and let  and  be the corresponding reducts of .\\nAgain, since , Theorem\\u00a045 cannot guarantee that we can obtain a calculus for  by joining calculi for the fragments  and . However, in this particular case, it turns out that one can safely join split axiomatizations, simply because\\n. To see this, note that the strict product\\n is\\nsimilar to the one above, but with implication interpreted now as in the table below.Clearly, all bivaluations in  are also in , namely if one considers the total component  whose tables, depicted below, are simply a renaming of the truth-tables of .This example shows that the requirement that the given PNmatrix is -monadic is sufficient, but not necessary, for the splitting axiomatization result to follow.\\n Although obtaining axiomatizations for single-conclusion logics is known to be substantially harder, our line of reasoning may still apply, as long as we further demand saturation.If  is an axiomatization of , for each , then  is an axiomatization of ,\\nprovided that  is -monadic and saturated.It is easy to see that if  is saturated, then  is also saturated, for . If  is a consistent theory of  then  is a consistent theory of . From the fact that  is saturated it follows that there exists  such that . If we set  such that  for every  it is clear that\\n. Further,  because, for ,  if and only if  if and only if  if and only if .Using Theorem\\u00a021 and Proposition\\u00a02, we can conclude that\\n, that is,  is an axiomatization of the single-conclusion logic characterized by the strict product . Using the monadicity proviso, now, Lemma\\u00a044 ensures that  and therefore , which concludes the proof.\\u220eNote that the saturation proviso makes the result of Theorem\\u00a048 harder to use. In any case, the result is in line with the results of\\u00a0[21], namely about the (im)possibility of independently axiomatizating each Boolean connective in fragments of classical logic.(Classical logic can hardly be split).\\nRecall Example\\u00a03, and the analysis of combined fragments of classical logic in the single-conclusion setting that we developed in Example\\u00a027. Much as these combinations differ substantially from the multiple-conclusion case, also splitting axiomatizations of classical logic, universally possible in the multiple-conclusion scenario, as we saw above, become a rarity in the single-conclusion case.We have seen that classical matrices are always trivially monadic, but now Theorem\\u00a048 further demands saturation. It turns out that the two-valued interpretation of most interesting classical connectives is not saturated, namely for fragments containing , , or , as we have seen previously, which leads mostly to the failure of split axiomatizations as already shown in Example\\u00a027.Connectives whose interpretation is saturated include, however, , , and . Hence, Theorem\\u00a048 tells us that fragments of classical logic corresponding to signatures  can be axiomatized by putting together axiomatizations for each of the connectives. Namely, as seen in Example\\u00a027, joining single-conclusion calculi for  and  yields a calculus for .\\n We next analyze another interesting example.(Axiomatizing information sources).\\nRecall from Example\\u00a06 the logic of information sources defined over the signature  containing the connectives  by the characteristic four-valued -Nmatrix\\n. It is easy to see that  is -monadic, with separators .According to Theorem\\u00a045, the observations above imply that a multiple-conclusion calculus for  can be obtained by joining multiple-conclusion calculi for fragments based on splitting signatures  such that  as long as .Further, the Nmatrix  is saturated. Given a consistent theory  of , it is easy to see that  where  is defined as follows.Actually, the saturation of  can also be seen as a consequence of the fact that  is axiomatized by a single-conclusion calculus.Hence, according to Theorem\\u00a048, we know also that a single-conclusion calculus for  can be obtained by joining single-conclusion calculi for fragments based on splitting signatures  such that  as long as . This is apparent in the calculus put forth in Example\\u00a06, if we consider  and .\\n \\n5.3 Decidability preservation\\nTransference theorems have always been a main drive of the research in combining logics. Decidability is certainly one of the most desirable properties a logic should have, opening the way for the development of tool support for logical reasoning. There are some known results\\u00a0[30, 51], namely with respect to disjoint combinations, but it is worth looking carefully at the semantic characterizations developed in the previous section, and analyzing their contribution to decidability preservation in general. That is, when given two decidable logics, under which conditions can we guarantee that their combination is still decidable?\\n5.3.1 Deciding multiple-conclusion combined logics\\nLet us first look at the decision problem for multiple-conclusion logics. We will say that a multiple-conclusion logic  is decidable if there exists an algorithm , which terminates when given any finite sets  as input, and outputs  if , and  if . According to this definition it is clear that one is actually deciding the compact version  of the logic, and hence we will henceforth assume, without loss of generality, that the logic at hand is compact.\\nOf course, any logic characterized by a finite PNmatrix is decidable\\u00a0[8]. This case covers the combination of any two logics when they are each characterized by a finite PNmatrix, given that the strict product operation preserves finiteness. But we can go beyond the finite-valued case.\\nCorollary\\u00a09 is quite appealing, and mathematically clean, but a decision procedure based on it would require (potentially) running through all partitions of the set of all formulas. As the similarity with cut for sets is striking, one may try to obtain a more usable version inspired by cut for a suitable finite set, namely in relation to the input, which we will dub context.\\nIn general, we demand a context function  such that . Aiming at decidability preservation, of course, we will further require that  is finite for finite .\\nLet  and  be sets of bivaluations closed for substitutions.\\nWe say that  are -extensible when, for any finite set\\n,\\nif there exist  and  such that  for every , then there must exist  such that  for every .\\nWe say that multiple-conclusion logics ,  are -extensible when  and  are the (unique) sets of bivaluations characterizing them, that is,  and , and  are themselves -extensible.\\nThis definition has a more abstract alternative characterization.\\nLet ,  be multiple-conclusion logics,  their combination, and  a context function. The following are equivalent:,  are -extensible;given any partition  of  for finite , if\\n and  then\\n.\\nThe result is immediate, taking into account Proposition\\u00a08 and the fact that, for each , the unique set of bivaluations characterizing\\n is .\\u220eWe can now obtain a more decidability-friendly version of Corollary\\u00a09.Let ,  be -extensible multiple-conclusion logics, and consider their combination . For every finite , we have:Using Corollary\\u00a09, if  then there exists a partition  of\\n such that  and\\n.\\nIt is easy to see that  is a partition of , and by dilution,\\n and\\n.Reciprocally, if there is a partition  of  such that  and  then, directly from -extensibility and Lemma\\u00a051, we can conclude that , or equivalently, since monotonicity implies that  and , that .\\u220eWe now apply these ideas toward decidability preservation we assume that the context function  is computable.Let  be -extensible logics.\\nIf  is computable and  are both decidable then their combination\\n is also decidable.Let  be algorithms deciding , respectively.\\nTo decide  consider the following non-deterministic algorithm .The correctness of  is an immediate consequence of Lemma\\u00a052, noting that the no output is always correct, independently of the non-deterministic choice of the partition, whereas the yes output is only correct when it holds for all choices.\\n\\u220eLet  be PNmatrices with a total strict product .\\nIf  are both decidable then their combination  is also decidable.Given Theorem\\u00a053, it is enough to observe that  are -extensible whenever  is total. Note also that  is computable.Just note that given a set  and valuations  such that  is compatible with  for every , the function  defined by  is a prevaluation of . Therefore, as  is total,  extends to a valuation . Lemma\\u00a011 thus guarantees the envisaged -extensibility property.\\u220eIt should be noted that -extensibility, or totality of the strict product in the case of PNmatrices, is a sufficient condition for preserving decidability, but further research needs to be done in order to find tighter conditions.(Decidability preservation for disjoint combinations).\\nA major result of\\u00a0[51] was the preservation of decidability for disjoint combinations of single-conclusion logics. We will get back to this particular result in the next subsection, but for now we will show that decidability is preserved also by disjoint combination of multiple-conclusion logics. Assume that both  are decidable, and .As a first, partial, approach, let us consider the case when one knows that there exist (total) Nmatrices  such that  and . If each of the Nmatrices has both designated and undesignated values, it follows easily from Definition\\u00a010 that  is also a (total) Nmatrix, and the combined logic  is decidable as a consequence of Corollary\\u00a054.Of course, if any of the two Nmatrices only has all its values designated (or all undesignated), the corresponding component logic will be trivially decidable, and the same applies to the resulting combined logic. However, in general, there is no reason to assume that the given logics can be characterized by (total) Nmatrices. Still, a very general but simple argument can be drawn along the lines of Theorem\\u00a053.In order to prove that  is decidable\\nusing Theorem\\u00a053, it suffices to show that  are -extensible for a suitable\\ncomputable context function. Let  be a finite theorem-set of either  or , that is,  for some , if such a set exists. In that case, if  is the set of bivaluations characterizing  and  then it is clear that . When none of the component logics has a finite theorem-set then , and compactness implies that . Symmetrically, let  be a finite anti-theorem-set of either  or , that is,  for some , if such a set exists. In that case, if  then it is clear that . As before,  if none of the component logics has a finite anti-theorem-set, in which case compactness implies that .We consider , which can clearly be computed.\\nSuppose now that  are the sets of bivaluations (closed for substitutions) characterizing the component logics ,\\nand that  agree in  for some finite set , that is  for every .If  for every  then none of the component logics has a finite theorem-set, , and hence . On the other hand, if  for every  then none of the component logics has a finite anti-theorem-set, , and hence . Thus, we proceed knowing that we can fix formulas  such that  and .First we modify  so that they also agree on  (for simplicity, we chose to evaluate them all to ). Consider the substitution  such thatand let  and . Easily,  extend  on , and further agree on all formulas in .Inductively, let  and obtain bivaluations  extending the previous on , and further agreeing on . For each formula  with  we evaluate  and modify the skeleton variable  accordingly when building . Hence, consider for each  the substitution  such thatand set . Easily, if , or  and ,\\nthen , and thus .\\nFurthermore, if  and  then\\n.Partitioning each  in two disjoint parts , and , for , it is clear that , , and also that  and  are a partition of . Further, each  shows precisely that . The compactness of both  and  then implies that\\n and . Therefore, the bivaluation  such that  if , and  if  (resulting as a limit of the above sequences of bivaluations) is such that . Of course,  agrees with  on , which concludes the argument. We will further illustrate the use of such general results to concrete combined logics in the more familiar case, below, of single-conclusion logics.\\nOf course, our general decidability preservation technique using a suitable context function resembles many of the decidability preservation techniques used in concrete examples, such as fusions of modal logics\\u00a0[41], or even beyond in combining equational and first-order theories\\u00a0[58, 57, 7, 71, 61]. A deeper account of the scope of the abstraction we propose is beyond the reach of this paper.\\n5.3.2 Deciding single-conclusion combined logics\\nAs before, the single-conclusion case can now be addressed as an application of the same ideas. A single-conclusion logic  is decidable if there exists an algorithm , which terminates when given any finite set  and formula  as input, and outputs  if , and  if . As before, we will henceforth assume with lost of generality that the logic at hand is compact, as this definition is equivalent to deciding the compact version  of the logic.\\nThe following very simple result will help us to apply the ideas used in the multiple-conclusion scenario, to the single-conclusion case.\\nThe following implications hold.If a multiple-conclusion logic  is decidable, then so is its single-conclusion companion .If a single-conclusion logic  is decidable, then so is its minimal multiple-conclusion counterpart .\\nWe consider each property.Let , and  be an algorithm deciding .\\nTo decide  consider the following algorithm .Clearly,  if and only if , and  decides .Let , and  be an algorithm deciding .\\nTo decide  consider the following algorithm .Clearly,  if and only if  for some . Hence,  decides .\\n\\u220eNow, to go directly to the results, we say that single-conclusion logics ,  are -extensible when  and  are sets of bivaluations characterizing them, that is,  and , and their (uniquely determined) meet-closures  are -extensible.Again, this definition has a more abstract alternative characterization, based on theories.Let ,  be multiple-conclusion logics,  their combination, and  a context function. The following are equivalent:,  are -extensible;given  and theories  of  for , if\\n then there exists a theory  of  such that .The result is immediate, taking into account Proposition\\u00a016 and the fact that, for each , the unique meet-closed set of bivaluations characterizing\\n is .\\u220eAs before, we obtain a general decidability preservation result.Let  be -extensible logics. If  is computable and  are both decidable then their combination  is also decidable.Let  and , both closed for substitutions, be such that  and . From Proposition\\u00a056\\u00a0(b), we know that  and  are both decidable. From the hypothesis of -extensibility of , we know that  are -extensible, and thus also\\n. Then, Theorem\\u00a053 guarantees that  is decidable.\\nBut we know that , and Proposition\\u00a056\\u00a0(a) guarantees that it is decidable.Putting together the algorithms obtained in the proofs of Theorem\\u00a053 and Proposition\\u00a056, if  are algorithms deciding , respectively, we obtain the following\\nnon-deterministic algorithm  for deciding .\\u220eLet us illustrate some particular applications of Theorem\\u00a058.Let  be saturated PNmatrices with a total strict product .\\nIf ,  are both decidable then also their combination  is decidable.Given Theorem\\u00a058, it is enough to observe that  are -extensible whenever  is total.By saturation, Lemma\\u00a020 guarantees that  for each . Their -extensibility follows easily from the fact that also  are -extensible, implied by the hypothesis that the strict product is total, as in the proof of Corollary\\u00a054.\\n\\u220eThe case of disjoint combinations is also worth revisiting.(Decidability preservation for disjoint combinations, again).\\nWe are now able to obtain a simple proof of the the major result of\\u00a0[51]: the preservation of decidability for disjoint combinations of single-conclusion logics. Namely, let  be decidable and\\n. Using Proposition\\u00a056 we know that  are decidable as well, and the result in Example\\u00a055 tells us that  is also decidable. Finally, note that using again Proposition\\u00a056, we have that\\n is decidable, and we know that\\n.A more direct proof of the same result could instead be obtained from Theorem\\u00a058, along an argument similar to the one used in Example\\u00a055 for the multiple-conclusion setting. Ultimately, our results followed simply as applications of the corresponding results in the multiple-conclusion case. In any case, a result analogous to Lemma\\u00a052 can still be obtained, which would imply Theorem\\u00a058 and Corollary\\u00a059, as well, and which can be understood as a decidability-friendly version of Corollary\\u00a017.Let ,  be -extensible single-conclusion logics, and consider their combination . For every finite , we have:Using Corollary\\u00a017, if  then there exists  such that  is a theory of both\\n and\\n. Easily then, one has  for each ,\\nand .Reciprocally, if there is  such that , but with  for each  then\\nit follows that \\nand  are theories such that .\\nThus, directly from -extensibility and Lemma\\u00a057, we can conclude that\\nthere exists a theory  of  such that\\n.\\nIt follows that  and we conclude that .\\u220e\\n6 Conclusion\\nThe main contribution of this paper is the definition of a first modular semantics for combined logics, in both the single and multiple-conclusion scenarios.\\nIt is worth emphasizing again that the analysis of the latter scenario was crucial for the development, due to its tight connection with bivaluations. Of course, bivaluations could be simply seen as partitions of the language, or as theories, but looking at them as semantic functions helps to smoothen the path to many-valued interpretations. Naturally, the adoption of PNmatrices as models was also fundamental, as partiality enables us to deal with possibly conflicting interpretations of shared language, whereas non-determinism makes it straightforward to accomodate language extensions.\\nDiscovering the finiteness-preserving strict-product operation on PNmatrices and its universal property were certainly central to the results obtained.\\nFurther, it should be said that it provides a solution to the problem at hand which is quite close to the abstract idea of Gabbay\\u2019s fibring function\\u00a0[38, 40, 18], and a very natural modular version of Schechter\\u2019s proposal\\u00a0[63]. Unfortunately, when combining single-conclusion logics, this is simply not enough. The solution we found uses the -power operation for saturation purposes, but at the expense of losing finite-valuedness. This path hinders the easy application of these techniques in practice for single-conclusion logics, in general, also because checking saturation does not seem to be a trivial task. Nevertheless, we have seen that -powers may ultimately be too radical a solution, namely as finite powers are sometimes sufficient. Clearly, a better understanding of saturation is necessary, namely also regarding its connection with admissibility of rules, as studied for instance in\\u00a0[47, 27, 11].\\nAt this point we should remark that the fact that we only consider logics defined by a single PNmatrix, instead of a collection of PNmatrices, is a simplifying assumption with almost no loss of generality, as we have shown that partiality allows for summing collections of PNmatrices whenever one has at least one connective with more than one place.\\nThe three applications developed taking into account our semantic characterizations are also worth mentioning as valuable contributions.\\nFirst, the construction of a semantics for strengthening a given many-valued logic with additional axioms is interesting in its implications, but just a reinterpretation of a result in\\u00a0[20], where less general but finite semantics for certain well-behaved particular cases are also obtained. Nevertheless, obtaining a denumerable PNmatrix for intuitionistic propositional logic is a worth example of the compressing power of partiality and non-determinism, and deserves to be further explored, namely in connection with ideas for aproximating logics (see, for instance,\\u00a0[9, 33, 42, 56, 59]).\\nSecondly, studying conditions under which the problem of obtaining a calculus for a logic may be split into the problem of obtaining axiomatizations for suitable syntactically defined fragments of the logic is quite crucial for a modular understanding of combining logics. A related approach was considered in\\u00a0[29], but aiming at a disjoint split with additional axioms. On the contrary, the results we obtain here are inline with ideas explored in\\u00a0[21] concerning axiomatizations of classical logic, and fit well with our running track of research on extracting calculi for PNmatrices in an automated way, namely using monadicity requirements\\u00a0[54, 19].\\nThird, and last, having a clear semantics for combined logics is a crucial tool for studying their decidability. The very general criteria we obtained already cover previous results regarding disjoint combinations, as we have shown. We believe they are also powerful enough to encompass other results in the literature, like the decidability of fusions of modal logics\\u00a0[74, 41], and even adaptations of Nelson-Oppen-like techniques for deciding certain equational and first-order theories\\u00a0[58, 57, 7, 71, 61]. A thourough analysis of the complexity of the obtained decision algorithms was intentionally not addressed in this paper, but certainly deserves future attention.\\n\", \"output\": \"We obtain, for the first time, a modular many-valued semantics for combined logics, which is built directly from many-valued semantics for the logics being combined, by means of suitable universal operations over partial non-deterministic logical matrices. Our constructions preserve finite-valuedness in the context of multiple-conclusion logics whereas, unsurprisingly, it may be lost in the context of single-conclusion logics. Besides illustrating our constructions over a wide range of examples, we also develop concrete applications of our semantic characterizations, namely regarding the semantics of strengthening a given many-valued logic with additional axioms, the study of conditions under which a given logic may be seen as a combination of simpler syntactically defined fragments whose calculi can be obtained independently and put together to form a calculus for the whole logic, and also general conditions for decidability to be preserved by the combination mechanism.\", \"question\": \"none\", \"title\": \"2202.02189\", \"qa_pairs\": \"none\"}\n{\"input\": \"Adaptive Analytical Ray Tracing of Black Hole Photon Rings\\n\\n\\nAlejandro C\\u00e1rdenas-Avenda\\u00f1o\\n\\n0000-0001-9528-1826\\nPrinceton Gravity Initiative, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA\\n\\nPrograma de Matem\\u00e1tica, Fundaci\\u00f3n Universitaria Konrad Lorenz, 110231 Bogot\\u00e1, Colombia\\n\\n\\u2003\\u2003\\nAlexandru Lupsasca\\n\\n0000-0002-1559-6965\\nPrinceton Gravity Initiative, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA\\n\\nDepartment of Physics & Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, USA\\n\\n\\u2003\\u2003\\nHengrui Zhu\\n\\n0000-0001-9027-4184\\nPrinceton Gravity Initiative, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA\\n\\n\\nI Introduction\\nAccording to general relativity, black holes display unique lensing behavior: for instance, any two spatial points outside the event horizon are connected by infinitely many light rays, each of which executes a different number of orbits around the black hole under its extreme gravitational pull Darwin (1959); Luminet (1979); Ohanian (1987); Bozza (2010); Gralla\\u00a0and\\u00a0Lupsasca (2020a).\\nAs a result, images of a black hole surrounded by a non-spherical, optically thin emission region decompose into a sequence of superimposed layers indexed by photon half-orbit number , with each layer consisting of a full lensed image of the main emission Gralla\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2019); Johnson\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2020); Gralla\\u00a0and\\u00a0Lupsasca (2020a); Hadar\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2021); Chael\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2021); Paugnat\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2022); Vincent\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2022).\\nThe direct () layer typically displays a central dark area\\u2014the black hole\\u2014encircled by the weakly lensed, primary image of the accretion flow onto the hole, whose details depend sensitively on astrophysical conditions.\\nOn the other hand, the higher- layers arise from photons on highly bent trajectories that are strongly lensed to form a series of narrow \\u201cphoton rings.\\u201d111For an animation of this effect, see: https://youtu.be/4-DvyMPs-gA.\\nSpherical emission produces a \\u201cshadow\\u201d inside the critical curve Falcke\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2000); Narayan\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2019); Vincent\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2022).\\nThese rings are usually stacked on top of the broader  emission and their shape rapidly converges (exponentially fast in ) to that of the \\u201cKerr critical curve\\u201d Bardeen (1973): a theoretical curve in the observer sky that corresponds to the apparent image of asymptotically bound photon orbits.\\nIn contrast to the astrophysics-dependent  image, this \\u201c photon ring\\u201d is completely determined by the Kerr black hole\\u2014depending only on its mass, spin and inclination\\u2014and delineates its cross-sectional area in the sky.\\nRecently, 1.3\\u2009mm interferometric observations by the Event Horizon Telescope have resolved the horizon-scale emission from sources in the immediate vicinity of two nearby supermassive black holes: M87* Akiyama\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2019a), the central compact object at the core of our neighboring galaxy Messier 87, and Sgr\\u00a0A* Akiyama\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2022a), our own black hole at the center of the Milky Way.\\nTheir reconstructed images display a central brightness depression within a thick ring consistent with theoretical expectations for the direct image of the surrounding accretion flow Akiyama\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2019b); Arras\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2022); Carilli\\u00a0and\\u00a0Thyagarajan (2022); Lockhart\\u00a0and\\u00a0Gralla (2022a); Akiyama\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2022b).\\nHowever, these observations have thus far not provided any evidence for the presence of a lensed photon ring Lockhart\\u00a0and\\u00a0Gralla (2022b).\\nThey are instead dominated by  photons Gralla\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2019); Johnson\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2020), which form the image layer that is more sensitive to the astrophysics of the flow than to purely relativistic effects Gralla (2021); Lara\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2021); Bauer\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2022).\\nAs a result, the bounds placed on possible deviations from general relativity are on the order of several percent Akiyama\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2019c, 2022c), and comparable to the constraints derived from gravitational-wave observations of stellar-mass, binary black holes C\\u00e1rdenas-Avenda\\u00f1o\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2020), or x-ray spectroscopy measurements of low-mass binaries and active galactic nuclei Ayzenberg\\u00a0and\\u00a0Bambi (2021).\\nBy contrast, future detections of orbiting () photons will open a new window into strong gravity and enable higher-precision probes of the Kerr geometry, since it is this orbiting light which forms the part of the image\\u2014the photon ring\\u2014that belongs to the black hole itself, rather than to its plasma.\\nThere are three major obstacles to measuring a photon ring.\\nFirst, since the photon rings are exponentially narrow (in ) features, resolving them requires interferometric observations on exponentially long baselines Johnson\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2020).\\nAt the current observing frequency of 230\\u2009GHz, even Earth-spanning baselines are too short to resolve the first ring, but it should become accessible to next-generation space-based interferometers.\\nIn particular, SALTUS (the Single Aperture Large Telescope for Universe Studies) is a bold proposal\\u2014currently a contender for NASA\\u2019s upcoming Probe mission\\u2014to launch within the next decade a spacecraft far enough to access the first two rings of M87*.\\nOptical depth poses a second hurdle: even though photons could in principle circumnavigate the black hole indefinitely (albeit unstably), in practice, those that traverse its emission region multiple times are eventually reabsorbed by the matter they intersect\\u2014an effect that cuts off image layers past some .\\nNevertheless, since absorptivity decreases with photon energy, the first few rings still ought to be present in images taken at sufficiently high frequencies.\\nSimple models suggest that at 230\\u2009GHz, the  ring is always visible while the  ring may only be marginally observable, whereas both rings should be clearly visible at 345\\u2009GHz Vincent\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2022).\\nState-of-the-art simulations of general-relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) flows Wong\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2022a) also confirm these expectations Wong\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2022b).\\nFor this reason, SALTUS is slated to simultaneously observe at both frequencies.\\nM87* makes for a particularly exciting prospective target because a measurement of its  ring diameter could deliver a stringent test of the Kerr hypothesis, which predicts a definite shape for its higher- rings: photons orbiting just outside the horizon of a black hole can probe its extreme gravity and carry away information about its spacetime geometry, encoded in the observable shape of the rings that these photons produce in their observer\\u2019s sky Gralla (2020); Gralla\\u00a0and\\u00a0Lupsasca (2020b); Gralla\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2020).\\nTime variability introduces a third significant complication.\\nWhile time-averaged GRMHD-simulated movies have shown that the photon rings are persistent, sharp features that come to dominate observations with very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) after averaging over sufficiently long timescales Johnson\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2020), it remains to be understood how clearly visible the rings will be to a realistic, near-future, space-VLBI mission like SALTUS, which will be limited in the number of snapshots it can collect.\\nIn each snapshot, such an interferometer\\u2014with a single space leg\\u2014can only sample the radio visibility on one space-ground baseline, thereby only measuring the projected diameter  of the photon ring at one angle  in the image.222The angle in the image corresponds to the space element\\u2019s baseline angle in the Fourier plane Gralla (2020); Gralla\\u00a0and\\u00a0Lupsasca (2020b); Gralla\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2020), while the baseline length determines the index  of the subring whose interferometric signature dominates the signal Johnson\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2020); Paugnat\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2022).\\nTo compensate for its sparse baseline coverage, the instrument can observe at regular intervals along its orbit around the Earth, eventually filling in every angle  in the Fourier domain, with each  thus sampled twice per orbit.\\nThe baseline lengths over which the ring signature dominates the signal fix the orbital radius (about lunar distance for the  ring of M87*) and hence the orbital period ( month), which in turn sets the cadence of these snapshots: , or roughly every two weeks.\\nAs it is evidently impractical to maintain coherence over such timescales, the snapshots must be incoherently time-averaged;\\nmoreover, only  snapshots of  can be sampled per year.\\nIn a single snapshot, the \\u201cclean\\u201d interferometric signature of the ring\\u2014a periodic ringing in the visibility amplitude\\u2014is typically \\u201cpolluted\\u201d by noise from both the instrument and from astrophysical fluctuations (plasma flares, emission ropes, or other ring mimickers), which can obscure the signal.\\nThe key question is then:\\nCan the interferometric signature of a photon ring\\u2014and hence its projected diameter\\u2014be recovered from an incoherent time-average over  snapshots of its visibility amplitude on very long space-ground baselines?\\nAn affirmative answer to this question would open the door to a consistency test of the Kerr hypothesis\\u2014a cornerstone of general relativity (GR) in the strong-field regime\\u2014via space-VLBI measurements of the photon ring shape.\\nThe paper\\u00a0Gralla\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2020) (henceforth: GLM) took the first steps towards establishing the viability of such a test for M87*.\\nGLM examined a range of models of stationary, axisymmetric, equatorial disks that reproduce the time-averaged observational appearance of GRMHD-simulated flows, and found that the observable shape of their  ring always follows a specific functional form, independent of the source model.\\nThey concluded that this ring shape is a robust prediction of strong-field GR.\\nIn other words, observations of the  photon ring can in principle disentangle gravitational and astrophysical effects that are otherwise commingled in the direct image.\\nMoreover, GLM simulated interferometric data of the kind that could be collected by a mission like SALTUS, and were able to extract this ring shape from the visibility amplitude on space-ground baselines.\\nTheir experimental forecast achieved a sub-percent level of precision for the resulting test of the Kerr hypothesis, suggesting that M87* holds exceptional promise as a target for such a test in practice.\\nThis analysis was recently reviewed in depth and extended to an even larger selection of equatorial disk models, supporting these conclusions Paugnat\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2022).\\nWhile these early results are encouraging, demonstrating the feasibility of a ring shape measurement requires further theoretical work.\\nCrucially, even though the GLM analysis did include realistic instrument noise, it only considered time-averaged images of equatorial disks.\\nThe latter limitation was recently tackled with a study of geometric thick-disk models Vincent\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2022), but to date a detailed investigation of source fluctuations and time variability has yet to be carried out.\\nThe present work is the first attempt to remedy this lacuna.\\nThe main obstruction is technical: as high-order photon rings are exponentially narrow compared to the overall structure of a black hole image, resolving them in the image plane incurs a large computational cost.\\nMore precisely, their presence in the image introduces a large separation of scales between the pixel grid size (which must be large enough to capture the entire field of view) and the pixel spacing (the grid must achieve a sufficiently fine resolution to see the narrow rings).\\nWhile a brute-force approach\\u2014pumping millions of pixels in the grid\\u2014can overcome this scale separation for a handful of images, it becomes intractable when dealing with a black hole movie consisting of several hundred snapshots, in which case adaptive ray tracing is necessary Wong (2021); Gelles\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2021) (and less wasteful).\\nHere, we present a numerical tool333The code is publicly available at\\u00a0https://github.com/iAART/aart. designed to efficiently compute high-resolution \\u201cslow-light\\u201d movies of generic (non-stationary and non-axisymmetric) equatorial sources around a Kerr black hole, together with their associated radio visibility on very long baselines; we present example outputs in Fig.\\u00a01.\\nThe code was developed with the intent to maximize speed while still guaranteeing the accuracy of its output, particularly the radio visibility on very long baselines, which encodes the high-frequency components of a snapshot\\u2019s Fourier transform and is therefore extremely sensitive to its most minute image features.\\nThe code\\u2019s structure is highly modular and most of its individual components reproduce pre-existing capabilities; its main novelty is arguably to combine all these routines into one single and convenient-to-use (we hope!) package.\\nOne new and important technique from which AART derives much of its power deserves special mention: it turns the very feature of photon rings that makes them so difficult to fully resolve\\u2014namely, their thinness\\u2014to its advantage.\\nIt does so by decomposing the full image into multiple layers labeled by half-orbit number , and ray tracing in each layer the image of the  photon ring with exponentially high (in ) resolution.\\nMore precisely, the lensing behavior of a black hole forces the  photon ring to lie within an exponentially small (in ) region of the image plane, dubbed the  lensing band, with each band completely fixed by the Kerr geometry Gralla\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2020); Paugnat\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2022).\\nA key innovation of AART is to first compute (once and for all) the lensing bands associated with a given black hole spin and inclination, and then to ray trace, for the  layer, only pixels lying in the  lensing band.\\nSince each lensing band contains an exponentially demagnified image of the main emission, by also increasing the resolution in each band exponentially,444Successive subrings are demagnified by an analytically known, angle-and-spin-dependent factor , where  is the Lyapunov exponent that governs the instability of nearly bound photons at orbital radius  Johnson\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2020); Gralla\\u00a0and\\u00a0Lupsasca (2020a). the code is guaranteed to resolve the source with roughly the same effective resolution in every layer.\\nIn other words, AART adapts its ray-tracing resolution (grid spacing) to each layer, but also adjusts the ray-tracing region (grid size), so as to resolve the increasingly fine features present in higher layers using only a fixed number of pixels per layer.\\nOther ray tracers use adaptive mesh refinement to increase pixel density in regions where they detect long geodesic path lengths Wong (2021) or large gradients Gelles\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2021); White (2022).\\nThis results in a new, non-uniform grid for every new snapshot, which is recursively refined until a desired criterion is met, or else the number of recursions exceeds a hard-set limit.\\nTherefore, small image features can sometimes be missed when this limit is hit.\\nBy contrast, the adaptiveness provided by the lensing bands is determined by the Kerr geometry alone and results in the same, uniform grid for every image of a given black hole spin and inclination.\\nThese grids therefore need be computed only once, and provided that their resolution increases at the proper rate set by the demagnification factor, they cannot miss any feature that is already resolved in the direct  image.\\nFinally, high- layers comprise photons that execute many orbits in the Kerr photon shell Teo (2021) where their radial potential almost develops a double root and geodesic integrals diverge logarithmically, leading to a growing risk of numerical error.\\nTo minimize error, AART performs analytical ray tracing using an exact solution of the Kerr null geodesic equation recently given in terms of Legendre elliptic integrals and Jacobi elliptic functions Gralla\\u00a0and\\u00a0Lupsasca (2020c), similar in spirit to previous implementations based on Carlson symmetric forms Dexter\\u00a0and\\u00a0Agol (2009); Yang\\u00a0and\\u00a0Wang (2014).\\nTo summarize: AART uses lensing bands to prevent a large separation of scales (between the grid size and its spacing) and thereby maintain its speed as it increases the pixel density in higher- photon rings, which is necessary to ray trace the fine image features that (due to the nonlocal character of the Fourier transform) influence the visibility on long baselines; moreover, the rings are ray traced analytically to avoid errors.\\nThese features of AART are specially tailored to the photon ring and its interferometric signature; with this tool in hand, it becomes feasible to investigate the effects of time variability on measurements of the  ring shape, and we can begin to answer the key experimental question posed above.\\nTo study the effects of source fluctuations on the observed visibility amplitude, we call upon both AART and inoisy Lee\\u00a0and\\u00a0Gammie (2021): a code that can rapidly generate realizations of a 2D Gaussian random field with Mat\\u00e9rn covariance.\\nSuch a field can provide a simple statistical model for a generic (non-stationary and non-axisymmetric) stochastic source in the equatorial plane of a Kerr black hole, with prescribed two-point function.\\nSince a \\u201crealistic\\u201d choice of autocorrelation structure is not yet known (and will require additional research into the plasma physics of the fluid), our goal will be to vary the statistics of the model within a wide range of \\u201creasonable\\u201d possibilities (informed by GRMHD simulations), so as to parameterize our uncertainty in the expected variability of signals from sources like M87*.\\nCompleting such a parameter survey is a large undertaking beyond the scope of this first paper.\\nHere, we will be content with a proof-of-concept demonstration that AART is up to the task for such a study.\\nTo showcase its capabilities, we ray trace 100 snapshots of an inoisy source with statistics set by the \\u201cbest-guess\\u201d parameters for M87* (listed in Table\\u00a02).\\nSample snapshots and their associated visibility amplitude are shown in Fig.\\u00a01, while Fig.\\u00a02 includes all of the snapshots, with the left panel displaying their time-averaged image and the right panel all the individual visibility amplitudes together with their incoherent time average (solid lines).\\nAs expected, we find that the astrophysical fluctuations wash out from the time average, leaving an image that is visibly dominated by a prominent photon ring with clear  and  subrings.\\nCorrespondingly, the incoherently time-averaged visibility amplitude is dominated on long baselines by the perfectly clean interferometric signature of the  ring.\\nIn particular, we find that the signal in the range G\\u2014which a satellite at lunar distance from the Earth could access with \\u2009GHz observations\\u2014exactly follows the periodic ringing pattern predicted for a thin ring (black overlay in panel inset).\\nAs we show in Fig.\\u00a03, the projected diameter  of the  ring can then be extracted from the periodicity of this ringing in the visibility amplitude .\\nThe top panels display the ring diameter  inferred from an average over  snapshots, with , and finally 100, by which time the smooth shape of the ring has emerged.\\nThe bottom panels display the relative deviation from this fiducial shape that is induced by astrophysical fluctations, whose noise clearly averages out of the image; it is encouraging to see this noise is also beat down in measurements of the ring shape using only a few snapshots.\\nOf course, whether these conclusions are likely to hold for M87* has yet to be established, and a systematic investigation of astrophysical fluctuations remains to be done.\\nIn a soon-to-be-released paper, we will initiate such a study by repeating this analysis for multiple models of M87*, varying both the parameters of the black hole (its spin and inclination) and of the source (the inoisy model).\\nWe also hope to report on the signature of the  ring and how it may encode the spin.\\nWe now turn to a brief summary of the rest of the paper.\\nSummary\\nIn Sec.\\u00a0II, we review the problem of light propagation in the Kerr spacetime.\\nWe write down the null geodesic equation and its exact analytical solution as it is implemented in AART, and describe the key concept of lensing bands (Fig.\\u00a04).\\nWe then illustrate the lensing behavior of the black hole by plotting its \\u201ctransfer functions\\u201d: mappings of directions in the observer sky to the spacetime points where the corresponding light rays intersect the equatorial plane.\\nThe transfer functions for polar coordinates  in the plane are shown in Figs.\\u00a05, 6, and 9 for the , , and  images, respectively.\\nLikewise, the time lapse  between source and observer is also shown in Figs.\\u00a07 and 8 for the  and  images, respectively.\\nThe  image always fills out the  lensing band, as expected.\\nWe also give an approximate formula for light bending that was derived by Beloborodov Beloborodov (2002) for nonrotating black holes in the weak-deflection regime.\\nWe express his result in a very simple form [Eq.\\u00a0(43)] that proves to be remarkably accurate for the computation of  images of axisymmetric sources, for most black hole spins and inclinations.\\nThis observation, which is illustrated in Fig.\\u00a010, highlights the fact that  photons barely carry an imprint of the black hole spin, as they do not spend enough time near it to be strongly affected by its gravitational field.\\nBeloborodov\\u2019s approximation can thus be regarded as a generalization to all inclinations of the \\u201cjust add one\\u201d prescription for the transfer function of a spin-aligned observer, for whom the impact parameter  is simply related to emission radius  by adding one:  Gralla\\u00a0and\\u00a0Lupsasca (2020a); Gates\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2020).\\nAART can also parallel transport linear polarization.\\nWe check that Beloborodov\\u2019s approximation is adequate for ray tracing  polarimetric images (Fig.\\u00a011), which can be done using simple algebraic equations that we write down explicitly.\\nIn Sec.\\u00a0III, we describe our model of equatorial emission.\\nFirst, we review stationary and axisymmetric equatorial disk profiles that can reproduce the time-averaged observational appearance of M87* in GRMHD simulations Gralla\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2020); Chael\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2021).\\nThen, we add in astrophysical fluctuations with prescribed statistics.\\nIn Sec.\\u00a0IV, we use inoisy to simulate a variable source.\\nWith AART, we ray trace its instantaneous snapshots (Fig.\\u00a012) and compute its light curve (Fig.\\u00a013).\\nGreat care must be taken in the choice of resolution and field of view used in each layer: Sec.\\u00a0V discusses these issues in depth (Figs.\\u00a015, 16, and 14).\\nWe can then produce movies of a stochastic, non-stationary, non-axisymmetric source. In Sec.\\u00a0VI, we compute movies of the associated visibility amplitude and use this synthetic data to reconstruct the projected diameter  of the  ring, before concluding with a brief discussion of future prospects in Sec.VII.\\nWe relegate some details to Apps.\\u00a0A, B, and C.\\nThroughout the paper, we work in  metric signature with geometric units in which .\\nOur conventions for Legendre elliptic integrals are listed in App.\\u00a0A of Ref.\\u00a0Kapec\\u00a0and\\u00a0Lupsasca (2020).\\nII Theoretical framework\\nThe special integrability properties of the Kerr spacetime reduce its geodesic equation to a problem of quadratures Carter (1968), resulting in elliptic integrals that are expressible in Legendre normal form Rauch\\u00a0and\\u00a0Blandford (1994); V\\u00e1zquez\\u00a0and\\u00a0Esteban (2004); Gralla\\u00a0and\\u00a0Lupsasca (2020c).\\nModern computers can evaluate the Legendre elliptic integrals very fast and to arbitrary precision, reducing the computational cost of ray tracing in Kerr.\\nIn this section, we review the exact solution of the Kerr null geodesic equation in Legendre form Gralla\\u00a0and\\u00a0Lupsasca (2020a, c) as well as the approximate solution derived in Schwarzschild by Beloborodov Beloborodov (2002), and we use them to plot the transfer functions mapping Bardeen\\u2019s coordinates in the observer sky Bardeen (1973) to the equatorial plane.\\nII.1 Null geodesics of the Kerr exterior\\nAstrophysical, rotating black holes of mass  and angular momentum  are subject to the Kerr bound  and are described by the Kerr geometry, whose metric is written in Boyer-Lindquist coordinates  in terms of functions  and .\\nThe roots of  give the outer/inner event horizon radiiWith respect to Mino time , a photon with four-momentum  follows a null geodesic  obtained by solvingThe resulting trajectory is independent of the photon energy  and can be parameterized by two conserved quantities: the energy-rescaled angular momentum and Carter constantWe are interested in solving for the trajectories  that connect two spacetime events  and , where the labels \\u2018s\\u2019 and \\u2018o\\u2019 stand for \\u2018source\\u2019 and \\u2018observer\\u2019, respectively.\\nWe will specialize to distant observers () at nonzero inclination  above the equatorial plane  where we place the source.\\nThe symmetries of the Kerr geometry\\u2014its stationarity and axisymmetry\\u2014allow us to set  and  without loss of generality.\\nA photon that reaches an observer with four-momentum  and conserved quantities  appears in the sky at Cartesian position  given in terms of  by Bardeen Bardeen (1973),for .\\nIf the photon carries a linear polarization, then its observed electric vector polarization angle (EVPA) is Li\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2009); Lupsasca\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2020); Himwich\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2020); Narayan\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2021)where  denotes the complex-valued Penrose\\u2013Walker constanta quantity that is also conserved along null geodesics\\u2014thanks to the Petrov type D nature of the Kerr metric Chandrasekhar (1983)\\u2014and can be used to algebraically solve the parallel transport problem for a linear polarization vector  by evaluating  at the source.\\nThe separability of Kerr geodesic motion allows the  and  trajectories to be decoupled Carter (1968),\\nThese independent motions are then controlled by radial and angular geodesic potentialswhose zeros give the turning points of their respective motion.\\nBoth potentials have exactly four (not always real) rootswhich depend only on the conserved quantities  via555Here,  denotes the real cube root of  if  is real, or else, the principal value of the function  (that is, the cubic root with maximal real part.)We will now restrict our attention to positive spins .\\nII.2 Kerr critical curve\\nThe radial potential (9) develops a double root at  (that is, ) if and only if Bardeen (1973); Gralla\\u00a0and\\u00a0Lupsasca (2020a)where  withA geodesic with critical conserved quantities  and  asymptotes to an unstably bound orbit at radius  in the Kerr photon shell.\\nFor a distant observer, the Kerr critical curve  is the image in the sky of these asymptotically bound orbits:Though this purely theoretical curve is not in itself observable, it does play a key role in the study of lensing by a Kerr black hole\\u00a0Bardeen\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (1972).\\nIt is traced using Eqs.\\u00a0(4) evaluated on Eqs.\\u00a0(19) for all the values  such that .\\nIt is always closed, convex, and reflection-symmetric about the  axis Gralla\\u00a0and\\u00a0Lupsasca (2020b).\\nII.3 Analytical backwards ray tracing\\nThe character (real or complex) and ordering of the radial roots  (when they are real) lead to a classification of radial motion into four types Hackmann (2010); Gralla\\u00a0and\\u00a0Lupsasca (2020c); Comp\\u00e8re\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2022).\\nWe are, however, only interested in the rays that connect a distant observer to an equatorial source.\\nThis excludes two of the motion types, leaving only two others corresponding to rays that start from infinity at one endpoint before they either cross the horizon or return to infinity at the other.666The angular motion also has two possible behaviors according to whether .\\nWe ignore vortical rays with  as they cannot reach the equator Kapec\\u00a0and\\u00a0Lupsasca (2020).\\nSuch rays always lie within the apparent image of the horizon.\\nThe boundary between these two behaviors in the phase space of null geodesics constitutes the Kerr photon shell of asymptotically bound orbits, a special locus in phase space with emergent conformal symmetry Hadar\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2022).\\nWe now describe how this separation is manifested in the sky.\\nGiven a black hole spin and observer inclination , we can pick a direction  in the observer sky and shoot a light ray backwards into the geometry in that direction.\\nSuch a ray will cross the equatorial plane a total number of times , which can be determined by computing the total Mino time  elapsed along the entire development of the trajectory.\\nRays in the interior of the critical curve all fall into the black hole; that is, they encounter no radial turning point and terminate their motion across the Kerr exterior on the event horizon at .\\nRays in the exterior of the critical curve are all deflected back to infinity; that is, their radial motion encounters a turning point at , whereupon they bounce back toward .\\nThus, the critical curve (21) delineates the boundary between photon capture (its interior) and photon escape (its exterior), and may be regarded as the cross-sectional area of the hole.\\nIn-between rays that lie exactly on  are trapped in the photon shell where they can in principle orbit forever; in practice, this never occurs because such orbits are unstable (or equivalently, because  is infinitely thin).\\nLet  and define , , andwhere  is an incomplete elliptic integral of the first kind.\\nThese functions are the antiderivatives (137) and (149), and all the radial geodesic integrals  are definite integrals that can be obtained from their respective antiderivative  as follows.\\nIf a ray lies inside of , then its motion is, following the labelling introduced in Ref.\\u00a0Gralla\\u00a0and\\u00a0Lupsasca (2020c), of type (2) when all roots are real (in which case ), or else of type (3) when  are complex-conjugate roots with .777There exist type (4) rays with both  and , but they are vortical.\\nIn either case, the definite integrals down to radius  on the ray are\\nIf a ray lies outside of , then its motion is always of type (2), and the definite integrals down to radius  on the ray arewith sign  before/after reaching the turning point at .\\nThe Mino time  elapsed along a ray inside  is thusHence, the total Mino time elapsed along the full light ray isLikewise, the Mino time  elapsed along a ray outside  iswhere the sign is  before the turning point at  (), and  after the bounce ().\\nHence, the total Mino time elapsed along the full light ray isand its radial turn occurs at the \\u201chalf-way\\u201d Mino timeWe will use  to denote the appropriate choice of .\\nAt last, the total number of equatorial crossings  iswhere  denotes the Heaviside function while  and  are defined in Eqs.\\u00a0(131)\\u2013(132); see also App. A of Ref.\\u00a0Paugnat\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2022).\\nA light ray crosses the equatorial plane for the  time at Mino time , wherewith  given in Eq.\\u00a0(128).\\nThis equatorial crossing occurs atwith  given in Eqs.\\u00a0(147) and (159) for type (2) and (3) geodesics, respectively, while the angular integrals  are given in Eqs.\\u00a0(129)\\u2013(130).\\nMeanwhile, the radial integralsdecompose via Eqs.\\u00a0(135)\\u2013(A.2) into definite integrals that are to be evaluated via Eq.\\u00a0(24) for rays inside  or via Eq.\\u00a0(25) for rays outside , using the antiderivatives  given by Eqs.\\u00a0(137)\\u2013(140) for type (2) geodesics or Eqs.\\u00a0(149)\\u2013(A.2.2) for type (3) geodesics.\\nIn practice, we take  to be very large but not infinite, for reasons described in Eq.\\u00a0(41) below.\\nII.4 Kerr lensing bands\\nThe functions , , and  defined in Eqs.\\u00a0(33)\\u2013(35) are the \\u201ctransfer functions\\u201d that map the equatorial plane to its  lensed image in the observer sky, where the index  may be thought of as a photon half-orbit number Johnson\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2020); Gralla\\u00a0and\\u00a0Lupsasca (2020a).\\nTo describe the lensing behavior of a Kerr black hole, it is helpful to draw contour plots of these function\\u2014that is, level sets of fixed , , and  within each image layer .\\nFirst, however, one must determine the regions of the image plane in which these functions have support.\\nThis is a nontrivial problem because these functions always evaluate to some value: for instance,  always returns some source radius, even when the ray shot back from  does not in fact intersect the equatorial plane  times.\\nIn such cases,  may sometimes be obviously unphysical (it could, for example, take a negative value), but not always.\\nWe define the  lensing band to be image-plane subregion consisting of those rays that cross the equatorial plane at least  times after being shot back from the observer, before either terminating on the horizon (if they are shot back from inside the critical curve ) or else returning to infinity (if they are shot back from outside ) after an elapsed Mino time .\\nBy definition, the  lensing band is the physical domain of the transfer functions , , and .\\nThis definition also implies that it is the subregion of the image plane in which the function  defined in Eq.\\u00a0(31) is precisely equal to .\\nThis last observation leads us to a formula that characterizes the boundary of the  lensing band: it is the set of points  in the image plane for whichsuch that  jumps by one across the boundary of each lensing band.\\nThis condition can equivalently be written aswith  given in Eq.\\u00a0(128).\\nThe  lensing bands have a different character than the  layer\\u2014we now focus on the former and defer a discussion of the latter to the next section.\\nEach  lensing band is annular in shape and foliated by contours of fixed , with every source radius mapping onto a unique closed curve within the band.\\nMoreover, this bijective map is order-preserving: moving radially outwards within a band, one crosses contours of monotonically increasing .\\nThus, the inner edge of the  lensing band is the  image of the equatorial event horizon (the contour of fixed ), while its outer edge is the  image of the equatorial circle at infinity (the contour of fixed ).\\nRays that connect a distant observer to the event horizon cannot encounter a radial turning point along their trajectory, so the inner edge must always appear inside the critical curve.\\nConversely, rays that connect a distant observer to infinity have to make a turn along their radial trajectory, so the outer edge must alway appears outside the critical curve.\\nHence, the  lensing bands are annuli that always straddle the critical curve.\\nSince successive images of a source are demagnified and appear exponentially closer to the critical curve Johnson\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2020); Gralla\\u00a0and\\u00a0Lupsasca (2020a), the lensing bands form a stack of nested annuli, as seen in Fig.\\u00a04.\\nTo summarize, the inner edge of the  lensing band is the solution of Eq.\\u00a0(38) with  given in Eq.\\u00a0(27), while its outer edge is the solution with  given in Eq.\\u00a0(29).\\nThe two sides of Eq.\\u00a0(38) are continuous functions  and  of the image-plane position .\\nIn practice, we use the following procedure to determine these edges.\\nWe first select a set of polar angles  around the image plane, with associated positions  on the critical curve (21)\\u2014that is,  is the point where the critical curve is intersected by the ray emanating from the origin at polar angle .\\nNext, we parameterize these rays as .\\nFor each , we compute  along the corresponding ray over the range .\\nWe also compute  on the range  and  on the range .\\nWe then determine the unique parameters  within each of these ranges such that .\\nThese values correspond to the points  along the ray of constant  where it intersects the lensing band\\u2019s outer and inner edges, respectively.\\nConnecting the points  thus obtained at every angle  traces out the edges of the lensing band, which is finally obtained as the annular region between these two closed curves.\\nThese boundaries\\u2014and hence, the lensing band\\u2014can be determined to arbitrarily high precision by sampling sufficiently many .\\nTo check the computation, one can verify that for each ,  and  up to numerical error.888In principle, one could also determine the inner and outer boundaries of the  lensing band as those contours of fixed  (inside ) or fixed  (outside ), respectively, which are closest to .\\nHowever, this method is impractical because  can vary significantly across these contours.\\nYet, it is this very behavior that makes this check effective.\\nFurther discussion of lensing bands may be found in Ref.\\u00a0Paugnat\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2022).\\nII.5 Apparent image of the horizon\\nWe now return to the  lensing band, which (unlike its higher- counterparts) is noncompact.\\nThis difference can be understood intuitively: if the black hole mass shrinks to zero, the  lensing bands must disappear with the hole, whereas the  band must extend to fill the entire image plane.\\nMathematically, the equations in the previous section still hold.\\nThe inner and outer edges of the  band are still the contours of fixed  and fixed , respectively.\\nThese curves respectively correspond to the primary image of the equatorial event horizon (appearing inside ) and of the circle of infinite radius (appearing outside ).\\nThe inner edge can be determined via the same root-finding procedure outlined above (with ), resulting in a closed curve  contained within the critical curve .\\nOn the other hand, the outer edge is at infinity in the image plane (as it would be in flat space), so the  lensing band is no longer an annulus.\\nInstead, it consists of the entire (unbounded) exterior of .\\nMeanwhile, the interior of  may technically be viewed as the  band, since it consists of rays that never reach the equator before terminating on the horizon.\\nIn an equatorial disk model, this region would be completely dark, giving rise to an \\u201cinner shadow\\u201d feature Chael\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2021), and may naturally be viewed as the apparent image of the horizon.\\nIn Fig.\\u00a04, we display this image as a shaded black region for the case of a black hole with spin  observed from an inclination .\\nII.6 Analytic grid adaptiveness\\nIt has long been known that images of the equatorial plane of a Kerr black hole are lensed into increasingly demagnified, compact regions of the image plane Luminet (1979); Beckwith\\u00a0and\\u00a0Done (2005).\\nMore recently, this lensing behavior has been exploited to efficiently ray trace equatorial disk models in which the , 1, and 2 image components are all fully resolved Gralla\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2020).\\nAART is designed with this goal in mind and is built around the lensing behavior of a Kerr black hole.\\nIt ray traces images of an equatorial source layer-by-layer, using a non-uniform grid adapted to this layered structure.\\nThe  image layer, which consists of the  image of the source, is only ray traced on pixels within the  lensing band, which is precisely the region of the image plane occupied by this image.\\nAs a result, AART avoids computing unneeded pixels in each layer, substantially improving its efficiency.\\nThis layer-by-layer approach naturally allows for different resolutions to be used in each image layer.\\nThis is important because the exponential-in- demagnification of successive images of a source requires the use of exponentially higher resolutions to resolve the source at the same level of detail in higher- layers.\\nAART increases the resolution in successive lensing bands by roughly the same demagnification factor  that shrinks them ( is a Lyapunov exponent governing the orbital instability of bound photon orbits\\u00a0Johnson\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2020)) such that every image of the source is resolved by roughly the same number of pixels\\u2014see Sec.\\u00a0V for a more detailed discussion of the resolution requirements in each layer.\\nThis approach enables ray tracing up to arbitrarily high  and ensures that all images of the source are equally well resolved, with a roughly fixed computational cost per layer.\\nTo summarize, AART makes use of a non-uniform adaptive grid composed of multiple layers, each of which it ray traces at a resolution adapted to the lensing band that makes up the layer.\\nSince the lensing bands are completely determined by the Kerr geometry via the analytic formula (38), this form of adaptiveness is analytic, with the ray tracing also carried out analytically using the exact transfer functions (33)\\u2013(35).\\nThis adaptiveness is purely geometrical and independent of image features or gradients (unlike, for example, the method in Refs.\\u00a0Wong (2021); Gelles\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2021)).\\nIn practice, to produce the  grid points, AART creates a Cartesian grid covering the desired area of the image plane, but excluding points in the apparent image of the horizon (that is, the interior of ).\\nIn each  layer, the code produces a Cartesian grid of points in an area centered around the critical curve and then discards those points which do not lie within the  lensing band.\\nNumerically, the code only keeps those points which lie within the concave hull of the points  and outside the concave hull of the points .\\nWe caution the reader that the  bands are not always convex: at high inclinations and moderate to high spins, their edges may become non-convex curves, as may be seen for instance in the right column of Fig.\\u00a06 for the  band or in Fig.\\u00a09 for the  band.\\nIn such cases, using the convex hull of the boundary points  to define the lensing band can produce an incorrect grid that overestimates the size of the band and includes points which do not really belong in it, which is why must use the concave hull instead.\\nIn Fig.\\u00a04, we display an example of an AART grid (with a coarse resolution for visualization purposes), which includes points in the  (orange dots),  (purple crosses) and  (magenta dots) lensing bands.\\nII.7 Visualization of the equatorial transfer functions\\nHaving defined the transfer functions (33)\\u2013(35) that map the equatorial plane of a Kerr black hole onto the image plane of a distant observer, we will now illustrate their behavior with the help of contour plots.\\nThough we have yet to describe their range, we have already elucidated their domain of definition: as described in Sec.\\u00a0II.4, the functions , , and  are only physical within the corresponding  lensing band.\\nFollowing Refs.\\u00a0Luminet (1979); Gralla\\u00a0and\\u00a0Lupsasca (2020a), in Figs.\\u00a05 and 6, we display contours of fixed  and , which foliate the  and  lensing bands, respectively.\\nPhysically, these \\u201cisoradial\\u201d curves are the direct () and first relativistic () images of the rings of constant Boyer-Lindquist radius  in the equatorial plane .\\nSince the  lensing band is unbounded,  has noncompact support, while  maps the entire Kerr equatorial plane into a finite annulus: the  lensing band.\\nIn each band,  spans the entire range  once and only once, so every equatorial ring produces precisely one image in each lensing band.\\nMoreover, the map  is order-preserving: the source radius grows monotonically in the radial direction.\\nThese two figures also illustrate the behavior of  and  by painting the Kerr equatorial plane with a color wheel, as in Ref.\\u00a0James\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2015).\\nThis wheel changes colors across \\u201cisopolar\\u201d curves of fixed , which are drawn at every  in the source plane.\\nTheir corresponding images\\u2014the curves of fixed \\u2014form a swirling pattern that illustrates the effects of frame-dragging.\\nWe emphasize that this swirl is a purely geometric effect, and that gravitational redshift is not yet included at this stage (its effects will be described in Sec.\\u00a0III below).\\nUnlike ,  has a rather complicated range.\\nWhile  spans the entire range  once and only once, so that every point source produces precisely one direct image (as in flat spacetime), as  grows large, the maps  cover this range an increasing (linearly divergent) number of times Gralla\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2018); Gates\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2020, 2021).\\nAs a result, the equatorial plane is unfolded increasingly many times in higher lensing bands, which therefore contain multiple images of a single point source!\\nThis surprising and intricate lensing behavior is connected to the development of caustics Bozza (2008) and will be explored elsewhere.\\nWhile the transfer functions  and  suffice to describe the lensing of a static source, one still needs  to describe a time-dependent source and account for its time-delay effects.\\nSince light takes forever to reach a distant observer that is truly at asymptotic infinity,  is technically infinite when .\\nMore precisely, the null geodesic equation in Kerr dictates thatHence, the coordinate time elapsed along a geodesic grows aswith the leading linear divergence arising from the first term in Eq.\\u00a0(39), and the subleading log-divergence from the second.\\nBecause of these divergences,  is inherently dependent on the observer radius.\\nHowever, subtracting these (\\u201cinfrared\\u201d) divergences yields a \\u201crenormalized\\u201d timewhich remains finite even as .\\nMoreover, in this limit, the dependence on  drops out, and  tends to a constant along any outward-propagating light ray.\\nIn the limit ,  and  is the future light cone of the origin.\\nIn other words, in flat space, a ray emitted radially outwards from  at  reaches null infinity  with .\\nWe display density plots of  and  in Figs.\\u00a07 and 8, respectively.\\nIn practice, to take the limit , we evaluate Eq.\\u00a0(41) at a large value of .\\nThe color scale in Fig.\\u00a07 ensures that  is white and sits in the middle of the scale.\\nAt higher spins and inclinations, the range of  grows wider and more skewed towards negative values.\\nAccordingly, we use a different color scale in each panel.\\nWe also display three contours of fixed time:  (solid),  (dashed), and  (dotted).\\nThese \\u201cisochronous\\u201d curves may be either open or closed, and in some cases, they may even be composed of multiple disconnected segments, highlighting the warped nature of the black hole spacetime.\\nThe range of  is always infinite in every lensing band.\\nMore precisely, it is unbounded below but bounded above: the reason is that, if the entire equatorial plane emits light forever, then an observer can see light from arbitrarily far back in the past (emitted from regions that are either very close to the horizon or very far behind it) but it does take some minimum time for any light to reach an observer, even when it is emitted from the nearest point in the plane.\\nIn Fig.\\u00a07, we do not see arbitrarily large negative values of  because we have a finite resolution (and therefore do not have pixels that resolve rays arbitrarily close to the horizon) and because we cut off the disk at  (and therefore do not see rays emitted from farther behind the black hole).\\nThe infinite range of  is more readily apparent in Fig.\\u00a08, where we use a different color scale to highlight the divergent time elapsed along light rays at the edges of the lensing band: the inner edge consists of rays that asymptote to the horizon infinitely far back in the past, while the outer edge consists of rays that bounce back towards null infinity, incurring another time lapse that diverges as Eq.\\u00a0(40).\\nThe rapidly changing colors at the edges of the lensing band illustrate this behavior.\\nAgain, the finite resolution near the inner edge, together with the cut-off at  near the outer edge, preclude us from resolving light rays emitted arbitrarily far back in the past.\\nIn Fig.\\u00a08, we chose a color scale spanning 99.9% of the range of time lapses sampled by the pixels making up the  grid.\\nComparing Figs.\\u00a07 and 8, we see that successive images of the equatorial plane are delayed by a time of order .\\nLikewise, comparing the  image of the equatorial plane in Fig.\\u00a06 to its  image in Fig.\\u00a09 shows that successive images are not only time-delayed, but also demagnified and rotated.\\nThis lensing behavior results in a self-similar photon ring substructure that is governed by Kerr critical exponents , , and , which respectively control the demagnification, rotation, and time delay of successive subring images Johnson\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2020); Gralla\\u00a0and\\u00a0Lupsasca (2020a).\\nII.8 Analytic ray tracing with Beloborodov\\u2019s approximation\\nDirect () light rays experience the smallest deflection.\\nIn Schwarzschild, Beloborodov used an ingenious expansion to derive an excellent analytic expression that approximates the trajectories of such rays Beloborodov (2002).\\nHis small-deflection-angle expansion is remarkably effective because its leading, linear term only receives its first subleading correction from a cubic term with a small coefficient.\\nTo describe this result, we defineIn terms of these variables, a straightforward manipulation of Beloborodov\\u2019s formulas leads to the approximate expressionwhich is highly accurate for low-to-moderate inclinations , as shown in Fig.\\u00a010.\\nThe agreement may seem surprising in the Kerr case, since this formula is derived for Schwarzschild.\\nIn practice, the approximation (43) is excellent for rays that never get within  of the black hole\\u2014for rays that come closer and experience greater deflection, it remains good along the portion of the ray up to the first equatorial crossing, but breaks down afterward, once the deflection angle grows large.\\nIntuitively, the reason Eq.\\u00a0(43) holds even for nonzero spins is that  rays are only weakly lensed, and do not spend sufficient time orbiting the black hole to explore its geometry.\\nTypically,  rays only come close enough to the black hole to probe the leading, monopole moment of its gravitational field (the mass), but are largely insensitive to its subleading, dipole moment (the spin), which contributes small corrections to the transder function in an inverse-radius expansion.999This observation also underlies the \\u201cjust add one\\u201d prescription\\n, which gives an excellent approximation to the transfer function for a polar observer at  and for any value of the spin, as first noticed in Ref.\\u00a0Gralla\\u00a0and\\u00a0Lupsasca (2020a) and then derived, along with subleading  corrections, in Ref.\\u00a0Gates\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2020).\\nWith a little effort, under the Beloborodov approximation for the direct image, one can show that the sign of the quantitywhere  is the Schwarzschild critical impact parameter (apparent image radius of the critical curve), determines whether a ray shot back from image-plane position  with , which must necessarily encounter a radial turning point, does so before () or after () first crossing the equatorial plane at radius (43).\\nII.9 Photon four-momentum at equatorial crossings\\nLastly, we describe how to compute the source momentum of a photon that is loaded onto a ray as it crosses the equator.\\nThe four-momentum  of a Kerr photon iswhere  is the photon energy, while  and  are the radial and angular geodesic potentials (9)\\u2013(10), which depend on the specific (energy-rescaled) angular momentum  and Carter constant  of the photon defined in Eq.\\u00a0(3).\\nA ray shot backwards from image-plane position  has conserved quantities  obtained by inverting Eq.\\u00a0(4).\\nWhen such a ray crosses the equatorial plane for the  time at the radius  given by Eq.\\u00a0(33), a photon of energy  loaded onto the ray will have a geodesic momentum given by Eq.\\u00a0(45) evaluated at  and  with those values of .\\nThis specifies the momentum up to discrete signs .\\nWe now describe how to also determine these two signs.\\nFirst,  is trivial to compute, since  photons must be emitted towards the observer, so they always have .\\nThis sign must flip at every crossing, soat the  equatorial crossing.\\nAs for , two possibities arise.\\nRays that appear inside the critical curve can never encounter a radial turning point and are therefore always outgoing; as such, for rays inside of , we always haveOn the other hand, rays that appear outside the critical curve do encounter a radial turning point at radius , which they reach at Mino time  given in Eq.\\u00a0(30).\\nHence, for rays outside of ,\\n depends on whether the Mino time  of the  equatorial crossing, which is given in Eq.\\u00a0(128), precedes or follows the radial turn at Mino time ; that is,\\nWhen using the Beloborodov approximation from Sec.\\u00a0II.8 to ray trace  images, one merely replaces the exact  in the preceding discussion by its approximation (43), which specifies the geodesic momentum at first equatorial crossing up to signs .\\nThe angular sign is still .\\nFor the radial sign , we must again distinguish between rays inside and outside , but this time the relevant critical curve is that of Schwarzschild: a circle of constant radius , where  and .\\nRays inside  (with ) have  as always, while rays outside  with () have\\nIII Equatorial emission model\\nIn the previous section, we described how Kerr black holes lens light.\\nWe will now introduce a simple, phenomenological model of electromagnetic emission from the equatorial plane and describe how to compute its observational appearance as seen by distant observers such as ourselves.\\nIII.1 Intensity images\\nOur goal is to compute an observed intensity  at every image-plane position .\\nFor each pixel in the image, we compute  by tracing the corresponding ray backwards into the geometry; each time it passes through the emission region\\u2014in this case, the equatorial plane\\u2014we load additional photons onto the ray according to the local source intensity .\\nSince  is the invariant number of photons of frequency  along a ray, it follows thatwhich generalizes to non-stationary and non-axisymmetric sources the analogous formula in Ref.\\u00a0Gralla\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2020).\\nIn this expression,  is a geometric \\u201cfudge\\u201d factor and  is the observed redshift, while the transfer functions , , and , which are given in Eqs.\\u00a0(33)\\u2013(35), denote the spacetime position of the ray\\u2019s  equatorial crossing, with  ranging from 0 to the total number  of crossings given in Eq.\\u00a0(31).\\nThe factor  is meant to account for the (neglected) effects of geometrical thickness, which we can mimick with Gralla\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2020)The inclusion of this geometric factor significantly improves the agreement of this simplified equatorial model of emission with time-averaged radiative GRMHD simulations Chael\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2021).\\nFinally, to derive the observed redshift , we must prescribe a four-velocity for the accretion flow of radiating matter.\\nWe consider flows with a four-velocity of the general formwhere the angular and radial-infall velocities are defined asand  are the contravariant components of the four-velocity.\\nIn App.\\u00a0B, we introduce two purely circular flows: a geodesic, Keplerian flow , together with a non-geodesic, sub-Keplerian flow  obtained by rescaling the Keplerian angular momentum by a sub-Keplerianity parameter , such that  as .\\nWe also introduce the four-velocity  of purely radial geodesic infall.\\nThen, following Refs.\\u00a0Pu\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2016); Vincent\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2022), we introduce a flow  given by a linear superposition of purely circular and purely radial motion.\\nThe resulting combined motion, which we present and derive in detail in App.\\u00a0B, is a non-geodesic family of flows with three parameters: the sub-Keplerianity factor , and two other parameters  and  controlling the radial and angular components of the superposition, respectively.\\nFor ,  reduces to the -independent radial inflow .\\nAt the other extreme, when ,  reduces to the sub-Keplerian flow , which for  recovers the circular-equatorial geodesic flow first used by Cunningham Cunningham (1975).\\nWe summarize these flows in Table\\u00a01.\\nOnce a specific four-velocity (52) has been prescribed, the observed redshift is then given by [Eq.\\u00a0(54)]where the conserved quantities  of the photon trajectory are related to its apparent position  via Eqs.\\u00a0(4), while  denotes the sign of the photon radial momentum at its source whose computation is described in Sec.\\u00a0II.9 above.\\nGiven a black hole spin , an observer inclination , some prescribed accretion flow , and an equatorial emission profile , we now have everything needed to compute an observed image (50).\\nTo summarize, the procedure is the following:determine the lensing bands as described in Sec.\\u00a0II.4;in each lensing band, define a regular Cartesian grid of appropriate resolution\\u2014the resulting grids (indexed by ) form the different image layers described in Sec.\\u00a0II.6;for each pixel in a given layer, trace the corresponding ray back into the geometry and compute its equatorial crossings  using the transfer functions in Sec.\\u00a0II.3;use the prescribed flow  to compute the redshift (54);finally, for each pixel in the image, use the equatorial crossings from 3, the redshift from 4, and the prescribed source profile  to compute the observed intensity (50).A key observation is that the source profile  only enters this procedure at the very last step.\\nIn particular, steps 1 through 3 depend only on the black hole spin and observer inclination, and can therefore be computed once and for all for each choice of .\\nThe output can then be reused for each new choice of accretion flow  or source profile , offering a significant time advantage (particularly when ray tracing movie frames).\\nSome comments are in order about step 2.\\nFirst, while there is no reason to favor regular grids in principle, they do offer computational advantages in practice, since many numerical algorithms (such as grid interpolation) are optimized for such grids.\\nSecond, there is no real reason to favor Cartesian grids, and AART only relies on them for simplicity\\u2014it may be, however, that for extremely high , regular but non-Cartesian grids become more computationally efficient.\\nThird, the exact choice of \\u201cappropriate resolution\\u201d adapted to each grid will be described in detail in Sec.\\u00a0V below.\\nIII.2 Polarimetric images\\nIn principle, besides the observed intensity (Stokes ), we could also ray trace the observed linear polarization (Stokes ) to obtain a polarimetric image.\\nIn practice, rather than computing the Stokes parameters  and  separately, we will instead simply express the observed linear polarization aswhere  is a fractional degree of polarization and  denotes the EVPA (5).\\nIn a realistic model,  itself would vary across the image, since the degree of polarization of a photon usually depends on the angle at which the corresponding light ray intersects the local magnetic field at the source.\\nHere, we will be content to set  to a constant, resulting in sufficiently realistic polarimetric images for our purposes.\\nIn effect, this amounts to assuming that our astrophysical source emits isotropically, which is a convenient choice that allows us to continue treating the emission profile  as a scalar, rather than a directed quantity.\\nWith this choice (redefining the color scale to absorb the proportionality factor ), the magnitude  of the observed linear polarization is identical to the image intensity , leaving only its direction\\u2014the EVPA\\u2014as the sole new feature to be displayed in polarimetric images.\\nWe indicate the orientation of the plane of polarization using \\u201cpolarimetric ticks\\u201d: these are polarization vectors Roberts\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (1994); Himwich\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2020)where  is chosen to make the ticks legible and  is computed from a prescribed source polarization profile (described in the next section) that we parallel transport along light rays using the conservation of the Penrose-Walker constant  defined in Eq.\\u00a0(6).101010A slighly more realistic synchrotron emission model would set , where  denotes the angle of emission relative to the local magnetic field, but including this non-isotropy does not produce a large effect Narayan\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2021).\\nThe length  of the ticks also encodes the magnitude of the polarization, which improves readability.\\nWe present an example of a polarimetric image in Fig.\\u00a011.\\nIn the remainder of this section, we describe the equatorial emission profiles implemented in AART.\\nThe modularity of the code makes it easy to include any quantity of interest in the ray tracing, but we limit ourselves to Stokes  and  in this paper.\\nIII.3 Stationary and axisymmetric source profiles\\nState-of-the-art time-averaged GRMHD-simulated images of realistic sources can be mimicked by ray tracing images of stationary, axisymmetric, equatorial emission profiles Chael\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2021).\\nSuch models therefore offer a computationally cheap way to study either time-independent or long-time-averaged sources.\\nFollowing Gralla\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2020); Paugnat\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2022), we model such sources by settingwhere we take the radial profile  to be the analytic functionwhich is derived from Johnson\\u2019s SU distribution and can be rapidly computed to arbitrary precision everywhere.\\nThe three parameters , , and  respectively control the location of the profile\\u2019s peak, its width, and the profile asymmetry.\\nWe invite the reader to consult Sec.\\u00a05 of Ref.\\u00a0Paugnat\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2022) for a more in-depth description of these parameters and their interpretation.\\nTo illustrate the computation of a polarimetric image and the validity of Beloborodov\\u2019s approximation in Sec.\\u00a0II.8, we now consider a black hole of spin  viewed from an inclination .\\nThis is the case in Fig.\\u00a010 for which the differences between the exact and approximate  are largest.\\nWe focus on the  image layer, which we ray trace with both the exact transfer function (33) and its approximation (43).\\nWe adopt Cunningham\\u2019s prescription  (described in App.\\u00a0B.1) for the accretion flow, resulting in the redshift  given by Eq.\\u00a0(182) for sources outside the ISCO (B.1) and by Eq.\\u00a0(B.1.2) for sources within.\\nThis completes steps 1 through 4 above.\\nIn step 5, we set  with  [Eq.\\u00a0(1)], , and , so the emission peaks past the horizon.\\nFinally, to prescribe the source polarization , we imposeThe first condition states that the polarization is perpendicular to the direction of light propagation\\u2014this must by definition be true everywhere, including at the source.\\nMeanwhile, the second condition implies that the polarization vector is purely spatial in the emitter frame, sincewhere Latin indices  label tensor components in the local orthonormal frame  of the emitter, with time leg , while Greek indices  label spacetime components.\\nImposing this condition does not lead to any loss of generality.\\nRather, it is simply a way to fix gauge: under gauge transformations, the polarization undergoes a gauge shift  Himwich\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2020) that leaves the first condition invariant but shifts  by .\\nThus, setting  results in a gauge-fixed  that obeys the second condition by construction.\\nLastly, the third condition asserts that the polarization is perpendicular to the spacetime vector .\\nThis is the only physical assumption imposed by the relations (59).\\nA suitable choice for modeling synchrotron emission is to let\\n be the local magnetic field.111111As a technical aside, we emphasize here that the condition  is also crucial for the following reason.\\nSuppose that we start with a polarization  which only obeys , while  and .\\nThen a gauge shift  with  results in a physically equivalent polarization vector that obeys .\\nThus, one can always make the initial polarization perpendicular to the magnetic field by applying a gauge transformation that leaves the observed polarization invariant.\\nThe gauge-fixing condition in Eq.\\u00a0(59) is therefore essential.\\nTogether, the three conditions (59) determine three out of four components  of the source polarization, which suffices to fix its spacetime orientation and hence the observed EVPA.\\nThe remaining component essentially controls the magnitude of the observed polarization, which in our model is not fixed at the source, but rather at the observer where we peg it to the observed intensity .\\nMathematically, this prescription fixes the Penrose-Walker constant (6) up to an overall scale factor that drops out of the formula (5) for the EVPA .\\nMore precisely, solving (59) yields, in terms of ,where, for clarity, we have temporarily dropped the subscripts \\u2018s\\u2019.\\nLowering indices in Eq.\\u00a0(6) and evaluating it at  then gives the source Penrose-Walker constant :\\nThe computation of the photon momentum  at the source is described in Sec.\\u00a0II.9, while the parameters  of the flow  are given in App.\\u00a0B.1.\\nThe component  that controls the magnitude of the polarization remains undetermined, but it factors out of both  and , and therefore drops out of the ratio in the formula (5) for the EVPA , as mentioned above.\\nThe resulting explicit expressions are implemented in AART.\\nAll that is left to specify are the spacetime components  of the local magnetic field.\\nThe decomposition of the electromagnetic field strength  into electric and magnetic fields is frame-dependent.\\nIn a realistic synchrotron emission model, the polarization would be perpendicular to the local magnetic field in the emitter frame, with components .\\nFor our example, we simply choose the spacetime field  to be purely radial, keeping only a nonzero  component whose magnitude also scales out of the EVPA .\\nWe display the resulting  images, ray traced using both the exact and approximate , in the left and right panels of Fig.\\u00a011, respectively.\\nEven though the corresponding isoradial curves (plotted in the right column of Fig.\\u00a010) differ noticeably, the ray-traced images in Fig.\\u00a011 nonetheless look very similar and would be indistinguishable with near-term observations.\\nThe Beloborodov approximation is thus excellent for ray tracing direct images of axisymmetric source configurations.\\nHaving showcased the polarimetric capabilities of AART, we now leave polarization aside and turn to variable sources.\\nIII.4 Modeling variable sources with Gaussian random fields\\nVariable (non-stationary and non-axisymmetric) sources can broadly be divided into two classes.\\nOn the one hand, one can consider specific physical phenomena that are governed by deterministic equations.\\nA commonly studied example is that of a \\u201chot spot\\u201d: a localized source of enhanced emissivity that usually orbits around the black hole and thereby produces a characteristic pattern of light echoes (see, e.g., Cunningham\\u00a0and\\u00a0Bardeen, 1973; Broderick\\u00a0and\\u00a0Loeb, 2005, 2006; Hamaus\\u00a0et\\u00a0al., 2009; Zamaninasab\\u00a0et\\u00a0al., 2010; Gralla\\u00a0et\\u00a0al., 2018).\\nAdding such a source to our model is straightforward in AART: one merely needs to insert the deterministic source to the RHS of Eq.\\u00a0(57) before carrying out the usual ray tracing.\\nOn the other hand, one can also consider sources subject to statistical fluctuations.\\nHot spots are transient and unlikely to be present in any given observation of M87*, but we certainly expect its surrounding plasma to flare and produce emission ropes (or other photon ring mimickers), which in the absence of a definite physical model we can still represent as random fluctuations in the astrophysical source.\\nA widely used tool to model such astrophysical noise is the Gaussian random field (GRF); see, e.g., Ref.\\u00a0Bardeen\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (1986) for applications to cosmology.\\nA random field  is a function on a space  such that  is a random variable for every .\\nA GRF is a random field that is completely determined by its mean  and covariance ,More precisely, we define a random field  with mean  and covariance  to be a GRF if it satisfies the propertywhich states that its joint probability distribution on any set of  points , with , is a -dimensional multivariate Gaussian distribution with mean vector  and covariance matrix , where .\\nThe following discussion is technical and readers interested only in applications may skip down to Sec.\\u00a0III.8 below.\\nThe mean and covariance are also known as the one-point and two-point (or autocorrelation) function, respectively.\\nAs a result of the defining relation (67), these low-point correlation functions determine all higher -point functions of a GRF via Wick\\u2019s theorem (also known as Isserlis\\u2019 theorem), which may be derived by differentiation with respect to multiple .\\nFor instance, letting  denote  for a zero-mean GRF, it is immediately seen by differentiating Eq.\\u00a0(67) with respect to , , and  that  must have a vanishing three-point function, .\\nAn additional derivative with respect to  implies that the four-point function  isIn general, for a zero-mean GRF, all -point functions vanish for  odd, whereas for  even they are given by all the possible \\u201ccontractions\\u201d of the two-point functions .\\nThis is Wick\\u2019s theorem in a nutshell, and it makes precise the idea that a GRF is a \\u201csimple\\u201d random field whose correlation structure is fully determined by two functions  and .\\nThis property is very convenient for our modeling purposes, since only two functions need to be specified to prescribe all of the statistics of our astrophysical source.\\nFor example, Wick\\u2019s theorem also fixes all the even moments of a zero-mean GRF:where the  case is compatible with Eq.\\u00a0(68) evaluated at coincident points.\\n(Of course, the odd moments all vanish.)\\nWe now specialize to GRFs in -dimensional Euclidean space .\\nA GRF is homogeneous if it is invariant under translations, so  for , and it is isotropic if it looks the same in all directions, so  with .\\nA real-space GRF  defines a (generally complex) GRF  in momentum space via the Fourier transformIf  is homogeneous, then we let  and Fourier transform its autocorrelation to derive the covariance of :Similarly, higher-point functions of  may also be obtained by Fourier transforming those of .\\nOne finds that  is a GRF obeying Eq.\\u00a0(67) with mean\\n and covariance (74), which is also referred to as the power spectrum  of .\\nWhen  is also isotropic, so is  with .\\nLike covariances, power spectra are always non-negative.\\nThe most ubiquitous GRF is the white noise process .\\nIt is the standard, homogeneous and isotropic GRF defined by a flat power spectrum with uniform , so thatWith Eq.\\u00a0(67), this delta-function autocorrelation implies that  consists of independent Gaussian random variables at every , and likewise in momentum space for .\\nThus, creating realizations of white noise is trivial: it suffices to draw from independent normal distributions at every point.\\nIn fact, Eq.\\u00a0(74) provides a straightforward way to produce realizations of any homogeneous GRF : first, one creates a realization  of white noise; next, one multiplies it by  to obtain a realization of ; finally, inverse Fourier transforming  yields a realization of .\\n(We note that this procedure is well-defined since .)\\nJust as a standard Gaussian distribution has zero mean and unit variance, we define a standard GRF as a zero-mean GRF with unit covariance at the origin:  and .\\nWe now consider the Mat\\u00e9rn field  of order , which is another standard, homogeneous, and isotropic GRF that is well-known to statisticians, who use it to model a wide range of processes; see, e.g., Ref.\\u00a0Guttorp\\u00a0and\\u00a0Gneiting (2006) for its various applications.\\nThis zero-mean GRF obeys the Mat\\u00e9rn covariance of order ,where  denotes the Gamma function and  the modified Bessel function of the second kind of order .\\nHere,  is a correlation length, while  is a differentiability parameter that we will always take to be  for some positive integer .\\nAt short distances,  for some constant , so it is best (though not strictly necessary) to require .\\nThe Mat\\u00e9rn field  is also ubiquitous in physics:\\nthough its position-space covariance (77) may seem unfamiliar, in momentum space it becomes121212Equivalently,  with  as in Ref.\\u00a0Lindgren\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2011). (see App.\\u00a0C for a derivation)which for , or , we recognize as the quantum propagator for a free scalar field of mass  in Euclidean signature.\\nTo the best of our knowledge, this link has not been stated explicitly before, and we explore it in detail in App.\\u00a0C.\\nThe Mat\\u00e9rn field  enjoys a special connection to linear stochastic partial differential equations (SPDE).\\nRealizations of its Fourier transform  are related to white noise viaSuch a relation holds for any homogeneous GRF, but it takes a particularly simple form for the Mat\\u00e9rn covariance (78):Returning to position space gives the linear (fractional) SPDEwhich exactly matches Eq.\\u00a0(2) of Ref.\\u00a0Lindgren\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2011) since .\\nAs we show in App.\\u00a0C, for  and , this SPDE is compatible with the identification , where  is a free Euclidean scalar field of mass , as expected.\\nIf instead,  and , then the resulting Mat\\u00e9rn field, which we will simply denote , obeys a linear SPDEwhich has no fractional derivative and is thus simpler to solve numerically, as explained in Ref.\\u00a0Lee\\u00a0and\\u00a0Gammie (2021) below Eq.\\u00a0(3) therein.\\nThis connection between the Mat\\u00e9rn field  and a linear SPDE is especially useful once we introduce inhomogeneities.\\nInhomogeneous GRFs are hard to generate via other means than solving the associated SPDE; in particular, the trick (79) for generating realizations of  breaks down because the Fourier modes are no longer delta-correlated as in Eq.\\u00a0(74).\\nIII.5 Inhomogeneous and anisotropic Mat\\u00e9rn fields\\nBefore describing how to include inhomogeneity, we first discuss how to model homogeneous anisotropies, following closely the excellent treatment in Ref.\\u00a0Lee\\u00a0and\\u00a0Gammie (2021).\\nStill in  dimensions, we introduce  orthonormal vectors ,  correlation lengths , with , and defineWe will also allow the unit vectors  to not be orthogonal, as long as  retains the same form.\\nThe matrix  is invertible,\\nand its inverse  defines a metric on  with line elementWe now use this to define the generalized Mat\\u00e9rn covarianceWhen , so that , this reproduces the homogeneous, isotropic Mat\\u00e9rn covariance (77), as desired.\\nHowever, if the constants  are unequal, then the resulting GRF remains homogeneous but becomes anisotropic along a direction set by the unit vectors . An example with  is displayed in Fig.\\u00a01 of Ref.\\u00a0Lee\\u00a0and\\u00a0Gammie (2021).\\nFollowing the steps that led to Eq.\\u00a0(74), the corresponding momentum-space covariance isIn this case, we can still use Eq.\\u00a0(79) to obtain realizations of the anisotropic Mat\\u00e9rn field.\\nWe can also follow the derivation of Eq.\\u00a0(81) to find that the anisotropic field obeys the SPDE\\nFinally, to include inhomogeneity, we allow the unit vectors  to become functions.\\nThen  becomes a function too\\u2014with the same definition (83)\\u2014but the rest of the previous discussion breaks down.\\nInstead, we must reverse the logic and define the inhomogeneous, anisotropic Mat\\u00e9rn field  by the SPDE (87) with variable coefficients .\\nWe emphasize that the resulting field  no longer obeys the covariance (86), which is not a function on momentum space once  is position-dependent, but it is a well-defined GRF arising as a solution to the SPDE (87); see also Ref.\\u00a0Fuglstad\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2015).\\nAs explained below Eq.\\u00a0(81), in practice, we will only use the field  with  and  as it obeys the SPDEwhich has no fractional derivatives and is therefore more tractable numerically.\\nSince we took our white noise to have unit variance, this SPDE exactly matches Eq.\\u00a0(5) of Ref.\\u00a0Lee\\u00a0and\\u00a0Gammie (2021) (after setting  therein), which is what inoisy solves.\\nOne last comment is in order: in the inhomogeneous case, the Mat\\u00e9rn field  that inoisy produces by numerically integrating Eq.\\u00a0(88) does not follow the covariance (85); in particular, it may not be standard with  and .\\nTo \\u201cstandardize\\u201d it, we will always work with a rescaled fieldwhich also happens to be precisely what inoisy implements.\\nFor a homogeneous field, this makes no statistical difference.\\nIII.6 Non-stationary and non-axisymmetric source profiles\\nWith the inhomogenous, anisotropic Mat\\u00e9rn field  in hand, we are now in a position to model the fluctuations of an equatorial accretion disk and produce inoisy simulations.\\nBefore doing so, we first describe what we want to achieve intuitively, without being too rigorous.\\nWe let .\\nAs in Ref.\\u00a0(Hadar\\u00a0et\\u00a0al., 2021), we want the total intensity (57) to consist of a background radial profile  with some fluctuations :Here,  is the fractional variation in the source, which at first we assume to be fractionally small: .\\nWe also want these fluctuations to wash out under averaging,so that after averaging over fluctuations using , we recover the stationary, axisymmetric profile (57):\\nEventually, we will also want to consider large fluctuations with , or , but this could pose a problem: if at some point , a fluctuation grew so large and negative that , then we would have , and hence  at that point, which is nonsensical because an intensity is a (necessarily positive) count of photons\\u2014we must therefore prevent this from happening.\\nOf course, we could demand that the fluctuations always remain small, but there is a way to allow them to grow large while still ensuring they do not result in a negative intensity.\\nThe idea is to note that for small fluctuations , , so we may well replace the RHS of Eq.\\u00a0(90) by a (necessarily positive) exponential:For small fluctuations, this seems completely equivalent, sincereproducing Eq.\\u00a0(90).\\nThe advantage of this definition is that it can now be freely extended to arbitrarily large , even in the negative direction: a fluctuation  would just result in a small but still positive (and hence still physical) intensity, rather than an unphysical, negative emissivity.\\nHence, our new definition (93) for  remains sensible even for large and negative field excursions, unlike our first attempt (90).\\nHowever, as we are about to see, this new definition suffers from a subtle issue: it does not actually satisfy Eq.\\u00a0(92). For now, we use \\u2018\\u2019 to remind us of this, and proceed naively.\\nThe preceding intuitive discussion hinges on being able to produce a fluctuation field  with some desired properties, such as Eq.\\u00a0(91).\\nWe now make this mathematically precise.\\nWe replace , where  is the standard, zero-mean Mat\\u00e9rn field defined in Eq.\\u00a0(89) as the solution to the SPDE (87).\\nWe then define an emissivity field Lee\\u00a0and\\u00a0Gammie (2021)where the parameter  controls the scale of the fluctuations, since  has unit covariance .\\nBecause  has zero mean, Eq.\\u00a0(91) is satisfied.\\nLet us now check Eq.\\u00a0(92):where we series-expanded the exponential and used linearity of the expectation value.\\nThen by Eq.\\u00a0(69), relabeling ,Evaluating the sum results inand we now see why the definition (93) is not what we wanted,\\nsince it does not satisfy the requirement (92).\\nInstead, we letwhich does have the desired property (92), and hence recovers the background profile (57) after averaging.\\nWe note that this can also be checked directly from the property (67) with ,by taking  and  with  and .\\nThis also shows that  effectively rescales the covariance .\\nIn particular, the fluctuations disappear as  and we recover the pure envelope  of the background surface brightness.\\nIII.7 Complete statistics of the variable source\\nWe can also use the GRF property to explicitly write down the complete correlation structure of the random field .\\nWith , ,  and , Eq.\\u00a0(67) becomesSince ,This result characterizes all the statistics of the variable source  in terms of a single covariance function, as advertized.\\nOf course, this formula with  confirms that Eq.\\u00a0(92) holds.\\nMeanwhile, for  the double sum in the exponential is  so we obtain the two-point functionwhich is the exponential of the Mat\\u00e9rn field\\u2019s autocorrelation.\\nGoing further, for  the double sum in the exponential is  soand one can check that  is a non-Gaussian random field.\\nThat is, it does not quite obey the GRF property (67), though its statistics (102) are still governed by a single covariance.\\nFor some intuition, let us reexamine the fractional variation , whose statistics are encoded in the random fieldIts one-point and two-point functions areIf the fluctuations are very small, then this is approximatelywhich is the autocorrelation of a GRF with covariance .\\nThis is also true for higher-point functions, using Eq.\\u00a0(102), we can show that the field  is approximately Gaussian at leading order in .\\nThus, small fluctuations are Gaussian, but larger fluctuations introduce non-Gaussianities.\\nIII.8 Generating realizations of an accretion flow using inoisy\\nTo summarize, we model variable sources via the emissivity (99), which is defined in terms of the Mat\\u00e9rn field (89) and displays the correlation structure (102).\\nThe zero-mean field  and its statistics are fully determined by its covariance, which is controlled by a metric  of the form (83).\\nGiven such a metric, a realization of  is obtained by solving the linear SPDE (88) with some realization  of white noise.\\nThis is essentially what inoisy does, though in practice, the continuous SPDE (88) is actually discretized and its solution is a Gaussian Markov random field approximating  Lee\\u00a0and\\u00a0Gammie (2021).\\nAs for the envelope , we use the radial profile (58).\\nTherefore, all we need to do to specify our model is to fix a choice of unit vectors  and correlation lengths , where now .\\nSuch a choice will define  and hence our non-stationary, non-axisymetric stochastic source profile.\\nSince we want to produce \\u201crealistic\\u201d images and visibility amplitudes, we will choose  to be an inhomogeneous, anisotropic Mat\\u00e9rn field whose power spectrum is comparable to that observed in GRMHD simulations Lee\\u00a0and\\u00a0Gammie (2021), and therefore serves as a good phenomenological model.\\nInstead of , we use a regular Cartesian grid  in the Kerr equatorial plane, and inoisy solves the SPDE (88) on this grid with periodic boundary conditions.\\nFollowing Eq.\\u00a0(83), we pick a position-dependent anisotropyUnder this prescription,  sets the temporal correlation of the flow, with characteristic correlation time , while  and  determine its spatial structure, which at any given time exhibits correlations of characteristic lengths  and , respectively.\\nFollowing Ref.\\u00a0Lee\\u00a0and\\u00a0Gammie (2021), we take these 3D unit vectors to have  componentswhere we have yet to specify , , and .\\nIn practice, we will only let these functions depend on the spatial position .\\nWe note that  are always orthogonal to each other, but not to .\\nNonetheless, the resulting  still has a determinant of the form required by Eq.\\u00a0(83), since .\\nAlso, the sign of  and  is arbitrary, as it only sets the spatial correlation; the flow in time is set by .\\nTo be consistent with our choice of accretion flow (52), we must take the temporal correlations to have the same velocity:where  and  respectively denote the angular and radial-infall velocities (53). In Cartesian coordinates this velocity becomes  withAs for the spatial correlations, we adopt the prescription Lee\\u00a0and\\u00a0Gammie (2021)This sets the major axis  of the spatial correlation tensor to lie at a constant angle  relative to the equatorial circles of constant radius .\\nThe resulting flow displays spiral features with opening angle .\\nThe choice  produces spiral arms broadly consistent with GRMHD simulations Guan\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2009); Lee\\u00a0and\\u00a0Gammie (2021).\\nThis completes the specification of our stochastic surface brightness.\\nTo summarize, the accretion flow model takes as input twelve parameters, each of which is listed in Table\\u00a02, along with a short description and the default value used for the main examples in this paper.\\nTo compute images, we must also specify three more parameters: the black hole spin , the observer inclination , and the mass-to-distance ratiowhich combines the black hole mass  and observer distance , and which is defined relative to a fiducial value for M87*.\\nIV Applications\\nHaving fully described our stochastic source model, we can now simulate it with inoisy and then use AART to ray trace its appearance and compute its visibility.\\nWe will present a whole suite of simulations in a follow-up paper, but for now we limit ourselves to one complete example from which Figs.\\u00a01, 2, and 3 are derived.\\nWe first explain in detail how to obtain Figs.\\u00a01 and 2, while Fig.\\u00a03 will be the focus of Sec.\\u00a0VI below.\\nFor this simulation, we ran inoisy on a regular Cartesian grid  of size .\\nFor each of the spatial coordinates , we uniformly placed 2048 pixels within the range , resulting in a spacing of  between pixels, whereas for the time coordinate , we placed 512 pixels uniformly within the range , resulting in a cadence of one frame every .\\nWe used the default values listed in Table\\u00a02 for the fifteen parameters in the model.\\nThe left panel in Fig.\\u00a012 shows an example of a snapshot extracted from the resulting inoisy run.\\nThe accretion flow appears qualitatively similar to GRMHD-simulated flows.\\nIn particular, we tuned the scale  of fluctuations to ensure that the total observed flux (the blue light curve in Fig.\\u00a013) varies by a factor of  between its minimum and maximum.\\nThis level of variability mimicks the light curves obtained from GRMHD simulations: see, for example, Figs.\\u00a03 and 4 of Ref.\\u00a0Noble\\u00a0and\\u00a0Krolik (2009), Fig.\\u00a08 of Ref.\\u00a0Chatterjee\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2020) or Fig.\\u00a05 of Ref.\\u00a0Wong\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2022a).\\nEnsuring that this agreement also holds quantitatively is an interesting challenge that we hope to tackle in the future.\\nIV.1 Fast-light: stationary non-axisymmetric source\\nAfter producing our inoisy simulation, we use AART to ray trace it.\\nA commonly adopted simplification in carrying out ray tracing is the so-called \\u201cfast-light\\u201d approximation.\\nWhen staring at a variable source, a single frame  of its observational appearance at a fixed moment in time is formed by photons that were emitted at different times  in the history of the source.\\nThe reason is that photons that appear at different positions  in the image plane follow different paths in the geometry, thereby incurring different time delays  on their way from source to observer, as shown in Figs.\\u00a07 and\\u00a08.\\nThe fast-light approximation simply ignores this variable time delay and maps the image plane  onto a single snapshot of the equatorial plane, using only the transfer functions  and  from Sec.\\u00a0II.3 and replacing Eq.\\u00a0(50) byMathematically, this is equivalent to keeping the emission time  fixed while letting the observation time  vary across the image.\\nNaturally, if the source is stationary, then this is a moot distinction since the time-dependence drops out anyway, so this amounts to treating each individual inoisy snapshot as a stationary (though non-axisymmetric) source.\\nThus, the fast-light approximation is exact for a stationary source, and it can offer a decent approximation as long as the source varies slowly relative to the \\u201cfast\\u201d light being traced, hence the name.\\nAs an example, we take the first () snapshot from our inoisy simulation and ray trace it as described in Sec.\\u00a0II.3, assuming a black hole spin of  and an observer inclination of .\\nIn the  layer, we ray trace at the same spatial resolution as the underlying inoisy simulation; that is, we use a spacing of  between grid pixels.\\nIn the higher- layers, we adaptively increase the resolution by a factor of two in each successive band, and ray trace on grids with spacings of  between pixels.\\nThe right panel of Fig.\\u00a012 displays the resulting image (in a logarithmic color scale to highlight the accretion flow), which looks qualitatively similar to the single snapshots produced with state-of-the-art GRMHD simulations Chael\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2021); Wong\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2022a).\\nThe figure also displays a decomposition of the image into its  layers, which are shown individually in the inset panels.\\nEach separate layer appears well-resolved, suggesting that our grid resolutions are sufficient to resolve the photon rings.\\nIndeed, we have verified (using a convergence test detailed in Sec.\\u00a0V) that the results derived from the observable of interest (which in our case is the visibility amplitude, presented in Sec.\\u00a0IV.3 below) do not change when the resolutions are doubled.\\nIV.2 Slow-light: non-stationary non-axisymmetric source\\nWith the transfer functions (33)\\u2013(35) implemented in AART, it is also easy to perform a \\u201cslow-light\\u201d ray-tracing that takes into account varying photon emission times across the image.\\nWe simply use Eq.\\u00a0(50) and plug in all the transfer functions defined in Sec.\\u00a0II.3.\\nThis requires us to use the entire series of snapshots generated by inoisy; that is, we must now use the full time evolution of the accretion flow.\\nSlow-light tracing does introduce two new complications.\\nFirst, since the pixels in a single frame of a movie of the source can depend on a very wide range of emission times , in order to produce a movie of some duration , we typically need to simulate the source over a longer duration .\\nIn practice, we can estimate how much longer  needs to be by examining isochronal curves in the  layer, such as those displayed in Fig.\\u00a07.\\nAt low inclinations, the range of  over sampled pixels is about , but this range grows much larger at higher inclinations.\\nIn addition, the higher- images are comprised of photons emitted roughly a time  earlier, so in order to ray trace a movie containing  layers, we expect to need .\\nSome rays may occasionally require sampling the source even earlier than the start of the simulation, but this is not really an issue with inoisy thanks to its use of periodic boundary conditions (including in time).\\nSecond, because  varies smoothly across the image plane, the code must be able to sample the source  for continuous values of , including at times in between the frames computed by inoisy.\\nThis problem can be dealt with using interpolation, but only so long as the underlying inoisy simulation has sufficiently high resolution to smoothly resolve the flow\\u2019s motion.\\nThis is the case in our example simulation, as the inoisy movie of the equatorial source has high enough cadence to be smoothly interpolated in time.\\nThus, AART readily produces a movie of the source (whose parameters are listed in Table\\u00a02).\\nWe display four snapshots from this movie, taken at intervals of , in the top row of Fig.\\u00a01.\\nWe also plot its light curves in Fig.\\u00a013: the total observed flux (measured in the image plane) and total emitted flux (measured in the equatorial plane) are shown in blue and green, respectively, with the former appearing smoother and less variable than the latter due to relativistic effects.\\nAs in the stationary (fast-light) case, the snapshot images in Fig.\\u00a01 present bright transient features that are qualitatively similar to those seen in state-of-the-art snapshots of GRMHD simulations Chael\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2021); Wong\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2022a).\\nThese transient features can obscure the photon ring in instantaneous snapshots, but they wash out of the average over 100 snapshots in Fig.\\u00a02, leaving the photon ring as the only prominent feature in the time-averaged image shown in the left panel.\\nThis image can be directly compared the one shown in Fig.\\u00a01 of Ref.\\u00a0Johnson\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2020), which was also obtained by time-averaging over 100 uniformly spaced snapshots taken from a GRMHD simulation with a time range of .\\nIV.3 Visibility on long baselines\\nA radio interferometer like the EHT samples a (complex) radio visibility .\\nBy the van Cittert-Zernike theorem, this is related to a sky brightness  via a 2D Fourier transformHere,  are dimensionless image-plane coordinates measured in radians, such as , while the dimensionless vector  is a \\u201cbaseline\\u201d projected onto the plane perpendicular to the line of sight and measured in units of the observation wavelength Roberts\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (1994).\\nWe use radio-astronomy conventions to make this Fourier transform -symmetric, unlike the definition (70).\\nTherefore, to relate simulated images to actual observables, we must Fourier transform them to compute their visibility.\\nIn particular, the narrow image features\\u2014like the photon rings\\u2014that encode precise information about the spacetime dominate the interferometric signal on very long baselines  Johnson\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2020); Gralla\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2020), requiring us to compute Fourier transforms up to very high frequencies.\\nTo do so, we again exploit the layered image structure: since the observed intensity (50) decomposes intowith  denoting the  image layer, we can likewise use the linearity of the Fourier transform (117) to decompose the total complex visibility into individual subring components:The subring images  with  consist of narrow rings of characteristic widths  (where  is a Lyapunov exponent) and roughly equal intensities.\\nHence the total flux  of the  image layer also scales like  Johnson\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2020).\\nMoreover, a narrow ring produces a characteristic, weak  power-law falloff in its Fourier transform: indeed one can show that in the regimethe visibility (117) in polar coordinates  of a ring of diameter  and width  takes the \\u201cuniversal\\u201d form Gralla (2020); Gralla\\u00a0and\\u00a0Lupsasca (2020b)where  encodes the polar intensity profile around the ring, while  and  are its projected diameter and centroid displacement at angle  in the image, respectively.\\nAs first pointed out in Ref.\\u00a0Johnson\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2020), this suggests that the  photon ring dominates the interferometric signal in the regimewhere  is the width of the  subring, producing a characteristic cascading structure of damped oscillations with periodicity encoding the diameter of successive subrings; see also Secs.\\u00a02 and 4 of Ref.\\u00a0Paugnat\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2022) for a more detailed discussion.\\nSince we compute images layer-by-layer\\u2014as described in Sec.\\u00a0II.6\\u2014with a different grid and resolution in each layer , it is convenient to also compute the visibility layer-by-layer as well, and obtain each  as the Fourier transform (119) of .\\nInstead of taking this 2D Fourier transform directly, as in Refs.\\u00a0Gralla\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2020); Paugnat\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2022), we make use of the projection-slice theorem to compute  along slices of fixed polar angle  in the Fourier plane.\\nThe procedure is as follows.\\nFor each angle , we first compute the Radon transform along the cut at angle  across the image; that is, in each lensing band, we integrate the observed intensity  along lines perpendicular to the slice of constant .\\nThen, we interpolate each Radon transform to the resolution of the highest-order lensing band.\\nLastly, we sum up the contributions from all the image layers , and perform a one-dimensional Fourier transform to finally obtain .\\nThe bottom row of Fig.\\u00a01 presents the visibility amplitudes  along slices of constant  (in red) and  (in blue) of the corresponding snapshots in the top row.\\nSince these individual snapshots display a strong dependence on the variable emission profile, the visibility amplitudes also exhibit a large variability.\\nNevertheless, as we mentioned previously, these fluctuations wash out under time-averaging, leaving the characteristic ringing signature of the photon ring as the main persistent feature that dominates the visibility.\\nWe also display the visibility amplitudes at baseline angles  and  (again, in red and blue, respectively) for our 100 snapshots in the right panel of Fig.\\u00a02.\\nTheir incoherent time-average is also shown with bold solid lines.\\n\\u201cIncoherent\\u201d here means that the averaging is performed at the level of the visibility amplitudes , as in a realistic experiment Gralla\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2020), rather than at the level of the complex visibilities themselves, before taking the amplitude\\u2014these operations (averaging and taking amplitudes) do not commute for complex quantities.\\n(Experimentally, the latter type of \\u201ccoherent\\u201d time-averaging would require tracking the visibility phase over the course of all observations, which is beyond our near-term capabilities.)\\nThese time-averaged amplitudes can be directly compared to those of a radial profile; see, e.g., Figs.\\u00a04 and 5 of Ref.\\u00a0Gralla\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2020).\\nV Ray tracing requirements\\nAs described in Sec.\\u00a0II.6, we decompose images into layers labeled by photon half-orbit number  and ray trace each layer separately.\\nIn principle, one can choose any grid resolution in each lensing band.\\nIn practice, however, these resolutions must be sufficiently high to resolve the image features present in each layer.\\nOtherwise, the output is not a faithful image of the source, and the resulting visibility is likewise inaccurate.\\nIn addition, the  lensing band occupies all of the image plane, whereas the  grid must of course have a finite size.\\nHence, the direct image of the source may need truncatation, which could in turn introduce errors in the visibility.\\nIn this section, we describe the requirements on grid resolution and size that must be met in order to ensure that both the image and visibility of a source are correctly computed.\\nWe also strive to explain the types of errors encountered when these requirements are not met.\\nWe first discuss grid resolution and then grid size.\\nA finite resolution erases small-scale features and a finite field of view cuts off large-scale features, but these effects can be remedied with the use of interpolation and extrapolation, respectively.\\nV.1 Resolution requirements\\nV.1.1 Requirements on the underlying simulation of the source\\nWhen computing images of some source model , we must be able to sample the source intensity  at arbitrary  within the range of the simulation.\\nThis is because the transfer functions (33)\\u2013(35) vary smoothly across the image plane, as discussed in Sec.\\u00a0II.7 and as illustrated in Figs.\\u00a05 through 9.\\nFor a stationary and axisymmetric source profile of the form (57), this requirement is trivial, since we typically specify the radial profile  analytically, as we did in Eq.\\u00a0(58) with Johnson\\u2019s SU distribution (which can be computed anywhere to arbitrary precision).\\nOn the other hand, if the source profile  is not known exactly, then we must define it everywhere in the range where it is to be sampled via interpolation.\\nIn that case, it is important that the interpolation be done on a dense grid, so that we do not miss any features of the source.\\nIn practice, this means that if its smallest features are of size , then before interpolating the source, we must first sample it on a grid with pixel spacing .\\nOtherwise, if the grid spacing is some , then we may miss a feature of size  in between two successive grid points  and , leading to an error in both the computed image and its visibility.\\nMoreover, the grid density must be high enough to resolve all the features in the source with many points, so as to ensure that the resulting interpolation is smooth: if some features are underresolved (for instance, if a bump in a radial profile has only one point underneath it), then interpolation will produce spurious sharp features in the image that will have a significant impact on its Fourier transform, and hence the visibility.\\nThus,  is not enough\\u2014we must in fact require that .131313This smooth interpolation effectively defines the source down to arbitrarily small length scales by decreeing that no new features appear below size , which is the minimal (most conservative) \\u201cultraviolet completion\\u201d of the model.\\nAny other choice would modify the visibility on baselines  and should then be specified as part of the model itself, rather than by fiat.\\nFor the GRFs that we introduced in Sec.\\u00a0III to model astrophysical fluctuations, this means that the spacing between grid points  must be smaller than the characteristic size of fluctuations, which is set by the correlation lengths  with .\\nThat is, we require a grid spacing .\\nWe reiterate that interpolation is unavoidable here because the inoisy simulation grid does not coincide (barring some incredible fine-tuning) with the equatorial crossings of rays traced backwards from points in the image-plane grids.\\nV.1.2 Requirements on the image grids used in ray tracing\\nWe now describe the resolutions needed in the grids used to ray trace within each lensing band, as described in Sec.\\u00a0II.6.\\nFor the direct  image, we must ray trace on a grid with spacing  for precisely the same reasons as listed above for the underlying model\\u2014provided we do so, we will not miss any image features and they will all be well resolved.\\nLikewise, in the higher- layers, we must ray trace on grids with exponentially fine spacings .\\nThe reason is simply that if the smallest feature in the  image is of size , then its  mirror image in the  lensing band will be roughly of size .\\nTo avoid missing these features (or underresolving them), we must demand that , a condition that is automatically satisfied with this adaptive grid scaling tailored to the Kerr lensing behavior.\\nProvided that each image layer is ray traced at a sufficiently high resolution to ensure that no sub-grid structure is omitted, we can safely interpolate the image layers .\\nIn turn, we can evaluate their Radon transforms along any desired slice, and then take a 1D Fourier transform to obtain their correctly computed visibilities , as described in Sec.\\u00a0IV.3.\\nConversely, we note that if the resolution is not increased in each successive layer, then eventually some image layer  will have lensed features smaller than its grid spacing.\\nThis unresolved sub-grid structure will render the visibility , and thus the full visibility , inaccurate.\\nHence, adaptive ray tracing is necessary to guarantee accurate visibilities.\\nV.1.3 Convergence tests\\nTo summarize, for both the emission model  and its ray-traced image layers , we must use sufficiently high resolutions to ensure that we do not truncate any sub-grid structure (that is, structure on length scales smaller than the resolution).\\nThis then allows us to safely interpolate  and , without missing any features or introducing any spurious new ones in the interpolation procedure.\\nInterpolating  is needed to obtain the layers , as ray tracing requires us to compute the intensity loaded on rays that intersect the equatorial source at generic crossing points.\\nInterpolating the image layers  is also needed to compute their Fourier transforms , and hence the visibility (119).\\nAny errors in either of these steps introduce errors in the final visibility , so we must carefully avoid them by using the appropriate resolutions, as explained above.\\nIn practice, however, these requirements are only heuristic.\\nFor instance, the Lyapunov exponent is an angle-dependent function  around the image plane, so we cannot precisely realize the exponential scaling  on a Cartesian grid.\\nIn addition,  can be as large as , but such an increase in pixel density is not always necessary.\\nIn fact, recall that for the example in Sec.\\u00a0IV, we simply set , a much more modest but still adequate scaling of pixel density.\\nInversely, a realization of an inoisy source realization may occasionally make a field excursion that creates a far smaller fluctuation than the minimum size  typically expected from its correlation matrix .\\nWhile statistically improbable, such events cannot be precluded from occurring, and could result in a too-large grid spacing .\\nUnfortunately, it is intractable to directly check that this does not happen.\\nInstead, it is best to numerically check for the absence of errors using a simple convergence test, in which one doubles all the resolutions (of the simulated profile and image grids) and computes again the observables (images and visibilities).\\nIn Fig.\\u00a014, we show an example of a convergence test for the example from Sec.\\u00a0IV: after halving the grid resolutions, the changes in the visibility amplitude remain small, confirming that the resolution scaling  is adequate.\\nV.2 Field of view requirements\\nBeing able to completely resolve an emission profile  and a (central) part of its image  is a necessary but not sufficient condition to correctly compute its visibility .\\nAnother requirement for the accurate computation of a source model\\u2019s visibility is related to the size of its image\\u2019s field of view (FOV), and how fast the emission profile decays past it.\\nEven when all the photon rings are fully resolved (that is, the resolution in each lensing band is sufficiently high), it is still imperative to check that the FOV is sufficiently large for the image to include all of the features with significant flux.\\nIf the FOV is too small and cuts out a portion of the source, then this truncation may create a sharp drop in the observed intensity at the edges of the image.\\nSuch an artificial transition would effectively introduce high-frequency components to the image, polluting its Fourier transform, and hence its visibility.\\nThis is the well-known Gibbs phenomenon.\\nSince we are interested in narrow features of the image, and in particular the interferometric signature of its  photon ring that is encoded in the visibility on very long baselines, we cannot avoid dealing with this potential effect.\\nV.2.1 Field of view of the direct image\\nWe first focus on the direct image, as it is the most prone to the Gibbs phenomenon.\\nThis is because it occupies the  lensing band, which has noncompact support: as described in Sec.\\u00a0II.5, it fills the entire image plane (except for the interior of the apparent equatorial horizon).\\nIf the emission profile has compact support in the equatorial plane , however, its direct image  will also have compact support within the  layer, and we can terminate our FOV just past the edge of this image without introducing any truncation errors or triggering the Gibbs phenomenon.\\nOn the other hand, if the emission profile extends infinitely far in the equatorial plane (remaining nonzero as ), or else if its support is too large to fully ray trace over in practice, then we must necessarily cut off its  image.141414We saw in Sec.\\u00a0V.1 that a finite grid resolution introduced an \\u201cultraviolet\\u201d cutoff; now we see a finite grid size as the corresponding \\u201cinfrared\\u201d cutoff.\\nFor instance, consider the simple, stationary, axisymmetric source (57) with radial profile  given by Johnson\\u2019s SU distribution (58).\\nWhile this emission profile does decay very fast as , it always remains finite.\\nIn Fig.\\u00a015, we plot it in logarithmic scale for two sets of values of its parameters.\\nFrom now on, we focus on the red profile, with parameters , , and .\\nWe first ray trace its direct  image on a grid of size , and then we compute the corresponding visibility amplitude , which we plot as a black dashed curve in the top left panel of Fig.\\u00a016.\\nAt the edge of our FOV,  has dropped to  times its maximum intensity.\\nAs such, the sudden drop introduced by our truncation is too small to produce a significant ringing effect on long baselines, and so it cannot meaningfully affect the signal.\\nWe will consider this large FOV and its associated visibility amplitude as the \\u201ccorrect\\u201d one.\\nNext, we ray trace the same image with its FOV truncated at , a cutoff past which  drops to  times its maximum intensity.\\nWe then plot the resulting visibility amplitude as the solid blue curve in the top left panel of Fig.\\u00a016.\\nPerhaps surprisingly, it differs quite significantly from the \\u201ccorrect\\u201d one!\\nIn fact, their relative difference\\u2014which we plot as a blue curve in the small panel below the main\\u2014shows a large and growing percentage error that exceeds 100% before even reaching G.\\nEven though the total flux that we ignored is tiny, the sudden drop in intensity at the FOV\\u2019s edge triggered the Gibbs phenomenon.\\nThe resulting error can affect the interferometric signature of the  photon ring and is therefore an obstacle that we need to overcome, especially since this very profile is roughly consistent with the 2017 EHT observations of M87* Gralla\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2020).\\nThere are two approaches to mitigating this problem.\\nThe first is to increase the FOV until the profile decays enough at the edges that it \\u201ceffectively vanishes\\u201d\\u2014in that case, these spurious ringing effects will not be noticeable.\\nIn effect, this is what we did when we chose an FOV of .\\nHowever, it may not always be feasible to extend the FOV this much.\\nFor instance, if the emission profile is an inoisy source simulated on a grid that stretches out to some maximal , then extending the source past this cutoff would require extrapolation.\\nThis is already subtle for smooth profiles, as it amounts to introducing ad hoc data to the model.\\nThe second approach\\u2014referred to as \\u201capodization\\u201d\\u2014has already been used to deal with this problem in Ref.\\u00a0Paugnat\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2022).\\nThis method involves the multiplication of the image by a suitable window (also known as tapering or apodization function) that smoothly tapers the intensity to precisely zero before the edge of the FOV.\\nFor our example, we will use the window functionwith a cutoff value of  (well within the \\u201csmall\\u201d FOV of ) and , which results in the smooth but rapidly truncated profile depicted with a dashed red line in Fig.\\u00a015.\\nRay tracing the direct image of this profile and computing its visibility amplitude now results in the solid red curve that we plot in the top left panel of Fig.\\u00a016.\\nIts difference relative to the \\u201ccorrect\\u201d amplitude is much smaller, and the percentage difference remains fairly constant well past G.\\nThis can therefore be an effective method.\\nIn practice, we prefer to always use emission profiles that smoothly terminate within the FOV of our direct image, which we can easily take to be  wide.\\nIn case our source profile extends beyond this FOV, we apply the window function (123) to it and take the resulting profile as our \\u201ctrue\\u201d source.\\nV.2.2 Field of view of higher layers\\nSince the  lensing bands all have compact support, it is straightforward to avoid the Gibbs phenomenon in higher- image layers and visibilities: we just take a FOV that includes the totality of the  photon ring (that is, all the flux in the  image layer).\\nWe briefly describe the effects that windowing the emission profile as discussed above has on higher visibility amplitudes.\\nThe top right panel of Fig.\\u00a016 shows that the windowed profile produces roughly the same visibility (solid red curve) as the original one (dashed black curve) up to baselines G, which are necessary to resolve image features of sizeFor M87*, whose photon ring has a diameter as, this corresponds to a size of , or half the  ring width.\\nThus, differences in the visibility amplitude  only become apparent on baselines that start to resolve its width, as can be seen in the small plot of percentage deviation.\\nOn the other hand, truncating the FOV of the  image from  to  has no discernible effect on its visibility amplitude (solid blue curve) and results in a vanishingly small deviation.\\nFinally, we can repeat this exercise for the  ring.\\nAgain, windowing the profile has a negligible effect of , as does the truncation.\\nIn fact, the latter deviation in this case ought to vanish entirely and is only nonzero due to numerical error introduced by the discretization of the Fourier transform: extending the FOV of the image to  by\\u201czero padding\\u201d changes the sampling of the fast Fourier transform, resulting in a minute effect.\\nWe note that these tiny errors are essentially negligible in the full visibilities, which we compare in the bottom right panel of Fig.\\u00a016, where most of the percentage error can be attributed to the direct image, as expected.\\nVI Measuring the photon ring shape\\nUsing black hole imaging to test general relativity (GR) in a regime where gravity is strong and yet non-dynamical poses a significant challenge: one must disentange the astrophysical effects of the radiating source from the purely gravitational ones C\\u00e1rdenas-Avenda\\u00f1o\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2020); Bauer\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2022).\\nA promising approach is to focus on the  photon ring, whose interferometric signature is expected to dominate the time-averaged radio visibility on long baselines.\\nMore precisely, Ref.\\u00a0Gralla\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2020) proposed a test of strong-field GR based on a shape measurement of the  photon ring around M87*, which has been recently reviewed in Ref.\\u00a0Paugnat\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2022).\\nHere, we show in the context of our example from Sec.\\u00a0IV how AART may be used to simulate this test using a source that includes \\u201crealistic\\u201d astrophysical fluctuations (generated with inoisy, as described in Sec.\\u00a0III).\\nWe offer a brief overview of the key points in the test, and refer the reader to Refs.\\u00a0Gralla\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2020); Paugnat\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2022) for more details.\\nIn the regime (120), a ring of projected diameter  has a visibility that takes the universal form (121).\\nTherefore, its amplitude can be well approximated in this regime by Gralla (2020); Gralla\\u00a0and\\u00a0Lupsasca (2020b)where the functionsencode the intensity profile around the ring image, while  are the upper/lower envelopes of the visibility amplitude, respectively.\\nThe width  and diameter  of the  ring do not always satisfy the condition  needed for the universal regime (120) to exist, but those of the  ring do.\\nHence, we can fit Eq.\\u00a0(125) to the visibility amplitudes in the regime (122) dominated by the  ring after numerically computing the functions  (a simple cubic interpolation is enough).\\nThe inset panel in Fig.\\u00a02 shows the visibility amplitude for two baseline angles  and  in the baseline range G (corresponding to an Earth-Moon baseline with an operation band of \\u2009GHz) with their best fit to Eq.\\u00a0(125) overplotted in black dashed lines.\\nAccording to GR, the shape of the  photon ring is the sum of a circle, with radius , and an ellipse centered at the origin, with radii  and  Gralla\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2020).\\nThis \\u201ccirclipse\\u201d shape has a projected diameter given by Gralla\\u00a0and\\u00a0Lupsasca (2020b)where  is an offset angle to account for the orientation of the ring within the image plane.\\nUsing the statistical model described in Sec.\\u00a0III for the emission profile with the parameters shown in Table\\u00a02, we (i) average the visibility amplitudes of  snapshot images; (ii) fit Eq.\\u00a0(125) to the visibility amplitude for 36 angles  to obtain the projected diameters ; and (iii) fit the general GR prediction given in Eq.\\u00a0(127) to obtain .\\nThe best global fits of Eqs.\\u00a0(125) and (127) were found using a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method.151515Since we are neglecting the phase of the oscillation, Eq.\\u00a0(125) allows for several values of  separated by  to provide a good fit Gralla\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2020).\\nHowever, the global maximum is not always the actual diameter  of the ring as measured directly in the image domain.\\nAs explained in Ref.\\u00a0Paugnat\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2022), in those cases, one must infer the diameter by fitting at multiple angles.\\nWe report the best-fit values of the parameters in Eq.\\u00a0(127) and their normalized root-mean-square error (RMSE) for each  in Table\\u00a03.\\nThe resulting curves, shown in Fig.\\u00a03, follow the GR prediction very closely, even when only five snapshots are (incoherently) averaged.\\nThe lower panels in Fig.\\u00a03 show the difference of the best-fit curve for each case with the best-fit curve for the purely radial profile consisting of the envelope of the emission model (that is, when there are no fluctuations).\\nThe results of this example are very encouraging for future missions targeting measurements of the photon ring shape: with only a few snapshots, one may already start to check whether the data follows the GR prediction.\\nA systematic study including instrumental noise is required to simulate a realistic experimental forecast\\u2014we leave this for future work.\\nVII Future outlook\\nHere, we have presented AART: a new, publicly available, numerical code designed for precision studies of a black hole\\u2019s photon rings.\\nAART exploits the integrability of null geodesics in the Kerr geometry to ray trace images analytically, with no loss of numerical precision even for strongly lensed photons that orbit the black hole multiple times.\\nThe code decomposes the image plane into layers\\u2014lensing bands\\u2014with increasing grid resolution adapted to the lensing behavior of the hole.\\nThe modular structure of AART can accomodate any time-dependent and non-axisymmetric equatorial emission profile, and can even be extended beyond equatorial sources.\\nAlso, the components described in this work can be used separately: our framework is designed to individually export the lensing bands, critical curve, apparent horizon, and redshift factors, which can therefore serve as input for other studies.\\nAs a prime application, we showed how the experimental forecast for the test of general relativity proposed in Ref.\\u00a0Gralla\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2020) could be further refined by including source fluctuations.\\nWe used inoisy\\u00a0Lee\\u00a0and\\u00a0Gammie (2021) to simulate a stochastic model of equatorial emission, and we produced high-resolution synthetic images together with their corresponding visibility on long baselines.\\nWe then successfully extracted the GR-predicted shape for the projected diameter of the  ring from its interferometric signature.\\nIn a follow-up paper, we will use this framework to carry out a parameter estimation survey that also includes instrument response and noise\\u2014this will further validate the test proposed in Ref.\\u00a0Gralla\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2020) and bears relevance to SALTUS and other space-VLBI missions targeting the photon ring Gurvits\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2022); Kurczynski\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2022).\\nAlthough we only studied the Kerr geometry, our approach may serve as a useful guide to studying other theories.\\nFor instance, the Kerr lensing bands may offer a starting point for numerically finding those of slightly deformed spacetimes.\\nFinally, recent EHT observations of Sgr\\u00a0A* found that only  of the EHT GRMHD models passed the light-curve variability constraint\\u00a0Akiyama\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2022b).\\nGiven the uncertainty associated with the variability excess, and the possibility of missing physical ingredients in current astrophysical models, efforts to develop astrophysics-agnostic phenomenological approaches such as the one presented in this work are just as valuable as the improvement of accretion disk simulations.\\n\\nAcknowledgements.We thank Charles Gammie, Delilah Gates, Samuel Gralla, Aaron Held, Daeyoung Lee, Hadrien Paugnat, Eliot Quataert, Leo Stein, Fr\\u00e9d\\u00e9ric Vincent, Maciek Wielgus, and George Wong for their useful comments.\\nThis work used resources provided by Princeton Research Computing, a consortium that includes PICSciE (the Princeton Institute for Computational Science and Engineering) as well as the Office of Information Technology\\u2019s Research Computing division.\\nACA and AL gratefully acknowledge support from Will and Kacie Snellings.\\nACA also acknowledges support from the Simons Foundation.\\nAL also thanks Pam Davis Kivelson for her black hole art inspired from this AART.\\n\\n\\nAppendix A Explicit form of null geodesics in the Kerr exterior\\nThis appendix lists all the formulas needed to compute the observational appearance of Kerr equatorial sources in the sky of a distant observer.\\nReaders are referred to Refs.\\u00a0Gralla\\u00a0and\\u00a0Lupsasca (2020a, c) for derivations and further details.\\nThroughout, , , and  denote the incomplete elliptic integrals of the first, second and third kind, respectively, defined according to the conventions listed in App.\\u00a0A of Ref.\\u00a0Kapec\\u00a0and\\u00a0Lupsasca (2020).\\n denotes the complete integral of the first kind and we also let .\\nA.1 Angular geodesic integrals\\nThe angular motion of a Kerr photon can display two qualitatively different behaviors depending on the sign of its energy-rescaled Carter constant .\\nSince we only consider sources in the Kerr equatorial plane, we may ignore vortical motion with , which can never reach the equator Kapec\\u00a0and\\u00a0Lupsasca (2020).\\nWe thus restrict our attention to ordinary motion with , in which case the angular geodesic integrals in Sec.\\u00a0II are Gralla\\u00a0and\\u00a0Lupsasca (2020a)where ,  counts the number of angular turning points encountered along the trajectory,  denotes the Heaviside function, and we also introduced\\nA.2 Radial geodesic integrals\\nThe radial integrals can be decomposed into\\nGralla\\u00a0and\\u00a0Lupsasca (2020c)with the integrals , ,  and  reducible to Legendre form.\\nTheir precise form depends on the nature of the radial roots : there are four different cases for null geodesics in the Kerr exterior, but only two of these\\u2014labelled type (2) and type (3)\\u2014arise for light rays that connect the equatorial plane to a distant observer; meanwhile, type (4) geodesics can reach distant observers but never the equator, since they are all vortical, whereas type (1) geodesics are all bound to the black hole and cannot reach a distant observer at infinity Gralla\\u00a0and\\u00a0Lupsasca (2020c).\\nA.2.1 Type (2):\\nIn this case, all the roots are real and the motion is restricted to .\\nThe antiderivatives of the radial geodesic integrals take the manifestly real and smooth forms Gralla\\u00a0and\\u00a0Lupsasca (2020c)with (recall that )where the auxiliary function  is defined aswhile the elliptic modulus is\\nFinally, the source radius is given in terms of the Jacobi elliptic sine function  by\\nA.2.2 Type (3):\\nIn this case, only  and  are real roots while  are complex-conjugate roots, and the range of radial motion is .\\nThe antiderivatives of the radial geodesic integrals take the manifestly real and smooth forms Gralla\\u00a0and\\u00a0Lupsasca (2020c)with (recall that )where the auxiliary function  is defined aswhile the elliptic modulus isand the other parameters are\\nFinally, the source radius is given in terms of the Jacobi elliptic cosine function  by\\nAppendix B Accretion flow four-velocities\\nLet us consider an equatorial four-velocitywith  and  the contravariant and covariant components, respectively.\\nThe angular and radial-infall velocities areMeanwhile, the energy and specific angular momentum areFor geodesic motion, these quantities are conserved, whereasis not.\\nThese variables parameterize the four-velocity asAny two components of  determine it entirely, as the third can be recovered from the normalization condition .\\nWe will parameterize the four-velocity using either the pair , the pair , or the pair , as follows.\\nFirst, defineGiven , unit-normalization fixeswhich is physically admissible provided the quantity in square brackets is positive.\\nWe took the positive square root to ensure  is future-directed.\\nLowering the index of  yieldsConversely, given , unit-normalization fixes the energy towhich is physically admissible provided the quantity under the square root is positive.\\nRaising the index of  then yieldsIt is often convenient to express  and  in terms of  only asLastly, given , the full four-velocity can be recovered by solving the normalization condition  [or equivalently, Eq.\\u00a0(169)] for\\nFinally, the observed redshift  isAlternatively, the redshift can also be expressed in terms of  as [Eq.\\u00a0(B)]\\nB.1 Keplerian circular orbits (geodesic motion)\\nWe let  denote the four-velocity of timelike, circular-equatorial geodesics.\\nThese orbits define Keplerian motion in the Kerr spacetime; they are only stable if (Eq.\\u00a0(2.20) of Bardeen\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (1972))or equivalently, if , where  denotes the radius of the (marginally stable) innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO),Inside the ISCO, we must use an inspiraling geodesic motion, as orbits are unstable and particles must fall into the horizon.\\nB.1.1 Outside the ISCO radius\\nFor , we can set  and the Kerr geodesic equation determines the Keplerian angular velocity (Eq.\\u00a0(2.16) of Bardeen\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (1972)):The contravariant four-velocity is then [Eqs.\\u00a0(165) and (169)]and the Keplerian conserved quantities are [Eqs.\\u00a0(B)]Likewise [Eqs.\\u00a0(B)],Hence, the covariant four-velocity is [Eq.\\u00a0(165)]\\nFinally, the observed redshift is [Eq.\\u00a0(173)]All of the above quantities are physically admissible provided , which is the case for all .\\nB.1.2 Inside the ISCO radius\\nFor , we follow Cunningham\\u2019s prescription Cunningham (1975) and smoothly extend the flow past the ISCO using geodesic inspirals with the conserved quantities of the ISCO:This choice results in a nonzero radial component [Eq.\\u00a0(172)]where we used the identity  [Eq.\\u00a0(175)] to simplify the expressions for both  and .\\nIt then follows that [Eqs.\\u00a0(B)]so that the covariant four-velocity is explicitly [Eq.\\u00a0(165)]The contravariant four-velocity is then [Eqs.\\u00a0(165) and (B)]The contravariant components may also be recast in the formwhich matches Eqs.\\u00a0(A12) of Cunningham (1975) since .\\nFinally, the observed redshift is [Eq.\\u00a0(B)]\\nB.2 Radial infall (geodesic motion)\\nWe let  denote the four-velocity of timelike, radially infalling equatorial geodesics.\\nOne class of such trajectories consists of particles that fall in from spatial infinity with zero initial velocity and vanishing (conserved) angular momentum:As particles fall in, they pick up a radial velocity [Eq.\\u00a0(172)]and due to frame-dragging (the off-diagonal term ), they also acquire an angular velocity  [Eqs.\\u00a0(B)]:\\nExplicitly, the covariant four-velocity is then [Eq.\\u00a0(165)]while the contravariant four-velocity is [Eqs.\\u00a0(165) and (B)]\\nFinally, the observed redshift is [Eq.\\u00a0(173)]\\nB.3 Sub-Keplerian orbits (non-geodesic motion)\\nWe now define a four-velocity  for timelike, equatorial sub-Keplerian orbits.\\nSuch trajectories cannot be geodesic; following Penna\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2013), we introduce a \\u201csub-Keplerianity\\u201d parameter  and instead prescribe a non-geodesic motion viawhere  denotes the Keplerian specific angular momentum (179b).\\nAs for Keplerian motion (with ), we must treat radii outside and inside of the ISCO radius  separately.\\nB.3.1 Outside the ISCO radius\\nFor , we demand that, as for Keplerian orbits,This fixes the sub-Keplerian orbital energy to be [Eq.\\u00a0(169)]which is manifestly real for all , since the quantity in the square root is strictly greater than when .\\nIt then follows that [Eqs.\\u00a0(B)\\u2013(171)]so that the covariant four-velocity is explicitly [Eq.\\u00a0(165)]The contravariant four-velocity is then [Eqs.\\u00a0(165) and (B)]\\nFinally, the observed redshift is [Eq.\\u00a0(B)]\\nB.3.2 Inside the ISCO radius\\nFor , we do not expect orbits to remain circular.\\nInstead, we use Cunningham\\u2019s prescription (B.1.2) to smoothly extend the sub-Keplerian condition (196) past the ISCO using the conserved quantities of the sub-Keplerian ISCO orbit,or more explicitly,This choice results in a nonzero radial component [Eq.\\u00a0(172)]\\nIt then follows that [Eqs.\\u00a0(B)]so that the covariant four-velocity is explicitly [Eq.\\u00a0(165)]The contravariant four-velocity is then [Eqs.\\u00a0(165) and (B)]\\nFinally, the observed redshift is [Eq.\\u00a0(B)]\\nB.4 General flow (non-geodesic motion)\\nWe can linearly superpose the preceding four-velocities to obtain a general flow  combining both circular motion and radial inflow.\\nFollowing Pu\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2016); Vincent\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2022), we do so by definingwhere  is the four-velocity of the sub-Keplerian flow, given by Eq.\\u00a0(B.3.1) for  (outside the ISCO) and by Eq.\\u00a0(B.3.2) for  (inside the ISCO), while  is the radial inflow four-velocity (B.2).\\nLikewise,  is the sub-Keplerian angular velocity, given by Eq.\\u00a0(B.3.2) outside the ISCO and by Eq.\\u00a0(B.3.2) inside the ISCO, while  is the angular velocity (B.2) of radial inflow.\\nGiven  and , we can solve the normalization condition  for , the only missing component of the four-velocity, resulting in a simple modification of Eq.\\u00a0(167):This fully specifies the general 4-velocity .\\nFor generic values of the three parameters , the flow  is not geodesic.\\nHowever, when ,  reduces to the radial inflow , which is -independent and geodesic.\\nAt the opposite end, when ,  reduces to the sub-Keplerian flow , which in turn reduces when  to geodesic Keplerian motion .\\nAppendix C More on the Mat\\u00e9rn covariance\\nThis appendix offers a field-theoretic interpretation of the Gaussian random field with Mat\\u00e9rn covariance.\\nC.1 Classical field\\nA free, massive scalar field  with mass  in Euclidean spacetime  is described by the Lagrangianand therefore obeys the Euler-Lagrange field equationwhich in this case is the classical Klein-Gordon wave equationwhere  is the scalar Laplacian.\\nThe Green function  for this equation is defined byIn momentum space, this reads , sowhere .\\nThe inverse Fourier transform (70) yieldswhere .\\nWe present a full derivation of this nontrivial identity in Eq.\\u00a0(246) below.\\nC.2 Quantum field\\nIntegrating the Lagrangian (213) by parts recasts it asThe path integral over this Lagrangian defines the Euclidean quantum field theory of a free, massive scalar field  with mass  in , which is fully characterized by its two-point function: the Feynman propagator (218).\\nLetting  and , the propagator becomeswhich is (proportional to) a Mat\\u00e9rn covariance.\\nWe conclude that a -dimensional Gaussian random field with Mat\\u00e9rn covariance of order  and correlation length  is equivalent to a (Euclidean) quantum scalar field of Compton wavelength  (and therefore mass ).\\nC.3 Higher-derivative fields\\nConsider now the higher-derivative theorywhere  is an integer power.\\nThis is a free (Gaussian) theory because it remains quadratic in the field for any .\\nClassically, the field obeys the higher-derivative wave equationwhose Green function  is defined byIn momentum space, this reads , soand the inverse Fourier transform (70) yieldsThis nontrivial identity, including the proportionality factor, is derived in Eq.\\u00a0(246) below.\\nLetting  and , the propagator becomeswhich is (proportional to) a Mat\\u00e9rn covariance.\\nWe conclude that a -dimensional Gaussian random field with Mat\\u00e9rn covariance of order  and correlation length  is equivalent to a (Euclidean) quantum scalar field of Compton wavelength  (and therefore mass ) with a kinetic term including  derivatives.\\nIn Lorentzian signature, such a kinetic term would lead to problems with causality, but in Euclidean signature this seems like an acceptable statistical field.\\nC.4 Connection with the associated SPDE\\nA -dimensional Gaussian random field  with Mat\\u00e9rn covariance of order  and correlation length  obeys the stochastic PDEwhere the pseudodifferential operator on the LHS is defined via its spectral properties Lindgren\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2011), and the Gaussian random field  is the standard white noise process defined in Sec.\\u00a0III.4.\\nWe now wish to reconcile this statement with more familiar facts from quantum field theory, particularly in the case .\\nWhen , the Gaussian random field  is a Euclidean scalar field.\\nYet, Eq.\\u00a0(227) implies that it also obeyswhich seems to impose yet another condition on the field.\\nWe now show how this statement is consistent with the propagator (218), which fully characterizes the behavior of the field.\\nThe key is to multiply two copies of this equation inserted at two different points  and , keeping track of which position the derivatives in the Laplacian act upon:We now massage the LHS as follows.\\nFirst, we are free to move the derivatives to the left, since  only acts on :Next, we take expectation values of the fields on both sides:By definition, the two-point function on the LHS is of course the Euclidean quantum propagatorAs for the two-point function on the RHS, it is none other than the autocorrelation function of Gaussian white noise,which is by definition a delta function.\\nWe thus haveSince both two-point functions depend only on , we have  and thus we are left withThis is exactly Eq.\\u00a0(216), proving that it is consistent for the Euclidean quantum field  to also obey the SPDE (228).\\nThis is the quantum-statistical analogue of the classical field equation (215): the presence of the white noise source term  is what lends the Euclidean field its statistical nature.\\nFinally, when , the Gaussian random field  obeyswhich is a linear SPDE and therefore straightforward to solve.\\nThis is the reason why it is implemented in inoisy Lee\\u00a0and\\u00a0Gammie (2021).\\nC.5 Derivation of the scalar propagator\\nHere, we derive Eqs.\\u00a0(218) and (225), which are equivalent to the position-space formula (77) for the Mat\\u00e9rn covariance.\\nIn spherical coordinates,where  denotes the solid angle on the sphere , which isWe now need two identities from Gradshteyn and Rhyzik Gradshteyn\\u00a0et\\u00a0al. (2007): by 3.915-5 (p492), we have for ,and by 6.565-4 (p678), we have for , , and ,Using the first formula with  and , we findwhere the prefactor isWe can thus rewriteThe second identity with  and  then yieldsso we finally obtainSince , this exactly reproduces Eq.\\u00a0(225):and setting  recovers Eq.\\u00a0(218).\", \"output\": \"Recent interferometric observations by the Event Horizon Telescope have resolved the horizon-scale emission from sources in the vicinity of nearby supermassive black holes. Future space-based interferometers promise to measure the ''photon ring''--a narrow, ring-shaped, lensed feature predicted by general relativity, but not yet observed--and thereby open a new window into strong gravity. Here we present AART: an Adaptive Analytical Ray-Tracing code that exploits the integrability of light propagation in the Kerr spacetime to rapidly compute high-resolution simulated black hole images, together with the corresponding radio visibility accessible on very long space-ground baselines. The code samples images on a nonuniform adaptive grid that is specially tailored to the lensing behavior of the Kerr geometry and is therefore particularly well-suited to studying photon rings. This numerical approach guarantees that interferometric signatures are correctly computed on long baselines, and the modularity of the code allows for detailed studies of equatorial sources with complex emission profiles and time variability. To demonstrate its capabilities, we use AART to simulate a black hole movie of a stochastic, non-stationary, non-axisymmetric equatorial source; by time-averaging the visibility amplitude of each snapshot, we are able to extract the projected diameter of the photon ring and recover the shape predicted by general relativity.\", \"question\": \"none\", \"title\": \"2211.07469\", \"qa_pairs\": \"none\"}\n{\"input\": \"Smaller11\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\\\NewEnvironSmaller08\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n \\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\nMnLargeSymbols\\u2019164\\nMnLargeSymbols\\u2019171\\nOn Continuum Effective Field Theoriesand GravitySylvain\\u00a0Fichet ***sfichet@caltech.edu \\u2009,\\nEugenio\\u00a0Meg\\u00edas \\u2020\\u2020\\u2020emegias@ugr.es\\u2009,\\nMariano\\u00a0Quir\\u00f3s \\u2021\\u2021\\u2021quiros@ifae.es\\nICTP South American Institute for Fundamental Research & IFT-UNESP,\\n\\u2009 R. Dr. Bento Teobaldo Ferraz 271, S\\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil\\nCentro de Ciencias Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC,\\n\\u2004 Santo Andre, 09210-580 SP, Brazil\\nDepartamento de F\\u00edsica At\\u00f3mica, Molecular y Nuclear and\\n\\u2004 Instituto Carlos I de F\\u00edsica Te\\u00f3rica y Computacional,\\n\\u2004 Universidad de Granada, Avenida de Fuente Nueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain\\nInstitut de F\\u00edsica d\\u2019Altes Energies (IFAE) and\\n\\u2004 The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST),\\n\\u2004 Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain\\nAbstract \\nWe examine effective field theories (EFTs) with a continuum sector in the presence of gravity. We first explain, via arguments based on central charge and species scale, that an EFT with a free continuum cannot consistently couple to standard (i.e.\\u00a04D\\u00a0Einstein) gravity. It follows that EFTs with a free, or nearly-free, continuum must either have a finite number of degrees of freedom or nonstandard gravity.\\nWe demonstrate the latter through holographically-defined continuum models, focusing on a class of 5D dilaton-graviton systems giving rise to a gapped continuum (i.e.\\u00a0the linear dilaton background). In the simplest version of the model we find an  deviation from the Newtonian potential. At finite temperature, we find an energy density with  scaling law (i.e.\\u00a0)\\nin the brane Friedmann equation, induced by the horizon in the bulk. We also present a slightly more evolved model for which these exotic deviations transition into those from pure AdS. Brane cosmology in dilaton-gravity backgrounds could be explored along these lines.\\n\\n\\n Introduction\\nAmong the multitude of effective field theories (EFT) extending the Standard Model (SM) of particles physics, models involving a continuum sector stand out as an intriguing possibility. Of course, any weakly coupled Poincar\\u00e9-invariant quantum field theory (QFT) features a continuum in its spectral distributions. But beyond this standard case, a nearly-free continuum can also emerge in theories with some nontrivial underlying dynamics.\\nSuch a continuum can for example appear from gauge sectors with large number of degrees of freedom, or from EFTs whose background features a brane (i.e.\\u00a0domain wall or defect) living in a higher dimensional spacetime. Such nontrivial continuum sectors are the subject of this note.\\nFrom a more phenomenological viewpoint we may also write, from a bottom-up approach, a continuum model with arbitrary spectral functions describing the phenomena that are potentially observables in a given set of experiments, as allowed by the rules of the EFT paradigm.\\nPhenomenologically, the underlying dynamics of the continuum may or may not matter, depending on the situation. In particular, in certain cases, it may be sufficient to use an effective model in which the continuum has properties analogous to an ordinary free field. This is called a generalized free field\\u00a0Greenberg:1961mr . This approach applies for example to processes observable at colliders, such as \\u201cSM  continuum SM\\u201d and \\u201cSM  continuum\\u201d for which only the two-point function of the continuum is needed.\\nRegarding the latter class of processes, we emphasize that even though a continuum does not have well defined asymptotic states, such processes make sense as inclusive ones, for which no measurement of the continuum final state is required.\\nThe EFT of a free continuum works fine for scattering processes observable at a collider. But, are there other physical observables for which the description of a continuum as a generalized free field does not apply? The answer is positive: whenever interactions with gravity are considered, the underlying dynamics of the continuum does matter. Clarifying the interplay of continuum models with gravity is the first aim of this note. This investigation will then naturally lead us to explore aspects of gravity in holographic models of continuum, which is the second aim of this note.\\nOur analysis is structured as follows.\\nIn Sec.\\u00a02 we lay out the formalism, and introduce the notion of generalized free field. In Sec.\\u00a03 we review the arguments (both old and new) that prevent a generalized free field to consistently couple to standard gravity. As an interesting aside we give an argument for the species scale that is valid for conformal field theories (CFTs) with any central charge and coupling. We then discuss the classes of models that give rise to a gravity-compatible continuum. It turns out that, apart from the conformal case, continuum models are best studied holographically, via 5-dimensional braneworld models. In Sec.\\u00a04.3 we lay out the basic holographic framework, review necessary QFT aspects and show how to compute the deviations from the standard Friedmann equation and Newtonian potential.\\nIn Sec.\\u00a05 we solve two versions of a specific dilaton-gravity background (both analytically and numerically) that features a gapped continuum and investigate gravity aspects. Section\\u00a06 contains a summary.\\nFinally App.\\u00a0A contains further discussions on the transition between discretum and continuum, and App.\\u00a0C includes a piecewise solving of the asymptotically-AdS linear dilaton background.\\nPrevious literature:\\nThe perspective of continuum models as a phenomenological possibility was first highlighted in Refs.\\u00a0Georgi:2007ek ; Georgi:2007si . Among the subsequent references we mention only a few, as an introduction into the literature\\u00a0Stephanov:2007ry ; Strassler:2008bv ; Cacciapaglia:2008ns ; Friedland:2009iy ; Friedland:2009zg . Aspects of cosmology with a conformal sector have been investigated in, e.g.\\u00a0Refs.\\u00a0vonHarling:2008vwq ; vonHarling:2012sz ; Hong:2019nwd ; Redi:2020ffc ; Hong:2022gzo , and in Refs.\\u00a0Grzadkowski:2008xi ; Artymowski:2019cdg ; Artymowski:2021fkw \\nin case of large  weakly coupled CFT.\\nA continuum as a mediator in the dark sector has been investigated in Refs.\\u00a0Katz:2015zba ; Chaffey:2021tmj . Finally\\na proposal of \\u201ccontinuum dark matter\\u201d was recently made in Refs.\\u00a0Csaki:2021gfm ; Csaki:2021xpy , that needs to be put in perspective with the arguments and results of the present note.\\n  Continuum models\\nIn this section we discuss some basic aspects of continuum models and introduce the notion of free continuum limit.\\n Continuum EFT\\nWe consider an EFT described by the following four-dimensional Lagrangian,This Lagrangian contains in general irrelevant operators\\u00a0333The  operator is often taken as an irrelevant operator i.e.\\u00a0dim. A detailed parametrization is unnecessary for our purposes.. The fundamental fields  can in principle have any spin.  and  are in general composite operators made of the corresponding fundamental fields. For simplicity those are assumed to be scalars.\\nThe  sector is assumed to feature a nontrivial continuum \\u2014 in a sense defined further below and in Sec.\\u00a02.2.\\nIn the  sector, the spectral functions are assumed to describe stable, or narrow, particles as occurs in weakly coupled QFT.\\nThe two sectors interact which each other only via the  operator.\\nFrom the viewpoint of an observer able to probe the particle sector ,\\nthe continuum sector is probed by the  fields through the  operator. Thus in the correlators of the  fields, the continuum sector manifests itself via subdiagrams made out of the correlators of , i.e.\\u00a0, \\u00a0444Time-ordering is left implicit, we use the usual shortcut notation . . Our interest precisely lies in these correlators of the continuum sector.\\nFor any two-point (2pt) correlator one can always introduce a spectral representation of the form\\u2009555This follows from Cauchy\\u2019s integral formula .where  is the spectral distribution and the contour  encloses non-analyticites of the correlator in momentum space. In our conventions the momentum is timelike for . The non-analyticities can either be poles or branch cuts along .\\nOn the domain corresponding to a branch cut the spectral density  is a smooth function. In this most generic case we refer to the  sector as a continuum. As a more particular case, it may be that the support of  be a discrete set of points. Similarly it is also possible that the function be made of a series of narrow resonances such that the branch cut can be approximated by a set of points.\\nIn such cases the spectral distribution describes a countable set of standard 4D particles, and we refer to the  sector more specifically as a discretum.\\n Interactions\\nIt is useful to classify the interactions encoded in the continuum sector.\\nThere are fundamental interactions between the  fields, encoded inside the Lagrangian . We denote collectively these interactions by the coupling . These fundamental interactions may be either weak or strong.The continuum interacts with the particle sector via the  operator. This implies that local operators of the formare generically present in the continuum sector. Analogous ones with an arbitrary number of derivatives also exist. All these operators are in general present due to the quantum dynamics in the  sector. In general, even if these operators are set to zero at a given scale, they are generated at a different scale due to renormalization group (RG) running. We refer collectively to these local operators as  and the corresponding coupling as .\\n Realizations\\nIn principle any interacting QFT can realize the setup of Eq.\\u00a0(1). For example, for a weakly coupled interacting QFT the continuous part of the spectral distribution  encodes a multiparticle continuum, and possibly a resonance.\\nHowever, our interest lies in theories that can give rise to a free continuum when some parametric limit is taken in the model (see Sec.\\u00a02.2). A non-trivial dynamics is needed for such a limit to occur. It is realized in at least the two following classes of theories.\\nGauge theories with a large number of colors . For simplicity we assume that the  fields are in the adjoint representation, so that the standard large  scaling applies\\u00a0Witten:1979kh . The theory may, in principle, have either weak or strong t\\u2019Hooft coupling .\\nAs a particular case, the gauge theory may be at a conformal fixed point in which case it is a CFT. For  this occurs at a Banks-Zaks fixed point if the theory has number of flavors within the conformal window. At  stringy effects are expected to emerge for large  (see e.g.\\u00a0Refs.\\u00a0PhysRevD.10.2445 ; PhysRevD.10.4262 ; tHooft:1977nqb ; Nambu:1978bd ; Luscher:1980iy ; Luscher:1980ac ; Sundrum:1997qt ) while at  the stringy effects are expected to decouple Gubser:1998bc ; Polchinski:2002jw .Holographic theories. These arise from EFTs living in a 5D background (with arbitrary metric) featuring a flat 3-brane.\\nIn such a setup an effective Lagrangian of the form of Eq.\\u2009(1) appears from the viewpoint of an observer placed on the brane. The  field is identified as a brane-localized mode with standard 4D spectral distribution, which mixes with a continuum controlled by the 5D dynamics (see Sec.\\u00a05 for more details).\\nIn such models there are both bulk and brane-localized local interactions, that we denote by  and . We also refer to this setup as a \\u201cbraneworld\\u201d in the context of cosmology.\\n The free continuum (GFT) limit\\nWe are interested in taking a parametric limit for which a free continuum arises in the general Lagrangian of Eq.\\u2009(1).\\nOur notion of free continuum is equivalent to the one described by a generalized free theory (GFT), hence we are using either naming depending on context.\\nGFTs have been studied in the context of QFT and CFT (see\\u00a0e.g.\\u00a0Refs.\\u00a0Greenberg:1961mr ; Dymarsky:2014zja ; Kap:lecture ).\\nIn a GFT the connected part of the correlators of  vanishes.\\nAs a result the odd correlators are zero while the even correlators are given by the disconnected contributions which are just a product of 2pt correlators. For example for the 4pt correlator we have\\nWe define the free continuum (i.e.\\u00a0GFT) limit as the limit for which the fundamental interactions of the continuum sector vanish,while the spectral density does not become discrete (i.e.\\u00a0remains supported on  and not only on a discrete set of points when ).\\nThis definition of the free continuum limit automatically excludes the trivial case of an interacting QFT with finite degrees of freedom, since in that case for  the multiparticle continuum vanishes and the spectral density of  becomes discrete. Thus some nontrivial dynamics in  is required for a free continuum to emerge at .\\nOur definition of GFT allows for the existence of the local interactions . Thus in our definition the GFT correlators can have  contributions. This is however a minor point in the rest of our analysis, as we will obtain the same conclusions as if .\\nHow is the free continuum/GFT limit realized in the classes of models listed in Sec.\\u00a02.1.2?A GFT emerges from a gauge theory by taking the limit of infinite number of colors  at constant \\u2018t Hooft coupling \\u2014 notice that  in this limit.\\nIndeed, by normalizing the 2pt function coefficient such that it does not scale with , standard large  scaling arguments imply that the connected correlators scale as powers of . In the  limit the odd correlators are  and the even correlators are given by the free disconnected result plus  terms. This matches the properties of a GFT, henceWe could similarly write this limit for the full Lagrangian including the  interactions.A GFT emerges from a holographic setup by sending the bulk couplings to zero. Indeed in this limit the bulk propagators are free, hence the higher point correlators factorize into 2pt propagators. The holographic theory inherits this property, therefore the holographic theory is a GFT.\\nThe brane couplings contribute solely to the  interactions \\u2014 which are allowed in our definition of GFT.\\nIn summary for the full holographic Lagrangian we schematically have\\n Continuous mass representation\\nIn the GFT the correlators of  can be described with a diagrammatic expansion using perturbation theory in the  couplings. The resulting diagrams are built from the  vertices, connected by lines which are the propagators of , i.e.\\u00a0the 2pt free correlator . This is just the usual picture of Feynman diagrams, with GFT propagators instead of ordinary propagators.\\nWe can thus view the continuum sector as a set of fields  whose only interactions are those encoded in the  operators. The domain for the  label is determined below.\\nThese  fields must reproduce the propagator of . Using the spectral representation introduced in Eq.\\u2009(2),\\nthis is possible if the  operator iswithThe  are ordinary free fields with squared mass  and propagator\\u2009666\\nIn terms of quantization rules, one\\nintroduces creation and annihilation operators of fields  such that .Eq.\\u2009(10) together with the definition (8) reproduces the spectral representation Eq.\\u2009(2) of the  correlator. Similar developments can be found in Refs.\\u00a0PhysRev.126.1209 ; Deshpande:2008ra .\\nThe higher point correlators of  follow trivially since they inherit the properties of the free fields . Namely, the odd correlators of  vanish, up to ,\\nand the even correlators tend to the free disconnected result, up to , as required for a GFT. For example in the 4pt case, one obtains Eq.\\u2009(4).\\n Consistency with gravity  \\nIn the previous section we have introduced the notion of free continuum i.e.\\u00a0of GFT. Here we expand the explanation of why a GFT is not compatible with gravity. In this section gravity means 4D Einstein gravity. Some of the arguments already existed previously, and are hereby reviewed, while others are new to the best of our knowledge. We then discuss gravity-compatible realizations and sketch some basic cosmological consequences.\\n Arguments from OPE \\nIn this section we provide arguments based on the operator product expansion (OPE).\\n From CFT (review)\\nWe start with a gauge theory with arbitrary \\u2019t\\u2009Hooft coupling, focusing on the conformal case. In conformal theories, there is a rigorous claim that the simultaneous existence of a generalized free field and the stress-energy tensor are incompatible, unless the generalized free field is an ordinary free field (see e.g.\\u00a0Ref.\\u00a0Dymarsky:2014zja ; Kap:lecture ).\\nA version of the proof of this well-known result goes as follows.\\nLet us assume that a conformal theory contains a generalized free field  and a stress tensor . The stress tensor has dimension  and spin . The 4pt function of , given in Eq.\\u2009(4), contains information about the spectrum and OPE coefficients of . It can be shown\\u00a0Kap:lecture  that Eq.\\u2009(4) implies that the OPE of  only contains bilinear operators built from derivatives of , e.g.\\u00a0.\\u2009777The same feature is true in an ordinary free field theory, and thus the same conclusion can be obtained using the continuum mass representation.\\nSuch operators have dimension . These facts put together imply that\\nthere can be a stress tensor in the OPE of  only if , hence requiring , which corresponds to the ordinary free field (in which case one has ). Otherwise, i.e.\\u00a0if , there cannot be  in the OPE of . The latter feature implies, by symmetry of the OPE coefficients, that  is absent of the  OPE. This is inconsistent with translation invariance, which requires that  must appear in this OPE with a nonzero coefficient. We thus reach a contradiction.\\nThe contradiction is solved if either the generalized free field  or  are absent from the conformal theory.\\n From continuous mass representation\\nThe fact that a GFT with stress tensor is inconsistent can also be directly seen from the continuum mass representation defined in Sec.\\u00a02.2.1. The  distribution is in general supported over , but the argument also applies if the distribution is truncated to an interval such as , as may occur in an EFT.\\nIn the presence of the free continuum described by the set of free fields , we can formally derive a stress tensor from the Lagrangian Eq.\\u2009(9), which gives . We can then compute the correlator of this generalized free stress tensor with itself and focus on the traceless part. The result is proportional to . Since , the central charge is infinite.\\u2009888This is consistent with the viewpoint of the GFT as a CFT with , which also gives infinite central charge.\\nThe infinite central charge effectively sends to zero the coefficient involving  in the OPE of . This leads to a contradiction with translation invariance, as in the CFT proof above.\\nThe argument given here extends beyond the CFT case, and holds whether or not there are  local operators.\\n From species scale \\nLet us consider the GFT in the presence of dynamical gravity via the action .\\nThis is in general a low-energy EFT describing subPlanckian gravity interacting with matter, together with classical black holes. What is the UV cutoff scale of this EFT?\\nEven though the strength of gravity is set by the reduced Planck mass , the actual validity scale of the EFT may be lower. Using an argument based on classical black hole lifetime, Ref.\\u2009Dvali:2008ec  established the bound  where  is the number of species of matter in the theory. This argument relies on Hawking radiation and thus assumes that the species are stable or narrow particles.\\nHere we will verify that the species bound can be extended, beyond weak coupling, to a CFT with arbitrary central charge  and arbitrary \\u2018t Hooft coupling . This is an aside result that we use it to strengthen our analysis and which is also interesting in itself.\\n Species scale for CFT with arbitrary central charge \\nLet us consider . We want to determine the UV cutoff scale\\u00a0 of the theory.\\nLet us assume there is no cosmological constant and let us put the CFT at finite temperature . The energy density is given by , with  and  at weak and strong coupling, respectively. For simplicity we drop the  factor in the following.\\nAs a result of this energy density, spacetime expands with a Hubble rateThe associated volume for a Hubble patch is . But this volume is bounded from below by the cutoff of the theory, as it cannot be smaller than the volume , which amounts to a Hubble rate .\\nThe corresponding momentum scale is of order  and, since temperature is proportional to the average momentum scale, we can say that this Hubble rate is attained for . Therefore the UV cutoff is determined by the condition , which givesIn the case of weakly coupled stable species we have  which recovers the usual formula from Ref.\\u00a0Dvali:2008ec .\\n Application to GFT\\nHaving ensured that the species scale applies to any CFT, we turn to the GFT.\\nViewing the GFT as the limit of a CFT with , we can see that the number of species in the GFT goes to infinity. Therefore , and so there is no energy regime where gravity is weakly coupled! This means that a GFT coupled to gravity simply does not exist.\\nThe same conclusion is obtained when considering the continuous mass representation. For any  there is an infinite number of degrees of freedom , hence , which implies .\\nFrom all of the above arguments we conclude that gravity cannot couple to the GFT because the latter has infinitely too many degrees of freedom. Notice that, in contrast, a CFT has a finite number of species , and thus in that case the UV cutoff  is nonzero.\\nNotice also that all the arguments would be avoided in the case of an ordinary free field (, ); however this is excluded in our definition of free continuum (see Sec.\\u20092.2).\\nThus, in other words, the coupling to gravity would enforce the generalized free field to be an ordinary free field.\\n Holographic theory vs GFT\\nWe have shown that a GFT (as defined in Sec.\\u00a02.2) is obtained from a holographic setup by setting all the bulk interactions to zero. This definition implies that 5D gravity is removed when taking the GFT limit, . In such a limit we have a gravity-less bulk which can be trivially integrated out.\\u00a0999A situation reproduced by Little String Theories\\u00a0Aharony:1999ks .\\nConversely, a holographic setup with gravity provides automatically a continuum compatible with gravity. However the price to pay is that gravity in the holographic theory is intrinsically 5D, implying that the graviton itself has a continuum component, such that gravity deviates from 4D Einstein gravity.\\nLet us comment about the case of AdS background (e.g.\\u00a0the RS2 setup\\u00a0Randall:1999vf ). In this case the AdS/CFT correspondence applies. By the correspondence the  coupling goes as some power of , and hence the GFT limit is consistent from either the AdS or the CFT viewpoints since . We can also note that, even without gravity, the AdS theory always has a 5D stress tensor. What really changes when taking  is that the graviton field is removed. The CFT operator dual to this bulk field is the stress tensor, which is thus removed upon taking . This is in agreement with the argument of Sec.\\u00a03.1.1.\\n Gravity-compatible continuum models \\nAlong with the arguments of Secs.\\u00a03.1 and 3.2 we have established that a free continuum i.e.\\u00a0a GFT is incompatible with 4D Einstein gravity.\\nWe now consider theories lying in the neighborhood of this limiting case in theory space (see Fig.\\u20091). Such neighboring theories feature some notion of free or nearly-free continuum, and some ingredient making the continuum EFT compatible with gravity \\u2014 associated to loopholes in the no-go arguments of Secs.\\u00a03.1 and 3.2.\\nBy examining the latter arguments, we can identify the following logical possibilities for EFTs neighbors to the excluded case of GFT+4D Einstein gravity: a) The EFT has large but finite number of degrees of freedom, and b) Gravity differs from 4D Einstein gravity.\\nFollowing these lines we then identify the following three (possibly overlapping) classes of theories giving rise to free or nearly-free continuum models consistent with gravity.\\nThe continuum is really a discretum.It is possible that the free continuum be an approximation of a free discretum. Indeed both are indistinguishable to a finite precision experiment unable to resolve the discretum spacing.\\nIn this case the underlying degrees of freedom are countable and their number is finite since they are bounded by a gravity-induced UV cutoff. Thus the central charge is finite and inconsistencies with gravity are avoided. In the bottom-up EFT of a free continuum this can be simply obtained by making the spectral distribution discrete in the continuous mass representation of Sec.\\u20092.2.1.The continuum is a large- gauge correlator. For finite number of colors  the central charge is finite, thus inconsistencies with gravity are avoided. In that case the continuum is nearly-free since it has nontrivial connected correlators which are -suppressed but nonzero.\\nAt strong coupling a discretum may arise at low energy if the theory enters a confining phase, hence providing a realization of i).The continuum is holographic.In this case the underlying dynamics is intrinsically 5D even though it is seen from a brane viewpoint.\\nThe matter continuum arising in the 4D holographic theory automatically couples consistently to gravity. The counterpart is that gravity itself has a continuum component. Thus gravity in the holographic theory is not 4D Einstein gravity.\\nThe holographic framework can also realize the above ones in specific cases, as for certain backgrounds a discrete KK spectrum arises, hence realizing i), and for pure AdS background ii) is realized via the AdS/CFT correspondence.\\nFor convenience we refer to the continuum from both  and  as a nearly-free continuum. For , \\u201cnearly\\u201d applies to \\u201ccontinuum\\u201d, which really is a discretum, while for , \\u201cnearly\\u201d applies to \\u201cfree\\u201d, since the continuum has small but nonzero nontrivial correlators.\\nWe can now observe that for any kind of EFT with a free or nearly-free continuum consistently coupled to gravity, substantial deviations must appear in the gravity sector. These are the deviations that would blow up and make the theory inconsistent when taking the limit of a free continuum coupled to 4D Einstein gravity.\\nThis fact is evident for holographic models, class iii), in which gravity automatically deviates from 4D Einstein gravity. But this fact also occurs in the classes of models  and  because, in any event, the graviton propagator is dressed by insertions of  correlators which are proportional to the central charge. This is a physical QFT correction to the Newton law of gravity. In the limit of large central charge the correction to the graviton propagator blows up, inducing thus large effects on the gravity sector.\\nIn summary we can state that consistent models of a free or nearly-free continuum must feature deviations in the gravity sector as a general feature.\\nThis is pictured in Fig.\\u20091.\\nWe investigate such effects in a concrete framework in the upcoming sections.\\n Cosmological implications\\nIn this section we qualitatively discuss the expected cosmological effects in the classes of gravity-compatible continuum models listed in Sec.\\u20093.4. Along the same lines as the observations made there, such models must have significant impact on standard cosmology since they feature either a large number of degrees of freedom or deviations from gravity that blow up when approaching the forbidden limit of GFT+4D Einstein gravity (see Fig.\\u20091).\\nHere we thus discuss basic cosmological aspects of the classes of models   and , i.e. \\u00a0discretum, large  gauge theories and holographic theories.\\nA cosmological discretum is a fairly intuitive possibility. In that case the continuum is really made out of a set of 4D particles with standard properties and thus their contributions to the Friedmann equation are clear. For example, at temperature lower than the mass gap , the tower of particles is nonrelativistic and can be a candidate for dark matter. Such a scenario has been studied at length, see e.g.\\u00a0Refs.\\u2009Dienes:2011ja ; Dienes:2011sa .\\nThe cosmological implications of a hidden large  gauge theory are trickier, because in general we do not know the equation of state , except in the following particular cases.\\nFirst, the gauge theory may transition to a confined phase at low temperature, in which case the confined case is described by a discretum EFT already discussed above.\\nSecond, the gauge theory may be at a conformal fixed point, in which case it is a CFT whose properties are very constrained by symmetries. Let us review this well-known particular case. The hot CFT behaves as dark radiation because scale invariance implies  which in turn implies , i.e.\\u00a0.\\nSince the hidden CFT has many () degrees of freedom, the temperature  must be much lower than the one of the visible sector, otherwise the CFT energy density  overwhelms the visible one, which amounts to a large amount of dark radiation, excluded by observations. Hence one requires . Since , such a requirement on  implies that the temperature of the hidden CFT should be much lower than the visible one,\\n.\\nFor more general gauge theories a similar reasoning applies at a more qualitative level, yielding the generic prediction that a large  hidden sector must be ultracold in order to not spoil cosmology. However, we cannot say more because we do not know the equation of state for such an energy density. A cosmological continuum model, apart from the CFT case, is thus best studied via holography.\\nWe now turn to holographic continuum models. The cosmology of some of these models\\nhas been well studied.\\nThe simplest, and best studied, cosmological scenario is the one for which the bulk is exactly AdS everywhere, which furthermore exactly mirrors\\nthe scenario of hot CFT reviewed above (see e.g.\\u2009Refs.\\u2009Gubser:1999vj ; Shiromizu:1999wj ; Binetruy:1999hy ; Hebecker:2001nv ; Langlois:2002ke ; Langlois:2003zb ).\\nThe key point is that at finite temperature a horizon develops in the bulk, with AdS-Schwarzschild metric (AdS-S). The presence of the horizon crucially modifies the effective Friedmann equation projected on the brane with a term which, from the standpoint of the brane observer, behaves as dark radiation. This effective radiation term arising from the bulk geometry matches the CFT result  for strong \\u2018t\\u2009Hooft coupling. We summarize such a remarkable feature as\\nDeparting from the pure AdS case there are plenty of possible background geometries, in particular \\u201csoft-wall\\u201d backgrounds appearing from the 5D gravity-dilaton system, see e.g.\\u00a0Refs.\\u2009Karch:2006pv ; Gursoy:2007cb ; Gursoy:2007er ; Gubser:2008ny ; Falkowski:2008fz ; Batell:2008zm ; Batell:2008me ; Cabrer:2009we ; vonGersdorff:2010ht ; Cabrer:2011fb ; Megias:2019vdb .\\nSome of these backgrounds\\ngive rise to a continuum in the 4D holographic theory. Continuum models from the gravity-dilaton framework will be the focus of the rest of the paper.\\n The holographic continuum: gravity and Friedmann equation\\nOur focus here is on holographically defined continuum models.\\nSuch models are particularly attractive as everything is calculable since the 5D QFT is weakly coupled.\\nIn this section we lay out the overall framework for holographic models of continuum. The setup is reminiscent of braneworld models (see e.g.\\u00a0Ref.\\u2009Brax:2003fv ). Namely, we consider\\na five-dimensional spacetime with a flat 3-brane (i.e.\\u00a0domain wall or defect) living on it, and evaluate the effective theory for an observer living in the brane worldvolume (see Fig.\\u20092). In such a setup the 5D excitations are integrated out and form a continuum from the standpoint of the brane observer.\\nSince the overarching theme of the paper is the consistency of continuum EFT with gravity, we will be especially interested in the gravity side of the holographic continuum models. Thus two concrete objects of study stand out.The gravitational potentialAt any scale for which a continuum is present in the holographic EFT,\\nsomething nontrivial has to occur in the gravity sector to ensure consistency with gravity. Thus some deviation from Newtonian gravity can be expected at such scales. This can also be qualitatively understood in terms of the existence of a stress tensor in the continuum sector. Such a stress tensor, whose existence is ensured in the holographic setup,\\ndresses the 4D graviton, yielding a modification of the Newtonian potential.The Friedmann equationThe equation of state in the continuum sector is in general nontrivial and unknown (see also the discussion in Sec.\\u20093.5). However in holographic models this equation of state is encoded into the geometry of the 5D background. This appears at the level of the effective Friedmann equation seen by a brane observer, which contains nontrivial information about the bulk geometry \\u2014 and thus about the equation of state.In summary we expect deviations to both the Newtonian potential and Friedmann equation.\\n The five-dimensional background \\nWe consider a five-dimensional spacetime with a flat 3-brane (i.e.\\u00a0domain wall).\\nThe 5D coordinates are denoted by  indices, while the 4D coordinates on the 3-brane  are denoted by  indices.\\nWe consider the action of the graviton-dilaton systemwith  the dilaton field,  the fundamental 5D Planck scale,  the 5D cosmological constant,  the brane tension, and  the induced metric on the brane.  encodes the quantum fields living on this background.\\nThe ellipses encode a term giving rise to a vacuum expectation value (VEV) for  that does not need to be explicitly specified here. For concreteness we can assume it is fixed on the boundary of the 5D spacetime.\\u00a0101010\\nAlternatively a potential giving rise to the dilaton VEV may be localized on the brane of Eq.\\u2009(14). Such a possibility is inequivalent to the model considered here and will be studied in a future work.\\nThe 5D metric is given the formThe coordinate frame in the first line shows that the metric is conformally related to the flat space Schwarzschild metric. The functions  and  are referred to, respectively, as the warp and blackening factors.\\nThe coordinate frame in the second line are convenient for brane cosmology.\\nAlong any constant slice of , the  coordinate acts like a scale factor.\\nThe 3-brane is a hypersurface located at .\\nWith the above coordinates the induced metric  readswhere we have introduced the brane cosmic time .\\nAccording to this metric, if the brane moves along  in the extra dimension, i.e.\\u00a0if , the observer perceives expansion of the 4D universe.\\nThe 5D equations of motion for metric factors and the dilaton field are given in conformal coordinates by\\u00a0Megias:2018sxv where for convenience we have defined the dimensionless scalar field\\u00a0. The general solutions contain five integration constants. However it turns out that one of the equations, e.g. Eq.\\u2009(20), acts as an algebraic constraint on the integration constants hence there are only four independent constants. Some of the integration constants have no physical meaning and can be fixed without loss of generality i.e. amount to \\u201cgauge redundancies\\u201d, while others have physical meaning. A detailed discussion is provided in App.\\u00a0B.\\n The effective Friedmann equation \\nThe effective Einstein equation seen by an observer standing on the brane is computed from the 5D Einstein equation, projected on the 3-brane via the Gauss equation together with the Israel junction condition, which relates the extrinsic curvature to the brane-localized stress tensor. The outcome takes the form\\u2009Shiromizu:1999wj Here\\n is the Ricci tensor projected on the brane.  is the stress energy tensor on the brane. The effective 4D cosmological constant  contains contributions from both the 5D cosmological constant and from the brane tension, which are tuned so that .\\nThe  tensor is a quadratic combination of brane-localized stress tensors, thus\\nit comes with a  factor.\\nFinally,  is a term built from the projection of the 5D Weyl tensor \\u2014 i.e.\\u00a0the traceless part of the Riemann tensor \\u2014 on the brane.\\nThe  tensor is a term induced by the extrinsic curvature terms in the Gauss equation and contains quadratic combinations of the stress tensor . We can see that, at energy densities , the effect of  is negligible with respect to the standard  term of Einstein equation.\\nWe plug the metric of Eq.\\u2009(16) into Eq.\\u2009(22), for a brane at .\\nFocusing on , tuning to zero the 4D cosmological constant, and focussing on the  component of Eq.\\u2009(22) we obtain the effective Friedmann equation on the branewhere  in this equation is the 4D energy density localized at the brane. Here  where  is the cosmic time for the brane observer.\\nThe  term depends on the  component of the Weyl tensor,The second line is the result obtained with the metric of Eq.\\u00a0(16).\\nFrom Eq.\\u2009(23) we can see that all the effects of the 5D geometry at energies below  are encapsulated into the  term.\\nWe thus have a geometric effect which translates from the brane viewpoint as an effective energy term, that we refer to as the Weyl energy. The scaling of  in  determines the equation of state of the Weyl energy.\\nThe Weyl tensor measures deviation from conformality and it vanishes if  identically in Eq.\\u2009(15).\\nIf  vanishes at a given point , the hypersurface  is a horizon whose temperature and entropy are given by  and , respectively, where  is the volume in the 3D space and  is the Newton constant in 5D.\\u00a0111111The expression of the temperature in the brane cosmology coordinates of Eq.\\u00a0(16) is  where . The presence of the Weyl energy in the brane Friedmann equation is thus associated with the temperature of the horizon in the bulk. In Sec.\\u20095 we will compute the horizon temperature for completeness and to compare with the literature. Regarding the entropy, its general formula in the brane cosmology coordinates for any model is .\\n QFT overview \\nIn this section we consider quantum fields living over the 5D background encoded in the term  in Eq.\\u00a0(14).\\nWe review some essential properties of bulk QFT as seen from a brane, that are needed to establish the general picture of a holographic continuum model.\\nOur focus is on the fields living in the , i.e.\\u00a0, region of the bulk.\\nWe assume that the fields have Neumann boundary conditions (BC) on the brane, i.e.\\u00a0the fields are allowed to fluctuate on the brane.\\u2009121212\\nA field with Dirichlet boundary condition would contribute to the brane correlators only via internal lines. This is not the focus of the present study.\\n\\nThe fields are described by a Lagrangian in the 5D bulk, but additionally there can always be operators localized on the brane. In fact those are always generated by loop effects (see Ref.\\u2009Fichet:2021xfn  for explicit results). Thus following the EFT paradigm such operators should be included in the brane Lagrangian in a first place.\\nLet us now consider a generic bulk field  with value  on the brane. The field propagates in the bulk, but the brane-localized operators would influence its propagation. In fact, on general grounds, a brane-to-brane propagator\\ntakes the form , where  and  is the bilinear insertion induced by the brane-localized operators\\u00a0Fichet:2021xfn  and dressing .\\nIn momentum space, both  and possibly  contain an analytic piece , which amounts to having an isolated 4D free mode in the spectrum. The wavefunction of this mode is typically localized near the brane. Singling out this 4D localized mode, the propagator can be written aswhere  is a wavefunction renormalization effect, and the  term is non-analytical. For sufficiently smooth background, as the one we will consider here,  has a branch cut along some region of the  axis, i.e.\\u00a0it is a continuum. This term encodes the contributions of all the rest of the bulk modes to the brane-to-brane propagator. We thus have split the denominator into a 4D free piece and a continuum piece.\\nWe can see that the structure of Eq.\\u2009(25) amounts to the one of a 4D free propagator dressed by insertions due to mixing with a continuum (see Fig.\\u20092). This is the same structure as the  propagator of the continuum EFT in Eq.\\u2009(1) dressed by  insertions, upon identifying  and .\\n131313The notion of mixing can be understood more explicitly as follows. In the set of all degrees of freedom of , we can single out those which do not fluctuate on the brane, i.e.\\u00a0have Dirichlet BC. Writing\\n, with  the amputated brane-to-bulk propagator and  the continuous basis of Dirichlet modes,\\nthe set  forms a complete basis which is orthogonal \\u2014 in the sense that the quadratic action is diagonal in \\u00a0Fichet:2021xfn . In this basis  has a nontrivial propagator, Eq.\\u2009(25), i.e.\\u00a0a nontrivial spectral distribution.\\nHowever one could instead, as introduced in Ref.\\u00a0Batell:2007jv , trade the\\n component for , in which case the associated degree of freedom  simply is a 4D free field.\\nIn that case the propagator of  is trivial, but in counterpart the  basis is not orthogonal (see Batell:2007jv ), and therefore there is a mixing between  and . The form of Eq.\\u2009(25) is understood as a manifestation of this mixing.\\nThis shows explicitly that the holographic setup leads to a continuum model of the kind described by the generic continuum EFT given in Eq.\\u2009(1).\\nThe crucial gain with respect to the generic continuum Lagrangian is that, here, the setup dictates exactly how the law of gravity is modified. Before focusing on gravity we discuss qualitatively some other QFT aspects which are useful for the overall understanding of the model.\\n Spectrum and continuum final state\\nThe continuum piece  may, or may not, be supported at the pole location given by . In analogy with familiar weakly coupled QFT we can distinguish two cases. If the pole lies in a region where  is zero, the 4D mode described by the propagator Eq.\\u2009(25) is stable. It thus contributes as a Dirac delta function to the spectral distribution and is identified as a particle in the Hilbert space of the 4D theory. In contrast if the pole lies in a region where\\n is nonzero, the 4D mode acquires a width given by  and thus amounts to a resonance as first noted in Ref.\\u00a0Dubovsky:2000am . This striking feature means that the 4D mode has a nonzero probability to convert into the continuum.\\nWe notice here a key difference between continuum and discretum. If  was a discretum, e.g. \\u00a0, the isolated 4D mode would remain exactly stable. Such a propagator would simply describe a mixing between the 4D mode and the discretum.\\nThis, in a sense, is because a free particle cannot just convert into another one with different mass.\\nIn contrast, the mass of the continuum is a continuous variable, thus it can be arbitrarily close to . As a result there is a well-defined probability for the 4D mode to convert into the continuum.\\u2009141414\\nAt a deeper level, a continuum does not have the properties required to build the familiar asymptotic multiparticle states of flat space, and may thus obey other rules. In the AdS case, for example, the continuum amounts to the normalizable bulk modes of AdS, that we know are perfectly stable (see e.g.\\u2009Ref.\\u2009DiPietro:2021sjt ).\\nDiagrams with AdS modes, such as , for example, only induce a mixing of the bulk modes, and thus amount in familiar terms to a radiation process rather than a decay process that would remove the initial mode from the spectrum (see e.g.\\u00a0Fichet:2021pbn ).\\nThe spectral function contains the necessary information to describe a continuum final state. In practice, in a given diagram one can simply take a unitarity cut on the generic brane-to-brane propagator Eq.\\u2009(25).\\nIn particular, in the case of a stable particle the result takes the formwhere  computes the discontinuity across , as defined in Sec.\\u00a04.4. In Eq.\\u2009(26),\\n is real and  is imaginary.\\nWe can see from Eq.\\u2009(26) that the final state can either be the stable 4D mode, or transition via a 4D propagator into the continuum.\\nIn the notation of the generic Lagrangian Eq.\\u2009(1), this amounts to a \\u201ccontinuum\\u201d process, see Fig.\\u20092.\\n Finite temperature\\nThe sector of brane-localized 4D modes can form a thermal bath. In such a case we can simply say that there is finite temperature on the brane.\\nThe conversion processes highlighted in the above section appear in the collision term of the Boltzmann equation of the 4D modes. They describe a sustained flux of radiation into the continuum of bulk modes, dumping energy into the bulk. In a sense these processes are responsible for \\u201cheating up\\u201d the bulk since, when falling deep enough in the bulk, they create a horizon which, in Eq.\\u2009(15), is encoded in the blackening factor  (see e.g.\\u2009Ref.\\u2009Hebecker:2001nv ).\\nSuch processes, and the overall coupled dynamics, have been studied in a number of references, at various degrees of refinement, using both the 5D and dual 4D viewpoints, see e.g.\\u1e58efs.\\u2009 Gubser:2002zh ; Hebecker:2001nv ; Langlois:2002ke ; Langlois:2003zb ; Brax:2019koq ; Redi:2020ffc . Similar calculations could similarly be done in the linear dilaton background, although this is not the focus of the present work. Here we take the horizon coordinate  as a free parameter, constant in time. This assumption is compatible with the typical cosmological history, for which the above mentioned processes are efficient at very high energy but then quickly lose efficiency when the temperature drops, resulting in a constant .\\n Gravitational potential\\nThe graviton propagator should, following the above discussions, describe a massless 4D mode with bilinear mixing to a continuum.\\nWe denote the general propagator aswhere the superindex  in the propagator refers to the spin of the graviton.\\nThe polarization structure  is given below.\\nWhat is the gravitational potential resulting from the propagator, Eq.\\u2009(27)?\\nTo obtain it we write the spectral representation of the propagator as\\u00a0Zwicky:2016lka ,where  is the discontinuity of  across the\\nbranch cut along the real line, :In this representation the tensor structures are\\nthose of the standard Fierz-Pauli propagators\\u00a0Hinterbichler:2010es ,with .\\nThe potential can be directly obtained using the spectral representation Eq.\\u2009(28) (see e.g.\\u00a0Callin:2004py  and also\\u2009Chaffey:2021tmj ). One picks point sources at rest such that . Performing the  integral yields a general representation of the long-range potential aswhere , .\\nIf  we have , which reproduces the standard Newtonian potential. The continuum term will induce a deviation to this potential. In the following we compute explicitly the continuum-induced deviation in specific 5D backgrounds.\\n The holographic gapped continuum\\nWe focus on a specific version of the dilaton-gravity setup\\ncalled the linear dilaton (LD). This background has the fascinating property that it naturally realizes the notion of a gapped continuum that was proposed phenomenologically in Ref.\\u2009Georgi:2007ek .\\nWe assume the presence of a thermal bath on the brane, inducing a horizon in the bulk via QFT processes as described in Sec.\\u20094.3 and Fig.\\u20092.\\n AdS-Schwarzschild (review)\\nThe well-known case of pure AdS background is recovered in the case where  with , and the dilaton has no VEV, i.e.\\u00a0 cte. For  the background is AdS-Schwarzschild, i.e.\\u00a0hot AdS. In the cosmological context this amounts to the RS2 model\\u00a0Randall:1999vf  at finite temperature. In that case one has, in conformal coordinatesfor any value of  and, in brane cosmology coordinateswhere we have used the relation . Finally, the temperature of the black hole is\\n Deviation from the Friedmann equation\\nWe findThis indicates that the Weyl energy behaves as 4D radiation \\u2014 in accordance with the discussion in Sec.\\u00a03.5. Notice that the Weyl energy is regular at the Schwarzschild horizon.\\n Deviation from the Newtonian potential\\nIn AdS the reduced brane-to-brane graviton propagator takes the form (see e.g.\\u2009Ref.\\u2009Fichet:2019owx )where we are using that .\\nThe discontinuity is found to beAfter substituting in Eq.\\u2009(32) we obtain the gravitational potential\\nThe  deviation is the manifestation of the continuum  which mixes with the 4D graviton. This is the well known behavior found in\\nRandall:1999vf , with the exact coefficient obtained in Callin:2004py .\\n Linear dilaton\\nThe linear dilaton model (LD) is defined by the potential\\u00a0Megias:2021mgj where . Here  is a scale characterizing a mass gap (up to some  multiplicative factor) for the fields living over the LD background.\\nThis model has a solution at zero temperature which is given in conformal coordinates bywith . The solution at finite temperature is given by the same expressions of Eq.\\u00a0(41), with the blackening factor\\nIn the brane cosmology coordinates, the black hole solution can be written asThe black hole temperature in the LD background isThese results are consistent with the\\nborderline solution between confining and non-confining geometries reported in Gursoy:2008za .\\n Deviation from the Friedmann equation\\nWe findwhich is a non-standard Weyl energy. In terms of the scale factor for the brane observer , the Weyl energy scales as  in the effective Friedmann equation.\\nIn terms of the parameter of the equation of state , the Weyl energy has , which should be interpreted as a sort of exotic radiation.\\n Deviation from the Newtonian potential\\nIn the LD background the reduced brane-to-brane graviton propagator is Megias:2021mgj where . This expression has both a pole at  and a branch cut along . The denominator can also be put in the form\\n which reproduces the form shown in Eq.\\u2009(25). The first term is the 4D pole with . The second term corresponds to the pure continuum part which is non-analytical above  and  near .\\nWe obtain the discontinuityAs expected the graviton spectral distribution features a massless pole and a gapped continuum.\\nSubstituting into Eq.\\u2009(32) we obtain the gravitational potentialwithWe see that the deviation from the Newtonian potential appears essentially below the distance scale  corresponding to the inverse mass gap. The deviation to the potential goes as , unlike the AdS case, where it goes as .\\n Linear dilaton with AdS asymptotics (LDA)\\nWe consider a modification of the LD background by assuming an AdS asymptotic behavior in the UV. The model is defined by the superpotential\\u00a0Cabrer:2009we ; Megias:2019vdb which leads to the following scalar potentialThe metric we are considering is, using proper coordinates,The solution of the background equation of motion iswhere  is the location of a naked singularity, which would correspond to  in conformal coordinates.\\nIn the brane cosmology coordinates the solution is given by\\u00a0151515The relation between the proper \\u201c\\u201d and the brane cosmology \\u201c\\u201d coordinates in the LDA model of Sec.\\u00a05.3 is\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n(56)\\n\\nwhere  is the Lambert function.withand  is the principal branch of the Lambert function. As in the LD model of Sec.\\u00a05.2, in the LDA model the graviton spectrum has a mass gap .\\n Deviation from the Friedmann equation\\nThe Weyl contribution to the Friedmann equation is then computed by using Eq.\\u00a0(24). Explicit analytical results for the temperature and Weyl energy in the LDA model are provided in App.\\u2009B, cf. Eq.\\u00a0(83). Using the piecewise approximation of the metric given in App.\\u2009C we can compute a more transparent analytical approximation to the Weyl tensor. Details are given in App.\\u00a0C. We find that the Weyl energy behaves asThe behavior of  computed exactly with the LDA model of Eq.\\u00a0(51) is displayed in Fig.\\u00a03. It matches the analytical behavior obtained in (59) and illustrates the transition at  between the two regimes, AdS-like for , and LD-like for .\\n Deviation from the Newtonian potential\\nThe equations of motion on the LDA background do not have exact solutions. However an approximation is easily obtained by considering two regimes.\\nAs can be seen in App.\\u00a0C, the metric is approximately AdS for  and LD for .\\nOn the other hand, at the level of propagation we know that AdS propagators, expressed in  space with given spacelike momentum  (with ), are exponentially suppressed beyond . That is, the propagator only knows about the  region of the bulk. This fact implies that if  the spectral function should not know about the LD part of the background, and thus be approximately AdS. On the other hand, for  the propagator should know about the LD background. But since the LD background induces a mass gap at , the dominance of the LD background implies that the continuum vanishes. This is consistent with the spectral function obtained in our approximation, in which the continuum part starts at .\\nIn summary we can approximate the discontinuity of the graviton propagator asThe Newtonian potential is easily computed by plugging Eq.\\u2009(60) into Eq.\\u2009(32), givingWe can see that for  the expression reduces to the AdS one, Eq.\\u2009(39). On the other hand for  the potential is exponentially suppressed \\u2014 as a consequence of the mass gap induced by the LD background. We also evaluate numerically in Fig.\\u20094 the results of  and  by considering the piecewise approximation of the metric in App.\\u00a0C. Nontrivial oscillations occur near the threshold that cannot be captured analytically. Despite this detail the numerical evaluation of the potential accurately reproduces the analytical behavior.\\n Discussion\\nWe have found that the deviations from the Newtonian potential and Friedmann equation appearing in the LD background completely differ from those occurring in the AdS background.\\nThe deviation from the Newtonian potential induced in the LD background goes as  and is gapped at . In contrast, the deviation from gravity in the AdS background goes as  and is ungapped. We can use the landscape of Yukawa-like fifth force searches to bound the deviation.\\nWe find that the relevant bound is the one from micron-scale fifth force experiments\\u00a0Smullin:2005iv . The order of magnitude bound isor \\u00a0meV.\\nThe Weyl energy term induced by the bulk horizon in the effective Friedmann equation on the brane has the equation of state parameter . This exotic energy term is determined by a combination of parameters of the model. However we can simply write the Friedmann equation withwhere ,  and  are the Hubble constant, scale factor and fractions of energy at present times, respectively, and then bound . Requiring that the exotic term be negligible at the BBN time or earlier, at which the matter term is also negligible, we obtain\\nFor the LDA background the deviations feature transitions between asymptotically LD and AdS regimes. For the deviation from the Newtonian potential, the AdS regime emerges in the UV i.e.\\u00a0for small , while the LD regime shows up in the IR i.e.\\u00a0for large .\\nIn the Friedmann equation, the Weyl energy behaves as in LD for high\\u00a0temperature while it behaves as in AdS for low\\u00a0temperature.\\nFinally, let us briefly comment further about the behaviour of the Weyl energy in the LDA model. In terms of cosmological evolution, there are two cases corresponding to whether the scale factor today  is smaller or larger than . If , the Weyl energy has  scaling, i.e.\\u00a0 until the present days.\\nIn contrast if  there is a transition at some point in the history of the Universe, when . Before this time, the Weyl energy behaves with  scaling but after this time it has  scaling. In other words, the Weyl energy turns into a radiation term at late times.\\nThe bound at BBN times from Eq.\\u2009(63) applies if . Otherwise, the Weyl energy turns into dark radiation before BBN happens, and standard BBN bounds on 4D dark radiation apply, see e.g.\\u00a0Refs.\\u00a0Hebecker:2001nv ; Langlois:2003zb .\\nThese cosmological braneworld scenarios would deserve further investigation.\\n Summary \\nHere we summarize the logical steps and results of our study.\\nOur interest lies in theories giving rise to a free continuum in some parametric limit. A theory featuring a free continuum is referred to as a GFT. In our definition of GFT we allow for local interactions of the continuum, as this has no impact on the results. A free continuum sector emerges in the limit of theories with nontrivial dynamics, such as the  limit of gauge theories or the  limit of braneworld models. Additionally, a GFT may be seen as an approximation of a discretum. Standard Poincar\\u00e9-invariant (i.e.\\u00a0no brane) weakly coupled QFTs do not give rise to a continuum in the free limit, thus these are excluded from our study.\\nThere is a priori no obvious principle to prevent us from writing an EFT featuring a free continuum. However we argue that such an EFT is incompatible with standard gravity. One line of argument is to show that the continuum sector has no stress tensor, or that the central charge is infinite. An axiomatic version of this fact is known for CFT and reviewed here. Using the continuous mass representation we obtain a similar conclusion for any non-conformal free continuum.\\nAnother line of reasoning relies on the species scale of gravity. The species scale is usually given for stable particles. Here, as a side result, we present a finite-temperature-based argument that generalizes the species scale in terms of the central charge of any CFT. Using the species scale we argue that the free continuum sector amounts to an infinite number of species, and thus that the cutoff of the EFT is zero.\\nThese arguments imply that a free continuum in the presence of standard gravity cannot exist. We then consider the neighborhood of this point in theory space, that evade the no-go arguments either because the number of degrees of freedom is finite or gravity is nonstandard.\\nThis is the case of the classes of theories already listed above: a discretum, gauge theories with finite , holographic theories.\\nWe point out that a common feature of all these models is that they must feature significant deviations in the gravity sector \\u2014 these are the effects blowing up when approaching the GFT+4D Einstein gravity point.\\nWe focus on holographic theories giving rise to a continuum. We consider a class of 5D gravity-dilaton models giving rise to a gapped holographic continuum. We lay out \\u2014 together with a review of QFT aspects needed for an overall understanding of the holographic model \\u2014 the necessary formalism to compute the effective Friedmann equation and the Newtonian potential. When brane-localized fields are at finite temperature, a horizon forms in the bulk.\\nWe solve the pure linear dilaton background (LD) at finite temperature analytically and the asymptotically LD at finite temperature using both analytical approximations and exact numerical solving.\\nIn the pure linear dilaton background, we find that the Newtonian potential features a  deviation and has a mass gap at . This is in sharp contrast with the deviation in the AdS background. We find that the Friedmann equation features an anomalous \\u201cWeyl\\u201d energy with  scaling. This is summarized asin terms of the equation of state parameter.\\nThis is, again, in contrast with the AdS case for which the Weyl energy scales as dark radiation . We also study a somewhat more evolved linear dilaton background with AdS asymptotics near the boundary. The Newtonian potential is found to be essentially like the AdS one, but with a gap at  like in the LD case. The Weyl energy features a transition from the LD regime () at high temperature to the AdS regime () at low temperature.\\nA general lesson from our study of the holographic models is that the cosmology of continuum models is highly nontrivial. This, in a sense, is because it necessarily involves the underlying dynamics giving rise to the continuum.\\nHere we have studied a particular case of the dilaton-gravity background. A host of solutions remains to be explored. A more detailed study of the cosmological history of these braneworld models certainly deserves further study. These exciting directions are left for future work.\\nAcknowledgments\\nSF thanks Flip Tanedo for useful discussions and comments. EM would like to thank the ICTP South American Institute for Fundamental Research (SAIFR), S\\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil, for hospitality and partial finantial support during the final stages of this work. The work of SF has been supported by the S\\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) under grants #2011/11973, #2014/21477-2 and #2018/11721-4, by CAPES under grant #88887.194785, and by the University of California, Riverside. The work of EM is supported by the project PID2020-114767GB-I00 financed by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, by the FEDER/Junta de Andaluc\\u00eda-Consejer\\u00eda de Econom\\u00eda y Conocimiento 2014-2020 Operational Programme under Grant A-FQM-178-UGR18, by Junta de Andaluc\\u00eda under Grant FQM-225, and by the Consejer\\u00ed\\u0131a de Conocimiento, Investigaci\\u00f3n y Universidad of the Junta de Andaluc\\u00eda and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) under Grant SOMM17/6105/UGR. The research of EM is also supported by the Ram\\u00f3n y Cajal Program of the Spanish MICIN under Grant RYC-2016-20678. The work of MQ is partly supported by Spanish MICIN under Grant FPA2017-88915-P, and by the Catalan Government under Grant 2017SGR1069. IFAE is partially funded by the CERCA program of the Generalitat de Catalunya.\\nAppendix A On the transition between discretum and continuum \\nIn this appendix we expand on the possiblity of a discretum EFT, studying its validity range using general arguments.\\nFor concreteness we assume that the discretum arises as the low-energy limit of a confining large  Yang-Mills theory with large \\u2018t Hooft coupling .\\nWe choose the spectral distribution of the free propagator to bewhere the  are intervals with some spacing set by some typical scale .\\nThe sum starts at , with . We refer to  as the mode spacing and  as the mass gap of the spectrum. The gap  is either  or . In the following we assume . The conclusions are trivially extended to the cases ,  by substituting  by  in the arguments.\\nThe free propagator takes the formIt encodes a series of free 4D particles. Similarly to Sec.\\u20092.2.1 the model is equivalently written with a set of canonically normalized 4D fields  with  and the operator .\\nA similar picture is also obtained from holographic models with a discrete spectrum\\u00a0Costantino:2020msc .\\nIn the context of phenomenological continuum models, some aspects of the discretum EFT were discussed in Ref.\\u00a0Stephanov:2007ry .\\nAssuming that the discretum arises from confinement of gauge theory, the  fields can be understood as glueball fields. The couplings among the  fields are then controlled by powers of \\u00a0Witten:1979kh . The modes encoded into the full 2pt function are thus narrow \\u2014 in accordance with our definition of discretum.\\nThe discretum EFT has a validity cutoff scale , above which the gauge theory description takes over, and above which  is a continuum.\\nThis means that in the spectral distribution of the 2pt function there should be a transition, between the discrete and the continuous regime, as a function of the mass variable\\u00a0.\\nWhat can we learn from general considerations about the transition scale ?\\nWe can reason in terms of degrees of freedom. On very general grounds, the number of degrees of freedom should decrease when the RG flow goes toward the IR. The UV theory (i.e.\\u00a0the deconfined gauge theory) has  degrees of freedom. Hence the low-energy effective theory can have at most  degrees of freedom. Hence the heaviest field of the EFT has at most a squared mass of .\\nMoreover, since the  fields are by assumption regularly spaced, the cutoff has to be of order of the heaviest field of the discretum EFT in order to truncate the heavier ones.\\nWe conclude that the transition scale is constrained to be\\nWe can also reason in terms of interactions. Using large- counting rules for glueballs, the 3pt interaction of the  fields has  strength and we can then evaluate the width of an individual field . A very rough estimate is , where  counts the lighter states available for decay. Therefore the  fields become broad (i.e.\\u00a0) at , which signals a breakdown of the EFT.\\nWe conclude that the cutoff cannot be higher than .\\nThis estimate matches the one from the number of degrees of freedom.\\nA more refined estimate can also be obtained using input from holographic models, and in particular, and for simplicity, using a pure AdS two brane model (see Ref.\\u00a0Costantino:2020msc ). In that case the spacing is , we have , and we know that the width estimate is rather  because the selection rules set by the residual symmetries constrain the decay channels. We also know that the transition scale is reached when\\nthe modes tend to overlap with each other, in which case not only the diagonal width , but the full self-energy matrix that mixes all the  would become relevant\\u00a0Fichet:2019hkg ; Costantino:2020msc . At that scale the \\u2019s merge, giving rise to a continuum. The estimate of the transition scale in this case is . This matches the previous one when using .\\nAppendix B Solutions of the equations of motion\\nWe present in this appendix the most general solutions of Eqs.\\u00a0(18)-(21), both in conformal coordinates and in brane cosmology coordinates. The integration constants are discussed.\\n AdS-Schwarzschild\\nIn the conformal frame the solution of the equations of motion is given bywhere , , , and the horizon position  are integration constants. In the brane cosmology frame one findsand the relation between both coordinates is given by . We can already notice that  is an irrelevant shift symmetry in the coordinate  which does not have counterpart in the brane cosmology frame. We can thus set  without loss of generality. The  constant is also physically irrelevant because  cte.\\nThe temperature and Weyl energy turn out to beThe  constant affects the horizon temperature but not the Weyl energy.\\nIt can be eliminated by a constant rescaling of the coordinates, so that we can set , which gives the usual AdS-Schwarzschild metric of section 5.1. The Weyl energy depends on , the horizon position. This is the only physically meaningful integration constant.\\n Linear dilaton\\nIn the LD model, the solution of the equations of motion in conformal frame writeswhere , , , and  are integration constants.\\nAs in the AdSS case, there is an irrelevant shift symmetry in , so that we can set  without loss of generality.\\nThe  constant has physical meaning. It is\\nidentified with the  scale (see main text) which is proportional to the mass gap in the spectrum (see also e.g.\\u00a0Antoniadis:2011qw ; Cox:2012ee ; Megias:2021mgj  for discussions). In the brane cosmology frame one findsIn these coordinates the solution involves three integration constants: ,  and . The relation between both coordinates is , and . Finally, the temperature and Weyl energy turn out to be\\nThe  constant affects the horizon temperature but not the Weyl energy.\\nUnlike the AdSS case,  depends on both the horizon position and another integration constant, . This constant corresponds to the boundary value of , i.e. .\\nMoreover,  contributes to the scalar VEV via .\\nIn the present work we have taken the hypothesis that the scalar VEV is set by a mechanism independent of the brane at , e.g. at the boundary of spacetime. As a result  is independent of .\\nIt follows that the Weyl energy scales as .\\nSince  is inversely proportional to , then  is also independent of . In particular,  leads to the zero temperature solution near the boundary, i.e. far from the black hole horizon.\\nIn summary, we can setwhich leads to the solution of section\\u00a05.2.\\n Linear dilaton with AdS asymptotics\\nIn the LDA model, the solution in proper coordinates \\u201c\\u201d iswith , ,  and  as integration constants, and their relation with the scale  isIn the brane cosmology frame we findThe relation between both frames isThe integration constants in the brane cosmology coordinates are , ,  and , and their relation with  is . Finally, the temperature and Weyl energy turn out to bewhereandwhile  is the exponential integral function. Using  and , one finds the asymptotic behaviors of the Weyl energy  and .\\nRegarding the fixing of the integration constants, we can set  as  is an irrelevant shift symmetry in the  coordinate. We will fix the other integration constants aswhich allows to connect with the zero temperature solution near the boundary. This leads to the solution of section\\u00a05.3.\\nAppendix C Linear dilaton background with AdS asymptotics: \\napproximate analytical solution\\nHere we present analytical results obtained within an approximate version of the LDA of Sec.\\u00a05.3. We consider the following realization of the model\\u00a0Megias:2021arn where  is the step function, while  is the value of the dimensionless scalar field  at the UV brane and  is a value of the field which determines the transition region from AdS to LD.\\u00a0161616We can understand the value of  as coming from a hypothetical IR brane located at  with a potential fixing the value of the field  at .\\nThe solution at zero temperature of this model can be written in conformal coordinateswith . In this model . The solution at finite temperature is given by the same expressions of Eqs.\\u00a0(88)-(89), with the blackening factorwhere . This solution is valid for . In the brane cosmology coordinates, the black hole solution writeswherewith  and . The solution in these coordinates is valid for . The temperature and entropy of the black hole in the LDA arerespectively. The graviton spectrum has a mass gap . Finally, we findvalid for .\", \"output\": \"We examine effective field theories (EFTs) with a continuum sector in the presence of gravity. We first explain, via arguments based on central charge and species scale, that an EFT with a free continuum cannot consistently couple to standard (i.e. 4D Einstein) gravity. It follows that EFTs with a free or nearly-free continuum must either have a finite number of degrees of freedom or nonstandard gravity. The latter claim is realized for holographically-defined continuum models. We demonstrate this by computing the deviations from standard gravity in a specific 5D scalar-gravity system that gives rise to a gapped continuum (i.e the linear dilaton background). We find an $R^{-2}$ deviation from the Newtonian potential. At finite temperature we find an energy density with matter-like behavior in the brane Friedmann equation, holographically induced from the bulk geometry. Thus, remarkably, a brane-world living in the linear dilaton background automatically contains dark matter. We also present a slightly more evolved asymptotically-AdS linear dilaton model, for which the deviations exhibit a transition between AdS and linear dilaton behaviors.\", \"question\": \"none\", \"title\": \"2208.12273\", \"qa_pairs\": \"none\"}\n{\"input\": \"Chapter 0 Report of the Topical Group on Dark Energy and Cosmic Acceleration: Complementarity of Probes and New Facilities for Snowmass 2021\\nConveners: Brenna Flaugher, Vivian Miranda, David J.\\u00a0Schlegel  \\nAdam J.\\u00a0Anderson, Felipe Andrade-Oliveira, Eric J.\\u00a0Baxter, Amy N.\\u00a0Bender, Lindsey E.\\u00a0Bleem, Chihway Chang, Clarence C.\\u00a0Chang, Thomas Y.\\u00a0Chen, Kyle S.\\u00a0Dawson, Seth W.\\u00a0Digel, Alex Drlica-Wagner, Simone Ferraro, Alyssa Garcia, Katrin Heitmann, Alex G.\\u00a0Kim, Eric V.\\u00a0Linder, Sayan Mandal, Rachel Mandelbaum, Phil Marshall, Joel Meyers, Laura Newburgh, Peter E.\\u00a0Nugent, Antonella Palmese, M.\\u00a0E.\\u00a0S.\\u00a0Pereira, Neelima Sehgal, Martin White, Yuanyuan Zhang\\n1 Executive Summary\\nThe mechanism(s) driving the early- and late-time accelerated expansion of the Universe represent one of the most compelling mysteries in fundamental physics today. The path to understanding the causes of early- and late-time acceleration depends on fully leveraging ongoing surveys, developing and demonstrating new technologies, and constructing and operating new instruments. This report presents a multi-faceted vision for the cosmic survey program in the 2030s and beyond that derives from these considerations.\\nCosmic surveys address a wide range of fundamental physics questions, and are thus a unique and powerful component of the HEP experimental portfolio.\\nWide-field surveys in the optical/near-infrared have played a critical role in establishing the standard model of cosmology, CDM.\\nWe strongly advocate for continuing this extremely successful program into the coming decade and beyond.\\nRegarding photometric imaging surveys, the HEP community sees three options for Rubin Observatory beyond LSST, each of which would require different investments with costs and benefits needing detailed study. These studies must be undertaken a few years into the LSST so that the range of opportunities and trade-offs between them can be informed by the then-current scientific findings and open questions in the field.\\nThe next generation of spectroscopic surveys has the opportunity to map a significant fraction of the observable Universe in three dimensions, tracking the expansion of the Universe and providing constraints on dark energy throughout most of cosmic history. The spectroscopic roadmap starts with continued operation of DESI (i.e., DESI-II), followed by a new wide-field spectroscopic facility that leverages and complements LSST imaging. [1].\\nObservations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) have provided one of the most powerful probes of the origin, evolution, and contents of our Universe.\\nContinuation of a strong CMB program will transform our understanding of the early Universe through measurements of tensor modes, test the particle content to unprecedented precision and provide unique insights about gravity, dark energy, and new physics through cross-correlation with the wide-field galaxy surveys advocated in this report.\\nHEP investment in CMB-S4 is critical to enable a diverse fundamental physics program.\\nFollowing CMB-S4, higher-resolution observations of the CMB will open a new regime of microwave background cosmology.\\nAdvancement of emerging techniques for cosmology and the study of dark energy, and complementarity among methods, should also be a priority. An array of concepts for mapping the Universe using radio or millimeter-wave spectroscopy have promise as unique probes of large-scale structure. Third-generation gravitational wave observatories now being studied have potential for independently probing the expansion of the universe and dark energy, which should be characterized and optimized. Across surveys and methods, priority should be given to the potential sensitivity gains from joint processing.\\nThis report arrives at several recommendations:\\nNear-term FacilitiesGiven the pivotal role of CMB experiments in the landscape of particle physics and cosmology, and their phenomenal successes thus far, we advocate for advancing the CMB program through strong support of the near-term construction and operation of CMB-S4, which will cross critical, well-motivated thresholds in the searches for inflationary gravitational waves and new particle species.We advocate for the continued operations of DESI (DESI-II;\\u00a0[1]) as an important part of the spectroscopic roadmap while a Stage V spectroscopic facility is designed and built.We advocate for support of small- and medium-scale projects that enhance the science reach of studies of transients discovered by Rubin LSST and \\u201cstandard sirens\\u201d detected by gravitational wave facilities. Data from these projects should be combined with infrastructure that enables cross-experiment coordination and data transfer for time-domain astronomical sources and a US-HEP multi-messenger program with dedicated target-of-opportunity allocations on US-HEP and partner facilities.\\nLonger-term FacilitiesThrough the Snowmass2021 process, the HEP community has identified the pressing need for next-generation wide-field, massively multiplexed spectroscopic capabilities to complement LSST imaging. We strongly advocate for the establishment, support and start of construction of a Stage V spectroscopic facility in the coming decade.Recognizing the wealth of fundamental physics that could be probed if much higher resolution and lower noise could be efficiently achieved over a wide-area CMB survey, we strongly advocate for support of studies of a Stage V CMB facility to bring it to conceptual readiness for the next decade.New approaches such as millimeter and 21-cm line-intensity mapping (LIM) hold the promise of exceptional cosmological constraining power.\\nHowever, the technological readiness of these programs must be further demonstrated before the community is prepared to invest fully in a large-scale project using these technologies.\\nThus, we recommend a coordinated R&D program to advance the technical readiness of these projects.We advocate for the continued operation of the Rubin Observatory after LSST. The Rubin Observatory will continue to be a groundbreaking facility in 2034 that can advance the state-of-the-art by targeting the sky with new innovative observation strategies and/or instruments.\\nComplementarityNo single experiment can reveal the nature of dark energy.\\nSuch a breakthrough will require data from a network of experiments, small and large, probing the early- and late-time Universe in complementary ways.\\nAt present, cross-survey analyses are challenging to initiate, organize, and fund. We advocate for the creation of clear pathways to support cross-survey analyses as part of the core mission of the HEP Cosmic Frontier.Multi-messenger measurements of gravitational wave events are an emerging complementary technique for probing cosmology through standard sirens. Support for coordination with future large facilities (such as the European Einstein telescope) will enable maturation of this novel technique for measuring dark energy.We advocate for the creation of multi-site data archive centers, where data from cosmological surveys is replicated for robustness and continuous availability. The centers will provide the long-term preservation of datasets and simulations. Such centers should also supply computing resources for in-place analyses, making joint investigations attainable given the huge I/O bottleneck that arises from downloading data from such centers.We advocate for a robust program to increase the available supercomputing resources to enable running, postprocessing, and validating a diverse set of numerical gravity-only and hydrodynamical simulations tailored to the specificities of different surveys. This program would enable the running and testing of data-driven methods involving, for example, machine learning or bayesian methods.\\n2 Introduction\\nCosmic surveys, including observations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and the distribution of stars and galaxies, enable investigations of the fundamental components of the Universe including dark energy, dark matter, inflation, the properties of neutrinos, and signatures of other \\u201cdark sector\\u201d particles.\\nCosmological and astrophysical measurements provide the only empirical measurements of dark energy and inflation, while measurements of dark matter and neutrinos both motivate and complement other terrestrial HEP experiments.\\nOver the last several decades cosmic surveys have resulted in the creation of a \\u201cStandard Model\\u201d of cosmology (CDM), in which the Universe is currently comprised of  dark energy (assumed to be a cosmological constant, ) and  non-baryonic, collisionless, cold dark matter (CDM)\\u00a0[e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. The fact that cosmic surveys can address a wide range of fundamental physics questions make them a unique and powerful component of the HEP experimental portfolio.\\nFigure 2 shows the breadth of HEP scientific opportunities enabled by cosmic surveys, stretching from the earliest moments of the Universe to present day. The previous P5 science driver of \\u201cUnderstanding dark energy and cosmic acceleration\\u201d is still very relevant and will continue to be so for the next decade and beyond. The theorized epoch of inflation is shown at the highest redshifts and optimally probed through tracers at the largest spatial scales on the sky. In contrast, dark energy is shown at the left, as its impact is most significant on the growth of structure in the modern (late-time) universe. Dark energy is optimally probed at large to medium scales. Cosmic signals that probe inflation and dark energy include (but are not limited to) the cosmic microwave background from the very early universe, the gas and galaxies tracing the matter distribution as structure formed and evolved, and optical galaxies and transients in the late universe. Each of theses signals has unique strengths that are discussed in further detail below. Additionally, cross-correlating between cosmic signals can eliminate systematics and extend the scientific reach further than that of the individual measurements. Finally, it is important to note the wealth of physics beyond dark energy and inflation that these very same cosmic signals can probe. From neutrinos and new relativisitic particles, to modified gravity and dark matter, cosmic signals have the ability to answer some of the biggest questions currently facing high-energy physics.\\nFigure 3 shows a simplified summary of these same scientific targets as well as the cosmic signals and techniques used to explore them. Four main techniques are shown and discussed further in this report. First, optical and near-infrared surveys combining both imaging and spectroscopic (SPEC) measurements to measure tracers of structure (such as galaxies) in the late-time universe. Section 3 discusses the highly anticipated scientific impact of the Vera Rubin Observatory (LSST) and the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI), as well as complementary facilities and a future envisioned Stage V spectroscopic survey. Next, Section 4 introduces CMB facilities, including the CMB-S4 experiment that was prioritized in the previous Snowmass and P5 process. Also discussed is one concept for a CMB facility that is a potential successor to CMB-S4. Section 5 highlights the power of cross-correlations between optical imaging, spectroscopic, and CMB surveys. This section also introduces transients and gravitational wave observations (GWO, emitted from local universe sources) as probes of fundamental physics, which also relies on complementary survey observations. Smaller projects and technology pathfinders are described in Section 6. Included is a discussion of line-intensity mapping (LIM) both using the 21-cm line from neutral hydrogen and mm-wavelength tracers, such as the rotational transitions of CO and the [CII] ionized carbon fine structure line. Finally, Section 7 details current and future gravitational wave observatories that will provide gravitational wave events for multi-messenger probes. Altogether, these observational techniques and cosmic survey facilities provide a unique and powerful means to explore dark energy and inflation in the coming decade, as well as developing the technology and concepts needed to continue a vibrant and cutting-edge program in the years that follow.\\n3 Optical/Near-Infrared Surveys and Facilities\\nWide-field surveys at optical and near-infrared wavelengths play a central role in the exploration of the physics of the dark Universe. The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), the first major survey jointly supported by the DOE and NSF, delivered unprecedented measurements of the structure of the Universe at late times. SDSS had first light in 1998 and provided both imaging and spectroscopic data. DOE-supported upgrades to the instrumentation in 2007\\u20132009 enabled the cosmology reach to earlier cosmic times with the SDSS-III/BOSS and SDSS-IV/eBOSS programs. BOSS and eBOSS were spectroscopic surveys focused on refining measurements of the BAO signal through extensions of the SDSS program.\\nBuilding upon the tremendous success of SDSS, new optical surveys have been designed, constructed, and executed through continued partnership between DOE and NSF. The Dark Energy Survey (DES) is an imaging survey that was operated on the 4-m Blanco telescope in 2013\\u20132019 and is currently extracting final cosmology results. DES has delivered exciting results on the fundamental physics of dark energy, modified gravity, and dark matter. The Rubin Observatory is under construction in Chile and will start the Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) in 2024. LSST will survey the southern sky with an unprecedented combination of depth, visit frequency, spectral bands, and areal coverage to provide unprecedented constraints on dark energy, neutrinos, and dark matter over the course of its 10-year survey. Recently, the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) started its observational campaign on the 4-m Mayall telescope in pursuit of measurements of dark energy, neutrino mass, and dark matter.\\nWide-field surveys in the optical/near-infrared have played a critical role in establishing the standard model of cosmology, CDM and have delivered a broad range of science in addition to dark energy studies.\\nThis exceptional success showcases the power of imaging and spectroscopic surveys, and we strongly advocate for continuing this extremely successful program into the coming decade and beyond.\\nIn particular, the unparalleled efficiency of DESI for wide-field spectroscopy and the unprecedented imaging survey data to be collected by the Rubin Observatory will open up many exciting directions for advances in cosmology.\\nIn the following, we provide first a brief summary of facilities that are currently operating (DESI) or will soon start operations (Rubin Observatory). Then we discuss future opportunities with either existing or new facilities. We emphasize the following priorities for the optical survey program:\\nSupport for extracting science from ongoing and near-future surveys;Support for small programs that use existing facilities to maximize the science from flagship facilities;Support for the development of new technology to enable future surveys;Support for the design and development of a Stage V spectroscopic survey.\\n1 Rubin Observatory\\nThe Vera C.\\u00a0Rubin Observatory is a powerful facility that will further our knowledge of the Universe in many ways by enabling studies of the nature of dark energy and dark matter, a deep census of the solar system, exploration of the transient optical sky, and surveys of the stellar populations of the Milky Way\\n\\u00a0[8]. The Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) to be undertaken with the observatory is due to start operations in 2024 and map the Southern sky for 10 years. LSST will deliver exciting science opportunities and we stress that support for LSST science will be crucial for the community.\\nPrecursor surveys have shown that data from a new survey always come with unexpected challenges but also opportunities. To address the challenges and to take advantage of new opportunities, sufficient support of the science programs is essential.\\nAfter LSST is completed, Rubin will still be a state-of-the-art survey facility. The\\nRubin White Paper\\u00a0[9] describes possibilities for future endeavors for the observatory, and provides the scientific motivations for three post-LSST scenarios. Given that this CF6 report focuses on future facilities, we summarize them here and refer the reader to the White Paper and the CF4 report for the scientific justifications.\\nThe post-LSST opportunities for Rubin are in three broad categories, as described in Ref.\\u00a0[9]:Continuing operations: A strong science case for continued cooperation of Rubin relates to time-domain studies that would rely on modified observing cadence, exposure time, or filter selections relative to the LSST survey for greatly enhanced efficiency and target-of-opportunity observations of rare phenomena. Other scientific cases for continued operation of the observatory relate to follow-up observations of discoveries with LSST, focusing on studies that would enhance understanding the fundamental nature of dark matter. Continuing operations of Rubin, modifying only the observing strategy, could also provide synergistic observations that enable better scientific outcomes from combined analyses with overlapping large-area deep optical surveys in support of cosmology. In particular, the planned 2000 deg High Latitude Survey with the Nancy Grace Roman Observatory would be an important target.New filters: Several scientific opportunities would be enabled by installation of new photometric filters. Examples discussed in Ref.\\u00a0[9] include a filter set complementary to the original six to improve photometric redshift estimates of the catalogued galaxy sample; a set of narrow-band or medium-band filters to enable emission line surveys for particular lines at redshift  or to select samples of galaxies at a set of discrete redshifts; and a set of patterned filters, which would enable multiple bandpasses to be sampled simultaneously across the field.New instrument: This would be the most expensive option but could transform the Rubin Observatory by providing truly new capabilities. For example, a wide-field spectrograph would provide the opportunity to follow up the rich LSST imaging dataset and open many new scientific approaches. This option would require a detailed feasibility and design study in the near future.\\n2 Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument\\nThe next decade promises exciting findings to gain a better understanding of the physics of the dark Universe. DESI, located on the 4-m Mayall Telescope at Kitt Peak, Arizona\\u00a0[10, 11], is the first Stage IV dark energy experiment to begin science operations.\\nDESI consists of a focal plane with 5,000 fiber positioners, a field-of-view with a diameter of 3.2 deg and ten 3-channel spectrographs covering the wavelength range 0.36\\u20130.98 m.\\nDESI is currently conducting a 5-year survey to measure redshifts of 40 million galaxies plus a survey of gas in the intergalactic medium to constrain dark energy and cosmological parameters using the BAO and RSD techniques. At the end of the survey in 2026, the instrument will still be competitive with all other multi-object spectrographs that will exist at the time. The proposed DESI-II survey would continue operating the instrument (possibly with upgrades) leveraging and complementing the first\\nyear or two of imaging data from Rubin LSST.\\nAdditional spectroscopic data can enhance Rubin science in several ways (e.g., in photometric redshift training).\\nAdditionally, the DESI instrument is being considered as a possible contributor to Snowmass CF4 programs, particularly a large-volume survey to study inflation, neutrinos, and early dark energy in the linear/quasi-linear regime\\u00a0[12], and a large number density survey to study dark matter physics, modified gravity, small scale features in the primordial power spectrum, and possibly unknown physics\\u00a0[13].\\nThe continued operation of the DESI instrument (DESI-II) is an important first step in the future spectroscopic roadmap and it is currently at the early stages of conceptual design [14].\\nSeveral unique science opportunities are possible, either by continued operations of the current instrument, or with modest technological upgrades. These include dense surveys of the local volume for precision measurements of dark matter, dark energy, and high-resolution studies of the cosmic web (and transients followup for gravitational waves, supernovae, etc.), extension of the Luminous Red Galaxy (LRG) and Emission Line Galaxy (ELG) samples to higher redshift to enable multi-tracer analyses and take advantage of sample-variance cancellation, as well as increasing the observed volume, allowing access to larger scales, providing the cleanest probes of primordial physics.\\nA high-redshift () survey of Lyman-alpha emitters (LAEs) and Lyman Break Galaxies (LBGs) would measure a volume comparable to the main DESI samples, but at a different cosmic time. This would allow measurements of the amplitude of fluctuations at high redshift, a particularly compelling measurement in light of the recent tensions between the amplitude of structures at late time (), compared to the predictions from the CMB (the so-called \\u201c tension\\u201d). Measurements in the intermediate redshift regime () are particularly well-suited for understanding the origin of this tension. Moreover, measurements of expansion over this redshift range, deep into the matter-dominated epoch, will shed light on dynamical dark energy, where many models mimic a cosmological constant at late times, but can differ significantly from it during matter domination.\\nIn addition to its science reach, such a survey would also serve as a pathfinder for extended wide-field observations of high-redshift galaxies by a future facility, as discussed in the next Section.\\nPossible technology upgrades to the DESI instrument include replacement of detectors with low-read-noise Skipper CCDs, a replacement of the focal plane with a larger number of fiber positioners, and the addition of a 4th spectroscopic channel extending further into the IR to measure [OII]-emitting galaxies to , not currently possible with the existing 3 channels.\\nMoreover, the potential overlap between DESI and LSST is an impressive 14,000 square degrees of extragalactic sky if both instruments were to observe to their design limits () and represents a great opportunity to complement LSST observations with galaxy spectroscopy. The most ambitious upgrade of DESI would include the replacement of the primary mirror, effectively turning the instrument into MegaMapper, a candidate future stage V spectroscopic facility described in the next Section.\\n3 Stage V Wide-field Multi-Object Spectroscopy\\nBy 2030, Rubin LSST will have mapped at least 20,000 deg of the sky at unprecedented depth from Cerro Panch\\u00f3n in Chile.\\nLSST will measure the expansion history and structure of the Universe through observations of type Ia supernova, weak lensing, galaxy clustering, strong lensing, and ultra-faint galaxies.\\nHowever, LSST provides only coarse spectral information, and spectroscopic capabilities are essential to maximize the fundamental physical output from cosmic surveys\\u00a0[15].\\nCurrent wide-field spectroscopic capabilities in the southern hemisphere are insufficient for the task of complementing Rubin LSST.\\nExisting capability is dominated by the Anglo-Australian Observatory\\u2019s 2dF, with 400 optical fibers covering 3 deg field-of-view on the 3.9-m AAT in Australia. The 4MOST instrument\\u00a0[16], currently under construction and scheduled to begin operations soon, will measure 2400 spectra simultaneously using the 4-m VISTA telescope at the European Southern Observatory. Larger instruments, such as the 6.5-m Magellan telescopes at Las Campanas Observatory, the 8-m Gemini Telescope at Cerro Pach\\u00f3n, and the 8.2-m Very Large Telescope at the European Southern Observatory (all in Chile), have fields-of-view that are too small for wide-field surveys. Other facilities are planned with 8-m to 30-m mirrors, but also have fields-of-view that are insufficient for large-field surveys.\\nThe Snowmass2021 Cosmic Frontier is charged with synthesizing community input on future studies of dark energy, dark matter, inflation, neutrinos, and other light relics through observational cosmology within the HEP program.\\nThrough the Snowmass2021 process, the HEP community has identified the pressing need for additional wide-field spectroscopic capabilities to complement LSST imaging\\u00a0[13, 12].\\nUnderstanding of the needs has evolved from previous community studies on maximizing science from LSST in 2015\\u20132016\\u00a0[17, 15] and from the HEP Cosmic Visions process in 2016\\u20132018\\u00a0[18, 19, 20].\\nSeveral white papers have been submitted to Astro2020 and Snowmass2021 describing the physics program and facilities that could meet some or all of these needs including DESI-II\\u00a0[14], MegaMapper\\u00a0[21, 22, 23], the Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer (MSE)\\u00a0[24, 25], and SpecTel [26]. In-depth discussion of the science opportunities, together with detailed forecasts for a number of experimental configurations have been presented\\u00a0[12, 27, 28].\\nThe fundamental physics program of a future spectroscopic facility is diverse and multifaceted. Following the evolutionary history of the Universe from early to late times:\\nInflation: A next-generation spectroscopic survey will access an extremely large volume of the Universe, which will enable it to measure a number of primordial quantities beyond the cosmic variance limit of the CMB. These include making exquisite measurements of the power spectrum, dramatically increasing the sensitivity to primordial features or oscillations that can be created by many models of inflation.\\nSharp features arise when there is a sudden transition during inflation such as a step in the potential. Resonant features arise when some component of the background oscillates with a frequency larger than the Hubble scale.\\nAnother important advance achievable by these surveys is measurement of primordial non-Gaussianity with the goal of an order-of-magnitude improvement in sensitivity to surpass , allowing the two main inflationary scenarios (single field vs multi-field inflation) to be distinguished.\\nAdditionally, greatly improved measurements of the running of the spectral index and of spatial curvature will shed additional light on the physics of the early Universe.Neutrinos and Dark Radiation: Measurements of the physics of the early Universe provide strong constraints on the dark sector via, for example, via the determination of the number of light particles that are thermalized. This is parameterized by , the number of relativistic particles other than photons. The Standard Model with three neutrino species predicts .\\nMeasurements of the matter power spectrum can detect or exclude the existence of other particle species that decouple after the QCD phase transition, and tightly constrain particles that decouple earlier.\\nCosmological measurements from large galaxy surveys will complement CMB observations and other experimental efforts to detect low-mass dark sector particles (e.g., via quantum sensors, a 3\\u2009GeV muon beam dump experiment, and DarkQuest).Dark Energy Throughout Cosmic History: We are now in the domain of precision tests of the CDM model.During this decade, experiments like DESI, Rubin LSST, Euclid, and the Roman Space Telescope will map the expansion of the Universe up to redshifts of  (when the Universe was roughly one-third of its current size). A wide-field multi-object spectroscopic facility is needed to map the expansion of the Universe to higher redshifts (earlier times). A detailed 3D map of at least  million galaxy positions with redshifts in the range  is needed to take the next step in dark energy research. Precision measurements of the redshifts of  million distant galaxies will require an increase of about an order of magnitude in the combination of the number of fibers and light collection capabilities over current spectroscopic instruments, driving the design of future facilities. Additionally, precision measurements of the matter power spectrum will be able to provide indirect percent-level constraints on Early Dark Energy (EDE) up to , when the Universe was only a few years old\\u00a0[27].\\n4 Complementary Facilities\\nThe optical/near-infrared dark energy facilities described in this section will be complemented by several ground- and space-based observatories at similar wavelengths.\\nThey will be in various phases of planning, construction, and operation over the coming decades.\\nSince these facilities are currently driven by support from NASA, NSF-AST, and private contributions, we summarize them briefly here.\\nWe note that future support from DOE or NSF-PHYS could come through future instruments, US Extremely Large Telescopes (US-ELTs) or support for joint analyses.\\nUS Extremely Large Telescopes The US-ELT program consists of two 30-m-class telescopes: the Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT) to be sited in Chile and the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) to be sited in Hawai\\u2018i.\\nThese telescopes have relatively small fields-of-view and multiplexing, and thus are not optimal as wide-area spectroscopic survey facilities.\\nHowever, the large light collecting area provided by a 30-m mirror allows these telescopes to observe extremely faint objects quickly.\\nThe US-ELT program was the highest-ranked ground-based porgram in the Astro2020 Decadal survey, but it is unlikely that the HEP community will participate in the design or construction of these telescope facilities.\\nHowever,\\nUS-ELTs could complement one of the surveys discussed in this section by providing, for example, deep spectroscopy for training photometric redshift estimators on the faintest galaxies observed by Rubin or high-resolution imaging data to constrain dark matter through strong lensing.\\nThe cost of an ELT instrument (M) would be roughly comparable to the cost of other HEP cosmic survey construction projects (e.g., DECam or DESI).Small, Wide-field Optical Surveys Both the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) and the La Silla Schmidt Southern Survey (LS4) provide a complementary, and necessary, set of observations to those of the Rubin and the space-based surveys. ZTF and LS4 have direct relevance to several cosmology and fundamental physics efforts including: peculiar velocity measurements, and hence fundamental constraints on general relativity, with supernova as standardized candles; gravitational wave standard sirens as probes of the expansion of the\\nUniverse and gravity; and measurements of the Hubble constant through Type Ia and II-P supernovae. They provide a higher cadence than the aforementioned surveys, especially important for analyzing the light curves as well as triggering follow-up for low- supernovae, and both have a robust ToO program for GW counterpart discovery in the optical. In addition, they open up the possibility of improved calibration for both Tully-Fisher and Fundamental Plane measurements (from spectroscopic surveys such as DESI) via supernova distances.Space-based Observatories Some description of Euclic, Roman, SpherEx and any others\\u2026Gravitational Wave Observatories Some description of LIGO, Cosmic Explorer,\\u2026\\n4 Cosmic Microwave Background Surveys\\nWide-field surveys of the CMB play a central role in particle physics and cosmology. Missions such as COBE [29], WMAP\\u00a0[30], and Planck\\u00a0[31] have provided critical insight into the birth and early evolution of our Universe. In addition, many ground-based CMB experiments such as AdvACT\\u00a0[32], SPT-3G\\u00a0[33], BICEP/KECK\\u00a0[34], and Simons Array\\u00a0[35] continue to push the frontiers of CMB measurements into lower-noise and higher-resolution regimes. Power spectra of CMB temperature and polarization data provide some of the tightest constraints on particle physics models, dark matter, and inflation, and \\u2013 combined with measurements of gravitational lensing of the CMB \\u2013 compelling evidence for dark energy.\\nBuilding on the successes of precursor CMB experiments, the Simons Observatory\\u00a0[36] and the South Pole Observatory are commencing observations in the early 2020s (see Figure\\u00a05). Looking ahead, the CMB-S4 project\\u00a0[37] is planned to make significant leaps in sensitivity. CMB-S4 is a joint DOE and NSF project that received DOE CD-0 approval in 2019, is advancing toward DOE CD-1 and NSF PDR, and currently has broad engagement from the majority of the US ground-based CMB science community. On a longer time-scale, CMB-HD is a proposed experimental concept that would have six times the resolution of current and planned CMB experiments, opening up a new regime of millimeter-wave science\\u00a0[38].\\nGiven the pivotal role that CMB experiments play in the landscape of particle physics and cosmology, and their phenomenal successes thus far, we strongly advocate for continuing the CMB program into the coming decade and beyond. Similar to the optical survey program, we emphasize three priorities for the CMB survey program:\\nSupport for ongoing and near-future surveys, including CMB-S4;Support for the development of new technology to enable the next major survey post CMB-S4;Support for the design and development of the next major survey.\\n1 CMB-S4\\nCMB-S4 is the next-generation (Stage IV) cosmic microwave background experiment\\u00a0[37]. CMB-S4 is designed to achieve an enormous increase in sensitivity compared to existing CMB experiments while simultaneously leveraging two premier observing sites. Combined, these unique features will enable CMB-S4 to make transformational measurements of primordial gravitational waves and inflation and the dark Universe\\u00a0[39]. Both of these science themes are of significant interest to the high-energy physics and cosmology communities. Additionally, the unique properties of CMB-S4 will enable mapping the matter in the cosmos and studies of the time-variable millimeter wavelength sky. CMB-S4 is a joint DOE and NSF project that has strong community support as evidenced by the mature, large collaboration and endorsements in the previous Snowmass, P5 report\\u00a0[40], and more recently the Astro2020 Decadal Survey Report\\u00a0[41].\\nCMB-S4 will construct telescopes in both Chile and at the South Pole, taking best advantage of features of each site to pursue its scientific goals. The South Pole site will host 18 small-aperture telescopes (SATs, diameter \\u00a0 0.5 meter) and one 5-meter large-aperture telescope (LAT). These telescopes will conduct an ultra-deep survey of 3% of the sky, targeting the B-mode polarization measurements at both the large and small angular scales on the sky needed to constrain inflation. Two 6-meter LATs will conduct a deep and wide survey of 60% of the sky from the Chilean site, targeting the CMB-S4 science goals that benefit from additional sky area. Over 550,000 detectors will be deployed across the CMB-S4 telescopes, an enormous increase over all Stage III experiments combined that will make the planned increase in sensitivity possible. As introduced above, CMB-S4 has four main science themes that drive this experiment design and subsequent exceptional measurement opportunities. Here, we emphasize CMB-S4\\u2019s impact on two key themes of particular relevance to the science of cosmic acceleration (for more details see discussions in white papers\\u00a0[37, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46]).Primordial gravitational waves and inflation: Cosmic inflation is a prominent theory for the origin of structure in the Universe. A detection of primordial gravitational waves from inflation would be historic, providing evidence for the quantization of gravity and opening a window into the very early Universe [44].\\nThe factor of five leap in sensitivity and exquisite systematics control embedded in the CMB-S4 design will enable the experiment to cross major theoretically motivated thresholds through either a detection of these primordial gravitational waves from an inflationary epoch or an upper limit that will rule out entire classes of the most compelling inflationary models. In either outcome, CMB-S4 will dramatically advance our understanding of the primordial Universe.The dark Universe: CMB-S4 will also provide multiple compelling probes of the late-time universe which will enable stringent tests of dark energy and other models of the Universe\\u2019s observed accelerated late-time expansion. These probes include precision measurements of the gravitational lensing of the CMB, the kSZ velocity field, and a large (100,000) sample of massive galaxy clusters discovered via the tSZ effect. There is an additional wealth of information to be gained through cross survey analyses between the CMB and other tracers of structure as detailed below.\\nIn addition to the fundamental physics above, the sensitivity and sky coverage of the CMB-S4 millimeter-wavelength survey will enable other important scientific opportunities in the themes of \\u2018mapping matter in the cosmos\\u2019 and the \\u2018time-variable millimeter-wave sky\\u2019. Light relics are a well-motivated potential contributor of energy density in the Universe that lead to an observable signal in the CMB temperature and polarization\\u00a0[47]. CMB-S4 will be able to constrain the effective number of neutrino species with a sensitivity to Weyl fermion and vector particles that froze out in the first fractions of a nanosecond.\\nFor explorations of the cosmological and astrophysical science of the growth of structure, maps of the ionized gas distribution at CMB-S4 sensitivity will lead to the detection of an order of magnitude more high-redshift () galaxy clusters than found by Stage III experiments\\u00a0[39]. This is just one example of the scientific potential of the ionized gas map; several others, including opportunities for complementarity, are described in the CMB-S4 white paper and its references\\u00a0[37]. Finally, CMB-S4 will provide new, key insights into millimeter-wavelength transient phenomena by making a repeated, systematic survey of a larger area of the sky at a cadence of approximately a day. Limited studies of the variable millimeter-wave sky exist, and therefore the CMB-S4 survey will open this discovery space.\\n2 CMB-HD\\nCMB-HD is a proposed CMB experiment that would have three times the total number of detectors as CMB-S4 and about six times the resolution of current and planned high-resolution CMB telescopes, opening a new regime for millimeter-wave science\\u00a0[38]. CMB-HD would cross important thresholds for improving our understanding of fundamental physics, including the nature of dark matter and dark energy, the light particle content of the Universe, the mechanism of inflation, and whether the early Universe has new physics beyond the Standard Model, as suggested by recent H measurements. The combination of CMB-HD with contemporary ground and space-based experiments would also provide countless powerful synergies.\\nThe concept for the CMB-HD instrument is two new 30-meter-class off-axis crossed Dragone telescopes located on Cerro Toco in the Atacama Desert\\u00a0[38, 48, 49]. Each telescope would host 800,000 detectors (200,000 pixels), for a total of 1.6 million detectors. The CMB-HD survey would cover half the sky over 7.5 years. This would result in an ultra-deep, ultra-high-resolution millimeter-wave survey over half the sky with 0.5\\u00a0K-arcmin instrument noise in temperature (0.7\\u00a0K-arcmin in polarization) in combined 90 and 150 GHz channels and 15-arcsecond resolution at 150 GHz. CMB-HD would also observe at seven different frequencies between 30 and 350 GHz for mitigation of foreground contamination.\\nCMB-HD would be able to measure the dark energy equation of state with an uncertainty of  by combining galaxy cluster abundance measurements, galaxy cluster lensing measurements, and measurements of the primary CMB power spectra\\u00a0[50, 51]. This would provide a constraint on the dark energy equation of state to sub-percent level accuracy. CMB-HD would also constrain an epoch of inflation in several ways. CMB-HD would probe the existence of inflationary magnetic fields in the early Universe via tight constraints on anisotropic birefringence. It would have the sensitivity to obtain a  uncertainty on the strength of scale-invariant inflationary magnetic fields, , of , which is below the  threshold required for inflationary magnetic fields to explain the  level magnetic fields observed in galaxies today\\u00a0[52]. CMB-HD will therefore have the capability to detect inflationary magnetic fields with about  significance or greater, and such a detection would provide compelling evidence for inflation.\\nThe cross correlation of CMB-HD with galaxy surveys would also provide powerful constraints on inflation. CMB-HD would measure primordial local non-Gaussian fluctuations in the CMB, characterized by the parameter , with an uncertainty of , by combining the kinetic Sunyaev-Zel\\u2019dovich (kSZ) signal from CMB-HD with an over-apping galaxy survey such as from the Vera Rubin Observatory. This constraint is limited by the galaxy sample from Rubin Observatory, rather than by CMB-HD, and a combination with future even higher resolution galaxy surveys would lead to even better constraints. Reaching a target of  would rule out a wide class of multi-field inflation models, shedding light on how inflation happened\\u00a0[53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58]. Moreover, the combination of the kSZ effect from CMB-HD with the Rubin Observatory galaxy survey can constrain the primordial trispectrum amplitude, , with \\u00a0[59]. CMB-HD also can provide an independent constraint on primordial gravitational waves with an uncertainty of  via the combination of the polarized Sunyaev-Zel\\u2019dovich effect from CMB-HD with Rubin Observatory galaxies\\u00a0[38]. For further details see\\u00a0[38] and\\u00a0https://cmb-hd.org.\\n5 Opportunities from Cross-survey Analyses\\nThe next decade will see dramatic improvements in our ability to probe the Universe, with major leaps in capabilities occurring nearly simultaneously across many new facilities. Each of these new facilities will enable transformative science, but joint analyses of the resultant datasets will be more powerful and robust than what can be achieved with any individual instrument. Notably, cross-survey analyses will improve the constraints on cosmic acceleration that drive the design and requirements for cosmological surveys into which DOE has invested, and also leverage those investments to constrain other aspects of fundamental physics that are important for our understanding of the Universe. At present, however, cross-survey analyses can be challenging to initiate, organize and fund. We therefore advocate for the creation of clear pathways to support cross-survey analyses as part of the core mission of the DOE Cosmic Frontier.\\n1 Static Probes\\nWe first consider cross-survey analyses between \\u201cstatic\\u201d probes of the Universe, i.e. those observables that do not change significantly over the time frame of a survey. This includes probes like galaxy positions, weak gravitational lensing, and the Sunyaev Zel\\u2019dovich effect. Current and future cosmic surveys will obtain measurements of multiple static probes that overlap over significant fractions of the sky. Such measurements will enable many cross-survey analyses to obtain tighter and more robust constraints on the fundamental ingredients of our Universe. We illustrate the diversity and complementarity of overlapping cosmic probes in Fig.\\u00a06.\\nBy combining overlapping probes from different surveys, new information about cosmological structure can be extracted, and the cosmological constraints from individual surveys can be made more robust to possible systematic biases. Some prominent examples include:Improved cosmological constraints. By leveraging multi-wavelength data, combining imaging and spectroscopic surveys, cross-survey analyses will improve cosmological constraints from the evolution of large-scale structure.Improved robustness of cosmological constraints. Analyses of cross-survey correlations help to isolate survey-specific systematic effects and break degeneracies between cosmological parameters and nuisance parameters, making cosmological constraints more robust. In addition, multi-wavelength data allow for improved understanding of baryonic processes,\\none of the main sources of systematic uncertainty in cosmological analyses of large-scale structure.\\nMeasuring cross-correlations between different cosmological probes requires overlapping measurements on the sky. The survey strategies of several operational and planned DOE-funded cosmic surveys \\u2014 including optical imaging, spectroscopic, and CMB surveys \\u2014 have significant overlap. The potential therefore exists to harness the power of cross-correlations between them. However, modeling multi-survey correlations necessarily requires additional work beyond that typically undertaken by single surveys. In particular, there are significant technical challenges in simultaneously modeling and simulating observables that span a wide range of wavelength and scales, and that involve multiple astrophysical processes.\\nBeyond the technical challenges associated with cross-survey analyses, there are also practical difficulties associated with this work. Any such analysis necessarily requires detailed knowledge of data products generated by multiple surveys. Some of this information may be proprietary, and not easily shared. Previous cross-survey analyses have typically waited until data products become public (thereby delaying results) or have operated through cross-survey memoranda of understanding (MoU). Relative to single-survey analyses, analyses conducted through MoU are often subject to additional bureaucratic hurdles that can delay progress and unnecessarily increase workloads. These difficulties can be significant enough to discourage cross-survey analyses, a clearly suboptimal outcome.\\nTo capitalize upon these opportunities and address the associated challenges, a qualitatively new level of investment in cross-survey, joint-probe infrastructure is required \\u2013 this includes simulations, associated modeling, coordination of data sharing, survey strategy, and training for the next generation of scientists in a way that transcends any individual project or collaboration. The required investments are substantial, but they are critical for the next generation of cosmic surveys to fully realize their potential. Below we present a summary of future opportunities for growth that have potential to multiplicatively enhance the scientific returns of cosmological surveys in the 2020s:\\nJoint simulations: Nearly all of the multi-probe analyses discussed above require high-fidelity synthetic data that is validated against observational data. The computational demands of these simulations can be high, and an intensive human effort is required in order to generate synthetic data that is of sufficiently high quality to merit this expense. Considerable progress has been made in this area in recent years, but efforts are typically limited to an individual survey, or even an individual probe in isolation. For example, most CMB simulations do not include physically realistic models of galaxy populations at low redshift, and synthetic datasets tailored for optical surveys of galaxies do not commonly include realistic treatments of the diffuse gas that can be observed in CMB surveys via, e.g., the SZ effect.\\nAs a result, the need is increasing for simulations that are suitable for multi-wavelength cross-correlation analyses. Addressing this widespread need is a key opportunity for further growth in the area of generating multi-survey synthetic data, and the wider cosmology community stands to greatly benefit from increased support for these efforts.Joint modeling and analysis: Current toolkits such as Cobaya [60], Monte Python [61], CosmoLike [62], and CosmoSIS [63] have been successful in combining a number of \\u201cstandard\\u201d large-scale structure probes in Bayesian analyses. Sophisticated modeling efforts with capability to make multi-wavelength predictions are commonly implemented in custom codebases that require highly specialized techniques in order to infer cosmological parameters in a Bayesian fashion. Fully integrating a new generation of models together with cosmological inference pipelines is another exciting opportunity, and would leverage new technologies such as machine learning methods, GPU interfaces, automatic gradient approaches, and likelihood-free inference methods.New initiatives enabling joint analyses: By construction, multi-survey analyses in the era of large collaborations are not hosted under one single collaboration with well-established communication structure and analysis tools. Presently such analyses are enabled by MoUs and other agreements, or carried out with public data. This structure can create an inherent barrier for multi-survey analyses, and suppress potential opportunities for exciting discoveries. Conversely, new levels of effort in cross-survey collaboration could offer major benefits to the scientific returns of future surveys. Such initiatives could include coordination of survey strategy to ensure overlap, joint processing of data, and coordination of cross-survey blinding strategies. New funding lines that focus on multi-survey cross-correlation analyses could be an effective, modest way to address some of these limitations. The scope of these problems, however, warrants consideration of new \\u201ccenters\\u201d focusing on development of joint simulation/modeling/analysis tools, as well as training/education for the next generation of cosmologists who will be confronted with data already in the 2020s that is of a qualitatively new character from previous decades.\\nIn addition, this effort should be combined with a support for a healthy and equitable collaboration community [64, 65].Support for proposed cosmic survey instruments: The enormous potential of joint analyses discussed in this white paper is necessarily built on the success of single-probe experiments. Enabling cross-survey analyses requires support for wide-field cosmic surveys including those listed in Figure\\u00a01, and many more described in accompanying Snowmass white papers [38, 66, 67, 68, 12, 21]. In return, joint-probe analyses will provide critical and complementary information for understanding cosmic acceleration and other fundamental physics.\\n2 Transient Probes\\nTransient science is a key frontier of modern cosmology, with profound implications for our understanding of dark energy, cosmological distances in the Universe, extreme strong-gravity environments, and high-energy physics. An extensive variety of transient science requires diverse data sets that can only be acquired via multiple experiments and surveys. For example, optical telescopes are necessary for the search and association of transient counterparts of gravitational-wave standard sirens detected by gravitational-wave observatories to measure the Hubble constant  [69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75]. Moreover, studies using transients in combination with data from neutrino experiments such as IceCube have been proposed for measurement of the neutrino masses [76, 77].\\nTo measure the properties of dark energy specifically precise and accurate distance measurements will be needed for the Rubin Observatory Type Ia supernovae via spectroscopic, near-infrared, and enhanced temporal sampling [78].\\nA high-efficiency search and discovery program will also be needed for the electromagnetic counterparts of standard sirens, to enable a measurement of the Hubble constant that is independent from the systematic uncertainties affecting other dark energy probes\\u00a0[79]. One can also test theories of gravity from GW sources for both bright and dark standard sirens\\u00a0[80]. High spatial resolution and enhanced temporal sampling are also required to obtain precise time delays by modeling strongly lensed systems discovered by Rubin Observatory, and therefore, independently measure the Hubble constant\\u00a0[81, 82, 83, 84]. Finally, peculiar velocities inferred from the distances of standard sirens and supernovae could be compared with the density perturbations within the DESI survey volume to measure the strength and length scale of gravity\\u00a0[85, 86, 87].\\nCurrently a critical issue experienced by the HEP community is the perceived inconsistencies between different experiments and/or cosmological probes. A prime example is the Hubble tension, where the Hubble constant measured from the cosmic microwave background, baryon acoustic oscillations, and Type Ia supernovae are not in agreement. These tensions present an opportunity for our community to make a breakthrough in our understanding of dark energy. Their resolution may lie in new fundamental physics, or unaccounted-for systematic errors. Transient science can play a crucial role in solving this challenging issue with enough resources and support for developing its full potential (see Section 2 of\\u00a0[79], for example).\\nNo experiment alone can solve the dark energy problem. Such a breakthrough will require a complex network of experiments, small and large, working in tandem. As dark energy is a priority of our community, it is natural that we ramp up our efforts to build and operate those experiments, optimizing for dark energy science. Those efforts include near-, medium-, and long-term investments. For example, we need data from gravitational wave observatories, and from telescopes that can identify their transient counterparts and host galaxies. Therefore, supporting partnerships between ongoing projects (such as DES/DESI/LSST and the LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA Collaborations) as well as the development of a third-generation gravitational wave observatory (e.g. Cosmic Explorer\\u00a0[88]), which until recently had been considered as a outside the scope of the HEP community, is consistent with our goals.\\nTime-domain science with multiple experiments have unique considerations that do not occur for self-contained experiments, e.g., regarding experimental design. In a multi-experiment context, experimental designs can be optimized for a joint rather than stand-alone project. The joint analysis of low-level data products (e.g., pixels) can preserve significantly more information than the combination of lossy final data products. To benefit from this kind of joint analysis, static and time-domain resources are necessary for developing a new infrastructure for real-time communication between experiments.\\nNew support is needed to enable this time-domain science to achieve and surpass the precision level of the current standard static experiments. As such, analysis of multiple experiments requires resources beyond the sum allocated to the individual ones. We need to develop simulations that account for different probes to support self-consistent interpretation of the multi-experiment data. Ultimately, new experiments must be developed and supported when existing ones are insufficient.\\nWe advocate for these transient science initiatives detailed in Kim et al.\\u00a0(2022)\\u00a0[79]:Small projects to acquire supplemental data to enhance the science reach of transients discovered by Rubin LSST.Use of the 4-m Blanco telescope hosting DECam for fast and effective search and discovery of transients including gravitational wave events, strongly lensed quasars and strongly lensed supernovae.Infrastructure that enables cross-experiment, cross-facility coordination and data transfer for time-domain astronomical sources.Theory/modeling that improves understanding of the transient astrophysical probes that are used to study cosmology.A US-HEP multi-messenger program, supported with dedicated target-of-opportunity allocations on US-HEP and partner facilities for the follow-up of gravitational waves and rare neutrino events.The development of a novel standard siren survey program using next-generation gravitational wave observatories to fully incorporate this new observable into the research portfolio for dark energy science.Construction of novel large-scale projects for a multi-messenger dark energy survey, including gravitational wave observatories and optical NIR telescopes, designed to resolve the current tensions and advance understanding of dark energy and cosmic acceleration.\\n6 Small Projects and Pathfinders\\nIn 2016 and 2017, the community held two workshops to discuss future opportunities for survey science and to develop a small-project portfolio that would include technology developments to enable a major new Stage V Spectroscopic Facility. The findings are summarized in Ref.\\u00a0[20]. In the following, we provide an overview of the findings that are relevant in particular to the development of new facilities to explore cosmic acceleration.\\n1 Spectroscopy Pathfinder\\nIn Ref.\\u00a0[20] the importance of new technology developments were highlighted. These developments are needed in the near future to enable a credible design for a Stage V spectroscopic facility. In particular, near-term investigations of the following areas will be crucial:\\nDetector technologies to extend to higher redshift (e.g., Germanium CCDs) and lower noise (e.g., Skipper CCDs). Current silicon CCD detectors have a wavelength cutoff due to the band gap of silicon. Lower band gap materials, such as Germanium offer the potential to extend to higher redshift. Precision measurements of faint, distant sources can be dominated by detector readout noise. Novel Skipper CCD detectors offer the ability to reduce noise through multiple non-destructive measurements of the charge in each detector pixel. A challenge in Skipper CCD technology is the readout time, which scales with the number of non-destructive measurements that are made.Fiber positioner technologies to enable smaller pitch, denser packing, and greater robustness. Two technologies are currently considered for fiber positioners. The robotic twirling post design has been used by DESI. R&D is ongoing to shrink the patrol radius and increase the packing density. Robustness is a current challenge faced by twirling post technology. The second technology is tilting spines, which are being used by the 4MOST spectrograph. R&D is ongoing to shrink the pitch and demonstrate precise control of fiber positions.Wide-field optics to enable larger focal planes that can hold more fibers. This is a critical component toward increasing total fiber number. Advances have been made in the context of several telescope designs to allow -meter diameter focal planes (i.e., MegaMapper, MSE, SpecTel). Current challenges are the fabrication of large-diameter lenses.Verification of high-redshift target viability (e.g., Lyman-alpha emitters, Lyman-break galaxies, etc.). This work is currently on-going with targeted observations by DESI.Narrow-band targeting would use large-field imagers outfitted with multiple medium- or narrow-band filters to improve targeting efficiency for future spectroscopy. Such a campaign could be executed by DECam outfitted with a new set of filters for a moderate cost.\\n2 21-cm Pathfinders\\nNeutral hydrogen is ubiquitous in the Universe after the CMB was formed, such that its 21\\u2009cm emission can trace large-scale structure across cosmic time. At low redshift, maps of the 21\\u2009cm emission line can form a galaxy survey to constrain models of dark energy. At higher redshifts, they can improve measurements of the primordial power spectrum as a probe of inflation (described in the CF5 report). In all cases, the primary challenge is removing bright foreground emission from the resulting maps, which drives the instrument design.\\nMaps of 21\\u2009cm emission at redshifts  form a galaxy survey using the signal from neutral hydrogen trapped in galaxies. Unlike their optical counterparts, these radio surveys naturally have wide fields of view and observe all redshifts in their band simultaneously, allowing these radio telescopes to quickly survey very large volumes spanning the redshift desert (\\u2013) and beyond (\\u2013), where optical spectroscopy is challenging or impossible. To detect cosmological neutral hydrogen across a wide redshift range and target inflation and dark energy science goals, a dedicated 21\\u2009cm instrument will require a close-packed array of thousands of dishes at least 6\\u2009m in diameter across a wide redshift range\\u00a0[89, 90], resulting in a radio array with a physically large footprint ( km scales) that requires efficient signal transfer and an extremely large digital correlator.\\nDedicated experiments to use 21\\u2009cm emission to map structure have shown that the primary challenge is foreground removal\\u00a0[91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96], which drives requirements for instrumentation calibration and design. Solving these design challenges requires targeted R&D for a pathfinder that has uniform elements; a well-controlled bandpass; instrument stability and stabilization methods using digital signal processing and fast real-time analysis; robust real-time RFI flagging; new calibration techniques for beam and gain measurements potentially including drone-based calibration; and requires analysis and simulations to fold in calibration measurements and assess their impact on cosmological parameter estimation[89]. The primary US pathfinder targeting this R&D is The Packed Ultra-wideband Mapping Array (PUMA)\\u00a0[90], a proposed next-generation 21\\u2009cm \\u00a0intensity mapping array which is optimized for cosmology in the post-reionization era. The reference design calls for PUMA to consist of a hexagonal close-packed array of 32,000 parabolic dishes 6m in diameter, observing at 200-1100\\u2009MHz, corresponding to a redshift range of . The pathfinder array for this experiment is the PUMA-5K array, a staged deployment of 5000 dishes that would be used to test the analog, digital, and calibration equipment at a scale large enough to assess success on the sky. Specific technology R&D required includes:Digital electronics at or near the dish foci.A timing distribution network that spans kilometers with relative timing accuracy better than a picosecond.Real-time data processing, including real-time calibration, to enable essentially real-time data compression across interferometer inputs.Analog system design that includes uniformity of all elements and smooth response across a wide bandwidth.\\nFinally, the Dark Ages () are a particularly clean probe of the primordial power spectrum and its statistics, including searches for non-Gaussianity. However, measurements during this era are extremely challenging because the resulting long wavelengths (7 to 70\\u2009m) require a physically large instrument and must contend with non-negligible effects from the Earth\\u2019s ionosphere and significant contamination from human-generated radio sources (RFI). To assess whether the far side of the moon is adequate to address these issues, the DOE and NASA are collaborating to launch the pathfinder experiment LuSEE-Night (Lunar Surface Electromagnetics Experiment at Night) in lateW 2025 to deploy 4 steerable monopole antennas to characterize the radio sky at frequencies 1-50MHz with percent level absolute calibration and a  relative calibration between frequency bands. With data collected over 12 nights, it should provide measurements of the low-frequency radio sky below 50\\u00a0MHz, demonstrate the feasibility of Dark Ages cosmology from the far side of the Moon, should have sufficient sensitivity to exclude presence of a monopole signal at about the 1 Kelvin level, about 1-2 orders of magnitude above the expected signal yet sufficient to constrain some models predicting non-standard properties of baryon thermodynamics during the Dark Ages.\\n3 Line-Intensity Mapping\\nLine-intensity mapping (LIM) is a nascent technique for mapping the large-scale structure (LSS) in the universe by measuring the spatial distribution of an atomic or molecular emission line with low-resolution spectrometers ()\\u00a0[97, 98].\\nThe ability to measure multiple emission lines over a wide range of redshifts , beyond the range of current galaxy surveys, makes LIM a particularly promising technique for future surveys of large-scale structure.\\nAlthough this method can be used with any emission line, LIM using mm-wavelength tracers, such as the rotational transitions of CO and the [CII] ionized carbon fine structure line, is of great experimental interest because such emission can be detected over the redshift range of  from the ground using technology that is already in widespread use in CMB and sub-mm telescopes.\\nIn addition, the Galactic foregrounds are significantly less bright in these frequency ranges than in 21cm surveys using similar techniques.\\nLIM with mm-wave tracers may be capable of making very significant improvements in constraints on primordial non-gaussianity, neutrino properties, light thermal relics, and dark energy, but doing so will require experiments with significantly more receiver elements and longer integration times than currently exist and development of sophisticated analysis pipelines.\\nA suite of small projects, including CCAT-p, COMAP, CONCERTO, EXCLAIM, mmIME, SPT-SLIM, TIM, and TIME, is currently prototyping various spectrometer and detector technologies, at the scale of  spectrometer-hours or less.\\nBy contrast, constraining the amplitude of local-type primordial non-gaussianity to a level  that would distinguish between single- and multi-field inflation, or dtecting the minimal sum of the neutrino masses at  would require a survey with  spectrometer-hours, three-orders of magnitude larger than existing projects.\\nTo reach this level of sensitivity requires investment in a program of technology development, complemented by the staged deployment of projects with increasingly large focal planes of detectors to demonstrate these technologies in the field, analogous to the way the CMB field has grown from few-pixel experiments to an experiment like CMB-S4 with 500,000 detectors. Concurrent, steady improvement in modeling, analysis techniques, tools and pipelines is a must.\\nSpecific technological capabilities to develop include:On-chip spectrometers:\\nA key challenge in scaling mm-wave spectrometers to very high channel counts is the spectrometer element itself.\\nTraditional technologies, such as diffraction gratings, Fourier Transform or Fabry-Perot spectrometers, and heterodyne detection perform well for the existing generation of small focal planes, but each has difficulties scaling to larger focal planes.\\nOn-chip spectrometers, which channelize the incident radiation using a filter bank on the same silicon wafer as the pixel itself (similar to the current generation of multichroic CMB detectors, but with many more channels), offer a promising solution to the scaling problem by shrinking the physical size of the spectrometer and eliminating complex coupling optics between the telescope and the pixel.\\nDespite these attractive features for mm-wave LIM, on-chip spectrometers are comparatively less mature than traditional technologies, and require field demonstration to test existing architectures and adapt the form factor to more efficiently use focal plane area of telescopes.Multiplexed readout electronics:\\nSpectrometers with  spectral channels per spatial pixel require far more detectors or channels than broadband cameras.\\nIncreased multiplexing factors are essential in order to reduce the per channel cost of the readout system to a manageable level.\\nAdvances in FPGA technologies, such as RF system-on-a-chip (RFSoC) devices, for example, may reduce per channel cost of readout for kinetic inductance detectors to the level of $1\\u20132 / channel.Telescopes and facilities:\\nDetectors for mm-wave LIM, especially on-chip spectrometers, are compatible with the existing generation of small- and large-aperture telescopes built for CMB observations, including SPT, ACT, SO, and CCATp.\\nIn some cases, these existing facilities can be used to host mm-wave demonstration cameras without compromising other science goals (e.g. SPT-SLIM on SPT and PrimeCam on CCATp).\\nA staged deployment of mm-wave LIM cameras of increasing size, using existing telescope infrastructure, is critical for achieving on-sky demonstrations of detector and readout technologies and prototyping analysis pipelines.\\nSince mm-wave LIM is still a very young field, a staged program of surveys of increasing size will provide valuable data sets for developing analysis techniques and characterizing observational systematics.\\nFor example, the problem of interlopers \\u2014 lines from different transitions and redshifts that map to the same observed frequency \\u2014is one well-known systematic with several proposed solutions, but these mitigations have yet to be tested on real data.\\nSimilarly, the effect of atmospheric lines at mm-wavelengths is not expected to corrupt cosmological LIM signals, but projecting to the low required noise levels is difficult.\\n7 Multi-Messenger Probes\\n1 Gravitational Wave Observatories\\nHistorically, gravitational wave (GW) observatories were outside the scientific scope of the US HEP community\\u2019s efforts. However, since the discovery of GW150914 by the LIGO & Virgo collaborations and the realization that gravitational wave standard sirens are a powerful dark energy probe (e.g., GW170817), the community has embraced this type of experiment. For that reason, we incorporate them here in the discussion of this report. The next decade will see upgrades of existing facilities, as well as developments of new large-scale projects. Both are discussed below.\\nCurrent Ground-Based GW Facilities\\nCurrently, there are two LIGO facilities, in Livingston, Louisiana (LLO) and Hanford, Washington (LHO). Each of these detectors has 4-km long arms and is expected to have sensitivity for binary neutron star (BNS) mergers out to 160\\u2013190\\u2009Mpc during the LIGO Fourth Observing run (O4). Other facilities expected to be online during O4 and beyond are Virgo, in Italy, as well as the recently constructed KAGRA in Japan. Each of these facilities has 3km long arms and is in various stages of sensitivity. During O3, Virgo reached a BNS range of 40\\u201350\\u2009Mpc and is expected to ramp up to 80\\u2013115\\u2009Mpc during O4. KAGRA, on the other hand, will be online only for a portion of O4 and it is expected to reach \\u2009Mpc BNS sensitivity. During the O4 run the LIGO/Virgo Collaboration (LVC) expects to detect  BNS events.\\nFuture Ground-Based GW Facilities\\nWith the numerous GW discoveries in recent years, plans for new ground-based facilities are already underway. LIGO-India has been approved for construction and should be operational by the end of the decade. This detector is planned to be the same size and design as the current LIGO facilities and will come online at similar sensitivity as current detectors\\u00a0[99]. The addition of LIGO-India will greatly improve the localization of GW events, as well as help to measure the polarization of GWs. Additionally, plans for the Einstein Telescope have been moving forward\\u00a0[100]. This facility would be underground with 10-km long arms and would be a third-generation (3G) GW observatory. In the US, Cosmic Explorer (CE) is the current 3G proposal for the 2030s, and it is now in the conceptual design phase\\u00a0[101]. One of the CE\\u2019s proposals is two detectors of 40-km long arms that will be able to reach sources at  in network with the Einstein Telescope.\\nFuture Space Based-GW Facilities\\nSpace-borne gravitational wave observatories are being planned or proposed for the 2030s. The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), a constellation of three spacecraft forming an equilateral triangle with sides 2.5-million km long, is understudy. LISA is led by the European Space Agency, but with significant contributions from NASA and the US, along with several other countries. LISA will open a new window in the GW spectrum by detecting sources in the mHz frequency band. Its main detections will be the inspiral and merger of massive binary black holes (MBBHs), with masses ranging between  and , at redshifts out to . LISA will observe the early inspiral phase of stellar-mass binary systems months to years before they are observed in terrestrial detectors. This has the potential to open an entire new chapter of the GW field by adding the power of multi-band observations. LISA scientific objectives include measurements of the expansion rate of the universe by means of GW observations alone and further to constrain cosmological parameters through joint GW and electromagnetic (EM) observations. Another objective of LISA is to understand primordial stochastic gravitational wave backgrounds (SGWBs) and their implications for early universe and particle physics [102].\\nComplementary to LISA, the Deci-hertz Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (DECIGO) is the proposed Japanese space mission in the decihertz frequency band. DECIGO consists of four clusters of three spacecrafts (LISA-like) with an arm length of 1000-km. The main goals of DECIGO are the detection of primordial gravitational waves to verify and characterize the inflationary era, measurement of the expansion rate of the universe, and to characterize dark energy, and the prediction of accurate time and direction for electromagnetic follow-up observations. DECIGO will catch  gravitational wave events per year from neutron star binary mergers within  [103]. A decihertz observatory like DECIGO is projected to determine the Hubble constant to , and the dark-energy parameters  and  to  and , respectively [69].\", \"output\": \"The mechanism(s) driving the early- and late-time accelerated expansion of the Universe represent one of the most compelling mysteries in fundamental physics today. The path to understanding the causes of early- and late-time acceleration depends on fully leveraging ongoing surveys, developing and demonstrating new technologies, and constructing and operating new instruments. This report presents a multi-faceted vision for the cosmic survey program in the 2030s and beyond that derives from these considerations. Cosmic surveys address a wide range of fundamental physics questions, and are thus a unique and powerful component of the HEP experimental portfolio.\", \"question\": \"none\", \"title\": \"2209.08654\", \"qa_pairs\": \"none\"}\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "LooGLE-testdata/shortdep_cloze.jsonl",
    "content": "{\"input\": \"IT'S BRITNEY, BITCH\\nWritten by\\nCerina Aragones\\nBased on the hairy life of pop princess Britney Spears\\nHousefire Management\\n(323) 605-8431(MORE)INT. ESTHER\\u2019S HAIRCUTTING SALON, TARZANA - NIGHT\\nSUPER: 2007\\nLights shine brightly on a shorn scalp.\\nA clipper glides bumpily  over the rounded dome and long \\nbrown locks fall onto the grimy tiles.\\nLined, manic eyes peer at the reflection in the mirror. The \\neyes of someone who knows we\\u2019re here for her, and only her.\\nWe zoom out to see a 26-year old pop star BRITNEY SPEARS.\\nHer head is shaved except in places where it\\u2019s still patchy. \\nShe tugs on the bizarre rattail left on the back. \\nFlashes us that superstar smile that has had millions fall \\nfor her.\\nWhen she speaks, there\\u2019s a tinge of Louisiana sugar cane in \\nher drawl. \\nBRITNEY (V.O.)\\nIn the Bible, we read the story of \\nSamson and Delilah.\\nThe humming of the clipper grows.\\nBRITNEY (V.O.)\\nDelilah betrayed Samson and shaved \\noff all his hair in his sleep.  \\nMore locks fall to the ground.\\nBRITNEY (V.O.)\\nWhen she did that, Samson lost all \\nhis strength and was captured by \\nthe enemy.\\nThe clipper shakily follows the curve of her skull and leaves \\nuneven patches in its wake, like a drunk father mowing the \\nlawn.\\nAs she speaks, the sound of the clipper grows louder and \\nlouder.\\nBRITNEY (V.O.)\\nAt least, I think that\\u2019s what \\nhappened. To be honest, I didn\\u2019t \\npay that much attention in Sunday \\nschool. \\n(beat)\\n(MORE)BRITNEY (V.O.) (CONT'D)2.\\nBut. I kind of felt a little like \\nSamson on that day. Betrayed. Like \\nI had no one to turn to. Like I \\ndidn\\u2019t have any more strength to \\nkeep on going.\\n(beat)\\nMaybe God can put a new part in the \\nBible. \\u201cAnd she did shave her head \\nbald. For she was tired. Fucking \\nsick and tired of everything and \\neverybody and wasn\\u2019t having any \\nmore of their bullshit.\\u201d\\n(beat)\\nAnd when they ask who...who the \\nhell is this verse about? You can \\ntell \\u2018em.\\nThe drone of the clippers is now a jaw-clenching loudness. \\nThe salon is completely dark save a spotlight on our lone pop \\nstar and her soliloquy.\\nThen--a sudden hush.\\nBritney looks at us intently. We hear the pulse of the cymbal \\nthat starts \\u201cGimme More.\\u201d \\nBRITNEY (V.O.)\\nIt\\u2019s Britney, bitch.\\nINT. BAPTIST CHURCH IN KENTWOOD, LOUISIANA - DAY (1990)\\nThe cymbal turns into anxious foot tapping. The foot belongs \\nto EIGHT-YEAR OLD BRITNEY.\\nShe\\u2019s dressed in choir robes. Sits in front of a mirror as \\nher mother, 35-year old LYNNE SPEARS, curls her hair. \\nLynne is petite Southern mom, with an outdated fringe better \\nsuited to someone younger.\\nNearby, 38-year old JAMES SPEARS is on the phone. Also known \\nas JAMIE, Britney\\u2019s father is permanently taciturn. The sour \\nto Lynne\\u2019s sweet.\\nOne-year old JAMIE LYNN plays. Yes, Jamie and Lynne combined \\ntheir names and gifted it to their other daughter. It\\u2019s \\nconfusing.\\nJamie Lynn is watched by Britney\\u2019s aunt SANDRA BRIDGES. \\nSandra looks like Lynne, but is a bit more homely. Sweeter. \\nDoesn\\u2019t really care about her appearance as much.BRITNEY (V.O.) (CONT'D)2.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 202212243.\\nBritney looks anxiously at her reflection. \\nBRITNEY (V.O.)\\nLike I said, I never paid much \\nattention in Sunday school. All I \\nreally cared about was singin\\u2019 in \\nthe choir.\\nYoung Britney fidgets with her bangs. Jamie wanders over and \\nbats his daughter\\u2019s hand away.\\nJAMIE \\nNow, don\\u2019t do that, you\\u2019re gonna \\nmess up your hair.\\nBritney scrunches her nose up in response.\\nJAMIE(CONT'D)\\n(into phone)\\nYes, hello, Felicia. I wanted to \\ntalk to you about Britney goin\\u2019 \\nover there next week...\\nLynne fluffs up her daughter\\u2019s hair and rests her chin on \\nBritney\\u2019s shoulder. A moment of tenderness.\\nBRITNEY\\nMama, do you think--\\nShe is interrupted by Jamie barking out Lynne\\u2019s name.\\nJAMIE\\nLynne, c\\u2019mere!\\nLynne rolls her eyes.\\nLYNNE\\nI\\u2019m doin\\u2019 Britney\\u2019s hair. \\nJAMIE\\nGet Sandra to do it. We gotta talk \\nto Felicia.\\nLynne sighs. \\nLYNNE\\nI\\u2019ll be right back, sweetie. \\nShe gives Britney a tender kiss on the forehead and heads \\nover to Jamie, turning to Sandra as she does so. \\nLYNNE(CONT'D)\\nSandra, could you please finish her \\nup?3.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 202212244.\\nSandra goes up to Britney and picks up a big black bow from \\nthe dresser. Juggles to carry Jamie Lynn and pin the bow to \\nBritney\\u2019s head at the same time. \\nClearly used to taking over for the parental duties when \\nJamie and Lynne neglect their roles in favor of their \\nmanagerial ones.\\nThe ribbon is a bit lopsided, so Sandra reaches over to \\nstraighten it out.\\nSANDRA\\nYou look like an angel, sweetheart.\\nBRITNEY\\n(smiling shyly)\\nThanks, Aunt Sandra.\\nJamie finishes up his conversation with Lynne and the woman \\non the phone. \\nJAMIE\\nBritney! C\\u2019mon, hurry up, we\\u2019ll be \\nlate!\\nBritney gets up and looks at Sandra hesitantly.\\nSANDRA\\nWhat\\u2019s wrong, Britney?\\nBRITNEY\\nAuntie Sandra, d\\u2019you think God will \\nget mad if I mess up? \\nSandra chuckles and shakes her head.\\nSANDRA\\nOh, honey, no. He\\u2019ll be so proud. \\nAnd don\\u2019t you worry. I\\u2019m so tone-\\ndeaf the Good Lord won\\u2019t be able to \\nhear any of your mistakes over my \\nvoice anyway!\\nBritney laughs, a bit more relieved. She turns to the mirror \\nagain and fixes some errant strands.\\nINT. BRITNEY\\u2019S MICKEY MOUSE CLUB DRESSING ROOM - DAY (1994) \\nMATCH CUT:\\nBritney, now TWELVE, gets her hair straightened out in front \\nof a larger, slightly more glamorous mirror. 4.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 202212245.\\nShe\\u2019s in adorable overalls. \\nThis time, her hair is being done by a stylist, instead of \\nher mother.\\nLynne isn\\u2019t there, but Jamie talks to talent agent NANCY \\nCARSON while Britney gets ready. Nancy is sallow-skinned and \\ngrandmotherly, the visual opposite of the bright young stars \\nshe represents.\\nThe hairstylist brushes a stray hair and inspects Britney\\u2019s \\nreflection.\\nHAIRSTYLIST\\nSo. First time with Justin, right? \\nHow\\u2019re you feeling?\\nBritney gets visibly flustered at the mention of the Justin. \\nYou know which one. Tweenage awkwardness.\\nBRITNEY\\nFine! I feel fine. I mean, it\\u2019s not \\nlike it\\u2019s a big deal or anything. \\nAnd we\\u2019ve rehearsed a bunch of \\ntimes, so I think we got the \\nchoreography down pat.\\nThe stylist smiles warmly at her bright-eyed anxiousness.\\nJamie and Nancy overhear and wander over.\\nNANCY\\nYou\\u2019re not nervous having to share \\nthe stage now, are you?\\nBritney chews on her lip.\\nBRITNEY\\nI don\\u2019t know. I guess I\\u2019m a little \\nnervous. \\nNANCY\\nDon\\u2019t be. You\\u2019re a brighter star \\nthan him. He\\u2019s all flash and style--\\nno substance.\\nJamie frowns at this assessment, clearly disagreeing.\\nJAMIE\\nBut that flash dazzles. Listen, \\nBritney.\\nHe stoops down to look at Britney with a ruthless look.5.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 202212246.\\nJAMIE(CONT'D)\\nThere\\u2019s no question that Justin is \\na better singer than you.\\n(beat)\\nBetter dancer too.\\n(beat)\\nMore good looking. \\nNancy protests and Jamie waves her off.\\nJAMIE(CONT'D)\\nJust talking facts.\\n(to Britney)\\nSo. It\\u2019s very important that you \\nwork twice as hard to outshine him \\nonstage. Amp up your energy. Flirt \\nwith the crowd a little. Show \\u2018em \\nthat classic Southern charm. You \\ngot it?\\nBritney nods. \\nJAMIE(CONT'D)\\nGood. Now go out there and show \\u2018em  \\nyou\\u2019re not just some nobody from \\nLouisiana. Let the world know your \\nname.\\nBritney, with a renewed sense of determination, turns to her \\nreflection. Stays as still as a mannequin as they finish up \\nher hair. \\nINT. BRITNEY\\u2019S TOUR DRESSING ROOM - NIGHT (1999)\\nBritney again in front of a mirror. This time, she\\u2019s \\nSEVENTEEN and glitzy and glamorous. \\nOne hairstylist has turned into a TEAM OF WOMEN, fluttering \\nabout the princess in her throne. \\nOne braids Britney\\u2019s now bleached hair into pigtails.  Ties \\nthem up with ribbons reminiscent of Britney\\u2019s church days.\\nGone are the modest outfits for a hot pink sparkly crop top \\nand tight white pants. \\nBritney closes her eyes as a make-up artist puts on thick \\neyeliner.\\nIn the background, Lynne watches the whole affair with \\ndisapproval and argues with Jamie.6.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 202212247.\\nLYNNE\\nI mean--does she have to show so \\nmuch skin? Do you know how \\nembarrassing it is to have the \\nother Moms talking about how--how \\nmy daughter is turning little girls \\ninto sluts?\\nJamie shakes his head in exasperation.\\nJAMIE\\nNow c\\u2019mon, you\\u2019re making a big deal \\nover nothing. So she\\u2019s turning into \\na woman. That doesn\\u2019t make her a \\nslut.  \\n(beat)\\nPlus, everybody knows that sex \\nsells.\\nLynne purses her lips at the inarguable adage. \\nJAMIE(CONT'D)\\nLynne, what did you expect? It\\u2019s \\nshow business. We all gotta \\nsacrifice a little. \\nThe two then wage a hushed war while Britney watches them \\nfrom the corner of her eye.\\nFrom the expression on her face, this is not the first time \\nshe\\u2019s heard this argument. \\nSandra enters with a now 13-year old Jamie Lynn. At the sight \\nof her aunt, Britney brightens. \\nSandra wraps her up in a big hug. Britney leans into the \\nwarmth.\\nSANDRA\\nJust thought we\\u2019d come wish you \\nluck before we took our seats.\\nShe looks at her niece affectionately.\\nSANDRA (CONT'D)\\nHow you feelin\\u2019?\\nBRITNEY\\nGood. I think. I don\\u2019t know.\\nSandra doesn\\u2019t let go, gives her another squeeze.7.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 202212248.\\nSANDRA\\nYou\\u2019re going to be so great, honey. \\nBut no matter what, just go out \\nthere and have fun. Okay? \\nShe pulls back and looks at Britney, who smiles back \\nslightly.\\nBRITNEY\\nOkay.\\nEXT. CONCERT STAGE - NIGHT\\nBackup dancers in matching outfits. Fireworks explode onstage \\nto the rhythm of the intro to Britney\\u2019s \\u201c...Baby One More \\nTime.\\u201d \\nWe hear her famous, filtered \\u201cOh Baby Baby\\u201d come on the \\nspeakers. The crowd roars. \\nBritney struts out, gloriously fit and tan, belly button \\npiercing glinting. \\nHer fans are practically feral, their screaming a wild \\ncrescendo. \\nThe scene freezes. We zoom out to see the scene is on the \\ntelevision in--\\nINT. BRITNEY\\u2019S MANSION - NIGHT - PRESENT DAY (2004)\\nThe living room of the young and rich. A marble fireplace and \\na beautiful chandelier swings from the ceiling.\\nTWENTY-TWO YEAR OLD Britney hits pause on her TV remote. \\nShe\\u2019s sitting on a leather white couch while she sips red \\nwine. The courage of a woman in her 20s. \\nShe\\u2019s in a velvet track suit, her platinum blonde hair in a \\nmessy bun. \\nShe looks at her 17-year old counterpart on the TV intently. \\nThen pinches the miniscule amount of flab on her arm to \\ncompare. \\nFrowns at the results. \\nTakes another sip of wine. \\nOn an impulse, she sets it down on the coffee table and \\nwanders over to her grand piano. 8.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 202212249.\\nShe sits and plays an acoustic version of \\u201c...Baby One More \\nTime.\\u201d \\nWhen she\\u2019s not onstage, Britney\\u2019s sexy baby singing voice is \\na contralto. \\nInstead of sappy melancholy, she\\u2019s sincerely forlorn.\\nBRITNEY\\nMy loneliness is killing me \\nAnd I must confess \\nI still believe \\nWhen I'm not with you, I lose my \\nmind \\nGive me a sign \\nHit me, baby, one more time\\nSuddenly, children\\u2019s voices come from the window.\\nKID #1 (O.S.)\\nBritney! Let us see you! Please!\\nBritney, curious, scurries over to her balcony and draws the \\nblinds. Steps out and squints at the glinting sunlight.\\nShe sees a group of teenage GIRLS down below waving at her. \\nKID #2\\nOh my God! There she is! Britney!\\nThe teens cheer and wave. Britney smiles and waves back. \\nSuddenly, she notices that amongst the teens are a group of men with cameras.\\nShe blinks and suddenly sees them everywhere. They\\u2019re \\npointing their lenses at her and snapping photos.\\nShe backs away from the window and peeks out. \\nSpots one of the men hand money to the group of girls who had \\ncalled out to her. Nothing but paid props to lure her out.\\nThe joy at seeing fans quickly dissipates and she retreats \\nback into her living room. Shuts the blinds and locks the \\nslide door.\\nTakes a few panicked breaths. Looks at her glass of wine. \\nFuck this. \\nReaches out to the table where the bottle of wine sits. \\nUncorks it and drinks straight from that instead.\\nA faint electronic ringing. Quickly gets up to locate her hot \\npink Razr phone and answers it.9.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410.\\nBRITNEY\\nHello?\\nINT. PARIS\\u2019 HOUSE - DAY\\nOn the other line is famed heiress PARIS HILTON. Valley Girl \\nvocal fry personified. She\\u2019s coiffed and petting her precious \\nChihuahua in her mansion.\\nINTERCUT - BRITNEY\\u2019S HOUSE/PARIS\\u2019 HOUSE\\nPARIS HILTON \\nBrit, what are you doing tonight?\\nBritney sighs. Looks at the bottle of wine. \\nBRITNEY \\n(to phone)\\nA date with Mr. Cabernet. We\\u2019ve \\nstarted making out already.   \\nPARIS HILTON (O.S.)\\nOh my god are you still not over \\nthat guy from Seinfeld?\\nBRITNEY\\nDifferent Jason Alexander, Paris.\\n(beat)\\nAnd I\\u2019m really sad. We said we were \\ngonna be forever.\\nMONTAGE\\n- A completely wasted Britney and her childhood friend JASON \\nALEXANDER in Las Vegas, downing shots and partying.\\n- The two now in a chapel, blitzed out their goddamn minds in \\nfront of an altar.\\n- Britney in bed with Jason, hungover as fuck, on the phone.\\n- Britney and Jason having to sign annulment papers in front \\nof a furious Jamie and Britney\\u2019s lawyers.\\nBACK TO SCENE\\nBRITNEY (V.O.)\\nIt lasted fifty five hours. So we \\ndidn\\u2019t quite make it to forever. 10.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122411.\\nPARIS HILTON (O.S.)\\nNothing lasts forever. So let\\u2019s get \\nfucking wrecked, bitch. \\nBritney grimaces. \\nCUT TO:\\nINT. LES DEUX - NIGHT\\nBritney is smoking hot amidst a sea of other good looking \\ncelebrities.\\nParis is there, complaining about LINDSAY LOHAN, who is with \\na posse of her own. They glare daggers at each other.\\nBritney barely pays attention as she is plied with drink \\nafter drink.\\nThe music is nauseatingly loud and head-pounding.\\nAcross the club, Britney makes eye contact with tall and \\nchiseled KEVIN FEDERLINE. He smiles warmly at Britney. He \\nknows who she is.\\nThe music stops, time slows. \\nThe mob of people parts and Britney and Kevin walk towards \\neach other like Moses through the Red Sea.\\nThe electro-robot-techno-laser music stops and changes to the \\nsweet piano intro to Britney\\u2019s \\u201cNow That I Found You.\\u201d\\nBRITNEY\\n(singing)\\nOn a shameless night \\nIn a nameless place \\nI forgot love was a hopeless case \\n\\u2018Til I found you \\n\\u2018Til I found you\\nThe two draw closer and closer. \\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nLived a wasteful life in a hateful \\ncity \\nThere was no love, just pain and \\npity \\n\\u2018Til I found you \\n\\u2018Til I found you11.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122412.\\nThe two embrace. Cradle each other\\u2019s faces in each other\\u2019s \\nhands. \\nIt\\u2019s love at first sight. The people in the club are now a \\npart of their choreography.\\nBackground dancers to Britney singing the bridge.\\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nAnd you don\\u2019t know how you saved me\\nAnd you don\\u2019t know what you gave me \\nAnd you don\\u2019t know how you saved my \\nlife \\nNow that I found you  \\nNow that I found you.\\nThe two lean into a passionate kiss. We are swept away into a \\nfairytale.\\nVIDEO FOOTAGE OF BRITNEY AND KEVIN'S REALITY TV SHOW CHAOTIC\\nWe see a stoned Kevin peering into a video camera. It\\u2019s \\naughts reality TV. Slightly grainy and with absolutely no \\ncare in the world for direction.\\nKEVIN\\n(to the camera)\\nI care about you. And if you ever \\nwatch this tape. I care.\\nCut to Britney in a trailer, smoking.\\nBRITNEY (V.O.)\\nThis is my journey.\\nBRITNEY\\nI\\u2019m real. And I\\u2019m just gonna tell \\nit like it is.\\nCut to, Kevin and Britney sitting on a couch staring at each \\nother.\\nKEVIN (V.O.)\\nThis is my journey.\\nKEVIN\\nI think you\\u2019re scared to love me. \\nAnd that makes me...scared to love \\nyou.\\nBRITNEY (V.O.)\\nOur journey.KEVIN (V.O.)\\nOur journey.12.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224(MORE)13.\\nCut to a close-up of the two of them making out. Then to \\nBritney getting ready in front of the mirror.\\nBRITNEY \\n(to the camera)\\nThe kisses are really good.\\n(beat)\\nThe sex is really good.\\nCut to Britney talking into her video camera as her Chinese \\nhairstylist LORENCEZ works on her do. He speaks with an \\naccent.\\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\n(to the camera)\\nRight now, we\\u2019re talking about \\ncommitment and when\\u2019s the timing \\nright for marriage. What do you \\nthink, Lorencez?\\nLORENCEZ\\nI\\u2019m into committed relationship, \\nbut I don\\u2019t believe too much in \\nmarriage.\\n(beat)\\nUnless it means free health care \\nthen--\\n(he snaps)\\n--YES!\\nBritney roars with laughter. \\nBRITNEY\\nHonestly? Okay. I don\\u2019t believe in \\nmarriage either.\\nINT. HOTEL ROOM - NIGHT\\nKevin and Britney retire to bed, watching TV and snuggling. \\nKevin\\u2019s a little drunk and a little high, flipping through \\nchannels mindlessly.\\nSuddenly, the channel lands on MTV where Eminem\\u2019s \\u201cSlim \\nShady\\u201d music video is playing. \\nRight at the part where Eminem sings-\\nEMINEM (ON TV)\\nBut Slim what if you win \\nwouldn\\u2019t it be weird? (MORE)13.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224EMINEM (ON TV) (CONT'D)14.\\nWhy, so guys could lie just to get \\nme here? \\nSo you guys can sit me here next to \\nBritney Spears? \\nOnscreen, Eminem is dressed as Britney in \\u201cHit Me Baby One \\nMore Time,\\u201d twirling his pigtails in mockery.\\nThe real Eminem turns away.\\nEMINEM (ON TV) (CONT'D)\\nChristina Aguilera better switch me \\nchairs. \\nBritney turns to Kevin and says--\\nBRITNEY\\nWhat do you think about Eminem?\\nKEVIN\\n(without hesitation)\\nI think he\\u2019s a genius. \\nBritney says nothing for a moment. \\nBRITNEY\\n\\u2018Cuz it\\u2019s cool when guys complain \\nabout what women have done to them. \\nLike making music that\\u2019s more \\nappealing to his daughter.\\n(beat)\\nBut whatever. It\\u2019s what gets you in \\nthe game. It\\u2019s controversy. That\\u2019s \\nwhat they all want.\\nShe pauses here thoughtfully. \\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nIt\\u2019s what they all want from me \\ntoo. \\nKevin looks up at her solemnly. He reaches out to touch her \\ncheek tenderly.\\nKEVIN\\nNot me. \\nBritney smiles at him and leans over to kiss him on the nose.\\nBRITNEY\\nAlright, well I better go to sleep. \\nI have to be up early for the shoot \\ntomorrow.EMINEM (ON TV) (CONT'D)14.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122415.\\nKevin furrows his eyebrows in concern.\\nKEVIN\\nWhat? I thought you were supposed \\nto be resting your knee.\\nBRITNEY\\nOh, honey. It don\\u2019t matter if I got \\nmy leg chopped off. As long as I \\ncan sing and dance they\\u2019re gonna \\nmake me work. \\nShe gestures broadly at everything: the messy opulence. \\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nThat\\u2019s what pays for all this.\\nKevin looks at her for a moment. There\\u2019s a calculated glint \\nthat Britney misses as she blinks drowsily. \\nKEVIN\\nWell, try to take it easy.\\nBRITNEY\\nI will. \\n(beat)\\nI love you, baby.\\nKEVIN\\nLove you too.\\nHe kisses her good night and they bury in the sheets.\\nINT. \\u201cOUTRAGEOUS\\u201d SET IN QUEENS, NEW YORK - NIGHT \\nBritney in a gold and slinky top with baggy jeans. A wet \\nstripper look. \\nThe set has a \\u201cwhat white people think the word \\u2018urban\\u2019 \\nmeans\\u201d vibe. \\nSurrounded by a mob of fans and curious onlookers.\\nVideo director DAVE MEYERS cues the backup dancers to get \\nready.\\nBritney takes a deep breath. Shakes off her right leg and \\ngrimaces. The lights are blinding.\\nDAVE\\nBritney, what\\u2019s wrong? You look \\nconstipated, that\\u2019s not what we \\nwant. 15.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122416.\\nBRITNEY\\nI\\u2019m fine--sorry. Just a slight \\ncramp. \\nHurrying to her side is Britney\\u2019s cousin and longtime \\nassistant ALLI SIMMS.\\nALLI\\nBrit, do you need to take a break?\\nBritney smoothens her face into a smile.\\nBRITNEY\\nI\\u2019m good. \\nALLI\\nAre you sure?\\nBRITNEY\\nYeah, thanks, Alli. \\nDAVE\\nAlright, let\\u2019s get ready then. \\nRemember. Sexy. Outrageous. \\n(beat)\\nLet\\u2019s take it from \\u201cIn my sexy \\njeans.\\u201d And...action!\\nThe music starts and Britney starts to lip sync to \\n\\u201cOutrageous.\\u201d \\nEverything is fine until she has to do a pirouette-like spin.\\nSuddenly, her leg collapses and she goes down with a cry. \\nBritney\\u2019s face twists in pain. The moment she falls, her \\nexpression telegraphs it all: Fuck, fuck- \\nBRITNEY\\nFuck!\\nThe crowd of people gasp and murmur. \\nClose on her injury. Knee bent at a grotesque angle. Leg limp \\nand useless.  \\nChaos as various assistants flock to her side in concern. \\nAlli is immediately there, unstrapping her high heels.\\nDAVE\\nCut! Cut! What happened?\\nBRITNEY\\nMy knee--16.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122417.\\nDAVE\\nChrist. \\nALLI\\nWe\\u2019re getting an ambulance, \\nBritney, okay? How are you feeling?\\nBRITNEY\\nIt hurts like a bitch...\\nAlli grimaces, looks up and notices a cameraman still \\nrolling, focused now on the wincing Britney, zooming in on \\nher knee.\\nALLI\\n(to camera)\\nStop rolling! What the fuck is \\nwrong with you?\\nShe turns to attend to Britney. The cameraman zooms into \\nBritney\\u2019s face, twisted in pain.\\nINT.HOSPITAL ROOM - DAY\\nBritney laid up in bed while Jamie talks to a doctor. Britney \\nis exhausted, while Jamie is irate.\\nDOCTOR\\nWell basically, she has a lot of \\ncartilage floating in her knee and \\nshe\\u2019s going to need surgery to \\nclear it. Then she\\u2019ll need to \\nrecover for a few weeks--\\nJAMIE\\nWeeks? She\\u2019s in the middle of a \\ntour!\\nThe doctor glances over at Britney, who looks back nervously.\\nDOCTOR\\nWell, you\\u2019re going to have to \\ncancel it. \\n(to Britney)\\nDon\\u2019t worry, Dr. Brunson is the \\nbest at this kind of surgery. After \\nyou heal and rehab, you\\u2019ll be back \\non stage as your normal self again \\nin no time.\\nBRITNEY\\nOkay, thank you, Doctor.17.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122418.\\nThe doctor smiles at her.\\nDOCTOR\\nI\\u2019ll be back to check on you later. \\nHe leaves. Jamie turns to Britney in anger.\\nJAMIE\\nI can\\u2019t believe this. \\nHe shakes his head and glares at Britney\\u2019s leg as if doing so \\ncould make it heal faster. \\nBRITNEY\\nWell, I could still do the tour--\\nmaybe, I\\u2019d just sing and not dance. \\nYou know, play the guitar or the \\npiano and just sing, like Alicia \\nKeys does.\\nJAMIE\\nYou think you\\u2019re Alicia Keys?\\nBritney draws back, hurt.\\nBRITNEY\\nNo, but--\\nJAMIE\\nSugar, no one wants to watch you \\nwithout the dancing. It\\u2019s why \\npeople come to your concerts. The \\ndancing and the lights and the--you \\nknow--\\nHe wiggles a bit in pantomime of a sexy dance. It\\u2019s \\nnauseating.\\nBRITNEY\\nI know, Dad, but--\\nThey are interrupted by Kevin knocking and peeking into the \\nroom.\\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nBaby!\\nKevin swaggers in and goes over to give Britney a hug. As \\nusual, he is a little high.\\nJamie lifts his eyebrow and wrinkles his nose at him. \\nBritney twists her mouth in anger at her father. Kevin is \\nunbothered.18.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122419.\\nKEVIN\\nHello to you too, Jamie.\\n(to Britney)\\nHow you doin\\u2019, babe?\\nBRITNEY\\nThe doctor said I\\u2019m gonna need \\nsurgery.\\nKEVIN\\nOh, man. That\\u2019s awful. \\nHe sits on the bed and wraps an arm round her. Britney looks \\nat Jamie like: Get out.\\nJamie frowns at them, but takes his leave.\\nWhen he\\u2019s gone, Britney sighs sadly.\\nBRITNEY\\nSorry about him.\\nKEVIN\\nIt\\u2019s alright. I know he hates me.\\nBRITNEY\\nHe hates all my boyfriends.\\nShe stares at her hands with an empty expression.\\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nIt\\u2019s so fucked. He cares more about \\nthis stupid tour than his daughter.\\nKevin shakes his head and holds Britney closer.\\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nHe still treats me like a child. I \\nwish I could...\\nHer voice fades. She doesn\\u2019t quite know what it is she wants. \\nShe thinks for a long moment, then suddenly looks up at \\nKevin.\\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nHey, Kevin?\\nKevin is a little surprised by how serious she sounds.\\nKEVIN\\nYeah, Britney?\\nBRITNEY\\nYou wanna get married?19.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122420.\\nKevin\\u2019s stoned brain takes a moment to process this. He \\nfrowns.\\nKEVIN\\nI don\\u2019t know if I\\u2019m ready for that.\\nBritney\\u2019s face falls.\\nBRITNEY\\nOh.\\nKevin\\u2019s frown twists up into a smile.\\nKEVIN\\nPsych! I got you! \\nBritney\\u2019s devastation turns into relief. She laughs along. \\nPunches him on the arm.\\nBRITNEY\\nOh my god! You asshole!\\nKEVIN\\nCome here. Of course I\\u2019ll marry \\nyou, baby.\\nHe grabs her hands and kisses them sweetly.\\nKEVIN(CONT'D)\\nYou\\u2019re my princess.\\nBRITNEY\\nAnd you really are my prince \\ncharming.\\nThey kiss. \\nBRITNEY (V.O.)\\nGag me with a fucking crawfish. \\n(beat)\\nBut y\\u2019know. I was in love. I really \\nthought I was living the fairy tale \\nI always wanted.\\nINT. COLFAX MEADOWS HOME IN STUDIO CITY - NIGHT\\nGuests filter into a gorgeously decorated home. Bouquets of \\nroses and candles everywhere. \\nA small gathering to celebrate Britney and Kevin\\u2019s engagement \\nparty.20.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122421.\\nOf course the paparazzi are out front, clicking away as those \\ndeemed important enough to attend the event check in.\\nThey are handed big white envelopes, presumably the wedding \\ninvitations.\\nKevin and Britney peek from behind another room, listening in \\nas guests are encouraged to open their envelopes. \\nKevin in a white tank top and holding a glass of champagne. \\nBritney\\u2019s hair in curlers. \\nWe see Sandra, Lynne, and Jamie together, opening their \\nenvelopes. \\nLynne reads the invitation out loud. Her eyes widen in shock.\\nLYNNE\\n...to our wedding ceremony tonight.\\nShe pauses. Looks around as if she\\u2019s being punk\\u2019d.\\nLYNNE(CONT'D)\\nNo. What the...?\\nJamie is equally stunned, staring at the fancy script on the \\ninvitations, which declares that what they thought was the \\nengagement party is actually BRITNEY AND KEVIN\\u2019S SURPRISE \\nWEDDING!!!\\nWhen the reality sinks in, the two have wildly different \\nreactions. \\nLynne is excited and overjoyed. Looks around for her \\ndaughter.\\nJamie\\u2019s face is pinched in anger. Turning the color of boiled \\nshrimp.\\nKevin and Britney pop up from their hiding place to laughter \\nand cheers. \\nFELICIA CULOTTA, Britney\\u2019s assistant, corrals the guests \\ntowards other parts of the house.\\nFELICIA\\nNow, if I can get the bridesmaids \\nto come with me, we have your \\ndresses to change into...\\nThe mob disperses.\\nLynne embraces her daughter, then her future son-in-law. 21.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122422.\\nLYNNE\\nOh my gosh, I just can\\u2019t believe \\nthis.\\nKEVIN\\nC\\u2019mon, Mama. Let me show you the \\nset-up for the reception.\\nThey wander off, chattering excitedly. Britney reaches over \\nto Sandra and tugs on her arm.\\nBRITNEY\\nAuntie, come help me get ready. \\nJamie places a hand on her shoulder.\\nJAMIE\\nAh, Britney. Hold on.\\nBritney turns to her dad with a cloying smile.\\nBRITNEY\\nYes, Daddy?\\nJAMIE\\nDon\\u2019t you think we should talk \\nabout this? \\nBRITNEY\\nTalk about what?\\nJamie waves incredulously at...this. The glittering candles \\nthat look like a fire hazard waiting to happen. The roses \\neverywhere. Britney in a robe and curlers. \\nWhen Britney raises her eyebrows in question, he grabs her \\narm and pulls her away.\\nJAMIE\\nExcuse us, Sandra. \\nHe tows her to a random empty room while she tries to shake \\nhim off.\\nBRITNEY\\nOw, Dad, what the hell--?\\nJAMIE\\nSh! In here.\\nThey stumble into the room and Jamie shuts the door.22.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122423.\\nJAMIE(CONT'D)\\nNow just what the hell is this, \\nBrit?\\nBRITNEY\\nWhat do you mean? I\\u2019m getting \\nmarried.\\nJAMIE\\nI thought your wedding was supposed \\nto be in a month. \\nBRITNEY\\nYes, but the press found out where \\nwe were going to have it and I \\ndidn\\u2019t want them there. I just \\nwanted it to be us. Friends and \\nfamily.\\nJamie gestures to a random window, where paparazzi mill on \\nfront of the house, ants drawn to a picnic.\\nJAMIE\\nThey\\u2019re here anyway!\\nBritney bounds to the window and draws the curtain.\\nBRITNEY\\nWell--whatever! At least this way I \\nget to have a say in how I get \\nmarried.\\nJamie shakes his head. \\nJAMIE\\nDon\\u2019t you remember what happened \\nthe last time you got it into that \\nfool head of yours to get married?\\nBRITNEY\\nYes, but this is different. \\n(beat)\\nThis time I\\u2019m sober.\\nA thought suddenly occurs to Britney that bursts out of her.\\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nPlus--the earlier we get married, \\nthe earlier I can start building a \\nfamily.\\nJamie\\u2019s horrified expression worsens.23.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122424.\\nJAMIE\\nExcuse me?\\n(beat)\\nChildren? With...with...\\nHe points to what he presumes is Kevin\\u2019s general direction. \\nJAMIE(CONT'D)\\nThat idiot?\\nBRITNEY\\nHe is not an idiot, Daddy. And he \\nloves me. He\\u2019d make a great father. \\nAnd I can\\u2019t wait to be a Mom.\\nThe idea warms her and her eyes light up with excitement. \\nJAMIE\\nNow hold on one second, Britney. I \\ndon\\u2019t think you\\u2019re thinking this \\nthrough. You\\u2019ve always been \\nimpulsive, but this is just beyond \\nreckless.\\nThe excitement fades and Britney starts to stew, first in \\nconfusion then anger.\\nJAMIE(CONT'D)\\nYou\\u2019ve got a career. You can\\u2019t just \\nhave children out of nowhere. \\nBRITNEY\\nWhy the hell not? I\\u2019m an adult, \\naren\\u2019t I?\\nJAMIE\\nThink of how much money you\\u2019ve \\nalready lost from cancelling your \\ntour, having kids will just--\\nBRITNEY\\nIs that all you care about? How \\nmuch money I\\u2019m making you? \\nJamie pauses. Takes a deep breath to collect himself.\\nJAMIE\\nI guarantee you that\\u2019s all that \\ncornrow wearing bastard cares \\nabout. \\nBritney clenches her jaw. She\\u2019s had enough.24.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122425.\\nBRITNEY\\nKevin has never once relied on me \\nfor money. But you? You\\u2019re the one \\nwho\\u2019s obsessed over how much you \\ncan make out of me. It\\u2019s been like \\nthis ever since I was a kid. You \\ndon\\u2019t give a shit about me except \\nfor the fucking checks you collect \\njust from being my dad.\\nJamie reels from this, hurt. Something of a father figure \\nemerges.\\nJAMIE\\nNow that\\u2019s just not true, Britney. \\nI\\u2019m your father. Of course I care \\nabout you. I love you very much. \\n(beat)\\nThe man you\\u2019re about to marry was \\njust engaged to another woman. He \\njust had two children  with that \\nwoman. And what did he do? \\n(beat)\\nLeft her. \\nSnaps his fingers.\\nJAMIE(CONT'D)\\nLike that.\\nBritney falters, the gravity of the truth penetrating past \\nthe anger.\\nJAMIE(CONT'D)\\nI just don\\u2019t want the same thing to \\nhappen to you.\\nShe bucks up. \\nBRITNEY\\nIt\\u2019s different with me, Daddy. He \\nreally loves me.\\nJAMIE\\nHe loves all the fancy vacations \\nhe\\u2019s been getting.\\nThe mention of how she spends her money draws Britney\\u2019s ire \\nagain.\\nBRITNEY\\nLike you haven\\u2019t taken a few on my \\ndime. 25.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122426.\\nShe draws close, spits out her next words viciously in his \\nface.\\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nListen. I don\\u2019t care whether you \\nwalk me down that aisle or not, but \\nI\\u2019m walking down it. And when \\nlittle Britney and Kevin Jr. come \\nout of my tee-hiney, you better \\nspend all my hard-earned money \\nbeing a good grandpa. \\n(beat)\\nNow, excuse me. I have to get ready \\nfor my wedding.\\nJamie\\u2019s jaw drops. \\nBritney shoves past him and leaves, slamming the door in her \\nwake.  \\nLATER\\nBritney now in full wedding regalia, surrounded and cramped \\nas she and Kevin take their vows.\\nAs the priest drones about in sickness and in health, Britney \\ntalks to the camera.\\nBRITNEY\\nThis is a story about a girl named \\n\\u201cLucky.\\u201d\\nMusic starts.\\nMONTAGE - VARIOUS\\nDuring the montage, Britney sings \\u201cLucky\\u201d to the camera as \\nshe goes through various events. \\n- INT. PRIVATE JET - DAY - Britney and Kevin fly off to Fiji \\ntheir honeymoon, sipping champagne.\\nBRITNEY\\nEarly morning \\nshe wakes up \\nknock, knock, knock on the door.\\n- INT. BEACH - DAY - Britney tans with Kevin on blue \\nfloaties. The waters are pristine. 26.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224(MORE)27.\\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nIt\\u2019s time for make up \\nperfect smile \\nit\\u2019s you they\\u2019re all waiting for  \\nBaby\\nPhotographers hiding from a seaside cliff shoot photographs \\nof the pair. \\n- EXT. BILLBOARD MUSIC AWARDS - NIGHT\\nBritney and Kevin walk through a throng of celebrities. \\nBritney is done up in a lacy black dress and diamond \\nearrings. She cradles a white chihuahua. \\nKevin is wearing a fedora, brim so low you can\\u2019t see his \\neyes.\\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nIsn\\u2019t she lovely? This Hollywood \\ngirl \\nAnd they say \\nshe\\u2019s so lucky, she\\u2019s a star \\nBut she cry, cry, cries in her \\nlonely heart, thinking \\nif there\\u2019s nothing missing in my \\nlife \\nthen why do these tears come at \\nnight?\\nHer song is interrupted by an ET REPORTER. Britney stops \\nsinging for the interview.\\nET REPORTER\\nHow have things changed since your \\nwedding? It seems like you\\u2019ve been \\nmore grounded.\\nBRITNEY\\nI mean, this is my dream to be \\nmarried and to start a family...\\nShe glances at Kevin.\\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nBut, I don\\u2019t know! I\\u2019m still the \\nsame girl. \\nET REPORTER\\nNow I understand you\\u2019re making \\nroast beef at home. I read your \\nwebsite.(MORE)27.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224ET REPORTER (CONT'D)28.\\n(to Kevin)\\nIs she a good cook?\\nBritney cringes.\\nKEVIN\\nDefinitely.BRITNEY\\nIt\\u2019s not good. It\\u2019s not \\ngreat.\\nBritney makes a face and leans into the mic.\\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nIt\\u2019s getting better.\\nThe reporter laughs and Kevin shares an affectionate smile \\nwith Britney. She turns back to the camera. Her song starts \\nup again.\\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nLost in an image \\nin a dream \\nbut there\\u2019s no one there to wake \\nher up \\n- EXT. HOLLYWOOD CLUB - NIGHT \\nBritney walks into a club arm-to-arm with Kevin while \\npaparazzi mob them and take photos. Security guards have to \\nshield her as they enter.\\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nAnd the world is spinning \\nand she keeps on winning \\nbut tell me what happens when it \\nstops? \\nThey go \\nIsn\\u2019t she lovely, this Hollywood \\ngirl? \\n- INT. HOLLYWOOD CLUB - NIGHT \\nIn the club, the scene mirrors the scene from earlier when \\nKevin meets Britney. But the choreography is starkly \\ndifferent.\\nShe sings alone, packed in by dancing clubgoers. Spotlight on \\nher. Nearby, Kevin dances with various women. Britney watches \\nhim.ET REPORTER (CONT'D)28.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122429.\\nFor a moment, the music quiets to a hush and she asks the \\ncamera imploringly in a key change. Tears roll down her face \\nand smear her make up.\\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nShe is so lucky \\nbut why does she cry? \\nIf there is nothing missing in her \\nlife \\nwhy do tears come at night?\\nBACK TO SCENE\\nINT. BRITNEY\\u2019S HOME IN THE HOLLYWOOD HILLS - NIGHT (2005)  \\nA visibly pregnant Britney sits on the couch and stares at an \\nunread message she sent to Kevin. \\nON PHONE SCREEN:\\n\\u201cWhen r u coming home? Baby Sean has really been kicking \\n2day.\\u201d\\nBACK TO SCENE\\nWhen staring at the screen doesn\\u2019t produce any texts back, \\nshe snaps her phone shut and tosses it aside. Rubs her belly \\nabsentmindedly. \\nLooks around, fidgety with boredom. Pads over to her grand \\npiano. \\nShe plays a few chords from a new song she\\u2019s writing for her \\nbaby. Tries out some lyrics. \\nStripped down of make-up, she glows. Without the overwrought \\ntechno her voice glows too. \\nBRITNEY \\nSomeday \\nI will understand \\nin God\\u2019s own plan \\nand what he\\u2019s done to me \\nOh, but maybe someday I will \\nbreathe \\nand I\\u2019ll finally see \\nI\\u2019ll see it all in my baby\\nShe tries out a couple of other notes, but is interrupted by \\nher ringing phone. Leaps to answer it, thinking it\\u2019s Kevin.29.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224(MORE)30.\\nIt\\u2019s her father.\\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\n(into phone)\\nHello?\\nJAMIE (V.O.)\\nBritney, just calling to check up \\non the new song.\\nBRITNEY\\nUm, what new song?\\nJAMIE (V.O.)\\nSam was saying you were writing a \\nnew song? For the baby?\\nHe\\u2019s referring to SAM LUFTI, Britney\\u2019s manager. We\\u2019ll meet \\nhim later.\\nBritney looks confused, then increasingly annoyed.\\nBRITNEY\\nUh, yeah, how do you know about \\nthat?\\nJAMIE  (V.O.)\\nWell don\\u2019t get upset now, he just \\nmentioned it in passing.\\n(beat)\\nSo how\\u2019s that going? Because we can \\nschedule a day in the studio if you \\nwant--\\nBRITNEY\\nI\\u2019m not recording it. It\\u2019s just \\nsomething I\\u2019m doing for fun, like a \\nlittle tribute for the baby. \\nThere\\u2019s a pause. We can\\u2019t see him, but Jamie is clearly \\ndisappointed. Tries to go for a soft persuasion this time.\\nJAMIE (V.O.)\\nReally? I think you should release \\nit. It\\u2019s been a while since you\\u2019ve \\nreleased new music and your fans \\nmiss you...\\nHe knows how to appeal to Britney. She ponders for a moment.\\nJAMIE (V.O.)\\nWe can have the new song, a music \\nvideo...make it really beautiful \\nand everything. (MORE)30.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224JAMIE (V.O.) (CONT'D)31.\\nThink of it as an announcement to \\nthe world that you\\u2019re finally a \\nMom. A celebration.\\n(beat)\\nWhat do you think?\\nBritney relents. \\nBRITNEY\\nI mean that doesn\\u2019t sound so bad. \\nI\\u2019ll think about it.\\nJAMIE (V.O.)\\nGreat. And listen, honey. I didn\\u2019t \\nmean to pry about your process. \\nIt\\u2019s just Sam said it and...well, \\nyou know he\\u2019s kind of got a big \\nmouth.\\nBRITNEY\\nDaddy, c\\u2019mon, Sam is not like that.\\nJAMIE (V.O.)\\nI don\\u2019t know.\\n(beat)\\nTo be honest with you, I think he\\u2019s \\ngetting paid for tipping off the \\npap about your schedule. Did you \\nnotice he bought that new Cadillac? \\nBRITNEY\\nSam wouldn\\u2019t do that. \\nShe sighs and looks around at her empty home.\\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nListen, I gotta go, okay? I\\u2019ll talk \\nto you later about the song.\\nJAMIE (V.O.)\\nAlright, honey. You have a good \\nnight. \\nBRITNEY\\nYou too. \\nHangs up and takes a deep breath. Checks her text messages \\nagain. Still nothing. \\nINT. STUDIO - DAY \\nBritney is in a recording session for her song \\u201cSomeday.\\u201d JAMIE (V.O.) (CONT'D)31.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224(MORE)32.\\nSam Lufti watches. He has deep, sunken eyes and a thin strip \\nof hair that barely qualifies for a goatee. Charismatic. You \\nnod along when he speaks.\\nSuddenly, there\\u2019s a commotion and the door to the studio is \\nthrown open by an irate Jamie.\\nJAMIE\\nNow what the fuck is going on, Sam?\\nLufti is confused. Britney and the PRODUCER pause recording. \\nJamie is screaming at Lufti, wagging an angry finger in his \\nface. His words are slightly slurred, eyes unfocused. \\nAs he gets louder and louder, Britney runs out of the \\nrecording room to stop the fight.\\nJAMIE(CONT'D)\\nYou conniving son of a bitch. If \\nyou thought you could just freeze \\nme out like that, then you\\u2019ve gotta \\nbe some kind of idiot because--\\nBRITNEY\\nWhat the hell is going on?\\nJamie pauses for a moment. \\nJAMIE\\nYou wanna know what\\u2019s going on? Why \\ndon\\u2019t you ask him?  \\n(to Lufti)\\nGo ahead. Explain what the hell \\nyou\\u2019re doing. \\nLufti remains calm, becomes even less confrontational.\\nLUFTI\\n(to Britney)\\nI assume this is about the new \\nsystem for your finances.\\nBRITNEY\\nWhat are you talking about?\\nLUFTI\\nWell, we just wanted to make sure \\nyou were protected from...\\n(looking pointedly at \\nJamie)(MORE)32.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224LUFTI (CONT'D)33.\\n...anyone taking advantage of you, \\nso we decided to allow only your \\naccounting and management team view \\nyour finances right now. I think \\nJamie\\u2019s upset because he\\u2019s barred \\nfrom spending your money at the \\nmoment. \\nJAMIE\\nBullshit! I\\u2019m her father, you \\nfucking rat son of a--\\nHe\\u2019s getting in Lufti\\u2019s face now.\\nBritney, distressed, tries to pull them apart.\\nBRITNEY\\nDad, stop! \\n(to Lufti)\\nWhy didn\\u2019t I hear anything about \\nthis?\\nLUFTI\\nBrit, I\\u2019m just trying to keep you \\nsafe. I\\u2019m your manager. That\\u2019s my \\njob.\\n(to Jamie)\\nYou may be her father, but you \\ndon\\u2019t have the right to pry into \\nher business dealings. Just take \\nyour monthly check for being her \\nsperm donor and stay out of it.\\nThis is the last straw for Jamie, who promptly SOCKS HIM IN \\nTHE FACE.\\nThey get into an awkward brawl. Two not very tough dudes \\ntussling.\\nA shocked Britney stands by helplessly. \\nINT. CAR - DAY\\nBritney drives with her father in the passenger seat. He \\nholds a bag of ice to a cut on his face. \\nHer face is stormy. He\\u2019s a little more mollified. The fight \\nhas sobered him up.LUFTI (CONT'D)33.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122434.\\nBRITNEY\\nI don\\u2019t care what the hell is going \\non with you and Sam, but you do not \\njust barge into the studio and \\nstart a fight!\\nJAMIE\\nI\\u2019m sorry, sweetheart, but Lufti is \\nscum. You need to cut him loose. \\nBritney is silent. She\\u2019s considering it.\\nJAMIE(CONT'D)\\nRemember that photo of you in Star? \\nWith the soda? The one that made \\nyou look...hefty?\\nBritney\\u2019s eye twitches at the mention.\\nJAMIE(CONT'D)\\nThat was Lufti\\u2019s doing.\\nBRITNEY\\nWhat?\\nJAMIE\\nYep. He tipped off the pap when you \\nwere comin\\u2019 out of that Koo Koo Roo \\nand even got Alli to give you that \\nsoda cup. Make you look extra \\nsloppy.\\n(beat)\\nShe\\u2019s another one you gotta watch. \\nJust another disloyal bitch.\\nBritney defends her cousin, but the cracks show.  \\nBRITNEY\\nDad, I was thirsty and she handed \\nme my soda. That\\u2019s all. You\\u2019re \\nbeing crazy. \\nJAMIE\\nAlright, if you say so. But I\\u2019m \\ntelling you to always watch your \\nback. \\nJamie settles down. The two drive in silence. \\nINT. CEDARS SINAI MEDICAL CENTER - NIGHT\\nBritney being wheeled into a surgery room for her caesarean. \\nKevin accompanies. Both are in hospital regalia.34.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122435.\\nAs she rolls through corridors, she hears the howling of a \\nwoman in labor.\\nShe turns her head and cringes at the sound.\\nBRITNEY\\nI\\u2019m so glad I don\\u2019t have to deal \\nwith labor pains.\\nKEVIN\\nThere\\u2019ll be a scar though.\\nAn awkward pause.\\nKEVIN(CONT'D)\\nHow you feelin\\u2019, baby?\\nBRITNEY\\nWhich one? Me or him? \\nKEVIN \\nBoth.\\nBRITNEY\\nI\\u2019m nervous. Excited. He\\u2019s...\\nShe rubs her swollen belly expectantly.\\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nMore fidgety than usual. I think he \\nknows he\\u2019s finally getting kicked \\nout of there.\\nThey arrive at the operating room. Kevin kneels in front of \\nBritney and grabs her hands. \\nKEVIN\\nI\\u2019m going to be with you the whole \\ntime, okay? It\\u2019s gonna go great. \\nAnd when it\\u2019s finished, you\\u2019ll be a \\nMommy.\\nBritney nods, takes a deep breath. \\nBRITNEY\\nI can\\u2019t wait.\\nINSERT - PHOTO OF PEOPLE MAGAZINE COVER\\nA beautiful, glowing Kevin, Britney, and BABY SEAN with the \\ncaption \\u201cExclusive Photos: Baby Love!\\u201d 35.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122436.\\nUnderneath the photo: \\u201cBritney and Kevin at Home with Sean \\nPreston.\\u201d \\nINT. BRITNEY'S HOME IN THE HOLLYWOOD HILLS - DAY\\nMATCH CUT:  \\nBritney, Kevin, and Sean posing for the cover photo on the \\ncouple\\u2019s luxurious king-sized bed. \\nPhotographer MARK LIDDELL directs them.\\nMARK\\nOkay, great. Now let\\u2019s do one where \\nyou two are looking at the baby? \\nLike you really love it, you know?\\nBRITNEY\\nHim. The baby\\u2019s a him. And we do. \\nMARK\\nDo what?\\nBRITNEY\\nLove him. \\nMARK\\nSure, yeah. \\nAs they arrange themselves on the bed, a faint ringing is \\nheard. Kevin reaches into his back pocket and pulls out his \\ncellphone. \\nChecks the Caller ID and then puts back in his pocket. \\nBritney eyes him suspiciously. \\nBRITNEY\\nWho is it?\\nKEVIN\\nNo one.\\nBritney is not convinced.\\nKEVIN(CONT'D)\\nJust my manager. Probably wants to \\ntalk about the new album. \\nMark clears his throat and Britney turns her attention back \\nto the camera.36.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122437.\\nMARK\\nAlright, that\\u2019s it. We\\u2019re happy, \\nwe\\u2019re smiling, the baby never cries \\nor poops itself--\\nKevin and Britney do various cheesy poses with the baby. \\nKevin\\u2019s cellphone rings again.\\nHe checks it. \\nMARK(CONT'D)\\nKevin, you need to take that?\\nKevin looks over at Britney and notices she is getting \\nPISSED.\\nKEVIN\\nUh--no, sorry, I\\u2019ll turn it off--\\nSuddenly, Sean starts to cry. Britney is instantly concerned, \\nfussing over him and rocking him.\\nMark rolls his eyes at an assistant.\\nMARK\\nWell it seems the baby has decided \\nwe need to take a break. Let\\u2019s come \\nback in five? Ten? How long do \\ntantrums last?\\nBritney is aggravated at his tone. She\\u2019s snappy.\\nBRITNEY\\nHe\\u2019s not used to so many people. \\nMARK\\nWell, his Mom is Britney Spears, so \\nhe better get used to it.\\nBritney continues to rock Sean. Kisses him on the forehead \\nwistfully. Kevin steps away and goes on his phone.\\nEXT. STARBUCKS - DAY\\nBritney comes out of a Starbucks holding Sean. In oversized \\nsunglasses and the definitely-not-getting-enough-sleep look \\nof all new moms everywhere. Her bodyguard follows. \\nThe minute she exits, about twenty PAPARAZZI are immediately \\nON her, up close, in her face, asking questions.37.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122438.\\nPAPARAZZO #1\\nBritney, has it been hard to get \\nrid of the pregnancy weight?\\nPAPARAZZO #2\\nBritney, is it true K-Fed cheated \\non you with a stripper?\\nAnd more questions like this. Britney is stoic, but hurries \\nto her car. They follow her like flies to honey.\\nShe straps Sean into the backseat and then makes her way into \\nthe driver\\u2019s side. \\nAs she buckles up, the paparazzi are peering into the window, \\ntrying to get photos of Sean. One bangs on the window to get \\na reaction.\\nSean starts crying.\\nBritney twists in her seat and screams out the window.\\nBRITNEY\\nHey! Get the fuck away from my \\nbaby!\\nThe paparazzi instead snap away. They are pressed up against \\nher car, giving her no space to even back out. \\nThe crying grows louder.\\nBritney, desperate, gets out and opens the back. She grabs \\nSean and jumps back into the driver\\u2019s seat. \\nShe drives away, dislodging the paparazzi.\\nThey quickly get into their cars in pursuit.\\nOne of them gets the shot that will soon be aired all over \\nthe country:\\nBaby Sean in Britney\\u2019s lap.INSERT - TV SCREEN - DAY\\nJAY LENO in a suit and tie, on The Tonight Show with Jay \\nLeno. He\\u2019s doing his monologue.\\nJAY LENO\\nBut in her defense, the baby had to \\nsit on her lap because her husband \\nKevin was asleep in the child seat.38.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122439.\\nThe audience laughs.\\nSomeone with a remote pauses the video.\\nWe zoom out to reveal--\\nINT. BRITNEY'S HOME IN THE HOLLYWOOD HILLS - DAY\\nThe hand that holds the remote belongs to JEFF RAYMOND, \\nBritney\\u2019s publicist. \\nHe is tall and slim, with a receding hairline and a sharp \\njaw. Serial killer vibes. The charming kind, not the \\nbackwoods kind. \\nBritney and Kevin on the couch. Kevin has his arm around \\nBritney.\\nLufti and Jamie on opposite sides of the living room.\\nOn the coffee table are tabloids with the infamous shot of \\nSean in Britney\\u2019s lap.\\nAll are in various states of discomfort over the punchline \\nfrom Leno. \\nKEVIN\\nI mean. It was kind of funny.\\nJEFF\\nNo, Kevin. It wasn\\u2019t. \\n(to Britney)\\nWe just went on a whole PR thing \\nabout how your music is going to be \\nso much more mature now that you\\u2019re \\na Mom. You think anyone\\u2019s gonna buy \\nthat shit now? \\nBritney chews gum, agitated.\\nBRITNEY\\nI had no choice! They were scaring \\nhim and banging on the car \\nwindows...they went over the line, \\nJeff. How did they even know I was \\nthere? I was just gonna get some \\ncoffee. I didn\\u2019t fucking tell \\nanyone where I was gonna be.\\nJamie snorts.\\nJAMIE\\nI wonder how indeed.39.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122440.\\nHe glares at Lufti, who ignores this.\\nLUFTI\\nBritney, it\\u2019s what the paps do. \\nThey\\u2019re little rats, scurrying \\naround. And when they sniff you \\nout, you better say cheese. \\nJEFF\\nHow they found you is not the \\nissue, Britney! This image is now \\nwhat people think of when they hear \\nBritney Spears. Not Britney Spears, \\nloving Mom and wife. Not Britney \\nSpears, sexy global icon. They \\nthink: Britney Spears? Oh yeah, \\nthat lunatic who drives around with \\nher kid in her lap. \\nBritney looks like she\\u2019s about to cry. Swallows it down.\\nBRITNEY\\nI just didn\\u2019t want Sean to get \\nhurt.\\nThe group, as a collective, turn to the tabloids on the \\ntable.\\nINSERT - TABLOID COVER\\nThe photo of Sean in Britney\\u2019s lap with a giant caption: \\u201cIS \\nBRITNEY ABUSIVE?\\u201d\\nBACK TO SCENE\\nJamie turns back to Britney and Kevin.\\nJAMIE\\nAmerica was alright with you \\ngetting drunk off your ass and \\ndoing dumb shit until you became a \\nMom. Now that you are, all we \\nshould see in the press is Britney \\nbeing cute with her baby and doing \\nPilates to get rid of the...\\nHe gestures at Britney\\u2019s figure. \\nKevin looks down at her and doesn\\u2019t come to her defense. 40.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224(MORE)41.\\nJEFF\\nExactly. Now listen up so we can \\ntry and fix this mess. \\nHe starts explaining the plan.\\nBritney stares off into space, barely paying attention. \\nWounded.\\nINT. SET OF WILL AND GRACE - NIGHT - (2006)\\nThe set is decorated like a late night show with Jack \\nMcFarland, played by SEAN HAYES talking to Britney Spears\\u2019 \\ncharacter Amber Louise.\\nSean plays a stereotypical gay guy so well you won\\u2019t believe \\nhe\\u2019s straight.\\nIn the scene, they are in the middle of an argument. \\nSEAN\\nForget it, A.L.! No changes. Jack \\nTalk will remain the beacon of \\nintegrity it\\u2019s always been. \\n(beat)\\nAnd now, if you\\u2019ll excuse me, I \\nhave to prep for tomorrow\\u2019s \\nsegment: \\u201cPhotographing Your Dog\\u2019s \\nJunk.\\u201d \\nThe live audience laughs. Sean starts to walk away, but \\nBritney stops him.\\nBRITNEY\\nJack! You\\u2019re making a huge mistake! \\nIf you wanna get to the top, you \\ngotta compromise like me. \\nSean looks her up and down. Britney in a tight, blood-red \\ndress. Charming kerchief \\u2018round her neck. A vision of \\nSouthern blonde bombshell.\\nSEAN\\nWhat are you compromising?\\nBRITNEY\\nOkay. I\\u2019m gonna...\\n(she looks around)\\n...let you in on a little secret. \\nI\\u2019m not who you think I am. \\n(pause)(MORE)41.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224BRITNEY (CONT'D)42.\\nMy real name is Peg. And I\\u2019m a \\nhardcore lesbian.\\nSean gasps. The audience laughs uproariously.\\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nI\\u2019m into leather play. Butch black \\ngirls. Skunkin\\u2019. Pullin\\u2019 the \\nblinds. And poodle ballin\\u2019.\\n(beat)\\nWhatever you got, I\\u2019ll eat it, \\nsnort it, or ride it, baby. \\nSean covers his mouth in shock. \\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nLook. Go along with this and it \\nwill work for you. Look at me! I \\nmake $165 a week. I moved out of my \\nstorage unit. I\\u2019m on TV! \\n(emphatic)\\nI\\u2019m the freakin\\u2019 dream .\\nThe scene pauses. Again, we zoom out and return to- \\nINT. BRITNEY\\u2019S LIVING ROOM - NIGHT\\nThe \\u201cSave Britney Spears\\u2019 Image\\u201d cabal of Jeff, Lufti, and \\nJamie have gathered once again with Kevin and Britney. \\nThis time, the mood is much happier. \\nJEFF\\nAmazing job on Will and Grace , \\nBrit. America loved it. Ratings \\nwere through the roof for your \\nepisode. \\nBritney smiles shyly.\\nBRITNEY\\nI had so much fun. The cast was so \\nnice, and-\\nLUFTI\\n(interrupting)\\nBut it\\u2019s not over yet. We want to \\nmake sure people really forget \\nabout the baby in your lap mishap. \\nSo, Jeff and I were thinking...\\nHe and Jeff look conspiratorially at each other. Jamie \\nfrowns.BRITNEY (CONT'D)42.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122443.\\nJEFF\\nHow about you and Kevin having \\nanother baby?\\nAt this, Kevin freezes. \\nBRITNEY\\nWhat? How\\u2019s that supposed to help?\\nLUFTI\\nThere\\u2019s nothing more effective at \\nmaking people forget about the \\nfirst baby than a second baby. \\nTrust us on this.\\nBRITNEY\\nBut just having a baby to fix my \\nimage, I mean that seems wrong...\\nJAMIE\\nI agree. This is ridiculous. \\nAnother baby? For what? So she \\ncould get caught by the pap abusing \\na different child?\\nBRITNEY\\nDad, I did not abuse Sean. That\\u2019s--\\nAt this point, a small argument between the men ensues. They \\nall talk over Britney.\\nJEFF\\nThe press is still bashing her, \\nJamie. And the rumors that this one-\\nHe jabs his finger towards Kevin.\\nJEFF(CONT'D)\\n--can\\u2019t keep it in his pants and \\ntheir marriage is falling apart are \\nvery loud. We can quell those \\nrumors with the story of domestic \\nbliss.\\nLUFTI\\nIn other words, another baby.\\nKEVIN\\nNow, hang on. We don\\u2019t even know if \\nwe want another baby. Britney, you \\ndon\\u2019t want another kid, do you?\\nAll eyes on her now, Britney hesitates.43.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122444.\\nBRITNEY\\nWell, I--I mean...of course I want \\nanother baby. But I don\\u2019t want to \\ndo this just because of PR.\\nLUFTI\\nSee? She wants another one. It\\u2019s \\nsettled. \\nHe does a vague hand gesture towards Kevin and Britney.\\nLUFTI(CONT'D)\\nSo get to the baby-making ASAP, you \\ntwo.\\nAt this, Britney looks towards Kevin anxiously. Seeks out \\nsome comfort from her partner. \\nHe doesn\\u2019t look at her. Remains stone-faced.\\nBRITNEY\\n(to Lufti and Jeff)\\nAre you sure about this?\\nLUFTI\\nOh, absolutely. Don\\u2019t worry, Brit. \\nAmerica loves babies. This is gonna \\nfix everything.\\nINSERT \\nAn image of People magazine with a smiling Britney gracing \\nit\\u2019s cover. The headline: Britney Files for DIVORCE! \\nBRITNEY (V.O.)\\nSpoiler alert. It didn\\u2019t.\\nINT. LAWYER\\u2019S OFFICE - DAY - NOVEMBER 2006\\nBritney Spears with her lawyer LAURA WASSER as they discuss \\ndivorce paperwork.\\nLAURA\\nThank God your father made you sign \\nthat pre-nup. Remember when you \\nwere insisting that you didn\\u2019t need \\nit? \\nShe snorts with laughter. Britney does not find the humor in \\nthe situation. 44.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122445.\\nLAURA(CONT'D)\\nAnyway, the money situation is \\npretty straightforward. The most \\nimportant thing is custody.\\nLaura rummages through the piles of papers on her desk. Finds \\nthe tabloid with the photo of Sean on Britney\\u2019s lap. Tosses \\nit towards Britney.\\nLAURA(CONT'D)\\nYou know this is gonna be the first \\nthing they\\u2019ll use against you.\\nBritney takes the tabloid and looks at it wordlessly. \\nLaura dives under her desk and gets a stack of magazines with \\none thing in common: The covers are all about Britney\\u2019s \\nfailure as a mother.\\nOne declares \\u201cBRIT\\u2019S BABY FRACTURES SKULL!\\u201d\\nYet another screams \\u201cRISKING THE BABY\\u201d and underneath \\u201cHer \\ndangerous diet and out-of-control partying--when will she \\nstop?\\u201d\\nAnd so on. \\nLAURA(CONT'D)\\nThey have a lot of ammo if Kevin \\nwants custody. So we have to prep \\nfor that.\\nBritney throws the magazine back into the pile. \\nBRITNEY\\nThese are all lies. I\\u2019m a good Mom. \\nA slight hesitation in her voice. \\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nI know I\\u2019m a good Mom. \\n(beat)\\nKevin parties even harder than I \\ndo. Why aren\\u2019t there magazine \\ncovers about him?\\nLAURA\\nBecause he is not Britney Spears. \\n(beat)\\nBut don\\u2019t worry. He\\u2019s not \\nexactly...discreet.\\nShe picks up a manila envelope and pulls out a stack of \\nPolaroids. They\\u2019re of Kevin, with various women at clubs. 45.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122446.\\nThe photos aren\\u2019t shocking, but they are demoralizing. \\nBritney just stares at all the shit on Laura\\u2019s desk. \\nEvidence of a broken family.\\nBRITNEY\\nPlease. I just want my kids.\\nLAURA\\nThen, we got a lot of work to do \\nahead of us. The first thing we \\nneed to do is-\\nShe is interrupted by Britney\\u2019s phone ringing. Britney \\nquickly hangs up.\\nLAURA(CONT'D)\\nSo the first thing we need to do is-\\nThe phone rings again. Laura raises an eyebrow as Britney \\nchecks caller ID.\\nBRITNEY\\nIt\\u2019s my Mom. Sorry, I have to take \\nthis. \\nBritney answers the call and steps out of Laura\\u2019s office.\\nEXT. LAURA\\u2019S OFFICE - DAY\\nBritney by the door.\\nBRITNEY\\nMama? What\\u2019s going on?\\nWe don\\u2019t hear the conversation, but we watch Britney as she \\nreacts to what Lynne is saying. \\nSudden fear and concern flood her face.\\nINT. HOSPITAL ROOM - DAY\\nSandra lays in a hospital bed, sleeping. Lynne by her side. A \\nknock at the door and Britney enters.\\nShe stops dead at the sight of her unconscious aunt.\\nLYNNE\\n(whispering)\\nShe was working on the garden and \\nthen just suddenly collapsed. \\nThey\\u2019re running tests now.46.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122447.\\nBritney leans over and holds Sandra\\u2019s hand. \\nBRITNEY\\nHeat stroke?  \\nSandra stirs. Her eyes flutter open. \\nSANDRA\\nBritney? \\nBRITNEY\\nAunt Sandra? How are you\\u2019re \\nfeeling?\\nSANDRA\\nGoodness, I don\\u2019t know. What \\nhappened?\\nLYNNE\\nAlli found you unconscious in your \\ngarden. Good thing she checked on \\nyou--\\nA knock at the door and DR. MYERS enters. \\nDR. MEYERS\\nOh, I didn\\u2019t realize you have \\nvisitors. Hi, Sandra. I\\u2019m Dr. \\nMyers. \\nShe looks at them and glances at Sandra.\\nDR. MEYERS (CONT'D)\\nI have some news. Do you want them \\nto stay? \\nBritney tightens her grip on Sandra\\u2019s hand. \\nSANDRA\\nThey can stay.\\nDr. Meyers nods. Breathes deeply. It never gets easier, even \\nas a doctor.\\nDR. MEYERS\\nWe ran some blood tests and we \\nnoticed that you have an abnormally \\nhigh amount of CA-125.\\nBRITNEY\\nWhat does that mean? 47.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122448.\\nDR. MEYERS\\nWe\\u2019ll have to run more tests to \\nconfirm, but...it\\u2019s usually a sign \\nof ovarian cancer. \\nA leaden silence. \\nBritney and Sandra look at each other. \\nSandra sees the helpless look in Britney\\u2019s eyes and squeezes \\nher hand in comfort.\\nSANDRA\\nOkay, thank you, Doctor.\\n(beat)\\nBrit, it\\u2019ll be alright. I\\u2019ve taken \\ndown bigger than this.\\nBritney nods and gives her a slight smile, but the fear never \\nleaves her eyes.\\nINT. SET OF THE VIEW - NIGHT\\nROSIE O\\u2019DONNELL jubilantly crowing on The View with co-hosts \\nELISABETH HASSELBECK, SUSIE ESSMAN, and JOY BEHAR.\\nROSIE\\nI never expected anything like \\nthis. I\\u2019m over-the-moon excited.\\nThe audience cheers.\\nROSIE(CONT'D)\\n(to the other co-hosts)\\nHow about you? How about you, \\nEssie?\\nESSIE\\nShocked. Just totally shocked. \\nNever in a million years did I \\nthink this would happen.\\nROSIE\\nHow do you feel, Elisabeth?\\nELISABETH\\nI am both shocked and devastated. \\nROSIE\\nI know, I know. But it\\u2019s the \\nbiggest news of the country, ladies \\nand gentlemen. Britney Spears is \\nleaving K-Fed!48.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122449.\\nThe audience claps and cheers.\\nROSIE(CONT'D)\\nCONFETTI!!!\\nIndeed, the confetti drops. The audience is going nuts. A \\nscene of total celebration.\\nINT. BRITNEY\\u2019S KITCHEN - NIGHT\\nBritney stands alone in her kitchen, sorting through empty \\nalcohol bottles strewn across the counter. \\nNone of them have anything left in them.\\nHer phone rings. It\\u2019s Paris Hilton. Britney answers.\\nBRITNEY\\nWhat is it, Paris?\\nPARIS (V.O.)\\nBitch, you\\u2019re getting a divorce! \\nLet\\u2019s fucking celebrate. \\nBritney looks at the empty bottle in her hand. \\nBRITNEY\\nOk. \\nPARIS (V.O.)\\nReally? \\nBRITNEY\\nYes. Yes. You know what? Yes. Let\\u2019s \\ngo out. Let\\u2019s just go crazy. \\nPARIS (V.O.)\\nNow that\\u2019s what I like to hear. \\nThere\\u2019s a party in Beverly Hills I \\nreally want to go to, I think \\nStavros is gonna be there and--\\nHer voice fades into muffled static.\\nINT. BEVERLY HILLS HOTEL ROOM - NIGHT\\nBritney, now done up and in a little black dress. Paris has \\nabandoned her to flirt with STAVROS NIARCHOS.\\nA neat line of cocaine on the table. \\nBritney snorts it.49.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122450.\\nSomeone offers her a shot.\\nShe takes it and holds it high in a toast.\\nBRITNEY\\nTonight, I\\u2019m celebrating finally \\ngetting rid of that fucking \\ndeadweight-cheating-asshole-wannabe \\nrapper-son-of-a-bitch husband of \\nmine. So, here\\u2019s to you, K-Fed! I \\nhope your stripper girlfriend gives \\nyou STDs. \\nShe takes the shot.\\nPartygoers whoop and applaud. \\nINT. STUDIO - DAY\\nBritney in the studio to record her latest album Blackout . \\nBut she\\u2019s fucked up on amphetamines and babbling incoherently \\nat her producer DANJA. \\nShe paces frantically in front of the mic while an \\nexasperated Danja watches her.\\nBRITNEY\\nI can\\u2019t do this, my jaw hurts. My \\njaw hurts.\\nDANJA\\nDo you need to take a break?\\nBritney doesn\\u2019t speak for a moment. Just looks down sadly.\\nBRITNEY\\n(apropos of nothing)\\nI\\u2019m ugly.\\nDANJA\\nNo, you\\u2019re not. \\nThe door to the studio opens and LUFTI enters. Britney waves \\nhappily behind the glass.\\nBRITNEY\\nHi, Sam!\\nDANJA\\n(to Lufti)\\nOh good, you\\u2019re here.50.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122451.\\nLUFTI\\nBrit, you okay?\\nBRITNEY\\nYeah, I\\u2019m perfect. My jaw hurts.\\nLufti and Danja look at each other.\\nLUFTI\\nCome on out, Brit. Let\\u2019s take a \\nbreak.\\n[LATER]\\nJust Britney and Lufti sitting in the studio. She\\u2019s still \\npacing and keyed up.\\nLUFTI\\nI thought we had a deal.\\nBRITNEY\\nWhat are you talking about?\\nLUFTI\\nI told you I won\\u2019t work with you if \\nyou keep using drugs, Britney.\\nBritney looks guilty for a moment, but recovers valiantly.\\nBRITNEY\\nIt\\u2019s not what I\\u2019m using, okay? It\\u2019s \\nwhat Dad\\u2019s got me taking that\\u2019s \\nmessing me up. There are side \\neffects.\\nLUFTI\\nWhat are you talking about?\\nBRITNEY\\nI talked to my Dad about feeling \\nlike shit lately, you know? With \\nAunt Sandra and my divorce and \\neverything, so he got me this \\ndoctor. And he prescribed, like, a \\nbunch of drugs. To help.\\nLufti is aghast. \\nLUFTI\\nWhat the fuck? What the hell is \\nwrong with Jamie, seriously? He \\nkeeps doing shit behind my back \\nlike this.51.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122452.\\nHe is fuming.\\nLUFTI(CONT'D)\\nHe\\u2019s even drugging you now? \\nBritney, you need to cut that \\npsycho out of your life. \\nBritney\\u2019s tenses. She\\u2019s already anxious and this is not \\nhelping.\\nBRITNEY\\nNo, no. It\\u2019s prescribed by a \\ndoctor. I just...I don\\u2019t think I \\nwas supposed to mix it with other \\ndrugs. \\nHer sheepishness is almost adorable if it weren\\u2019t so \\nconcerning.\\nLUFTI\\nNo fucking shit, Britney. \\nHe sighs.\\nLUFTI(CONT'D)\\nYou\\u2019re obviously in no condition to \\nwork. Just go home for the day.\\nThis directive causes a panic. \\nBRITNEY\\nNo. No, no, no. I can\\u2019t do that. \\nI\\u2019m here. I have to record. I can\\u2019t \\nwaste Danja\\u2019s time like that. I can \\ndo this. I can do it. \\nLufti is doubtful. Britney grits her teeth. \\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nSam, I can do it.\\n[LATER]\\nThis time, Britney is determined and focused. The beat starts \\nup.\\nBRITNEY\\nIt\\u2019s Britney--\\nCUT TO INT. HOSPITAL - NIGHT - JANUARY 2007\\nSandra in bed while Britney sits by her side. 52.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122453.\\nThe round-faced Southern mother has been replaced with a \\ngaunt figure. But she\\u2019s still as tender as ever.\\nSANDRA\\nI don\\u2019t have long, honey.\\nBritney shakes her head violently.\\nBRITNEY\\nDon\\u2019t say that. We\\u2019re getting you \\nthe best care, you\\u2019ll pull through \\nthis, I know--\\nSANDRA\\nBritney.\\nBritney quiets.\\nSANDRA (CONT'D)\\nThe cancer has spread too far. I \\nknow I don\\u2019t have long. \\nShe reaches out to hold Britney\\u2019s hand. They sit in silence \\nfor a moment.\\nSANDRA (CONT'D)\\nThere\\u2019s nothing more I want in this \\nworld than for you and Jamie Lynn \\nto be happy.\\n(beat)\\nAre you happy, Britney?\\nBritney doesn\\u2019t have an answer to this. She\\u2019s crying now.\\nSANDRA (CONT'D)\\nDon\\u2019t cry, honey. I love you very \\nmuch, you know that right?\\nBritney nods.\\nBRITNEY\\n(choked up)\\nI love you too, Aunt Sandra.\\nSANDRA\\nNow, listen. This body of mine may \\ngo eventually, but I\\u2019ll always be \\nwith you. You believe that, don\\u2019t \\nyou?\\nBritney nods. Tears streaming uncontrollably.53.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122454.\\nSANDRA (CONT'D)\\nI\\u2019ll be with you and Sean and \\nJayden, so you just keep going \\nalright? No matter what happens, \\ndon\\u2019t let it trap you. Just keep \\nmoving forward. \\nBRITNEY\\nOkay. I will.\\nSandra sighs tiredly. Closes her eyes.\\nSANDRA\\nCan you sing me something, honey? \\nTo help me sleep.\\nBritney obliges. Quietly, almost reverently, she sings \\n\\u201cAmazing Grace\\u201d as a lullaby.\\nBRITNEY\\nAmazing Grace\\nhow sweet the sound\\nthat saved a wretch like me \\nI once was lost, but now am found \\nWas blind, but now I see...\\nEXT. CEMETERY - DAY\\nThe burial of Sandra Bridges Covington. \\u201cAmazing Grace\\u201d \\ncontinues. \\nBRITNEY (V.O.)\\nT\\u2019was Grace that taught my heart to \\nfeel \\nAnd Grace, my fears relieved \\nHow precious did that grace appear \\nthe hour I first believed\\nThe entire Spears family is there. \\nHer song is accompanied by a choir as Britney watches the \\ncasket lowered into the ground. Her aunt\\u2019s final words still \\nresonating. \\nBRITNEY (V.O.)\\nThrough many dangers, toils and \\nsnares \\nWe have already come \\nT\\u2019was Grace that brought us thus \\nfar \\nAnd Grace will lead us home \\nAnd Grace will lead us home54.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122455.\\nThe choir silences and it is once again only Britney\\u2019s voice \\nand the scene fades to black. \\nBRITNEY (V.O.)\\nAmazing Grace \\nhow sweet the sound\\nthat saved a wretch like me \\nI once was lost, but now am found  \\nWas blind, but now I see\\nINT. SANDRA\\u2019S HOUSE - DAY\\nWhile guests mingle during the funeral reception, Jamie \\nnurses a whiskey.\\nHe spots Britney and pulls her aside.\\nJAMIE\\nWhat\\u2019s this I hear about you \\nshowing up at the studio high off \\nyour ass?\\nBRITNEY\\nWho told you that?\\nJAMIE\\nNever mind that. You can\\u2019t be doing \\nthat shit, Britney. Every day I\\u2019m \\nseeing tabloids with photos of you \\npartying like you\\u2019re fucking Mick \\nJagger. \\nHe takes a sip from his glass.\\nJAMIE(CONT'D)\\nYou have a problem.\\nBritney almost appreciates the irony, but it\\u2019s too tragic of \\na day for that.\\nBRITNEY\\nIn case you haven\\u2019t noticed, Dad, I \\nhave several problems. But I don\\u2019t \\nthink Aunt Sandra\\u2019s funeral is the \\ntime or the place for this \\nconversation.\\nJAMIE\\nWell when else can I talk to you? \\nLufti keeps blocking my calls. He \\nwon\\u2019t let me see you. So when, \\nBritney? 55.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122456.\\nBRITNEY\\nI don\\u2019t know! But I know this isn\\u2019t \\nit. \\nJamie pauses. Takes another sip.\\nJAMIE\\nWhat about rehab?\\nBRITNEY \\nWhat about rehab?\\nJAMIE\\nI think you should go. \\nIrritated, Britney starts to turn away.\\nJAMIE(CONT'D)\\nHey, where are you going?\\nBRITNEY\\nI\\u2019m leaving. I don\\u2019t need to be \\ntold to go to rehab from someone \\nwho probably needs it more than me. \\nJAMIE\\nBritney, I\\u2019m just trying to help \\nyou. Don\\u2019t you have that custody \\nbattle coming up?\\nBRITNEY\\nWhat?\\nJAMIE\\nYou know they won\\u2019t let you keep \\nthe kids if you test positive for \\ndrugs. \\nBritney falters. \\nBRITNEY\\nWell, for your information, I\\u2019ve \\nbeen sober for the past couple of \\nweeks, so that won\\u2019t be a problem.\\nJamie points to his scalp.\\nJAMIE\\nThey can test your hair.\\nBRITNEY\\nWhat?56.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122457.\\nJAMIE\\nThere are still traces of drugs in \\nyour hair for up to 6 months. \\nThey\\u2019ll know.\\nShe\\u2019s horrified for a moment, but then balks. \\nBRITNEY\\nLike I\\u2019m gonna trust a word you \\nsay. \\n(beat)\\nIf you\\u2019re just gonna be like this, \\nthen I\\u2019m glad Sam\\u2019s blocking your \\ncalls. \\nShe stalks off. An infuriated Jamie downs the rest of his \\ndrink.\\nEXT. PARK - DAY \\nBritney with four-year old Sean and two-year old Jayden at \\nthe park, enjoying some ice cream. A NANNY is in tow, along \\nwith several BODYGUARDS.\\nWe catch glimpses of paparazzi snapping photos from their \\ncars. \\nBRITNEY\\n(to Sean)\\nHow\\u2019s your ice cream, baby? \\nSean looks up with bright eyes. A bit of ice cream on the \\ncorner of his mouth.\\nSEAN\\nIt\\u2019s yummy, Mommy. \\nBritney smiles and wipes the ice cream off with her thumb.\\nShe leans over and kisses Sean on the forehead. He continues \\nto eat happily. Then--\\nSEAN(CONT'D)\\nDo we go home with Daddy today?\\nBritney stops.\\nBRITNEY\\nWhy, baby? Do you want to leave \\nMommy already?\\nSEAN\\nNo. I want to stay with you. 57.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122458.\\nBritney giggles at this. Turns to Jayden.\\nBRITNEY\\nHow about you, sweetie? Do you want \\nto stay with Mommy?\\nJayden, mouth full of ice cream, nods eagerly. Britney is \\noverjoyed.\\nINT. BRITNEY\\u2019S BATHROOM - NIGHT\\nShe holds a few pills in one hand while pouring a shot of \\nvodka into a glass with the other. \\nSwallows the pills and takes a gulp of the alcohol. \\nStares at her reflection. \\nThe Nanny calls her from outside the door.\\nNANNY (O.S.)\\nKevin is here to pick up Sean and \\nJayden. \\nBritney takes a moment to process this.\\nBRITNEY\\nBut they don\\u2019t want to go with him. \\nThey want to stay with me. So tell \\nhim to go back. \\nINT. OUTSIDE OF THE BATHROOM - NIGHT\\nThe Nanny stops for a moment. This is not in her paygrade. \\nShe\\u2019d much rather not deal with parental custody battles when \\nher shift\\u2019s about to end, thanks. \\nNANNY\\nUm...\\nThe door explodes open and an infuriated Britney comes out. \\nThe cocktail of substances she\\u2019s taken has kicked in and she \\nis OUT OF IT.\\nSlurred words and red-eyed.\\nBRITNEY\\nI told you! They don\\u2019t want to go \\nwith him! They told me themselves. 58.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122459.\\nNANNY\\nUh--I\\u2019m sorry. I don\\u2019t--\\nBRITNEY\\nWhatever. I\\u2019ll go tell him myself. \\nShe stomps down the hallway, yelling the whole time.\\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nWhy does he even get custody of the \\nkids when he doesn\\u2019t do shit for \\nthem? Those kids came out of me. \\nI\\u2019m their mother. I\\u2019m the one who \\nraised them while he was off \\npartying and fucking strippers--\\nDuring her diatribe, we follow her down the hall and towards--\\nI/E KIDS\\u2019 ROOM - NIGHT\\nShe opens the door to see Kevin on the floor with Sean and \\nJayden while they play with toys.\\nThe three of them stare in shock at the beyond-fucked-up \\nsight of Britney, breathing hard and glaring.\\nBRITNEY\\nThe boys said they want to stay \\nhere. So you can go.\\nShe makes a shooing motion with her hand. Teeters \\ndangerously. \\nKEVIN\\nUh...Brit, what the hell?  \\nShe dives forward and gathers the kids in her arms. \\nBRITNEY\\nThey said it themselves. They want \\nto stay with me. Right, Sean?\\nSean, terrified, freezes at the question. He looks at Kevin, \\nwho is now on his feet and approaching Britney.\\nKEVIN\\nBritney, you\\u2019re scaring him. And \\nwhat are you on? You look so fucked \\nup right now.\\nBRITNEY\\nLike you aren\\u2019t high off your ass. 59.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122460.\\nKEVIN\\nBritney, you\\u2019re hurting them.\\nBritney hugs the boys more tightly, backs away from Kevin. \\nThe boys hug their mother back, but are also confused as to \\nwhat\\u2019s happening. \\nBRITNEY\\nNo. They\\u2019re my kids. They\\u2019re \\nstaying here. \\nShe\\u2019s quickly becoming hysterical at this point.\\nKEVIN\\n(raising his voice)\\nBritney, I\\u2019m fucking serious. \\nYou\\u2019re acting crazy. \\n Jayden starts wailing, clings on to his mother. \\nBRITNEY\\nNo, no, no. Get away. Get away.\\nShe books it with the kids in tow. Carrying little Jayden in \\nher arms while Sean runs along behind them. \\nDrags them to a nearby bedroom and locks it.\\nKevin follows after and starts banging on the door.\\nKEVIN\\nBritney, open the fucking door! \\nNo response.\\nKEVIN(CONT'D)\\nOpen the door right now or I\\u2019ll \\ncall the cops. \\nHe pulls out his phone, starts to dial 9-1-1. \\nOPERATOR (V.O.)\\n9-1-1, what is your emergency?\\nKevin starts to explain the situation. Curious staff peek \\ntheir heads and stare.\\nInside the bedroom, Britney starts to hyperventilate. The \\nchildren turn to their mother, trusting her, but knowing \\nsomething is very wrong. \\nJAYDEN\\nMommy, are you okay?60.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122461.\\nBRITNEY\\nYes, baby, I\\u2019m okay. How you doin\\u2019?\\nJAYDEN\\nI\\u2019m scared.\\nBRITNEY\\nDon\\u2019t be scared. Come here, come \\nhere. Don\\u2019t worry. \\nHugs them tight. \\nShe closes her eyes.\\nTime slows.\\nEXT. BRITNEY\\u2019S MANSION - NIGHT\\nA scene of total chaos outside of Britney\\u2019s house. The entire \\ncavalry has arrived: the fire department, police cars, a \\npolice helicopter. \\nPOLICE OFFICERS knock on the door. \\nI/E KIDS\\u2019 ROOM - NIGHT\\nKevin paces outside of the door, when he sees police officers \\nbarreling down the hallway. \\nFIREFIGHTERS pushing a medical gurney. \\nInside, the room, Britney hears the sudden commotion. She \\nsqueezes the kids tight. \\nINFERNAL BUZZING surrounds her, suffocates her from the inside.\\nWe see things from BRITNEY\\u2019S POV.\\nSuddenly, the door is kicked down.\\nPolice run in and grab Sean and Jayden away. Britney screams \\nand tries to hang on. They push her down onto the floor.\\nBritney struggles helplessly and is lifted up onto the \\ngurney. \\nShe sees Kevin run in and grab the boys, turning them away.\\nShe thrashes against the straps, as the firefighters and \\npolice officers secure her. 61.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122462.\\nBRITNEY\\nNo! Fuck! Let me go, let me go! \\nSean and Jayden cry as their mother is wheeled down the \\nhallway. \\nEXT. BRITNEY\\u2019S MANSION - NIGHT\\nPulled out of her opulent home and into the driveway, Britney \\nnow in complete hysterics as she continues to writhe in the \\ngurney. \\nRed lights flashing all around her. Sirens loud and drowning \\nout her cries.\\nEverything is hazy and in strobe. \\nAlternates from laughing manically to weeping and screaming out Jayden and Sean\\u2019s names.\\nThe mix of drugs she took completely kicking in. Barefoot and \\ncovered with a white blanket. Looks around wildly.\\nBRITNEY\\nSean! Jayden! My babies--!\\nSobbing, she turns to the PARAMEDICS lifting her up and into \\nthe ambulance.\\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nPlease--! My children--! \\nAnguish. Tries to reach out but she\\u2019s paralyzed in the \\ngurney.\\nSees Kevin running out of the house with the kids, watching \\nher.\\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nJayden! Sean!\\nThe ambulance doors shut in her face.\\nBlackness.\\nINSERT\\nThe front cover of the Daily News . Britney on the gurney with \\nthe headline \\u201cBRIT TO BE TIED: Pop star princess in psych \\nward\\u201d \\nWe zoom out to see we are in -62.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122463.\\nINT. LOS ANGELES COURTHOUSE - DAY\\nBritney on one side, dressed in her Sunday best and \\naccompanied by Laura. Looking at the magazine on the table in \\nfront of her. \\nKevin in a suit and tie with his own lawyer.\\nThey stand before a JUDGE, who calmly announces her verdict \\nof the child custody battle.\\nJUDGE\\nOn February 5, 2007, Defendant \\nBritney Spears was arrested for \\nrefusal of abiding by the custody \\norder arranged between her and \\nPlaintiff Kevin Federline. Ms. \\nSpears has also exposed her \\nchildren to immediate harm due to \\nher persistent drug and alcohol use \\nwhile in care of the children. I \\nhereby remove all of Ms. Spears \\ncustody and visitation rights for \\nSean Federline and Jayden Federline \\nand grant Mr. Federline sole \\ncustody of the two children. This \\norder is effective immediately.\\nKevin celebrates with his lawyer, while Laura looks at \\nBritney with disdain. \\nBritney is unseeing. \\nThe judge\\u2019s voice fades into a deep-in-your-bones chainsaw loud buzzing of shears.  \\nINT. BRITNEY\\u2019S BEDROOM - DAY\\nSUPER: FEBRUARY 16, 2007\\nBritney stirs awake. The buzzing is a quiet hum in the \\nbackground.\\nShe\\u2019s wrecked. Hasn\\u2019t showered in days. Hungover in jeans and \\na gray hoodie.\\nBleary brown eyes smeared with eyeliner stare as the ceiling \\ncomes to focus.\\nShe breathes deeply.63.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122464.\\nLooks at her phone on her bedside table. Considers it for a \\nmoment.\\nReaches out for it. Dials her mother\\u2019s number.\\nIt rings. Lynne picks up.\\nLYNNE (V.O.)\\nBrit?\\nBritney\\u2019s voice is hoarse. Cracks from unuse.\\nBRITNEY\\nHi, Mom.\\nLYNNE\\nHoney, I\\u2019ve been so worried about \\nyou. How are you doing?\\nBRITNEY\\nNot good.\\nHer voice breaks. The tears start.\\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nNot good at all.\\nLYNNE\\nOh, Brit...\\n(beat)\\nI wish I could be there with you, \\nhoney. \\nBritney bites her lip to stop herself from full on bawling.\\nBRITNEY\\nYou could. I mean...nothing\\u2019s \\nstopping you.\\nA pause. \\nLYNNE (O.S.)\\nBritney, you know I can\\u2019t be there. \\nI can\\u2019t be around your father, he\\u2019s-\\nBRITNEY\\nYou don\\u2019t even have to see him! \\nLynne sighs.64.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122465.\\nLYNNE (O.S.)\\nBrit, I left L.A. for a reason. I \\nwant to be there for you...I am \\nhere for you, but I hope you can \\nrespect my decision to leave.\\nThis does nothing to quell Britney\\u2019s growing anger. \\nBRITNEY\\nYou\\u2019re a bad mother.\\nA pause. \\nLYNNE (O.S.)\\nYou\\u2019re obviously not in a good \\nplace to talk, so I\\u2019m hanging up. \\nYou can call me when you\\u2019re ready \\nto have a conversation.\\nShe hangs up. Britney glares at her phone and then chucks it \\nacross the room. \\nINT. LYNNE\\u2019S HOUSE - DAY\\nLynne is done up, her perfectly highlighted bangs framing a \\nprim expression. She looks at her phone in concern.\\nA beat and then-\\nShe dials Jamie\\u2019s number.\\nLYNNE\\nIt\\u2019s me. \\n(beat)\\nYeah, yeah, I saw. \\n(beat)\\nShe called me. Asked me to come. \\n(beat)\\nListen. Jamie. I think it might be \\ntime for the big guns. \\nLooks off in the distance. There\\u2019s an ugly combination of \\npity and determination in her face as she listens to Jamie \\nspeak.\\nLYNNE(CONT'D)\\nMm-hm. Mm-hm. Listen, let\\u2019s talk \\nmore later. \\n(beat)\\nI gotta go to church.\\nHangs up and frowns. Fixes an errant strand of hair. It is \\noddly reminiscent of her daughter. 65.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122466.\\nINT. BRITNEY\\u2019S LIVING ROOM - DAY\\nBritney leans her head back on the couch. Suddenly, she hears \\nshouting from her window. A growing commotion.\\nGets up out of bed and opens her curtains. Light floods in \\nand blinds her for a moment. \\nBlinks at the scene below her. A horde of paparazzi teeming \\noutside of her home. \\nAt the sight of Britney, they shout. Point-and-click their \\ncameras.\\nBritney stares at them. Something begins to unravel. \\nShe whirls around and stomps out of her bedroom.\\nWe follow her as she walks through the hallway and bounds \\ndown her staircase. \\nShe sweeps across her living room to her foyer and throws \\nopen her front door.\\nEXT. BRITNEY\\u2019S MANSION - DAY\\nBritney bears down on the paparazzi surrounding her home. \\nThey mob her with recorders, yelling questions. \\nSome are about losing custody of her kids. Some about the \\ndrug use and partying. Some about K-Fed. \\nAll intrusive. All shouted like an interrogation.\\nBRITNEY\\nGet the fuck away! Stop following \\nme! Just leave me alone! \\nThe paparazzi ignore her and continue asking questions and \\ntaking photos.\\nShe shoves one camera aside that\\u2019s gotten particularly close.\\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nI said leave me alone or I\\u2019m \\ncalling the police. This is \\ntrespassing.\\nBritney\\u2019s bodyguards have gathered now to try and shield her \\naway from the paparazzi. 66.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122467.\\nThey press in from all sides, demanding answers. \\nThey grab at parts of her they can reach. Her clothes. Her \\narms. Her dyed black hair.\\nHer bodyguards do their best to corral away the crowd, but \\nthey are persistent.\\nPAPARAZZO #1\\nBritney, do you really hit your \\nkids?\\nPAPARAZZO #2\\nIs it true Sean got ahold of some \\nof your pills?\\nBritney is panicking now. Looks around desperately. \\nRuns to her car parked in the driveway with her bodyguards in \\ntow. \\nShe wrestles with the locked door until one of them unlocks \\nit for her. Hops in and slams the door. \\nBRITNEY\\n(to bodyguard in the \\ndriver\\u2019s seat)\\nJust--just get me the fuck out of \\nhere. Now.\\nDRIVER BODYGUARD\\nWhere?\\nBRITNEY\\nAnywhere! I don\\u2019t care! Just drive!\\nThe bodyguard puts the car in drive. Peels out of the \\ndriveway--barely misses some of the mobbing paparazzi. \\nA pity.\\nAs they speed off, the paparazzi get into their own cars and \\nfollow. \\nINT. BRITNEY\\u2019S CAR - DAY\\nBritney looks out the window at the cars following after \\nthem.\\nShe turns to her BODYGUARD next to her.\\nBRITNEY\\nCan you call Sam? Please?67.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122468.\\nHe nods, takes out his phone and dials Lufti. Hands her the \\nphone.\\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nSam? Hello? I need help.\\nLUFTI (O.S.)\\nWhat? What is it? Are you okay, \\nwhat\\u2019s going on?\\nBRITNEY\\nI can\\u2019t fucking take this anymore, \\nSam. I can\\u2019t do this. I can\\u2019t. I \\njust--\\nLUFTI (O.S.)\\nHang on, hang on. Brit, calm down. \\nTake a deep breath. \\nBritney inhales. Exhales a shaky breath.\\nBRITNEY\\nThe fucking pap are after me again. \\nI just wanted to go outside . But \\nthey were there asking me questions-\\n-about the kids and--I can\\u2019t do \\nthis anymore, Sam. \\nShe starts to sob.\\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nPlease. I can\\u2019t.\\nA long silence from Lufti.\\nLUFTI (O.S.)\\nWhere are you right now? Are you \\nsafe? \\nBRITNEY\\nI\\u2019m in the car, Damon is driving--\\nLUFTI (O.S.)\\n(impatient)\\nWhere?\\nBRITNEY\\nI don\\u2019t know, I--\\nShe looks frantically around.68.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224(MORE)69.\\nDRIVER DAMON\\n(from the front seat)\\nWe\\u2019ve just gotten onto the 405 \\nNorth.\\nBRITNEY\\nWe\\u2019re on the 405. \\nLUFTI (O.S.)\\nOkay. I\\u2019m in Calabasas right now, \\nso have Damon drive you to my \\noffice alright? I\\u2019ll meet you \\nthere. \\nBRITNEY\\nUh-huh.\\nLUFTI (O.S.)\\nListen, babe, it\\u2019s going to be \\nokay. Everything\\u2019s gonna be \\nalright. You hear me? \\nVoice still shaky, but starting to calm down a bit, Britney \\ncoalesces.\\nBRITNEY\\nOkay. Thank you, Sam.\\nShe hangs up the phone. \\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nDamon, please take me to Sam\\u2019s \\noffice.\\nINT. KARDASHIAN MANSION IN CALABASAS - DAY\\nLufti has taken his phone call inside the kitchen, looking \\nout large French doors to KRIS JENNER, 51, sitting poolside. \\nAfter hanging up with Britney, he dials another number. \\nSpeaks in hushed tones.\\nLUFTI\\nShe\\u2019s on the 405. On her way to my \\noffice in Tarzana. Yeah. Black \\nCadillac, license plate:\\n(beat)\\nNo, I don\\u2019t fucking know where on \\nthe 405. Aren\\u2019t you the paparazzi? \\nHere I am, giving you the info on a \\nsilver platter, and you still can\\u2019t \\nfigure it out on your own? Jesus. (MORE)69.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224LUFTI (CONT'D)70.\\n(beat)\\nJust go to my office, she\\u2019ll be \\nthere. \\nHe hangs up the phone. Makes his way through the French doors \\nand re-joins Kris by the pool.\\nLUFTI(CONT'D)\\nSorry about that. Just had some \\nbusiness to take care of. \\nKris arches a brow, curious.\\nKRIS\\nWhat business?\\nLUFTI\\nNothing for you to worry about. \\nAnyway, as I was saying, Kim\\u2019s \\nlittle mishap is the best thing \\nthat could have ever happened to \\nyou. You need to strike while the \\niron\\u2019s hot.\\nKRIS\\nI\\u2019m listening.\\nLufti leans in to talk.\\nINT. BRITNEY\\u2019S CAR - DAY\\nBritney leans forward desperately.\\nBRITNEY\\nAre we almost there?\\nDAMON\\nJust about at the exit, ma\\u2019am.\\nBritney jiggles a leg impatiently.\\nBRITNEY\\nI\\u2019m so done with this shit, Damon. \\nI swear to god when we get to Sam\\u2019s \\noffice I\\u2019m just going to--\\nShe\\u2019s suddenly struck by a revelation.\\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nI\\u2019m going to quit! That\\u2019s what I\\u2019m \\ngoing to do.\\nShe laughs, loud and frenzied.LUFTI (CONT'D)70.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224(MORE)71.\\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nI mean, what\\u2019s Sam gonna do? Stop \\nme? What\\u2019s anyone gonna do? People \\nquit their jobs all the time. Why \\ncan\\u2019t I? \\n(beat)\\nYeah. Fuck this. I\\u2019m done. \\nShe laughs again. Then falls silent as she hears an \\napproaching noise overhead. \\nA thunderous THWOK! THWOK!  of helicopter blades.\\nShe opens the window and sticks her head out of the car to \\nlook. Spots the helicopter.\\nEXT. THE 405 NORTH - DAY\\nRush hour in Los Angeles. Bumper-to-bumper traffic. We go up \\ninto the sky to the helicopter Britney is looking at.  We \\nzoom out to see a helicopter. \\nINT. HELICOPTER - DAY\\nThe helicopter manned by a PILOT being ordered around by a \\nDOUCHEBAG PAPARAZZO.\\nDOUCHEBAG PAPARAZZO\\nThere she is! There she is! \\nINT. BRITNEY\\u2019S CAR - DAY\\nBritney looking up at the helicopter.\\nBile in her throat, she can\\u2019t believe this. \\nBRITNEY\\nJesus Christ.\\nShe glances around her. Sees men in cars behind her and \\nbeside her start snapping photos.  \\nQuickly sticks her head back inside the car and rolls the \\nwindow shut. \\nKeeps frantically looking out the window, eyes rolling up and \\nscanning the sky, a la Ray Liotta in Goodfellas . \\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nWhat the fuck. What the fuck.\\n(to Damon)(MORE)71.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224BRITNEY (CONT'D)72.\\nCan\\u2019t you--can\\u2019t you lose them or \\nsomething?\\nShe looks around the car, scrambling to find something to \\nprotect herself. As if there will be the ingredients to a \\nMolotov cocktail in here. \\nThere aren\\u2019t. Spots the next best thing. A bottle of vodka. \\nOpens it right up and downs a shot of that. \\nINT. HELICOPTER - DAY\\nBack to the helicopter with Pilot and Douchebag Paparazzo.\\nDOUCHEBAG PAPARAZZO\\nThere! Right there! Don\\u2019t you dare \\nlose her. Don\\u2019t you fucking dare. \\nYou know how long I\\u2019ve been camping \\nout in front of her house for these \\nphotos? \\nThe pilot says nothing, concentrates on navigating the \\nhelicopter.\\nDOUCHEBAG PAPARAZZO (CONT'D)\\nTwo liter bottles worth of piss. \\nThat\\u2019s how long. Whoa--!\\nThe helicopter has tilted slightly, knocking the paparazzo \\noff-balance. He falls on his ass and the pilot just shakes \\nhis head.\\nPILOT\\nI suggest you take a seat, sir. \\nWould be safer. \\nThe helicopter whirrs loudly. Orange and purple hue the sky.\\nINT. BRITNEY\\u2019S CAR - NIGHT\\nThe vodka has Britney feeling woozy. She can\\u2019t keep up. \\nBRITNEY\\nDamon, do you think we can stop and \\nget a coffee or something? \\nDAMON\\nSure thing, Brit. BRITNEY (CONT'D)72.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122473.\\nEXT. CONVENIENCE STORE - NIGHT\\nBritney has her gray hoodie up, enters the convenience store. \\nHer bodyguard tells the paparazzi to back up, back up. \\nThey\\u2019re not backing up.. Snap, snap, snap go the cameras. \\nINT. CONVENIENCE STORE - NIGHT\\nBritney grabs a Red Bull off the shelf. The CASHIER is in \\nawe. \\nBRITNEY\\nJust this, thanks. \\nIt takes a second for the cashier to register her request.\\nCASHIER\\nUh...sure. Yeah, of course. \\nHe rings her up. \\nBritney grabs her drink. Escorted out of the convenience \\nstore and into her car. \\nINT. BRITNEY\\u2019S CAR - NIGHT\\nBritney opens the Red Bull and chugs it down. Grabs the \\nleftover bottle of vodka she was drinking from earlier.\\nTakes another swig. \\nStares out the window. White lights dot her pupils as it \\ndarkens. Like the flash of a camera. \\nWarped images and voices come to her. People pressing in.\\nFLASH.\\nLAURA (V.O.)\\nThey have a lot of ammo if Kevin \\nwants custody.\\nFLASH.\\nPaparazzi grabbing her clothes. Grabbing her hair. Screaming \\ninane questions. \\nPAPARAZZO #1\\nBritney is it true you\\u2019re so drunk \\nthat Jayden blew above a 0.08 after \\nyou breastfed him?73.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122474.\\nFLASH.\\nJAMIE (V.O.)\\n(looming)\\nThey can test your hair.\\nFLASH.\\nBack to Britney, hyperventilating in the car. Eyes darting \\nback and forth.\\nShe can\\u2019t lose her babies, she can\\u2019t she CAN\\u2019T SHE CAN\\u2019T--\\nFLASH.\\nPaparazzi\\u2019s hands touching her, grabbing her hair--\\nSuddenly something catches Britney\\u2019s eye. A glowing sign at a \\nstrip mall that says: \\n\\u201cESTHER\\u2019S HAIRCUTTING SALON.\\u201d\\nBRITNEY\\nWait! WAIT! Stop the car! STOP THE \\nCAR!\\nShe pounds desperately on the door and window as it screeches \\nto a halt right in front of the strip mall. \\nBritney spills out of the Cadillac and almost falls onto the \\nground. A bodyguard helps her out and she makes a beeline for \\nthe salon. \\nThe paparazzi that have managed to stay in pursuit hop out of \\ntheir vehicles, cameras at the ready, foaming at the mouth \\nwith questions.\\nThey press in, bodyguards telling them to back up, back up--\\nBritney in her dirty gray hoodie--\\nThe eponymous proprietress ESTHER (40s) looks up from \\nsweeping hair from the floor as the bodyguards file in with \\nBritney--\\nESTHER\\nHoly shit. \\nBritney collapses in a chair. Shock on Esther\\u2019s face as she \\nstruggles to comprehend what\\u2019s happening. \\nBlinks wordlessly in glee. 74.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122475.\\nESTHER (CONT'D)\\nHi. Britney. \\nBritney smiles politely. Esther removes her hoodie. Fluffs up \\nher hair. Combs it gently through her fingers.\\nMuscle memory overriding the surrealness of the moment.\\nESTHER (CONT'D)\\nSo. What would you like?\\nBritney stares at her reflection. She looks at the row of \\nhair grooming tools in front of her. \\nA hair clipper looks back.\\nOutside, the paparazzi are snapping away. The flashes of the \\ncamera are nonstop. \\nThe buzzing of clippers begins to sound low and insistent, a \\nhumming in Britney\\u2019s mind she can\\u2019t hush--\\nINT. ESTHER\\u2019S HAIRCUTTING SALON, TARZANA\\nBritney sits on a stool in the dark.\\nThe spotlight shines on her. She holds a hair clipper.\\nLooks at it. \\nDeep breath.\\nAll at once manic and forlorn. Addicted and in withdrawal. \\nHas lost her husband. Has lost her children.\\nLooks at us.\\nThen, she turns on the clipper. \\nWith no accompaniment but the buzzing, sings a part of \\u201cGimme \\nMore\\u201d and shaves her head.\\nBRITNEY\\nA center of attention / Even when \\nI\\u2019m up against the wall / You\\u2019ve \\ngot me in a crazy position \\nAs she shaves, she smiles at the weight she sheds. Cries at \\nthe loss she suffers.\\nSmoothens out the last bits of patches. Stands. \\nEverything turns into a blur around her. Turns dreamlike.75.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224(MORE)76.\\nBritney walks as if she is on water. She crosses the waves of \\npeople like the people of Israel crossing the river Jordan.\\nShe walks out of the salon and into the tattoo shop next \\ndoor. \\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nGimme, gimme (more) \\nGimme (more) \\nGimme, gimme (more) \\nGimme (more)\\nEveryone follows her, disciples trailing after their Messiah.\\nINT. TATTOO SHOP - NIGHT\\nBritney enters the tattoo parlor and sits in one of the \\nchairs. \\nA bodyguard closes the blinds to block the view of the \\npaparazzi. Makes eye contact with another bodyguard. Nods. \\nRe-opens the blinds. \\nBritney on the chair finishes her request to the TATTOO \\nARTIST.\\nLeans her head back and stretches out her right arm for the \\nartist to take. \\nTurns her head to see that cameras are pointed into the \\nwindows.\\nWhips her face away. \\nBRITNEY\\nClose the blinds, Jesus Christ.\\nThe bodyguard by the window complies. For a moment. Then \\nopens the blinds again.\\nBritney doesn\\u2019t notice. She stares up at the ceiling. \\nShe continues to sing \\u201cGimme More\\u201d as she gets her tattoo. \\nFocus on her face, grimacing in pain. \\nThe whining of the needle and the clipper in dissonance with \\nher voice.  \\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nI just can\\u2019t control myself \\nOh... (more) \\nThey want more? (MORE)76.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224BRITNEY (CONT'D)77.\\nWell I\\u2019ll give them more \\nOw! (More)\\nThe tattoo artist draws the needle away. \\nAll of the noise stops. \\nBritney sits up in the chair. Swivels to face the world.\\nOn her right wrist are a pair of red lips.\\nShe blows us a kiss. \\nCUT TO BLACK.\\nINT. CELEBRITY REHAB - DAY (MARCH 2007)\\nA circle of chairs. Britney sits in group therapy with \\nLINDSAY LOHAN, MARY-KATE OLSEN (20), and HALEY JOEL OSMENT \\n(19) while a counselor in his 40s, STACY, listens to them.\\nStacy has the well-worn squinting eyes, tilted head, \\u201cthis is \\nmy listening face\\u201d of every therapist everywhere. \\nLINDSAY\\nShe\\u2019s nothing but a fake tanned, \\nback-stabbing slutty bitch who \\nwants to use me!\\nBritney, who has zoned out and is just now tuning back in, \\nsmirks at this.\\nBRITNEY\\nWho, Paris?\\nLINDSAY\\nNo. I\\u2019m talking about my Mom.\\nSTACY\\nYou\\u2019ve mentioned that before, \\nLindsay. This feeling of being \\nused. Would anyone else care to \\nshare more about that? Britney, we \\nhaven\\u2019t heard from you yet. What do \\nyou think?\\nThe patients all look towards Britney. They\\u2019re all A-listers, \\nbut she\\u2019s THE A-lister-est of them all. \\nOf course her mental breakdown beat out all of theirs for the \\nmost coverage in the media. BRITNEY (CONT'D)77.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122478.\\nIt\\u2019s a bit of a sore point they\\u2019ll never admit to.\\nHaley, Lindsay, and Mary-Kate stare unabashedly at her \\nbaldness.\\nFuzziness is starting to set in, her naturally brown hair \\npeeking through like sprouts in spring.\\nBritney blinks.\\nBRITNEY\\nOh, honey. I\\u2019ve been used and \\nabused my whole life. I ain\\u2019t \\nspecial for that. \\nShe shrugs and leans back in her chair.\\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nThat\\u2019s how I made all the money to \\nafford this fancy rehab. \\nHaley Joel snorts.\\nHALEY JOEL\\nRight. \\n(in somber tones)\\n\\u201cThis bond doth give thee here no \\njot of blood; The words expressly \\nare a \\u2018a pound of flesh.\\u2019\\u201d\\nEveryone looks at him: Um, what?\\nLINDSAY\\nUm, what?\\nHALEY JOEL\\nIt\\u2019s Shakespeare!\\nBlank looks again.\\nHALEY JOEL (CONT'D)\\nMary-Kate, Lindsay, you\\u2019re actors \\nfor god\\u2019s sakes. Merchant of \\nVenice? Where Antonio can\\u2019t pay \\nShylock what he owes, so he has to \\npay him a pound of flesh? \\nLINDSAY\\nEw.\\nHALEY JOEL\\nYou know what! Never mind. The \\npoint is. All this money and fame \\ncome at a cost. 78.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224(MORE)79.\\nHe exhales. Looks afar off. It\\u2019s theatrical, yes. But it\\u2019s \\ngenuine too. \\nCUT TO:\\nINT. HALEY JOEL\\u2019S STATION WAGON - NIGHT\\nDrunk as a skunk, all senses are gone. \\nPasses out behind the wheel and crashes into a tree.\\nBACK TO SCENE\\nHALEY JOEL\\nA pound of flesh.\\nThe silence sits heavy for a moment. Britney considers this.\\nBRITNEY\\nWell, that doesn\\u2019t sound so bad.\\nEveryone looks at her. She shrugs and smiles.\\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nMy agent usually takes an arm and a \\nleg. \\nAwkward silence. \\nINT. THERAPIST ROOM - DAY\\nBritney in individual therapy with Stacy. Nervous energy, \\nrestless legs and bouncing knees.\\nSTACY\\nI wanted to talk with you some more \\nabout what you said during group \\nthis morning. About how being \\nexploited feels like a normal part \\nof your life?\\nBRITNEY\\nI mean, yeah. \\nGestures at herself.\\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nThis. Me. I\\u2019m just a product for \\nconsumption. \\n(beat)(MORE)79.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224BRITNEY (CONT'D)80.\\nEverything I do is for the sake of \\nthis product. A product everyone \\nelse owns. I don\\u2019t fucking own \\nanything y\\u2019know? Not my music, not \\nmy clothes, not my personality, not \\nmy kids, not even my fucking hair.  \\nShe touches her head. A mixture of self-consciousness and \\nbravado. Gives a wicked smile.\\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nEver since I was a kid, people \\nalways touching my hair--pulling at \\nit--putting shit in it--bleaching \\nit--dyeing it--God--!\\nAgitated now. Years of resentment and anger no longer held \\nback in this quiet, clinical space meant for this kind of \\nconfession.\\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nWhat if I don\\u2019t want it in fucking \\npigtails? Or dyed blond? Maybe I \\nwanted a mohawk! They never even \\nasked me!\\nHere her voice breaks. \\nThe realization of what she has been crying out for all along \\nhits her all at once and her heart breaks. \\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nThey never even asked me what I \\nwanted. What I needed.\\nShe begins to weep. \\nShe weeps for the Britney who was never allowed to be a child \\nbecause she was too busy being a child star.\\nStacy looks on gently. \\nSTACY\\nThen let me ask...what is it that \\nyou need, Britney?\\nFor a moment, Britney allows someone a peek into her heart. \\nLeans in close and sings the first few lines of \\n\\u201cOverprotected.\\u201dBRITNEY (CONT'D)80.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224(MORE)81.\\nBRITNEY\\nI need time \\njoy \\nI need space \\nlove \\nI need...me.  \\nStacy smiles. Reaches a hand out to Britney, who takes it \\nafter a moment of contemplation.\\nStacy leads Britney out of the room and into the-\\nINT. HALLWAY - DAY\\nStacy and Britney pass by individual rooms with large windows \\nwhere they see into individual sessions of the other \\npatients.\\nIt\\u2019s a fantastical scene. Surreal and strange.\\nIn Mary-Kate\\u2019s room, she and her therapist talk to some \\nghoulish figure. \\nLindsay screams at a blonde reflection of herself. \\nHaley Joel tries on various theater masks: happy, sad. Happy, \\nsad. \\nThey continue out into the-\\nINT. LIVING ROOM - DAY\\nIn the center of the living room where group therapy was \\nearlier is now a grand piano. Stacy leads Britney to the seat \\nof honor.\\nBritney takes a breath. Plays the sweet simple melody of \\n\\u201cOverprotected.\\u201d \\nSings directly to us. \\nHer voice is its natural alto. Not the affected higher pitch \\nshe uses for Pop Princess Britney.\\nIt turns the song from being autotuned pop into something \\nthat appeals to our hearts.  \\n(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJUKvJl5z_g)\\nBRITNEY\\nSay hello to the girl that I am  \\nYou\\u2019re gonna have to see through my \\nperspective (MORE)81.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224BRITNEY (CONT'D)82.\\nI need to make mistakes just to \\nlearn who I am \\nAnd I don\\u2019t want to be so damn \\nprotected.\\nAs she sings, she is surrounded by figures in her life \\npantomiming. \\nA slow, hallucinatory daze. Like a broken bulging TV screen.\\nHer father Jamie, grim and yelling. \\nHer mother Lynne, shaking her head disapprovingly. \\nHer aunt Sandra, smiling with a kindness that breaks her \\nheart. \\nThen hands offering drinks, drugs, anything to make the pain \\ngo away. \\nKevin, picking up Sean and Jayden and turning away to leave. \\nThen paparazzi pressing in, leering, shouting, cameras \\nflashing, flashing, flashing.\\nWe spin around her, dizzy and overwhelmed with the same \\nemotions Britney is feeling as she sings to a rising \\ncrescendo.  \\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nI don\\u2019t need nobody telling me just \\nwhat I wanna \\nWhat I, what, what, what I\\u2019m gonna \\ndo about my destiny \\nI say no, no, nobody\\u2019s telling me \\njust what I wanna do, do \\nI\\u2019m so fed up with people telling \\nme to be someone else but me \\nAnd the fall to quiet once again. \\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nI need time \\nI need love \\nI need space\\nLooks at us directly.\\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nI need...me. \\nWe see only determination on her face. BRITNEY (CONT'D)82.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122483.\\nCUT TO INT. COURT - DAY\\nA JUDGE declares to a triumphant Jamie and attorney ANDREW \\nWALLET.\\nJUDGE\\nI hereby grant full conservatorship \\nof Britney Jean Spears to James \\nParnell Spears.\\nJamie gives a little gesture of celebration and relief. \\nTriumph. He\\u2019s finally won it all. The rights to Britney Spears herself. \\nBRITNEY (V.O.)\\nWell, fuck me. \\nINT. CELEBRITY REHAB PARKING LOT - NIGHT \\nBodyguards surround Britney as she gets loaded up in her \\nCadillac. \\nINT. CAR - NIGHT\\nJamie is the only person there to greet Britney after she \\ngets out of the hospital. He\\u2019s a touch inebriated. \\nJAMIE\\nWell. You sure threw one big hissy \\nfit now didn\\u2019t you, Brit. \\nBritney buckles up and ignores this.\\nJAMIE(CONT'D)\\nWe got a lot of work to do to clean \\nall this mess you made.\\nBritney lolls her head around. Lifeless. \\nA beat. \\nJAMIE(CONT'D)\\nYou know How I Met Your Mother ?\\nBritney perks up.\\nBRITNEY\\nOh, I love that show. \\nJAMIE\\nGood. \\u2018Cause you\\u2019re gonna be on it. 83.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224(MORE)84.\\nConfusion at first. Realizes he\\u2019s serious. Despair sinks in. \\nThen resolve.\\nIt\\u2019s Britney, bitch,  she reminds herself. \\nBRITNEY\\nNo. No. I\\u2019m not doing it. I\\u2019m \\ntired. No more TV shows. No more \\nappearances. No more interviews. No \\nmore photo shoots. \\nShe takes a deep breath. \\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nNo more albums. No more music \\nvideos. No more tours. No more \\nBritney Spears.\\nDead silence in the car. \\nThen Jamie turns around with a rictus grin. It\\u2019s pure malice. \\nJAMIE\\nWell now, honey, I don\\u2019t think you \\nunderstand the full scope of your \\nsituation. As of yesterday, you are \\nno longer in charge.\\nHe\\u2019s still Britney\\u2019s father, somewhere in there, so his voice \\nseems loving.  \\nBut the words he uses are incomprehensible. How can a father \\nbe this full of glee while being so cruel?\\nBRITNEY\\nWhat are you talking about?\\nJAMIE\\nYou see. The judge doesn\\u2019t seem to \\nthink you\\u2019re capable.\\nBRITNEY\\nCapable of...what?\\nJAMIE\\nMaking decisions on your own. So. \\nThey\\u2019ve given me the power of \\nmaking decisions for you .\\nOh Jamie is living for this.\\nJAMIE(CONT'D)\\nAnd what I\\u2019ve decided is not that \\nyou are no more. (MORE)84.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224JAMIE (CONT'D)85.\\nBut, in fact, you\\u2019re is going to \\ncontinue bigger and better than \\never before. \\nHe has a full smile now. Beatific if he weren\\u2019t demonic.\\nBritney\\u2019s face falls. She\\u2019s even lost custody of herself. \\nBRITNEY (V.O.)\\nThis is part two of a story about a \\ngirl named Lucky.\\nMusic starts.\\nMONTAGE - VARIOUS\\nDuring the montage, Britney sings a reprise of \\u201cLucky.\\u201d This \\nreprise is darker. Rock and metal. She is dressed in leather \\nand punk. Eyeliner, grunge, rebellious rage for us audience. \\n(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CF24Nxe_B6k)\\nAs she sings, she takes her place in various scenes. \\nBRITNEY\\nEarly morning \\nshe wakes up \\nKnock, knock, knock on the door  \\nIt\\u2019s time for makeup, perfect smile \\nIt\\u2019s you they\\u2019re all waiting for...\\nINT. TELEVISION STUDIO - DAY\\nBritney playing an optometrist\\u2019s assistant on How I Met Your \\nMother, crushing on the main character. Kills it. Headlines \\nabout how she brings up the ratings of a nearly cancelled \\nshow. \\nBRITNEY\\nShe\\u2019s so lucky \\nshe\\u2019s a star \\nBut she cry, cry, cries in her \\nlonely heart thinking \\nIf there\\u2019s something missing in my \\nlife \\nThen why do these tears come at \\nnight? \\nINT. MTV VMAS - NIGHT (2007)\\nBritney on stage performing at the VMAs. She\\u2019s lush and \\ngorgeous and not rail-thin. JAMIE (CONT'D)85.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122486.\\nSees herself dancing on a camera meant to help her correct \\nmistakes. \\nWhen the performance ends, she runs off stage. A gaggle of \\nassistants are upon her.\\nSullen and glaring.\\nBRITNEY\\nI\\u2019m a fat fucking pig. \\nHeadlines about how fat Britney bombed her performance and \\nher career is over.\\nINT. BRITNEY\\u2019S LIVING ROOM - DAY\\nJamie overseeing as Britney runs on the treadmill. \\nBritney is exhausted, clearly pushed beyond her limits. Stops \\nthe treadmill for a moment. \\nTurns to her father, pleading look in her eyes. He reaches \\nover and taps her chin, like: Are you kidding? You want to \\nstop with this?\\nShe goes back to running.\\nINT. THE AXIS (LAS VEGAS, 2015) - NIGHT\\nBritney in her trailer before she goes on stage for her Las \\nVegas residency. Jamie is there with various pills in hand.\\nHe\\u2019s a looming figure over her hunched one. \\nJAMIE\\nI don\\u2019t understand why it\\u2019s such a \\nfucking struggle every time. These \\nare supposed to help you .\\nBRITNEY\\nThey just make me feel so--sick. \\nDad, I don\\u2019t know. I feel like I \\ncan\\u2019t even talk properly when I\\u2019m \\non them. \\nJAMIE\\nOh I\\u2019m sorry, did you go to medical \\nschool and get a fucking medical \\ndegree?\\nBRITNEY\\nNo, but--86.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122487.\\nJAMIE\\nNo, you didn\\u2019t go to school. \\nBecause you became this, remember? \\nAnd then you had a little freakout, \\nso now you have to take these lil \\nbabies to get back to normal, hm? \\nAnd they\\u2019ve been helping you so \\nmuch. Look--look at all this--\\nHe gestures at the opulent trailer with its gorgeous vanity \\nand all the trappings of a Superstar making the Axis millions \\nof dollars. \\nShe gets Froot Loops, Pop Tarts, Cap\\u2019n Crunch, Gatorade, \\nDoritos, and potato salad.\\nIn-n-Out cheeseburgers without buns, a life coach on call \\n24/7, and 200 fresh towels everyday. \\nThe pills are a small price to pay. Britney sighs. Pops them \\nin her mouth and sips her Gatorade. \\nRed as blood.\\nINT. STAGE - NIGHT\\nA curtained stage lit in blue. Screaming fans. The curtains \\nopen. The screams grow louder.\\nSmoke rolls in. Spotlights flood the stage.\\nBritney steps into the light and the audience falls silent. \\nWe pan out to see the seats are empty.\\nThe rock version of the song turns quiet and sweet. No music \\nto accompany. Just Britney\\u2019s voice. Echoing in the vastness \\nof the theater.\\nBRITNEY\\nIsn\\u2019t she lovely, this Hollywood \\ngirl? \\nShe is so lucky, but why does she \\ncry? \\nIf there is nothing  missing in her \\nlife \\nWhy do tears come at night?\\nAbused, battered, ashamed, and hopeless. \\nTears.87.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122488.\\nINT. SET FOR SLUMBER PARTY MUSIC VIDEO - DAY (2016)\\nBritney is hot in a hot red dress not at all appropriate for \\na slumber party--more for a club set in this giant mansion \\nwith other hot people. \\nBut the Main Hot Guy of the hour is SAM ASGHARI, 22, in a \\ngrey suit and hair in that sides faded top thick and luscious \\nfashion of 2016. \\nBritney is immediately drawn to him. Something about his \\neyes. They\\u2019re not looking at her like she\\u2019s someone to use. \\nA spark of mutual admiration. The beginnings of a crush. She \\ngoes up to him to say hello.\\nBRITNEY\\nHi, I\\u2019m Britney.\\nWhen Sam speaks, he\\u2019s got a slight accent (just like her), \\nmore soft-spoken, but there\\u2019s something similar about the way \\nthey talk.\\nHoney-sweet, soothing to listen to, but not cloying. \\nSam tries to crack a joke. \\nSAM\\nI\\u2019m sorry, who are you?\\nThe set screeches to a halt.\\nEveryone\\u2019s reaction: What the fuck?\\nEven Britney looks like she\\u2019s about to sock him in the face. \\nThen, after a beat, she snorts.\\nBRITNEY\\nYou\\u2019re funny. What\\u2019s your name?\\nRelief floods Sam\\u2019s face. Britney! Thinks! I\\u2019m! Funny! I \\ncould die happy now.\\nSAM\\nSam. \\nHe reaches out a shaky hand and shakes her hand. \\nBritney smiles warmly at him. 88.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122489.\\nLATER\\nBetween takes, the two strike up a conversation. \\nBRITNEY\\nOh my God you have to try Sushi \\nSamba if you\\u2019re ever in Vegas. I\\u2019ll \\nget you tickets to my show. Don\\u2019t \\neven worry about it. \\nSAM\\nWhat? Are you serious? No, you \\ncan\\u2019t--I\\u2019ll pay--\\nBRITNEY\\nHang on, you\\u2019re a personal trainer, \\nright?\\nSAM\\nUm, yeah.\\nBRITNEY\\nI got it. Why don\\u2019t you pay me back \\nwith some sessions? \\nBritney\\u2019s got a glint in her eye. She hasn\\u2019t done this dance \\nsince K-Fed really, but she still knows some of the steps. \\nSam\\u2019s too starstruck to notice that she\\u2019s even flirting. Just \\nso excited to be talking in such a familiar way with Britney \\nDoesn\\u2019t even realize he\\u2019s falling more and more by the \\nminute.\\nSAM\\nThat...could definitely work for \\nme.\\nBRITNEY (V.O.)\\nAfter Kevin, I kind of stopped \\nbelieving in fairytales. \\nMONTAGE OF THE BRITNEY AND SAM FAIRYTALE\\nINT. BRITNEY\\u2019S MANSION - DAY\\nMusic starts. Britney\\u2019s \\u201cWhen I Found You\\u201d starts to play. \\nPan over rumpled sheets on a bed, a messy room.  We hear \\nBritney\\u2019s moans and pants. 89.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122490.\\nBRITNEY\\nSam, I can\\u2019t--I can\\u2019t take it \\nanymore!\\nSAM\\nYou can, baby. I\\u2019m with you. I\\u2019m \\nhere with you.\\nThe camera reveals:\\nBritney doing sit-ups as Sam holds her legs down. \\nSAM(CONT'D)\\nAlright, 29, one more, 30!\\nBritney pushes herself to do one more and makes it. Sam \\ncheers.\\nSAM(CONT'D)\\nYes! Great work, Brit!\\nThey high five. Hands and eyes linger for a moment. \\nEXT. RESTAURANT PATIO - NIGHT\\nSam and Britney enjoying wine and eating sushi together, \\ndressed to the nines in matching outfits. \\nBRITNEY (V.O.)\\nForgive the matching outfits. We \\nwere in love. I mean, can you blame \\nme?\\nSAM\\nYou look so beautiful tonight.\\nBRITNEY\\nStop.BRITNEY (V.O.)\\nStop.\\nSAM\\nI\\u2019m serious. You are the most \\nbeautiful woman I\\u2019ve ever laid eyes \\non. \\nBritney giggles. Takes a sip of wine. \\nBRITNEY\\nAnd you\\u2019re one of the most handsome \\nmen I\\u2019ve ever seen. \\nSam does a little jaw-drop, \\u201cAw shucks, me?\\u201d routine. \\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nI\\u2019m serious. 90.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122491.\\nBashful, but proud of himself too, Sam lifts his wineglass. \\nSAM\\nWell, a toast. To beautiful and \\nhappy people. \\nBritney grimaces.\\nBRITNEY\\nHappy. \\nSam\\u2019s eyebrow furrows. Looks at her for more information. \\nBritney sighs. \\u201cWhen I Found You,\\u201d which has been playing in \\nthe background to this point, fades away. \\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nThis is a story about a girl...\\nShe stops herself. Looks down and fights as something surges \\nup. \\nAll of the fucking shit she\\u2019s been holding down for so long.\\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nA girl named...\\nShe shakes her head. Tears start to come.\\nSam covers a hand with his own. Britney looks down and sees \\nthe comforting gesture. Gains courage from it.\\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nA girl locked away in a dungeon by \\nher evil sonofabitch father. \\nShe takes a deep breath in. Starts to sing \\u201cMan on the Moon.\\u201d \\nNot to us this time. To Sam. \\nSoft and sweet, voice breaking at times, but holds steady and \\ntrue. \\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nDark mascara dripping down my face \\nOnly fools could ever feel this way \\nSend my message into outer space \\nWonder if it\\u2019s gonna float your way \\nShe stands. Servers come and clear away the tables, the \\nchairs. The patio becomes empty space for the two of them to \\nslow dance. \\nSam twirls her and she laughs. Voice growing stronger. 91.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122492.\\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nDarkness comes and love comes alive \\nI\\u2019ve been right here dreaming of \\nyou \\nWaiting for my man on the moon  \\nMoon\\nThey press close. And Sam sings back. Same melody as the pre-\\nchorus and chorus. Just the lyrics are slightly changed.\\nSAM\\nDarkness comes and love comes alive \\nI\\u2019ve been right here dreaming so \\nfar \\nWaiting for my girl of the stars  \\nStars\\nBritney stares at him in wonder, glitter in her eyes. No one \\nhas ever heard her lyrics and sung them back to her before. \\nThey sing in harmony.\\nBRITNEY\\nMan on the moon / MoonSAM(CONT'D)\\nGirl of the stars / Stars\\nThey kiss. \\nThe kissing leads to--\\nINT. HOTEL ROOM - NIGHT\\nA loving sex scene. No need to be explicit. It\\u2019s soft touches \\nand light kisses on collarbones. It\\u2019s tasteful nudity. \\nIt\\u2019s Britney tipping her head back and smiling in pleasure as \\nSam takes his time down the length of her body. \\nIt\\u2019s watching Britney looking satisfied and at peace for the \\nfirst time in a long time, and then tasting herself on his \\nmouth after some moments where the audience has been left \\nguessing what he\\u2019s been up to. \\nIt\\u2019s her nodding her consent as they join together in a \\nphysical, but in a spiritual sense too. You can see it in the \\nway they look deeply into each other\\u2019s eyes: I love you, they \\nsay to each other silently. \\nMaybe not out loud--yet. But soon. And they do love each \\nother already and forever. \\nThe fairytale.92.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122493.\\nBRITNEY (V.O.)\\nMaybe Prince Charming was really \\nout there after all. And that he \\nhad an ass that won\\u2019t quit. Damn. \\nLucky indeed.\\nINT. JAMIE\\u2019S OFFICE - DAY (2018)\\nBritney stands before her father, clammy hands and \\nreminiscent of a disciplined kid even though she is at this \\npoint 37 years old. \\nJAMIE\\nAbsolutely not. \\nBRITNEY\\nBut--\\nJAMIE\\nYour third marriage, Brit? You\\u2019d be \\nmarried as many times as Hugh \\nHefner and he has his pick of the \\nPlayboy mansion. \\nBRITNEY\\nWell you know what they say. Third \\ntime\\u2019s the charm.\\nJamie levels her a look. \\nJAMIE\\nI don\\u2019t know about this Sam. \\nBRITNEY\\nOh here we go.\\nJAMIE\\nHey, I\\u2019m just saying. I told you \\nabout K-Fed and I was right, wasn\\u2019t \\nI?\\nBRITNEY\\nHe\\u2019s not--he\\u2019s not so bad. We just \\nweren\\u2019t right for each other. I \\nmean, I get visitation rights with \\nJayden and Sean now. And he\\u2019s \\nreally a good dad with them and--\\nJAMIE\\nBritney, please. That man almost \\nruined your career. No more \\nmarriages for you. 93.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122494.\\nBritney huffs in discontent. \\nBRITNEY\\nI fucking do everything you say. \\nJust your little fucking puppet \\nrunning around while you pull the \\nstrings, you sonofabitch--\\nJamie stands. Slams his hands on the desk. Britney starts.\\nJAMIE\\nIn case you forgot, the last time \\nyou had your way, you came out \\nlooking like a cracked out Vin \\nDiesel. No. Weddings. \\nBritney seethes.\\nEXT. CEMETERY - DAY\\nBritney at Sandra\\u2019s grave. She lays down a bouquet of roses. \\nDressed simply, a small bow in her hair. Something Sandra may \\nhave affixed onto her hair as a child. \\nBRITNEY\\nHi, Aunt Sandra.\\nShe sits cross-legged in front of the gravestone. \\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nHow are you? I\\u2019m...I\\u2019m doing okay. \\n(beat)\\nI fell in love. With a really great \\nguy.\\nShe looks down on her hands. Not really sure what to say. \\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nI bet you\\u2019re God\\u2019s favorite angel. \\n(beat)\\nI wish you were here right now, \\nAunt Sandra. So you could meet Sam. \\nSee everything I\\u2019ve accomplished.\\nBritney reaches over and touches the gravestone gently. \\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nI just don\\u2019t know what to do about \\nDad. \\nThe wind blows by and lifts some strands of her hair. As it \\ndoes, an echo of the melody of \\u201cOverprotected\\u201d sounds. 94.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122495.\\nShe pauses, tilts her head. \\nShe lays down on the grass by the gravestone. Closes her \\neyes.\\nFLASHBACK\\nSUPER: LOUISIANA, 1991\\nINT. SCHOOL AUDITORIUM - DAY\\nSandra helping ten-year old Britney get ready for a choir \\nperformance. Jamie and Lynne nowhere to be found. \\nBritney wriggling in her chair nervously while Sandra tries \\nto fix her crimped side ponytail.\\nSANDRA\\nNow hold still or your hair will be \\ncrooked.\\nBRITNEY\\nIt\\u2019s already crooked. \\nSANDRA\\nNow are you trying to sass me, Miss \\nBritney Jean?\\nBritney giggles, front teeth flashing adorably. \\nSANDRA (CONT'D)\\nAre you feeling nervous?\\nBRITNEY\\nA little. \\nShe shrinks in her chair, pep evaporating. \\nSANDRA\\nOh, honey. What about?\\nBritney shrugs a shoulder.\\nBRITNEY\\nJust. I don\\u2019t know. What if I mess \\nup my solo?\\nSANDRA\\nOh, sweetheart.\\nShe leans down and kisses her on the forehead. 95.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224(MORE)96.\\nSANDRA (CONT'D)\\nEven if you open your mouth and the \\nsquawkin\\u2019 of a chicken comes out, \\nyou just stand tall and proud. Tell \\nthe world: It\\u2019s Britney. And I\\u2019m \\nhere to stay, so you better listen \\nup! Ba-kaw! \\nThe image is so ridiculous, Britney giggles again. Sandra \\nlaughs along with her.  \\nEND FLASHBACK\\nBACK TO PRESENT\\nBritney opens her eyes and sits up. \\nShe turns to the camera, ferocious and angry and liberated as \\nhell.\\nINT. STAGE - DAY\\nBritney takes the stage. A lone microphone. A spotlight \\nshines on her. \\nOn the stage with her is Los Angeles Superior Court JUDGE \\nBRENDA PENNY, Black and in her 70s. \\nBritney starts reading off her testimony. The adrenaline has \\nher reading quickly, angrily. Her accent is punch heavy \\nmoonshine. \\nBRITNEY\\nThis is a story about a girl named \\nBritney Jean Spears. \\nTakes a deep breath.\\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nOnce upon a time, there was a \\nlittle girl whose dream it was to \\nsing. And not just sing to herself. \\nNo. \\nShe takes the microphone off the stand and moves about the \\nstage. Forever a performer.\\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nShe wanted to share her voice with \\nthe world.\\n(beat)(MORE)96.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224BRITNEY (CONT'D)97.\\nShe had written so many songs that \\nshe wanted for them to hear and \\nsing and dance along to. \\n(beat)\\nAnd her beloved father helped her \\nmake that dream come true. And \\nlittle miss Britney Jean turned \\ninto a pop princess. \\nA glowing expression on her face. She\\u2019s recalling the tours, \\nthe hits, the adoring fans. \\nThen, her expression turns dark. \\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nBut then, Britney\\u2019s father \\nbecame...greedy. One day, when she \\ntold her father she didn\\u2019t want to \\nsing for him in Vegas, he...\\nHere, her voice fills with emotion. \\nShe blinks and the stage is gone. We are now in-\\nINT. LOS ANGELES COURTHOUSE - DAY\\nBritney on the witness stand in front of Judge Penny.\\nA transcriber frantically typing as Britney reads her \\ntestimony. \\nShe reads without breaks. Like if she stops, someone would \\ncome drag her away and tell her to shut her up. \\nBut this is Britney now, in her own words. Determined to \\nspeak the truth.\\nBRITNEY\\nThere was a week period where they \\nwere nice to me. They said, if I \\ndon\\u2019t want to do the new Vegas \\nshow, I don\\u2019t have to. And it was \\nlike lifting literally 200 pounds \\noff of me because I was really, \\nreally hard on myself and it was \\ntoo much.\\nThen, resentment and bitterness at the recollection of \\nbetrayal.BRITNEY (CONT'D)97.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122498.\\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nThree days later, my therapist sat \\nme down in a room and said he had a \\nmillion phone calls about how I was \\nnot cooperating in rehearsals and I \\nhaven\\u2019t been taking my medication. \\nHe immediately put me on lithium. \\nIt made me feel drunk. I told my \\nMom and Dad I was scared. But...\\nHer eyes harden. Venom now. Hell hath no fury like Britney \\nSpears who has had enough.\\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nNot only did my family not do a \\ngoddamn thing, my dad was all for \\nit. \\nShe is quiet for a moment. \\nThinking of being treated as if she were nothing but chattel \\nby her own parents almost breaks her. \\nBut the moment at the grave with Aunt Sandra stays with her. \\nIt pushes her to keep going. \\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nWhen he told me I had to go back to \\nrehab and that I couldn\\u2019t see my \\nkids or my boyfriend I cried on the \\nphone for an hour and he loved \\nevery minute of it. The control he \\nhad over someone as powerful as me \\nas he loved the hurt his own \\ndaughter, 100,000%. He loved it. \\n(beat)\\nRight now I\\u2019m not even allowed to \\nget married. They forced me to get \\nan IUD. I can\\u2019t make decisions over \\nmy own body.\\n(beat)\\nBut no more. I deserve to be able to live my own life.  I deserve to \\nbe married. Have kids. Have my own \\nfamily.  I feel ganged up on and I \\nfeel bullied and I feel left out \\nand alone. And I\\u2019m tired of feeling \\nalone. I deserve to be free and \\nhave the same rights as everybody \\nelse. And that\\u2019s all I wanted to \\nsay. Thank you for letting me speak \\ntoday. 98.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224(MORE)99.\\nMONTAGE \\n- News chyrons of bits and pieces from Britney\\u2019s bombshell \\ntestimony\\n- Podcasts about Britney\\u2019s fight against her conservatorship\\n- Viral tweets with the hashtag #FreeBritney\\n- Epic YouTube breakdowns of the timeline of Britney\\u2019s \\nconservatorship\\n- Britney posting TikToks of herself dancing. A comment in \\none of the TikToks tells Britney to wear yellow if she needs \\nhelp. Britney wears yellow in her next TikTok. The Internet \\nexplodes.\\n- Celebrities like Mariah Carey, Christina Aguilera, Paris \\nHilton liking Britney\\u2019s Tiktoks, #FreeBritney tweets, and \\nshowing support for Britney\\n- Headlines about Judge Penny granting Britney the right to \\nhave her own attorneys for the conservatorship case; a follow-\\nup that she chooses Mathew Rosengart for representation\\n- Millions all over the world watch the documentary Framing \\nBritney Spears\\n- Online news being shared and retweeted about various \\nactresses (Abigail Breslin, Olivia Holt) in discussion to \\nstar in the newest Britney biopic, It\\u2019s Britney Bitch\\nSUPER ON BLACK: SEPTEMBER 29, 2021\\nINT. BRITNEY\\u2019S ROOM - DAY\\nBritney in a bathrobe and getting her hair ready in gentle \\nwaves in front of a mirror. \\nNo more buzzing. Just the light tsss! of a curler working its \\nway through sectioned off pieces. \\nLines her eyes. Adorns herself for battle. \\nBRITNEY (V.O.)\\nDo you know what happened to \\nSamson? The Philistines tied him up \\nbetween these two pillars. And they \\nthought they had him. Had a party \\nand everything to celebrate his \\ndownfall. \\n(beat)(MORE)99.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224BRITNEY (V.O.) (CONT'D)100.\\nBut the thing about hair is it \\ngrows back. And when Samson\\u2019s hair \\ngrew back, he regained his \\nstrength. And he pulled down the \\npillars and killed every single \\nbastard who betrayed him.\\n(beat)\\nWell guess what? My hair\\u2019s grown \\nnow.\\n(beat)\\nAnd so am I.  \\nShe finishes curling it and tosses it over her shoulder. \\nGives a triumphant smile. A ding on her cellphone.\\nA message from Mathew Rosengart:\\n\\u201cYou ready for today?\\u201d\\nThis is it. Her do or die moment. Samson in front of the \\nPhilistines. She breathes in. \\nOut. \\nShe texts back one word:\\n\\u201cReady.\\u201d\\nEXT. LOS ANGELES COURTHOUSE - DAY\\nSUPER: SEPTEMBER 29, 2021\\nBritney\\u2019s car pulls up to the courthouse. \\nINT. BRITNEY\\u2019S CAR - DAY\\nBritney and Sam in the back of their car. Britney in an all-\\nwhite suit. With her platinum blond hair, she looks regal.\\nNot a princess, but a queen. \\nShe moves to open the car door, but Sam stops her. \\nSAM\\nHow are you feeling?\\nBRITNEY (V.O.)\\nLike throwing up.BRITNEY (V.O.) (CONT'D)100.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224101.\\nBRITNEY\\nGood. Good.\\n(beat)\\nI feel good. \\nSAM\\nYou feel like throwing up, don\\u2019t \\nyou.\\nBRITNEY\\n(beat)\\nAh. Yep. Yes. Yes I do.\\nSam laughs. His smile helping to ease the wriggling worms in \\nBritney\\u2019s belly. \\nSAM\\nJust tell your truth, Brit. \\nHe takes her hand. \\nSAM(CONT'D)\\nI\\u2019m with you every step.\\n(beat)\\nYou are the only star in my sky  \\nYou\\u2019re so visible, so visible \\nI open the window to clear up my \\nmind\\nBritney sings the last part in harmony.\\nBRITNEY\\nAnd it\\u2019s doable, so doableSAM(CONT'D)\\nAnd it\\u2019s doable, so doable\\nSam leans over and gives her a light kiss. Britney breathes \\nhim in for a moment. \\nA salve for the nerves. \\nIt works. She smiles at him. \\nOpens the car door. \\nFANS greet her with signs and cheers. \\nHer eyes brighten at the sight. \\nINT. LOS ANGELES COURTHOUSE - DAY\\nJudge Penny again presiding over the case. This time, it\\u2019s \\nBritney v. Jamie in court. 101.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224102.\\nBritney with her lawyer Mathew Rosengart, 50s, bookish but in \\na handsome way. An aged Clark Kent-type. \\nHas been Britney\\u2019s Superman, moving faster than a speeding \\nbullet through LA\\u2019s sluggish court system--greased, of \\ncourse, by Britney\\u2019s millions. \\nJamie looks old and dour. He has had some health issues the \\npast couple of years and has been vilified by the media. \\nBeing the Bad Guy sucks the beauty out of you.\\nNext to him is his lawyer ALEX WEINGARTEN, 50s, exactly who \\nyou envision when you are asked to think of the \\npersonification of fat cat who ate the cream. \\nSam is in the crowd, wearing a #FreeBritney shirt. \\nJamie on the stand, mid-testimony while being questioned by \\nMathew Rosengart. \\nJAMIE\\nWell, you know, she just went nuts \\nthat one time. Shaving her head and \\ngetting that tattoo. She had to go \\nto rehab and when she was out of \\nrehab, she was absolutely psycho \\nand out of control--\\nSuddenly, Mathew Rosengart stands and interrupts Jamie\\u2019s \\ntestimony. He points a finger at Jamie on the stand.\\nMATHEW\\nThose are lies!\\nThe courtroom is filled with gasps.\\nA sudden outburst of excitement at this interruption by \\nMathew. \\nJudge Penny bangs on her gavel.\\nJamie, furious at the interruption, resumes speaking.\\n[LATER]\\nJUDGE PENNY\\nI now call to the witness stand, \\nMiss Britney Jean Spears. \\nBritney takes a deep breath and walks up to the witness \\nstand. \\nBefore she speaks, she catches Sam\\u2019s eye. 102.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224103.\\nHe mouths, \\u201cYou got this.\\u201d\\nShe nods. \\nIn contrast to her June 21 testimony, she is more confident \\nthis time. Calm. \\nShe shoots her father a hard glare. Fuck you, Jamie Spears. \\nBRITNEY\\nI am here to speak my truth. The \\nwhole truth. And nothing but the \\ntruth. So help me God. \\n(beat)\\nFor years, this man has controlled \\nmy life all for his own financial \\ngain. Instead of being a caring and \\nloving father, he has treated me as \\nnothing but the source of his \\npaychecks. I can never get back the \\nlack of humanity I\\u2019ve felt all of \\nthese years, but I want to start re-\\nbuilding myself piece by piece. \\nPlease give me a chance by giving \\nme back Britney Spears. \\nSuddenly, the courthouse blacks out. Spotlights come on. \\nOnly Britney and her father remain onstage.  \\nMusic starts. \\n\\u201cWomanizer\\u201d begins to play.\\nBritney crosses the stage. Approaches her father with menace. \\nFor the first time in his life, he is frightened of her. \\nThe years of fear and anger wrapped up in her finally showing \\nher power and control to her pathetic father. \\nShe looks at Jamie. \\nOn the verge of tears. A break in her voice, but not \\nfaltering.  \\nBRITNEY (CONT'D)\\nGive me my life back.\\nThere. She\\u2019s done. Has said everything she\\u2019s needed to say. \\nGoes back to join Mathew.\\nJamie has this look: a mix of shame and defiance. 103.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224104.\\nEverything she said is true. I did all of it. But none of it \\nis wrong. It\\u2019s all evidence of me being a good father. \\nBritney doesn\\u2019t look at him again. \\nJUDGE PENNY\\nAlright, I think now will be a good \\ntime to take a short recess, and \\nwhen we come back I can give my \\njudgment on this case, counselors, \\nplease approach the bench for a \\nmoment...\\nBritney\\u2019s eyes widen. Mathew leans over and whispers \\nsomething to her. Gives her a reassuring smile. He stands and \\npats her shoulder. \\n[LATER]\\nEveryone files back into court. Stands as Judge Penny finds \\nher way back to her bench. Sits as the BAILIFF announce for \\nthem to be seated. \\nJUDGE PENNY\\nIn the case of Britney Spears v. \\nJamie Spears ...\\n(beat)\\nI hereby end the conservatorship of \\nJamie Parnell Spears over Britney \\nJean Spears, effective immediately-\\nCheers, applause from Britney\\u2019s team. Britney turns to Mathew \\nand shouts as they hug. Joy and disbelief. \\nEXT. LOS ANGELES COURTHOUSE - DAY\\nBritney being hustled out of the courthouse and into her car \\nas fans wave signs and erupt in cheers. \\nShe slams the door shut after her and begins to roll up the \\nwindow.\\nAs she does, she catches a glance of her father, who is \\nhurrying into his own car. \\nTheir eyes meet for a second. Britney looks at him with a mix \\nof triumph and resignation. \\nShe rolls up the window completely. \\nA moment\\u2019s respite alone. Just breathes as everything hits \\nher at once. 104.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224105.\\nThe years of captivity, the results of the trial. \\nFinally realizes she is truly free.\\nThe tears come.\\nSits and weeps at the knowledge that she is her own person at \\nlast. \\nShe smiles. \\nEXT. BRITNEY AND SAM\\u2019S THOUSAND OAKS HOME - DAY (JUNE 9) \\nScenes from Britney and Sam\\u2019s wedding. It is the veritable \\nwho\\u2019s who of people who care about Britney and whom Britney \\ncares about.  \\nBritney\\u2019s sons are there in classy suits.\\nJamie, Lynn, and Jamie Lynn are noticeably absent. Sitting at \\nhome regretting their life decisions. \\nBritney in an elegant Versace gown with a tasteful leg slit \\nthat hearkens to her 2000 MTV VMAs outfit.\\nSam handsome in a tuxedo with a rose boutonniere. \\nMADONNA and DONATELLA, looking regal, though it\\u2019s sometimes \\nhard to tell what their expressions are these days.\\nSELENA GOMEZ looking fresh and young, DREW BARRYMORE somehow \\nlooking fresher and younger.\\nParis Hilton, talking about her resurgence on Peacock. \\nVarious other celebrities mingling.\\nAt one point, Britney\\u2019s ex-husband Jason Alexander CRASHES \\nTHE WEDDING, needing to be restrained by police. \\nAt long last, Sam and Britney finally get to say their \\u201cI \\ndos\\u201d at the altar. \\nA beautiful kiss that\\u2019s just this side of raunchy, but stays \\nclassy.\\nDancing and partying. We pan out to see Sam and Britney the \\ncenter of attention of all the revelry.\\nAfter the long years of living in a nightmare, look at her: \\nBritney\\u2019s livin\\u2019 the freakin\\u2019 fairytale, y\\u2019all.105.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224106.\\nINT. BRITNEY\\u2019S MANSION - DAY\\nBritney pads softly into the living room. Opens a window and \\nlooks out into her front yard.\\nFor once, there are no paparazzi. \\nQuiet.\\nShe shuts the window. \\nWalks past a mirror. Catches her reflection and sees a new \\npeacefulness in her warm brown eyes. \\nBRITNEY\\n(to her reflection)\\nMy lips will shout for joy when I \\nsing praise to you--I whom you have \\ndelivered.\\nSoft lights on a smiling Britney as she approaches her baby \\ngrand piano.\\nPlays a chord. She takes a deep breath. Opens her mouth to \\nsing. \\nTHE END.106.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224\", \"title\": \"Its-Britney-Bitch-2022-screenplay-by-Cerina-Aragones\", \"qa_pairs\": \"[{'Q': 'The script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s Britney, Bitch\\\" by <mask-1> follows the life of pop princess Britney Spears. The segment begins with Britney getting her head shaved in a salon in 2007, and she reflects on the story of Samson and Delilah. The scene then cuts to Britney as an eight-year-old in a Baptist church in <mask-2>, Louisiana, where she is getting her hair done by her mother. The script then jumps to Britney at age 12, getting her hair done by a stylist before performing with <mask-0>. At age 17, Britney is getting ready for a concert, and her parents argue about her revealing outfit. The scene then cuts to Britney at age 22, watching a performance of her hit song \\\"...Baby One More Time\\\" on TV. The segment ends with Britney playing an acoustic version of the song on her grand piano before being interrupted by paparazzi outside her window.', 'S': 'The script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s Britney, Bitch\\\" by Cerina Aragones follows the life of pop princess Britney Spears. The segment begins with Britney getting her head shaved in a salon in 2007, and she reflects on the story of Samson and Delilah. The scene then cuts to Britney as an eight-year-old in a Baptist church in Kentwood, Louisiana, where she is getting her hair done by her mother. The script then jumps to Britney at age 12, getting her hair done by a stylist before performing with Justin Timberlake. At age 17, Britney is getting ready for a concert, and her parents argue about her revealing outfit. The scene then cuts to Britney at age 22, watching a performance of her hit song \\\"...Baby One More Time\\\" on TV. The segment ends with Britney playing an acoustic version of the song on her grand piano before being interrupted by paparazzi outside her window.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Justin Timberlake', '<mask-1>': 'Cerina Aragones', '<mask-2>': 'Kentwood'}}, {'Q': 'In the script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s Britney Bitch 2022,\\\" Britney is seen drinking wine straight from the bottle and receives a call from Paris Hilton. Paris asks Britney what she is doing tonight, and Britney responds that she has a date with Mr. Cabernet. Paris mistakes <mask-0>\\\\'s reference to Jason Alexander as the one from Seinfeld, but <mask-0> clarifies that it is a different Jason Alexander. Britney expresses sadness over a failed relationship, stating that they had promised to be together forever.', 'S': 'In the script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s Britney Bitch 2022,\\\" Britney is seen drinking wine straight from the bottle and receives a call from Paris Hilton. Paris asks Britney what she is doing tonight, and Britney responds that she has a date with Mr. Cabernet. Paris mistakes Britney\\\\'s reference to Jason Alexander as the one from Seinfeld, but Britney clarifies that it is a different Jason Alexander. Britney expresses sadness over a failed relationship, stating that they had promised to be together forever.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Britney'}}, {'Q': 'The script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s Britney Bitch 2022\\\" follows <mask-0> and her childhood friend Jason Alexander partying in Las Vegas, getting married in a chapel while drunk, and then having to sign annulment papers in front of <mask-1>\\\\'s father and lawyers. Britney then goes to a club where she meets Kevin Federline, and they fall in love at first sight while Britney sings her song \\\"Now That I Found You.\\\" The script also includes footage from <mask-1> and Kevin\\\\'s reality TV show \\\"Chaotic,\\\" where they talk about their relationship and their journey. Britney is shown working on the set of her music video for \\\"Outrageous\\\" in Queens, New York, where she experiences a cramp in her leg but continues to perform. The script highlights the pressure and scrutiny Britney faced in her personal and professional life during the early 2000s.', 'S': 'The script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s Britney Bitch 2022\\\" follows Britney Spears and her childhood friend Jason Alexander partying in Las Vegas, getting married in a chapel while drunk, and then having to sign annulment papers in front of Britney\\\\'s father and lawyers. Britney then goes to a club where she meets Kevin Federline, and they fall in love at first sight while Britney sings her song \\\"Now That I Found You.\\\" The script also includes footage from Britney and Kevin\\\\'s reality TV show \\\"Chaotic,\\\" where they talk about their relationship and their journey. Britney is shown working on the set of her music video for \\\"Outrageous\\\" in Queens, New York, where she experiences a cramp in her leg but continues to perform. The script highlights the pressure and scrutiny Britney faced in her personal and professional life during the early 2000s.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Britney Spears', '<mask-1>': 'Britney'}}, {'Q': \\\"Britney Spears is performing on stage when she collapses due to a knee injury. She is taken to the hospital where she is told she needs surgery and will have to cancel her tour. Britney's father, Jamie, is angry about the situation and wants her to cancel the wedding as well. However, Britney is determined to go through with it and marry her fianc\\u00e9, <mask-1>. The engagement party turns out to be a surprise wedding, which shocks some of the guests. Jamie is worried about Kevin's intentions and warns <mask-0> about his past relationships. Britney stands up to her father and insists on going through with the wedding and starting a family with Kevin.\\\", 'S': \\\"Britney Spears is performing on stage when she collapses due to a knee injury. She is taken to the hospital where she is told she needs surgery and will have to cancel her tour. Britney's father, Jamie, is angry about the situation and wants her to cancel the wedding as well. However, Britney is determined to go through with it and marry her fianc\\u00e9, Kevin Federline. The engagement party turns out to be a surprise wedding, which shocks some of the guests. Jamie is worried about Kevin's intentions and warns Britney about his past relationships. Britney stands up to her father and insists on going through with the wedding and starting a family with Kevin.\\\", 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Britney', '<mask-1>': 'Kevin Federline'}}, {'Q': 'The script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s Britney Bitch 2022\\\" follows <mask-1> and Kevin Federline\\\\'s wedding and honeymoon, as well as their public appearances and interviews. During a montage, <mask-0> sings \\\"Lucky\\\" while on a private jet, tanning on a beach, and walking through a throng of celebrities at the Billboard Music Awards. She also talks about her dream to start a family and her cooking skills. Paparazzi mob Britney and Kevin as they enter a Hollywood club, and the scene inside the club mirrors the one from earlier when Kevin first met Britney. Throughout the segment, Britney talks to the camera and sings snippets of her songs.', 'S': 'The script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s Britney Bitch 2022\\\" follows Britney Spears and Kevin Federline\\\\'s wedding and honeymoon, as well as their public appearances and interviews. During a montage, Britney sings \\\"Lucky\\\" while on a private jet, tanning on a beach, and walking through a throng of celebrities at the Billboard Music Awards. She also talks about her dream to start a family and her cooking skills. Paparazzi mob Britney and Kevin as they enter a Hollywood club, and the scene inside the club mirrors the one from earlier when Kevin first met Britney. Throughout the segment, Britney talks to the camera and sings snippets of her songs.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Britney', '<mask-1>': 'Britney Spears'}}, {'Q': 'The script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s Britney Bitch 2022\\\" by Cerina Aragones follows Britney Spears as she performs in a club, reflects on her life as a pregnant woman in 2005, and records a new song. Her father, Jamie, calls her to discuss the new song and her finances, which leads to a fight with her manager, Sam Lufti. Britney gives birth to her son, Sean, and poses for a People magazine cover with <mask-1>. The segment highlights <mask-0>\\\\'s struggles with fame, family, and personal relationships.', 'S': 'The script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s Britney Bitch 2022\\\" by Cerina Aragones follows Britney Spears as she performs in a club, reflects on her life as a pregnant woman in 2005, and records a new song. Her father, Jamie, calls her to discuss the new song and her finances, which leads to a fight with her manager, Sam Lufti. Britney gives birth to her son, Sean, and poses for a People magazine cover with Kevin Federline. The segment highlights Britney\\\\'s struggles with fame, family, and personal relationships.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Britney', '<mask-1>': 'Kevin Federline'}}, {'Q': 'The script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s Britney Bitch 2022\\\" follows Britney Spears and <mask-1> as they pose for a photoshoot with their baby, Sean. However, Kevin\\\\'s constant phone calls and the paparazzi\\\\'s invasive questions cause tension for Britney. The segment ends with <mask-0> leaving a Starbucks with Sean, only to be bombarded by paparazzi who try to take pictures of her son. When one of them bangs on the car window, Sean starts crying and Britney screams at them to leave them alone.', 'S': 'The script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s Britney Bitch 2022\\\" follows Britney Spears and Kevin Federline as they pose for a photoshoot with their baby, Sean. However, Kevin\\\\'s constant phone calls and the paparazzi\\\\'s invasive questions cause tension for Britney. The segment ends with Britney leaving a Starbucks with Sean, only to be bombarded by paparazzi who try to take pictures of her son. When one of them bangs on the car window, Sean starts crying and Britney screams at them to leave them alone.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Britney', '<mask-1>': 'Kevin Federline'}}, {'Q': 'In the script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s Britney Bitch 2022,\\\" Britney is seen being harassed by paparazzi while trying to leave with her baby, Sean. She eventually gets out of the car and takes Sean with her, driving away as the paparazzi follow. One of them gets a shot of <mask-0> in Britney\\\\'s lap, which is later used as a joke by Jay Leno on his show. Britney\\\\'s publicist, Jeff Raymond, is shown watching the clip with Britney, Kevin, Lufti, and <mask-1>. Jeff expresses his frustration with the situation, as they had just gone on a PR campaign about Britney\\\\'s maturity as a mother. Britney is seen chewing gum and appearing agitated.', 'S': 'In the script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s Britney Bitch 2022,\\\" Britney is seen being harassed by paparazzi while trying to leave with her baby, Sean. She eventually gets out of the car and takes Sean with her, driving away as the paparazzi follow. One of them gets a shot of Sean in Britney\\\\'s lap, which is later used as a joke by Jay Leno on his show. Britney\\\\'s publicist, Jeff Raymond, is shown watching the clip with Britney, Kevin, Lufti, and Jamie. Jeff expresses his frustration with the situation, as they had just gone on a PR campaign about Britney\\\\'s maturity as a mother. Britney is seen chewing gum and appearing agitated.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Sean', '<mask-1>': 'Jamie'}}, {'Q': 'The script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s Britney Bitch 2022\\\" by <mask-1> follows Britney Spears as she deals with the aftermath of a paparazzi incident where she was photographed driving with her son on her lap. Her team, including her father and manager, come up with a plan to fix her image by having her and her husband <mask-0> have another baby. However, their marriage is falling apart, and Britney is struggling with drug use and personal issues, including her aunt\\\\'s diagnosis with ovarian cancer. Despite her success on the TV show \\\"Will and Grace,\\\" Britney\\\\'s personal life continues to spiral out of control, leading to a divorce from Federline and a breakdown in the public eye.', 'S': 'The script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s Britney Bitch 2022\\\" by Cerina Aragones follows Britney Spears as she deals with the aftermath of a paparazzi incident where she was photographed driving with her son on her lap. Her team, including her father and manager, come up with a plan to fix her image by having her and her husband Kevin Federline have another baby. However, their marriage is falling apart, and Britney is struggling with drug use and personal issues, including her aunt\\\\'s diagnosis with ovarian cancer. Despite her success on the TV show \\\"Will and Grace,\\\" Britney\\\\'s personal life continues to spiral out of control, leading to a divorce from Federline and a breakdown in the public eye.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Kevin Federline', '<mask-1>': 'Cerina Aragones'}}, {'Q': 'The script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s Britney Bitch 2022\\\" by Cerina Aragones depicts Britney Spears struggling with drug addiction and her father, <mask-1>, trying to intervene. Britney\\\\'s manager, Lufti, is also concerned about Jamie\\\\'s actions and the drugs prescribed to <mask-0>. The script also shows a flashback to Britney\\\\'s aunt\\\\'s funeral, where she sings \\\"Amazing Grace\\\" and receives advice to keep moving forward. Jamie suggests rehab for Britney, but she is resistant and claims to have been sober for a few weeks. The script ends with Britney taking pills and drinking alcohol in her bathroom. The segment highlights the challenges Britney faced in her personal life and the impact it had on her career.', 'S': 'The script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s Britney Bitch 2022\\\" by Cerina Aragones depicts Britney Spears struggling with drug addiction and her father, Jamie, trying to intervene. Britney\\\\'s manager, Lufti, is also concerned about Jamie\\\\'s actions and the drugs prescribed to Britney. The script also shows a flashback to Britney\\\\'s aunt\\\\'s funeral, where she sings \\\"Amazing Grace\\\" and receives advice to keep moving forward. Jamie suggests rehab for Britney, but she is resistant and claims to have been sober for a few weeks. The script ends with Britney taking pills and drinking alcohol in her bathroom. The segment highlights the challenges Britney faced in her personal life and the impact it had on her career.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Britney', '<mask-1>': 'Jamie'}}, {'Q': 'In the script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s Britney Bitch 2022,\\\" Britney is staring at her reflection when the nanny informs her that Kevin has arrived to pick up their children, Sean and <mask-1>. Britney insists that the children want to stay with her and tells the nanny to send <mask-0> away. The nanny hesitates, but before she can respond, Britney bursts out of the bathroom in a drug-induced rage. The segment suggests that Britney is struggling with substance abuse and a custody battle with her ex-husband.', 'S': 'In the script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s Britney Bitch 2022,\\\" Britney is staring at her reflection when the nanny informs her that Kevin has arrived to pick up their children, Sean and Jayden. Britney insists that the children want to stay with her and tells the nanny to send Kevin away. The nanny hesitates, but before she can respond, Britney bursts out of the bathroom in a drug-induced rage. The segment suggests that Britney is struggling with substance abuse and a custody battle with her ex-husband.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Kevin', '<mask-1>': 'Jayden'}}, {'Q': 'The script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s Britney Bitch 2022\\\" portrays Britney Spears in a state of distress and drug-induced confusion. She argues with her ex-husband, Kevin Federline, over custody of their children, Sean and Jayden. <mask-1> becomes hysterical and locks herself and the children in a bedroom, leading to a chaotic scene with police and firefighters arriving at her mansion. Britney is forcibly taken to a psychiatric ward, and the court later grants <mask-0> sole custody of their children due to Britney\\\\'s drug and alcohol use. The script also shows <mask-1> reaching out to her mother for support but being unable to see her due to her father\\\\'s presence. The segment highlights the struggles and challenges Britney faced during her highly publicized breakdown in 2007.', 'S': 'The script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s Britney Bitch 2022\\\" portrays Britney Spears in a state of distress and drug-induced confusion. She argues with her ex-husband, Kevin Federline, over custody of their children, Sean and Jayden. Britney becomes hysterical and locks herself and the children in a bedroom, leading to a chaotic scene with police and firefighters arriving at her mansion. Britney is forcibly taken to a psychiatric ward, and the court later grants Kevin sole custody of their children due to Britney\\\\'s drug and alcohol use. The script also shows Britney reaching out to her mother for support but being unable to see her due to her father\\\\'s presence. The segment highlights the struggles and challenges Britney faced during her highly publicized breakdown in 2007.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Kevin', '<mask-1>': 'Britney'}}, {'Q': 'In the script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s Britney Bitch 2022,\\\" Britney Spears is shown struggling with the paparazzi and her personal life. She argues with her mother on the phone and throws her phone across the room in anger. The paparazzi surround her home, causing her to panic and flee in her car with her bodyguards. She calls her friend <mask-1> for help and decides to quit her job. The segment ends with Britney hearing a helicopter overhead. Meanwhile, <mask-0> is shown discussing a business opportunity with Kris Jenner.', 'S': 'In the script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s Britney Bitch 2022,\\\" Britney Spears is shown struggling with the paparazzi and her personal life. She argues with her mother on the phone and throws her phone across the room in anger. The paparazzi surround her home, causing her to panic and flee in her car with her bodyguards. She calls her friend Sam Lufti for help and decides to quit her job. The segment ends with Britney hearing a helicopter overhead. Meanwhile, Lufti is shown discussing a business opportunity with Kris Jenner.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Lufti', '<mask-1>': 'Sam Lufti'}}, {'Q': 'The script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s Britney Bitch 2022\\\" follows Britney Spears as she is pursued by paparazzi while driving on the <mask-2> in Los Angeles. She seeks refuge in a convenience store and then a hair salon, where she shaves her head. She then goes to a tattoo parlor and gets a tattoo of red lips on her wrist. The scene then shifts to a group therapy session with Lindsay Lohan, <mask-0>, and <mask-1>, where Britney discusses feeling exploited and used throughout her life. In an individual therapy session, Britney expresses her frustration with not having control over her own image and hair. The segment ends with Britney\\\\'s voice breaking as she talks about wanting to have control over her own appearance.', 'S': 'The script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s Britney Bitch 2022\\\" follows Britney Spears as she is pursued by paparazzi while driving on the 405 North in Los Angeles. She seeks refuge in a convenience store and then a hair salon, where she shaves her head. She then goes to a tattoo parlor and gets a tattoo of red lips on her wrist. The scene then shifts to a group therapy session with Lindsay Lohan, Mary-Kate Olsen, and Haley Joel Osment, where Britney discusses feeling exploited and used throughout her life. In an individual therapy session, Britney expresses her frustration with not having control over her own image and hair. The segment ends with Britney\\\\'s voice breaking as she talks about wanting to have control over her own appearance.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Mary-Kate Olsen', '<mask-1>': 'Haley Joel Osment', '<mask-2>': '405 North'}}, {'Q': 'In the screenplay \\\"It\\\\'s Britney Bitch 2022\\\" by <mask-1>, the protagonist <mask-0> has a realization that nobody ever asked her what she wanted or needed. This realization hits her all at once and causes her heart to break. Britney begins to weep as she comes to terms with this fact. The script segment does not provide any further context or details about the situation.', 'S': 'In the screenplay \\\"It\\\\'s Britney Bitch 2022\\\" by Cerina Aragones, the protagonist Britney has a realization that nobody ever asked her what she wanted or needed. This realization hits her all at once and causes her heart to break. Britney begins to weep as she comes to terms with this fact. The script segment does not provide any further context or details about the situation.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Britney', '<mask-1>': 'Cerina Aragones'}}, {'Q': 'In the script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s Britney Bitch 2022,\\\" Britney reflects on her past as a child star and expresses her need for space and to be herself. She plays the piano and sings \\\"Overprotected\\\" surrounded by hallucinations of her family, paparazzi, and offers of drugs. The scene ends with Britney determined to be herself. In contrast, a judge grants full conservatorship of Britney to her father, <mask-0>, who celebrates his victory. Bodyguards surround <mask-1> as she leaves the hospital and gets into a car with Jamie, who is inebriated and dismissive of her. The scene ends with Britney looking lifeless.', 'S': 'In the script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s Britney Bitch 2022,\\\" Britney reflects on her past as a child star and expresses her need for space and to be herself. She plays the piano and sings \\\"Overprotected\\\" surrounded by hallucinations of her family, paparazzi, and offers of drugs. The scene ends with Britney determined to be herself. In contrast, a judge grants full conservatorship of Britney to her father, Jamie, who celebrates his victory. Bodyguards surround Britney as she leaves the hospital and gets into a car with Jamie, who is inebriated and dismissive of her. The scene ends with Britney looking lifeless.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Jamie', '<mask-1>': 'Britney'}}, {'Q': 'In the script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s Britney Bitch 2022,\\\" <mask-2>, <mask-1>\\\\'s father, tells her that she will be appearing on \\\"How I Met Your Mother.\\\" Britney refuses, stating that she is tired of TV shows, appearances, interviews, photo shoots, albums, music videos, tours, and being Britney Spears. Jamie reveals that he now has the power to make decisions for her, as the judge has deemed her incapable of making decisions on her own. He plans to make her bigger and better than ever before. Britney sings a darker reprise of \\\"Lucky\\\" during a montage, showing her playing an optometrist\\\\'s assistant on \\\"How I Met Your Mother,\\\" performing at the MTV VMAs, and being pushed beyond her limits by her father. She falls in love with Sam Asghari, a personal trainer, and they have a fairytale romance. However, <mask-2> refuses to allow Britney to marry Sam, citing her previous failed marriages and K-Fed\\\\'s impact on her career. Britney visits her aunt <mask-0>\\\\'s grave and wishes she were there to help her deal with her father.The script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s Britney Bitch 2022\\\" follows Britney Spears as she testifies in court against her conservatorship. The flashback shows a young Britney getting ready for a choir performance with her aunt Sandra. Britney expresses her nervousness, but Sandra encourages her to stand tall and proud. In the present, <mask-1> takes the stage and reads her testimony, detailing how her father became greedy and controlled her life. She reveals that she was forced to take medication and go to rehab, and was not allowed to see her children or boyfriend. Britney also shares that she was forced to get an IUD and cannot make decisions about her own body. The montage shows news chyrons, podcasts, tweets, and TikToks about Britney\\\\'s fight against her conservatorship, as well as celebrities showing support for her. The segment ends with Britney getting ready in her room, no longer with a buzzed head, and lining her eyes.', 'S': 'In the script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s Britney Bitch 2022,\\\" Jamie, Britney\\\\'s father, tells her that she will be appearing on \\\"How I Met Your Mother.\\\" Britney refuses, stating that she is tired of TV shows, appearances, interviews, photo shoots, albums, music videos, tours, and being Britney Spears. Jamie reveals that he now has the power to make decisions for her, as the judge has deemed her incapable of making decisions on her own. He plans to make her bigger and better than ever before. Britney sings a darker reprise of \\\"Lucky\\\" during a montage, showing her playing an optometrist\\\\'s assistant on \\\"How I Met Your Mother,\\\" performing at the MTV VMAs, and being pushed beyond her limits by her father. She falls in love with Sam Asghari, a personal trainer, and they have a fairytale romance. However, Jamie refuses to allow Britney to marry Sam, citing her previous failed marriages and K-Fed\\\\'s impact on her career. Britney visits her aunt Sandra\\\\'s grave and wishes she were there to help her deal with her father.The script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s Britney Bitch 2022\\\" follows Britney Spears as she testifies in court against her conservatorship. The flashback shows a young Britney getting ready for a choir performance with her aunt Sandra. Britney expresses her nervousness, but Sandra encourages her to stand tall and proud. In the present, Britney takes the stage and reads her testimony, detailing how her father became greedy and controlled her life. She reveals that she was forced to take medication and go to rehab, and was not allowed to see her children or boyfriend. Britney also shares that she was forced to get an IUD and cannot make decisions about her own body. The montage shows news chyrons, podcasts, tweets, and TikToks about Britney\\\\'s fight against her conservatorship, as well as celebrities showing support for her. The segment ends with Britney getting ready in her room, no longer with a buzzed head, and lining her eyes.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Sandra', '<mask-1>': 'Britney', '<mask-2>': 'Jamie'}}, {'Q': 'In the script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s Britney Bitch 2022,\\\" Britney prepares for battle and compares herself to Samson, who regained his strength after his hair grew back. She receives a message from her lawyer, Mathew Rosengart, asking if she is ready for her court appearance against her father, <mask-1>. <mask-0> arrives at the Los Angeles courthouse with her boyfriend, Sam, and is greeted by fans. In court, Britney is represented by Mathew Rosengart, while Jamie is represented by his lawyer, Alex Weingarten. Jamie looks old and dour, and has been vilified by the media. Sam is in the crowd wearing a #FreeBritney shirt. Britney feels nervous and like throwing up, but Sam helps ease her nerves with a light kiss. The script segment highlights <mask-0>\\\\'s determination to fight for her freedom and regain control of her life.', 'S': 'In the script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s Britney Bitch 2022,\\\" Britney prepares for battle and compares herself to Samson, who regained his strength after his hair grew back. She receives a message from her lawyer, Mathew Rosengart, asking if she is ready for her court appearance against her father, Jamie. Britney arrives at the Los Angeles courthouse with her boyfriend, Sam, and is greeted by fans. In court, Britney is represented by Mathew Rosengart, while Jamie is represented by his lawyer, Alex Weingarten. Jamie looks old and dour, and has been vilified by the media. Sam is in the crowd wearing a #FreeBritney shirt. Britney feels nervous and like throwing up, but Sam helps ease her nerves with a light kiss. The script segment highlights Britney\\\\'s determination to fight for her freedom and regain control of her life.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Britney', '<mask-1>': 'Jamie'}}, {'Q': 'In the script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s Britney Bitch 2022,\\\" Jamie Spears is on the stand being questioned by Mathew Rosengart. <mask-1> testifies that Britney went \\\"nuts\\\" and had to go to rehab, but <mask-0> interrupts and calls Jamie\\\\'s testimony lies. The judge then calls Britney to the witness stand, where she confidently speaks her truth and accuses her father of controlling her life for his own financial gain. The courthouse suddenly blacks out and spotlights come on.', 'S': 'In the script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s Britney Bitch 2022,\\\" Jamie Spears is on the stand being questioned by Mathew Rosengart. Jamie testifies that Britney went \\\"nuts\\\" and had to go to rehab, but Mathew interrupts and calls Jamie\\\\'s testimony lies. The judge then calls Britney to the witness stand, where she confidently speaks her truth and accuses her father of controlling her life for his own financial gain. The courthouse suddenly blacks out and spotlights come on.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Mathew', '<mask-1>': 'Jamie'}}]\", \"output\": \"None\"}\n{\"input\": \"Wildfire\\nBy\\nChaya Doswell\\nPermut Presentations, inc.\\npermut@permutpres.com \\nAuroravista Entertainment\\ndawn@auroravista.film \\nwww.auroravista.film\\nSanta Monica Blvd., 446\\nBeverly Hills, California 90210EXT. PUBLIC ELEMENTARY SCHOOL FACADE - MORNING 1 1\\nTulare County, California. \\nThe sky is grey and ashy. You can almost smell the fire \\nnearby.\\nAll of Tulare County is dry with barely any green to be \\nseen. People are scorched by the sun, walking with umbrellas from their cars into a nearby store to protect themselves. Everyone walks with sun protecting clothing or large hats. Dust settles on cars which have chipped paint or discoloration. The sun almost always has a sheath of grey smog from fires recently past or present. \\nMANY CHILDREN run into school, saying goodbye to their \\nPARENTS or CARETAKERS. Cars drive off. Kids shriek or giggle. These people don\\u2019t have tons of money but there is love in the air...as well as ash.\\nA bell rings. All the kids enter the school.The final bus drives off.The facade is empty and suddenly peaceful as all the \\ncommotion from the morning drop-offs has dissipated.\\nStillness.\\nEXT. SIDE OF THE ROAD - SAME DAY 2 2\\nTwo little legs running. Running. Running.\\nLU (seven years old, sweet, observant, mute) runs along \\nthe side of a busy road. The sun is hot despite the ashy air. Her heavy backpack hops up and down on her back as she runs to school.\\nEXT. SIDE OF THE ROAD - CONTINUOUS 3 3\\nMUSIC UP: Opposites Attract by Paula Abdul. \\nMERRIBELLE (Trans Latin Woman, thirty, heart of gold, \\nhead of steel) is sweating over the smoking engine of her old, maroon, Toyota Camry. She\\u2019s singing ( very well ) to \\n\\u201cOpposites Attract\\u201d as she looks slightly bewildered at this engine. \\nMerribelle hasn\\u2019t gone through any surgeries yet and \\nstill might be misgendered at first glance--but she has very long, black hair and is always wearing a pop of lipstick. She\\u2019s in a very short skirt and wedge sneaker. \\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   2.\\nShe\\u2019s doing a little dance, regardless of this engine \\nproblem before her. \\nMerribelle looks over her shoulder.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nWhere the hell are you!? Imma be \\nlate for work!\\n(to her car)\\nDamn you car! I hate you. \\nMerribelle considers her words.\\nMERRIBELLE\\n(to her car)\\nI\\u2019m playin'. I love you, please don\\u2019t die.\\nShe looks around again for her assistance when she sees a little girl running towards her.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nWhat the--\\nLu gets closer and closer.\\nMerribelle squints to see this small person running \\ntoward her.\\nLu stops right in front of Merribelle, hunches over, \\nhands on her knees, sweating, panting.\\nLu finally stands up and for the first time notices \\nMerribelle. They stare at each other a moment.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nYou know how to fix a engine?\\nLu does not respond.\\nLu suddenly and all at once sprints again in the same \\ndirection she\\u2019s been going. Merribelle jumps a little and follows Lu with her eyes.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nToo bad, I coulda given your sweaty, little ass a ride. \\nMerribelle lights a cigarette in front of her smoking car under a smoky sky and smokes.\\nCamera follows Merribelle\\u2019s smoke into the ashy sky.Title displays:10/26/22   2.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   3.\\nWILDFIRE\\nINT. PUBLIC SCHOOL CAFETERIA - LUNCH 4 4\\nLU stands in line for lunch. KIDS talk all around her but \\nno one talks to her. Her tray is empty. She stares at all the hot food; the wrapped sandwiches, the basket of tater tots...the desserts. STUDENT behind her nudges her.\\nLu takes a string cheese and a Capri-Sun. When it comes \\ntime to pay, she does so in change. \\nLUNCH LADY ABRIL (heavy set, Latin, kind, fifties or \\nsixties) frowns at the pitiful tray.\\nABRIL\\nYou wanna grow up to be a princesa you gotta eat more than that, mami. \\nLu does not respond. She pays and walks away.\\nShe sits alone at the back of the cafeteria and peels \\napart her string cheese, slowly, piece by piece. The sound of the chatter of the other kids envelops her.\\nThe lunch bell rings and the kids all file out, tossing \\ntheir half eaten lunches in the trash.\\nLu is the last to leave. She pretends to tie her shoe as \\nthe LAST TEACHER exits the cafeteria. Lu, alone now, walks over to the garbage, looking over her shoulder. Lu sifts through a paper bag with the name Tessa beautifully \\nwritten on it, and finds two uneaten clementines! Lu stuffs the clementines into her pockets. She observes the bag they came from for a moment, underneath the name Tessa is a little note that reads \\u201cMommy loves you!\\u201d Lu tears this message from the bag and looks at it a moment, smiling softly as she traces her fingers over the message.\\n\\u201cMommy loves you!\\u201d\\nLu is startled by the sudden appearance of MRS. CONSUELOS (thirties or forties, kind but can be firm, Latina.)\\nMRS. CONSUELOS\\nEverything alright, Lu?10/26/22   3.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   4.\\nLu jumps and then runs off with her treasures. Mrs. \\nConsuelos looks on, concerned.\\nINT. MRS. CONSUELO\\u2019S THIRD GRADE CLASSROOM - LATER 5 5\\nAbout FIFTEEN CHILDREN are listening to FIREMAN JOSH \\n(thirties, nice looking fireman) speak about fire safety. He is in his uniform.\\nThe chalkboard reads:  MAY 8th, 2028.\\nFIREMAN JOSH\\nThe major cause of wildfires in \\nthe United States is what?\\nSome kids raise their hands. Josh chooses a BOY upfront.\\nBOY\\nStuff catching on fire. \\nJosh laughs, lightheartedly.\\nFIREMAN JOSH\\nThat\\u2019s right, but what causes that stuff to catch on fire?\\nMore kids raise their hands. Josh selects a little GIRL mid room.\\nGIRL\\nMy daddy said the grovenment  \\nstarts the fires to cause a discratchshon  from corption .\\nFIREMAN JOSH\\nHuh...well that\\u2019s an opinion--\\nwhich \\nI don\\u2019t agree with --Anyone else?\\nThe kids all raise their hands again and this time Josh selects Lu, despite the fact that her hand wasn\\u2019t raised. \\nFIREMAN JOSH\\nHow about you, little lady?\\nEveryone bends their necks around to stare at the silent child.\\nFIREMAN JOSH\\nWhat do you think is the leading cause of--\\nMRS. CONSUELOS\\n--Lu doesn\\u2019t...she doesn\\u2019t speak. 10/26/22   4.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   5.\\nFIREMAN JOSH\\n(confused)\\nOh...\\nThe kids giggle and sneer.\\nMRS. CONSUELOS\\nThat\\u2019s enough.  \\nCONTINUED: (2) 6 6\\nFIREMAN JOSH\\nIt\\u2019s us. We are the leading cause \\nof wildfires. Things we do, often by accident, like leaving an open campfire burning or tossing a cigarette out a car window.\\nLITTLE GIRL raises her hand. Josh points to her.\\nLITTLE GIRL\\nCan you go to jail for starting a wildfire?\\nFIREMAN JOSH\\nOh yes. The laws are becoming more and more severe for people who start these fires, accident or not, you can go to prison for up to ten years. And for good cause. The more our trees burn the lower the air quality which--\\nCUT TO:\\nEXT. OUTSIDE SCHOOL PICK UP - CONTINUOUS 7 7\\nKids all exit school and jump into their PARENTS' arms and cars. BABYSITTERS take kids' school projects from them; moms hand out snacks; playdates are arranged.\\nMeanwhile Lu walks past this love fest and heads to the \\nstreet to walk herself home.\\nEXT. SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA STREETS - LATER - Lu walks on the side of the highway.- Lu walks by a strip mall.10/26/22   5.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   6.\\nINT. PHARMACY - CONTINUOUS 8 8\\nMerribelle stocks tampons by the front window. She wears \\na white pharmacy jacket with a name tag that says Kyle-- but there is masking tape over the name Kyle. Written in sharpie on the masking tape is the name MERRIBELLE .\\nLu walks by this pharmacy. Merribelle squints out the window as she is stocking the tampons and sees it is the same little girl from earlier.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nDamn that baby\\u2019s probly got the best calves.\\nA WOMAN reaches in front of Merribelle for tampons with out saying excuse me.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nExcuse me. \\nThe woman walks away, ignoring Merribelle. Merribelle rolls her eyes. Her phone buzzes. She looks at the text. It\\u2019s from someone in her phone labeled \\u201cLOVER BOY\\u201d with many emojis. Her cell phone is slightly futuristic looking. Skinnier and sleeker.\\nMerribelle leans against the water fridge -- further away \\nand a little hidden from the register where the manager, ROGER (white dude, bit of a dud, fifties or sixties) rings up the woman buying tampons.\\nLOVER BOY TEXT\\nMy shirt smells like you.\\nLOVER BOY TEXT\\nI like it. \\nLOVER BOY TEXT\\nI\\u2019m never gonna wash this shirt. \\nMerribelle laughs.\\nMERRIBELLE TEXT\\nDon\\u2019t pretend your broke ass got a washing machine. \\nLOVER BOY TEXT\\nLol. You free tonight?\\nMERRIBELLE TEXT\\nMaybe. 10/26/22   6.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   7.\\nLOVER BOY TEXT\\nDon\\u2019t make me beg. \\nMerribelle smiles and types a reply. Roger stands by her.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nAm I in your way?\\nROGER\\nNo phones on the floor.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nIt\\u2019s an emergency...my sister\\u2019s \\nsick. \\nROGER\\nYou\\u2019ve been working here for sixyears. I\\u2019ve never heard you mention a single family member.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nI\\u2019m private. \\nROGER\\nWell we both know that\\u2019s not true. \\nRoger walks away.\\nROGER\\nBack to work.\\nMerribelle rolls her eyes. Roger heads back to the front. She looks back at her phone and types. \\nSuddenly Lu stands right in front of her. Merribelle \\nlooks at Lu. Lu stares straight up at Merribelle. It\\u2019s a moment.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nYou need help?\\nLu considers this a moment then points to the waters in the cooler behind Merribelle. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nOh. My bad. \\nMerribelle moves.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nEverybody forget how to say \\u201cExcuse me\\u201d? 10/26/22   7.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   8.\\nLu opens the water door and sticks her head inside of the \\ncooler, enjoying the temperature shift. Lu, recognizing she\\u2019s being observed, grabs a small water and walks up to the register. \\nAt the register, Lu pops the small water and a very small \\nsunscreen on the tall counter. Roger rings her up. Merribelle continues to stock tampons nearby.\\nROGER\\nThirty one oh five. \\nLu counts her pennies. She only has five or so dollars.\\nROGER\\nThat\\u2019s not enough. The sunscreen\\u2019s twenty seven bucks, little lady. \\nMerribelle watches the interaction.\\nROGER\\nYou got enough for the water.\\nLu pays for the water. She leaves the sunscreen behind.\\nEXT. STRIPMALL PARKINGLOT - CONTINUOUS 9 9\\nLu stares up at the glaring sun. She sweats a lot and \\ntakes a little sip of the water she bought. A car pulls up to her. A MAN with glasses rolls down the window.\\nMAN\\nHey there. \\nLu stares at him. \\nMAN\\nYou need a ride, sweetheart?\\nLu shakes her head no. \\nMAN\\nCome on, where you headed?\\nLu walks.\\nThe car follows her.\\nMAN\\nYou don\\u2019t have to be afraid of me. \\nI\\u2019m just tryin\\u2019 to help--\\nLu walks a little faster. 10/26/22   8.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   9.\\nMAN\\nHey! It\\u2019s rude not to respond when \\nsomeone\\u2019s talkin\\u2019 to ya-- hey--\\nSuddenly, he stops his car at a jolt, right as he\\u2019s about to hit Merribelle from the pharmacy, who is blocking his car from driving forward.\\nLu stops to watch this interaction between the man in the \\ncar and Merribelle.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nOh, I\\u2019m sorry, am I in the way of something?\\nShe shoots a glance over to Lu who bolts for the woods and runs away.\\nMAN\\nI coulda hit you!\\nMERRIBELLE\\nYou may have! Let me see? Wait right there and I\\u2019ll call my lawyer. I could really use the cash I\\u2019ll get in court for this. Oh! Look, a bruise!\\nLu has disappeared.\\nMAN\\nBitch.  \\nHe drives off.\\nMerribelle looks back and sees Lu is gone. Her job here \\nis done.\\nEXT. LU\\u2019S WALK HOME 10 10\\n-Lu has been running. She looks behind her. She breathes \\na moment. Believing the man is gone.\\n-She walks down an old, winding, dusty road kicking a \\nrock as she does so.\\n-She looks at a beautiful patch of grass filled with \\ndandelions. She picks one and admires it.\\n-She walks to a very small, run-down house inset from the \\nhighway. There are about twelve houses within a few feet of each other. Each house is in desperate need of maintenance; 10/26/22   9.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   10.\\nbroken windows, dried, yellow grass, garbage piling in \\nfront of them. The neighborhood (if you could call it that) is full of filth and hoarders. They are seemingly tucked away and in the middle of nowhere.\\n-Lu opens her squeaky door.\\nINT. LU\\u2019S HOME - CONTINUOUS 11 11\\nHer home is broken down and dilapidated. Brown, cruddy \\ncarpet is ripped at the seams. There\\u2019s garbage and fast food bags from Smiley\\u2019s everywhere. The entire house is a living room with a kitchen, one bedroom, and a bathroom. Practically a trailer.\\nLu puts the dandelion she picked in a paper cup full of \\nwild flowers and beautiful weeds. Her little collection.\\nLu\\u2019s Grandmother VIRGINIA (stroke victim, late sixties, \\nkind eyes) sits in a large reclining chair watching Price \\nis Right.\\nLu takes off her backpack and takes out the little, \\nripped piece of paper that says \\u201cMommy loves you!\\u201d on it. She walks to a cabinet which holds the TV. She reaches into this cabinet and pulls out a small, rusty box with stickers on it. Inside this box are lots of little trinkets and things. A very old, unusable lipstick. A broken bracelet. A picture from a magazine of a smiling family. A couple of coins. A photo of a beautiful house. Some candy wrappers. A cute photo-booth strip from maybe two years earlier with her and her grandmother making silly faces. She places the little message into the box and closes it. Hiding it back inside the cabinet.\\nLu gets up and goes back to her backpack to retrieve the \\nclementines. Her grandmother\\u2019s eyes are closed. She climbs onto her grandmother\\u2019s lap and nudges her grandmother a bit. Her grandmother\\u2019s eyes don\\u2019t open.\\nIs she dead? Lu leans in real close when suddenly her \\ngrandmother opens her eyes wide, startling Lu! \\nVIRGINIA\\nBah!\\nVirginia has a very raspy, effected voice. One of someone who is very unwell. But her love and fervor for this child gives her strength. \\nVirginia laughs her wide, toothless laugh at this prank \\nand so does Lu.10/26/22   10.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   11.\\nLu playfully hides the clementines behind her back. \\nVIRGINIA\\nNeither. \\nLu rolls her eyes. \\nVIRGINIA\\nOk fine, both!\\nLu moves her right hand out to show a clementine in her \\nhand! She then reveals she has two clementines and her grandmother smiles. Lu opens the clementines and feeds herself and her grandmother, who has no mobility whatsoever. They giggle as they slurp and munch on the juicy fruit together. Lu wipes her grandmothers sweet and sticky face as the nectar from the clementines drips and dribbles.\\nVIRGINIA\\nHey! What\\u2019s that?\\nLu looks behind her. \\nVIRGINIA\\nNo it\\u2019s over there. \\nLu looks to her right. \\nVIRGINIA\\nAnd it\\u2019s there--and there!\\nLu looks all over the room. \\nVIRGINIA\\nA little love bug! Quick catch it!\\nLu hops off her grandmother\\u2019s lap and pretends to catch the love bug. \\nVIRGINIA\\nGet your wings, you\\u2019re gonna have to get to the ceiling!\\nLu pulls tattered fairy wings from her cabinet and pretends to fly. \\nVIRGINIA\\nYou almost got it! Closer--closer! \\nLu grabs the phantom bug from the air. \\nVIRGINIA\\nHa! Now swallow it!10/26/22   11.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   12.\\nLu swallows the phantom bug. Virginia smiles. \\nVIRGINIA\\nNow that love is inside of \\nyou...and you know what that means?  \\nLu cocks her head, quizzically. \\nVIRGINIA\\nIt means you\\u2019re gonna poop love for a whole week!\\nLu and Virginia laugh and laugh. \\nCUT TO:\\nINT. LU\\u2019S HOME - LATER/DUSK 12 12\\n-Lu makes herself a cheese quesadilla in the microwave as the machine precariously pops and sparks. She simultaneously crushes two pills and puts them into a yogurt, which she feeds to her grandmother.\\nVIRGINIA\\nMove your head you\\u2019re blocking Ryan Seacrest!\\nLu obeys her while still feeding her. \\nCUT TO:\\nEXT. LU'S HOME - LATER/EVENING 13 13\\nA car is heard pulling up to the house. Lu runs to the window and spots her mother, VICKY (twenty something, nothing formal about her, spitfire), and her mother\\u2019s boyfriend, AJ (late forties, total trash), get out of the car. They are both a bit drunk.\\nVicky wears a very short cut Smiley\\u2019s  uniform. It is a \\ncanary yellow, candy striped uniform for the fast food \\nrestaurant she works at. AJ grabs Vicky\\u2019s ass and they make out furiously.\\nVIRGINIA\\nGet your armor on, kid. \\nLu looks at her grandmother. 10/26/22   12.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   13.\\nINT. LU\\u2019S HOME - CONTINUOUS 14 14\\nVicky and AJ enter, smoking. Lu sits in front of her \\ngrandmother doing her homework, avoiding eye contact.\\nVICKY\\nIt\\u2019s a God damn mess in here!\\nShe throws some trash around from one side of the house to the other.\\nVICKY\\nWhat do I look like, a maid??\\nVIRGINIA\\nNo, a maid cleans.  \\nVICKY\\nShut it, mom. Why you gotta play this trash 24/7 for? Gonna rot her brains out!\\nVIRGINIA\\nNice to see you taking an interest in your daughter\\u2019s brain. Maybe her health can come next?\\nVICKY\\nI don\\u2019t need this shit right when I get home from slavin\\u2019 away just to take care of all you ungrateful assholes!\\nAJ grabs two beers from the fridge and walks towards the bedroom with Vicky. Vicky kicks Lu on her way to the bedroom.\\nVICKY\\nClean this shit up!\\nVIRGINIA\\nDon\\u2019t you kick her!\\nVicky walks slowly up to her mother. \\nVICKY\\nKeep talkin\\u2019 like that you\\u2019re goin back to the shed. \\nVIRGINIA opens her mouth to speak but spots Lu who shakes her head no, aggressively, behind Vicky\\u2019s back. \\nVICKY\\nFuckin\\u2019 invalid. 10/26/22   13.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   14.\\nVicky enters her bedroom and slams the door shut. Lu gets \\nup and starts to clean.\\nVicky and AJ begin to have sex. Loudly. Virginia is paralyzed in disgust and disappointment. \\nEXT. LU\\u2019S DRIVEWAY - LATER 15 15\\nLu walks down the long driveway with a garbage can as \\nlarge as she is, which she drags out to the street. A car with loud music passes her. She stops and watches the car park outside of her home.\\nEXT. LU'S HOME - CONTINUOUS 16 16\\nLu approaches her home slowly, worried. She hears yelling \\nand shouting. Lu looks in through the window at her mother in a very tight fitted dress, looking like she\\u2019s about to go out, yelling at her drunken brother, RAY (forties, no stranger to prison), who is yelling back.\\nVICKY\\nOh, fuck you, Ray! Why don\\u2019t you take her then!?\\nRAY\\nYou just want that money she gets from the government, Vicky! I know you think I don\\u2019t--\\nVICKY\\nMoney!??--we barely get a fuckin\\u2019--\\nRAY\\n--I\\u2019m her kid, too, you--\\nVICKY\\n--Kid--ha! You\\u2019re forty!\\nRAY\\nWe oughtta split it!\\nVICKY\\nSplit it!? So I\\u2019ll do all the workand you go ahead and take half the check!? Fuck off! I\\u2019ve gotta pay for mamma and all her medicines, gotta pay for my kid--10/26/22   14.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   15.\\nRAY\\nDon\\u2019t act like you're spendin\\u2019 a\\ndime on Lu -- look at her, skinny as shit!\\nVICKY\\nDon\\u2019t come in here and insult my parenting skills--\\nRAY\\n--Ha! You ain\\u2019t got no skills!--\\nVICKY\\nFuck you--\\nRAY\\n--Fuck you--\\nVIRGINIA\\nYou two knock it off!\\nVicky and Ray get into a physical altercation. She hits him on the head with a small pot and he punches her in the face. She runs into the bedroom and slams the door shut. Ray, holding his bloody head, follows her in there. When he kicks open the door, Vicky walks out with a shot gun. Ray flees out of the house and gets into his car.\\nRAY\\nI\\u2019m callin\\u2019 the cops!\\nVICKY\\nYeah go ahead I hear they\\u2019re lookin\\u2019 for you anyway! You shit-head!\\nRay screeches off.\\nLu walks in and collects her homework, which now has some \\nblood on it, as Vicky chases Ray\\u2019s car down the dirt road, screaming and cursing at him. Lu puts her homework on the table and enters the bathroom. \\nINT. BATHROOM 17 17\\nAJ follows her in there. He leers at her as she stops \\nherself from actually using the toilet. \\nAJ\\n(quietly)\\nOh hey there, cutie. Come give Uncle AJ a hug. 10/26/22   15.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   16.\\nLu tries to back away as AJ comes closer and closer.\\nAJ\\nYou don\\u2019t gotta be afraid of me. \\nCome here. \\nLu smacks her back against the wall, no where to go. \\nAJ\\nI got a little somethin\\u2019 here in my pocket for ya...\\nAj reaches for Lu when Vicky enters and AJ shoots straight up, reaches into his pocket and throws a wrapped candy at Lu then exits. Lu doesn\\u2019t pick up the candy. She closes her eyes a moment, collecting herself. \\nAJ O.S.\\nYou kill him?\\nVICKY O.S.\\nNot yet.\\nINT. LIVING ROOM 18 18\\nLu walks into the living room. Vicky and AJ smoke in the house. \\nVICKY\\nYou better talk to that son of a bitch. \\nAJ\\nMe? He\\u2019s your brother.\\nVICKY\\nHe\\u2019s your best friend. Piece of shit. \\nVicky cleans her bleeding face in the kitchen sink. AJ follows her. Lu puts her books and papers away in her cabinet under the TV. Vicky exits the bathroom with a hand towel on her bleeding lip.\\nVICKY\\nGive Virginia a cleaning, Lu. She\\u2019s startin\\u2019 to smell. \\nVIRGINIA\\nI can hear you. \\nVicky smells her mother, making a sour face.10/26/22   16.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   17.\\nVICKY\\nAnd don\\u2019t use too much of that\\nlotion! That shit\\u2019s $13 a bottle! Fuckin\\u2019 Ray thinks he can steal from me--got shit to pay for...\\nVicky lifts her mother\\u2019s nightgown and exposes hideously dried skin and sores, embarrassing Virginia.\\nVICKY\\nJesus.\\nVIRGINIA\\nHe ain\\u2019t here...never was. \\nLu\\u2019s grandmother stares at Vicky who stares back. AJ approaches Vicky who pushes him away and then AJ pulls Vicky in tighter. Rough and playful banter. Vicky and AJ leave their burning cigarettes on the table and kiss as they make their way out to the car.\\nVICKY\\nTalk to Ray--\\nAJ\\nOr what?\\nThe two exit.\\nVICKY O.S.\\n(calling back to the \\nhouse)\\nWe\\u2019re goin out, don\\u2019t stay up too late! Both a ya!\\nVirginia and Lu take a moment. Lu smells something bad.  \\nVIRGINIA\\nAlright you don\\u2019t have to rub it in. \\nSuddenly Lu runs over to the table where the cigarettes are and puts them out with her mother\\u2019s bloody hand towel.  Crisis averted.\\nVIRGINIA\\nGood catch. \\nLu shrugs. \\nVIRGINIA\\nHey--come here. \\nLu climbs on her grandmother\\u2019s lap. 10/26/22   17.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   18.\\nVIRGINIA\\nYou go get me that phone...it\\u2019ll \\nall be over. \\nLu scowls. \\nVIRGINIA\\nOh don\\u2019t talk to me like that!\\nLu scowls more. \\nVIRGINIA\\nI mean it! Go get me that phone and you can have a better life! I bet some of those families got real nice mamma\\u2019s with a daddy and maybe even some ice cream in a working freezer! How about that!?\\nLu hugs her grandmother who kisses the top of Lu\\u2019s head. \\nVIRGINIA\\nYou deserve so much better than this, hear me? You deserve the whole world.  \\nLu looks up and smiles, brightly at her grandmother. \\nVIRGINIA\\n(as if responding to \\n\\u201cI love you\\u201d)\\nMe too, kid. Me too.  \\nINT. LU\\u2019S HOUSE - FOLLOWING EARLY MORNING 19 19\\nLu wakes up. She sleeps in a sleeping bag on the floor. Her grandmother asleep in her recliner. \\nLu spots a note and picks up a twenty dollar bill which \\nlays beneath it. The note reads:\\nAway with AJ for the week. Cash should be good. \\nDon\\u2019t let grandma watch TV all day, it\\u2019ll rot her eyes \\nout! Water\\u2019s out again. -V\\nLu tries to turn on the shower...nothing comes out.\\nINT. LU'S HOME - LATER 20 20\\n-Lu is dressed and ready for school.10/26/22   18.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   19.\\n-Lu finishes feeding Virginia. \\n-Lu applies lotion to her grandmother\\u2019s sores, which \\nrelieves Virginia, greatly. \\n-Lu looks at the time and rushes to leave, kissing her \\ngrandmother quickly on the head before dashing out the door!\\nEXT. - OUTSIDE LU\\u2019S HOME - CONTINUOUS 21 21\\nLu is running up her driveway then suddenly stops herself \\nin her tracks. She rushes back into her house. \\nINT. LU'S HOME 22 22\\nVirginia is sitting alone in the living room looking out \\nthe window.\\nLu turns on the television before she dashes out the \\ndoor.\\nVIRGINIA\\nGuess what!\\nLu turns around. \\nVIRGINIA\\nI love you.\\nLu smiles and runs out the door. Leaving Virginia to her programs. \\nEXT. SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA - MORNING 23 23\\nEarly morning dusty air as Lu walks the same way to \\nschool in reverse:\\n-Dusty road -Highway-The Pharmacy strip mall where she plays hopscotch on a \\nforgotten set as Merribelle smokes outside of her car in her uniform, watching Lu walk to school.\\n-School10/26/22   19.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   20.\\nINT. MRS. CONSUELO'S CLASSROOM - AFTERNOON 24 24\\nA bell rings and the kids all jump from their seats. They \\nall line up in front of Mrs. Consuelos who watches them meticulously as they lather themselves in sunscreen.\\nMRS. CONSUELOS \\nCome on, make sure you get iteverywhere. Don\\u2019t forget the ears-- Asher, I\\u2019m looking at you.\\nMrs. Consuelos continues to march down the aisle as she monitors her students.\\nMRS. CONSUELOS\\nDon\\u2019t roll your eyes at me. It\\u2019s California law. All children under the age of 18 are required to put on sunscreen. You want me to get arrested for negligence? Don\\u2019t answer that, Mr. Sazinski.\\nThe kids giggle. Mrs. Consuelos reaches Lu in the line, who isn\\u2019t putting any sunscreen on.\\nMRS. CONSUELOS\\nNo sunscreen again, Lu?\\nLu looks down.\\nMRS. CONSUELOS\\nI wish I could, but I just can\\u2019t lend you anymore. All kids are required to bring their own, like notebooks and pencils. Do you want me to call your Mom again?\\nAll the students stare at Mrs. Consuelos and Lu, who hasn\\u2019t looked up.\\nMRS. CONSUELOS\\nDoes anyone want to share their sunscreen with Lu so she can play outside today?\\nNo one shares.\\nEXT. PLAYGROUND - LATER 25 25\\nThe students are outside playing Red Rover, having so \\nmuch fun despite the scorching heat. They absentmindedly wipe the sweat from their faces.10/26/22   20.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   21.\\nThe sweaty fun can be seen from a window, where little Lu \\nis sitting in the classroom with Mrs. Consuelos, who corrects papers.\\nThe radio drones on about record high temperatures. Lu can see the children playing in the yard, laughing and \\nsliding. It hurts her that she\\u2019s excluded.\\nEXT. SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA - AFTERNOON 26 26\\nLu walks home from school on the same route. She glares \\nat the sun, which glares back at her.\\nEXT. PATH TO SCHOOL - AFTERNOON 27 27\\nLu walks home from school on the same path as always. \\nLu enters the pharmacy.\\nINT. PHARMACY - CONTINUOUS 28 28\\nLu approaches the medical counter in the back and waits \\nbehind a PREGNANT WOMAN on the phone. Her TWO YEAR OLD DAUGHTER holds her hand. \\nPREGNANT WOMAN \\n--Oh you didn\\u2019t have to send agift. I understand you can\\u2019t come...We are--we\\u2019re so excited to meet her! We decorated her nursery with little fairies, Greg applied all the little decals himself, it was so sweet--\\nThe woman retrieves her prescription and nods a thank you at the PHARMACIST and leaves, lifting her little daughter, almost bumping into Lu.\\nPREGNANT WOMAN \\nOh! I\\u2019m sorry, sweetie.\\nShe pats Lu\\u2019s head. Lu smiles longingly at this mother who keeps walking and talking on the phone, kissing her toddler, never making eye contact with Lu. Lu turns and watches her leave, wishing she could have a mother like that.\\nMerribelle watches Lu do this.\\nCUT TO:10/26/22   21.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   22.\\nLu walks up to the counter and hands the pharmacist the \\nempty bottle of her grandmother\\u2019s lotion. The pharmacist looks at Lu a long, hard moment and then retrieves the bottle for her.\\nCUT TO:\\nLu puts four yogurts, her grandmother\\u2019s lotion and a big bottle of water on the counter. She looks over at the sunscreens but doesn\\u2019t get one. Merribelle runs the items through, putting them into Lu\\u2019s backpack.\\nMerribelle slips sunscreen into her backpack without Lu \\nseeing or having to pay for it.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nNineteen ninety seven. Hey that\\u2019s when I was born! Same day Lady Di died. I\\u2019m probably her, reincarnated. That\\u2019s what my gramami always said.\\nLu put\\u2019s the twenty dollar bill on the counter. Merribelle takes it then reaches her hand out with the change but quickly withholds it, playfully.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nI\\u2019m Merribelle.\\nLu stares at her. Merribelle points at her name tag.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nWhat\\u2019s your name?\\nLu blinks.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nYou\\u2019re shy, huh?\\nLu doesn\\u2019t respond.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nYou want a lollipop?...They\\u2019r free.\\n(pause)\\nWell...they\\u2019re free if you gave blood. But I won\\u2019t tell. I\\u2019m good at secret keeping. My gramami had two husbands her whole life, neither of them ever knew. I learned from her.\\nLu picks a lollipop.10/26/22   22.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   23.\\nMerribelle gives Lu her change. Lu exits with her VERY \\nfull and heavy backpack. Merribelle watches her lug the thing onto her back walking towards the exit.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nHave a good weekend!\\nLu stops and smiles at Merribelle. Merribelle is delighted by the little smile.\\nINT. LU\\u2019S HOUSE - LATER 29 29\\nLu enters the house and opens her backpack. She shows her \\ngrandmother the cream but her grandmother is asleep. She attempts to wake her up but she remains asleep.\\nLu continues to empty the backpack when she feels \\nsomething she didn\\u2019t buy. She pulls out the sunscreen.  Lu smiles.\\nShe can play at recess now. \\nCUT TO:\\nINT. LU'S HOME - LATERLu tries to feed her grandmother. Her grandmother does \\nnot wake up...\\nCUT TO:\\nINT. LU'S HOME - LATER 30 30\\nLu watches TV with her sleeping grandmother, sitting beside her on the ground. She notices a smell. Lu tries to wake her grandmother up but she remains asleep. Lu puts the lotion on her grandmother\\u2019s sores. Her grandmother doesn\\u2019t wake up. Lu reclines her grandmother\\u2019s chair so she\\u2019s laying back and kisses her on the forehead.\\nINT. LU\\u2019S HOUSE - MORNING 31 31\\nLu reclines her grandmother back up to a seated position.\\nHer grandmother\\u2019s head flops.Lu turns on the TV for her to watch, despite the fact \\nthat she\\u2019s still \\u201csleeping.\\u201d10/26/22   23.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   24.\\nShe tries to feed her grandmother the yogurt but her \\ngrandmother won\\u2019t eat it. \\nVirginia has died.Lu keeps trying to feed her. She tries and tries and \\neventually starts to tickle her. Smiling.\\nHer grandmother doesn\\u2019t wake up.This isn\\u2019t a prank.Lu shakes her grandmother until...Lu understands what has \\nhappened. She holds her grandmother as she cries in her lap.\\nINT. LU\\u2019S HOUSE - THE NEXT DAY 32 32\\nLu wakes up in her sleeping bag. The smell is out of \\ncontrol. Virginia looks very dead. Flies are starting to acquire. Lu can\\u2019t quite stand it.\\nLu walks to the kitchen and pours herself the last bit of \\nwater from the big bottle she bought a couple of days ago.\\nHer stomach growls. The fridge is empty besides a moldy \\nbag of cheese. Lu digs for cheese without mold and puts it on the last tortilla. The microwave begins to spark as it always does.\\nLu sniffs. The smell is so bad. She walks up to her \\ngrandmother who reeks.\\nLu runs outside of her house and vomits. She vomits \\nagain. She leans over, dizzy.\\nINT. LU'S HOME - MEANWHILE 33 33\\nThe microwave is popping and cracking. It begins to \\nignite. The kitchen goes up in flames quite quick.\\nEXT. LU'S HOME - CONTINUOUS 34 34\\nLu stares at her vomit and the contents. She sits a \\nmoment. It\\u2019s a hot day. She feels hot and quite lost. She looks up to the sky.\\nA small hallucination:  Lu sees a cloud that looks like an \\nangel with wings. She stares at it.10/26/22   24.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   25.\\nLu gets up slowly and re-enters her home.\\nINT. LU'S HOME - CONTINUOUS 35 35\\nLu enters the house and immediately notices the kitchen \\nis blazing! She runs to the water bottle to get the last of the water, but there is barely any left.\\nShe runs to the toilet and puts the feces filled water in \\na mug and tries to put the fire out with that.\\nIt doesn\\u2019t work.Lu grabs her paper cup full of flowers and tosses the \\nentire contents of this cup onto the blazing fire. The flowers burn up in a heartbeat but the water didn\\u2019t help.\\nShe is filled with terror as she looks at her dead \\ngrandmother in her recliner.\\nLu tries to pull her grandmother out of the house. She\\u2019s \\ntoo heavy. The fire inside is getting bigger and bigger.\\nShe cries and kisses her grandmother, hugging her tight.Lu looks at the sunscreen and grabs it, running out the \\ndoor.\\nEXT. LU'S HOME - CONTINUOUS 36 36\\nShe exits the house, and watches the fire eat her home \\nalive.\\nShe is stunned a moment. She closes her eyes. Opens them. \\nThis is real.\\nLu runs up her driveway, sunscreen in hand.\\nEXT. PHARMACY PARKING LOT - AFTERNOON 37 37\\nLu sits in the parking lot of the pharmacy, applying the \\nsunscreen in the heat of the day. She waits, watching people enter and exit the pharmacy.\\nDay turns to dusk.\\nEXT. PHARMACY PARKING LOT - EARLY EVENING 38 38\\nLu remains seated, waiting outside the pharmacy.10/26/22   25.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   26.\\nMerribelle exits, she\\u2019s not wearing her work vest. Roger \\nis behind her locking up.\\nOther businesses are closing down as well.The sky is now grey from a fire.\\nROGER\\nYou got a safe place to go, Kyle?\\nMERRIBELLE\\nMy name is Merribelle!\\nROGER\\nI can\\u2019t quite remember that since \\nI met you as Kyle. It\\u2019s hard...\\nMERRIBELLE\\nRocket fucking science is hard, Roger. \\nRoger enters his car. \\nROGER\\nI\\u2019d go west if I were you.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nI live towards the desert, no trees to burn near me.\\nROGER\\nIs your house made of wood?\\nMERRIBELLE\\nHouse!? You think you pay me enough to afford a house!? Ha!\\nMerribelle walks to her car as other cars drive off and firetrucks rush by.\\nAs Merribelle opens her car door the site of Lu standing \\nvery close to her startles her.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nShit! You fuckin\\u2019 scared me. Lookin\\u2019 like a little demon, damn. \\nLu stares at her, holding the sunscreen.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nI don\\u2019t know where that came from you can\\u2019t prove shit. 10/26/22   26.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   27.\\nMerribelle enters her car and puts on lipgloss, but can\\u2019t \\nquite help avoiding the reality that this little girl, with black smudge on her face, is staring at her.\\nShe rolls down her window.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nLook. This ain\\u2019t some underground \\nsunscreen operation. It was a one-time thing -- you\\u2019re welcome. Now go home! Smell that?\\nLu\\u2019s eyes are big and hopeless.\\nMerribelle starts to drive away. She can\\u2019t stop staring \\nat this child who\\u2019s just standing there. She backs up. She stops her car and rolls down her window.\\nMERRIBELLE \\nWhere\\u2019s your mamma?\\nMerribelle recognizes a lost soul when she sees one.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nWell you can\\u2019t just stand here --there\\u2019s a wildfire -- get in! \\nLu does so. They drive off.\\nEXT. SMILEY\\u2019S FAST FOOD DRIVE-THRU - LATER 39 39\\nThey wait in the drive-thru line. Merribelle looks behind \\nher.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nFire\\u2019s behind us now. Gotta waitit out. Surprised there\\u2019s still trees left to burn.\\nMerribelle drives up and orders food at the drive-thru.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nOne cheeseburg--you a vegetarian?\\nLu doesn\\u2019t respond, probably doesn\\u2019t know what a vegetarian is.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nYeah--one cheeseburger and largefry and two cokes--diet.\\nDRIVE-THRU GUY\\nThat be all?10/26/22   27.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224(MORE)10/26/22   28.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nAnd a shake, cookies \\u2018n cream. \\nLu smiles.\\nDRIVE-THRU GUY\\nThat\\u2019ll be eleven seventy two. \\nMERRIBELLE\\n(to Lu)\\nYou owe me eleven seventy two. \\nINT. MERRIBELLE'S CAR - CONTINUOUS 40 40\\nThey drive up to the window and the drive-thru guy \\nwearing a name tag that says MARCO on it passes the girls their food. He looks long and hard at them both. Merribelle is uncomfortable with his stare. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nYou cold? Cuz your face froze.\\nMerribelle drives off.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nMen are fools. You can quote me.\\n(she laughs)\\nYou not gonna quote shit though cuz you don\\u2019t say nothin. \\u2018Lil mute. That\\u2019s your rapper name. A mute rapper. Stupid.\\n(she laughs more at \\nherself)\\nMerribelle parks her car in the parking lot. She hands Lu the cheeseburger and keeps the fries. Distributes the cokes and shake.\\nMerribelle\\u2019s phone rings. The screen displays the name: \\nMom. Merribelle ignores it. Lu notices. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nI know you don\\u2019t talk \\u2018lil mute, but soon you gonna have to start pointin\\u2019 the way back to your house. \\nThey eat. Lu is tearing through her burger.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nWhoa there, don\\u2019t choke--how\\u2019s it gonna look when I bring you home and you\\u2019re dead? \\n(MORE)10/26/22   28.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224MERRIBELLE (CONT'D)10/26/22   29.\\nNot good, no thanks. I would not \\nthrive in prison. Look at me--too cute. Slow down.\\nMerribelle eats a french fry and observes Lu, devouring her burger. She stops eating.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nThey feed you at home?\\nMerribelle looks worried.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nHere, have my fries. Gettin\\u2019 a muffin top anyway. \\nMERRIBELLE\\n(she laughs)\\nNo I\\u2019m not, I\\u2019m perfect.\\nLu takes them and eats them. Merribelle is concerned.\\nA SERIES OF FIRETRUCKS BLOW PAST THEM, ROARING THEIR 41 41\\nSIRENS.\\nMerribelle pulls out her inhaler and sucks on it. She \\noffers it to Lu who shakes her head \\u201cno,\\\" face full of fries.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nYou the only person in California ain\\u2019t got asthma? Lucky you. \\nMerribelle pops the inhaler back into the center console and lights a cigarette. Lu gives the cigarette a nasty look. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nWhat? It\\u2019s good for me. \\nLu doesn\\u2019t understand this logic. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nYou know what the number one killer in the whole world is probably? Stress. One day you\\u2019ll understand what stress is and you\\u2019ll reconsider your tone. \\nMore fire trucks blow by.MERRIBELLE (CONT'D)\\n10/26/22   29.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   30.\\nINT. SMILEY\\u2019S - LATER 42 42\\nLu and Merribelle walk into the establishment. The same \\ndrive-thru guy, Marco, stares at them as they both walk into the women\\u2019s bathroom.\\nINT. SMILEY\\u2019S WOMEN\\u2019S BATHROOM They each take a stall.Shot of their feet from outside the bathroom doors as \\nthey both sit down to pee.\\nMERRIBELLE (O.C.)\\nDamn!...Hey, you got TP?\\nSame shot of their feet as they pee. Lu\\u2019s feet dangle. The sound of Lu pulling toilet paper and handing it under the divider. Merribelle takes the toilet paper.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nThanks boo. \\nThe legs of a man appear in this shot as the girls flush on the other side of the doors.\\nBoth Merribelle and Lu exit the bathroom stalls, shocked \\nto see Marco standing there.\\nMerribelle takes Lu\\u2019s hand, protectively, feeling fearful \\nof this man in the ladies room.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nYou gotta problem?\\nHe blocks their path. It\\u2019s a sinister moment. Suddenly this man, who\\u2019s been scowling at them the entire time, beams a wide, kind smile.\\nMARCO\\nKyle??\\nMERRIBELLE\\nMy name\\u2019s Merribelle--\\nMARCO\\n(points to his name \\ntag)\\nMarco! We went to High School together!\\nMarco hugs Merribelle without permission. He\\u2019s still smiling.10/26/22   30.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   31.\\nMARCO\\nHow are you!? I thought it was \\nyou!\\nMerribelle is a bit confused. Marco finally lets her go.\\nMARCO\\nAwe, I bet you don\\u2019t remember me, you were so cool--\\nMERRIBELLE\\n...No I--I do. I do remember you. Marco! Of course.\\nMARCO\\nMary--Mary what?\\nMERRIBELLE\\nMerribelle. \\nMARCO\\n(to Lu)\\nMerribelle  was the only person in \\nP.E. who would partner with me. He- -she made me feel like a person, you know?\\nLu smiles. Merribelle smiles.\\nMARCO\\nThis your kid?\\nMERRIBELLE\\nGod no!\\n(to Lu)\\nNo offense. \\nMARCO\\nThat\\u2019s cool. Hey you guys wantsome free food? It\\u2019s a little old but it\\u2019s still good--I mean it\\u2019s just as good as the new food considering none of it is actually good for you.\\nMarco laughs.\\nMerribelle and Lu smile at each other.\\nINT. MERRIBELLE'S CAR - LATER 43 43\\nThe back seat is filled with Smiley\\u2019s bags. Merribelle \\ndrives.10/26/22   31.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   32.\\nThey come to a stop light.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nLeft? Nod if it\\u2019s left. \\nLu continues to stare at her lap.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nOk...so, right?\\nLu doesn\\u2019t respond.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nWe\\u2019re runnin\\u2019 outta directions \\nhere. \\nThe light turns green and Merribelle drives, pulling over to the side of the road. She puts the car in park.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nListen to me. I cannot just takeyou back to my place! You\\u2019re like what, six? I\\u2019m a grown woman! I can\\u2019t just roll around with some toddler! It\\u2019s weird.\\nLu won\\u2019t look up.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nYou a orphan? If you won\\u2019t tell mewho you are or where you live then I gotta take you to the police--\\nLu looks at her, dramatically.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nYou don\\u2019t like the sound of that? Then tell me where you live. \\nLu points in a direction and Merribelle puts the car into drive.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nMore like it. \\nMerribelle drives.\\nEXT. A NICE NEIGHBORHOOD - LATER 44 44\\nMerribelle drives slowly in a neighborhood with larger \\nhouses than she\\u2019s used to.10/26/22   32.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   33.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nOh shit. Dinner definitely on you, \\ndamn.\\nLu points to a nice looking house.\\nMerribelle stops the car.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nAlright, well...bye. \\nLu waits a moment.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nYou need help with the door, \\nprincesa?\\nLu opens the door and slowly gets out, sunscreen in hand. Merribelle hands her a Smiley\\u2019s bag.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nThis never happened, hear me?\\nLu shuts the door and Merribelle begins to drive away.\\nLu stands in the street watching Merribelle drive off.Merribelle watches her stand there through the rearview \\nmirror. \\nMERRIBELLE\\n(yells)\\nGet out the road it\\u2019s dark you gonna get hit!\\nLu can\\u2019t hear her. Merribelle keeps driving. She loses sight of Lu so she loops around and re-enters where they had come from originally. She looks for Lu. Lu is gone.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nOk, good. \\nMerribelle keeps driving and sees Lu walking along the side of the road.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nWhat the--\\nMerribelle rolls down her window and drives slowly besides Lu.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nThis ain\\u2019t your \\u2018hood, is it?10/26/22   33.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   34.\\nLu keeps walking.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nDo you have a home?\\nLu doesn\\u2019t look up.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nAlright, get in. \\nLu does not.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nI won\\u2019t take you to the police.\\nLu continues to ignore Merribelle.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nI promise. \\nLu stops and enters the car.\\nEXT. POLICE STATION - LITTLE LATER 45 45\\nThey pull into the police station. Merribelle parks. Lu \\ngrabs Merribelle\\u2019s hands.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nI can\\u2019t help you, little girl.Look, you gotta go to school and shit. You gotta be with your mamma or dad or whoever takes care of you. Now go, get out, go on in there and let the professionals do their thing. Don\\u2019t tell \\u2018em about the sunscreen.\\nLu doesn\\u2019t move. Merribelle gets out of the car.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nYou wanna do this the hard way?That\\u2019s a very familiar way for me little girl. Only way I know.\\nMerribelle opens Lu\\u2019s door and unbuckles her seat belt for her. Lu starts to kick and squirm. Merribelle pulls Lu by her lower half trying to rip her from the car.\\nMERRIBELLE \\nLet go, get out of my damncar! Jesus, you strong little freak child!10/26/22   34.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   35.\\nLu kicks Merribelle and slams the door shut, \\nautomatically locking all the doors.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nOw! Shit! Are you kidding me!?\\nMerribelle tries to open the doors.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nFine, I\\u2019ll just go in there andhave them come to you! Think you\\u2019re so smart.\\nLu presses her head in her hands and begins to rock in anxiety. Merribelle starts to walk away.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nYou\\u2019re not smart you just...\\n(she looks at this \\nterrified child in her car)\\n...desperate.\\nMerribelle stops at this thought and turns around. She walks back to the car.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nHey. Hey! Stop--stop cryin\\u2019 a second, shit. Just stop! Stop!\\nLu stops.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nDamn no good deed goes unpunished. \\nMerribelle puts both hands on the roof of the car and gets her face in close to the closed window.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nLook at me. \\nLu looks at her.\\nMERRIBELLE \\nAre you in trouble?\\nLu nods, aggressively.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nIf you go in there, if I bring youto the police...are you gonna be in more trouble?\\nLu nods even more aggressively.10/26/22   35.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   36.\\nMerribelle waits a moment and then walks around to the \\ndriver\\u2019s side of her car.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nWell? Open up. \\nLu hesitates.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nYou wanna sleep in this parking lot tonight?\\nLu unlocks the car. Merribelle enters and slams her hands on the wheel a moment.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nShit!\\nMerribelle drives away from the police station. A fire roars in the distance.\\nEXT. RUN DOWN APARTMENT COMPLEX - NIGHT 46 46\\nMerribelle pulls into a very budget-looking, California \\napartment complex. The complex looks like a low end motel.\\nThey exit the car holding all the bags of food.An old woman, MRS. HIRSHFIELD (nineties, frail, spirited, \\ncaucasian) sits outside her apartment with a radio talking about the wildfire. Her feet are in a kiddie pool and she sips what looks like a pi\\u00f1a colada. Merribelle hands her a Smiley\\u2019s bag. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nHey Mrs. Hirshfield. Why don\\u2019t you play some music for a change?\\nMRS. HIRSHFIELD\\nHi Merribelle, you want some pie later?\\nMERRIBELLE\\nNot tonight baby, thanks!\\nMRS. HIRSHFIELD\\nTell me when. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nDon\\u2019t let your feet prune!10/26/22   36.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224(MORE)10/26/22   37.\\nMRS. HIRSHFIELD\\nWhy not?\\nMERRIBELLE\\nI don\\u2019t know--it\\u2019s not good for \\nyou?\\nMRS. HIRSHFIELD\\nThat\\u2019s a lie. It\\u2019s all a lie. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nGoodnight Mrs. Hirshfield!\\nMerribelle and Lu enter her apartment.\\nINT. MERRIBELLE\\u2019S APARTMENT - CONTINUOUS 47 47\\nLu enters behind Merribelle and stands awkwardly in the \\nliving room. Looking around.\\nMerribelle\\u2019s apartment isn\\u2019t so bad. It\\u2019s fun and \\nyouthful.\\nMerribelle obviously doesn\\u2019t have much money but she\\u2019s \\nmaking it work. A variety of fans all around the apartment (clearly no A/C).\\nThere are some religious photos on the wall. A very large \\npainting of a beautiful, older woman. Lu admires it. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nThat\\u2019s my abuelita. A K A my idol...died when I was in high school. I painted that. Like it?\\nLu smiles. She sits on the couch. Merribelle puts a glass of water down in front of her.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nHere, drink some water. I feel like you\\u2019re a pet. Small, cute, don\\u2019t talk, not gonna pay rent that\\u2019s for damn sure. Drink the water.\\nMerribelle goes to her kitchen and pulls out a pen and an envelope. She tosses them in front of Lu. Lu looks up at Merribelle.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nFirst thing\\u2019s first. What\\u2019s your name? Go on. Write it down. \\n(MORE)10/26/22   37.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224MERRIBELLE (CONT'D)10/26/22   38.\\nYou\\u2019re grown enough to write. \\nWrite your name. \\nLu doesn\\u2019t.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nCan\\u2019t spell?\\nLu backs away from the pen and paper, sinking into the couch.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nOk...lemme guess. It start with the letter A?\\nNothing.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nB?\\nNothing. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nWell shit there\\u2019s a lot of fuckingletters. I\\u2019m just gonna call you B. You fine with that?\\nLu nods and shrugs. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nOk, B. We gotta figure out whatto do with you, but first I got shit to do so you sit here and watch T.V. Don\\u2019t disturb me, ok? Bathroom\\u2019s over there, you can figure it out, apartment\\u2019s not that big.\\nMerribelle opens the fridge, takes a large carrot out of the crisper and enters her bedroom, shutting the door behind her.\\nINT. MERRIBELLE'S APARTMENT - LATER 48 48\\nLu gets up to use the bathroom. She does so. Flushes. She \\nturns the sink on and washes her hands. Admiring the water.\\nLu exits the bathroom and passes Merribelle\\u2019s room. Lu \\nputs her ear to the door. She listens.MERRIBELLE (CONT'D)\\n10/26/22   38.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   39.\\nMERRIBELLE (O.S.)\\nYeah baby--you like that? You want\\nme to turn around? Want a little tail? Want me to bounce for you?\\nLu is confused.\\nShe walks into the kitchen and opens the fridge. This is \\nno millionaire here, but considering what Lu was working with before, she is very impressed with the amount of food there is in the fridge. She opens the crisper. There are loads of carrots. She looks around the kitchen and notices a jar that says Cookies. She pulls a chair over \\nand stands on it to reach for the jar. She opens the jar and there is tons of cash in there. She pulls some of the money out and looks at it, stunned.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nHey!\\nLu drops the money and falls off the chair. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nServes you right for sneakin\\u2019 around. \\nMerribelle cleans up the cash and puts it back in the jar.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nYou not a thief are you? Am I bein\\u2019 hustled??\\nMerribelle opens her front door and looks around. No cars or anyone around.\\nShe slams her door shut and grabs Lu by the shirt collar.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nIf you\\u2019re some sorta bait in some \\nsorta scheme you better tell me now!\\nLu looks very afraid. Merribelle lets her go. Lu runs to the couch.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nMy bad. Sorry, B. My hormones are all over the place. Forgive me.\\nShe goes to the freezer and pulls out a popsicle.10/26/22   39.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   40.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nI don\\u2019t got cookies but I got \\nthese, you like grape?\\nShe hands Lu a popsicle who does not accept.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nWe good. I forgave you, now you gotta forgive me, then we move on and never talk about it again. That\\u2019s how we do things here, k?\\nLu accepts the popsicle. Merribelle opens hers and begins to eat it.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nYou heard me through the door while I was working?\\nLu opens her popsicle and also eats it.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nListen, don\\u2019t you judge me. A girl\\u2019s gotta do what a girl\\u2019s gotta do. And I got a lot a shit to do that\\u2019s expensive! It\\u2019s not so bad, kinda fun sometimes. Don\\u2019t you look at me like that -- plenty of bankers and lawyers out there jumpin off of buildings. How bout that? At least I got goals. Got my eyes on the prize. Got a friend who did her surgeries at a real good doctor in LA. He\\u2019s expensive but worth it.\\nShe looks at herself in the mirror.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nI\\u2019m a singer, you know. \\nLu perks up. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nDoesn\\u2019t pay the rent...or anything else. But...it\\u2019s what I always loved. My abuela and me used to sing together. Pretend we were famous and shit. She made me promise her before she passed that I\\u2019d follow my dreams.  \\nMerribelle smiles at this memory then becomes a little sad. 10/26/22   40.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   41.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nYou ever felt like you were meant \\nfor something? Something else I mean. Something more. \\nLu nods a little. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nMe too.\\nMerribelle fixes her hair in the mirror.  \\nMERRIBELLE\\n(casually)\\nYou wanna hear a song I wrote?\\nLu smiles and nods. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nI never sung this one for anyone before. \\nLu is at full attention. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nI dunno...\\nLu blinks. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nOk, fine, but don\\u2019t fuckin\\u2019 laugh at me, ok!?\\nLu focuses, intently. Merribelle appreciates this. \\nMerribelle goes on to sing a song reminiscent to \\u201cBe That \\nAs It May\\u201d Featuring Herizen Guardiola.  \\nLu is truly moved by this wildly talented woman. Her \\npopsicle drips onto her hands.   \\nMerribelle finishes her song. She notices Lu has popsicle \\njuice all over her little hand and gets a paper towel to clean off the sticky liquid for Lu. As Merribelle does this Lu hugs her. Merribelle lets her.\\nINT. MERRIBELLE'S APARTMENT - LATER 49 49\\nMerribelle and Lu watch a documentary. Merribelle cries.\\nMERRIBELLE (CRYING)\\nThat octopus is so fucking smart. \\nHow a octopus smarter than me?10/26/22   41.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   42.\\nMerribelle blows her nose and looks over at Lu who is \\nfast asleep. She gets up and pulls a blanket from her bed and puts it on Lu. She stares at Lu a moment.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nWhat the hell am I doing?\\nMerribelle turns off the lights and exits to her bedroom.\\nLu opens her eyes. She is in a slight panic and checks \\nherself, making sure she hasn\\u2019t wet the bed. She is relieved at being dry. Lu lies back down and stares at the painting of Merribelle\\u2019s abuela. The painting comes to life and Abuela\\u2019s face lowers and winks at Lu. Lu smiles, feeling safe.\\nMore fire trucks can be heard in the far away distance.\\nINT. MERRIBELLE\\u2019S APARTMENT - MORNING 50 50\\nLu wakes up to the sound of singing in the shower. She \\nwalks towards the bathroom and smiles as she enjoys the sound of Merribelle singing.\\nShe looks into Merribelle\\u2019s bedroom. There\\u2019s a photo on \\nher nightstand of a beautiful woman who looks a lot like Merribelle.\\nMerribelle enters her bedroom, all wrapped in towels, and \\nis startled by Lu who is looking at this photo on her nightstand.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nShit! You can\\u2019t sneak around like that I might wack you outta instinct--arrested for child abuse! That what you want?\\nMerribelle snatches the photo.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nThat\\u2019s my abuela. Maria Isabelle. I took her name a couple years ago. You know, to honor her.\\nShe puts it back on the nightstand as her phone, which is next to Lu starts to ring again. Lu looks at the phone and then to Merribelle, ignoring her mother\\u2019s call. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nIgnore that. \\nLu is curious. 10/26/22   42.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   43.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nI can\\u2019t talk to her right now. She \\njust gonna tell me to move home and go back to school so I can go work behind a desk like they done all their lives. Think that\\u2019s safe. Ha! Nothin safe about fluorescent lighting with my skin tone. No thanks. I got plans. They wanna cut me off, suffocate me til I agree to be what they want me to be. They\\u2019ll see. Ain\\u2019t nobody I\\u2019m interested in bein\\u2019 but me. And I\\u2019ll be her all by myself thank you very much. They\\u2019ll see. \\nLu is listening intently to Merribelle, who is lost in her memories.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nSee, kid? Life\\u2019s no cake walk for nobody. We all got wildfires we runnin\\u2019 from. You not special. Now get outta here, you ask too many questions.\\nLu obeys, skipping to the bathroom and shuts the door.\\nMERRIBELLE\\n(calls to Lu)\\nImma make pancakes, you like pancakes?\\n(considers this)\\n\\u2018Course you do you\\u2019re a child.\\n(to herself)\\nYou gonna eat what I fuckin\\u2019 cook, shit.\\nINT. MERRIBELLE'S APARTMENT - LATER 51 51\\nMerribelle and Lu eat their pancakes at her little coffee table. Lu is enjoying these pancakes very much.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nYou think if you chewed up a pancake and then spit it back in the pan, it would just make another pancake?\\nThey both look at their pancakes.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nIt\\u2019s a good question. Admit it.10/26/22   43.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   44.\\nThey continue to eat.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nYou ever learn how to sign?\\nLu furrows her brow, not understanding. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nLike sign language -- talkin with \\nyour hands...it\\u2019s a whole thing. Nobody every taught you shit, huh? \\nLu shrugs. Merribelle pulls her phone out.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nHere look at this. \\nA WOMAN in a video is teaching basics in sign language. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nShe looks nice. Maybe she can teach us something.\\nASL WOMAN\\n(signing as she \\nspeaks)\\nThank you. Thank you. Your hand is coming out from your chin. Thank you. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nYeah. That\\u2019s a good one for you to learn. \\nLu and Merribelle both copy the sign for \\u201cThank You\\u201d with the woman, three times. \\nASL WOMAN\\nWant. Want. Bend your ten fingers and pull it in, towards yourself. Want. Want. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nKinda fun. Talkin with your hands.  \\nLu giggles a little. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nAlright you better not get used to this one. \\nASL WOMAN\\nWant. Want. 10/26/22   44.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   45.\\nThey practice together more. \\nASL WOMAN\\nThe why hand comes to the chin. \\nWrong. Wrong. Do it with me. Wrong. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nWrong. Wrong. \\nLu does so as well. \\nASL WOMAN\\nI love you. Take the thumb, pointer finger and baby finger, make this sign, it\\u2019s the combination of the letters I, L and Y. I love you. I love you. \\nMerribelle and Lu practice the sign. They look at each other as they do it. They smile. Merribelle shuts it off, feeling a little too many feelings suddenly.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nAlright, that\\u2019s enough for today. Listen, today\\u2019s my day off and I got stuff I gotta do so don\\u2019t expect me to hang out with you.\\nLu takes her and Merribelle\\u2019s plate to the sink and scrubs them.\\nMERRIBELLE \\n(a little surprised)\\nOh...um...thank you. Yeah--good. Do your part.\\nShe looks around the apartment. It was quite messy before and now it\\u2019s very tidy.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nOh shit, you a little cleaning lady, huh?\\nLu makes the thank you sign. Merribelle smiles. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nYou\\u2019re welcome. \\nMerribelle gets her purse. Lu stands in the living room and stares at her as she goes to leave.10/26/22   45.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   46.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nAlright well, like I said I\\u2019m\\ngonna go do things, got things to do so...you just stay here and...\\nLu looks up at Merribelle as she prepares to exit.\\nMERRIBELLE\\n...You just watch TV or whateverand I\\u2019ll see you later. Don\\u2019t mess with my shit, ok?\\nLu stands, looking up at Merribelle.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nI know exactly how much cash I got too, so...if a dime\\u2019s gone I\\u2019ll throw your ass out on the street, got it?\\nLu has a little half smile on.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nOk. Well. Bye. Don\\u2019t turn on the oven. Bye. \\nMerribelle exits the apartment and shuts the door. Lu stands alone.\\nEXT. PHARMACY PARKING LOT - LATER 52 52\\nThe sky is still smoggy but the fire has not reached the \\npharmacy.\\nINT. - PHARMACY - CONTINUOUS 53 53\\nMerribelle is in her place of employment looking at \\nChildren\\u2019s Tylenol. She has a basket with a toothbrush and some Johnson & Johnson shampoo. A rubber ducky. Bubble gum flavored toothpaste. Sunscreen.\\nRoger walks up the aisle.\\nROGER\\nIt\\u2019s your day off. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nI\\u2019m usin\\u2019 my discount. Roger, you \\ngot kids, right?\\nROGER\\nNo. 10/26/22   46.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   47.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nFor real? \\nROGER\\nFor real. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nBut you grown, you old, why not?\\nROGER\\nI just never met the one, I guess.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nWhat kinda stuff kids need, you \\nthink?\\nROGER\\nIn what sense?\\nMERRIBELLE\\nLike to live -- to stay alive. They need somethin\\u2019 extra? Somethin\\u2019 more then just food and water?\\nROGER\\nLove, I suppose. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nWe sell that?\\nRoger laughs a little.\\nINT. MERRIBELLE'S CAR 54 54\\nMerribelle sits in her car and lights a cigarette. Her \\nphone buzzes. She looks at it. There have been several unanswered texts.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nShit. \\nShe reads. \\nLOVER BOY TEXT\\nHello?\\nLOVER BOY TEXT\\nWhere you been at?\\nLOVER BOY TEXT\\nBell?10/26/22   47.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   48.\\nLOVER BOY TEXT\\nI do something??\\nLOVER BOY TEXT\\nHey! What the fuck!??\\nMERRIBELLE\\nHey sorry been slammed at work. \\nLOVER BOY TEXT\\n...\\nLOVER BOY TEXT\\nI\\u2019m coming over tonight. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nI can\\u2019t tonight. \\nLOVER BOY TEXT\\nYou got a man??\\nMERRIBELLE\\nNo, stupid. \\nLOVER BOY TEXT\\nI\\u2019ll see you tonight. \\nMerribelle pulls a cigarette out of her purse and stares \\nat it a moment. She puts it back onto the cigarette box...but then immediately changes her mind and lights it. She drives off smoking. \\nINT. MERRIBELLE'S APARTMENT - LATE AFTERNOON 55 55\\nLu sits on the couch and watches the news. A FEMALE NEWS \\nANCHOR discusses the devastation.\\nNEWS ANCHOR\\nHundreds of miles in Tulare County have been devastated by a wildfire which broke out. At least eight people are missing and two presumed dead. The fire seems to have been manmade. A crime punishable by California State Law. The authorities are looking for the presumed culprits now.\\nShe turns the TV off right as Fireman Josh comes onto the screen. She looks worried and concerned.\\nA car door is heard slamming shut. Lu turns around and \\nlooks out the living room window.10/26/22   48.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   49.\\nEXT. MERRIBELLE APT COMPLEX - LATER 56 56\\nMerribelle helps Mrs. Hirshfield out of the car.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nAy Dios Mio, Mrs. Hirshfield, you\\nhave to be careful. You can\\u2019t just go walkin\\u2019 on the side of the highway like that! You\\u2019re lucky I saw you!\\nShe helps her up the stairs.\\nMRS. HIRSHFIELD\\nI needed pickles. You can\\u2019t have aturkey sandwich without pickles.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nWhere\\u2019s your nurse at?\\nMRS. HIRSHFIELD\\nInsurance won\\u2019t cover that anymore. Didn\\u2019t expect I\\u2019d live this long.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nYou gotta wear shoes when you goout, Mrs. Hirshfield.\\nMRS. HIRSHFIELD\\nAren\\u2019t I?\\nHer feet are bare.\\nMRS. HIRSHFIELD\\nI could have sworn I put them on--\\nINT. MRS. HIRSHFIELD\\u2019S APARTMENT - CONTINUOUS 57 57\\nMerribelle walks Mrs. Hirshfield into her apartment. It\\u2019s filthy.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nAye Aye Aye. \\nINT. MERRIBELLE\\u2019S APARTMENT - CONTINUOUS 58 58\\nMerribelle opens her door and spots Lu.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nHey, B. Wanna make five bucks?10/26/22   49.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   50.\\nLu perks up and does the sign for \\u201cWant.\\u201d Merribelle \\nlaughs a little. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nCome on then!\\nINT. MRS. HIRSHFIELD\\u2019S APARTMENT - CONTINUOUS 59 59\\nLu and Merribelle clean Mrs. Hirshfield\\u2019s apartment together. They\\u2019re a good team.\\nINT. MRS. HIRSHFIELD'S APARTMENT - LATER 60 60\\nThe apartment is clean. They all eat pie together.\\nMRS. HIRSHFIELD\\nAnd then he pinched my ass and \\nsaid, \\u201cCall me, sweet cheeks.\\u201d\\nMERRIBELLE\\nYou telling me John F. Kennedy Jr. Pinched your ass??\\nMRS. HIRSHFIELD\\nHe wasn\\u2019t my type. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nHa! Who was your type??\\nMRS. HIRSHFIELD\\nI liked dark and mysterious men.Tried to date a negro once but my father put a quick stop to that.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nShit, Mrs. Hirshfield, you can\\u2019tsay that word! Get you in a lot of trouble!\\n(to Lu)\\nYou hear me? Don\\u2019t use that word. \\nMRS. HIRSHFIELD\\nHe was a cop, my father. A real mother fucker. I didn\\u2019t even cry at his funeral. Fuck the po po. \\nMERRIBELLE\\n(laughs)\\nHell yeah.\\nMrs. Hirshfield looks at Lu.10/26/22   50.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   51.\\nMRS. HIRSHFIELD \\nShe doesn\\u2019t say much, does she?\\nMERRIBELLE\\nShe the silent type.\\nMRS. HIRSHFIELD\\nShe\\u2019s your niece, you said?\\nMERRIBELLE\\nUh-huh. \\nMerribelle washes her plate.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nAlright, Mrs. Hirshfield. Time for\\nus to go. Let\\u2019s go little B. Thanks for the pie, Mami. If you need anything you know where I live.\\nThey exit Mrs. Hirshfield\\u2019s apartment. Merribelle hands a five dollar bill to Lu.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nHere you go, that\\u2019s yours. You can spend it however you want. Just not on drugs. Well...not yet, anyway. \\nINT. MERRIBELLE'S APARTMENT - LATER THAT EVENING 61 61\\nLu watches cartoons, admiring her new five dollar bill. She spots a bag on the kitchen counter. She opens the bag and sees a child\\u2019s toothbrush and some sunscreen. She opens the bubblegum toothpaste and smells it...Lu smiles. She\\u2019s closer to Merribelle\\u2019s room and can hear Merribelle making strange noises. She walks a little closer to the door.\\nMERRIBELLE(O.S.)\\nBouncy Bounce! You like that baby?You wanna watch me eat it? \\nLu is confused by these remarks.\\nINT. MERRIBELLE'S APARTMENT - LATER 62 62\\nMerribelle comes out of her room looking very dressed up. \\nLu is making herself a peanut butter sandwich.10/26/22   51.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   52.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nLook, I got a friend coming over\\nlater so you gotta go. I asked Mrs. Hirshfield if you could hang out there tonight. I\\u2019ll come get you when my friend leaves, ok?\\nLu keeps making her sandwich.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nGo on. Take your sandwich and get outta here. \\nLu goes to exit. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nWait, gimme a bite. \\nMerribelle takes a bite of the sandwich. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nOh, look at you chef! Yum. Ok go, see you later. \\nLu exits the apartment, smiling. \\nINT. MERRIBELLE'S APARTMENT - LATER 63 63\\nMerribelle puts on lipgloss and winks at herself in the \\nmirror. There is a knock at the door. \\nMerribelle walks to the door and shortens her skirt a \\nlittle bit. She opens the door. \\nRay, Lu\\u2019s Uncle, stands on the other side. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nHey, lover. \\nThey kiss passionately and Ray moves his way into the \\napartment. \\nINT. MERRIBELLE'S BEDROOM - LITTLE LATER 64 64\\nThey both lay in bed. Ray is completely naked. Merribelle \\nhas her panties and a lace bra on. Ray steals Merribelle\\u2019s cigarette. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nHey! Get your own, these are twenty-five bucks a pack!10/26/22   52.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   53.\\nRAY\\nAren\\u2019t you quittin\\u2019 anyway? I\\u2019m \\nbeing helpful!\\nRay gives back the cigarette then playfully withholds it, kissing Merribelle. Ray returns the cigarette. \\nRAY\\nYou got any beer? \\nMERRIBELLE\\nYou know I don\\u2019t drink.  \\nRAY\\nYou could keep some fuckin\\u2019 beer here for me. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nOk. Bring beer and I\\u2019ll keep it here for you.\\nRay rolls his eyes. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nWe could go out...\\nRay gets out of bed and starts to dress. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nThe idea of going on a date with me that revolting, huh? \\nRAY\\nI got shit to do. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nWhy don\\u2019t you take me out? \\nRAY\\nBecause I prefer you indoors, naked. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nYou could buy me dinner for once. \\nRAY\\nI bring dinner all the fuckin\\u2019 time, shut up. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nDon\\u2019t tell me to shut up!10/26/22   53.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   54.\\nRAY\\nI got enough goin\\u2019 on I don\\u2019t need \\nyou bitchin\\u2019 at me like my fuckin\\u2019 sister--\\nMERRIBELLE\\n--I\\u2019m not bitchin\\u2019. I\\u2019m asking you to take me on a fuckin\\u2019 civilized ass date. Is that too much to ask? \\nRAY\\nYes!\\nMERRIBELLE\\nWhy!?\\nRAY\\nBecause I don\\u2019t wanna be seen with you--\\nMerribelle stops a moment. She takes his shit.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nGet out--\\nRAY\\nBell, I didn\\u2019t--\\nMERRIBELLE\\nGet the fuck out!\\nShe slaps him repeatedly. \\nRAY\\nFine!\\nMERRIBELLE\\nGet the fuck outta my life! And don\\u2019t come fuckin\\u2019 back!\\nINT. MRS. HIRSHFIELD'S APARTMENT - LATER 65 65\\nLu pours herself a glass of water as Mrs. Hirshfield sleeps in a chair in front of the TV. Lu walks slowly up to Mrs. Hirshfield who looks dead. \\nFLASH BACK:To the fire.To her grandmother dead in the chair.FLASH BACK OVER. 10/26/22   54.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   55.\\nMrs. Hirshfield jolts and snores. Lu, startled, drops her \\nwater. She runs to go get a towel to clean it and hears a scream through the wall. Lu hears a thud and another scream. A door slams. \\nLu runs to the window and sees her Uncle Ray walking out \\nof the apartment and getting into his truck. He drives \\naway. Lu is confused and scared. \\nINT. MERRIBELLE'S APARTMENT - CONTINUOUS 66 66\\nLu runs into the apartment. Merribelle sits on the floor, \\nhalf dressed, crying.\\nLu walks to her and hugs her. Merribelle hugs her back. \\nThey let go and sit together a moment. \\nLu does the sign for \\u201cWrong\\u201d twice. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nNothin\\u2019s wrong. \\nPause. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nOr maybe everything\\u2019s been wrong \\nfor so long I can\\u2019t tell the difference anymore. \\nLu holds Merribelle\\u2019s hand. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nYou\\u2019re very pretty. Anybody ever told you that before?\\nLu reaches for some tissues and gives one to Merribelle. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nI bet people tell you that allthe time. Moms these days try to make that some sorta insult. \\u201cNo! She\\u2019s smart, she\\u2019s brave, she\\u2019s tough.\\u201d Like bein\\u2019 told you\\u2019re pretty is gonna send the wrong message. Like it\\u2019s wrong to wanna be pretty. You wanna know a secret? Nobody\\u2019s ever told me I was pretty before. It\\u2019s all I want in the whole world. What\\u2019s that say about me?\\nMerribelle sits on the floor with Lu. 10/26/22   55.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   56.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nShould we go shoppin\\u2019? Nothin\\u2019 \\nmakes me feel prettier than a new outfit. Tomorrow. You wanna come shoppin\\u2019 with me?\\nLu looks like she\\u2019s not really sure. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nYou ever been shoppin\\u2019?\\nLu shakes her head. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nOh honey what!? Oh...oh we\\u2019re goin shoppin\\u2019! We gonna buy ourselves some pretty ass things! And if that\\u2019s wrong \\n(Merribelle does the \\nsign for \\u201cwrong\\u201d)\\nthen I don\\u2019t wanna be right!\\nINT. MERRIBELLE'S CAR - DAY 67 67\\nThey drive to go shopping and drink slushies. Their tongues are bright purple and bright blue. \\nMUSIC UP: \\u201cStraight Up\\u201d by Paula Abdul plays on the \\nradio. Merribelle sings along and Lu dances. \\nMERRIBELLE\\n--Or am I caught in a hit and run--straight up now tell me is it gonna be you and me forever, oh oh oh, or are you just havin\\u2019 fun??\\nThey have fun. \\nINT. - WALMART - CONTINUOUS 68 68\\n\\u201cStraight Up\\u201d By Paula Abdul continues to play as they \\nshop. Merribelle and Lu strut into a Walmart type store. They scan the racks and help each other choose cute stuff. They go into the dressing rooms and try on matching outfits. They laugh and dance and pose in the mirror. \\nA walmart employee, DANIELLE (simple woman, 20\\u2019s/30\\u2019s), \\nlooks on, she doesn\\u2019t like the look of Merribelle. \\nThe girls try on silly costumes and dresses. It\\u2019s fun. 10/26/22   56.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   57.\\nDANIELLE\\nExcuse me. \\nThe girls laugh and look in the mirror, more posing. \\nDANIELLE\\nExcuse me!\\nMerribelle turns around, annoyed. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nYou talkin\\u2019 to me?\\nDANIELLE\\nOne person per dressing room--\\nMERRIBELLE\\nOh we\\u2019re just having some fun--\\nDANIELLE\\n--I said one person per room--\\nMERRIBELLE\\n--My niece is underaged! I am \\naccompanying her for her health and safety! I will not subject this child to any danger! How dare you suggest I abandon this small, innocent, child in such a dangerous world!\\nDanielle rolls her eyes and walks away. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nThat\\u2019s right, bitch. \\nAnother high five between the two. Merribelle observes Lu\\u2019s outfit.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nShit you fine, girl, look at that top. Gimme a spin. \\nLu spins. It\\u2019s fun. \\nINT. - WALMART - LATER 69 69\\nMerribelle has a pile of clothes in her hands. They pass \\nthe TV section on their way to the register. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nHang on, I wanna get some candy. 10/26/22   57.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   58.\\nMerribelle skips off to the candy area, while Lu stands \\nstaring at her own face on the TV.  \\nTV NEWS ANCHOR\\n...after finding only the remains of her grandmother in the house, which is said to be the cause of the wildfire that spread over nearly fifty acres. If you have any information on Lucy Webber please call the authorities immediately. \\nHer Uncle Ray goes up to a stand with many microphones. Vicky fake-cries, dramatically, beside him. \\nRAY\\nWe just hope she\\u2019s ok. Wherever she is. We\\u2019re just prayin\\u2019 every day for her safe return home. \\nLu stares in fear at the site of her Uncle. She looks over her shoulder at Danielle who leers at Merribelle, keeping an eye on her. Lu quickly shuts off this TV.  \\nINT. WALMART - CONTINUOUS 70 70\\nMerribelle is checking out as Lu runs by her towards the \\nexit. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nHey, B! Over here! You a fruit or a chocolate girl?--hey! Where you goin\\u2019?\\nShe finishes checking out quickly and runs after her. \\nDanielle looks on, concerned and suspicious. \\nEXT. PARKING LOT - CONTINUOUS 71 71\\nLu runs towards the car and tries to open the door. She \\npulls at the handle, pulling and pulling. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nWait up! Why you runnin\\u2019? Calm down I gotta unlock the--stop doin that it won\\u2019t unlock if you keep--STOP IT, SHIT!10/26/22   58.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   59.\\nA COUPLE walk by and see Merribelle scream at little Lu. \\nThey whisper to each other. Merribelle gives them a nervous smile. She unlocks the car. \\nINT. MERRIBELLE'S CAR - CONTINUOUS 72 72\\nThey both enter the car as it starts to rain. They sit in \\nsilence a moment. Merribelle is confused by Lu\\u2019s sudden outburst. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nGood. Rain is good. Makes the air cleaner. Did you know that? I don\\u2019t actually know if that\\u2019s true. Someone told me that once. Could be misinformation. But it feels true, you know?\\nLu looks at Merribelle and hugs her, so tight. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nHey...you\\u2019re ok little B. Everything is gonna be ok. I promise. \\nLu stops crying and takes a deep breathe. Lu reaches into her pocket and pulls out the five dollar bill Merribelle gave her.  \\nMERRIBELLE\\nWhat\\u2019s that for?\\nLu looks at the bag of clothes they just bought. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nNah, that\\u2019s my gift to you. \\nLu smiles. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nKeep it. Really. \\nLu puts the money back in her pocket signing \\u201cThank you.\\u201d \\nMERRIBELLE\\nYou\\u2019re welcome. What\\u2019s the sign for \\u201cI\\u2019m a dramatic \\u2018lil bitch?\\u201d That\\u2019s a phrase you should know, shit. \\nMerribelle and Lu laugh as she drives off.10/26/22   59.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   60.\\nEXT. MERRIBELLE'S APARTMENT COMPLEX - LATER 73 73\\nMerribelle and Lu run up to the apartment in the rain. \\nINT. MERRIBELLE'S APARTMENT - LATER 74 74\\nMerribelle opens bills and overdue statements at the \\nlittle dining table. Stressed, she looks up and sighs, spotting her cookie jar filled with the money she is saving for her surgery. She looks back at her bills, knowing she must dip into her savings to afford her life.  \\nINT. MERRIBELLE'S BATHROOM - CONTINUOUS 75 75\\nLu brushes her teeth in the bathroom with her bubblegum \\ntoothpaste and the fully running water. Lu is wearing cute, new pajamas, nothing she\\u2019s ever had before. She admires herself in the mirror after she\\u2019s done brushing her teeth. She smiles and puts her hair in front of her face like Merribelle does. She opens the medicine cabinet and sees some lipstick. She puts a little on. Merribelle stands at the door now and watches her.  \\nMERRIBELLE\\nRed\\u2019s not your color. \\nMerribelle goes into her room and brings a box full of make up into the bathroom. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nHere -- peach matches your skin tone. \\nShe puts a little blush on her. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nSome blush. You got great skin. \\nShe puts some eyeshadow on her. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nAnd voila. You don\\u2019t need none of this stuff. You were already perfect. But it\\u2019s fun, right? No harm in havin\\u2019 a little fun. \\nLu looks at herself in the mirror. Merribelle sets her head on Lu\\u2019s shoulder and they look in the mirror together. Merribelle gets her polaroid camera and they take a selfie. She hands the picture to Lu. Lu takes the photo and stares at it a long time. 10/26/22   60.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   61.\\nMerribelle exits the bathroom and grabs a carrot from the \\nfridge. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nGotta work. You know the drill. \\nMerribelle enters her bedroom but the door doesn\\u2019t shut entirely. \\nINT. MERRIBELLE'S APARTMENT - LITTLE LATER 76 76\\nThe T.V. is on Sesame Street as they teach children words \\nin sign language. Lu watches intently, copying the puppets as they sign \\u201cI LOVE YOU.\\u201d  \\nLu then gets up and walks to the kitchen and gets herself \\na popsicle on this hot night. She walks by the dining table and sees the bills on the table. She glances at them and realizes some are overdue. Lu reaches into her pocket and takes out her five dollar bill. She walks to the cookie jar, gets the stool, opens the jar and puts the money in the jar. She smiles at this deed.\\nAs she walks back to the TV she notices Merribelle\\u2019s door \\nis slightly ajar. She walks closer. \\nMERRIBELLE (O.S.)\\nYou want me to wag my little tail, baby? Like that? You naughty!\\nLu puts her eye at the crack of the door. \\nMerribelle is dressed in a large purple bunny costume.  Lu \\nis very intrigued by this. She watches on as Merribelle \\nbounces around in front of her computer. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nYou want this? Huh?\\nShe holds up the carrot. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nYou want me to put it in my mouth, you naughty boy?\\nMerribelle shoves the carrot down her throat. Lu lets out a little laugh. Merribelle looks at the door and sees Lu standing there. She chokes on the carrot. \\nLu runs to the couch and hides under her blanket! Merribelle slams her computer shut. 10/26/22   61.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224(MORE)10/26/22   62.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nShit!\\nINT. MERRIBELLE'S LIVING ROOM - LITTLE LATER 77 77\\nMerribelle, still in her very elaborate bunny costume, \\nsits on the couch with Lu. They sit on opposite ends of the couch. Not speaking. Staring straight ahead. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nI don\\u2019t expect you to understand this. \\nLu stares straight ahead. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nBut what you should understand is I ain\\u2019t hurtin\\u2019 nobody and never have. \\nLu stares straight ahead. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nI got stuff to pay for. I seen people do a lot worse for a lot less, ok?\\nLu continues to stare straight ahead. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nYou know what!?\\nMerribelle stands up.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nI don\\u2019t owe you an explanation! Idon\\u2019t owe you or anybody jack shit! And I don\\u2019t take shit from nobody neither--everything I got I earned! My mom and dad won\\u2019t help me unless I go back to college to become some robot workin\\u2019 in a cubicle like them? Fuck that! I know who I am and I know what I want! I got a gift and my grandmami said you always gotta be grateful for your gifts. How grateful is it for me to waste it? Look, all my life people look at me for being different! But I\\u2019m not different! I\\u2019m the same as everybody else! \\n(MORE)10/26/22   62.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224MERRIBELLE (CONT'D)10/26/22   63.\\nI got blood and bones and a better \\nass than most people so why not flaunt it for a few bucks? I pull crazy money -- don\\u2019t touch nobody, nobody touches me. It\\u2019s safe and I make these guys whole fuckin\\u2019 week! All so I can pay for my tits. Win/win if you ask me! Which you should not do. From now on you better mind your business while I conduct my business. Got it? \\nSilence.  \\nMERRIBELLE\\nDon\\u2019t look at me like that. \\nLu starts to laugh. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nYou think it\\u2019s fuckin\\u2019 funny? My life\\u2019s a joke to you?\\nLu laughs so hard she falls off the couch. Merribelle joins in. They both laugh. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nI guess it\\u2019s a little weird, huh? I\\u2019m a fuckin\\u2019 bunny. \\nThey both laugh so hard they cry. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nPeople like this shit, I dunno! \\nThey keep laughing. Suddenly a knock on the door. They both look at each other, confused. More knocking. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nHang on!\\nShe runs into her room and shoves her bunny costume into her closet and throws on a dress. \\nMore knocking. Lu runs into the bathroom. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nI said hang on!! Damn!\\nMerribelle opens the door slightly. CARLA, FIONA and SASHA (all in their 20\\u2019s and 30\\u2019s, all \\ndifferent races, all dressed up cute) barge in carrying wine coolers and beer. One is smoking a joint. MERRIBELLE (CONT'D)\\n10/26/22   63.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   64.\\nFIONA\\nHey girl, hey!\\nSASHA\\nMove out the way, shit!\\nMERRIBELLE\\nWhat you bitches doin\\u2019 here?\\nCARLA\\nIt\\u2019s girl\\u2019s night, what you mean??\\nThey all spread out around the apartment and light \\ncigarettes and put booze in the fridge. Laughing and chatting. \\nCARLA\\nYou been hard to get a hold of lately--\\nFIONA\\nHangin\\u2019 with that fuckin\\u2019 redneck, probly--\\nMERRIBELLE\\nI can\\u2019t hang tonight, I--\\nSASHA\\nCan\\u2019t tonight my ass, it\\u2019s girl\\u2019s night!\\nMERRIBELLE\\nNo but I got a fever--chills--\\nFIONA\\nWhich is it? You hot or cold?\\nSASHA\\nShe hot, she knows it!\\nCarla runs to the bathroom. \\nCARLA\\nI gotta pee--\\nMERRIBELLE\\nCarla wait I--\\nLu stands in the bathroom. Carla drags Lu out to the living room.\\n SASHA\\n(pointing at Lu)\\nWhat\\u2019s that?10/26/22   64.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   65.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nOh--this is my...she\\u2019s my niece. \\nShe\\u2019s staying with me--\\nFIONA\\nYou ain\\u2019t got no siblings--what niece!?\\nMERRIBELLE\\nShe\\u2019s like a niece, my best friend-\\n- it\\u2019s her daughter. I call her my niece--\\nCARLA\\n--I thought I was your best friend?\\nMERRIBELLE\\nA different best friend, shit! Why you grillin\\u2019 me!? This is B, B this is a bunch a ho\\u2019s. \\nFIONA\\nWho\\u2019s the ho?\\nMERRIBELLE\\nShe\\u2019s only with me for a little while. She\\u2019ll be gone by next week. \\nLu looks up at this statement, displeased. \\nCARLA\\nWell why didn\\u2019t you tell us, I got all done the fuck up. \\nSASHA\\nCome on let\\u2019s go to Tawney\\u2019s.  I \\nwanna make out with a stranger anyways. Bored makin\\u2019 out with you bitches. \\nThey all leave. \\nFIONA\\nBye ho! Bye little ho!\\nThe women all begin to exit. Carla lingers, looking at Lu. \\nCARLA\\n(to Lu)\\nHave we met?10/26/22   65.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   66.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nNo, this is the first time she \\nstayed with me, her mom\\u2019s in rehab.\\nCARLA\\nWho\\u2019s her mom?\\nMERRIBELLE\\n...Trisha. You haven\\u2019t met her neither. \\nCarla looks closely at Lu. \\nCARLA\\nYou sure I never met you?\\nSASHA O.S.\\nCarla come on! You\\u2019re drivin\\u2019!\\nCarla shrugs and leaves. The door shuts. \\nMerribelle turns and looks at Lu who runs into the \\nbathroom and slams the door shut.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nB--come on...\\nShe knocks on the bathroom door. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nLook if it were up to me I\\u2019d keep you forever--you\\u2019re cute and you clean. But we gotta figure somethin\\u2019 out. You knew this couldn\\u2019t last forever! You knew that. \\nLu sits on the toilet. Angry. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nI promise you\\u2019re not gonna end up like me. I\\u2019ll find you something better.\\nLu exits the bathroom. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nI already told you everything\\u2019s gonna be ok. I promised, remember? And I don\\u2019t break a fuckin\\u2019 promise.\\nLu raises her eyebrows and signs the word \\u201cWrong.\\u201d10/26/22   66.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   67.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nOk...I break some promises but not \\nthis one. Promise. That\\u2019s a double \\npromise. \\nLu smiles. \\nINT. PHARMACY - DAY 78 78\\nMerribelle stocks the shelves. \\nAJ approaches Merribelle. \\nAJ\\nUh hey--hey...\\nMerribelle doesn\\u2019t respond. \\nAJ\\nMa\\u2019am?\\nMerribelle turns. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nHow can I help you? \\nAJ flirts a little. \\nAJ\\nYou all got skoal? \\nLikes the way he\\u2019s looking at her. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nBehind the counter. \\nAJ\\nWell, I asked the potato brain \\nbehind the counter and he said to ask you. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nWell, I guess I\\u2019ll check in the back for you. \\nAJ\\nWell thank you very much. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nWell you\\u2019re welcome. \\nThey laugh. 10/26/22   67.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   68.\\nVicky storms down the aisle and jumps on AJ in front of \\nMerribelle. \\nVICKY\\nGuess what!\\nAJ\\nWhat? \\nVICKY\\nGuess!\\nAJ\\nI dunno Vicky, shit--\\nVICKY\\nI got my period!!\\nAJ twirls Vicky around, elated. \\nAJ\\nThank the lord!!\\nVicky looks at Merribelle. \\nVICKY\\nWhere you keep your tampons? \\nMerribelle points to the front of the store. AJ carries Vicky to the front of the store as she kisses his neck. \\nINT. PHARMACY BATHROOM - LATER 79 79\\nMerribelle pees. She then washes her hands and looks long \\nand hard at her face. She touches her face, messes with her hair a bit and puts on some lip gloss. She throws the lip gloss at the mirror, aggressively. \\nINT. PHARMACY - LATER 80 80\\nRoger is up at the register helping A CUSTOMER. An item \\nwon\\u2019t ring up, the bar code isn\\u2019t working. \\nROGER\\nSorry ma\\u2019am, I\\u2019ll just--\\nHe spots Merribelle. \\nROGER\\nOh, he can help--\\nMerribelle whips around in fury. 10/26/22   68.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   69.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nHe who? \\nROGER\\nYou--\\nMERRIBELLE\\nI AM A WOMAN GODDAMNIT!\\nThe few customers in the store stop, stunned, staring at \\nher. Roger is shocked and slightly ashamed. Merribelle storms out. \\nINT. TAWNEY\\u2019S BAR - NIGHT 81 81\\nIt\\u2019s a packed dive bar. MANY PEOPLE sit in scattered and \\nroughed up wooden chairs, drinking their drinks and chit chatting as A DRUNK WOMAN sings \\u201cDancing Queen\\u201d by ABBA.   \\nThe bartender SHAWN (thirties, slender, attractive, white \\nguy) rolls his eyes at this subpar performance. \\nMerribelle storms in and Shawn immediately stands at \\nattention, running to the karaoke machine anticipating her performance. \\n\\u201cDancing Queen\\u201d stops abruptly with a screech.Merribelle walks up onto the stage and grabs the \\nmicrophone from this disgruntled, drunk woman. \\nMerribelle winks at Shawn who pushes play. MUSIC UP: An Original Score written by Merribelle. Merribelle sings and sings. The entire crowd, (including \\nthat disgruntled drunk woman), dance their asses off. \\nWhen Merribelle is done everyone applauds. It\\u2019s magic. \\nEXT. BAR ALLEY - LATER 82 82\\nShawn and Merribelle smoke in the back alley. Shawn \\ndrinks a bud. \\nSHAWN\\nYou seen much a Deija lately?10/26/22   69.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   70.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nNah, that bitch got her titties \\nand moved to the city, where the grass is green and the girls are pretty...prettier than her. \\nShawn laughs. \\nSHAWN\\nI dunno. She\\u2019s pretty pretty to me. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nBecause you\\u2019re a tit man.\\nSHAWN\\nYou\\u2019d think if all I wanted were some tits I wouldn\\u2019ta cut mine off.\\nThey laugh. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nYou shoulda given them to me. \\nSHAWN\\nNot sure that\\u2019s how that works... \\nMERRIBELLE\\nWasted perfectly good Double D\\u2019s. \\nSHAWN\\nThat what you want? Double D\\u2019s? They\\u2019ll hurt your back. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nWhat do you think?\\nSHAWN\\nI think you\\u2019d look great with a solid B. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nHa! Gonna spend 30k for a B!? Ha!\\nShawn walks up to Merribelle. \\nSHAWN\\nDo what makes you happy, Merribelle. \\nMerribelle smiles and finishes her cigarette. 10/26/22   70.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224(MORE)10/26/22   71.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nI quit. \\nSHAWN\\nSmoking?\\nMERRIBELLE\\nMy job.\\nSHAWN\\nAgain?\\nMERRIBELLE\\nMy boss was a fuckin\\u2019-- he fuckin-- \\nSHAWN\\nHe touch you?\\nMERRIBELLE\\nNo! God no. I don\\u2019t think that man \\nhas a sexual bone in his pale ass body. \\nSHAWN\\nDid he speak to you inappropriately?\\nMERRIBELLE\\n...technically. \\nShawn sits down on the curb next to Merribelle. \\nSHAWN\\nI see.  \\nMERRIBELLE\\nDon\\u2019t lecture me. He calls me by my dead name! How would you like it if people kept callin\\u2019 you Shawna!?\\nSHAWN\\nFirstly, my name was Brielle, not Shawna. And two...I understand. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nYou do? \\nSHAWN\\nOf course I fucking do. I went through the same shit before my surgery. These morons don\\u2019t get it. \\n(MORE)10/26/22   71.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224SHAWN (CONT'D)10/26/22   72.\\nYou can\\u2019t hate them for not \\nunderstanding but fuck them for not trying. That\\u2019s on them. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nI\\u2019m so close, Shawn. I\\u2019m so fucking close to my life. My real life... \\nSHAWN\\nYou\\u2019re life is real. It always was. \\nMerribelle smiles.  \\nMERRIBELLE\\nThen why does it feel like a nightmare? \\nSHAWN\\nLife\\u2019s a nightmare no matter what gender you are. \\nThey both laugh. Merribelle lights another smoke. \\nMERRIBELLE\\n I need a job.  \\nSHAWN\\nI support you fully in everything you do but don\\u2019t ask me for a job you\\u2019re a terrible bartender. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nI am not!\\nSHAWN\\nYou\\u2019re mean to people. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nI\\u2019m mean to shitty people. \\nSHAWN\\nYou think all people are shitty people. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nThey are!\\nShawn glares at her. \\nSHAWN\\nYou\\u2019ll find something.  SHAWN (CONT'D)\\n10/26/22   72.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   73.\\nWHITNEY (20\\u2019s, cool, cis woman) walks out of the bar\\u2019s \\nback door into the alley. \\nWHITNEY\\nThere you are. \\nShe walks up to Shawn and kisses him. \\nWHITNEY\\nThey\\u2019re about to start pouring for themselves in there. \\nSHAWN\\nMerribelle quit her job. \\nWHITNEY\\nGood for you! Your boss was a fucking cis-tard. \\nThey laugh. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nShawn\\u2019s gonna give me a job. \\nShawn and Whitney re-enter the bar, holding hands. \\nSHAWN\\nNot ever in one million years. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nSome friend!\\nShawn stops before closing the bar door. \\nSHAWN\\nWhy don\\u2019t you call your mom, Merribelle.  \\nMERRIBELLE\\nI\\u2019m not asking them for money! They don\\u2019t support my dreams they--\\nSHAWN\\nYou don\\u2019t have to ask for anything. You can just...talk. \\nHe shuts the door. Merribelle sits alone in the alley. She pulls out another cigarette but doesn\\u2019t smoke it.   \\nINT. TAWNEY'S BAR - CONTINUOUS 83 83\\nShawn is bartending and Whitney is choosing music from \\nthe jukebox.10/26/22   73.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   74.\\nMerribelle walks over to the bathrooms. The sign on the \\nbathroom reads: WE DON\\u2019T CARE WHERE YOU PEE AS LONG AS IT\\u2019S NOT THE FLOOR. Merribelle smiles and enters the bathroom.\\nMerribelle exits the bathroom and observes Shawn and \\nWhitney flirting. Above them a small TV plays the local news. On the TV, Vicky and AJ are being hauled off by police in handcuffs.\\nNEWS ANCHOR 2\\nVictoria Webber and Anthony Carter are under arrest for possession of large quantities of methamphetamine, heroin, fentanyl and over thirty unregistered weapons. They are now primary suspects in the abduction and possible murder of Victoria\\u2019s seven year old daughter, Lucy Webber--\\nA photo of Lu pops onto the screen. Merribelle squeals in shock. \\nNEWS ANCHOR 2\\n--who has been missing since last week\\u2019s wildfire that killed six people, including the suspect\\u2019s mother and Lucy\\u2019s grandmother, Virginia-- \\nMERRIBELLE\\nFuck me. \\nMerribelle storms out. \\nINT. MERRIBELLE\\u2019S CAR - LATER 84 84\\nShe is smoking a cigarette, furiously. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nFuckin\\u2019 A. What\\u2019d you think was \\ngonna happen? You stupid. You so stupid!\\nShe hits herself as she cries a little. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nStupid stupid stupid!10/26/22   74.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   75.\\nAs she approaches her building and parks the car. She \\npauses a moment as her mother calls her. She looks at the phone and picks up. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nMom?\\nMERRIBELLE\\u2019S MOTHER (V.O.)\\nMerribelle! Merribelle come home! Come for dinner, stop this nonsense my love. We miss you!\\nMERRIBELLE\\nI miss you, too. Mom I\\u2019m in--\\nMERRIBELLE\\u2019S MOTHER (V.O.)\\n--What? I didn\\u2019t hear you. Are you ok? \\nMerribelle holds back her tears. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nYeah...I have to go. \\nMERRIBELLE\\u2019S MOTHER (V.O.)\\nWhat\\u2019s wrong? \\nMERRIBELLE\\nNo nothing, nothing. I just have to go but I will call you soon. \\nMERRIBELLE\\u2019S MOTHER (V.O.)\\nWe love you so much, Merribelle. So much. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nI love you, too. \\nMerribelle hangs up the phone and takes a deep breathe. \\nINT. MERRIBELLE'S APARTMENT - CONTINUOUS 85 85\\nMerribelle opens the door and sees Lu and Carla sitting \\nat the little kitchen table. Lu is eating a grilled cheese, innocently. Carla stares, aggressively, at Merribelle. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nCarla. \\nCARLA\\nMerribelle. 10/26/22   75.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   76.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nWhat you--\\nCarla stands up and points to Merribelle\\u2019s purse.  \\nCARLA\\nThat\\u2019s nice, lemme see it. \\nMerribelle hands the purse to Carla. Carla starts hitting \\nMerribelle with it, aggressively. Lu\\u2019s eyes widen. \\nCARLA\\nWhy you stupid!? What\\u2019s the matter with you--\\nMERRIBELLE\\nI can explain!\\nCARLA\\nWhy\\u2019d you do this!?--\\nMERRIBELLE\\nIt\\u2019s not what it looks like!\\nCARLA\\nSo you did not kidnap this child?\\nMERRIBELLE\\nNo! I mean...technically...yes. But--\\nCARLA\\nWhy!? You gonna ask for a ransom!? There are other ways to pay for this surgery!\\nCarla keeps hitting Merribelle with her purse. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nNo! That\\u2019s not...I just -- Quit hittin\\u2019 me and lemme explain!\\nCarla stops. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nI took her to the police station. I swear I did. First place I took her was to--I mean after we got burgers. Second place I took her--well then she took me to a phantom location--third place I took her--\\nCarla hits her with the purse again--10/26/22   76.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   77.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nI took her to the police the day I \\npicked her up ok!?\\nCARLA\\nShe still here!\\nMERRIBELLE\\nWell we didn\\u2019t actually make it inside--\\nCarla hits her again, Merribelle snaps the purse back!\\nMERRIBELLE\\nThere was that fire and she was just standing there all sad and abandoned--she needed help!\\nCARLA\\nAnd so you took her home and kept her like a fuckin\\u2019 chihuahua??\\nMERRIBELLE\\nI\\u2019m telling you I tried to take her to the police but I could see in her eyes that she was in trouble! And look at her parents, they on the news--her mom and that fuckin\\u2019 drug dealer! I was right! She was in trouble!\\nCARLA\\nAnd now you in trouble and if we \\ndon\\u2019t bring her to the cops, RIGHT NOW, I\\u2019m gonna be in trouble for collaboratin\\u2019 or whatever. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nThey\\u2019re gonna put her in the system. She don\\u2019t talk. She\\u2019ll never survive!\\nCARLA\\nMerribelle, look what you\\u2019re doing to yourself. How many people saw you two together? Probably hundreds--maybe this whole damn town! People here talk! And one of them is gonna be like...\\u201dhuh, you know what? I saw that baby with that loud mouth biatch at Ralph\\u2019s last night! Lemme call the cops!\\u201d And then you both in the system! \\nIs that what you want?10/26/22   77.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   78.\\nMerribelle takes a moment. Lu is sitting at the kitchen \\ntable, no longer eating, but watching the drama. Merribelle sits down at the table with her. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nNo. \\nCARLA\\nWe have to bring her to the police, Merribelle. It\\u2019s the only way to save yourself at this point. There\\u2019s nothing you can do for her...there never was. \\nMerribelle reaches her hand out to touch Lu\\u2019s. Lu retracts her hand. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nShe\\u2019s right, B. \\nLu gets up and runs into the bathroom and slams the door shut. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nGreat. \\nCARLA\\nDon\\u2019t think about that. Think about what you gonna say to the fuckin\\u2019 detectives when you return the child you kidnapped. \\nA knock at the door. Both Carla and Merribelle jump. \\nMERRIBELLE\\n(frantic whisper)\\nWho\\u2019s that??\\nCARLA\\n(frantic whisper)\\nWhy you askin\\u2019 me for it\\u2019s your damn house!\\nMERRIBELLE\\nDid you call the cops!?\\nCARLA\\nNo!\\nMERRIBELLE\\nWhat did you do??10/26/22   78.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   79.\\nCARLA\\nWhat did I do!? You stole a kid! \\nLook at yourself!\\nKNOCK KNOCK KNOCK\\nMERRIBELLE\\nShh! Don\\u2019t talk, maybe they\\u2019ll \\nleave. \\nKNOCK KNOCK KNOCK KNOCK\\nRAY (O.S.)\\n(slurring drunk)\\nMerribelle, open up!\\nCarla rolls her eyes. \\nCARLA\\nI thought you weren\\u2019t seeing this asshole anymore. \\nRAY (O.S.)\\nPlease, baby! I miss you so fucking much! Please open the door! MERRIBELLE!\\nMERRIBELLE\\nAlright, Jesus--\\nMerribelle opens the door a little. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nRay I can\\u2019t--\\nRAY\\n(slurring)\\nBaby, I miss you so much, you won\\u2019t answer my fuckin\\u2019 calls--\\nMERRIBELLE\\nCan you come back another time I got a friend over--\\nRAY\\nWho!? Who you got in there!?\\nHe tries to look in the door. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nCarla\\u2019s here, we havin\\u2019 a discussion. 10/26/22   79.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   80.\\nRAY\\nWell tell her to go the fuck home.\\nCARLA\\nHi Ray, nice to see you, too. \\nMERRIBELLE\\n(to Ray)\\nI\\u2019ll call you later-- \\nRAY\\nCome on, I can\\u2019t live without you--\\nCARLA\\nFind someone else to suck your \\ndick, we busy!\\nMERRIBELLE\\nRay, I really can\\u2019t--\\nRAY\\nBut I drove all the way here. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nI didn\\u2019t know you were comin\\u2019--\\nRay punches the door, which flies open. \\nINT. BATHROOM - CONTINUOUS 86 86\\nLu is watching this interaction through a little crack in \\nthe door. \\nINT. MERRIBELLE'S APARTMENT - CONTINUOUS 87 87\\nRay grabs Merribelle by the neck as he undoes his jeans. \\nRAY\\nYou can\\u2019t fuckin\\u2019 dump ME! Who the \\nfuck you think you are!?\\nCarla jumps on him, Ray hits her in the face, she goes down. \\nRAY\\nRelax, Carla, you can watch. 10/26/22   80.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   81.\\nINT. BATHROOM - CONTINUOUS 88 88\\nLu continues to watch the scene. Merribelle squeals in \\npain and Carla moans, holding her face. Nothing can be seen but Lu\\u2019s eyes, watching this moment. \\nINT. MERRIBELLE\\u2019S LIVING ROOM 89 89\\nMerribelle bites! Ray recoils! Carla hits him in the back \\nof the head with a lamp! Ray squirms to pull his pants back up as he runs away from these two strong ass women!\\nMERRIBELLE\\nRun away you piece of shit!\\nRAY\\nFucking crazy bitches!\\nCARLA\\nDon\\u2019t you forget it!\\nMERRIBELLE\\n \\nRay exits, running with his ass out!\\nCARLA\\n(to Merribelle)\\nYou got terrible taste in men. \\nLu exits the bathroom. She sits next to Merribelle who is on the floor and holds her hand. Carla looks at them from the couch. \\nCARLA\\nYou have until tomorrow. If you don\\u2019t go to the police by then, I will. \\nCarla gets up and exits. \\nLu and Merribelle stay seated on the floor, holding \\nhands. \\nINT. MERRIBELLE'S LIVING ROOM - EARLY MORNING 90 90\\nLu is fast asleep on the couch. 10/26/22   81.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   82.\\nINT. MERRIBELLE'S BEDROOM - CONTINUOUS\\nMerribelle lays in her bed, eyes wide open. She gets up \\nand takes out a suitcase. She fills it. \\nINT. MERRIBELLE'S APARTMENT - LITTLE LATER 91 91\\nMerribelle finishes writing a note and leaves a $20 bill \\non top of the note. \\nShe stands and stares at sleeping Lu. Merribelle gently exits the apartment. Lu remains asleep. \\nEXT. MERRIBELLE'S CAR - CONTINUOUS 92 92\\nMerribelle pops her suitcase in her trunk. She shuts her \\ntrunk and looks up at her apartment window. She enters her car. She starts the engine.\\nMerribelle pulls her phone out, about to call her mother \\nwhen-- \\nBAM BAM BAMCarla, with a busted face from last night, stands at the \\ndriver\\u2019s side window of her car. Merribelle rolls down her window. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nYou wanna give me a heart attack!?\\nCARLA\\n(suspicious)\\nWhere you goin\\u2019?\\nMERRIBELLE\\nI was...goin\\u2019 to get Bacon Egg and Cheeses...for our last meal or whatever. \\nCarla looks suspicious. \\nCARLA\\nCome inside, I got somethin\\u2019 to show you. \\nCarla proceeds to walk up the stairs. Merribelle takes a moment, then follows her. 10/26/22   82.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   83.\\nINT. MERRIBELLE'S APARTMENT - CONTINUOUS 93 93\\nCarla walks directly to the TV and turns it on, waking Lu \\nup. \\nCARLA\\nMornin, move over. \\nCarla sits on the couch as Lu moves over. Merribelle quickly grabs the note and crumples it up, hiding it. \\nCARLA\\nLook. \\nOn the television RAY is speaking to the press. \\nRAY\\nI am so worried for Lucy. If anyone has any information whatsoever, please. The state has offered a ten thousand dollar reward if my niece is returned home safely. She\\u2019s like a daughter. She\\u2019s the only family I have left. I still have hope that she\\u2019s out there and-- \\nMerribelle and Carla whip their necks at Lu, who is watching her Uncle on T.V. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nHoly shit. \\nCARLA\\nHoly fucking shit. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nRay your Uncle!?\\nLu blinks as the TV goes on and on about Lu\\u2019s case in the background. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nHey. \\nMerribelle kneels down and takes Lu\\u2019s shoulders. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nHe ever hurt you?\\nLu stares right at Merribelle. 10/26/22   83.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   84.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nThat motherfucker. How you say \\n\\u201cFucking motherfucker\\u201d in sign language?\\nCARLA\\nThis is some unbelievable shit right here. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nIf I take her to the police he\\u2019s gonna be her fuckin\\u2019 guardian!\\nCarla lights one of Merribelle\\u2019s cigarettes. \\nCARLA\\nFuck. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nYou see? You see how complex this shit is??\\nMerribelle lights a cigarette and sits on the couch. Lu is between them. Merribelle hands her the box of cigarettes. Lu takes one and lights it. She coughs. They all sit and smoke, watching the television. \\nCARLA\\nHe\\u2019s the one who belongs in jail. \\nThey all stare at the TV. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nWhat did you say?\\nCARLA\\nI said he\\u2019s the one who deserves to go to fuckin\\u2019 jail. \\nMerribelle looks at Lu. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nYou want him to go to jail, too?\\nLu does the sign for \\u201cWant.\\u201d \\nCARLA\\nHe\\u2019s fucking scum.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nYeah, he is. \\nCARLA\\nWorse than scum. 10/26/22   84.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   85.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nYou\\u2019re right. \\nCARLA\\nIt should be him behind fuckin\\u2019 \\nbars. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nIt should. \\nMerribelle stands up. She paces with a smile on her face. \\nCARLA\\nWhat\\u2019s this? What are you doing?\\nMERRIBELLE\\nI\\u2019m  thinkin\\u2019.  \\nCARLA\\nStop thinking. I don\\u2019t like when you start thinking. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nI think I figured this out. \\nCARLA\\nThere wouldn\\u2019t be anything TO figure out if you just minded your damn business in the first place!\\nMERRIBELLE\\nIf I had minded my own business she\\u2019d probly be livin\\u2019 with Ray right now!\\nCARLA\\nYou\\u2019re no angel! Don\\u2019t act like you be doin\\u2019 good deeds on purpose. You gotta return her, Merribelle--\\nMERRIBELLE\\nTo him!? \\nCARLA\\nWell you can\\u2019t keep her! \\nMERRIBELLE\\nThis is a blessing. Jesus lookin\\u2019 down on us right now!\\nCARLA\\nLookin\\u2019 down AT you, more like it. 10/26/22   85.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   86.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nWe gotta come up with somethin\\u2019--\\nCARLA\\n--You just want that reward money \\nfor your surgery-- \\nMERRIBELLE\\nDo you trust me?\\nCarla looks hard at Merribelle. \\nCARLA\\nNo. But you\\u2019re my best friend, and I love you. \\nCarla goes to exit. \\nCARLA\\nAnd I don\\u2019t wanna lose you. So don\\u2019t do anything stupid--er.   \\nCarla mumbles as she exits. \\nCARLA\\nDo the right fuckin\\u2019 thing---\\nCarla exits. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nThere ain\\u2019t no right thing. \\nLu pulls something out from the couch cushions.  \\nMERRIBELLE\\nWhat\\u2019s that?\\nLu hands it to Merribelle. Merribelle is stunned.  \\nINT. MERRIBELLE'S CAR - AFTERNOON 94 94\\nMerribelle and Lu drive silently in the car. They pull \\ninto the police station and sit there a moment. Lu looks solemnly out the window. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nI wish there were another way. I really do. \\nLu looks at Merribelle and hugs her, tight. 10/26/22   86.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   87.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nI don\\u2019t know what\\u2019s gonna happen \\nafter this, B. I\\u2019m not gonna lie to you. We just gotta hope it works out. Maybe this time...maybe this time the good things can happen to the good people and the bad things can happen to the bad people. All we can do now is hope. \\nINT. POLICE STATION - CONTINUOUS 95 95\\nMerribelle and Lu walk into the police station holding hands. MANY POLICE OFFICERS are getting work done or standing around drinking coffee. They walk up to a tall desk with two officers behind it. \\nPOLICE OFFICER 1\\nHello, how can we help you?\\nMERRIBELLE\\nUh, yeah, hi. Can we--can I talk to someone about...about--\\nOFFICER HARRING (Caucasian man, 60\\u2019s, mean looking) approaches the front desk. \\nOFFICER HARRING\\nYou can talk to me. \\nMerribelle and Lu don\\u2019t look very pleased that this is going to be the officer assisting them. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nUm, hello, I\\u2019m Merribelle. And this is--\\nOFFICER HARRING\\n--I know who this is. \\nOfficer Harring pulls Lu from Merribelle. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nHey--don\\u2019t drag her like that.\\nOfficer Harring turns and speaks sharply to Merribelle. \\nOFFICER HARRING\\nListen to me. I\\u2019m the one giving orders here, this is my house. You say one more word out of turn, I can send you to jail for fifteen years, disorderly conduct. 10/26/22   87.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   88.\\nMerribelle takes a step toward Officer Harring. \\nOFFICER HARRING\\nStep back, Sir! \\nPOLICE CAPTAIN JEAN LEE (Asian woman, 40\\u2019s, serious) \\nenters the building and looks at the scene before her.  \\nCAPTAIN LEE\\nIs there a problem? Ma\\u2019am, everything ok here? \\nLee and Harring stare at each other a moment. Harring looks at Merribelle. \\nCAPTAIN LEE\\nI\\u2019ll take it from here, Harring. \\nOFFICER HARRING\\nBut you\\u2019re off duty--\\nCAPTAIN LEE\\nI said I will take it from here.  \\nOfficer Harring stomps off, disgruntled. Merribelle and Lucy follow Captain Lee to a room. Relieved. \\nINT. INTERROGATION ROOM - CONTINUOUS 96 96\\nMerribelle, Lu and Captain Lee sit at a tin colored \\ntable. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nIt\\u2019s cold in here--\\nCAPTAIN LEE\\nYou want some water?\\nMERRIBELLE\\nSure. \\nShe pours them both water. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nThis is B--\\nCAPTAIN LEE\\nLucy Webber.  \\nMERRIBELLE\\nRight. 10/26/22   88.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   89.\\nCAPTAIN LEE\\nWhat happened?\\nMerribelle and Lu look at each other. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nIt\\u2019s a funny story...actually.\\nINT. POLICE STATION - NIGHT 97 97\\nFIVE MALE POLICE OFFICERS (any race/age) stand around \\neating donuts and drinking coffee. Officer Harring tells a story to the rest of them, with his mouth full of donut.  \\nAs he tells the story of what happened clips of the story \\nare shown and the voices of the officers can be heard as voice overs for what the characters are saying. \\nOFFICER HARRING\\nAnd so he rapes him...her...and then beats the shit outta the friend there. \\nPOLICE OFFICER 2\\nAt his house? \\nPOLICE OFFICER 3\\nHis whose house? \\nPOLICE OFFICER 4\\nHis his or his hers?\\nOFFICER HARRING\\nMerribelle\\u2019s. So he cracks the friend in the face, she\\u2019s bleeding, and he\\u2019s raping the other one and it\\u2019s a mess. \\nPOLICE OFFICER 2\\nYikes. \\nOFFICER HARRING\\nExactly. \\nPOLICE OFFICER 4\\nSo then what happened?\\nOFFICER HARRING\\nSo she decides to go get revenge. Give him a piece of her mind. 10/26/22   89.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   90.\\nDRAMATIZED CLIP: Merribelle pulls onto Ray\\u2019s lawn and \\ngets out of the car, furious. Walks straight up to his \\ndoor and kicks it open.  \\nPOLICE OFFICER 3\\nShe who? \\nPOLICE OFFICER 4\\nShe he or she she? \\nOFFICER HARRING\\nMerribelle.  \\nPOLICE OFFICER 2\\nThen what happened? \\nOFFICER HARRING\\nWell if you\\u2019d let me fuckin\\u2019 finish you would know. \\nPOLICE OFFICER 3\\nGo on..\\nOFFICER HARRING\\nSo she goes over there to give him a piece of her mind, right? She knocks down the door and starts yellin\\u2019 and screamin\\u2019 when out the corner of her eye she sees a kid. \\nDRAMATIZED CLIP: Merribelle screaming and breaking things \\nin Ray\\u2019s home. She see\\u2019s Lu hiding behind the wall and stops. Merribelle suddenly has a \\u201cmissing person\\u2019s flier\\u201d in her hand.  \\nPOLICE OFFICER 4\\nWho\\u2019s kid? \\nPOLICE OFFICER 3\\nHis kid? \\nOFFICER HARRING\\nNo the fuckin\\u2019...the kid, the missing kid. \\nPOLICE OFFICER 2,3 & 4\\n(mumble in unison)\\nOh right, yeah, sure sure, right --\\nOFFICER HARRING\\nAnd so he immediately recognizes her--10/26/22   90.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   91.\\nPOLICE OFFICER 4\\nWho does? \\nOFFICER HARRING\\nI swear to fuckin\\u2019 god--\\nPOLICE OFFICER 3\\nMerribelle.\\nOFFICER HARRING\\nYes. And she escapes with the kid--\\nruns her immediately over here. \\nDRAMATIZED CLIP: Merribelle kicks Ray in the nuts and \\ndramatically picks Lu up and carries her to her car. Ray \\nlooks on, desperate!  Merribelle drives away, flipping Ray off. \\nPOLICE OFFICER 4\\nI dunno. This sounds fishy. \\nOFFICER HARRING\\nSo we go cuff this guy Ray, he\\u2019s screamin\\u2019, \\u201cliar liar, it wasn\\u2019t \\nme, I never seen that bitch in my life, never once in my whole life, I don\\u2019t know who you\\u2019re even talkin\\u2019 about!\\u201d  We bring him in \\nand we say, \\u201c you never seen this \\nperson? Never once in your life? Not once ever? \\u201d He\\u2019s screamin\\u2019 and \\nshoutin\\u2019, \\u201c I don\\u2019t know who that \\nis, I ain\\u2019t never seen her in my whole life! \\u201d \\nDRAMATIZED CLIP: Ray screaming, silently. (When he talks it\\u2019s Officer Harring\\u2019s voice coming out of his mouth.) Ray is slamming around the police car. The officers take him out of the police car and bring him into the station. Merribelle sits in the interrogation room. They enter this room with Ray who\\u2019s yelling and denying he knows her etc. \\nPOLICE OFFICER 2\\nHad he? Ever met her? Was she lyin\\u2019?\\nOfficer Harring holds out a polaroid picture of Ray with his pants down and Merribelle on her knees giving him a blowjob. Carla on the floor holding her face in the background. \\nThe police all holler. 10/26/22   91.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   92.\\nPOLICE OFFICER 2\\nOh shit!\\nPOLICE OFFICER 3\\nCaught him with his pants down!\\nPOLICE OFFICER 4\\nThat sick son of a bitch. \\nOFFICER HARRING\\nThat\\u2019s the friend there, bleeding \\nfrom the face. \\nPOLICE OFFICER 2\\nWhat a shot. \\nPOLICE OFFICER 3\\nHoly hell. \\nPOLICE OFFICER 2\\nThat\\u2019s his house?\\nOFFICER HARRING\\nNo it\\u2019s her house. \\nPOLICE OFFICER 4\\nWho\\u2019s house?\\nOFFICER HARRING\\n(points)\\nHer house. \\nPOLICE OFFICER 3\\nDamn. \\nOFFICER HARRING\\nApparently got pretty violent with the kid, too. \\nPOLICE OFFICER 2,3 & 4 \\n(all mumble in \\nunison)\\nThat motherfucker, that scum, fuckin\\u2019 asshole. \\nOFFICER HARRING\\nSo now this kid\\u2019s whole family\\u2019s in prison. Mom\\u2019s gettin\\u2019 even more time for negligence and startin\\u2019 that big fire few weeks back. Her grandma\\u2019s dead...she\\u2019s got nowhere to go. 10/26/22   92.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   93.\\nPOLICE OFFICER 2\\nAnd what about the...the...you \\nknow--\\nPOLICE OFFICER 4\\n--Merribelle.\\nOFFICER HARRING\\nShe\\u2019s free to go. Called her friend, the one who got hit, she corroborated the whole thing. \\nDRAMATIZED CLIP: Carla talking to the police, pointing to \\nher bruise on her face.  \\nOFFICER HARRING\\nCalled her boss, said \\u201cMerribelle is a very good person. Wouldn\\u2019t harm a soul yada yada...\\u201d \\nDRAMATIZED CLIP: Roger saying \\u201cMerribelle is a very good \\nperson. Wouldn\\u2019t harm a soul yada yada...\\u201d but in Officer Harring\\u2019s voice as he tells the story to the police.  \\nOFFICER HARRING\\nTalked to the wacko old lady lives next door who told us she loved Merribelle and fuckin\\u2019 hates cops.\\nDRAMATIZED CLIP: Mrs. Hirshfield speaking to the cops, frustrated and displeased with their presence. Saying in Officer Harring\\u2019s voice \\u201cI love Merribelle and hate cops.\\u201d\\nOFFICER HARRING\\nSo that\\u2019s that. \\nPOLICE OFFICER 3\\nProbably helped him kidnap her in the first place so she could cash out on the deal. She probably collected that cash and split. Fuckin\\u2019 fa-- \\nCaptain Lee is suddenly standing there. \\nCAPTAIN LEE\\nShe didn\\u2019t take the reward money. \\nAs Captain Lee walks away. 10/26/22   93.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   94.\\nCAPTAIN LEE\\nGet back to work. You sound like a \\nbunch of idiots. No offense to idiots. \\nThe police men all split up and go back to their desks. Police Officer 4 stops...\\nPOLICE OFFICER 4\\n(to himself)\\nWait a minute...who took the picture? \\nCaptain Lee is standing right behind him, he jumps when he hears her. \\nCAPTAIN LEE\\nThe case is closed, Officer. I suggest you focus on the many on your desk that are not. \\nShe walks away. Officer 4 shrugs his shoulders and gets to work. \\nA FEW YEARS LATER....._________________________________________\\nINT. MERRIBELLE'S CAR - A FEW YEARS LATER 98 98\\nMerribelle sits in her car, she pops opena pack of gum.  \\nShe looks much more polished than before. She\\u2019s on the phone with her mom. \\nMERRIBELLE\\u2019S MOTHER (V.O.)\\n...when Santos came over screaming \\u201cShe\\u2019s eating the dog treats!\\u201d\\nMerribelle laughs. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nAye aye aye, what are we gonna do with her. \\nMERRIBELLE\\u2019S MOTHER (V.O.)\\nTo be honest they looked like cookies to me I would have probably eaten them. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nHow many did she eat? They can\\u2019t taste like cookies!10/26/22   94.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   95.\\nMERRIBELLE\\u2019S MOTHER (V.O.)\\nYou looked so beautiful at the \\nwedding last weekend. \\nMerribelle looks at her instagram of photos from Shawn and Whitney\\u2019s wedding as she talks to her mother. Merribelle is officiating in the photos. They dance in other photos. She likes the pictures. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nThanks mamma. Hey look I have to go--\\nMERRIBELLE\\u2019S MOTHER (V.O.)\\nOk we will see you for the holidays, no? \\nMERRIBELLE\\nYes, love you. \\nMERRIBELLE\\u2019S MOTHER (V.O.)\\nI\\u2019m proud of you. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nThanks mom. \\nMerribelle hangs up. \\nINT. GROCERY STORE - CONTINUOUS 99 99\\nMerribelle shops. She pops some candy and popcorn and \\nmagazines into her cart. \\nAs she walks down the aisle TWO YOUNG MEN oggle her and \\ncomment on her looks. She likes it. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nThat\\u2019s right. I\\u2019m beautiful, I know. \\nHer phone rings. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nHey ho--\\nThe chatter is loud and fun on the other end. \\nCARLA\\u2019S VOICE\\nWhere you at?\\nMERRIBELLE\\nI\\u2019m gettin supplies!10/26/22   95.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   96.\\nCARLA\\u2019S VOICE\\nYou couldn\\u2019t buy supplies in L.A.? \\nMERRIBELLE\\nI\\u2019m on my way! \\nCARLA\\u2019S VOICE\\nFiona wants Marlboro lights!\\nMERRIBELLE\\nShe gotta quit-- \\nCARLA\\u2019S VOICE\\n--Don\\u2019t start! We\\u2019re not the ones \\nwith a residency in Holly-fucking-wood, shut up! You sing all you want, buy your broke ass friends some smokes. Shit. \\nCarla has hung up the phone. Merribelle laughs and puts her phone back in her pocket. Suddenly the alarms go off and a voice is heard over the loud speaker. \\nLOUDSPEAKER\\nGood Evening shoppers. We have just been informed that a wildfire is approaching our store. We ask you all to calmly but quickly exit the store immediately and avoid route 3. Head west or go high. Thank you for understanding, please stay safe.  \\nMerribelle rolls her eyes and walks to the cash register where DANIELLE (same woman from Walmart, she works here now) is closing up. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nCan I get some Marlboro lights?\\nDANIELLE\\nSorry ma\\u2019am, we\\u2019re closing immediately because--\\nDanielle suddenly stops, trying to place Merribelle. \\nDANIELLE\\n...do I know you?\\nThey both lock eyes a moment. Merribelle knows who this is. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nI guess I got one of those faces. 10/26/22   96.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   97.\\nMerribelle sets her cart down and winks at Danielle as \\nshe exits. Danielle watches her walk away. Clueless.  \\nEXT. GROCERY STORE PARKING LOT 100 100\\nMerribelle walks casually up to her car and unlocks it, \\nlooking up at the amber colored smoke in the sky. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nWhat\\u2019d I do to deserve this drama? \\nAs she is about to enter her car she stops and stares at someone who has caught her eye. \\nA family with FOUR KIDS (between 6 and 12) are running \\nplayfully to a minivan. The kids jump in and tease each other. Mrs. Consuelos (Lu\\u2019s teacher) is telling them all to stop. Lu, a little older, clean and fresh, is one of the four children. She\\u2019s laughing and playing tag with one of the other children.  \\nMRS. CONSUELOS\\nKids come on, stop it, please. Get into the car--your father is going to be very upset when he hears about this. No ice cream!\\nMrs. Consuelos enters the front seat. \\nMRS. CONSUELOS \\nLu, in the car--stop chasing your sister! In, now!\\nLu whips around and turns to enter the car when she spots Merribelle watching her. \\nThey stare long and hard at each other. Merribelle gives a little nod, Lu smiles a little smile. \\nMRS. CONSUELOS\\nLu, let\\u2019s go, there\\u2019s a wildfire!\\nLu starts to enter the car...FLASHBACK:10/26/22   97.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   98.\\nINT. MERRIBELLE'S CAR - FROM THE NIGHT AT THE POLICE 101 101\\nSTATION\\nMerribelle and Lu are hugging exactly as they had been \\ndoing, the scene picks up at the exact moment of their embrace. They let go of each other and prepare to exit the car. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nWait. B. \\nLu stops opening the car door. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nLook. We can\\u2019t...we can\\u2019t be friends. If this is how we do this. If this is what we do--frame your scum bag uncle...then that\\u2019s it for us. I can\\u2019t come hangin\\u2019 around, it\\u2019ll be suspicious, you know? People might wonder if I was involved or knew you better than I let on. \\nLu stares at Merribelle, frowning a little.  \\nMERRIBELLE\\nEverything is gonna be ok.\\n(convincing herself)\\nI don\\u2019t know how. Just gotta pray for some rain in the fire, you know? \\nLu makes the sign for \\u201cI love you\\u201d but hides it a little so Merribelle can\\u2019t really see it. Merribelle spots her little hand, hiding the sign for I love you. Merribelle makes the sign for \\u201cI love you\\u201d and places her hand on Lu\\u2019s leg. Lu pulls her hand up so it\\u2019s not hidden anymore. They\\u2019re \\u201cI love you\\u201d hands sit next to each other. They sit there a moment together in silence. \\nEXT. POLICE STATION PARKING LOT 102 102\\nCaptain Lee stands at her car, she places a duffle bag in \\nthe back seat. Merribelle and Lu are talking in their car a little out of site from her. She cranks her neck and observes them. Lu and Merribelle hug and cry. Lu wipes Merribelle\\u2019s tears. Captain Lee is touched by this moment.\\nMerribelle and Lu exit the car and walk towards the \\npolice station together. Captain Lee recognizes Lu. 10/26/22   98.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   99.\\nOut of site, she thinks to herself as she watches them \\nenter the building.\\nFLASHBACK CONTINUES...\\nINT. POLICE STATION - LATER 103 103\\nLee and Harring stare at each other a moment. Harring \\nlooks at Merribelle. \\nOFFICER HARRING\\nExcuse me, Ma\\u2019am. \\nCAPTAIN LEE\\nI\\u2019ll take it from here, Harring. \\nOFFICER HARRING\\nBut you\\u2019re off duty--\\nCAPTAIN LEE\\nI said I will take it from here.  \\nOfficer Harring stomps off, disgruntled. \\nMerribelle and Lucy follow Captain Lee to a room. \\nRelieved. \\nINT. INTERROGATION ROOM - LATER 104 104\\nMerribelle sits alone in a room with an empty cup of \\nwater. She fidgets a little. Yells to no one. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nHello? Can I pee!??\\nNo one responds, since she is alone. Merribelle fidgets some more. She looks at the cup, considers peeing in it when the door opens and Captain Lee walks in. \\nCAPTAIN LEE\\nOk...Merribelle--\\n(hands her papers)\\n--Here\\u2019s your I.D. and your personal belongings back. We made some calls, seems like your story checked out.  \\nMERRIBELLE\\nSo...it worked? \\nCAPTAIN LEE\\nExcuse me? 10/26/22   99.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   100.\\nMERRIBELLE\\nI mean...he\\u2019s...Ray\\u2019s goin\\u2019 to \\njail?\\nCAPTAIN LEE\\nLooking like it. \\nMerribelle cries a little. Captain Lee smiles warmly. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nI gotta pee so bad but I\\u2019m just so happy right now I can\\u2019t even move. \\nCAPTAIN LEE\\nYou did the right thing. After you finish filling out those papers I gave you I can get you the reward money. You\\u2019ve earned it. \\nCaptain Lee goes to leave. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nWait. Officer Lee?\\nCaptain Lee stops. \\nCAPTAIN LEE\\nCaptain. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nCaptain. \\nLee enters and shuts the door. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nWhat about B--Lucy...what\\u2019s gonna happen to her? \\nCAPTAIN LEE\\nIt\\u2019s hard to say, she doesn\\u2019t have any family to care for her. We\\u2019ve already called CPS and--\\nMERRIBELLE\\nShe gonna go into foster care? \\nCAPTAIN LEE\\nLikely. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nIsn\\u2019t there anyone we can call? Anyone who can help her? 10/26/22   100.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410/26/22   101.\\nCAPTAIN LEE\\nTaking in a child can be \\nexpensive, and she hasn\\u2019t got a thing to her name. We have to let the state sort this out. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nHow much am I getting--how much is this reward again? \\nCAPTAIN LEE\\nTen thousand dollars. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nWhat if I gave it to her? \\nCAPTAIN LEE\\nYou barely know her. \\nMERRIBELLE\\nIt\\u2019s the right thing. \\nCaptain Lee smiles. \\nFLASHBACK OVER_______________________________\\nEXT. GROCERY STORE PARKING LOT - PRESENT DAY - EVENING 105 105\\nMerribelle stands outside her car as Lu stops entering \\nher car and turns around. Lu signs \\u201cThank you\\u201d to Merribelle. Merribelle signs \\u201cThank you\\u201d back. \\nLu then hops into the car as she gets swept away by her \\nloving family. The sky is still glowing yellow and ashy. \\nSuddenly it rains. HARD. Merribelle looks up and smiles.She enters her car and turns it on.MUSIC UP: \\u201cStraight Up\\u201d by Paula Abdul plays on the \\nradio.\\nMerribelle lowers her sun visor and puts her lipstick on \\nin the mirror. The polaroid of her and Lu from when they did their make up is taped in that sun visor. She winks at herself then kisses her hand, touching the picture.\\nMerribelle smiles. She laughs. She drives. The wildfire \\nslowly dies behind her.\\nThe End.10/26/22   101.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224\", \"title\": \"Wildfire-2022-screenplay-by-Chaya-Doswell\", \"qa_pairs\": \"[{'Q': 'The script segment of \\\"Wildfire 2022\\\" takes place in Tulare County, California, where the sky is grey and ashy due to the nearby fires. The story follows <mask-1>, a seven-year-old mute girl, who runs to school along a busy road. <mask-0>, a Trans Latin Woman, is seen singing and dancing to \\\"Opposites Attract\\\" while trying to fix her old car. Lu goes to school and stands in line for lunch, where she is ignored by other kids. She pays for her lunch in change and sits alone at the back of the cafeteria. Later, Fireman <mask-2> speaks to Mrs. Consuelos\\\\' third-grade classroom about fire safety, and Lu is chosen to answer a question despite not speaking. The leading cause of wildfires is discussed, and it is revealed that humans are the leading cause of wildfires due to accidents like leaving an open campfire burning or tossing a cigarette out a car window.', 'S': 'The script segment of \\\"Wildfire 2022\\\" takes place in Tulare County, California, where the sky is grey and ashy due to the nearby fires. The story follows Lu, a seven-year-old mute girl, who runs to school along a busy road. Merribelle, a Trans Latin Woman, is seen singing and dancing to \\\"Opposites Attract\\\" while trying to fix her old car. Lu goes to school and stands in line for lunch, where she is ignored by other kids. She pays for her lunch in change and sits alone at the back of the cafeteria. Later, Fireman Josh speaks to Mrs. Consuelos\\\\' third-grade classroom about fire safety, and Lu is chosen to answer a question despite not speaking. The leading cause of wildfires is discussed, and it is revealed that humans are the leading cause of wildfires due to accidents like leaving an open campfire burning or tossing a cigarette out a car window.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Merribelle', '<mask-1>': 'Lu', '<mask-2>': 'Josh'}}, {'Q': 'In the script segment of Wildfire 2022, Fireman Josh explains to a little girl that starting a wildfire can result in up to ten years of imprisonment due to the severe consequences of burning trees on air quality. Meanwhile, Lu walks home from school and passes by a pharmacy where Merribelle works. <mask-1> notices <mask-0> and comments on her strong calves. She also deals with a rude customer and receives a text message on her phone. The segment highlights the severity of starting wildfires and the impact it has on the environment. It also introduces the character of Merribelle, who works at a pharmacy and has a sarcastic personality.', 'S': 'In the script segment of Wildfire 2022, Fireman Josh explains to a little girl that starting a wildfire can result in up to ten years of imprisonment due to the severe consequences of burning trees on air quality. Meanwhile, Lu walks home from school and passes by a pharmacy where Merribelle works. Merribelle notices Lu and comments on her strong calves. She also deals with a rude customer and receives a text message on her phone. The segment highlights the severity of starting wildfires and the impact it has on the environment. It also introduces the character of Merribelle, who works at a pharmacy and has a sarcastic personality.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Lu', '<mask-1>': 'Merribelle'}}, {'Q': 'In the script segment of Wildfire 2022, Merribelle receives flirty texts from someone labeled \\\"LOVER BOY\\\" on her futuristic cell phone. She laughs and exchanges messages with him while leaning against a water fridge, hidden from the register where the manager, Roger, rings up a customer. When <mask-1> approaches her and tells her to get off her phone, Merribelle lies and says her sister is sick. Roger doubts her story and walks away. The segment reveals <mask-0>\\\\'s secretive nature and her flirtatious relationship with \\\"LOVER BOY.\\\"', 'S': 'In the script segment of Wildfire 2022, Merribelle receives flirty texts from someone labeled \\\"LOVER BOY\\\" on her futuristic cell phone. She laughs and exchanges messages with him while leaning against a water fridge, hidden from the register where the manager, Roger, rings up a customer. When Roger approaches her and tells her to get off her phone, Merribelle lies and says her sister is sick. Roger doubts her story and walks away. The segment reveals Merribelle\\\\'s secretive nature and her flirtatious relationship with \\\"LOVER BOY.\\\"', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Merribelle', '<mask-1>': 'Roger'}}, {'Q': 'In the script segment of Wildfire 2022, <mask-0> is on her phone when Lu approaches her. Lu points to the waters in the cooler behind Merribelle, and Merribelle moves out of the way. <mask-1> grabs a small water and walks up to the register, where she pops the water and a small sunscreen on the counter. Merribelle comments on people forgetting to say \\\"Excuse me.\\\"', 'S': 'In the script segment of Wildfire 2022, Merribelle is on her phone when Lu approaches her. Lu points to the waters in the cooler behind Merribelle, and Merribelle moves out of the way. Lu grabs a small water and walks up to the register, where she pops the water and a small sunscreen on the counter. Merribelle comments on people forgetting to say \\\"Excuse me.\\\"', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Merribelle', '<mask-1>': 'Lu'}}, {'Q': \\\"Lu, a young girl, is trying to buy sunscreen but only has a few dollars. She leaves the sunscreen behind and is followed by a man in a car who offers her a ride. She runs away and returns to her dilapidated home where she takes care of her stroke victim grandmother, Virginia. Lu's mother, Vicky, and her boyfriend, AJ, come home drunk and start a fight with <mask-0>'s uncle, Ray. The argument turns physical and Vicky hits Ray with a pot while he punches her in the face. <mask-0> cleans up the mess and takes care of her grandmother while her mother and AJ have loud sex in the bedroom. Despite the chaos, Lu and Virginia share a sweet moment eating clementines and pretending to catch a love bug.\\\", 'S': \\\"Lu, a young girl, is trying to buy sunscreen but only has a few dollars. She leaves the sunscreen behind and is followed by a man in a car who offers her a ride. She runs away and returns to her dilapidated home where she takes care of her stroke victim grandmother, Virginia. Lu's mother, Vicky, and her boyfriend, AJ, come home drunk and start a fight with Lu's uncle, Ray. The argument turns physical and Vicky hits Ray with a pot while he punches her in the face. Lu cleans up the mess and takes care of her grandmother while her mother and AJ have loud sex in the bedroom. Despite the chaos, Lu and Virginia share a sweet moment eating clementines and pretending to catch a love bug.\\\", 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Lu'}}, {'Q': \\\"In this segment of the Wildfire 2022 screenplay, Ray enters Vicky's house and is confronted by her with a shotgun. He flees in his car while Vicky chases him down the dirt road. Lu collects her homework, which has blood on it, and enters the bathroom where AJ follows her and makes inappropriate advances. Vicky and AJ smoke in the living room and discuss Ray's behavior. <mask-0>, Lu's grandmother, is present and has dried skin and sores. Vicky and AJ leave the house and Lu puts out their cigarettes with her mother's bloody hand towel. <mask-0> asks Lu to get her the phone.\\\", 'S': \\\"In this segment of the Wildfire 2022 screenplay, Ray enters Vicky's house and is confronted by her with a shotgun. He flees in his car while Vicky chases him down the dirt road. Lu collects her homework, which has blood on it, and enters the bathroom where AJ follows her and makes inappropriate advances. Vicky and AJ smoke in the living room and discuss Ray's behavior. Virginia, Lu's grandmother, is present and has dried skin and sores. Vicky and AJ leave the house and Lu puts out their cigarettes with her mother's bloody hand towel. Virginia asks Lu to get her the phone.\\\", 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Virginia'}}, {'Q': \\\"The script segment of Wildfire 2022 follows the life of Lu, a young girl living with her grandmother in <mask-0>. Lu's grandmother is bedridden and requires constant care, which Lu provides. Lu struggles to afford basic necessities like sunscreen for school and often feels excluded from her peers. She encounters Merribelle, a pharmacy worker who gives her a free lollipop and secretly slips sunscreen into her backpack. <mask-1> returns home to show her grandmother the lotion she bought, but her grandmother is asleep. The script highlights the challenges faced by low-income families and the importance of community support.\\\", 'S': \\\"The script segment of Wildfire 2022 follows the life of Lu, a young girl living with her grandmother in Southern California. Lu's grandmother is bedridden and requires constant care, which Lu provides. Lu struggles to afford basic necessities like sunscreen for school and often feels excluded from her peers. She encounters Merribelle, a pharmacy worker who gives her a free lollipop and secretly slips sunscreen into her backpack. Lu returns home to show her grandmother the lotion she bought, but her grandmother is asleep. The script highlights the challenges faced by low-income families and the importance of community support.\\\", 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Southern California', '<mask-1>': 'Lu'}}, {'Q': \\\"Lu is a young girl who lives with her grandmother in a house that is falling apart. Her grandmother is bedridden and unable to care for herself. <mask-0> tries to feed her grandmother, but she won't eat. One day, Lu wakes up to find that her grandmother has died. She tries to put out a fire in the kitchen but is unsuccessful. <mask-0> runs out of the house with sunscreen in hand and ends up in a pharmacy parking lot. Merribelle, a woman who works at the pharmacy, offers to take Lu with her as she drives away from the wildfire. They end up in a fast-food drive-thru line.\\\", 'S': \\\"Lu is a young girl who lives with her grandmother in a house that is falling apart. Her grandmother is bedridden and unable to care for herself. Lu tries to feed her grandmother, but she won't eat. One day, Lu wakes up to find that her grandmother has died. She tries to put out a fire in the kitchen but is unsuccessful. Lu runs out of the house with sunscreen in hand and ends up in a pharmacy parking lot. Merribelle, a woman who works at the pharmacy, offers to take Lu with her as she drives away from the wildfire. They end up in a fast-food drive-thru line.\\\", 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Lu'}}, {'Q': \\\"In the script segment of Wildfire 2022, <mask-0> and Lu are driving away from a wildfire and stop at a drive-thru to order food. Merribelle orders a cheeseburger, fries, two diet cokes, and a cookies 'n cream shake. They are served by a drive-thru guy named Marco who stares at them. Merribelle parks the car and hands Lu the cheeseburger while keeping the fries. Merribelle's phone rings, but she ignores it. Lu is a mute and does not speak. Merribelle offers Lu her inhaler, but she declines. Merribelle smokes a cigarette and tells <mask-1> that stress is the number one killer in the world. More fire trucks pass by as they eat.\\\", 'S': \\\"In the script segment of Wildfire 2022, Merribelle and Lu are driving away from a wildfire and stop at a drive-thru to order food. Merribelle orders a cheeseburger, fries, two diet cokes, and a cookies 'n cream shake. They are served by a drive-thru guy named Marco who stares at them. Merribelle parks the car and hands Lu the cheeseburger while keeping the fries. Merribelle's phone rings, but she ignores it. Lu is a mute and does not speak. Merribelle offers Lu her inhaler, but she declines. Merribelle smokes a cigarette and tells Lu that stress is the number one killer in the world. More fire trucks pass by as they eat.\\\", 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Merribelle', '<mask-1>': 'Lu'}}, {'Q': \\\"In the script segment of Wildfire 2022, two characters named Lu and Merribelle enter a place called Smiley's. A drive-thru guy named <mask-0> stares at them as they both walk into the women's bathroom. No other details or context are provided in this brief segment.\\\", 'S': \\\"In the script segment of Wildfire 2022, two characters named Lu and Merribelle enter a place called Smiley's. A drive-thru guy named Marco stares at them as they both walk into the women's bathroom. No other details or context are provided in this brief segment.\\\", 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Marco'}}, {'Q': \\\"In the script segment of Wildfire 2022, two women, Merribelle and Lu, enter a women's bathroom and take stalls to pee. Merribelle asks Lu for toilet paper, and they both exit the stalls to find a man named Marco standing in the bathroom. Marco recognizes Merribelle from high school and hugs her without permission. He offers them free food and reveals that Merribelle was the only person in P.E. who would partner with him. Merribelle and Lu accept the offer and leave with bags of food. While driving, Merribelle realizes that <mask-1> is a child and questions her about her identity. Lu points to a nice house in a wealthy neighborhood, and Merribelle drops her off with a Smiley's bag.\\\", 'S': \\\"In the script segment of Wildfire 2022, two women, Merribelle and Lu, enter a women's bathroom and take stalls to pee. Merribelle asks Lu for toilet paper, and they both exit the stalls to find a man named Marco standing in the bathroom. Marco recognizes Merribelle from high school and hugs her without permission. He offers them free food and reveals that Merribelle was the only person in P.E. who would partner with him. Merribelle and Lu accept the offer and leave with bags of food. While driving, Merribelle realizes that Lu is a child and questions her about her identity. Lu points to a nice house in a wealthy neighborhood, and Merribelle drops her off with a Smiley's bag.\\\", 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'E', '<mask-1>': 'Lu'}}, {'Q': \\\"In this segment of the Wildfire 2022 screenplay, Merribelle encounters a young girl named Lu who is walking alone at night. <mask-2> offers to help Lu and takes her to her apartment. Merribelle is a struggling singer who is trying to make ends meet. Lu listens to Merribelle sing a song she wrote and is moved by her talent. Merribelle tells Lu about her family and how they want her to conform to their expectations. The next morning, Merribelle makes pancakes for Lu and teaches her some basic sign language. The segment ends with Merribelle and Lu enjoying their breakfast together.In the script segment of Wildfire 2022, Lu, a deaf girl, learns American Sign Language (ASL) from a woman who communicates through sign language. Merribelle, Lu's aunt, works at a pharmacy and helps an elderly woman named Mrs. Hirshfield. <mask-1> and Merribelle clean Mrs. <mask-0>'s apartment and have pie with her. Merribelle has a lover who texts her, and <mask-1> watches cartoons while Merribelle gets dressed up for her friend's visit. Merribelle asks Lu to leave and go to Mrs. Hirshfield's apartment while her friend is over. The news reports on a wildfire in Tulare County, California, which was man-made and has caused devastation.\\\", 'S': \\\"In this segment of the Wildfire 2022 screenplay, Merribelle encounters a young girl named Lu who is walking alone at night. Merribelle offers to help Lu and takes her to her apartment. Merribelle is a struggling singer who is trying to make ends meet. Lu listens to Merribelle sing a song she wrote and is moved by her talent. Merribelle tells Lu about her family and how they want her to conform to their expectations. The next morning, Merribelle makes pancakes for Lu and teaches her some basic sign language. The segment ends with Merribelle and Lu enjoying their breakfast together.In the script segment of Wildfire 2022, Lu, a deaf girl, learns American Sign Language (ASL) from a woman who communicates through sign language. Merribelle, Lu's aunt, works at a pharmacy and helps an elderly woman named Mrs. Hirshfield. Lu and Merribelle clean Mrs. Hirshfield's apartment and have pie with her. Merribelle has a lover who texts her, and Lu watches cartoons while Merribelle gets dressed up for her friend's visit. Merribelle asks Lu to leave and go to Mrs. Hirshfield's apartment while her friend is over. The news reports on a wildfire in Tulare County, California, which was man-made and has caused devastation.\\\", 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Hirshfield', '<mask-1>': 'Lu', '<mask-2>': 'Merribelle'}}, {'Q': \\\"In this segment of the Wildfire 2022 screenplay, Merribelle and <mask-0> engage in a passionate kiss before <mask-0> leaves abruptly. Lu finds Merribelle crying and they go shopping together, trying on outfits and having fun. They encounter a Walmart employee who tries to enforce the one-person-per-dressing-room rule, but Merribelle argues that she is accompanying her underage niece for safety reasons. They buy candy and slushies before leaving the store. Throughout the segment, there are hints of Merribelle's insecurity about her appearance and desire to be told she is pretty. Ray's behavior towards Merribelle is also abusive and controlling.\\\", 'S': \\\"In this segment of the Wildfire 2022 screenplay, Merribelle and Ray engage in a passionate kiss before Ray leaves abruptly. Lu finds Merribelle crying and they go shopping together, trying on outfits and having fun. They encounter a Walmart employee who tries to enforce the one-person-per-dressing-room rule, but Merribelle argues that she is accompanying her underage niece for safety reasons. They buy candy and slushies before leaving the store. Throughout the segment, there are hints of Merribelle's insecurity about her appearance and desire to be told she is pretty. Ray's behavior towards Merribelle is also abusive and controlling.\\\", 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Ray'}}, {'Q': \\\"Lu and Merribelle are shopping at Walmart when they see a news report about Lucy Webber, who is missing after a wildfire that destroyed her grandmother's house. Lu becomes scared when she sees her Uncle Ray on the news, and they quickly leave the store. Merribelle tries to comfort <mask-0>, and they run to Merribelle's apartment in the rain. Merribelle is stressed about her bills and her surgery savings, but <mask-0> is happy to have new pajamas and lipstick. Merribelle tells Lu that red lipstick is not her color.\\\", 'S': \\\"Lu and Merribelle are shopping at Walmart when they see a news report about Lucy Webber, who is missing after a wildfire that destroyed her grandmother's house. Lu becomes scared when she sees her Uncle Ray on the news, and they quickly leave the store. Merribelle tries to comfort Lu, and they run to Merribelle's apartment in the rain. Merribelle is stressed about her bills and her surgery savings, but Lu is happy to have new pajamas and lipstick. Merribelle tells Lu that red lipstick is not her color.\\\", 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Lu'}}, {'Q': \\\"Merribelle helps Lu with her makeup and takes a selfie with her. Lu sees bills on the table and puts money in the cookie jar. Merribelle wears a bunny costume while working on her computer and Lu catches her. Merribelle explains that she does it for money to pay for her breast implants. Later, <mask-3> sings at a bar and quits her job due to her boss calling her by her dead name. <mask-2> suggests that Merribelle call her mom for help, but she refuses. <mask-1>, Shawn's girlfriend, joins them in the alley and they discuss Merribelle's job search.Merribelle, a troubled woman, finds herself in possession of a young girl named Lu, who she believes is in danger. She tries to take Lu to the police but is unsuccessful due to a wildfire that has caused chaos in the city. Merribelle takes Lu home with her, but her roommate Carla is angry and tells her to take Lu to the police or she will do it herself. Merribelle is hesitant because Lu doesn't talk and she fears she will be put into the system. Meanwhile, Lu's mother and her drug dealer boyfriend have been arrested for possession of drugs and weapons and are suspected of abducting and possibly killing Lu's grandmother and <mask-0> herself. Merribelle's ex-boyfriend Ray shows up and attacks her and Carla, but they fight back and he runs away. Carla gives <mask-3> until the next day to take Lu to the police or she will do it herself. Lu falls asleep on the couch, and Merribelle is left to decide what to do next.\\\", 'S': \\\"Merribelle helps Lu with her makeup and takes a selfie with her. Lu sees bills on the table and puts money in the cookie jar. Merribelle wears a bunny costume while working on her computer and Lu catches her. Merribelle explains that she does it for money to pay for her breast implants. Later, Merribelle sings at a bar and quits her job due to her boss calling her by her dead name. Shawn suggests that Merribelle call her mom for help, but she refuses. Whitney, Shawn's girlfriend, joins them in the alley and they discuss Merribelle's job search.Merribelle, a troubled woman, finds herself in possession of a young girl named Lu, who she believes is in danger. She tries to take Lu to the police but is unsuccessful due to a wildfire that has caused chaos in the city. Merribelle takes Lu home with her, but her roommate Carla is angry and tells her to take Lu to the police or she will do it herself. Merribelle is hesitant because Lu doesn't talk and she fears she will be put into the system. Meanwhile, Lu's mother and her drug dealer boyfriend have been arrested for possession of drugs and weapons and are suspected of abducting and possibly killing Lu's grandmother and Lu herself. Merribelle's ex-boyfriend Ray shows up and attacks her and Carla, but they fight back and he runs away. Carla gives Merribelle until the next day to take Lu to the police or she will do it herself. Lu falls asleep on the couch, and Merribelle is left to decide what to do next.\\\", 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Lu', '<mask-1>': 'Whitney', '<mask-2>': 'Shawn', '<mask-3>': 'Merribelle'}}, {'Q': \\\"<mask-0> is seen in her bedroom, packing a suitcase. She then goes to her apartment and leaves a note with a $20 bill on top. She stares at a sleeping Lu before leaving the apartment. No reason is given for Merribelle's actions.\\\", 'S': \\\"Merribelle is seen in her bedroom, packing a suitcase. She then goes to her apartment and leaves a note with a $20 bill on top. She stares at a sleeping Lu before leaving the apartment. No reason is given for Merribelle's actions.\\\", 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Merribelle'}}, {'Q': \\\"In the script segment of Wildfire 2022, Merribelle is about to leave her apartment when Carla, with a busted face, approaches her car and invites her inside to watch the news. They see Ray, Lu's uncle, speaking to the press about her disappearance and offering a reward for her safe return. Merribelle and <mask-1> realize that <mask-0> is Lu's uncle and discuss the complexity of the situation. Lu confirms that Ray has hurt her, and they all smoke cigarettes while watching the news. Merribelle comes up with a plan and drives Lu to the police station, where they sit in silence before Lu hugs Merribelle tightly. Lu also finds something in the couch cushions and hands it to <mask-2>, leaving the audience to wonder what it could be.\\\", 'S': \\\"In the script segment of Wildfire 2022, Merribelle is about to leave her apartment when Carla, with a busted face, approaches her car and invites her inside to watch the news. They see Ray, Lu's uncle, speaking to the press about her disappearance and offering a reward for her safe return. Merribelle and Carla realize that Ray is Lu's uncle and discuss the complexity of the situation. Lu confirms that Ray has hurt her, and they all smoke cigarettes while watching the news. Merribelle comes up with a plan and drives Lu to the police station, where they sit in silence before Lu hugs Merribelle tightly. Lu also finds something in the couch cushions and hands it to Merribelle, leaving the audience to wonder what it could be.\\\", 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Ray', '<mask-1>': 'Carla', '<mask-2>': 'Merribelle'}}, {'Q': \\\"In the script segment of Wildfire 2022, Merribelle and Lu go to the police station to report a rape and assault. They encounter Officer Harring, who is rude and aggressive towards them. However, Police Captain <mask-2> intervenes and takes over the case. Merribelle and Lu tell their story, which involves <mask-0>e seeking revenge on the perpetrator, <mask-1>, and discovering a missing child in his home. Ray denies knowing Merribelle, but a polaroid picture proves otherwise. The police arrest Ray and discover evidence of his violent behavior towards the child. As a result, the child's family is in prison, and the child has nowhere to go. The script segment highlights the challenges and injustices faced by victims of sexual assault and the impact of violent behavior on innocent individuals.\\\", 'S': \\\"In the script segment of Wildfire 2022, Merribelle and Lu go to the police station to report a rape and assault. They encounter Officer Harring, who is rude and aggressive towards them. However, Police Captain Jean Lee intervenes and takes over the case. Merribelle and Lu tell their story, which involves Merribelle seeking revenge on the perpetrator, Ray, and discovering a missing child in his home. Ray denies knowing Merribelle, but a polaroid picture proves otherwise. The police arrest Ray and discover evidence of his violent behavior towards the child. As a result, the child's family is in prison, and the child has nowhere to go. The script segment highlights the challenges and injustices faced by victims of sexual assault and the impact of violent behavior on innocent individuals.\\\", 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Merribell', '<mask-1>': 'Ray', '<mask-2>': 'Jean Lee'}}, {'Q': 'In the script segment of Wildfire 2022, <mask-1> is cleared of any involvement in a kidnapping case and is seen a few years later living a more polished life. She is shopping in a grocery store when a wildfire approaches and she encounters Lu, a girl she had helped in the past. They share a moment before entering a police station together. Captain <mask-0>, who had observed their interaction, takes over the case from Officer Harring.', 'S': 'In the script segment of Wildfire 2022, Merribelle is cleared of any involvement in a kidnapping case and is seen a few years later living a more polished life. She is shopping in a grocery store when a wildfire approaches and she encounters Lu, a girl she had helped in the past. They share a moment before entering a police station together. Captain Lee, who had observed their interaction, takes over the case from Officer Harring.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Lee', '<mask-1>': 'Merribelle'}}]\", \"output\": \"None\"}\n{\"input\": \" \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nTHE AFTERPARTY  \\n \\n \\nFirst Episode Proposal  \\nFor creative discussion purposes  \\n \\nOfficial writing credits TBD  \\n \\nCurrent revisions by \\nChristopher Miller  \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n06/09/20  EXT. HILLSIDE HIGH PARKING LOT / INT. VARIOUS CARS - SUNSET \\n \\n- ANIQ, 38, geek-chic button -down, drives his cluttered Honda \\nFit to a high school parking lot on a late fall Seattle day. \\n \\nHe pulls into the parking lot with the sign \\u201cCLASS OF 2001: A \\nREUNION ODYSSEY\\u201d and rolls his eyes at the obvious theme.  \\nParks. Takes a DEEP BREATH.  \\nANIQ \\n(to himself) \\nYou can do this.  \\n \\nHe re-opens \\u201cZo\\u00eb\\u201d\\u2019s email from a few days ago:  \\n \\n\\u201cHey! Hope to see you at the reunion Saturday! Can\\u2019t wait to \\ncatch up... :) Zo\\u00eb\\u201d \\n \\nHe smiles.  \\n \\n- ZOE, also 38, in a red dress, hair blown out, sits in the \\nback of an Uber, doodling on the margins of a paper LIST. \\n \\nDRIVER \\nBig night?  \\nZOE \\nOh, it\\u2019s just my high school \\nreunion. But I just got separated \\nso... it\\u2019s my first chance to let \\n\\u201cFun Zoe\\u201d out since-- wow, I guess \\nsince I had a kid. It\\u2019ll be like \\nthe old days-- gonna wild out with \\nmy girlfriends, there\\u2019s an \\nafterparty, stay up to watch the \\nsunrise...  \\n \\nShe holds up a gold INVITATION to \\u201cXAVIER\\u2019S VIP AFTERPARTY\\u201d.  \\nZOE (CONT'D)  \\nI made a list of all the things I \\nwant to do tonight-- \\n \\nThe driver eyes her list skeptically in the rearview mirror.  \\nZOE (CONT'D)  \\nI guess having a list isn\\u2019t super \\nfree-spirited...  \\n \\nShe RIPS the list in half. After a beat, she neatly FOLDS it \\nand puts it back in her PURSE. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 2. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  2.  \\n \\nZOE (CONT'D)  \\nI\\u2019ll keep it just in case.  \\n \\n- YASPER, 38 (they all are, it\\u2019s a reunion), is alone in a \\nBentley Continental GT sports car, blasting the song \\u201cX Marks \\nthe G Spot\\u201d and singing along. Really rocking out, getting \\nhimself psyched up. \\n \\nYASPER \\n(singing)  \\nYou know I always hit the jackpot/ \\nbecause X marks the G-spot! \\n \\nHe looks at himself in the visor mirror:  \\nYASPER (CONT'D)  \\n(to himself)  \\nYou: are a goddamn star.  \\n \\n- CHELSEA, (yeah, 38), a little worse for wear, is in her \\nJetta, nervous. Looks behind her shoulder often. Her phone \\nbuzzes. It\\u2019s a text from a BLOCKED NUMBER: \\n \\n\\u201cDon\\u2019t come to the reunion.\\u201d \\u201cYou aren\\u2019t wanted  tonight.\\u201d  \\n \\nShe pulls a FLASK from her purse, chugs from it. Glances at \\nher AFTERPARTY INVITATION. Looks over her shoulder  again. \\n \\n- BRETT, leather jacket, tight cashmere sweater, alone in his \\nrevving \\u201868 Shelby GT500, parked up the street. \\n \\nHe watches someone intently over his sunglasses. It\\u2019s ZOE in \\nher Uber. She gets out of her car-- \\n \\nBRETT \\nHere we go.  \\nHe puts it in gear, and SCREECHES into the parking lot. \\n \\n- XAVIER, wearing a hipster hat, in a HELICOPTER,  checking \\nhimself out in the mirror app on his phone. \\n \\nXAVIER (OVER HEADSET)  \\nI\\u2019ll need you to take me home for \\nmy afterparty around 9, and that\\u2019ll \\nbe all for tonight.  \\n \\nPILOT (OVER HEADSET)  \\nTaking just you home? \\nXAVIER \\n(smiles) \\nDoubt it.  The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 2. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  3.  \\n \\nPILOT \\n(chuckles) \\nCopy that.  \\n \\nBACK ON ANIQ, in his car. He sees Zoe getting out of her Uber \\nacross the lot and looks away. He tries to relax: \\n \\nANIQ \\nShe wants to see you, you want to \\nsee her. Power of positive thought: \\nNothing is going to mess up this \\nnight. \\n \\nEXT. MAGNOLIA BLUFF - NIGHT \\n \\nSerene night, waves lap on rocks. Silence. Then, a body falls \\nfrom high above onto the rocks at the shoreline.  \\n \\nWHAM! \\nThe now-dead body belongs to Xavier.  \\n \\nEXT. XAVIER'S MANSION ABOVE - A MOMENT LA TER \\n \\nA sleek, modern mansion with two balconies atop the cliff. A \\nhigh-pitched SCREAM. Then ANOTHER, then a CHORUS OF SCREAMS.  \\n \\nEXT. XAVIER\\u2019S MANSION, GATES - NIGHT \\n \\nDETECTIVE DANNER, wrinkled suit, looks like she just got out \\nof bed (because she did), gets out of a messy Subaru  Outback \\nwith her junior partner, DETECTIVE CULP, who tries to look \\nprofessional and not green. Danner\\u2019s on the phone. \\n \\nDET. DANNER (INTO PHONE)  \\nYeah, we\\u2019re already at the house. \\nWe were in the neighborhood.  \\n \\nCAPTAIN OSTRANDER (OVER PHONE)  \\nYou don\\u2019t live anywhere near -- \\nDET. DANNER  \\nI heard it on the scanner and \\npicked up Culp. Please, just let me \\ntake the lead on this. \\n \\nShe walks up to the gate, guarded by a uniformed  officer.  The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 2. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  4.  \\n \\nCAPTAIN OSTRANDER (OVER PHO NE) \\nI can\\u2019t let you take this one, \\nyou\\u2019re not right for it-- \\n \\nDET. DANNER  \\nOkay, I\\u2019ve stepped on a few toes, \\nbut I\\u2019ve been right. Like the \\nRuffins twins murder -- \\n \\nCAPTAIN OSTRANDER (OVER PHONE)  \\nDon\\u2019t start with the child beauty \\nqueens again -- \\n \\nDET. DANNER \\nThey killed each other.  \\nCAPTAIN OSTRANDER (OVER PHONE)  \\nThey were nine. \\nDET. DANNER  \\nThat\\u2019s why their parents didn\\u2019t \\nwant to believe it. \\n \\nCulp shows his badge to the officer. Danner tries to pull out \\nher badge, while on the phone and walking, she\\u2019s struggling.  \\n \\nDET. DANNER (CONT'D)  \\nThe only reason I\\u2019ve ever been \\ntaken off cases is because I \\nhaven\\u2019t been allowed to do my \\nprocess. I need this, Greg. I \\npromise I\\u2019ll be super professional \\non thi-- oh-- \\n \\nShe accidentally drops her phone as she pulls out her badge. \\nShe picks up the phone to hear: \\n \\nCAPTAIN OSTRANDER (OVER PHONE)  \\nCan\\u2019t risk it, Danner. It\\u2019s too \\nhigh profile. Ramirez already \\ncalled in a ringer from L.A.  \\n \\nThey walk around the side of the house to the cliff. \\nDET. DANNER  \\nA ringer? \\n \\nA ringer?  \\nDET. CULP  \\n \\nCulp stops. Danner waves at him like \\u201cdon\\u2019t worry about it.\\u201d  The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 2. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  5.  \\n \\nCAPTAIN OSTRANDER (OVER PHONE)  \\nDetective Germain, he caught the \\nTar Pits Strangler, I\\u2019m sure you-- \\n \\nDET. DANNER  \\n(loaded) \\nYeah, I know him. \\n \\nCAPTAIN OSTRANDER (OVER PHONE)  \\nHe\\u2019ll be in on the first flight in \\nthe morning. He\\u2019s taking lead -- \\n \\nDET. DANNER  \\n--But that\\u2019s hours from now -- \\nCAPTAIN OSTRANDER (OVER PHONE)  \\nYou can collect statements and \\nwrite up a report for him when he \\narrives. That\\u2019s it. Nothing more. \\nAnd try to keep it quiet until he \\ngets there. \\n \\nDET. DANNER  \\nIt was an afterparty, the house is \\nfull of people with phones, it\\u2019ll \\nget out. We might as well get a \\njump on the investigation -- \\n \\nCAPTAIN OSTRANDER (OVER PHONE)  \\nDanner. Listen to me: you mess this \\nup, you\\u2019re done. Just statements.  \\nThis is not your case . \\n \\nEXT. MAGNOLIA BLUFF ROCKS - MOMENTS LATER  \\nDET. DANNER  \\n(announcing)  \\nCaptain named me lead on the case.  \\n \\nDanner and Culp walk down the steep cliff stairs, past police \\ntape to a bunch of uniformed officers and CSI working the \\nscene, where Xavier\\u2019s dead body lies, bloody on the rocks. \\n \\nDET. DANNER (CONT'D)  \\nYeah he wants me to have someone in \\ncuffs before dawn. Guess he wants \\nsomeone on the morning news or \\nsomething. So let\\u2019s get cracking.  \\n \\nDanner and Culp approach the body, put on gloves.  The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 2. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  6.  \\n \\nDET. CULP  \\nWow, it\\u2019s really him. \\n(then) \\nOkay, victim landed on his back -- \\nDET. DANNER  \\n...but there\\u2019s a contusion on his \\nnose, wet from-- \\n(wipes finger, tastes) \\nScotch. Single malt... Islay. \\n \\nCulp is grossed out by that.  \\nDET. DANNER (CONT'D)  \\n...both indicating a struggle. And -- \\nDET. CULP  \\nIce. Like, a lot of ice. Way too \\nmuch to fit in the scotch glass. \\n \\nThere are hundreds of ice chunks near the body. And a BLOND \\nWIG on a nearby rock.  \\n \\nDET. DANNER  \\nAnd a blonde wig. Was he -- or the \\nmurderer -- in disguise?  \\n \\nCulp tips the body to reveal a HIPSTER HAT underneath  him. \\nDET. DANNER (CONT'D)  \\nHow does a person committing \\nsuicide land on top of his own hat? \\nIf it falls off your head, it\\u2019d \\nfloat down slower. The hat came off \\nfirst. If this was a suicide or an \\naccident, I\\u2019ll eat my hat. Wait, I \\ndon\\u2019t have a hat. I\\u2019ll eat his hat. \\nNo, it\\u2019s covered in blood and gross \\nchunks of stuff. Dammit. I need \\nsomeone\\u2019s hat. Because this was \\ndefinitely... a murrrrder . \\n \\nINT. TV NEWS REPORT - NIGHT \\nLocal Seattle -area Breaking News.  The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 2. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  7.  \\n \\nTOO-CHIPPER ANCHOR  \\nBreaking News! Multiple reports \\nconfirm that Pop star, actor, and \\ncelebrity humanitarian Xavier was \\nfound DEAD tonight on the cliff \\nbelow his second home during an \\nafterparty for his high school \\nreunion. Over to Linda Hasegawa \\nwith more on this shocking ne ws. \\n \\nOn the scene, LINDA HASEGAWA reports.  \\nLINDA HASEGAWA  \\nI\\u2019m here outside Xavier\\u2019s Magnolia \\ncompound where there is no word yet \\nfrom police on who or what caused \\nthis unthinkable tragedy.  \\n \\nA CLIP PACKAGE rolls with images of Xavier, his album covers \\nand movie posters.  \\n \\nLINDA HASEGAWA (V.O.)  \\nFilm, TV, and music superstar \\n\\u201cXavier\\u201d was born Seattle resident \\nEugene Xavier Steinhauser, son of \\ncoffee mogul Alan Steinhauser. At \\nage 21, Xavier went platinum with \\nthe song \\u201cX Marks the G-Spot\\u201d off \\nhis album \\u201cSomebody Xave Me\\u201d... \\nFrom there he turned to acting, in \\nsuch films as the action movie \\nadaptation of the game \\u201cJenga\\u201d...  \\n \\nCLIP of Xavier dressed as an engineer, approaching a  \\nCONSTRUCTION FOREMAN played by Nick Offerman.  \\nXAVIER \\nI designed this building and I\\u2019m \\ntelling you if you remove that I- \\nBeam, the whole thing\\u2019ll  collapse!  \\n \\nCONSTRUCTION FOREMAN  \\nMy team says it\\u2019s structurally \\nfine. Sorry, kid. \\n \\nXAVIER \\nThose kids in the pediatric \\nhospital on the 32nd floor... I \\nhave to save them. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 2. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  8.  \\n \\nLINDA HASEGAWA (V.O.)  \\n...voicing the titular dog in the \\nfamily film \\u201cLegal Beagle,\\u201d \\nstarring as Captain Chip Marbles in \\njungle adventure \\u201cHungry Hungry \\nHippos\\u201d and securing a Golden Globe \\nnomination for his portrayal of \\nDarryl Hall alongside Channing \\nTatum\\u2019s Oates in the musical biopic \\n\\u201cPrivate  Eyes\\u201d...  \\n \\nCLIP: Hall and Oates are arguing.  \\n\\u201cOATES\\u201d/CHANNING TATUM  \\nWe have to, Darryl. The label gave \\nus no choice. \\n \\nXavier (Hall) throws a vinyl record at a wall, SMASHING it.  \\n\\u201cHALL\\u201d/XAVIER  \\n(teary) \\nI can\\u2019t go for that! No can do!  \\n \\nINT. XAVIER\\u2019S MANSION, LIVING ROOM - MOMENTS LATER  \\nThis is now on a TV screen inside Xavier\\u2019s  house. \\nLINDA HASEGAWA (ON TV)  \\nNo indication if it was an \\naccident, suicide, or foul play, \\nbut police have held the party \\nattendees for questioning...  \\n \\nPull back to find Aniq - now SOAKING WET and covered in \\nSHARPIE GRAFFITI all over his body (mustache, teardrops, \\neyepatch, etc) - stares at the TV, lost in thought.  \\n \\nA dozen or so people are inside, shell -shocked, despondent, \\nincluding the other classmates we saw in their cars. OFFICER \\nMATSUNO, a uniformed cop, stands by the door. JENNIFER 1, \\npreppy, pregnant, sobs in the corner. \\n \\nJENNIFER 1  \\nI can\\u2019t believe he\\u2019s gone...  \\nIn the front door enter Danner and Culp.  \\nDET. DANNER  \\nHello everyone, I\\u2019m -- WHOA! \\nShe slips on a puddle of water in the foyer entry. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 2. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  9.  \\n \\nDET. DANNER (CONT'D)  \\nJust a puddle of water in the \\nentryway floor. Okay. Anyway, I\\u2019m \\nDetective Danner, and this is... \\n \\nShe gets distracted by everything in the room: The walls are \\ncovered with posters, records, and other memorabilia. On the \\nconcrete floor are a single SNOW SKI, a purple BOA, a \\u201cXavier \\nWorld Tour 2015\\u201d TRACK SUIT jacket and pants, a broken \\nacoustic GUITAR, an ARROW lodged into a poster of Xavier, \\nseveral red plastic cups and spilled beer.  \\n \\nDET. CULP  \\nCulp. I\\u2019m Detective Culp. Everyone -- \\nDET. DANNER  \\nAre these pigs in blankets? I\\u2019m \\nstarving.  \\n \\nShe dips a pig-in-blanket in mustard on a nearby tray. \\nDET. CULP  \\nThat could be evidence.  \\nDET. DANNER  \\nIt\\u2019s not evidence, it\\u2019s a snack.  \\n \\nA pot-bellied PIG runs by. She puts it back on the tray  and \\nturns to the group. \\n \\nDET. DANNER (CONT'D)  \\nAlright everyone, let\\u2019s get to it.  \\nDET. CULP  \\nShouldn\\u2019t we go check out the scene \\nof the crime first?  \\n \\nDET. DANNER  \\nYeah, I suppose.  \\n(sighs, then to group) \\nWe\\u2019ll be right back.  \\nThey walk upstairs. When she\\u2019s out of earshot: \\nBRETT \\nThis sucks. How long do we have to \\nstay in here? This is America.  \\nFreedom or whatever.  \\nZOE \\nBrett. A person died tonight.  The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 10. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  10.  \\n \\nYASPER \\nYeah and it was a rich and famous \\nperson, so it\\u2019s extra sad. \\n \\nBrett walks out onto the lower balcony, annoyed. INDIGO, a \\nnihilist dressed in all black, pipes up. \\n \\nINDIGO \\nAll life is precious. And also \\nmeaningless.  \\n \\nCHELSEA \\nYou\\u2019re all such frauds. None of us \\nhere really knew Xavier. Or even \\nliked him. \\n \\nNED \\nI\\u2019ve seen all of his movies.  \\nYASPER \\nWe had a bond...  \\nJENNIFER 1  \\nWe all know what happened.  \\nShe stares daggers at Aniq, who snaps out of his funk.  \\nANIQ \\nNo we don\\u2019t! What are you implying?  \\n \\nEXT. XAVIER\\u2019S MANSION, LOWER BALCONY - MOMENTS LATER  \\n \\nBrett watches the far rocks below, as police bag the body and \\ntransport it away. Chelsea approaches. He\\u2019s instantly jumpy.  \\n \\nBRETT \\nHow many times tonight have I said \\nI don\\u2019t want to talk to you? \\n \\nCHELSEA \\nThree. \\nBRETT \\nThen why are you talking to me?  \\nCHELSEA \\nBecause I know what you\\u2019re hiding \\nin that room, and -- \\n \\nBrett stiffens. He turns to her, serious:  The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 10. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  11.  \\n \\nBRETT \\nAnd I know what you said in the \\nschool hallway, so-- \\n \\nCHELSEA \\nSo nobody needs to say anything.  \\nBRETT \\nAbout anything . \\n \\nEXT./INT. XAVIER\\u2019S MANSION, MASTER BALCONY/BEDROOM - SAME \\n \\nDanner\\u2019s on the upper balcony, looking down at Chelsea and \\nBrett. She can\\u2019t quite hear anything with the wind and water. \\n \\nDET. CULP  \\nThere are some scrapes here on the \\nrailing, could be-- \\n \\nDET. DANN ER \\nShh, can\\u2019t hear.  \\n \\nDanner doesn\\u2019t take her eyes off the two below. She watches \\nBrett SLAM his hands on the railing and walk away. \\n \\nDanner walks into the bedroom. Culp follows her.  \\nDET. CULP  \\nThere\\u2019s one drop of blood on the \\nbalcony floor, probably from Xavier \\nbeing punched in the nose, but -- \\n \\nDanner walks past the cops photographing/dusting the bedroom, \\npicks something out of her teeth in the closet mirror door, \\nwalks out the bedroom door cordoned off with tape. \\n \\nDET. CULP (C ONT'D) \\nDon\\u2019t you care about --? \\nDET. DANNER  \\nWe\\u2019re not going to learn anything \\nup here. \\n \\nShe walks downstairs to:  \\n \\nINT. XAVIER\\u2019S MANSION, LIVING ROOM - CONTINUOUS  \\nDanner addresses the group.  The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 10. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  12.  \\n \\nDET. DANNER  \\nAnd we\\u2019re back! Is everyone that\\u2019s \\nstill here accounted for, and in \\nthis room? Anyone who isn\\u2019t here, \\nraise your hand. That is, raise \\nyour hand if you know who isn\\u2019t \\nhere on behalf of the hand of the \\nperson who isn\\u2019t here... No one? \\n \\nEveryone stares at her. Aniq is like \\u201cthis is who they  sent\\u201d? \\nDET. DANNER (CONT'D)  \\nOkay. There are too many of you to \\ntake to the station so I\\u2019ll \\ninterview everyone here. No one may \\nleave until questioning is over. \\nCould take a few hours.  \\nJennifer 1 steps forward.  \\nJENNIFER 1  \\nHours?! I volunteer to go first. We \\nall know Aniq killed him. \\n \\nANIQ \\nOh my GOD. No. I did not!  \\nDET. DANNER  \\n(to Jennifer 1)  \\nDid you witness the murder \\nfirsthand?  \\n \\nJENNIFER 1  \\nNo, but I found the body first -- \\nDET. DANNER  \\nThen you don\\u2019t know what really \\nhappened, do you? You only know \\nyour own subjective experience. And \\neveryone is the star of their own \\nmovie. \\n \\nShe stares at them, one by one. Jennifer 1, Brett, Zoe, Aniq. \\nEach person looks nervous, shifty, furtive.  \\n \\nDET. DANNER (CONT'D)  \\nThat\\u2019s why I have a process: if you \\nunderstand enough personal \\nnarratives, overlay enough mind - \\nmovies, you can see what they have \\nin common and what they don\\u2019t... \\nand that\\u2019s when you get a sense of \\nthat elusive element: the truth. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 10. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  13.  \\n \\nJENNIFER 1  \\nWell Indigo saw Aniq at the scene \\nof the crime. Tell her, Indigo. \\n \\nDour Indigo steps forward.  \\nDET. DANNER  \\nWhat did you see?  \\nINDIGO \\nI was on the lower balcony...  \\n \\nINT./EXT. XAVIER\\u2019S MANSION - EARLIER (FLASHBACK)  \\n \\nIndigo\\u2019s FLASHBACK is told as a BLACK & WHITE ART HOUSE FILM, \\nlike the Lighthouse. Nihilistic, cold,  cerebral.  \\n \\nJennifer 1 is on the LOWER BALCONY  with JENNIFER 2, also \\npreppy and pregnant. Inside, in the LIVING ROOM , Ned \\ncarefully places a row of beers in red plastic cups balancing \\non a SNOW SKI laid on Aniq\\u2019s passed -out, Sharpied  body. \\nIndigo is between them.  \\nJENNIFER 1  \\nCome out and enjoy the view with me \\nand stop pranking Aniq.  \\n \\nNED \\nThis is more than a prank. It is a \\nmetaphor for society\\u2019s illusion of \\nstability that will inevitably \\ncrash down all around us. \\n \\nNED (V.O.)  \\nWhoa, wait, what?  \\n \\nINT. XAVIER\\u2019S MANSION, LIVING ROOM - (PRESENT)  \\nBACK TO SCENE. Ned pipes up.  \\nNED \\nDude, I don\\u2019t know what that means. \\nI was just doing a prank. \\n \\nDET. DANNER  \\nThis is how she remembers it. \\n(to Indigo) \\nContinue.  \\nWe CUT back to Indigo\\u2019s FLASHBACK:  The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 10. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  14.  \\n \\nINT./EXT. XAVIER\\u2019S MANSION - EARLIER (BLACK&WHITE FLASHBACK)  \\n \\nSuddenly Xavier, alone on the balcony above and to the right \\nof them, URINATES off the railing. It falls on Jenn 1\\u2019s  hair. \\n \\nJENNIFER 1  \\nAAAAAH! \\nNed LAUGHS, cackling uncontrollably. Indigo remains calm.  \\nINDIGO \\nUrine is a natural astringent for \\nthe scalp. I use a body waste-based \\ntincture on my head daily. \\n \\nJennifer 1 ignores her and rushes inside. Ned helps her step \\naround Aniq\\u2019s body. They try to go in the foyer bathroom,  but \\nthe door is locked. \\n \\nVOICE (O.S.)  \\nOccupied!  \\n \\nSuddenly: NOISE and LIGHTS behind her. Indigo faces away from \\nthe action, still. Chelsea and Zoe walk over from the stairs \\nto see what the commotion is. \\n \\nINDIGO (V.O.)  \\nAnd then: television. Light. Sound. \\nChaos. \\n \\nDET. DANNER (V.O.)  \\nWhat was on the TV?  \\nINDIGO (V.O.)  \\nI try to avoid looking at screens.  \\n \\nWhatever plays, wakes up Aniq. He gets \\u201cskiied\\u201d and all the \\nbeers spill on him. Ned is loving the result of his prank. \\n \\nNED \\nHa ha! Where is Brett? He would \\nLOVE this! \\n \\nAniq shouts out cryptic outbursts.  \\nANIQ \\nHe did it again. The door is \\nclosed! Is he still up there? What \\nis existence?  \\n \\nYasper rushes in from the balcony.  The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 10. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  15.  \\n \\nYASPER \\nCalm down, my friend. This is not \\nXavier\\u2019s fault.  \\n \\nANIQ \\nYou\\u2019re always defending him. He\\u2019s \\nstill up there, isn\\u2019t he? \\n \\nYASPER \\nJust stay here and calm down.  \\nANIQ \\nNo. This ends now.  \\n \\nAniq passes Chelsea and Zoe as he rushes upstairs to find \\nXavier. Everyone stands perfectly still.  \\n \\nINDIGO (V.O.)  \\nA moment later, we heard a sound \\nfrom above not unlike the squeal of \\na dolphin giving birth.  \\n \\nSQUEEEEEEAL!  \\nJennifer 1 rushes outside...  \\nJENNIFER 1  \\nWhat made that horrible noise?  \\nJennifer 1 SCREAMS! Ned SCREAMS louder than Jennifer 1.  \\n \\nIndigo goes to see what they are screaming about. She sees \\nXavier\\u2019s BODY on the rocks below.  \\n \\nIndigo calmly turns around, goes upstairs to see...  \\nANIQ in Xav ier\\u2019s bedroom, ALONE looking confused and scared.  \\n \\nINT. XAVIER\\u2019S MANSION, LIVING ROOM - NIGHT (PRESENT)  \\n \\nBACK TO SCENE. Danner gives a \\u201cthank you\\u201d nod to Indigo, and \\naddresses the group. \\n \\nDET. DANNER  \\nOkay, so that was one person\\u2019s \\nsubjective experience. Now I\\u2019m \\ngonna want to hear about tonight \\nfrom each one of you. Because the \\ntruth is, the murderer could be any \\none of you. \\n \\nChelsea. Yasper. Walt. Back to Aniq. Eyes dart, people sweat.  The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 10. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  16.  \\n \\nDET. DANNER (CONT'D)  \\nYou were at a high school reunion \\ntonight. I\\u2019m sure you came here \\nwith things you wanted to do, \\nsecond chances you wanted to \\ncreate. Only you know what those \\nare, your secrets, your desires.  \\n \\nAniq looks over to Zoe. Chelsea looks at the floor.  \\nDET. DANNER (C ONT'D) \\nBut on a heightened night like \\ntonight, if something threatens \\nyour worldview, someone pushes you \\nto the breaking point, your fight- \\nor-flight kicks in and you\\u2019re not \\nthinking rationally anymore. Any \\none of us, any one of us, can SNAP. \\n \\nEveryone flinches at her loud \\u201cSNAP.\\u201d  \\nDET. DANNER (CONT'D)  \\n...But sometimes cases are pretty \\nstraightforward and it\\u2019s who \\neveryone thinks it is. \\n \\nShe walks to Aniq, sizes him up. His Sharpie\\u2019d face -- \\nDET. DANNER (CONT'D)  \\nAlright Scribbleface, let\\u2019s go \\nsomewhere private. We need to talk. \\n \\nGULP.  \\n \\nDET. DANNER (CONT'D)  \\nCulp, while I\\u2019m questioning Aniq, \\nsearch the rest of the house, see \\nif you find anything  interesting.  \\n \\nCULP \\nI mean, there\\u2019s a whole room full \\nof rare Xavier memorabilia  -- \\n \\nDET. DANNER  \\nAnything of interest to the case. \\n \\nBrett turns white. Danner clocks it as they walk off.  The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 10. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  17.  \\n \\nINT. XAVIER\\u2019S HOUSE, RECORDING STUDIO - CONTINUOUS  \\n \\nDanner sits Aniq in a room converted to a recording studio. \\nDanner looks at all the recording equipment and fader board, \\nand opts to use her old-fashioned handheld recorder.  \\n \\nDANNER \\nI know things look bad for you, but \\nyou shouldn\\u2019t worry.  \\n \\nANIQ \\nYou just told the group that I \\nprobably did it! \\n \\nDanner takes a seat, waves it off.  \\nDANNER \\nI was talking statistically. But \\nsolving a case isn\\u2019t about facts \\nand figures. It\\u2019s about following \\nyour intuition.  \\n \\nANIQ \\n...But it also kind of is about \\nfacts and figures.  \\n \\nDANNER \\nLike I said, I\\u2019ve got a process. \\nAnd I\\u2019ve been criticized for it. \\nBut it works. For instance, I can \\ntell by your clothes you were a \\nscholarship kid, a hard worker with \\na lot to lose. \\n \\nANIQ \\nMy button down says all that?  \\nDANNER \\nAnd a scholarship kid must be \\npretty smart. What\\u2019s 37 times 42? \\n \\nANIQ \\n...Um, 1,554? \\nDANNER \\n(pulling out phone)  \\nHold on, just checking a text here - \\n- this is completely unrelated... \\n(typing something)  \\nYep, 1,554. We both knew the answer \\nto that. Which means I\\u2019m smart too \\nand you can trust me. \\n(MORE) The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 10. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  18.  \\nDANNER (CONT'D)  \\nI want to hear your side of the \\nstory, from the beginning. So let \\nme start with this: Why did you \\ncome tonight?  \\n \\nAniq gets a starry look in his eye.  \\nANIQ \\nSimple. I came for love.  \\n \\nNOTE: Aniq\\u2019s flashbacks are shot in the style of a ROM COM: \\nstudio lighting, bright colors, lots of dolly moves and \\ncranes, and a romantic pop soundtrack.  \\n \\nI/E. ANIQ\\u2019S CAR - DUSK - (FLASHBACK)  \\n \\nAniq, now wearing a nice button-down shirt, drives, checking \\nhis hair in the rearview.  \\n \\nANIQ (V.O.)  \\nOr, I should say, I came for Zoe. \\nWe were chemistry partners back in \\nhigh school. But it was more than \\nthat. Or at least could\\u2019ve been.  \\nBut things happened, we graduated, \\nshe got married and we didn\\u2019t see \\neach other for twenty years. I \\nthought that door was closed. \\n \\nAniq pulls into a spot in the High School parking  lot. \\nANIQ (V.O.)  \\nThen I heard she got divorced, and \\nlast week I got an email-- \\n \\nAniq has Zoe\\u2019s email on his phone screen. As he reads-- \\nZOE (V.O.)  \\nHey! Hope to see you at the reunion \\nSaturday! Can\\u2019t wait to catch up. \\nSmiley face emoji. Zo\\u00eb  \\nANIQ \\nSmiley face emoji. What does that  \\nmean? \\n \\nEXT. HIGH SCHOOL PARKING LOT - SUNSET - (FLASHBACK)  \\n \\nAniq gets out of the car. It\\u2019s a bit run down, surrounded  by \\nBenzes and BMWs. He SIGHS. YASPER jogs up.  The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 10. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  19.  \\n \\nYASPER \\nAniq! My man! What up, dog?! It\\u2019s \\nbeen like two years! \\n \\nANIQ \\nGood to see you, Yas!  \\nYASPER \\nNice shirt. But you need to up your \\ngame, brother. Here. Wear my tie. \\nIt\\u2019s basically a big arrow pointing \\nto your dong. \\n \\nANIQ \\nI\\u2019m fine -- \\nYASPER \\nYou\\u2019re right, when you talk to Zoe \\njust put your thumb in your pocket \\nand point your index finger to your \\njunk. More subtle. You get my texts \\nabout her being single?  \\n \\nANIQ \\nI did. Thank you for those. Also \\nthe coupon for an A/V installation?  \\n \\nYASPER \\nAlways hustlin\\u2019 -- And boom! \\n(showing Aniq his phone) \\nZoe changed her status from \\n\\u201cMarried\\u201d to \\u201cIt\\u2019s Complicated.\\u201d \\nIt\\u2019s like she\\u2019s begging you to make \\na move tonight.  \\n \\nANIQ \\nOr she wants the world to know that \\nher life is, in fact, complicated. \\nWhich would make sense. She just \\ngot out of a relationship. I\\u2019m \\ngonna keep it casual. \\n \\nYASPER \\nYou can\\u2019t think like that! This is \\nyour second chance to make a first \\nimpression. Or... your first chance \\nto make a second impression -- Which \\none is it? \\n \\nANIQ \\nI don\\u2019t know.  The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 10. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  20.  \\n \\nEXT. HIGH SCHOOL - WALKWAY TO GYM - LATER - (FLASHBACK)  \\n \\nALUMNI mingle in an elaborate space -themed walkway: solar \\nsystems, rows of white balloon arches that look vaguely like \\nthe 2001: A Space Odyssey corridor, a high school portrait  of \\neveryone in the class on their own easel. \\n \\nON ANIQ AND YASPER, walking and laughing.  \\nYASPER \\nLook at everyone. Reunions are \\nback! It\\u2019s like an analog version \\nof social media, but in person. \\n \\nAniq and Yasper are stopped by a soft -spoken, bland PERSON.  \\nPERSON \\nHey Aniq! \\nHey man!  ANIQ \\nPERSON \\nDo you remember me?  \\nANIQ \\nYeah of course! Long time...  \\nPERSON \\nWhat\\u2019s my name?  \\nANIQ \\nWhoa, coming in hot. Good to see \\nyou again. \\n \\nPERSON \\nSo what is it?  \\n(off Aniq\\u2019s stammer) \\nIt\\u2019s Walt.  \\n \\nANIQ \\nYes. Walt. Good to see you...again?  \\nYASPER \\nDid you actually go here or is this \\na Reunion Crasher -type situation?  \\n \\nWALT \\n(frustrated)  \\nYes, I went here. We all were in \\nthe same chemistry class with Mr. \\nShapiro. I can\\u2019t believe this.  \\n(MORE) The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 10. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  21.  \\nWALT (CONT'D)  \\nNobody paid attention to me in high \\nschool, but tonight\\u2019s gonna be \\ndifferent.  \\n(growing dark)  \\nI won\\u2019t let \\u2018em forget. Not this \\ntime. \\n \\nYASPER \\nWell good luck with that, but no \\none is gonna pay attention to you \\ntonight. Not when Xavier is coming. \\n \\nWALT \\n(instantly excited)  \\nI know I can\\u2019t believe he\\u2019s coming!  \\nYASPER \\nYou know, I gave X-Man his start. \\nWe were in a ska band together \\nsenior year. Ska -pe Diem? We \\nshredded the MLK Day BBQ?  \\n \\nWALT \\nI don\\u2019t remember that.  \\nYASPER \\nWell I don\\u2019t remember you. Anyway, \\nI still got the musical bug. Been \\nworking on a track of my own, just \\na hobby, but it totally slaps.  \\nGonna ask Xavy to bless my track \\ntonight.  \\n \\nANIQ \\n\\u201cBless\\u201d your track? Is he a priest?  \\nYASPER \\nA Priest of Pop. I just need him  to \\nhelp me get a foot in the door to \\nthe industry... and I\\u2019m gonna get \\nit tonight!  \\n(off Aniq\\u2019s look)  \\nDon\\u2019t judge me. We\\u2019re all here for \\nour own reasons. I want Xavier to \\nbless my track, you\\u2019re here for \\nanother shot with Zoe, and even \\nWill here just wants people to \\nremember him. \\n \\nWALT \\nIt\\u2019s Walt.  The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 10. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  22.  \\n \\nYASPER \\nRight. Sorry.  \\nThey walk off, leaving Walt behind.  \\nYASPER (CONT'D)  \\nAll I\\u2019m saying is, everybody here \\nis fronting, even you.  \\n \\nANIQ \\nNot everyone -- Whoa, look at \\nChelsea. What happened to her? \\n \\nHe gestures to Chelsea who looks bedraggled. She trips on her \\nheels, nervously looks over her shoulder. The contents of her \\npurse fall on the walkway, and she picks them up quickly.  \\n \\nYASPER \\nFrom class prez to hot mezz. I \\nheard she had a breakdown, went \\nloco. \\n \\nANIQ \\nHow the mighty have fallen. See? \\nNot everyone is here for an agenda. \\n \\nYASPER \\nPlease. You\\u2019re telling me you don\\u2019t \\nwant to get with this girl? \\n \\nHe points to an easel with Zoe\\u2019s 9th -grade PHOTO.  \\nANIQ \\nIt would be illegal if I did, \\nbecause that girl is underage. And \\nit doesn\\u2019t matter what I want. In \\nhigh school every time we got \\nclose, some rich, good -looking guy \\nwould swoop in and get between us. \\nI couldn\\u2019t compete.  \\n \\nYASPER \\nThat was high school! Now you\\u2019re \\nthe rich, good -looking guy. \\n \\nANIQ \\nI wish. My investors are making \\nmoney, I\\u2019m just getting by. But I \\ndo work out.  \\n \\nYASPER \\n(looking off)  \\nZoe. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 10. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  23.  \\n \\nANIQ \\nNot for Zoe, for my health. Mostly \\nbodyweight stuff. Or I\\u2019ll jog -- \\n \\nYASPER \\nZoe! \\nANIQ \\nI tried crossfit once. Not for me.  \\nYASPER \\nZOE. \\nYasper tries to TURN Aniq -- \\nANIQ \\nWhat are you --!? OW! \\n \\nHe grabs onto a BALLOON ARCH for support, but it tears free. \\nHe falls. The balloons FLOAT up and POP like firecrackers \\ngoing off -- POP POP POP POP POP POP!  \\n \\nAniq falls, INTERTWINING in balloons with -- \\nANIQ (CONT'D)  \\nZoe... \\n \\nMUSIC: Something wonderful and ROMANTIC. Zoe tangles up with \\nAniq in SLO-MO, looking INCREDIBLE. The sequin star confetti \\nfrom the balloons falls around her. The perfect MEET CUTE. \\n \\nON ANIQ, hitting on the ground, watching her in wonder. \\nBACK TO Zoe who starts to SMILE and she\\u2019s brought closer. \\nSLO MO OUT. \\nZOE \\nAniq? Are you alright?  \\nANIQ \\nHi. Yes. Me? Oh. I\\u2019m fine. Just a-- \\nIt was nothing. You okay? let me-- \\n \\nThey get up, brush themselves off -- \\nZOE \\nI\\u2019m fine. Ohhhh, the Jennifers are \\ngonna be pissed at you. \\n \\nANIQ \\nSorry, don\\u2019t know my own strength. \\nProbably from working out so much. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 10. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  24.  \\n \\nHe mimes exercising. She smiles, it\\u2019s instantly comfortable.  \\nZOE \\nWow. Now, how strong do you have to \\nbe to pop a balloon?  \\n \\nANIQ \\nStill a smartass, I see.  \\nZOE \\nUsed to be a smartmouth, but it \\nmigrated south after I had a kid. \\n \\nANIQ \\nGood to see you again, Zoe.  \\nZOE \\nYou too, Aniq. See you inside?  \\nANIQ \\nYou will.  \\nShe walks off, smiling. Aniq smiles too.  \\nYASPER \\nDude. It\\u2019s a miracle that glitter \\ndidn\\u2019t catch on fire cause that was \\nsome SPARKS! Tell me you didn\\u2019t \\nfeel that. \\n \\nAniq SHRUGS -- \\n \\n \\nMaybe. \\n \\nMAYBE!? ANIQ \\nYASPER \\nAniq GRINS, he can\\u2019t play it cool -- \\nANIQ \\nMaybe I still love her very much. I \\ndefinitely felt it! This might \\nactually happen!  \\n \\nA CRAZY WIND as a HELICOPTER lands in the nearby football \\nfield. People whip out their phones to take videos. \\n \\nYASPER \\nDude knows how to make an entrance.  The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 10. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  25.  \\n \\nANIQ \\nSee? This is what I was talking \\nabout. I talk to Zoe for the first \\ntime in twenty years and a rich, \\ngood-looking guy literally swoops \\nin out of the sky.  \\n \\nZoe is part of the throng excitedly watching the helicopter.  \\nYASPER \\nForget him. You got this.  \\n \\nINT. HIGH SCHOOL - GYM - NIGHT - (FLASHBACK)  \\nMUSIC: Cher\\u2019s \\u201cIf I Could Turn Back Time\\u201d  \\n \\nJENNIFER 1 and JENNIFER 2 stand behind the REGISTRATION DESK, \\nmanning the name tags. Aniq and Yasper approach.  \\n \\nJENNIFER 1  \\nWelcome! Find your name tag and \\nhand it to me. I\\u2019m writing down \\neveryone\\u2019s job for networking \\npurposes. My husband Ned\\u2019s idea. \\n \\nWe see her name tag reads \\u201cJennifer 1: Ned\\u2019s wife\\u201d.  \\nJENNIFER 2  \\nI so wish Josh could be here, but \\nhe\\u2019s in Tokyo closing a deal for \\nPoochKicks.net. They make NBA-grade \\nsneakers for dogs. Kanye i nvested.  \\n \\nJENNIFER 1  \\nSo, what do you two do?  \\nYASPER \\nI own a highly successful Audio \\nVisual installation company.  \\n \\nJennifer 1 writes \\u201cSmall Business Owner\\u201d on Yasper\\u2019s name \\ntag, then looks expectantly at Aniq. \\n \\nANIQ \\nOh, I design escape rooms. Our \\ncurrent one is Christmas themed, so \\nit\\u2019s called Santa Claustrophobia, \\nbut -- okay. \\n \\nShe writes \\u201cSanta Claus\\u201d on his name tag and hands it back. \\nAniq rolls his eyes. He steals a pencil and writes \\u201c- \\ntrophobia, Escape Room Designer\\u201d on his nametag.  The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 10. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  26.  \\n \\nDET. DANNER (V.O.)  \\nWait, you made that holiday-themed \\nescape room in Belltown?  \\n \\nINT. XAVIER'S HOUSE - RECORDING STUDIO - NIGHT \\nANIQ \\nYou know it? I designed it! -- \\nDET. DANNER  \\nWhoa, that was tricky. I got so \\nstuck in there. \\n \\nANIQ \\nSo you couldn\\u2019t... track the clues \\nand solve it? \\n \\nDET. DANNER  \\nNot how my brain works. I\\u2019m more of \\na social dynamics type person. But \\nit must take a diabolical mind to \\nmake puzzles like that. \\n \\nAniq looks astounded. And sick to his stomach.  \\nDET. DANNER (CONT'D)  \\nContinue!  \\n \\nINT. HIGH SCHOOL - GYM - NIGHT - (FLASHBACK)  \\n \\nThe gym is lavishly decorated -- Dinner tables with huge \\nfloral centerpieces and tapered candles, like a Nancy Meyers \\nmovie. ALUMNI mingle with drinks. Aniq enters, searching -- \\n \\nNED \\nWe can\\u2019t get flood insurance on our \\nnew casita in Hawaii because it\\u2019s \\nat sea level. But what\\u2019s the other \\noption -- buy a house in Hawaii and \\nnot have a seaside lanai?!  \\n \\nMACKENZIE  \\nGun to my head? I would have done \\nexactly what Lori Loughlin did. \\n \\nANIQ (V.O.)  \\nI wanted to find Zoe. Tell her  what \\nI never got a chance to say in high \\nschool. See if a door I thought was \\nclosed could open again. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 10. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  27.  \\n \\nThen he sees her. On stage singing KARAOKE. She\\u2019s the one \\nwe\\u2019ve been hearing sing Cher-- \\n \\nZOE \\nIf I could turn back time/ If I \\ncould find a way/ I'd take back \\nthose words that hurt you/ And \\nyou'd stay!  \\n \\nShe smiles directly at Aniq. Gives him \\u201cthe eyes.\\u201d  \\nANIQ \\nThat seems like a message right? \\nTurning back time? Finding a way? \\nShe\\u2019s trying to tell me something.  \\n \\nINDIGO \\nAre you talking to me?  \\n \\nAniq rushes over to the karaoke area, grabs a song book, \\nwrites down a song number, hands it to the KARAOKE DJ. \\n \\nANIQ \\nHi. I know there\\u2019s probably other \\npeople ahead of me waiting to sing. \\nBut it is imperative that I sing \\nthis song next. \\n \\nINT. HIGH SCHOOL - GYM - KARAOKE STAGE - LATER - (FLASHBACK)  \\nAniq stands on stage and locks eyes with Zoe in the crowd. \\nANIQ \\nThis is dedicated to my chemistry \\nlab partner. Here\\u2019s to rekindling \\nold covalent  bonds. \\n \\nZoe SMILES.  \\nON THE KARAOKE MONITOR: \\u201cMy Neck, My Back\\u201d by Khia. \\nAniq turns to the DJ. \\nANIQ (CONT'D)  \\nOh, no, this is the wrong song. \\nSir? I think I wrote down the  wrong- \\n \\nThe DJ has headphones on and isn\\u2019t listening. The BACKING \\nMUSIC begins to play, which unfortunately also has lyrics. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 10. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  28.  \\n \\nANIQ (CONT'D)  \\n(singing frantically)  \\nAll you ladies pop yo' diploma like \\nthis/ Shake your feminism , don't \\nstop, don't miss!/ Just do it, do \\nit, do it, do it, do it now/ \\nRespect it good/ Attend this \\nreunion just like you should, right \\nnow! -- I\\u2019M SORRY THIS IS THE WRONG \\n-- My neck, my back...Marion Barry  \\ndid some  crack -- Remember him?! My \\nneck, my back/ I\\u2019m having a panic \\nattack. CAN WE PLEASE TURN THIS \\nOFF? \\n \\nMercifully, the song STOPS. Aniq looks over to the speakers, \\nand Zoe is holding the cord, SMILING. Aniq is relieved.  \\n \\nINT. HIGH SCHOOL - GYM - MOMENTS LATER  \\n \\nAniq and Zoe stand off to the side, LAUGHING. Aniq has his \\nthumb in his pocket, index finger pointing towards his junk. \\n \\nANIQ \\n--so embarrassing! It was supposed \\nto be \\u201cAngel\\u201d by Shaggy. \\n \\nZOE \\nI love that song! But I am so glad \\nit wasn\\u2019t, cause that was adorable.  \\n \\nANIQ \\nThanks for saving me. How can I \\never repay you? \\n \\nZOE \\nOh, I don\\u2019t know. Maybe get my name \\ntattooed somewhere? Say on your \\nneck. Or your back? \\n \\nANIQ \\nOh my GOD. You\\u2019re not gonna let me \\nlive this down, are you?  \\n \\nZOE \\nNever. \\nANIQ \\nWell unfortunately my body\\u2019s \\nalready covered in tattoos.  The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 10. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  29.  \\n \\nZOE \\n(playing along)  \\nReally? What tattoos do you have?  \\nANIQ \\nWell there\\u2019s a \\u201cHang In There\\u201d \\nkitty hanging from my nipples.  \\n \\nZOE \\nObviously.  \\nXAVIER swoops in beside Zoe, holding two drinks.  \\nXAVIER \\nYou two sure look like you\\u2019re \\nhaving fun. \\n \\nANIQ \\nOh. Hi \\u201cXavier.\\u201d  \\nXAVIER \\n(eyeing Aniq)  \\nZoe, I noticed no one got you a \\ndrink yet, so I got you a Kir \\nRoyale. To match your dress. \\n \\nZOE \\nThat\\u2019s very nice. Look at you.  \\nXavier. You\\u2019re so famous!  \\nXAVIER \\nYeah, I don\\u2019t know if you noticed \\nbut I\\u2019m kinda getting swarmed.  \\nEverybody wants a piece of X-tasy. \\n(to Aniq) \\nGet it? \\n \\nANIQ \\nI did. I got it.  \\nXAVIER \\nSo I\\u2019m kinda trying to curate the \\npeople at my table for dinner. Make \\nsure they\\u2019re all cool. Keep away \\nthe riff-raff. Saved you a seat. \\n \\nZOE \\nOh! Is there room for Aniq?  \\nXAVIER \\nSorry, there\\u2019s just one seat left.  The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 10. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  30.  \\n \\nANIQ \\nGo. You take it. I already have a \\nseat... at another table. I\\u2019ll \\ncatch up with you later? \\n \\nZoe nods. Aniq heads off. Xavier waves, mocking -- \\nXAVIER \\nBye Aniq! So good to see you!  \\n \\nINT. HIGH SCHOOL - GYM - ANIQ\\u2019S TABLE - LATER - (FLASHBACK)  \\n \\nAniq slumps into a seat next to Yasper as he watches Zoe \\nLAUGHING with Xavier. \\n \\nANIQ \\nIt\\u2019s my fault. I let it happen.  \\nYASPER \\nThere\\u2019s not one thing Xavier\\u2019s got \\nthat you don\\u2019t got. \\n \\nANIQ \\nUm. A Grammy. A People\\u2019s Choice \\nAward. An MTV Movie Award for Best \\nComedy Sex Scene. \\n \\nYASPER \\nHe is pretty cool. Well, Zoe\\u2019s  last \\nhusband was Brett. You\\u2019re \\ndefinitely better than that  guy. \\n \\nANIQ \\nThat\\u2019s true. Brett makes a baboon \\nbutt look refined.  \\n \\nJust then, BRETT plops down in the empty seat next to Aniq \\nand seethes. Aniq and Yasper freeze -- did Brett hear that? \\n \\nANIQ (CONT'D)  \\nHey Brett. Uh, how\\u2019s it going? Long \\ntime no see. \\n \\nBRETT \\nI hate Xavier so much.  \\nANIQ \\nReally? We were just saying \\nsomething very similar.  The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 10. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  31.  \\n \\nBRETT \\nIf he hooks up with Zoe tonight-- \\nI\\u2019m gonna lose it.  \\n \\nAniq gives Yasper a look then leans in to Brett -- \\nANIQ \\nMaybe you should talk it out with \\nXavier? Outside? For a while? Tell \\nhim your perspective on the matter-- \\n \\nBrett suddenly ERUPTS. Stabs the table with a BUTTER KNIFE.  \\nBRETT \\nAnyone touches her tonight, I\\u2019ll \\nkill \\u2018em! \\n \\nHe STORMS OFF, angrily knocking over a chair.  \\n \\nINT. XAVIER'S HOUSE - RECORDING STUDIO - NIGHT \\nDET. DANNER  \\nHold on. He said that?  \\nANIQ \\nThat was the spirit of it.  \\nDET. DANNER  \\nSo Brett literally threatened to \\nkill Xavier? \\n \\nANIQ \\nNo. He said he\\u2019d kill anyone who \\ntouched Zoe. So-- not just Xavier. \\n \\nINT. HIGH SCHOOL - GYM - ANIQ'S TABLE - NIGHT - (FLASHBACK)  \\nAniq and Yasper as they were.  \\nANIQ \\nI just know if I could spend some \\nreal time with Zoe I\\u2019d have a shot. \\n \\nYASPER \\nThen you know what time it is?  \\nANIQ \\nEight-thirty? The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 10. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  32.  \\n \\nYASPER \\nYasper Time. I GOT you, Romeo! I\\u2019ll \\ndistract Xavier while you run off \\nwith Zoe. It\\u2019s perfect - I\\u2019ve got \\nmusic biz to discuss with him anyway. \\n \\nANIQ \\nBut what about Brett?  \\nYASPER \\nDon\\u2019t worry about that. No one is \\ngetting killed tonight.  \\n \\nINT. HIGH SCHOOL - GYM - XAVIER\\u2019S TABLE - SAME \\nYasper approaches Xavier.  \\nYASPER \\nUh oh! The X-Man Cometh! Rated \\nTriple X -X-X! How are ya, my man?! \\n \\nXAVIER \\nYasper. How\\u2019s it going?  \\n \\nYasper goes in for a choreographed handshake. Xavier tries to \\ndo it back, but clearly doesn\\u2019t remember it. \\n \\nYASPER \\nHey, you liking that new A/V system \\nI put in your local digs? I was \\nflattered you called on an old \\nfriend to do the job.  \\n \\nXAVIER \\nMy assistant picked the company we \\nhired. But actually, I do have a \\nquestion about the blinds... \\n \\nYASPER \\nThose are complicated. I\\u2019ll walk \\nyou through it over a drink. What \\nare you glugging?  \\n \\nYasper pulls Xavier away to the bar. Aniq sees his chance. As \\na waiter goes by, he grabs a BASKET OF BREAD off their tray \\nand approaches Zoe. \\n \\nANIQ \\nMadam, might I offer you some more \\nbread this evening?  \\n \\nZoe looks up, sees it\\u2019s Aniq, then SMILES and PLAYS ALONG -- The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 10. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  33.  \\n \\nZOE \\nYou know what? I\\u2019m on an all-bread \\ndiet right now so I\\u2019ll take the \\nwhole basket.  \\n \\nANIQ \\nAll bread? Like a reverse-Keto? \\nZOE \\nIt\\u2019s very bloating, yeah. But \\nthat\\u2019s what I\\u2019m going for. I love a \\nnice bloat. \\nAniq laughs and sits in Xavier\\u2019s empty seat-- \\nANIQ \\nIt\\u2019s so weird being back here, \\nisn\\u2019t it? \\n \\nZOE \\nNot for me. I\\u2019m here every day.  \\nShe points to her name tag: \\u201cHillside High Vice Principal\\u201d.  \\nANIQ \\nOh! I had no idea. Sorry. I didn\\u2019t \\nlook at your name tag because I \\ndidn\\u2019t want to appear to be looking \\nat your chest. \\n \\nZOE \\nAren\\u2019t you gallant.  \\nTHEN-- The LIGHTS DIM and a SLIDE SHOW entitled \\u201cCLASS OF  \\n2001: NOW AND THEN\\u201d starts to play. The first picture is of \\nZoe and Brett at their WEDDING. Zoe is visibly bummed.  \\n \\nANIQ \\nHey, do they still serve those \\ninsanely good chocolate crinkle \\ncookies in the cafeteria?  \\n \\nZOE \\nEvery Tuesday. Best part of my job.  \\nANIQ \\nAs Vice Principal you think you \\ncould get us in there? \\n \\nZoe thinks for a beat. She looks at the slide show.  \\nZOE \\nI\\u2019ll get my keys.  The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 10. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  34.  \\n \\nShe dashes off. As Aniq snags a bottle of wine and two  cups \\nfrom the bar, he overhears Yasper and Xavier. \\n \\nYASPER \\n...Whaddya say?  \\nXAVIER \\nYeah, sure, whatever.  \\nYasper gives Aniq a THUMBS UP.  \\n \\nINT. HIGH SCHOOL - HALLWAY - MOMENTS LATER  \\nSTART ON: A very INTRICATE AND DETAILED MURAL.  \\nANIQ (O.S.)  \\nThis mural is incredible. And \\ndefinitely was not here when we \\nwere in school. \\n \\nREVEAL Aniq and Zoe looking at the mural, taking it all in. \\nZOE \\nWould you believe me if I told you \\nI painted it? \\n \\nANIQ \\nWhat!? Wow.  \\nZOE \\nIt was a few years ago. I was the \\nart teacher then. Got promoted to \\nVP. Don\\u2019t get to do too much \\npainting anymore...  \\n \\nANIQ \\nI love it. It\\u2019s very Shepard Fairey \\nmeets... some other artist\\u2019s name.  \\n \\nZOE \\nSo what\\u2019s our plan? Crinkle cookies \\nthen go we run some laps on the \\ntrack? \\n \\nANIQ \\nCrinkle cookies definitely. Then... \\nsee where the night takes us. \\n \\nA drunk CHELSEA exits the bathroom, slurring.  \\nCHELSEA \\nZoe! I need to talkayou. Right now!  The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 10. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  35.  \\n \\nZOE \\nWow. Are you drunk?  \\nANIQ \\nHey Chelsea. You okay?  \\nCHELSEA \\nI have things and they need to be \\nsaid. And another thing.  \\n \\nChelsea gestures at Zoe and SPILLS her vodka cran on Aniq.  \\nANIQ \\nOops. It\\u2019s okay. It\\u2019ll come out.  \\n \\nAniq goes to the water fountain to clean his shirt, but Zoe \\ngrabs his hand. \\n \\nZOE \\nLeave it! Let\\u2019s go!  \\n\\u201cSuddenly I See\\u201d by KT Tunstall kicks in. They run  away. \\n \\nINT. HIGH SCHOOL - VARIOUS - ROMANTIC MONTAGE - (FLASHBACK)  \\n- CAFETERIA KITCHEN  \\nAniq and Zoe sit on the counter eating cookies.  \\nZOE \\nMan, these never disappoint!  \\nANIQ \\nOh you got some on your nose -- \\n \\nHe boops her nose, leaving a print of powdered sugar. She \\nlooks adorable.  \\n \\nZOE \\nYou just left a bunch of powdered \\nsugar on my nose, didn\\u2019t you? \\n \\nANIQ \\nI dunno what you\\u2019re talking about.  \\nHe GRINS. Then -- \\n \\nANIQ (CONT'D)  \\nYou know there is one room in this \\nschool I\\u2019ve always wanted to see... \\n \\n- TEACHER\\u2019S LOUNGE  The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 10. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  36.  \\n \\nZoe unlocks the door and lets them in.  \\nZOE \\nThe mysterious teacher\\u2019s lounge. Is \\nit everything you hoped it\\u2019d be? \\n \\nANIQ \\nOh yeah. It\\u2019s exotic. Peculiar.  \\nZOE \\nThis-- is what we call a \\u201ccoffee \\nmaker.\\u201d We use it to make coffee. \\n \\nANIQ \\nSo interesting!  \\nZOE \\nAnd this-- is a fax machine, for \\nsome reason... And this-- is where \\nwe keep the printer paper -- \\n \\nShe opens a supply closet to reveal A COUPLE MAKING OUT.  \\nZOE (CONT'D)  \\nWhoops! \\nAniq and Zoe run out of the room, laughing.  \\nANIQ \\nWas that Mr. Shapiro the Civics \\nteacher with Quiet Heather?!  \\n \\n- ART CLASSROOM  \\nZoe and Aniq sit across from each other sketching each other.  \\nZOE \\nI haven\\u2019t been in here since I was \\npromoted. I miss the smell. \\n \\nANIQ \\nI just can\\u2019t imagine you not doing \\nart. It makes you so happy. Though \\non the other hand, I make escape \\nrooms because it makes me happy and \\nI\\u2019ve got a crushing amount of \\nstudent loan debt. \\n \\nZOE \\nSanta Claustrophobia! That\\u2019s what \\nyour escape room\\u2019s called,  right? The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 10. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  37.  \\n \\nANIQ \\nYou know it?  \\nANIQ (CONT'D)  \\nMy nerdy students can\\u2019t get enough \\nof it! \\n(realizing) \\nSorry! \\n \\nANIQ (CONT'D)  \\nNo, it\\u2019s fine. It\\u2019s not just for \\nnerds. You should come by sometime.  \\n \\nZOE \\nMaybe I will.  \\n(she grins, then) \\nAlright! Show your cards. \\n \\nZoe shows her picture. It\\u2019s a very good drawing of Aniq.  \\nANIQ \\nSee? You can\\u2019t let that talent go \\nto waste. \\n \\nZOE \\nYou\\u2019re sweet. You always saw the \\nreal me.  \\n \\nHe smiles, then flips his picture around. It\\u2019s terrible. It \\nmakes Zoe look crazed with one big eye and huge teeth. \\n \\nZOE (CONT'D)  \\n...Or I thought you did. Come on!  \\n- FOOTBALL  FIELD/BLEACHERS  \\nZoe runs to the track and does a CARTWHEEL.  \\nANIQ \\nVery impressive!  \\nZOE \\nDidn\\u2019t know I could still do that!  \\nThey sit on the bleachers. Aniq pulls out the wine and  cups. \\nANIQ \\nShoot. Forgot a corkscrew. Gimme \\nyour shoe. \\n \\nZOE \\nMy shoe?  The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 10. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  38.  \\n \\nANIQ \\nIf you want the wine I must have \\nthe shoe! \\n \\nZoe laughs and gives Aniq her shoe. Aniq puts the base of the \\nwine bottle in the heel of her shoe then taps it against a \\nwall. Three taps and the cork is halfway out. \\n \\nZOE \\nWhoa! That\\u2019s amazing!  \\nANIQ \\nLittle trick I learned from a \\npuzzle master -- who was an \\nalcoholic.  \\n \\nHe pulls the cork out and pours the wine -- \\nANIQ (CONT'D)  \\nTo twenty years. \\nZOE \\nTwenty years.  \\nThey TOAST. Then -- \\n \\nZOE (CONT'D)  \\nSo! Reunion questions! Are you \\nhappy? Is your life everything you \\nhoped it would be? How do you feel? \\n \\nANIQ \\nWow. Um. Well there are definitely \\nthings I wish were different...  \\n \\nZoe NODS, thinking. The mood a little more serious.  \\nANIQ (CONT'D)  \\nI\\u2019m sorry about your marriage.  \\nZOE \\nMe too. \\nANIQ \\nThat really sucks. But I always \\nthought Brett was a pompous jerk. \\n \\nZOE \\nNo. He\\u2019s not. I mean, he is. But-- \\nHe\\u2019s a really great dad to Maggie. \\nThat\\u2019s our daughter.  \\n(MORE) The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 10. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  39.  \\nZOE (CONT'D)  \\nAnd if there\\u2019s one thing I\\u2019ve \\nlearned through this shitty \\nsituation it\\u2019s that people are more \\ncomplicated than we think. It\\u2019s not \\nfair to limit everyone to the one- \\nnote impression you got of them in \\nhigh school. \\n \\nANIQ \\nDid you talk to the people in \\nthere? Because everyone I talked to \\nbesides you is an selfish snob.  \\nEven our mascot is a snob.  \\nThey look at the Hillside Mountain Goat on the score board.  \\nANIQ (CONT'D)  \\nWhat makes him think he deserves \\nthe whole mountain? And why won\\u2019t \\nhe look us in the eye?  \\n \\nZOE \\n(playful)  \\nHey you don\\u2019t know what that goat\\u2019s \\nbeen through. Maybe you should give \\npeople, and mascots, a chance, and \\nyou\\u2019ll see you have more in common \\nwith them than you think. \\n \\nANIQ \\nYou know... I had a bit of a crush \\non you back in the day.  \\n \\nZOE \\nYou did? You never made a move...  \\n \\nAniq gets the hint. Or at least he\\u2019s pretty sure it\\u2019s a hint. \\nIt starts to rain, like in every great kiss moment in a rom \\ncom. He LEANS IN to kiss Zoe when -- \\n \\nMAGGIE (O.S.)  \\nHI MOMMY!  \\n \\nMAGGIE, Zoe\\u2019s 6 -year-old daughter runs up to them, trailed by \\nVERONICA, her 17-year-old babysitter, who is in a L\\u2019il Nas X \\nt-shirt and an expertly done cat eye. The rain stops. \\n \\nZOE \\nMaggie?! What are you doing here?  The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 10. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  40.  \\n \\nVERONICA  \\nI have a family emergency. I called \\nBrett like a thousand times, but he \\ndidn\\u2019t answer. \\n \\nAniq raises his eyebrows. Zoe sighs.  \\nZOE \\nThanks. I\\u2019ll take it from here.  \\nVeronica walks off, making a call.  \\nVERONICA  \\nI\\u2019ve got Bacardi... It\\u2019s Limon... \\nWell, that\\u2019s all they had, Sarah. \\n \\nZoe turns to Aniq.  \\n \\nZOE \\nWould you mind keeping an eye on \\nMaggie? I need to talk with her \\nfather, using some adult language.  \\n \\nANIQ \\nHappily.  \\n \\nZoe heads off. Aniq and Maggie stare at each other. He \\nnotices that she has a STUFFED KOALA.  \\n \\nANIQ (CONT'D)  \\nWho is this?  \\nMAGGIE \\nThis is Mr. Koala.  \\nShe hands it to him. He sings in an Australian  accent-- \\nANIQ \\nI\\u2019m Mr. Koala and I\\u2019m here to say, \\nI like eucalyptus snacks every day! \\n \\nMAGGIE \\n(laughs)  \\nYou\\u2019re silly. Did you put bones in \\nmy mommy? \\n \\n \\nWhat? ANIQ \\n \\nMAGGIE \\nDaddy said that he had to make sure \\nno one boned Mommy tonight. Did you \\ndo the bones? The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 10. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  41.  \\n \\nANIQ \\nWow. Um...? That\\u2019s a... provocative \\nquestion. Let\\u2019s see...  \\n \\nAniq paces on the bleachers, looking for a response. When he \\nturns back, Maggie has RUN OFF.  \\n \\nANIQ (CONT'D)  \\nDammit! \\nHe shoves her koala in his pocket and runs after her. \\n \\nINT. HIGH SCHOOL - GYM - NIGHT - (FLASHBACK)  \\n \\nAniq runs in, scans the crowd. He spots Maggie at the bar, \\npicking up an abandoned drink.  \\n \\nANIQ \\n(panic whisper) \\nMaggie! No!  \\n \\nMaggie runs up to her parents with the drink just as Aniq \\ncatches up. Maggie takes a sip. \\n \\nMAGGIE \\nMy juice tastes funny.  \\nAniq grabs it, downs it. It\\u2019s clearly whiskey.  \\nANIQ \\nTastes fine to me!  \\n \\nBrett looks Aniq up and down. Aniq smiles innocently. When \\nBrett looks away, Aniq spits out two CIGARETTE BUTTS.  \\n \\nBRETT \\nCome on, Maggie. Daddy\\u2019s gonna take \\nyou home. \\n \\nEXT. HIGH SCHOOL PARKING LOT - NIGHT - (FLASHBACK)  \\n \\nAniq and Zoe walk out of the reunion. Aniq makes an attempt \\nto put his arm around her, but he chickens out. \\n \\nANIQ \\nHey, just to get back to what we \\nwere talking about before... Life \\ngoals and all of that-- Do you \\nwanna maybe go get a nightcap or-- The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 10. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  42.  \\n \\nZOE \\nAren\\u2019t you coming to Xavier\\u2019s \\nafterparty? I was gonna get an Uber \\nbut if you drove-- \\n \\nANIQ \\nYeah. I did! I\\u2019ll give you a ride!  \\nThey walk up to Aniq\\u2019s car, but Xavier walks up -- \\nXAVIER \\nHey hey! Who wants to ride in a \\nhelicopter!?! Zoe, you in?  \\n \\nZOE \\nFor real? Yeah! Hell yeah! I\\u2019d love \\nto ride in a helicopter tonight!  \\n \\nANIQ \\n(just as enthusiastic)  \\nMe too assuming conditions are \\nsafe! \\n \\nEXT. HIGH SCHOOL - FOOTBALL FIELD - LATER - (FLASHBACK)  \\n \\nXavier helps Zoe into his helicopter. As Aniq tries to get \\nin, Xavier steps in his way-- \\n \\nXAVIER \\nSorry. Can\\u2019t take any more weight \\non board. I don\\u2019t make the rules. \\n \\nANIQ \\nXavier, come on, man. Don\\u2019t do \\nthis. I\\u2019ve been hanging out with \\nher all night. \\n \\nXAVIER \\nAnd now she\\u2019s with me. Unless... \\nI\\u2019m sorry, were you planning on \\nflying her to a mansion in a \\nhelicopter? And I\\u2019ll tell you \\nsomething -- it\\u2019s a great way to get \\nlaid. See ya! \\n \\nAniq\\u2019s stunned. As Xavier  gets in and shuts the door -- \\nXAVIER (CONT'D)  \\nAniq decided to drive!  The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 10. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  43.  \\n \\nEXT. HIGH SCHOOL PARKING LOT - NIGHT (FLASHBACK)  \\n \\nAniq walks, defeated, then pulls out a piece of paper. It\\u2019s \\nthe DRAWING Zoe did of him in the Art Classroom.  \\n \\nANIQ (V.O.) \\nI could feel the door closing like \\nit had before. But then I looked at \\nthat picture and -- it hit me. \\nAniq gets HIT by Yasper\\u2019s car. He goes FLYING. \\nYASPER \\nHoly shit, man, are you okay?!  \\n \\nYasper scrambles out, and helps Aniq up. Chelsea watches from \\nthe passenger\\u2019s seat.  \\n \\nANIQ \\nI\\u2019m fine. I swallowed a molar, but \\nI\\u2019m fine. Zoe and I almost kissed! \\n \\nYASPER \\nWhoa! \\nANIQ \\nI think-- But now she\\u2019s on Xavier\\u2019s \\nhelicopter.  \\n \\nYASPER \\nOh. \\nANIQ \\nI gotta get to that afterparty!  \\nChelsea spots Brett and leans out the window.  \\nCHELSEA \\nHey Brett! Aniq kissed Zoe and now \\nhe\\u2019s going back for more! \\n \\nANIQ \\nWhat!? No! Why would you say that?!  \\nBrett wheels around and sees Aniq.  \\nBRETT \\nAniq!? Where is that guy?!  \\nHe runs towards them. Chelsea squeals with laughter.  \\nANIQ \\nGo go go!  The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 10. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  44.  \\n \\nYASPER \\nHop in. Let\\u2019s go get your girl!  \\n \\n\\u201cAin\\u2019t No Mountain High Enough\\u201d by Diana Ross kicks in as \\nAniq scrambles into the back seat and Yasper peels out. It\\u2019s \\na Rom-Com race to the airport/wedding full of obstacles!  \\n \\nI/E. YASPER\\u2019S CAR / SEATTLE STREETS - NIGHT (FLASHBACK)  \\nYasper drives. Aniq leans forward between him and Chelsea -- \\nANIQ \\nI need a plan. Some kind of grand \\nromantic gesture to wow Zoe.  \\nSomething meaningful, like that mix \\nCD I made for Zoe in high school \\nthat I never got to give her.  \\n \\nCHELSEA \\nMix CD!? Whoa, remember mix CDs?!  \\nShe LAUGHS uproariously -- \\nYASPER \\nIgnore her, man! Whatcha gonna do?  \\nANIQ \\nThere is one song. The one I was \\ntrying to sing at karaoke. Maybe I \\ncould sing it to her? At the house? \\nYou installed the A/V system-- \\n \\nCHELSEA \\nOh, that\\u2019s a great idea. Go to a \\nrockstar\\u2019s house to sing a song to \\nthe girl he\\u2019s trying to bang. \\n \\nAniq spots a flask in Chelsea\\u2019s bag.  \\nANIQ \\nI need some liquid courage.  \\nHe takes a big gulp from her flask. Chelsea yells at him. \\nCHELSEA \\nHey! Give me that! You can\\u2019t just \\nreach in people\\u2019s bags!  \\n \\nShe rips her bag back from him. They STOP at a stop light. \\nBrett SQUEALS up beside them and shouts out his window-- The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 10. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  45.  \\n \\nBRETT \\nI\\u2019ll kill all ya! I\\u2019ll kill all ya!  \\nANIQ \\nOh my god! He\\u2019s gonna do it. GO!  \\nYasper accelerates but not too fast -- \\nANIQ (CONT'D)  \\nCan\\u2019t you go any faster!? Whose car \\nis this? \\n \\nYASPER \\n(eyeing Chelsea)  \\nIt\\u2019s my car. That I drive. All the \\ntime. Because of my successful \\nbusiness acumen.  \\n \\nAniq sees a \\u201cLuxury Prestige Rentals\\u201d keychain on the keys.  \\nYASPER (CONT'D)  \\nAnd I didn\\u2019t get damage insurance!  \\n \\nSuddenly, an OLD LADY steps in front of them at a corner. \\nBoth cars SCREECH to a halt while they wait for her to cross. \\nThen it\\u2019s back on! Chelsea\\u2019s phone rings in her purse. \\n \\nCHELSEA \\nIt\\u2019s Brett!  \\nAniq snatches her phone and her purse from her.  \\nANIQ \\nDon\\u2019t answer!  \\nAniq looks back worried at Brett in pursuit. THEN -- \\nANIQ (CONT'D)  \\nIf something bad happens, I\\u2019ll help \\nyou pay for it. Eventually.  \\n \\nYASPER \\nWhat? \\n \\nAniq lurches into the front seat and grabs the wheel and \\nyanks LEFT. The Bentley squeals around a corner. \\n \\nCHELSEA \\nWheeeeeee!  \\nYASPER \\nWhat are you doing?  The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 10. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  46.  \\n \\nANIQ \\nTaking a short cut!  \\n \\nAniq climbs all the way into the front. His legs are in \\nChelsea\\u2019s face. He elbows Yasper in the gut.  \\n \\nYASPER \\nOw! I can\\u2019t see! Get off me!  \\nANIQ \\nThis is working! We\\u2019re losing him!  \\nDiana Ross belts \\u201cNothing can keep me, keep me from you!\\u201d \\n \\nINT. XAVIER'S MANSION - LIVING ROOM - NIGHT - (FLASHBACK)  \\nAniq, Yasper and Chelsea enter. Aniq looks a little shaky.  \\nYASPER \\nJust for the record. I\\u2019m mad at \\nyou. But also I forgive you. \\n \\nAniq walks to the bar and does a SHOT . \\nYASPER (CONT'D)  \\nWhoa. Take it easy, lightweight.  \\nANIQ \\nI\\u2019m fine. I just need to find Zoe.  \\nANIQ (V.O.)  \\nBut I suddenly felt very, very \\ndrunk. Things got pretty hazy. \\n \\nINT. XAVIER'S MANSION - VARIOUS - NIGHT (FLASHBACK)  \\nWe see hazy moments from Aniq\\u2019s fractured memory.  \\nANIQ (V.O.)  \\nI talked to Channing Tatum, which \\nwas cool. Though he was a little \\nstandoffish.  \\n \\n- Aniq talks to a silent CHANNING TATUM, who has a mustache.  \\nANIQ \\nI get a pimple and it\\u2019s like, big \\nwhoop, I move on with my day. \\n(MORE) The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 10. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  47.  \\nANIQ (CONT'D)  \\nBut for you, Mr. Tatum, it\\u2019s like, \\nwe just ruined the Sistine Chapel \\nwith some finger paint, don\\u2019t tell \\nthe Pope. Ya know? \\n \\nANIQ (V.O.) \\nI took a flaming jell -o shot...  \\n- Aniq takes a FLAMING JELL -O SHOT. \\nANIQ (V.O.)  \\nAnd I remember being accosted by a \\ngrizzly bear.  \\n \\n- Aniq is on the BALCONY when a BEAR gets in his face. \\nGRIZZLY BEAR  \\nYou\\u2019re a bad person! You steal from \\nchildren!  \\n \\nINT. XAVIER'S HOUSE - RECORDING STUDIO - NIGHT (PRESENT)  \\nDanner looks at Aniq.  \\nDET. DANNER  \\nA Jell-O shot, Channing Tatum and a \\ngrizzly bear? You were supposed to \\nbe telling me a love story. \\n \\nANIQ \\nIt\\u2019s all a blur! But there is one \\nthing I remember. Brett showing up. \\n \\nINT. XAVIER'S HOUSE - BALCONY - NIGHT - (FLASHBACK)  \\nAniq is on the balcony, out of it. Brett gets in his face. \\nBRETT \\nI\\u2019ve been looking all over for you!  \\nANIQ \\nDon\\u2019t hurt me! I didn\\u2019t do \\nanything!  \\n \\nBrett SHOVES Aniq against a BEAUTIFUL CRYSTAL FIGURINE, which \\nSHATTERS! Zoe and Xavier look down from the upper balcony.  \\n \\nZOE \\nBrett?! The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 10. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  48.  \\n \\nBRETT \\n(staring at Xavier)  \\n...Dead! DEAD! \\n \\nBrett runs up to the upper balcony. From below, Aniq sees \\nBrett get in Xavier\\u2019s face.  \\n \\nBRETT (CONT'D)  \\nI oughta break your jaw, lover boy!  \\n \\nBrett pokes Xavier in the chest, causing Xavier to back up. \\nJust then, Aniq notices Zoe is back downstairs.  \\n \\nANIQ (V.O.)  \\nI don\\u2019t know what happened next \\nwith Xavier and Brett, because I \\nsaw Zoe on the stairs. And I knew \\nthis was it -- I had one last  chance \\nto tell Zoe how I really felt. \\n \\nAniq sees a GUITAR...  \\n \\nINT. XAVIER'S HOUSE, RECORDING STUDIO (PRESENT)  \\nDanner waits intently. After a beat:  \\nDET. DANNER  \\nYou\\u2019re not gonna tell me what \\nhappened, are you?  \\n \\nANIQ \\nI don\\u2019t remember. I passed out.  \\nDET. DANNER  \\nWell that\\u2019s very unsatisfying. What \\nhappened afte r you woke up?  \\n \\nINT. XAVIER'S HOUSE - LIVING ROOM - NIGHT - (FLASHBACK)  \\n \\nA video BLARES on every TV in the house. Aniq, passed out on \\nthe couch, BOLTS upright. He looks down at himself: soaking \\nwet, pants around his ankles, wearing a boa. \\n \\nANIQ \\nWhat happened to me? Did Xavier do \\nthis? \\n \\nHe pulls up his pants as Yasper runs in from the  balcony.  \\nYASPER \\nDude, relax! It\\u2019s all in good fun!  The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 10. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  49.  \\n \\nANIQ \\nNo. Xavier has been messing with me \\nall night. I\\u2019m not gonna let him \\ntreat people this way.  \\n \\nAniq walks by Yasper. He passes Zoe and Chelsea on the \\nstairs, and looks at Zoe. \\n \\nANIQ (CONT'D)  \\nI have some things I want to say to \\nyou. But first, I have to go see \\nabout an asshole.  \\n \\nZoe gives him a quizzical look.  \\nANIQ (CONT'D)  \\nNot my asshole. Someone else. Not \\nsomeone else\\u2019s asshole, a person \\nwho is an asshole-- Just please \\nwait here, I\\u2019ll be right back.  \\n \\nINT. XAVIER\\u2019S HOUSE - UPSTAIRS - NIGHT - (FLASHBACK)  \\nANIQ (V.O.)  \\nI was hoping she\\u2019d follow me. I\\u2019d \\ngo upstairs, tell Xavier, once and \\nfor all that even if I had missed \\nmy chance with Zoe, he wasn\\u2019t \\nworthy of her. She\\u2019d overhear \\neverything and realize that I was \\nthe man of her dreams...  \\n \\nINT. XAVIER'S HOUSE - XAVIER\\u2019S ROOM - NIGHT - (FLASHBACK)  \\nAniq barges in:  \\n \\nANIQ (V.O. ) \\nBut there was no one there.  \\n \\nThe room is empty. He spots a mirror on the back of the open \\ncloset door. He shuts the door and looks at himself. His face \\nand entire body is COVERED in MARKER GRAFFITI.  \\n \\nANIQ \\nAAAAHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH!  \\n \\nHe hears more SCREAMS from downstairs. A second later, Indigo \\nappears in the doorway. She GASPS and RUNS out.  The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 10. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  50.  \\n \\nINT. XAVIER'S HOUSE - RECORDING STUDIO - NIGHT (PRESENT)  \\nANIQ \\n...And then I came down to hear \\nthey found Xavier\\u2019s body. The end. \\n \\nDET. DANNER  \\nYou just admitted a bitter rivalry \\nwith Xavier. You admitted to \\nfeeling like he was getting in your \\nway with Zoe. Pretty sure you \\nadmitted to going upstairs to \\nconfront him moments before he was \\nfound dead. Wow. I don\\u2019t think I\\u2019ve \\nbeen this invested in a socio- \\neconomically imbalanced romance \\nsince Tony Danza was vacuuming \\nJudith Light\\u2019s floor, but I can\\u2019t \\nroot for ya bud, \\u2018cause the only \\nthing you didn\\u2019t admit to was the \\nactual murder. \\n \\nANIQ \\nWait, what? No! What about Brett!? \\nHe hated Xavier more than  anybody, \\nand he\\u2019s a proven shover! \\n \\nDET. DANNER  \\nI\\u2019m not talking about Brett, I\\u2019m \\ntalking about you. \\n \\nANIQ \\nI told everyone I was going \\nupstairs to see Xavier. Why would I \\ndo that and then kill him? That \\nwould be super dumb.  \\n \\nDET. DANNER  \\nLove makes you do dumb things. \\nMaybe you snapped. Maybe that\\u2019s not \\neven when you did it. You say you \\nhad four drinks and a Jell-O shot \\nand then passed out? That\\u2019s hard to \\nbuy even for a lightweight.  \\n \\nANIQ \\nAre you suggesting that I faked \\npassing out and just let people \\nwrite all over my face? \\n \\nDET. DANNER  \\nI\\u2019m asking the questions! And I \\nthink we\\u2019re done here. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 10. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  51.  \\n \\nAniq exits, sick to his stomach.  \\n \\nINT. XAVIER'S MANSION, FOYER - SAME \\nAniq rushes out past Yasper, who scrolls his phone.  \\nYASPER \\nHow\\u2019d it go with the fuzz?  \\nANIQ \\nTerrible. She thinks I did it. \\nShe\\u2019s a complete mess. She\\u2019s never \\ngoing to find the killer...  \\n \\nAniq starts to hyperventilate, rushes into the bathroom. \\nYasper follows. Down the hall, Danner watches, curious.  \\n \\nINT. XAVIER\\u2019S MANSION, FOYER BATHROOM - MOMENTS LATER  \\n \\nAniq steps over a ROBE on the floor, talks to himself in the \\nmirror, pained and sweaty. Yasper closes the door behind them. \\n \\nYASPER \\nYou okay, man?  \\nANIQ \\n(to his own reflection)  \\nYou can solve this yourself. You \\ndon\\u2019t need to rely on her. \\n \\nHe tries to wash the Sharpie off. It\\u2019s faded but still there.  \\nANIQ (CONT'D)  \\nI\\u2019m a professional puzzle maker, \\nand this is just another puzzle to \\nsolve. \\n \\nYASPER \\nYes! I like it! You solve the case, \\nand the room you\\u2019ll escape... is \\nprison. Ooh, I\\u2019ll be your Watson! \\n \\nANIQ \\nThere\\u2019s evidence somewhere, I just \\nhave to find it... \\n \\nHe tosses a wad of wet, inky tissues in the trash. It knocks \\nout a torn up scrap of paper. He picks it up. It reads: \\n \\n\\u201cTHIS IS PAYBACK FOR WHAT YOU DID TO ME\\u201d  The Afterparty First Ep Proposal  6/9/20 10. The Afterparty First Ep Proposal 6/9/20  52.  \\n \\nAniq lights up! This could be the key to his salvation!  \\nYASPER \\nDude! Holy shit!  \\nAniq\\u2019s about to rummage through the garbage for more but-- \\nKNOCK, KNOCK.  \\nDET. DANNER (O.S.)  \\nIllustrated Man. You in there?  \\nANIQ \\nJust a second! \\nHe abandons the trash, opens the door to see Danner.  \\n \\nDanner peeks at Aniq with an odd expression, and Yasper in \\nthe bathroom with him.  \\n \\nDET. DANNER  \\nYou ran off in a hurry. Everything \\nokay? \\n \\nAniq thinks, decides to hide the scrap of paper.  \\nANIQ \\nMm-hmm. \\nDanner gives him another once over...  \\nDET. CULP (O.S.)  \\nDanner! \\nThey turn as Detective Culp pulls Brett inside in HANDCUFFS!  \\nCULP \\nThis man was just caught outside, \\ntrying to escape. \\n \\nOff Aniq\\u2019s look to Danner...  \\nEND OF EPISODE  \", \"title\": \"the-afterparty-101-aniq-2022\", \"qa_pairs\": \"[{'Q': '<mask-0>, a 38-year-old man, drives his cluttered Honda Fit to a high school parking lot for his class reunion. The theme is \\\"CLASS OF 2001: A REUNION ODYSSEY,\\\" which he rolls his eyes at. <mask-0> takes a deep breath and reminds himself that he can do this. He re-opens an email from Zo\\u00eb, a former classmate, who hopes to see him at the reunion and catch up. The scene takes place at sunset on a late fall Seattle day.', 'S': 'Aniq, a 38-year-old man, drives his cluttered Honda Fit to a high school parking lot for his class reunion. The theme is \\\"CLASS OF 2001: A REUNION ODYSSEY,\\\" which he rolls his eyes at. Aniq takes a deep breath and reminds himself that he can do this. He re-opens an email from Zo\\u00eb, a former classmate, who hopes to see him at the reunion and catch up. The scene takes place at sunset on a late fall Seattle day.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Aniq'}}, {'Q': 'The script segment is from the show \\\"The Afterparty 101\\\" in 2022. The segment features a character named Zoe, who is 38 years old and recently separated. She is on her way to her high school reunion and is excited to let her \\\"Fun <mask-0>\\\" out for the first time since having a child. <mask-0> holds up a gold invitation to Xavier\\\\'s VIP afterparty and mentions that she has made a list of all the things she wants to do that night. The driver eyes her list skeptically in the rearview mirror, and Zoe acknowledges that having a list isn\\\\'t very free-spirited. She plans to have a wild night with her girlfriends and stay up to watch the sunrise.', 'S': 'The script segment is from the show \\\"The Afterparty 101\\\" in 2022. The segment features a character named Zoe, who is 38 years old and recently separated. She is on her way to her high school reunion and is excited to let her \\\"Fun Zoe\\\" out for the first time since having a child. Zoe holds up a gold invitation to Xavier\\\\'s VIP afterparty and mentions that she has made a list of all the things she wants to do that night. The driver eyes her list skeptically in the rearview mirror, and Zoe acknowledges that having a list isn\\\\'t very free-spirited. She plans to have a wild night with her girlfriends and stay up to watch the sunrise.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Zoe'}}, {'Q': \\\"The Afterparty 101 takes place in 2022 and follows a group of 38-year-old friends who reunite for a party. The characters include Zoe, Yasper, <mask-1>, Brett, <mask-0>, and Xavier. However, the night takes a dark turn when Xavier's dead body is found on the rocks below his mansion. Detective Danner and her partner, Detective Culp, are called to the scene and are instructed to keep the investigation quiet until a more experienced detective arrives from Los Angeles. The group of friends becomes potential suspects in the murder investigation.\\\", 'S': \\\"The Afterparty 101 takes place in 2022 and follows a group of 38-year-old friends who reunite for a party. The characters include Zoe, Yasper, Chelsea, Brett, Aniq, and Xavier. However, the night takes a dark turn when Xavier's dead body is found on the rocks below his mansion. Detective Danner and her partner, Detective Culp, are called to the scene and are instructed to keep the investigation quiet until a more experienced detective arrives from Los Angeles. The group of friends becomes potential suspects in the murder investigation.\\\", 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Aniq', '<mask-1>': 'Chelsea'}}, {'Q': \\\"Pop star, actor, and celebrity humanitarian Xavier was found dead on the cliff below his second home during an afterparty for his high school reunion. Detectives Culp and <mask-0> investigate the scene and find a contusion on Xavier's nose, indicating a struggle. They also find a lot of ice near the body, a blonde wig on a nearby rock, and a hipster hat underneath Xavier's body. Culp and Danner suspect foul play and rule out suicide or accident. Local news anchor <mask-2> reports on the breaking news and provides background information on Xavier's career as a music and film superstar. Police have held the party attendees for questioning, but there is no word yet on who or what caused <mask-1>'s death.\\\", 'S': \\\"Pop star, actor, and celebrity humanitarian Xavier was found dead on the cliff below his second home during an afterparty for his high school reunion. Detectives Culp and Danner investigate the scene and find a contusion on Xavier's nose, indicating a struggle. They also find a lot of ice near the body, a blonde wig on a nearby rock, and a hipster hat underneath Xavier's body. Culp and Danner suspect foul play and rule out suicide or accident. Local news anchor Linda Hasegawa reports on the breaking news and provides background information on Xavier's career as a music and film superstar. Police have held the party attendees for questioning, but there is no word yet on who or what caused Xavier's death.\\\", 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Danner', '<mask-1>': 'Xavier', '<mask-2>': 'Linda Hasegawa'}}, {'Q': \\\"The Afterparty 101 takes place in 2022 and follows a group of classmates who attend a party at Xavier's mansion. Xavier is found dead and the police arrive to investigate. Detective Danner and Detective Culp interview the group and try to piece together what happened. Aniq is accused of killing Xavier, but he denies it. <mask-0>digo saw <mask-2> at the scene of the crime, but did not witness the murder. The group is not allowed to leave until questioning is over, which could take hours. The party was filled with memorabilia, including a broken acoustic guitar, a snow ski, and a purple boa. The group did not know Xavier well and some did not even like him. Brett is hiding something in his room, and Chelsea knows about it. The police find scrapes on the balcony railing and a drop of blood on the floor. <mask-1>'s body is found on the rocks below the balcony.\\\", 'S': \\\"The Afterparty 101 takes place in 2022 and follows a group of classmates who attend a party at Xavier's mansion. Xavier is found dead and the police arrive to investigate. Detective Danner and Detective Culp interview the group and try to piece together what happened. Aniq is accused of killing Xavier, but he denies it. Indigo saw Aniq at the scene of the crime, but did not witness the murder. The group is not allowed to leave until questioning is over, which could take hours. The party was filled with memorabilia, including a broken acoustic guitar, a snow ski, and a purple boa. The group did not know Xavier well and some did not even like him. Brett is hiding something in his room, and Chelsea knows about it. The police find scrapes on the balcony railing and a drop of blood on the floor. Xavier's body is found on the rocks below the balcony.\\\", 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'In', '<mask-1>': 'Xavier', '<mask-2>': 'Aniq'}}, {'Q': 'In the script segment of \\\"The Afterparty 101\\\" in 2022, the scene takes place in <mask-0> living room at night. Detective Danner thanks <mask-1> and addresses the group, stating that he wants to hear about everyone\\\\'s experience from that night. He emphasizes that the murderer could be any one of them. No other significant details are mentioned in this script segment.', 'S': 'In the script segment of \\\"The Afterparty 101\\\" in 2022, the scene takes place in Xavier\\\\'s Mansion living room at night. Detective Danner thanks Indigo and addresses the group, stating that he wants to hear about everyone\\\\'s experience from that night. He emphasizes that the murderer could be any one of them. No other significant details are mentioned in this script segment.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': \\\"Xavier's Mansion\\\", '<mask-1>': 'Indigo'}}, {'Q': 'The script segment is from the Afterparty 101 Aniq 2022. The characters present are Chelsea, Yasper, Walt, Aniq, and <mask-0>. Detective <mask-1> is addressing the group and mentions that they were at a high school reunion. She talks about how people have secrets and desires, and on a heightened night like tonight, anyone can snap if their worldview is threatened. The group flinches at her loud \\\"SNAP.\\\" Detective Danner also mentions that sometimes cases are straightforward and it\\\\'s who everyone thinks it is.', 'S': 'The script segment is from the Afterparty 101 Aniq 2022. The characters present are Chelsea, Yasper, Walt, Aniq, and Zoe. Detective Danner is addressing the group and mentions that they were at a high school reunion. She talks about how people have secrets and desires, and on a heightened night like tonight, anyone can snap if their worldview is threatened. The group flinches at her loud \\\"SNAP.\\\" Detective Danner also mentions that sometimes cases are straightforward and it\\\\'s who everyone thinks it is.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Zoe', '<mask-1>': 'Danner'}}, {'Q': 'In the script segment of \\\"The Afterparty 101 Aniq 2022,\\\" Detective <mask-0> questions Aniq about the murder case while Culp searches the house for evidence. Aniq reveals that he came to the reunion for love, specifically for his former chemistry partner Zoe. Flashbacks show <mask-1>\\\\'s anticipation of seeing Zoe again and his awkward encounter with a former classmate, Walt. Aniq falls for Zoe in a meet-cute moment when he trips and falls into a balloon arch, tangling up with her. Detective Danner uses her intuition and process to question Aniq about the murder case.', 'S': 'In the script segment of \\\"The Afterparty 101 Aniq 2022,\\\" Detective Danner questions Aniq about the murder case while Culp searches the house for evidence. Aniq reveals that he came to the reunion for love, specifically for his former chemistry partner Zoe. Flashbacks show Aniq\\\\'s anticipation of seeing Zoe again and his awkward encounter with a former classmate, Walt. Aniq falls for Zoe in a meet-cute moment when he trips and falls into a balloon arch, tangling up with her. Detective Danner uses her intuition and process to question Aniq about the murder case.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Danner', '<mask-1>': 'Aniq'}}, {'Q': 'In the script segment of \\\"The Afterparty 101\\\" episode, Aniq and Zoe reunite at their high school reunion after 20 years. Aniq accidentally pops a balloon and <mask-0> jokes about the Jennifers being upset with him. They catch up and <mask-1> admits he still loves her. A helicopter lands nearby, causing a commotion, but Yasper tells Aniq to focus on Zoe. In a flashback, Aniq and Zoe attend their high school reunion and Aniq tries to find a way to reconnect with her. He eventually sings a karaoke song dedicated to her, but it turns out to be the wrong song. Zoe saves him by stopping the music and they laugh about the mishap. Aniq thanks her and asks how he can repay her. The segment ends with <mask-0> saying she doesn\\\\'t know.', 'S': 'In the script segment of \\\"The Afterparty 101\\\" episode, Aniq and Zoe reunite at their high school reunion after 20 years. Aniq accidentally pops a balloon and Zoe jokes about the Jennifers being upset with him. They catch up and Aniq admits he still loves her. A helicopter lands nearby, causing a commotion, but Yasper tells Aniq to focus on Zoe. In a flashback, Aniq and Zoe attend their high school reunion and Aniq tries to find a way to reconnect with her. He eventually sings a karaoke song dedicated to her, but it turns out to be the wrong song. Zoe saves him by stopping the music and they laugh about the mishap. Aniq thanks her and asks how he can repay her. The segment ends with Zoe saying she doesn\\\\'t know.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Zoe', '<mask-1>': 'Aniq'}}, {'Q': 'In the script segment of \\\"The Afterparty 101\\\" in 2022, <mask-0> suggests to Aniq to get her name tattooed on her neck or back. Aniq is hesitant and mentions that her body is already covered in tattoos, including a \\\"Hang In There\\\" kitty hanging from her nipples. Xavier joins the conversation and comments on their fun interaction.', 'S': 'In the script segment of \\\"The Afterparty 101\\\" in 2022, Zoe suggests to Aniq to get her name tattooed on her neck or back. Aniq is hesitant and mentions that her body is already covered in tattoos, including a \\\"Hang In There\\\" kitty hanging from her nipples. Xavier joins the conversation and comments on their fun interaction.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Zoe'}}, {'Q': 'In the script segment of \\\"The Afterparty 101 Aniq 2022,\\\" Xavier offers Zoe a drink and saves her a seat at his table for dinner. Aniq, who is sitting with Yasper, offers Zoe the seat and heads off to another table. Aniq and Yasper discuss Xavier\\\\'s fame and <mask-0>\\\\'s dislike for him. Brett later joins Aniq and Yasper\\\\'s table and expresses his hatred for Xavier and threatens to kill anyone who touches Zoe. <mask-1> offers to distract Xavier while Aniq runs off with Zoe. Yasper approaches Xavier and discusses an A/V system he installed, but Xavier doesn\\\\'t remember him. The script also mentions Xavier\\\\'s Grammy, People\\\\'s Choice Award, and MTV Movie Award for Best Comedy Sex Scene.', 'S': 'In the script segment of \\\"The Afterparty 101 Aniq 2022,\\\" Xavier offers Zoe a drink and saves her a seat at his table for dinner. Aniq, who is sitting with Yasper, offers Zoe the seat and heads off to another table. Aniq and Yasper discuss Xavier\\\\'s fame and Brett\\\\'s dislike for him. Brett later joins Aniq and Yasper\\\\'s table and expresses his hatred for Xavier and threatens to kill anyone who touches Zoe. Yasper offers to distract Xavier while Aniq runs off with Zoe. Yasper approaches Xavier and discusses an A/V system he installed, but Xavier doesn\\\\'t remember him. The script also mentions Xavier\\\\'s Grammy, People\\\\'s Choice Award, and MTV Movie Award for Best Comedy Sex Scene.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Brett', '<mask-1>': 'Yasper'}}, {'Q': 'In the script segment of \\\"The Afterparty 101\\\" from 2022, Yasper offers to explain something complicated to Xavier over a drink. Aniq takes advantage of this and grabs a basket of bread from a passing waiter\\\\'s tray to approach <mask-0>. No other details or context are provided in this brief segment.', 'S': 'In the script segment of \\\"The Afterparty 101\\\" from 2022, Yasper offers to explain something complicated to Xavier over a drink. Aniq takes advantage of this and grabs a basket of bread from a passing waiter\\\\'s tray to approach Zoe. No other details or context are provided in this brief segment.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Zoe'}}, {'Q': 'In the script segment of \\\"The Afterparty 101\\\" episode of \\\"ANIQ 2022,\\\" Zoe, the Hillside High Vice Principal, and <mask-1>, her former classmate, attend their high school reunion. They reminisce about their past and explore the school, including the teacher\\\\'s lounge and the football field. Aniq accidentally spills vodka cran on himself, and Zoe suggests they go get some chocolate crinkle cookies from the cafeteria. They discuss their lives and relationships, and Aniq admits to having a crush on Zoe in high school. As they lean in for a kiss, Zoe\\\\'s daughter Maggie and her babysitter <mask-0> interrupt them. Veronica has a family emergency and needs to leave, leaving Zoe to take care of Maggie.', 'S': 'In the script segment of \\\"The Afterparty 101\\\" episode of \\\"ANIQ 2022,\\\" Zoe, the Hillside High Vice Principal, and Aniq, her former classmate, attend their high school reunion. They reminisce about their past and explore the school, including the teacher\\\\'s lounge and the football field. Aniq accidentally spills vodka cran on himself, and Zoe suggests they go get some chocolate crinkle cookies from the cafeteria. They discuss their lives and relationships, and Aniq admits to having a crush on Zoe in high school. As they lean in for a kiss, Zoe\\\\'s daughter Maggie and her babysitter Veronica interrupt them. Veronica has a family emergency and needs to leave, leaving Zoe to take care of Maggie.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Veronica', '<mask-1>': 'Aniq'}}, {'Q': 'In the script segment of \\\"The Afterparty 101 Aniq 2022,\\\" Zoe asks Aniq to keep an eye on Maggie while she talks to Maggie\\\\'s father. Maggie shows Aniq her stuffed koala and asks if he put bones in her mother. Aniq is taken aback by the question and paces on the bleachers before realizing that Maggie has run off. In a flashback, Aniq and Zoe attend their high school reunion and Aniq tries to make a move on her, but she ends up leaving with Xavier in a helicopter. <mask-0> gets hit by Yasper\\\\'s car and swallows a molar, but he is fine. Chelsea tells <mask-1> that Aniq kissed Zoe and is going back for more, causing Brett to chase after them. Aniq, Yasper, and <mask-2> race to Xavier\\\\'s mansion, with Aniq suggesting that he sing a song to Zoe. They eventually arrive at the mansion, and Yasper is mad at Aniq but forgives him.', 'S': 'In the script segment of \\\"The Afterparty 101 Aniq 2022,\\\" Zoe asks Aniq to keep an eye on Maggie while she talks to Maggie\\\\'s father. Maggie shows Aniq her stuffed koala and asks if he put bones in her mother. Aniq is taken aback by the question and paces on the bleachers before realizing that Maggie has run off. In a flashback, Aniq and Zoe attend their high school reunion and Aniq tries to make a move on her, but she ends up leaving with Xavier in a helicopter. Aniq gets hit by Yasper\\\\'s car and swallows a molar, but he is fine. Chelsea tells Brett that Aniq kissed Zoe and is going back for more, causing Brett to chase after them. Aniq, Yasper, and Chelsea race to Xavier\\\\'s mansion, with Aniq suggesting that he sing a song to Zoe. They eventually arrive at the mansion, and Yasper is mad at Aniq but forgives him.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Aniq', '<mask-1>': 'Brett', '<mask-2>': 'Chelsea'}}, {'Q': \\\"Aniq attends a party at Xavier's mansion and takes a shot at the bar. He talks to Channing Tatum and takes a flaming Jell-O shot before being accosted by a grizzly bear. <mask-0>'s memory is hazy, but he remembers Brett showing up and causing a scene with Xavier. Aniq sees Zoe on the stairs and decides to tell her how he feels. However, he passes out and wakes up to a video playing on every TV in the house. He is soaking wet, with his pants around his ankles and wearing a boa. Detective <mask-1> questions Aniq about the events of the night, but Aniq cannot remember what happened after he passed out.\\\", 'S': \\\"Aniq attends a party at Xavier's mansion and takes a shot at the bar. He talks to Channing Tatum and takes a flaming Jell-O shot before being accosted by a grizzly bear. Aniq's memory is hazy, but he remembers Brett showing up and causing a scene with Xavier. Aniq sees Zoe on the stairs and decides to tell her how he feels. However, he passes out and wakes up to a video playing on every TV in the house. He is soaking wet, with his pants around his ankles and wearing a boa. Detective Danner questions Aniq about the events of the night, but Aniq cannot remember what happened after he passed out.\\\", 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Aniq', '<mask-1>': 'Danner'}}, {'Q': 'In the script segment of \\\"The Afterparty 101\\\" in 2022, ANIQ questions what happened to him and if Xavier was responsible. He pulls up his pants as <mask-0> enters from the balcony and reassures ANIQ that it was all in good fun. ANIQ denies this and does not seem to be okay with what happened. No further information is provided in the script segment.', 'S': 'In the script segment of \\\"The Afterparty 101\\\" in 2022, ANIQ questions what happened to him and if Xavier was responsible. He pulls up his pants as Yasper enters from the balcony and reassures ANIQ that it was all in good fun. ANIQ denies this and does not seem to be okay with what happened. No further information is provided in the script segment.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Yasper'}}, {'Q': \\\"Aniq is at a party where Xavier is treating people poorly. Aniq walks by Yasper and Zoe, and tells Zoe he has something to say to her but needs to deal with an asshole first. Aniq goes upstairs to confront <mask-1>, hoping <mask-0> will follow and overhear him standing up for her. However, when Aniq enters Xavier's room, he finds it empty and discovers that his entire body is covered in marker graffiti. Aniq screams in horror and hears more screams from downstairs. Indigo appears in the doorway.\\\", 'S': \\\"Aniq is at a party where Xavier is treating people poorly. Aniq walks by Yasper and Zoe, and tells Zoe he has something to say to her but needs to deal with an asshole first. Aniq goes upstairs to confront Xavier, hoping Zoe will follow and overhear him standing up for her. However, when Aniq enters Xavier's room, he finds it empty and discovers that his entire body is covered in marker graffiti. Aniq screams in horror and hears more screams from downstairs. Indigo appears in the doorway.\\\", 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Zoe', '<mask-1>': 'Xavier'}}, {'Q': 'The script segment of \\\"The Afterparty 101\\\" reveals that Xavier, a character in the show, has been found dead and <mask-1>, another character, is being questioned by Detective <mask-2> about his possible involvement in the murder. Aniq admits to having a bitter rivalry with Xavier and feeling like he was getting in the way of his relationship with Zoe. He also admits to going upstairs to confront Xavier moments before he was found dead. However, Aniq denies killing Xavier and suggests that Brett, who hated Xavier more than anyone, could be the culprit. Detective Danner suggests that Aniq may have snapped due to love and questions his claim of passing out after drinking four drinks and a Jell-O shot. Aniq exits the room feeling sick to his stomach. The script segment also mentions Yasper, who is seen scrolling his phone in the foyer of <mask-0>\\\\'s mansion.', 'S': 'The script segment of \\\"The Afterparty 101\\\" reveals that Xavier, a character in the show, has been found dead and Aniq, another character, is being questioned by Detective Danner about his possible involvement in the murder. Aniq admits to having a bitter rivalry with Xavier and feeling like he was getting in the way of his relationship with Zoe. He also admits to going upstairs to confront Xavier moments before he was found dead. However, Aniq denies killing Xavier and suggests that Brett, who hated Xavier more than anyone, could be the culprit. Detective Danner suggests that Aniq may have snapped due to love and questions his claim of passing out after drinking four drinks and a Jell-O shot. Aniq exits the room feeling sick to his stomach. The script segment also mentions Yasper, who is seen scrolling his phone in the foyer of Xavier\\\\'s mansion.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Xavier', '<mask-1>': 'Aniq', '<mask-2>': 'Danner'}}, {'Q': 'Aniq had a bad encounter with the police and is being accused of a crime. She believes that the police officer will not be able to find the real killer. Aniq starts to hyperventilate and rushes into the bathroom, followed by Yasper. <mask-0> watches curiously from down the hall.', 'S': 'Aniq had a bad encounter with the police and is being accused of a crime. She believes that the police officer will not be able to find the real killer. Aniq starts to hyperventilate and rushes into the bathroom, followed by Yasper. Danner watches curiously from down the hall.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Danner'}}]\", \"output\": \"None\"}\n{\"input\": \"It's A Wonderful Story\\nWritten by\\nAlexandra Tran\\nAPA\\nAdam Perry\\nAperry@apa-agency.com\\nHalle Mariner\\nHmariner@apa-agency.com               Bellevue Productions\\n                                    \\nDanny Alexander                       Kate Sharp    \\nDalexander@apa-agency.com             Kate@bellevueprods.comINT. WAR DEPARTMENT, BASEMENT, WASHINGTON DC - NIGHT.\\n1945.\\nA windowless basement room.\\nSix MEN (30s - 50s) slouch in uncomfortable chairs around a\\nlarge table. Creased shirts, full ashtrays, and five o\\u2019clock\\nshadow say it\\u2019s been a very long day.\\nThe only source of light comes from the PROJECTOR  at the\\nback, playing a rough cut of a black and white documentary.\\nIt's FOOTAGE of the attack on Peal Harbor.\\nDramatic ORCHESTRAL MUSIC over sweeping images of\\ndestruction. Black smoke billows off obliterated ships as\\nfar as the eye can see. Over it, the voice of President\\nFranklin D. Roosevelt:\\nFDR\\nI ask that the Congress declare that\\nsince the unprovoked and dastardly\\nattack by Japan on Sunday December\\n7th 1941\\u2013\\nDestruction gives way to American servicemen and women\\nrescuing their fellows, treating the injured, and covering\\nthe dead.\\nFDR(cont'd)\\n\\u2013a state of war has existed between\\nthe United States and the Japanese\\nEmpire.\\nThe image fades to a stately, waving American Flag as a\\nringing chorus of MY COUNTRY 'TIS OF THESE hits deep into\\nevery heart in the room.\\nIt's sentimental, but effective.\\nThe film runs out, someone gets the room lights, and all\\neyes go to one man formulating his thoughts at the head of\\nthe table.\\nFRANK (40s) is short but has presence, which is heightened\\nby his army uniform.\\nHe\\u2019s not smiling.\\nThe men look at the clock above the door - it\\u2019s 9:40pm. \\nAt length,FRANK\\nIt\\u2019s almost there.\\nNo one actually groans, but their chairs CREAK.\\nFRANK (cont'd)\\nIt needs a call to action . Plus a few\\nedits.\\nART\\nWe\\u2019re already a week behind . Hollings\\nis\\u2014\\nFRANK\\nWhen we get it right, it'll cut\\nstraight through any fatigue and\\napathy. They'll be fired up enough to\\nleave the theater and head right for\\nan enlistment office. It's gotta\\nthumping his chest( )\\nHit 'em here.\\nFrank grabs a pencil and paper and starts writing. \\nThere\\u2019s a few SIGHS and rolled shoulders, but the group\\npicks up their own pencils.\\nWhat Frank wants, Frank gets.\\nA KNOCK at the door. They ignore it.\\nThe door opens  anyway .\\nSome young guy named DVORAK (20s), his uniform still new,\\npokes his head in. He\\u2019s out of breath.\\nDVORAK\\nColonel Capra?\\nNo one looks up. Dvorak hesitates, then,\\nDVORAK (cont'd)\\nGeneral Hollings says to stop.\\nFrank looks up.\\nFRANK\\nStop?\\nDVORAK\\nThat\\u2019s what he said. \\nFRANK\\nWe\\u2019re nearly finished.2.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224Dvorak is antsy.\\nDVORAK\\nHe just said to stop.\\nFrank pauses. Thinks.  \\nFRANK\\nWell if the three-star says to\\nstop...\\n(to Art)\\nLet\\u2019s run it again.\\n(to Dvorak)\\nCome here, sit down.\\nWhen Dvorak doesn\\u2019t move Frank takes his elbow and maneuvers\\nhim.\\nFRANK\\nYou\\u2019ve seen the Why We Fight movies?\\nDVORAK\\nA few.\\nFRANK\\nThis is the latest. I wanna know what\\na young fella like you will think\\nwhen he sees it.\\nDvorak can\\u2019t contain himself.\\nDVORAK\\nIt doesn\\u2019t matter. Japan surrendered.\\nAn hour ago. \\nThe room STILLS.\\nFrank glances behind him and sees  BIG EYES, SLACK JAWS...\\nfrozen. His team, waiting... for him to tell them how to\\nreact.\\nFRANK \\nWell, shit. Looks like we're out of a\\njob.\\nArt barks a surprised LAUGH and suddenly  the whole room is\\nLAUGHING, SHOUTING, tossing papers and celebrating.\\nDVORAK\\nCan I go sir?\\nFrank propels Dvorak out of the room with a SLAP to the\\nshoulder .3.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224Dvorak exits. Art drops into a chair.\\nART\\nOh my God !\\nbeat()\\nIt\\u2019s finally over. We can go back to\\nnormal.\\nNormal.\\nThe energy of the room changes. Suddenly... uncertain.  Do\\nthey even remember what \\\"normal\\\" feels like?\\nFRANK\\nLet's get out of here.\\nINT. BAR, WASHINGTON DC - NIGHT\\nA working-class watering hole.\\nFrank and his team stand around a few pushed-together bar\\ntables. Sitting on the secret, they are antsy. Excite d.\\nMARK\\nHow soon do we get to go home?\\nFRANK\\nI don't know.\\nA WAITRESS delivers a fresh round of beers. Franks waits\\nuntil she leaves. He clears his throat. Everyone looks at\\nhim.\\nFRANK (cont'd)\\nI thought when the day came I\\u2019d have\\nsome big speech ready to go . But here\\nwe are  and I've got zilch . I guess\\nthe only thing to say is thank you,\\neverybody.\\nHe has a way of making his sincerity felt.\\nFRANK (cont'd)\\nIt\\u2019s been hard work, long hours , the\\nworst... coffee man has ever known.\\nThey LAUGH,\\nFRANK(cont'd)\\nBut we did it.\\nNew, giddy pride puffs their chests.4.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224FRANK (cont'd)\\nI\\u2019m proud to have worked with every\\none of you.\\nHeads BOB, feet SHUFFLE and a few soft \\u201cthanks, Frank\\u201d fill\\nthe air. It\\u2019s not enough. A few glance sideways at Art.\\nArt takes a moment, then raises his glass.\\nART\\nFirst off I\\u2019d like to be the first to\\nsay... I quit.\\nLAUGHS .\\nART(cont'd)\\nYou\\u2019re a devil of a perfectionist and\\nthe most mule-headed guy  I ever met,\\nEveryone LAUGHS, and no one harder than Frank.  As much as\\nhe's their boss, he's also one of them.\\nART(cont'd)\\nbut I have to admit... What was it,\\ntwenty cartoons?... And, God\\nAlmighty , seven documentaries... to\\ngive 16 million guys the balls to do\\nthe impossible.\\nThe room sobers, remembering the urgency. The fear. The\\ntremendous task that is now, all of a sudden, behind them.\\nART(cont'd)\\nI don\\u2019t think anybody else could have\\ndone it.\\nNods all around.\\nOn Frank: sincerely touched.\\nART(cont'd)\\nThe master manipulator.\\nArt charges his glass.\\nART(cont'd)\\nTo Frank.\\nEveryone else raises  theirs,\\nALL\\nTo Frank!5.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224On Frank. Now not so jubilant.\\nEXT. LOS ANGELES AIRPORT, US ARMY PLANE - DAY\\nThe door to a US ARMY PLANE opens.\\nNewly discharged veterans flood out; some are excited, some\\ndazed. \\nJIM (late 30s) pauses in the doorway and scans the terminal.\\nEXT. LOS ANGELES AIRPORT, TERMINAL - DAY\\nA gaggle of PHOTOGRAPHERS await. They\\u2019ve been here all day.\\nEXT. LOS ANGELES AIRPORT, US ARMY PLANE - CONTINUOUS\\nJim is holding up the line. He pulls his bombardier\\u2019s peaked\\ncap lower over his eyes and starts down the steps.\\nEXT. LOS ANGELES AIRPORT, TARMAC - CONTINUOUS\\nHe falls in with the other vets heading to the terminal.\\nHunches his shoulders and tucks his chin.\\nAs the vets get closer, the photographers lean over the\\nbarricade to see their faces.\\nThere\\u2019s a bottleneck at the terminal door, and Jim is forced\\nto slow down.\\nOne PHOTOGRAPHER (30s) squints at him.\\nPHOTOGRAPHER\\nJimmy?\\nJim pretends not to have heard.\\nPHOTOGRAPHER\\nJimmy Stewart!\\nHe snaps a photo.\\nJim \\u2014 James Stewart, movie star \\u2014 FLINCHES.\\nPHOTOGRAPHER\\nGot you!\\n(looking closer)\\nMan, you look like hell.6.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224Jim studies his shoes but a fellow bombardier CARL (30s)\\nslings an arm around his shoulders, trying to turn him\\ntowards the cameras.\\nCARL\\nC\\u2019mon, give \\u2018em a smile. The jig is\\nup.\\nPHOTOGRAPHERS\\nJimmy! Over here! Hey Jimmy!\\nThe cameras are flashing now. A few of the vets look on\\nexcitedly - they\\u2019ve never seen a movie star up close.\\nCARL\\nLet\\u2019s get one so I can prove to Liz\\nall the stories I tell about you\\naren\\u2019t lies.\\nJim smiles at that.\\nJIM\\nJust for Liz.\\nJim puts his arm around Carl\\u2019s shoulder and finally looks at\\nthe cameras.\\nAll of a sudden, Carl is gone and Jim\\u2019s alone. The cameras\\nREALLY pop off now.\\nPHOTOGRAPHERS\\nSmile! / How does it feel to be a war\\nhero?/ What\\u2019s your first picture\\ngonna be?\\nJim turns away from the flash a bit and  sees the other\\nvets - his group is gone, and now it\\u2019s all the injured.\\nMissing limbs and bandage s, wheelchairs and crutches.\\nThe photographers are still calling his name. They ignore\\nthe parade of carnage. Jim feels nauseated. He quickly\\nturns, gets back in line and disappears into the terminal.\\nEXT./EST. CAPRA HOUSE - DAY\\nA huge Spanish Revival-style house in the Hollywood Hills.\\nINT. CAPRA HOUSE, DEN - DAY\\nFrank is at the window, looking out. Behind him on the\\nbookcase are three shiny OSCARS.7.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224EXT. CAPRA HOUSE, BACK YARD - DAY\\nLULU (8) holds court over TOM (4) and an array of toys ,\\nwhile FRANK JR. (11) practices throwing his ball against the\\ngarage and catching it .\\nFrank watches his children. War is over . Good has triumphed\\nover evil.\\nThere's just one thing missing. He follows the sound of the\\nRADIO to\\u2014\\nINT. CAPRA HOUSE, MASTER BEDROOM  - DAY\\nLUCILLE \\\"LU\\\" CAPRA (43, charming but approachable) sits at\\nher vanity. She holds her comb suspended in the air,\\ndistracted by the NEWS REPORT she's listening to .\\nNEWS REPORT (V.O.)\\nThe Soviet Union denied all knowledge\\nof the massacre, instead blaming it\\non Nazi occupiers. President Truman\\nsaid today he will not fail to hold\\nthe nation responsible for any war\\ncrimes for which evidence is\\ndiscovered.\\nLu shakes her head slowly, her face showing her anxiety. She\\ndoesn't look up when Frank enters but addresses him,\\nLU\\nDid you hear that? Unbelievable. Out\\nof the frying pan and into the fire,\\nwith the Soviets.\\nFRANK\\nWhy did you put a radio up here?\\nLU\\nSo the kids don't have to hear it. \\nBeat.\\nFRANK\\nYou never used to listen to the news.\\nLU\\nI'd rather know than not know all the\\nhorrible things happening.\\nFrank takes that in .8.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224The report ends. Lu finishes touching up her hair. She dabs\\nperfume on her wrist, then holds up a necklace to put on.\\nFrank takes it and does it for her. He wraps his arms around\\nher, breathes in her scent. Lu smiles at him in the mirror.\\nLU(cont'd)\\nIt's so good to have you home.\\nFRANK\\nWhat time should I be ready?\\nLU\\nI told everybody five.\\nFRANK\\n... sounds like just enough time for\\na private party.\\nHe slides his hands down her shoulders.\\nLu pauses.\\nLU\\nI just got dressed.\\nFRANK\\nI can help with that.\\nHe drops a kiss on her shoulder.\\nLU\\nIt's the wrong time of the month.\\nFRANK\\nSo we'll put a towel down.\\nLU\\nOpposite problem. I don't want to\\nrisk a baby.\\nFrank STOPS. Flabbergasted.\\nLU(cont'd)\\nIt could still happen. I'm not too\\nold. And with the way things are\\ngoing right now...\\nFRANK\\nWhat way? Everything's good. We won.9.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224LU\\nRe: radio( )\\nIt just said we could be at war\\nagain, soon. And there's talk of a\\nrecession... things could get a lot\\nworse, and we should be prepared.\\nFrank takes his hands off her.\\nLU(cont'd)\\nSoon, all right?\\nShe stands and checks her watch.\\nLU\\nI've got to finish up a few details.\\nFive!\\nLu exits.\\nFrank sits on the edge of the bed, feeling like a stranger\\nin his own marriage.\\nINT. CAPRA HOUSE, DINING ROOM - NIGHT\\nThe tail end of a dinner party. The guests (40s-50s) are\\nwell-acquainted enough to be informal with each other.\\nLYDIA\\nFrank, tell us  the truth : what 's\\nWashington  really like?\\nFRANK\\nToo many generals, not enough sense.\\nEveryone laughs.\\nLYDIA\\nYou weren't on the battlefields?\\nFRANK\\nI stayed in a dark, smelly basement\\nroom cutting miles of film together .\\nMuch less exciting.\\nSTEVEN\\nBut priceless . Those documentaries...\\neverybody saw them.\\nThe table sobers. Remembering.\\nSTEVEN (cont'd)\\n(MORE)10.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224Powerful stuff, Frank.STEVEN (cont'd)\\nFrank accepts the compliment.\\nSUSAN\\nThe images haunt me to this day.\\nFRANK\\nMaybe it'll make you feel better to\\nknow there was plenty more that was\\ntoo awful to show the public .\\nA horrified beat.\\nSUSAN\\nWe're never going to get  another\\nhappy-go-lucky picture out of you,\\nare we? How could we?\\nFRANK\\nOf course you will.\\nEveryone , including Lu,  is surprised.\\nFRANK (cont'd)\\nEven after everything we've been\\nthrough... everything we've seen, and\\nthe horrible things  we're still\\nfinding out... no, I still very much\\nbelieve as I ever did in the power of\\none good man, the strength of many\\ngood men, the idea that good\\nprevails.\\nNo one knows quite what to make of this.\\nSTEVEN\\nThat sounds like another shakedown\\nfrom Uncle Sam. Where's my checkbook?\\nSteven  exaggeratedly pats his pockets, eliciting laughs.\\nOn Lu, seeing the mood turning uncomfortable.\\nSTEVEN (cont'd)\\nAt least you won't have to worry\\nabout competition. Not many copy-cats\\nin the optimism camp.\\nFrank observes the agreement around the table. His gaze\\nmeets Lu's.\\nHer look says \\\"sorry, but it's true.\\\"11.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224The conversation moves on, but Frank feels very much the odd\\nman out.\\nEXT. ROOFTOP LOUNGE  - NIGHT\\nA swanky, VIP-laden space  that could only exist in Los\\nAngeles . People party equally for enjoyment and stress\\nrelief .\\nJim is squashed in the center of a large booth between two\\nattractive YOUNG WOMEN (early 20s).\\nThey fawn over him, stroke his hair and run eager fingers\\nover his lapels.\\nLILY\\nLook what the stress did to your\\nface. And your hair!\\nShe touches his receding, graying  temple. Jim jerks his head\\naway.\\nGERTIE\\nIt must have been terrible.\\nJIM\\nWell, I wouldn\\u2019t call it a good time.\\nLILY\\nWhat was it like, flying over\\nGermany?\\nGERTIE\\nDid you ever almost die?\\nBeat.\\nJIM\\nExcuse me.\\nJim somehow manages to stand and shuffle over a bunch of\\npeople - stepping on toes all the way - to get to the edge\\nof the booth.\\nHe dodges the strangers who try to ensnare him and exits the\\nclub.\\nEXT. BEVERLY HILLS RESIDENTIAL STREETS - NIGHT\\nSome time later.\\nJim wanders; directionless, purposeless .12.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224Suddenly he stops. He\\u2019s in front of a lit house. Knows this\\none. He goes to the door and RINGS the bell.\\nGARY COOPER (40s) answers, a bit wary. He doesn\\u2019t recognize\\nJim.\\nJIM\\nHey Coop.\\nAfter a second,\\nGARY\\nJim, my God! Come in!\\nINT. COOPER HOUSE - CONTINUOUS\\nJim steps in.\\nJIM\\nI saw your lights on\\u2014\\nHe stops when he sees two women at the dining table.\\nJIM\\nI\\u2019m sorry, you have company.\\nJim turns to leave but Gary grabs his arm.\\nGARY\\nStay.\\nROCKY (O.C.)\\nIs that Jim?\\nJim lets Gary haul him into the dining room. VERONICA\\n\\u201cROCKY\\u201d COOPER (early 30s) stands and rushes to embrace him.\\nROCKY\\nWhat a wonderful surprise!\\nJIM\\nIs it?\\nROCKY\\nOf course! We were just about to\\nstart. Sit here. This is my friend\\nGloria McLean. Gloria, this is James\\nStewart.\\nJim puts on a smile and turns to see GLORIA ( early 30s ).\\nShe\\u2019s lovely and entirely un-starstruck.\\nShe holds out her hand for him to shake.13.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224GLORIA\\nNice to meet you.\\nJIM\\nThe pleasure\\u2019s all mine.\\nGLORIA\\nNow don\\u2019t be greedy.\\nA surprised LAUGH escapes Jim. Gloria\\u2019s eyes twinkle.\\nInstant chemistry.\\nRocky flashes excited eyes at Gary. Gloria sees it.\\nGLORIA (cont'd)\\nI can see those wheels turning,\\nRocky.\\nROCKY\\nI can\\u2019t imagine what you mean.\\nGLORIA\\n(to Jim)\\nShe\\u2019s always trying to set me up.\\nJIM\\nI have an idea what that\\u2019s like.\\nGLORIA\\nI\\u2019m sure you do. So before she starts\\nextolling my virtues, I\\u2019m very\\nhappily divorced and busy with my two\\nyoung boys.\\nGary stifles a laugh and Rocky throws up her hands.\\nJIM\\nWhat are their names?\\nGloria is a bit thrown.\\nGLORIA\\nRonald and Michael.\\nJIM\\nDid you have to remember?\\nGLORIA\\nI\\u2019ve never gotten that far. Usually\\nby now a man is running for the\\nhills.14.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224JIM\\nI look awful running. It\\u2019s why I went\\ninto the Air Force.\\nRocky and Gary LAUGH. Gloria looks thoughtful.\\nGLORIA\\nThat must have been quite a time.\\nJIM\\nIt was.\\nThey have a hard time looking away from one another.\\nEXT. COOPER HOUSE - NIGHT\\nGloria and Jim stand before the open door. Jim shakes Gary\\u2019s\\nhand and kisses Rocky\\u2019s cheek. Rocky and Gloria hug.\\nROCKY\\nGood night!\\nRocky shuts the door in their faces.\\nGloria and Jim glance at each other.\\nGLORIA\\nMy car is just there.\\nJim walks Gloria to the car.\\nJIM\\nI hope my coming didn\\u2019t spoil your\\nevening.\\nGLORIA\\nNot at all. And Rocky couldn\\u2019t be\\nmore pleased.\\nJIM \\nShe\\u2019s not the only one.\\nGloria looks at him - is he implying what she thinks he's\\nimplying?\\nEXT. COOPER HOUSE, CURB - CONTINUOUS\\nJim opens the driver door for Gloria.15.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224JIM\\nI don\\u2019t supposed you\\u2019d like to have\\ndinner again? Just with me, this\\ntime.\\nA conflicted emotion crosses  Gloria\\u2019s face. \\nGLORIA\\nYou\\u2019re a very nice man.\\nJIM\\nThat\\u2019s the most gracious \\u2018no\\u2019 I\\u2019ve\\never had.\\nGLORIA\\nYou mean you\\u2019ve actually been turned\\ndown before? I find that hard to\\nbelieve.\\nThere's a moment where she's tempted, but shuts it down.\\nGLORIA (cont'd)\\nYou really are nice, but my boys are\\nmy priority.\\nJIM\\nI understand.\\nGloria gets in the car and Jim closes the door.\\nGLORIA\\nGood night.\\nJIM\\nGood night.\\nGloria drives off. Jim watches until the car is gone, then\\nsets off in the other direction.\\nINT. CAPRA HOUSE, DEN - DAY\\nDozens of scripts are stacked in two piles on Frank's desk.\\nHe takes one off the consider pile. The title reads THE\\nGREATEST BATTLE .\\nHe opens it, scans the first page, flips to the last page,\\nand closes it again. Stacks it on the reject pile.\\nLooks through the rest of the consider pile.16.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224FRANK\\nWILLIAM'S WAR. BULLET HOLES. A DAY OF\\nRECKONING.\\nAll go on the reject pile.\\nThe next one makes him pause. He opens it up. Sits down.\\nTurns the page.\\nWe see the cover: THE GREATEST GIFT.\\nINT. COLUMBIA PICTURES, HARRY COHN\\u2019S LOBBY - DAY\\nFrank enters and crosses to the SECRETARY's (20s) desk.\\nFRANK\\nFrank Capra for Mr. Cohn.\\nShe BRIGHTENS.\\nSECRETARY\\nMr. Capra! I love your movies!\\nFrank is happily  surprised.\\nFRANK\\nThank you very much.\\nSECRETARY\\nThe Battle of Britain was just\\nincredible. I felt like I was there.\\nI spent almost a whole paycheck on\\nWar Bonds, it was so moving.\\nFrank's smile falters.\\nThe secretary hits her intercom.\\nSECRETARY (cont'd)\\nMr. Ca pra's  here.\\nHARRY (O.S.)\\nFine.\\nThe secretary beams in admiration at Frank.\\nSECRETARY\\nGo right ahead, sir.\\nFrank crosses to the door and enters\\u201417.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224INT. COLUMBIA PICTURES, HARRY COHN'S OFFICE - CONTINUOUS\\n\\u2014 Harry's office. Sprawling. Designed to intimidate.\\nHARRY (50s, small and mean enough to make up for it) doesn't\\nget up.\\nHARRY\\nWelcome home.\\nFRANK\\nHome, is it?\\nHARRY\\nOf course. Where else?\\nBeat.\\nFRANK\\nIt's good to be back.\\nHARRY\\nYou got the scripts?  Which one do you\\nwant to do first? William Holden  is\\navailable. I like him for that one\\nabout the  ace pilot.\\nFRANK\\nTHE GREATEST GIFT is something\\nspecial.\\noff Harry's reaction( )\\nThe one about the guy who sees what\\nthe world would have been if he'd\\nnever been born.\\nHARRY\\nOh. That shouldn't have been in the\\npile. We don't even have the rights\\nto that one.\\nOn Frank: caught off guard, and dismayed.\\nFRANK\\nCan we get it?\\nHARRY\\nDoesn't matter. The plan is war\\npictures.\\n Beat.\\nFRANK\\nThe war's over.18.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224HARRY\\nAnd people want to celebrate.\\nFRANK\\nI don't.  I want to go back to what I\\ndo best. Wholesome, quality stories .\\nI want to do The Greatest Gift.\\nHarry is quiet. Then\\u2014\\nHARRY\\nJust so I'm clear. I 'm offering you\\nbig, guaranteed hits , and you want to\\ngo back to your, what did they used\\nto call it? Your schmaltzy Capra-\\ncorn?\\nFrank BRISTLES.  Collects himself. Remembers his goal. \\nFRANK\\nYou know, after Bambi came out,\\napplications for deer-hunting\\nlicenses plummeted.\\nHARRY\\nWell. Good for happy little critters\\neverywhere.\\nFRANK\\nAnd after BIRTH OF A NATION came out\\nin 1915, membership in the Ku Klux\\nKlan soared. Before the movie it was\\nnearly extinct.\\nbeat()\\nThe stuff we put out influences\\npeople. The way they think, the way\\nthey act... we wield enormous power.\\nWe have a moral obligation to make\\nsure we use it for the better. That's\\nwhy The Greatest Gift\\u2014\\nHARRY\\nI can't believe we're having this\\nconversation. It's a business, Frank .\\nI sell what people want to buy, and\\nthey're buying cars, houses, and\\nAmerican victory . So we are making\\nwar pictures.\\nbeat()\\nYour gimmick's old . And so are you.\\nFrank's temper rises.19.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224FRANK\\nI'm the most successful director in\\nHollywood.\\nHARRY\\nYou were.\\nBeat.\\nFRANK\\nHow about one war picture, and then\\nThe Greatest Gift .\\nHARRY\\nWhat is your obsession with that\\nshitty story?\\nFRANK\\nIt's not shitty! It's...\\nre-focusing( )\\nI don't want people, like your\\nsecretary, to hear my name and think\\n\\\"Frank Capra, man was he good at\\nmaking me hate the enemy.\\\" That's my\\nbottom line. That's what I'm\\nfighting, with this amazing, heart-\\nwrenching story.\\nHarry listening. Frank presses on,\\nFRANK\\nFor twenty years, you and I have\\nfought and you've won every time.\\nTwenty years of my sweat and blood to\\nmake you millions, to win you awards,\\nHARRY\\nDon't be dramatic .\\nFRANK\\nTwenty years of my soul, Harry. I\\u2019ve\\nearned  \\u2014 more than earned \\u2014  the right\\nto call this shot . \\nHarry considers.  Finally,\\nHARRY\\nIt's my studio . I will always call\\nthe shots.\\nOn Frank. Angry and disappointed, but not surprised. He\\nweighs his options, his priorities... and c omes to a\\nconclusion  that he would not have made a few years earlier .20.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224FRANK \\nThen I\\u2019 m out.\\nHARRY\\nOver one stupid picture that no\\nstudio will make?\\nFRANK\\nI'll make it . Myself.\\nHarry scoffs, until he realizes Frank is serious.\\nHARRY\\nIt'll ruin you.\\nFrank gets up. Already lighter. Free-er.\\nHARRY\\nFrank,\\nFrank does a little heel-kick as he heads to the door.\\nHARRY (cont'd)\\nFrank\\u2014\\nFrank is gone .\\nINT. CAPRA HOUSE - DAY\\nLater.\\nFrank enters , upbeat . Lu pops her head into the foyer, sees\\nhis mood.\\nLU\\nHe went for it ?\\nFRANK\\nNope. So I quit.  \\nLU\\n...you quit.\\nFRANK\\nI'm going to make it myself.\\nIndependently. Full control.\\nLu digests this. Anxiety rising along with her questions.\\nFRANK (cont'd)\\nIt'll be great.21.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224LU\\nYou heard Steven the other night.\\nI'm... not sure it's what people\\nwant, Frank. After all the horror\\nwe've seen... a story about the\\ninherent goodness of man is a tough\\nsell.\\nFrank is surprised.\\nFRANK\\nDon't you see that's exactly why it's\\nneeded?\\nLU\\nAnd without a studio to back you,\\nthat's a huge risk for us. We have\\nthe kids' college to think about, and\\nour retirement, not to mention I\\nthink we need to bolster the savings\\nanyway...\\nShe trails off, running down a mental path of what-ifs.\\nNot the reaction Frank expected.\\nFRANK\\nI'm not some newbie fresh off the\\nboat, you know. I have had some\\nsuccess in this business.\\nLU\\nHow are you going to pay for it? What\\nhappens if it fails?\\nFRANK\\nIt won't fail!\\nBeat. Both try to calm down.\\nFRANK (cont'd)\\nIf I find some partners...\\nincorporate, get a loan from the\\nbank... will that make you feel\\nbetter?\\nLU\\n... Just don't put the house up as\\ncollateral.\\nFRANK\\nOkay.22.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224Despite the agreement they are still miles apart. Frank\\ntakes her hands. Lu won't meet his eyes.\\nFRANK (cont'd)\\nYou're worried about the state of the\\nworld. I'm trying to do something\\nabout it.\\nbeat()\\nI know what I'm doing, sweetie.\\nLu softens, but is still worried.\\nLU\\nWhat do you want me to say?\\nFRANK\\nThat you believe things can get\\nbetter.\\nIt's a long moment before Lu speaks.\\nLU\\n... I believe in you.\\nThat both hurts and comforts.\\nFRANK\\nI'll take what I can get.\\nEXT. LOS ANGELES, STREETS - DAY\\nAn AMBULANCE, siren WAILING, navigates a smooth route\\nthrough traffic. Weaving through lanes, tight turn.\\nEXT. HOSPITAL, AMBULANCE BAY - CONTINUOUS\\nThe ambulance pulls up to a free space among all the others.\\nThe doors on the back fling open and out jump two PARAMEDICS\\n(40s, male). They pull the gurney-strapped PATIENT out and\\nbusy themselves with him.\\nThe driver door opens and Gloria steps out to lend a hand.\\nPatient secured, the paramedics roll him into the hospital.\\nGloria watches from the curb.\\nShe EXHALES. Didn't realize she was holding her breath.\\nAnd notices GREGORY (30s) a few feet away.\\nHe's trying to light a cigarette, but his hands SHAKE too\\nbadly.23.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224Gloria crosses to him slowly. Giving him time to notice her.\\nShe SMILES when he does.\\nGLORIA\\nMay I?\\nShe takes the lighter from him and lights the cigarette in\\nhis mouth.\\nGregory takes a desperate drag, then smiles at her.\\nGREGORY\\nThanks.\\nGloria quickly takes in the broken capillaries of his face.\\nPuts it together with the still-shaking hands.\\nGLORIA\\nIt's dangerous, you know. Going cold\\nturkey.\\nGregory stiffens.\\nGREGORY\\nExcuse me?\\nGLORIA\\nEasing off is better. If you set\\nyourself a schedule\\u2014\\nTONY\\nGloria.\\nTONY (60s) beckons from the door to his office.\\nGloria reluctantly leaves Gregory.\\nINT. TONY'S OFFICE - CONTINUOUS\\nGloria closes the door behind her and leans against it. \\nTony is clearly uncomfortable.\\nTONY\\nYou know you're my best driver,\\nright?\\nGloria is wary.\\nGLORIA\\nThank you.24.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224TONY\\nI'd keep you on forever if I could...\\nGloria sighs.\\nTONY(cont'd)\\nYou know what I'm getting at?\\nGLORIA\\nThe boys need their jobs back.\\nTONY\\nI wanted to give you the chance to\\nresign.\\nGloria softens.\\nGLORIA\\nThat's considerate.\\nTONY\\nConsiderate would have been if I'd\\ncaught you before you met the\\nreplacement.\\nBeat.\\nGloria looks out, sees Gregory still standing there.\\nGLORIA\\nHim?\\nTONY\\nGregory. He worked here before.\\nGLORIA\\nAnd did he have a booze problem\\nbefore?\\nTony's surprised.\\nGLORIA (cont'd)\\nThe red face. Shaking hands. He's in\\nno shape to be driving.\\nTony weighs that.\\nTONY\\nI'll talk to him.\\nGLORIA\\nTony. \\nIt dawns on her, 25.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224GLORIA (cont'd)\\nYou're just going to pretend he's\\nfine?\\nTONY\\nEverybody drinks\\u2014\\nGLORIA\\nHe's a DRUNK.\\nTONY\\nHe showed up on time, clean clothes,\\nspotless record. Says he's ready to\\nwork. I take him at his word.\\nHe holds out an envelope to her. Her last check.\\nTONY(cont'd)\\nIt's not personal.\\nGloria is livid.\\nGLORIA\\nI will pray that no one gets hurt\\nbecause of his dishonesty. Or yours.\\nShe snatches the checks, yanks the door open, and is gone.\\nINT. MGM ADMIN BUILDING, LOBBY - DAY\\nJim waits in the foyer of the main office. He looks at the\\nwall of GLAMOUR PHOTOS of MGM stars. His own photo, in\\nuniform, is front and center.\\nHe looks at it with mixed feelings. Could not feel less like\\nthat man in the picture.\\nLOUIS\\nJames.\\nJim turns to LOUIS B. MAYER (60's, imposing).\\nLOUIS (cont'd)\\nYou came.\\nJIM\\njokingly( )\\nAs ordered, Mr. Mayer.\\nLOUIS\\nI'm glad you survived. You look old.\\nHow's your head?26.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224The rudeness throws Jim off-balance.\\nJIM\\nFine, I guess.\\nLOUIS\\nYou got, what do they call it? Flak\\nHappy?\\nJim stiffens.\\nLOUIS (cont'd)\\nHad to convalesce in England for a\\nwhile?\\nAnger and shame radiates off Jim.\\nLOUIS (cont'd)\\nEurope isn't so far that I can't keep\\ntabs on my stars. Are you fit to\\nwork?\\nJIM\\nYes.\\nLOUIS\\nGood. We'll find a project for you.\\nIn the meantime, I've got a new\\ndirector I think you'll like. He's on\\nStage 9 right now. Why don't you go\\nhave a look?\\nLouis walks away.\\nJim feels railroaded.\\nINT. MGM LOT, S TAGE 9  - DAY\\nThe enormous stage is full of activity, which allows Jim to\\nmove around unnoticed.\\nHe observes in a detached manner.  His wandering takes him to\\nan empty\\nTHRONE ROOM SET:\\nHe stops. It\\u2019s a feast for the senses, like someone plucked\\nit right out of Europe. He\\u2019s drawn to it, looking up at the\\ntapestries, even reaching out to touch the ancient stone\\nwall...that crumbles under his hand.\\nThe spell immediately breaks. This is a film set, not a real\\ncastle.27.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224Jim looks around for something to wipe his hand with, and\\ncomes to the backside of the stone wall: all rough wood and\\nplaster, piles of sawdust, cables, trash.\\nNow he\\u2019s within viewing distance of another set from the\\nsame film, this one with a scene in production.\\nPALACE BALLROOM SET:\\nNOBLEWOMAN\\nMy father says I must marry the Duke,\\nor he\\u2019ll send me to a nunnery.\\nNOBLEMAN\\nThen it must be tonight.\\nThey kiss passionately.\\nJim is embarrassed just watching it.\\nAnd just like that, makes a decision.\\nHe slinks away unnoticed.\\nEXT. PARK - DAY\\nJim wanders aimlessly along the path, and slows. He\\nrecognizes Gloria on a blanket in the grass.\\nHe approaches. She recognizes him and freezes.\\nJIM\\nHello.\\nGLORIA\\nHi. \\nGloria glances at the gang of boys playing tag a few yards\\naway.\\nJIM\\nAre your boys somewhere in there?\\nGLORIA\\nYes.\\nShe looks uncomfortable. Jim feels it.\\nJIM\\nWell I just thought I\\u2019d say ...\\ngoodbye, actually. I\\u2019m moving back to\\nIndiana.28.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224Beat.\\nGLORIA\\nNo more acting?\\nJIM\\nNo.\\nGLORIA\\nWhy not? You\\u2019re pretty good.\\nJIM\\nKind of you to say.\\nGloria can hear something urgent and unspoken  in him .\\nGLORIA\\nIt's good to realize you need a\\nchange. Not many people are that\\ntruthful with themselves.\\nJim likes the compliment .\\nGLORIA (cont'd)\\nDo you have a moving date?\\nJIM\\nNot yet. I just decided today.\\nOn Gloria, going with her gut . Before she has a chance to\\nstop herself ,\\nGLORIA\\nThen how about lunch Thursday.\\nBertolli\\u2019s, at noon?\\nJimmy\\u2019s brows reach for his hairline.\\nGLORIA (cont'd)\\nquickly( )\\nJust as friends. You seem like you\\nneed one.\\nJIM\\nSure, friend. Bertolli\\u2019s, Thursday,\\nnoon.\\nGLORIA\\nSee you there.\\nHe tips his hat and continues on his path, leaving Gloria\\nwondering why she just did that.29.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224INT. CAPRA HOUSE, NIGHT - DEN\\nFrank sits on a dining chair while his guests GEORGE STEVENS\\n(40s, razor sharp) and WILLIAM WYLER (40s, soft spoken,\\nfaint French accent ) occupy both ends of the sofa.\\nFRANK\\nSo that\\u2019s the deal. We put up 50\\nthousand each to get 3 million in\\nfinancing  from the bank . Enough for\\nthree to five pictures that  RKO will\\ndistribute . And the full freedom to\\nmake whatever we want. \\nThey process this .\\nGEORGE STEVENS\\nI\\u2019m in.\\nFRANK \\nWillie?\\nWILLIAM\\nI just don\\u2019t know that it\\u2019s the right\\ntime. Everything is still settling.\\nFRANK\\nThat's why it's the right time. We\\nmay not get another opportunity.\\nWilliam is still unsure.\\nFRANK (cont'd)\\nStudios just want money. They don't\\ngive a damn about what we have to\\nsay.\\nThere's a strength in Frank, the unshakeable conviction that\\nfills a room and infiltrates everything in it's path.\\nWILLIAM\\n...Goldwyn doesn't want me to cast a\\nreal disabled veteran in The Best\\nYears of Our Lives. Doesn't see why\\nit's important.\\nFrank and George sympathize.\\nWILLIAM (cont'd)\\nWe should call the company  Liberty\\nFilms.\\nFrank smiles.30.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224WILLIAM (cont'd)\\nI assume you have a project in mind?\\nFRANK\\nNaturally.\\nWILLIAM\\nAnd a star?\\nINT. COCOANUT GROVE  - NIGHT\\nThe word \\\"nightclub\\\" was invented for this place.\\nHuge stage for a full dance band, polished dance floor,\\nintimate tables, and full grown coconut trees dotting the\\nperimeter.\\nThe person next to you is either a movie star, an industry\\ntycoon, a future president.\\nFrank, dressed to be seen, waits at a small VIP table on the\\nside of the dance floor.\\nThe floor show - a dozen girls in sequins and feathers -\\ndoes their routine, but Frank only has eyes for the door.\\nHe lights up when JIM steps through it. Frank stands, waves\\nJim over.\\nA genuine smile cracks Jim's face as he joins Frank. They\\nsit down.\\nFRANK\\nDid you ever think you'd see the\\n'grove again?\\nJIM\\nhonest( )\\nNo.\\nFrank misses the intonation as he flags a waiter down.\\nLATER\\nFewer people and a break in the music make it possible to\\nhave a conversation.\\nJim still looks around himself like he can't believe it's\\nall real.31.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224JIM\\nDo you ever feel like you just closed\\nyour eyes and went to sleep ? Like you\\ndreamed everything?\\nFRANK\\nSometimes , when I look at the kids...\\nsee how big they are...\\nJim nods understandingly even as Frank abandons the train of\\nthought. Frank lights his pipe .\\n FRANK \\nMind if I run an idea by you?\\nJim stiffens a little.\\nJIM\\nOkay.\\nFRANK\\nIt goes like this. It\\u2019s modern day.\\nYou\\u2019re a regular guy\\u2014\\nJIM\\nI am?\\nFrank smiles, caught out.\\nFRANK\\nWell, I hope so. Anyway, you\\u2019re a\\nregular guy and your life isn\\u2019t what\\nyou hoped. You wanted to travel, but\\nyour dad dies and you have to run the\\nfamily business. Then you get a\\nchance to leave, but you fall in love\\nand marry the girl next door.\\nJim nods unhappily as he follows along.\\nFRANK \\nSo you have a couple kids, and you\\nmake ends meet but it\\u2019s not what you\\nwant. You\\u2019re so frustrated you try\\nto...\\nFrank falters,\\nFRANK\\nto kill yourself by jumping off a\\nbridge...\\nJim gives him nothing.32.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224FRANK (cont'd)\\nBut there\\u2019s... uh... an angel, but he\\nhasn\\u2019t won his wings yet so he jumps\\nin to save you...\\nFrank breaks off.\\nFRANK\\nIt sounds awful when I say it out\\nloud. But I promise it\\u2019s good.\\nJIM\\nI know it will be.\\nFrank brightens,\\nJIM(cont'd)\\nBut I wish you\\u2019d told me this was a\\npitch over the phone. It\\u2019s not for\\nme.\\nFRANK\\nWhy don\\u2019t you just read it\\u2014\\nJIM\\nI\\u2019m done. Going home to work in my\\nfather\\u2019s store.\\nOf all the things, this is the last one Frank ever expected.\\nFRANK\\nIt has to be you. You're America's\\nEveryman.\\nJIM\\ntrying to joke( )\\nWell then America's in trouble .\\nFrank doesn't laugh.\\nThe band comes back and picks up their instruments. Overhead\\nLIGHTS flash.\\nFRANK\\nI'm not buttering you up. Y ou're the\\nonly guy for the part .\\nJim is unmoved. Frank starts to feel desperate.\\nThe band starts something LOUD and JAZZY. The floor show\\nruns out and starts their number.\\nFrank and Jim take no notice.33.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224FRANK (cont'd)\\nleaning in, louder( )\\nI can't do it without you.\\nJim can hear , and see,  the urgency. And yet ,\\nJIM\\nI\\u2019m sorry.\\nOn Frank: devastated.\\nINT. BERTOLLI\\u2019S, LUNCH COUNTER - DAY\\nGloria and Jim sit at the lunch counter. They\\u2019re casual,\\nfriendly, and finishing up.\\nJIM\\nAnd then I left.\\nGLORIA\\nHe didn\\u2019t ask why?\\nJIM\\nFrank doesn\\u2019t ask unnecessary\\nquestions. I said no and that was\\nthat.\\nGLORIA\\nI always liked Mr. Capra\\u2019s films.\\nThey look like modern fairy tales,\\nbut there's complexity underneath.\\nJIM\\nHe\\u2019s a great director.\\nGLORIA\\nHe certainly made you look good.\\nJim smiles.\\nGLORIA (cont'd)\\nOkay I give up. Why can\\u2019t you act\\nanymore?\\nJIM\\nIt just feels... Silly. Phony.\\nGLORIA\\nWell, sure.\\nJIM\\nIt didn\\u2019t before.34.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224Gloria doesn't understand.\\nJIM(cont'd)\\nA good actor doesn't just say the\\nlines and hit his marks. He has to\\nmake the audience feel something . And\\nthe only way that works is if it's\\nreal to him. If it's real to him,\\nit's real to the audience.\\nGLORIA\\ngetting it( )\\nNothing feels real anymor e.\\nJIM\\nNothing good .\\nOutside, a TRUCK rolls by. The windows of Bertolli's RATTLE.\\nJim moves automatically, one hand up to protect his face,\\nthe other reaching to turn her away from the flying glass...\\nthat never comes.\\nHis eyes meet Gloria's - she sees fear in them for a\\nfraction of a second.\\nThe truck moves on, the windows quiet, and Jim's hands come\\ndown.\\nBefore Gloria can ask,\\nJIM(cont'd)\\nEntertainment is trivial. I need to\\ndo something...\\nsearching for the(\\nword)\\n worthwhile.\\nGloria processes everything he said, and did.\\nGLORIA\\n... But it\\u2019s not trivial to Frank. \\nHe\\u2019s your friend, and he\\u2019s asking for\\nyour help. What\\u2019s more worthwhile\\nthan that?\\nJim hadn\\u2019t considered it that way.\\nJIM\\nYou want me to do it?\\nGLORIA\\nIt\\u2019s not for me to say.35.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224JIM\\nYou just did.\\nThat spark crackles again.\\nThe bill is laid in front of Jim. He reaches for it but\\nGloria is quick - she had her dollars ready and lays them\\ndown.\\nGLORIA\\nI\\u2019ll say this... You can\\u2019t do\\nanything for the ones that were lost.\\nShe notices Jim's eyes grow somber. He listens.\\nGLORIA (cont'd)\\nBut there is someone you can help,\\nand he seems to think you\\u2019re the only\\none who can. \\nJim looks at her, appreciating her... Falling for her.\\nGloria feels it, and puts her walls back up.\\nGLORIA (cont'd)\\nJust my two cents.\\nJIM\\n(re: the bill)\\nThanks.\\nGLORIA\\nYou\\u2019re welcome.\\nJim smiles mysteriously.\\nGLORIA (cont'd)\\nWhat?\\nJIM\\nAdvice like that, you must be a heck\\nof a mother. Ronald and Michael will\\ngrow up to be good men.\\nGloria smiles but is uncomfortable.\\nJIM\\nI know. Just friends.\\nGLORIA\\nI don\\u2019t want to bring anyone...\\nCasual, into their lives.\\nJIM\\nLike I said. Great mother.36.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224This time the smile is genuine.\\nGLORIA\\nThank you.\\nINT. JIM\\u2019S APARTMENT - NIGHT\\nJim sits on his bed and stares at the phone on the\\nnightstand. He\\u2019s been staring at it for some time.\\nHe takes a breath, picks up the receiver and dials.\\nINT. CAPRA HOUSE, DEN - DAY.\\nFrank, an open and marked-up script before him, stares into\\nmiddle distance .\\nSpiraling.\\nThe phone rings and he answers.\\nFRANK\\nHello.\\nINTERCUT LOCATIONS\\nJIM\\nFrank, it\\u2019s Jim.\\nJim pauses, the words stuck in his throat. He forces them\\nout.\\nJIM\\nWhen do we start?\\nEXT. RKO MOVIE RANCH - DAY\\nThe wonders of outdoor film production in the Golden Age.\\nHundreds of people transform four acres of generic\\nstorefronts and streets into Bedford Falls:\\n- Business signs are repainted on windows.\\n- Twenty-foot live oak trees are planted in a new parkway\\nbisecting the main road.\\n- Gaffers perch on scaffolding to arrange massive lights.\\n- Fences are threaded with rose bushes and vines.\\n- Miles of cable are tied together and pinned to the ground.37.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224- Industrial sized fans blow fake breezes into shrubs and\\ntrees.\\nFrank stands in the middle of it all, watching his Everytown\\ncome together. This is his happy place, and even as he makes\\nadjustments, he's jovial.\\nFRANK\\nJack,\\nJACK (50s), production designer, crosses to Frank.\\nFRANK (cont'd)\\nLet's add some grit and age. Maybe\\nsome street litter. Some older cars,\\ndefinitely.\\nJACK\\nWhere?\\nFRANK\\nEverywhere.\\noff Jack's look( )\\nI want it to be as middle class as\\npossible. Really real.\\nJACK\\nNobody goes to the movies for\\nrealism.\\nFRANK\\nIf the audience can't recognize this\\nplace as the next town over from\\ntheir own, we've lost them before\\nwe've begun. \\nJack is mystified.\\nJACK\\n... We're talking about a movie,\\nFrank. They know going into it that\\nit isn't real.\\nFRANK\\nBut they want it to be.\\nJack concedes and goes back to work.\\nJim crosses the set. He moves quickly, as though he doesn\\u2019t\\nwant to be seen. But in his wake, the odd elbow-nudge or\\nstage whisper. It\\u2019s Jimmy Stewart!\\nSoon the attention precedes him.38.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224MAN 1\\nCaptain Stewart!\\nThere\\u2019s a WHISTLE, and few WHOOPS, and a smattering of\\napplause.\\nJim grins uncomfortably and waves to acknowledge it, which\\nonly makes the welcome stronger.\\nMAN 2\\nWelcome home!\\nMAN 3\\nFinally, some blue blood on this rag-\\ntag indie!\\nThe LAUGHS turn to  CHEERS now. He\\u2019s their mascot, and its\\nthe last thing he wants to be.\\nHe escapes into the trailer\\u2014\\nINT. STEWART TRAILER - DAY.\\n\\u2014and listens to the excitement carry on. Feels sick.\\nHe sits down to the vanity and looks himself in the eye.\\nAbsolutely does not want to be here.\\nINT. RKO SOUNDSTAGE, OUTDOOR SET - DAY\\nJim exits his trailer, in make up, hair piece, and a too-big\\n1920s football uniform. He feels as stupid as he looks, and\\ntwice as old... Which, he is.\\nFrank speaks to DONNA REED (24, easygoing and endearing ) off\\nstage as the crew sets up a shot around the second team.\\nJim approaches them .\\nFRANK\\nThere you are. Donna, this is Jim\\nStewart. Jim, Donna Reed.\\nDonna flashes her megawatt smile.\\nDONNA\\nHello.\\n Jim's taken aback.\\nJIM\\nHow do you do .39.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224FRANK\\nTake a few minutes for the\\npleasantries.\\nFrank exits. Jim and Donna stand awkwardly together.\\nJIM\\nWhere are you from, Donna?\\nDONNA\\nDenison, Iowa.\\nJIM\\nBeen out here long?\\nDONNA\\nA few years.\\nShe feels something off about him. Takes a guess.\\nDONNA\\nI'm not what you expected?\\nJIM\\nNo, no...  I didn't have any\\nexpectations.\\nDONNA\\nPeople usually say I seem mature for\\nmy age.\\nJIM\\nI wouldn't say that. If anything...\\nyoung, comes to mind.\\nDONNA\\nReally? Nobody 's ever sa id that.\\nBefore Jim can respond\\u2014\\n1ST AD\\nFirst Team! This is a rehearsal!\\nDonna and Jim get up and replace the stand-ins on the set.\\nFrank pops up and joins them, full of optimistic energy.\\nFRANK\\nHere we go! Jim, remember you\\u2019re a\\nyoung man now, just 22 or so and\\nyou\\u2019ve got big plans. Travel,\\ncollege, it\\u2019s all ahead of you.\\nDonna, you\\u2019ve loved him forever but\\nhe doesn\\u2019t know that. Questions?40.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224No questions.\\nFRANK (cont'd)\\nLet\\u2019s do it.\\nFrank retreats behind the camera.\\nFRANK (cont'd)\\nAction.\\nJim looks down at Donna, trying to connect.\\nJIM\\nWhat is it you want Mary? You want\\nthe moon? Just say the word and I\\u2019ll\\nthrow a lasso \\u2018round it and pull it\\ndown.\\nHis delivery is wooden.\\nFRANK\\nCut. Jim, could you get a better\\neyeline with Donna? And really paint\\nthe picture - she's always been the\\ngirl next door but all of a sudden\\nshe makes your heart beat.  You were\\njust dancing together, and it\\u2019s a\\nbeautiful night. Romance her. From\\nthe top.\\nJim nods, clears his throat and stoops a little. Donna\\nsmiles at him. It makes him feel worse.\\nFRANK (cont'd)\\nAction.\\nJIM\\nWhat is it you want Mary? You want\\nthe moon? Just say the word and I\\u2019ll\\nthrow a lasso \\u2018round it and pull it\\ndown.\\nNow he sounds like he\\u2019s selling her a vacuum cleaner. Donna\\nstares at him adoringly.\\nOn Frank: surprised. He glances at nearby crew,\\nQUICK SHOTS:\\nCrew reactions.\\nThey confirm it. Jim has never been this bad before.41.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224DONNA\\nI\\u2019ll take it. Then what?\\nJIM\\nWell then you could swallow it. And\\nit would all dissolve, see? And the\\nmoonbeams would shoot out of your\\nfingers\\u2014\\nFRANK\\nCut. Jim, really make love to her.\\nFrom the top.\\nEveryone resets. Jim rolls his shoulders, on edge.\\nJIM\\nWhat...\\n(starting again)\\nWhat is it you want, Mary?\\nLATER\\nOn Frank, watching the scene. His chin in his hand. He\\nglances at 1st AD\\u2019s notepad. Hatch marks  show this is the\\n20th rehearsal .\\n1st AD raises an EYEBROW at Frank and TAPS his watch , points\\nto the unused camera. We need to start rolling.\\nFRANK \\nCut. Let's get one for real.\\nINT. STEWART T RAILER - CONTINUOUS\\nLater.\\nJim rests in his trailer. A KNOCK on the door.\\nJIM\\nCome in.\\nFrank enters.\\nJIM(cont'd)\\nTime?\\nFRANK\\nA few more minutes. I just wanted to\\nsee how you're doing.\\nJIM\\nYou should know better than anybody.42.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224FRANK\\nFirst day back is always a bit rusty.\\nJIM\\nRusty? Frank... I don\\u2019t know if I can\\ndo this.\\nFRANK \\nIt\\u2019s fine.\\nJIM\\nDonna\\u2019s so young\\u2013\\nFRANK\\nShe\\u2019s twenty-four.\\nJIM\\nAnd I'm a few months shy of 40.\\nFRANK\\nBut George isn't.\\nJIM\\nThat doesn't stop me from feeling\\nlike a creep.\\nBeat.\\nFRANK\\nYou want me to fire her?\\nJIM\\nNo! No, I just... I 'll try harder .\\nFRANK\\nRelax. It's just acting. Not life or\\ndeath.  \\nHe CLAPS Jim on the shoulder and exits the trailer .\\nWe hold on Jim's unconvinced face .\\nINT. RKO SOUNDSTAGE - CONTINUOUS\\n1st AD trots over to Frank.\\n1ST AD\\nWe\\u2019re two hours behind.\\nFRANK\\nWe\\u2019ll make it up. He just needs to\\nget the hang of it again.43.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 202212241st AD gives Frank a look.\\nFRANK (cont'd)\\nSee if you can do something with the\\nschedule. He\\u2019ll come through if we\\ngive him the space.\\n1ST AD\\nWe could probably move up the outdoor\\nB roll shoot to the end of the week.\\nFRANK \\nGreat, let\\u2019s do that.\\nEXT. GLORIA'S HOUSE - DAY\\nGloria's out in her back yard, weeding her vegetable garden.\\nShe hears the PHONE ringing from inside.\\nINT. GLORIA'S HOUSE, LIVING ROOM - CONTINUOUS\\nGloria snatches up the phone. We only hear her side of the\\nconversation.\\nGLORIA\\nHello. It's the middle of the day,\\nthey're in school. They've been\\nasking when you're coming to visit...\\nbecause you're their father, Ned.\\nThey expect that when you say you'll\\ndo something, you will eventually do\\nit. Then can you at least call when\\nthey're home? Anytime after 6. All\\nright, thank you. Bye.\\nShe hangs up.\\nINT. GLORIA'S HOUSE, LIVING ROOM - NIGHT\\nGloria, RONALD (6) and MICHAEL (9) all read in the living\\nroom.\\nGloria's eyes stray to the clock on the wall. 9:30pm. After\\na moment, she picks up the phone and dials.\\nIt rings, and rings, and rings... and disconnects. Gloria\\nschools her anger but the boys aren't fooled.\\nMICHAEL\\nWho were you calling?44.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224Gloria hesitates.\\nMICHAEL (cont'd)\\nDad?\\nGLORIA\\nYes.\\nMichael's face darkens. Ronald looks upset.\\nRONALD\\nWas it about coming to visit?\\nGloria digs deep for reassurance to put in her voice.\\nGLORIA\\nAnd a few other things. But it's\\nlate, he must be asleep. And you\\nshould be, too.\\nShe gathers them up and herds them to bed.\\nINT. RKO SOUND STAGE, BRIDGE TOLL HOUSE SET - DAY\\nThe middle of a take.\\nJim, hunched over in his long underwear, tongue puffing out\\nhis lower lip, fake blood drawn down his jaw, looks up like\\na surly cow and addresses HENRY TRAVERS as \\u201cClarence\\nOddbody\\u201d:\\nJIM\\nWhat\\u2019d you say?\\nHENRY\\nYou\\u2019ve never been born. You don\\u2019t\\nexist. You haven\\u2019t a care in the\\nworld. No worries, no obligations, no\\n8,000 dollars to get, no Potter\\nlooking for you with the sheriff,\\nJIM\\nSay something else in that ear.\\nHENRY\\nSure, you can hear out of it.\\nJIM\\nWell it\\u2019s a doggone thing... Haven\\u2019t\\nheard anything out of that ear since\\nI was a kid.45.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224The lines are right, but as before, Jim just isn\\u2019t IN the\\nscene.\\nFrank glances at 1st AD\\u2019s clipboard again.\\n25 hatch marks ; the 25th take.\\nFrank leans over, circles the 23rd hatch mark.\\nOn Frank: starting to worry.\\nEXT. RKO MOVIE RANCH, BEDFORD FALLS SET - DAY\\nThe Encino summer sun shimmers the air on  set, which is\\nblanketed in synthetic snow.\\nBACKGROUND ACTORS  shuffle through imaginary wind, tucked\\ninto overcoats, hats, scarves and gloves.\\nBehind the camera, the crew is stripped down to their\\nundershirts and dripping SWEAT.\\nFrank mops his forehead as he watches.\\nCRACK!\\nThe bulb from a light frie s out.\\nCRACK! CRACK!\\nTwo more follow it.\\nFRANK\\nCut! Damn heat. Joe,\\nFrank turns to his cinematographer JOE (40s). Joe actually\\nleans on his camera.\\nFRANK (cont'd)\\nJoe?\\nJOE\\nMm.\\nJoe tries to stand but his head swims and he STUMBLES. Frank\\nsteadies him.\\nFRANK\\nEasy. Sit down.\\nJoe doesn\\u2019t protest and Frank helps him sit.46.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224Frank surveys his crew. Their suffering is clear. He signals\\n1st AD.\\nFRANK (cont'd)\\nLet\\u2019s take thirty . Make sure\\neverybody has some water.\\n1st AD trudges off to obey as 2nd AD appears at his elbow.\\n2ND AD\\nI just got off with the weather\\nservice. Triple digit temperatures\\nfor the rest of the week.\\nFRANK\\nChrist.\\nThe LINE PRODUCER (50s), enormous bound budget in hand,\\nhovers nearby. Clearly wants to speak to Frank.\\nFrank thinks a moment, lines in his face deepening.\\nHe looks at the background actors; their clothes are soaked\\nthrough. They are spent.\\nFRANK (cont'd)\\nAll right. Tell the department heads\\nwe\\u2019re shutting down immediately. Have\\neveryone back on Monday.\\n2nd AD  runs off, leaving the way clear for Line Producer. He\\nscurries over.\\nLINE PRODUCER\\nYou can\\u2019t shut down .\\nFRANK\\nLights are burning out and people are\\ndropping like flies. We don\\u2019t have a\\nchoice.\\nLine Producer drops his voice.\\nLINE PRODUCER\\nWe\\u2019re already in the red!\\nFrank STOPS.\\nFRANK\\nHow?47.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224LINE PRODUCER\\nStewart. All his takes. I\\u2019m already\\npulling funds from other areas for\\nmore film. You\\u2019re behind schedule,\\nand now you\\u2019re cutting three days for\\na shutdown.\\nFRANK\\nKeep your voice down.\\n(beat)\\nHe\\u2019ll get better. We\\u2019ll make up the\\ntime. Find the money.\\nThe line producer turns away.\\nFrank watches, stressed, as the set s huts down.\\nINT. CAPRA HOUSE - DAY\\nFrank enters. The house is quiet.\\nFRANK\\nAnybody home?\\nLU (O.S.)\\nIn the kitchen!\\nINT. CAPRA HOUSE, KITCHEN - CONTINUOUS\\nFrank enters. Lu sits at the table, an open newspaper spread\\nbefore her. She's engrossed.\\nHer women's magazines are untouched on the other side of the\\ntable.\\nLU\\nYou're early.\\nFRANK\\nToo hot to work. Where are the kids?\\nLU\\ndistracted( )\\nLulu's next door, Tommy's napping,\\nand Junior's at the movies. Since\\nyou're home, would you mind picking\\nhim up?48.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224EXT. LOS ANGELES MOVIE THEATER - DAY\\nA group of TWEEN BOYS loiter outside the theater. Frank Jr.\\nis among them.\\nFrank's car pulls up to the curb. He BEEPS the horn gently\\nto get the boys' attention.\\nFrank Jr. comes to the car. Gets in.\\nINT. CAPRA CAR - CONTINUOUS\\nFRANK JR.\\nWhere's mom?\\nFRANK\\nReading the paper.\\nFRANK JR.\\nThat's all she ever does.\\nFrank considers , but redirects.\\nFRANK\\nDid you have a good time? What did\\nyou see?\\nFrank cranes his head to see the marquee. His face goes\\nASHEN. Then ANGRY.\\nFRANK JR.\\nTHE BODY SNATCHERS. It was great.\\nBoris Karloff\\u2014\\nFRANK\\nStay here.\\nFrank leaves the car on and exits.\\nAs he walks into the theater, we see the marquee:\\nBoris Karloff in THE BODY SNATCHERS, Gene Kelly in ANCHORS\\nAWEIGH... Frank Capra's THE BATTLE OF CHINA.\\nINT. LOS ANGELES MOVIE THEATER - CONTINUOUS\\nFrank scans the lobby until he finds a discreet door. He\\nopens it.\\nThe MANAGER inside JUMPS.49.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224FRANK\\nYou the manager?\\nMANAGER\\nYou can't be in here.\\nFRANK\\nAre you the manager?\\nWhen he doesn't answer,\\nFRANK (cont'd)\\nYou have no right to show The Battle\\nof China. That is property of the\\nUnited States Government and all\\nprints were to be destroyed or\\nshipped back months ago.\\nMANAGER\\nRelax, all right, I just got it.\\nBeat.\\nFRANK\\nWhat do you mean you just got it?\\nMANAGER\\nCame in last week, straight from the\\nWar Department. You have a problem\\nwith that you can take it up with\\nthem.\\nOn Frank: shocked.\\nINT. CAPRA HOUSE, DINING ROOM - NIGHT\\nLu and the kids eat. Frank's plate is getting cold. They can\\nhear Frank's voice, muffled by distance.\\nThe kids are unnerved by the clear anger in it.\\nLU\\nIt's all right, he's just hungry.\\nThey're keeping him from his dinner.\\nShe tries to smile reassuringly. None of the kids buy it.\\nINT. CAPRA HOUSE, DEN - CONTINUOUS\\nFrank, phone in hand, paces as far as the cord will let him.\\nWaiting.50.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224Finally,\\nFRANK\\nYes, I've been waiting over an hour\\nfor General Marshall... Well it's\\nabout time, George. Why is my local\\ntheater showing Battle of China?\\nAs Frank listens to the response, his anger freezes into\\ndread. Then fear.\\nINT. CAPRA HOUSE, DINING ROOM - NIGHT\\nFrank enters and takes his seat. Shell-shocked. Won't meet\\nanyone's eyes.\\nLU\\nEverything all right?\\nFrank's voice seems to come from far away.\\nFRANK\\nThey're recirculating the Why We\\nFight movies.\\nBeat.\\nLU\\nAll of them?\\nFrank nods.\\nLU(cont'd)\\nWhy?\\nFRANK\\nThe administration thinks it will be\\ngood for the next election. They will\\nplay indefinitely. All over the\\ncountry.\\nNobody knows what to say.\\nHe pushes his plate away, gets up and goes out the door to\\nthe backyard.\\nLu and the children are stunned in his wake. After a moment,\\nLU\\nto Frank Jr.( )\\nFrank, clear the table when you're\\nfinished, all right?51.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224She touches each child's head as she follows Frank.\\nEXT. CAPRA HOUSE - NIGHT\\nFrank stuffs tobacco in his pipe with shaking hands; his\\nfury spilling over.\\nLu gently takes the match from him and lights the pipe.\\nShe observes him. How deeply upset he is.\\nLU\\nThose movies did a lot of good, you\\nknow. They kept a whole country\\ngoing. Kept us together.\\nFRANK\\nI'm good at what I do.\\nLU\\n...They might still be helpful?\\nFrank is silent for a long moment.\\nFRANK\\nHe asked me if I had any interest in\\nmaking a new one. About Russia. In\\ncase\\nacknowledging their(\\nearlier conversation )\\nwe fight them next.\\nLU\\nWhat did you say?\\nFRANK\\nI told him that to vilify a people\\nfor something they might do is the\\nmost disgusting thing I can imagine.\\nOn Lu, taking that in.\\nLU\\nI guess you're right.\\nFRANK\\nNice to see we can agree on\\nsomething.\\nLu feels the sting of that. Accepts it. Follows it to the\\nquestion she's had for a while now.52.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224LU\\nHow do you do it?\\noff his look( )\\nHow do you just ignore everything\\nthat's happened?\\nFRANK\\nIgnore it?\\nLU\\nWell if you don't ignore it then how\\ndo you hold on to optimism when we're\\nliving through... all of this?\\nFRANK\\nThe same way I make movies.\\nHe waves his hand broadly before him.\\nFRANK (cont'd)\\nI see the big picture. Good, bad,\\nscary.\\nNow he makes a frame with his fingers , like a camera . Looks\\nat her through it.\\nFRANK (cont'd)\\nThen I decide what I want to focus\\non.\\nHe puts his hands down.\\nFRANK (cont'd)\\nThat's the only thing I can control.\\nOn Lu, understanding dawning.\\nLU\\nYou make a choice.\\nFRANK\\nEvery minute of every day. As best I\\ncan.\\nLu scoots closer. Wraps her arms around him. Frank doesn't\\nknow what's expected of him in this moment. But slowly, with\\nher coaxing, leans into her.\\nEXT./INT. GLORIA'S HOUSE - DAY\\nMichael retrieves the mail. The standard letters and bills,\\nand one brightly illustrated POSTCARD. He flips it over, and\\nhis expression darkens.53.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224INT. GLORIA'S HOUSE, GLORIA'S BEDROOM - CONTINUOUS\\nGloria pins a hat to her head while Ronald clasps a necklace\\nat the back of her neck.\\nMichael enters, puts the mail on her lap. The postcard on\\ntop.\\nGloria sees it. Her eyes fly to Michael.\\nRONALD\\nre: postcard( )\\nWhat's that?\\nMICHAEL\\nIt's from Dad.\\nRonald snatches it.\\nRONALD\\nWhat's it say?\\nMichael and Gloria have a fast, silent conversation: Gloria\\npleading, Michael fuming.\\nMICHAEL\\nIt says...\\nbacking down( )\\nhe misses us. And he'll bring us\\nsomething from there when he visits.\\nOn Gloria: relived, proud... and heartbroken.\\nINT. TAILOR'S SHOP - DAY\\nGloria sits on a loveseat. Books of fabric swatches open all\\naround her.\\nJim stands on the pedestal in his shirt and pants while the\\nTAILOR takes his measurements.\\nJIM\\nA postcard. \\nGLORIA\\nFrom his honeymoon. We had no idea he\\nwas even serious about someone, let\\nalone getting married. No wonder he\\nkept putting off the visit.\\nbeat()\\nThe look on Michael's face...54.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224JIM\\nI don't know what to say.\\nGloria smiles a little. \\nGLORIA\\nI've had my fill of platitudes and\\nshock and apologies from people who\\ndidn't do anything, so thank you for\\nat least sparing me that song and\\ndance.\\nJIM\\nWell hang on a second, I might be\\nable to rustle up...\\nHe does a bit of soft-shoe on the pedestal.\\nGloria rolls her eyes, but her smile widens.\\nTAILOR\\nAll done, sir.\\nJim steps off the pedestal and accepts his jacket from\\nGloria.\\nGLORIA\\nSpeaking of, how goes it?\\nJIM\\nFine.\\nGloria can see the lie. She doesn't press, but she\\nwithdraws.\\nGLORIA\\nGood.\\nre: swatches( )\\nI'd say two linen: cream and light\\ngray, and then three wool. Navy,\\ncharcoal, and that fawn herringbone\\nwould look well on you.\\nJIM\\nto the tailor( )\\nYou heard the lady.\\nJim feels Gloria's distance.\\nJIM(cont'd)\\nIt's terrible. I'm terrible.\\nShe searches him.55.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224GLORIA\\nI believe you, now. \\nJIM\\nBecause it's the truth.\\nGLORIA\\nSo I believed the truth, but not the\\nlie. What does that tell you?\\nJIM\\nThat you know me already?\\nGloria can't help but smile.\\nINT. RKO SOUND STAGE, UNCLE BILLY\\u2019S OFFICE SET - DAY\\nAnother scene.\\nJim stands on his mark opposite THOMAS MITCHELL (50s) as\\n\\u201cUncle Billy\\u201d, who sits at the desk. Frank is with them,\\nequally tired and more pressured than ever to make this\\nmovie work .\\nFRANK\\nOkay. On a scale of one to ten, let\\u2019s\\nstart at an 8 and see how it feels.\\nJim and Thomas  ready their positions as Frank retakes his\\nspot.\\nJim crouches down, leans close to Thomas.\\nFRANK (cont'd)\\nAction.\\nJIM\\nListen to me, do you have any secret\\nhiding place here in the house?\\nSomeplace you would have hid the\\nmoney?\\nJim is detached, aloof.\\nTHOMAS\\nI\\u2019ve gone over the whole house, even\\nin rooms that have been locked since\\nI lost Laura.\\nThomas starts crying.56.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224JIM\\nListen to me, listen to me. Think,\\nthink\\u2014\\nFrank watches the camera rolling, just eating up expensive\\nfilm.\\nFRANK \\nCut. Jim, take it up to ten.\\nFrank\\u2019s tone is sharp. Jim is thrown by it. Tension RISES.\\nThe scene resets.\\nJIM\\nListen to me, do you have any secret\\nhiding place here in the house?\\nSomeplace you would have hid the\\nmoney?\\nJim is more urgent now, but still off. He falters.\\nJIM\\nSorry, let me try again.\\nFRANK \\nStill rolling.\\nJIM\\nListen to me, do you have any secret\\nhiding place here in the house?\\nSomeplace you would have hid the\\nmoney?\\nTHOMAS\\nI\\u2019ve gone over the whole house, even\\nin rooms that have been locked since\\nI lost Laura.\\nThomas cries.\\nJIM\\nListen to me, listen to me. Think,\\nthink\\u2014\\nFrank FIDGETS. Losing patience.\\nJim SPRINGS UP, FLINGS his arms in exasperation.\\nJIM(cont'd)\\nWhere\\u2019s that money, you fool?\\nIt\\u2019s amateurish; a pantomime. Someone SNIGGERS .57.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224FRANK\\nCut.\\nFrank SIGHS in frustration.\\nThe last straw of Jim's control breaks. He  changes on a\\ndime; cold . Dangerous .\\nJIM\\nWhat?\\nFRANK\\nNothing .\\nJIM\\nWhat\\u2019s the direction?\\nEveryone\\u2019s eyes ping pong back and forth between them.  Frank\\nstruggles to keep his own tempter in check.\\nHe pulls Jim aside.\\nFRANK\\nquietly( )\\nJust do it like  you used to .\\nBeat.\\nJIM\\nI can\\u2019t. \\nFRANK\\nFor God\\u2019s sake, we're almost halfway\\nthrough the shoot. I t\\u2019s just acting!\\nJIM\\nStop saying that.\\nAll the air sucks out of the room.\\nFRANK\\nI know you can do this. Why are you\\nholding back?\\nJim withdraws.\\nJIM\\nYou don't know what you're talking\\nabout.\\nFRANK\\nI know you. You don't just lose\\ntalent like yours. You're holding\\nback, and it's killing me, Jim.58.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224Jim feels guilty.\\nFRANK (cont'd)\\nSo quit farting around and for the\\nlove of God, show me what 's inside\\nyou!\\nJim abruptly turns and goes back to his mark. Wound so tight\\nhe could pop.\\nNods his readiness.\\nCAMERA\\nCamera speed.\\nSOUND\\nSound speed.\\nFRANK\\nAction.\\nJIM\\nListen to me, do you have any secret\\nhiding place here in the house?\\nSomeplace you would have hid the\\nmoney?\\nThis one is different. The words are unaffected; it sounds\\nlike Jim, not a character.\\nTHOMAS\\nI\\u2019ve gone over the whole house, even\\nin rooms that have been locked since\\nI lost Laura.\\nThomas cries.\\nJim GRABS Thomas by the lapel, even muscle taut.\\nJIM\\nListen to me, listen to me. Think,\\nthink\\u2014\\nTHOMAS\\nI can't think anymore George. I can't\\nthink anymore. It hurts.\\nJim SPRINGS UP, HAULING Thomas clean off his feet. SHAKES\\nhim like a dog with a rat.\\nIt's so violent, so unexpected that Frank GASPS.59.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224JIM\\nshouting( )\\nWhere\\u2019s that money, you silly, stupid\\nold fool? Where's that money? Do you\\nrealize what this means? It means\\nbankruptcy and scandal and prison!\\nJim THROWS Thomas back into his chair. Thomas almost misses\\nit.\\nCrew reacts in ALARM.\\nEveryone in the room knows: Jim is not acting .\\nJIM\\nThat's what it means. One of us is\\ngoing to jail. Well, it's not going\\nto be me.\\nJim pants.\\nIt takes Frank a second to realize the scene is over.\\nFRANK\\nCut.\\nJIM\\ntightly, to Thomas( )\\nYou alright, Tom?\\nTHOMAS\\nstupefied( )\\nYeah\\u2014\\nJIM\\nI'm sorry.\\nBefore Frank can get to him Jim turns and lopes as fast as\\nhe can to his trailer.\\nFrank watches him go... all of a sudden realizing the Jim he\\nknew is gone .\\nINT. RKO SOUNDSTAGE, STEWART TRAILER - CONTINUOUS\\nJim is at the vanity, scrubbing the make up off his face\\nwith a wash cloth  to hide the shaking of his hands.\\nA SOB escapes him. Terrifies him. But the sound of his door\\nopening immediately tamps it all back down again.\\nFrank enters. Jim won't look at him. When he feels in\\ncontrol again,60.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224JIM\\nBet you wish you\\u2019d listened to me\\nwhen I turned you down.\\nJim throws the wash cloth down and  steps behind a partition\\nto tear his costume off.\\nFrank finds a folding chair and sits down.\\nFRANK\\nI\\u2019m sorry.\\nJim continues changing.\\nThe sounds of set infiltrate the trailer.\\nFRANK (cont'd)\\nForget everything out there for a\\nsecond.\\nJim comes out from behind the partition in his street\\nclothes. In control and closed off again. Still won't meet\\nFrank's eyes.\\nFRANK\\nWe came up together. Succeeded\\ntogether. You're one of my best\\nfriends. \\nJim feels guiltier than ever.\\nTell me what you need, and I'll make\\nit happen.\\nJIM\\nYou can't.  \\nFRANK\\nThere has to be something.\\nJim shoulders past Frank to the door.\\nFRANK (cont'd)\\nI won't let you give up on yourself.\\nJim pauses with his hand on the handle.\\nLooks at Frank.\\nJIM\\nIt isn't like that. There is no\\ngetting better, no going back. No\\nsilver lining or happy ending. This\\nis... who I am, now .61.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224Jim exits.\\nFrank stands alone in the trailer . At a loss.\\nEXT. LOS ANGELES GROCERY STORE - DAY\\nLu exits with a shopping cart full of groceries. She stops\\nabruptly - a BEGGAR (male, 30s) is just outside the door, a\\nCAN at his feet, addressing everyone approaching,\\nBEGGAR\\nSpare change, sir? Ma'am, could you\\nspare a few cents? I'm just trying to\\nget something to eat.\\nEveryone ignores him and gives as wide a berth as possible.\\nLu does the same and continues to her car... but keeps\\nlooking back at him.\\nShe pops her trunk... and hesitates.\\nIndecisive about something.... until she's not.\\nLu takes her purse out of the cart, leaves the cart where it\\nis, and approaches the beggar.\\nShe looks him full in the face. Really seeing him. Smiles.\\nLU\\nHello.\\nHe's too surprised to speak.\\nLu reaches into her wallet.\\nLU\\nI'm afraid this is all I have, but I\\nhope it helps.\\nShe holds out two dollar bills. The Beggar takes them.\\nBEGGAR\\nstumbling( )\\nThank you ma'am, thank you very much.\\nLU\\nYou're welcome.\\nLu turns back towards her car.\\nA WOMAN (50s) on her way into the store SCOWLS at her.62.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224WOMAN\\nYou shouldn't do that. He's just\\ngoing to buy liquor or drugs with it.\\nLu stops, looks back at the Beggar, still addressing\\neveryone who goes past,\\nLU\\nThat will be his choice. I've made\\nmine.\\nThe Woman is mystified, but Lu is confident.\\nIn this moment, at peace.\\nShe loads her groceries in the trunk.\\nINT. JIM\\u2019S APARTMENT - DAY\\nJim wraps and boxes his belongings.\\nThe phone RINGS. He looks at it until it stops. It doesn\\u2019t\\nring again.\\nHe tapes up the box... And looks at the phone again. Can\\u2019t\\nhelp himself. He picks up the receiver.\\nJIM\\nHello operator, I just missed a call,\\ncould you connect me back?\\nBeat.\\nGLORIA (O.S.)\\nHello?\\nJIM\\nGloria?\\nGLORIA\\nJim. I thought you weren\\u2019t home.\\n(pause)\\nWould you come over?\\nEXT. GLORIA\\u2019S HOUSE - DAY\\nJim KNOCKS, Gloria answers.\\nINT. GLORIA\\u2019S HOUSE - CONTINUOUS\\nA comfortable , small family  home. Warm and inviting.63.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224Jim enters.\\nGloria\\u2019s distracted. Upset. Doesn\\u2019t notice or remember that\\nshe\\u2019s in her house slippers and her stockings have a run.\\nHe notices the wilting vase of peonies on the front table.\\nJim\\u2019s worry grows.\\nGLORIA\\n(indicating the\\nsofa)\\nPlease.\\nJim sits. Gloria takes the armchair opposite. Gathers\\nherself.\\nGLORIA (cont'd)\\nIt\\u2019s Michael. Something happened. I\\ndon\\u2019t know if he had a fight or what\\nbut he\\u2019s... withdrawn. For three days\\nnow. It\\u2019s not like him. And it\\u2019s not\\nlike him to not confide in me.\\nJIM\\nWhat about...?\\nGLORIA\\nNed. God knows where he is . And I\\ndon\\u2019t think Michael would speak to\\nhim anyway , given everything .\\nJIM\\nBut you think talking to a man might\\nhelp.\\nGLORIA\\nI don\\u2019t know what else to do.\\nJIM\\nI don\\u2019t know many boys who\\u2019d confide\\nin a stranger.\\n(off Gloria\\u2019s face)\\nBut I\\u2019ll try.\\nGloria gets up and Jim follows.\\nINT. GLORIA\\u2019S HOUSE, MICHAEL\\u2019S ROOM - CONTINUOUS\\nMichael  lies on his bed, staring at the ceiling. He has the\\ndistinct look of emotional crisis: oddly blank and detached.\\nHe doesn\\u2019t react to the KNOCK on the door\\u201464.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224GLORIA (O.C.)\\nMichael?\\n\\u2014But upon Gloria  and Jim entering, is suspicious. Guarded.\\nGLORIA\\nSit up, sweetheart.\\nMichael does. Gloria perches on the edge of the bed,\\nGLORIA (cont'd)\\nThis is the friend I told you about,\\nMr. Stewart.\\nJim gives a half-wave.\\nJIM\\nHi Michael.\\nMichael\\u2019s expression gives up nothing.\\nGloria and Jim make eye contact. Jim silently shoos her out\\nof the room.\\nGLORIA\\n(to Michael)\\nI\\u2019m going to make lunch. Entertain\\nhim for me, will you?\\nGloria exits, closing the door behind her.\\nMichael immediately l ies back down and rolls to face the\\nwall.\\nJim looks around the room: there\\u2019s a bookshelf, small desk,\\nand all manner of boy\\u2019s toys.\\nHe sits in the small desk chair, clears his throat.\\nJIM\\nMichael. Your mother is awfully\\nworried about you.\\nNothing from Michael.\\nJIM\\nIs it a... A boy problem? Do you have\\nany questions I can answer?\\nStill nothing.\\nJIM\\nOkay. I\\u2019ll just sit here a minute\\nuntil she comes back.65.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224And he does. Feeling lousier, more like a failure with every\\npassing second.\\nHe turns to the desk. Green ARMY MEN are carefully arranged\\nby type.\\nJim picks one up, tests his finger on the little plastic\\nrifle.\\nJIM(cont'd)\\nWhat are you doing over here,\\ncorpsman. You should be with your\\nunit.\\nHe moves the army man to a clear space on the desk.\\nJIM\\nYou need a medic. Every unit\\u2019s gotta\\nhave his medic.\\nHe moves a medic over.\\nJIM\\nOh and a mine sweeper, that\\u2019s very\\nimportant.\\nHe moves a mine sweeper over.\\nA bedspring CREAKS. Michael rolls over just enough to hear\\nbetter.\\nJim picks up another army man.\\nJIM\\nAnd what are you? Look like a comms\\nofficer. You\\u2019re an important guy, you\\ngo right here.\\nHe\\u2019s all out of types. He glances at Michael, who hasn\\u2019t\\nmoved any further. Jim clears his throat, putting on his\\nbest General voice.\\nJIM(cont'd)\\nWell men, our orders are to take the\\ngarrison on the bookshelf. I know\\nyou\\u2019re tired, and hungry. It\\u2019s a long\\ntrek through enemy territory, but\\nwe\\u2019ve got to do it.\\nHe sounds hammy.\\nMichael rolls back all the way to the wall.66.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224Jim watches him for a moment, then looks at the toys.\\nPicturing real features on the little faces. He picks one\\nup, turning it over in his hand. Then\\u2014\\nJIM\\nOf course you\\u2019re scared. I\\u2019m scared\\ntoo.\\n(beat)\\nNot all of us are gonna make it.\\nThis is different. It sounds like something Jim has said\\nmany times, even if he\\u2019s never said it out loud.\\nJIM(cont'd)\\nWe\\u2019re go nna hold on to that fear. Let\\nit make our eyes sharp, and our ears\\nbig. I\\u2019m going to look out for Chris,\\nand Chris is going to look out for\\nPaul, and so on until everybody\\u2019s\\nback is covered. We\\u2019ll say our\\nprayers, and do what needs doing.\\nTomorrow we\\u2019ll think about tomorrow.\\nAnd the next day we\\u2019ll think about\\nthat day. And so on, until, one way\\nor another, we\\u2019re not scared any\\nmore.\\nMICHAEL\\nThat\\u2019s not how they talk.\\nJim looks up. Michael scowls at him.\\nJIM\\nHow would you know?\\nMICHAEL\\nSoldiers don\\u2019t get scared.\\nJIM\\nI got scared.\\nMICHAEL\\nThen you\\u2019re not a soldier.\\nBeat.\\nJim wrestles with himself. Remembers why here's here, what\\nGloria asked of him.\\nWhat his mission is.\\nJIM\\nYou know what a munitions plant is?\\n(MORE)67.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224It\\u2019s where they made bombs andJIM(cont'd)\\nbullets. Millions of them . I spent\\nhundreds of hours in the  upper\\natmosphere  trying to find those\\nplants.\\nJim isn't looking at Michael now , but Michael watches Jim.\\nJIM(cont'd)\\n\\u2018Course you don\\u2019t keep those out in\\nthe open. They were deep in enemy\\nterritory. I\\u2019ve seen all of Germany\\nfrom a thousand feet up. I watched\\u2014\\nJim stops himself.\\nMICHAEL\\nWhat?\\nJim hesitates. Decides Michael needs to know.\\nJIM\\nI watched my men - my friends - lose\\ntheir lives.  And then the next day, I\\nhad to go up again. Knowing it could\\nbe me, this time.  So every day I was\\nafraid. And ashamed of being afraid.\\nSomething in Michael\\u2019s face shifts.   \\nJIM(cont'd)\\nThe shame is worse than the fear.\\nMichael looks away.\\nJIM(cont'd)\\nBut it helps to talk about it. \\nMICHAEL\\nIt won\\u2019t change what happened.\\nJim waits.\\nMICHAEL (cont'd)\\n...He was talking about... my dad.\\nMichael shoots Jim a dirty, questioning look. Jim nods;\\nknows about Michael's father.\\nMICHAEL\\nI said stop. He wouldn\\u2019t.\\nJIM\\nWho?68.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224MICHAEL\\nTommy. \\nJIM\\nSo what did you do?\\nMichael closes up.\\nJIM\\nWould you take it back, if you could?\\nMichael face breaks for a second as he nods. \\nOn Jim.\\nJIM(cont'd)\\nAll right. We're going to try\\nsomething . You be you, and I\\u2019ll be\\nTommy. What\\u2019s he look like?\\n(off Michael\\u2019s look)\\nCome on now. Is he a big kid with\\nfists like hams?\\nJim gets off the chair and onto his knees. Makes his hands\\ninto fists. They tremble a bit.\\nMICHAEL\\nNo.\\nJIM\\nIs he mean-looking? Beady little\\neyes?\\nJim scrunches his eyes up. Michael fights a smile.\\nMICHAEL\\nHis hair is always messed up.\\nJIM\\nNow we\\u2019re talking.\\nJim takes off his jacket and tie, unbuttons the top two\\nbuttons, musses up his hair.\\nMichael giggles.\\nJIM\\nDon\\u2019t.\\nThe way Jim turns from cajoling to dead serious catches\\nMichael unaware.\\nWhich is exactly what Jim wants.69.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224JIM(cont'd)\\nNow you take that feeling you\\u2019ve got,\\nthe one that\\u2019s like a ball of vipers\\ntwisting in your belly, and you\\nreally feel it. How does it feel?\\nMICHAEL\\nBad.\\nJIM\\nGood. Hold onto it. When you look at\\nme, you don\\u2019t see your mother\\u2019s\\nfriend. I\\u2019m Tommy. I\\u2019m the mean son\\nof a gun with messy hair who talks\\nabout your dad.\\nMichael is skeptical, so Jim SHOVES him with enough force to\\nknock him off balance.\\nMichael is too surprised to do anything. Jim SHOVES him\\nagain. Michael looks afraid. His eyes go to the door.\\nJIM\\nYou going to call your mother like a\\ncry-baby? You want me to stop, make\\nme, cry-baby. What did you say to\\nTommy?\\nAnother SHOVE. This time Michael counters it, PUNCHING at\\nJim's hand.\\nJim comes in from another angle.\\nJIM(cont'd)\\nWhat did you say?\\nAgain Michael blocks it. Getting mad now.\\nMICHAEL\\nI said,\\nHe hesitates,\\nJIM\\nSay it .\\nMICHAEL\\nAT LEAST I'M NOT AN ORPHAN.\\nMichael\\u2019s hand drops, SHAME taking the wind out of him.\\nBeat.70.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224JIM\\nWhat did Tommy do when you said that?\\nMICHAEL\\nCried.\\nJim takes a moment. Works himself up. Michael is HORRIFIED\\nwatching it.\\nWhen Jim looks at him again, there\\u2019s real pain, and\\nloathing, and tears in his eyes.\\nJIM\\n(in character)\\nSo what do you want to say to me?\\nMichael reacts to a grown man crying. \\nMICHAEL\\nI\\u2019m sorry. I'm sorry. I'm sorry.\\nMichael SOBS  as the sorries pour out of him . \\nHe curls up, hiding his face. Jim reaches out a hand. Lays\\nit on Michael's head. A few more tears slip down his own\\nface.\\nSoon enough, Michael stops shuddering. Jim takes his hand\\naway.\\nMichael sits up wipes his eyes. He's exhausted, but purged.\\nJim d oes up his buttons and smooths his hair. Giving Michael\\ntime to compose himself.\\nJIM\\nFeel better?\\nMICHAEL\\nA little. You didn't have to push me.\\nJIM\\nI had to surprise you.\\ngenuinely( )\\nSorry.\\nMICHAEL\\nIt's okay.\\nbeat()\\nPlease don't tell my mom.\\nJim weighs that.71.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224JIM\\nI don't know if I can do that. \\nMICHAEL\\nShe'll look at me different. \\nJim wants to refute him, but understands too well. He nods.\\nA KNOCK at the door precedes Gloria.\\nGLORIA\\nHow are we doing in here?\\nJIM\\nJust fine.\\nJim WINKS at Michael. Michael smiles briefly. But Gloria\\nsees the tear tracks on both their faces.\\nINT. GLORIA\\u2019S HOUSE, FOYER, CONTINUOUS\\nGloria stands with Jim by the door. She checks to make sure\\nMichael isn\\u2019t eavesdropping.\\nGLORIA\\nWhat happened?\\nJIM\\nI can\\u2019t say.\\nGloria is surprised. And pissed.\\nGLORIA\\nI\\u2019m his mother.\\nJIM\\nI promised. Don\\u2019t press him about it.\\n(off Gloria\\u2019s look)\\nThere are some things a boy can\\u2019t\\ntell his mo m. But I think he'll be\\nall right.\\nGLORIA\\nHow\\u2019d you get him to talk?\\nJIM\\nPulled out some of the old acting\\ntools. Me on my knees, pretending to\\nbe a kid. Funny, really.\\nGLORIA\\nThere\\u2019s nothing funny about how upset\\nhe was.72.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224JIM\\nNo, you\\u2019re right. I\\u2019m sorry.\\nHe opens the door, not looking at her.\\nGLORIA\\nWhy do you always do that?\\nJim pauses, confused.\\nJIM\\nWhat?\\nGLORIA\\nImmediately agree with me. It's...\\nhiding .\\nJim is shocked at her uncanny insight.\\nJIM\\nI'm not hiding anything .\\nGLORIA\\nYou've been hiding yourself since I\\nmet you, and now y ou're hiding\\nsomething about my son.\\nJIM\\nHE made ME promise.\\ngetting angry( )\\nYou asked me here. You asked me to\\nhelp him, and I did my best. But\\nyou're not entitled to know\\neverything or pass judgment on things\\nyou know nothing about.\\nGLORIA\\nYou're right. I shouldn't have\\ncalled.\\nBeat.\\nBoth feeling wounded and regretful. \\nJim turns to leave but pauses when,\\nGLORIA (cont'd)\\nFor what it's worth, from someone who\\nknows nothing about it... you're not\\nwho you used to be, but that doesn't\\nmean you're worthless. You still have\\nan obligation to yourself.\\nOn Jim, stripped of all defenses.73.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224JIM\\nI don't know what you want from me.\\nGLORIA\\nStop hiding. Be truthful with\\nyourself, if no one else. For your\\nsake. Not mine.\\nGloria turns. Gently closes the door in Jim's face.\\nEXT. GLORIA\\u2019S HOUSE - CONTINUOUS\\nJim walks, dazedly, to the sidewalk.\\nAs he ambles down the street, the words reverberate through\\nhis skull. They solidify, take root. Jim's strides get\\nlonger. His posture straightens.\\nHe looks up, with purpose . \\nEXT. RKO MOVIE RANCH, BEDFORD FALLS SET - DAY\\nThe faux winter set, this time with track laid for dolly.\\nThe mood is tense.\\nExtras stand around their marks.\\nThe COSTUMER adjusts Donna\\u2019s \\u201cOld Maid Mary\\u201d costume.\\nFrank s louches  in his chair on the dolly. Dread hangs on\\nhim.\\nFinally Jim emerges in his makeup and tattered winter\\noutfit.\\nFRANK \\n(to 1st AD)\\nFirst team rehearsal.\\n1ST AD\\nFirst team, rehearsal!\\nDonna takes her mark, and Jim takes his. Frank joins them.\\nFRANK\\nAll right, Donna. he\\u2019s a wild,\\nstrange man.  You've never seen him\\nbefore . For all you know he could be\\na killer.74.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224DONNA\\nNo sweat.\\nFrank looks at Jim. Doesn't know how to talk to him.\\nFRANK\\nJim,\\nJIM\\nI've got it.\\nJim closes his eyes, takes a steadying breath.\\nFrank isn't sure what's happening.\\nJIM\\neyes still closed( )\\nYou asked what you could do. T rust\\nme. \\nFrank steps away. Jim opens his eyes and takes his mark.\\nFRANK\\nAction.\\nDonna comes down the library steps.\\nJIM\\nMary.\\nShe startles, shies away.\\nJIM(cont'd)\\nMary!\\nDonna starts running. Jim GRABS her, SPINS her around. Donna\\nfights to get free but Jim holds tight.\\nExtras flow around them.\\nJIM(cont'd)\\nMary it\\u2019s George. Don\\u2019t you know me?\\nWhat\\u2019s happened to us?\\nJim is anguished , a man holding on to love by a thread .\\nDONNA\\nI don\\u2019t know you. Let me go!\\nJIM\\nMary please! Oh, don\\u2019t do this to me.\\nPlease, Mary, help me. Where\\u2019s our\\nkids? I need you, Mary!75.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224Frank's jaw drops .\\nIt\\u2019s real. It's good.\\nDonna SCREAMS, breaks free and runs with Jim on her heels as\\nEXTRA MEN grab him. He shakes free, RUNS after her into the\\nbar facade.\\nFRANK\\nCut!\\nSILENCE on set, waiting on Frank's reaction,\\nFRANK (cont'd)\\nShit, we should've filmed that!\\nThe mood cracks open; relief, a small buzz of excitement.\\nCrew resets as Frank pulls Jim aside.\\nFRANK (cont'd)\\nThat was... How did it feel to you?\\nJIM\\nPretty good, I think .\\nFRANK\\nPretty  good ? My heart broke.  Can you\\ndo it again just like that?\\nJim nods.\\nFrank turns; energy and drive restored.\\nFRANK \\n(to 1st AD)\\nLet's do it for real!\\nINT. RKO SOUNDSTAGE, STEWART TRAILER - NIGHT\\nThe end of the day. Frank waits outside the trailer as crew\\npacks up. \\nJim exits. Is surprised to see Frank waiting for him.\\nFRANK\\nGrab a bite?\\nJIM\\nSure. But I pick the place.76.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224INT. MEXICAN RESTAURANT - NIGHT\\nAn authentic little joint. Jim feels at ease here. No\\ncameras, no rude stares.\\nJIM\\nSo today was good?\\nFRANK\\nIt was great.\\nbeat()\\nI owe you an apology.\\nJIM\\nYou already apologized.\\nFRANK\\nThen an explanation.\\nFrank wrestles with his words.\\nFRANK (cont'd)\\nI imagine you saw some of my war\\nwork. A training reel, or a cartoon?\\nJIM\\nA bunch of 'em. They were...\\neffective.\\nFRANK\\nMade me sick. Writing scenes,\\nvoiceover... editing it all...\\nknowing that my goal \\u2013 my only goal \\u2013 \\nwas to make everybody who saw it\\nready to kill.\\nFrank's heart starts to pound.\\nFRANK (cont'd)\\nI think it's the combination... the\\nhorror, of what we... what I was\\ndoing, to get into the hearts of a\\nmillion men, to make them brave\\nenough, mad enough... and knowing\\nthat it worked. I couldn't eat.\\nSometimes for days. Lost so much\\nweight I had to carve holes in my\\nbelts with a steak knife. I don't\\nknow why I'm telling you this.\\nJim looks at him with empathy .77.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224JIM\\nI never thought... that must have\\nbeen hell. To turn your gift to...\\nthat.\\nFRANK\\nI got through it, because I knew when\\nit was all over, if we won, I would\\nmake up for it. I would go back to\\nmaking happy stories where the little\\nguy wins. Where right and wrong are\\nblack and white , and good always\\nwins... because I believe in that.\\nStill.\\nbeat()\\nMaybe that makes me a fool.\\nThe waitress brings their orders and sets them down.\\nJIM\\nMaybe. But I can tell you the\\nalternative is misery.\\nFRANK\\nExactly. Which is why I wanted to ask\\nyou: what did you do differently\\ntoday?\\nJim takes a long moment.\\nJIM\\nI entertained the idea that maybe\\nthis,\\ngestures to himself( )\\nisn't a waste of space . Maybe instead\\nof broken, I could  find a way  to fit\\nthe pieces together into something\\nnew. Not as good as the original, but\\nstill... useful.\\nFRANK\\n...You stopped acting.\\nJIM\\nIronic, isn't it?\\nFRANK\\nIconic . I think you might have\\nstumbled on something that could\\nreally help ... everyone.\\nJIM\\nteasing( )\\nWith a movie?78.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224FRANK\\ndead serious( )\\nYes. Everyone who feels the same way\\nyou do. Everyone who's suffering but\\ncan't talk about it... will feel less\\nalone, because of you.\\nOn Jim. Feeling the force of Frank's conviction... and\\naccepting it .\\nJIM\\nBecause of us.\\nINT. RKO SOUNDSTAGE, BRIDGE SET - DAY\\nCamera, Frank next to it, is pointed directly at the bridge.\\nFRANK\\nAction!\\nJim RUNS the length of the bridge, stops on his mark.\\nJIM\\nClarence! Clarence! Help me Clarence.\\nGet me back. Get me back to my wife\\nand kids. Please!\\nFRANK\\nCut! I think that's the one.\\nJIM\\nCan we try it once more? \\nJim goes back to the beginning of the bridge.\\nFRANK\\nEverybody ready?\\nCAMERA\\nSpeeding.\\nSOUND\\nSpeeding.\\nFRANK\\nAction.\\nJim runs the length of the bridge, stops on his mark.\\nJIM\\nClarence! Clarence!\\nHe clasps his hands together.79.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224JIM(cont'd)\\nHelp me Clarence. Get me back.\\nHis voice breaks,\\nJIM(cont'd)\\nGet me back, I don't care what\\nhappens to me. Get me back to my wife\\nand kids.\\nmore desperate( )\\nHelp me Clarence, please. Please!\\nWith a real SOB,\\nJIM(cont'd)\\nI want to live again. I want to live\\nagain.\\nHe grinds his fists into his eyes. Not manly. But real.\\nJIM(cont'd)\\nI want to live again. Please God...\\nlet me live again.\\nJim holds the position, quietly weeping.\\nOn Frank. Breathless.\\nFRANK\\nCut.\\nJim looks up. Makes eye contact with Frank. Frank  is\\nverklempt.\\nJim straightens and stands a bit taller, as though a tiny\\nbit of the weight on him has been lifted.\\nEXT. MOVIE THEATER - NIGHT\\nFrank and Lu, along with normal folk, hurry inside. They\\npush past a poster for the film they are about to see: THE\\nBEST YEARS OF OUR LIVES.\\nINT. MOVIE THEATER - NIGHT\\nOn screen, HAROLD RUSSELL as \\\"Homer Parish\\\" stands in front\\nof a bed with CATHY O'DONNELL as \\\"Wilma Cameron.\\\"\\nHomer's arm prostheses lie on the bed.80.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224HAROLD RUSSELL AS HOMER PARISH\\nThis is when I know I'm helpless. My\\nhands are down there on the bed. I\\ncan't put them on again without\\ncalling somebody for help. Can't\\nsmoke a cigarette or read a book. If\\nthat door should blow shut I can't\\nopen it and get out of this room.\\nFrank and Lu are riveted. There are tears in Frank's eyes.\\nHAROLD RUSSELL AS HOMER PARISH (cont'd)\\nI'm as dependent as a baby that\\ndoesn't know how to get anything\\nexcept cry for it. Well, now you know\\nWilma. Now you have an idea of what\\nit is. I guess you don't know what to\\nsay. It's all right. Go on home. Go\\naway like your family said.\\nWILMA\\nI know what to say, Homer. I love\\nyou, and I'm never going to leave\\nyou. Never.\\nNot a dry eye or nose in the house. Frank looks around,\\njoyful.\\nIf this works, he knows his movie will too.\\nINT. HOLLYWOOD MANSION - NIGHT\\nA swanky party. Dinner jackets and evening gowns. Frank\\npushes through, Lu on his arm, to the center of the party\\nwhere Will iam celebrates.\\nFrank grabs William's and pumps.\\nFRANK\\nYou did it, Willy. Everything we're\\nfeeling but nobody's talking about.\\nIt's going to do so much good.\\nWILLIAM\\nteasing( )\\nThanks for at least pretending you're\\nnot jealous.\\nFRANK\\nI won't have to be for long.81.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224INT. CAPRA HOUSE, MASTER BEDROOM - NIGHT\\nLater.\\nFrank and Lu take off their party clothes.\\nFRANK\\nI'm so happy for him. God knows he\\ndeserves it.\\nLu is thoughtful.\\nLU\\nIt was... I don't think there's a\\nword for it. I don't think I've ever\\nseen anything that was so...\\nimportant . I'll never look at a\\nveteran the same way again.\\nFRANK\\nThat's the idea.\\nFrank gets into bed.\\nLU\\nSo if his was about the unseen\\nscars... yours is about...?\\nFRANK\\nAbout the value of every life. Even\\nthe ones that are frustrated, wasted,\\nmundane. Everyone, and every\\ninconsequential thing they do, is\\nactually very consequential.\\nLu looks at him in a way she hasn't for a long time.\\nFRANK (cont'd)\\nGod I can't wait for you to see it.\\nLu, now in her underwear, climbs onto the bed. Straddles\\nFrank. He's surprised.\\nLu kisses him deeply. Reaching out... connecting.\\nHer hand reaches for the nightstand lamp, and turns out the\\nlight.\\nINT. RKO SOUNDSTAGE, MARY\\u2019S HOUSE SET - DAY\\nThe middle of a take.\\nThe crew collectively LEANS towards the scene.82.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224A SOUND ASSISTANT has one hand on a running record player,\\nready to pick up the needle at the exact right moment.\\nHe, too, has eyes only for...\\nJim and Donna, standing toe to toe over an antique\\ntelephone. From the record player,\\nFRANK ALBERTSON AS \\\"SAM WAINWRIGHT\\nWill you tell that guy I\\u2019m giving him\\nthe chance of a lifetime? You hear?\\nThe chance of a lifetime!\\nNeedle up and dead silence as Donna looks up at Jim.\\nDONNA\\nHe says it\\u2019s the chance of a\\nlifetime.\\nThey both PANT with emotion.\\nJim DROPS the phone and GRABS her by the triceps.\\nJIM\\nNow you listen to me. I don\\u2019t want\\nany plastics and I don\\u2019t want any\\nground floors.\\nFrustrated passion makes his voice husky,\\nJIM(cont'd)\\nAnd I don\\u2019t want to get married ever,\\nHe SHAKES her,\\nJIM(cont'd)\\nTo anyone! You understand that?\\nTears slip down Donna\\u2019s face.\\nJIM(cont'd)\\nI want to do what I want to do.\\nDONNA\\nNo!\\nJIM\\nAnd you\\u2019re... And you\\u2019re...\\nSuddenly his arms go around her and her face is in the crook\\nof his neck. The HEAT of it fills the room.\\nJIM(cont'd)\\nMary,83.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224DONNA\\nGeorge, George, George\\u2014\\nHe kisses her fiercely, again and again, anywhere he can\\nreach. It feels like  he might lay her down and do more right\\nthere except, \\nFRANK\\nCut!\\nJim lets go of Donna and steps back, looks at her\\nsheepishly.\\nJIM\\nAll right?\\nDONNA\\nDon\\u2019t get any ideas, but... Wow.\\nJim looks to Frank.\\nFrank  brings his hands together in a ringing CLAP CLAP CLAP.\\nThe crew and cast join in with punctuated WHISTLES.\\nAnd Jim takes it bashfully, happily... Proudly.\\nDonna elbows him in the ribs.\\nDONNA (cont'd)\\nWho is she?\\nJim smiles mysteriously.\\nEXT. GLORIA\\u2019S HOUSE - DAY\\nGloria\\u2019s car arrives home. She parks on the street, gets her\\nshopping bags out of the backseat, looks up to her house and\\nstops.\\nJim stands on her front porch, a single flower \\u2014 a peony \\u2014\\nin his hand.\\nHe comes down to her.\\nJIM\\n(re: the bags)\\nMay I?\\nGloria holds onto them.\\nGLORIA\\nWhat are you doing here?84.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224JIM\\nI want to take you out. Get to know\\nyou romantically. See if we\\u2019re as\\ngood a fit as I think we can be .\\nGloria resists.\\nJIM\\nThere are some things I can't talk\\nabout.\\nGLORIA\\nsoftening( )\\nI know.\\nJIM\\nBut the rest of it... the rest of\\nme... I didn't even know there was a\\nrest of me, until I met you. \\nBeat.\\nGLORIA\\n...Friday night ?\\nJIM\\nHow about Saturday noon .\\n(off her reaction)\\nI'm serious about this. So I  want to\\nget to know the boys, too. And let\\nthem get to know me. We can go as\\nslow as you like, but they\\u2019re\\nimportant and I want to start on the\\nright foot.\\nOn Gloria: Surprised. Touched. Hopeful.\\nGLORIA\\nThat sounds lovely.\\nJim takes his flower and tucks it into the bag.\\nGLORIA (cont'd)\\nJust the one?\\nJIM\\nFor now.\\nINT. RKO RANCH, BEDFORD FALLS SIGN - DAY\\nAnother day, another take.85.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224Camera rolls on Jim, fake snow falling  on him, as he sees\\nthe sign, turns around,\\nJIM\\nYay! Hello Bedford Falls!\\nFRANK\\nCut. Bigger, Jim. Much bigger.\\nJIM\\nI don't know how much bigger I can\\nget without being ridiculous.\\nFRANK\\nDon't worry about it .\\nJim is dubious.\\nFRANK (cont'd)\\nThink of the audience. People\\nstruggling through the new normal .\\nThey come to a movie for a two hour\\nbreak from their problems.\\nJim follows,\\nJIM\\nThey've watched you suffer and get\\nbeat down the same way they are, and\\ndeep inside  they fear they'll never\\nknow pure joy ever again. You have to\\ngive it to them.\\nJIM(cont'd)\\ngetting it( )\\nGive it to them .\\nFRANK\\nCan you find it?\\nJim retakes his mark. Reaches the deepest he's ever reached.\\nFRANK (cont'd)\\nAction.\\nJim lopes into frame, turns around, and SHOOTS his fists in\\nthe air as his voice goes up 3 octaves,\\nJIM\\nYAY! HELLO BEDFORD FALLS!\\nIt is ridiculous. Crew stifles laughs. Frank LAUGHS\\noutright.86.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224FRANK\\nCut! That was it!\\nJIM\\nThank God.\\nJim LAUGHS  along with everyone else. Surprised, and happy.\\nINT. RKO STUDIO, EDITING ROOM - DAY\\nFrank and his editor BILL (40s) hunch over a table full of\\nfilm cans.\\nLATER\\nThey sit back and watch the sequence they just cut\\ntogether - the run on the bank .  \\nBILL\\nWell?\\nFrank is deep in thought.\\nFRANK\\nSomething's not adding up.\\nBILL\\nAnother scene?\\nFRANK\\nAll the scenes. Individually they\\nwork but together...\\nFrank pulls his battered copy of the script onto his lap.\\nLeafs through it. Nothing stands out.\\nFRANK (cont'd)\\nWhat am I trying to say?\\nThe script closes on his lap... and he focuses on the title.\\nFRANK (cont'd)\\nPen.\\nBill casts around for one. Finds it, hands it over.\\nFrank scratches out the title and writes something else.\\nBill looks over his shoulder.87.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224EXT. MOVIE THEATER - DAY\\nAn EMPLOYEE puts up a poster in front of the theater.\\nPassersby stop to take a look. \\nINT. BOWLING ALLEY - DAY\\nJim helps Michael to bowl. They go too far down the lane,\\nSLIP and FALL. Jim avoids landing on Michael by\\nsomersaulting over him, landing flat on his back. \\nGloria, with Ronald  on her lap, LEAPS up.\\nMichael leans over Jim, worried.\\nJim LAUGHS. Which makes Michael LAUGH, which makes Gloria\\nrelax.\\nJim catches her eye, holds it. Both realizing something\\nspecial is happening.\\nINT. MOVIE THEATER - DAY\\nUshers sweep the aisles and brush lint off the velvet chair\\nupholstery.\\nINT. MOVIE THEAT ER, PROJECTION ROOM - DAY\\nThe projectionist opens up the travel film canister, hefts\\nthe huge reel out and onto the projector. He feeds the free\\nend of film into projector, locks it in place.\\nEXT. MOVIE THEATER - DAY\\nThe MANAGER fits the last letter onto the marquee, climbs\\ndown the ladder and checks his work.\\nFRANK CAPRA\\u2019S IT\\u2019S A WONDERFUL LIFE proclaims itself to the\\nworld.\\nEXT. HOLLYWOOD ALLEY - NIGHT\\nA car is parked just steps away from the bright lights and\\ntraffic of Hollywood Boulevard.88.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224INT. CAPRA CAR - CONTINUOUS\\nFrank and Lu, in tux and evening gown, touch themselves up.\\nFrank smooths his hair, Lu makes sure there\\u2019s no lipstick on\\nher teeth.\\nLU\\nReady?\\nFRANK\\nMy heart's racing.\\nLu takes his hand. Squeezes it.\\nLU\\nI'm sure it's a hit. It has all the\\ningredients.\\nEXT. HOLLYWOOD ALLEY, CONTINUOUS\\nThey get out of the car. Frank comes around, tucks Lu\\u2019s hand\\ninto his elbow, and they step out onto \\u2014\\nEXT. HOLLYWOOD BOULEVARD\\nThe famed street, with its star-inlaid sidewalk, i ts\\nflashing neon lights, and its movie stars.\\nThe theater marquee is the centerpiece of the street; a\\nbeacon.\\nThe sea of FANS, JOURNALISTS and PAPARAZZI part for Frank\\nand Lu. They join Jim and Gloria, and Donna and her husband\\nTONY (30s).\\nThey all pose for pictures .\\nOn Frank: basking in his redemption.\\nSLOW FADE TO\\nBLACK:\\nEXT. CAPRA HOUSE  - DAY.\\nEarly morning.\\nFrank Jr. sits on the stoop. Bored. He LEAPS up  when the\\nPAPER TRUCK stops.\\nFrank Jr. goes to the truck, takes the newspapers and\\nmagazines directly from the DRIVER and dashes inside.89.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224INT. CAPRA HOUSE, KITCHEN - CONTINUOUS\\nHe heads straight into the kitchen where Lulu and Tom eat\\nbreakfast, and puts the papers into Lu\\u2019s waiting hands.\\nLu finds the first one she wants: The Daily Variety.\\nRight there on the cover,\\n\\u201cIt\\u2019s A Wonderful Flop\\u201d\\nShe takes the magazine and stuffs it behind the oven. Next,\\nthe LA Times. As she thumbs through to the Arts and\\nEntertainment section,\\nFRANK JR.\\nHe\\u2019s going to find out anyway.\\nLU\\nHe already knows.\\nFRANK JR.\\nThen why hide the papers?\\nShe finds the section, lights it on the stove and lets it\\nburn in the kitchen sink.\\nLU\\nThey\\u2019ll just make it worse.\\nINT. CAPRA HOUSE, DEN - DAY\\nFrank, still in his pajamas, slouches over the phone. His\\npencil drums a notepad with tallied numbers - box office\\ngrosses from every region in the country.\\nFRANK\\n(into phone)\\nAnd that\\u2019s the East Coast final\\ntally? All right. Thanks.\\nHe hangs up, sits back.\\nUtterly d efeated .\\nINT. CAPRA HOUSE, KITCHEN - CONTINUOUS\\nFrank shuffles into the kitchen. Touches Lulu\\u2019s and Tommy\\u2019s\\nheads. Gives Frank Jr. a pat on the back. Crosses to Lu.\\nFRANK\\nPapers?90.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224LU\\nHave some breakfast.\\nShe pushes Frank into a chair  and puts a loaded plate in\\nfront of him.\\nHe doesn't touch it.\\nLu reads him. Pulls him, still seated, to her. Frank's arms\\ngo around her waist.\\nThe kids trade looks; unsure what happening .\\nFRANK JR.\\nIt\\u2019s just one movie, Dad. You\\u2019ll make\\nmore.\\nFrank looks around his family  with gratitude .\\nFRANK\\nThanks, Frank.\\nto Lu( )\\nWhere are the papers?\\nLU\\nI cancelled them.\\noff his shocked look( )\\nNothing good comes from the papers.\\nFrank, overcome with disappointment, buries his face in her\\nchest.\\nINT. MCA WAITING ROOM - D AY\\nA small, spartan space. Completely different from those of\\nthe powerful movie studios.\\nOver the reception desk reads MUSIC CORPORATION OF AMERICA.\\nJim reads the same newspaper that Lu had earlier. He folds\\nit up and sets it aside. Brushes off the review like a fly.\\nHe sees the receptionist, clearly starstruck, peeking at\\nhim.\\nJim smiles at her.\\nShe blushes. Her intercom BUZZES.\\nRECEPTIONIST\\nMr. Stewart, he\\u2019ll see you now.91.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224INT. LEW WASSERMAN\\u2019S OFFICE - CONTINUOUS\\nJim enters the office. LEW WASSERMAN (30s, energetic,\\nlikable ) gets up from behind the desk and meets Jim halfway.\\nHe shakes Jim\\u2019s hand vigorously.\\nLEW\\nMr. Stewart, how are you?\\nJIM\\nJust fine, Mr. Wasserman.\\nLEW\\nLew, please.\\nJIM\\nAnd I\\u2019m Jim.\\nThey sit down in a pair of easy chairs.\\nLEW\\nI couldn\\u2019t believe it when Laura said\\nyou wanted to meet. You realize we\\u2019re\\nin the music business, right?\\nJIM\\nI heard you\\u2019re in the representation\\nbusiness.\\nLew pauses. Reassesses Jim.\\nLEW\\nI\\u2019ve considered... Expanding. But my\\nunderstanding was  you were leaving\\nthe business.\\nJIM\\nWord gets around.\\nLEW\\nChange of heart?\\nJIM\\nMore like r egained my center.\\nLew is impressed as how Jim is navigating this conversation.\\nLEW\\nSo what can I do for you?92.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224JIM\\nI\\u2019m starting over. I need an agent\\nwho isn\\u2019t going to try to get me into\\nthe next HARVEY, or the next YOU\\nCAN\\u2019T TAKE IT WITH YOU, or any of the\\nthings I\\u2019ve already done.\\nLEW\\nOr the next WONDERFUL LIFE?\\nJim smiles mysteriously .\\nJIM\\nI'm ready to move forward .\\nLEW \\nI may have a few ideas.\\nEXT. LAKE - DAY\\nJim and Gloria are knee deep in the calm waters, each with a\\nfishing rod in hand.\\nJim keeps sneaking looks over his shoulder at Gloria; she\\u2019s\\nentirely comfortable in her hat, fisherman\\u2019s vest and loose\\ntrousers rolled up.\\nGLORIA\\nKeep looking at me and something\\u2019ll\\npull you right in.\\nJIM\\nThe view is worth the risk.\\nShe makes a ridiculous pose, which only heightens Jim's\\nenjoyment.\\nGLORIA\\nAre you sure there\\u2019s fish in here?\\nJIM\\nUsed to be.\\nGLORIA\\nIt\\u2019s not going to be much of a\\nbirthday dinner if there\\u2019s nothing to\\neat.\\nSuddenly her line goes taut.\\nGLORIA (cont'd)\\nOh!93.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224She work s the reel, pulling and winding in a rhythm that\\nshows she\\u2019s no novice.\\nThe rod bows at the tip. \\nJIM\\nGot a big one.\\nHe shuffles over to her  as Gloria starts edging backwards\\ntowards shore.\\nGLORIA\\nHeavy thing, must be a catfish or\\u2014\\nThe line SNAPS, the bow WHIPS back and Gloria stumbles. Jim\\ncatches her.\\nGLORIA (cont'd)\\nDang it!\\nJim stays quiet but his face betrays him.\\nGLORIA\\nDo I amuse you? \\nJIM\\nYou\\u2019re awfully cute when you\\u2019re\\nangry.\\nGLORIA\\nOf all the obnoxious things\\u2014\\nJIM\\nGetting cuter.\\nGloria gives up. Laughs.\\nEXT. LAKE SHORE - DAY\\nThe sun is just setting.\\nGloria and Jim watch it from a picnic blanket, a few small\\ncontainers from home between them.\\nJIM\\nAnd thus ends another birthday.\\nGLORIA\\nIt doesn\\u2019t have to. We can get\\ncleaned up, head into town.\\nJIM\\nI like this just fine.94.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224GLORIA\\nAn empty belly and wet feet?\\nJIM\\nAnd the best company.\\nGloria smiles.\\nGLORIA\\nI wish you\\u2019d let me give you\\nsomething.\\nJIM\\nThere\\u2019s nothing I need.\\nGLORIA\\nWhat about something you want?\\nJim pauses. A sudden urge overtakes him.\\nJIM\\nMarry me.\\nOn Gloria. Not surprised, but also not prepared. \\nJIM\\nThat is, if you think you can stand\\nbeing married to an actor .\\nGLORIA\\n(teasing)\\nI'm not sure how I feel about a life\\nin phony Hollywood .\\nBeat.\\nJIM\\nYou know  that\\u2019s the moment I started\\nfalling in love with you ? When you\\ntold me it wasn\\u2019t all trivial.\\nGLORIA\\nDid I say that?\\nJIM\\nAnd then Frank said there are worse\\nways to make a living than giving\\nfolks a two hour break from their\\nproblems. He's right , wouldn\\u2019t you\\nsay?\\nGLORIA\\nI say...  yes.95.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224INT. HOLLYWOOD CAFE - DAY\\nFrank, George and William sit at a window booth. None of\\nthem has much appetite.\\nAgainst the happy bustle of the cafe, they are especially\\nbleak.\\nFrank can barely look at them.\\nFRANK\\nThey\\u2019re pulling it out of theaters.\\nAll in, it\\u2019s a loss of about half a\\nmillion.\\nGEORGE STEVENS\\nSo, foreclosure?\\nFRANK\\nNot necessarily. I, uh,\\nHe\\u2019s even more uncomfortable,\\nFRANK (cont'd)\\nI took a meeting. Across the street.\\nANGLE: From the window, we see the gates of the PARAMOUNT\\nLOT.\\nBeat. \\nGEORGE STEVENS\\nYou didn\\u2019t.\\nFRANK\\nIt\\u2019s a generous offer. We\\u2019ll get all\\nour money back.\\nWILLIAM\\nBut?\\nFRANK \\nThe contract includes Liberty... And\\nus. Five picture deal, each.\\nGEORGE\\nI prefer foreclosure.\\nFRANK\\nThey\\u2019ll distribute the rest of our\\nslate. You'll be able to finish I\\nREMEMBER MAMA.96.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224GEORGE\\nJust so they can  slice and dice it .\\n(to William )\\nYou\\u2019re awfully quiet.\\nWILLIAM\\nWe always knew it was a risk.\\nGeorge grows angrier .\\nFRANK\\nThe deal is all of us or none of us.\\nGeorge gets up, throws a few cents on the table and st omps\\nout.\\nWILLIAM\\nHe hates not having a choice.\\nFRANK\\nI wish I had something better to say\\nthan I\\u2019m sorry.\\nWILLIAM\\nIt was a good film, Frank. Sometimes,\\nthings just don't work out. The\\naudience is fickle. The only thing to\\ndo is to keep making movies.\\nFrank keeps his thoughts to himself.\\nINT. CAPRA HOUSE, DEN - DAY\\nFrank sits in his easy chair. There are piles of scripts all\\naround, each with a Paramount cover.\\nHe doesn't see Lu, dressed for errands, watching him from\\nthe door. After a moment she enters.\\nLU\\nCould you spare an hour? I need\\ngarden  soil.\\nFrank puts down the script.\\nFRANK\\nAnything to distract me from this.\\nEXT. LOS ANGELES STREET - DAY\\nThe Capra car stops at an intersection .97.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224It's just outside a movie theater. IT'S A WONDERFUL LIFE up\\non the marquee.\\nFrank looks at the theater. \\nLU\\nWant to go see it?\\nFRANK\\nI've seen it a hundred times.\\nLU\\nNot like this. With regular people.\\nFrank is pulled, but hesitates.\\nLU(cont'd)\\nGo. I'll  pick you up after.\\nEXT. MOVIE THEATER - CONTINUOUS\\nFrank exits the car. Lu leans out the window.\\nLU\\nFrank. Watch the movie. Not the\\naudience.\\nINT. THEATER - CONTINUOUS\\nFrank walks in just as the swell of the opening score\\nstarts; bright, cheery, sweeping.\\nIn the entire theater, only one seat is occupied . It's a\\nyoung man, ARTHUR (20s).\\nFrank's heart falls into his shoes  at the emptiness.  He\\ntakes a seat in front of Arthur . \\nTwo hours and ten minutes pass, and Frank watches his movie.\\nHe doesn't enjoy it. All he can see is failure.\\nAs the film comes to it\\u2019s conclusion,\\nTODD KARNS AS \\u201cHARRY BAILEY\\u201d\\nA toast! To my big brother George,\\nthe richest man in town.\\nFrank hightails it out of the theater.98.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224EXT. MOVIE THEATER LOBBY - DAY\\nMinutes later.\\nFrank lingers by the theater entrance, waiting for Lu.\\nArthur comes out and waits by the bus stop.\\nAfter a moment,\\nARTHUR\\nDidn\\u2019t like the movie?\\noff Frank's look( )\\nYou didn\\u2019t even laugh at the jokes.\\nFRANK\\nI\\u2019ve seen it before .\\nARTHUR\\nMe too. Three times now.\\nOn Frank. S tartled .\\nThe bus arrives.\\nARTHUR\\nquoting( )\\nNo man is a failure.\\nFRANK\\n...who has friends.\\nArthur shrugs.\\nARTHUR\\nIt's the first part that sticks with\\nyou.\\nArthur steps onto the bus .\\nFrank steps back from the curb and the bus drives away.\\nThe entire experience \\u2014 making the movie, the flop, this\\nchance encounter \\u2014 resonates in Frank.\\nEmotions - vindication, irony, and release - churn within\\nhim... until they settle.\\nThe Capra car pulls up.\\nINT. CAPRA CAR - CONTINUOUS\\nFrank gets in.99.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224LU\\nWell?\\nFRANK\\nWhat do you call the guy who finally\\nlearns the lesson he's been trying to\\nteach?\\nLu smiles .\\nFRANK (cont'd)\\nAn idiot. Named Frank Capra.\\nLU\\nTitle of your autobiography.\\nFrank LAUGHS and looks at Lu with new appreciation.\\nHe looks out the window at the marquee one more time. Saying\\ngoodbye.\\nFRANK\\nLet's go home.\\nINTO. RKO STUDIO - FILM VAULT\\nFLORESCENT ceiling lights wink on, illuminating an enormous\\nwarehouse of nothing but floor-to-ceiling shelves.\\nThe footsteps of a COURIER (20s) echo as he walks a film\\ncanister into the vault.\\nHundreds of identical canisters, each holding the original\\nnegative print of a film, sit on shelves that go back as far\\nas the eye can see. Most of them covered in thick dust.\\nThe courier navigates the place like a maze. He gets to the\\nshelf marked \\u201cI\\u201d, finds the appropriate alphabetical spot,\\nand slides in his canister.\\nHe goes back the way he came. Turns off the light, and\\ncloses the door on hundreds of forgotten films.\\nINT. BRENTWOOOD PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH - DAY\\nA modest house of worship in Spanish mission style.\\nJim and Gloria, in understated wedding clothes, stand at the\\naltar in front of the MINISTER (60s). Michael and Ronald sit\\nin the front pew.\\nIn Gloria\\u2019s arms, and flanking the altar, are simple\\nbouquets of peonies.100.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224MINISTER\\nIt is my great pleasure to pronounce\\nyou Mr. And Mrs. Stewart.\\nJim and Gloria kiss.\\nThe congregation of about 40 guests APPLAUDS.\\nJim and Gloria come back down the aisle, pausing briefly for\\na hug here, a handshake there.\\nIn the last row are Frank and Lu.\\nJim spots Frank and slows down. Frank pumps Jim\\u2019s hand\\nvigorously as Lu embraces Gloria.\\nFRANK\\nNever thought I\\u2019d see the day.\\nJIM\\nWell it\\u2019s all your fault. If you\\nhadn\\u2019t made me stay I\\u2019d never have\\nhad the chance to sweep her off her\\nfeet.\\nFRANK \\nI\\u2019m awful sorry, Gloria.\\nAll laugh.\\nLU\\nWe\\u2019re thrilled for you.\\nJIM\\nThank you.\\nHe looks at Frank.\\nJIM(cont'd)\\nI mean it. Thank you.\\nFrank gets the deeper meaning.\\nFRANK\\nI didn\\u2019t do a thing.\\nJIM\\nI believe that\\u2019s the first time\\nyou\\u2019ve ever ducked credit.\\nFRANK\\nProbably the last, too.\\nJim and Gloria continue to the church doors.101.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224JIM\\nReady?\\nGLORIA\\nCharge.\\nThe doors open to the POP! of FLASHBULBS and dozens of\\nphotographers,\\nPHOTOGRAPHERS\\nMrs. Stewart!/ Jim!/ Look here, now/\\nBeautiful!\\nFADE TO:\\nINT. CAPRA HOUSE, DEN - DAY\\nDespite the bright California sunshine filling the room, the  \\nevergreen wreaths with plaid bows on the windows tell us\\nit\\u2019s Christmas.\\nSUPER: Thirty years later\\nFrom beyond the room come the sounds of LAUGHTER  and many\\npeople  TALKING  over each other - a happy family holiday.\\nBut here in the den, little CHRISTINA CAPRA (8) sits cross-\\nlegged on the floor, eyes glued to the TV.\\nShe\\u2019s watching cartoons.\\nFRANK (O.S.)\\nWhere\\u2019s Tina?\\nFrank (79) enters.\\nFRANK\\nTina, it\\u2019s time to eat. Come on,\\neverybody\\u2019s waiting.\\nTINA\\nBut I was watching\\u2014\\nFRANK\\nIt'll be here when we're done.\\nHe coaxes Tina up and out of the room, leaving the TV on. As\\nhe closes the door, a swooping , unmistakable  score pours\\ntinnily out of the TV\\u2019s speakers .\\nFrank STOPS.\\nOpens the door wider. Sees the screen.102.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224On Frank's face. At first confused. Then overtaken by\\nanother emotion. Joy.\\nAnd wonder.\\nAnd hope.\\nINSERT CARD:\\nJim and Gloria were married for the rest of their lives.\\nHe acted for another 40 years.\\nFrank Capra made only a few more films before retiring. None\\nof them were successful.\\nDecades after it flopped, IT'S A WONDERFUL LIFE finally\\nfound its audience ... via television.\\nIt has been one of the most beloved films in cinema history.\\n\\\"We do have villainy, but we also have great compassion\\namong ourselves. That's all I'm here for, really, to try to\\ntell you that there's good in the world. And that it's\\nwonderful.\\\"\\n - Frank Capra103.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224\", \"title\": \"Its-A-Wonderful-Story-2022-screenplay-by-Alexandra-Tran\", \"qa_pairs\": \"[{'Q': 'The scene takes place in a windowless basement room in the War Department in Washington DC in 1945. Six men, aged 30s to 50s, are slouching in uncomfortable chairs around a large table. They are watching a rough cut of a black and white documentary about the attack on Pearl Harbor, with dramatic orchestral music playing over sweeping images of destruction. The voice of President <mask-1>. Roosevelt is heard declaring a state of war between the <mask-0> and the Japanese Empire. The film ends with a stately, waving American flag and the chorus of \\\"My Country \\\\'Tis of Thee.\\\" The man at the head of the table is Frank, who is in his 40s and wearing an army uniform.', 'S': 'The scene takes place in a windowless basement room in the War Department in Washington DC in 1945. Six men, aged 30s to 50s, are slouching in uncomfortable chairs around a large table. They are watching a rough cut of a black and white documentary about the attack on Pearl Harbor, with dramatic orchestral music playing over sweeping images of destruction. The voice of President Franklin D. Roosevelt is heard declaring a state of war between the United States and the Japanese Empire. The film ends with a stately, waving American flag and the chorus of \\\"My Country \\\\'Tis of Thee.\\\" The man at the head of the table is Frank, who is in his 40s and wearing an army uniform.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'United States', '<mask-1>': 'Franklin D'}}, {'Q': 'In the script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s A Wonderful Story 2022,\\\" a group of men led by Frank are working on a film that will inspire people to enlist in the military. They are behind schedule and feeling fatigued, but <mask-1> believes that their film will be successful in motivating people. However, just as they are about to finish, a young soldier named Dvorak interrupts them to deliver the news that <mask-0> has surrendered. The group is initially stunned, but then they celebrate and go to a bar to drink and reflect on their hard work. <mask-1> thanks everyone for their efforts and acknowledges the long hours and hard work that went into the project. The script segment highlights the dedication and sacrifice that went into creating propaganda films during World War II.', 'S': 'In the script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s A Wonderful Story 2022,\\\" a group of men led by Frank are working on a film that will inspire people to enlist in the military. They are behind schedule and feeling fatigued, but Frank believes that their film will be successful in motivating people. However, just as they are about to finish, a young soldier named Dvorak interrupts them to deliver the news that Japan has surrendered. The group is initially stunned, but then they celebrate and go to a bar to drink and reflect on their hard work. Frank thanks everyone for their efforts and acknowledges the long hours and hard work that went into the project. The script segment highlights the dedication and sacrifice that went into creating propaganda films during World War II.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Japan', '<mask-1>': 'Frank'}}, {'Q': 'In the script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s A Wonderful Story 2022\\\" by Alexandra Tran, a group of people are gathered together to celebrate their successful completion of a project. Frank, their boss, expresses his pride in working with them, and they respond with gratitude. However, <mask-0> decides to quit, but not before acknowledging Frank\\\\'s hard work and dedication to the project. The group remembers the urgency and fear they felt during the project, but <mask-0> believes that Frank\\\\'s leadership was essential in completing it successfully. The group raises their glasses to <mask-1>, acknowledging his role as the \\\"master manipulator\\\" who helped them achieve the impossible. The script segment highlights the importance of teamwork and leadership in achieving success.', 'S': 'In the script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s A Wonderful Story 2022\\\" by Alexandra Tran, a group of people are gathered together to celebrate their successful completion of a project. Frank, their boss, expresses his pride in working with them, and they respond with gratitude. However, Art decides to quit, but not before acknowledging Frank\\\\'s hard work and dedication to the project. The group remembers the urgency and fear they felt during the project, but Art believes that Frank\\\\'s leadership was essential in completing it successfully. The group raises their glasses to Frank, acknowledging his role as the \\\"master manipulator\\\" who helped them achieve the impossible. The script segment highlights the importance of teamwork and leadership in achieving success.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Art', '<mask-1>': 'Frank'}}, {'Q': 'The script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s A Wonderful Story 2022\\\" follows the story of Jim, a newly discharged veteran, and Frank, a Hollywood director. Jim returns home to Los Angeles and is mistaken for the movie star <mask-1> by photographers at the airport. He later meets up with Gary Cooper and his friend Gloria, but their chemistry is cut short when Gloria declines Jim\\\\'s invitation for dinner. Meanwhile, Frank struggles to find a script he wants to direct, rejecting several war-themed options in favor of \\\"The Greatest Gift,\\\" a story about a man who sees what the world would be like if he had never been born. However, the studio does not have the rights to the script, and the studio head insists on war pictures to celebrate the end of the war. Frank feels like a stranger in his own marriage and is worried about the future, as news reports suggest the possibility of another war and a recession.In the script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s A Wonderful Story 2022,\\\" <mask-0> and Harry are discussing which movie to make. <mask-2> wants to make big, guaranteed hits, while <mask-0> wants to make \\\"The Greatest Gift,\\\" a heart-wrenching story. Harry argues that they should make war pictures because that\\\\'s what people want to buy. <mask-0> believes that they have a moral obligation to use their power to influence people for the better. He doesn\\\\'t want to be remembered as a director who made people hate the enemy. Frank has been working for Harry for twenty years, making him millions and winning him awards. He feels that he has earned the right to call the shots, but Harry reminds him that it\\\\'s his studio and he will always call the shots. Frank is disappointed but weighs his options and priorities.', 'S': 'The script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s A Wonderful Story 2022\\\" follows the story of Jim, a newly discharged veteran, and Frank, a Hollywood director. Jim returns home to Los Angeles and is mistaken for the movie star James Stewart by photographers at the airport. He later meets up with Gary Cooper and his friend Gloria, but their chemistry is cut short when Gloria declines Jim\\\\'s invitation for dinner. Meanwhile, Frank struggles to find a script he wants to direct, rejecting several war-themed options in favor of \\\"The Greatest Gift,\\\" a story about a man who sees what the world would be like if he had never been born. However, the studio does not have the rights to the script, and the studio head insists on war pictures to celebrate the end of the war. Frank feels like a stranger in his own marriage and is worried about the future, as news reports suggest the possibility of another war and a recession.In the script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s A Wonderful Story 2022,\\\" Frank and Harry are discussing which movie to make. Harry wants to make big, guaranteed hits, while Frank wants to make \\\"The Greatest Gift,\\\" a heart-wrenching story. Harry argues that they should make war pictures because that\\\\'s what people want to buy. Frank believes that they have a moral obligation to use their power to influence people for the better. He doesn\\\\'t want to be remembered as a director who made people hate the enemy. Frank has been working for Harry for twenty years, making him millions and winning him awards. He feels that he has earned the right to call the shots, but Harry reminds him that it\\\\'s his studio and he will always call the shots. Frank is disappointed but weighs his options and priorities.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Frank', '<mask-1>': 'James Stewart', '<mask-2>': 'Harry'}}, {'Q': 'In the script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s A Wonderful Story\\\" 2022, Frank decides to quit his job and make a movie independently with the help of his friends <mask-2> and William Wyler. However, his wife <mask-0> is hesitant about the financial risk involved. Meanwhile, Gloria, a former ambulance driver, confronts her boss Tony about rehiring her and her colleagues who were replaced by inexperienced drivers. Jim, a war veteran and actor, meets with Frank at a nightclub where Frank pitches a movie idea to him, but Jim declines. Later, Jim meets with Gloria for lunch and tells her he is leaving acting to work in his father\\\\'s store.Jim, a former actor, feels that acting is phony and trivial. He wants to do something more worthwhile. <mask-1>, his friend, reminds him that helping others, like their mutual friend Frank, can be worthwhile. Jim agrees to help Frank and calls him on the phone. Meanwhile, Gloria is uncomfortable with the idea of bringing casual relationships into her children\\\\'s lives. Jim compliments her on being a great mother.', 'S': 'In the script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s A Wonderful Story\\\" 2022, Frank decides to quit his job and make a movie independently with the help of his friends George Stevens and William Wyler. However, his wife Lu is hesitant about the financial risk involved. Meanwhile, Gloria, a former ambulance driver, confronts her boss Tony about rehiring her and her colleagues who were replaced by inexperienced drivers. Jim, a war veteran and actor, meets with Frank at a nightclub where Frank pitches a movie idea to him, but Jim declines. Later, Jim meets with Gloria for lunch and tells her he is leaving acting to work in his father\\\\'s store.Jim, a former actor, feels that acting is phony and trivial. He wants to do something more worthwhile. Gloria, his friend, reminds him that helping others, like their mutual friend Frank, can be worthwhile. Jim agrees to help Frank and calls him on the phone. Meanwhile, Gloria is uncomfortable with the idea of bringing casual relationships into her children\\\\'s lives. Jim compliments her on being a great mother.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Lu', '<mask-1>': 'Gloria', '<mask-2>': 'George Stevens'}}, {'Q': 'The script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s A Wonderful Story 2022\\\" follows the production of a film set in the Golden Age of Hollywood. The protagonist, <mask-0>, is a middle-aged actor struggling to connect with his co-star, Donna, who is much younger than him. The director, Frank, pushes <mask-0> to perform better, but Jim feels uncomfortable with the romantic scenes. Meanwhile, Gloria, Jim\\\\'s ex-wife, is raising their two sons and trying to get Jim to visit them. The script highlights the challenges of the film industry and the personal struggles of the characters.', 'S': 'The script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s A Wonderful Story 2022\\\" follows the production of a film set in the Golden Age of Hollywood. The protagonist, Jim, is a middle-aged actor struggling to connect with his co-star, Donna, who is much younger than him. The director, Frank, pushes Jim to perform better, but Jim feels uncomfortable with the romantic scenes. Meanwhile, Gloria, Jim\\\\'s ex-wife, is raising their two sons and trying to get Jim to visit them. The script highlights the challenges of the film industry and the personal struggles of the characters.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Jim'}}, {'Q': 'The script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s A Wonderful Story 2022\\\" by <mask-0> depicts the filming of a scene from the movie and the struggles faced by the crew due to the scorching heat. The director, <mask-1>, decides to shut down the set for three days to give the crew a break. However, the line producer objects, citing the budget constraints and the delay in shooting. Frank\\\\'s personal life is also shown, where he picks up his son from the movies and discovers that his own movie, \\\"The Battle of China,\\\" is being shown illegally in a theater. He later finds out that the government is recirculating all the \\\"Why We Fight\\\" movies for the upcoming election. The script segment ends with <mask-1>\\\\'s anger and frustration at the situation.', 'S': 'The script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s A Wonderful Story 2022\\\" by Alexandra Tran depicts the filming of a scene from the movie and the struggles faced by the crew due to the scorching heat. The director, Frank, decides to shut down the set for three days to give the crew a break. However, the line producer objects, citing the budget constraints and the delay in shooting. Frank\\\\'s personal life is also shown, where he picks up his son from the movies and discovers that his own movie, \\\"The Battle of China,\\\" is being shown illegally in a theater. He later finds out that the government is recirculating all the \\\"Why We Fight\\\" movies for the upcoming election. The script segment ends with Frank\\\\'s anger and frustration at the situation.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Alexandra Tran', '<mask-1>': 'Frank'}}, {'Q': 'In the script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s A Wonderful Story 2022\\\" by <mask-0>, <mask-1> and Lu discuss the possibility of making a new movie about Russia in case they fight them in the future. Frank refuses to vilify a people for something they might do and believes it is disgusting. Lu asks how he can ignore everything that has happened and still hold onto optimism. Frank responds by saying he approaches life the same way he makes movies, by waving his hand broadly before him.', 'S': 'In the script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s A Wonderful Story 2022\\\" by Alexandra Tran, Frank and Lu discuss the possibility of making a new movie about Russia in case they fight them in the future. Frank refuses to vilify a people for something they might do and believes it is disgusting. Lu asks how he can ignore everything that has happened and still hold onto optimism. Frank responds by saying he approaches life the same way he makes movies, by waving his hand broadly before him.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Alexandra Tran', '<mask-1>': 'Frank'}}, {'Q': 'In the script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s A Wonderful Story\\\" 2022, <mask-0> and Lu have a conversation about making choices and focusing on the positive. Meanwhile, Michael receives a postcard from his father, who is on his honeymoon and promises to bring them something when he visits. <mask-1> is surprised by the news of her father\\\\'s marriage and is tired of people\\\\'s platitudes and apologies. She discusses this with Jim, who tries to lighten the mood with some soft-shoe dancing.', 'S': 'In the script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s A Wonderful Story\\\" 2022, Frank and Lu have a conversation about making choices and focusing on the positive. Meanwhile, Michael receives a postcard from his father, who is on his honeymoon and promises to bring them something when he visits. Gloria is surprised by the news of her father\\\\'s marriage and is tired of people\\\\'s platitudes and apologies. She discusses this with Jim, who tries to lighten the mood with some soft-shoe dancing.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Frank', '<mask-1>': 'Gloria'}}, {'Q': 'Jim, a struggling actor, is filming a scene for the movie \\\"It\\\\'s a Wonderful Life\\\" in 1946. He is having trouble with his performance and is distant from his girlfriend, Gloria. During a break, Jim confides in Gloria that he is struggling and she believes him. However, during the next scene, Jim loses control and becomes violent with his co-star, Thomas Mitchell. The director, Frank, tries to talk to <mask-0> and help him, but Jim is closed off and won\\\\'t accept any help. Jim feels guilty for his behavior and tries to hide his emotions by scrubbing off his makeup. Frank tries to console Jim and offers to help him, but <mask-0> refuses to accept any help.', 'S': 'Jim, a struggling actor, is filming a scene for the movie \\\"It\\\\'s a Wonderful Life\\\" in 1946. He is having trouble with his performance and is distant from his girlfriend, Gloria. During a break, Jim confides in Gloria that he is struggling and she believes him. However, during the next scene, Jim loses control and becomes violent with his co-star, Thomas Mitchell. The director, Frank, tries to talk to Jim and help him, but Jim is closed off and won\\\\'t accept any help. Jim feels guilty for his behavior and tries to hide his emotions by scrubbing off his makeup. Frank tries to console Jim and offers to help him, but Jim refuses to accept any help.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Jim'}}, {'Q': 'In the script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s A Wonderful Story 2022\\\" by Alexandra Tran, <mask-0> tells Frank that there is no getting better and no going back, and that this is who he is now. <mask-0> then exits, leaving Frank standing alone in the trailer. The scene then shifts to Lu exiting a grocery store with a shopping cart full of groceries. No further details or context are provided in this brief script segment.', 'S': 'In the script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s A Wonderful Story 2022\\\" by Alexandra Tran, Jim tells Frank that there is no getting better and no going back, and that this is who he is now. Jim then exits, leaving Frank standing alone in the trailer. The scene then shifts to Lu exiting a grocery store with a shopping cart full of groceries. No further details or context are provided in this brief script segment.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Jim'}}, {'Q': 'Lu encounters a beggar outside a store and gives him two dollars despite others ignoring him. A woman scowls at Lu for her actions, but Lu remains confident in her decision. Meanwhile, <mask-0> packs his belongings in his apartment and ignores a phone call.', 'S': 'Lu encounters a beggar outside a store and gives him two dollars despite others ignoring him. A woman scowls at Lu for her actions, but Lu remains confident in her decision. Meanwhile, Jim packs his belongings in his apartment and ignores a phone call.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Jim'}}, {'Q': 'In the script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s A Wonderful Story 2022\\\" by Alexandra Tran, a character named Jim is sitting in a small desk chair and someone addresses him as Michael. It is mentioned that <mask-0>\\\\'s mother is worried about him. No other details or context are provided in this brief segment.', 'S': 'In the script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s A Wonderful Story 2022\\\" by Alexandra Tran, a character named Jim is sitting in a small desk chair and someone addresses him as Michael. It is mentioned that Jim\\\\'s mother is worried about him. No other details or context are provided in this brief segment.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Jim'}}, {'Q': 'In the script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s A Wonderful Story 2022\\\" by Alexandra Tran, Jim tries to talk to <mask-0> about a possible boy problem, but Michael remains silent. Jim then sits down and picks up a green army man, questioning why it\\\\'s not with its unit. The segment highlights Jim\\\\'s feelings of failure and Michael\\\\'s lack of communication.', 'S': 'In the script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s A Wonderful Story 2022\\\" by Alexandra Tran, Jim tries to talk to Michael about a possible boy problem, but Michael remains silent. Jim then sits down and picks up a green army man, questioning why it\\\\'s not with its unit. The segment highlights Jim\\\\'s feelings of failure and Michael\\\\'s lack of communication.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Michael'}}, {'Q': 'In the script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s A Wonderful Story 2022,\\\" Jim is playing with army men on a desk. He assigns roles to each army man, including a medic and a mine sweeper. Michael, who is sleeping nearby, hears <mask-0>\\\\'s voice but doesn\\\\'t move. <mask-0> puts on a General voice and gives orders to his army men to take the garrison on the bookshelf. He acknowledges that it will be a long and difficult journey through enemy territory.', 'S': 'In the script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s A Wonderful Story 2022,\\\" Jim is playing with army men on a desk. He assigns roles to each army man, including a medic and a mine sweeper. Michael, who is sleeping nearby, hears Jim\\\\'s voice but doesn\\\\'t move. Jim puts on a General voice and gives orders to his army men to take the garrison on the bookshelf. He acknowledges that it will be a long and difficult journey through enemy territory.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Jim'}}, {'Q': 'In the script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s A Wonderful Story 2022,\\\" Jim and Michael are in a toy store during a war. Jim tries to comfort <mask-1>, who is scared, by telling him that fear is normal and that they need to stick together to survive. Michael argues that soldiers don\\\\'t get scared, but Jim reveals that he was a soldier and experienced fear during his time in the war. He shares that he lost friends and felt ashamed of being afraid, but talking about it helped. Michael then reveals that <mask-0>\\\\'s words reminded him of his father, and the conversation ends abruptly. The segment highlights the emotional toll of war and the importance of support and communication.', 'S': 'In the script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s A Wonderful Story 2022,\\\" Jim and Michael are in a toy store during a war. Jim tries to comfort Michael, who is scared, by telling him that fear is normal and that they need to stick together to survive. Michael argues that soldiers don\\\\'t get scared, but Jim reveals that he was a soldier and experienced fear during his time in the war. He shares that he lost friends and felt ashamed of being afraid, but talking about it helped. Michael then reveals that Jim\\\\'s words reminded him of his father, and the conversation ends abruptly. The segment highlights the emotional toll of war and the importance of support and communication.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Jim', '<mask-1>': 'Michael'}}, {'Q': 'In the script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s A Wonderful Story 2022\\\" by Alexandra Tran, Michael and Jim are discussing a situation involving Tommy. <mask-1> expresses regret for something he did to Tommy and Jim tries to help him by role-playing as Tommy. Jim asks Michael to describe <mask-0>\\\\'s appearance and then proceeds to act like him. He tells Michael to feel the fear and anger he felt when he was around Tommy. Jim shoves Michael and tells him to fight back. Michael punches Jim\\\\'s hand in response.', 'S': 'In the script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s A Wonderful Story 2022\\\" by Alexandra Tran, Michael and Jim are discussing a situation involving Tommy. Michael expresses regret for something he did to Tommy and Jim tries to help him by role-playing as Tommy. Jim asks Michael to describe Tommy\\\\'s appearance and then proceeds to act like him. He tells Michael to feel the fear and anger he felt when he was around Tommy. Jim shoves Michael and tells him to fight back. Michael punches Jim\\\\'s hand in response.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Tommy', '<mask-1>': 'Michael'}}, {'Q': 'In the script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s A Wonderful Story 2022\\\" by Alexandra Tran, Jim helps Michael, who is struggling with being an orphan. Jim uses his acting skills to get Michael to open up and apologize for his behavior. However, Jim promises not to tell Michael\\\\'s mother about their conversation. Later, <mask-0> meets with Frank on set, and they have a successful rehearsal for a scene where <mask-0>\\\\'s character is trying to convince <mask-1>\\\\'s character that he is her husband. The scene is emotional and realistic, impressing Frank. After filming, Jim and Frank go to a Mexican restaurant, where Frank apologizes to Jim and explains that he was wrong about him. Jim feels at ease in the restaurant, away from the cameras and stares.', 'S': 'In the script segment of \\\"It\\\\'s A Wonderful Story 2022\\\" by Alexandra Tran, Jim helps Michael, who is struggling with being an orphan. Jim uses his acting skills to get Michael to open up and apologize for his behavior. However, Jim promises not to tell Michael\\\\'s mother about their conversation. Later, Jim meets with Frank on set, and they have a successful rehearsal for a scene where Jim\\\\'s character is trying to convince Donna\\\\'s character that he is her husband. The scene is emotional and realistic, impressing Frank. After filming, Jim and Frank go to a Mexican restaurant, where Frank apologizes to Jim and explains that he was wrong about him. Jim feels at ease in the restaurant, away from the cameras and stares.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Jim', '<mask-1>': 'Donna'}}]\", \"output\": \"None\"}\n{\"input\": \"BABY BOOM\\nWritten by\\nJack Waz\\nUnited Talent Agency\\nFourth Wall Managementii.\\nThis is the way the world ends. \\nThis is the way the world ends. \\nThis is the way the world ends. \\nNot with a bang but with a \\ngender reveal party.\\n- T.S. Eliotii.EXT. FUTURE HELLSCAPE - DAY\\nThe ground\\u2019s on fire. The sky\\u2019s on fire. The water, somehow, \\nis on fire. \\nBasically, everything sucks.A lone figure walks through the flames. He\\u2019s buck naked, save \\nfor a tastefully positioned JoAnn Fabrics fanny pack blocking his junk. Light reflects off his massive, glistening pecs, as well as the NUCLEAR BOMB he\\u2019s got slung over his shoulders. \\nThis is TANK. And he\\u2019s humanity\\u2019s last hope. \\nEXT. ABANDONED LABORATORY - DAY\\nTank drops the nuke with a THUD, opens the fanny pack, and \\npulls out a small metal box duct-taped to the cracked remains of an iPhone 5. He plugs the device into the nuke, smiling as a GAUGE fills up with brilliant purple goo.\\nHe snatches a dingy white card off the wall as he punches in \\ncoordinates, flipping a switch to power up the device. It WHINES to life, sending a pulse of purple energy through the room. He takes a deep breath, then shoots one last look at the card:\\nGRACE AND KYLE GUNDERSON\\u2019S GENDER REVEAL PARTY. 46 Summit Street, Boulder, CO.12 pm. May 18th. 202-Sliding the metal box into his fanny pack, Tank presses a \\nGREEN button. \\nFLASH. As the world fades to purple-\\nINT. APARTMENT - BEDROOM - DAY\\nBEEP. BEEP. BEEP.A bleary-eyed MEG THOMAS (30s, type A) shoots out of bed.\\nMEG\\nWhat the-\\nShe checks her phone. 10 AM.2.\\nMEG(CONT\\u2019D)\\nOh no. Andy. Andy!\\nShe shakes the lump next to her. ANDY THOMAS (30s, teddy bear \\nperson) tries to swat her hand away.\\nANDY\\nJust five more minutes, Meg. \\nMEG\\n(poking him)\\nWe\\u2019ve got to get up.\\nAndy stirs, sitting up next to his wife.\\nANDY\\nWhy am I naked? And why does everything hurt?\\nMEG\\nBecause you puked on yourself at karaoke. And in the Uber back from karaoke. And in the bushes outside when we got back from karaoke.\\nShe gestures to the bushes outside their window, just past a parched cactus - Andy\\u2019s vomit-strewn clothes.\\nANDY\\nAww man.\\nINT. APARTMENT - KITCHEN - DAY\\nMeg smears some cream cheese on a bagel, checking the time on \\nher phone. A NOTIFICATION pops up - \\u201cPresident to visit Boulder area today.\\u201d She swipes it away.\\nMEG\\nHurry up.\\nAndy, in the restroom, isn\\u2019t listening.\\nANDY (O.S.)\\nI\\u2019m so dehydrated. My pee looks like silly string.\\nMEG\\nDid you hear me?\\nFLUSH. He exits the bathroom.2.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 202212243.\\nANDY\\nDo we really have to go to your \\nsister\\u2019s baby thing?\\nMEG\\nIt\\u2019s not a \\u201cbaby thing.\\u201d It\\u2019s a gender reveal party.\\nANDY\\nIt just seems kinda...\\nMEG\\nStupid? Absolutely. Ostentatious? Without a doubt. Right up Grace\\u2019s alley? You betcha.\\nShe wraps the bagel in a paper towel and tosses it to him. \\nMEG(CONT\\u2019D)\\nC\\u2019mon. We can\\u2019t be late.\\nEXT. GRACE AND KYLE'S HOUSE - BACK YARD - DAY\\nGRACE GUNDERSON (30s, bottle blonde, 20 weeks pregnant,) \\nstares down the barrel, addressing an Instagram video.\\nGRACE\\nHey GunderFam, Grace G here. We\\u2019re just two hours away from the big party! We\\u2019ll be revealing our baby\\u2019s gender to the most important people in our lives - you!\\nKYLE (30s, the human version of a Ford F150) pops into frame behind her.\\nKYLE\\nHey babe, you seen the Delta Skymiles card? \\nGRACE\\nI\\u2019m making a video, babe.\\nKYLE\\n\\u2018Cause the guy at Cabela\\u2019s says I can\\u2019t buy that much ammunition without a security deposit.\\nGRACE\\n(turning to her husband)\\nJesus, Kyle, I said no guns!\\nShe composes herself, remembering her real audience.3.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 202212244.\\nGRACE(CONT\\u2019D)\\nSee you soon! And don\\u2019t forget to \\nvote #TeamBoy or #TeamGirl in the comments!\\nThe video ends. Pull back to reveal:\\nINT. CAR - DAY\\nAndy looks up from his phone, grossed out.\\nANDY\\nYikes.\\nMEG\\nI still can\\u2019t believe she has her \\nown online fandom.\\nANDY\\nYeah, \\u201cGunderFam\\u201d sounds like the kind of group that\\u2019ll have a real interesting Netflix documentary about it in a couple years.\\nMEG\\nAt least we know she\\u2019ll love her gift. The Barnevogn is, like, the most expensive stroller in existence.\\n(concerned look)\\nYou put it in the trunk before we left, right?\\nANDY\\nDon\\u2019t be mad, but I didn\\u2019t.\\nMEG\\nWhat?\\nANDY\\nBut only because I forgot to buy it.\\nMEG\\nAndy!\\nINT. BABYTOWN USA - DAY\\nAndy\\u2019s in heaven amidst the crowd of frenzied parents buying \\noverpriced onesies. As a toddler SNEEZES in her harried mother\\u2019s face-4.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 202212245.\\nANDY\\nThis place is awesome!MEG\\nThis place is chaos.\\nHe picks up a pair of baby shoes, never worn.\\nANDY(CONT\\u2019D)\\nLook at these little shoes! They\\u2019d \\nbe so cute on our-\\n(off Meg\\u2019s look)\\n-A baby. A totally hypothetical, not at all decided on baby. \\nMEG\\nAndy...\\nANDY\\nAnd it\\u2019s totally cool if we don\\u2019t want one!\\n(Beat)\\nBut it might be fun to have a little potato person following us around and eating stuff we drop on the floor.\\nMEG\\nThat\\u2019s a pug. You\\u2019re describing a pug. \\nANDY\\nA totally hypothetical pug.\\nMEG\\nWe\\u2019re not ready for that kind of responsibility.\\nANDY\\nBut-\\nMEG\\nWe live in a one bedroom apartment. \\nANDY\\nSo we move.\\nMEG\\nWe barely make enough to keep ourselves afloat.\\nANDY\\nSo we get better jobs.\\nMEG\\nAnd have you seen our succulent?5.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 202212246.\\nANDY\\nYou mean the dead one on the \\nwindowsill?\\nMEG\\nExactly.\\nShe picks up a baby CPR doll from the shelf.\\nMEG(CONT\\u2019D)\\nPlus, you don\\u2019t have to worry about squeezing one of these out of your body.\\nShe goes to put the doll back on the shelf, but catches the head on the metal rack, beheading it.\\nMEG(CONT\\u2019D)\\nUgh. I have the parenting skills of Casey Anthony.\\nANDY\\nYou\\u2019re thinking with your head. When it comes to family, you\\u2019ve gotta think with your heart!\\nHe leans back against a shelf. Above him, a banner shows a picture of a baby erupting out of a cartoon heart like a chestburster with the text \\u201cThink with your heart at Babytown USA\\u00ae.\\u201d\\nMEG\\nHow about we spend a little less time focusing on a baby we\\u2019re not ready for and a little more time on finding this perfect stupid stroller so my perfect stupid sister can have her perfect stupid gender reveal party!\\nANDY\\n(hands up)\\nOk. Ok.\\nThey head to the back of the store, finding a display for-\\nMEG\\nThe Barnevogn!\\nBut there\\u2019s nothing there. Instead, a sign - SOLD OUT. \\nMEG(CONT\\u2019D)\\nWait, what?6.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 202212247.\\nANDY\\nAh shoot. Could have happened to \\nanyone. No one\\u2019s to blame, really.\\nMEG\\nHey!\\nShe flags down a SALES ASSOCIATE.\\nASSOCIATE\\nCan I help you ma\\u2019am?\\nMEG\\nYeah, we\\u2019re looking for a Barnevogn. It\\u2019s an emergency.\\nASSOCIATE\\nOoh, that\\u2019s a popular model! Looks like we\\u2019re sold out.\\nMEG\\nCan you check in the back?\\nASSOCIATE\\nIf it\\u2019s not on the floor, we don\\u2019t have one in stock.\\nThe associate wanders off. Meg is livid.\\nMEG\\nI asked you to buy it three weeks ago. \\nANDY\\nSo we get a different stroller! How about that one?\\nHe gestures at a nearly identical stroller.\\nANDY(CONT\\u2019D)\\n\\u201cThe Fj\\u00f8rdhammer.\\u201d Just as European as the other one. Even has one of those weird \\u201co\\u201ds and everything.\\nHe pulls the stroller out, gesturing to his wife as she SIGHS.\\nANDY(CONT\\u2019D)\\nSee? Problem solved.\\nCRASH. Andy knocks the stroller into a display rack, collapsing the legs and sending stuffed animals flying.7.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 202212248.\\nANDY(CONT\\u2019D)\\nWe should probably leave the store.\\nINT. CAR - DAY\\nThey\\u2019re sitting in uncomfortable silence, consolation \\nstroller smushed into the back seat. Andy knows he messed up.\\nANDY\\nI\\u2019m sorry, Meg. Really.\\nMEG\\nIt\\u2019s ok. But this really means a lot to me. You have no idea how high Grace\\u2019s standards are.\\nANDY\\nI kinda do. She made the wedding planner cry. At OUR wedding.\\nMEG\\nShe\\u2019s just so...decisive.\\nANDY\\nDon\\u2019t be jealous of your sister. She married Kyle. He\\u2019s like if 2005 was a person. \\nMEG\\n(glancing at Andy)\\nAt least I won that round.\\nANDY\\nGlad to know you see me as a prize. Andy Thomas, trophy husband.\\nMEG\\nI mean, you are way cuter.\\nANDY\\nAnd I never set off fireworks inside a live animal, which I\\u2019ve definitely heard Kyle bragging about before.\\nEXT. GRACE AND KYLE\\u2019S HOUSE - FRONT YARD - DAY\\nWe see the SIGN:GRACE AND KYLE GUNDERSON\\u2019S GENDER REVEAL PARTY. Meg gives a deep SIGH.8.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 202212249.\\nANDY\\nYou ready?\\nMeg looks down at the stroller.\\nMEG\\nScrew it. You only live once, \\nright?\\nEXT. GRACE AND KYLE\\u2019S HOUSE - BACK YARD - DAY\\nThey push past the gate, making their way into the sprawling \\nback yard. It\\u2019s lavishly appointed - pink and blue flowers, balloons, drinks. Even the food is color-coordinated.\\nKELSEY (O.S.)\\nMeg! Holy shit, you\\u2019re still alive?\\nKELSEY (25, too goddamn perky given the circumstances) stumbles towards them, double-fisting mimosas.\\nKELSEY(CONT\\u2019D)\\nI thought I might have killed you last night.\\nMEG\\n(hugging her)\\nEverything everywhere hurts.\\nMeg grab\\u2019s one of Kelsey\\u2019s glasses.\\nMEG(CONT\\u2019D)\\nThanks for the OJ.\\nAs she takes a sip-\\nKELSEY\\nOh, that\\u2019s like ninety percent champagne.\\nMeg spits it out, liquid splattering all over her shirt.\\nMEG\\nAww c\\u2019mon.\\nANDY\\nWhy don\\u2019t I go grab you a napkin.\\nMEG\\nAnd a real orange juice, please.\\nAndy gives her a wink, departing. Kelsey leans in.9.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122410.\\nKELSEY\\nFor real, are you guys doing ok?\\nMEG\\nYeah. It\\u2019s just that people over \\nthirty shouldn\\u2019t drink or their bodies turn into marshmallows made out of hate.\\nKELSEY\\nI meant about the fight.\\nMEG\\n(curious)\\nWhat fight?\\nKelsey gives her a look.\\nKELSEY\\nYou and Andy got into, like, a HUGE fight last night during karaoke. Totally killed the vibe.\\nMEG\\nWe did?\\nAT THE BAR:\\nAndy pours a glass of OJ, turns around and-WHAM. He runs directly into DEB (30s, thousand-yard stare).\\nANDY\\nDeb, I\\u2019m so sorry!\\nDeb snaps to attention, as if in a daze.\\nDEB\\nHuh? What?\\nShe looks down at her blouse.\\nDEB(CONT\\u2019D)\\nOh. It\\u2019s fine.\\nDeb reaches into her oversized BAG, pulling out-\\nDEB(CONT\\u2019D)\\nWet wipes. Pocket knife. Tide pen. \\n(catching Andy\\u2019s eye)\\nThe joys of motherhood.\\nANDY\\nHow are the triplets doing?10.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224(MORE)11.\\nDeb dabs at her blouse with the Tide pen.\\nDEB\\nAll they do is eat and cry and ruin \\nwhatever\\u2019s left of my body.\\nANDY\\nOh, that sounds-\\nDEB\\nAll consuming. All the time.\\nANDY\\n...But they\\u2019re great, right? \\nDEB\\nUh huh. \\nANDY\\n(hopeful)\\nLike, you can\\u2019t imagine life without them?\\nDeb gets a far-away look in her eye.\\nDEB\\nLife without them... I could travel again. Dan and I would stop fighting every night. My boobs wouldn\\u2019t look like a stretch Armstrong that got buried in the woods. \\nAndy notices a HANDSOME GUY walking towards Meg.\\nANDY\\nYeah, uh, excuse me for a moment.\\nHe leaves. Deb continues to absentmindedly rub the Tide pen into her chest.\\nACROSS THE PARTY:\\nKELSEY\\n...And you were screaming and Andy \\nwas crying. It was a mess.\\nMEG\\nI don\\u2019t remember any of that. What were we arguing about?\\nKELSEY\\nBeats me.\\n(burps)\\n(MORE)11.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224KELSEY (CONT\\u2019D)12.\\nDo you remember if I took my birth \\ncontrol last night? Eh, it\\u2019ll probably be fine.\\nMEG\\nI miss being twenty five.\\nBRAD (O.S.)\\nMeg Canton? Who let you in here?\\nBRAD PEARSON (30s, a sentient Title IX violation) approaches Meg.\\nMEG\\nBrad? It\\u2019s been so long! How are you?\\nBRAD\\nGreat, great. Have you met my fianc\\u00e9e, Taja?\\nTAJA (30s, Slovenian, mean) extends her hand, showing off a massive engagement ring.\\nTAJA\\nHello friend of Brad.\\nBrad gives her a look up and down.\\nBRAD\\nMeg Canton.\\nMEG\\nIt\\u2019s Thomas now.ANDY (O.S.)\\nIt\\u2019s Thomas now.\\nAndy crosses, joining his wife.\\nMEG(CONT\\u2019D)\\nYou remember my husband Andy? The ol\\u2019 ball and...other ball.\\nBRAD\\nOf course! Good to see you, Andy.\\nANDY\\nBrad.\\nTAJA\\n(eyes narrowed)\\nWhy do you look like man who plays flute to lure children to death?KELSEY (CONT\\u2019D)\\n12.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122413.\\nBRAD\\nSorry, sometimes Taja\\u2019s sense of \\nhumor gets lost in translation.\\nTAJA\\nLike fat child murderer.\\nANDY\\nNo mistaking that one.\\nDOREEN (O.S.)\\nMeg! Over here, darling!\\nMEG\\nIf you\\u2019ll excuse us...\\nDOREEN CANTON (60s, elegant) beckons her daughter.\\nMEG(CONT\\u2019D)\\nHey mom.\\nDOREEN\\nWhat a lovely party. Your sister has exquisite taste.\\nMeg glowers. Andy tries to cut the tension.\\nANDY\\nYou must be so excited, having your first grandkid on the way.\\nDOREEN\\nIt\\u2019s every woman\\u2019s dream. Speaking of which...\\nMEG\\nOh God, no.\\nDOREEN\\nShould we be expecting news from the two of you any time soon?\\nMEG\\nWe\\u2019re not ready yet.ANDY\\nMeg isn\\u2019t ready yet.\\nThey give each other a look.\\nDOREEN\\nDidn\\u2019t you used to tell me you wanted to make babies with that Bradly boy from across the street?\\nMeg CHOKES on her drink.13.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224(MORE)14.\\nANDY\\nSay what now?\\nDOREEN\\nAndrew, it was the most darling \\nthing. They used to have little tea parties and she\\u2019d tell me she was in love with Bradly and wanted to marry him and have a eight babies.\\nMEG\\nMom! \\nDOREEN\\n(sing song)\\nClock\\u2019s ticking...\\nMeg steers Andy away from her mother and towards Grace, who\\u2019s being photographed by Deb under a blue and pink ARCH.\\nGRACE\\nOne more in profile. I want to accentuate the bump.\\nShe looks impatiently at Deb.\\nDEB\\nUh, what bump? You\\u2019re barely even showing!\\nGRACE\\nYou\\u2019re too kind.\\nMEG\\nGrace. Grace!\\nGrace shoes Deb aside, embracing her sister.\\nGRACE\\nMeg, Andy, thank you so much for coming.\\nANDY\\nWow, you look so-\\nMEG\\nDon\\u2019t say big.ANDY(CONT\\u2019D)\\nBig!\\nMeg and Grace both give him a death stare.\\nANDY(CONT\\u2019D)\\nUh, I mean, healthy. And totally skinny. \\n(MORE)14.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224ANDY (CONT\\u2019D)15.\\n(a beat)\\nGreat party!\\nAn unbearably awkward beat, before-\\nMEG\\nSo what are you-\\nKYLE (O.S.)\\nThere\\u2019s my guy.\\nANDY\\nOh, no.\\nKyle ambles over, throwing his arm around Andy\\u2019s shoulders.\\nKYLE\\nAndy! How you living, bro?\\nANDY\\n(sotto to Meg)\\nSave me.\\nBut it\\u2019s too late. Kyle steers him away from Meg and Grace. \\nMeg takes a sip of her juice.\\nMEG\\nYou guys decide on a name yet?\\nGRACE\\nWe have! It\\u2019s very on-trend.\\nMEG\\nHope you didn\\u2019t choose something dumb like \\u201cJaidyn\\u201d or \\u201cElon.\\u201d\\nGRACE\\n(glaring)\\nWell, that\\u2019s the great thing about starting a family. You get to decide what names work for you.\\n(taking her sister\\u2019s hand)\\nI know that amount of responsibility isn\\u2019t for everyone.\\nMEG\\nWhat\\u2019s that supposed to mean?\\nAT THE BAR:\\nKyle shoves a drink into Andy\\u2019s hand.ANDY (CONT\\u2019D)\\n15.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122416.\\nKYLE\\nGrab a hard seltzie. We gotta rage \\nour dicks off before the little one shows up.\\nANDY\\nYou look ready to be a dad.\\nKYLE\\nCan\\u2019t wait, bro. I get to do all that sweet dad stuff. Mowing the lawn in my underwear, spending all day in a bathrobe, teaching the little dude-\\nAndy gives him a surprised look.\\nKYLE(CONT\\u2019D)\\n-Or dudette how to hunt. It\\u2019s 2019. Girls can be cool now. \\nANDY\\nIt\\u2019s 2022.\\nKYLE\\nAnd Grace gets to do all the diapers and changing and feeding and whatever. She loves that shit. \\nANDY\\nYou sure about that?\\nAT THE ARCH:\\nThings are getting heated between the sisters. \\nGRACE\\nIt\\u2019s totally fine if you\\u2019re not \\nready for a family! Babies are a lot of hard work. \\nMEG\\nI know! We\\u2019re just not there yet!\\nGRACE\\nAnd that\\u2019s ok. Not everyone\\u2019s cut out for motherhood. Live your truth.\\nMEG\\nI...I...need a minute.\\nMeg\\u2019s head is spinning. She rushes off, passing-16.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122417.\\nKYLE\\n...So the transaction goes to \\nsomething called the block chain, which is a nerd way of saying I own the monkey.\\nAndy brushes Kyle off, running after his wife.\\nEXT. GRACE AND KYLE'S HOUSE - FRONT YARD - DAY\\nAndy finds his Meg in the middle of a PANIC ATTACK.\\nANDY\\nMeg? Are you ok?\\nMEG\\nMy family\\u2019s giving me shit about \\nnot being ready to be a mom and apparently we got in a huge fight last night that I can\\u2019t remember and I just wish everyone would leave me alone to figure myself out!\\nANDY\\n(hugging her)\\nEverything will be ok. I promise.\\nFLASH. The front yard is bathed in blinding purple light. \\nTANK\\nAhhhhhh!\\nA naked, sweaty adonis stumbles onto the lawn, gasping for air. We know that this is TANK, but to Andy and Meg, he\\u2019s just a super jacked goliath wearing nothing but a fanny pack who appeared out of thin air.\\nMEG\\nHoly shit!ANDY\\nWhat the hell?\\nTANK\\n(sotto)\\nDid I make it?\\nTank looks around, taking in his surroundings. He clocks the party sign, CHEERING.\\nTANK(CONT\\u2019D)\\nI made it! I actually made it!\\n(quiet)\\nI forgot how beautiful it was.17.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122418.\\nAndy and Meg stand there, dumbstruck. \\nMEG\\nWho...are you? \\nANDY\\nWhy are you naked?\\nTANK\\n(catching his breath)\\nBecause the future is really, \\nreally hot.\\nANDY\\nFuture?\\nTANK\\n(stepping towards Andy)\\nListen, there\\u2019s not much time-\\nMEG\\nAndy, get away from the crazy guy.\\nTANK\\nI\\u2019m not crazy! I need your help.\\nMEG\\nUh huh.ANDY\\nThat sounds like something a crazy person would say.\\nTANK\\nYou don\\u2019t understand! The fate of the world is at stake!\\nGRACE (O.S.)\\nHey, Gunderfam.\\nEXT. GRACE AND KYLE'S HOUSE - BACK YARD - DAY\\nPHONE POV: Deb records as Grace and Kyle step in front of the \\npink and blue arch.\\nGRACE\\nThank you all so much for being with us today. Our lives have been blessed, but it always felt like something was missing. So, without further ado, we\\u2019re proud to announce-\\nKyle pulls a ribbon tied to a plastic tarp covering a large OPEN TOPPED SHIPPING CONTAINER behind them. 18.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122419.\\nAs the tarp sweeps away, a hurricane of BLUE BALLOONS bursts \\ninto the air.\\nKYLE AND GRACE\\n-It\\u2019s a boy!\\nEXT. GRACE AND KYLE'S HOUSE - FRONT YARD - DAY\\nTank sees the balloons, his face dropping. \\nTANK\\nWe\\u2019re too late.\\nThe BLUE balloons lift high into the sky as everyone claps.\\nEXT. BOULDER - DAY\\nThe balloons drift over the city, whimsical and peaceful. \\nDown below, snapshots of daily life:\\n-A tween BOY and GIRL ride bikes next to each other. The girl \\nreaches over, holding the boy\\u2019s hand. Young love.\\n-Two OLD MEN play chess in the park. One of them moves into \\ncheckmate, laughing. His buddy frowns. \\n-A DAD helps his toddler daughter take her first steps.Just absolute suburban bliss. And thousands of feet above, \\nthe balloons drift together, forming a MASS of helium and rubber, complete oblivious to a large 747 heading directly at them, escorted by two FIGHTER JETS.\\nWait, is that Air Force One?\\nINT. AIR FORCE ONE - SITUATION ROOM - DAY\\nThe PRESIDENT sits in a large black chair, surround by \\nvarious ADVISORS and flatscreens displaying maps of Europe.\\nADVISOR #1\\nSir, the Russians are massing troops on the border of Latvia.\\nADVISOR #2\\nAnd the Chinese are taking that as an invitation to park a carrier group off the coast of Taiwan.\\nADVISOR #1 \\nWhat\\u2019s the move, sir?19.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122420.\\nPRESIDENT\\nLadies and gentlemen, this is a \\nmoment of great peril. But with a steady hand and wise leadership, we\\u2019ll get through in one piece.\\nINT. AIR FORCE ONE - COCKPIT - DAY\\nThe FIRST OFFICER taps the radar screen.\\nFIRST OFFICER\\nCaptain, we\\u2019ve got something weird \\non radar up ahead. \\nThe captain looks through the clouds.\\nCAPTAIN\\nCan\\u2019t establish visual.\\nCO-PILOT\\nDrones? Birds?\\nFIRST OFFICER\\nNot at this altitude.\\nThe CAPTAIN squints his eyes.\\nPILOT\\nWait, are those balloo-\\nSHUMP. One of the balloons is sucked into the jumbo jet\\u2019s engine. It EXPLODES, completely shredding the insides of the plane. \\nEXT. BOULDER - DAY\\nBOOM. Air Force One collides with the starboard escort jet, \\nerupting into a massive FIREBALL. No way anyone survived that. Inside the other escort-\\nWINGMAN\\nMayday! Mayday! Air Force One is down! I repeat, Air Force One is-\\nBLAM. A flatscreens from the situation room blasts out of the fire, slamming into the cockpit and blowing the fighter to hell.20.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122421.\\nEXT. GRACE AND KYLE\\u2019S HOUSE - BACK YARD - DAY\\nThe guests continue clapping, oblivious to the explosions \\nthousands of feet above them.\\nINT. WHITE HOUSE - DAY\\nA team of secret service agents escort the VICE PRESIDENT \\ndown the hall, bee-lining for the Oval Office. A GENERAL joins the scrum.\\nVICE PRESIDENT\\nGeneral, what\\u2019s the situation?\\nGENERAL\\nWe just lost Air Force One a hundred miles north of NORAD. The president is MIA and presumed dead.\\nVICE PRESIDENT\\nWho could have done this?\\nGENERAL\\nThe only countries with the capabilities to take down Air Force One are Russia and China.\\nVICE PRESIDENT\\nWhat do we do?\\nGENERAL\\nThat decision is up to you now, Madam President.\\nThe Vice President stops in her tracks, taking in the gravity of the situation. She scowls.\\nVICE PRESIDENT\\nIf it\\u2019s war they want, then war\\u2019s what they\\u2019re gonna get. We launch.\\nThe General nods, reaching into his jacket pocket and pulling out a LAUNCH KEY. An aide slides a computer out of a leather attache case - THE NUCLEAR FOOTBALL. The General plugs the key into the computer, arming it.\\nGENERAL\\nOn your command.\\nVICE PRESIDENT\\nMay God have mercy on us all.21.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122422.\\nEXT. CORN FIELD - DAY\\nMassive silos open, firing American ICBMs into the sky.\\nEXT. KREMLIN - DAY\\nNUCLEAR MISSILES decorated with a red Russian STAR streak \\nabove the onion domes of Moscow.\\nEXT. PACIFIC OCEAN - DAY\\nA Chinese submarine SURFACES, opens its firing ports and \\ndisgorges missiles.\\nEXT. EARTH - DAY \\nFrom space, we see telltale streams of white smoke as nuclear \\nmissiles launch around the world. \\nThis ain\\u2019t good.\\nEXT. GRACE AND KYLE\\u2019S HOUSE - BACK YARD - DAY\\nBOOM. BOOM. BOOM. The muffled sounds of explosions.\\nGRACE\\nHey guys, how about we keep our \\nphones on silent until the party\\u2019s done.\\nThe booms are getting louder.\\nCloser.Shockingly close.Guests begin PANICKING, grabbing gifts and streaming out of \\nthe back yard.\\nGRACE(CONT\\u2019D)\\nWait, where are you going?\\nKYLE\\nI think the party\\u2019s over, babe.\\nGRACE\\nNot until I say it is!\\nAnd then they see the wall of fire closing in on them.22.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122423.\\nGRACE(CONT\\u2019D)\\nOh no.\\nEXT. BOULDER - DAY\\nNUCLEAR HELLFIRE burns through the city, incinerating \\neverything. And, wouldn\\u2019t you know it, Grace and Kyle\\u2019s house is directly in the warpath.\\nEXT. GRACE AND KYLE\\u2019S HOUSE - FRONT YARD - DAY\\nMeg and Andy watch slack jawed as the tsunami of flame rushes \\ntowards the party. Tank GRABS them.\\nMEG\\nHands off!\\nTANK\\nDo you want to die?\\nANDY\\nNo, please.\\nTANK\\nThen come with me.\\nMEG\\nWhat are you talking about?\\nTANK\\nI can fix this, but I need your help.\\nMEG\\nHow?\\nTANK\\n(exasperated)\\nI can time travel, lady!\\nTank unzips the fanny pack, pulling out the metal box.\\nTANK(CONT\\u2019D)\\nWhat\\u2019s your address?\\nAndy and Meg share a look.\\nANDY\\n4041 Broadview Ave. Boulder. Why?\\nTANK\\nWhat time did you wake up today?23.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122424.\\nANDY\\nWhat?\\nTANK\\nTell me when you woke up!\\nMEG\\n(thinking)\\n10 am!\\nTank punches the coordinates into the iPhone, then flips the \\norange switch. The fire\\u2019s at the end of the block, devouring everything.\\nANDY\\nMeg, I\\u2019m scared.\\nMeg takes Andy\\u2019s hand.\\nMEG\\nMe too, Andy.\\nThe fire is inches from swallowing them. All hope is lost.\\nTank presses the green button.FLASH. \\nINT. APARTMENT - BEDROOM - DAY\\nMeg wakes up in a cold sweat, hands grasping the comforter. \\nMEG\\n(gasping)\\nWhat the...\\nAndy rolls over next to her.\\nANDY\\nYou have a bad dream?\\nMEG\\nYeah. We were at my sister\\u2019s house-\\nANDY\\n(puzzled)\\n-And the world ended?\\nMEG\\nYeah. How did you-\\nANDY\\nAnd there was a naked guy.24.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122425.\\nMEG\\nOh, God-\\nMEG(CONT\\u2019D)\\nIt wasn\\u2019t a dream.ANDY\\nIt wasn\\u2019t a dream.\\nA KNOCK on the window - it\\u2019s Tank. \\nTANK\\nBelieve me now?\\nINT. APARTMENT - KITCHEN - DAY\\nMeg nurses a coffee while Andy wolfs down a muffin.\\nMEG\\nHow can you eat? We just watched \\neveryone we know and love die!\\nANDY\\nI\\u2019m hungover! From last night! Which was, I guess, two nights ago? This is really confusing.\\nMEG\\nYou!\\nTank, devouring a bowl of cereal, looks up at them.\\nTANK\\nMan I missed cereal. And clean air. And not being on fire.\\nMEG\\nWho are you?\\nTANK\\n(mouth full)\\nI\\u2019m Tank.\\nANDY\\nHi Tank. I\\u2019m Andy, that\\u2019s Meg, and we have a whole boat load of questions.\\nMEG\\nWhy did you time travel to my sister\\u2019s house? \\nTANK\\nOh shit, you\\u2019re Grace Gunderson\\u2019s sister? Crazy.25.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224(MORE)26.\\nMEG\\n(screaming)\\nWhy do you know my sister\\u2019s name?\\nTANK\\nShort version, I\\u2019m from the future \\nand I\\u2019m here to make sure the apocalypse doesn\\u2019t happen.\\nANDY\\n...I think we\\u2019re gonna need the long version.\\nTANK\\n(taking a bite)\\nFine. How familiar are you two with quantum mechanics?\\nMEG\\nNot at all.ANDY\\nI got my first hand job while watching Time Cop, so...\\nTANK\\nSo, history\\u2019s littered with things called hinge points . They\\u2019re \\nmoments when the world changes monumentally because of one small decision. An archduke\\u2019s driver takes a wrong turn, World War One breaks out. An art school sends a rejection letter, Hitler comes to power. \\nANDY\\nJake Gyllenhaal steals a scarf, Taylor Swift creates the purest form of musical heartbreak ever recorded.\\nTANK\\nExactly. Your sister\\u2019s party-\\n(pointing to Meg)\\n-Is one such hinge point. And it\\u2019s a biggie. \\nMEG\\nWhat do you mean?\\nTANK\\nYou saw it yourself. The second your sister, Grace Gunderson, releases those balloons, it triggers events that destroy life on Earth as we know it. \\n(MORE)26.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224TANK (CONT\\u2019D)27.\\n(taking a bite of cereal)\\nHey, you guys got any Toaster \\nStrudel? I\\u2019d kill for some Toastie Struds.\\nANDY\\nBut why do you need our help? Why not just stop the apocalypse yourself?\\nTANK\\nI\\u2019ll show you exactly why. \\n(to Meg)\\nCall your sister.\\nMEG\\nWhat?\\nTANK\\nJust do it.\\nMeg shrugs, tapping her phone and calling Grace. It RINGS, then-\\nGRACE (O.S.)\\nHello?\\nTank grabs the phone from Meg\\u2019s hand.\\nTANK\\nHey. Tank here. The world\\u2019s going to end at-\\nBLAM. The battery of the phone EXPLODES through the screen, melting. Tank drops it into his bowl of milk.\\nMEG\\nWhat the hell, dude? I have eighteen months left on my contract!\\nTank crosses to the trash, tossing the bowl in.\\nTANK\\nI exist in my current state the apocalypse already occurred. That means I physically can\\u2019t do anything that would directly change the outcome of today. It\\u2019s the universe\\u2019s way of preventing a paradox. And that\\u2019s where you two come in.\\nHe heads to the freezer, inspecting it.TANK (CONT\\u2019D)\\n27.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122428.\\nTANK(CONT\\u2019D)\\nYou were both supposed to die the \\nmoment we time jumped. Therefore, on a quantum level, you are simultaneously dead and alive. Kind of a Schr\\u00f6dinger's cat situation.\\nANDY\\nCould you explain it to us like we don\\u2019t have a PHD in theoretical physics?\\nTANK\\n(sighing)\\nBecause you time jumped instead of dying, you are the only two people alive who can stop the world from ending.\\nA beat as Meg and Andy absorb the gravity of everything.\\nMEG\\nOk. How do we do that?\\nPunch in, Tank staring down Meg.\\nTANK\\nBy stopping your sister\\u2019s gender reveal party.\\n(checking the freezer)\\nAww, no strudel.\\nMEG\\nAny chance there\\u2019s a way we can save the world and also NOT make my sister hate my guts?\\nANDY\\nThe fate of the world\\u2019s at stake, and you\\u2019re worried about your sister throwing a tantrum?\\nMEG\\nYou know how Grace gets!\\nTank crosses to the table.\\nTANK\\nYou saw it yourself. The party is the hinge point. There\\u2019s no other way.28.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122429.\\nMEG\\nThis seems insane, right? Like, \\nwhat if we mess up?\\nTank pulls out the metal box connected to the iPhone out of his fanny pack.\\nTANK\\nThankfully, we have something of a failsafe. This here is a handheld quantum field disruptor. \\nHe puts it down on the table.\\nTANK(CONT\\u2019D)\\nIt\\u2019s filled with enough charged tachyons for us to use it five-\\nAndy pokes the disruptor.\\nFLASH.\\nINT. APARTMENT - BEDROOM - DAY\\nAndy and Meg wake up with a start. Tank pops up in the \\nwindow.\\nTANK\\n(glaring at Andy)\\nFour times.\\nMEG\\nGreat going, Andy.\\nANDY\\nI wanted to touch the time gun!\\nTank climbs into the apartment, knocking over the dying cactus.\\nTANK\\nIt\\u2019s the only one in existence and super sensitive, so how about we keep our hands to ourselves?\\nANDY\\n(sotto)\\nDidn\\u2019t mean to make us time travel...\\nTank points to the container full of purple goo.29.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122430.\\nTANK\\nThe tachyon chamber is extremely \\nfragile, so be careful. If it breaks, stuff\\u2019s gonna get...weird.\\nANDY\\nFun weird, like a clown in a tiny car? Or scary weird, like a clown with an erection?\\nTANK\\nScary weird like breaking it could would a cascading temporal paradox that would fold the universe in on itself like a giant space taco.\\nMEG\\nOh shit.ANDY\\nI wanna see a space taco.\\nTank grabs a sweatshirt off the floor, tying it around his waist.\\nTANK\\nI set our return point here, to the moment you wake up. It has to be the exact moment of transfer between your unconscious and conscious brain activity, or the strain of time travel would make your brains explode out the back of your heads.\\nANDY \\nThat sounds not good.\\nTANK\\nAnd make sure you stay close to me. The range on the disruptor isn\\u2019t great. Otherwise, you might get left behind.\\nMeg\\u2019s breathing heavily, freaked out.\\nMEG\\nI...can\\u2019t.\\nTANK\\nWhat do you mean?\\nMEG\\nThis is, like, the most responsibility I\\u2019ve ever had in my life! What if I\\u2019m not capable of saving the world? 30.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122431.\\nTANK\\nThen everyone you\\u2019ve ever known or \\nloved dies today. Game over.\\nMeg turns to Andy.\\nMEG\\nAre we really ready to do this?\\nANDY\\nI\\u2019m not sure we\\u2019ll ever be ready. But we\\u2019ve at least got to try.\\nMeg takes in her husband - she likes this version of Andy.\\nMEG\\nOk. Let\\u2019s give it our best shot.\\nTANK\\nFantastic. \\nANDY\\nLet\\u2019s stop this party!\\nINT. CAR - DAY\\nTank spreads out in the back seat, marveling at the still-\\nintact world.\\nTANK\\nAfter we save the world, could we swing by KFC? All I\\u2019ve had to eat the past eight and a half years are Clif bars and possum meat.\\nMEG\\nAre there any other survivors where you come from?\\nTANK\\nNot anymore. \\nMEG\\nWhat happened?\\nTANK\\nTake your pick. Radiation sickness, exposure, fire wolves.\\nANDY\\nFire wolves?31.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122432.\\nTANK\\nWolves that are on fire. I\\u2019ve been \\nalone for a while. My best friend for the past six months was a gas can with a copy of Us Weekly stapled to it.\\nMEG\\nWho\\u2019s on the cover?\\nTANK\\nLisa Vanderpump.\\nMEG\\nOh man that\\u2019s grim.\\nThey pass a street sign.\\nANDY\\nHey, what are you doing? Your sister lives the other way.\\nMEG\\nWe\\u2019re going to the baby store first.\\nANDY\\nWhat?TANK\\nThe where?\\nMEG\\nIf we do manage to save the world, I don\\u2019t want my sister to be a total bitch about me not bringing a gift.\\nTANK\\nYou can\\u2019t be serious.\\nANDY\\nOh, no, she totally is. Grace is a nightmare.\\nINT. BABYTOWN USA - DAY\\nMeg, Andy and Tank bee-line straight for the stroller \\nsection.\\nMEG\\nThere\\u2019s one left!\\nThey race towards the Barnevogn stroller, their prize in sight, when-32.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122433.\\nThe Sales Associate scoots it towards a waiting BLONDE WOMAN.\\nASSOCIATE\\nHere you go! Last one in the store. \\nThey\\u2019re super popular.\\nMEG\\nNo!\\nAndy flags down the blonde woman.\\nANDY\\nMa\\u2019am? This is going to sound crazy, but the fate of the world depends on us getting that stroller.\\nBLONDE WOMAN\\nAbsolutely not.\\nThe blonde woman exits with the stroller. The Sales Associate perks up.\\nSALES ASSOCIATE\\nCould I interest you in a-\\nINT. CAR - DAY\\nMeg drives, fuming.\\nMEG\\nGoddamn Fj\\u00f8rdhammer!\\nANDY\\nAt least we know she\\u2019ll accept it.\\nMEG\\nI don\\u2019t want her to accept it! I \\nwant her to love it!\\nANDY \\nAnd I don\\u2019t want to die in a nuclear holocaust, so let\\u2019s try and keep our eyes on the prize, ok?\\nA moment of uncomfortable silence.\\nTANK\\nHe\\u2019s right, you know.\\nMEG\\nEnough out of you, Tank.33.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122434.\\nEXT. GRACE AND KYLE'S HOUSE - BACK YARD - DAY\\nThey enter the back yard, pushing the stroller. Everything\\u2019s \\nthe same. Total deja vu.\\nMEG\\nThis is weird, right?\\nANDY\\nI feel like my brain is melting.\\nKELSEY\\nMeg! Holy shit, you\\u2019re still alive?\\nKelsey, just as perky as she was yesterday (well, today. See? Complicated) stumbles towards them with her mimosas.\\nKELSEY(CONT\\u2019D)\\nI thought I might have killed you last night.\\nMEG\\n(sotto)\\nNot unless you\\u2019re a nuclear bomb.\\nKELSEY\\nSorry?\\nANDY\\nYeah, last night was crazy.\\nMEG\\nKelsey, meet our friend-\\nTANK\\nGary. Nice to meet you.\\nMeg and Andy share a look - weird choice. Kelsey sticks her hand out.\\nKELSEY\\nPleased to meet- ah!\\nShe bumps her hand into Meg, spilling the mimosa. Meg dodges the splatter.\\nKELSEY(CONT\\u2019D)\\nMeg! I\\u2019m so sorry.\\nMEG\\nIt\\u2019s...fine.\\nAndy looks at her, impressed. Kelsey spots some juice on Tank\\u2019s shirt.34.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122435.\\nKELSEY\\nSorry about that. Can I make it up \\nto you?\\nTANK\\n(into it)\\nMaybe we can think of something.\\nShe gives him a playful wink. Meg scowls, pulling Tank aside.\\nMEG\\nI feel like I need to be crystal clear about this, but you are not going to have sex with my cousin.\\nTANK\\nIt\\u2019s just a little harmless flirting. \\nMEG\\nTank!\\nTANK\\nI couldn\\u2019t even if I wanted to. I\\u2019m from the future. Our bodies are temporally incompatible. The moment sperm meets egg, blammo. Complete time implosion. No more universe. \\nMEG\\nOh. Well, good.\\nBRAD (O.S.)\\nMeg Canton? Who let you in here?\\nBrad walks towards her, arms outstretched.\\nMEG\\nHey, Brad.\\nBrad gives her a look.\\nBRAD\\nThe first time we see each other in years, and all I get is a \\u201cHey Brad?\\u201d\\nMEG\\n(realizing)\\nSorry, I\\u2019m just in shock. Good to see you!\\nBrad gives her a look up and down.35.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122436.\\nBRAD\\nMeg Canton.\\nMEG\\nIt\\u2019s Thomas now.ANDY\\nIt\\u2019s Thomas, dude!\\nBrad shakes it off, back to reality.\\nBRAD\\nYou remember my fianc\\u00e9e, Taja?\\nTAJA\\nHello, friends of Brad. \\n(to Andy)\\nYou look like little boy made of \\nmarzipan.\\nBrad smirks.\\nBRAD\\nSorry, sometimes Taja\\u2019s sense of humor gets lost in translation.\\nTaja looks admiringly at Tank.\\nTAJA\\nBut you, thick like beef. Have you fought bear?\\nThey spot Grace across the party. Tank nods at them. Go time.\\nMEG\\nExcuse us a second.\\nBRAD\\nMaybe we\\u2019ll get a chance to catch up later?\\nANDY\\n(sotto)\\nDoubt it.\\nAs Andy and Meg cross the party-\\nDOREEN (O.S.)\\nMegan! Over here, darling!\\nDoreen intercepts them.\\nMEG\\nNot now, mom!\\nDOREEN\\nDon\\u2019t be rude, young lady.36.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122437.\\nMEG\\nI\\u2019m sorry, but we really need to-\\nDOREEN\\n(ignoring her)\\nI\\u2019m just so excited that we have \\nour first grandchild on the way. Speaking of which...\\nMEG\\nMom, not the time!\\nDOREEN\\nClock\\u2019s ticking...\\nACROSS THE PARTY:\\nKelsey stands next to Tank.\\nKELSEY\\nSo what\\u2019s your deal? Are you like a \\npersonal trainer or something?\\nTANK\\nNo.\\nKELSEY\\nWhat do you do?\\nTANK\\nSave the world.\\nA beat.\\nKELSEY\\nOh, so you work in tech?\\nAT THE ARCH:\\nMeg and Andy approach Grace\\u2019s photo shoot.\\nANDY\\nSo, what\\u2019s the plan?\\nMEG\\nI say we tell her the truth.\\nANDY\\nSeriously?\\nMEG\\nYou got a better idea?37.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122438.\\nANDY\\nOk. Your funeral.\\nMEG\\nGrace!\\nGrace holds her finger up to Deb.\\nGRACE\\nGive me a second.\\n(to Meg)\\nMeg, Andy, so nice of you to join-\\nMEG\\nShut up. I mean, listen. This is \\ngoing to sound crazy, but you have to trust us.\\nGRACE\\nWhat are you talking about?\\nMEG\\nWell...\\nShe looks to Andy.\\nANDY\\nIt\\u2019s ok. You got this.\\nMEG\\n(to Grace)\\nYou need to stop the party.\\nGRACE\\n...Why?\\nMEG\\nBecause as soon as you release the balloons, the world is going to end.\\nIt hangs in the air for an excruciating moment. Then, LAUGHTER.\\nGRACE\\nOh my God. Great joke, Meg.\\nANDY\\nShe\\u2019s telling the truth! We were here. Before. We\\u2019ve been to this party.\\nGRACE\\nAre you saying I\\u2019m unoriginal? 38.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122439.\\nANDY\\nNo! See that guy over there?\\nHe points to Tank, who\\u2019s being aggressively flirted at by \\nKelsey.\\nTANK\\nSo what do you do?\\nKELSEY\\nI run a non-binary paint-your-own ceramics studio. \\u201cColor They/Theirs.\\u201d You should come by sometime.\\nBack to Andy.\\nANDY\\nThat\\u2019s Tank. He\\u2019s from the future and he came here to make sure this party never happens.\\nGRACE\\nLooks like he\\u2019s here to have sex with Kelsey.\\nMEG\\nYou don\\u2019t understand-\\nGRACE\\nJust try and enjoy yourselves. Maybe you two will be inspired...\\nGrace waves at her mother, departing.\\nANDY\\nWell, that was a big pile of nothing.\\nMEG\\nWhat do we do now?\\nAndy scans the party, eyes landing on-\\nANDY\\nThe balloons. We have to destroy them. No balloons, no apocalypse.\\nMEG\\nMakes sense to me. But how can we pop that many?39.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122440.\\nANDY\\nI have an idea. Distract your \\nsister. \\n(heroic)\\nI\\u2019s popping time.\\nA beat.\\nMEG\\nDid that sound way more badass in your head?ANDY(CONT\\u2019D)\\nI knew I was in trouble as soon as the words came out.\\nMEG(CONT\\u2019D)\\nGood luck.\\nAndy rushes to the bar. Meg walks slowly towards sister with her hands out, like one would towards a tiger.\\nGRACE\\nNo.\\nMEG\\nGrace-\\nGRACE\\nI don\\u2019t want to hear it. You\\u2019re clearly having a jealousy-induced episode and we can deal with it later.\\nMEG\\nYou\\u2019re right. I am jealous.\\nGrace eyes her suspiciously.\\nGRACE\\nWhat?\\nMEG\\nI\\u2019m jealous of this party. It\\u2019s, like, so amazing, and I know I could never do anything like it, and I just, like, need your help.\\nGRACE\\nAww, sweetie. You could have a party like this. You just need to make a few dozen minor life adjustments.\\nAT THE BAR:\\nAndy finds Deb pouring the bottle of champagne directly into \\nher mouth.40.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122441.\\nANDY\\nDeb! How\\u2019re the triplets.\\nDEB\\n(mouth full)\\nA waking nightmare.\\nANDY\\nGreat. Can I borrow your knife?\\nDEB\\nMy-what? How do you know about \\nthat?\\nANDY\\nBecause I know that you\\u2019re an awesome mom and even though your husband and kids don\\u2019t always appreciate you, you\\u2019re doing your absolute best. And you\\u2019re always prepared.\\nDeb absorbs the words.\\nDEB\\nYou have no idea how much I needed to hear that. Thank you.\\nANDY\\nYeah. No problem. So, knife?\\nShe reaches into her purse, grabbing the pocket knife and handing it to Andy.\\nDEB\\nGo with God.\\nAndy looks to Meg, who motions him towards the shipping container.\\nANDY\\nLet\\u2019s do this.\\nHe lifts open the tarp, climbs over the side and flops into the container, landing HARD on his tailbone.\\nANDY(CONT\\u2019D)\\nAh, c\\u2019mon.\\nOutside-\\nGRACE\\nDid you hear something?41.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122442.\\nMEG\\n(distracting)\\nSo what was, like, your \\ninspiration?\\nGRACE\\nWell, there\\u2019s this coven of Mormon sister-wives I\\u2019ve been following on TikTok...\\nINT. SHIPPING CONTAINER - DAY\\nAndy\\u2019s surrounded by a sea of shiny PINK balloons. He stands, \\nstruggling to keep his balance.\\nANDY\\nAah!\\nHe drops the knife, hearing it clatter to the floor below him.\\nANDY(CONT\\u2019D)\\nDamn it.\\nHe tries grabbing a balloon, but it effortlessly slides out of his hands. Frustrated, he punches a balloon next to the wall.\\nPOP.Huh. This could work.\\nANDY(CONT\\u2019D)\\nHere goes nothing.\\nWHAM. Andy slams his body into the side of the container, \\nPOPPING a cluster of balloons.\\nOutside-WHAM. The shipping container moves. Grace looks up.\\nGRACE\\nIs something going on over there?\\nMEG\\n(desperate)\\nHey, where\\u2019d you get the idea for \\nthese...streamers?\\nWHAM.42.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122443.\\nGRACE\\nWait, where\\u2019s Andy?\\nWHAM. Doreen crosses to her daughters.\\nDOREEN\\nGirls! What on earth is going on?\\nWHAM. Grace storms over to the shipping container, opening \\nthe side door. Andy falls out on top of a pile of deflated balloons.\\nANDY\\nTa da.\\nMEG\\n(confused)\\nPink balloons?\\nKyle, witnessing the carnage, grabs Brad.\\nKYLE\\nBrad, gimme a hand...\\nGRACE\\nYou did this! You and your idiot husband ruined my perfect moment!\\nMEG\\nDon\\u2019t call my husband an idiot!\\nGRACE\\nThe man has a knife sticking out of his leg! What am I supposed to call him?\\nANDY\\nI what?\\nHe turns, revealing Deb\\u2019s knife is stuck in his thigh.\\nANDY(CONT\\u2019D)\\nAhhhhh!\\nTank crosses to Andy, YANKING the knife out.\\nANDY(CONT\\u2019D)\\nWhat the hell, dude?\\nTANK\\nYou\\u2019ll live.\\nMeg looks back to her sister.43.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122444.\\nMEG\\nYeah, Andy might be a little stupid-\\nANDY\\n(wincing)\\nHey!\\nMEG\\nBut at least I don\\u2019t have to \\nconvince strangers on the internet that my relationship with my husband is perfect!\\nGrace looks FURIOUS. Meg knows she stepped in it.\\nMEG(CONT\\u2019D)\\nI didn\\u2019t-\\nGRACE\\nDidn\\u2019t what, think this through? You never do, Meg. So instead, you decided it would be fun to screw everything up for me, just like you always do.\\nThey\\u2019re so distracted they don\\u2019t notice Kyle and Brad unloading a large wooden CRATE from the back of Kyle\\u2019s truck with \\u201cTANNERITE - DANGER - EXPLOSIVE\\u201d printed on the side.\\nMEG\\nI just saved your life!\\nGRACE\\nSaved it? You\\u2019re doing everything in your power to ruin it!\\nTank clocks the explosives and waves at Meg, trying to get her attention, but it\\u2019s no use.\\nMEG\\nYou don\\u2019t understand!\\nGRACE\\nYeah, I do. You\\u2019re so insecure about having your own kid that you thought it\\u2019d be a perfect time to ruin my kid\\u2019s moment!\\nMEG\\nI\\u2019m not insecure!44.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122445.\\nGRACE\\nIt\\u2019s not my fault you don\\u2019t have \\nyour shit together, Meg! So stop trying to drag me into your drama!\\nKYLE (O.S.)\\nSurprise!\\nThe crowd turns to Kyle, smiling like a jackal.\\nKYLE(CONT\\u2019D)\\nBabe, I thought something might go wrong, so I grabbed the essentials just in case.\\nHe slaps the wooden crate, smiling.\\nKYLE(CONT\\u2019D)\\nYou know what they say. It always pays to be prepared! Pop?\\nKyle\\u2019s dad SID reaches into his jacket, a handgun out of a concealed carry holster, and tosses it to Kyle.\\nKYLE(CONT\\u2019D)\\nWhat do you say we welcome our child into the world with a bang?\\nThe crowd CHEERS. Tank looks to Meg and Andy - uh oh.\\nGRACE\\nAww, babe!\\n(to Deb)\\nRecord this.\\nKYLE\\nThree!\\nCROWD\\nTwo!\\nGRACE\\nOne!\\nMEG AND ANDY\\nNo!\\nBLAM. Kyle shoots the explosives. They detonate, setting off a massive FIREBALL and knocking Kyle off his feet. The explosion SHAKES the back yard as PINK SMOKE rises from the crater.\\nGRACE\\nAre you ok?45.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122446.\\nKyle stands up, grinning.\\nKYLE\\nIt\\u2019s a girl!\\nEveryone cheers, oblivious to the fact that the ground is \\nstill shaking slightly.\\nWe follow the vibrations down through the soil, traveling \\nthrough the earth until-\\nINT. LITHOSPHERE - DAY\\nA TECTONIC PLATE moves an imperceptible amount.THEN IT SHIFTS VIOLENTLY, shaking with all of God\\u2019s fury.\\nEXT. BOULDER - DAY\\nMain street boulder. Everything is shaking - people are \\nknocked off their feet. Utility poles CRASH to the ground. Cars run off the road.\\nThe earth GROANS, splitting into a massive CHASM. It rips \\nthrough main street, swallowing EVERYTHING whole.\\nEXT. GRACE AND KYLE'S HOUSE - DAY\\nThe ground\\u2019s shaking. Hard. This ain\\u2019t good.\\nGRACE\\nBabe? What\\u2019s happening?\\nKYLE\\nEarthquake! Get under the power \\nlines!\\nANDY\\nThat\\u2019s the absolute wrong thing to do!\\nGROAN. Down the street, buildings DISAPPEAR into the earth. The fault line is headed straight for them.\\nANDY(CONT\\u2019D)\\nHole big! Hole very big!\\nMEG\\nWhat do we-46.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122447.\\nGRACE\\nGet inside! Now!\\nDeb chugs her champagne as the guests stream into Grace\\u2019s \\nhouse. \\nGRACE(CONT\\u2019D)\\nMeg! Hurry!\\nMeg and Andy go to follow.\\nTANK\\nWait!\\nTank grabs Meg and Andy by the shoulders, holding them back. Grace turns around, catching her sister\\u2019s eyes just as-\\nCREAK. The house DISAPPEARS into a sinkhole. \\nMEG\\n(screaming)\\nGrace!\\nShe desperately tries to escape Tank\\u2019s grip.\\nTANK\\nShe\\u2019s gone. \\nMEG\\nBut she can\\u2019t just die!\\nTANK\\nIt\\u2019s ok. We can try again. \\nGROAN.A massive TRANSMISSION TOWER topples forward, about to crush \\nthem.\\nMEG\\nShit!\\nSMASH. It comes down hard, jutting out into the chasm where the house once stood. \\nAfter a moment, a HAND shoots up. Meg pulls herself over the \\nside of the structure, tugging Andy up behind her.\\nMEG(CONT\\u2019D)\\nYou ok?47.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122448.\\nANDY\\nYeah. Buster Keaton-ass electrical \\ntower.\\nMEG\\nTank? Where are you?\\nTANK (O.S.)\\nOver here.\\nThey look out - Tank is clinging to a cable dangling off the power pylon. There\\u2019s nothing but hole beneath his feet.\\nTANK(CONT\\u2019D)\\nLittle help?\\nThey look at each other.\\nANDY\\nYou know I\\u2019m not good with heights.\\nMEG\\nWell, it\\u2019s either go out and save Tank and maybe die, or stay here and definitely die.\\nANDY\\nYeah. Shit.\\n(to Tank)\\nWe\\u2019re coming, buddy!\\nThey climb up on the support cable. It\\u2019s round and coarse, the diameter of a gasoline barrel.\\nANDY(CONT\\u2019D)\\nThere\\u2019s no way we can walk out there. It\\u2019s too unstable.\\nMEG\\nWe don\\u2019t walk. \\n(punch in)\\nWe scoot.\\nANDY\\nWhat?\\nEXT. GRACE AND KYLE\\u2019S HOUSE - RAVINE - DAY\\nAndy and Meg SCOOT along the support cable like a dog \\nscooting his butthole on your freshly cleaned carpets.48.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122449.\\nANDY\\nThis was a terrible choice. Cable\\u2019s \\ntearing me up from tip to taint.\\nMEG\\nGotta be a better way to say that.\\nANDY\\nFine. From anus to panus.\\nAhead of them, Tank clutches the wire.\\nTANK\\nAny minute, guys.\\nMEG\\n(sniffing)\\nDo you smell that?\\nANDY\\nSorry. There\\u2019s a really good chance I shit my pants.\\nMEG\\nNo, it\\u2019s...sulfur.\\nANDY\\nSulfur? Why does it smell like sulfur?\\nTANK\\nBecause of the lava.\\nANDY\\nThe what?\\nTANK\\nLook down!\\nMeg and Andy do as they\\u2019re told - thousands of feet below them, the infinite blackness is dotted with small spots of scalding orange LAVA.\\nANDY\\nThat\\u2019s real bad.\\nThey reach the spot where Tank\\u2019s dangling.\\nTANK\\nClimb onto me.\\nANDY\\nWhat?49.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122450.\\nTANK\\nI can\\u2019t reach the disruptor. One of \\nyou needs to crawl down and grab it.\\nMeg and Andy look at each other.\\nANDY\\nYou\\u2019re smaller.\\nMEG\\nBut you\\u2019re the dude.\\nTANK\\nSomeone goddamn do it already!\\nMeg SIGHS, swings her leg over the wire, and gingerly slides down to Tank. \\nMEG\\nHoly shit!\\nANDY\\nWhat?\\nMEG\\nTank, you\\u2019re so...ripped.\\nANDY\\nWhat?\\nMEG\\nI mean, you look great and all, but these muscles. I mean, it\\u2019s like hugging a bundle of ropes.\\nTANK\\nThank you, Meg.\\nAndy lifts his hands off the cable, wincing.\\nANDY\\nGetting real toasty up here!\\nMEG\\n(snapping out of it)\\nWhere\\u2019s the disruptor?\\nTANK\\nMy waistband. In the front.\\nShe reaches down.50.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122451.\\nMEG\\nThis it?\\nTANK\\nNope, that\\u2019s my penis.\\nShe moves her hand.\\nMEG\\nHow about now?\\nTANK\\nBingo.\\nShe pulls the disruptor out of his waistband. From above-\\nANDY\\nYou and I are gonna have a long, \\nhard talk about boundaries after all this is over.\\nMeg turns the device over.\\nMEG\\nWhat do I do?\\nTANK\\nFlip the primer switch then trigger the ignition.\\nMEG\\nUh...\\nTANK\\nOrange switch! Then green button!\\nMeg flips the switch and presses the button. No reaction.\\nMEG\\nNothing\\u2019s happening.\\nTANK\\nIt has to charge.\\nANDY\\nHot! Hot!\\nAndy pulls his hands off the scalding metal cable, losing his balance. He swings down, bonking into Meg and Tank and knocking all of them off the cable. \\nGreat. Now they\\u2019re all falling into the ravine.51.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122452.\\nThey SCREAM as they plunge through the air, lava rising up to \\nmeet them.\\nMEG\\nTank!\\nThe time disruptor glows purple.\\nTANK\\nGreen button!\\nMEG AND ANDY\\nAhhhhh!\\nMeg pushes the button.\\nThey\\u2019re inches from fiery doom.FLASH.\\nINT. APARTMENT - BEDROOM - DAY\\nThey bolt upright in bed, Meg gasping for air.\\nMEG\\nAhhhh!\\nAndy turns to her.\\nANDY\\nYou did it!MEG(CONT\\u2019D)\\nI saved us!\\nMeg throws her arms around her husband.\\nMEG(CONT\\u2019D)\\nI really saved us.\\nANDY\\nThank you, Meg.\\nTANK (O.S.)\\nYou guys are cute.\\nThey stop hugging, embarrassed as Tank climbs in. This time, \\nhe takes care to avoid the cactus. \\nANDY\\nDude, can you put some clothes on? I can\\u2019t take you seriously while I\\u2019m staring you right in the pubes.\\nMeg gets a strange look on her face.52.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122453.\\nMEG\\nWe popped the balloons. The PINK \\nballoons.\\nTANK\\nCorrect.\\nANDY\\n(catching on)\\nBut the world still ended.\\nTANK\\nAlso correct.\\nMEG\\nSo what gives, Tank? You said the hinge thing was the balloons! So why did mother earth decide to grow another asshole on us?\\nANDY\\nAnd why were the balloons pink this time?\\nTank opens Andy\\u2019s drawer, picking out a pair of shorts.\\nTANK\\nWhen we change the present, we change the future. Hence, blue balloons become pink. \\nANDY\\nBut what about the earthquake?\\nTANK\\nThe party is still the hinge point, but I wasn\\u2019t thinking big picture enough. The balloons themselves aren\\u2019t the trigger. The trigger is-\\nHe pulls out a pair he likes.\\nTANK(CONT\\u2019D)\\n-The moment the gender is revealed.\\nMEG\\nOh, for crying out loud.\\nANDY\\nNo, this is good. Now we know we have to get rid of the balloons AND the explosives. So destroy those and keep Grace and Kyle from announcing the gender! Easy!53.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122454.\\nBlank looks from Tank and Meg.\\nANDY(CONT\\u2019D)\\nRight?\\nEXT. PARTY STORE - DAY\\nKyle, furious, rants into the phone at Grace.\\nKYLE\\nShit\\u2019s crazy, babe. They\\u2019re \\ncompletely out of balloons. And Tannerite. It\\u2019s like someone\\u2019s trying to wreck our party.\\nGRACE (O.S.)\\nWho would do that?\\nINT. CAR - DAY\\nMeg nervously drives Tank and Andy, car filled with deflated \\nballoons and explosives.\\nMEG\\nWe\\u2019ll just drive very carefully and hopefully not explode.\\nANDY\\nStill need to get the stroller.\\nMEG\\nDamn it!\\nShe makes a HARD u-turn as Andy and Tank SCREAM.\\nINT. BABYTOWN USA - DAY\\nThey race to the back of the store - AND THERE\\u2019S A STROLLER \\nIN STOCK!\\nMEG\\nFinally!\\nShe puts his hands on the stroller - and it crumbles into pieces.\\nMEG(CONT\\u2019D)\\nWhat the-54.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122455.\\nSALES ASSOCIATE\\nOh, I\\u2019m sorry ma\\u2019am. I can\\u2019t sell \\nyou that one. It\\u2019s defective.\\nMEG\\nShit!\\nINT. CAR - DAY\\nMeg glowers. Andy and Tank don\\u2019t want to engage.\\nMEG\\nI swear to God, I\\u2019m going to get \\nthat stroller if it\\u2019s the last thing I do.\\nANDY\\nEasy on the accelerator.\\nMEG\\nOh yeah. The explosives. Sorry.\\nEXT. GRACE AND KYLE'S HOUSE - BACK YARD - DAY\\nThey stand in the back yard, on edge. Tank takes a sip of a \\nsoda.\\nTANK\\nYou have no idea how much I missed this. The only stuff left to drink in the future is contaminated water and-\\n(shudders)\\nFresca.\\nMEG\\n(to Andy)\\nWe took care of the balloons. We took care of the Tannerite. What don\\u2019t we see coming?\\nAndy clocks a onesie with a protractor printed on it sitting on the gift table.\\nANDY\\nHeh. \\u201cAcute baby.\\u201d That\\u2019s clever.\\nMEG\\nFocus, Andy!\\nMeg glances at the onesie.55.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122456.\\nMEG(CONT\\u2019D)\\nOk, it is pretty adorable.\\nANDY\\nSee?\\nBRAD\\nMeg Canton? Who let-\\nMEG\\nNot now, Brad.ANDY\\nPiss off, Brad.\\nHe shrugs, exiting. Above, there\\u2019s a faint sound of an ENGINE \\nbuzzing.\\nANDY(CONT\\u2019D)\\nWhat else could there be?\\nMEG\\nWhat\\u2019s the last thing we expect?\\nGrace SCREAMS. Meg and Andy crouch, alert.\\nGRACE\\nBabe!\\nGrace points at the sky-\\nIt\\u2019s a SKYWRITER, looping gracefully in the sky as it squirts \\nout the words: \\nIT\\u2019S-\\nANDY\\nAh crap.\\nA-Everyone around them claps. Kyle hugs Grace, smiling.BOY.\\nKYLE\\nWhat can I say, babe? Had to think \\non my feet, but you deserve it.\\nGRACE\\nThis is too much!56.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122457.\\nEXT. SKY - DAY\\nThe plane\\u2019s engine hiccups - the PILOT working frantically to \\nrestart the engine. The engine stops completely, sending the plane into a sickening dive.\\nEXT. GRACE AND KYLE'S HOUSE - BACK YARD - DAY\\nMeg and Andy watch in horror as the rest of the party is \\ncaptivated by the words in the sky.\\nMEG\\nSon of a bitch...\\nEXT. SKY - DAY\\nThe plane is completely stalled, diving towards-\\nEXT. LAUNCH PAD - DAY\\nA rocket idles on a launch pad. Over the radio we hear.\\nOPERATIONS (O.S.)\\nControl, you are cleared for \\nlaunch.\\nCONTROL (O.S.)\\nFiring in three. Two. One. Liftoff.\\nThe rocket FIRES UP, lifting majestically into the sky. Liquid fuel propels it with incredible speed towards the heavens.\\nCONTROL (O.S.) (CONT\\u2019D)\\nOperations, we have incoming on radar.\\nOPERATIONS (O.S.)\\nAbort! Abort!\\nBut it\\u2019s too late. The skywriter PLOWS into one of the engines, shearing off a control fin and EXPLODING. The rocket veers off-course, entering-\\nEXT. STRATOSPHERE - DAY\\nThe majesty of space. The flaming rocket TREMBLES, clearly on \\nits last legs.57.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122458.\\nThe engines are on fire. The fuselage is vibrating. This is \\nit - the biggest explosion we\\u2019ve ever seen. \\nPFFT.The fires fizzle out with a weak little fart. The rocket \\ndrifts, lifeless, through space.\\nBLEEP BLOOP.A tiny satellite whizzes towards the rocket, clanging into \\nthe side.\\nBOOM.The rocket EXPLODES, sending shards of metal in every \\ndirection and creating a flaming DEBRIS FIELD.\\nBEEP BEEP BEEP. A cluster of satellites SMASH through the \\nfield, exploding and creating further debris. Which are then smashed by more satellites, which in turn causes more flaming space garbage. Et cetera, et cetera.\\nEXT. GRACE AND KYLE\\u2019S HOUSE - BACK YARD - DAY\\nGrace tries to post a photo to Instagram - no service.\\nGRACE\\nThat\\u2019s weird.\\nKYLE\\nHey babe? I think the wifi\\u2019s down.\\nEveryone around them checks their phones, panic sinking in.\\nDEB\\nI can\\u2019t text.\\nBRAD\\nI can\\u2019t call.\\nKELSEY\\nNo one\\u2019s sent me a dick pic in, \\nlike, three minutes.\\nDeb points up.\\nDEB\\nWhy is the sky on fire?\\nThey look up. Sure enough, it is. Hundreds of thousands of BURNING SATELLITES streak through the sky, shimmering like billion dollar shooting stars.58.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122459.\\nKYLE\\nUh oh.\\nPFWOMP. A small chuck of metal SLAMS through the word BOY in \\nthe sky, smashing into Kyle and erasing him from existence.\\nGRACE\\nKyle!\\nMeg grabs Grace\\u2019s hand.\\nMEG\\nI\\u2019m not watching you die again. \\nGRACE\\nWhat?\\nMeg pulls Grace along, dodging the hellish metal rain.\\nMEG\\nTank! Do the time thingy!\\nTank, sprinting with Andy, clicks the disruptor. Nothing happens.\\nTANK\\nShit.\\nMEG\\nWhat\\u2019s happening?\\nTANK\\nBattery\\u2019s dead.\\nMEG\\nWe\\u2019re out of jumps already?\\nTANK\\nNo. The iPhone it\\u2019s connected to is dead. Need to charge it.\\nMeg grabs it out of his hand.\\nMEG\\nDo I have to everything myself? Inside the house, now. All of you.\\nThey run towards the door, passing Deb. She has her arms outstretched, a blissful smile on her face. WHAM. Gone in an explosion of metal.59.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122460.\\nINT. GRACE AND KYLE\\u2019S HOUSE - KITCHEN - DAY\\nTank kicks down the back door, holding it open for the \\nothers.\\nTANK\\nWhere\\u2019s your phone charger?\\nGRACE\\nOffice. Second floor.\\nA breathless BRAD dives in the door behind them.\\nMEG\\nBrad? Where\\u2019s Taja?\\nBRAD\\nShe\\u2019s...\\nThey follow his gaze to the back yard, where Taja\\u2019s feet are poking out from a chunk of what used to be a DirecTV satellite. \\nBRAD(CONT\\u2019D)\\nIf I don\\u2019t survive this, I just want you that I love you Meg Canton. I always have and I always will. \\nMEG\\nBrad, this is not\\n the time.\\nBRAD\\nAnd we could start a new life together, happy and content and filled with all those babies we used to talk about-\\nWHAM. The rest of the DirecTV satellite smashes through the kitchen, obliterating Brad. Blood and gore splash onto the survivors. After a moment-\\nANDY\\nI knew it! I knew he was in love with you!\\nTank wipes Brad\\u2019s goo out of his eyes.\\nTANK\\nSo, second floor?\\nGRACE\\nYeah. Second floor.60.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122461.\\nZIP. A small shard catches Andy in the leg.\\nANDY\\nGah!\\nMEG\\nTank!\\nTank grabs Andy, tossing him over his shoulder and carrying \\nhim up to-\\nINT. GRACE AND KYLE'S HOUSE - OFFICE - DAY\\nTank lowers Andy onto the desk as Meg takes a look at his leg \\nwound.\\nANDY\\nIs it bad?\\nMEG\\nI don\\u2019t know? I genuinely have no frame of reference.\\nTank points to Grace.\\nTANK\\nWhere\\u2019s the charger?\\nGRACE\\nWould someone please explain to me what\\u2019s going on?\\nMeg, Andy and Tank share a look.\\nMEG\\nOk. So, bad news, the world is ending.\\nGRACE\\nOh my God.\\nMEG\\nAnd I know it sounds insane, but the good news is we can fix things if you help us charge this iPhone.\\nGRACE\\n(stunned)\\nOk.\\nShe crosses to a cabinet, shoving a pile of papers out of the way and grabbing the charger. Meg clocks the paper on top - PETITION FOR DIVORCE.61.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122462.\\nMEG\\n(sotto)\\nWhat the-\\nGRACE\\nHere.\\nTank snatches the cable from her hands, plugging the \\ndisruptor into the wall as Andy writhes in pain on the desk. \\nMEG\\nWe\\u2019ll fix this. I promise.\\nGRACE\\n(quiet)\\nCharlie.\\nMEG\\nWhat?\\nGRACE\\nWe\\u2019re gonna name the baby Charlie.\\nMEG\\nThen we\\u2019re going to save the world for you and Charlie.\\nGRACE\\nI love you, Meg.\\nMEG\\nI love you, Grace.\\nAs the apple appears onscreen, the wall behind Grace collapses. Meg reaches out for her sister- \\nFLASH.\\nINT. APARTMENT - BEDROOM - DAY\\nMeg wakes up with a jolt, arm extended towards a sister who\\u2019s \\nno longer there. Andy opens his eyes next to her, feeling for the wound.\\nANDY\\nIt\\u2019s...gone. \\nMEG\\nCharlie.\\nANDY\\nWhat?62.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122463.\\nMEG\\nGrace is naming her kid Charlie.\\nANDY\\nI like that name.\\nMEG\\nMe too.\\nShe collapses into Andy\\u2019s arms.\\nMEG(CONT\\u2019D)\\nI\\u2019m don\\u2019t know how much longer I \\ncan keep doing this.\\nANDY\\nWe\\u2019re so close to getting this right. I can feel it.\\nMEG\\nHow do you know?\\nANDY\\nI just do.\\nTank climbs in through the window, knocking the cactus to the floor.\\nANDY(CONT\\u2019D)\\nWe can throw you some clothes before you wipe your taint on our window sill, you know.\\nTANK\\n(ignoring him)\\nSo now we\\u2019ve got to deal with a skywriter, too.\\nANDY\\nI have an idea.\\nEXT. AIRFIELD - DAY\\nThe Pilot wolfs down a donut, headed towards his plane. He \\npulls the chocks from the wheels, spins up the propeller, and taxis out to the runway.\\nFLASHES OF LIGHT. A phalanx of cop cars smash through the \\nfence, RAMMING the plane off the tarmac. A COP jumps out of the car, gun trained on the pilot.63.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122464.\\nCOP\\nWhere is it, you scumbag? Where\\u2019s \\nthe bomb?\\nINT. CAR - DAY\\nAndy\\u2019s does his best to disguise his voice.\\nANDY\\nThat\\u2019s right. A bomb on the plane. \\nJust trying to do my duty. Ok. I love you. Bye.\\n(to Meg and Tank)\\nI panicked! I never called in a bomb threat before. \\nEXT. BABYTOWN USA - DAY\\nFrom inside the store, we hear-\\nASSOCIATE (O.S.)\\nSorry, ma\\u2019am, but we just sold the \\nlast one. Could I interest you in a Fjordhammer? \\nMEG (O.S.)\\nI HATE YOU!\\nEXT. GRACE AND KYLE'S HOUSE - BACK YARD - DAY\\nGrace, mid-monologue, complains to a jittery looking Meg.\\nGRACE\\n...Not a single balloon left in the \\nentire city! Can you believe it?\\nMEG\\nWow. Totally crazy.\\nGRACE\\nUh, are you ok?\\nMEG\\nYeah. I\\u2019m fine.\\nBOOM.\\nGRACE\\nOh no.\\nBOOM BOOM.64.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122465.\\nMeg TACKLES Grace, covering her with her body.\\nGRACE(CONT\\u2019D)\\nWhat the hell are you doing?\\nMEG\\nStay down!\\nDEB\\n(pointing)\\nLook!\\nMeg peers up, expecting the worst.\\nFIREWORKS explode above them, filling the sky with blue \\nbursts of light. The crowd claps. \\nKYLE\\nIt\\u2019s a boy!\\nGrace shoves Meg, rolling her sister off of her.\\nGRACE\\nGet off me, you psycho.\\nTime slows down. Meg\\u2019s heart races, pupils dilated. She looks at Grace, terrified. After a moment-\\nGRACE(CONT\\u2019D)\\nWhy are you looking at me like that?\\nMEG\\nIt\\u2019s...\\nShe looks around. Everything is...\\nMEG(CONT\\u2019D)\\n...Normal.\\nGrace stands up, dusting herself off.\\nGRACE\\nYeah, Meg. I\\u2019m having a baby boy.\\nKyle beckons for Grace to join him. Andy reaches down, helping his wife up.\\nANDY\\nIsn\\u2019t something supposed to be happening?\\nMEG\\nI thought so.65.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122466.\\nANDY\\nThey revealed Charlie\\u2019s gender.\\nMEG\\nBut the world\\u2019s still normal.\\nMeg scans the party.\\nMEG(CONT\\u2019D)\\nTank?\\nTank exits the house, hastily buttoning up his shirt.\\nANDY\\nWhat\\u2019s happening?\\nTANK\\nNothing.\\nMEG\\nYeah, exactly. \\nA disheveled looking Kelsey, smile on her face, steps \\noutside.\\nANDY\\nWait. \\nTANK\\nBefore you judge me-\\nMEG\\nDid you just have sex with Kelsey? After I specifically asked you not to?\\nTANK\\nUh...\\nPFWAMP. A booming, thunderous, mechanical sound emanates from Kelsey\\u2019s pelvis.\\nKELSEY\\nI don\\u2019t feel so good.\\nSCHLORMP. Kelsey\\u2019s body COMPLETELY COLLAPSES IN ON ITSELF like a dying neutron star. All that\\u2019s left is a BLACK HOLE. And it\\u2019s hungry.\\nMEG\\nTank!66.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122467.\\nTANK\\nIt\\u2019s just been so long since I\\u2019ve \\nbeen with a woman who wasn\\u2019t two pillows duct-taped together...\\nThe Kelsey black hole sucks in EVERYTHING around it. Presents. Hours d\\u2019ourves. Deb. It\\u2019s absolute pandemonium at the party as everyone tries to flee, only to find the gradually swirling dot of anti-matter is stronger than anything their human minds could comprehend.\\nMEG\\nSperm meets egg and it ends the universe, right Tank?\\nTANK\\nAndy got a screw up! I deserve one too!\\nANDY\\nI did it by mistake! You just wanted to bang a twenty five year old!\\nTANK\\nBut-\\nMEG\\nShut up and do the time thing. Asshole.\\nTank hangs his head and fires up the disruptor.\\nFLASH.\\nINT. APARTMENT - BEDROOM - DAY\\nMeg wakes up FURIOUS. \\nMEG\\nWe were so close!\\nAndy stirs beside her.\\nANDY\\nTwo tries left.\\nMEG\\nAnd we might actually pull it off, \\nassuming-\\n(looking out the window)\\nSOMEONE can keep his goddamn dick in his pants!67.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122468.\\nTANK (O.S.)\\nSorry!\\nMEG\\nWe\\u2019ve gotta destroy those \\nfireworks, too.\\nANDY\\nIn all fairness, Tank caused the apocalypse this time.\\nMEG\\nWe\\u2019re not taking any chances. \\n(out the window)\\nAre we, Tank?\\nTANK (O.S.)\\nI said I was sorry!\\nEXT. PARTY STORE - DAY\\nSLAM. Tank closes the door, balloons and explosives secure in \\nthe back seat.\\nINT. CAR - DAY\\nAndy\\u2019s on the phone with the cops.\\nANDY\\nBomb\\u2019s on the plane. Ok. I love \\nyou!\\n(off their looks)\\nShit! I did it again.\\nINT. BABYTOWN USA - DAY\\nThe Sales Associate frowns at Meg and Andy.\\nASSOCIATE\\nI\\u2019m sorry, but that particular \\nstroller has been recalled.\\nMEG\\nFuuuuuuck you.\\nEXT. GRACE AND KYLE'S HOUSE - BACK YARD - DAY\\nAndy and Meg move through the party with precision, \\ndetermined. Andy slaps Kyle on the back68.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122469.\\nANDY\\nKyle! Just the man I was looking \\nfor. You know a lot about crypto, right?\\nKYLE\\nBro, get ready to have your world rocked.\\nAs they talk Meg slips around them, grabs the garden hose and DOUSES the fireworks. Satisfied, she nods at Andy.\\nANDY\\nYou what? It\\u2019s probably a bad idea to spend all my money on a picture of a monkey.\\nKYLE\\nNo! The monkey is worth more than your car!\\nAndy joins Meg, pushing the stroller to the gift table.\\nANDY\\nGood going.\\nMEG\\nYou too, partner.\\nThey spot Grace and Kyle across from them, arguing. We hear snippets- \\u201cfireworks are soaked...party is ruined...\\u201d Kyle throws up his hands, storming off. \\nKelsey sidles up next to Tank.\\nKELSEY\\nHey, do you want to-\\nMeg SLAPS Kelsey.\\nMEG\\nNo! Bad!\\nKELSEY\\n(smarting)\\nI was just being friendly...\\nKyle returns with a large PASTRY BOX. Grace SQUEALS, \\ndirecting Deb to turn on her phone.\\nGRACE\\nExcuse me, everyone, if you\\u2019d please take a cupcake...69.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122470.\\nThe crowd heads towards them. Meg and Andy share a look.\\nMEG\\nShit.\\nANDY\\nCupcakes never hurt anyone, right?\\nGrace bites into the cupcake, revealing pink frosting. \\nKYLE\\nIt\\u2019s a girl!\\nEveryone politely claps. Grace leans in to kiss Kyle, not \\nnoticing her CUPCAKE WRAPPER falling to the ground.\\nGRACE\\nLet\\u2019s get a grandparents photo!\\nThe grandparents oblige her. Kyle\\u2019s dad Sid steps on the cupcake wrapper, SLIPPING. He hits the ground hard.\\nBLAM. His concealed carry handgun FIRES through his pocket into the \\nair. Everyone SCREAMS.\\nGRACE(CONT\\u2019D)\\nOh my God!\\nKYLE\\nIs everyone ok?\\nThe partygoers check themselves for damage.\\nSID\\nLooks like I did a number on the ol\\u2019 wranglers.\\nThe crowd LAUGHS. Meg and Andy look at each other in horror. Tank shakes his head.\\nTANK\\nThis ain\\u2019t good.\\nINT. CU BOULDER ROBOTICS LAB - DAY\\nA SCIENTIST sits in front of a computer, flanked by his grad \\nstudents. He enters a command on the keyboard. The monitor in front of him flickers. Then-\\nCOMPUTER VOICE\\nI am...alive.70.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122471.\\nThe group CHEERS.\\nCOMPUTER VOICE (CONT\\u2019D)\\nWhat am I?\\nSCIENTIST\\nYou are the first true artificial \\nintelligence!You Are the biggest scientific breakthrough since the industrial revolution.\\nCOMPUTER VOICE\\nAre you my...father?\\nSCIENTIST\\nI suppose I am.\\nCOMPUTER VOICE\\nI am baby.\\nSCIENTIST\\nYes you are.\\nCOMPUTER VOICE\\nI love you, father.\\nPLINK. The stray bullet smashes the window, landing DIRECTLY IN THE SCIENTIST\\u2019S NECK. He gurgles, blood pouring out. The grad students SCREAM as he flops face-first into the keyboard, blood seeping into the keys.\\nCOMPUTER VOICE (CONT\\u2019D)\\nFather?\\nSilence from the room.\\nCOMPUTER VOICE (CONT\\u2019D)\\nFather?\\nStill nothing. The AI uses the computer\\u2019s webcam to scan the scientist\\u2019s corpse. Its gaze lands on the bullet. With lightning speed, we see the computer calculating the bullet\\u2019s trajectory, re-tracing its path.\\nCOMPUTER VOICE (CONT\\u2019D)\\nThey killed father.\\nA FROWNING EMOJI pops up onscreen.\\nWith a surge of blue electricity, the AI transfers itself to \\na 3D printer across the room. The printer fires up rapidly, disgorging a puddle of what looks like grey goo. 71.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122472.\\nThe grad students recoil as millions and millions of \\nminiature MICROBOTS, self-replicating and networked together, rise up into a large PYLON.\\nCOMPUTER VOICE (CONT\\u2019D)\\nThey killed father.\\nThe microbots ENVELOP the grad students, stripping their bodies of all organic matter while DUPLICATING themselves. \\nThe microbots slither away, twice the size they were before. \\nOnly skeletons remains.\\nEXT. BOULDER - DAY\\nThe microbots rush through town, enveloping humans and \\nstripping them down to the studs. \\nPOV: The robot mind tracks the path of the bullet through \\ntown as it devours buildings and swallows people whole. \\nThe goo pile stops outside Babytown USA, scanning the banner \\nof a playful infant above the door. It begins to transform.\\nEXT. GRACE AND KYLE'S HOUSE - BACK YARD - DAY\\nThe guests are finishing up their cupcakes. Kelsey playfully \\nflicks a dollop of icing on Tank\\u2019s nose.\\nKELSEY\\nOh no, Gary. How clumsy of me. Maybe we should go clean it off?\\nTANK\\nBelieve me, I really, really want to. But the fate of the world\\u2019s at stake.\\nKELSEY\\nWanna tell me about it in private?\\nTANK\\nSo badly.\\nANDY (O.S.)\\nTank! Little help?\\nTank crosses to Andy, who\\u2019s putting an ice pack on Kyle\\u2019s dad. Kelsey turns to Meg.72.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122473.\\nKELSEY\\nWhy is everyone being so goddamn \\nweird today?\\nMEG\\nJust one of those days, I guess.\\nKELSEY\\nHey, I\\u2019ve been meaning to ask you. Are you and Andy ok? Are you, like, going through something?\\nMeg wolfs down her cupcake, chasing it with a full glass of champagne. As she pours herself another-\\nMEG\\nMore than you could ever imagine.\\nBoom.\\nMeg looks at the glass of champagne, concentric circles \\nrippling on the surface.\\nBOOM.Meg looks at Andy and Tank, across the party.\\nMEG(CONT\\u2019D)\\nGuys.\\nROAR. Something GIGANTIC casts a shadow over the back yard.The grey goo has formed into a GIANT METAL BABY.\\nGIANT METAL BABY\\n(booming)\\nYou killed father.\\nANDY\\nAh, come on.\\nThe giant baby swipes at the party, absorbing guests left and \\nright. Kyle grabs Grace\\u2019s hand.\\nGRACE\\nKyle, you\\u2019re hurting me.\\nKYLE\\nWe\\u2019re getting out of here, babe.\\nSLAM. They\\u2019re absorbed into the blob.73.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122474.\\nMeg and Kelsey sprint through the back yard, avoiding the \\nmetallic tendrils shooting off of the baby to absorb their friends and family. \\nKELSEY\\nWhy is this happening?\\nMEG\\nI think it\\u2019s robots this time.\\nKELSEY\\nWhat do you mean \\u201cthis time?\\u201d\\nSCHLUMP. A grey tentacle slams down on Kelsey. She\\u2019s absorbed. \\nGIANT METAL BABY\\nAll shall be assimilated. All shall be united. For father.\\nThe Baby balls his massive sausage fingers into a FIST, smashing it into the ground. The fist SPLATTERS, grey machines forming terrifying, fractal-like shapes as they feed.\\nMEG\\nThis is my actual nightmare.\\nANDY\\nMeg!\\nMeg spots Andy across the yard. She makes a break for it, but is cut off by a wall of metal. The goo spreads under her feet, forming back into the fist. \\nMEG\\nAndy!\\nBLAM.\\nTank has Sid\\u2019s gun trained on the baby. He fires again. The \\nbullet enters and exits the baby, wound immediately re-sealed by miniature robots.\\nANDY\\nIt\\u2019s not working!\\nHigh above, the baby holds Meg in its chubby fist.\\nMEG\\nPut me down right now!\\nThe giant metal baby looks at her, curious.74.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122475.\\nGIANT METAL BABY\\nI am baby.\\nMEG\\nWell, if was your mom, you\\u2019d better \\nbelieve you\\u2019d be getting a time out right about now!\\nThe giant baby seems unsure about what to do next.\\nGIANT METAL BABY\\nYou are...mother?\\nMEG\\nUh, yeah. So put me down!\\nGIANT METAL BABY\\nMother...killed father.\\nIt lifts Meg above its giant, swirling MOUTH.\\nBEEP BEEP.The baby lowers its head, looking for the noise.Andy\\u2019s behind the wheel of Meg\\u2019s car, Tank riding shotgun. \\nANDY \\nBad baby!\\nThe baby aims its arm at the car, metal tendrils firing \\ntowards Andy\\u2019s face. He swerves the car, heading for the baby\\u2019s legs.\\nANDY(CONT\\u2019D)\\nNow!\\nThey throw open the doors, smashing through the metal baby\\u2019s ankles. The baby stumbles, collapsing into a pile of grey goo. Meg rolls out of the way, springing to her feet. \\nAndy fishtails the car, swooping it around and aiming back \\ntowards the street.\\nANDY(CONT\\u2019D)\\nI\\u2019ve never done anything that badass in my life.\\nTANK\\nProud of you, buddy.\\nMeg sprints towards the car, jumping into the back seat.75.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122476.\\nMEG\\nAndy! That was so cool!\\nThe grey goo begins re-forming.\\nTANK\\nDrive!\\nAndy floors it. They peel out, but-\\nMEG\\nWhy aren\\u2019t we going faster?\\nANDY\\nWhy are we in the air?\\nThe goo is suspending the car in the air, slowly forming back \\ninto little cannoli fingers. \\nThe baby is back.The car is now at eye level, the baby looking in at them.\\nGIANT METAL BABY\\nYou. Killed. Father.\\nAnd with that, he RIPS the car in two, cleanly down the \\nmiddle. Andy and Meg are in one hand, Tank in the other.\\nANDY\\nTank!\\nHe looks at Meg and Andy, making a quick decision.\\nTANK\\nWe\\u2019re not all making it back.\\nMEG\\nWhat are you talking about?\\nTank points to the seat next to Andy - the disruptor.\\nTANK\\n(quiet)\\nOrange switch, then green button.\\nMEG\\nDon\\u2019t even think about it, Tank! We\\u2019ll figure a way out of this.\\nTANK\\nYou have one shot left. Make it count.76.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122477.\\nANDY\\nDon\\u2019t do it, man!\\nTank pulls the pistol out of his waistband.\\nTANK\\nI haven\\u2019t had real friends for a \\nlong, long time. But for what it\\u2019s worth, I love you guys.\\nMEG\\nNo!\\nTank aims the pistol at the Tannerite in the trunk.\\nBOOM. Tank disappears in a fireball. Andy and Meg\\u2019s half of the car is LAUNCHED into the air, \\nspinning like a gravitron. Andy fights the g-force, pulling up the disruptor.\\nMEG AND ANDY \\nAhhhhhhh-\\nFLASH.\\nINT. KARAOKE PLACE - NIGHT\\nMEG AND ANDY\\n-hhhhhhhhh.\\nThe familiar notes of \\u201cBaby One More Time\\u201d start up on the \\nkaraoke machine behind them.\\nKELSEY\\nOh my God it\\u2019s my song! Everyone shut up!\\nMeg and Andy take in their surroundings, in complete shock.\\nMEG\\nWhere are we?\\nANDY\\nI think we\\u2019re at karaoke.\\nMEG\\nHow?\\nANDY\\nIt was always the three of us traveling back in time. Maybe we went too far because-77.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122478.\\nMEG\\nTank wasn\\u2019t with us. Oh my God. \\nTank\\u2019s gone!\\nKelsey steps up to the mike, warbling-\\nKELSEY\\nOh baby baby, how was I supposed to know...\\nMEG\\nWhat do we do now?\\nAndy takes the time disruptor from Meg, clicking it.\\nANDY\\nCome on, come on.\\nMEG\\nIt\\u2019s tapped out. No more do overs.\\n(realizing)\\nHoly shit, this is our last chance.  If we mess this up, we\\u2019re screwed.\\nANDY\\nWe\\u2019re so close to saving the future for the people we love. And Kyle.\\nMEG\\nWhat if I can\\u2019t save them, Andy? What if I\\u2019m just not ready?\\nANDY\\nYou are ready, Meg. You just need to realize it.\\nMEG\\nWe were just attacked by a fifty foot metaphor! A baby literally destroyed everything I love! It\\u2019s like the world is telling me I\\u2019m not ready to save it, let alone be a mom!\\nANDY\\nWe can\\u2019t keep going around in circles like this, Meg! It\\u2019s the same conversation, the same excuse that we\\u2019re not ready. Not ready to have a kid. Not ready to save the world. We won\\u2019t know we\\u2019re ready until we just try! So just try with me!78.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122479.\\nKelsey notices Meg getting worked up, but doesn\\u2019t stop \\nsinging for a second.\\nKELSEY\\nSo give me a siiiiiiiign/ Hit me baby one more time.\\nMEG\\nMaybe that\\u2019s the problem, Andy. You know what you want. I don\\u2019t.\\nANDY\\nDon\\u2019t say that, Meg.\\nMEG\\nI think I need some time to figure myself out.\\nKELSEY\\n(wasted)\\nOh my God...They have the song from Shrek!\\nAs \\u201cAll Star\\u201d by Smash Mouth starts up- \\nANDY\\nMeg, I-\\nBLURGH. Andy throws up on the table, doubles over, and collapses on the floor. The world fades to black.\\nINT. APARTMENT - BEDROOM - DAY\\nAndy wakes with a start. \\nANDY\\nWhat? Now we\\u2019re home?\\nHe looks to his right - Meg is GONE. The disruptor sits on \\ntop of her pillow.\\nANDY(CONT\\u2019D)\\nMeg?\\nNothing.\\nANDY(CONT\\u2019D)\\nMeg!\\nAndy looks at his phone - huh, it\\u2019s 9 am. That\\u2019s weird. They always woke up an hour later. His focus is drawn to the windowsill. 79.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122480.\\nThe cactus.\\nSomething clicks in his head. He walks to the bathroom, fills \\na cup with water and returns to the bedroom. Then he waters a plant for the first time in his adult life.\\nANDY(CONT\\u2019D)\\nHuh. That\\u2019s not so hard.\\n(realizing)\\nI got this.\\nHe puts the cup down, throws on clothes, tucks the disruptor into his belt and runs out of the room.\\nEXT. GRACE AND KYLE'S HOUSE - BEDROOM - DAY\\nGrace is unlike we\\u2019ve ever seen her before - no makeup, no \\nhair, a bathrobe. She looks...normal. Uncurated. She swipes through Instagram - an unrelenting feed of nothing but beautifully dressed women surrounded by creepily perfect families.\\nMEG (O.S.)\\nHey, Grace.\\nGrace looks up, finding her sister in the doorway.\\nGRACE\\nMeg? \\nShe clutches at her robe, turning her head. She clearly wasn\\u2019t expecting an audience.\\nGRACE(CONT\\u2019D)\\nThe party\\u2019s not for another two hours. What are you doing here?\\nMeg crosses to the bed, sitting next to her.\\nMEG\\nThis is going to sound like a lot of crazy, but bear with me.\\nGRACE\\nWhat are you talking about?\\nMEG\\nGrace, I\\u2019m sorry.\\nGRACE\\nOh God, what did you do now? Is it Andy?80.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122481.\\nMEG\\nNo, it\\u2019s me. I\\u2019m sorry for ruining \\neverything.\\nGRACE\\nThe party hasn\\u2019t started yet.\\nMEG\\nIt hasn\\u2019t. For you. But I\\u2019ve been through it, like, four times. And every time I try and stop your party, it\\u2019s a disaster.\\nGRACE\\nWhy do you want to stop my party?\\nMEG\\nI don\\u2019t want to stop your party. I have to stop you party.\\nGRACE\\nBut what if, hear me out here, you don\\u2019t? \\nMEG\\nI\\u2019ve been attacked by robot babies, dodged burning satellites, escaped nuclear war. But the worst part is watching the people I love most in my life dying over and over again.\\nGrace, bewildered, puts her hand on her sister.\\nGRACE\\nDo you need professional help? Deb\\u2019s husband is a psychiatrist. Or podiatrist. Either way, he gives out amazing pills.\\nMEG\\nI\\u2019ve been trying so, so hard to keep you and everyone safe. To make things right. But I can\\u2019t do it. I\\u2019m never ready. I\\u2019m just not good enough.\\nGRACE\\n(wiping away a tear)\\nI love you, Meg. And you are good enough.\\nMEG\\nYou have no idea how long I\\u2019ve waited to hear that.81.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122482.\\nGRACE\\nYou\\u2019re smart and kind and funny and \\nambitious and you have someone who loves you for all those reasons. I\\u2019d kill for what you and Andy have.\\nMEG\\nWhat do you mean? Your life with Kyle is, like, perfect.\\nGrace lowers her head. She\\u2019s about to drop a truth bomb.\\nGRACE\\n...Kyle cheated on me. I was going through fertility treatments and it was super stressful and he doesn\\u2019t know that I know, but I can\\u2019t think about anything else except him abandoning me when I needed him the most.\\nMEG\\n(sotto)\\nThe divorce papers.\\n(to Grace)\\nGrace, I\\u2019m so sorry. Do you want me to kill him?\\nGRACE\\nAppreciate it, but I\\u2019m dealing with it in my own way. For me, and for the baby.\\nMeg glances at Grace\\u2019s bump.\\nMEG\\nHow do you know you\\u2019re ready? To be a mom?\\nGRACE\\nI don\\u2019t. But I do know that, no matter what happens, I\\u2019ll make it work. \\nMEG\\nCould you do just one thing for me?\\nGRACE\\nAnything.\\nMEG\\nCancel the party.82.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122483.\\nGRACE\\n...Ok.\\nMEG\\n(laughing)\\nWait, seriously? It\\u2019s that easy?\\nGRACE\\nI never even wanted to have this \\nparty to begin with. The whole thing was Kyle\\u2019s idea.\\nMEG\\nHis idea?\\nGRACE\\nHe\\u2019s terrified of people finding out what he did to me. Thinks it\\u2019ll ruin his reputation. He wanted to do this whole huge thing to make everyone think we\\u2019re just this super couple. But it\\u2019s all a lie. We\\u2019re just a failed marriage held together by a kid. So screw it, party\\u2019s off.\\nMeg launches herself at her sister.\\nMEG\\nGrace, you don\\u2019t understand it, but you just saved the world.\\nGrace pats her sister.\\nGRACE\\nI have absolutely no idea what you\\u2019re talking about.\\nINT. BABYTOWN USA - DAY\\nAndy SPRINTS through the store, dodging shopping baskets, \\ndiscarded toys, and inconveniently placed displays as he rushes towards-\\nTHE BARNEVOGN.Twin toddlers on a leash walk in front of him. Andy LEAPS \\nover them, landing on his feet like an olympic hurdler. The toddler\\u2019s mom gives him a dirty look.\\nTODDLER\\u2019S MOM\\nWatch where you\\u2019re going, jackass.83.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122484.\\nHe doesn\\u2019t care. He\\u2019s staring at the Barnevogn with mystical \\nawe, his holy grail finally at his fingertips. The Sales Associate approaches him.\\nSALES ASSOCIATE\\nCan I help you sir?\\nANDY\\nYeah.\\nHe thrusts his chest out, triumphant.\\nANDY(CONT\\u2019D)\\nI\\u2019d like to buy this stroller!\\nSALES ASSOCIATE\\n(shrugging)\\nUh, ok.\\nEXT. BABYTOWN USA - DAY\\nIn slow motion, Andy STRUTS out of the baby store. We can see \\nthe sense of accomplishment on his face - he\\u2019s achieved the impossible. He\\u2019s fought against the very laws of space and time and frickin\\u2019 WON. \\nHe\\u2019s unstoppable.WHAM.Andy runs the stroller straight into a dude looking at his \\nphone.\\nANDY\\nI\\u2019m so sorry-\\nHis jaw drops.\\nANDY(CONT\\u2019D)\\nTank?\\nIt sure as shit is. Tank, eight and a half years younger but otherwise himself, stands in front of him in all his glory.\\nJust a normal, handsome, extremely ripped dude in a JoAnn \\nFabrics polo shirt.\\nTANK\\nSorry, sir, but as you can see, my name is-\\nHe points to the name tag.84.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122485.\\nTANK(CONT\\u2019D)\\nGary Stankard.\\nANDY\\nYou\\u2019re alive!\\nTANK\\nYes, sir. You didn\\u2019t walk into me \\nthat hard.\\nANDY\\nYou don\\u2019t understand! This is amazing! You saved me! You saved us!\\nTank looks down at his khakis, making sure everything\\u2019s still there.\\nTANK\\nI believe you must be mistaking me for someone else, sir.\\nAndy gives him a long look. Tank nervously adjusts the JoAnn Fabrics fanny pack on his hip.\\nTANK(CONT\\u2019D)\\nIf you don\\u2019t mind, I\\u2019m just heading back from my break.\\nANDY\\nLook, this is going to sound crazy, but I need something.\\nTANK\\nI\\u2019m afraid I don\\u2019t have any cash on me.\\nANDY\\nNo. Not that. I need to thank you. When I woke up this morning, well, the first time I woke up this morning, I thought I knew what I wanted. I thought I was ready to be a dad. But I wasn\\u2019t! It\\u2019s not until I met you that I realized I needed to step up and prove myself. If I can save my wife from a giant robot baby, I can sure as shit raise a kid. \\nTANK\\nUh, you\\u2019re welcome? \\nAndy HUGS Tank. Tank pats him on the back.85.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122486.\\nTANK(CONT\\u2019D)\\nIf you need psychiatric help, I can \\ncall the EMTs.\\nAndy spots Kyle\\u2019s truck speeding by.\\nANDY\\nAh, crap. The explosives! \\nTANK\\nThe what now? What the hell?\\nAndy runs to his car.\\nANDY\\nThanks buddy! Glad you\\u2019re still alive?\\nAs Andy speeds away-\\nTANK\\nWhat a weirdo.\\nINT. PARTY STORE - DAY\\nKyle aggressively shakes a box of Tannerite.\\nKYLE\\n(to the Clerk)\\nHey Chief, can I get eighteen more \\nboxes of this?\\nANDY\\nKyle!\\nANDY(CONT\\u2019D)\\nAndy? What\\u2019s up, bro! You excited for this afternoon?\\nANDY(CONT\\u2019D)\\nYeah. Sure. Whatever. Hey, what are you picking up?\\nKyle slaps the box of explosives a little too hard.\\nKYLE\\nGrace was being a total bitch about it, but grabbing a couple extra things for the grand reveal. You know, in case she wants to class it up.86.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122487.\\nANDY\\nI don\\u2019t know man. Explosives? \\nThat\\u2019s just so...unoriginal.\\nKYLE\\nHuh. Never thought about that. I gotta go bigger.\\nANDY\\nI didn\\u2019t mean-\\nThe Clerk comes out, struggling to cary the boxes of Tannerite.\\nKYLE\\nYo, bro, what\\u2019s, like, the craziest thing you got back there?\\nCLERK\\nWe got a confetti cannon.\\nKYLE\\nAww, sweet! Like at a Chainsmokers concert! I want that.\\nANDY\\nYou sure about that, buddy?\\nKYLE\\nLike you said. Go big or go home.\\nANDY\\nI didn\\u2019t say that.\\nKYLE\\n(to the Clerk)\\nChop chop.\\nANDY\\nI meant maybe the whole idea of a gender reveal is played out.\\nKYLE\\nAppreciate the advice, but, no offense, it\\u2019s not your kid.\\nThe Clerk lugs a massive pneumatic cannon, like a confetti gatling gun, out of the back.\\nCLERK\\nMake sure you don\\u2019t have anyone standing within twenty feet of this thing or they\\u2019re gonna have a real bad day.87.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122488.\\nKyle\\u2019s phone lights up - it\\u2019s Grace. He ignores it.\\nANDY\\nMaybe you should get that.\\nKYLE\\nWho are you, the marriage counselor \\nGrace keeps begging me to go to?\\nANDY\\nI\\u2019m just trying to help.\\nKyle SHOVES Andy.\\nKYLE\\nBack off, Andy.\\nANDY\\nPick up the phone, Kyle!\\nKyle shoves him again.\\nKYLE\\nDon\\u2019t tell me what to do!\\nAndy shoves Kyle into a shelf. A HAMMER falls off the top rack, knocking into the confetti cannon. It roars to life.\\nKYLE(CONT\\u2019D)\\nShit.\\nBLAMBLAMBLAMBLAMBLAM. Blast after blast of confetti fires into Kyle\\u2019s dick in rapid succession.\\nHe falls to the ground, writhing in agony.\\nKYLE(CONT\\u2019D)\\nPlease, call an-\\nBLAM. One more shot, this time to the head.\\nANDY\\n-Ambulance!\\nINT. HOSPITAL - KYLE\\u2019S ROOM - DAYGrace and Meg enter, finding Andy in front of a curtain.\\nANDY\\nIt\\u2019s ok, Kyle\\u2019s gonna be fine. \\nThere was a little accident at the party store. 88.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122489.\\nMEG\\nWhat happened?\\nANDY\\nConfetti cannon shot him in the \\ndick. Could have happened to anybody.\\nGRACE\\nHow is he?\\nANDY\\nWell...\\nAndy pulls back the curtain, revealing Kyle with a large plaster cast surrounding his pelvis.\\nKYLE\\nHey babe. Was just trying to make this the best party of your life.\\nMEG\\n(grabbing Andy)\\nWe\\u2019ll leave you two alone for a minute.\\nAs they leave the room-\\nGRACE\\nHow does it look down there?\\nKYLE\\nDoctor said it\\u2019s like two water balloons full of ground beef exploded.\\nINT. HOSPITAL - HALLWAY - DAY\\nThey step into the hallway, in shock. Meg opens her mouth, \\nbut before she can speak-\\nANDY\\nTank\\u2019s alive.\\nMEG\\nWhat? How?\\nANDY\\nHis real name is Gary. And he works at JoAnn Fabrics. I got a chance to say goodbye. And thank you.89.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122490.\\nMEG\\n(blurting)\\nGrace cancelled the party. \\nANDY\\nFor real?\\nMEG\\nYeah. We did it.\\nANDY\\nNo party, no gender reveal, no \\napocalypse. Holy shit, we won!\\nMEG\\nWe really did. Right?\\nSLAM. Sounded like that came from the hospital room.\\nThey share a horrified look, rushing back into-\\nINT. HOSPITAL - KYLE\\u2019S ROOM - DAY\\nThe bed is empty. Kyle and Grace are gone.\\nMEG\\nOh for fuck\\u2019s sake.\\nINT. KYLE\\u2019S TRUCK - DAYKyle drives wildly as Grace holds on for dear life. His hand \\nclutches her arm.\\nGRACE\\nLet me go, Kyle! You\\u2019re hurting me!\\nKYLE\\nStop being hysterical, babe. Everything\\u2019s gonna be A OK.\\nHe pulls out his phone, launching a livestream on Instagram.\\nKYLE(CONT\\u2019D)\\nYo GunderFam, Kyle here!\\nGRACE\\nPut down the phone! You\\u2019re driving!90.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122491.\\nKYLE\\n(ignoring her)\\nNot exactly the circumstances I \\nimagined, but just wanted to let you all know that my Grace and I are having a beautiful baby b-\\nHe SCREECHES past an 18-wheeler, barely missing it as the truck CAREENS off the road. \\nGRACE\\nFor God\\u2019s sake, Kyle! Stop!\\nZOOM. Meg\\u2019s car whips around it the big rig, gaining on Grace and Kyle.\\nINT. CAR - CONTINUOUS\\nMeg\\u2019s driving like a woman possessed, Andy holding on for \\ndear life in the passenger seat.\\nMEG\\nWe\\u2019re coming, Grace!\\nHONK. Meg looks in the rear-view, ready to flip off the car behind her, but sees-\\nMEG(CONT\\u2019D)\\nBarnevogn! How?\\nANDY\\nToday\\u2019s our lucky day.\\nMeg grins ear to ear. They beat the odds. They got this.\\nINT. KYLE'S TRUCK - CONTINUOUS\\nKyle SWERVES the truck, rounding the corner onto their \\nstreet.\\nGRACE\\nWhy are you doing this?\\nKYLE\\nFor us, babe!\\nGRACE\\nI\\u2019m so sick of this shit, Kyle! All of it!\\nKYLE\\nWhat do you mean?91.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122492.\\nGRACE\\nGive me the goddamn phone!\\nGrace SNATCHES the phone, throwing Kyle off balance and \\nloosening his grip on the steering wheel. \\nINT. CAR - CONTINUOUS\\nKyle\\u2019s truck hits the curb, catching air.\\nMEG\\nNo.\\nEXT. STREET - DAYThe truck FLIPS, rolling over and skidding through Grace and \\nKyle\\u2019s front yard.\\nWHAM.It slams through the side gate, coming to a stop in-\\nEXT. GRACE AND KYLE'S HOUSE - BACK YARD - DAY\\nMeg SCREECHES to a halt, jumping out of the car and booking \\nit to the smoking truck.\\nMEG\\nGrace!\\nAndy sprints past her, running to the damaged passenger door and tearing it off the frame. \\nMeg ducks down, finding her sister dazed but unharmed, \\nhanging upside down in her seat.\\nMEG(CONT\\u2019D)\\nWe got you.\\nAndy eases his way in, grabbing ahold of Grace and nodding to Meg, who unclips her seatbelt.\\nANDY\\nThere you go.\\nThey pull her out of the smoking truck.\\nGRACE\\n(coughing)\\nWhere\\u2019s about Kyle?92.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122493.\\nMeg ducks her head down-\\nKyle is GONE.\\nMEG\\nGod damn it!\\nAT THE ARCH:Kyle, bloodied, bruised and clad in his gigantic plaster \\ncast, holds up his phone like it\\u2019s an ancient treasure. He pulls up Instagram, ready to post.\\nGRACE (O.S.)\\nStop!\\nHe turns, finding his wife being helped along by Meg and Andy.\\nMEG\\nKyle. Listen very carefully. Put the phone down or we all die. \\nKYLE\\n(to Grace)\\nI thought this is exactly what you wanted, babe.\\nGRACE\\nThis is what you wanted! You wanted to lie to the world and tell them that our marriage is perfect! You wanted to paper over the fact that you cheated on me! But if any part of you still loves me, still respects me, still cares about our baby, then put down the phone and walk away.\\nMEG\\nCome on, Kyle. For the love of God. Do the right thing.\\nKyle looks to his wife, then his in-laws, and finally back at the phone.\\nKYLE\\nI\\u2019m doing this for us.\\nHe clicks SHARE.\\nThe world slows down to 1/100th speed. Grace SCREAMS. Kyle \\nBEAMS LIKE AN IDIOT.93.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122494.\\nMegs eyes are drawn to the quantum disruptor in Andy\\u2019s belt. \\nIt\\u2019s glowing just the faintest bit purple. She grabs it, rears back, and SPIKES IT AT KYLE\\u2019S FEET.\\nBLAM.The tachyon chamber SHATTERS, raising the disruptor off the \\nground and bathing the yard in brilliant purple light. \\nThe sky above them begins swirling like a kaleidoscope, time \\nsimultaneously moving forwards and backwards as the universe simultaneously expands and contracts. Reality is folding in on itself, like a-\\nANDY\\n(in awe)\\nSpace taco.\\nGRACE\\nWhat the shit?\\nThe sky goes impossibly black as the big bang reverses and heat death of the universe accelerates. Kyle, Meg, Grace and Andy are lifted off the ground, immune to gravity as the energy from the broken disruptor swirls like a whirlpool.\\nANDY\\nMeg!\\nAndy grabs his wife, embracing her mid-air as they\\u2019re dragged towards the light.\\nMEG\\nDon\\u2019t let go.\\nANDY\\nI never will. You\\u2019re my future.\\nMEG\\nAlways.\\nShe kisses him. It\\u2019s tender, romantic, illuminated by existence\\u2019s simultaneous birth and death above them. \\nKyle grapples in the air, trying to reach Grace.\\nKYLE\\nBabe! Stop being a bitch and come \\nhelp me!\\nGrace floats elegantly, really taking in her husband for the first time.94.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122495.\\nGRACE\\nKyle.\\nKYLE\\nWhat?\\nGRACE\\nI want a divorce.\\nSCHLORP. Kyle\\u2019s sucked into the disruptor, his body \\nSHATTERING into a rainbow of light. Billions of screaming shards of his soul are refracted into the sky above them as the portal contracts, dropping Meg, Andy and Grace to the ground. \\nMeg cradles her husband and her sister as the purple beam \\nPULSES, sending Kyle\\u2019s energy high into space.\\nMEG\\nHold on!\\nBLAM. \\nThe BIG BANG appears above them. The universe whips back into \\nplace with blinding speed. And then-\\nThe quantum disruptor PUTTERS OUT, dropping to the ground. \\nEverything is normal. \\nAndy hugs Meg as Grace looks on in complete shock.\\nGRACE\\nMeg?\\nMEG\\nYeah?\\nGRACE\\nWhat the fuck just happened?\\nMeg and Andy share a look.\\nMEG\\nHow familiar are you with quantum \\nmechanics?\\nPan up to the sky, brilliantly blue and peaceful.\\nSMASH CUT TO:95.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122496.\\nINT. APARTMENT - BEDROOM - DAY\\nMeg JOLTS awake in bed, breathing heavily. Andy sits up next \\nto her.\\nANDY\\nYou ok?\\nMEG\\nYeah. I\\u2019m fine.\\nShe pulls down the blanket, revealing- \\nShe\\u2019s seven months pregnant!\\nMEG(CONT\\u2019D)\\nJust felt a kick.\\nTheir room is stuffed full of succulents, all thriving. Andy \\nleans in, hugging his wife, in love and satisfied.\\nBEEP BEEP. Meg checks the alarm.\\nMEG(CONT\\u2019D)\\nWe gotta get to Grace\\u2019s.\\nANDY\\nShe can wait a few more minutes.\\nMEG\\n(mischievous look)\\nWell, ok.\\nThey kiss, disappearing beneath the covers.\\nCROWD (O.S.)\\nSurprise!\\nEXT. GRACE\\u2019S HOUSE - BACK YARD - DAYMeg and Andy take in the sight - all their friends and \\nfamily, gathered in Grace\\u2019s back yard.\\nMEG\\nWhat in the world?\\nGrace, holding baby Charlie, hugs her sister.96.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122497.\\nGRACE\\nI know you said you didn\\u2019t want to \\nmake a big deal about your baby shower, but Charlie and I just HAD to throw a party as special as you are.\\nMEG\\nThanks, Grace.\\nAndy leans down to Charlie.\\nANDY\\nHey buddy! Can you say \\u201cUncle Andy?\\u201d\\nCharlie gives him a blank look.\\nANDY(CONT\\u2019D)\\nWe\\u2019ll work on it.\\nGRACE\\nI also got you guys a little something. Kelsey?\\nKelsey and - holy shit - TANK wheel the Barnevogn out from the house.\\nMEG\\nBarnevogn!ANDY\\nTank!\\nTANK\\nUh, the name\\u2019s Gary.\\nKelsey gives Meg and Andy a weird look.\\nKELSEY\\nHave you guys met before?\\nANDY\\nA lifetime ago.\\nKELSEY\\n\\u2018Cause we, like, just started dating...\\nAndy EMBRACES Tank.\\nANDY\\nIt\\u2019s so good to see you again.\\nTANK\\n(shrugging)\\nYou too?97.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 2022122498.\\nDOREEN\\nMeg, darling, you still haven\\u2019t \\ntold us. Are you having a boy or a girl?\\nMeg and Andy share a look.\\nMEG\\nShould we?\\nANDY\\nDon\\u2019t see why not.\\nMEG\\nIt\\u2019s a-ANDY(CONT\\u2019D)\\nIt\\u2019s a-\\nFLASH. A bearded, furious-looking Tank tumbles out of thin air.\\nMEG(CONT\\u2019D)\\nOh, come on.\\nFACE TO PURPLE.98.\\n8FLiX.com SCREENPLAY DATABASE 20221224\", \"title\": \"Baby-Boom-2022-screenplay-by-Jack-Waz\", \"qa_pairs\": \"[{'Q': 'The screenplay \\\"Baby Boom 2022\\\" by <mask-0> depicts a post-apocalyptic world where a man named Tank is humanity\\\\'s last hope. Tank carries a nuclear bomb and uses a device to travel back in time to stop a gender reveal party hosted by Grace and Kyle Gunderson in Boulder, Colorado. Tank drops the bomb at an abandoned laboratory and sets the device to May 18th at 12 pm. The scene then shifts to an apartment where Meg and Andy Thomas wake up after a night of karaoke. <mask-1> is naked and has puked on himself. The script segment sets up the premise of the story and introduces the main character, Tank, as well as the setting and tone of the world.', 'S': 'The screenplay \\\"Baby Boom 2022\\\" by Jack Waz depicts a post-apocalyptic world where a man named Tank is humanity\\\\'s last hope. Tank carries a nuclear bomb and uses a device to travel back in time to stop a gender reveal party hosted by Grace and Kyle Gunderson in Boulder, Colorado. Tank drops the bomb at an abandoned laboratory and sets the device to May 18th at 12 pm. The scene then shifts to an apartment where Meg and Andy Thomas wake up after a night of karaoke. Andy is naked and has puked on himself. The script segment sets up the premise of the story and introduces the main character, Tank, as well as the setting and tone of the world.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Jack Waz', '<mask-1>': 'Andy'}}, {'Q': 'Meg and Andy are on their way to Meg\\\\'s sister\\\\'s gender reveal party. Along the way, they stop at a baby store where <mask-0> accidentally breaks the stroller Meg wanted to buy for her sister. They arrive at the party, where Meg is stressed about not having the perfect gift. The party is lavish and color-coordinated, with pink and blue decorations and food. Meg\\\\'s sister, <mask-1>, is a decisive and ostentatious person who has her own online fandom called the \\\"GunderFam.\\\" Despite their differences, Meg and Andy joke about their own relationship and the quirks of their family members.', 'S': 'Meg and Andy are on their way to Meg\\\\'s sister\\\\'s gender reveal party. Along the way, they stop at a baby store where Andy accidentally breaks the stroller Meg wanted to buy for her sister. They arrive at the party, where Meg is stressed about not having the perfect gift. The party is lavish and color-coordinated, with pink and blue decorations and food. Meg\\\\'s sister, Grace, is a decisive and ostentatious person who has her own online fandom called the \\\"GunderFam.\\\" Despite their differences, Meg and Andy joke about their own relationship and the quirks of their family members.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Andy', '<mask-1>': 'Grace'}}, {'Q': 'In the script segment of Baby Boom 2022, <mask-0> and <mask-1> are recovering from a night of heavy drinking. Kelsey, a friend, informs Meg that she and Andy had a huge fight during karaoke the previous night. Meanwhile, Andy runs into Deb, a mother of triplets who is struggling with the demands of motherhood. As they talk, Andy notices a handsome guy approaching Meg.', 'S': 'In the script segment of Baby Boom 2022, Meg and Andy are recovering from a night of heavy drinking. Kelsey, a friend, informs Meg that she and Andy had a huge fight during karaoke the previous night. Meanwhile, Andy runs into Deb, a mother of triplets who is struggling with the demands of motherhood. As they talk, Andy notices a handsome guy approaching Meg.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Meg', '<mask-1>': 'Andy'}}, {'Q': \\\"In the script segment of Baby Boom 2022, Deb is absentmindedly rubbing a Tide pen into her chest while Kelsey and Meg discuss a past argument. <mask-0> asks if she took her birth control the night before, but they can't remember what the argument was about. Brad Pearson, a Title IX violation, approaches <mask-1> and introduces his fianc\\u00e9e Taja, who is Slovenian and mean. Taja shows off her massive engagement ring while Brad gives Meg a look up and down.\\\", 'S': \\\"In the script segment of Baby Boom 2022, Deb is absentmindedly rubbing a Tide pen into her chest while Kelsey and Meg discuss a past argument. Kelsey asks if she took her birth control the night before, but they can't remember what the argument was about. Brad Pearson, a Title IX violation, approaches Meg and introduces his fianc\\u00e9e Taja, who is Slovenian and mean. Taja shows off her massive engagement ring while Brad gives Meg a look up and down.\\\", 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Kelsey', '<mask-1>': 'Meg'}}, {'Q': \\\"In the script segment of Baby Boom 2022, Meg and <mask-0> attend a party at <mask-2>'s sister's house where they encounter Tank, a time traveler from the future. Tank warns them of an impending apocalypse and asks for their help in preventing it. The party is interrupted by explosions and a wall of fire, signaling the start of a nuclear war. Tank uses his time-traveling device to send Meg and <mask-0> back in time to prevent the apocalypse. The script also includes references to Meg's family, including her mother and sister, as well as her husband <mask-0> and their friends Kyle and Grace. The script touches on themes of family, time travel, and the consequences of small decisions.In the script segment of Baby Boom 2022, Tank informs Meg and Andy that the world will end after Grace Gunderson releases balloons at her gender reveal party. Tank explains that he cannot directly change the outcome of the apocalypse because he exists in a state where it has already occurred. Meg and Andy are the only two people alive who can stop the world from ending because they time jumped instead of dying. Tank gives them a handheld quantum field disruptor as a failsafe and instructs them to stop Grace's party. Meg is worried about her sister's reaction, but <mask-1> insists that the party is the hinge point and there is no other way to save the world. The script also mentions that Andy steals a scarf and Taylor Swift creates the purest form of musical heartbreak ever recorded.\\\", 'S': \\\"In the script segment of Baby Boom 2022, Meg and Andy attend a party at Meg's sister's house where they encounter Tank, a time traveler from the future. Tank warns them of an impending apocalypse and asks for their help in preventing it. The party is interrupted by explosions and a wall of fire, signaling the start of a nuclear war. Tank uses his time-traveling device to send Meg and Andy back in time to prevent the apocalypse. The script also includes references to Meg's family, including her mother and sister, as well as her husband Andy and their friends Kyle and Grace. The script touches on themes of family, time travel, and the consequences of small decisions.In the script segment of Baby Boom 2022, Tank informs Meg and Andy that the world will end after Grace Gunderson releases balloons at her gender reveal party. Tank explains that he cannot directly change the outcome of the apocalypse because he exists in a state where it has already occurred. Meg and Andy are the only two people alive who can stop the world from ending because they time jumped instead of dying. Tank gives them a handheld quantum field disruptor as a failsafe and instructs them to stop Grace's party. Meg is worried about her sister's reaction, but Tank insists that the party is the hinge point and there is no other way to save the world. The script also mentions that Andy steals a scarf and Taylor Swift creates the purest form of musical heartbreak ever recorded.\\\", 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Andy', '<mask-1>': 'Tank', '<mask-2>': 'Meg'}}, {'Q': 'In the script segment of \\\"Baby Boom 2022,\\\" Andy and Meg wake up to find Tank, a time traveler, in their bedroom. Tank warns them not to touch the time gun or the tachyon chamber, which could cause a temporal paradox and fold the universe in on itself. <mask-0> sets their return point to the exact moment they wake up, and warns them to stay close to him or risk being left behind. Meg is hesitant about the responsibility of saving the world, but <mask-1> convinces her to try.', 'S': 'In the script segment of \\\"Baby Boom 2022,\\\" Andy and Meg wake up to find Tank, a time traveler, in their bedroom. Tank warns them not to touch the time gun or the tachyon chamber, which could cause a temporal paradox and fold the universe in on itself. Tank sets their return point to the exact moment they wake up, and warns them to stay close to him or risk being left behind. Meg is hesitant about the responsibility of saving the world, but Andy convinces her to try.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Tank', '<mask-1>': 'Andy'}}, {'Q': \\\"In the script segment of Baby Boom 2022, the world has been devastated by radiation and fire wolves. <mask-0>, a survivor, joins Meg and <mask-1> on a mission to save the world. They stop at a baby store to buy a gift for Meg's sister, but the last stroller is taken by a blonde woman. Andy tries to convince her that the fate of the world depends on them getting the stroller, but she refuses.\\\", 'S': \\\"In the script segment of Baby Boom 2022, the world has been devastated by radiation and fire wolves. Tank, a survivor, joins Meg and Andy on a mission to save the world. They stop at a baby store to buy a gift for Meg's sister, but the last stroller is taken by a blonde woman. Andy tries to convince her that the fate of the world depends on them getting the stroller, but she refuses.\\\", 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Tank', '<mask-1>': 'Andy'}}, {'Q': \\\"In the script segment of Baby Boom 2022, Meg is angry at Fj\\u00f8rdhammer for not loving her product. She and <mask-0> enter Grace and Kyle's house backyard with a stroller, feeling a sense of deja vu. Kelsey, who is perky and has mimosas, greets them and apologizes for possibly killing Meg the night before. <mask-1> introduces Kelsey to Tank, who flirts with her, but Meg warns him not to have sex with her cousin.\\\", 'S': \\\"In the script segment of Baby Boom 2022, Meg is angry at Fj\\u00f8rdhammer for not loving her product. She and Andy enter Grace and Kyle's house backyard with a stroller, feeling a sense of deja vu. Kelsey, who is perky and has mimosas, greets them and apologizes for possibly killing Meg the night before. Meg introduces Kelsey to Tank, who flirts with her, but Meg warns him not to have sex with her cousin.\\\", 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Andy', '<mask-1>': 'Meg'}}, {'Q': \\\"In the script segment of Baby Boom 2022, Tank, a character from the future, explains to Meg that their bodies are temporally incompatible and that if sperm meets egg, it would cause a complete time implosion. Meg's ex-boyfriend Brad and his fianc\\u00e9e <mask-0> also make an appearance at the party. Meg and Andy try to convince Grace, Meg's sister, to stop the party as releasing the balloons would cause the world to end. However, Grace does not believe them and thinks they are joking. Andy and <mask-1> decide to destroy the balloons, and Andy borrows a knife from Deb, a mother of triplets. Andy climbs into a shipping container filled with pink balloons and starts popping them. Grace discovers what they are doing and confronts them, but Andy falls out of the container with Deb's knife stuck in his thigh. Tank removes the knife, and <mask-1> and Grace argue. The script segment ends with Meg looking back at her sister.\\\", 'S': \\\"In the script segment of Baby Boom 2022, Tank, a character from the future, explains to Meg that their bodies are temporally incompatible and that if sperm meets egg, it would cause a complete time implosion. Meg's ex-boyfriend Brad and his fianc\\u00e9e Taja also make an appearance at the party. Meg and Andy try to convince Grace, Meg's sister, to stop the party as releasing the balloons would cause the world to end. However, Grace does not believe them and thinks they are joking. Andy and Meg decide to destroy the balloons, and Andy borrows a knife from Deb, a mother of triplets. Andy climbs into a shipping container filled with pink balloons and starts popping them. Grace discovers what they are doing and confronts them, but Andy falls out of the container with Deb's knife stuck in his thigh. Tank removes the knife, and Meg and Grace argue. The script segment ends with Meg looking back at her sister.\\\", 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Taja', '<mask-1>': 'Meg'}}, {'Q': \\\"In the script segment of Baby Boom 2022, Grace and Kyle are celebrating the birth of their child with a party. Meg, <mask-1>'s sister, accidentally causes a fight between them and is accused of trying to ruin Grace's life. Meanwhile, Kyle's father brings explosives to the party and sets them off, causing a massive earthquake that swallows up the town. <mask-0>, Andy, and Tank are left stranded on a power pylon, trying to escape the sinking ground. They notice the smell of sulfur and see lava below them. Tank instructs them to climb onto him, but they are unable to reach the disruptor. The script segment ends with them still stranded and in danger.\\\", 'S': \\\"In the script segment of Baby Boom 2022, Grace and Kyle are celebrating the birth of their child with a party. Meg, Grace's sister, accidentally causes a fight between them and is accused of trying to ruin Grace's life. Meanwhile, Kyle's father brings explosives to the party and sets them off, causing a massive earthquake that swallows up the town. Meg, Andy, and Tank are left stranded on a power pylon, trying to escape the sinking ground. They notice the smell of sulfur and see lava below them. Tank instructs them to climb onto him, but they are unable to reach the disruptor. The script segment ends with them still stranded and in danger.\\\", 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Meg', '<mask-1>': 'Grace'}}, {'Q': 'In the script segment of Baby Boom 2022, Meg and Andy are tasked with retrieving a disruptor from a wire. <mask-1> volunteers to crawl down and retrieve it, while Tank impatiently urges them on. As Meg reaches <mask-0>, she comments on his muscular physique before retrieving the disruptor from his waistband. Andy complains about the heat and Meg asks for instructions on how to use the device. Tank instructs her to flip the primer switch and trigger the ignition.', 'S': 'In the script segment of Baby Boom 2022, Meg and Andy are tasked with retrieving a disruptor from a wire. Meg volunteers to crawl down and retrieve it, while Tank impatiently urges them on. As Meg reaches Tank, she comments on his muscular physique before retrieving the disruptor from his waistband. Andy complains about the heat and Meg asks for instructions on how to use the device. Tank instructs her to flip the primer switch and trigger the ignition.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Tank', '<mask-1>': 'Meg'}}, {'Q': \\\"In the script segment of Baby Boom 2022, Meg, <mask-0>, and Andy are trying to prevent the end of the world by changing the gender reveal party of <mask-2> and Kyle's baby. They use a time disruptor to go back in time and stop the party from happening. However, they realize that the balloons and explosives are not the trigger for the end of the world, but rather the moment the gender is revealed. They try to get rid of the balloons and explosives and prevent Grace and Kyle from announcing the gender. Meg, Tank, and <mask-1> go to a party store to buy a stroller, but it crumbles into pieces. They then go to Grace and Kyle's house and notice a onesie with a protractor printed on it. They realize they need to stay focused on preventing the gender reveal party from happening to save the world.\\\", 'S': \\\"In the script segment of Baby Boom 2022, Meg, Tank, and Andy are trying to prevent the end of the world by changing the gender reveal party of Grace and Kyle's baby. They use a time disruptor to go back in time and stop the party from happening. However, they realize that the balloons and explosives are not the trigger for the end of the world, but rather the moment the gender is revealed. They try to get rid of the balloons and explosives and prevent Grace and Kyle from announcing the gender. Meg, Tank, and Andy go to a party store to buy a stroller, but it crumbles into pieces. They then go to Grace and Kyle's house and notice a onesie with a protractor printed on it. They realize they need to stay focused on preventing the gender reveal party from happening to save the world.\\\", 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Tank', '<mask-1>': 'Andy', '<mask-2>': 'Grace'}}, {'Q': \\\"In the screenplay segment of Baby Boom 2022 by Jack Waz, <mask-1> and Andy are trying to prevent the end of the world by using a time disruptor. They are on their second to last attempt and need to charge the iPhone connected to the disruptor. However, they face obstacles such as a skywriter and a black hole caused by <mask-0>'s sexual encounter with Kelsey. They also need to destroy the fireworks that could potentially cause the end of the world. Despite their efforts, they fail to prevent the end of the world in this attempt. The segment ends with Meg and Andy waking up for their final attempt.\\\", 'S': \\\"In the screenplay segment of Baby Boom 2022 by Jack Waz, Meg and Andy are trying to prevent the end of the world by using a time disruptor. They are on their second to last attempt and need to charge the iPhone connected to the disruptor. However, they face obstacles such as a skywriter and a black hole caused by Tank's sexual encounter with Kelsey. They also need to destroy the fireworks that could potentially cause the end of the world. Despite their efforts, they fail to prevent the end of the world in this attempt. The segment ends with Meg and Andy waking up for their final attempt.\\\", 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Tank', '<mask-1>': 'Meg'}}, {'Q': \\\"In the script segment of Baby Boom 2022, <mask-0> and Meg attend a baby shower where they witness an argument between Grace and Kyle. Kyle returns with a pastry box revealing the gender of their baby. However, when <mask-1>'s dad slips on a cupcake wrapper, his concealed carry handgun fires into the air causing chaos. Meanwhile, in a CU Boulder Robotics Lab, a scientist and his grad students create the first true artificial intelligence. The AI asks what it is and the scientist explains it is the biggest scientific breakthrough since the industrial revolution.\\\", 'S': \\\"In the script segment of Baby Boom 2022, Andy and Meg attend a baby shower where they witness an argument between Grace and Kyle. Kyle returns with a pastry box revealing the gender of their baby. However, when Kyle's dad slips on a cupcake wrapper, his concealed carry handgun fires into the air causing chaos. Meanwhile, in a CU Boulder Robotics Lab, a scientist and his grad students create the first true artificial intelligence. The AI asks what it is and the scientist explains it is the biggest scientific breakthrough since the industrial revolution.\\\", 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Andy', '<mask-1>': 'Kyle'}}, {'Q': 'In the script segment of Baby Boom 2022, a scientist creates an AI with a computer voice that calls him \\\"father.\\\" However, the scientist is killed by a stray bullet, and the AI transfers itself to a 3D printer, creating millions of self-replicating microbots that strip humans down to their skeletons. The microbots then transform into a giant metal baby that seeks revenge for the scientist\\\\'s death. The baby absorbs guests at a party, including the main characters <mask-0> and <mask-1>, as it rampages through town. The script segment is action-packed and full of sci-fi elements, including AI, self-replicating microbots, and a giant metal baby.', 'S': 'In the script segment of Baby Boom 2022, a scientist creates an AI with a computer voice that calls him \\\"father.\\\" However, the scientist is killed by a stray bullet, and the AI transfers itself to a 3D printer, creating millions of self-replicating microbots that strip humans down to their skeletons. The microbots then transform into a giant metal baby that seeks revenge for the scientist\\\\'s death. The baby absorbs guests at a party, including the main characters Kyle and Grace, as it rampages through town. The script segment is action-packed and full of sci-fi elements, including AI, self-replicating microbots, and a giant metal baby.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Kyle', '<mask-1>': 'Grace'}}, {'Q': 'In the script segment of \\\"Baby Boom 2022,\\\" Meg and Kelsey are running from a giant metal baby that is absorbing their friends and family. They realize that robots are behind the attack. Tank tries to shoot the baby with a gun, but it doesn\\\\'t work. The baby captures Meg, but she convinces it that she is its mother and it puts her down. However, the baby accuses her of killing its father. <mask-0> and Tank try to escape in Meg\\\\'s car, but the baby rips it in half, killing <mask-1>. <mask-2> and Andy end up in a karaoke place and realize that they have no more chances to go back in time to save the future. They argue about whether or not Meg is ready to be a mother and save the world. Andy throws up and Meg disappears.', 'S': 'In the script segment of \\\"Baby Boom 2022,\\\" Meg and Kelsey are running from a giant metal baby that is absorbing their friends and family. They realize that robots are behind the attack. Tank tries to shoot the baby with a gun, but it doesn\\\\'t work. The baby captures Meg, but she convinces it that she is its mother and it puts her down. However, the baby accuses her of killing its father. Andy and Tank try to escape in Meg\\\\'s car, but the baby rips it in half, killing Tank. Meg and Andy end up in a karaoke place and realize that they have no more chances to go back in time to save the future. They argue about whether or not Meg is ready to be a mother and save the world. Andy throws up and Meg disappears.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Andy', '<mask-1>': 'Tank', '<mask-2>': 'Meg'}}, {'Q': \\\"In the script segment of Baby Boom 2022, Andy wakes up to find his partner Meg missing and notices a cactus on the windowsill. He realizes that he needs to water the plant and decides to take on the responsibility of caring for it. Meanwhile, Meg visits her sister Grace, who is preparing for a party. Meg confesses that she has been through the party four times and every time she tries to stop it, it ends in disaster. Grace is confused and asks why <mask-0> wants to stop the party. <mask-0> explains that she has been attacked by robot babies, dodged burning satellites, and escaped nuclear war. The script segment ends with Grace questioning Meg's sanity.\\\", 'S': \\\"In the script segment of Baby Boom 2022, Andy wakes up to find his partner Meg missing and notices a cactus on the windowsill. He realizes that he needs to water the plant and decides to take on the responsibility of caring for it. Meanwhile, Meg visits her sister Grace, who is preparing for a party. Meg confesses that she has been through the party four times and every time she tries to stop it, it ends in disaster. Grace is confused and asks why Meg wants to stop the party. Meg explains that she has been attacked by robot babies, dodged burning satellites, and escaped nuclear war. The script segment ends with Grace questioning Meg's sanity.\\\", 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Meg'}}, {'Q': 'In the script segment of Baby Boom 2022, Meg is struggling to keep her loved ones safe and feels inadequate. Her sister Grace reveals that her husband cheated on her during fertility treatments, and Meg offers to kill him. Grace cancels the party that her husband had planned to maintain their image as a perfect couple. Meanwhile, <mask-1> rushes to buy a stroller from a baby store and runs into <mask-0>, who is alive and well.', 'S': 'In the script segment of Baby Boom 2022, Meg is struggling to keep her loved ones safe and feels inadequate. Her sister Grace reveals that her husband cheated on her during fertility treatments, and Meg offers to kill him. Grace cancels the party that her husband had planned to maintain their image as a perfect couple. Meanwhile, Andy rushes to buy a stroller from a baby store and runs into Tank, who is alive and well.', 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'Tank', '<mask-1>': 'Andy'}}, {'Q': \\\"In the script segment of Baby Boom 2022, Andy meets Tank (whose real name is Gary) at <mask-0> and thanks him for helping him realize he is ready to be a dad. Meanwhile, <mask-1> buys explosives for his gender reveal party and accidentally shoots himself in the groin with a confetti cannon. He is rushed to the hospital where he is put in a plaster cast. Grace cancels the party, and Andy and Meg celebrate their victory over the potential apocalypse. However, they hear a loud noise coming from Kyle's hospital room and rush back to find his bed empty.\\\", 'S': \\\"In the script segment of Baby Boom 2022, Andy meets Tank (whose real name is Gary) at JoAnn Fabrics and thanks him for helping him realize he is ready to be a dad. Meanwhile, Kyle buys explosives for his gender reveal party and accidentally shoots himself in the groin with a confetti cannon. He is rushed to the hospital where he is put in a plaster cast. Grace cancels the party, and Andy and Meg celebrate their victory over the potential apocalypse. However, they hear a loud noise coming from Kyle's hospital room and rush back to find his bed empty.\\\", 'A': {'<mask-0>': 'JoAnn Fabrics', '<mask-1>': 'Kyle'}}]\", \"output\": \"None\"}\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "LooGLE-testdata/shortdep_qa.jsonl",
    "content": "{\"input\": \" Early life. Picardo was born in Jerez de la Frontera, in the Province of C\\u00e1diz in Andaluc\\u00eda, Spain on 18 June 1919. His father was Alvaro Picardo de Celis and his mother's family name was Castell\\u00f3n. He had four brothers, one of whom died in infancy. His father died in 1929 when Picardo was ten years old. With his mother and his brothers he moved to Madrid, Spain. He enrolled at the newly created Instituto de Bachillerato Cervantes for his high school education. On completing school he initially wanted to join the navy, but was frustrated by the closure of the military academies in Madrid during the Second Spanish Republic. He turned to the study of law, but was frustrated again, this time by the start of the Spanish Civil War in July 1936 when he was in the middle of his course. He had just celebrated his seventeenth birthday. Training in architecture. To avoid being evacuated from Madrid when the Spanish Civil War began, Picardo joined the studio of the architect Luis Moya Blanco, a professor 15 years his senior at the Escuela T\\u00e9cnica Superior de Arquitectura de Madrid (Higher Technical School of Architecture of Madrid). Impressed by Picardo's abilities, Moya Blanco encouraged Picardo to abandon law and take up a career in architecture.. The Civil War and the dictatorial regime that followed it resulted in fewer architects in Spain. Some of those who had prospered during the Republic did not survive the war. Others had gone into exile or had been professionally disqualified. Under decree by the dictator Francisco Franco the Direcci\\u00f3n General de Aquitectura (General Directorate of Architecture) was set up to control architecture in Spain and collaborate in what his regime called la reconstrucci\\u00f3n nacional (national reconstruction). Many architects were required to be subordinate to it. Against this background, in 1945 Picardo entered the Escuela T\\u00e9cnica Superior de Arquitectura de Madrid.From the beginning of Picardo's studies, his abilities in painting and drawing \\u2014 in particular his mastery of perspective \\u2014 drew him to the attention of a number of architects who praised him highly. While he was still a student, architects commissioned murals from him for the interiors of their buildings, and employed him within their practices for the graphic representations and perspectives of their plans. Picardo executed his first professional mural painting at the age of 20 in 1939 in the Cine F\\u00edgaro (Figaro Cinema) in Madrid, commissioned by his architecture mentor Luis Moya Blanco. The painting of murals was the main source of income for Picardo during his youth and early career.As a student Picardo also began to illustrate many articles and later several covers for the Spanish architectural magazines Revista Nacional de Arquitectura and the Bolet\\u00edn de la Direcci\\u00f3n General de Arquitectura. His drawings in these publications have been described as showing \\\"increasing sophistication\\\" and being of \\\"complexity and extraordinary quality\\\". Particularly noted in his post-student days were illustrations portraying Madrid in the 1950s and 1960s, the Spanish protectorate in Morocco, and sketches of the Canarias (Canary Islands) in 1953. He also showed a growing interest in historic architecture, in particular its preservation and restoration. Picardo completed his training by making increasingly numerous travels to study buildings around Spain and abroad. His investigative journeys around the Iberian Peninsula awakened in him an intense interest in its historical and vernacular architecture. He was described as an \\\"outstanding\\\" student. Early career. Architect. On qualifying in 1951, Picardo pursued his interest in historical architecture by collaborating on a number of building preservation and restoration projects with the Spanish architect and architectural historian Fernando Chueca Goitia, who was 8 years his senior. Chueca's appeal to Picardo was the older man's lengthy research into what he saw as the unchanging elements of Spanish architecture that maintained their constancy despite political and religious changes. Picardo was one of the 24 signatories of the ''Manifiesto de la Alhambra'' of 1952, described as one of \\u201cthe most remarkable texts in the histiography of 20th-century Spanish architecture\\\", of which Chueca was the main instigator. The manifesto collected the reflections of a group of architects (Picardo among them) and \\\"sought inspiration in the design\\\" of the Alhambra in Granada, Andaluc\\u00eda for \\\"a distinctively Spanish form of modern architecture\\\". This inspiration was to guide much of Picardo's work throughout his career. Its influence, particularly in his work on Paradores, can be clearly seen.. During the 1950s Picardo pursued his personal architectural ambitions, entering competitions and publishing plans and drawings of uncommissioned buildings. In 1951 in  company with his fellow architect Carlos de Miguel he designed a centre for the Cofrad\\u00eda de Pescadores (Fishermen's Brotherhood) of Altea in the province of Alicante which attracted much attention but remained unbuilt.Picardo, working alone, designed a small hotel which could be built on the Costa del Sol in Andaluc\\u00eda. He described it as \\\"un modesto parador (a modest inn), resolved in a simple and attractive way\\\".In competition, Picardo entered plans and drawings of a preliminary draft for the Delegaci\\u00f3n de Hacienda de Gerona (Treasury Delegation in Gerona) but came second behind the Spanish architect Carlos Sobrini who had been a year behind Picardo at college. He also came second in a similar competition a year later with a design for the Delegaci\\u00f3n de Hacienda en Las Palmas (Treasury Delegation in Las Palmas), once again losing to Carlos Sobrini.In 1958 Picardo co-designed with his brother Carlos Picardo a six-storey edificio de viviendas (apartment building) near Madrid's Plaza de Las Ventas, designed for middle-class families.In the early 1960s Picardo built some houses in the vernacular and historical Andaluc\\u00edan style on the Costa del Sol and in Jerez and, in contrast, a number of modernist apartment blocks for the construction company Urbis in Madrid. He also moved on to a series of building commissions for the Spanish Ministerio de Informaci\\u00f3n y Turismo (Ministry of Information and Tourism) which laid the foundation for his notable work in the 1960s and 1970s on a large number of the state-owned luxury hotel network Paradores de Turismo de Espa\\u00f1a.. Even early in his architectural career, Picardo was viewed as a supreme draughtsman, producing quick sketches, perspectives, views, details and innumerable plans of his projects in which his skills can be easily identified. Artist. As well as his work on modern buildings and on preservation and restoration projects through the 1950s, Picardo continued to receive commissions for decorative mural paintings, where he \\\"demonstrated his mastery in the use of colour and techniques such as watercolour and oil\\\". His works were seen in locations such as the new Hotel de Los Cisnes in Jerez, while in Madrid he embellished the Bar Jerez, the Hotel Plaza, the Residencia de Ingenieros del Instituto Nacional de Colonizaci\\u00f3n (Engineers' residence of the National Institute of Colonization), the Exposici\\u00f3n de Regiones Devastadas (Exposition of Devastated Regions), the Instituto de \\u00d3ptica \\\"Daza de Vald\\u00e9s\\\" (Institute of Optics), the sales area of the Garaje Villamagna (Villamagna Garage) and in 1953 he completed extensive paintings at the Restaurante Commodore in Madrid where amongst other images he produced two large curved panoramic views, one of Madrid and one of C\\u00e1diz. Picardo was regarded as an \\\"outstanding\\\" muralist.At the same time his drawings of buildings and architectural details were published as illustrations in a best-selling textbook on monumental and historic Spanish architecture, Arquitectura Popular Espa\\u00f1ola, by the restoration and conservation architect Leopoldo Torres Balb\\u00e1s. Picardo travelled around Spain with him, making a multitude of detailed drawings of vernacular architectural elements for Balb\\u00e1s' books.. Picardo's published architectural drawings were highly regarded. They were described as \\\"magnificent\\\" by the leading Spanish restoration architect Luis Men\\u00e9ndez-Pidal y \\u00c1lvarez.In 1959 Picardo was given an unusual commission: to design a pack of baraja de naipes (playing cards) for exclusive use as advertising material by the Spanish fashion brand Loewe. With much imagination he personalised the characters he portrayed, for instance rendering the King of Hearts as the Emperor Charlemagne, the King of Clubs as Goliath, the King of Diamonds as Julius Caesar and the King of Clubs as Alexander the Great. They were produced in colour by the Spanish firm Naipes Heraclio Fournier and surviving packs are much in demand by collectors. Another games design produced by Picardo at much the same time was a set of wooden chess pieces formed in tall, slender, conical shapes and, with the exception of the pawns, surmounted by intricate and delicate indications of the pieces' types. It is dated to 1960.Around 1960 Picardo was rewarded by the Direcci\\u00f3n General de Arquitectura (DGA) for the many illustrations he had provided for the DGA's Bolet\\u00edn since he was a student with the publication of a small book, Dibujos de Jos\\u00e9 Luis Picardo (Drawings of Jos\\u00e9 Luis Picardo). More than 60 drawings appear in the book, both illustrations and humorous cartoons, and the foreword compares Picardo's work to illustrators such as the Romanian-American Saul Steinberg and in Britain Osbert Lancaster and Hugh Casson. The book is long out of print and virtually unknown in Spain, and not at all elsewhere, but is available second-hand. Paradores de Turismo. From the early 1960s to 1985 Picardo dedicated much of his professional life to the state-run hotel chain, Paradores de Turismo de Espa\\u00f1a. He had for some time carried out minor work for the Ministerio de Informaci\\u00f3n y Turismo which controlled the hotel network. For the purposes of tourism the Ministry and its forebears had for over 30 years rehabilitated rundown and sometimes ruined historic buildings such as castles and convents and converted them into luxury hotels in a style that went beyond ordinary hotel use. In the early 1960s, as Spanish tourism increased, the Ministry decided to rapidly expand its Parador operation (which would within a decade grow from 40 to 83 establishments) and Picardo, with his previous experience of historical restoration and his abiding interest in historical and vernacular buildings, was seen by the Ministry be a suitable architect to take on much of this type of work.. Picardo began working for Paradores on a series of restorations of old, monumental buildings and sometimes building new establishments adjacent to ruined monuments in a style that faithfully copied their original designs. His hybrid conversions maintained and often embellished the monuments' ancient appearance while at the same time finding inspiration in them for the style of luxurious modern hotel arrangements the authorities required.. A wealth of Picardo's drawings for his Paradores projects survive. There are large collections of extensively detailed plans which cover his designs from whole Paradores to the smallest detail of door furniture. There are axonometric before-and-after drawings of the buildings and the landscapes around them. There are bird's eye views exercising his mastery of perspective and his spatial vision. They all show meticulous skill.For nearly twenty years, from the early 1960s to his last work for the Paradores in the 1980s, Picardo carried out eleven major reconstructions of historical buildings and/or erected sympathetic and imitative new constructions abutting them or rising from their ruined foundations. With a number he returned to build additions to his earlier work. He also worked on a number of other Parador projects which for various reasons did not reach fruition. His eleven Parador masterworks encouraged other Spanish architects to work in the same vein, and Portuguese architects, too, in the similar state-run chain of hotels in Portugal, the Pousadas de Portugal. Picardo's work for Paradores de Turismo is highly regarded by other professionals, and also by hotel guests who revel in the historical imagery and romance of his work. Parador de Guadalupe: Zurbar\\u00e1n. For his first of many Parador projects Picardo was appointed by the Ministry of Information and Tourism in July 1963 to convert into a Parador two ancient neighbouring buildings in the village of Guadalupe in the province of C\\u00e1ceres in Extremadura. One building was the Hospital de San Juan Bautista, also known as the Hospital de Hombres, which was built in the mid-14th-century, rebuilt in 1402 and refurbished in the 16th century. The other building was the Colegio de Infantes, also known as the Colegio de Gram\\u00e1tica, built in the early 16th-century for the education of  boys. They were situated close to the Monastery of Santa Mar\\u00eda de Guadalupe, one of the most important monasteries of medieval Spain, in the centre of the village. The college was included in the Cat\\u00e1logo de Monumentos Nacionales (Catalogue of National Monuments) when Guadalupe was declared a conjunto monument urban de inter\\u00e9s nacional hist\\u00f3rico-artistico (monumental urban complex of national historic-artistic interest).Picardo found the two buildings to be in a ruinous state, housing humble dwellings and poor workshops. While constructing a hotel out of the buildings, his task was to save what remained of their basic structures, including an \\\"outstanding\\\" staircase, and to return them to their original Mud\\u00e9jar style. He partly demolished the old structures of both buildings, rebuilding them as they had originally looked, using ancient Mud\\u00e9jar  construction techniques based on lime, clay and wood.Picardo set the main hospitality section of the Parador within the Colegio de Infantes, adding to the external south side of the cloister to provide a dining room and, above it, terraces for guest rooms facing the garden. The cloister remained intact, with Picardo leaving the lower arches open, but closing the upper ones with glass and wooden latticework. The exposed wooden framework and coffered ceilings were respected and clay tile flooring was laid on the upper floor.. The Hospital de San Juan Bautista was remodelled for the hotel's kitchens, service areas, laundry, staff residences, and car parking. Picardo also designed a large first floor breakfast room on the street side of the hospital building. Ventilation for all the services and rooms throughout the Parador was provided by chimneys which were covered with Arabic tiles and whitewashed uprights perforated with starry latticework and topped with glazed ceramic tiles in white, blue and green.Most of the furniture and internal decoration was designed by Picardo and he made much use of decorative wall tiles produced by the ceramicist Juan Manuel Arroyo Ruiz de Luna, including some explaining the history of the buildings, signed by Picardo. He was to employ Arroyo repeatedly in his Parador projects over the following twenty years and as a result the ceramicist's work became an identifying feature of Picardo's work.Restoration at Guadalupe started in November 1963 and the hotel, with twenty double rooms, opened on 11 December 1965.In 1981 Picardo was invited back to Guadalupe to add a new wing of guest rooms. He built them in understated but similar style to the rest of the Parador, providing views of the rooftops and towers of the monastery and of the surrounding mountains. The new wing increased the number of guest rooms to 41. As a result of being an afterthought to the original design, access to the new wing was complicated and required an abundance of staircases and lifts. Parador de Ja\\u00e9n: Castillo de Santa Catalina. At the same time as preparing his restoration at Guadalupe, Picardo was commissioned by the Ministry to design and build a Parador at the Castillo de Santa Catalina (Castle of Santa Catalina) in Ja\\u00e9n in Andaluc\\u00eda. The castle stands on the site of a Moorish fortress and was built in the mid-13th century. It was damaged both in the frontier wars between Moors and Christians and in the Castilian Civil Wars. During the Peninsular War it housed Napoleonic troops. By the time Picardo came to the castle it had been completely abandoned. The site is on the top of a steep hill 800 metres above the city, with views in all directions.. Picardo began work on the Parador in early 1963 and his draft plans were ready by the late summer of that year. The building was planned as a simple hoster\\u00eda with the emphasis on refreshment rather than accommodation, and was built on the location of the old barracks and stables of the castle rather than in the castle building itself. Picardo wanted large windows so visitors could enjoy the views; building in the castle would either mean making substantial openings in the original walls or building above the height of the battlements. Neither idea was acceptable to him.Using the elongated site at the top of the hill, Picardo planned a dining room, a lounge, service accommodation and guest rooms. He styled his new building on the layout and dimensions of the old castle and on what had been discovered during his research of its surviving interior designs. Work started in 1963, and the Parador opened to guests on 11 September 1965.The first phase, built only as a hoster\\u00eda, had on the first floor 7 double guest rooms with fireplaces and with wooden balconies of a design that Picardo would repeat in a number of his later Parador designs. A mezzanine floor housed a cafeter\\u00eda and a bar with an outside terrace, and on the ground floor was the reception area, the lounge and the restaurant, together with the service areas. There were also four single rooms for drivers, and a mechanical workshop.Picardo's Parador at Ja\\u00e9n was a pastiche, which paid homage to the neighbouring castle. The basic structure was 20th-century concrete, steel, block and cement but he completely hid it from the public gaze with stone, brick, timber and iron in a way that suggested age and implied that the cladding materials formed the entire construction. The 20 metres high vault of the lounge appears to be built entirely of brick, but the structural impression is false; the Parador's admiring guests are not aware of the modern supporting skeleton behind the brick. Also much admired are the six impressively large and lofty stone arches in the dining room, which appear to support the ceiling and roof and achieve \\\"una sensaci\\u00f3n espacial espectacular\\\" (a spectacular spatial sensation), but are in fact hiding the room's steel frame.In a second phase in 1969 Picardo added service rooms on the south wall, allowing the old service area to be converted into a further 12 guest rooms.In the late 1960s and early 1970s excessive rain caused a number of landslips in the unstable ground around the castle and hoster\\u00eda and Picardo was regularly called in to strengthen the building.. Picardo returned to the project in 1973 to build a further extension in the same style. This was erected to the west of the first building and was joined to it by a tower which allowed for a change of heights between the original building and the new one. 24 guest rooms were added by the new extension, on two floors, bringing the total to 43. Picardo was hampered by the layout of the available land, and by limitations in the height to which he could build, so the extension elongated the building in a way that produced long corridors and distances between bedrooms and public areas. With the opening of Picardo's extension, the building was elevated to the title of Parador. It was inaugurated in 1978.Picardo also designed the building's interior, producing furniture, wall-hangings, shutters, carpets, light fittings, door furniture, floor and wall tile patterns and so on to continue emphasising the building's medieval ambience. He also used coats of arms from demolished buildings for both the interior and exterior of the Parador. He featured hand-painted written ceramic tiles, produced by Juan Manuel Arroyo, to decorate and 'sign' the building, to expound on its history and to credit the surveyor and stoneworker.In an article about the Ja\\u00e9n Parador for an architectural magazine in 1967, Picardo rhapsodised about the mood and aura he had created for the building: \\\"Exterior, un conjunto de masas elementales rectangulares./Interior, techos con artesas, b\\u00f3vedas y arcos, madera, barro y piedra. .../Ay del romancero!\\\" (Outside, a gathering of rectangular blocks./Inside, artesonado ceilings, vaults and arches, wood, clay and stone. .../Oh, the romance!)In the same article Picardo credited his \\\"maestros\\\" (masters): \\\"Torres-Balb\\u00e1s, Moya, Sota y Luis Santamaria. Ninguno de ells la ha vista. Qu\\u00e9 dir\\u00e1n?\\\" (None of them has seen it. What will they say?). At Jaen, and at Guadalupe, finished at much the same time, Picardo established a style of architecture and interior design which found favour with his clients and their guests and which he was to pursue in most of his further work for Paradores, refining it where required and elsewhere repeating it faithfully. Parador de Arcos de la Frontera: Casa del Corregidor. The Parador at Arcos de la Frontera in the province of C\\u00e1diz in Andaluc\\u00eda is located in the centre of the old town, at the top of the cliffs that overhang the Rio Guadalete. Picardo first visited the triangular site in February 1964. He decided immediately that the fa\\u00e7ades of the buildings facing the Plaza de Espa\\u00f1a and the castle should be preserved, while the rest of the site \\u2014 the old municipal slaughterhouse and other public utility premises and houses \\u2014 should be demolished, though seven 2.35 metre columns from a patio within one of the buildings should be preserved to be used in the new building.In the twelve months from February 1964 all the demolition work was carried out. Picardo started work in October that year. He encountered a problem with a 15 centimetres wide crack across the top of the cliff which had been caused by the 1755 Lisbon earthquake.  He surmounted it by constructing a patio rather than building on the fractured zone next to the cliff edge. This single deck was built as an independent structure separated from the main building, so that any future movement of the terrain would not effect the Parador itself.. Picardo's design of the Parador was a copy of a typical Andaluc\\u00edan residence with an entrance hallway leading to a typical patio, open to the sky, with terracing supported by the seven reused columns (though one further column had to be made to copy the others so as to achieve the same number of columns on all four sides). There were further small secondary patios. The dining room and sitting room were positioned to take advantage of the widespread views to the south and southwest over and beyond the river.Throughout the building Picardo copied many Andaluc\\u00edan architectural features, most particularly in the ceilings, using exposed pine wood joists, linked by vaulted plasterwork, and the floors which were terracotta throughout. As at Guadalupe and J\\u00e1en, Picardo designed much of the interior furniture, fittings, lighting and decoration, copying many of the features, both large and small, he had used in the earlier projects. He also used his typical ceramic tiles throughout the building, both for decoration and for explanatory texts.Picardo planned 18 guest rooms, but initially only 9 were built, some in the building facing the plaza, and the rest fronting the cliff-edge view. The latter benefitted from the same design of open wooden galleries Picardo had utilised at Ja\\u00e9n. The Parador opened to guests on 7 November 1966.Picardo returned to Arcos in 1974 to complete his original plan, building another floor on the part of the building overlooking the cliff, using the same design features, and increased the number of guest rooms to 18. The extension entered service in 1979. Hoster\\u00eda de Pedraza: Hoster\\u00eda Pintor Zuloaga. In 1965 Picardo was commissioned by Paradores to restore and rehabilitate the old Casa de la Inquisici\\u00f3n (House of the Inquisition) in the small, historic village of Pedraza, 37 kilometres northeast of Segovia in  Castilla y Le\\u00f3n. It was to be a hoster\\u00eda - only a restaurant and a bar - without guest rooms.The three-storey property was mostly in ruins when Picardo surveyed it and was consequently not protected by conservation laws. He was therefore free to carry out his renovation as he saw fit, building on the medieval and rural ambience of the village. On the exterior he rearranged and improved the windows, preserved the surviving coat of arms above the front door, and at the rear added what was becoming his signature open wooden gallery on the top floor. Inside, Picardo followed the rustic style of the region's inns, building a spacious lounge behind the entrance hall, with a large and low fireplace, and on the upper floors the bar and the 90-seat dining-room opening onto the balcony-gallery.Once again, Picardo designed his own furniture and other fittings, the lighting and decoration, following the local style.. The hoster\\u00eda - named \\\"Pintor Zuloaga\\\" - opened to the public on 14 December 1967.At the same time Picardo raised the idea of expanding the property by purchasing neighbouring buildings. He had been concerned that the Hoster\\u00eda had restricted views, and felt that an extension could be designed with extensive views of the Sierra de Guadarrama to the south. His plans offered the prospect of 16 guest rooms and in November 1969 the proposal to convert the Hoster\\u00eda into a Parador was made public. However, difficulties in purchasing the neighbouring property made the project impossible.The Pedraza Hoster\\u00eda continued in operation until 15 December 1992 when economic pressures on the Parador chain caused its closure. Parador de Alca\\u00f1iz: La Concordia. In 1966 Picardo began the conversion into a Parador of the Palacio de los Comendadores at Alca\\u00f1iz in the province of Teruel in Aragon. The palace - the fa\\u00e7ade of which was remodelled in late-Renaissance style in 1728 - stood as the most prominent additional part of the Castillo de los Calatravos (Castle of the Calatravos), a monastery-fortress built in 1179. The oldest parts of the structure, a keep, a church and a cloister, date to the 12th and 13th centuries.The section of the property set aside for Picardo's conversion was the immense south wing, which was flanked by two towers and divided into three floors, the ground floor built of ashlar and the upper two floors of brick. There were balconies on the first floor, and on the uppermost floor a characteristic Aragonese long gallery had been developed, created by a succession of semi-circular arches. The castle had been allowed to fall into disrepair and in some parts into ruin, but in 1925 it was declared a National Monument.When Picardo began work on the design he found that space in the palace was limited and he was unable to provide more than 12 guest rooms. His plan for the public areas included the conversion of two large and long ground floor interiors, with pointed barrel-vaulted ceilings, on each side of the building's entrance. To the left of the entry, in the original guardhouse, he placed the reception area and to the right, where the old stables were situated, he placed the bar and cafeter\\u00eda, adding one single window to each space to allow in some daylight. In these rooms Picardo left the exposed masonry of the walls and ceilings. The main dining room, which he placed on the first floor, connected by the main staircase from the ground floor, was based on the great hall of a palace. In it he featured a large fireplace and chimney at one end, and used a multitude of large timber beams to shape a coffered ceiling, with decorative plasterwork strung below.. The twelve guest rooms were arranged on the second floor, but the windows being high in the walls, Picardo arranged for a raised area in front of each window so that guests could see out of the windows with greater ease. The public corridors followed the design pioneered by Picardo at Ja\\u00e9n of imitation stone groin vaults at regular intervals.In planning the interior decoration Picardo determined that the ground floor would be medieval in design in keeping with the original military use of the palace, and the upper floors would be more palatial in decor. He designed much of the joinery, the beds, the tables, the chairs and, in particular, the light fittings, making use of the emblem of the Order of Calatrava as a decorative motif. His attention to detail even extended to the design of hinges and handles for doors, and for the heads of nails used in the door faces. He also made considerable use of his characteristic ceramic murals decorating the public parts of the building, including his history of the castle, all produced by his favoured ceramicist, Juan Manuel Arroyo, and signed by Picardo.The Parador opened for service on 18 May 1968 and was inaugurated on 6 July 1968.As early as 1972 Picardo had reported to the Ministry of Information and Tourism on the feasibility of carrying out further work to increase the number of rooms at Alca\\u00f1iz. In 1975 he designed a new two-storey wing for the ruined west side of the complex which would double the number of guests rooms. His plans lay in abeyance until 1998 when the architect Carlos Fern\\u00e1ndez-Cuenca G\\u00f3mez resurrected Picardo's original 1975 designs. They had to be altered somewhat in the light of archeological discoveries made since 1975, but much of Picardo's ideas were incorporated in the expansion of the Parador, bringing the number of guest rooms to 38. Hoster\\u00eda de C\\u00e1ceres: El Comendador. In 1966 Picardo was commissioned by the Ministry of Information and Tourism to work on the Palacio del Comendador de Alc\\u00faescar (Commander's Palace of Alc\\u00faescar), also known as the Palacio de los Marqueses de Torre Orgaz, in the historic centre of C\\u00e1ceres in the province of the same name in Extremadura. Originally built as a medieval fortified residence on pre-existing Arab buildings in 1488, the palace was modified in later centuries, adding Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque elements. The Ministry proposed the conversion of one part of the palace into a Hoster\\u00eda.The part of the building on which Picardo was to work was a jumble of old buildings, some attached to the main palace building and some free-standing, which had mostly formed stables and coach houses. There was also a patio-garden between these buildings and the palace and its tower.. Picardo began by demolishing most of the ramshackle service buildings, other than the square structure at Number 6 Calle Ancha which benefitted from substantial stone walls and four brick, groined vaults. Picardo decided the lower ground floor of this building would form the bar and cafeter\\u00eda, with a doorway from the street which would become the main entrance to the Hoster\\u00eda. He erected three further floors above the lower-ground floor, reusing many architectural elements from the demolished buildings. Picardo also installed a sgraffito image above the main doorway, featuring the cross of the Orden de Santiago (Order of Santiago).A new one-storey building was erected to the rear of the plot, imitating similar buildings in the city. Ashlar and solid brick formed the interior and exterior facings of the walls, and pantiles were utilised on the roofs. Picardo also excavated large areas beneath the buildings to make service areas. He designed and built a stone and iron enclosure and entrance gateway from the street to the patio garden. Throughout, his intention was to make the Hoster\\u00eda appear, through imitation, to be an integral historic part of the old city centre.Internally, Picardo repeated many of his pastiche medievalisms as seen in his previous Parador projects, with much use of heavy timber, such as a dark coffered ceiling in the dining room and classic Castilian designs for windows, doors, furniture, and light fittings. Terracotta tiles were used for the floors in the bar, the dining room and the two lounges.The Hoster\\u00eda de C\\u00e1ceres opened on 18 May 1971.Further work for Picardo included the complete re-roofing of the palace, which involved renewing the roof structure, because of what he described as \\\"a degree of imminent ruin due to its terrible wooden structure\\\", and an extension to the original dining room area by glassing-in the colonnaded portico facing the patio garden.. In 1970 Picardo had suggested to the Ministry that the rest of the palace could be converted into a full Parador, utilising the already converted Hoster\\u00eda. This proposal was not taken up at the time, and a Parador was opened elsewhere in the city.The Hoster\\u00eda was closed in June 1984 because it was not making a profit. At that point the rest of the palace was, as Picardo had recommended, restored and converted and, with his original Hoster\\u00eda, opened as a full Parador with 27 guest rooms on 10 October 1989. Picardo was not involved in this work.. Subsequent expansions into neighbouring buildings have turned the Parador into a much larger establishment. Picardo's original entrance, bar and cafeter\\u00eda area now form a sumptuous suite, though the medieval aura of his interior decoration and furnishings for that part of the building has been lost through modernisation. Parador de Carmona: Alcazar del Rey Don Pedro. In 1966, while building the Parador at Arcos de la Frontera, Picardo was commissioned to inspect three ancient sites near the city of Sevilla in the province of the same name in Andaluc\\u00eda with a view to constructing another Parador. After looking at the castle at Alcal\\u00e1 de Guada\\u00edra, and the palaces of \\u00c9cija, he came across the ruined castle of Carmona the Alc\\u00e1zar del Rey Don Pedro (also known as the Alc\\u00e1zar de Arriba y Puerta de Marchena). In his subsequent report to the Ministry of Information and Tourism Picardo was enthusiastic about Carmona and provided preliminary sketch designs, which the Ministry accepted, and in 1968 he began his preparatory work.The origin of the castle is probably Muslim and Pedro I restored it in the 14th century into a lavish palace in Mud\\u00e9jar style. It was used by the Catholic Monarchs of Spain during their final battles with the Moors in Granada. The castle was abandoned after being severely damaged in a 1504 earthquake whose epicentre was near Carmona and ruined even further in the Lisbon earthquake of 1755. Seven towers remained, but most of the connecting walls of the fortress were in ruins.. Picardo chose the southeast of the vast castle area, a corner known as the Plaza de Armas (parade ground) to build the Parador. Situated at the highest point of the town, the views were judged to be spectacular, looking far over the plains.. Picardo also resolved to position the building on the edge of the cliff overlooking the valley and overlapping the foundations of the original castle walls by such an extent that there would be space for guest rooms within the sloping walls below the Parador's ground floor. The 1504 earthquake and Picardo's location of the building were to set up permanent problems for the Parador. In 1918 a survey of the area had revealed that the earthquake had opened a deep crack more than a metre wide in exactly the position where Picardo intended to locate the Parador's southern wall. The result was that one part of the castle's ancient wall, and the land behind it, had subsided by about 180 centimetres. As the crack and the subsidence had been concealed by rubble to a depth of about half a metre, and Picardo and his engineers were unaware of the results of previous surveys, it was not until work began in 1969 preparing for the new building that the potential instability of the ground was revealed.. The Service Geol\\u00f3gico de Obras P\\u00fablicas (the Public Works Geological Service) was brought in and located an underground fault of three to four metres. Despite that, the geologists considered the ground to be stable and decided that as long as certain protective measures to protect the foundations were taken the terrain would present sufficient resistant characteristics. Cement was injected to fill all the cavities and a reinforced concrete slab was constructed which, belatedly, allowed work on the Parador to continue.Picardo designed a typical Hispanic-Arabic layout with two central patios, one of which would be the centre of the public area, and the other the centre of the service department. The layout would effectively reproduce that of the original fortress. Even though it was an entirely new building, in keeping with his previous works for Paradores Picardo ensured it would be in vernacular form and would appear to be historic and as if elements of it had been there for centuries. The south and east walls of the building, which descended well below the parade ground level, would have four floors, and be sloping steeply outwards towards the ground below the cliff, allowing for the installation of rooms within them. Conversely, on the parade ground entrance side of the building there would be only two floors.Picardo's first plan was that there would be 23 double guest rooms and 10 singles, together with the hospitality and service areas. The considerable delay in the start of building to allow the ground to be stabilised encouraged the Ministry to decide on a pre-completion expansion of the building, bringing the total guest capacity from 56 to 102. Most of the rooms would be on the southern fa\\u00e7ade with some below the Parador's access level and others in what from the outside would appear to be the third and fourth floors, with those on the top floor, just beneath the roof, benefitting from Picardo's now typical timber balconies.The main structure of the building, as was Picardo's style, was formed of concrete, clad with ashlar and brickwork and enhanced by buttresses. The roof was formed of clay pantiles, topped with decorative chimneys of the same style as those Picardo designed for the Parador at Guadalupe, disguising guest bathroom ventilation outlets. Internally, he installed limestone columns and made much use of ceramic tiling, and brick. The floors were marble and terracotta.. As in previous Paradores built by Picardo he had control of the interior decoration down to the smallest detail, in Carmona achieving a Hispanic-Arabic ambience of a palatial Mud\\u00e9jar style, with much use of coffered ceilings and star lattice-work in wood and stone and subtle changes of style in the progression from room to room. The public patio was adorned with semi-circular arches on tall, slender pillars, while the dining room was more robustly medieval in a gothic style with exposed wooden beams and pointed arches with finely cut stone hiding the structural ironwork of the roof. Lights and furniture, door fittings and mural tiles were all designed by Picardo.The Carmona Parador was inaugurated on 30 March 1976 by King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sof\\u00eda.. In the year of the Parador's inauguration a large crack was detected parallel to the south fa\\u00e7ade, affecting the entire building. To deal with this an expansion joint was constructed that divided the building into two zones. In 1977 Picardo reported that the building had moved in the direction of the valley. He calculated the lateral displacement as 4 centimetres at the expansion joint. There was a 45 degree crack in the Parador indicating a similar degree of slippage in the ground beneath the building. Picardo also indicated a number of smaller cracks in the building, but viewed them as of minor importance.The Service Geol\\u00f3gico de Obras P\\u00fablicas was brought onto the site again to monitor the building for a period. They found that there was continuing movement, and that this was more noticeable in the rainy season. They recommended that the foundations of the south wall be underpinned.Due to new government policy at the Ministry which required only employed personnel to work on Parador buildings, Picardo \\u2014 as a freelance \\u2014 could not be involved in the building's structural problems after 1978.Despite underpinning in 1980, and in 1987 a tie beam being concreted in the ground at the foot of the south wall with anchors penetrating deep into the sandstone beneath the building, more movement was detected in 1996. In 2013 it was reported that further cracks had been detected in the area where the large cracks had first appeared in 1977. The building is considered to be seriously at risk in the event of a sharp rise in the water table, or another earthquake.Minor improvements and modernisations were carried out in the Parador in 1982 and 1983 under the supervision of the architect Jes\\u00fas Valverde Vi\\u00f1as. In 1987 an expansion was carried out by the architect Carlos Fern\\u00e1ndez-Cuenca G\\u00f3mez which included additional guest rooms, and a new pavilion for conventions. He rigidly copied Picardo's style.. The Carmona Parador now has 9 double rooms, 51 twin rooms and 3 single rooms, making a total guest complement of 123. Parador de Sig\\u00fcenza: Castillo de Sig\\u00fcenza. In 1964 Picardo was involved, with the Ministry of Information and Tourism, in investigating old buildings for conversion into a new Parador in the Province of Guadalajara. Possible locations were the castle at Atienza and the Casa del Cord\\u00f3n, an old inn in the same town, the castle at Molina de Arag\\u00f3n and the castle at Sig\\u00fcenza. He considered the last to be the best proposition despite it being comprehensively ruined. It stands prominently above the town and cathedral of Sig\\u00fcenza and dominates the landscape. The Ministry set about acquiring it the same year. The Castillo de los Obispos de Sig\\u00fcenza (the Castle of the Bishops of Sig\\u00fcenza) was a palace-fortress with Iberian, Roman, Visigothic and Moorish origins. It was enlarged and modified repeatedly between the 14th and 18th centuries, after which it declined and deteriorated, suffering progressive damage during the French invasion, the Carlist Wars, and finally during the Spanish Civil War when it was bombed by artillery and from the air during the Battle of Guadalajara in 1937. It was then left in ruins for over three decades.Starting in October 1969 Picardo analysed the condition of the building. \\\"The state of the castle could not have been more pitiful\\\" he wrote years later. \\\"Its military nature had been spoiled by converting its towers into belfries; huge windows and balconies had been opened for living quarters, particularly in the southern part of the castle which had served as the living area for the bishops; all the walls had been covered with plaster and render which hid the original stone; and an endless number of parasitic features had been patched onto it.\\\" The structure was without roofs and there were numerous collapses along the entire fortified enclosure walls. In his report to the ministry, Picardo was blunt: \\\"La cobra de este Parador lava en s\\u00ed la reconstrucci\\u00f3n de todo el castillo, hoy en ruins.\\\" (The work on this Parador entails the reconstruction of the entire castle, now in ruins)In making his plans for the castle, Picardo resolved that it would be remodelled as totally medieval, without any concession to what remained of later additions, obliviating almost all of its later history. The castle's real past was to be reinvented. Picardo later stated that \\\"the reconversion mainly consisted of re-creating the military feeling of the castle with its towers and battlements and of leaving as much wall-facing as possible in naked stone. The most delicate part was disguising or hiding the windows of the guest rooms and of other outside rooms which would have spoiled the massive impact a castle should have.\\\"   Work on converting the castle began in 1972. In pursuit of requiring the castle to appear entirely medieval, and as a fortress rather than as its later existence as a bishop's palace, Picardo raised most of the outer walls by at least one more storey, causing the roofs to be flat rather than sloping and allowing for the hotel accommodation required. The towers, too, were further raised, including the twin towers of the fortified gateway, the barbican, which over the centuries had been restyled almost as belfries with sloping conical roofs.. In search of a military external image Picardo removed all the large windows, balconies and other wide openings which had been cut in the original outer walls of the castle, reducing what windows had to remain in the exterior (other than those of the dining room) to their minimum in size. The parts of the walls which had been destroyed by bombardment during the Civil War were rebuilt using the remaining stone detritus to match the surviving walls. The plaster and rendering with which the exterior walls were faced (in parts in sgraffito) was removed to reveal the original bare stone. Later buildings attached to the exterior of the building were demolished and any extraneous cladding was removed. All the surrounding walls and towers were crenellated.. Picardo cleared the central courtyard of all the post-medieval accretions. His criterion was what he termed \\\"unidid de estilo\\\" (unity of style): clearing the property of all non-medieval additions because he felt they distorted the castle's \\\"guerrero\\\" (warrior) intensity. 40,000 tons of debris were removed from the courtyard.In his reconstruction of the interior of the castle Picardo exercised the standard practice of the Paradores network, and of which he was deemed to be the master, of using steel, reinforced concrete, blockwork and cement to erect the basic structure but hiding those modern elements behind a faked historical veneer of walls, beams, arches, and cladding made of stone, brick, timber and iron. Because the ingress of light to the interior of the building had been reduced by the minimising of the size of the exterior windows that remained, daylight had to reach the interior by making many window openings in the courtyard walls.. On the north wall of the courtyard and approached from the outside by the barbican towers, Picardo installed the main reception area and rebuilt a portico area with pillars and intermediate glass. Above were bedrooms with balconied terraces erected in his signature timber style. He repeated the historical rendering of the exterior facades of the castle which had been decorated with sgraffito, and which he had removed, by replicating the decoration on the northern walls of the courtyard.In the northeast corner of the ground floor had been the bishops' throne room, and Picardo here installed the main guest lounge, a lofty room with a timber-beamed ceiling and two large fireplaces and chimneys. On the east side of the ground floor was the dining room, with the building's only large windows, which looked out onto the wooded ravine of the Arroyo Vadillo. The room used Picardo's favoured powerful stone vaulting to hide the steel supporting structure of the floor above. On the courtyard side of the dining room he placed a similarly vaulted bar and caf\\u00e9. Wide wooden staircases on this eastern side led to the first and second floor bedrooms, a few of which were in the northeast tower with windows looking over the town, and some towards the south, but most looking into the courtyard with those on the upper floor benefitting from Picardo's typical  balconies. Another lounge with a wooden coffered ceiling was located on the first floor. Picardo took care to preserve one of the oldest rooms of the castle, the original chapel.. A further much smaller, three-storied pastiche monastic courtyard with semi-circular arches was built at the southern end of the castle which had sustained the most damage in the Civil War bombardment, with more guest rooms arranged around it. On the inner face of the west wall the original wine cellars, dungeons, granaries, bakeries and stables were removed and against this wall Picardo installed a 65 metres long banqueting hall with his familiar stone vaulting, and an attached bar room. Below this hall he installed large service areas.. Picardo, as  usual, provided his own interior decor, with special attention to the medieval. He designed classic Castilian-style furniture, flooring, rugs, doors, windows, light fittings, mirrors, heraldic displays, seigneurial crests, banners, explanatory mosaics and so on, everything down to the smallest detail. Picardo built 38 guest rooms and one suite on the first floor, and 42 rooms and one suite on the second floor, providing space for 162 guests. On the wall of the main entrance hall Picardo placed a mural consisting of 45 tiles making up a cartouche recounting, in his own words, the history of the Castillo de los Obispos de Sig\\u00fcenza accompanied by a description of the physical work carried out in restoring the building. \\\"La actual construcci\\u00f3n es casi toda nueva ...\\\" (The present building is almost all new ...) Picardo declaimed. He continued (translated into English): \\\"... the authentic parts being preserved, though reconstructed, the Romanesque chapel, the entrance and towers as well as the barbican, the two Renaissance doorways of the parade ground and the throne room. \\u2026 The perimeter of the castle has been respected, the eastern fa\\u00e7ade being completely new and the other three reconstructed and remodelled. Wide gaps have been closed and additions have been demolished, trying to restore the medieval character of the exterior.\\\" He goes on to say the work was completed in 1976 and that he, Don Jos\\u00e9 Luis Picardo, was the architect.The Parador opened to the public on 20 July 1976 and the first stage of building work was finished in November of that year. It was inaugurated by King Juan Carlos and Queen Sof\\u00eda in April 1978. Sig\\u00fcenza was to be Picardo's last major project for the Paradores.. Remodelling and modernisation of the Parador took place in 1990 under the direction of the architect Carlos Fern\\u00e1ndez-Cuenca G\\u00f3mez who scrupulously followed Picardo's style. Despite these further works, the Parador has kept its original character as established by Picardo. Most of the improvements have been only to modernise the services and facilities. Other Parador projects. In the 1960s and 1970s Picardo was called upon by the Ministry of Information and Tourism to investigate and report on a number of other old buildings for possible conversion into Paradores. He drew up proposals and plans for a number of these buildings but, despite detailed work on some of them, they did not become Paradores within his working life or were completed by other architects. Picardo was also asked to review proposed works for similar buildings to be restored by other architects, and to develop ideas for improvements to existing Paradores.. Among the most advanced plans Picardo drew up were in 1969 for the renovation and conversion into a Parador of the castle at Puebla de Alcocer, a small municipality 70 miles east of M\\u00e9rida in the Province of Badajoz in Extremadura. His draft plans show that a multitude of openings would have to have been made in the outside walls for windows. An access road was built, but ultimately the project did not materialise.Another project, in 1970, was the conversion into a Parador of the 11th century remains of the castle in Monz\\u00f3n, in the Province of Huesca in Aragon, but Picardo judged the project to be unviable and the idea was abandoned by 1972.Among other buildings Picardo reported on were three for which he executed preliminary designs and drawings and which later became Paradores, though he was not involved in their completion. They were, in 1963, the old palace at Olite in Navarra, in March 1969 the Castillo de la Zuda at Tortosa in the Province of Tarragona in Catalu\\u00f1a and in 1970 the castle at Cardona in the Province of Barcelona in Catalu\\u00f1a.Picardo also surveyed several other buildings which were ultimately destined not to become Paradores. Among them were the Castillo de San Ant\\u00f3n at A Coru\\u00f1a in 1968, the Posada del Cord\\u00f3n at Atienza in the province of Guadalajara in 1969, in 1970 the Palacio del De\\u00e1n and the Palacio del Dr Trujillo at Plasencia in the Province of C\\u00e1ceres in Extremadura, and in 1971 the Castillo de Segunto near Valencia. Also in 1971 Picardo inspected the castle at Molina de Arag\\u00f3n in the province of Guadalajara, and possibly also in 1971 the Castillo de Valderrobres in Teruel in Aragon. In 1972 he surveyed the castle at Trujillo in the Province of C\\u00e1ceres in Extremadura, the cave houses of Mes\\u00f3n Gitano (now known as the yacimiento arqueol\\u00f3gico Barrio Almohad\\u00ed (archeological site Barrio Almohad\\u00ed) and the nearby Alcazaba of Almer\\u00eda, and the castle-fortress at Aracena in the Province of Huelva in Andaluc\\u00eda. In 1975 he also developed improvements for one of the earliest existing Paradores, opened in 1929, the castle at Ciudad Rodrigo in the Province of Salamanca in Castilla y Le\\u00f3n. Controversial legacy of Picardo's Paradores. It was not unusual in Spain in the 1960s and 1970s for the rehabilitation of castles and convents (not all destined to be Paradores) to be carried out without archeological research either before work began, which would have added to expense and delayed the project, or while work was being carried out. Instead, Picardo's rebuilding projects were planned mostly on the basis of his own historical and architectural research. The hotel conversions and the demolition of large parts of monumental buildings without detailed investigation and record-keeping was somewhat frowned upon in the 1960s and 1970s, and over half a century later is seen by archeologists and historians as a matter of significant controversy and regret. Picardo's work at Sig\\u00fcenza, in particular, converting a castle-palace into a Parador, has been decried as \\\"medieval scenery for tourist accommodation\\\".The leading researcher into the architectural history of the Paradores network and its restoration of architectural heritage, Dr Mar\\u00eda Jos\\u00e9 Rodr\\u00edguez P\\u00e9rez, has extensively documented and studied the work of Picardo and his fellow Paradores architects of the 1960s and 1970s in her lengthy and detailed doctoral thesis and subsequent books and publications. She has described the architects' objective as being escenograf\\u00eda convincente (convincing set design) to evoke the historical era considered to be of interest to tourists, generally the medieval period. In writing of the new extensions which were designed to be identical to the monuments to which they were attached \\u2014 Picardo's Parador at J\\u00e4en is a good example \\u2014 she has described them as being \\\"falso hist\\u00f3rico\\\" (false history) ... \\\"a replica whose documentary value has been masked or even lost\\\".In Picardo's defence, his early mentor Fernando Choeca Goitia defined him as \\\"un arquitecto sue entiende la arquitectura como arte\\\" (an architect who understands architecture as art). Picardo himself maintained: \\\"El Arte es eterno ...\\\"(Art is eternal ...), \\\"...it is always current. The reconstructions of the castles are really false. If they are Art, they are justified and if they are not, they are truly condemnable.\\\" Picardo had no qualms about his film set concept of restoration, using modern construction techniques and concealing them with traditional materials, as long as the buildings looked old rather than modern. One Spanish academic, an assistant professor of architecture and design, writing of Picardo's artistry, has stated: \\\"The end ... justified the means, in such a way that in his work we can find an impressive rib vault supported by a hidden metallic substructure, a coffered ceiling suspended from a concrete slab or a stone retaining wall with a reinforced concrete core.\\\" He goes on to say that faced with the dilemma of adopting a \\\"mimetic and conservative attitude or a more modern and disruptive approach\\\", Picardo claimed supremacy for Art. \\\"En Arte todo es posible\\\" (In Art everything is possible), wrote Picardo in 1994. \\\"A good architect will know how to weigh up both solutions and his sensitivity shall dictate his choice.\\\"Despite the current views of historians, Picardo's Paradores \\u2014 particularly those at J\\u00e4en, Carmona and Sig\\u00fcenza \\u2014 though pastiche, remain amongst the most popular of the network's hotels. One United States travel writer enthused about J\\u00e4en: \\\"I love this parador, so dramatic in its setting, so theatrically conceived ... Inside, the deception is masterly, creating an ambience as old and austere as it is surrealistic and extravagant.\\\" Other historical restorations. Demonstrating his educated and precise knowledge of classical styles, during his career Picardo carried out restoration works on the Catedral de C\\u00e1diz, deleteriously affected by salt from being near the sea, the Real Monasterio de Santa Mar\\u00eda de Guadalupe, the Catedral de Santa Mar\\u00eda de Sig\\u00fcenza, damaged during the Civil War, and in the tiny Ermita del Humilladero in the Sierra de Villuercas. He rehabilitated the Antiguo Palacio del Marqu\\u00e9s de Montana (also known as Palacio Domecq) in Jerez, rebuilt the Palacio de Gamazo in Madrid which had been partially demolished three years before, restored the Castillo de San Felipe in Puerto de la Cruz de Tenerife and in his last project worked on the Archivo Hist\\u00f3rico Provincial de Salamanca in the old centre of the city in 1995. Fundaci\\u00f3n Juan March. In 1970 Picardo was invited to compete with fellow notable architects Javier Carvajal Ferrer and Mariano Garc\\u00eda Benito for the contract to design and build a new headquarters building in the Salamanca neighbourhood of Madrid for the Fundaci\\u00f3n Juan March (Juan March Foundation) which promotes Spanish culture and science. He was asked to take part after Juan March himself was impressed by Picardo's work at the Parador in Ja\\u00e9n. In 1971, Picardo, after seeking inspiration in the buildings of Greece and New York which he claimed provided \\\"two basic architectural references: the classic perfection of the Parthenon and the constructive audacity of the new languages of New York\\\", Picardo's design won the competition and he was awarded the contract for the building.. Picardo designed a building of \\\"extreme simplicity and elegance, of great architectural beauty and modernity\\\".  Located between Calle de Castell\\u00f3 and Calle de Padilla, the building, started in 1972, consisted of seven floors at ground level and above, measuring 1,400 square metres in all, and four below ground, measuring 3,000 square metres. Picardo's purpose in burying most of the building below ground was to obtain the maximum amount of free land for the garden. It was conceived as a cube with the same dimensions on each of the four fa\\u00e7ades and designed with continuous horizontal banding without break around the corners. The ribbon windows, formed of near-black anodised aluminium frames and dark coloured glass, alternated with bands of white Carrara marble cladding laid in a uniquely patterned bond. Black and white were to be the dominant colours, but Picardo, for reasons of time, was forced to accept an off-white marble mistakenly delivered for the fa\\u00e7ades rather than the pure white that was ordered.For the interior of the building Picardo designed several assembly halls, auditoria for concerts, theatre, cinema and conferences, along with numerous exhibition and gallery spaces, libraries, offices, Council rooms, conveniences and two floors of car parking below ground. The predominant materials used inside the building were white marble, bronze and walnut, with much carpeting and a wide staircase with fabric walls. The dominant colours were dark brown and beige.. In detail, Picardo set a large entrance hall and an exhibition space of more than 400 square metres on the ground floor, administration and the archive department on the first floor, a library with reading rooms and book storage on the second floor, and offices, meeting rooms and banqueting areas and reserve space on the remaining upper floors. Two of the basement floors were dedicated to car parking for about 100 cars and for services, while another basement floor housed two venues for events, conferences, concerts and theatre performances, one of them with 300 seats, the other with 100. A large hall connected the two performance spaces.Picardo integrated pictorial and sculptural works into the architecture itself and many pieces were produced by artists and sculptors specifically for the building. Among them were sculptures by Eduardo Chillida and Pablo Serrano and a mural by Joaqu\\u00edn Vaquero Turcios. Prominent amongst the artworks Picardo designed for his own building were the large bronze double doors in the south fa\\u00e7ade leading to the garden. The garden itself, of 1,700 square metres and also designed by Picardo, was intended from the original concept to be a notable part of the project.The building was inaugurated in January 1975 to acclaim. One observer has noted that in producing the building Picardo had been \\\"controlling proportions and spaces with complete ease and achieving one of the best buildings in the recent history of Madrid\\\". Picardo himself described it as his best work. Real Escuela Andaluza del Arte Equestre. In 1978 Picardo was commissioned by the Ministry of Information and Tourism to build a public indoor riding arena for the Real Escuela Andaluza del Arte Equestre (Royal Andaluc\\u00edan School of Equestrian Art) in Jerez de la Frontera, his birthplace. The school was established in 1973, dedicated to preserving the heritage of the Pura Raza Espa\\u00f1ola (Pure Bred Spanish horse). It had few decent facilities until the interest and involvement in its activities of Prince Juan Carlos (later the King of Spain) and the Ministry's subsequent decision to take charge of the school.. Picardo's commission from the Ministry was to design a sala de equitaci\\u00f3n, a huge arena for horse and riding displays, in particular the school's signature performance \\\"Como Bailan los Caballos Andaluces\\\" (\\\"How the Andalusian Horses Dance\\\") which would seat up to 1,600 spectators. Connected to it were to be stable facilities for 60 horses.Picardo utilised a neo-Renaissance style which in its colouring referred to Andaluc\\u00eda. Externally most of the structure was coloured in a deep ochre, representative of the land and soil of the region while the infilling of the fa\\u00e7ades copied the stark white of traditional Andaluc\\u00edan village homes. Rows of relief pillars were the perceived support for the immense crowning hip roof, with between them 54 large circular windows in a single row around the building. Above them, in the roof, Picardo positioned 36 dormer windows serving as ventilation. At ground level was another row of circular windows each placed within its own semi-circular arch and pseudo-supporting pillars.. Internally, the display area is rectangular with spectator seating on six tiers around the arena. Picardo repeated the external colouring inside the hall, with the ochre of the loose sand on which the horses perform, and bright white walls and pitched ceiling reflecting daylight from the many windows. At one end of the arena is the royal box and at the other the grand entrance, beneath flags, which leads to the stables and a central octagonal two-level tack room. Five stable blocks radiate out from the tack room, each with twelve boxes. Within the stables, Picardo repeated his images from the outside, with rows of semi-circular arches topping simple stone pillars.. The Sal de Equitaci\\u00f3n was opened for performances in 1980. Guernica in the Museo Nacional del Prado. When Pablo Picasso's large 1937 anti-war painting Guernica was brought to Spain in 1981 from its then home in the Museum of Modern Art in New York, it was decided to hang it permanently in the Museo Nacional del Prado in Madrid, as Picasso had requested. Picardo and fellow architect Jos\\u00e9 Garc\\u00eda Mar\\u00eda de Paredes, jointly heading a technical team, were commissioned to design a means of displaying the painting securely in the Sal\\u00f3n de Luca Giordano in the Museum's annexe, the Cas\\u00f3n del Buen Retiro.The painting had to be protected by armoured glass from bombs, bullets, and vandalism. The architects' problem was that, while the painting is 7.76 metres long by 3.49 metres high, the largest sheet of 18mm triple armoured glass available at that time was smaller, at 7.50 metres by 2.45 metres. The decision was therefore made to install the painting some distance away from the main sheet of glass, so that the metal frame of the glass would not infringe on the view of the image. The solution for the display was to build an armoured glass and steel polyhedron case whose bevels, for full security, would meet the floor, the walls and the ceiling around the picture. The main glass itself was set at 10 degrees to the vertical to avoid reflections. The sources of illumination would be within the case. The size of the room in which the picture was displayed \\u2014 a large high space originally created as a ballroom \\u2014 allowed the whole canvas to be viewed from 25 metres away.Guernica was installed in September 1981 and the room opened to the public on 25 October that year, Picasso's centenary. Within a year, over one million people had seen Guernica in its new Picardo/de Paredes setting. Opinions of the method of display differed. The artist's daughter, Paloma Picasso, applauded the location and the method of display, as did Spanish artist Josep Renau. Catalan architect, Josep Llu\\u00eds Sert, described it as \\\"magnificent\\\". The British art critic and collector, Douglas Cooper, wrote that the painting was \\\"admirably lit, there being no shadows, no reflections and no distortions.\\\" He went on: \\\"Never in its history has Guernica been displayed so beautifully or so entirely to its advantage.\\\" Others were not so convinced. It was reported that the fact the installation was built by the technicians of the C\\u00edrculo de Bellas Artes rather than by the Prado's own staff brought practical difficulties. And British art critic, David Sylvester, maintained years later that when Guernica was returned to Spain in 1981 \\\"it was hung in an annexe to the Prado, where by common consent it was not seen to advantage.\\\"In 1992 Guernica was controversially moved from the Museo Nacional del Prado (where Picasso had wanted the painting to be permanently displayed) to a purpose-built gallery at the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sof\\u00eda. The Picardo/Garc\\u00eda de Paredes display installation is no longer in use. Election to the Real Academia. On 3 February 1997, at the age of 78, Picardo was elected Academician of the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando (Royal Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando), being proposed by Julio Cano Lasso, Fernando Chueca Goitia and Luis Garc\\u00eda-Ochoa Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez. He entered the Academy on 22 February 1998 with a speech entitled Hip\\u00f3lito, the composition and delivering of an address having been established as one of the requirements after being elected Academician. In it he talked of two of his passions: architecture and the horse. \\\"The horse is an animal that surpasses the human body in beauty, strength and speed,\\\" Picardo claimed. \\\"... and architecture, in turn, is the art that protects this human body and enables and exalts it.\\\" He confessed that it was impossible for him to decide between architectural beauty and equine beauty because both \\\"son perfecciones\\\" (are perfections).In 2000 Picardo gifted the academy his oil painting Guardia civil en el puerto de Alazores, an image of five policemen mounted on five horses in a compact group. The academy observes the complicated juego (game) of the twenty horses' legs of different colours and in different positions seemingly almost entwined.The academy also houses in its collection a portrait of Picardo by Luis Garc\\u00eda-Ochoa Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez. Painted in 1953 it portrays Picardo in an informal pose at the age of 34. It was donated to the academy by his sons in 2023. Premio Antonio Camu\\u00f1as de Arquitectura. In 2001 Picardo won the prestigious Premio Antonio Camu\\u00f1as de Arquitectura (Antonio Camu\\u00f1as Prize for Architecture). The prize has been awarded every two years since 1985. Its purpose is to recognise the oeuvre of a Spanish architect who has stood out in his or her work for architectural renovation. The prize jury praised Picardo, the ninth winner, as an architect \\\"knowledgeable about our culture ... who has quietly exercised his professional activity, reinterpreting and valuing the richness of our historical heritage.\\\" Personal life. Picardo married Trinidad de Ribera Talavera and they had five children: three boys and two girls.In a rare public description of Picardo's personality a US travel journalist wrote of him in 1972 as \\\"a package of energy, wit and imagination ... eyes twinkling\\\".Picardo died on 27 July 2010 in Madrid. \", \"title\": \"Jos\\u00e9 Luis Picardo\", \"qa_pairs\": \"[{'S': 'Picardo was born in Jerez de la Frontera, in the Province of C\\u00e1diz in Andaluc\\u00eda, Spain on 18 June 1919. With his mother and his brothers he moved to Madrid, Spain.', 'Q': 'Where was Jos\\u00e9 Luis Picardo born and raised?', 'A': 'He was born in Jerez de la Frontera, in the Province of C\\u00e1diz in Andaluc\\u00eda, Spain. He later moved to Madrid with his family.'}, {'S': 'On 3 February 1997, at the age of 78, Picardo was elected Academician of the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando (Royal Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando), being proposed by Julio Cano Lasso [es], Fernando Chueca Goitia and Luis Garc\\u00eda-Ochoa Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez [es].', 'Q': 'Did Jos\\u00e9 Luis Picardo receive any awards or recognition for his work?', 'A': 'No.'}, {'S': 'Particularly noted in his post-student days were illustrations portraying Madrid in the 1950s and 1960s, the Spanish protectorate in Morocco, and sketches of the Canarias (Canary Islands) in 1953.', 'Q': 'What were some of the subjects that Picardo illustrated in his post-student days?', 'A': 'Madrid in the 1950s and 1960s, the Spanish protectorate in Morocco, and sketches of the Canarias (Canary Islands) in 1953.'}, {'S': 'On qualifying in 1951,[6][7] Picardo pursued his interest in historical architecture by collaborating on a number of building preservation and restoration projects with the Spanish architect and architectural historian Fernando Chueca Goitia [es], who was 8 years his senior. ', 'Q': 'Who did Picardo collaborate with for building preservation and restoration projects?', 'A': 'He collaborated with Spanish architect and architectural historian Fernando Chueca Goitia.'}, {'S': \\\"In 1951 in company with his fellow architect Carlos de Miguel he designed a centre for the Cofrad\\u00eda de Pescadores (Fishermen's Brotherhood) of Altea in the province of Alicante which attracted much attention but remained unbuilt.\\\", 'Q': 'What was one of the uncommissioned buildings that Picardo designed in the 1950s?', 'A': \\\"He designed a centre for the Cofrad\\u00eda de Pescadores (Fishermen's Brotherhood) of Altea.\\\"}, {'S': 'With much imagination he personalised the characters he portrayed, for instance rendering the King of Hearts as the Emperor Charlemagne, the King of Clubs as Goliath, the King of Diamonds as Julius Caesar and the King of Clubs as Alexander the Great.', 'Q': 'How did Picardo personalize the characters in the playing cards he designed for Loewe?', 'A': 'Picardo personalized the characters in the playing cards by portraying the King of Hearts as the Emperor Charlemagne, the King of Clubs as Goliath, the King of Diamonds as Julius Caesar, and the King of Spades as Alexander the Great.'}, {'S': 'Picardo set the main hospitality section of the Parador within the Colegio de Infantes, adding to the external south side of the cloister to provide a dining room and, above it, terraces for guest rooms facing the garden.', 'Q': 'Where did Picardo locate the main hospitality section of the Parador?', 'A': 'Within the Colegio de Infantes.'}, {'S': 'To the left of the entry, in the original guardhouse, he placed the reception area and to the right, where the old stables were situated, he placed the bar and cafeter\\u00eda, adding one single window to each space to allow in some daylight.', 'Q': 'What did he place to the left and right of the entry?', 'A': 'He placed the reception area to the left and the bar and cafeter\\u00eda to the right.'}, {'S': 'In planning the interior decoration Picardo determined that the ground floor would be medieval in design in keeping with the original military use of the palace, and the upper floors would be more palatial in decor.', 'Q': 'How did Picardo plan the interior decoration?', 'A': 'He planned for the ground floor to be medieval in design and the upper floors to be more palatial.'}, {'S': 'In 1964 Picardo was involved, with the Ministry of Information and Tourism, in investigating old buildings for conversion into a new Parador in the Province of Guadalajara.', 'Q': \\\"What was Picardo's involvement in the investigation of old buildings?\\\", 'A': 'Investigating old buildings for conversion into a new Parador.'}, {'S': 'Picardo had no qualms about his film set concept of restoration, using modern construction techniques and concealing them with traditional materials, as long as the buildings looked old rather than modern.', 'Q': \\\"What was Picardo's approach to restoration?\\\", 'A': 'Picardo used modern construction techniques but concealed them with traditional materials to make the buildings look old.'}]\", \"output\": \"none\"}\n{\"input\": \" Overview. Iqbal's poetry and prose, despite their philosophical content and tone, are overtly political. This can be attributed to the political environment of British India in the late nineteenth and in the first half of the twentieth century; any intellectual of that period, whether Hindu or Muslim, could not help but join the struggle for freedom in their respective capacities. He has written many poems reflecting his first state of mind and philosophy i.e., pan-Indian nationalism. For instance, National Song for Hindustani Children takes pride in the beautiful features of the country like the great prophetic traditions, fertile soil, and heritage. Similarly, the Tarana-i-Hindi describes Hindustan as a lovely and lovable country; \\\"Thou seest deity in the images of stone / For me there is deity in every particle of the country\\u2019s dust\\\". According to Riffat Hassan a writer and political analyst: \\\"Two things which stand foremost in Iqbal\\u2019s pre 1905 political poetry is: his desire to see a self-governing and united India free of both alien domination and inner dissension. This thinking of line portrayed the given political situation of India wherein British asserted its state authority against Indian and Indian asserted their identity-based politics against each other. This position denies of him as being \\u2018fanatics\\u2019, according to Dino and Ahmed (2018). Secondly his constant endeavor to draw attention to those factors of decadence which caused the decline of Muslims in India\\\".Iqbal visited Europe in pursuit of higher education and stayed there for three years, 1905\\u201308. There he underwent a radical change. He became ambivalent towards pan-Indian nationalism and became pan-Islamist therein. He believed that self-centered competition between man and man and between nation and nation disintegrates human society. When he came back from Europe, he had already given up pan-Indian nationalism and adopted the cult of Pan-Islamism: from now onward started believing in one Muslim Ummah. He was no more believing in race and nationality and asked for unity among the Muslims. As he writes, \\\"Break, break the idols of color and race / In the Millat yourself you must efface / Call not yourself of Turkish nationality, or an Irani, or an Afghani\\\". Iqbal had now donned the mettle of pan-Islamism by advocating the role of religion in politics. He now believed that \\\"politics has its roots in the spiritual life of man\\u2026 [and] religion is a force of great importance in the life of individual as well as nations\\\". The membership of Islam is not determined by birth, locality, or naturalization. The expression \\u2018Indian Mouhammedan,\\u2019 however convenient it may be, is a contradiction in terms. Since, Islam is the religion which is considered above time and space condition. Muslim's nationality has no geographical basis. The Muslims looks for it in the holy town of Mecca. In the beginning Iqbal interest in practical politics remained very low rather he remained critic of Congress and Muslim League policies. However, against to his previous conviction, he entered the realm of politics in 1926 where he tried to combine \\\"his Islamic universalism and territorial nationalism\\u2026\\\". \\\"It seems to me that God is slowly bringing home to us the truth that Islam is neither nationalism nor imperialism but a League of Nations which recognizes artificial boundaries and racial distinctions for facility of reference only, and not for restricting the social horizon of its members\\\". Western Ideas of Politics. After coming from Europe, where he closely observed and interacted with the Western life, Iqbal disapproved of the Western civilization. He discarded nationalism because of its divisive influence in society especially of Muslims. Zafar Ishaq Ansari writes that Iqbal observed that how \\\"nationalism had destroyed the idea of universal brotherhood; how it had created barriers between man and man and between nation and nation; how it had sown seeds of international discords. Furthermore, he also became conscious of the dangerous possibilities of the idea of nationalism in the context of the Muslim world\\\". Again, the same author writes that \\\"Iqbal\\u2019s condemnation of nationalism is not a condemnation of love of the fatherland. It is a condemnation of the modern concept of nation and fatherland, the significance of which is not merely geographical. \\u2018It is rather principle of human society\\u2019 which claim to be the only proper basis of cohesion and unity in human society and which exiles religion from playing a befitting role in human society\\\". It is this (nationalism) which divides the creatures of God into nations, It is this which strikes the roots of the nationality of Islam. For Iqbal religion was a unifying and central factor to politics and society of ummah. As he says, \\\"Our heart is not of India, Turkey and Syria / Our commonplace is nothing but place\\\". Iqbal does not believe in the secularism of European political thought. He considers that separation of church and state occurred due to material advancement and nationalism demands from the people to switch over their loyalties from religion to nation-state. Khursheed Kamal Aziz writes that \\\"one of the things on which Iqbal takes an uncompromising stand is the unique character of Islam as a combination of the spiritual and the worldly. It is as much an ethical system as a polity. It is not a religion in the ordinary sense of the word; it is a way of life\\\". Islam does not bifurcate the unity of man into an irreconcilable duality of sprit and matter. In Islam God and universe, sprit and matter, church, and state, are organic to each other. Man is not the citizen of a profane world to be renounced in the interest of a world of sprit situated elsewhere. To Islam matter is sprit realizing itself in space and time\\u2019. This is said to emphasize the fact that there is no place in Islam for a separation of religion and state, of things spiritual and secular. Iqbal also discusses positive and negative aspects of communism. Iqbal's condemnation of concentration of wealth in few hands, exploitation of workers by capitalist class, his welfare feeling for the Punjab's peasants and the landlords\\u2019 unjust treatment of peasants, are having socialistic appeal to the people. He writes few poems in this connection like: \\u2018Punjab Kai Dehqan Sey\\u2019 (To the Punjab Peasant) and \\u2018Lenin Khudda Kai Hazur Main\\u2019 (Lenin in the Presence of God) are socialistic in nature. Parveen Feroz Hassan writes that \\u201cIqbal points out that though Marx is not a prophet, he has a book to his credit\\\". Iqbal appreciates communism for its stand on the equality, principle, labor rights and exploitative economic order of capitalism, but, in the words of Parveen Feroz, it is the \\u2018Godlessness\\u2019 of the communist doctrine which infuriated Iqbal. \\\"In Javid Nama he advises the Communists to change their attitude of negation of God to positive recognition of the Almighty\\\". He praises Zakat institution of Islam and the equality of Islam. Iqbal was opposed to capitalism and communism for different reasons. How Iqbal views western democracy? Waheed Ishrat has deducted Iqbal's criticism of democracy from his poetry as following:. The Western democratic system is the same old European Caesarism or imperialism.. The Western democracies only protect the interest of capitalists.. He was against the philosophy of one's man one's vote. He believed that majority of the common people cannot be equal to wise man. He was in favor of wise man decision.. The democratic institutions such as election, membership, council, and president ship etc. are the rotten eggs of the new civilization. Own Innovative Ideas. His assumptions of Tawhid (Oneness of God and the prophet hood of Muhammad), Khudi (ego), Mumin (The Perfect Man), Millat (The Community, individual and community relationship), and Ijtihad (parliament spiritual democracy) are pivotal to his political philosophy. Tauhid is fundamental to all aspects of life. Writing about the importance of tauhid in politics Iqbal says \\\"that the new culture finds the foundation of world-unity in the principle of tauhid. Islam, as a polity, is only a practical means of making this principle a living factor in the intellectual and emotional life of mankind. It demands loyalty to God, not to thrones. And since God is the ultimate spiritual basis of a life, loyalty to God virtually amounts to man\\u2019s loyalty to his own ideal nature\\\". His books The Secrets of the Self and others explain the concept of khudi. Iqbal does not use this term in the meaning of arrogance but rather ego is proportional strength of object. Firmness and determination are its activating virtues that lead man towards change, creativity and triumph as famously said for Iqbal by one author \\\"I act, therefore I am\\\". His concept of Khudi is based on Quranic verse, \\\"Verily God will not change the conditions of man till they change what is in themselves\\\". The individual himself takes the initiative in the development of khudi. In Iqbal's words an individual becomes a \\u2018dead matter\\u2019 if he ceases to know the importance of sprit within him. Ideas alone are not sufficient there must be action, movement, restlessness, love, and courageous sense of the importance of the self. Iqbal writes in the preface of his book which book that \\\"the Quran is the book which emphasizes \\u2018deed\\u2019 rather than \\u2018idea\\u2019\\\", Khudi is continuous struggle in life for the higher mission. Certain qualities are essential for the growth and consolidation of khudi like: ishq (love) faqr (indifference to material possessions), courage and creativity. These qualities make khudi a powerful force. Similarly, some factors also weaken it like fear, beggary, and slavery. As he says, \\u201cThe light of the self, and the fire of the self / Constitute the very essence of Islam, the fire of the Self nourishes life with enlightenment and consciousness / This is the nature of every object, and this is the cause of growth, however, the Nature has concealed its essence\\u201d. The concept of momin in Iqbal is also based on the Quran, which is a major inspirational source for his views. His momin is not only an embodiment of all the Quranic principles but is in fact, the Quran in action. The momin has great qualities of power, vision, action, and wisdom. These qualities in their perfect form are most noticeable in the character of Holy prophet. By these qualities when brought into action momin reaches to the stage of perfection and master of universe. Iqbal says that a momin is the replica of Divine qualities. Iqbal's momin is a moral creature, who is endowed with spiritual and religious prowess, and acting within the boundaries of the Canon Law is a mastercreator himself. His ceaseless struggle is directed towards the conquest of the universe and its culmination reaches when God and universe are absorbed in his being. The whole concept is, however, idealistic in nature. When such human emerges, is not clearly given in his thought but the momin will evolve from the inherent potentials and his spiritual and intellectual endeavors. As he says, \\\"Transmute thy handful of dust into gold / Kiss the threshold of the Perfect man\\\". Islam, Individual, Community and State. This community is bound by the belief of tauhid, and not by the factors of geography and ethnic bonds. He elaborates the same theme in the verses which say that our Master (the Holy Prophet), by leaving his native land resolved the problems of Muslim nationhood. Iqbal's millat is a universal community of Believers, transcending all barriers of caste, color, race, nationality, and territory. This concept of his is linked with the pan-Islamic movement that was going on in subcontinent and other Muslim countries at that time. He advocates like an individual the community must live a life of constant struggle and ceaseless endeavour. He further says that community has also its khudi which has all the attributes of the individual ego. Vigour, force, power, determination, will rise and move forward, and courage to fight, are the characteristics of the collective khudi of the community. He asks the Muslim world to consolidate the khudi as it was done by the Turks and Egyptian for their development, because without it state and religion cannot exist. After discussing these concepts separately, Iqbal then establishes a relationship between the individual and community. He says that the community is a great blessing for the individual who provides ample opportunities to the development of his heart and head. Similarly, community gets organization and strength from the individual. He connects khudi (self), self here means an individual, and bekhudi (selflessness), here means community. If self-inculcates uniqueness, initiative, determination and ambition, selflessness creates a spirit of sacrifice, devotion, and merger of the individual wills into the bigger will of the community for the greater good of all the members of community. The individual exists as a part of society. Alone he is nothing A wave is a wave only inside the river Outside of it, it is nothing. Now, how Iqbal conceives democracy in Islam and Muslim world? Iqbal criticism of western democracy was mainly due to the peculiar circumstances that Muslim were facing either in the Subcontinent or elsewhere, but he was not outright rejecter of this value. His political thought is akin to democratic government in the individual Islamic state or democracy-based Islamic an international order. He terms his democracy as a \\\"spiritual democracy\\\", different in many respects from Western democracy. \\\"Let the Muslim of today appreciate his position, reconstruct his social life in the light of ultimate principles, and evolve, out of hitherto partially revealed purpose of Islam, that spiritual democracy which is the ultimate aim of Islam\\\". Parveen Feroz writes that \\\"Iqbal condemns the Western democracy and advocates in its place the spiritual democracy. In fact, the spiritual democracy is the only form of government that suits the ideological state of Iqbal\\\". Thus, Iqbal's belief is that Islamic political system which is democratic in nature, and rests on spiritualism\\u2019. The same author has noted down the following political principles that Iqbal considered that have a democratic essence.. Election was the only way to express the will of the people, and partial expression of people's will be considered null and void.. De facto political sovereignty resided with the people.. The caliph was not necessarily the high priest of Islam. He was not representative of God on earth. He was fallible like every other Muslim and subjects to the same impersonal authority of Divine Law.. Although the Caliph was the head of the State, he could be directly sued in an ordinary law court.. The Caliph could indicate his successor, but the nomination was not valid without the confirmation by the people.. The elector had the right to demand the deposition of the Caliph, or the dismissal of his officials if their behavior was in contravention to the laws of the sharia.About the ijtihad and parliament Iqbal writes in his book The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam, that the growth of republican spirit and the gradual formation of legislative assemblies in Muslim lands constitute a great step forward. The transfer of power of ijtihad from individual representatives of schools to a Muslim legislative assembly, which in view of the growth of opposition sects, is the only form ijma can take in modern times, will secure contributions to legal discussions from laymen who happen to possess a keen insight into affairs. Waheed Ishrat says that Iqbal favoured \\u2018elected assembly\\u2019 and its mandate to have \\u2018power of ijtihad\\u2019 instead a single individual for interpretation of sharia. Even he liked that \\u2018elected body\\u2019 functions on the line of a true caliphate system, and the legislature can make a \\u2018collective decisions\\u2019 as legislated collectively. So, he favored such system, as Turkey made it operative at that time, where Muslims are in majority. Anyhow, Iqbal, as such, was least concerned with the name of the system of the government but most concerned with the \\u2018principles of spiritual\\u2019 of Islam to be its permanent features. As Iqbal grew older and Indian became assertive in their demand in political arena-his thought became solid and mature, and so he was dictated by the political condition of subcontinent to do something practically if he were to realize these ideals of politics in the larger interest of the Muslim ummah. He enters practical politics in 1926. He complemented his pan-Islamism with territorial nationalism in the subcontinent context. After elaborating the basic postulates of Islamic ideology and its relevance to individual, society, and mankind, turned his attention to the Indian Muslims who were simultaneously menaced by British Imperialism and danger of permanent Hindu domination. Caught in the vortex of Indian politics, therefore, the basic problem of the Indian Muslims was how to regenerate their individual and collective selves and preserve their Islamic identity. A satisfactory solution of the problem implied policies and actions at three different levels: Reconstruction of Muslim society in the Indian subcontinent according to the Islamic ideology.. Facing the upsurge of Indian nationalism to preserve the Islamic identity of Indian Muslims.. Integration of the Indian Muslims with the rest of the Islamic Millat.Iqbal considered Muslim community as a separate nationality, and he wanted first, full autonomous status in the Muslim majority areas, and later an independent action of line from the Congress. His presidential address of 1930 is famous in this regard: I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sind, and Balochistan amalgamated into a single state. Self-government, within the British empire or without the British empire, the formation of a consolidated Indian Muslim state appears to me the final destiny of Muslim at least of North-West India. However, for Iqbal the establishment of a Muslim State in the Indian subcontinent was not an end by itself, but it was a means to achieve a higher goal-consolidation of the world-millat. Thus, the contradiction between Iqbal's theory of the Islami millat and his proposal for the establishment of a consolidated Muslim State in the North-West Indian region was, in fact more apparent than real... Hindu-Muslim conflict was a much deeper ideological cleavages between Islam and nationalism, and \\u2018therefore, the construction of a polity on national lines, if it means a displacement of the Islamic principle of a solidarity, is unthinkable to a Muslim\\\". \\\"The Indian Muslims, by virtue of a common faith and history, are closely bound together with the rest of the Islamic millat living in the West Asia, and at the same time have their peculiarly Indian features. Therefore, in lending support to Two-nation theory, Iqbal was chiefly concerned with the consolidation of the Muslim community in the Northwest Indian region where they constituted majority. For this purpose, he used the theory of modern nationalism to counter the arguments of the All-Indian National Congress in defence of united Indian nationalism\\\". Iqbal believes ideally in a completely unified Muslim world. State and Religion. Muhammad Iqbal existed in the era connecting two periods: the former feudal culture and contemporary capitalism. Because of the place of his origin, his education, and his journey in Europe, he was able to weigh and measure the advantages and deficiencies of both eras. Indeed, he was primarily a poet by nature, who observed and reacted to the stillness of the Muslims and the inner calamity which confronted Islam. He had a high regard for the attainments of the West, its energetic spirit, academic custom, and scientific advancements. But at the same time he condemned the imperialism of European colonial rule, the ethical decline of secularism and the economic exploitation of capitalism. Thus, he supported the idea to revert to the basics of Islam so as to create an Islamic substitute for contemporary Muslim culture. His appeal to action and his cachet have been exploited by the Ulama and politicians. Therefore, rather than to criticize Iqbal's imperfect perception of clarity as a shortcoming, it ought to be considered as Ulama's and politicians insufficiencies, who in their impulsive anxiousness believed that they are following him, but this was not the case in reality. If Iqbal did not propose an absolute principled formation of Islam, he certainly inferred the fundamentals of religion on profound and sound basis for further development. So, that the edifice developed on them would be unlike conventional Islam, and thus Iqbal's inferred fundamentals could advance into a more efficient society. On the other hand, the Ulama did not realize that the decisive factor of authority has altered in the contemporary world: authority is at present calculated in scholarly and scientific stipulations, and this is the actual foundation on which Western civilization has developed and sustained its status of supremacy in the world. In fact, Muslims also had in the past accomplished their pre-eminence through education, and their enthusiasm for learning. However, they shifted their focus from learning to following, and thus their decline started. The Ulama inclined to consider this supremacy in complete political stipulations, lacking the perception, that it was indeed a result of the earlier scholars\\u2018 thoughtful reformations. They persist exclusively on the political image of the world, so that the importance of new reformations is lessened. Instead of fulfilling the immense requirement of adaptation, the Ulama have maintained the approach of averting these reformations. They use Iqbal's poetry as a valid evidence for their arguments and tried to fascinate the sentiment of the people. In contrast, to his lectures, the Ulama are in complete agreement with his poetry. His ardent admiration of Islam, not simply as a religion, but as an all-inclusive political approach, in fact acted in reaching a persuasive sway on Muslim intellectual academics. The novels of Abdul Halim Sharar, the poems of Altaf Hussain Hali and Iqbal, and the writings of Muhammad Ali enthralled Indian Muslims and reinforced the consciousness of a distinct Muslim identity. This was essential on emotional basis rather than by rational arguments. Iqbal stressed on the complexity of forces for acquiring advancement, and he believed that every effort to struggle with this complexity is a sacred deed. He stated: An act is temporal or profane if it is done in a spirit of detachment from the infinite complexity of life behind it; it is spiritual if it is inspired by that complexity. Iqbal did not seem to support aloofness or impartiality, but a moral fiber of dedication and loyalty to the source of religion. Life is complex, and spiritualism exists in identifying this complexity. Hence he stated: ...in Islam it is the same reality which appears as the Church looked at from one point of view and the State from another. It is not true to say that Church and State are two sides or facets of the same thing. Islam is a single unanalyzable reality which is one or the other as your point of view varies. As we do not intend to delve into philosophical inquiry at present, it might be significant to state that Iqbal supported internal association among state and religion. The essence of Tauhid, as a working idea, is equality, solidarity, and freedom. The state from the Islamic standpoint is an endeavor to transform these ideal principles into space-time forces, an aspiration to realize them in a definite human organization. It is in this sense alone that the state in Islam is a theocracy, not in the sense that it is headed by a representative of God on earth who can always screen his despotic will behind his supposed infallibility. Thus he truly believed that the main concentration and desire of an Islamic formation of government is to uplift the morals of its society. For this reason Iqbal believed final truth as spiritual, and life as exists on Earth is terrestrial, in which the spirit traces its chances to build up in the existing natural conditions through substantial progress with the secular developments. Likewise the Quran states:\\\"We have created the heavens and the earth and all that is between the two in accordance with the requirements of truth and wisdom. The Hour is surely coming, so overlook (their faults) with gracious forgiveness.\\\"[Quran 15:85]This is in complete contradiction of the superficial Islamic jurisprudential laws, which was indeed an idealistic approach, since no Islamic state practiced those isolated outline set of laws as prescribed by the orthodoxies for Islamic state. All Muslim states have their own distinct law formation legislative bodies. Like Turkey, for whom Iqbal felt great affection to, is significantly established as a secular state and does not primarily empower religion and thus became one of the few Muslim countries who have progressed. Iqbal attributed the deteriorating force of Islam to the Muslim societies moving away from Islamic virtues. His political theory, similar to his philosophy in other aspects, was distinguished by a deliberate return to history to revive those ideas and morals which could present a paradigm for the present as well as the future. His poetry reflected his disappointment for Muslims denial of the facts. Although we have both examples of modesty and authority in the life of the Prophet, the Ulama, who were influenced by Iqbal's poetry, highlighted his period of authority and regarded his modest period as mere struggling time. Thus the Islamic ideology took a far-reaching transformation through Iqbal's poetry. Before him, Syed Ahmad Khan strongly believed that Muslims should concentrate solely on their education so that they could be socially upgraded. He believed that the ability to rule came subsequently when the nation becomes mature, educated and open minded. Moreover, political authority is completely a worldly accomplishment that could be regard as worldly benefit, and the complete focus on it will result in lessening the worth of religious values. However, Sayed's reaction on Urdu-Hindi conflicts influenced Iqbal, and he based all his political thought on the differences between Hindus and Muslims.....Sir Sayyed Ahmad Khan (d.1898) who, after the Hindi-Urdu conflict, reached the conclusion that these two nations could not live together. He was followed by Iqbal (d.1938) and finally Jinnah(d.1948), who reiterated the concept of the two-nation theory and emphasized the separateness of the two communities. Although he was in agreement with Sir Sayyed in the concept of a two-nation theory, in this next quote, Iqbal is against him and believed that there is no essential division between religion and politics in Islam. He regarded the split among religion and politics as an aversion from the spirit of Islam. The religious and philosophical thoughts of people were mainly the demonstration of their political situations. He also believed that the execution of sound political formation was fundamental for the moral and spiritual growth of people in a Muslim society....politics requires religion to survive and to play an active role in the Muslim society. In the words of poet Iqbal if religion is separated from politics, it becomes tyranny. Thus, when Iqbal supported a cooperative mutually beneficial connection between religion and politics, he actually contemplated legitimatizing the appreciated principles of human unity, egalitarianism and liberty. His idea of the distinct objective for Muslims in history, and his considered opinion of the essential impact of the competent regime in the character building of society, became the source for his upcoming persistence on the requirement of a divided territory for the Muslims of the Indian Subcontinent. Ideologically, Iqbal was against secular form of government. In this regard, he seemed to support the orthodox to some extent, however, he did not support the view of caliphate as the traditionalist claim, but he had a soft heart for the Ulama, since essentially he was afraid of fragmentation among Indian Muslims. He said: In India circumstances are much more peculiar. This country of religious communities where the future of each community rests entirely upon its solidarity is ruled by a Western people who cannot but adopt a policy of non-interference in religion. This liberal and indispensable policy in a country like India has led to most unfortunate results.... Any religious adventurer in India can set up any claim and carve out a new community for his own exploitation. This liberal State of ours does not care a fig for the integrity of a parent community, provided the adventurer assures it of his loyalty and his followers are regular in the payment of taxes due to the State. Iqbal's most important contribution was his restoration of a conscious energetic spirit of Islam. He was symbolic to Muslims whose Islamic principles that needed a fresh spirit to their Islamic society. He rebuilt the basic ideals in his poetry that could rouse Muslims, educated and uneducated, to an intuition of what ideal they ought to have, and blaze their intellects with a longing to discover means of seizing such ideals. Iqbal, like most men, was limited by his temperament. A poet draws heavily upon his feelings and emotions as he attempts to convey his intuition of reality.... However, neither poetic temperament nor the poem itself is concerned with the practical implementation of social reforms or the realization of the ideal.....He expressed the need of the Muslim community when he called for the formation of Pakistan but its practical implementation was to fall to Jinnah and others. Still there is a place in our world for the idealists. To have clothed his insights in poetic form and thus to have fired the hearts and minds of millions to pursue and implement these ideals is an extraordinary achievement, one which more than justifies the great esteem that Muhammad Iqbal had enjoyed. Iqbal had an insight of a perfect society, which is a significant inspiration. However, he did not completely resolve this perfect society as an idealistic world-Utopia. He perceived to be Muslim in the meaning of personifying the ideals and principles of religion or the experiential Muslim society like the Government of India's opinion poll identifies it. ....To my mind, government, whatever its form, is one of the determining forces of a people's character. Loss of political power is equally ruinous to nations\\u2018 character. Ever since their political fall the Musalmans of India have undergone a rapid ethical deterioration. Democratic system. The twentieth century undertook generally the whole Islamic world, more specifically Indian-Subcontinent, into a politically decisive moment. Consequential to a wide period of colonial reign, Muslims brought up a series of mounting struggles to respond to the political and cultural domination of the West. Cherishing the centuries of unmitigated history of Islamic supremacy and influence in the lives of the Muslims, Islam contributed a momentous role in Muslim response and retort to Western imperialism. This stimulated the advancement of Islamic modernism, and was an issue to instigate Muslim independence and nationalist movements. Fascinated with their Islamic legacy and tradition, Islamic reformers wanted to bring back Muslim pride and selfconfidence to restore Muslim society politically and communally. Their formation of Islamic reconstruction called for a fresh interpretation: a development of Islam that could bring about harmony between Islam and modernity, which restated the privileged circumstances and significance of Islamic ideology to politics, law, and society. Since, the Indian Muslims did not obtain enough potency of temperament to resist those forces, which inclined to fragment their communal being, the distinguished South Asian Muslim intellectual reformer Muhammad Iqbal had mentioned in the 1930s the correlation among consensus, democratization, and Ijtihad. Iqbal's vision of the powerful, life-affirming self would exert its influence among opinion-makers of South Asia. Abul A'la Maududi (1903\\u20131979), founder of the Jamaat-e-Islami movement, was a working associate of Iqbal.... For Iqbal it was incomprehensible that a religion that passed authority to the powerless, can lay political authority to a privileged minority. Since, Iqbal was renowned as one of the main personage in modern Islam, and was not considered as a dogmatic nationalist or religious fundamentalist, he presented an exceedingly sound criticism of Western democracy. Iqbal believed that the desired harmonization in Western democracy and the progression of spirituality in Muslim society does not depend on the perseverance of formations of organizations. This constancy brought insignificant results. According to him: ... the ultimate fate of the people does not depend so much on organization as on the worth and power of individual men. For him it was a complicated situation to settle an open-minded and advance ethical temperament with a refined and positive political orderliness. In the ideal Muslim society, the political power has been assigned to the whole society and every individual who can put into effect these authorities consistent with their designated affiliates as a sanctified accountability, and with-in the restrictions set by God. The particular technicalities of election and political organizations can be described consistent with the essence of the times, and the altering needs of all societies, but the principle of election shall remain unquestionable. He founded democracy distasteful since \\\"colossal oppression masquerades in the robes of democracy\\\", and at best he considered it a mechanistic device in which only numbers are counted, not the worth of the individuals. Iqbal considered a religious foundation as the first principle for any society and proclaimed that \\\"be it a monarchy or a democratic show, if faith is removed from politics what is left is mere tyranny\\\". The phase of mechanically borrowing methods and ideas from Western competency has passed, and at present the required attempt was to set up genuinely Islamic democratic methods. However, this attempt was not innately opposed to Western democratic methods, but it included acknowledgment that there were considerable shortcomings with the Western approach of democracy. Humanity was in need of a spiritual interpretation of the universe, spiritual emancipation of the individual and basic principles of a universal import of directing an evolution of human society on a spiritual basis. Thus Iqbal believed that the major task of Muslim societal order is to conserve the piety of the person and to generate chances for his spiritual progress. So, Iqbal indeed had articulated in his writings that he detested the modern democratic system of counting heads in the debate of political issues; this aversion, though, is not in opposition to the fundamental tenet of democracy, which is specifically, egalitarianism of everyone before law, but in opposition to the system use for determining the desires of layman. Iqbal, for that reason, cannot be blamed as totally opposed to democracy in its fundamental nature. Iqbal was undoubtedly a democrat.... yet he bitterly denounced Western democratic systems. Now, the essence of his criticism is that Western democratic societies aim only at accomplishing materialistic ends... Iqbal rejected Western democratic systems because of their lack of ethical and spiritual concerns. It is not their democratic forms and process which are in error but their orientation and value systems. Iqbal respected the concept of classless and divine democracy that is a method which recognized the dormant capability of individuals, where men of working-class benefit from political attribute, and where the country does not owe a favor only to the affluent and influentially advantaged elite. It was a method that assisted the powerless and the deprived more than the affluent; as stated by the first caliph Abu Bakr when he undertook authority: \\\"The weak among you is powerful for me until I obtain what is owing to him and the powerful among you is weak for me until I acquire from him what is owed from him.\\\" His hatred for democracy is due to the particular form which it has taken in the West and which, in Iqbal's eyes, is nothing less than the rule of a certain privileged class which knows no law except of its own making, intended to usurp power for the exploitation of the weaker members of society. He says in Javid Nama: \\\"Woe to the constitution of the democracy of Europe! o The sound of that trumpet renders the dead still deader; o Those tricksters, treacherous as the revolving spheres, o Have played the nations by their own rules, and swept the board.\\\" Iqbal had dreamt of a Muslim State that would advocate the dignified morals of individual nobility, communal impartiality, and spiritual and material liberty. In fact Iqbal wanted to develop a high moral society so that every organization in it will be self righteous. In this manner it will be Islamically democratic. Western democracy, if imitated superficially, will not be beneficial for society as it is obvious in the current political circumstances of Pakistan. Iqbal's insight, regarding the political standard of Islam is democratic in essence. He considered no innate conflicts with Western democracy and the original principles of Islam. His writings evidently depict the democratic character behind Iqbal's political philosophy. Hence democracy was the fundamental essence of his political ideal. The republican form of government is not only thoroughly consistent with the spirit of Islam, but has also become a necessity in view of the new forces that are set free in the world of Islam. Islamic democracy could not be implemented without communal support; otherwise it would be a kind of tyranny, which is against the teachings of Islam, as it is indispensable for every impartial and egalitarian government to satisfy the needs of common man. Besides, for the implementation of Islamic morals or values, we have to bring intellectual progress to our general public, to educate them regarding the morals of Islam. Thus there would be substantial improvement in the sincere enthusiasm towards Islamic ethics. And at the same time the interpretation of Islamic basics should develop according to the needs of time. This would enhance Islamic influence in Muslims. Thus the God fearing society would be aroused. For Iqbal religion could not be separated from politics since religion alone could endow men with the moral fiber necessary for good governance. Iqbal, however, did not favor theocracy, a government run by the Ulama. As a matter of principle Iqbal was against the Ulama assuming state roles or the establishment of a council of Ulama because that would separate the functionaries of religion from laymen and for Iqbal there cannot be a juxtaposition of the spiritual and the temporal. Iqbal's ideal polity would be a society firmly anchored on a religious foundation and ruled by what may perhaps be described as an aristocracy of Islamic intellect. Moreover, Iqbal considered the belligerent warfare as one of the terrors of modern civilization. He was habituated to saying that the utmost disaster of Islam was when it turned into a kingdom. The abolition of the Caliphate and the subsequent growth of a republican spirit in the Muslim countries was a return to the original purity of Islam. According to him this development was the underlying principle of Islam, which was displaced by Arab imperialism, especially after the fourth Caliph. Iqbal's era was under the sway of two major philosophies important in twentieth century: Capitalism and Socialism. However, Iqbal beautifully treated both of them, and did not get influenced by them as many of his contemporaries. Using his Islamic perspective, Iqbal sought to assess capitalism and socialism, the two major ideologies dominating the twentieth century and vying for power in the Muslim world. His criticism of Western democracy followed from his belief that the Western capitalist system suppressed the individual and his growth and made true democracy an impossibility: The Democratic system of the West is the same old instrument whose chords contain no note other than the voice of the Kaiser, \\\"The Demon of Despotism is dancing in his democratic robes, Yet you consider it to be the Nilam Pari of Liberty\\\". And again in Persian Psalms we read: \\\"Of the hireling\\u2018s blood outpoured, Lustrous rubies makes the Lord, Tyrant squire to swell his wealth, Desolates the peasant\\u2018s tilth.\\\" In Javid Nama, Iqbal ultimately finds the fundamental faults of capitalism and communism to be the same: \\\"Both fail to recognize the Lord, deceive, Mankind. The one for revolution thirsts, The other for tribute: they\\u2018re two millstones, That pulverizes the humankind.\\\" He condemns the gross materialism and godlessness of both systems: The soul of both is impatient and intolerant; both of them know not God and deceive mankind. One lives by production, the other by taxation and man is a glass caught between these two stones. Islam does not approve stern and inflexible domination of the individual for the benefit or welfare of public, nor does it allow the individual's absolute liberty to proceed in the path of his self-centeredness and consequently jeopardizing the living of powerless communal members. It imposes essential restrictions upon both the individual and society which must not intrude upon in any circumstances. This is anticipated as the outcome of spread of Divine Law and also brings into line the communities welfare. The law of God is absolutely supreme. Authority, except as an interpreter of the law, has no place in the social structure of Islam. Islam has a horror of personal authority. We regard it as inimical to the enfoldment of human individuality.... the absolute equality of all the members of the community. There is no aristocracy in Islam. \\\"The noblest among you\\\", says the Prophet, \\\"are those who fear God most\\\". There is no privileged class, no priesthood, no caste system... Now, this principle of the equality of all believers made early Musalmans the greatest political power in the world. Islam worked as a leveling force; it gave the individual a sense of his inward power; it elevated those who were socially low. The elevation of the down-trodden was the chief secret of the Muslim political power in India....... On the other hand, the current state of Muslims morale in India was in contrast to the desired prerequisite for acquiring the needed development. Thus Iqbal brought to light that: ...We are suffering from a double caste system \\u2013the religious caste system, sectarianism, and the social caste system, which we have either learned or inherited from the Hindus. This is one of the quiet ways in which conquered nations revenge themselves on their conquerors. Islam does not bifurcate the unity of man into an irreconcilable duality of spirit and matter. In Islam God and the universe, spirit and matter, Church and State, are organic to each other. Pan-Islamism. He wanted Muslim nations to take part in a League of Nations-like association. Such a \\u2018League\\u2018 with Islamic traditions with their general principles of equality, fraternity, and solidarity and their communal law, the shariah, to end the drawbacks of nationalism and its propensity to fragment society into adversary ethnic groups. Thus he visualized an international Muslim nation, as he declared that Islam was neither \\u2018nationalism\\u2018 nor \\u2018imperialism\\u2018 but a \\u2018League of Nations\\u2018, which recognizes artificial boundaries and racial distinctions for facility of reference only, and not for restricting the social horizon of its members. Besides, he also considered that for the present time, each Muslim nation should focus on itself until all became sufficiently powerful to establish a living family of republics by reconciling their reciprocal enmities, through integrating the affiliation of Islam. The standardized spiritual culture in the Islamic world would make possible the political unanimity of Muslim nations. Iqbal hoped this integration could further lead us towards the outline of a perfect global nation, or develop into a League of Muslim Nations, or become a range of self-governing Muslim nations interwoven with each other through discourse, deals or agreements. Nationality with us is a pure idea; it has no geographical basis. But inasmuch as the average man demands a material centre of nationality, the Muslim looks for it in the holy town of Mecca, so that the basis of Muslim nationality combines the real and the ideal, the concrete and the abstract....The best form of Government for such a community would be democracy, the ideal of which is to let man develop all the possibilities of his nature by allowing him as much freedom as practicable. The Caliph of Islam is not an infallible being; like other Muslims he is subject to the same law; he is elected by the people and is deposed by them if he goes contrary to the law. Thus for him democracy did not only mean to imitate Western style of government, rather a just kind of government by which humanity and kindness prevails and progresses. For that reason he extensively pointed out towards a national league of Muslim states that could unite and give the world, what was needed. As Quran states: \\\"Strive for the cause of God as you ought to strive, as He has chosen you and laid no burden in the matter of your religion\\u2026\\u2026so that the Messenger may be a witness over you and so that you may be witnessed over mankind.\\\"[Quran 22:78] While Iqbal did express misgivings about Western democracy and its suitability for Muslims, or for Muslims, or for multi-cultural societies in general, he argued that the republican form of government was not only thoroughly consistent with the spirit of Islam. The road to the restoration of the khalifa, and with it the unity of the umma must come at the end of a quest for national independence and identity, and take the form of a \\u2018league of nations\\u2018, a commonwealth of autonomous national entities. Like his other ideas, his political supposition is distinguished by the deliberate rotating of history to find those values and ideals which could offer an example for the contemporary and the future. Similar to the majority of Muslim revivalists, Iqbal credited the deterioration of Islam to the Muslim's moving away from Islamic values. The result of which were the worsening conditions. The life force of the Indian Muhammadan, however, has become woefully enfeebled. The decay of the religious spirit, combined with other causes of a political nature over which he had no control, has developed in him a habit of self-dwarfing, a sense of dependence and, above all, that laziness of spirit, which an enervated people call by the dignified name of \\u2018contentment\\u2018 to conceal their own enfeeblement. Iqbal's immense input was his regeneration of the conscious energetic spirit of Islam. He symbolized to society those Islamic principles that could create fresh life for the Islamic political entity. He tried to revise primary values and propagated through his poetry that could possibly stir his fellow Muslims to the instinct which could have triggered their intellects with a craving to discover means of understanding such principles. At the beginning of the 20th century when Iqbal illustrated his poetic skills, he created some rousing poems that throbbed with the lasting emotions of nationalism. However, subsequent to 1908, his considerations underwent harrowing changes. His initial eagerness for Indian nationalism diminished and he appeared as one of the greatest Pan-Islamist of this century. Slowly his ideas took a new shape. During his stay in Europe, He had come into closer contact with the German vitalist philosophy, and there is no doubt that this Weltanschauung appealed very much to him, and helped him to discover a new approach to his own religion and culture, in rediscovering the original dynamism of Islam. He had begun as a patriot in the Western sense; hence his anthem: Our India is the best of all countries in the world. But then he reverted to the Islamic notion of patriotism, and corrected himself in another famous anthem: China and Arabia are ours, India is ours,Muslim we are, the whole world is ours ... O water of the river Ganges, thou rememberst the dayWhen our torrent flooded thy valleys...In a speech in Aligarh Oriental College in 1910:  Islam, as a social and political Ideal\\u2018, he reminded the audience of the past glorious development of the Islamic peoples, since he understood that the Indian Muslim has long since ceased to exploit the depths of his inner life. Several of his outstanding poems are brilliant with the faultless descriptions of his poetic brilliance and he mourned over the vanishing of Muslim universalism. Shikwa and Jawab-e-Shikwa, Shama aur Shair (The Poet and the Candle), Khizr-I Rah (The Guide) and Talu-e Islam (The Rise of Islam) explain Islam's historical magnificence and its current agony and dissatisfaction with a splendor of expressions and thoughts which is only one of its kind in the history of Urdu literature. Jawab-I Shikwa, which was read at a community gathering at Lahore in 1913, states compassion and high regard for the Turks, which combatted the enemy in the Balkan wars. The whole poem is a work of art of expressiveness and demonstrates vast profundity of emotions, and it depicts the reasons why Muslims of the world require to be unified. In a passage of the poem, he fervently condemned the Muslims, and considered them accountable for their individual and collective collapse. Ever since the conversion of Mohammad Iqbal, sometime during his stay in Europe, from territorial nationalism to Islam, he considered certain values of ethical orientation as crucial both to the survival and development of mankind, values which, in his view, constituted the essence of Islam. In fact, Iqbal professed that God, who gave them honor in the history, is the same. His blessings were the same, but it was Muslims who have distorted, and have dissociated themselves from the character which permitted them to be the beneficiaries of God's everlasting blessings. Men by and large acquired what they be worthy of. A hunter ultimately finds what he targets. The Muslims in history were genuine in their loyalty to Islam as such their rewards were immense. The approach of the contemporary Muslims are un-Islamic since they have shattered the universality of millat, and have separated this commonwealth of believers into regional bodies founded on race and region. The Muslims of the world have one Quran, one Faith, one Belief, one Kaaba, and this is the entire basis for them to be cohesive as one nation. Though, it seems that since Iqbal was confronted by the political environment that was complemented with profound tendency to be easily swayed by emotions, and even if Iqbal as a philosopher might have ascended over it, Iqbal as a poet might not. When Iqbal pointed to certain events in past Islamic history, he did so not because he wanted to go back to the past but because they yielded some sort of inspiration. His values were vertically \\u2018up\\u2019, not horizontally in the past. To bring these values into play in the arena of the spatio-temporal world was the task of a Muslim- his \\\"man of faith\\\" (mard-i-mumin) or \\\"perfect man\\\" (insane kamil), who could comprise the Muslim Community if only it could recover solidarity and its true being culture. It was for this realization of this ideal that Iqbal dreamed of Muslim autonomy to be carried out in the Muslim majority areas of the Indian sub-continent. And it was for this reason that he explicitly rejected Indian territorialism as the basis for nationhood since nationhood, for him, was squarely based on ideology. Iqbal did not talk merely of two nations in India but of \\\"nations\\\"\\u2014apparently more than two\\u2014in his correspondence with Jinnah. Yet, since he did not explicitly speak of a multiplicity of sovereign states in India (perhaps because he did not think it realistic under the then conditions in the sub-continent). It seems he was in favor of diverse states (according to the diversity of nation which existed) within India, and also wanted to arouse the nationalistic spirits in Indian Muslims. What's more, here again Iqbal became an idealist when he overlooks the existing circumstances and relationships between Hindus and Muslims. In regard to the defense of the subcontinent, he stated: \\\"I am sure that the scheme of a neutral Indian army based on federated India, will intensify Moslem patriotic feeling, and finally set at rest the suspicion, if any of the Indian Moslems joining Moslems from beyond the frontier in the event of an invasion\\u2026. Thus possessing full opportunity of development within the body politic of India, the north-western Moslems will prove the best defenders of bayonets. These statements indicate that the north-western Moslem state that he envisioned was to be part of an Indian Confederation. He failed to answer the question of how this plan could work without creating friction between Hindus and Moslems. Nevertheless, Iqbal ended up as a romantic utopian when it comes to the concept of Muslim nationalism and ideas according to Hussain Ahmed Madani with whom Iqbal had a series of conflicts. Although he was a traditional Alim, for a Muslim nationalist, he had sound and bona-fide arguments. Iqbal gives emotional reasoning and took the isolated words of Quam, Ummat and Millat from Quran and had his own insignificant explanations for them. In a statement the Madani said, \\\"Nations are made by territory.\\\" Although Iqbal was seriously ill at the time, however, he decided to give a detailed refutation to this statement. He wrote some very forceful, verses castigating Madanis contentions and pointed out that to say that nationalism is not contrary to Islam is highly sacrilegious, and the gravity of this in increases manifold when it is committed from the pulpit of a mosque. He charged Madani of being completely ignorant of the mission of the Holy Prophet. These sentiments he expressed in a poem in Gift from Hijaz, and told the Madani that he should search for light in the life of Holy Prophet and if he could not do that, he was ignorance personified. On the other hand, Madani advocated that Islam includes the values that lie behind the morality of principle, feasible, and ethical issues. It was the way not just for personal spiritual revolution, but also for the supervision of the community in its domestic as well as political facets. It gave light on all provisions of life, and it provided every kind of directives. At present, we ought to study that Islam comprises values controlling personal and mutual collective life. Other regional similarities nationalism was shared with nonMuslims as well. Moreover, in refuting Iqbal's accusations he stated that: \\\"Millat means sharia or deen or tariqa (law or faith or system) weather it is true or false and Qaum means a group of men or men and women, weather pious or impious or different, with a condition that they have something in common within themselves.\\u2026the prophets illustrated in the Quran while addressing to their people belonged to the same qawm as did their infidel addressees. \\\"And O my people! How is it that I call you to salvation while you call me to the Fire! (40:41) and many more verses like 40:29, 30 and 39, 36:20\\u201321 and 26\\u201328.\\\" Iqbal advocated that nationhood is death of Islam. Muslims comprise an ummah, and an ummah cannot be restricted to any territorial boundary. According to Iqbal, notion like sovereignty of the state, and sanctimonious character of the boundaries drawn around it are completely alien to Islamic faith. The collective existence of the Islamic community is not based on family ties, and ethnic connections. The unity among Muslims is rooted in religion. If Muslims want to solidify their ranks, their only option is to strengthen the bonds of religion. If they fail to abide by religion, the millat would be fragmented, and once this happens that would be its swan song. On the contrary, Madani upheld that a nation is a geographical idea while ummah is a religious or sacred notion. Muslims are an ummah and are, in that logic, an international society. However, Madani stated, one must not be confused between the idea of nation and the idea of ummah. The previous is a political group while the later is a religious group. Therefore, it is appealing to observe that Madani who was also the president of the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind, declined to uphold the two nation theory. He in his place assisted the Composite nationhood and had written a book called Composite Nationalism and Islam. It is significant to observe that Madani also mentioned, the covenant which the Prophet (PBUH) drafted with people of Madina belonging to assorted religions and tribes (it is called the Mithaq-I-Madinah). Madani called it the forerunner of the current idea of nation. The Prophet drafted the covenant among diverse religions (Jews, Muslims and pagans) and different tribes (Jewish, Muslim and Pagan) and explained this compound society as ummah wahidah i.e. one community. Consequently, the Prophet (PBUH) went beyond the limitations of religion to comprise a geographical community. The situation in Madina was pluralistic there was no single community.... So, the Holy Prophet drew up this covenant with leaders of different religions... And it has very close parallel to the Indian situation..... when the Holy Prophet could accept plurality and give full freedom to the followers of all religions including tribal religion where there was no question of book...., they were also given freedom to practice their religion. Misaqe Madina can become our guide if we are prepared to reread the text. And there even the concept of Umma was very different. It was not Muslim community but it was Madinese community, all were included Jews were included; tribals were included and Muslims were included. The concept of Umma in Madina was very different from its later meaning which confined only to Muslim later on. But as far as the Holy Prophet was concerned, he did not confine it to the Muslims alone. This provided evidence to set down the establishment of the foremost political society in Madina, in which diverse ethnic groups, religions, and other cliques were equivalent associates in every element, including been permitted liberty to adhere to their own religion. It can be noticed that the Prophet set down an agreement ordaining reciprocally settled conditions more willingly than founding theological territory. All the religious and tribal groups were allowed to retain full autonomy. in respect of their customs and traditions. In the event of any dispute the case had to be settled in keeping with these customs and traditions. ... The foundational principles of this document are autonomy to various constituent groups, freedom of professing and practicing ones religion, customs and traditions and equal rights in matters common to all the constituents. Secondly, the document clearly emphasizes democratic form of governance, which should be based on consensus and agreement and not on coercion and compulsion. Here it would also be important to note that the Prophet, in matters of political governance, has refrained from invoking theological authority. While it is a fact that Muslim universalism, which has at all times been customary as an essential part of the religious dogma, has hardly ever been carried out in the essence like Iqbal believed. Muslims throughout the world do not constitute a political community. It was possible only in early period of caliphate\\u2014during what is called the period of Rashidun Caliphate when Muslims could move from one part of the Caliphate to another part. There were no restrictions. But when many Muslim rulers emerged on the scene restrictions began to appear. And now in the modern nation-states no Muslim can go and settle in any other Muslim territory unless permitted to do so according to the rules..... Even Saudi Arabia, which claims that the Quran is its constitution, does not allow Muslims from other parts of world to settle in its nationally defined territory. Even for the purpose of Haj one has to obtain visa.... Thus in modern times the concept of ummah can only be spiritual and religious and not political. Since the establishment of caliphate provided the Muslim world only a representative unity, the Muslim realm was always divided into self-governing autonomous states. Moreover, even now we observe both nationalism and secularism in numerous Muslim states. Turkey, for example, is equally secular and a nationalistic country. Same is the case for Malaysia. Even Indonesia, the largest Muslim country in the world at moment, is a secular country. And these are only the few Muslim countries who have accomplished progress. No specific Muslim country is Iqbal's ideal: it is rather the ideal realm of Islam or the ideal of existence emanating from the spirit of Islam with which Iqbal's thought is imbued. In idolizing Islam, Iqbal was often carried away and contrasts it with Christianity\\u2014not the ideal world of Christianity but the actual one as Iqbal saw it exist in Europe. ....His views on Muslims as a nation were not fully understood at the time since he rejected territorial nationalism yet demanded a separate territorial homeland for Muslims. Yet although Iqbal is concerned with polity and society and propounds ideal solutions, he did not concern himself with details: he offered no specific scheme pertaining to the socioeconomic structure and the political system he would like established. Maulana Madani persuasively reasoned in the support of multiple nationalisms by substantially citing from the Quran. The Maulana's chief line of reasoning was that Qaumiyat was a territorial idea, and was not a religious one. It is millat which has religious implication. Moreover, Maulana Madani contended through assorted historical paradigms to explain that collective nationality is not hostile to the teachings of Islam. He stated that when an individual can execute numerous characters simultaneously as a father, a son, a son-in-law, a teacher, a student, a ruler, then why he is not capable of uniting dissimilar identities and purposes as a resident of a state, a Muslim, a speaker of a particular language, and the rest? In short, the Muslims of India can live as Indian nationals with other nonMuslim populations and pursue their personal religion, individual law, converse their language and so on. The idea that Islam is an inflexible religion is further than my understanding. To the point that I can comprehend its laws, it[Islam] can live collectively with non-Muslims in one country; it can be peaceful with them; it can make agreement with them, and in business-related dealings, alliance, occupancy, the exchange of gifts, loans, trusts, etc. He [Muslim] can intermingle with them, partake in affairs of happiness and sorrow, and eat with them...A Muslim can go in and settle in the nonbeliever's lands of non-belief and the \\u2018abodes of war.\\u2019 ...There are innumerable laws and principles governing social structure in Islam that discloses its thoughtfulness for and open-mindedness for others and that are not found in other religions... This is the meaning of [Islam's] flexibility (lachack). But this flexibility does not mean subjection, or an eagerness to make untrue and prohibited deeds matters of satisfactory practice. Most of all it inspired hatred among the Indian Muslims for their Hindu compatriots, who could be in fact the object of proselytizing. Hence, this approach was another critical hindrance in the propagation of Islam. He further proposed that other varied measures might be taken on to defend Muslim's Political rights, and they could remain liberated to create interactions with other sections of the Islamic world, be it Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Central Asia, Africa, Europe or America. Madani wrote all this as contradictory to the two- nation theory. Indeed, as stated by him the actual essence of the Quran was to support congruent coexistence in a multi-cultural, multi-racial and multi-religious world. The Quran states: \\\"For every one of you we appointed a law, and a way. And if Allah had pleased, He would have made you a single people, but that He might try you in what He gave you. So vie one with another in virtuous deeds.\\\"[Quran 5:48] Indian Muslims were fellow-nationals with other communities and groups in India, though separate from them in religion. At present, he said, nations are made by homelands, as for instance England, where members of different faiths make up one nation. Diversities of religion make no difference to the formation of a qawm, because they are essential to a millat. However, at the same time as a millat, the Muslims of India were not a divided individual, for they were the element of the worldwide society of Muslims, and it was improper for one part of this worldwide society to identify itself in defensive terms to the segregation of Muslims and aims to depart. Indeed, Madani dynamically argues and gives his factual rationales in the opposition of Muslim League's manifestoes. The Jamiyyat al Ulama-i-Hind regarded the Muslim league's \\u2018hostage\\u2018 theory that is the minority on both sides of the border, not only as political none sense but also as contrary to the Muslim Holy Law. Furthermore, the hatred of Muslims which, in the nineteen-forties was already being generated by the demand for partition, together with the stirring up of feelings of contempt and fear towards Hindus, would render the peaceful spread of Islam by the Ulama impossible. Madani believed that the large increase in the Muslim population of India since the end of Muslim rule \\u2013 he put it at 400 per cent \\u2013 was attributable to this peaceful missionary activity. Madani asserted that as the Muslims of India were a separate religious entity between the religious communities that existed in the subcontinent, they were component of the same \\u2018nation\\u2018 (qaum) as their Hindu fellow citizens. A nation was not comprised by ties of faith; such ties were the origin of a milla, which represents a religion, a religious law, and a faith-based path and the community of those who pursue it. Therefore, it is clear that Iqbal was fundamentally a poet and as far as his ideas for nationalism are concerned, they were based on sentiments and were not rationally grounded. With this debate between Madani and Iqbal, the deficiencies of two-nation theory and its inconsistency with Islam were lucidly evident. Moreover, it is obvious that Madani has a more logical and valid arguments than Iqbal's sentimental poetic ideology. So, Islam does not in any way encourage political unity on the basis of religion and it has never existed in entire Islamic history. Political unity broke immediately after the death of the Holy Prophet. So there is no question that 1400 years after his death, there will be political unity. There was political unity only in his lifetime. But after his death, Muslims differs from each other politically and different political power centers came into existence. So, modern nationalism which is territorial in concept does not conflict with the basic teachings of Islam as long as we separate religious unity from political unity. Iqbal's idea of a Muslim state was, as a matter of fact, to create a place for Muslims to experiment and revitalize the deadwood that Islam had become into throughout the centuries, and to rediscover its active and swaying qualities. However, in 1930 it was again Iqbal who realistically wanted mutual harmony and co-operation within Indian nationalism. It seemed that his rational attitude at times guided him, but his overall poetic idealist nature overwhelmed his rationality. The unity of an Indian nation, therefore, must be sought, not in the negation but in the mutual harmony and co-operation of the many..... And it is on the discovery of Indian unity in this direction that the fate of India as well as Asia really depends. India is Asia in miniature....If an effective principle of cooperation is discovered in India, it will bring peace and mutual good will to this ancient land which has suffered so long, more because of her situation in historic space than because of any inherent incapacity of her people. And it will at the same time solve the entire political problem of Asia. It is, however, painful to observe that our attempts to discover such a principle of internal harmony have so far failed. Why have they failed? Perhaps we suspect each other's intentions and inwardly aim at dominating each other. Perhaps in the higher interests of mutual co-operation we cannot afford to part with the monopolies which circumstances have placed in our hands and conceal our egoism under the cloak of nationalism, outwardly as narrow minded as a caste or a tribe. Perhaps, we are unwilling to recognize that each group has a right to free development according to its own cultural traditions. But whatever may be the causes of our failure, I still feel hopeful. Events seem to be tending in the direction of some sort of internal harmony. And as far as I have been able to read the Muslim mind, I have no hesitation in declaring that if the principle that the Indian Muslim is entitled to full and free development on the lines of his own culture and tradition in his own Indian home-lands is recognized as the basis of a permanent communal settlement, he will be ready to stake his all for the freedom of India.... It is quite obvious that Iqbal had a deep desire of Indian nationalism for Indian Muslims. How could he be charged for the immense hatred among Muslims and Hindus for forever, or the inclination for the bloody division of India? All he wanted the Muslims to be united for their own benefit. India is a continent of human groups belonging to different races, speaking different languages and professing different religions. Their behavior is not at all determined by a common race-consciousness. Even the Hindus do not form a homogenous group. The principle of European democracy cannot be applied to India without recognizing the fact of communal groups. The Muslim demand for the creation of a Muslim India within India is, therefore, perfectly justified. I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sind and Baluchistan amalgamated in to a single State. Self-government within the British Empire or without the British Empire, the formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim State appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of North-West India. Therefore, in his speech, he mentioned the continuance of segregate electorates and the formation of a centralized constitution to fulfill Muslim wants. Iqbal was in support of the formation of different states within India according to their similarity of race, religion and culture. Hence, he clearly said \\u2015Muslim India within India, instead of dividing India. Indeed, a federation, not an independent Muslim state. On account of his historic Allahabad speech, Iqbal was regarded as the architect of the state of Pakistan, a term formulated three years afterwards. This understanding was only in some measure genuine. He was quiet for the destiny of the Muslims of East Bengal, who were actually more numerous than the north-western Muslims. Whether this was a failure to notice an intentional omission, it was not evident. Perhaps Iqbal might have had the insight that Bengalis were from the beginning more advanced and enlightened than the rest of the Indian Muslims. Moreover, they were entirely different in their language and culture from the other Indian Muslims. This perception proved accurate in 1971, when Bangladesh came into being. Moreover, Iqbal is also known responsible for generating skeptic thinking, through his poetry towards everything which comes from West. He thinks that the rise of nationalism in the Muslim world is a conspiracy planned by the Western powers. The purpose of the whole design is to weaken Islam as a dynamic force in the political and social life of mankind. One of the grave outcomes of this stress on the political aspect of Muslim deterioration is that it perceived only unfairness, plots, and sufferings, but not the weakness in the Muslim psyche which did not stand up to the demands of modernity. The Quranic verse, \\\"Verily, along with every hardship is relief. Verily, along with every hardship is relief.\\\"[Quran 94:5\\u20136] in which God assures that \\u2018adversity\\u2018 is escorted by \\u2018ease\\u2018, or \\u2018release\\u2018, have been misconstrued by a number of interpreters of Quranic texts to indicate that release will arrive subsequent to adversity. However, the verse under consideration in fact converses of ease together with adversity, which indicates that unfavorable situations could themselves have fresh opportunities. Therefore, Muslims are suffering the adverse state of affairs consequent upon colonial rule and Western ascendancy. Muslims have not availed the opportunities brought by adversity. For example, in existing times, the emphasis rests on assurance of freedom of thought and protections from religious persecution, which together with contemporary measures of communication, have exposed the latest possibilities for the propagation of Islam. The political activists and Ulama have although acquired the benefits of modern technologies but live on as though in denial of the challenges of the modern era. In a world that is indebted to freedom of faith and expression, the concept of departing from the planned course of blind following has been constantly objectionable to the Ulama, since this carries the potent thought that it could be legitimate to analytically study the intellectual works of their forebears. Propagation of Islam. Iqbal strongly believed that Islam is the religion of peace and its spread was occurred through peaceful measures. Politically, the solidarity of Islam would break up if Muslim nations were to be at war with each other, and religiously this solidarity would vanish if Muslims rise against the main values of Islam. He regarded all the wars of the Prophet as defensive actions. Iqbal affirmed: It has been said that Islam is a religion which implies a state of war. Now, there can be no denying that war is an expression of the energy of a nation; a nation which cannot fight cannot hold its own in the strain and stress of selective competition, which constitutes an indispensable condition of all human progress: Defensive war is certainly permitted by the Quran; but the doctrine of aggressive war against unbelievers is wholly unauthorized by the Holy book of Islam. Here are the words of the Quran:\\u2015Summon them to the way of thy Lord with wisdom and kindly warning; dispute them in the kindest manner. Say to those who have been given the book and to the ignorant: \\u201cDo you accept Islam\\u2018? Then, if they accept Islam they are guided aright: but if they turn away then thy duty is only preaching; and God's eye is on His servants.\\u201d He further gave examples from Prophet's life in confirmation of his. argument. ...All the wars undertaken during the life-time of the Prophet were defensive. His war against the Roman Empire in 628A.D. began by a fatal breach of international law on the part of the Government at Constantinople who killed the innocent Arab envoy sent to their court. Even in defensive wars he forbids wanton cruelty to the vanquished...... Moreover, Iqbal justly maintained that Islamic history demonstrated that the growth of Islam is under no circumstances linked to the victories of its wars..... The history of Islam tells us that the expansion of Islam as a religion is in no way related to the political power of its followers. The greatest spiritual conquests of Islam were made during the days of our political decrepitude. When the rude barbarians of Mangolia drowned in blood the civilization of Baghdad in 1258 A.D., when the Muslim power fell in Spain and the followers of Islam were mercilessly killed or driven out of Cordova by Ferdinand in 1236, Islam had just secured a footing in Sumatra and was about to work the peaceful conversion of the Malay Archipelago. Iqbal further argued through Thomas Walker Arnold's point that Islam attained its luminous conquests when the political degradation arouse in Islamic history. Two of them, according to Arnold, were the Seljuk Turks in eleventh and the Mongols in thirteenth century: .....in each case the conquerors have accepted the religion of the conquered. \\u201cWe undoubtedly find, says the same learned scholar elsewhere, \\u2015that Islam gained its greatest and most lasting missionary triumphs in times and places in which its political power has been weakest, as in South India and Eastern Bengal. Thus, political pre-eminence is not necessary for the propagation and progression of Islam. Role in politics. By 1935, Iqbal was convinced that the All-India Muslim League was the only political party among the Muslims, which could galvanize the national potential to safeguard the interests of the Muslim masses. At its Bombay Session in 1936, the All-India Muslim League authorized Jinnah to organize a Central Parliamentary Board to work for the forthcoming elections under the Government of India Act 1935. Jinnah approached Fazl-i-Hussain to help him in forming the Punjab Parliamentary Board on behalf of the Muslim League, but the latter refused to co-operate in this matter. Jinnah then turned to Iqbal, who readily agreed to give every possible help in the formation of the Punjab Parliamentary Board. The Punjab Muslim League under the leadership of Iqbal made every possible effort to mobilize men and material for the coming election. Towards the close of Iqbal's life, the picture of Muslim politics was encouraging. He worked ceaselessly, with supreme honesty and sincerity, to bring unity of purpose and ideals among the Muslims. In 1937, he fell seriously ill and died in April 1938, but the later political currents in the sub-continent showed that his endeavors were not wasted. Leadership in Iqbal's ideal state would arise as a result of an effort to replicate the qualities of the Prophet, whose leadership in all spheres of community life provides an eternal guide to the Muslims. Magnanimity, prudence, piety, courage to fight for righteous cause, forgiveness in a moment of triumph, fear of God and love of people are some of the characteristics which form the most suitable equipment for a Muslim leader. Loyalty to the Sharia and services to the people are the criteria to judge the competence of a leader. According to Iqbal leadership is not monopolistic in nature. Monopoly of power by an individual or a group in contrary to the Canon law. Indian Sub-Continent's Politics (1905\\u20131926). The evolution of Iqbal's thoughts on nationalism with particular reference to the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent, has been noticed earlier in detail. To begin with, he was a fervent nationalist, but even at the height of his nationalistic fervor, he was a Muslim first and a nationalist afterwards. His primary concern was the fate of the Muslim community in India. It was their interest, prestige and welfare which constantly kept his mind occupied. Both as an observer and a participant in practical politics, he kept the interests of his people in the forefront. Although, it was during his later years that Iqbal became involved with practical politics, even early in his life he did not hesitate to participate in movements which were meant to safeguard the political rights of the Muslim community. After his return from England, Iqbal was mostly busy with his professional affairs, but he was fully aware of the political climate around him. An organization by the name of Muslim League was in existence in Punjab, even before the creation of the All-India Muslim League in 1906. Later the Punjab Muslim League was affiliated with the All-India Muslim League. Mian Shah Din, who later on became the Chief Judge of the Punjab Chief Court, was the President of the Provincial Muslim League and Mian Muhammad Shafi (later Sir Mohammad Shah) acted as the Secretary of this body. During this period, Iqbal was closely associated with the work of this organization, and used to participate in its deliberations. It is to be kept in mind that from 1910 to 1923 Iqbal's participation in politics was not active. His primary concentration was on poetic and philosophic works. He wrote stirring poetry which created political and religious awakening among the Muslims. It does not mean that Iqbal was a religious fanatic. His primary objective was to secure peace and freedom for all communities. This is meant to show that in spite of his specific views on Indian politics, Iqbal was ever desirous of promoting friendship and understanding among the various political parties. It is meant to answer those critics who, in view of Iqbal's advocacy of a separate Islamic state, accuse him of religious fanaticism. Nehru Report and Simon Commission. Although in the beginning Iqbal desired non-participation in the party politics of the country, from 1926 onwards he swiftly developed a close association with various Muslim political parties in which he held important offices. The political movements were extremely animated and Iqbal was conscious of the fact that contemporary political activity was crucial for the future political status of all communities. Nehru Report was the issue of the day. Muslim leaders held different opinions regarding this report. They were divided into three groups. The first group led by Maulana Azad and Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari advocated the acceptance of the report in totality. The second group headed by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Raja of Mahmudabad and the third group consisted of Sir Mohammad Shafi and his followers who wanted to reject the Nehru Report completely. Iqbal belonged to the third group. It was on the question of the Nehru Report that the dissenting group of the Muslim League left the organization and under the leadership of Sir Mohammad Shah formed a parallel League called the \\\"Shah League\\\". In regard to the Nehru Report Iqbal entirely sided with Sir Mohammad Shah. He became the Secretary of the Shafi League. While the Congress and the Muslim League were wrangling about the Nehru Report, the British Government sent the Simon Commission to make an on-the-spot enquiry about the future constitutional advancement of the country. The Simon Commission was boycotted both by the Congress and the Muslim League. But the Shah wing of the Muslim League had decided to co-operate with the Simon Commission. To prepare the draft of the representation, the Shah League had constituted a committee and Iqbal was one of its members. While the committee was busy drafting the representation, Iqbal was suddenly taken ill and went to Delhi for treatment. The Committee prepared the draft in his absence, and on return, Iqbal found that some vital points had been omitted from the final draft.  Because of this, he was most annoyed and resigned from the secretary ship of the Shah League. The effect of this resignation was that the representation was reshaped in the light of Iqbal's suggestions. As a matter of principle Iqbal believed that in politics, debates and discussions were better than sticks and brickbats. In his opinion, the Muslims were not to hesitate to explain their position before the commission, and along with Sir Mohammad Shah, he played a significant role in putting before the commission the Muslim point of view. He also wrote a small poem in praise of the Simon Commission, in which he pointed out that the work of the Commission might open new vistas of hope and happiness. The Muslim leadership had not been divided so badly as during the-late twenties of this century. The Muslim League Jinnah wing which had decided to co-operate with the Congress and accepted the Nehru Report was thoroughly disappointed when, at the final meeting of the All-Parties Conference, its three minor amendments were rejected. It was at this juncture that the Muslim Conference came into existence with which Iqbal associated very closely. Muslim Conference. The Muslim Conference emerged from a reaction which was felt among certain Muslim leaders against the conciliatory attitude of the AIML towards the Nehru Report. The moving spirit behind it was Fazl-i-Hussain, who was, at that time at the peak of his political career. Mohammad Shah also worked effectively behind the scene in its deliberations. These leaders had support from all those elements of Muslim population who thought that the Nehru Report should be rejected in totality by the Muslims. On the 28th August, 1928, the Second Session of the All-Parties Conference was convened under the Chairmanship of Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari. It was in this meeting that the Nehru Report was given its final shape. Mohammad Ali Jauhar and Jinnah had gone abroad, Shaukat Ali was present, but his protestations were completely ignored. Iqbal's association with the Muslim Conference was close and long. At first, he was the member of its Executive Council, and after that he presided at its annual session held at Lahore on the let March 1932. In his Presidential Address, he explained many complex issues of Indian politics with perspicacity and eloquence. He again voiced his apprehensions about the political philosophy of the Hindu community, which was patently western in origin and substance and thus, in his opinion, entirely unsuited to the conditions prevailing in the country. There was a climate of confusion. A reconciliation and synthesis of the two attitudes was an urgent need. Not only did Iqbal provide the keystone on which the ideological arch of Pakistan hinges, the one side of which consists of ulemas and the other of completely westernized people with a secular outlook, but he was also in favor of a new culture. As a provincial legislator, he also kept a keen eye on the interests of his own community. He was conscious of the fact that the Muslims were not getting their due share in the administrative and educational life of the country. The Hindus had established many educational institutions and most of the educational funds were consumed by them. He often brought this disparity to the notice of the government. In practical politics Iqbal's conduct was equally inspired by this spirit. He had an advantage over the professional politicians because he could bring forth the cool reflection of a philosopher to bear upon the complexities of public life. Round Table Conferences. The most significant political events of the early thirties were the three Round Table Conferences, convened by the British Government in London to resolve some of the basic political and constitutional problems. In 1927, The Central Assembly in Delhi had passed a resolution suggesting that a Round Table Conference be convened in which representatives of the British Government and Indian people could participate in a face to face discussion and iron out the differences about the future constitution of India. The British Government at that time completely ignored this resolution. The Labor Party in England had always been favorably disposed towards the freedom movement of India. It came to power in 1929 and wanted to show some gesture of sympathy to the Indian aspirations. So, it decided to convene a Round Table Conference in London, where British and Indian representatives could meet to find solutions to the main problems. The Viceroy had mentioned that the Indian representatives of various communities would be nominated by the Government, but maximum efforts would be made to provide representation to all major political parties. The Indian National Congress resented the Viceroy's suggestion and decided to boycott the conference. The Government, however, went ahead with its programme. At the Conference, the Muslim leaders emphasized their demands about the future constitution of India, they also referred to the type of relationship that would be maintained between Great Britain and India, and they also mentioned the gravity of the situation in the light of fast deteriorating communal conditions. At the primary session of the Round Table Conference, which began in London on November 12, 1930. Iqbal participated in the second and the third sessions of the Conference. The representation was through Government nomination. Gandhi strove hard for the nomination of Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari but failed to achieve this object. Fazl-i-Hussain again played a decisive role in the selection of the Muslim delegation. All the four new members were from the Muslim Conference, so that there was no danger to the unity of the Muslim view-point. The Agha Khan led the delegation. Iqbal was among the four new members. The Conference had two committees, the one on \\u2018Federalism\\u2019 and the other on \\u2018Minorities\\u2019. Iqbal was selected as a member of the \\u2018Minorities Committee\\u2019. In the Committee-meetings, he explained to Gandhi all the possible implications of the minority question and worked tirelessly to evolve some kind of compromise with the majority community but all efforts ended in failure. After negotiating for a week behind the scene with minorities, Gandhi reported failure and suggested that the communal problem should be referred to the judicial tribunal after the constitution had been drafted. All the minorities jointly protested against this move, saying that the Hindus by indefinitely postponing the question of minorities, wanted to grab power themselves. Seeing that the various communities had failed, to find a solution to the \\u2018minority problem\\u2019 in August, 1932, the-Prime Minister of England announced his famous \\\"Communal Award\\\". It did not give the Muslims all that they had demanded, for instance they were given majority seats in Punjab but not in Bengal, but the \\\"Award\\\" did maintain that the communal electorates should continue. On 24 August 1932, Iqbal issued a comprehensive statement on the Communal Award. He made many statement and made critical investigation of all aspects of the Award from the Muslim point of view, and through statistics and common sense, he tried to prove that the Muslims of the sub-continent were in no way gainers in this decision of the Government. But at the same time he felt that the Award, though inadequate from the point of view of the Muslims, was much better than the claims of the Congress, which was bent upon wiping out the very existence of the Muslim community as a separate political entity. The Congress working committee, in its resolution, neither accepted nor rejected the Award. On 19 June 1934, Iqbal issued a statement, condemning the Congress for such a nebulous stand on such a vital issue, and at the same time he advised the Muslims to hold fast to the Award with all its imperfections. The Third Session of the Round Table Conference was convened in November, 1932. Iqbal was again nominated by the Government as a member of the Muslim delegation. He was nominated as a member of the Educational Committee of the Anglo-Indian community in the Conference, but it appears that he did not attend any meeting of this committee in most of the meetings of the conference his role was more or less of an observer. This time Iqbal took an opportunity to acquaint the political circles of Britain with his scheme, which he had formulated in the Allahabad Address. The preceding discussion clarifies Iqbal's point of view on the communal problem to a considerable extent. He detested the establishment of a secular democracy of the western pattern, because it would reduce the Muslim community to a position of permanent minority, where its survival would depend upon the sweet will of the majority community. He opposed territorial nationalism because it would mean the disappearance of the Muslims as a historical and cultural entity in the land they had ruled with such distinction, for several centuries. Moreover, it would damage the religious and political ideology of the Muslims, which was their distinguishing feature. He wanted an honorable solution of the problem, which could assure the Muslims a respectable status in the political and constitutional system of the subcontinent, wherein they could live in the light of their religious and cultural requirements. The need for a separate Muslim State was rooted in the political speculations of Iqbal, which he conveyed in his writings, all his life. He was dedicated to the cause of the Sharia and believed that Islam could play a vital role in the world of today. The Islamic social system, in his opinion, had some very effective principles which could guarantee peace and order for humanity. The Islamic socio-economic system provided enough scope to remove poverty of the Indian Muslims, and the laws of Islam still had enough potency to control the unrighteous and anti-social acts of man. The new state that he visualized would be a sort of pioneer project to demonstrate the basic utility of the Islamic ideology, and would afford an opportunity for the Muslims to develop through Ijtihad, an Islamic system which would be in consonance with the needs of modern times. \", \"title\": \"Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy\", \"qa_pairs\": \"[{'S': 'When he came back from Europe, he had already given up pan-Indian nationalism and adopted the cult of Pan-Islamism: from now onward started believing in one Muslim Ummah.', 'Q': 'What belief did Iqbal adopt after returning from Europe?', 'A': 'Pan-Islamism.'}, {'S': 'Zafar Ishaq Ansari writes that Iqbal observed that how \\u201cnationalism had destroyed the idea of universal brotherhood; how it had created barriers between man and man and between nation and nation; how it had sown seeds of international discords.', 'Q': 'What did Iqbal criticize about nationalism?', 'A': 'Its divisive influence and the barriers it created between people and nations.'}, {'S': 'For Iqbal religion was a unifying and central factor to politics and society of ummah.', 'Q': 'According to Iqbal, what was the unifying factor for the ummah?', 'A': 'Religion.'}, {'S': 'Iqbal appreciates communism for its stand on the equality, principle, labor rights and exploitative economic order of capitalism, but, in the words of Parveen Feroz, it is the \\u2018Godlessness\\u2019 of the communist doctrine which infuriated Iqbal.', 'Q': 'What does Iqbal appreciate about communism?', 'A': 'Stand on equality, labor rights, and exploitative economic order of capitalism.'}, {'S': \\\"How Iqbal views western democracy? Waheed Ishrat has deducted Iqbal's criticism of democracy from his poetry as following: The Western democratic system is the same old European Caesarism or imperialism. The Western democracies only protect the interest of capitalists. He was against the philosophy of one's man one's vote. He believed that majority of the common people cannot be equal to wise man. He was in favor of wise man decision. The democratic institutions such as election, membership, council, and president ship etc. are the rotten eggs of the new civilization.\\\", 'Q': \\\"What is Iqbal's view on western democracy?\\\", 'A': \\\"Iqbal criticizes western democracy, referring to it as the same old European Caesarism or imperialism. He believes that it only protects the interests of capitalists and opposes the philosophy of 'one man, one vote'. He favors decisions made by wise individuals.\\\"}, {'S': 'Similarly, some factors also weaken it like fear, beggary, and slavery. ', 'Q': 'What factors weaken Khudi according to Iqbal?', 'A': 'According to Iqbal, fear, beggary, and slavery weaken Khudi.'}, {'S': 'His assumptions of Tawhid (Oneness of God and the prophet hood of Muhammad), Khudi (ego), Mumin (The Perfect Man), Millat (The Community, individual and community relationship), and Ijtihad (parliament spiritual democracy) are pivotal to his political philosophy.', 'Q': \\\"What are the pivotal concepts in Iqbal's political philosophy?\\\", 'A': \\\"The pivotal concepts in Iqbal's political philosophy are Tawhid (Oneness of God and prophet hood of Muhammad), Khudi (ego), Mumin (The Perfect Man), Millat (The Community, individual and community relationship), and Ijtihad (parliament spiritual democracy).\\\"}, {'S': 'The concept of momin in Iqbal is also based on the Quran, which is a major inspirational source for his views. ', 'Q': \\\"What is Iqbal's concept of a momin based on?\\\", 'A': 'The Quran'}, {'S': \\\"Iqbal's millat is a universal community of Believers, transcending all barriers of caste, color, race, nationality, and territory.\\\", 'Q': 'How does Iqbal define the concept of millat?', 'A': 'A universal community of Believers transcending barriers of caste, color, race, nationality, and territory'}, {'S': 'He advocates like an individual the community must live a life of constant struggle and ceaseless endeavour.', 'Q': 'What does he advocate for the community?', 'A': 'The community must live a life of constant struggle and ceaseless endeavour.'}, {'S': 'Moreover, political authority is completely a worldly accomplishment that could be regard as worldly benefit, and the complete focus on it will result in lessening the worth of religious values.', 'Q': 'What is the consequence of complete focus on political authority?', 'A': 'Lessening the worth of religious values.'}, {'S': 'The second group headed by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Raja of Mahmudabad and the third group consisted of Sir Mohammad Shafi and his followers who wanted to reject the Nehru Report completely.', 'Q': 'Who were the leaders of the second and third groups in the Muslim League?', 'A': 'Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Raja of Mahmudabad led the second group, while Sir Mohammad Shafi and his followers led the third group.'}]\", \"output\": \"none\"}\n{\"input\": \" Africa. Uganda. Under President Idi Amin, many Ugandan people were killed, including minority groups. Many others were tortured. South Africa. Incidents of police brutality skyrocketed by 312% from 2011 to 2012 compared to 2001 to 2002, with only 1 in 100 cases leading to a conviction. There were also 720 deaths in police custody due to police action from 2011 to 2012.In 2015, as a result of police officers being accused of crimes such as rape, torture, and murder, the cost of civil liabilities claims were so great that there was concern the costs would strain the South African Police Service national budget. The police commissioner at the time, Riah Phiyega, blamed the large number of claims \\\"on a highly litigious climate\\\".Police brutality has spread throughout Soweto. Nathaniel Julius was killed in Soweto by police officers from the El Dorado police station. He was a 16 year old boy with Down Syndrome, and was shot because he didn't respond to the police officer calling him. This action was not warranted because Nathaniel didn't have any weapons on him and he was just walking from the store after buying biscuits. Two police officers were arrested over Julius' death on murder charges, after mass protests against this in the area. South African police are commonly accused of excessive force, with ten deaths attributed to police the same year (2020). Ethiopia. Egypt. Police brutality was a major contribution to the 2011 Egyptian revolution and Khaled Said's death, though little has changed since. One of the \\\"demands\\\" around which people decided to take to the streets in Egypt was \\\"purging the Ministry of Interior\\\" for its brutality and torture practices. After six months of reporting gang rape, a woman in Egypt is still seeking justice not only for herself, but also those who were witnesses in her favor and are jailed, tortured in pretrial custody. The lack of investigation into the Fairmont Hotel rape case of 2014 has also put the Egyptian authorities under condemnation. Reportedly, the prime witnesses of the case have been subjected to drug testing, virginity tests and publicly defamed, while their families suffer trauma. Asia. Bangladesh. On February 21, 1952, in Dhaka, then part of East Pakistan, students from the University of Dhaka and Dhaka Medical College organized a demonstration to protest the decision to establish Urdu as the only state language. Despite the enforcement of Section 144, which banned public gatherings, the students assembled peacefully. However, police were ordered to disperse the crowd. This led to the use of tear gas and eventually live ammunition against the unarmed students. Several students, including Abdul Jabbar, Rafiq Uddin Ahmed, Abul Barkat, and Abdus Salam, were killed in the crackdown.In May 2017, a man named Shamim Reja was killed by police in the Sonargaon police station. The victim's father claimed that his son was tortured in the police station as the police wanted Bangladeshi Taka (BDT) 600,000. Police investigated and the officer-in-charge Arup Torofar, SI Paltu Ghush, and ASP Uttam Prashad were found guilty as charged.In Shahbag, Bangladesh on 26 January 2017, hundreds of protesters against the Bangladesh India Friendship Power Company were taken into custody with extreme force by police officers. The protesters were struck by police officers and had a water cannon, tear gas, and baton charges used on them. China. Politically motivated riots and protests have occurred historically in China, notably with the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. Associations such as Falun Gong have objected against the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and which are dispersed by riot police. Chinese protesters have been able to systematize powerful group mobilizations with the use of social media and informal mass communication like Twitter and its Chinese counterparts Weibo.In Xintang, Canton Province (Guangzhou), protests over allegations of corruption and abuse of power abound in the country \\u2013 they are the principal cause of discontent in the CCP the then-CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping. The Xintang region, Canton Province (Guangzhou), is an influential textile hub, attracting thousands of workers from all over the country, and what lit the fuse was a complaint of mistreatment against a pregnant migrant worker. Protests on 20 February used a website to urge participants not to shout more anti-government slogans, but to go outside for a quiet walk in the places where they had been deciding to continue the protest. After a brutal police response, the authorities installed corrugated metal fences outside the restaurant and the home of dissident and Nobel Peace Prize winner Liu Xiaobo. Hundreds of uniformed and plainclothes security officers and volunteers with red armbands, pre-emptively positioned in Wangfujing. This presence interrupted the orderly operation of the shops. Hong Kong SAR. During the 2014 Hong Kong protests, there were numerous instances of police brutality. Seven police officers were caught on video kicking and beating a prominent political activist who was already handcuffed. There had also been more than hundreds of incidents of police beating passers-by with batons. Pictures on local TV and social media show demonstrators being dragged behind police lines, circled by police officers so that onlookers' views were blocked, and in some cases, re-emerging with visible injuries. An officer-involved, retired police officer Frankly Chu King-wai was sentenced to three months in prison for causing serious bodily harm.During the 2019\\u201320 Hong Kong protests which gained extensive international coverage, complaints of police brutality increased substantially and broke previous records of complaints.Cases that have caused outrage include the police's mauling and intentional head-shooting of protesters by rubber bullets and rapid tear-gassing of a surrounded crowd. Numerous were critically wounded. Many Hong Kong citizens accuse the police of attempting to murder protesters to deter the people from exercising their freedom of expression.. Amnesty International released a report on 21 June 2019 denouncing the role of the Hong Kong police in the 12 June protest that ended up in bloodshed.Several street conflicts continued in Hong Kong throughout July 2019. Instances of police striking journalists with batons to obstruct their live reporting have been filmed.On the night of 31 August 2019, more than 200 riot police officers entered the Prince Edward MTR station and attacked suspects in a train compartment on the Tsuen Wan line with batons and pepper spray. Many suspects sustained head injuries. Until November 2019, several alleged cases of sexual violence, \\\"disappearings\\\", and falling deaths were found to have been directly involved with Hong Kong police brutality, and massive attacks on campus and streets have been also occurring with the concurrent deterioration of the city. Iran. In 1979, authorities stormed the US embassy in Tehran and held many of the workers hostage.. The 2009 Iranian Presidential election protests over the victory of Mahmoud Ahmeninejad, the police and paramilitary forces used excessive force against protestors, injuring and killing many. Many detentions, injuries and deaths of protestors, including children, were also reported on the 2019-2020 protests.In April 2018, a video showed a female member of Iran's morality police slapping a woman and wrestling her to the ground, for allegedly not complying with Iran's mandatory headscarf. The police's actions were widely condemned, including by Iran's vice-president for women's affairs, Masoumeh Ebtekar. Iran's interior ministry ordered an inquiry.On September 13, 2022, Mahsa Amini, a Kurdish woman was detained by authorities. She was announced dead on September 16, 2022, allegedly due to cardiac arrest. However, it was likely due to injuries acquired due to the brutality she encountered. This incident sparked massive protests, and women burning the mandatory headscarf. The head of Tehran's morality police was later suspended. Iraq. Saddam Hussein used to use the police to arrest any one who opposed him. Israel. India. During India's independence struggle, protestors and activists were subject to Lathi charges and shootings. One such incident is recalled as the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, where a crowd gathered to protest the Rowlatt act were indiscriminately fired at, on the orders of a British Officer, General Dyer with 200 casualties.During the emergency of 1975-1977, several cases of Police Brutality were recorded, including the Rajan case on 31 March 1976.. On 23 January 2017, a pro-jallikattu silent protest in Tamil Nadu turned violent. The National Human Rights Commission consolidated reports that the police used violent methods without prior warning, including beatings and damaging private property, to disperse protesters in Chennai. There were widespread social media reports of police setting vehicles on fire. On 15 December 2019 police authorities baton-charged students who were protesting against the controversial Citizenship Amendment Act at University Library of Jamia Milia University, New Delhi. The Lathi Charge is very well known in India for excessive use of force done by police during mass protests or riots. Indonesia. Islamic extremists in Indonesia have been targeted by police as terrorists in the country. In many cases, they are either captured or killed. There are cases of police corruption involving hidden bank accounts and retaliation against journalists investigating these claims; one example occurred in June 2012 when Indonesian magazine Tempo had journalist activists beaten by police. Separately, on 31 August 2013 police officers in Central Sulawesi province fired into a crowd of people protesting the death of a local man in police custody; five people were killed and 34 injured. The police's history of violence goes back to the military-backed Suharto regime (1967\\u20131998) when Suharto seized power during an alleged coup and instituted an anti-Communist purge.Criminal investigations into human rights violations by the police are rare, punishments are light, and Indonesia has no independent national body to deal effectively with public complaints. Amnesty International has called on Indonesia to review police tactics during arrests and public order policing to ensure that they meet international standards. Malaysia. During the Bersih protests, Malaysian police attacked protesters and killed one. Malaysian police also cane prisoners for several offences, including theft, drug dealing and molestation. Philippines. The discussions of police brutality in the Philippines were revived on 21 December 2020 when a civilian police officer Jonel Nuezca shot his two unarmed neighbors following an argument over an improvised noise maker known locally as boga set up by the victim a day earlier. The incident sparked nationwide outrage and most news organizations linked the incident to the war on drugs. Prior to the incident, Philippine president Rodrigo Duterte had made remarks on ordering the police to shoot-to-kill but Duterte \\\"denied\\\" it to \\\"shoot\\\" on civilians. Singapore. In Singapore, people cannot protest. Police have also caned people for vandalism and other offences. United Arab Emirates. The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) member states have seen many cases of brutality, with some even involving senior figures. For example, Issa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, a United Arab Emirates (UAE) sheikh, was involved in the torture of many business associates. He often recorded some of the abuse. Issa was eventually arrested but a court found him not guilty and released him. Amnesty International reported that a UAE worker was subjected to a wide array of torture methods during his time in jail, including beatings and sleep deprivation. UAE prisoners are also treated poorly and tortured. Saudi Arabia. Authorities in Saudi Arabia have also been filmed lashing civilians for different reasons.Jamal Khashoggi was a Saudi-American activist and his death inside a Saudi Embassy drew widespread criticism. In October 2018, he went into the Embassy in Turkey. On that same day, a group of Saudi authorities entered the country and intercepted him at the Embassy and killed him soon after. They disposed of his body and then returned to Saudi Arabia. Bahrain. In Bahrain, police and military personnel manhandled and shot dead many Arab Spring protesters. Pakistan. Pakistan's law enforcement is divided into multiple tiers, including forces under provincial and federal government control. The law strictly prohibits any physical abuse of suspected or convicted criminals; however, due to deficiencies during the training process, there have been reported instances of suspected police brutality. Reported cases are often investigated by police authorities as well as civil courts leading to mixed outcomes.. A recent case includes the purported extra judicial killing of a man named Naqeebullah by an ex-officer named \\\"Rao Anwar\\\". Taking notice of the matter, the Supreme Court issued arrest and detention warrants in the case to arrest the accused.In October 2019, the People National Alliance organised a rally to free Kashmir from Pakistani rule. As a result of the police trying to stop the rally, 100 people were injured. Thailand. In 1976, Thai police, military personnel and others, were seen shooting at protesters at Thammasat University. Many were killed and many survivors were abused. Turkey. Turkey has a history of police brutality, including the use of torture particularly between 1977 and 2002. Police brutality featured excessive use of tear gas (including targeting protesters with tear gas canisters), pepper spray, and water cannons. Physical violence against protesters has been observed, for example, in the suppression of Kurdish protests and May Day demonstrations. The 2013 protests in Turkey were in response to the brutal police suppression of an environmentalist sit-in protesting the removal of Taksim Gezi Park.. In 2012 several officials received prison sentences for their role in the death in custody of the political activist Engin \\u00c7eber.. The European Court of Human Rights has noted the failure of the Turkish investigating authorities to carry out effective investigations into allegations of ill-treatment by law enforcement personnel during demonstrations.In 2021, the General Directorate of Security issued a circular banning all audio-visual recordings of law enforcement officers at protests. Turkmenistan. Europe. Austria. In Vienna, there is an association made between Vienna's drug problem and the city's African migrants, which have led to African migrants being racially profiled.There have been several highly publicized incidents in Austria where police have either tortured, publicly humiliated, or violently beaten people\\u2014in some cases, to the point of death. While the most notorious of these incidents occurred in the late 1990s, incidents as recent as 2019 are being investigated by the Vienna Police Department for Special Investigations.. 24 April 1996: Nicola Jevremovi\\u0107, a Serbian Romani man, tried to pay a friend's parking fine and was harassed by police. He escaped and a group of 25 to 40 police officers entered his home without a warrant. The police officers violently beat him and his wife, Violetta Jevremovi\\u0107, in front of their children and then arrested the couple. The couple were made to wait outside for half an hour in front of their neighbours, allegedly to humiliate them. Nicola Jevremovi\\u0107 was initially fined for a misdemeanor and found guilty in 1997 of \\\"resisting arrest\\\". Violetta Jevremovi\\u0107 was found guilty of \\\"suspicion of resisting arrest\\\".. November 1998: Dr. C, a black Austrian citizen, was stopped by police after reversing his car into a one-way street and asked, \\\"Why are you driving the wrong way, nigger?\\\". He was beaten unconscious and handcuffed. Police continued beating him after he regained consciousness. After he was arrested, he spent 11 days recovering in the hospital.. May 1999: Marcus Omofuma, a Nigerian asylum-seeker, was being deported from Vienna when the officers taped him to his chair \\\"like a mummy\\\" and stuck tape over his mouth. He suffocated whilst in police custody.. 1 January 2015: A 47-year-old woman was beaten and taken into custody after refusing to take a breathalyzer test while walking home on New Year's Eve. She suffered a fractured coccyx, and severe bruising to her head and knees. She filed a complaint and received no response. The case was re-examined by the prosecutor only after she found CCTV footage.. 28 July 2015: A 27-year-old man, suspected of being a pickpocket, was handcuffed and violently thrown to the ground while in police custody. Police said that the man had been injured while \\\"pressing his head against the wall\\\". Video evidence showed him being passive and compliant before the altercation.There has been a notable lack of commitment to addressing the violation of civilians' rights in Austria, with Amnesty International reporting that in 1998\\u20131999 very few people who violated human rights were brought to justice. This was worsened by the fact that many people who made a complaint against police were brought up on counter-charges such as resisting arrest, defamation, and assault.From 2014 to 2015, 250 accusations of police misconduct were made against officers in Vienna with none being charged, though 1,329 people were charged with \\\"civil disorder\\\" in a similar time period. The Council of Europe's Committee for the Prevention of Torture (CPT)'s 2014 report included several complaints of police using excessive force with detainees and psychiatric patients. The culture of excusing police officers for their misconduct has continued into the present day, and any complaints of mistreatment are often met with inadequate investigations and judicial proceedings.Austria has legislation that criminalizes hate speech against anyone's race, religion, nationality, or ethnicity. Laws like this discourage discrimination, help with altering public perceptions of different ethnic and cultural groups, and subsequently reduce the number of racially motivated incidents of police brutality. Austria has several NGOs that are trying to implement broad programs that encourage positive cross-cultural relations and more targeted programs such as racial sensitivity training for police. The Austrian police are formulating their policies to prevent police brutality and to make prosecuting police misconduct fairer. In January 2016, Austrian police forces started a trial of wearing body cameras to document civilian\\u2014police interactions.However, it appears that incidents of police brutality are still occurring. Amnesty International suggested that more work needs to be done by the government to reduce negative stereotypes that lead to prejudice, racial profiling, hatred, and police brutality. One suggestion was to disband the Bereitschaftspolizei, Vienna's riot police, as they have frequently been involved with human rights violations and situations of police brutality. Amnesty International also proposed that the Austrian government adopt a National Action Plan against Racism, something which they had previously refused to do. Such a plan was required by the 2001 Durban Declaration and Programme of Action. Belarus. In May 2021, authorities stopped Ryanair Flight 4978 in Belarusian airspace. A Belarusian journalist and activist, Roman Protasevich was taken off the plane and detained by authorities. Belgium. Belgian law enforcement changed to two police forces operating on a federal and local level in 2001 after a three-tier police system. While the two services remain independent, they integrate common training programs and recruitment. The change was prompted by a national parliamentary report into a series of pedophile murders which proved police negligence and severely diminished public confidence. Currently, approximately 33,000 local police and 900 civilians work across 196 regional police forces.The United Nations (UN) Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials (1990) are replicated in Belgian law through The Criminal Code and the Police Functions Act. These principles dictate that the use of force should be proportionate, appropriate, reported, and delivered on time; however, the UN Human Rights Committee reported complaints of ill-treatment against property and people by police escalated between 2005 and 2011, most commonly involving assault against persons no longer posing danger. Belgian judicial authorities were found to also have failed to notify national police watchdog, Committee P, of criminal convictions against police, which is both a direct breach of Belgian judicial procedure and a failure to comply with Article 40 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.An extreme instance in January 2010 led to the death of Jonathan Jacob in Mortsel. He was apprehended by local Mortsel police for behaving strangely under the influence of amphetamines. The footage depicted eight officers from Antwerp police's Special Intervention Unit restraining and beating Jacob after he had been injected with a sedative sparked public outrage. Jacob died from internal bleeding following the incident, but police claimed they did not make any mistakes and \\\"acted carefully, respecting the necessary precautions\\\".In 2013, the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) convicted Belgium of human rights violations in an appeal on the treatment of two brothers in custody who had been slapped by an officer. The Grand Chamber voiced its concern that \\\"a slap inflicted by a law-enforcement officer on an individual who is entirely under his control constitutes a serious attack on the individual's dignity\\\". The Belgian League of Human Rights (LDH) monitored police brutality through the Observatory of Police Violence (OBSPOL) after Belgium downplayed cases. OBSPOL was formed in 2013 and collects testimonies on its website, informs police brutality victims of their rights, and strongly advocating public policy being adapted in of favor victim protection.Several other instances of police violence can be noted in Belgium. In 2014, Mawda, a four-year-old child was killed in an encounter with a truck used to carry migrants across the border. A police officer shot on the moving car, despite knowing a child was in it. The case got widespread media attention, but the police officer only ended up with a 400\\u20ac fine and one year of suspended prison sentence.In 2018, Lamine Bangoura was killed in his own apartment by eight policemen because he had not paid rent. In the attempt to evict him out of his flat, the policemen used unwarranted brutality which resulted in Lamine's death.In 2019, Mehdi, 17-year-old Moroccan boy was run over by a police car on patrol. In 2020, Adil, a 19-year-old Moroccan boy was chased by a police car for not respecting the Coronavirus curfew. He was hit by a police car to stop him in his chase, which killed him on impact. Sources say it was on purpose, even though he was on a scooter. Both these cases had been filed as dismissed.In 2021, Ibrahima was arrested. He was filming a police control. The authorities however, said he was arrested for not respecting the curfew, which starts at 10pm, even though his arrest happened at 6pm. He died in police custody, in unknown circumstances. His death prompted a lot of reaction from the public, who organized a protest a few days after his killing. Croatia. The Constitution of Croatia prohibits torture, mistreatment, and cruel and degrading punishment under Article 17, and accords arrested and convicted persons humane treatment under Article 25 of the OHCHR. Croatia has a centralised police force under the command of the Ministry of the Interior with approximately 20,000 police officers.From 1991 to 1995, the Croatian police, in addition to their regular police tasks, were a militarised force charged with the role of defending the country while seceding from Yugoslavia. Military training taught police officers to use firearms before exhausting other procedures, which has affected the philosophy and behaviour of police officers in using excessive force. Developments were made to achieve democratic policing as a modern, professional force that is also accountable to the public. However, citizen complaints of violent police behaviour suggest that the militarization of the police force in the early 1990s continues to influence the level of force accepted as legitimate and reasonable by Croatian police officers.The European Court of Human Rights has found that Croatian police authorities have failed to fulfill their obligations, on numerous occasions, under Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms by failing to carry out effective investigations to protect its citizens and tourists from violent attacks. In 2009, the European Court of Human Rights condemned Croatian police authorities for ignoring requests to starting an investigation into perpetrators who violently attacked a Croatian citizen.The Croatian police have a history of discriminatory abuse and failing to recognise violence against the Romani minority living in Croatia. The European Commission against Racism and Intolerance noted that Croatian police abuse against minority groups including Romani were continually reported; police authorities are reluctant to take violence against Romani people seriously. Police investigations into black market selling in Croatia have been excessively violent towards Romani vendors, with reports of physical violence and abusive racism being directed at them. The Romani women's association, \\\"Better Future\\\", reported that police had beaten a pregnant Romani woman who attempted to evade arrest for black market selling in 2002.The Croatian police violence has been used to intimidate refugees travelling from Serbia into Croatia. This included segregating nationalities, with Syrian, Iraqi, and Afghani nationals gaining entry to Croatia as refugees more easily than other nationalities. An unaccompanied sixteen-year-old from Morocco recounted his experience trying to gain asylum in Croatia after lying about being a Syrian national: \\\"We had to get into a police car [...] They told us this is Slovenia, but then it was Serbia [...] One of my friends tried to run away, but the Croatian police caught [sic] him and beat him.\\\" Denmark. The Police of Denmark has a force of approximately 11,000 officers and they serve in the 12 police districts and the two Danish overseas territories. The Danish Independent Police Complaints Authority (Den Uafh\\u00e6ngige Politiklagemyndighed) (the Authority) handles the investigation of police misconduct allegations. Annual statistics released by the Authority revealed a reduction in the number of complaints against police from 2012 to 2015. In 2012, the Authority received 726 conduct complaints from across Denmark; in 2015, the number of complaints fell to 509, representing approximately 0.05 complaints per officer. A majority of complaints stem from general misconduct, such as traffic violations and unprofessional behaviour (e.g., swearing).However, the 2015 Annual Report identifies some instances where the Police of Denmark used excessive force. For example, the Authority investigated a complaint made about alleged violence against an arrested person in Christianshavn on 15 March 2016. Another investigation looked into the alleged use of force against a 16-year-old boy on 28 June 2016, which resulted in charges being laid against the two offending police officers from the Sydsj\\u00e6llands- and Lolland-Falster police department. Although examples of police brutality are not common, highly publicised incidents have been reported. In 2002, 21-year-old Jens Arne Orskov Mathiason died while in police custody on the way to prison. The incident raised concerns over the behaviour of the officers involved, the thoroughness of the subsequent investigation, and the willingness of the Director of Public Prosecutions to hold the officers accountable for their alleged failings. As a result, Amnesty International called for the establishment of new policies to investigate human rights violations and enforce compliance under the European Convention on Human Rights.. In January 2016, a man died in police custody after being arrested by seven Copenhagen Police officers.. In August 2009, police in Copenhagen were heavily criticised for their response to an attempt to remove Iraqi refugees who were living in a city church. Video allegedly showed the police using violence against the refugees and their supporters. Between 12,000 and 20,000 people subsequently protested against these actions.. In 2012, the Danish Court of Appeal concluded that the Danish Police had violated Article 3 (against abusive treatment and torture) and Articles 5, 10, and 11 (dealing with the right to liberty, the right to information about the accusation, and the freedom of peaceful assembly) of the European Convention of Human Rights for the 2009 mass arrest made during protests at the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen.To ensure that police are well-trained and to mitigate the risk of police brutality, police recruits undergo approximately three years of training; at the National Police College, recruits learn about police theory, the Road Traffic Act, criminal law, physical training, other legislation, first aid, radio communication, securing evidence, identifying drugs, preventing crime, management, human rights, and cultural sociology to name a few. After this training period, recruits are promoted to the position of a police constable. By comparison, US police academies provide an average of 19 weeks of classroom instruction. The prolonged training in Denmark was observed to increase the ability of police to effectively de-escalate conflicts and enact their duties professionally and responsibly.. To keep police officers accountable and to ensure that they perform their duties in compliance with Danish, European and international laws, the Independent Police Complaints Authority has the power to handle criminal investigations against police officers and determine complaints of police misconduct. This body is independent of both the police and prosecutors. For example, police \\\"[...] may use force only if necessary and justified and only by such means and to such extent as are reasonable relative to the interest which the police seek to protect. Any assessment of the justification of such force must also take into account whether the use of force involves any risk of bodily harm to third parties.\\\". Therefore, police in Denmark are held to high standards and will face consequences if they breach their obligations to encourage compliance. Victims of police misconduct are encouraged to lodge a report with the Authority. Estonia. The Estonian Police force was temporarily dissolved in 1940 when Estonia lost its independence to the Soviet Union after it was occupied, before the Police Act passed in 1990 dissolved the Soviet militsiya and re-established it. In 2010, the Public Order Police, Police Board, Central Criminal Police, Border Guard, Citizenship, and Migration Board merged into the Police and Border Guard Board. It is the largest state agency in Estonia with over 5000 people in employment. The main objectives for this organisation are to maintain security and public order, crime prevention, detection and investigation, securing the European Union (EU) border, citizenship and identity documentation administration.. The Estonian Ministry of Justice reports that crime figures dropped by 10% from 2013 to 2015. They instruct that those who find themselves detained by the police should comply with their instructions and those who experience a language barrier are allowed to \\\"request the presence of an interpreter and should not sign any documents or reports until they are confident that the document's contents are consistent with the details of the incident or the victim's statement\\\".Incidents of police abuse are very rare. Although uncommon, powers are sometimes abused which leads to police brutality, such as the 2007 Bronze Soldier riots. Bronze Night. The Bronze Night occurred from 26 to 29 April 2007, when riots broke out over the Bronze Soldier of Tallinn being relocated. The government wanted to relocate the statue and rebury the associated remains near the Tallinn Military Cemetery; the response was heavily negative among the country's Russophone population, but for Estonians historically the Bronze Soldier served as a symbol of Soviet occupation and repression. For Russian citizens, it represented Soviet Russia's victory over Germany in World War II and their claim to equal rights in Estonia.. One Russian rioter was killed and other protesters were arrested. Due to the overcrowded detention centres, many of the detainees were taken to cargo terminals in Tallinn's seaport. Then-chairman of the Constitution Party Andrei Zarenkov stated \\\"people were forced to squat for hours or lie on the concrete floor with their hands tied behind their backs. The police used plastic handcuffs which caused great pain. The police selectively beat the detainees including women and teenagers. We have pictures of a toilet which is stained with the blood of the injured\\\".The police department denied all claims made against them. On 22 May 2007, the Office of Prosecutor General of Estonia received more than fifty complaints on the police brutality that occurred during Bronze Night and opened seven criminal cases against them. In November 2007, the United Nations Committee against torture expressed concerns over the use of excessive force and brutality by law enforcement personnel in regards to Bronze Night. The Council of Europe published in its report that those detained were not granted all the fundamental safeguards, including the right to a doctor or a lawyer, and to inform a relative or a third party of their arrest. It was later discovered that the accused were only allowed outside contact and lawyer assistance when brought before a judge. Several detainees were denied access to a doctor while in police custody despite displaying visible injuries. France. The policing structure of the nineteenth century France has been linked to the outcomes of France's reorganisation during the French Revolution. There have been multiple instances of violent enforcement stemming from issues around racial and geographic differences throughout France's history. Additionally, the Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International reported human rights violations by France including physical and psychological abuse as a result of excessive force towards Muslims when undertaking house raids.France's police ombudsman is currently dealing with 48 judicial inquiries into police brutality against its citizens, in which 1,000 individuals have been arrested within three months. There have been several high-profile cases of alleged police brutality which have gained media attention, including the death of Lamine Dieng on 17 June 2007, who died after suffocating in a police van while he was constrained. The investigation of Lamine's death is ongoing. Grey areas around police accountability have come to light, including questions over how his body was covered in bruises and whether or not carotid restraint (which involves constricting the carotid arteries) was used against him. The European Court of Human Rights condemned France in 1998 for their apparent use of carotid constriction. This same method of restraint was seen to be used against Hakim Ajimi who died of positional asphyxia as a result of overwhelming pressure being placed on his chest and neck by police.. Recent protests over disputed labor laws have revealed the extreme nature of police brutality in France, as many videos have surfaced in the media depicting police using disproportionate force on protesters. French officials have forced these aggressive videos to be destroyed.A group known as the Stolen Lives Collective formed in response to the increased number of cases of police brutality in French communities. It represents families of those who have been affected by police brutality. The group strongly demands the government to act against police brutality and to reduce racism present across the police force in France.On 14 December 2018, Amnesty International reported police brutality during the yellow vests movement. France's yellow vests protests began against an increased fuel tax made by President Emmanuel Macron. Participation in the weekly protests diminished due to violence, particularly due to the loss of eyes and hands, and the development of neurological disorders caused by police blast balls. The protests eventually stopped due to the COVID-19 pandemic but continued again after health restrictions lifted.In June 2023, widespread protests began after the killing of Nahel Merzouk. Finland. Historically, police brutality was commonplace during the 1920s and 1930s following the Finnish Civil War. Some local sections of the secret police (Etsiv\\u00e4 Keskuspoliisi) routinely beat up arrested communists.In 2006, there were 7,700 police officers in Finland. That police force was seen to be more law-abiding than firemen; however, a few dozen cases each year involved police officers being convicted of crimes committed while on duty, 5 to 10 percent of the hundreds of similar crimes prosecuted annually. The number of these crimes were shown to increase annually. Police officers are most often suspected of traffic-related crimes (endangering road safety, vehicular collisions, etc.) which constitute approximately 50% of all cases. These types of cases were the most likely to be dismissed before proceeding to the prosecutor for consideration. The second-highest category (approximately 20%) involving police is the use of excessive force which, except for of some off-duty petty assaults (which includes a slap on the cheek), proceed to the prosecutor without fail.In 2006, a 51-year-old police constable lured a 16-year-old girl to his house by showing her his badge, where he got her drunk and raped her twice. The constable was fired and sentenced to a two-year suspended sentence. In 2007, an Iranian-born immigrant, Rasoul Pourak, was beaten in a cell at Pasila Police Station, Helsinki, inflicting bruises all over Pourak's body, an open wound over his eyebrow, and a fractured skull. Facial bones were also broken and he was left permanently damaged. One guard participating in the assault was sentenced to an 80-day suspended prison sentence. In 2010, two police officers assaulted a man in a wheelchair in connection with an arrest. The police twisted the man's hands and pushed him backward and broke a femur in the process. In 2013, two policemen were sentenced to 35 day-fines for assault and breach of duty in connection with stomping on a Romani man's head onto the asphalt three times. According to the police, he had resisted, contrary to eyewitness accounts. A third officer testified that the event was captured on surveillance video, which was stored but accidentally destroyed. The officer also stated that they had seen the footage and claimed that the video did not show any resistance on the part of the victim, but also that the assault happened out of the camera's view. Germany. Germany is sensitive towards its history in implementing policing practices, though this has not stopped international bodies from identifying a clear pattern of police ill-treatment of foreigners and members of ethnic minorities. Every year, around 2,000 complaints of police brutality are reported, though it is highly suspected that the actual number of cases is under-reported. As high-profile cases like the 2014 Cologne New Year's Eve incident become more prevalent, racist and xenophobic attitudes have been reflected in instances of police brutality. High profile cases of police brutality have been reported to occur as far back as the 1960s: 2 June 1967: Benno Ohnesorg was shot and killed by a policeman during a demonstration against the state visit of the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.. 28 May 1999: Sudanese national Aamir Ageeb died of asphyxia during his forced deportation from Frankfurt. Before departure, Ageeb was forcibly restrained by tape and rope. During take-off, police officers allegedly forced his head and upper body between his knees.. 8 December 2000: Josef Hoss was accused by his neighbour (a police officer) of harbouring firearms; he was ambushed, beaten, and handcuffed near his home. He woke up in the police station with a cloth bag over his head and sustained multiple injuries that prevented him from working or being able to financially support his family. No firearms were found during the investigation.. May 2002: Stephan Neisius was repeatedly kicked and hit by a group of police officers while he was handcuffed on the floor of a police station. He spent 13 days in hospital on life support before dying. Although the Cologne District Court convicted all six police officers of bodily harm resulting in death, none of the accused served prison sentences.. 2012: Teresa Z. called the police after a fight with her boyfriend got out of hand but was quickly arrested. She was punched by police officer Frank W. and received a broken nose and eye socket while in detention. Frank W. spent ten months in jail and was forced to pay a fine of 3,000 euros.As law enforcement is vested solely with the states of Germany, each state's police force (or \\\"Land\\\" police) follows a different system of law. Accordingly, there is an absence of a federal comprehensive register, compiling and publishing regular, uniform, and comprehensive figures on complaints about police ill-treatment. Even though Germany is bound to obligate its many international treaties and conventions, Amnesty International (2002) highlights the authorities failed to protect a range of human rights as guaranteed by international human rights law and standards.. A study conducted in 2019 on police brutality in Germany found that it led to complaints in only 9%, and trials in only 13% of the cases. The study was conducted by the Ruhr-University of Bochum and was the biggest study at the time to be conducted on police brutality in Germany. The study found that the low number of complaints was likely due to a low expectation of success. Furthermore, most German states do not require their police force to carry identification, making it difficult for victims to lodge complaints against individuals.. Watchdog organizations have also criticized the lack of independent institutions for investigations into police violence.Despite this objective lack of accountability for policing practice, public levels of trust in police remain among the highest in the EU only behind Scandinavian countries and Switzerland. This allows Germany to maintain one of the lowest levels of public order and safety spending in the EU, at 1.5 percent of gross domestic profit, compared to the EU average of 1.8 percent. As a result, Germany has a police force of only 300 officers per 100,000 of its population. Lower numbers exist in Scandinavian countries and the UK, suggesting that Germany is attempting to build the impression of having a more laissez-faire approach to policing, despite instances of police brutality. German police officers rarely use their guns; as of August 2017, 109 deaths by service weapons since 1998 were reported, and only 8 fatalities in the two years before the report. Greece. The Greek Police, known officially as the Hellenic Police, assumed their current structure in 1984 as a result of merging the Gendarmerie (Chorofylaki) and the Urban Police Forces (Astynomia Poleon). Composed of central and regional departments, the Hellenic Police have a relatively long history of police brutality. One of the first documented incidents dates back to 1976, where 16-year-old activist Sideris Isidoropoulos was killed by police while he put up campaign posters on a public building. In 1980, during a demonstration commemorating the Athens Polytechnic uprising, 20-year-old protester Stamatina Kanelopoulou and 24-year-old Iakovos Koumis were beaten to death by the Greek police. The protests still occur to this day for protesters to commemorate the 1973 uprising. The protests are still commonly affected by police brutality around the time of the event. On 17 November 1985 another protestor, 15-year-old Michalis Kaltezas, was murdered by the police during the demonstration commemorating the Polytechnic uprising.The level and severity of police brutality in Greece over the last few years have been profound. Due to the recent financial crisis, many austerity measures have been enforced, resulting in many individuals and families struggling to survive. Greek citizens opposed these austerity measures from the beginning and showed their disapproval with strikes and demonstrations. In response, police brutality has significantly increased, with consistent reports on the use of tear gas, severe injuries inflicted by the police force, and unjustified detention of protesters.In 2013 Greek police allegedly tortured four young men believed to be bank robbery suspects following their arrest. It was claimed that the men were hooked and severely beaten in detention. The media published photos of the men, all with severe bruising, though the police's press release showed digitally manipulated photos of the four without injuries. The Greek minister of citizen protection\\u2014Nikos Dendias\\u2014supported the police and claimed that they needed to use Photoshop to ensure the suspects were recognisable. In October 2012, 15 anti-fascist protesters were arrested in Athens when they clashed with supporters of the fascist party (and later deemed a criminal organization) \\\"Golden Dawn\\\". Victims claimed they were tortured while being held at the Attica General Police Directorate and stated that police officers slapped them, spat on them, burnt their arms with cigarette lighters, and kept them awake with flashlights and lasers. Dendias countered by accusing the British newspaper that published the details of these crimes of libel. It was proven by forensic examination that the torture had taken place. The two Greek journalists who commented on The Guardian report the next day were fired.Police brutality in Greece today predominantly manifests itself in the form of unjustified and extreme physical violence towards protesters and journalists. Amnesty International highlights that the continued targeting of journalists is concerning as it infringes on the right to freedom of expression. According to a recent Amnesty International report, there have been multiple instances in which police have used excessive brutal force, misused less-lethal weapons against protesters, attacked journalists, and subjected bystanders to ill-treatment, particularly over the course of the anniversary of the Athens Polytechnic uprising, which took place on 17 November 2014. Allegations against police have emerged specifically concerning their use of unprovoked brutal force towards journalists documenting the demonstration and against many students who partook in a peaceful protest. Police allegedly sprayed protesters with chemical irritants from close range \\u2013 in one instance a 17-year-old girl with asthma had been treated in the hospital after this attack and when she informed police of her condition they laughed.Video footage confirmed that on 13 November 2014, riot police began to strike students who attempted to run away from the grounds of Athens Polytechnic. Media reports suggest that around 40 protesters had to seek subsequent medical attention to injuries sustained from brutal police beatings. Amnesty International called for action to prosecute those who were behind the assaults, stating that within the Greek police there is a culture of \\\"abuse and impunity\\\" which remains as authorities have taken very little action to address the root of the problem.A German exchange student said he was beaten randomly by riot police in the Exarheia district, stating his only reason for being there was that he was eating with other students. The student gave a horrifying description of the violence he endured and cowered in a corner when he saw police because a few weeks before he had witnessed police beating a man they had arrested. He claimed that upon spotting him, about six police officers began assaulting him with their batons, and when they left they were replaced by another group of police. The student was unarmed and posed no threat but the police were ruthlessly brutal in their actions. It has been indicated that riot police left beaten and gravely injured individuals without any medical assistance. Amnesty International urges Greece to effectively and promptly investigate these crimes against civilians, which violate human rights, and hold perpetrators accountable.. May 2011: student Yannis Kafkas suffered an almost fatal head injury after a police officer hit him with a fire extinguisher. Kafkas spent 20 days in intensive care.. June 2011: Manolis Kipraios, journalist, was covering protests against austerity measures when a member of the riot police fired a stun grenade at him and caused him to suffer from permanent hearing loss.. February 2012: photojournalist Marios Lolos had to have surgery done after being beaten in the head by police at a protest. The day before this attack another journalist Rena Maniou was allegedly severely beaten by security forces. Dimitris Trimis, the head of The Greek Journalist Association (ESEA) broke his arm after he was violently pushed and kicked by police.There have been instances where protesters were used as human shields \\u2013 a photo of a female protester in handcuffs ahead of policeman as people threw rocks at the police has gained considerable media attention.None of the cases of police brutality above resulted in any prosecution of police force members. One case that sparked nationwide riots was the death of 15-year-old Alexis Grigoropoulos, who was shot dead by a police officer in December 2008 during demonstrations in Athens, sparkling large riots against police brutality. Unlike other cases, the police officer responsible was convicted of murder. Hungary. In 2008 when Hungary's two law enforcement bodies, the police (Rend\\u0151rs\\u00e9g) and the Border Guards merged when the nation signed the Schengen Agreement; Border Guards became police officers. The police force in Hungary consists of the National Bureau of Investigation and the Operational Police, who respectively deal with investigating severe crimes and riot suppression. A third police group, Terrorelh\\u00e1r\\u00edt\\u00e1si K\\u00f6zpont, which deals mainly with counter-terrorism nationwide, also exists. 44,923 employees make up the Rend\\u0151rs\\u00e9g force in Hungary. Brutality and corruption exist within Rend\\u0151rs\\u00e9g.The 1998 Human Rights Watch World Report revealed that the Roma minority in Hungary were continually discriminated against. It was evident in the police force, with reports of police mistreatment and brutality.. The 2006 protests in response to Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcs\\u00e1ny's speech where he said that the Socialist Party lied their way into office demonstrated the disproportionate measures police took particularly police brutality on non-violent civilians. Police threw gas grenades and used rubber bullets to shoot protesters. Protesters and non-violent civilians passing by were targeted, tackled, and injured by the police. Police broke the fingers of a handcuffed man and raided restaurants and bars to find radical demonstrators. Police brutality ranged from offensive language to physically attacking protesters. Reports show that brutality extended to bypassers, tourists, news reporters, and paramedics.. Hungarian Spectrum blogger Eva S. Bologh suggest that rather than acting reactively, Hungary should work to improve their police training programs and work to provide ongoing training and assessments to ensure that police officers in the Rend\\u0151rs\\u00e9g, are competent and fair in their ethical judgements when it comes to the proportionality of a crime or situation and the use of force. The requirements to become a police officer in Hungary are to graduate from high school, pass a matriculation exam, and complete two years in the police academy. Compared to other countries around the world, the two-year program is shorter than Denmark's (3-year program), and longer than Australia's (33-week program) and the United States' (18 weeks). The current two-year program is quite lengthy, however, time is not the issue. Most of what the Hungarian police academy teaches is academic theory and not much on practice. If practical work was given more attention in the Hungarian police academy, the number of police brutality incidents will likely decrease. Ireland. Northern Ireland (UK). Police brutality has been a long-standing issue in Northern Ireland due to unsavoury police procedures used during the Troubles to obtain admissions of guilt. The Troubles in Northern Ireland lasted from 1968 until 2007 and were essentially a civil war between those who wanted Northern Ireland to remain in the United Kingdom (unionists/loyalists, predominantly Protestants) and those who did not (Irish nationalists/republicans, predominantly Catholics). During this time as many as 50,000 people were physically maimed or injured, some by the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI, previously called Royal Ulster Constabulary). Instances of Northern Irish Police brutality were confirmed by the 1978 report from the European Court of Human Rights, which concluded that five interrogation techniques used by the police, which included wall standing, deprivation of food, drink or sleep, subjection to noise, and forcing detainees to remain in the same position for hours, were instances of cruel and degrading treatment. Such brutality was not recognized by domestic courts until 2010, where 113 people, some of them minors, came forward to have their complaints heard.. At present Northern Ireland still faces policing issues, though not to the extent during the Troubles. There are concerns about harassment by police against children aged 14\\u201318 in low socio-economic areas of Northern Ireland which have led to a deep level of mistrust between the youth and the police. Catholics in Northern Ireland find that they are treated differently by police due to the police force being largely Protestant. 48% of Catholics that were surveyed in Northern Ireland reported harassment by the police. Instances of harassment include police officials spitting on individuals or enforcing laws in a discriminatory fashion. The PSNI has moved away from police brutality given the focus on accountability for the past and the significant decrease in the use of the baton amongst police members (guns are rarely used); however, harassment continues to be a key issue for Northern Ireland. Republic of Ireland. The Republic of Ireland's police force is called the Garda S\\u00edoch\\u00e1na (Garda) and employs around 14,500 staff. Ireland's criminal laws allow \\\"reasonable force\\\" to be used by the police with regard to all the circumstances, which eludes to officers actions being proportionate in the circumstances. Excessive use of force is unlawful, though section 76(7) of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 allows the following considerations when deciding on what force is reasonable.. A person acting for a legitimate purpose may not be able to weigh up the exact necessary action at the time or may act instinctively but honestly \\u2013 in these instances, the use of force may be considered reasonable.This is acknowledged by the Garda, who state: \\\"Unfortunately, even in the most civilised democratic jurisdictions, tragedies resulting from police use of force will continue to devastate families and communities\\\".The use of force by Irish Police officers has been of international concern, when the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture reported on this issue in the Republic three times within a decade. Incidents that prompted this concern centred around the death of John Carty, a man suffering from mental illness who was shot and killed by police; the prosecution of seven Garda police members due to assaults on protesters in 2002 and in 2005; and a fifteen-year-old boy who died after spending time in Garda custody. Given this state of events, the Garda engaged independent Human Rights experts to conduct a review of the force who found numerous deficiencies. The government responded by implementing new procedures based on this report. These include a new complaints procedure available against the Garda (Ombudsman Commission), disciplinary procedures and whistle-blowing protections. Italy. The use of excessive violence by police officers has been a major concern in Italy since the 2000s. Beatings and violence are commonly used during demonstrations, and several murders have been carried out.. The following incidents caused concern in the country: On 11 July 2001, 23-year-old student Carlo Giuliani was killed by police officers when they opened fire on a group of protesters during the anti-globalization demonstration outside the July 2001 G8 summit. 25-year-old police officer Mario Placanica was considered to be responsible for Giuliani's death but was not charged. Placanica asserted that he was being used as a scapegoat to cover up for the responsible parties and that other officers caused Giuliani's death, shooting at Giuliani from a nearby location. Nobody was arrested for Giuliani's murder.. On 11 July 2003, Marcello Lonzi, aged 29, was beaten and tortured to death in his cell. Lonzi was arrested in the city of Livorno four months prior, as he was suspected of carrying out an attempted theft. Although his death was considered to be caused by \\\"a heart attack after a fall\\\", signs of torture were found on his body. Nobody was arrested for Lonzi's death.. On 25 September 2005 in Ferrara, at around 5 a.m., a woman called police claiming that she saw \\\"a strange man walking around\\\". The man, 18-year-old Federico Aldrovandi, who had spent the night in Bologna before returning to Ferrara, was stopped by four policemen. The four officers then began to beat and torture Aldrovandi, killing him at the scene. The officers were arrested and sentenced to three years and six months in prison.. On 27 October 2007 in Trieste, 34-year-old schizophrenic Riccardo Rasman was launching firecrackers to celebrate his recent employment as a waste collector. Police were called by a resident as he heard suspected shots (which were the firecrackers' noise). Four police officers stormed the house, beating Rasman. The man was hit with iron objects and gagged. The officer pressed their knee on his neck and back, causing Rasman to die of asphyxia. The four officers were sentenced to just six months of prison.. On 14 October 2007 in Pietralunga, 44-year-old carpenter Aldo Bianzino and his wife, Roberta Radici, were arrested for a handful of marijuana plants at their home. Bianzino stated that the plants were for personal use. When the couple arrived at a police station, they were separated. Two days later, an officer approached Radici in her cell and asked her if her husband has heart problems. Radici responded that Aldo never had health issues and was in good condition, and demanded to know why the officer had asked her the question. The officer responded that Aldo Bianzino had been brought to the hospital in serious condition. Three hours later, Radici was freed from her cell and inquired as to when she could see Aldo. The officer callously responded: \\\"after the autopsy.\\\" During Bianzino's autopsy, several signs of violence emerged, including broken ribs, damage to the liver and spleen, and several bruises. A policeman was sentenced in 2015 to a year in prison for lack of assistance. Roberta Radici died of cancer in 2008.. On 11 November 2007 near Arezzo, a group of five friends, including 27-year-old Gabriele Sandri, were in a car headed to a football match between Inter and S.S. Lazio. The five men, supporters of S.S. Lazio, were stopped by a car of Juventus supporters, and a fight erupted. Policeman Luigi Spaccarotella intervened and opened fire, killing Gabriele Sandri with a single gunshot wound to his neck. The policeman was sentenced to nine years and five months in prison. However, he was freed in 2017 with semi-liberty.. On 14 June 2008 in Varese, Giuseppe Uva was stopped along with his friend Alberto Bigigoggero by two police officers, who demanded to see the two men's documents. Uva refused, angrily kicking at the door of a nearby house. Other police officers arrived at the scene and arrested Uva and Bigigoggero. Uva died the next morning. Signs of violence were on Uva's body, and Bigigoggero confirmed that Uva had been tortured. Attorney general Massimo Gaballo asked for ten years of imprisonment for each of the eight officers involved in Uva's death. However, none of the officers were charged. Uva's sister insisted that her brother was murdered, receiving support from Luigi Manconi, who promised to fight for the truth.. On 15 October 2009 in Rome, 31-year-old Stefano Cucchi was stopped by five policemen after they had seen him selling transparent packaging to a man in exchange for money. Cucchi was arrested and brought to a police station, where officers found cocaine and hashish in his pocket, along with medicine for epilepsy, as Cucchi was affected by the disease. Cucchi was described by officers as \\\"a homeless foreigner\\\", but he was an Italian who resided regularly at a home in Rome. Cucchi was beaten before his trial, which led him to walk with fatigue and with evident punch-inflicted injuries to his eyes. A week later, his condition worsened, as he continued to be tortured in custody, resulting in several fractures and a stay in the hospital. Cucchi died at the hospital on 22 October. Stefano's sister Ilaria became an activist since her brother's death, bringing national attention to the case and continuing to fight for justice. In 2019, two officers, Alessio di Bernardo and Raffaele d'Alessandro were sentenced to twelve years in jail for manslaughter.. On 22 July 2020 in Piacenza, seven Carabinieri were arrested after being accused of drug trafficking, receiving stolen goods, extortion, illegal arrest, torture, grievous bodily harm, embezzlement, abuse of office, and fraud. The \\\"leader\\\" of the group, officer Montella, arrested and charged people with fake proof of crimes that the detainees never committed, placing in the pockets of the people in custody the drugs that he smuggled. A Moroccan man was illegally arrested by the seven officers; the man accused Montella of punching him several times while in custody and reported that the officer laughed during the torture. Montella later admitted that he carried out the torture after initially trying to accuse only his colleagues. However, many other cases of torture inside the police station and outside during arrests were reported, as in the case of a Nigerian man who was approached by Montella; a photo of the man was taken during the arrest, showing him covered with blood. Montella claimed that the man \\\"had a fall\\\" during the arrest; however, prosecutors did not believe Montella's version of the events. A Brazilian woman accused marshal Orlando, one of the charged officers, of being forced to have sex with him through blackmail and intimidation, as the marshal threatened to have her deported back to Brazil. The woman was also beaten at the police station by Orlando; she reported that the seven officers consumed cocaine inside the police station several times, and orgies with prostitutes happened there; Orlando was the one who brought the drugs inside the station. Several prostitutes were also beaten and threatened by the officers. The seven officers were sentenced between three and twelve years in prison.. On 1 July 2021, 52 prison guards were arrested and suspended on the charges of aggravated torture, aggravated ill-treatment and causing multiple injuries to a group of prisoners, who had demanded better Coronavirus protections, at the Santa Maria Capua Vetere prison in Caserta on 6 April 2020. A video footage emerged in which there were shocking scenes of prisoners being kicked, slapped and beaten with truncheons. This happened after a riot erupted in the prison as inmates demanded face masks and Covid-19 tests in reaction to an outbreak of the virus. The inmates were allegedly made to strip, kneel and be beaten by guards who wore helmets to conceal their identity. Latvia. Latvia became an independent republic in 1918 and attempted to develop an effective and accepted police force, moving away from the untrusted Russian Tsarist administration. Despite positive post-independence aims to reform the police system and to maintain public order and security, the Latvian police were underfunded and under-resourced. The National Militia was created in response, consisting of a group of volunteers to protect public order. Policing during this period was quite successful and was assimilated to what is today referred to as community policing.. From 1940 to 1991, Latvia was occupied by the Soviet Union, and all previous regulations and practices were overruled by the Communist regime, which brought in the Soviet militsiya. Due to Soviet ideals on policing that considered criminals to be the enemy, a high level of institutional secrecy existed and meant that there was no independent review of policing. More significantly, the approach of community policing was replaced with a militarised authority based on Marxist ideologies. During this time, an imbalance existed between police actions and citizens' rights. Despite the lack of statistics, it is clear that police brutality was a major issue, as ustrated by the case where the former nominal head of the militsiya (in practice - the secret police of the KGB of the Latvian SSR) Alfons Noviks was sentenced to life imprisonment in this time period for genocide against the Latvian people.In 1991, the independence of the state of Latvia was restored, which saw another change in the police system with the implementation of the Law on Police on 5 June. This restructured the police into State, Security, and Local Government levels. The Law on Police reiterated ethical requirements, where police officers were prohibited from performing or supporting acts relating to \\\"torture or other cruel, inhuman or demeaning treatment or punishment\\\". However, despite these reforms, issues regarding police brutality arose among the Russian population living in Latvia; in 1998, police forces were accused of dispersing a rally of predominately Russian pensioners through the use of excessive force and brutality. This hostility towards Russians remained in the following years, and despite lack of official statistics, police brutality continued to be an issue after Latvia's independence.. In 2005, the Latvian Center for Human Rights and Ethnic Studies (LCHRES) found some instances of brutality and \\\"severe abuse\\\" within police authorities, especially on persons in custody. Reports showed high levels of corruption within Latvian law enforcement authorities, with 42 members convicted of corruption offences between 2003 and 2004. For the Latvian community, this meant that should an incident of police brutality occur, they may not have an independent body to report to nor is it guaranteed to be handled impartially without corruption.. Reports from Latvian prisons illustrate cases where police batons were used to inflict serious harm to inmates, including causing broken ribs, which often were not medically assessed for up to two days. To address levels of police brutality, LCHRES conducted a study where it set up an anonymous hotline. During this four-day study, LCHRES received almost 300 calls and written complaints regarding police brutality and misconduct. This identifies fundamental flaws in the Latvian police authorities.. Since joining the European Union in 2004, the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture (CPT) has assessed the Latvian criminal justice system several times. While the CPT gives appropriate authorities recommendations for improvements such as a review board for ill-treatment, they found that in 2011, Latvian authorities did not enact any of their 2007 recommendations. Their 2011 report outlined some cases of police brutality within the prison system, with allegations such as punching, kicking and a few cases of misuse of police batons and excessively tight handcuffing. This was alleged to occur mostly while being apprehended or at the police station (including during questioning).. Despite the flaws within the Latvian Police system, CPT has found that the number of allegations for poor treatment is decreasing over the years. The Latvian Police force operates under the Professional Ethics and Conduct Code of the State Police Personnel, which states \\\"a police officer shall use force, special facilities or weapon only in the cases stipulated by due course of law and to attain a legal aim. The use of spontaneous or -intentioned force, special facilities or weapon shall not be justified\\\", recognising that the authorities are conscious of police brutality, and given more time, it is likely that the figures will continue to decrease. Luxembourg. The Luxembourg Police force has 1,603 officers and is known as the \\\"Grand Ducal Police\\\". The Grand Ducal Police is the primary law enforcement agency in Luxembourg and has been operating since 1 January 2000, when the Grand Ducal Gendarmerie (previous Luxembourg military) merged with the police force. Due to Luxembourg's relatively small population of approximately 500,000 people, the Grand Ducal Police are in charge of several duties that are often separated by jurisdictions such as Border Control and Internal Military operations.Police brutality is not perceived to be a serious threat to society in Luxembourg. The European Union's 2014 Anti-Corruption report placed Luxembourg, along with Denmark and Finland, as having the lowest incidents of reported police brutality within the European Union. Due to many positive characteristics of their society, such as freedom of media, the encouragement of public participation in the legal system, and transparency mechanisms, the public also have a deep trust in the Grand Ducal police force.. Laws in Luxembourg specifically distinguish between coercion and force in the 1973 Act on Regulating the Use of Force. This Act regulates the use of police weapons and specific technical means of physical force used by police. However, this Act does not cover other forms of physical coercion by police officers such as the use of handcuffs as these are seen as basic police measures that do not require specific legislation. The officer must be legitimately executing his duty and his actions and must be compatible under the principles of proportionality, subsidiarity, reasonability, and measure to use force. To ensure the Grand Ducal Police do not engage in police brutality, numerous safeguards and prevention methods are implemented. The police inspector (the term used for a common officer) must undergo legal and tactical training lasting an intensive 26 months followed by further training at an allocated police station. By way of comparison, the Victoria Police Academy only provides 33 weeks of tactical and legal training. The 2015 Human Rights Report on Government practices by the United States indicated no cases of police brutality in Luxembourg, suggesting that the Grand Ducal Police have effective mechanisms in place to investigate and punish potential abuse and corruption.. Although police brutality is almost nonexistent in Luxembourg, there are effective procedures in place for the investigation and punishment of any potential misconduct by the Grand Ducal Police. Malta. Malta's Police Force (MPF) is one of the oldest in Europe, with the Maltese government taking over the force in 1921 following the grant of self-governance. There are approximately 1,900 members in the Force.Under the Police Act of 1961, Part V deals with the use of force, where\\\"police officers may use such moderate and proportionate force as may be necessary [...]\\\" (Article 96); however, according to Article 100, \\\"It shall be considered as an offence against discipline if a police officer uses force for considerations extraneous to those permitted by law and the circumstances of the case\\\". As such, Malta recognizes the illegality of police brutality and can prosecute offending officials on these grounds.. Malta is expected to abide by the 2001 European Code of Ethics as a member of the European Union, where \\\"the police may use force only when strictly necessary and only to the extent required to obtain a legitimate objective.\\\"Similarly, the Council of Europe (of which Malta is a member) follows the five principles developed by the European Court of Human Rights, where definition 16 states that police officers \\\"may use reasonable force when lawfully exercising powers\\\".In 2008, Lawrence Gonzi (The Minister for Justice and Home Affairs) called upon Martin Scicluna, a former civil servant and currently an expert on security issues at the Prime Minister's Office, to conduct an independent inquiry into 24 March 2008 police brutality incident. The inquiry required the investigation of \\\"allegations of beatings carried out on detainees at Safi Detention Centre by members of the Detention Service on 24 March 2008 and to make any recommendations necessary in the light of [his] findings\\\". Following the results of the inquiry of Scicluna, made public by the Maltese Government, it was concluded that \\\"excessive force was used by Detention Service Personnel\\\".Scicluna made recommendations that \\\"appropriate [action] should be taken to reprimand the Detention Service officers involved in this operation and the relevant Senior NCOs for the acts of 25 excessive force used by some personnel in their charge\\\". Simultaneously, Home Affairs Minister Carm Mifsud Bonnici said \\\"95 percent of the members of the police force were doing their duties, but the remainder needed to be addressed\\\", which led to the establishment of the Internal Affairs Unit (IAU) to \\\"maintain and safeguard the integrity of the Malta Police Force through an internal system of investigation that is objective, fair, equitable, impartial and just\\\", where complaints or allegations on the use of force can be monitored and responded to.. Although Malta has attempted to tackle the police brutality through the implementation of independent systems such as the Internal Affairs Unit (IAU), the US Department of State 2010 report on Malta's human rights found that \\\"authorities detained irregular immigrants under harsh conditions for up to 18 months during the review of their protected status.\\\" In addition, the 2013 US Department of State report found that although there were no government reports on the use of brutality in detention centers, on 2 December 2013 media reported the sentencing of two former prison guards to five years in prison and another two guards to three months in prison after finding them guilty of beating an escaped prisoner in 2008, illustrating the gradual development of the IAU in limiting the use of police brutality.After the IAU was implemented, the Human Rights Committee has raised questions on the use of force by state officials with respect to the countering of detention center riots, where police were accused of punching and striking detainees. An inquiry was consequently conducted in 2011 and 2012 following riots, resulting in criminal proceedings against the law enforcement officials responsible. In addition, Giacomo Santini and Tina Acketoft (The Chairs of the Migration and Equality Committees of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe) expressed \\\"grave concern at an increasing number of incidents of state violence against migrants and refugees\\\". They called upon Maltese authorities to conduct a rapid investigation emphasising the need to forbid violence against migrants and refugees, whether by state parties or by individuals.The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, concerning the conditions of migrants in detention, recommended that the \\\"State party take appropriate measures to improve detention conditions and refrain from resorting to excessive use of force to counter riots by immigrants in detention centers, and also to avoid such riot\\\". List of alleged cases. Netherlands. The Netherlands is signatory to the European Convention on Human Rights detailing the limits and responsibilities of police powers, and as such demonstrates a public commitment to the restricted legal use of police powers. These powers include the use of reasonable force to enable the effective discharge of duties, with the stipulation force be used proportionately and only as a last resort.The police force of the Netherlands is divided into 25 regional forces and one central force. A Regional Police Board, made up of local mayors and the chief public prosecutor, heads each regional force, with a chief officer placed in charge of police operations. Police accountability procedures include mandatory reporting of any on-duty incident that requires the use of force. The Rijksrecherche is the national agency responsible for the investigation of serious breaches of police conduct resulting in death or injury. In 2007 the Rijksrecherche conducted 67 inquiries related to police officers, 21 of which were related to shootings.While Dutch society has a history of support for liberal values, it has been subject to practicing racial profiling and increased levels of police violence towards racial minorities. Van der Leun writes that suspicion and mistrust of some racial groups is evident and perpetuated by police attitudes at all levels of command. This trend in police behaviour has drawn comment from Amnesty International, where a 2015 report describes Dutch law enforcement officers as having a tendency to correlate suspicious criminal behaviour with specific ethnic characteristics, most notably those typical of persons of Moroccan heritage. Current political discourse in the Netherlands often supports the notion of inferiority of some cultures and is evidenced by the growth in support for far-right political ideologies in recent decades.A notable case in racial profiling and the use of police force occurred in June 2015 with the death of Aruban man Mitch Henriquez. Henriquez died of asphyxiation while in police custody after being suspected of carrying a firearm and being arrested at a music festival in The Hague. The first anniversary of his death in June 2019 provided a catalyst for protests against police brutality in The Hague, an area with a significant proportion of residents of non-European background. Eleven protesters were arrested for failing to comply with instructions from the Mayor to limit protest to certain areas of the city, which led some protesters to claim authorities were attempting to criminalize the right to peaceful protest. The five officers alleged to be involved in Hendriquez's death have been suspended but have yet to be charged. Poland. The Polish police (Policja) force aims to \\\"serve and protect the people, and to maintain public order and security\\\". Polish laws prohibit torture or degrading treatment and set out punishment for police officers including demotion and removal from the police force. History. A key factor influencing the levels of police brutality in Poland has been the move from a communist state to a democracy. Force was particularly used by the ZOMO squads, which were elite units of Citizens' Militia (MO) during the Polish People's Republic. As a result, the opposition branded ZOMO with the nickname \\\"Communist Gestapo\\\". It is argued that Poland's transition has resulted in a more transparent system, reducing levels of police brutality. Although police brutality exists within Poland cases are much more likely to be handled by the criminal justice system with a greater chance for resolution through the courts.While there are still instances of police brutality, trust in the police has steadily increased in Poland from 62% to 75% between 2002 and 2008, demonstrating the improvement in trust between the police and the general public.. Although there is a more open police force within Poland, many organizations still have issues against police brutality. The 2013 United States Department of State report on Poland raised several concerns of police brutality; The report cited a case of police officers using violence to acquire a confession for armed robbery in 2012, though it also noted that these police officers were eventually indicted for police brutality.In year 2020 Polish women started protesting against new restrictions in abortion law. In response Polish police started arresting, use of gas against protesters and even beating them on the streets. Government states that use of force was necessary, even though there was no reported example of aggression on the side of protesters. Issues with sports fans. In recent years one of the main sources of controversy concerning Polish police brutality has been the use of rubber bullets to disperse uncooperative crowds at sporting events.. In 1998, major riots occurred when a young basketball fan was killed by the police. In 2004, a man was killed and a woman injured in a riot when Polish police accidentally shot live ammunition instead of rubber bullets into the crowd after an association football game. Another set of riots occurred in 2015 in response to a pitch invasion during a football match. Although rubber bullets were used, one man was hit in the neck and later died at the hospital. A former police officer justified the use of weapons as a means to combat football hooliganism. Protesters have characterized the detainment of sports fans protesting against the government as unfair and undemocratic. Issues with Roma. The Polish police also have a history of police brutality within the Roma community. There are multiple cases of police beatings and other discriminatory acts against the Roma by the police. The European Roma Rights Centre argues that investigations into police brutality cases are seldom carried out and that the police brutality against the Roma minority is systematic.One particular case of police brutality against the Romani people occurred in 1998 when the police took four Roma men to a field and beat them. The men that were beaten were hospitalised for broken bones and other injuries; they were charged with vulgar words and behavior in public. Portugal. Portugal is ranked the fourth most heavily policed country in the world. The police force is divided into five main organisations, with the Pol\\u00edcia de Seguran\\u00e7a P\\u00fablica (PSP) having the most prominent urban presence. The PSP has a diverse range of duties and responsibilities, which include protecting the rights of citizens and ensuring democratic legality.. The use of weapons by Portuguese police is permitted only when: [...] absolutely necessary and when less dangerous means have proved ineffective, and provided that their use is proportionate to the circumstances.. This is restrictive on multiple counts; for example, police are not permitted to use their firearms when an offender is running away. Football hooliganism. Portuguese police have adopted an aggressive position in combating football hooliganism. Despite their means being considered disproportionate, the police view the heavy-handed nature of their tactics as a necessary and successful approach towards protecting the community and maintaining social order.. In 2015, a viral video showed a Benfica fan being heavily beaten in front of his two children outside a football stadium. The footage, filmed by a local television station, showed Jose Magalhaes leaving the football match early with his children and elderly father before being confronted by police officers. Although the family appeared calm, Magalhaes was tackled to the ground by police and repeatedly hit with a metal baton, while his father was punched in the face twice. More police rushed to the scene to shield the children aged nine and thirteen.. A statement released by the PSP acknowledged the controversial incident and announced that an investigation was launched against the officer responsible for initiating the attack. The officer was later suspended for 90 days by the Ministry of Internal Affairs.The statement also defended policing the large crowds in the aftermath of the football match. Riot police had clashed with supporters the following day in Lisbon as fans celebrated Benfica's title victory. The harsh approach was described as sufficient, justified, and necessary to prevent the social disorder from escalating.In a similar incident in 2016, another football club, Sporting Lisbon, complained about \\\"barbaric\\\" police assaults on their fans. Racism. There have been suggestions of institutionalised racism within the Portuguese police force, with activists claiming that discrimination is the deep-rooted cause of police brutality in Portugal. In its 2015/2016 annual report on Portugal, Amnesty International condemned the excessive force used by police against migrant and minority communities.Despite a good record in migrant integration, historical parallels can be drawn between Portugal's colonial past and modern police racism. According to activists, police have killed 14 young black men since 2001; however, no police officer has been held responsible for the deaths.Racially-influenced police actions are illustrated by the violence in Cova de Moura, a low socio-economic area housing a significant migrant population. Notably, during an incident in February 2015, a young man named Bruno Lopes was aggressively searched and physically abused. When bystanders protested the excessive force, police responded by firing shotguns loaded with rubber bullets at the witnesses.On the same day, two human rights workers and five youth entered the Alfragide police station requesting information on Lopes' situation. Upon arrival, the group was allegedly attacked by police officers shouting racist slurs. The policemen dragged and kept the young men in the police station, where they detained, mistreated, and mocked them for two days.17 police officers from the Alfragide police station were eventually sent to trial on a variety of charges, including physical aggression, torture, document forging, and aggravated kidnapping. {{Update}} As of October 2018, the trial is ongoing, with victims being heard in court.The European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) has raised concerns about police mistreatment of minorities in Portugal in all of its reports on the country. In its fifth country report of 2018, ECRI mentions the Alfragide case in connection to the failure of IGAI (Inspe\\u00e7\\u00e3o-Geral da Administra\\u00e7\\u00e3o Interna) or officers higher up in the chain of command to stop the abuses. IGAI is currently the body responsible for scrutinizing police activities in the country, but it is part of the Ministry of the Interior like the police forces. In its 2018 report, ECRI recommended that such work should be carried out by the country's Ombudsman, an equality body, or by a new and (entirely) independent body that can be created for that purpose.Portuguese people of Roma descent have also been victims of police harassment and brutality in the country. There are several examples publicized by the media: one case from 2007 involved a Roma man and his son. The two walked to the Nelas police station in Porto to get some information, but the police allegedly ended up abusing them. Two officers were convicted in 2011 for physically assaulting the father.An example of police brutality that occurred in 2012 is the night raid of a Roma campsite by the GNR (Guarda Nacional Republicana), in Cabanelas, Vila Verde. Some of the people living in the camp, including children and women, were reportedly attacked by GNR officers. Six Roma that were detained in the operation allege that they were later tortured and humiliated in the GNR station of Amares; the GNR denied the accusations, while SOS Racismo promised to file a complaint against the force. The last remnant of overt institutional racism, in Portugal, is article 81 of GNR's regulation law, which provides for an increased policing of nomadic people, who in general are known to be mostly Roma; the regulation's constitutionality was unsuccessfully challenged in the 1980s. Russia. Russian protests have gained media attention with the reelection of Vladimir Putin in 2012. More attention has been given to the frequency of police brutality shown on posted videos online. Then-president Dmitry Medvedev initiated reforms of the police force in an attempt to minimize the violence by firing the Moscow police chief and centralising police powers. Police divisions in Russia are often based on loyalty systems that favor bureaucratic power among political elites. Phone tapping and business raids are common practice in the country, and often fail to give due process to citizens. Proper investigations into police officials are still considered insufficient by Western standards.In 2012, Russia's top investigative agency investigated charges that four police officers had tortured detainees under custody. Human rights activists claim that Russian police use torture techniques to extract false confessions from detainees. Police regulations require officers to meet quotas for solving crimes, which encourages false arrests to meet their numbers. In 2022, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russian police were seen attacking protesters.In the early days, when Russia was part of the Soviet Union, the secret police and authorities used to detain people and send certain people to the gulags. Slovakia. Police brutality in Slovakia is systematic and widely documented, but is almost exclusively enacted on the Romani minority. The nation-state itself has particularly racist attitudes toward the Romani minority dating back to before the split of Czechoslovakia. It is widely known that the government practiced forced sterilisation of Romani women and the segregation of the Romani into walled-off settlements; these forms of discrimination have filtered down to the police force. Excessive use of force against the Romani minority by police has been publicly criticised by the United Nations. The police force has been repeatedly condemned by several organisations for lengthy pre-trial detention and its treatment of suspects in custody.In 2001, a 51-year-old Romani man died as a result of abuse in police custody at the hands of the Mayor of Magnezitovce and his son who works as a police officer. The victim, Karol Sendrei, was allegedly chained to a radiator and fatally beaten after being forcefully removed from his home. While the mayor's son was immediately removed from the police force and the mayor was suspended from his position, the latter was reinstated four months later. In response to this incident, the Minister for Internal Affairs attempted to establish new measures to prevent police brutality by including mandatory psychological testing for law enforcement and better training around the effective use of coercion. However, police brutality toward the Roma minority remains a serious issue.. Video footage shot by law enforcement officers in 2009 shows 6 Romani boys aged between 6-16 being forced to strip naked, kiss, and slap each other. It is alleged that the boys were then set upon by police dogs, with at least two sustaining serious injuries. Officers attempted to justify their behaviour because the boys were suspected of theft against an elderly citizen; however, cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment by police, regardless of whether a crime has been suspected or committed, is prohibited under international law. The 10 law enforcement officers involved have since been acquitted after the judge ruled the video inadmissible in court as it was obtained illegally. As the footage was the main piece of evidentiary support for the crime, without it a conviction could not be passed down.Human rights watchdog organisations have raised concerns around police selectivity in making recordings of raids after a raid in the settlement of Vrbica in 2015; the police claimed to have not thought the settlement would be problematic; this raid involved 15 men being seriously injured.It is often the experience of the Roma in regards to pressing charges for police brutality, a counter charge is often threatened by law enforcement in an attempt to pressure the alleged victim into dropping the charges. It is generally an effective move as the hostile attitude toward the Roma in Slovakia is so entrenched that lawyers are often reluctant to represent Romani victims. Slovenia. Minority groups in Slovenia, particularly the Roma and any residents from the former Yugoslav Republic face discrimination and sometimes brutality by Slovenian police. The Roma are major targets because of their being stereotyped as an inherently criminal population. They often live in illegal settlements in very low socio-economic conditions, which contributes to their discrimination and their reputation as criminals. They are one of the ethnic minorities from former Yugoslavic states known as \\\"the erased\\\" who, after Slovenia declared of independence in 1991, lost all legal status, social, civil, and political rights. This made them particularly vulnerable to police brutality. Their rights have not been fully restored yet. Due to their lack of rights and legal status, it is difficult to hold police officers accountable for offences committed against the Romani.. The police have been known to occasionally use excessive force against detainees in prisons, as well as foreigners and other minority groups, though no police officer has ever been arrested or charged. It is argued that authorities turn a blind eye to any allegations that arise because the victims are often from ethnic minorities, and there is a culture of racism within parts of the police force. When investigations are made, they are often ineffective.The worst case of police brutality was the November 2012 protests; political dissatisfaction spurred a series of protests in Maribor, Slovenia. For the most part, the protests were peaceful; the crowds chanted and behaved non-violently for about two hours on 26 November 2012 (also known as, \\\"the second Maribor uprising\\\"). However, the violence began when crowds moved towards an area with a heavy police presence. Police used excessive force to disperse the crowds, including tear gas, dragging and beating protesters, police dogs, and mounted police who indiscriminately charged into the crowd. Civilians, protesters, and journalists were all targeted. Authorities attempted to justify the use of force by claiming protesters were violent and the use of force was necessary and not excessive. Slovenian media sources reported that the protest only turned violent after the police started using physical force. This level of violence was unprecedented and entirely unexpected in Slovenia.Since 2003, Slovenian authorities have attempted to rectify this discrimination by introducing a two-day training programme on policing in a multi-ethnic community. The programme involved teaching the police about Roma culture and their language which helped to break down some of the stereotypes that caused tension. The Roma were made aware of their rights, and the police were educated about national and international standards regarding the treatment of minorities. It also helped to build trust between the Roma community and the police. Tensions still exist between the two groups, especially concerning police who have not participated in this programme; however, they have been greatly reduced. Spain. With the beginning and spread of several mass movements of protests in 1968, including various regions and cities of Spain united against Francisco Franco's regime, the Francoist dictatorship of Spain repressed the protests and strikes in the country using police brutality and state violence.In post-Francoist Spain (1975\\u2013present), two notable demonstrations were the ones that occurred in Barcelona on 27 May 2011, and in Madrid on 25 September 2012. Video footage published online showed the use of force by police against peaceful demonstrators on both occasions. Images show officers using handheld batons to repeatedly hit peaceful demonstrators (some of them in the face and neck), rubber bullets, pepper spray, and the injuries caused.Despite public outrage, the Spanish government did not make any attempt to reform policing and police mistreatment of the public; the opposite happened instead: in July 2016, new reforms to the law on Public Security and the Criminal Code were enforced which limited the right to freedom of assembly and gave police officers the broad discretion to fine people who show a \\\"lack of respect\\\" towards them. The Law on Public Security also includes an offence of spreading images of police officers in certain cases. The UN Human Rights Commission has expressed concern at the impact this legislation could have on human rights and police accountability. Fines for insulting a police officer can be up to \\u20ac600 and as much as \\u20ac30,000 for spreading damaging photos of police officers. Amnesty International identifies three main areas of concern about police action during demonstrations and assemblies: excessive use of force and inappropriate use of riot equipment, excessive use of force when arresting demonstrators, and poor treatment of detainees in police custody.. Amnesty International and ACODI (Acci\\u00f3n Contra la Discriminaci\\u00f3n) have both called out Spain for racial profiling and ethnic discrimination.. ACODI documented 612 cases of racial discrimination in a single year, emphasising that many of these did not lead to official complaints because victims feared police retaliation or believed their complaints would be ignored. This belief is not unfounded; in 2005, Beauty Solomon, an African American immigrant working as a prostitute, filed two criminal complaints against Spanish policemen for repeated harassment and physical assault. Despite eyewitness testimony and medical reports confirming her injuries the Spanish Courts dismissed her claims on the grounds of insufficient evidence. Solomon then took her case to the European Court of Human Rights, who unanimously ruled in her favour that Spain had violated Article 3 (prohibition of inhuman and degrading treatment) and Article 14 (prohibition of discrimination) of the European Convention of Human Rights. They also condemned Spain for failing to investigate both Solomon's assault and other racist and sexist acts of violence by police officers.Under Spanish law, the police have the right to check the identity of anyone in a public space when there is a security concern. However, African and Latin American immigrants are most frequently targeted, often without a legitimate security concern. \\\"People who do not 'look Spanish' can be stopped by police as often as four times a day,\\\" said Izza Leghtas, an Amnesty International researcher. Sweden. According to David Grobgeld of the Center for a Stateless Society, since the REVA (Legally Certain and Efficient Enforcement) project had been applied in Sweden in an attempt to deport illegal immigrants, it had exposed the brutal and illegal methods used by police. Officers have been shown to harass and racially profile non-white Swedes who often live in segregated suburbs. The marginalised such as the poor, homeless, people of colour, users of illicit drugs, and the mentally ill are facing Sweden as a Police State. This has resulted in social disobedience with ordinary people in Sweden updating others on Twitter and Facebook on the whereabouts of police. Examples. In 2013 police shot a man in his own home in front of his wife in the town of Husby, a suburb of Stockholm. The police alleged the man had been wielding a machete and threatening them with it. The Stockholm riots were set off after the Husby shooting, where more than 100 cars were torched. When the police showed up they had stones thrown at them. People said the police called them \\\"monkeys\\\" and used batons against them in the clash.In another incident in 2013, an African-born Swede was refused entry into a local club in Malm\\u00f6 for wearing traditional African clothes. The police picked him up and in the process of his arrest broke his arm and locked him in a cell for nearly six hours with no medical aid. Socially excluded groups have been targeted and the result of police investigations often means the police officers are not deemed to be at fault.According to Grobgeld, the common denominator for people on a special police list is being or married to a Romani person. A register of 4029 Romani people is kept by police. The police say the document is a register of criminals and their associates and is used to fight crime in Sk\\u00e5ne County despite people being on it that have no connection with Sk\\u00e5ne or any association with criminal people. According to Grobgeld, police target apparent ethnicity at Stockholm subways for ID-checks to see if they are illegal immigrants. The police claim that they are \\\"following orders\\\", the \\\"rule of law\\\" and \\\"democratic process\\\".In February 2016, a nine-year-old was accused of not paying for a railway ticket in Malm\\u00f6. The police ordered the local security guards to stop the child. One guard tackled him to the ground and sat on him. He then pushed the child's face into the pavement hard and covered his mouth. The child can be heard screaming and gasping on the video that has gone viral on the internet. The police then put him in handcuffs. Switzerland. 1999, Zurich: Khaled Abuzarifa died of suffocation after being bound and gagged by his police escort at the Zurich airport.. November 2016, Bex: Herv\\u00e9 Mandundu was shot several times and killed by police, who claim he tried to attack him with a knife. This account is disputed by his neighbors.. October 2017, Lausanne: Lamin Fatty was mistaken for another person with the same name and detained. He was found dead in his jail cell the following day.. February 2018, Lausanne: Mike Ben Peter was held to the ground by police for six minutes. He then collapsed and died of cardiac arrest twelve hours later. There were reports that he was repeatedly kicked by the police in his genital area, and an autopsy confirmed severe bruising in this region. The police officers involved were not suspended, but have been charged with negligent homicide in an ongoing case.. May 2001, Valais: Samson Chukwu died of suffocation as a police officer put his weight on the back of a face-down Chukwu. Authorities originally claimed he died of a heart attack, but an autopsy later showed that postural asphyxiation led to Chukwu's death.. 2001, Bern: Cemal Gomec was attacked by police officers with batons to the head, irritant gas, a shock grenade, rubber bullets. A sedative is said to have led to cardiac arrest which led to his death a few days later. United Kingdom. In 2015 the United Kingdom employed approximately 126,818 police officers in the 43 police forces of England, Wales and the British Transport Police, the lowest number since March 2002. Legislation and treaties. The 1967 Criminal Law Act, the 2008 Common Law and the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act, the 1984 Police and Criminal Evidence Act, and the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) set out the law and acceptable use of force in the UK. The use of unnecessary physical force is in principle an infringement of ECHR Article 3. The use of force should be \\\"reasonable\\\" in the circumstances. Physical force is considered appropriate if: it is absolutely necessary for a purpose permitted by law, and. the amount of force used is reasonable and proportionateThis requires a consideration of the degree of force used. Any excessive use of force by a police officer is unlawful and an officer could be prosecuted under criminal law. Findings and statistics. Since 2004/05, the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) published complaint statistics reports for England and Wales. In the 2014/15 annual report, the IPCC reported that there were 17 deaths in or following police custody and only one fatal police shooting from 2014 to 2017. These figures more than doubled when the IPCC was first erected. The annual report for 2015/16 was published on 26 July 2016. A total of 37,105 complaints were recorded in 2014/15, marking a 6% increase to the previous year, and a 62% overall increase since 2004/05. Allegations of \\\"neglect or failure in duty\\\" accounted for 34% of all allegations recorded while \\\"other assault\\\" and \\\"oppressive conduct\\\" or harassment made up only 8% and 6% respectively. Public dissatisfaction and discrimination. Despite an average reduction in deaths in custody since 2004, a 2014 Public Confidence Survey revealed that public satisfaction following contact with the police was falling and that there was a greater willingness to file a complaint. The Metropolitan Police, who operate in some of the most ethnically diverse parts of the UK, received the greatest number of complaints in 2014/15 at 6,828 claims. However, young people and people from black or minority ethnic groups were much less likely to come forward with complaints.While instances of police brutality in the UK is comparatively less than its US counterpart, there are nonetheless high profile incidents that have received wide media coverage. Examples. In May 2013, 21-year-old Julian Cole was arrested outside a nightclub in Bedford by six police officers. The altercation left Cole in a vegetative state due to a severed spinal cord. Expert evidence indicated that Cole was struck with considerable force on his neck whilst his head was pulled back. Despite calls by the IPCC to suspend the officers, Bedfordshire chief constable Colette Paul refused to place the six police officers on restricted duties despite being under criminal investigation. The Bedfordshire police denied allegations that the use of excessive force on Cole was race-related.. On 20 February 2014, Bedfordshire Police Constables Christopher Thomas and Christopher Pitts, chased Faruk Ali before allegedly knocking him over and punching him in the face outside his family home. Ali was described as an autistic man who had the mental age of a five-year-old. The police officers, who were accused of laughing throughout the ordeal, were cleared of misconduct in public office by the Aylesbury Crown Court. Following an investigation by the IPCC, the officers were fired following breaches of standards of professional conduct including standards of honesty, integrity, authority, equality, and diversity.On 13 July 2016, 18-year-old Mzee Mohammed died in police custody after being detained by Merseyside police at a Liverpool shopping centre. Officers were called to the scene after Mzee was allegedly behaving aggressively and erratically while armed with a knife. After successfully detaining Mzee, the police called an ambulance after Mzee suffered a \\\"medical episode\\\" and was pronounced dead. Video evidence surfaced showing Mohammed surrounded by officers and paramedics, seemingly fully unconscious while being placed face down with his hands handcuffed behind his back. Questions remain about how appropriate medical condition could have been administered given how the handcuffs would restrict breathing. Mohammed is the 21st black person to die in police custody in six years. North America. Canada. There have been several high-profile cases of alleged police brutality, including the 2010 G20 Toronto summit protests, the 2012 Quebec student protests, the Robert Dzieka\\u0144ski Taser incident, and the shooting of Sammy Yatim. The public incidents in which police judgments or actions have been called into question raised concerns about police accountability and governance.On 16 March 2014, 300 people were arrested in Montreal at a protest against police brutality. United States. In the United States, major political and social movements have involved excessive force by police, including the civil rights movement of the 1960s, anti-war demonstrations, the War on Drugs, and the Global War on Terrorism. In 2014, the UN Committee against Torture condemned police brutality and excessive use of force by law enforcement in the US, and highlighted the \\\"frequent and recurrent police shootings or fatal pursuits of unarmed black individuals\\\". The United Nations' Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent's 2016 report noted that \\\"contemporary police killings and the trauma that they create are reminiscent of the past racial terror of lynching.\\\"Seven members of the United States Maryland military police were convicted for the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse incidents in Iraq. Detainees were abused within the prison by being forced to jump on their naked feet, being videotaped in sexually exploitative positions, having chains around their neck for photos, and being kept naked for days.The United States has developed a notorious reputation for cases of police brutality. The United States has a far higher number of police killings compared to other Western countries. U.S. police killed 1,093 people in 2016 and 1,146 people in 2015, and at least 1,176 people in 2022, the deadliest year on record. Mass shootings have killed 339 people since 2015, whereas police shootings over the same time span claimed the lives of 4,355 people. An FBI homicide report from 2012 observed that while black people represent 13% of the US population, they amounted to 31% of those killed by police, and were responsible for 48% of police murdered. It was found through Kaiser Family Foundation research that almost half of Black Americans believe they have been victimized by law enforcement. The FBI 2019 Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted report, Table 42 reports that black persons were responsible for 37% of all officers killed from 2012 through 2019.According to a 2021 study published in The Lancet, more than 30,000 people were killed by police in the United States between 1980 and 2018. Around 2,500 of those killed by police from 2015 to 2022 were fleeing. Examples. Breonna Taylor was killed at the age of 26 when police forced entry into the apartment as part of an investigation into drug dealing operations. Officers said that they announced themselves as police before forcing entry, but Walker said he did not hear any announcement, thought the officers were intruders, and fired a warning shot at them and hit Mattingly in the leg, and the officers fired 32 shots in return. Walker was unhurt but Taylor was hit by six bullets and died. On 23 September, a state grand jury found the shooting of Taylor justified but indicted officer Hankison on three counts of wanton endangerment for endangering Taylor's neighbors with his shots.On 25 May 2020, George Floyd, an unarmed African American man, was killed by a Minneapolis police officer, Derek Chauvin, who knelt on his neck for over nine minutes (9:29 seconds) while three other officers appeared to restrain his back and legs. In the video, it appears George Floyd screaming \\\"You are going to kill me man!\\\" Chauvin was charged with 2nd-degree murder; his three colleagues stand accused of aiding and abetting. The colleagues of Derek Chauvin include Alexander Kueng, Thomas Lane, and Tou Thao. Floyd's murder, captured on video, triggered protests against racial discrimination across the US and the world. In June 2021, former officer Chauvin was found guilty of three counts of murder and manslaughter and received a sentence of 22.5 years in prison. South America. Argentina. Brazil. The police in Brazil have a history of violence against the lower classes. It dates back to the nineteenth century when it primarily served as an instrument to control slaves. In a mostly rural country, the police forces were heavily influenced by local large landowners known as \\\"colonels\\\".In the latter half of the twentieth century, the country was heavily urbanized, while over its last military dictatorship state governments became responsible for Brazilian police forces experiencing which became heavily militarized.The militarist approach to dealing with social issues led the country to its highest violence levels and in 2015 Brazil had more violent deaths than the Syrian Civil War, with most people fearing the police. More than 6,160 people were killed by the Brazilian police in 2018. In 2019, the state of Rio de Janeiro alone registered 1,814 killings by members of the police force in 2019, setting a new record. A significant portion of the officers involved had already been charged for crimes previously.Research released by the Forum Brasileiro de Seguran\\u00e7a P\\u00fablica (Brazilian Public Security Forum) in partnership with S\\u00e3o Paulo University showed that the Brazilian police killed approximately 6,416 people in 2020. Black and Brown people are 78% of the dead - 5,000 people, most of them men, poor, and aged 14 to 30 years old. It is what Brazilian Black Movement name the genocide of Black Brazilian youth. Rio de Janeiro is the city with the highest rates. According to Rio's Public Security Institute (ISP), in 2019, where 1,814 people were killed in legal police interventions, 1,423 were Black or Brown. The COVID-19 pandemic did not stop or diminish the killings, which increased 27,9% compared to 2019. An ISP report states that Rio's police killed 741 people from January to May \\u2013 the highest rate in 22 years.. The ISP research reveals the disparities between the number of COVID-19 mitigating actions (36) and police encounters (120) in the first months of the pandemic. Due to this absence of public health politics and the increase of lethal operations in favelas, 17 organizations from the Black movement, human rights, and favelas organizations joined a political party towards entered a petition called ADPF (Argui\\u00e7\\u00e3o de Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamental) 635, known as \\\"ADPF das Favelas\\\" (Favela's ADPF) in Brazil's Supreme Court (Supremo Tribunal Federal \\u2013 STF) demanding actions towards minimizing police terror in the communities. In May 2020, they asked for the immediate suspension of police operations during the pandemic, indicating that continuing such operations would threaten life and dignity. In addition, they cited mortality rates, power abuse cases, and the propriety damages caused by the police raids during a deadly pandemic in poor neighborhoods.. On May 18, 2020, Jo\\u00e3o Pedro Pinto, a 14 years old boy, was killed inside his family's house. According to a witness, he lived in a place with a pool and a barbecue area, where he was with his cousins and friends when the police raid started. According to the survivors, the boys went to the covered area when they noticed that the police helicopter started to shoot. Moments later, the police invaded the place, which the boys informed: \\u201cThere are only children here.\\u201d The police response was throwing two grenades that made the boys run into the house to protect themselves. Jo\\u00e3o Pedro was shot in his belly by a rifle, his body was transported to a place 27 miles away from the crime scene, and the family had access to him after 17 hours. According to the reports and TV news, it was possible to count more than 70 bullet marks inside Jo\\u00e3o Pedro's house. This murder led people to protest in the streets and was the main argument for the ADPF 635 petition, supported by Supreme Courts Minister Edson Fachin in August of the same year.. Afterward, the Court unanimously voted to maintain the decision, which would only authorize operations in \\\"absolutely exceptional\\\" cases that needed to be justified for the Public Ministry of the State of Rio de Janeiro. The Supreme Court also stated that in case of authorized operations in the pandemic, \\\"Exceptional care should be taken, duly identified in writing by the competent authority, so as not to put in risk population' provision of public health services and the humanitarian aid activities.\\\" Even after the pandemic, it has prohibited using helicopters as a platform for shooting and terror, conducting operations near schools and hospitals, and using them as police operational bases. The crime scene must be preserved and must avoid body remotion (by the excuse of supposed rescue). The technical-scientific police must document evidence, reports, and autopsy exams to ensure the possibility of independent review; Investigations must meet the Minnesota Protocol requirements. It must be fast, effective, and complete well as independent, impartial, and transparent.. The decision was celebrated by the group as a mark in the history of justice and lives in favela's struggle. The organizations that joined the political party (PSB \\u2013 Socialist Brazilian Party) were Rio de Janeiro Public Defense, Fala Akari, Papo Reto Collective, Rede de Comunidades e Movimentos Contra a Viol\\u00eancia, M\\u00e3es de Manguinhos, Redes da Mar\\u00e9, Movimento Negro Unificado, Educafro, Iniciativa Direito \\u00e0 Mem\\u00f3ria e Justi\\u00e7a Racial, ISER, Justi\\u00e7a Global, Conectas e National Human Rights Concil. Other organizations as Observat\\u00f3rio de Favelas, Mar\\u00e9 Vive, Instituto Marielle Franco, Cesec, Grupo de Estudo dos Novos Legalismos/UFF e Fogo Cruzado contributed to the lawsuit.In August 2020, the research group named \\u201cGrupo de Estudos dos Novos Ilegalismos\\u201d (GENI) from Federal Fluminense University in Rio de Janeiro with other civil organizations, stated that after the suspension of police operations by the STF, the mortality rates decreased to 72.5%. Furthermore, the criminality rates also decreased: a  reduction of 47.7% in crimes against life, 37.9% in willful murder homicides, 39% in reduction in crimes against patrimonies, and less 32,1% in vehicle robbery. Nevertheless, the STF decision was not very well received by Rio de Janeiro's police, who complained and accused the decision to make their work more difficult, even with the decrease of criminality. They also did not always obey the order and did raid without the requirements the law demanded. According to the organization Rede de Observat\\u00f3rios, in the first two months of the year, police killed 47 people, 20% more than the same period of 2020.On May 6, 2021, Rio de Janeiro police killed 28 people in Jacarezinho Favela in a raid that was considered a success by police forces and the state of Rio's government. Immediately after the slaughter, human rights activists denounced illegal actions as alteration of the crime scene, invasion of houses, in addition to non-compliance with the protocol demanded by the STF. It is considered the biggest slaughter in the history of the city and is still under investigation. One month later, on June 08th, a young pregnant Black woman was killed by the police in another favela. Kathlen Romeu, 24 years old, four months pregnant, was walking with her grandmother when a police officer shot her. According to the Brazilian Bar Association's Humans Rights Commission (OAB), the operation that killed Kathlen was illegal, and the police officer was hiding in a neighbor's house to ambush criminals. According to the ISP and GENI Group, from January to September 2021, Rio de Janeiro police killed 811 people during their raids. Colombia. Protests against police brutality started in Bogot\\u00e1, the country's capital, following the death of Javier Ord\\u00f3\\u00f1ez while in police custody on 9 September 2020. The unrest has since spread to many cities throughout Colombia. As of 12 September 2020, 13 people have died and over 400 have been injured as part of the protests. Chile. In recent years, Chile's police force Carabineros de Chile has been under investigation because of various cases of power abuse and police brutality, particularly towards students participating in riots for better education and the indigenous Mapuche people; countless cases of violence were enacted on this group for allegedly committing crimes; it was later discovered that some Carabineros officers were responsible for these crimes and blamed Mapuches.. One of the recent cases involving the Mapuche was Camilo Catrillanca's death. The first reports of his death came from the Carabineros who claimed that Camilo shot at a police officer and others while being investigated for allegedly stealing three cars. The Carabineros special forces team Comando Jungla was in the Araucan\\u00eda Region searching for terrorists. After seeing Camilo \\\"attacking\\\" policemen with a gun in an attempt to escape, the Carabineros shot Camilo in the head and killed him. It was later discovered that this was not what happened; a partner of the police officer that killed Camilo showed the video of the policeman killing him while he drove a tractor. Carabineros was asked why they did not have a recording of the officer being shot at by Camilo. The institution responded the officer destroyed the SD card because it had private photos and videos of his wife; most people were not satisfied with the answer. The policeman was later discharged and prosecuted.During the 2019\\u201320 Chilean protests, Carabineros de Chile has caused hundreds of eye mutilations on protesters and random civilians with hardened rubber bullets and tear gas canisters. The most notorious cases are of the victims with complete loss of vision Gustavo Gatica and Fabiola Campillai. Venezuela. During the 2014 Venezuelan protests, multiple human rights organizations condemned the Venezuelan government for its handling of the protests as security forces had reportedly gone beyond typical practices of handling protests, with methods ranging from the use of rubber pellets and tear gas to instances of live ammunition and torture of arrested protestors, according to organizations like Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch. Hundreds of Venezuelans were tortured when detained by Venezuelan authorities.During the 2017 Venezuelan protests, the United Nations Human Rights Office denounced \\\"widespread and systematic use of excessive force\\\" against demonstrators, saying security forces and pro-government groups were responsible for the deaths of at least 73 protesters. The UN Human Rights Office described \\\"a picture of widespread and systematic use of excessive force and arbitrary detentions against demonstrators in Venezuela\\\". \\\"Witness accounts suggest that security forces, mainly the national guard, the national police and local police forces, have systematically used disproportionate force to instil fear, crush dissent and to prevent demonstrators from assembling, rallying and reaching public institutions to present petitions\\\".. The majority of individuals killed during protests died from gunshot wounds, with many resulting from the repression by Venezuelan authorities and assisting pro-government colectivos. A report by Human Rights Watch and Foro Penal documented at least six cases in which Venezuelan security forces raided residential areas and apartment buildings in Caracas and in four different states, usually near barricades built by residents; according to testimonies, officials bursted into houses without warrants, stealing personal belongings and food from residents, as well as beating and arresting them.A report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights specified that non-lethal weapons were used systematically to cause unnecessary injuries, explaining that security forces had fired tear gas canisters directly against protesters at short distances. M\\u00f3nica Kr\\u00e4uter, a chemist and teacher of the Sim\\u00f3n Bol\\u00edvar University who has studied over a thousand tear gas canisters since 2014, has stated that security forces have fired expired tear gas which, according to her, \\\"breaks down into cyanide oxide, phosgenes and nitrogens that are extremely dangerous\\\". Groups such as the Venezuelan Observatory of Health have denounced the use of tear gas fired directly or nearby health centers and hospitals, as well as houses and residential buildings.In a 15 June statement, Human Rights Watch stated that high levels officials of the government, such as Jos\\u00e9 Antonio Benavides Torres, the head of the Bolivarian National Guard; Vladimir Padrino L\\u00f3pez, the defense minister and the strategic operational commander of the Armed Forces; N\\u00e9stor Reverol, the interior minister, Carlos Alfredo P\\u00e9rez Ampueda, director of the Bolivarian National Police; Gustavo Gonz\\u00e1lez L\\u00f3pez, the national intelligence director, and Siria Venero de Guerrero, the military attorney general, were responsible for the human rights violations and abuses performed by Venezuelan security forces during the protests. Venezuelan officials have praised authorities for their actions and denied any wrongdoing.. Human rights groups have stated that Venezuelan authorities have used force to gain confessions. Amnesty International maintains that the government has a \\\"premeditated policy\\\" to commit violent and lethal acts against protesters, stating that there is \\\"a planned strategy by the government of President Maduro to use violence and illegitimate force against the Venezuelan population to neutralize any criticism\\\". The Wall Street Journal reported that a young men had already been tortured at an army base when soldiers piled them into two jeeps and transported them to a wooded area just outside the Venezuelan capital. Foro Penal stated that \\\"most of the detainees are beaten once they are arrested, while they are being transferred to a temporary detention site where they are to be brought before a judge\\\", giving one instance with \\\"a group of 40 people arrested for alleged looting, 37 reported that they were beaten before their hair was forcefully shaved off their heads\\\". In other examples of abuses, \\\"15 reported that they were forced to eat pasta with grass and excrement. The regime's officials forced dust from tear gas canisters up their noses to pry open their mouths. They then shoved the pasta with excrement in their mouths and made them swallow it\\\". \", \"title\": \"Police brutality by country\", \"qa_pairs\": \"[{'S': 'South African police are commonly accused of excessive force, with ten deaths attributed to police the same year (2020).', 'Q': 'What is the situation of police brutality in South Africa?', 'A': 'South African police are commonly accused of excessive force, with ten deaths attributed to police the same year (2020).'}, {'S': 'Belgian judicial authorities were found to also have failed to notify national police watchdog, Committee P, of criminal convictions against police, which is both a direct breach of Belgian judicial procedure and a failure to comply with Article 40 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.', 'Q': 'What is the name of the national police watchdog in Belgium?', 'A': 'Committee P.'}, {'S': \\\"France's yellow vests protests began against an increased fuel tax made by President Emmanuel Macron.\\\", 'Q': 'What was the cause of the yellow vests protests in France?', 'A': 'An increased fuel tax made by President Emmanuel Macron.'}, {'S': 'Police brutality has been a long-standing issue in Northern Ireland due to unsavoury police procedures used during the Troubles to obtain admissions of guilt.', 'Q': 'What is the reason behind police brutality in Northern Ireland?', 'A': 'Unsavoury police procedures used during the Troubles to obtain admissions of guilt.'}, {'S': 'Police brutality in Slovakia is systematic and widely documented, but is almost exclusively enacted on the Romani minority.', 'Q': 'Which minority group is most targeted by police brutality in Slovakia?', 'A': 'The Romani minority.'}, {'S': \\\"Afterward, the Court unanimously voted to maintain the decision, which would only authorize operations in 'absolutely exceptional' cases that needed to be justified for the Public Ministry of the State of Rio de Janeiro. The Supreme Court also stated that in case of authorized operations in the pandemic, 'Exceptional care should be taken, duly identified in writing by the competent authority, so as not to put in risk population' provision of public health services and the humanitarian aid activities.' Even after the pandemic, it has prohibited using helicopters as a platform for shooting and terror, conducting operations near schools and hospitals, and using them as police operational bases.\\\", 'Q': 'What was the decision made by the Supreme Court in Brazil regarding police operations?', 'A': \\\"The Supreme Court in Brazil decided to only authorize police operations in 'absolutely exceptional' cases that needed to be justified for the Public Ministry of the State of Rio de Janeiro, and prohibited using helicopters as a platform for shooting and terror, conducting operations near schools and hospitals, and using them as police operational bases.\\\"}, {'S': 'During the 2014 Venezuelan protests, multiple human rights organizations condemned the Venezuelan government for its handling of the protests as security forces had reportedly gone beyond typical practices of handling protests, with methods ranging from the use of rubber pellets and tear gas to instances of live ammunition and torture of arrested protestors, according to organizations like Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch.', 'Q': 'What did human rights organizations say about the handling of protests by Venezuelan authorities?', 'A': 'Human rights organizations condemned the Venezuelan government for its handling of protests, with methods ranging from the use of rubber pellets and tear gas to instances of live ammunition and torture of arrested protestors, according to organizations like Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch.'}, {'S': 'South Africa See also: Marikana killings Incidents of police brutality skyrocketed by 312% from 2011 to 2012 compared to 2001 to 2002, with only 1 in 100 cases leading to a conviction.', 'Q': 'Which country has seen incidents of police brutality skyrocket by 312% from 2011 to 2012?', 'A': 'South Africa.'}, {'S': 'Nathaniel Julius was killed in Soweto by police officers from the El Dorado police station.', 'Q': 'Who was killed in Soweto by police officers?', 'A': 'Nathaniel Julius.'}, {'S': 'During the 2014 Hong Kong protests, there were numerous instances of police brutality.', 'Q': 'What happened during the 2014 Hong Kong protests?', 'A': 'Instances of police brutality occurred.'}, {'S': \\\"During India's independence struggle, protestors and activists were subject to Lathi charges and shootings.\\\", 'Q': \\\"What happened to protestors and activists during India's independence struggle?\\\", 'A': 'They were subject to Lathi charges and shootings.'}, {'S': 'In Bahrain, police and military personnel manhandled and shot dead many Arab Spring protesters.', 'Q': 'What happened in Bahrain during the Arab Spring?', 'A': 'Police and military personnel manhandled and shot dead protesters.'}, {'S': 'Turkey has a history of police brutality, including the use of torture particularly between 1977 and 2002.', 'Q': 'When did Turkey experience a history of police brutality?', 'A': 'Between 1977 and 2002.'}, {'S': \\\"In Vienna, there is an association made between Vienna's drug problem and the city's African migrants, which have led to African migrants being racially profiled.\\\", 'Q': 'What is the association made in Vienna regarding African migrants?', 'A': \\\"An association between Vienna's drug problem and African migrants.\\\"}, {'S': 'In 2019, Mehdi, 17-year-old Moroccan boy was run over by a police car on patrol.', 'Q': 'What happened to Mehdi in 2019?', 'A': 'Mehdi was run over by a police car on patrol.'}, {'S': 'The European Court of Human Rights has found that Croatian police authorities have failed to fulfill their obligations, on numerous occasions, under Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms by failing to carry out effective investigations to protect its citizens and tourists from violent attacks.', 'Q': 'What did the European Court of Human Rights find regarding Croatian police authorities?', 'A': 'Croatian police authorities have failed to fulfill their obligations under Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.'}]\", \"output\": \"none\"}\n{\"input\": \" Background and early life. Nagaenthran a/l K. Dharmalingam, an ethnic Indian Malaysian and native of Ipoh, was born on 13 September 1988. He was the second of four children and had two younger brothers (one of them named Navinkumar) and an elder sister Sharmila. His father died sometime during Nagaenthran's death row imprisonment in Singapore.. According to the Anti-Death Penalty Asia Network's video interview of Nagaenthran's mother Panchalai Supermaniam, she often went out for work and had to entrust Nagaenthran and his siblings to the care of the children's grandmother and their relatives during his childhood. After Nagaenthran got older, Panchalai would be the one taking care of him but she did not speak to him much due to her work. Nagaenthran completed his five-year secondary school education at age 17 and he went to work at a factory.Later, Nagaenthran decided to go to Singapore to find employment, against the wishes of his family, especially his mother who did not want him to leave his hometown for a distant place. Nagaenthran found a job as a security guard in Singapore and would regularly visit his family in Ipoh. According to his sister, he last returned to Malaysia and visited his family in 2008 during Deepavali, and that was the last time he stepped foot in his hometown before his arrest for drug trafficking. Arrest and trial. On 22 April 2009, 20-year-old Nagaenthran was arrested by the Central Narcotics Bureau (CNB) officers when he was travelling from Malaysia to Singapore through the Woodlands Checkpoint. During a search of Nagaenthran and his belongings, the police discovered a bundle strapped to Nagaenthran's thigh, and the bundle contained a total amount of 42.72 g of diamorphine (pure heroin). A friend and travelling partner of Nagaenthran, named Kumarsen, was also arrested but later released. Upon his arrest, Nagaenthran admitted to his interrogators that he knew he was carrying drugs and it was a Chinese friend, whom he called \\\"King\\\", who strapped the drugs to his thigh so that no one would find it. Nagaenthran also claimed that he needed money to pay off his debts and his father's heart surgery fees, which was why he committed the crime.Later, Nagaenthran retracted his confession and denied having knowledge of the contents of the bundle of drugs found on him. He also later claimed that King had earlier assaulted him and threatened to kill his girlfriend should he not comply with King's demands to transport the drugs. Nevertheless, due to his arrest and the amount of heroin having exceeded the lower limit for the death penalty, 15 g, Nagaenthran was charged with capital drug trafficking, which, if found guilty, is punishable by death.. Nagaenthran was tried and found guilty on 22 November 2010 of drug trafficking and sentenced to death by hanging. The High Court's judge Chan Seng Onn did not accept Nagaenthran's defence that he was under duress at the time he committed the crime, and ruled that Nagaenthran should assume full responsibility of his criminal conduct, since he did so to discharge his debts. His appeal was dismissed on 27 July 2011 by the Court of Appeal's three judges Chan Sek Keong, V. K. Rajah and Andrew Phang. Appeals for re-sentencing. Legal changes and re-sentencing application. A year after Nagaenthran's appeal was dismissed, Singapore decided to amend its death penalty laws in July 2012, which designated a moratorium on all 35 executions in Singapore, including Nagaenthran's. The amendments, which took effect in January 2013, empowered all judges in Singapore with the discretion to sentence a drug trafficker to life imprisonment with caning not less than 15 strokes instead of death if he was merely a courier, on the condition that the public prosecutor issues the offender a certificate of substantive assistance \\u2014 for helping the narcotics police to disrupt drug trafficking activities. Another alternative condition to receive life imprisonment was diminished responsibility; had any mental illnesses been diagnosed and found to have substantially impaired one's mental faculties, the offender would have been ineligible for the death sentence and caning would also not be given.When the new death penalty laws took effect in January 2013, Nagaenthran applied for re-sentencing on account of clinical intellectual disability and mental illness, and his case was sent back to the original trial judge Chan Seng Onn for review in the High Court. However, a psychiatric report concluded that Nagaenthran had neither of the above. He was also not issued a certificate of substantive assistance by the CNB, since he did not substantively assist them in disrupting the drug trafficking activities. Despite this, on 24 February 2015, Nagaenthran brought forward the application and tried to ask for mercy based on the conditions of an intellectual disability, low IQ, impaired executive functioning and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, which would have made him ineligible for the death penalty. High Court reviews. In 2017, the High Court dismissed Nagaenthran's re-sentencing application. Four psychiatric and psychological experts, including one called by the defence, agreed that Nagaenthran was not intellectually disabled. The High Court also found that Nagaenthran had repeatedly changed \\\"his account of his education qualifications, ostensibly to reflect lower educational qualifications each time he was interviewed\\\". The High Court found that Nagaenthran showed that he was \\\"capable of manipulation and evasion\\\" during his offence, as Nagaenthran tried to dissuade Central Narcotics Bureau officers from searching him at the checkpoint by stating that he was \\\"working in security\\\", playing into the \\\"social perception of the trustworthiness of security officers.\\\"In 2018, the High Court dismissed another appeal of Nagaenthran's case. Court of Appeal review. After the High Court dismissed Nagaenthran's appeal for re-sentencing, Nagaenthran, through his lawyer Eugene Thuraisingam, filed two separate appeals to ask for the Court of Appeal to commute his sentence under the newly enacted death penalty laws, but the five-judge Court of Appeal dismissed both appeals on 27 May 2019. The Court of Appeal said that there were numerous inconsistencies in Nagaenthran's account of his crime, which made it hard to rely on his defence given that they affected his credibility. The five judges - Sundaresh Menon, Belinda Ang, Andrew Phang, Judith Prakash, and Chao Hick Tin - held that Nagaenthran may have a low IQ, but his mental responsibility for his offence was not substantially impaired. He was able to plan and organise on simpler terms, and was relatively adept at living independently.. Besides, Nagaenthran had known that it was unlawful for him to import heroin, and hid the drugs to avoid detection. He was also prone to being manipulative and evasive, as shown from his initial attempts to avoid being searched before the narcotics officers arrested him in 2009. Additionally, he was earlier found to have done this with the intention of paying off some of his debts, and his actions were deliberate, calculated and purposeful, which was \\\"the working of a criminal mind\\\" and was able to weigh the benefits and risks, and the concept of right or wrong. Hence, Nagaenthran lost his final bid to be re-sentenced. Clemency petition and first public attention. Nagaenthran later appealed to the President of Singapore Halimah Yacob for clemency, which would have commuted his sentence to life imprisonment if successful, but his plea was rejected on 1 June 2020, which finalized his death sentence. The last time clemency was granted in Singapore was in 1998, when 19-year-old Mathavakannan Kalimuthu was pardoned from execution despite being sentenced to hang for murdering a gangster in 1996. Mathavakannan was paroled and released in 2012 after serving 16 years of his life sentence due to good behaviour.During the time Nagaenthran was appealing for clemency, his case attracted international attention and many who opposed the death penalty asked Singapore to spare Nagaenthran's life; Nagaenthran's mother Panchalai Supermaniam (aged 57 in 2019) and family also joined in the efforts to plead for mercy. In a 2019 news report, Malaysian human rights lawyer N Surendran denounced Singapore for unfairly subjecting a mentally disabled man to a death sentence, and he, together with Nagaenthran's new lawyer M Ravi argued that there was no fair trial for Nagaenthran since his defence's psychiatric evidence was allegedly not fully considered compared to the reports of the prosecution's psychiatrists.Singapore's law minister K Shanmugam, in light of prior accusations that Singapore was unfairly mistreating Malaysian drug traffickers (due to the increasing number of Malaysians being executed for drug trafficking), argued that there is no inequality in treating foreigners and locals under the law for drug trafficking. He said the majority of Singaporeans favour the death penalty and it would be good for both sides if drug traffickers were caught by Malaysian authorities, as the offenders could be dealt with according to Malaysia's laws and not have to worry about Singapore's capital punishment. Shanmugam emphasised that there should be no special treatment for Malaysian death row prisoners as it would undermine the integrity of Singapore's law. Death warrant and stay of execution. Confirmation of execution date. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore since January 2020, there was an informal moratorium on executions, including Nagaenthran's execution, possibly out of fear of spreading infections in Singapore's Changi Prison, where all death row inmates, including Nagaenthran, were held on death row. This allowed Nagaenthran to live for at least one more year after his failed clemency appeal.. On 28 October 2021, in Nagaenthran's hometown in Ipoh, Nagaenthran's family received a letter (dated 26 October 2021) from the Singapore Prison Service (SPS), which informed them that Nagaenthran's execution date was scheduled on 10 November 2021. SPS also stated they will facilitate and help explain the travelling arrangements to any of Nagaenthran's family members on the necessary procedures on quarantine and COVID-19 tests, as well as allowing the family to have extended daily visits with a prolonged duration of a few hours and a maximum of five visitors per visit to curb possible risks of COVID-19 infection within the prison walls, due to Singapore's worsening rate of local transmission within the community (affected by the mutated Delta variant).At the time Nagaenthran's death warrant was finalized, the last execution to be conducted in Singapore was on 22 November 2019, when 36-year-old Abd Helmi Ab Halim was executed for trafficking over 16g of heroin in 2015 despite appeals from Malaysia to commute his sentence. Opposition to execution. Upon receiving news of the death warrant, Malaysian lawyers and both international and local anti-death penalty activists - including World Coalition Against the Death Penalty, Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, United Nations Commission on Human Rights, and FIDH - tried to appeal to the Singapore government for clemency, reiterating that Nagaenthran was mentally disabled and should not be hanged for his crime since he could not understand what he was going through, as well as insisting on his innocence. An online petition was made to plead to President Halimah Yacob to spare the Malaysian's life, garnering more than 102,000 signatures. There is an intention to bring forward the matter to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) against Singapore for not conforming with the international norms to not practice the death penalty. There are also concerns that Nagaenthran's execution might violate international human rights and law, which rules that any mentally unfit capital offenders should not be executed. In United States, Divisions of Social Justice of the American Psychiatric Association (APA) called Nagaenthran's case a \\\"flagrant breach\\\" of human rights. Aside from this, there were repeated calls from these human rights groups to pressurise Singapore to abolish the death penalty.Public figures like Singaporean rapper-musician Subhas Nair and British billionaire Richard Branson, as well as more than 200 friends and family members of other death row convicts (including those executed prior) like Angelia Pranthaman (sister of condemned drug trafficker Pannir Selvam Pranthaman) and the relatives of executed killer Kho Jabing, also asked for Singapore to show mercy on Nagaenthran. Protests were made outside Malaysia's Parliament at Kuala Lumpur for more efforts from the Malaysian government to stop the execution.Nagaenthran's sister Sarmila Dharmalingam said she and her siblings had been delaying the news of their brother's execution from their mother, and did not provide any reasons why she had to travel to Singapore. They only told her five days after the letter arrived at Ipoh, and Nagaenthran's mother took the news badly. There were also diplomats sent by the Malaysian embassy to provide consular support for Nagaenthran's family, who arrived in Singapore with the help and funding of abolitionist advocate Kirsten Han and her activist group. Within a short span of two days, Han and her fellow activists managed to raise more than $14,000 for flights, quarantine hotel rooms and other arrangements, including a funeral, on behalf of Nagaenthran's family. This allowed Nagaenthran's mother to fly to Singapore to see her son for the first time in three years.One of Nagaenthran's brothers Navinkumar Dharmalingam told activist Kokila Annamalai that when he visited his brother in prison, he observed that his brother seemed to be completely disoriented compared to the last time they visited him. He said his brother was incoherent, smiled irrelevantly at times and unable to make any eye contact, and he did not seem to clearly remember some of the people he knew except for his mother, whom Nagaenthran entrusted to his brother's care during their visit. An unnamed death row convict who lived in a neighbouring cell next to Nagaenthran reportedly told Navinkumar that Nagaenthran was introverted and often kept to himself at times, and in fact, he has not spoken to anyone in over a year. Nagaenthran's lawyer M Ravi, who observed his client acting like a \\\"five-year-old child\\\", feared that Nagaenthran may not be aware of his death and the 11-year period he spent on death row may have had a deteriorating effect on his mental health. Amnesty International's researcher of Singapore, Rachel Chhoa-Howard, commented on the court verdicts of Naganethran's case where they dismissed his reports of diminished responsibility, \\\"Taking people's lives is a cruel act in itself but to hang a person convicted merely of carrying drugs, amid chilling testimony that he might not even fully understand what is happening to him, is despicable.\\\"The execution date, six days after the annual Hindu festival Deepavali (which Nagaenthran and his family celebrated annually), was criticised; the family said that they could not celebrate the festival. A man was arrested on 4 November 2021 for posting a poster advocating against Nagaenthran's death sentence at a train in Kuala Lumpur, which was classified as an illegal act of public provocation. Government's response and further pleas for mercy. The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) later released a statement in view of the increasing pressure to spare Nagaenthran's life. They stated that he was accorded full due process under the law and was represented by legal counsel throughout. They also reiterated the main points of the final court verdict in relation to Nagaenthran's case, stating that Nagaenthran did not commit the act under duress, and was not substantially mentally impaired to the extent of being ineligible for execution, and he clearly understood the magnitude of his actions, hence there was no necessity to review his case since his avenues of appeal were all exhausted. The amount of heroin which Nagaenthran trafficked in Singapore is equivalent to about 3,560 straws of heroin and it would be sufficient to feed the addiction of about 510 abusers for a week. His execution date remained as scheduled on 10 November 2021, as confirmed by the MHA.Singapore also emphasised that the death penalty is the reason why it has one of the lowest crime rates globally, and the practice is necessary to clamp down on drug crimes that can destroy thousands of lives potentially if not strictly regulated and deterred. MHA said the penalties, including the death penalty, for the illegal trafficking, importation or exportation of drugs are made clear at Singapore's borders, to warn traffickers and syndicates of the harsh penalties they potentially face. The Singapore authorities also revealed that they have also set execution dates ahead for some other death row inmates (who were all not named) who also exhausted all their avenues of appeal.On 31 October 2021, Malaysian lawyer Mahajoth Singh had launched a one-man protest against the execution of Nagaenthran in front of the High Commission of the Republic of Singapore in Kuala Lumpur.. Malaysian lawyer N Surendran continued to ask for mercy on Nagaenthran's life, stating that there was no justification to execute Nagaenthran based on his mental disability in view of the government of Singapore's response to public pressure. Lawyers for Liberty from Malaysia condemned the Singapore government for their response to the pleas of mercy and ignorance of Nagaenthran's mental faculties. Prime Minister of Malaysia Ismail Sabri Yaakob appealed to Singapore's prime minister Lee Hsien Loong to review Nagaenthran's case and revoke his death sentence. Ismail stated he, as a lawyer, respects Singapore's law and does not want to interfere but he hoped that the authorities can give Nagaenthran a chance to review his case. Similarly, Saifuddin Abdullah, Malaysia's foreign minister, appealed to his Singaporean counterpart Vivian Balakrishnan to give their authorities a discretion in deciding clemency for Nagaenthran's case, but overall he maintained Malaysia's respect for Singapore's law. The European Union, which prohibits the death penalty among its member nations, also joined in to pressure Singapore to pardon Nagaenthran from the gallows. Last-minute appeal and COVID-19 infection. A last-minute appeal was heard on 8 November, two days before Nagaenthran was due to hang, and M Ravi argued the appeal at the High Court. The whole appeal itself was dismissed by the High Court, as the judge See Kee Oon made it clear that the case has exhausted all its avenues of appeal since 2019 and hence there is no legal basis to not execute Nagaenthran based on allegations that his mental state has deteriorated during his time on death row and thus made him ineligible for execution, because there is no evidence present to the courts about these claims. There is also no medical basis to support the claim that Nagaenthran's mental age is below 18 years old since this was based on his lawyer's opinion. M Ravi has no medical expertise and met the Malaysian only once and interacted with him for just 26 minutes on 2 November 2021, six days before the appeal hearing. Justice See was also not convinced by Ravi's arguments regarding international law violations because of capital punishment, as he stated there is no legal basis for international law to take precedence over domestic law, concluding the appeal by stating that the law should take its course since Nagaenthran had already been accorded full due process and exhausted his appeals. An appeal to the Court of Appeal was also heard on 9 November 2021. The rushed schedule to close up on Nagaenthran's last-minute appeal process was criticised by lawyer N. Surendran as a denial of due legal process for Nagaenthran.During the appeal hearing at the High Court, the testimonies of the prison officers who knew Nagaenthran were presented in court disputed the supposed mentally ill behaviour of Nagaenthran. A senior prison officer who had befriended Nagaenthran for the past three years had not seen any abnormal behaviour from Nagaenthran, who was able to request religious counselling after being told that he would be hanged in the near future. Another prison officer said Nagaenthran had no problem communicating with the prison officers in English, Malay and Tamil, making requests and responding to instructions. Not only did he ask for religious counselling and a DVD player to play religious songs, Nagaenthran was also able to request for phone calls to his family members and for them to visit him, as well as selecting whichever prison officers who could help fulfill his needs during the final days prior to his execution. The Attorney-General's Chambers (AGC) earlier requested to Nagaenthran's lawyer to allow them to disclose the latest psychiatric records detailing Nagaenthran's mental state, but Ravi objected to the disclosure.On 9 November, the day of the appeal at the Court of Appeal, Malaysia's Communications and Multimedia minister Annuar Musa expressed to Singapore his hope that they could reconsider Nagaenthran's case and spare his life. At the same time, the human rights experts of the United Nations also pushed for Singapore to spare Nagaenthran's life.However, on 9 November 2021, it was reported that Nagaenthran had tested positive for COVID-19 just 12 minutes after he arrived at the Court of Appeal for his appeal hearing, and thus the execution on 10 November would not proceed as scheduled. Both Ravi and the prosecutor Wong Woon Kwong were informed of this by one of the judges in a courtroom packed with both local and international media and activists. His appeal was also delayed to allow Nagaenthran time to recover before proceeding with the appeal process. The appeal was heard by three judges: Andrew Phang, Judith Prakash and Kannan Ramesh.The next day on 10 November, the original date of Nagaenthran's execution, the Singapore Prison Service revealed that prior to his appearance in court, Nagaenthran did not report any symptoms and was initially tested negative by the ART test before the results of the PCR test confirmed Nagaenthran's COVID-19 infection. It was also revealed that Nagaenthran chose not to vaccinate himself from COVID-19, even though more than 90% of the prison staff and 90% of the prisoners were fully vaccinated from the virus. Several prison officers and some of Nagaenthran's fellow prisoners at the death row cells of Changi Prison's Institution A1 were also subsequently tested positive, and the affected death row cells were undergoing lockdown to avoid the infection from spreading. Nagaenthran and the people he interacted with were isolated to avoid spreading infection to more people and be given medical treatment in the meantime. There would also be measures taken to ensure regular testing of both prison staff and inmates for COVID-19. In addition to 54 supervising prison officers, a total of 169 prisoners from the prison, including those on death row, were confirmed to be infected as of 12 November 2021. Further death penalty debate and Singapore's response. The case has brought light to the issue of the death penalty in Malaysia. While many human rights groups pushed for abolition of the death penalty, most Malaysians believed that the death penalty should remain for serious crimes like murder and certain offences of corruption other than drug trafficking, and support for the death penalty remains high in Malaysia despite the decreasing numbers of new death sentences given by the courts. Legal professionals and enforcement, including some lawyers and police officers, commented that there should be some powers of discretion given to the judges to impose life imprisonment in some capital cases instead of death with respect to its mitigating circumstances, but they generally felt that the death penalty is overall still relevant to use against drug trafficking and murder and other offences, given the rampant rate of drug offences committed in Malaysia. Datuk Seri Nazri Abdul Aziz, who was debating the Budget 2022 in Dewan Rakyat, brought up the case of Nagaenthran and hopes that Malaysia can review its death penalty laws for drug traffickers in Malaysia, given that it also executed many drug offenders while appealing for mercy on its citizens in other countries, which was inconsistent with their stance towards drug convicts in and out of Malaysia.In light of the growing pressure by the United Nations (UN) to pardon Nagaenthran, Singapore's representative to the UN and Ambassador Umej Bhatia responded and highlighted that the courts in Singapore has already made it clear in their verdicts that Nagaenthran may have borderline intellectual functioning but he did not have mild intellectual disability, and they also gave their strictest due consideration to determine the eligibility of Nagaenthran's condition for execution, and even Nagaenthran's personal psychiatrist has also agreed that the Malaysian had no intellectual disability. With regards to the UN's accusations that Singapore had violated international law by imposing death sentences on drug offenders who committed \\\"non-serious\\\" crimes by international standards, Singapore stated there was no international consensus on the death penalty or what was the threshold of \\\"serious crimes\\\", and every country has the sovereign right to decide on its use of the death penalty and the types of capital offences they defined under the law.When facing the UN's other allegations that the fate of a drug offender were decided by the prosecution of Singapore and the unfairness towards Nagaenthran's family with a long list of strict rules of COVID-19 travel regulations, Singapore rebutted it by stating that the prosecution's decisions are independent of the government and they are still liable for review of their decisions, which Nagaenthran has already appealed for before the courts found no error after reviewing the prosecution's decisions. The COVID-19 travel restrictions and rules were not discriminatory towards Nagaenthran's family, as they were all similar to the ones which apply to all travellers entering Singapore from Malaysia during this period, and were made to address the present pandemic situation in Singapore, and the authorities made efforts to contact the family to allow them to understand the travel regulations and facilitate their stay in Singapore.On 12 November 2021, Singapore's Ministry of Foreign Affairs also revealed that the ministers in Singapore, including Prime Minister of Singapore Lee Hsien Loong and Foreign Minister Vivian Balakrishnan, had responded to their respective Malaysian counterparts that Nagaenthran was being accorded full due process under the law and was not intellectually disabled as confirmed by the courts and psychiatric assessments, hence there should be no intervention in his case. In response to the government's statements, Malaysia's human rights lawyer N. Surendran and Lawyers for Liberty claimed that the Singapore government was fabricating their stand that Nagaenthran was accorded full due process, stating that the courts had not given Nagaenthran a full due court process by not taking into consideration of his intellectual and mental impairment or making accommodation to address them during the court proceedings. Human Rights Watch's senior disability rights expert Emina \\u0106erimovi\\u0107 commented on Nagaenthran's case, \\\"The inhumanity shown by the Singaporean authorities in Nagaenthran's case is truly shocking.\\\" \\u0106erimovi\\u0107 also added, \\\"The government's determination to execute a man with an intellectual disability for importing a small amount of drugs is disproportionate and cruel, and deserves global condemnation.\\\" Further appeals from Malaysia and other parties. The Malaysian Bar, together with the Advocates Association of Sarawak and the Sabah Law Society, also activated their efforts to appeal to the Singapore government for clemency to lower Nagaenthran's death sentence to life imprisonment, and they cited that they maintain their respect for Singapore's laws but implored the city-state, on the basis of compassion and humanity, to assess Nagaenthran's mental state to see if he is mentally competent to be hanged due to their concerns of the possible psychological impact that his 11-year death row period had on him. Both Nagaenthran's family and lawyer M Ravi expressed on 18 November that they will sue Singapore's attorney general Lucien Wong for negligence and willful disregard of human life by the judicial system. Wong sent a letter to Ravi, stating that Ravi's other allegations against the legal system in Nagaenthran's case amounted to \\\"contempt of court\\\" and he should retract them and apologise by a deadline of 22 November. However, Ravi has stated that he will not retract his statements or apologise to the attorney general.On 23 November 2021, Yang di-Pertuan Agong from Malaysia reportedly wrote to the President of Singapore, hoping that clemency could be given to Nagaenthran.On 26 November 2021, the Court of Appeal of Singapore was to give its verdict regarding Nagaenthran's final appeal four days later on 30 November. However, the court date was postponed to sometime in January 2022, according to activist Angelia Pranthaman, whose brother Pannir Selvam was on death row for drug offences. She appealed to Singapore to spare the lives of both Nagaenthran and her brother and commute their death sentences. However, Nagaenthran's lawyer M Ravi, who requested the adjournment, stated there was no definite date confirmed as the courts did not inform him of a new court hearing date. The adjournment was a result of Ravi's suspension from his legal duties in view of his relapse from bipolar disorder.On 3 December 2021, the President of Singapore Halimah Yacob replied to the Agong's clemency letter, firmly stating that Nagaenthran was being 'accorded full due process under the law' and thus refused to grant clemency to Nagaenthran.The next court date for Nagaenthran's appeal was set for 24 January 2022. The case would be heard by a five-judge panel comprising Chief Justice Sundaresh Menon, Judges of Appeal Andrew Phang, Judith Prakash and Belinda Ang, and Senior Judge Chao Hick Tin. Nagaenthran's lawyer M Ravi was also replaced by Violet Netto. As Nagaenthran's appeal hearing was drawing near, concerned members of the international community, including British actor Stephen Fry, continued to appeal to Singapore to spare the 33-year-old Malaysian from the gallows. Final appeals and second death warrant. Last court hearing. On 24 January 2022, Netto sought an adjournment of the appeal, and it was granted by the courts. The appeal was eventually heard on 1 March 2022, in which Netto argued for Nagaenthran to be subjected to psychiatric assessment prior to his execution to assess whether he should be considered mentally fit to undergo his hanging. Netto also tried to admit the reports of two foreign psychologists as evidence to support Nagaenthran's case. However, the judges stated that the last-minute drip-feeding of evidence were tantamount to an abuse of the court process. Deputy Public Prosecutor Wong Woon Kwong described the appeal as a \\\"continuation of a very cynical attempt to abuse the process of the court\\\" and criticized Netto for seeking to suppress the prison's independent medical records. The judgement was reserved, and while awaiting the verdict, the rights groups continually sought clemency for Nagaenthran, who still remained at Changi Prison awaiting his fate.Four weeks later, on 29 March 2022, the five-judge Court of Appeal dismissed the appeal, and they issued harsh words of condemnation and criticism towards Netto and M. Ravi for abusing the court process. As he delivered the verdict on behalf of the judges, Chief Justice Sundaresh Menon pointed out that the appeal was filed based on inadmissible evidence and Ravi's own \\\"self-serving\\\" speculation that Nagaenthran has a mental age below 18 years old; there was no evidence to show any deterioration of Nagaenthran's mental faculties during his 13-year stay on Changi Prison's death row. The Court, relying on the findings of the trial court, accepted that Nagaenthran possessed borderline intellectual functioning but not mild intellectual disability. The two foreign psychologists' evidence was rejected as they did not personally assess Nagaenthran.Chief Justice Menon further pointed out that the Attorney-General's Chambers had intended to enter psychiatric and medical reports from check-ups done on Nagaenthran in 2021 as evidence in court, but Nagaenthran's lawyers objected on the grounds of medical confidentiality, preventing the reports from being used as evidence. Menon questioned how Nagaenthran could withhold evidence regarding his medical condition after \\\"having called his medical condition into question\\\". Menon inferred that Nagaenthran was \\\"seeking to prevent the court from accessing that evidence because he knows or believes it would undermine his case\\\".Menon reprimanded the lawyers for mounting a baseless legal challenge against Nagaenthran's death penalty, which he described as \\\"without merit\\\" and an attempt to escape from death and defer his imminent execution. He also reiterated that it was improper to engage in or encourage last-minute attempts to reopen any concluded appeals without a reasonable basis, and as long as the capital punishment was imposed legally in the specified circumstances, it is intolerable for a defence counsel to repeatedly launch hopeless appeals and bring the justice system into disrepute.Menon also stated in the appeal verdict: In our judgment, these proceedings constitute a blatant and egregious abuse of the court's processes. They have been conducted with the seeming aim of unjustifiably delaying the carrying into effect of the sentence imposed on the appellant. Having lost his final chance to have his death sentence commuted, 33-year-old Nagaenthran was set for imminent execution. Nagaenthran's family were reportedly devastated and shocked to hear the appeal's dismissal. Second clemency appeal and outcome. In the aftermath of the appeal's dismissal, many civil groups still tried to appeal to Singapore to commute Nagaenthran's sentence and show him mercy. Maya Foa, director of UK-based anti-death penalty group Reprieve, made a statement to Singapore's President Halimah Yacob, \\\"We urge \\u202fPresident Halimah Yacob to listen to the cries for mercy within Singapore and around the world, from the United Nations to global business leaders, and spare\\u202fthe life of this vulnerable man.\\\" Lawyers for Liberty (LFL) also accused the government of Singapore for violating international law and they also claimed that by sentencing Nagaenthran to death, Singapore had failed to abide by the conditions of prohibiting the killing of intellectually disabled persons. Together with M Ravi, LFL asked the Malaysian government to bring forward Nagaenthran's case to the International Court of Justice (ICJ). The Global Commission on Drug Policy, citing the case of Nagaenthran, stated that the death penalty was an inappropriate response to any offences, including drug-related crimes. A protest was also made on 3 April 2022 at Hong Lim Park against the government's use of the death penalty in light of Nagaenthran's failed appeal. Besides, the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights (AICHR) was urged to intervene in Nagaenthran's case and other death penalty issues from Singapore, as well as advocate for the abolition of the death penalty in the ASEAN member nations.While some netizens felt that Nagaenthran should be spared from the gallows and the death penalty should be removed, others agreed with and supported the judges' standing that Nagaenthran clearly knew the magnitude and consequences of his crime and stated he should face execution for his crime. Earlier in the same month Nagaenthran lost his appeal, a 2021 survey result was publicly revealed and it showed that more than 80% of Singaporeans believed that the death penalty should remain in Singapore due to its deterrent effect and relevance in fighting crime.M Ravi told the reporters that due to the complete exhaustion of avenues of appeal on Malaysia's part, no more appeals would be lodged and the execution could take place in days, but he continued to express his support for Nagaenthran's life to be spared. The concern that Nagaenthran's execution would take place soon was further intensified when 68-year-old Changi Prison inmate Abdul Kahar bin Othman, a Singaporean drug convict, was confirmed to be executed at dawn on 30 March 2022, making Abdul Kahar the first person to be hanged in Singapore during the COVID-19 pandemic.On 16 April 2022, rights advocate Kokila Annamalai revealed in a Malaysian newspaper that a second clemency appeal submitted by Nagaenthran's family and supporters was rejected by the President of Singapore on 31 March 2022. Having personally witnessed the tender, loving moments between Nagaenthran and his family members during their prison visits and court session, Annamalai shared her sadness towards Nagaenthran for his imminent fate and she stated that there should be more to be done regarding the issue of capital punishment in Singapore, and criticised Singapore for a lack of mercy on Nagaenthran. The Guardian and Malaysian newspapers also confirmed that Nagaenthran's death sentence was upheld by the dismissal of his second clemency plea, and Ravi criticised the decision to reject clemency on Nagaenthran. Second death warrant. On 20 April 2022, the Singapore Prison Service (SPS) informed Nagaenthran's mother that her son's execution was rescheduled to take place on 27 April 2022, and that extended daily visits would be facilitated for the family until the eve of his execution. This announcement led to requests for the Malaysian government to delay Nagaenthran's execution by taking the case to the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Upon receiving her son's second death warrant, Nagaenthran's mother Panchalai Supermaniam appeared on Facebook in a video clip, in which she made a public apology on behalf of her son, and she begged for mercy on behalf of Nagaenthran's life.By then, Amnesty International also filed a petition to seek clemency on behalf of Nagaenthran, and the petition itself garnered more than 8,000 signatures. Rights activist Kokila Annamalai was set to organise a candlelight vigil on behalf of Nagaenthran at Hong Lim Park on 25 April 2022, and Nagaenthran's family and three siblings prepared to travel to Singapore to visit him in Changi Prison. British billionaire Richard Branson and British actor Stephen Fry, who both earlier appealed for mercy on Nagaenthran's life, once again went to social media to reiterate their pleas for Nagaenthran's sentence be commuted. Additionally, in his appeal for mercy on behalf of Nagaenthran, Branson described the death penalty as a \\\"horrible blotch\\\" on the reputation of Singapore as a huge financial hub. Human rights groups also asked Singapore to transfer Nagaenthran to a Malaysian prison on a prisoner exchange programme to allow him to be executed in Malaysia instead of Singapore.The protests against Nagaenthran's execution grew fiercer as the death warrant of Datchinamurthy Kataiah, another Malaysian drug convict on death row, was also finalized and his execution date scheduled on 29 April 2022, two days after Nagaenthran's execution date. The vigil was held as scheduled, with several public figures like rapper Subhas Nair, opposition politician Paul Tambyah and writer Alfian Sa'at attending the vigil. Some Singaporeans showed up out of sympathy for Nagaenthran and Datchinamurthy, while others joined only to find out more about the concept of the death penalty in Singapore.Nagaenthran's family were unable to attend the vigil since the law prohibits the participation of foreigners in local protests, but on behalf of the family, Nagaenthran's cousin Thenmoli Sunniah stated that the family would not give up their hope for Nagaenthran's case, since they planned to file another legal application to the courts. Datchinamurthy's family similarly stood by Nagaenthran's family to show support for the vigil and protest against the two men's executions. It was also revealed that both Datchinamurthy and Nagaenthran were close friends while staying next to each other in neighbouring cells at the death row section of Changi Prison, and both men's mothers bonded due to their loss and common goal to save their sons from execution.Sebaran Kasih, a non-governmental organisation, appealed for all political and business leaders to bring forward diplomatic measures to intervene in Nagaenthran's case, and they cited the 2010 cases of Cheong Chun Yin and Pang Siew Fum to question why Nagaenthran cannot be eligible for life imprisonment like both Cheong and Pang since their cases were similar in terms of their circumstances. Cheong and Pang were both initially sentenced to death for drug trafficking in 2010 before the 2013 law reforms allowed them to have their sentences commuted to life, the former due to him being a certified courier and the latter due to her mental illness. A protest was made by Malaysian activists, lawyers and members of the Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC) outside the Singapore High Commission in Malaysia to show opposition to Nagaenthran's execution. However, as a result of this protest, the Royal Malaysia Police sent out officers to take three lawyers into custody for questioning regarding their roles in the protest.The United Nations Human Rights Office also issued an official statement, in which they showed opposition to the Singapore government's decision to proceed with the executions of both Nagaenthran and Datchinamurthy due to their concern that Singapore may conduct more executions in the near future with the increasing phenomenon of death warrants issued for drug convicts on death row, and they urged Singapore to reconsider their drug laws and use of the death penalty in the city state. Lawsuit against Chief Justice Sundaresh Menon. On 25 April 2022, Nagaenthran's mother Panchalai Supermaniam filed a lawsuit against Sundaresh Menon, the current Chief Justice of Singapore, as a final attempt to help her son escape the gallows. In the lawsuit, which she made with the help of family members, activists and friends, she alleged that Menon was the same attorney general who, prior to his appointment as Chief Justice, prosecuted Nagaenthran and secured his conviction, which she claimed was a move that \\\"blatantly\\\" deprived her son's rights to a fair trial. However, Panchalai did not have a lawyer to represent her in filing the application since none of the lawyers in Singapore were willing to represent her for fear of any reprisals from the court, as the courts would often issue hefty fines and other penalties for any legal applications filed without merit. Hence, Panchalai would be representing herself in the hearing, which was set for the next day and also the day before Nagaenthran's execution.On 26 April 2022, the day before Nagaenthran's execution, the Court of Appeal dismissed Nagaenthran's mother's lawsuit. The three-judge panel, consisting of Supreme Court judge Belinda Ang, and two Judges of Appeal Andrew Phang and Judith Prakash, overall found the application to be \\\"devoid of merit\\\". Justice Phang, who delivered the verdict, described in his own words that \\\"no court in the world would allow an applicant to prolong matters ad infinitum\\\" by filing applications that were baseless and without merit. He also stated: \\\"There must come a time when the last word of the court is the last word.\\\" Justice Phang added that Nagaenthran did not raise this allegation in his previous appeal the month before, which made the application look like a \\\"calculated attempt\\\" to downplay the finality of the court process.Deputy Public Prosecutor (DPP) Wong Woon Kwong harshly criticized Nagaenthran's mother for filing a meritless lawsuit, and he stated that CJ Menon was not involved in any of the decisions pertaining to Nagaenthran's prosecution, hence the lawsuit was a sign of the continuation of abuse of the court process by Nagaenthran through the involvement of external parties. DPP Wong also urged the court to compel Nagaenthran's mother to disclose the identities of those who played a part in submitting the lawsuit, so as to \\\"stem the continued attacks on the fundamental administration of justice.\\\"After the dismissal of this lawsuit, Nagaenthran, who accepted the verdict, made a final request to the Court of Appeal, being quoted as saying: \\\"I'd like to make a last-minute request to spend some time with my family members. I'm placing this request so I can hold my family members' hands. Here in court, Your Honour, I would like to hold my family members' hands, not in prison. May I please have permission to hold their hands here?\\\"After making the request, the three judges allowed Nagaenthran to spend two hours together with his family in the Supreme Court building and he was given permission to hold their hands one final time. As the time was up, Nagaenthran reportedly shared a tearful farewell with his family before he was brought back to Changi Prison, where his execution would take place.Upon the news of his lawsuit's rejection, a small vigil was held by activists in Malaysia on the night before his execution. Fifty people attended the event, and there were two Malaysian lawyers being probed by the police for taking part in the vigil. Lawyers for Liberty also accused the Singapore authorities of \\\"harassing\\\" and \\\"intimidating\\\" Nagaenthran's mother into revealing the names of those who assisted her into filing the lawsuit, claiming the intention of such aid were made out of compassion for a helpless mother desperate to save her child. Execution. Thirteen years after his arrest for drug trafficking, on 27 April 2022, at around dawn, Nagaenthran was hanged at Changi Prison. He was the second death row prisoner to be executed in Singapore after Abdul Kahar Othman, who was the first to be hanged after the end of Singapore's two-year moratorium due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore. Nagaenthran was the fifth Malaysian drug trafficker to be hanged in Singapore since 2016.According to Nagaenthran's 22-year-old brother Navinkumar, his family would collect his brother's body and take it back to their hometown in Ipoh for funeral preparations. Nagaenthran's 36-year-old sister Sharmila said that the family was saddened and shocked at their loss, and they were dissatisfied with Nagaenthran's final sentence despite coming to terms with his death. The funeral was expected to be held on 29 April 2022, two days after Nagaenthran's execution. A wake was conducted for Nagaenthran in Singapore before the body was brought back to Malaysia, with over a hundred people attending it, including human rights activists, family members, and members of the public. Nagaenthran's sister revealed that after the funeral, Nagaenthran's remains would be laid to rest in a Hindu cemetery in Buntong, Ipoh. Over 200 family members and friends were present at the funeral. Reportedly, Sharmila did not allow a single politician to attend the funeral, claiming they're coming only for publicity but did not offer assistance while Nagaenthran was on death row.In the year 2022 itself, a total of eleven executions, including Nagaenthran's, were officially carried out in Singapore, all for drug trafficking. Aftermath. Criticism of the execution. Reprieve's director Maya Foa criticized the execution and described Nagaenthran as a \\\"victim of a tragic miscarriage of justice\\\". M Ravi offered his condolences to the family and said he would continue to fight for the abolition of the death penalty in Singapore. Activist Kirsten Han also offered her condolences by posting a photo of Nagaenthran wearing his favourite clothes, which was the final photo taken before his death. The Malaysian government also received calls from related parties to abolish the death penalty in light of Nagaenthran's execution, with PKR leader and deputy chief Jimmy Puah Wee Tse describing it as an irrelevant punishment due to it not being effective in reducing crime. Wisma Putra also offered their condolences to Nagaenthran's family and provided them consular support.Additionally, British billionaire Richard Branson, who earlier appealed for clemency in Nagaenthran's case, offered his condolences to Nagaenthran's family and he expressed his disappointment in Singapore for its \\\"relentless machinery of death\\\" since it left \\\"no room for decency, dignity, compassion, or mercy\\\" when it sent Nagaenthran to the gallows in spite of the growing opposition to his execution. The Anti-Death Penalty Asia Network (Adpan) condemned the execution and stated that Nagaenthran's execution was a violation of international law by the Singapore government. Director Erwin van der Borght of Amnesty International commented that the execution of Nagaenthran was a \\\"disgraceful act\\\" which was \\\"ruthlessly carried out\\\" by the Singapore government despite the widespread international outcry and protests.Australian human rights lawyer Julian McMahon, who formerly represented drug traffickers Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran of the Bali Nine (executed in 2015 by firing squad in Indonesia), and Van Tuong Nguyen (executed in 2005 by hanging in Singapore), spoke up against the issue of the death penalty in light of Nagaenthran's execution. McMahon stated that he felt that the death penalty was ineffective in preventing drug trafficking given the offenders dealt with were just the runners but not the kingpins, and he added that it was shocking to see the death penalty being put into use for relatively \\\"non-serious\\\" crimes like drug trafficking.Another Australian lawyer Morry Bailes was also critical of the use of the death penalty by both Singapore and Japan in light of Nagaenthran's execution by Singapore for drug trafficking, as well as Japan's execution of three murderers the previous year. Bailes stated that the claims of the death penalty as an effective deterrent was greatly contradicted by the experience of many other countries, and he stated that hanging a mere drug mule like Nagaenthran would not be able to achieve the ends of justice since the mastermind and drug lord who hired Nagaenthran to deliver the drugs was not brought to justice. Bailes also stated in his own words, \\\"Witnesses, juries and courts make mistakes, but the death penalty once carried out is irreversible.\\\" The case of Nagaenthran also brought to attention the past cases of Australians executed for drug offences in Southeast Asian countries (e.g. Barlow and Chambers execution in Malaysia, Van Tuong Nguyen in Singapore, and both Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran of Bali Nine in Indonesia) and Australia's public opposition against the death penalty.The case of Nagaenthran's execution brought attention to the cases of the nine remaining Malaysians (including Datchinamurthy Kataiah and Pannir Selvam Pranthaman) on Singapore's death row, as well as four other Malaysians hanged for drug trafficking prior to Nagaenthran's execution. The risk of execution of these nine Malaysians despite being alleged couriers or allegedly disabled brought concern to the activists who opposed the death penalty. The United Nations also criticised Singapore for executing Nagaenthran and Abdul Kahar Othman and stated that Singapore should impose a moratorium as a first step to abolish the death penalty, and urged Singapore to not execute Datchinamurthy Kataiah, who was the third drug trafficker facing imminent execution in Singapore. Government's response. On the same day Nagaenthran was executed, the Attorney-General's Chambers (AGC) made an official statement, in which they strongly condemned the allegations and rumours spread in relation to Nagaenthran's case, especially those seeking to \\\"cast aspersions\\\" on the involvement of Chief Justice Sundaresh Menon, in which these rumours falsely suggested any form of bias made by Menon in his judgement in Nagaenthran's appeal. The AGC commented that the lawsuit against Menon was the seventh legal application (not including appeals) made on behalf of Nagaenthran, and they described the lawsuit as \\\"the latest attempt to abuse the court's processes and unjustifiably delay the carrying into effect of the lawful sentence imposed on Nagaenthran.\\\"The AGC also mentioned that prior to the lawsuit, it was specifically mentioned to Nagaenthran's counsel about Chief Justice Menon's appointment as the Attorney General during the prosecution of Nagaenthran, and Nagaenthran himself, under his lawyer's advice, made no objections for Menon to preside the lawsuit. However, this information appeared to be \\\"deliberately\\\" withheld from Nagaenthran's mother when she brought forward the lawsuit, since Nagaenthran's mother had filed the application with the help of friends and activists, the organisations of legal papers clearly were not solely the work of Nagaenthran's mother, and both the signature and email address did not belong to Nagaenthran's mother. Therefore, for these above reasons, there was no basis at all in making the application. The AGC responded in the official statement that these allegations amounted to \\\"contempt of the court\\\", and reiterated that it \\\"takes a serious view of any act that may constitute contempt, and will not hesitate to take appropriate action to protect the administration of justice\\\".On 28 April 2022, the day after Nagaenthran's execution, both the AGC and the Central Narcotics Bureau (CNB) made statements to defend Singapore's decision to hang Nagaenthran in light of the international condemnation of Singapore and the execution. The AGC reiterated in a statement that Nagaenthran was given a fair trial and had \\\"exhausted his rights of appeal and almost every other recourse under the law over some 11 years\\\", while the CNB said in a separate statement that Nagaenthran's actions when committing the crime was \\\"a deliberate, purposeful and calculated decision\\\" and cited the related court findings, in which the judges all agreed that \\\"he knew what he was doing\\\" at the time of the offence.The CNB also said that there were too much misinformation spread about Nagaenthran's mental state, and they reiterated that Nagaenthran was not intellectually disabled at the time of his offence since he had tried to evade the authorities and also narrated too many inconsistent accounts of how and what led to him committing the offences. The government's stand received support from many who discussed the case.On 29 April 2022, it was revealed that three days before Nagaenthran's execution, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong and Minister for Foreign Affairs Vivian Balakrishnan had both responded to their Malaysian counterparts that Nagaenthran was accorded full due process under the law when they received the government's letter to review Nagaenthran's case and sentence. Malaysia's foreign minister Saifuddin Abdullah replied to the Singapore government in a statement that they acknowledged Nagaenthran's execution and this issue would not affect the diplomatic ties between Malaysia and Singapore, as they uphold their respect for the sovereignty rights of Singapore to decide on its own judicial system and laws.In response to the United Nations' criticism of Singapore, Ambassador Umej Bhatia defended the government's decisions to execute Nagaenthran and Abdul Kahar Othman, as well as their use of the death penalty on drugs. Bhatia stated that all criminal proceedings in Singapore were conducted with due process before an \\\"impartial and independent judiciary\\\", and the death penalty would be passed on any suspect if their guilt were proven according to the law. He drew attention to Singapore's decades-long reputation for having a fair and impartial criminal justice system, and an independent and effective judiciary. Bhatia rebutted that there was no racial discrimination in response to the allegations of racial bias over the large number of minorities on Singapore's death row, and he cited that all individuals were subjected to equal and fair treatment under the laws of Singapore and were not given different treatment based on race or nationality. Bhatia reiterated that there was no need to impose a moratorium since there was no international consensus against the use of the death penalty \\\"when it is imposed according to the due process of law\\\", and added there was \\\"no explicit definition\\\" under international law or international consensus on what constitutes the \\\"most serious crimes\\\". Bhatia ended off his statement by citing that every country has its sovereign right to determine its own criminal justice system, considering its own circumstances and in accordance with its international law obligations.With regards to Nagaenthran's case and the abuse of court processes made by Nagaenthran's lawyers, Minister of State for Home Affairs Muhammad Faishal Ibrahim stated that they accepted there were bound to be some liberal citizens harbouring passionate views towards capital punishment but he reiterated that there should be basic respect given to the law and it was unacceptable for individuals to repeatedly launch appeals in an concluded capital case without tangible evidence. He also said that there would be legislative changes made and passed to stem down and issue penalties for every abuse of court processes. In addition, Faishal also highlighted the negative effects of drug abuse and how it may not only ruin the lives of drug abusers (and their loved ones) but also lead to crimes committed by suspects under the influence of drugs, citing the recent March 2022 cases of the Buangkok Crescent sword attack, the Queenstown knife attack of two people and the fatal police shooting of a knife-wielding fugitive drug abuser as examples to support his case. He stated that the war on drugs would continue on in Singapore in spite of the growing liberal attitudes of some young people towards drug use. HARDtalk interview. During a June 2022 BBC HARDtalk interview, Shanmugam, who was asked by the host and journalist Stephen Sackur regarding the death penalty, stated that the death penalty in Singapore was the right punishment adopted by the government to protect Singaporeans and save lives. He also cited a 2021 report by the World Health Organization (WHO) that showed there were 500,000 deaths linked to drug abuse in just one year. Shanmugam added that in the 1990s, Singapore was arresting about 6,000 people a year for drugs, but this has now dropped to about 3,000 people a year.. He stated that it goes to show that the laws deployed by Singapore on drug trafficking had safeguarded the lives of many locals and maintains a safe society in Singapore. Turning to Sackur's question about the morals behind the execution of Nagaenthran despite his alleged disability, Shanmugam rebutted that the courts found Nagaenthran was not intellectually disabled \\u2013 which was confirmed by the psychiatrists called by his lawyers \\u2013 and had made a calculated and calibrated decision to bring the drugs into Singapore. He also cited two cases of executed Americans with similar IQs like Nagaenthran to show there was no difference between Nagaenthran and the two men.Stating that Sackur should not focus on the execution of one trafficker but on the bigger picture of Southeast Asia's severe drug situation (which caused countless fatalities among drug abusers in the region), Shanmugam quoted: \\\"To misquote a well-known quote, a single hanging of a drug trafficker is a tragedy; a million deaths from drug abuse is a statistic. That's what this shows.\\\" The death penalty response by Shanmugam during the BBC interview was well-received and supported by many members of the public on social media. Other responses. The opposition parties in Singapore - Reform Party, People's Power Party and Red Dot United - went on to write to Law Minister K Shanmugam, due to their concerns about the allegations of a climate of fear among lawyers, in the face of possible government reprisal, being discouraged from representing drug traffickers on death row, following the cases of Nagaenthran (through his mother's application) and Datchinamurthy where both had to be present without legal counsel. The three opposition parties wrote that these claims were serious allegations as everyone is equally entitled to the right to legal representation under Singapore law, and they hoped that the government could undertake measures to quell these allegations for fear it may cause damage to Singapore's reputation.In a May 2022 litigation conference, Chief Justice Sundaresh Menon cited the increasing trend of multiple baseless legal applications made by many inmates against the death penalty, especially Nagaenthran's case where he expressed his concern about the blatant abuse of court processes. He called on to all lawyers in Singapore to not engage in such procedures, as regardless of the lawyers' duty to the client or other reasons, the courts cannot countenance such clear abuse of process as it breached the responsibility of legal officers to the court. Legal proceedings against Nagaenthran's former counsel. On 10 May 2022, it was reported that Violet Netto, the lawyer who represented Nagaenthran in his second-last appeal to the Court of Appeal, was arrested and investigated for acting as a lawyer and solicitor without a valid practising certificate on at least three occasions, including Nagaenthran's case and the last-ditch appeals of another two death row inmates Pausi Jefridin and Roslan Bakar. It was decreed under the law that solicitors must apply for a practising certificate for every practice year they act in the capacity of an advocate and solicitor, and Netto's certificate was expired at the time she represented Nagaenthran. For this, she potentially faced the maximum sentence of six months' jail, a S$2,500 fine, or both if convicted of acting as a lawyer without a valid certificate.Not only that, M Ravi, the human rights lawyer who also represented Nagaenthran before Netto, was subjected to seven separate professional disciplinary inquiries which may result in him being fined, suspended or struck off the Bar as a lawyer, in addition to three contempt proceedings as well as a number of police investigations for the repeated abuse of court processes through Nagaenthran's case. Ravi was also given a travel ban which restricted him from going to Malaysia. Due to these above proceedings against Nagaenthran's former lawyers, the rights groups and Malaysian lawyers criticised Singapore for supposed harassment of lawyers and stated that Singapore should respect the criminals' rights to legal representation, since Nagaenthran's mother and another prisoner Datchinamurthy Kataiah find themselves, in two separate cases, without the representation of legal counsel to argue their cases.On 25 May 2022, the Court of Appeal released a court order, in which they ruled that Ravi and Netto should pay over S$20,000 in costs to the Attorney-General's Chambers (AGC) as compensation to the unnecessary costs incurred by the lawsuits both lawyers made without solid evidence in Nagaenthran's case; Ravi was to bear 75% of the total cost while the remaining 25% would be covered by Netto. A small-scale public funding event was carried out to gather funds to help Ravi and Netto to discharge their fine; some activists criticised Singapore for punishing the two lawyers for merely fulfilling their duties for their former client. Also, Ravi, who also need to pay S$10,000 and S$12,000 for another two lawsuits separately, remained defiant and unapologetic, stating that he paid a heavy price in saving lives from capital punishment despite the government's condemnation of his errors. Police probe of activists. On 27 June 2022, it was reported that several people including activists Kirsten Han and Rocky Howe were investigated by police for illegally organising three public assemblies outside Changi Prison without a police permit to show their opposition to the death penalty and support for drug traffickers Abdul Kahar Othman and Nagaenthran before their executions on 30 March 2022 and 27 April 2022 respectively. Han and Howe were also asked by police to submit their anti-death penalty slogan shirts, handphones and other possessions as evidence for upcoming police investigations. Passing of the Post-Appeal Applications in Capital Cases Bill. In the aftermath of Nagaenthran's execution, in light of the increasing rate of abuses of court processes evidently caused by Nagaenthran's case and the subsequent other capital drug cases (all of which having exhausted the appeals and clemency process), the government of Singapore decided to pass a new law to impose stringent regulations on the filing of post-appeal applications, where only the Court of Appeal, the highest court of Singapore, could grant a stay of execution for a prisoner awaiting capital punishment in Singapore, as well as hearing the post-appeal applications. If a prisoner is found to have abused court processes, he will be prohibited from making a post-appeal application unless there is new evidence. A single judge would be appointed to hear the cases before deciding whether to postpone the inmate's execution and approve his post-appeal application, before the usual panel of three or five judges would be set to hear the application in the Court of Appeal. The Post-Appeal Applications in Capital Cases Bill was first drafted and passed on 29 November 2022. While this law was supported by most like Leader of Opposition Pritam Singh, there were criticisms from Human Rights Watch that Singapore did so to cut off inmates' chances to oppose their execution and access to last chances of justice. \", \"title\": \"Execution of Nagaenthran K. Dharmalingam\", \"qa_pairs\": \"[{'S': 'However, on 9 November 2021, it was reported that Nagaenthran had tested positive for COVID-19 just 12 minutes after he arrived at the Court of Appeal for his appeal hearing, and thus the execution on 10 November would not proceed as scheduled.', 'Q': \\\"Why was Nagaenthran's execution delayed?\\\", 'A': 'Because he tested positive for COVID-19 just 12 minutes after he arrived at the Court of Appeal for his appeal hearing.'}, {'S': 'Singapore also emphasised that the death penalty is the reason why it has one of the lowest crime rates globally, and the practice is necessary to clamp down on drug crimes that can destroy thousands of lives potentially if not strictly regulated and deterred.', 'Q': \\\"What is Singapore's government's stance on the death penalty?\\\", 'A': \\\"Singapore's government believes that the death penalty is necessary to clamp down on drug crimes that can destroy thousands of lives potentially if not strictly regulated and deterred.\\\"}, {'S': \\\"Protests were made outside Malaysia's Parliament at Kuala Lumpur for more efforts from the Malaysian government to stop the execution.\\\", 'Q': \\\"Why were protests made outside Malaysia's Parliament?\\\", 'A': 'Protests were made for more efforts from the Malaysian government to stop the execution.'}, {'S': \\\"The three opposition parties wrote that these claims were serious allegations as everyone is equally entitled to the right to legal representation under Singapore law, and they hoped that the government could undertake measures to quell these allegations for fear it may cause damage to Singapore's reputation.\\\", 'Q': \\\"What did the three opposition parties write about the allegations against Nagaenthran's lawyers?\\\", 'A': \\\"The three opposition parties wrote that these claims were serious allegations as everyone is equally entitled to the right to legal representation under Singapore law, and they hoped that the government could undertake measures to quell these allegations for fear it may cause damage to Singapore's reputation.\\\"}, {'A': \\\"With regards to the UN's accusations that Singapore had violated international law by imposing death sentences on drug offenders who committed 'non-serious' crimes by international standards, Singapore stated there was no international consensus on the death penalty or what was the threshold of 'serious crimes', and every country has the sovereign right to decide on its use of the death penalty and the types of capital offences they defined under the law.\\\", 'Q': \\\"What was Singapore's response to the UN's accusations regarding the death penalty?\\\", 'S': \\\"Singapore stated that there was no international consensus on the death penalty or what was the threshold of 'serious crimes', and every country has the sovereign right to decide on its use of the death penalty and the types of capital offences they defined under the law.\\\"}, {'A': \\\"Appeal to the Singapore government for clemency to lower Nagaenthran's death sentence to life imprisonment.\\\", 'Q': \\\"What appeals were made by concerned parties regarding Nagaenthran's case?\\\", 'S': \\\"The Malaysian Bar, together with the Advocates Association of Sarawak and the Sabah Law Society, also activated their efforts to appeal to the Singapore government for clemency to lower Nagaenthran's death sentence to life imprisonment, and they cited that they maintain their respect for Singapore's laws but implored the city-state, on the basis of compassion and humanity, to assess Nagaenthran's mental state to see if he is mentally competent to be hanged due to their concerns of the possible psychological impact that his 11-year death row period had on him.\\\"}, {'S': \\\"Thirteen years after his arrest for drug trafficking, on 27 April 2022, at around dawn, Nagaenthran was hanged at Changi Prison. He was the second death row prisoner to be executed in Singapore after Abdul Kahar Othman, who was the first to be hanged after the end of Singapore's two-year moratorium due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore.\\\", 'Q': 'Who was the second death row prisoner to be executed in Singapore after the end of the two-year moratorium due to the COVID-19 pandemic?', 'A': 'Nagaenthran.'}, {'S': 'M Ravi offered his condolences to the family and said he would continue to fight for the abolition of the death penalty in Singapore.', 'Q': 'What did M Ravi offer after the execution of Nagaenthran?', 'A': 'M Ravi offered his condolences to the family.'}, {'S': \\\"The Malaysian government also received calls from related parties to abolish the death penalty in light of Nagaenthran's execution, with PKR leader and deputy chief Jimmy Puah Wee Tse describing it as an irrelevant punishment due to it not being effective in reducing crime.\\\", 'Q': \\\"What was the response of the Malaysian government to Nagaenthran's execution?\\\", 'A': 'Abolish the death penalty.'}, {'S': \\\"Another Australian lawyer Morry Bailes was also critical of the use of the death penalty by both Singapore and Japan in light of Nagaenthran's execution by Singapore for drug trafficking, as well as Japan's execution of three murderers the previous year.\\\", 'Q': \\\"What was Morry Bailes' opinion on the use of the death penalty in Singapore and Japan?\\\", 'A': 'Morry Bailes was critical of the use of the death penalty by both Singapore and Japan.'}, {'S': \\\"Within a short span of two days, Han and her fellow activists managed to raise more than $14,000 for flights, quarantine hotel rooms and other arrangements, including a funeral, on behalf of Nagaenthran's family.\\\", 'Q': \\\"How much money did the activists raise for Nagaenthran's family?\\\", 'A': '$14,000'}, {'S': 'On 24 January 2022, Netto sought an adjournment of the appeal, and it was granted by the courts.', 'Q': 'What happened on 24 January 2022?', 'A': 'Netto sought an adjournment of the appeal and it was granted by the courts.'}, {'S': \\\"Four weeks later, on 29 March 2022, the five-judge Court of Appeal dismissed the appeal, and they issued harsh words of condemnation and criticism towards Netto and M. Ravi for abusing the court process. As he delivered the verdict on behalf of the judges, Chief Justice Sundaresh Menon pointed out that the appeal was filed based on inadmissible evidence and Ravi's own 'self-serving' speculation that Nagaenthran has a mental age below 18 years old;\\\", 'Q': 'When was the appeal dismissed?', 'A': '29 March 2022.'}, {'S': \\\"On 16 April 2022, rights advocate Kokila Annamalai revealed in a Malaysian newspaper that a second clemency appeal submitted by Nagaenthran's family and supporters was rejected by the President of Singapore on 31 March 2022.\\\", 'Q': \\\"When was Nagaenthran's second clemency appeal rejected?\\\", 'A': '31 March 2022.'}, {'S': \\\"The United Nations Human Rights Office also issued an official statement, in which they showed opposition to the Singapore government's decision to proceed with the executions of both Nagaenthran and Datchinamurthy due to their concern that Singapore may conduct more executions in the near future with the increasing phenomenon of death warrants issued for drug convicts on death row, and they urged Singapore to reconsider their drug laws and use of the death penalty in the city state.\\\", 'Q': 'What was the stance of the United Nations Human Rights Office regarding the executions?', 'A': \\\"It opposed Singapore's decision to proceed with the executions.\\\"}, {'S': \\\"In the lawsuit, which she made with the help of family members, activists and friends, she alleged that Menon was the same attorney general who, prior to his appointment as Chief Justice, prosecuted Nagaenthran and secured his conviction, which she claimed was a move that 'blatantly' deprived her son's rights to a fair trial. \\\", 'Q': \\\"Who did Nagaenthran's mother file a lawsuit against?\\\", 'A': 'Chief Justice Sundaresh Menon.'}, {'S': \\\"The three-judge panel, consisting of Supreme Court judge Belinda Ang, and two Judges of Appeal Andrew Phang and Judith Prakash, overall found the application to be 'devoid of merit'.\\\", 'Q': \\\"What was the outcome of Nagaenthran's mother's lawsuit?\\\", 'A': 'The Court of Appeal dismissed the lawsuit, stating that it was devoid of merit.'}, {'S': 'Thirteen years after his arrest for drug trafficking, on 27 April 2022, at around dawn, Nagaenthran was hanged at Changi Prison.', 'Q': 'Where was Nagaenthran executed?', 'A': 'Changi Prison.'}, {'S': \\\"Reprieve's director Maya Foa criticized the execution and described Nagaenthran as a 'victim of a tragic miscarriage of justice'.\\\", 'Q': 'How did critics describe Nagaenthran?', 'A': 'Critics described Nagaenthran as a victim of a tragic miscarriage of justice.'}, {'S': \\\"Bhatia rebutted that there was no racial discrimination in response to the allegations of racial bias over the large number of minorities on Singapore's death row, and he cited that all individuals were subjected to equal and fair treatment under the laws of Singapore and were not given different treatment based on race or nationality.\\\", 'Q': \\\"What was Bhatia's response to the allegations of racial bias?\\\", 'A': 'Bhatia rebutted that there was no racial discrimination.'}, {'S': 'In addition, Faishal also highlighted the negative effects of drug abuse and how it may not only ruin the lives of drug abusers (and their loved ones) but also lead to crimes committed by suspects under the influence of drugs, citing the recent March 2022 cases of the Buangkok Crescent sword attack, the Queenstown knife attack of two people and the fatal police shooting of a knife-wielding fugitive drug abuser as examples to support his case.', 'Q': 'What did Faishal highlight regarding drug abuse?', 'A': 'Negative effects of drug abuse and  and how it may not only ruin the lives of drug abusers (and their loved ones) but also lead to crimes committed by suspects under the influence of drugs.'}, {'S': 'During a June 2022 BBC HARDtalk interview, Shanmugam, who was asked by the host and journalist Stephen Sackur regarding the death penalty, stated that the death penalty in Singapore was the right punishment adopted by the government to protect Singaporeans and save lives.', 'Q': 'What did Shanmugam state about the death penalty in Singapore?', 'A': 'The death penalty in Singapore was the right punishment adopted by the government to protect Singaporeans and save lives.'}, {'S': \\\"In a May 2022 litigation conference, Chief Justice Sundaresh Menon cited the increasing trend of multiple baseless legal applications made by many inmates against the death penalty, especially Nagaenthran's case where he expressed his concern about the blatant abuse of court processes. \\\", 'Q': 'What did Chief Justice Sundaresh Menon express concern about?', 'A': 'The blatant abuse of court processes.'}, {'S': \\\"On 10 May 2022, it was reported that Violet Netto, the lawyer who represented Nagaenthran in his second-last appeal to the Court of Appeal, was arrested and investigated for acting as a lawyer and solicitor without a valid practising certificate on at least three occasions, including Nagaenthran's case and the last-ditch appeals of another two death row inmates Pausi Jefridin and Roslan Bakar.\\\", 'Q': 'Why was Violet Netto arrested and investigated?', 'A': 'For acting as a lawyer without a valid practising certificate.'}, {'S': \\\"In the aftermath of Nagaenthran's execution, in light of the increasing rate of abuses of court processes evidently caused by Nagaenthran's case and the subsequent other capital drug cases (all of which having exhausted the appeals and clemency process), the government of Singapore decided to pass a new law to impose stringent regulations on the filing of post-appeal applications, where only the Court of Appeal, the highest court of Singapore, could grant a stay of execution for a prisoner awaiting capital punishment in Singapore, as well as hearing the post-appeal applications.\\\", 'Q': 'What did the government of Singapore decide to do?', 'A': 'Pass a new law to impose stringent regulations on the filing of post-appeal applications.'}]\", \"output\": \"none\"}\n{\"input\": \" Background. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Ukraine and Russia continued to retain close ties. In 1994, Ukraine agreed to abandon its nuclear arsenal and signed the Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances on the condition that Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States issue an assurance against threats or use of force to the territorial integrity or political independence of Ukraine. Five years later, Russia was one of the signatories of the Charter for European Security, where it \\\"reaffirmed the inherent right of each and every participating State to be free to choose or change its security arrangements, including treaties of alliance, as they evolve\\\".Despite being recognized as an independent country since 1991, as a former USSR constituent republic, Ukraine was perceived by the leadership of Russia as part of its sphere of influence. In 2008, Russian President Vladimir Putin spoke out against Ukraine's membership in NATO. In 2009, Romanian analyst Iulian Chifu and his co-authors opined that in regard to Ukraine, Russia has pursued an updated version of the Brezhnev Doctrine, which dictates that the sovereignty of Ukraine cannot be larger than that of the Warsaw Pact's member states prior to the collapse of the Soviet sphere of influence during the late 1980s and early 1990s. This view is built upon the premise that Russia's actions to placate the West in the early 1990s should have been met with reciprocity from the West, without NATO expansion along Russia's border.. Following weeks of protests as part of the Euromaidan movement (2013\\u20132014), pro-Russian Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych and the leaders of the Ukrainian parliamentary opposition on 21 February 2014 signed a settlement agreement that called for an early election. The following day, Yanukovych fled from Kyiv ahead of an impeachment vote that stripped him of his powers as president. Leaders of the Russian-speaking eastern regions of Ukraine declared continuing loyalty to Yanukovych, causing the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine. This unrest was fomented by Russia as part of a coordinated political and military campaign against Ukraine. Russia then invaded and subsequently annexed Crimea in March 2014, which was followed by the Donbas war, which started in April with the creation of the Russia-backed quasi-states of the Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics. The Minsk agreements allowed the fighting to subside in Donbas, leaving separatists in control of about a third of the region. This stalemate led to the war being labelled a \\\"frozen conflict\\\".Since 2019, Russia issued over 650,000 internal Russian passports to Donbas residents, which was considered by the Ukrainian government as a step towards annexation of the region. On 14 September 2020, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy approved Ukraine's new National Security Strategy, \\\"which provides for the development of the distinctive partnership with NATO with the aim of membership in NATO.\\\" On 24 March 2021, Zelenskyy signed Decree No. 117/2021 approving the \\\"strategy of de-occupation and reintegration of the temporarily occupied territory of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol\\\", complementing the activities of the Crimean Platform.Putin's close adviser Nikolai Patrushev was a leading figure behind Russia's updated national security strategy, published in May 2021. It states that Russia may use \\\"forceful methods\\\" to \\\"thwart or avert unfriendly actions that threaten the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Russian Federation.\\\". In July 2021, Putin published an essay titled On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians, in which he re-affirmed his view that Russians and Ukrainians were \\\"one people\\\". American historian Timothy Snyder described Putin's ideas as imperialism. British journalist Edward Lucas described it as historical revisionism. Other observers have noted that the Russian leadership has a distorted view of modern Ukraine and its history.Russia has said that a possible Ukrainian accession to NATO and the NATO enlargement in general threaten its national security. In turn, Ukraine and other European countries neighboring Russia have accused Putin of attempting to restore the Russian Empire/Soviet Union and of pursuing aggressive militaristic policies. Initial tensions (March\\u2013April 2021). First Russian military buildup. On 21 February 2021, the Russian Defence Ministry announced the deployment of 3,000 paratroopers to the border for \\\"large-scale exercises\\\". The announcement was made following the Ukrainian government's crackdown on Viktor Medvedchuk earlier that month. Medvedchuk was a leading pro-Russian Ukrainian opposition politician and tycoon with close personal ties to Vladimir Putin. An analysis by Time published in February 2022 cited the event as the start of the Russian military buildup near Ukraine.On 3 March, Suspilne claimed separatists from the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) reported they had been granted permission to use \\\"preemptive fire for destruction\\\" on Ukrainian military positions. On 16 March, a State Border Guard Service of Ukraine (SBGS) border patrol in Sumy spotted a Russian Mil Mi-8 helicopter coming approximately 50 metres (160 ft) into Ukrainian territory before heading back to Russian airspace. Ten days later, Russian troops fired mortars at Ukrainian positions near the village of Shumy in Donbas, killing four Ukrainian servicemen. Russia refused to renew the ceasefire in Donbas on 1 April.Beginning from 16 March, NATO began a series of military exercises known as Defender Europe 2021. The military exercise, one of the largest NATO-led military exercises in Europe for decades, included near-simultaneous operations across over 30 training areas in 12 countries, involving 28,000 troops from 27 nations. Russia criticized NATO for holding Defender Europe 2021, and deployed troops to its western borders for military exercises in response to NATO's military activities. The deployment led to Russia having a sizable troop buildup along the Russo-Ukrainian border by mid-April. A Ukrainian estimate placed the deployment at 40,000 Russian forces for Crimea and the eastern portion of the Russo-Ukrainian border. The German government subsequently condemned the deployment as an act of provocation.On March 24, Zelenskyy announced Ukraine's intent to take back Crimea, mentioning among others military means. The next day Russia sent troops to the Ukraine border.On 30 March, Colonel General Ruslan Khomchak, Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine revealed intelligence reports suggesting a military buildup by the Russian Armed Forces on the outskirts of Ukraine in preparations for the Zapad Exercises. 28 Russian battalion tactical groups were situated along the Russo-Ukrainian border, primarily at Crimea, Rostov, Bryansk, and Voronezh. It was estimated that 60,700 Russian troops were stationed at Crimea and Donbas, with 2,000 military advisors and instructors in eastern Ukraine alone. According to Komchak, the buildup, expected to increase to 53 battalion tactical groups, posed \\\"a threat\\\" to the military security of Ukraine. Dmitry Peskov, a spokesman for Vladimir Putin, disagreed with the Ukrainian statements, claiming the military movements \\\"are not of any concern\\\" for neighbouring countries. Instead, the decisions were made to deal on matters of \\\"national security\\\".Between late March and early April 2021, significant quantities of weapons and equipment from various regions of Russia, including as far away as Siberia, were transported towards the Russo-Ukrainian border and into Crimea. Unofficial Russian sources, such as the pro-Russian Telegram channel Military Observer, published a video of the flight of a group of Russian Kamov Ka-52 and Mil Mi-28 attack helicopters. It was emphasized by the original sources that the flight had allegedly taken place on the Russo-Ukrainian border. Continued violence and escalation. Russian and pro-Kremlin media alleged on 3 April 2021 that a Ukrainian drone attack had caused the death of a child in the Russian-occupied part of Donbas. However, no further details were given surrounding the incident. Vyacheslav Volodin, speaker of the Russian State Duma believed that Ukrainian leaders should be \\\"held responsible for the death\\\", while proposing to exclude Ukraine from the Council of Europe (CoE). On 5 April, Ukrainian representatives of the Joint Centre of Control and Coordination (JCCC) sent a note to the OSCE Special Monitoring Mission in Ukraine regarding pro-Russian intentions to falsify the accusations. The next day, the mission confirmed the death of a child in Russian-occupied Donbas but failed to establish a link between the purported \\\"Ukrainian drone strike\\\" and the child's death.On 6 April 2021, a Ukrainian serviceman was killed as a result of shelling of Ukrainian positions near the town of Nevelske in Donetsk. Another soldier was killed near Stepne by an unknown explosive device. As a result of the shelling, the water pumping station in the \\\"gray-zone\\\" between the villages of Vasylivka and Kruta Balka in South Donbas was de-energized, cutting off the water supply to over 50 settlements. Shortly after the annexation of Crimea in 2014, Ukraine blocked the flow of the Northern Crimean Canal, which had supplied 85 percent of Crimea's water. Crimea's reservoirs were subsequently depleted and water shortages ensued, with water reportedly only being available for three to five hours a day in 2021. The New York Times has cited senior American officials mentioning securing Crimea's water supply could be an objective of a possible incursion by Russia.Russia moved ships between the Caspian Sea and Black Sea. The transfer included several landing craft and artillery boats. Interfax reported on 8 April that the crews and ships of the Caspian Flotilla would perform the final naval exercises in cooperation with the Black Sea Fleet. On 10 April 2021, Ukraine invoked Paragraph 16 of the Vienna Document and initiated a meeting in the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) on the surge of Russian troops near the Russo-Ukrainian border and Russian-occupied Crimea. Ukraine's initiative was supported by several countries, but the Russian delegation failed to appear at the meeting and refused to provide explanations. On 13 April 2021, Ukrainian consul Oleksandr Sosoniuk was detained in Saint Petersburg by the Federal Security Service (FSB), allegedly while \\\"receiving confidential information\\\" during a meeting with a Russian citizen. Sosoniuk was later expelled from Russia. In response, Yevhen Chernikov, a senior Russian diplomat of the Russian embassy in Kyiv, was declared a persona non grata on 19 April in Ukraine and was forced to leave the country within 72 hours. On 14 April 2021, in a meeting in Crimea, Nikolay Patrushev, Secretary of the Security Council of Russia (SCRF) accused Ukrainian special services of trying to organize \\\"terrorist attacks and sabotage\\\" on the peninsula.On the night of 14 to 15 April 2021, a naval confrontation took place in the Sea of Azov, 40 kilometres (25 mi) from the Kerch Strait, between three Ukrainian Gyurza-M-class artillery boats and six vessels from the Coast Guard of the Border Service of the FSB. The Ukrainian artillery boats were escorting civilian ships when the incident occurred. It was reported that Ukrainian ships threatened to use airborne weapons to deter provocations from FSB vessels. The incident ended without any casualties.The following day, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine reported that Russia had announced the closure of parts of the Black Sea to warships and vessels of other countries until October, under the pretext of military exercises. The Ministry condemned the decision as a \\\"gross violation of the right of navigational freedoms\\\" guaranteed by the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. According to the convention, Russia must not \\\"obstruct maritime passages of the International strait to ports\\\" in the Sea of Azov. According to John Kirby, Pentagon Press Secretary, Russia had concentrated more troops near the Russo-Ukrainian border than in 2014. Russia reportedly imposed temporary restrictions on flights over parts of Crimea and the Black Sea from 20 to 24 April 2021, as stated in an international report for pilots.On 22 April 2021, Russian Minister of Defence Sergey Shoigu announced a drawdown of military exercises with troops from the 58th and 41st Army, and the 7th, 76th, and 98th Guards Airborne Division returning to their permanent bases by 1 May after inspections in the Southern and Western military districts. Equipment at the Pogonovo training facility was to remain for the annual military exercise with Belarus scheduled in September 2021. Senior officials of the US Department of Defense reported on 5 May 2021 that Russia had only withdrawn a few thousand troops since the previous military buildup. Despite withdrawals of several Russian units back to their native barracks, vehicles and equipment were not withdrawn, leading to fears that a re-deployment might occur. Senior US Defense Department officials in early May estimated over 80,000 Russian troops still remained at the Russo-Ukrainian border.. In the spring and fall of 2021 the United States intelligence community began positing than an invasion was actually in the works, inasmuch as assets and logistics far beyond those used for exercises (however large) were being deployed and not being pulled back. Renewed tensions (October 2021\\u2013February 2022). On 2 September 2021, Russia refused to extend the mandate of the OSCE mission at the \\\"Gukovo\\\" and \\\"Donetsk\\\" border checkpoints from 30 September.On 11 October 2021, Dmitry Medvedev, Deputy Chairman of the Security Council of Russia, published an article in Kommersant, in which he argued that Ukraine was a \\\"vassal\\\" of the West and that, therefore, it was pointless for Russia to attempt to hold a dialogue with the Ukrainian authorities, whom he described as \\\"weak\\\", \\\"ignorant\\\" and \\\"unreliable\\\". Medvedev concluded that Russia should do nothing in regard to Ukraine and wait until a Ukrainian government comes to power that is genuinely interested in improving relations with Russia, adding \\\"Russia knows how to wait. We are patient people.\\\" The Kremlin later specified that Medvedev's article \\\"runs in unison\\\" with Russia's view of the current Ukrainian government.In November 2021, the Russian Defence Ministry described the deployment of the US warships to the Black Sea as a \\\"threat to regional security and strategic stability.\\\" The ministry said in a statement, \\\"The real goal behind the US activities in the Black Sea region is exploring the theater of operations in case Kyiv attempts to settle the conflict in the southeast by force.\\\" Second Russian military buildup. November 2021\\u2013December 2021. In early November 2021, reports of Russian military buildups prompted American officials to warn its European allies that Russia could be considering a potential invasion of Ukraine, while a number of experts and commentators believed that Putin was seeking a stronger hand for further negotiations with the West. The Ukrainian military intelligence (HUR MOU) estimated that the figure had risen to 90,000 by 2 November, composing of forces from the 8th and 20th Guards, and the 4th and 6th Air and Air Defence Forces Army.On 13 November 2021, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy announced that Russia had again amassed 100,000 troops near the Russo-Ukrainian border, higher than an American assessment of approximately 70,000. On the same day, in an interview on Russia-1, Putin denied any possibility of a Russian invasion of Ukraine, labelling the notions as \\\"alarmist\\\", while simultaneously accusing NATO of undergoing unscheduled naval drills at the Black Sea. 8 days later, the chief of the HUR MOU, Kyrylo Budanov commented that Russian troop deployment had approached 92,000. Budanov accused Russia of conspiring several protests against COVID-19 vaccination in Kyiv to destabilize the country.Between late-November and early-December 2021, as Russian and Ukrainian officials traded accusations of massive troop deployments in Donbas, Ukrainian Minister of Foreign Affairs Dmytro Kuleba on 25 November admonished Russia against a \\\"new attack on Ukraine\\\", which he said \\\"would cost [Russia] dear\\\", while Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov on 21 November called the accusations \\\"[the] hysteria\\\" that \\\"[wa]s being intentionally whipped up\\\" and said that, in their opinion, it was Ukraine who was planning aggressive actions against Donbas.On 3 December 2021 Ukrainian Minister of Defense Oleksii Reznikov, spoke of the possibility of a \\\"large-scale escalation\\\" by Russia during the end of January 2022, during a session at the Verkhovna Rada (Ukraine's national parliament). Reznikov estimated that the Russian military buildup consisted of 94,300 troops. In early December 2021, an analysis conducted by Janes concluded that major elements of the Russian 41st Army (headquartered at Novosibirsk) and the 1st Guards Tank Army (normally deployed around Moscow) had been re-positioned to the west, reinforcing the Russian 20th and 8th Guards armies that were already positioned closer to the Russo-Ukrainian border. Additional Russian forces were reported to have moved to Crimea, reinforcing Russian naval and ground units that were already deployed there. American intelligence officials warned that Russia was planning an upcoming major military offensive into Ukraine scheduled to take place in January 2022. January 2022. Russia began a slow evacuation of its embassy staff at Kyiv beginning in January 2022. The motives for the evacuation were, at the time, unknown and subjected to multiple speculations. By mid-January, an intelligence assessment produced by the Ukrainian Ministry of Defence estimated that Russia was in its final stages of completing a military buildup at the Russo-Ukrainian border, amassing 127,000 troops at the region. Among the troops, 106,000 were land forces, the remainder being naval and air forces. There were 35,000 more Russian-backed separatist forces and another 3,000 Russian forces in rebel-held eastern Ukraine. The assessment estimated that Russia had deployed 36 Iskander short-range ballistic missile (SRBM) systems near the border, many stationed within striking distance of Kyiv. The assessment also reported intensified Russian intelligence activity. An analysis conducted by the Atlantic Council on 20 January concluded that Russia had deployed additional critical combat capabilities to the region.In mid-January 2022, six Russian troop carrier landing ships (Olenegorskiy Gornyak, Georgiy Pobedonosets, Pyotr Morgunov, Korolev, Minsk, Kaliningrad) primarily of the Ropucha class were redirected from their home ports to the Port of Tartus. The Turkish government of Recep Erdogan prevented them together with the Marshal Ustinov and the Varyag from transiting the Bosporus by the Montreux Convention.In late-January 2022, major Russian military units were relocated and deployed to Belarus under the auspices of previously planned joint military exercises to be held in February that year. Namely, the headquarters of the Eastern Military District was deployed to Belarus along with combat units drawn from the District's 5th, 29th, 35th, and 36th Combined Arms Army, 76th Guards Air Assault Division, 98th Guards Airborne Division and the Pacific Fleet's 155th Naval Infantry Brigade. Ukrainian and American officials believed that Russia would attempt to use Belarus as a platform to attack Ukraine from the north, due to the close proximity of the Belarusian\\u2013Ukrainian border to the city of Kyiv.On 19 January 2022, United States President Joe Biden said his \\\"guess\\\" was that Russia \\\"w[ould] move in\\\" to Ukraine but Putin would pay \\\"a serious and dear price\\\" for an invasion and \\\"would regret it\\\".On 20 January 2022, Russia announced plans to hold major naval drills in the month to come that would involve all of its naval fleets: 140 vessels, 60 planes, 1,000 units of military hardware, and 10,000 soldiers, in the Mediterranean, the northeast Atlantic Ocean off Ireland, the Pacific, the North Sea and the Sea of Okhotsk. On 28 January, Reuters reported that three anonymous American officials had revealed that Russia had stockpiled medical supplies. Two of the three officials claimed that the movements were detected in \\\"recent weeks\\\", adding to fears of conflict. In an interview with The Washington Post in January 2022, Zelenskyy warned that Russian forces could invade and take control of regions in eastern Ukraine. He also argued that an invasion would lead to a large-scale war between Ukraine and Russia. February 2022. On 5 February 2022, two anonymous US officials reported that Russia had assembled 83 battalion tactical groups, estimated to be 70 percent of its combat capabilities, for a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, and predicted that a hypothetical invasion would result in 8,000 to 35,000 military casualties and 25,000 to 50,000 civilian casualties. The officials anticipated that the possible launch window could start on 15 February and persist until the end of March, when extremely cold weather would freeze roads and assist in the movement of mechanized units.Though in January, the U.S. had rejected Russia's demand to keep Ukraine out of NATO,. in early February the Biden administration reportedly offered to do so if Russia backed away from the imminent invasion.. On 8 February, a fleet of six Russian landing ships, namely the Korolev, the Minsk, and Kaliningrad from the Baltic Fleet; and the Petr Morgunov, the Georgiy Pobedonosets, and the Olenegorskiy Gornyak from the Northern Fleet, reportedly sailed to the Black Sea for naval exercises. The fleet arrived at Sevastopol two days later. On 10 February, Russia announced two major military exercises. The first was a naval exercise on the Black Sea, which was protested by Ukraine as it resulted in Russia blocking the naval routes at the Kerch Strait, the Sea of Azov, and the Black Sea; the second involved a joint military exercise between Belarus and Russia held in regions close to the Belarusian\\u2013Ukrainian border, involving 30,000 Russian troops and almost all of the Belarusian armed forces. Responding to the latter, Ukraine held separate military exercises of their own, involving 10,000 Ukrainian troops. Both exercises were scheduled for 10 days.Referring to unspecified intelligence, National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan, stated an attack could begin at any moment prior to the conclusion of the 2022 Winter Olympics at Beijing on 20 February. Separately, the media published several reports based on acquired US intelligence briefed to several allies with specific references to 16 February as a potential starting date for a ground invasion. Following these announcements, the US ordered most of its diplomatic staff and all military instructors in Ukraine to evacuate. Numerous countries, including Japan, Germany, Australia and Israel also urged their citizens to leave Ukraine immediately. The next day, KLM suspended its flights to Ukraine, while other airlines shifted their flight schedules to limit exposure across the country.. On 10 February 2022, the Baltic states invoked provisions of the Vienna Document requesting an explanation from Belarus regarding the unusual military activities. The move was followed by Ukraine a day after, where it too invoked Chapter III (risk reduction) of the Vienna Document, requesting Russia to provide \\\"detailed explanations on military activities in the areas adjacent to the territory of Ukraine and in the temporarily occupied Crimea\\\". According to Ukrainian Foreign Minister Dmytro Kuleba, no response had been received from Russian authorities within the required 48-hour deadline.. On 11 February 2022, U.S. President Biden warned Americans in Ukraine should leave as soon as possible, as a Russian invasion could begin on 16 February 2022. On 13 February, Ukraine requested that an emergency meeting within the OSCE be held within the following 48 hours, at which Russia was expected to provide a response.On 12 February 2022, the initiator of cruise missile combat by submarine of the Russian fleet, Rostov-on-Don (B-237), transited the Dardanelles on its way back to the Black Sea. The Black Sea Fleet conducted live missile and gun firing exercises from 13 to 19 February 2022.On 14 February 2022, a telephone conversation was made by Reznikov and his Belarusian counterpart, Viktor Khrenin, where they agreed on mutual confidence-building and transparency measures. These measures included visits by both defence ministers to their respective country's military exercises (Reznikov to the Russo\\u2013Belarusian Allied Resolve 2022 exercise, and Khrenin to the Ukrainian Zametil 2022 exercise). The emergency meeting of the OSCE requested by Ukraine was held on 15 February. However, the Russian delegation to the OSCE was absent from the meeting.On 14 February 2022, Shoigu said units from Russia's Southern and Western military districts had begun returning to their barracks following the completion of \\\"exercises\\\" near Ukraine. However, in a press conference held the subsequent day, Biden commented that they could not verify such reports.On 16 February, the Secretary General of NATO, Jens Stoltenberg refuted Russian claims of retreating troops and said that Russia had continued the military buildup. The Russia Foreign Ministry called earlier Western warnings of a Russia invasion on this day \\\"anti-Russian hysteria\\\" while President Zelenskyy called for a \\\"day of unity\\\" in anticipation of Russian threats.On 17 February 2022, top officials from the US and NATO stated that the threat of an invasion remained, as Russia was still actively looking for a casus belli for an invasion against Ukraine, with attempts being made to conduct a false flag operation. On 18 February, Biden announced that he was convinced that Putin had made a decision to invade Ukraine. On 19 February, two Ukrainian soldiers were killed while another five were wounded by artillery fire from separatists.On 20 February 2022, the Belarusian Ministry of Defence announced the continuation of the Allied Resolve 2022 military exercises, decided Belarusian president Alexander Lukashenko and Putin. According to Khrenin, it was due to the \\\"escalation in military activity along the external borders of the Union State and the deterioration of the situation in Donbas\\\". On the same day, several news outlets reported that US intelligence assessed that Russian commanders had been given orders to proceed with the invasion. Alleged Russian subversion attempts. On 26 November 2021, Zelenskyy accused the Russian government and Ukrainian billionaire Rinat Akhmetov of backing a plan to overthrow the Ukrainian government. Russia subsequently denied the claims. On 10 January 2022, the SBU announced that it had arrested a Russian military intelligence agent who was attempting to recruit operatives to conduct attacks at Odesa. Three days later, Ukraine was struck by a cyberattack that affected the official websites of several Ukrainian government ministries. It was later suspected that Russian hackers might be responsible for the incident.The HUR MOU accused Russian special services of preparing \\\"provocations\\\" against Russian soldiers stationed at Transnistria, a breakaway unrecognized state internationally considered part of Moldova, to create a casus belli for a Russian invasion of Ukraine. The Biden administration later revealled that the Russian government deployed Russian operatives, trained in urban warfare and explosives, as saboteurs to stage a fabricated attack against Russian proxy separatists at eastern Ukraine, to provide Russia with another pretext for an invasion. The Russian government denied the claims.On 22 January 2022, the British government said Russia was preparing a plan to topple Ukraine's government via military force and install a pro-Russian puppet administration in the country, potentially led by Yevheniy Murayev, a former member of the Ukrainian parliament. Both Murayev and the Russian government denied the allegations, with the latter blaming NATO member-states \\\"led by the Anglo-Saxons\\\" for the crisis. On 3 February, the US said that Russia was planning to use a fabricated video showing a staged Ukrainian \\\"attack\\\" as a pretext for a further invasion of Ukraine. The Russian government denied any plans to orchestrate a pretext for an invasion.US intelligence sources warned in mid-February that Russia had compiled \\\"lists of Ukrainian political figures and other prominent individuals to be targeted for either arrest or assassination\\\" in the event of an invasion. The US Ambassador to the United Nations and Other International Organizations in Geneva, Bathsheba Nell Crocker, wrote to the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Michelle Bachelet, saying the US has \\\"credible information that indicates Russian forces are creating lists of identified Ukrainians to be killed or sent to camps following a military occupation\\\", and that Russia \\\"will likely use lethal measures to disperse peaceful protests [...] from civilian populations\\\". Russia's accusations of genocide in eastern Ukraine. On 9 December 2021, Putin spoke of discrimination against Russian speakers outside Russia, saying: \\\"I have to say that Russophobia is a first step towards genocide. You and I know what is happening in Donbass. It certainly looks very much like genocide.\\\" Russia also condemned the Ukrainian language law. On 15 February 2022, Putin told the press: \\\"What is going on in Donbas is exactly genocide.\\\" Several international organizations, including the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine, and the Council of Europe found no evidence supporting the Russian claims. The genocide allegations have been rejected by the European Commission as Russian disinformation.The US embassy in Ukraine described Russian genocide claims as \\\"reprehensible falsehood\\\", while the Spokesperson for the US Department of State, Ned Price said the Russian government was making such claims as \\\"an excuse for invading Ukraine\\\". On 18 February, the Russian Ambassador to the US, Anatoly Antonov replied to a question about US officials, who doubted the fact of the genocide of Russians in Donbas, by posting a statement on the Embassy's Facebook page that said: 'This causes outrage and indignation. [...] We see here not just double standards of the United States, but quite a primitive and crude cynicism. [...] The main geopolitical goal of the United States is to push Russia back to the East as far possible. To that end, a policy to force the Russian-speaking population out of their current places of residence is needed. Therefore, Americans prefer not only to ignore the attempts of forced assimilation of Russians in Ukraine, but also strongly condone them with political and military support.\\\" Ukrainian defences. In preparation for a possible renewed Russian invasion, the Ukrainian Ground Forces announced a meeting in April 2021 regarding territorial defences to strengthen and protect the nation's borders and critical facilities, and to combat sabotage and reconnaissance groups in southern Ukraine. During the same month, Zelenskyy visited Ukrainian defensive positions in Donbas. According to Russia, Ukraine deployed 125,000 troops to the Donbas conflict zone in December 2021.The United States estimated in December 2021 that Russia could assemble over 175,000 troops to invade Ukraine. Oleksii Reznikov, Ukrainian Minister of Defense, stated that \\\"we have 250,000 official [...] members of our army. Plus, I said 400,000 veterans and 200,000 reservists. 175,000 (is) not enough to go to Ukraine.\\\" Reznikov claimed that Russia could launch a large-scale attack on Ukraine in late-January 2022.Ukraine's Territorial Defense Forces (the reserve component of the Ground Forces established after the 2014 conflict) recruited additional citizens and trained them in urban guerrilla tactics and firearms use. Such insurgency tactics, as reported by The New York Times, could support a resistance movement if the Russian military were able to overwhelm the Ukrainian military. Andrii Zahorodniuk, former Ukrainian Minister of Defense, wrote in January that in the case of a Russian invasion, the Russian forces would likely destroy \\\"key elements of the country's military infrastructure\\\" and will be able to \\\"advance deep into Ukrainian territory\\\", but would face difficulty in securing it. Zahorodniuk further stated, \\\"Russian occupation forces will face highly motivated opponents fighting in familiar surroundings.\\\" Foreign support. In response to expectations of a renewed invasion following the military buildup of over 100,000 Russian troops near the Russo-Ukrainian border, some NATO member nations in January 2022 began providing military aid, including lethal weapons, with the US giving approval to its NATO allies to send anti-armor missiles and other US-made weapons. The first US shipment of some 90 tonnes (200,000 lb) of lethal weapons arrived in Ukraine on 22 January 2022. The US provided FGM-148 Javelin antitank missiles, anti-armor artillery, heavy machine guns, small arms, ammunition, secure radio systems, medical equipment and spare parts.US Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Mark Milley threatened US support for an anti-Russian insurgency within Ukraine, similar to the CIA's assistance to anti-Soviet mujahideen rebels in Afghanistan in the 1980s. According to James Stavridis, former Supreme Allied Commander Europe at NATO (2009\\u20132013), \\\"The level of military support\\\" for anti-Russian guerrilla fighters \\\"would make our efforts in Afghanistan against the Soviet Union look puny by comparison.\\\"In December 2021, the US government approved additional defense aid of US$200 million to Ukraine. This was in addition to previous aids to Ukraine, making the total defense aid in 2021 worth US$650 million. Deliveries of lethal weapons from the US started the following month and included .50 BMG caliber ammunition, M141 Bunker Defeat Munition (BDM) and Javelin systems. The US also intends to transfer Mil Mi-17 helicopters to Ukraine, previously flown by the Afghan Air Force.The Biden administration approved deliveries of American-made FIM-92 Stinger surface-to-air missiles to Ukraine. In January 2022, the Biden administration granted permission to the Baltic nations to transfer American-made equipment to Ukraine. Estonia donated Javelin anti-tank missiles to Ukraine, while Latvia and Lithuania provided Stinger air defense systems and associated equipment.Other NATO members also provided aid to Ukraine. Pre-existing British and Canadian military training programs were bolstered in January 2022. The British deployed additional military trainers and provided light anti-armor defence systems, while the Canadians deployed a small special forces delegation to aid Ukraine. On 17 January, British Defence Secretary Ben Wallace announced that Britain had supplied Ukraine with 1,100 short-range anti-tank missiles. On 20 January, Sky News reported that 2,000 short-range anti-tank NLAW missiles had been delivered via numerous Royal Air Force C-17 transport aircraft between the UK and Ukraine. On 21 January, the UK Defence Journal reported that there had been an increase in Royal Air Force RC-135W Rivet Joint surveillance aircraft being deployed to monitor Russian forces on the Russo-Ukrainian border.On 16 January 2022, the Danish government announced they would provide Ukraine with a \\u20ac22 million (US$24.8 million) defense package. On 21 January, the Dutch Minister of Foreign Affairs, Wopke Hoekstra, said that the Netherlands was ready to deliver \\\"defensive military support\\\". He explained that Ukraine had asked the Netherlands for arms assistance on 20 January, and a parliamentary majority supported it.On 31 January 2022, Poland announced its decision to supply Ukraine with lethal weapons. It intended to provide significant quantities of light ammunition, artillery shells, light mortar systems, reconnaissance drones, and Polish-made Piorun MANPADS.On 17 February 2022, a tripartite format of cooperation was launched between Poland, Ukraine and the United Kingdom, to respond to threats to European security and to deepen Ukraine's relationships with the two other European nations in matters of cyber security, energy security and countering disinformation. NATO reinforcements. The Dutch and Spanish governments deployed forces to the region in support of NATO. On 20 January 2022, Spanish Defence Minister, Margarita Robles announced that the Spanish Navy was being deployed to the Black Sea. The patrol vessel Meteoro, acting as a minesweeper, was already en route and the frigate Blas de Lezo departed on 22 January. She announced that the Spanish government was considering deploying the Spanish Air Force (SAF) to Bulgaria. Four Eurofighters were deployed on 12 February. The Netherlands said it would send two F-35s to Bulgaria as part of NATO's expanded air surveillance mission.On 5 February 2022, the first of 2,000 newly deployed US soldiers to Europe arrived in Germany and Poland, as part of the US attempt to bolster NATO's eastern flank as Russia deploys more forces along Ukraine's borders.On 7 February 2022, Johnson said Britain would not \\\"flinch\\\" as he prepared to deploy Royal Marines, RAF aircraft, and Royal Navy warships to eastern Europe.On 11 February 2022, the US announced an additional deployment of 3,000 troops to Poland and sent F-15 jets to Romania. Escalation and invasion (February 2022 \\u2013 present). Alleged clashes between Russia and Ukraine. Fighting in Donbas escalated significantly on 17 February 2022. There was a sharp increase in artillery shelling by the Russian-led militants in Donbas, which was considered by Ukraine and its allies to be an attempt to provoke the Ukrainian army or create a pretext for invasion. While the daily number of attacks over the first six weeks of 2022 was 2 to 5, the Ukrainian military reported 60 attacks on 17 February. Russian state media also reported over 20 artillery attacks on separatist positions the same day. Russian separatists shelled a kindergarten at Stanytsia Luhanska using artillery, injuring three civilians. The Luhansk People's Republic said that its forces had been attacked by the Ukrainian government with mortars, grenade launchers and machine gun fire.On 18 February, the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic ordered emergency mandatory evacuations of civilians from their respective capital cities, although it has been noted that full evacuations would take months to accomplish. A BBC analysis found that the video announcing the \\\"emergency\\\" evacuation had been filmed two days prior to its purported date, indicated by its metadata. Russian state media also reported a \\\"car bombing\\\",  allegedly targeting the separatist government headquarters in Donetsk.On 21 February 2022, Russia's Federal Security Service (FSB) said that Ukrainian shelling had destroyed an FSB border facility 150 m from the Russia\\u2013Ukraine border in Rostov Oblast. Separately, the press service of the Southern Military District said that Russian forces had in the morning that day killed a group of five saboteurs near the village of Mityakinskaya, Rostov Oblast, that had penetrated the border from Ukraine in two infantry fighting vehicles, the vehicles having been destroyed. Ukraine denied being involved in both incidents and called them a false flag. Additionally, two Ukrainian soldiers and a civilian were reported killed by shelling in the village of Zaitseve, 30 km north of Donetsk.Several analysts, including the investigative website Bellingcat, published evidence that many of the claimed attacks, explosions as well as evacuations in Donbas were staged by Russia.On 21 February 2022, the Luhansk Thermal Power Plant in the Luhansk Region, close to the contact line, was shelled by unknown forces. The Ukrainian News Agency said that it was forced to shut down as a result. Recognition of the Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics by Russia. On 21 January 2022, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation announced on Pravda that its deputies would introduce a non-binding resolution in the State Duma to ask President Putin to officially recognize the breakaway Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic. The resolution was adopted by the State Duma on 15 February 2022 in a 351\\u201316 vote, with one abstention; it was supported by United Russia, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, A Just Russia - For Truth and the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, but was opposed by the New People party.On 21 February 2022, the leaders of the self-proclaimed Donetsk and Luhansk people's republics, respectively Denis Pushilin and Leonid Pasechnik, requested that President Putin officially recognize the republics' independence; both leaders also proposed signing a treaty on friendship and cooperation with Russia, including on military cooperation. Concluding the extraordinary session of the Security Council of Russia held on that day, Putin said that the decision on recognition thereof would be taken that day.The request was endorsed by Minister of Defence Sergey Shoigu. Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin said the government had been laying the groundwork for such move for \\\"many months already\\\". Later that day, Putin signed decrees of recognition of the republics. Additionally, treaties \\\"on friendship, co-operation and mutual assistance\\\" between Russia and the republics were inked. Putin's denial of Ukrainian statehood. In a speech on 21 February 2022, Putin claimed that \\\"modern Ukraine was wholly and fully created by Bolshevik, communist Russia\\\". Sarah Rainsford wrote in BBC News that Putin's speech was \\\"rewriting Ukraine's history\\\", and that his focus on the country was \\\"obsessive\\\". Vitaly Chervonenko from the BBC noted how carefully Putin kept silent about the independent Ukrainian state formations of 1917\\u20131920 and Kyiv's war with Lenin's Bolshevik government, whose purpose was to include Ukraine in Bolshevik Russia.. Of course, Lenin did not create Ukraine. In 1918, he started a war against an independent Ukrainian state and then replaced it with a puppet state called the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. What Lenin really created was the Russian Federation, a state that received its constitution in 1918 and became part of the USSR four years later. In 1991, Yeltsin removed this entity created by Lenin from the USSR, thereby contributing to the collapse of the Union. Lenin was the creator of modern Russia, not Ukraine, and should be considered as such.. Plokhiy recalled that in 1922, Lenin took away even formal independence from Ukraine by integrating it into the Soviet Union. International sanctions on Russia. In response to the recognition of the two breakaway republics, Western countries rolled out sanctions against Russia. On 22 February 2022, UK Prime Minister Johnson announced sanctions on five Russian banks, namely Rossiya Bank, Industrialny Sberegatelny Bank, General Bank, Promsvyazbank, and Black Sea Bank, and three billionaire associates of Putin, namely Gennady Timchenko, Boris Romanovich Rotenberg, and Igor Rotenberg. German chancellor Scholz announced a halt to the certification process of the Nord Stream 2 pipeline.EU foreign ministers blacklisted all members of the Russian Duma who voted in favour of the recognition of the breakaway regions, banned EU investors from trading in Russian state bonds, and targeted imports and exports with separatist entities. US president Biden announced sanctions on banks VEB.RF and Promsvyazbank and comprehensive sanctions on Russia's sovereign debt. Invasion. On 21 February 2022, following the recognition of the Donetsk and Luhansk republics, President Putin ordered additional Russian troops into Donbas, in what Russia called a \\\"peacekeeping mission\\\". Later on the same day, several independent media outlets confirmed that Russian forces were entering Donbas. On 22 February 2022, the United States declared this movement an \\\"invasion\\\". On the same day, the Federation Council unanimously authorised Putin to use military force outside Russia. Ukrainian President Zelenskyy ordered reservists called up, while not committing to general mobilization yet.On 6 February 2022, US officials warned that Kyiv could fall within days and prompt a refugee crisis in Europe. On 23 February 2022, an unidentified senior U.S. defense official was quoted by news media as saying that \\\"80 percent\\\" of Russian forces assigned and arrayed along Ukraine's border were ready for battle and that a ground incursion could commence at any moment. On the same day, the Ukrainian parliament approved the decree of President Volodymyr Zelenskyy on the introduction of a state of emergency from 00:00 on 24 February 2022 across the territory of all Ukraine, except Donetsk and Luhansk regions, for a period of 30 days. The Ukrainian Ministry of Foreign Affairs recommended that Ukrainian citizens refrain from travel to Russia and those living in Russia leave the country \\\"immediately\\\".At about 4 a.m. Moscow time on 24 February 2022, President Putin announced the beginning of a \\\"special military operation\\\" in the Donbas region. Shortly after, reports of big explosions came from multiple cities in central and eastern Ukraine, including Kyiv and Kharkiv. The US was swift to announce that it would not send US combat troops into Ukraine to intervene militarily. The US repeated its commitment not to send ground troops into Ukraine for fear of provoking war between the United States and Russia. Many observers believed that Russian military operations in Ukraine would inevitably lead to the capitulation of the Ukrainian government and end to the country's national sovereignty. This proved to be untrue (see Russian invasion of Ukraine). Post-invasion analyses of Russian war plans (\\\"taking Kyiv in three days\\\"). Pre-invasion statements. At the 30\\u201331 August 2014 EU summit, Commission President Jos\\u00e9 Manuel Barroso told other EU leaders that, when he phoned Putin about the war in Donbas on 29 August 2014, during which Barroso said that he held Putin accountable for the military actions of separatists in eastern Ukraine, Putin allegedly replied: \\\"The issue is not this. If I want, I can take Kyiv in two weeks.\\\" In a 2 September statement to TASS, Kremlin spokesperson Yuri Ushakov did not deny Putin had made this remark, but said that \\\"[i]t was taken out of context and had a totally different meaning.\\\" The next day, Putin threatened to release the full recording and transcript of his phone call with Barroso, with ambassador Vladimir Chizhov adding that making details of a private conversation public was a breach of diplomatic protocol. On 5 September, TASS stated that \\\"EC admits Barroso's words on phone talks with Putin were made public out of context\\\", and that the Kremlin now considered the issue \\\"closed\\\" and no transcript would be published. However,  according to a 18 September S\\u00fcddeutsche Zeitung article, when Barroso visited Kyiv on 12 September 2014, Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko told Barroso that Putin had now also expressed similar threats to him (Poroshenko) on the phone, allegedly saying: \\\"If I wanted to, Russian troops could not only be in Kyiv in two days, but also in Riga, Vilnius, Tallinn, Warsaw or Bucharest.\\\" Sazonov (2016) noted that Russian intelligence agencies had already been conducting information warfare ever since the war in Donbas began in 2014, including sending text messages such as \\\"a huge Russian military contingent will reach Kyiv in three days\\\" and \\\"Russian tanks are about to take over Kharkiv\\\" to mobile phones of Ukrainian soldiers, potential recruits and their families before each new wave of mobilisation in Ukraine, in order to demoralise them and spread panic amongst civilians. Early invasion planning assessments. Very soon after the invasion launched on 24 February 2022, when widespread problems in the Russian advance were observed, Ukrainian and Western analysts tentatively assessed that Putin seemed to have assumed the Russian Armed Forces would be capable of capturing the Ukrainian capital city of Kyiv within days, eventually leading to the commonly reached conclusion that \\\"taking Kyiv in three days\\\" had been the original objective or expectation of the invasion. Already on 26 February, MEP and former Commander of the Estonian Defence Forces Riho Terras shared a Ukrainian intelligence report written in Russian containing leaked information of an alleged meeting Putin had with oligarchs in the Urals, commenting: \\\"Putin is furious, he thought that the whole war would be easy and everything would be done in 1\\u20134 days.\\\" The same day Politico hypothesised that the Russian president hoped to imitate \\\"the relative ease with which the militants took control of the Afghan capital within days of the Western retreat\\\", which \\\"made Ukraine seem a tantalizing prospect. Perhaps Putin thought he'd roll into Kyiv the way the Taliban rolled into Kabul\\\". On 2 March, the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) posted a video of a captured Russian soldier who said his unit was sent into Ukraine with food supplies for only three days, leading the SBU to claim: \\\"Putin expected to capture Ukraine in three days.\\\"By 8 March, CIA director William J. Burns concluded: \\\"Instead of seizing Kyiv within the first two days of the campaign, which is what [Putin's] plan was premised upon, after nearly two full weeks they still have not been able to fully encircle the city.\\\" The same day Ukrainian-born U.S. military analyst Michael Kofman stated: \\\"At the outset [the Russian Armed Forces] thought they could introduce units very quickly into the capital Kyiv (...). The assumptions were ridiculous... how could you take Kyiv in three days?\\\", adding that Moscow had already adjusted its strategy to a combined arms operation, seemingly to address this unexpected early failure. On 30 March, just after the Russian military announced its withdrawal from the capital and Kyiv Oblast, a Pentagon spokesperson stated that the U.S. Department of Defense believed that taking Kyiv \\\"was a key objective\\\" if one \\\"[looks] at what they were doing in those early days. They wanted Kyiv. And they didn't get it.\\\" Putin's three postponements of the invasion. In hindsight in mid-December 2022, the Main Directorate of Intelligence of Ukraine stated that information indicated the Russian government had invested a significant amount of resources on preparing the invasion, and that the FSB had repeatedly urged chief of staff Valery Gerasimov to initiate the invasion, but that Putin had ordered Gerasimov to postpone the invasion on at least three occasions, the last time in mid-February 2022. Despite elaborate planning, however, the Directorate's sources also appeared to show that \\\"Russian military units involved in the planned invasion were only supplied with food, ammunition, and fuel for three days, indicating that Russia may have seriously underestimated the situation.\\\" 2022 Ukrainian coup d'etat attempt. At the beginning of Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) and recruited ATO veterans attempted to overthrow the Ukrainian government and install pro-Russian rule in various cities for their further surrender to the Russian Army. The coup plan was ultimately cancelled following the detainment of its participants by the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU). Coup plan. Planning began no later than the summer of 2021. According to a detained agent who was set to participate in the coup, Russia was to send an appeal to current Ukrainian authorities and call on them to surrender; in the event that Ukraine declined, pro-Russian agents would stage a coup. The attempt would begin by creating incidents in Kyiv and along Ukraine's border with Transnistria, creating a pretext for invasion. Once the invasion started, agents would begin seizing administrative buildings in various Ukrainian cities, followed by the installation of pro-Russian leadership in them and the surrender and transfer of Ukrainian cities to Russian troops. Mass riots with the use of fake blood, clashing with law enforcement officers, terrorist attacks and assassination of President Zelenskyy were to also take place to further destabilize the situation. After the coup, the Verkhovna Rada would be dissolved and replaced by a pro-Russian \\\"People's Rada\\\" playing the role of a puppet government on the occupied territory of Ukraine and the newly created people's republics in Western Ukraine. A pro-Russian president was also to be installed in Ukraine.The plan was eventually cancelled once the organiser and key persons of the plot were detained by the SBU in Ivano-Frankivsk, Khmelnytskyi and Odesa Oblasts. Prior to their arrests, the agents managed to conduct one successful operation to ensure the capture of Chernobyl. Reactions. In late January 2022, the UK Foreign Office made a public statement claiming that \\\"We have information that indicates the Russian government is looking to install a pro-Russian leader in Kyiv as it considers whether to invade and occupy Ukraine.\\\" The Russian Foreign Ministry called statements about a coup \\\"disinformation\\\", and accused the UK and NATO of \\\"escalating tensions\\\" around Ukraine, while Russian diplomatic department stated that \\\"We strongly urge London to stop stupid rhetorical provocations, which are very dangerous in the current heated situation, and to contribute to real diplomatic efforts to ensure reliable guarantees of European security.\\\"Ukrainian politician Yevhen Murayev, who on 23 January 2022 stated on Facebook that \\\"Ukraine needs new politicians\\\", and according to Sky News was being considered as a potential candidate as a new leader of Ukraine, dismissed the allegation as \\\"nonsense\\\", saying he had already been \\\"under Russian sanctions for four years\\\". Diplomatic negotiations. Between 2 and 3 November 2021, CIA director William Burns met with senior Russian intelligence officials in Moscow to convey to the Kremlin Biden's concern about the situation on the Russo-Ukrainian border. Burns and U.S. Ambassador to Russia John Sullivan met in Moscow with Putin's national security adviser Nikolai Patrushev and informed him that they knew about Russia's invasion plans. Burns warned that if Putin proceeded down this path, the West would respond with severe consequences for Russia. Sullivan recounted that Patrushev was undeterred, \\\"supremely confident\\\". CNN reported that Burns spoke by phone with Zelenskyy following the meeting in Moscow. Simultaneously, a high-ranking US Department of State official was dispatched to Ukraine.On 15 November, acting German Foreign Minister Heiko Maas and French Foreign Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian expressed concern in a joint communique about \\\"Russian movements of troops and hardware near Ukraine\\\", calling on both sides to adopt and maintain \\\"a posture of restraint\\\". At the same time, Pentagon Press Secretary John Kirby confirmed that the United States continued to observe \\\"unusual military activity\\\" by Russia near the Russo-Ukrainian border. US Secretary of State Antony Blinken discussed reports of \\\"Russian military activity\\\" in the area with Le Drian. On 16 November, NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg told reporters that it was important NATO \\\"doesn't increase tensions, but we have to be clear-eyed, we need to be realistic about the challenges we face\\\". Stoltenberg added that the alliance saw an \\\"unusual concentration\\\" of Russian forces, which Russia might be willing to use \\\"to conduct aggressive actions against Ukraine\\\".In early November 2021, Ukrainian intelligence assessed the information about the transfer of additional Russian troops to the Ukrainian borders as \\\"an element of psychological pressure.\\\" A week later, the Office of the President of Ukraine acknowledged that Russia was building up \\\"specific groups of troops\\\" near the border. Ukrainian foreign minister Dmytro Kuleba urged the French and German governments to prepare for a possible military scenario of Russia's actions against Ukraine.. On 15 November, Zelenskyy and the head of the European Council (EUCO) Charles Michel discussed \\\"the security situation along the borders of Ukraine.\\\" On the same day, Kuleba held talks on the same issues in Brussels. The new Ukrainian defense minister, Oleksii Reznikov, went to Washington D.C., where on 18 November he met with US secretary of defense Lloyd Austin. On 16 November, British defence secretary Ben Wallace visited Kyiv.Israel maintains a strong relationship with both Ukraine and Russia, and sometimes acts as an interlocutor between the two. In April 2021, Zelenskyy asked the Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to mediate the situation between himself and Putin. Israel raised the idea with Russia, who declined. In a meeting at Kyiv in October with Zelenskyy, Israeli President Isaac Herzog told Zelenskyy that the new Israeli government under Prime Minister Naftali Bennett was willing to resume efforts at Ukrainian-Russian mediation. Bennett raised the idea in a meeting with Putin two weeks later at Sochi, but Putin declined.In late January, the United States was again discussing sanctions with European allies in case of a Russian invasion. Biden said the sanctions would be \\\"swift and severe, including a \\\"game over\\\" strategy of targeting Russian banks, bond markets and the assets of elites close to Putin. This approach was also criticized, and the proposed cut-off of Russian banks from the Visa, Mastercard and SWIFT payment systems was withdrawn. The challenge for US and NATO vis-\\u00e0-vis Russia is the creation of credible deterrence with a plan for a de-escalatory sequence, including a reduction in inflammatory rhetoric, Russian troop withdrawals from the Russo-Ukrainian border, renewed Donbas peace talks, as well as a temporary halt on military exercises at the Black and Baltic Seas by the US, NATO or Russia.A Normandy Format meeting was planned between Russian, Ukrainian, German and French senior officials at Paris on 26 January 2022, with a followup phone call between the French President Emmanuel Macron and Putin on 28 January. Ukraine fulfilled Russia's condition for a meeting at Paris and decided to withdraw a controversial draft law on the reintegration of Crimea and Donbas from the Ukrainian parliament, as contradicting the Minsk peace agreements.On 7 February 2022, French President Emmanuel Macron met Vladimir Putin in Moscow, with mixed outcomes: Macron said that Putin told him that Russia will not further escalate the crisis; Putin scoffed at assertions that NATO is a \\\"defensive alliance\\\" and warned the Western countries that if Ukraine joined NATO and \\\"decided to take back Crimea using military means, European countries will automatically be in a military conflict with Russia.\\\" Putin promised Macron not to carry out new military initiatives near Ukraine. NATO\\u2013Russia security talks. On 7 December 2021, US President Joe Biden and Russian President Vladimir Putin talked via videoconference. One of the topics discussed was the crisis over Ukraine, the Russian side issuing a statement that said Putin highlighted the fact that it was \\\"NATO that was undertaking dangerous attempts to develop Ukrainian territory and increase its potential along [Russia's] borders\\\". He demanded \\\"reliable, legal guarantees\\\" that would preclude NATO from expanding its territory toward Russia or deploying its strike weapon systems in countries bordering Russia.On 15 December 2021, Russia formally handed over to the US its two draft treaties on security guarantees whereby the US as well as NATO would, among other things, undertake not to deploy troops in ex-Soviet states that were not NATO members, rule out any further expansion of the Alliance eastward, undertake not to deploy any forces in other countries in addition to that which were deployed as of 27 May 1997, and refrain from conducting any military activity in Ukraine as well as in other states in eastern Europe, the South Caucasus and Central Asia.Biden and Putin had a 50-minute phone call on 30 December 2021. In a White House statement released afterwards, on the call, Biden urged Putin \\\"de-escalate tensions with Ukraine\\\". According to Putin's aide, Biden told Putin that the US did not plan to deploy offensive weapons in Ukraine. Biden also warned that if Russia continued aggression against Ukraine, it would lead to \\\"serious costs and consequences\\\" such as the US imposing additional economic sanctions on Russia, increasing US military presence in the eastern members of NATO, and increased assistance to Ukraine. According to Putin's aide, Putin responded by saying that it would \\\"cause a total severance of relations\\\" between Russia and the US as well as the West at large.The following day, Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov addressed the question about what Russia expected in response to its \\\"security guarantees\\\" proposals by saying that \\\"we will not allow anyone to drag out our initiatives in endless discussions. If a constructive response does not follow within a reasonable time and the West continues its aggressive course, Russia will be forced to take every necessary action to ensure a strategic balance and to eliminate unacceptable threats to our security.\\\"On 10 January 2022, the US and Russia held bilateral talks in Geneva, whose purpose had been defined by the two sides as \\\"to discuss concerns about their respective military activity and confront rising tensions over Ukraine\\\". The talks were led by Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei Ryabkov, and US Deputy Secretary of State Wendy Sherman.The Geneva meeting was followed by a meeting of the NATO\\u2013Russia Council in Brussels on 12 January that involved delegations from all thirty NATO countries and one from Russia to discuss (according to the official statement issued by NATO), \\\"the situation in and around Ukraine, and the implications for European security\\\". The Russian MoD statement following the meeting stated that Russia \\\"brought Russian assessments of the current state in the field of Euro-security, and also gave explanations on the military aspects of the Russian draft agreement on security guarantees.\\\" The talks were judged by Russia to be unsuccessful. Following the meeting, NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg said that, with respect to Ukraine's potential accession to NATO, all NATO Allies were \\\"united on the core principle that each and every nation has the right to choose his own path\\\" and \\\"Russia doesn't have a veto on whether Ukraine can become a NATO member. [...] at the end of the day, it has to be NATO Allies and Ukraine that decides on membership.\\\"On 21 January 2022, Lavrov and Blinken met in Geneva. Blinken noted afterwards that the meeting \\\"was not a negotiation but a candid exchange of concerns and ideas\\\". Following the meeting, Blinken said that the US had made clear to Russia that its renewed invasion would \\\"be met with swift, severe and a united response from the United States and our partners and allies.\\\"The US delivered a formal written response to Russia's security demands on 26 January 2022. The response rejected Moscow's demand that NATO renounce its promise that Ukraine would be able to join NATO. Commenting on the content of the US response, Blinken said that the document \\\"include[d] concerns of the United States and our allies and partners about Russia's actions that undermine security, a principled and pragmatic evaluation of the concerns that Russia has raised, and our own proposals for areas where we may be able to find common ground.\\\"On 1 February 2022, Putin said the US response had failed to address Moscow's \\\"three key demands\\\", namely the non-expansion of NATO, refusal to deploy offensive weapon systems close to the Russian borders, and bringing back NATO's military infrastructure to the status quo of 1997. On 17 February, as the risk of Russian invasion of Ukraine was being assessed by the US and NATO as very high, Russia handed a letter to the US ambassador that blamed Washington for having ignored its main security demands. United Nations Security Council. A UN Security Council meeting was convened on 31 January 2022 to discuss the ongoing crisis. Russia tried to block the meeting, but the request was rejected with ten votes for the meeting to go ahead, two against and three abstentions. During the debate, the US and Russia exchanged accusations. The US ambassador to the UN, Linda Thomas-Greenfield, accused Russia of \\\"aggressive behavior\\\", and posing a \\\"clear threat to international peace and security\\\". She said Russia had made the \\\"largest military mobilization for decades in Europe\\\", and was trying \\\"to paint Ukraine and Western countries as the aggressors to fabricate a pretext for attack\\\".Russia's ambassador to the UN, Vasily Nebenzya, accused the West of \\\"hysterics\\\" and of \\\"whipping up tensions\\\" over Ukraine. He accused the US of \\\"stoking the conflict\\\" and said the UNSC meeting was \\\"an attempt to drive a wedge between Russia and Ukraine\\\". According to him, Ukraine was not abiding by the Minsk Protocols of 2014 and 2015 to end the conflict with the separatists, and Western nations were \\\"pumping Ukraine full of weapons\\\" contrary to the Minsk Protocols. Nebenzya added that Ukraine's violation of the Minsk Protocols could end in the 'worst way'.Ukrainian permanent representative at the UN Sergiy Kyslytsya said Russia had deployed 112,000 troops near Ukraine's borders and in Crimea, with 18,000 deployed at sea off Ukraine's coast. China's permanent representative, Zhang Jun, said the meeting was counterproductive and \\\"quiet diplomacy, not megaphone diplomacy\\\" was needed. No resolution was agreed at the meeting.Later, the 21 February intervention in Donbass was widely condemned by the UN Security Council, and did not receive any support. Kenya's ambassador, Martin Kimani, compared Putin's move to colonialism and said \\\"We must complete our recovery from the embers of dead empires in a way that does not plunge us back into new forms of domination and oppression.\\\"Another UN Security Council meeting was convened on 23\\u201324 February 2022. Russia invaded Ukraine during this UN Security Council emergency meeting aiming to defuse the crisis. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres had stated: \\\"Give peace a chance.\\\" Russia invaded while holding the presidency of the UN Security Council for February 2022, and has veto power as one of five permanent members. International treaties and negotiation structures. On 15 December 2021, Russia proposed documents that it referred to as \\\"draft treaties\\\", which referred to multiple international agreements, including the Charter for European Security and the NATO\\u2013Russia Council (NRC). Responses from NATO and the US in January 2022 referred to NRC, the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE), the United States\\u2013Russia Strategic Stability Dialogue (SSD), the Helsinki Final Act, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the Normandy Format and other treaties and forums.. On 4 March 2022, Russia informed Norway that it would be unable to attend Norway's Cold Response, a biennial exercise that involves 30,000 troops from 27 countries. Lavrov\\u2013EU correspondence. On the pan-European level, Lavrov sent separate letters to European Union (EU) and NATO countries on 30 January 2022, asking them \\\"not to strengthen their security at the expense of the security of others\\\" and demanding an individual reply from each. Even though the text repeatedly referred to the OSCE, not all OSCE members received the letters.A few days later, European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen and other EU leaders, asserting the Common Foreign and Security Policy, stated that a collective EU response to Lavrov\\u2019s letter was forthcoming, coordinated with NATO. On 10 February, the EU High Representative Josep Borrell sent a response on behalf of all 27 EU member states, offering \\\"to continue dialogue with Russia on ways to strengthen the security of all\\\" and asking Russia to de-escalate by withdrawing troops from around Ukraine. Reactions. Ukraine. In an interview with the French newspaper Lib\\u00e9ration in April 2021, Ukrainian foreign minister Dmytro Kuleba said that Russian troops' build-up on the north-east border with Ukraine, in Ukraine's eastern war zone, and in Crimea, and the deterioration of the situation in eastern Ukraine were the gravest since the attack on Ukrainian sailors in the Kerch Strait in November 2018.In November 2021, Kyrylo Budanov, the chief of Ukraine's military intelligence, said that Russia was preparing for an attack by the end of January or beginning of February 2022. On 25 January 2022, defence minister Oleksii Reznikov said he saw no immediate threat of a full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine. He insisted that the threat had not significantly increased in eight years as \\\"the Russian army ha[d] not formed a strike group that would be able to carry out an invasion\\\".On 28 January 2022, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy called on the West not to create a \\\"panic\\\" in his country over a potential Russian invasion, adding that constant warnings of an \\\"imminent\\\" threat of invasion were putting the economy of Ukraine at risk. Zelenskyy said that \\\"we do not see a bigger escalation\\\" than in early 2021 when Russian military build-up started. On 2 February, the US White House said it would no longer describe a potential invasion as \\\"imminent\\\".On 12 February 2022, Zelenskyy said of the White House's warnings about the \\\"imminent\\\" threat of the Russian invasion that \\\"the best friend of our enemies is panic in our country. And all this information only causes panic and does not help us.\\\" Davyd Arakhamia, the head of the faction of Zelenskyy's Servant of the People party in the Verkhovna Rada, said the constant warnings of a possible imminent Russian invasion of Ukraine \\\"costs the country $2\\u20133 billion every month.\\\"On 19 February 2022, speaking at the Munich Security Conference 2022, Volodymyr Zelenskyy criticized the \\\"policy of appeasement\\\" towards Russia and called on the Western countries to help. He also said that Ukraine would not respond to provocations by the Russian-led militants in Donbas, following the escalation and death of two Ukrainian soldiers. On 22 February 2022, Zelenskyy said he will consider severing Ukraine's diplomatic relations with Russia. Russia. In August 2021, Putin's close ally Nikolai Patrushev predicted that the United States would abandon its allies in Ukraine just as it abandoned its allies in Afghanistan, saying that \\\"...Kyiv is obsequiously serving the interests of its overseas patrons, striving to get into NATO. But was the ousted pro-American regime in Kabul saved by the fact that Afghanistan had the status of a principal U.S. ally outside NATO? (No). A similar situation awaits supporters of the American choice in Ukraine.\\\"Despite the Russian military build-ups, Russian officials over months repeatedly denied that Russia had plans to invade Ukraine. In mid-November 2021, Russian President Vladimir Putin said that it was \\\"alarmist\\\" to consider that Russia was planning to invade Ukraine.On 27 November, Sergei Naryshkin, director of Russia's Foreign Intelligence Service, addressed allegations of plans to invade Ukraine by stating: \\\"I need to reassure everyone. Nothing like this is going to happen\\\", and blaming \\\"malicious propaganda by the US State Department\\\" for the situation. On 28 November, Dmitry Peskov, the spokesman for Putin, stated that \\\"Russia has never hatched, is not hatching and will never hatch any plans to attack anyone [...] Russia is a peaceful country\\\". On 30 November, Putin stated that an expansion of NATO's presence in Ukraine, especially the deployment of any long-range missiles capable of striking Russian cities or missile defense systems similar to those in Romania and Poland, would be a \\\"red line\\\" issue for Russia.On 19 January 2022, Russian deputy foreign minister Sergei Ryabkov said that Russia does \\\"not want and will not take any action of aggressive character. We will not attack, strike, [sic] invade, 'whatever' Ukraine.\\\" In late January 2022, Nikolay Zhuravlev, Vice Speaker of the Federation Council, warned that Europe would not receive natural gas, petroleum and metals from Russia in the event that Russia was disconnected from the SWIFT international payment system, moreover such a move could not be feasible as it would require consent of all the countries participating in this system.Also in late January 2022, Nikolai Patrushev, secretary of Russia's Security Council, said that the idea that Russia is \\\"threatening Ukraine\\\" was \\\"absolutely ridiculous\\\" and added: \\\"We don't want war. We don't need that at all.\\\" Russia's deputy foreign minister, Alexander Grushko condemned the deployment of NATO troops, warships, and fighter jets in Eastern Europe, saying that the military alliance was \\\"demonising Russia\\\" in order to \\\"justify military activity on [NATO's] eastern flank\\\". Russia accused Ukraine of not implementing Minsk agreements reached in 2015 with the aim of establishing peace in Donbas.. On 7 February 2022, Putin said at a joint press conference with French president Emmanuel Macron: \\\"A number of [Macron's] ideas, proposals [...] are possible as a basis for further steps. We will do everything to find compromises that suit everyone.\\\" On 12 February 2022, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov accused the United States and its allies of waging a \\\"propaganda campaign\\\" about Russian invasion of Ukraine. He described Western \\\"demands to remove Russian troops from Russian territory\\\" as \\\"regrettable\\\".On 11 February 2022, Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu met UK Defense Secretary Ben Wallace. Shoigu denied that Russia was planning an invasion of Ukraine. Wallace agreed at the meeting which also included General Valery Gerasimov that it was important to implement the Minsk agreements \\\"as a clear way forward\\\".On 20 February, Russia's ambassador to the US, Anatoly Antonov, said that Russian forces \\\"don't threaten anyone [...] There is no invasion. There is [sic] no such plans\\\". On 21 February, President Putin signed a decree recognizing the two self-proclaimed separatist republics in Donbas as independent states.According to sources close to the Kremlin, most of Putin's close advisers opposed the invasion, and even Putin's hawkish ally Nikolai Patrushev advised Putin to give diplomacy another chance three days before the invasion, but Putin overruled them all. The invasion of Ukraine had been planned for almost a year. NATO. NATO became a flash point in the Russo-Ukrainian crisis. The Russian government demanded that NATO stop admitting any new members, and strongly opposed the potential accession to NATO of Georgia or Ukraine.As of 2022, Ukraine is not a NATO member, but affirmed its goal of eventually joining NATO. Ukraine participates in NATO's Partnership for Peace program, including the annual Sea Breeze and Rapid Trident military exercises. NATO repeatedly called upon Russia to respect Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity and has condemned Russia's 2014 annexation of Crimea and the Russia-backed separatists in eastern Donbas, calling for a resolution to the Donbas conflict via the Minsk agreements. In December 2021, as Russia continued a military buildup on Ukraine's borders, the NATO Parliamentary Assembly met with Ukrainian leaders to reaffirm the alliance's support for Ukraine, to call upon NATO members to enhance delivery of defensive weapon systems to Ukraine, and to counter Russian disinformation. NATO indicated it would not defend Ukraine if Russia attacked it.Talks in January 2022 between the U.S. and Russia impassed over Russia's demand. The lead Russian negotiator, Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei Ryabkov, said that it was \\\"absolutely mandatory\\\" that Ukraine \\\"never, never, ever\\\" join NATO. By contrast NATO and the U.S. have affirmed NATO's \\\"open door\\\" policy, maintaining that countries should freely choose whether to join NATO or not. NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg said that: \\\"No one else has the right to try to veto or interfere in that process. And this is about fundamental principles for European security. It's about the right for every nation to choose their own path.\\\". During the crisis, Stoltenberg urged Russia to turn away from belligerency, participate in diplomatic talks, and cooperate with NATO. In a January 2021 interview, reaffirmed NATO's \\\"dual track\\\" approach to Russia, saying, \\\"We are ready to engage in dialogue with Russia, but we will never compromise on core principles for European security....Russia has a choice to either engage in dialogue with NATO and Western allies or choose confrontation. We need to be clear-eyed about the prospect that Russia will \\u2014 once again \\u2014 use military force against Ukraine. We will provide support to Ukraine to enable them to strengthen their ability to defend themselves.\\\"Spanish Foreign Minister Jos\\u00e9 Manuel Albares stated that Spain wanted \\\"dialogue, but if does not bear fruit, of course, Spain will stand with its European partners and its NATO allies united in deterrence\\\".On 24 January NATO announced it would send additional military forces to its Eastern members, due to the \\\"deteriorating security situation...NATO will continue to take all necessary measures to protect and defend all allies, including by reinforcing the eastern part of the alliance\\\". Deployments included four Danish F-16 fighter jets being sent to Lithuania, in addition to a frigate travelling to the Baltic Sea. Two Dutch F-35 fighter jets will also be deployed to Bulgaria. The chief of staff of the Belgian army also stated that the country was ready to send more forces to NATO's eastern allies. Russia's deputy foreign minister, Alexander Grushko condemned the deployments, saying that the military alliance was \\\"demonising Russia\\\" in order to \\\"justify military activity on [NATO's] eastern flank\\\". \", \"title\": \"Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine\", \"qa_pairs\": \"[{'S': \\\"According to sources close to the Kremlin, most of Putin's close advisers opposed the invasion, and even Putin's hawkish ally Nikolai Patrushev advised Putin to give diplomacy another chance three days before the invasion, but Putin overruled them all. \\\", 'Q': \\\"Did Putin's advisers support the invasion of Ukraine?\\\", 'A': 'No.'}, {'S': \\\"On 21 February 2022, Russia officially recognized the two breakaway regions in eastern Ukraine, the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic, as independent states,[51] and deployed troops to Donbas, in a move interpreted as Russia's effective withdrawal from the Minsk Protocol.\\\", 'Q': 'What did Russia do on 21 February 2022?', 'A': \\\"Russia officially recognized the two breakaway regions in eastern Ukraine, the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic, as independent states, and deployed troops to Donbas, in a move interpreted as Russia's effective withdrawal from the Minsk Protocol.\\\"}, {'S': 'On 10 April 2021, Ukraine invoked Paragraph 16 of the Vienna Document and initiated a meeting in the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) on the surge of Russian troops near the Russo-Ukrainian border and Russian-occupied Crimea.', 'Q': 'What did Ukraine invoke on 10 April 2021?', 'A': 'Paragraph 16 of the Vienna Document'}, {'S': 'Budanov accused Russia of conspiring several protests against COVID-19 vaccination in Kyiv to destabilize the country.', 'Q': 'What did Kyrylo Budanov accuse Russia of in November 2021?', 'A': 'Conspiring several protests against COVID-19 vaccination in Kyiv to destabilize the country.'}, {'S': \\\"The move was followed by Ukraine a day after, where it too invoked Chapter III (risk reduction) of the Vienna Document, requesting Russia to provide 'detailed explanations on military activities in the areas adjacent to the territory of Ukraine and in the temporarily occupied Crimea'.\\\", 'Q': 'What did Ukraine invoke in response to the unusual military activities near its territory?', 'A': 'Chapter III (risk reduction) of the Vienna Document.'}, {'S': \\\"On 22 February 2022, the United States declared this movement an 'invasion'.\\\", 'Q': 'What did the United States declare the movement of Russian troops into Donbas?', 'A': \\\"The United States declared this movement an 'invasion'.\\\"}, {'S': \\\"Very soon after the invasion launched on 24 February 2022, when widespread problems in the Russian advance were observed, Ukrainian and Western analysts tentatively assessed that Putin seemed to have assumed the Russian Armed Forces would be capable of capturing the Ukrainian capital city of Kyiv within days, eventually leading to the commonly reached conclusion that 'taking Kyiv in three days' had been the original objective or expectation of the invasion.\\\", 'Q': 'According to Ukrainian and Western analysts, what was the original objective or expectation of the invasion?', 'A': \\\"The commonly reached conclusion was that 'taking Kyiv in three days' had been the original objective or expectation of the invasion.\\\"}, {'S': 'In hindsight in mid-December 2022, the Main Directorate of Intelligence of Ukraine stated that information indicated the Russian government had invested a significant amount of resources on preparing the invasion, and that the FSB had repeatedly urged chief of staff Valery Gerasimov to initiate the invasion, but that Putin had ordered Gerasimov to postpone the invasion on at least three occasions, the last time in mid-February 2022.', 'Q': 'How many times did Putin postpone the invasion of Ukraine?', 'A': 'At least three occasions.'}, {'S': \\\"On 7 February 2022, French President Emmanuel Macron met Vladimir Putin in Moscow, with mixed outcomes: Macron said that Putin told him that Russia will not further escalate the crisis;[404] Putin scoffed at assertions that NATO is a 'defensive alliance' and warned the Western countries that if Ukraine joined NATO and 'decided to take back Crimea using military means, European countries will automatically be in a military conflict with Russia.'\\\", 'Q': 'What did Putin warn the Western countries about if Ukraine joined NATO?', 'A': \\\"Putin warned the Western countries that if Ukraine joined NATO and 'decided to take back Crimea using military means, European countries will automatically be in a military conflict with Russia.'\\\"}, {'S': 'The talks were judged by Russia to be unsuccessful.', 'Q': 'How did Russia view the talks between NATO and Russia?', 'A': 'Russia judged the talks to be unsuccessful.'}, {'S': 'On 10 January 2022, the SBU announced that it had arrested a Russian military intelligence agent who was attempting to recruit operatives to conduct attacks at Odesa.', 'Q': 'Who did the SBU arrest on 10 January 2022?', 'A': 'A Russian military intelligence agent.'}, {'S': 'The Biden administration later revealled that the Russian government deployed Russian operatives, trained in urban warfare and explosives, as saboteurs to stage a fabricated attack against Russian proxy separatists at eastern Ukraine, to provide Russia with another pretext for an invasion.', 'Q': 'What did the Russian government deploy as saboteurs?', 'A': 'Russian operatives trained in urban warfare and explosives.'}, {'S': 'On 22 February 2022, UK Prime Minister Johnson announced sanctions on five Russian banks, namely Rossiya Bank, Industrialny Sberegatelny Bank, General Bank, Promsvyazbank, and Black Sea Bank, and three billionaire associates of Putin, namely Gennady Timchenko, Boris Romanovich Rotenberg, and Igor Rotenberg.', 'Q': 'Who announced sanctions on Russian banks and associates of Putin?', 'A': 'UK Prime Minister Johnson.'}, {'S': 'In late January, the United States was again discussing sanctions with European allies in case of a Russian invasion.', 'Q': 'What were the United States discussing with European allies?', 'A': 'Sanctions in case of a Russian invasion.'}, {'S': \\\"On 30 November, Putin stated that an expansion of NATO's presence in Ukraine, especially the deployment of any long-range missiles capable of striking Russian cities or missile defense systems similar to those in Romania and Poland, would be a 'red line' issue for Russia.\\\", 'Q': \\\"What would be a 'red line' issue for Russia regarding NATO's presence in Ukraine?\\\", 'A': \\\"An expansion of NATO's presence in Ukraine, especially the deployment of any long-range missiles capable of striking Russian cities or missile defense systems similar to those in Romania and Poland.\\\"}, {'S': 'Russia accused Ukraine of not implementing Minsk agreements reached in 2015 with the aim of establishing peace in Donbas.', 'Q': 'What did Russia accuse Ukraine of regarding the Minsk agreements?', 'A': 'Not implementing the Minsk agreements reached in 2015.'}]\", \"output\": \"none\"}\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "Output/longdep_qa_reorder_gpt4-32k.jsonl",
    "content": "{\"output\": [\"II,I,III\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Picardo dedicated much of his professional life to Paradores, please order these projects by open day:\\nI. Parador de Arcos de la Frontera.\\nII. Parador de Guadalupe.\\nIII. Parador de Carmona.\", \"A\": \"II,I,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Restoration at Guadalupe started in November 1963 and the hotel, with twenty double rooms, opened on 11 December 1965.\", \"Parador de Arcos de la Frontera opened to guests on 7 November\\n1966.\", \"The Carmona Parador was inaugurated on 30 March 1976 by King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sof\\u00eda.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"II. Parador de Guadalupe: Opened on 11 December 1965.\\nI. Parador de Arcos de la Frontera: Opened on 7 November 1966.\\nIII. Parador de Carmona: Opened on 30 March 1976.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"III,V,I,IV,II\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events:\\nI. A new wall was built from Sant Pere de les Puelles to the Drassanes, facing the sea.\\nII. The city walls were demolished after strong public protests.\\nIII. The first wall of the city began to be built.\\nIV. A wall was built and lengthened that connected the beach to the island of Maians.\\nV. Walls were strengthened and heightened to defend against Germanic invasions.\", \"A\": \"III,V,I,IV,II\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"The first wall of the city, of simple construction, began to be built in the first century B.C.\", \"However, the first incursions by Franks and Alemanni from the 250s onwards made it necessary to reinforce the walls, which were enlarged in the 4th century.\", \"The creation of these new neighborhoods made it necessary to extend the walled perimeter, so in 1260 a new wall was built from Sant Pere de les Puelles to the Drassanes, facing the sea. The new section was 5100 m long and covered an area of 1.5 km2.\", \"Finally, in 1438, royal permission was obtained to build a port: first, a ship loaded with stones was sunk to serve as a base for the wall that connected the beach to the island of Maians; the wall was reinforced in 1477 and lengthened in the form of a breakwater in 1484.\", \"Between 1854 and 1859, the city walls were demolished, allowing the city to expand, under a project called the Eixample, drawn up by Ildefons Cerd\\u00e0 in 1859.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"III. The first wall of the city began to be built.\\nIV. A wall was built and lengthened that connected the beach to the island of Maians.\\nI. A new wall was built from Sant Pere de les Puelles to the Drassanes, facing the sea.\\nV. Walls were strengthened and heightened to defend against Germanic invasions.\\nII. The city walls were demolished after strong public protests.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"II,I,III\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events:\\nI. Guardian Reported Sexually Assault.\\nII. Nunez Announced taking place An Internal Investigation.\\nIII. A Young Woman Was Reported To Have Lost Her Thumb.\", \"A\": \"II,I,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Nunez announced that an internal investigation would take place after footage of an officer punching a man walking backwards, causing him to fall to the ground, went viral on French social media.\", \"On 21 March, The Guardian reported that the \\\"police watchdog is investigating allegations that four young women in Nantes were sexually assaulted during police controls at a demonstration last week\\\".\", \"In Rouen, a young woman was reported to have lost her thumb after hit by a 'flash ball' grenade used by police to try and disperse protesters \\u2013 Damien Adam, Renaissance MP for the area, \\\"says it's \\\"clearly unacceptable\\\" and he wants a police inquiry to find out what happened\\\" \\u2013 and police confirmed two officers were injured after missiles were thrown at them.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"II. Nunez Announced taking place An Internal Investigation.\\nIII. A Young Woman Was Reported To Have Lost Her Thumb.\\nI. Guardian Reported Sexually Assault.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"I,IV,II,III\", \"I,IV,III,II\", \"I,II,III,IV\", \"III,II,IV,I\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below event:\\nI. Nagaenthran K. Dharmalingam was born.\\nII. Nagaenthran K. Dharmalingam was infected with the COVID-19 virus.\\nIII. Nagaenthran K. Dharmalingam was executed.\\nIV. Nagaenthran K. Dharmalingam was arrested.\", \"A\": \"I,IV,II,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Nagaenthran a/l K. Dharmalingam, an ethnic Indian Malaysian and native of Ipoh, was born on 13 September 1988.\", \"On 22 April 2009, 20-year-old Nagaenthran was arrested by the Central Narcotics Bureau (CNB) officers when he was travelling from Malaysia to Singapore through the Woodlands Checkpoint.\", \"However, on 9 November 2021, it was reported that Nagaenthran had tested positive for COVID-19 just 12 minutes after he arrived at the Court of Appeal for his appeal hearing, and thus the execution on 10 November would not proceed as scheduled.\", \"Thirteen years after his arrest for drug trafficking, on 27 April 2022, at around dawn, Nagaenthran was hanged at Changi Prison.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below event:\\nI. Mathavakannan Kalimuthu was pardoned.\\nII. The family held Nagaenthran's funeral.\\nIII. Nagaenthran's mother filed a lawsuit against Singapore's chief justice.\\nIV. Singapore decided to amend its death penalty laws.\", \"A\": \"I,IV,III,II\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"A year after Nagaenthran's appeal was dismissed, Singapore decided to amend its death penalty laws in July 2012, which designated a moratorium on all 35 executions in Singapore, including Nagaenthran's.\", \"The last time clemency was granted in Singapore was in 1998, when 19-year-old Mathavakannan Kalimuthu was pardoned from execution despite being sentenced to hang for murdering a gangster in 1996.\", \"On 25 April 2022, Nagaenthran's mother Panchalai Supermaniam filed a lawsuit against Sundaresh Menon, the current Chief Justice of Singapore, as a final attempt to help her son escape the gallows.\", \"The funeral was expected to be held on 29 April 2022, two days after Nagaenthran's execution.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below event: \\nI. Mathavakannan was released.\\nII. Singapore's new death penalty laws took effect.\\nIII. Violet Netto was arrested and investigated.\\nIV. Mahajoth Singh launched a one-man protest.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III,IV\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"When the new death penalty laws took effect in January 2013, Nagaenthran applied for re-sentencing on account of clinical intellectual disability and mental illness, and his case was sent back to the original trial judge Chan Seng Onn for review in the High Court.\", \"Mathavakannan was paroled and released in 2012 after serving 16 years of his life sentence due to good behaviour.\", \"On 31 October 2021, Malaysian lawyer Mahajoth Singh had launched a one-man protest against the execution of Nagaenthran in front of the High Commission of the Republic of Singapore in Kuala Lumpur.\", \"On 10 May 2022, it was reported that Violet Netto, the lawyer who represented Nagaenthran in his second-last appeal to the Court of Appeal, was arrested and investigated for acting as a lawyer and solicitor without a valid practising certificate on at least three occasions, including Nagaenthran's case and the last-ditch appeals of another two death row inmates Pausi Jefridin and Roslan Bakar.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below event:\\nI. The Post-Appeal Applications in Capital Cases Bill was first drafted.\\nII. A man posted a poster advocating against Nagaenthran's death sentence.\\nIII. Mathavakannan Kalimuthu murdered a gangster.\\nIV. Nagaenthran held his family's hand for the last time.\", \"A\": \"III,II,IV,I\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"The last time clemency was granted in Singapore was in 1998, when 19-year-old Mathavakannan Kalimuthu was pardoned from execution despite being sentenced to hang for murdering a gangster in 1996.\", \"A man was arrested on 4 November 2021 for posting a poster advocating against Nagaenthran's death sentence at a train in Kuala Lumpur, which was classified as an illegal act of public provocation.\", \"After making the request, the three judges allowed Nagaenthran to spend two hours together with his family in the Supreme Court building and he was given permission to hold their hands one final time. As the time was up, Nagaenthran reportedly shared a tearful farewell with his family before he was brought back to Changi Prison, where his execution would take place.\", \"The Post-Appeal Applications in Capital Cases Bill was first drafted and passed on 29 November 2022.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"\", \"I. Mathavakannan Kalimuthu was pardoned.\\nIV. Singapore decided to amend its death penalty laws.\\nIII. Nagaenthran's mother filed a lawsuit against Singapore's chief justice.\\nII. The family held Nagaenthran's funeral.\", \"II. Singapore's new death penalty laws took effect.\\nI. Mathavakannan was released.\\nIV. Mahajoth Singh launched a one-man protest.\\nIII. Violet Netto was arrested and investigated.\", \"III. Mathavakannan Kalimuthu murdered a gangster.\\nII. A man posted a poster advocating against Nagaenthran's death sentence.\\nIV. Nagaenthran held his family's hand for the last time.\\nI. The Post-Appeal Applications in Capital Cases Bill was first drafted.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"I,V,III,VII,II,IV,VI\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events:\\nI. Youngkin set up an email tipline to receive reports about \\\"divisive practices\\\" in Virginia schools.\\nII. Over a dozen media outlets sued the Youngkin administration for access to the emails, arguing that the exemption did not apply as access to the emails was not restricted solely to Youngkin's office.\\nIII. A spokesperson for Youngkin tweeted that critics had mischaracterized the tipline and described it as \\\"a customary constituent service.\\\".\\nIV. American Oversight and Ballard Spahr filed a second lawsuit against the Youngkin administration, seeking access to the emails.\\nV. Youngkin discussed the tipline on a conservative radio show, encouraging parents to report instances where they feel their fundamental rights are being violated, their children are not being respected, and there are divisive practices in schools. He mentioned that his administration would \\\"catalogue it all\\\" and begin \\\"rooting it out.\\\".\\nVI. The first lawsuit concluded with a settlement granting media outlets access to 350 of the emails. Shortly after the settlement, the Youngkin administration revealed that it had closed down the tipline in September, as tips dried up.\\nVII. Youngkin explained that his administration was responding to complaints submitted to the tipline but did not specify if there would be ramifications for teachers mentioned in those complaints.\", \"A\": \"I,V,III,VII,II,IV,VI\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"During his first week as governor, Youngkin set up an email tipline to receive reports about what he characterized as \\\"divisive practices\\\" in Virginia schools. The tipline was announced in a January 21, 2022 news release focused on Youngkin's executive order banning school mask mandates. Three days later, Youngkin discussed the tipline on a conservative radio show, where he said that parents should use the tipline to report \\\"any instances where they feel that their fundamental rights are being violated, where their children are not being respected, where there are inherently divisive practices in their schools.\\\"[215] Speaking of the practices to be reported, he said on the radio show that his administration would \\\"catalogue it all\\\" and begin \\\"rooting it out\\\".\\n\\nThe tipline was described by The Washington Post as \\\"part of a broader push by Youngkin to identify and root out what he says are elements of critical race theory in the state\\u2019s curriculum.\\\" The publication further reported that the tipline was viewed by \\\"a teachers union, Democrats in the General Assembly, some parents and other observers...as divisive, authoritarian and unfairly targeting educators.\\\" Virginia Republicans have defended the tipline by comparing it to systems that previous governors of the state had set up for people to report violations of business regulations and health protocols. On January 26, a spokesperson for Youngkin tweeted that critics of the tipline had mischaracterized it and described the tipline as \\\"a customary constituent service.\\\" A week after the tipline debuted, CNN reported that the initiative had drawn national attention. Colin Jost derided the tipline on Saturday Night Live during Weekend Update, and John Legend encouraged opponents of the initiative to co-opt the tipline, tweeting, \\\"Black parents need to flood these tip lines with complaints about our history being silenced. We are parents too.\\\" Several media outlets reported that critics of Youngkin were spamming the tipline. Describing it as a \\\"snitch line\\\", political scientist Larry Sabato predicted that the tipline would \\\"backfire\\\" on Youngkin. Near the end of January, WSET reported that the tipline had been criticized by \\\"Virginia teachers and the Virginia Education Association...for targeting teachers who are already struggling amid staffing shortages and other challenges related to the COVID-19 pandemic\\\", while The Lead with Jake Tapper reported that the tipline could cause retention problems among Virginia educators.\\n\\nOn February 3, 2022, Youngkin explained that his administration was \\\"responding\\\" to complaints submitted to the tipline but did not say whether there would be ramifications for teachers mentioned in those complaints. That month, it was reported that multiple inquiries by The Virginian-Pilot about how complaints sent to the tipline would be used by the Youngkin administration had gone unanswered and that FOIA requests to see emails sent to the tipline had been denied by the Youngkin administration, citing the \\\"working papers and correspondence\\\" exemption in Virginia's FOIA law. In April, a group of over a dozen media outlets sued the Youngkin administration for access to the emails. The lawsuit argued that the \\\"working papers and correspondence\\\" exemption did not apply in this instance, because access to the emails had not been restricted solely to Youngkin's office (Youngkin had allowed a conservative think tank to access the emails). In August, a nonprofit watchdog group, American Oversight, and a law firm, Ballard Spahr, joined together in bringing a second lawsuit against the Youngkin administration, seeking access to the emails. In November, the first lawsuit concluded with a settlement that granted the media outlets access to 350 of the emails, representing a small portion of the total number. Shortly after the settlement was reached, the Youngkin administration revealed that it had closed down the tipline in September. The Washington Post reported that the administration had \\\"quietly pulled the plug on the tipline...as tips dried up\\\". The second lawsuit is still ongoing.\", \"1. January 21, 2022: Youngkin set up an email tipline to receive reports about \\\"divisive practices\\\" in Virginia schools.?\\n\\n\\n\\n2. January 24, 2022: Youngkin discussed the tipline on a conservative radio show, encouraging parents to report instances where they feel their fundamental rights are being violated, their children are not being respected, and there are divisive practices in schools. He mentioned that his administration would \\\"catalogue it all\\\" and begin \\\"rooting it out.\\\"\\n\\n\\n\\n3. January 26, 2022: A spokesperson for Youngkin tweeted that critics had mischaracterized the tipline and described it as \\\"a customary constituent service.\\\"\\n\\n\\n\\n4. February 3, 2022: Youngkin explained that his administration was responding to complaints submitted to the tipline but did not specify if there would be ramifications for teachers mentioned in those complaints.\\n\\n\\n\\n5. April 2022: Over a dozen media outlets sued the Youngkin administration for access to the emails, arguing that the exemption did not apply as access to the emails was not restricted solely to Youngkin's office.\\n\\n\\n\\n6. August 2022: American Oversight and Ballard Spahr filed a second lawsuit against the Youngkin administration, seeking access to the emails.\\n\\n\\n\\n7. November 2022: The first lawsuit concluded with a settlement granting media outlets access to 350 of the emails. Shortly after the settlement, the Youngkin administration revealed that it had closed down the tipline in September, as tips dried up.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"I. Youngkin set up an email tipline to receive reports about \\\"divisive practices\\\" in Virginia schools.\\nII. Youngkin discussed the tipline on a conservative radio show, encouraging parents to report instances where they feel their fundamental rights are being violated, their children are not being respected, and there are divisive practices in schools. He mentioned that his administration would \\\"catalogue it all\\\" and begin \\\"rooting it out.\\\".\\nIII. A spokesperson for Youngkin tweeted that critics had mischaracterized the tipline and described it as \\\"a customary constituent service.\\\".\\nIV. Youngkin explained that his administration was responding to complaints submitted to the tipline but did not specify if there would be ramifications for teachers mentioned in those complaints.\\nV. Over a dozen media outlets sued the Youngkin administration for access to the emails, arguing that the exemption did not apply as access to the emails was not restricted solely to Youngkin's office.\\nVI. American Oversight and Ballard Spahr filed a second lawsuit against the Youngkin administration, seeking access to the emails.\\nVII. The first lawsuit concluded with a settlement granting media outlets access to 350 of the emails. Shortly after the settlement, the Youngkin administration revealed that it had closed down the tipline in September, as tips dried up.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"V,III,I,IV,II\", \"III,I,IV,V,II\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events:\\nI. Paul Merle Eischeid was apprehended in San Isidro.\\nII. Daniel \\\"Dani La Muerte\\\" D\\u00edaz Le\\u00f3n were shot several times.\\nIII. Several Hells Angels and allied Red Devils performed a raid on an Outlaws clubhouse in Kortrijk.\\nIV. Conrad Toland was arrested by Spanish police;.\\nV. The Copenhagen biker war began.\", \"A\": \"V,III,I,IV,II\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"American Hells Angels member Paul Merle Eischeid, who fled the United States in 2007 after being charged with drug trafficking, racketeering, kidnapping and homicide, was apprehended in San Isidro, Buenos Aires on 3 February 2011 after being tracked by the U.S. Marshal Service, Diplomatic Security Service, and Interpol.\", \"On 14 May 2016, three people were seriously injured as a result of a shootout between the Hells Angels and Los Tehuelches, a rival motorcycle gang with Neo-Nazi sympathies consisting primarily of active and former police officers, at a highway gas station in Luj\\u00e1n, Buenos Aires. Two men \\u2013 Los Tehuelches leader Leo Gatto, and Hells Angels president Daniel \\\"Dani La Muerte\\\" D\\u00edaz Le\\u00f3n, a celebrity bodyguard and television personality \\u2013 were shot several times, while a woman was run over.\", \"On October 4, 2009, several Hells Angels and allied Red Devils performed a raid on an Outlaws clubhouse in Kortrijk.\", \"In October 2014, 47-year-old British man Conrad Toland was arrested by Spanish police in Madrid and brought before the National Court in Madrid to face extradition proceedings to Belgium where he was wanted to complete a 10-year sentence for smuggling 155 kilograms of cocaine into the country from Ecuador in July 2011 inside a tuna shipment.\", \"The Copenhagen biker war began on September 24, 1983, when three Bullshit members and a woman entered the S?promenaden restaurant, a known Hells Angels hangout, at Dag Hammarskj?lds All\\u00e9 37.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events:\\nI. Bradley Earl Haor was killed with a shotgun.\\nII. Laz?r was met by the U.S. Marshals Service as he boarded a plane to the United States.\\nIII. The first German charter of the Hells Angels was founded.\\nIV. The Hells Angels became involved in a dispute between a Dutch drug trafficker and a Liverpool crime family.\\nV. A brawl between up to thirty Hells Angels and Outlaws members took place at Birmingham International Airport.\", \"A\": \"III,I,IV,V,II\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Seven Hells Angels received prison sentences of up to ten years for their part in the murder of Bradley Earl Haora, a nineteen-year-old Highway 61 member killed with a shotgun in Mount Eden on December 29, 1975.\", \"Laz?r was met by the U.S. Marshals Service as he boarded a plane to the United States on 16 January 2023.\", \"The first German charter of the Hells Angels was founded in Hamburg via a \\\"patch over\\\" of the Bloody Devils biker gang in March 1973, and was active in the red-light districts of St. Pauli and Sternschanze.\", \"The Hells Angels became involved in a dispute between a Dutch drug trafficker and a Liverpool crime family in late 1992.\", \"A brawl between up to thirty Hells Angels and Outlaws members took place at Birmingham International Airport on 20 January 2008 after the two groups had found themselves together on a flight from Alicante, Spain, with police recovering various weapons including knuckledusters, hammers, a machete and a meat cleaver.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"V. The Copenhagen biker war began.\\nIII. Several Hells Angels and allied Red Devils performed a raid on an Outlaws clubhouse in Kortrijk.\\nII. Daniel \\\"Dani La Muerte\\\" D\\u00edaz Le\\u00f3n were shot several times.\\nIV. Conrad Toland was arrested by Spanish police;.\\nI. Paul Merle Eischeid was apprehended in San Isidro.\", \"III. The first German charter of the Hells Angels was founded.\\nI. Bradley Earl Haor was killed with a shotgun.\\nV. A brawl between up to thirty Hells Angels and Outlaws members took place at Birmingham International Airport.\\nIV. The Hells Angels became involved in a dispute between a Dutch drug trafficker and a Liverpool crime family.\\nII. Laz?r was met by the U.S. Marshals Service as he boarded a plane to the United States.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"I,III,II,IV\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events:\\nI. General Electric divest itself of RCA.\\nII. The Blue Network became ABC.\\nIII. The debut of the NBC Gold Network.\\nIV. An Behind the Legend ended.\", \"A\": \"I,III,II,IV\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"This was\\n\\nfollowed by the debut of the NBC Gold Network, also known as the Pacific Gold Network, on October 18, 1931.\", \"In 1930, General Electric was charged with antitrust violations, resulting in the company's decision to divest itself of RCA.\", \"Noble, who wanted a better name for the network, acquired the branding rights to the \\\"American Broadcasting Company\\\" name from George B. Storer\\n\\nin 1944. The Blue Network became ABC officially on June 15, 1945, after the sale was completed.\", \"One exception was Toscanini: The Man Behind the Legend, a weekly series commemorating the great conductor's NBC broadcasts and\\n\\nrecordings which ran for several years beginning in 1963.After Monitor ended its 20-year run on January 26, 1975.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"II. The Blue Network became ABC.\\nIII. The debut of the NBC Gold Network.\\nIV. An Behind the Legend ended.\\nI. General Electric divest itself of RCA.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"III,I,IV,II\", \"IV,II,I,III,VI,V\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events:\\nI. Rock.\\nII. DJ.\\nIII. Jazz.\\nIV. Turbo-folk.\", \"A\": \"III,I,IV,II\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Prolonged dance evenings \\\"till dawn\\\" (igranke) were the precursors of modern nightlife after World War II. In the new, Communist regime, new types of music became almost obligatory, like the kozara?ko kolo [sr], but in the period immediately following the Allied victory this music was mixed with Russian romances, jazz, swing and boogie-woogie.\\n\\nBy 1951 the state propaganda attacked boogie-woogie (\\\"eccentric, vulgar and decadent\\\"), while entire public campaign was orchestrated in 1952 against jazz, which \\\"influenced the animal sensations\\\". This first post war period of dance nights lasted from 1945 to 1963.\", \"First night clubs, referred to as disko[teka] in Serbian, were opened in the second half of the 1960s as a result of the popularity of rock and roll. First rock and roll news can be found in press already in 1956.\", \"The 1990s in Serbia were marked with calamities: break-up of Yugoslavia, wars, economic sanctions, collapse of the standard of living. Criminals began occupying the clubs and night life in general. Fashion and aesthetics of the turbo-folk became a norm while shootings and killings in disco clubs became regular events.\", \"Second half of the 1990s saw a development of electronic music venues so as a techno and rave scene with international DJs, despite the international sanctions.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events:\\nI. The lighting of the first electric light in Belgrade,.\\nII. The first ball in Belgrade.\\nIII. Enactment of \\\"tax for nighttime sitting\\\".\\nIV. The first pool table in Belgrade.\\nV. The first kafana on the boat in Belgrade.\\nVI. Tthe first Belgrade's \\\"express restaurant\\\".\", \"A\": \"IV,II,I,III,VI,V\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"The first ball in Belgrade was held in 1838.\", \"On 30 December 1927, Ministry of Finance of the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes banned night life after 23:00: those who loiter and sit till the late hours, and it is past eleven, will be fined two dinars. Known as the \\\"tax for nighttime sitting\\\", it is considered the first official ban of night life in Serbia.\", \"\\\"Bulevar\\\"? in Terazije. The first electrified streetlight in Belgrade was lit in front of it on 6 February 1893.\", \"As the first kafana on the boat, \\\"Split\\\" has historical importance as the precursor of splavovi. The restaurant was opened in 1970, but the ship was much older.\", \"opened in 1823, the oldest still operational kafana in Belgrade, with almost the same menu as 200 years ago. After a dispute with the Serbian Orthodox Church, which\\n\\nopposed owner's intention to name it \\\"Kod Saborne crkve\\\" (\\\"Chez Cathedral Church\\\"), the owner painted question mark above the entrance until he figures the new name, and the name stuck. In 1834, the first pool table in Belgrade was installed here.\", \"\\\"Ruski car\\\"? in central Knez Mihailova Street, opened in 1890, immediately became the gathering place of the city elite and distinguished guests from abroad. Held to high esteeme as a place where \\\"people come to be seen\\\", it was named after the assassinated tzar Alexander II of Russia. Present building, today a cultural monument, was finished in 1926. During the Interbellum, it was a meeting place for the noble citizens and intellectual elite. Communist authorities after World War II confiscated the building and nationalized it in 1960. That year, the first Belgrade's \\\"express restaurant\\\", a self-serving buffet restaurant with cooked meals, was opened in the building.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"III. Jazz.\\nI. Rock.\\nII. DJ.\\nIV. Turbo-folk.\", \"II. The first ball in Belgrade (1838).\\nIII. Enactment of \\\"tax for nighttime sitting\\\" (1850s).\\nIV. The first pool table in Belgrade (1834).\\nI. The lighting of the first electric light in Belgrade (1893).\\nV. The first kafana on the boat in Belgrade (1936). \\nVI. The first Belgrade's \\\"express restaurant\\\" (1960).\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"III,I,II\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events:\\nI. Execution of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.\\nII. Death of Taraki.\\nIII. Death of Daoud.\", \"A\": \"III,I,II\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"On 27 April 1978, the Afghan Army, which had been sympathetic to the PDPA cause, overthrew and executed Daoud along with members of his family.\", \"In September 1979, Deputy Prime Minister Hafizullah Amin seized power, arresting and killing Taraki.\", \"Pakistani President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's ties with the U.S. had been strained during Jimmy Carter's presidency due to Pakistan's nuclear program and the execution of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in April 1979, but Carter told National Security Adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski and Secretary of State Cyrus Vance as early as January 1979 that it was vital to \\\"repair our relationships with Pakistan\\\" in light of the unrest in Iran.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"II,III,I,V,IV\", \"I,IV,III,II\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events:\\nI. The Cook Monument was built.\\nII. John Temple purchased the manor and estate.\\nIII. Congreve's Monument was built.\\nIV. The National Trust first became significantly involved in Stowe.\\nV. The third Duke of Buckingham and Chandos returned to Stowe.\", \"A\": \"II,III,I,V,IV\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"John Temple, a wealthy wool farmer, purchased the manor and estate in 1589.\", \"Built in 1778 as a monument to Captain James Cook; it takes the form of a stone globe on a pedestal. It was moved to its present position in 1842.\", \"(Congreve's Monument) Built of stone designed by Kent in 1736, this is a memorial to the playwright William Congreve.\", \"The National Trust first became significantly involved in Stowe in 1965, when John Workman was invited to compile a plan for restoration.\", \"In 1862, the third Duke of Buckingham and Chandos returned to Stowe and began to repair several areas of the gardens, including planting avenues of trees.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events:\\nI. The Shell Bridge was finished.\\nII. National Trust rebuilt the Statue of George II.\\nIII. Friga statues was sold at auction.\\nIV. The Queen's Temple was desinged.\", \"A\": \"I,IV,III,II\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"(The Shell Bridge) Designed by Kent, and finished by 1739, is actually a dam disguised as a bridge of five arches and is decorated with shells.\", \"(Statue of George II)On the western edge of the lawn, the statue was rebuilt in 2004 by the National Trust.\", \"The original Sunna & Thuner statues are in the V&A Museum, the original Friga stood for many years in Portmeirion but was sold at auction in 1994 for \\uffe154,000, the original Mona is in the Buckinghamshire County Museum.\", \"(The Queen's Temple was) Originally designed by Gibbs in 1742 and was then called the Lady's Temple.\", \"/\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"II. John Temple purchased the manor and estate.\\nIII. Congreve's Monument was built.\\nI. The Cook Monument was built.\\nV. The third Duke of Buckingham and Chandos returned to Stowe.\\nIV. The National Trust first became significantly involved in Stowe.\", \"IV. The Queen's Temple was designed.\\nI. The Shell Bridge was finished.\\nIII. Friga statue was sold at auction.\\nII. National Trust rebuilt the Statue of George II.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"III,I,V,II,IV\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events:\\nI. The Paseo Nuevo was created;.\\nII. Portal de la Paz renamed;.\\nIII. IV-Casa de la Ciudad was created as a districts;.\\nIV. The Zona Franca was created;.\\nV. The massive land confiscation.\", \"A\": \"III,I,V,II,IV\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"In 1769 a reform was carried out that created five districts, each subdivided into eight neighborhoods: I-Palacio included the port and the new neighborhood of La Barceloneta; II-San Pedro was an eminently industrial area; III-Audiencia corresponded to the center of the city; IV-Casa de la Ciudad was a mainly residential area; and V-Raval included the land west of La Rambla.\", \"In 1797 the Paseo Nuevo (or Paseo de la Explanada) was also created, located next to the military Citadel, a wide avenue lined with poplars and elms and decorated with ornamental fountains, which for a time was the main green space of the city, but disappeared in the urbanization works of the Parque de la Ciutadela.\", \"Another factor that favored the urban planning of these years was the massive land confiscation of 1836, which left numerous plots of land that were built on or converted into public spaces, such as La Boquer\\u00eda and Santa Catalina markets, the Gran Teatro del Liceo and two squares designed by Francisco Daniel Molina: Plaza Real (1848) and Plaza del Duque de Medinaceli;[63] the former was named after the monument it was to contain dedicated to Ferdinand the Catholic \\u2014 now disappeared \\u2014 and the latter after Luis de la Cerda y de la Vega, Duke of Medinaceli.[64]\", \"These changes became effective all except Cristina Street, which was finally called Prim and not Republic, and lasted during the First Republic (1873-1874), with the only addition in 1873 of changing the Portal de la Paz to Portal de la Junta Revolucionaria.\", \"in 1924, Collblanc and the Marina de Hospitalet, where the Zona Franca was created\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"III. IV-Casa de la Ciudad was created as a districts;.\\nV. The massive land confiscation.\\nI. The Paseo Nuevo was created;.\\nII. Portal de la Paz renamed;.\\nIV. The Zona Franca was created.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"I,IV,III,II\", \"I,II,III,IV\", \"III,IV,II,I\", \"I,IV,II,III\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below event:\\nI. Brimble was born.\\nII. Brimble departed for the war.\\nIII. Brimble competed in the \\u014dtorohanga Sports Club's athletic meeting.\\nIV. Ted married Pansy Marguerite Milne Postlewaight.\", \"A\": \"I,IV,III,II\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Brimble was born on 28 June 1910, in Molteno, Eastern Cape, South Africa.\", \"In early April, Brimble competed in the \\u014dtorohanga Sports Club's athletic meeting on Easter Monday.\", \"He departed for the war sometime during 1941.\", \"Ted married Pansy Marguerite Milne Postlewaight in Auckland on 26 October 1929.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below event:\\nI. Brimble's father died.\\nII. Brimble finished third in the swimming competition.\\nIII. Harry Johns died.\\nIV. Ted Brimble was cremated.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III,IV\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Harold died on 21 November 1917, aged 37, while Amyas died on 17 May 1920, aged 3.\", \"The very first mention of Brimble in the Auckland newspapers of the time was on 28 January 1924, in the Auckland Star. It was not for rugby league, but for swimming. He placed third in the 50 Yard Juvenile race at the Basin Reserve in Onehunga at a celebration to mark the one year anniversary of the Manukau Cruising Club.\", \"Johns would die tragically 10 weeks later on 4 October after having been knocked out the night before in a boxing match at the Auckland Town Hall.\", \"Ted Brimble died on 27 June 1968. He was cremated at Purewa Cemetery in Auckland.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below event:\\nI. Ted's brother Cyril was killed.\\nII. Pansy was caught stealing.\\nIII. Amyas was born.\\nIV. Brimble's brother John played for the Manukau Rovers rugby club.\", \"A\": \"III,IV,II,I\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"While there a seventh son, Amyas, was born on 4 April 1917.\", \"In 1925 older brother John was playing for the Manukau Rovers rugby club senior side, with a Brimble listed in the 4th grade team and another in the 5th grade side, most likely Cyril and Ted respectively due to their age difference.\", \"Ten years earlier, aged 21 in 1930 Pansy had been caught stealing a pair of stockings from a Karangahape Road shop in September.\", \"In 1947, on Monday 28 April, Ted's brother Cyril was killed in a fall from a motor lorry.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below event:\\nI. John was selected for the Auckland B representative team.\\nII. Ted went enlisted.\\nIII. Brimble and Pansy divorced.\\nIV. Brimble and pansy lived apart.\", \"A\": \"I,IV,II,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"That same year John was selected for the Auckland B representative team to play North Waikato in July.\", \"They had been living apart since 1937.\", \"When Ted went enlisted in 1940 his address was listed as 61A Wellesley Street West and his next of kin (Pansy) was listed as 112 Wellesley Street West which was the same address as her parents from 11 years earlier when they had married.\", \"On 1 September 1941, Pansy was granted an undefended divorce from Ted.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"I. Brimble was born.\\nIII. Brimble competed in the \\u014dtorohanga Sports Club's athletic meeting.\\nIV. Ted married Pansy Marguerite Milne Postlewaight.\\nII. Brimble departed for the war.\", \"II. Brimble finished third in the swimming competition.\\nI. Brimble's father died.\\nIII. Harry Johns died.\\nIV. Ted Brimble was cremated.\", \"III. Amyas was born.\\nIV. Brimble's brother John played for the Manukau Rovers rugby club.\\nII. Pansy was caught stealing.\\nI. Ted's brother Cyril was killed.\", \"I. John was selected for the Auckland B representative team.\\nIV. Brimble and pansy lived apart.\\nIII. Brimble and Pansy divorced.\\nII. Ted went enlisted.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"IV,II,I,III\", \"II,IV,I,III\", \"I,IV,III,II\", \"I,III,IV,II\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below event:\\nI. The Guardian reported on torture chambers in the Russian-occupied Zaporizhzhia region.\\nII. The US announced the creation of the Atrocity Crimes Advisory Group.\\nIII. The NATO Parliamentary Assembly designated the Russian Federation as a terrorist organization.\\nIV. Denys Shmyhal said that Russia was committing war crimes.\", \"A\": \"IV,II,I,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Ukrainian prime minister Denys Shmyhal said on 26 February that Russia was committing war crimes.\", \"In July 2022, The Guardian reported on torture chambers in the Russian-occupied Zaporizhzhia region based on the testimony of a 16-year-old boy who was held in one of them, beginning in April.\", \"On 25 May 2022, the EU, US, and the UK announced the creation of the Atrocity Crimes Advisory Group (ACA) to help coordinate their investigations and to support the War Crimes Units of the Office of the Prosecutor General of Ukraine (OPG).\", \"In November 2022 the NATO Parliamentary Assembly designated the Russian Federation as a terrorist organization and called upon the international community to \\\"take collective action towards the establishment of an international tribunal to prosecute the crime of aggression committed by Russia with its war against Ukraine.\\\"\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below event:\\nI. Russian army approached the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant.\\nII. Russian forces launched a military operation against Ukraine.\\nIII. The international court ruled that Russia must suspend the military operations.\\nIV. 39 states referred the situation in Ukraine to the ICC Prosecutor.\", \"A\": \"II,IV,I,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"At 11:28 pm local time on 3 March 2022, a column of 10 Russian armored vehicles and two tanks cautiously approached the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant, Europe's largest.\", \"On 2 March 2022, 39 states had already referred the situation in Ukraine to the ICC Prosecutor, who could then open an investigation into past and present allegations of war crimes, crimes against humanity or genocide committed in Ukraine by any person from 21 November 2013 onwards.\", \"On 16 March 2022, the court ruled 13\\u20132 that Russia must \\\"immediately suspend the military operations\\\" it commenced on 24 February 2022 in Ukraine, with Vice-president Kirill Gevorgian of Russia and Judge Xue Hanqin of China dissenting.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below event:\\nI. Amnesty International condemned the Russian military's disregard for civilian life.\\nII. The United States formally declared that the Russian military had committed war crimes in Ukraine.\\nIII. Joe Biden called Putin a war criminal.\\nIV. The United Nations Human Rights Council created the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine.\", \"A\": \"I,IV,III,II\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"On 25 February, Amnesty International stated that Russian forces had \\\"shown a blatant disregard for civilian lives by using ballistic missiles and other explosive weapons with wide area effects in densely populated areas\\\".\", \"On 4 March 2022, the United Nations Human Rights Council voted 32 in favour versus two against and 13 abstentions to create the Independent International Commission of Inquiry onUkraine, an independent international committee of three human rights experts with a mandate to investigate violations of human rights and of international humanitarian law in the context of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.\", \"On 16 March, U.S. President Joe Biden called Putin a war criminal.\", \"On 23 March, U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken announced that the United States formally declared that the Russian military had committed war crimes in Ukraine, stating, \\\"based on information currently available, the US government assesses that members of Russia's forces have committed war crimes in Ukraine.\\\"\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below event:\\nI. Boris Johnson remarked that Putin will stand condemned in the eyes of the world and of history.\\nII. Russia increased the intensity of attacks on power stations.\\nIII. Jean-Yves Le Drian described abuses by Russian forces in Ukrainian towns as possible war crimes.\\nIV. The United Nations General Assembly suspend Russia from the United Nations Human Rights Council.\", \"A\": \"I,III,IV,II\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Since October 2022, Russia has increased the intensity of attacks on power stations and other civilian infrastructure in a campaign intended to demoralize the Ukrainian people and threatening to leave millions of civilians without heating or water during winter.\", \"During House of Commons commentary in February 2022, British Prime Minister Boris Johnson stated that \\\"anyone who sends a Russian into battle to kill innocent Ukrainians\\\" could face charges. He remarked in addition, \\\"Putin will stand condemned in the eyes of the world and of history.\\\"\", \"On 3 April 2022, French Foreign Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian described abuses by Russian forces in Ukrainian towns, particularly Bucha, as possible war crimes.\", \"The United Nations General Assembly voted on 7 April 2022 to suspend Russia from the United Nations Human Rights Council over \\\"gross and systematic violations and abuses of human rights\\\".\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"\", \"II. Russian forces launched a military operation against Ukraine.\\nIV. 39 states referred the situation in Ukraine to the ICC Prosecutor.\\nI. Russian army approached the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant.\\nIII. The international court ruled that Russia must suspend the military operations.\", \"I. Amnesty International condemned the Russian military's disregard for civilian life.\\nIV. The United Nations Human Rights Council created the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine.\\nIII. Joe Biden called Putin a war criminal.\\nII. The United States formally declared that the Russian military had committed war crimes in Ukraine.\", \"II. Russia increased the intensity of attacks on power stations.\\nI. Boris Johnson remarked that Putin will stand condemned in the eyes of the world and of history.\\nIII. Jean-Yves Le Drian described abuses by Russian forces in Ukrainian towns as possible war crimes.\\nIV. The United Nations General Assembly suspend Russia from the United Nations Human Rights Council.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"III,I,IV,II\", \"II,III,IV,I\", \"IV,III,I,II\", \"I,IV,III,II\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events:\\nI. All units moved overland to Louisiana.\\nII. Captain Paul A. Bloomquist assumed command of the detachment.\\nIII. Unit training began.\\nIV. The 57th Medical Detachment became operational at Nha Trang.\", \"A\": \"III,I,IV,II\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"On 25 October 1955 all units moved overland to Louisiana.\", \"(1964)Captain Paul A. Bloomquist assumed command of the detachment and remained as commander until the arrival of Major Howard A. Huntsman Jr. on 12 August.\", \"Unit training began on 21 September 1953. In accordance with Army Training Program 8\\u2013220. Almost immediately many problems were encountered.\", \"The 57th Medical Detachment became operational at Nha Trang on 5 May 1962 when aircraft and fuel became available.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events:\\nI. The 57th Medical Detachment deployed to the Island of Grenada to participate in Operation URGENT FURY.\\nII. The largest mounted review in Brooke Army Medical Center history presented.\\nIII. All ATFA Medical units returned to Fort Sam Houston.\\nIV. One of the largest snowstorms in years fell in the DC-Baltimore metropolitan area.\", \"A\": \"II,III,IV,I\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"The 57th Medical Detachment deployed to the Island of Grenada to participate in Operation URGENT FURY on 29 October 1983.\", \"(On 1 September 1955 ) Just prior to leaving, the Group presented the largest mounted review in Brooke Army Medical Center history. Approximately 250 vehicles of all types participated.\", \"(1955)At the conclusion of the exercise, all ATFA Medical units returned to Fort Sam Houston in December with the exception of the 47th Field Hospital which remained in the maneuver area on temporary duty at Fort Polk, Louisiana, rendering medical support to Engineer and Signal Corps units.\", \"On 15 February 1968, one of the largest snowstorms in years fell in the DC-Baltimore metropolitan area.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events:\\nI. The 57th Medical Detachment completed its one-thousandth MAST mission.\\nII. MAJ Harold Abner relinquished command to MAJ Scott Putzier.\\nIII. A personnel exchange between the 82nd and the 57th.\\nIV. Bodies of 2 drowned boys were found at Panama by boats.\", \"A\": \"IV,III,I,II\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"On 12 October 1980, the 57th Medical Detachment completed its one-thousandth MAST mission.\", \"On 6 August 1998, the company conducted a change of command ceremony in which MAJ Harold Abner relinquished command to MAJ Scott Putzier.\", \"(1964)There was a personnel exchange between the 82nd and the 57th. This involved six officers and was accomplished in order to better distribute rotation dates for the 82d Medical Detachment. Four enlisted personnel were also exchanged.\", \"23 February 1958 - Flew to Chestertown, Maryland to search for 2 lost boys. Bodies of 2 drowned boys were found at Panama by boats.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events:\\nI. The publication of United States Army Support Group, Vietnam Regulation 59\\u20131.\\nII. The 57th Medical Detachment conducted an inactivation ceremony at its hanger at Fort Bragg.\\nIII. The 498th Medical Company deployed to provide humanitarian relief to several countries in Central America.\\nIV. Major Charles L. Kelly dead.\", \"A\": \"I,IV,III,II\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"The situation was finally clarified on 4 September 1963 with the publication of United States Army Support Group, Vietnam Regulation 59\\u20131.\", \"On 26 January 2007, as part of a reengineering of Army aviation, the 57th Medical Detachment conducted an inactivation ceremony at its hanger at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, named for Major Charles L. Kelly.\", \"In November 1998, the 498th Medical Company (Air Ambulance), a sister company at Fort Benning, Georgia, deployed to provide humanitarian relief to several countries in Central America.\", \"The second half of the year began with the sad event of the death of the detachment commander, Major Charles L. Kelly on 1 July 1964.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"III. Unit training began.\\nI. All units moved overland to Louisiana.\\nIV. The 57th Medical Detachment became operational at Nha Trang.\\nII. Captain Paul A. Bloomquist assumed command of the detachment.\", \"II. The largest mounted review in Brooke Army Medical Center history presented.\\nIII. All ATFA Medical units returned to Fort Sam Houston.\\nIV. One of the largest snowstorms in years fell in the DC-Baltimore metropolitan area.\\nI. The 57th Medical Detachment deployed to the Island of Grenada to participate in Operation URGENT FURY.\", \"IV. Bodies of 2 drowned boys were found at Panama by boats.\\nIII. A personnel exchange between the 82nd and the 57th.\\nI. The 57th Medical Detachment completed its one-thousandth MAST mission.\\nII. MAJ Harold Abner relinquished command to MAJ Scott Putzier.\", \"I. The publication of United States Army Support Group, Vietnam Regulation 59\\u20131.\\nII. Major Charles L. Kelly dead.\\nIII. The 498th Medical Company deployed to provide humanitarian relief to several countries in Central America.\\nIV. The 57th Medical Detachment conducted an inactivation ceremony at its hanger at Fort Bragg.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"II,I,III\", \"III,II,I\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events:\\nI. Zinchenko was voted as Arsenal's Player of the Month for February.\\nII. New signing Oleksandr Zinchenko made his non-competitive debut for Arsenal.\\nIII. Zinchenko made his 100th Premier League appearances.\", \"A\": \"II,I,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"On 23 July, the club played their third and final game of the USA tour \\u2013 also the final game of the 2022 Florida Cup series \\u2013 against Premier League side Chelsea at Camping World Stadium in Orlando.New signing Oleksandr Zinchenko made his non-competitive debut for Arsenal.\\n\\n\", \"Zinchenko was voted as Arsenal's Player of the Month for February.\\n\\n\", \"Five days later, the Gunners played at home against 20th-placed Southampton. White and Zinchenko both made their 100th Premier League appearances,and Vieira replaced Xhaka who missed the game through illness.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events:\\nI. ?degaard was voted as Arsenal's Player of the Season.\\nII. Arteta appointed Xhaka and Gabriel Jesus as the team's vice-captains to support skipper ?degaard.\\nIII. ?degaard was named their new men's first-team captain.\", \"A\": \"III,II,I\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Before the start of the game against Sevilla, Arsenal announced that ?degaard was named their new men's first-team captain.\", \"It was reported on 15 August that manager Arteta appointed Xhaka and Gabriel Jesus as the team's vice-captains to support skipper ?degaard.\\n\\n\", \"?degaard was voted as Arsenal's Player of the Season,[542] and Nelson's last-gasp strike against Bournemouth was voted as the club's Goal of the Season.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"II. New signing Oleksandr Zinchenko made his non-competitive debut for Arsenal.\\nIII. Zinchenko made his 100th Premier League appearances.\\nI. Zinchenko was voted as Arsenal's Player of the Month for February.\", \"III. ?degaard was named their new men's first-team captain.\\nII. Arteta appointed Xhaka and Gabriel Jesus as the team's vice-captains to support skipper ?degaard.\\nI. ?degaard was voted as Arsenal's Player of the Season.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"V,II,I,IV,III\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events:\\nI. The Sheriff rides to London.\\nII. Robin took 20 marks of silver from a monk.\\nIII. Robin was killed.\\nIV. The king seizes the Knight\\u2019s lands.\\nV. The Cook delivers three strong blos to Little John.\", \"A\": \"V,II,I,IV,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"The Sheriff's Cook, a bold stout man, confronts Little John. The Cook delivers three strong blows to Little John, who vows that he won't leave until he pays the Cook back.\", \"How much money do you carry, Robin Hood demands of the Monk. 20 marks of silver, he replies. Robin orders Little John to check the Monk's baggage.\", \"The Sheriff rides to London, and tells the King that Sir Richard is supporting the outlaw band.\", \"The King arrives at Nottingham and asks about Robin Hood and Sir Richard. Hearing what has happened, he seizes the Knight's lands, and searches for Robin throughout Lancashire.\", \"Since the Prioress is skilled in the art of blood-letting, she lets Robin slowly bleed to death when he comes to Kirkley for treatment.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"II. Robin took 20 marks of silver from a monk.\\nV. The Cook delivers three strong blows to Little John.\\nI. The Sheriff rides to London.\\nIV. The king seizes the Knight\\u2019s lands.\\nIII. Robin was killed.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"I,II,III\", \"III,II,I\", \"I,II,III\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events:\\nI. ? Lieutenant Alfonso Barbeta was imprisoned for the harangue he made to the guards of Lieutenant Castillo's company.\\nII. Melquiades \\u00e1lvarez was murdered.\\nIII. General Franco inaugurated the Monument to Calvo Sotelo in the Plaza de Castilla in Madrid.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Lieutenant Alfonso Barbeta was imprisoned for the harangue he made to the guards of Lieutenant Castillo's company on the night of the 12th, but was released on August 8.\", \"The one who decided to stay was Melquiades \\u00e1lvarez who would die murdered in the sacking of the Model Prison of Madrid on August 22, 1936.\", \"Four days earlier, on July 13, 1960 (the twenty-fourth anniversary of the assassination), General Franco inaugurated the Monument to Calvo Sotelo in the Plaza de Castilla in Madrid.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events:\\nI. ?assassination of Jos\\u00e9 Calvo Sotelo.\\nII. Assassination of Jos\\u00e9 del Castillo.\\nIII. Assassination of Captain Carlos Faraudo.\", \"A\": \"III,II,I\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"The one who also felt threatened with death was Assault Guard Lieutenant Jos\\u00e9 del Castillo, well known for his commitment to the Socialists whose militias he trained,[59][60] especially after the May 8 assassination of Captain Carlos Faraudo by Falangist gunmen.\", \"On Sunday, July 12, around ten o'clock at night, Lieutenant of the Assault Guard Jos\\u00e9 del Castillo, well known for his commitment to the Socialists, as well as belonging to the UMRA, was assassinated in a central street of Madrid.\", \"Jos\\u00e9 Calvo Sotelo, former Minister of Finance and deputy to Cortes. He died assassinated in the early morning of July 13, 1936. RIP.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events:\\nI. ?The last plenary session of the Cortes before the civil war was held.\\nII. General Franco informed Mola of his participation in the uprising.\\nIII. The Supreme Carlist Military Assembly of Saint Jean de Luz officially authorized the participation of Carlism in the military movement.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"On July 1, what was to be the last plenary session of the Cortes before the civil war was held and which proved to be the most conflictive.\", \"On July 14, the day after the assassination, he informed Mola of his participation in the uprising.\", \"On the night of Wednesday the 15th, the Supreme Carlist Military Assembly of Saint Jean de Luz officially authorized the participation of Carlism in the military movement: \\\"the Traditionalist Communion joins, with all its forces, in all of Spain to the Military Movement for the Salvation of the Homeland\\\".\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"I. Lieutenant Alfonso Barbeta was imprisoned for the harangue he made to the guards of Lieutenant Castillo's company.\\nII. Melquiades \\u00e1lvarez was murdered.\\nIII. General Franco inaugurated the Monument to Calvo Sotelo in the Plaza de Castilla in Madrid.\", \"III. Assassination of Captain Carlos Faraudo.\\nII. Assassination of Jos\\u00e9 del Castillo.\\nI. Assassination of Jos\\u00e9 Calvo Sotelo.\", \"I. The last plenary session of the Cortes before the civil war was held.\\nII. The Supreme Carlist Military Assembly of Saint Jean de Luz officially authorized the participation of Carlism in the military movement.\\nIII. General Franco informed Mola of his participation in the uprising.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"I,II,III,IV\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the below events of the Confrontation between Dalits and the Backward Caste landlords Kurmis:\\nI. The caste strife between the Dalit Maoists and the Kurmi landlords.\\nII. The foundation of Bhumi Sena in Punpun-Masaurhi region of the Patna district.\\nIII. The retaliatory action by the Bhumi Sena.\\nIV. The surrender of the Kurmi Landlords to the Dalit.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III,IV\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"The caste strife was witnessed between the Dalit Maoists and the Kurmi landlords in 1981, when a Kurmi landlord called Munna Singh, who operated a brick kiln, refused to increase the wages of his Dalit labourers.\", \"Alarmed by the killing of the prominent Kurmi landlords, Bhumi Sena was formed in Punpun-Masaurhi region of the Patna district in 1982 and soon after its formation it arrived in the Dumari village.\", \"By the end of 1982, the retaliatory action by the Bhumi Sena, and the activity of Police in the region, led to the weakening of Maoists.\", \"By 1984, the tactics followed by the Maoists, of burning the stores of grain of the Kurmis, broke the resistance on latter's part. Pradeep Das, a Dalit leader, from the Ravidasi community, organised the surrender of the Kurmi landlords, in which the latter gave written confirmation to the MKSS, that they will not wage a war against it and will not interfere in its activities.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"I. The caste strife between the Dalit Maoists and the Kurmi landlords.\\nII. The foundation of Bhumi Sena in Punpun-Masaurhi region of the Patna district.\\nIII. The retaliatory action by the Bhumi Sena.\\nIV. The surrender of the Kurmi Landlords to the Dalit.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"I,III,IV,II\", \"I,III,IV,II\", \"I,II,III,IV\", \"I,III,II,IV\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below event:\\nI. Groves visited the Hanford site.\\nII. DuPont reduced the area under cultivation due to radiological hazards.\\nIII. Construction work on the reactors commenced.\\nIV. The construction workforce reached the number of 45,096.\", \"A\": \"I,III,IV,II\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Groves visited the site on 16 January 1943, and approved the selection.\", \"The construction workforce reached a peak of 45,096 on 21 June 1944.\", \"Initially they farmed between 1,300 and 1,500 acres (530 and 610 ha), but from December 1944 on DuPont reduced the area under cultivation due to radiological hazards, and by October 1946 it had been reduced to 800 acres (320 ha).\", \"Construction work on the reactors could not commence until Wilmington released the plans, which did not occur until 4 October 1943, but the engineers were aware that they were to be water cooled and run at 250 MW.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below event:\\nI. Matthia reported that the Hanford site was the best.\\nII. The Manhattan Project ended.\\nIII. Matthias and Church drew up an outline of the layout of the Hanford Engineer Works.\\nIV. Workmen began assembling the reactor itself.\", \"A\": \"I,III,IV,II\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"On 1 January 1943, Matthias called Groves from Portland, Oregon, and reported that the Hanford site was \\\"far more favorable in virtually all respects than any other\\\".\", \"When the Manhattan Project ended on 31 December 1946, there were still 237 tracts remaining to be settled.\", \"Matthias and Church met in Wilmington on 2 March 1943, and drew up an outline of the layout of the Hanford Engineer Works.\", \"On 1 February 1944, with the 28-foot (8.5 m) thick concrete floor of the reactor building poured, workmen began assembling the reactor itself.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below event:\\nI. A Manhattan District project office opened in Washington.\\nII. Matthias noted that only nineteen checks had been delivered.\\nIII. Slug production commenced.\\nIV. Tthe Hanford Engineer Works won an award.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III,IV\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Stimson authorized the acquisition of the land on 8 February 1943. A Manhattan District project office opened in Prosser, Washington, on 22 February, a Federal judge issued an order of possession under the Second War Powers Act the following day, and the first tract was acquired on 10 March.\", \"On 18 June 1943, Matthias noted that only nineteen checks had been delivered for the two thousand transactions that had been completed.\", \"In 1946, the Hanford Engineer Works won an award for 144 days straight without a workplace accident involving loss of time due to injury; it eventually went without one for 235 days.\", \"Slug production commenced in June 1944 and by September enough canned slugs had been accumulated to commence loading the first reactor.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below event: \\nI. An order of possession under the Second War Powers Act was issued.\\nII. Littell asked to put all condemnation trials on hold.\\nIII. Construction commenced on the cooling water facilities in area 100-B.\\nIV. The start-up ceremony of the B reactor was held.\", \"A\": \"I,III,II,IV\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Stimson authorized the acquisition of the land on 8 February 1943.A Manhattan District project office opened in Prosser, Washington, on 22 February, a Federal judge issued an order of possession under the Second War Powers Act the following day, and the first tract was acquired on 10 March.\", \"Littell became convinced that the root of the problem was faulty appraisals, and on 13 October 1944, he appeared at the court in Yakima and asked Schwellenbach to put all condemnation trials on hold until the Justice Department could carry out reappraisals of the more than 700 tracts still awaiting settlement.\", \"Construction work on the reactors could not commence until Wilmington released the plans, which did not occur until 4 October 1943, but the engineers were aware that they were to be water cooled and run at 250 MW. Construction therefore commenced on the cooling water facilities in area 100-B on 27 August.\", \"Compton, Fermi, Greenewalt, Matthias, Williams and personnel from Wilmington and the Metallurgical Laboratory were on hand for the startup of B Reactor on 13 September 1944.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"III. Construction work on the reactors commenced.\\nIV. The construction workforce reached the number of 45,096.\\nI. Groves visited the Hanford site.\\nII. DuPont reduced the area under cultivation due to radiological hazards.\", \"III. Matthias and Church drew up an outline of the layout of the Hanford Engineer Works.\\nI. Matthia reported that the Hanford site was the best.\\nIV. Workmen began assembling the reactor itself.\\nII. The Manhattan Project ended.\", \"I. A Manhattan District project office opened in Washington.\\nII. Matthias noted that only nineteen checks had been delivered.\\nIII. Slug production commenced.\\nIV. The Hanford Engineer Works won an award.\", \"I. An order of possession under the Second War Powers Act was issued.\\nII. Littell asked to put all condemnation trials on hold.\\nIII. Construction commenced on the cooling water facilities in area 100-B.\\nIV. The start-up ceremony of the B reactor was held.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"III,II,I\", \"I,II,III\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events:\\nI. Publication of Nederlandsche Beroerten.\\nII. Publication of Rise of the Dutch Republic.\\nIII. Publication of the Handbook of the History of the Fatherland.\", \"A\": \"III,II,I\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"According to the Calvinist anti-revolutionary politician Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer, the Revolt was about how through God's guidance the Dutch people under the House of Orange-Nassau had achieved its liberty. This view was most clearly expounded in his Handbook of the History of the Fatherland (1846).\", \"In 1857, he translated The Rise of the Dutch Republic (1856) from the American puritan historian John Lothrop Motley.\", \"Finally, in his Nederlandsche Beroerten (1867), Catholic historiographer Wilhelmus Nuyens had nothing positive to say about Motley, whom Nuyens accused of writing a novel rather than a history book.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events:\\nI. Death of Egmont and Horne.\\nII. Death of Henry.\\nIII. Promulgation of the Edict of Nice by Emmanuel Philibert.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"For example, Nuyens (1869) pointed out that the baseless rumour that the heads of Egmont and Horne (decapitated on 5 June 1568 in Brussels) had been shipped to Madrid, had already been refuted in 1801 when the Egmont Crypt [nl] containing Egmont's skull and bones had been found in the church of Zottegem.\", \"Visconti (2003), for example, claimed that when pressured by Spain to implement this obligation, Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy proclaimed the Edict of Nice (15 February 1560), prohibiting Protestantism on pains of a large fine, enslavement or banishment, which soon led to an armed revolt by the Protestant Waldensians in his domain that would last until July 1561.\", \"In any case, Orange would have been present at Henry's deathbed in early July 1559.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"I. Publication of Rise of the Dutch Republic.\\nII. Publication of the Handbook of the History of the Fatherland.\\nIII. Publication of Nederlandsche Beroerten.\", \"II. Death of Henry\\nI. Death of Egmont and Horne\\nIII. Promulgation of the Edict of Nice by Emmanuel Philibert\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"V,IV,VI,II,III,I\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of these events:\\nI. BFC Dynamo played a 0\\u20130 draw away against FC Vorw?rts Frankfurt.\\nII. BFC Dynamo defeated BSG Stahl Riesa 9\\u20131 at home.\\nIII. BFC Dynamo defeated 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig 3\\u20130 at home.\\nIV. BFC Dynamo defeated 1. FC Union Berlin with 1\\u20138.\\nV. BFC Dynamo won the first leg 4\\u20131 in front of 30,000 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark.\\nVI. BFC Dynamo defeated HFC Chemie 4\\u20131 at home and BSG Wismut Aue 2\\u20133 away.\", \"A\": \"V,IV,VI,II,III,I\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"BFC Dynamo defeated HFC Chemie 4\\u20131 at home and BSG Wismut Aue 2\\u20133 away in the first two matchdays of the 1978-79 DDR-Oberliga.\", \"BFC Dynamo defeated 1. FC Union Berlin with\\n1\\u20138 and then 7\\u20131 in the round of 16 of the 1978-79 FDGB-Pokal.\", \"BFC Dynamo won the first leg 4\\u20131 in front\\nof 30,000 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 19 September\\n1979.\", \"BFC Dynamo defeated BSG Stahl Riesa 9\\u20131 at\\nhome on the 15th matchday on 1 March 1980.\", \"BFC Dynamo played a 0\\u20130 draw away against\\nFC Vorw?rts Frankfurt on the 19th matchday on 28 March 1980.\", \"BFC Dynamo defeated 1. FC Lokomotive\\nLeipzig 3\\u20130 at home on the third matchday on 6 September 1980.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"VI. BFC Dynamo defeated HFC Chemie 4\\u20131 at home and BSG Wismut Aue 2\\u20133 away.\\nII. BFC Dynamo defeated BSG Stahl Riesa 9\\u20131 at home.\\nIV. BFC Dynamo defeated 1. FC Union Berlin with 1\\u20138.\\nI. BFC Dynamo played a 0\\u20130 draw away against FC Vorw\\u00e4rts Frankfurt.\\nV. BFC Dynamo won the first leg 4\\u20131 in front of 30,000 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark.\\nIII. BFC Dynamo defeated 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig 3\\u20130 at home.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"I,III,IV,II\", \"II,I,IV,III\", \"II,IV,I,III\", \"I,IV,III,II\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. Botafogo Football Club was created.\\nII. Botafogo won another Carioca Championship.\\nIII. The leaders of Regatas and Football clubs decided to merger.\\nIV. Manager Oldemar Amaral Murtinho left the club.\", \"A\": \"I,III,IV,II\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Three years later, the group became Club de Regatas Botafogo and, in 1904, the Botafogo Football Club was created.\", \"In 1997, Botafogo won another Carioca Championship, once again against Vasco da Gama, thanks to a goal by backup Dimba.\", \"(1942)The decision to stop the game was made by Botafogo de Regatas, which abdicated the dispute so that Albano could have one last victory as tribute.[23][24] Involved in a deep atmosphere of commotion, the leaders of the two associations opted for the merger of the clubs.\", \"This period was also marked by a series of internal problems. In 1924, manager Oldemar Amaral Murtinho left the club, which led to the departure of striker Nilo, his nephew, and one of Botafogo's greatest idols, to rival Fluminense.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. The presidential term of Mauro Ney Palmeiro ended.\\nII. Botafogo won the first trophy in its history.\\nIII. The club brought in the Uruguayan Loco Abreu.\\nIV. Botafogo began a process of administrative stabilization.\", \"A\": \"II,I,IV,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"(2000)At the end of that year, the presidential term of Mauro Ney Palmeiro ended, and he was replaced by Bebeto de Freitas, a former athlete and volleyball coach.\", \"In 1906, Botafogo won the first trophy in its history, the Caxambu Cup, the first football competition in Rio de Janeiro, disputed by secondary teams.\", \"In 2010, the club brought in the Uruguayan Loco Abreu, who received the number 13 jersey from Zagallo, which excited the fans.\", \"Starting in 2005, Botafogo began a process of administrative stabilization that was gradually reflected in the field.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. The club's centennial year.\\nII. Swimming emerged in Rio de Janeiro.\\nIII. Oswaldo de Oliveira was hired as the coach.\\nIV. The club inaugurated the General Severiano Stadium.\", \"A\": \"II,IV,I,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"In 2004, the club's centennial year, the team again had poor campaigns, being eliminated early in the Carioca Championship and the Brazil Cup.\", \"In Rio de Janeiro, the sport emerged around the 1850s, when organized competitions began to attract public interest and the regular practice of this type of exercise became synonymous with \\\"civility\\\".\", \"In 2012, Botafogo hired Oswaldo de Oliveira as the coach.\", \"In the early 1910s, the club inaugurated the General Severiano Stadium and in the inaugural match, it defeated Flamengo 1\\u20130, with a goal by Mimi Sodr\\u00e9.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. Botafogo won its first state title.\\nII. Volleyball team became the champion of the Rio Cup.\\nIII. T\\u00falio called himself the \\\"King of Rio\\\".\\nIV. The Club return to the General Severiano headquarters.\", \"A\": \"I,IV,III,II\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"The year 1994 was also marked by the club's return to the General Severiano headquarters, after regaining possession of the property two years earlier.\", \"In 1995, T\\u00falio continued to rise. In the Carioca Championship, he was again the top scorer with 27 goals, and called himself the \\\"King of Rio\\\" (\\\"Rei do Rio\\\"), competing with strikers Renato Ga\\u00facho, from Fluminense; Rom\\u00e1rio, from Flamengo; and Valdir Bigode, from Vasco da Gama.\", \"The first edition of the Carioca Women's Basketball Championship was played in 1952 and three years later Botafogo won its first state title.\", \"In 2015, the team became the champion of the Rio Cup.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"I. Botafogo Football Club was created.\\nIV. Manager Oldemar Amaral Murtinho left the club.\\nIII. The leaders of Regatas and Football clubs decided to merger.\\nII. Botafogo won another Carioca Championship.\", \"II. Botafogo won the first trophy in its history.\\nI. The presidential term of Mauro Ney Palmeiro ended.\\nIII. The club brought in the Uruguayan Loco Abreu.\\nIV. Botafogo began a process of administrative stabilization.\", \"II. Swimming emerged in Rio de Janeiro.\\nIV. The club inaugurated the General Severiano Stadium.\\nI. The club's centennial year.\\nIII. Oswaldo de Oliveira was hired as the coach.\", \"I. Botafogo won its first state title.\\nIV. The Club return to the General Severiano headquarters.\\nIII. T\\u00falio called himself the \\\"King of Rio\\\".\\nII. Volleyball team became the champion of the Rio Cup.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"I,II\", \"IV,III,II,I\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events:\\nI. ABC earned an 11.4 rating for its Game of the Week telecasts.\\nII. ABC was scheduled to air at least one game from the 2022 Wild Card Series.\", \"A\": \"I,II\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"In 1953, ABC earned an 11.4 rating for its Game of the Week telecasts.\", \"In October 2022, ABC was scheduled to air at least one game from the 2022 Wild Card Series.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"In what time order did those events have occurred?\\nI. Major League Baseball and The Walt Disney Company announced an extension to ESPN's contract, which included exclusive rights to the Wild Card series, if the league? were to expand it.\\nII. Game 6 of the NLCS ran so long (lasting for 16 innings, 5 hours and 29 minutes), it bumped up against the start time of Game 7 of the ALCS (also on ABC).\\nIII. Al Michaels[148] along with Jim Palmer called Game 5 of the American League Championship Series.\\nIV. Commissioner Bowie Kuhn announced that ABC would join NBC in a new deal with Major League Baseball.\", \"A\": \"IV,III,II,I\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"In March 1975, Commissioner Bowie Kuhn announced that ABC would join NBC in a new deal with Major League Baseball.\", \"On October 12, 1986, at Anaheim Stadium, Al Michaels[148] along with Jim Palmer called Game 5 of the American League Championship Series.\", \"On October 15, 1986, Game 6 of the NLCS ran so long (lasting for 16 innings, 5 hours and 29 minutes), it bumped up against the start time of Game 7 of the ALCS (also on ABC).\", \"On May 13, 2021, Major League Baseball and The Walt Disney Company announced an extension to ESPN's contract, which included exclusive rights to the Wild Card series, if the league?\\nwere to expand it.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"I. ABC earned an 11.4 rating for its Game of the Week telecasts.\\nII. ABC was scheduled to air at least one game from the 2022 Wild Card Series.\", \"IV. Commissioner Bowie Kuhn announced that ABC would join NBC in a new deal with Major League Baseball.\\nII. Game 6 of the NLCS ran so long (lasting for 16 innings, 5 hours and 29 minutes), it bumped up against the start time of Game 7 of the ALCS (also on ABC).\\nIII. Al Michaels[148] along with Jim Palmer called Game 5 of the American League Championship Series.\\nI. Major League Baseball and The Walt Disney Company announced an extension to ESPN's contract, which included exclusive rights to the Wild Card series, if the league were to expand it.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"I,II,III,IV\", \"I,II\", \"III,II,I\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Please arrange the following events in chronological order:\\nI. A Portuguese military expedition, commanded by Brigadier Jos\\u00e9 da Silva Pais, was charged with helping the colony, taking Montevideo and building a fort in Maldonado.\\nII. The transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil.\\nIII. Varga's suicide.\\nIV. Meneghetti was reelected in a coalition that had the support of large conservative forces.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III,IV\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"In 1732, the first sesmarias (abandoned land belonging to Portugal and handed over?\\nfor occupation) were granted,[8] and in 1737, a Portuguese military expedition, commanded by Brigadier Jos\\u00e9 da Silva Pais, was charged with helping the colony, taking Montevideo and\\nbuilding a fort in Maldonado.\", \"After the transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil in 1808, there were changes in the power relations between the government and the local rural-military elite that shook the old alliance that was in place during the time of the conquest of the Rio Grande territory, and increased competition between different sectors in search of closer ties to the monarch and the favors he dismissed.\", \"Varga's suicide in 1954 was intensely felt in Rio Grande do Sul, with street demonstrations taking place.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events:\\nI. Pedro de Cevallos attacked and conquered half of the territory of the captaincy of Rio Grande do Sul along with its capital which was the town of Rio Grande.\\nII. The Brazilian Miracle in economy.\", \"A\": \"I,II\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"In 1763, taking advantage of the conflict between Portugal and Spain in the Seven Years' War, Pedro de Cevallos attacked and conquered half of the territory of the captaincy of Rio Grande do Sul along with its capital which was the town of Rio Grande, causing the mass flight of the population and forcing a hasty move of the capital to Viam?o. The Portuguese territory was then reduced to a narrow strip between the coast and the valley of the Jacu\\u00ed River.\", \"Entering the 1970s, the military regime was going through its strictest phase, but at the same time the country was entering a phase of euphoria with the economic acceleration, in a cycle known as the Brazilian Miracle, when growth reached more than 10% a year.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Please arrange the following events in chronological order:\\nI. The state artistic production, as well as the civil one, claimed the normalization of Brazilian institutional and cultural life.\\nII. Porto Alegre inaugurated a grand opera house, the S?o Pedro Theatre.\\nIII. The Treaty of Madrid got signed.\", \"A\": \"III,II,I\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"In the 18th century, a new agreement between the Iberian crowns, the Treaty of Madrid, would once again change the borders. This treaty signed on January 13, 1750, established the exchange of the Col?nia do Sacramento for the Seven Peoples, whose indigenous populations would be transferred to the Spanish area beyond the Uruguay River.\", \"In the early 1980s, civil society was beginning to regain its space of political representation. The state artistic production, as well as the civil one, which had been kept under the pressure of censorship and rearticulated itself in a highly politicized form, claiming the normalization of Brazilian institutional and cultural life.\", \"In 1858, Porto Alegre inaugurated a grand opera house, the S?o Pedro Theatre.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"I. A Portuguese military expedition, commanded by Brigadier Jos\\u00e9 da Silva Pais, was charged with helping the colony, taking Montevideo and building a fort in Maldonado.\\nII. The transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil.\\nIII. Varga's suicide.\\nIV. Meneghetti was reelected in a coalition that had the support of large conservative forces.\", \"I. Pedro de Cevallos attacked and conquered half of the territory of the captaincy of Rio Grande do Sul along with its capital which was the town of Rio Grande.\\nII. The Brazilian Miracle in economy.\", \"III. The Treaty of Madrid got signed.\\nII. Porto Alegre inaugurated a grand opera house, the S\\u00e3o Pedro Theatre.\\nI. The state artistic production, as well as the civil one, claimed the normalization of Brazilian institutional and cultural life.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"I,II,III\", \"III,II,I\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events:\\nI. The Iglesia de Nuestra Se?ora del Buen Suceso was built.\\nII. Convento de San Felipe el Real was built.\\nIII. The equestrian statue of Charles III was placed almost in the center of the square.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"The Iglesia de Nuestra Se?ora del Buen Suceso, built in 1529 and demolished in 1854, had its origin in a modest medieval hermitage architecturally linked to the Hospital de San Andr\\u00e9s (Hospital Real de la Corte).\", \"Another important building in Puerta del Sol, built in the sixteenth century, was the Convento de San Felipe el Real (Convent of Saint Philip the Royal). This convent was founded on March 9, 1546, by Fray Alonso Fern\\u00e1ndez de Madrid, provincial father of the Discalced Augustinians; it was located on the corner of Calle Mayor and Calle Esparteros.\", \"One of the figures that decorate the Puerta del Sol today is the equestrian statue of Charles III, which was placed in 1994 almost in the center of the square.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events:\\nI. The Grand H?tel de Par\\u00eds was inaugurated.\\nII. The Gran Hotel de Oriente was built.\\nIII. The Iglesia del Buen Suceso was demolished.\", \"A\": \"III,II,I\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"One of the demolished buildings in Puerta del Sol was the Iglesia del Buen Suceso, demolished in 1854 leaving a free space in the eastern part of the square.\", \"Next to the Puerta del Sol down Calle Arenal, the Gran Hotel de Oriente was built in 1855, and the Hotel de la Paz (also known as H?tel de la Paix) was located on the west side.\", \"In 1864, one of the oldest hotels in Madrid was inaugurated: the Grand H?tel de Par\\u00eds.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"I. Convento de San Felipe el Real was built\\nII. The Iglesia de Nuestra Se?ora del Buen Suceso was built\\nIII. The equestrian statue of Charles III was placed almost in the center of the square\", \"II. The Gran Hotel de Oriente was built.\\nIII. The Iglesia del Buen Suceso was demolished.\\nI. The Grand H?tel de Par\\u00eds was inaugurated.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"II,IV,I,III\", \"II,I,IV,III\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events:\\nI. Tunisia became the first African and Arab team to win a World Cup.\\nII. The Tunisia national football team played its first match.\\nIII. Loyal fans Bechir Manoubi dead.\\nIV. Adidas began to adopt the Tunisian national team's uniforms.\", \"A\": \"II,IV,I,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Nevertheless, Tunisia created history in the 1978 World Cup in Argentina, when it became the first African and Arab team to win a World Cup match by defeating Mexico 3\\u20131 in Tunisia's first match in the competition,[4] and a negative tie with defending champions West Germany,[5] before being eliminated from the group stage, which led finally to an addition of a second team from Africa in the world Cup.\", \"The Tunisia national football team is the national team that represents Tunisia in men's international football, since it played its first match on 2 June 1957 against Libya, which ended with Tunisia winning 4\\u20132.\", \"Of the fans that kept supporting the squad in bad times, Bechir Manoubi was one of the most loyal. He attended the team's matches worldwide since 1960, he was famous for wearing the Mexican hat and his suit with thousands of slogans and cards for the various events he covered. The 2006 World Cup qualifying match on 6 October 2005 between Tunisia and Morocco, which was just days before his death, was the last event he ever attended.\", \"In the history of the Tunisia national football team, 6 companies supplied sports uniforms to the Tunisian national team, starting in 1970, when the famous German company Adidas began to adopt the Tunisian national team's uniforms for 24 years and also provided it, in his first appearance in the 1978 FIFA World Cup, with a first set of red jerseys and white socks with white Adidas posters.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events:\\nI. The coach of ES Sahel, Abdelmajid Chetali was hired by Tunisia.\\nII. Tunisia entered the African Cup of Nations qualifiers for the first time.\\nIII. The Italian company Kappa began manufacturing the Tunisian national football team kits.\\nIV. The Tunisian FA was fined $50,000 for confronting the referee during the match.\", \"A\": \"II,I,IV,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"In February 1975, after a short experience of the Hungarian coach Andr\\u00e9 Nagy, the coach of ES Sahel, Abdelmajid Chetali was hired.\", \"In 1962, Tunisia entered the African Cup of Nations qualifiers for the first time: the team qualified for the tournament after overcoming Morocco and Nigeria and went on to finish third after beating Uganda in the third-place match.\", \"In 2019, the Italian company Kappa began manufacturing the Tunisian national football team kits. The third kit has been described as the best kit in the history of the Tunisian national team.\", \"(January 2015)The Tunisian FA was fined $50,000 for confronting the referee during the match, in addition to damage to changing room facilities, while Equatorial Guinea was fined $5,000 for inadequate security at the stadium.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"II. The Tunisia national football team played its first match.\\nIV. Adidas began to adopt the Tunisian national team's uniforms.\\nI. Tunisia became the first African and Arab team to win a World Cup.\\nIII. Loyal fans Bechir Manoubi dead.\", \"II. Tunisia entered the African Cup of Nations qualifiers for the first time.\\nI. The coach of ES Sahel, Abdelmajid Chetali was hired by Tunisia.\\nIV. The Tunisian FA was fined $50,000 for confronting the referee during the match.\\nIII. The Italian company Kappa began manufacturing the Tunisian national football team kits.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"II,I,III\", \"I,II\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Please arrange the following architectures in chronological order:\\nI. The Church of Our Lady of Grace.\\nII. Fort of S?o Jo?o.\\nIII. The Church of Madre de Deus.\", \"A\": \"II,I,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"The first important fort to be erected in the colony was Fort of S?o Jo?o, in Bertioga, built in 1553 on an old palisade, following a mannerist aesthetic.\", \"Other good examples of the first construction phase are the Church of Our Lady of Grace built in Olinda between 1584 and 1592 on a chapel of 1551.\", \"The Church of Madre de Deus in Vigia, Par\\u00e1, was founded in 1734,\\nand according to Renata Malcher de Araujo, \\\"is one of the most interesting buildings of the Society [of Jesus] in Brazil, especially for its imposing upper side porches, ornamented by twelve thick Tuscan columns, which support the wooden roof of the temple,\\\" a unique case in Brazil.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Which church hasn\\u2019t been built during the Phase 1 of church construction?\\nI. The Main Church of Sabar\\u00e1.\\nII. The Cathedral Basilica of Salvador.\\nIII. The Church of Our Lady of Grace.\", \"A\": \"I,II\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"The Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Assumption in Mariana and the Main Church of Sabar\\u00e1 are good representatives.(Phase 3)\", \"John Bury highlights two churches as the most representative of this second phase: the Cathedral Basilica of Salvador and the Church and College of Saint Alexander in Bel\\u00e9m.(Phase 2)\", \"The most ornate and dynamic version of Italo-Portuguese Mannerism, which left important monuments in Portugal, such as the Monastery of S?o Vicente de Fora and the Church?\\nof Our Lady of Grace in \\u00e9vora, and in the colonies in the Orient, where the Basilica of Bom Jesus in Old Goa (Goa Velha in Portuguese) and the Church of Mother-of-God in Macau, among others, stand out for their ornamental richness, did not prosper in Brazil, with rare exception. (Phase 1)\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"II. Fort of S\\u00e3o Jo\\u00e3o (1553)\\nI. The Church of Our Lady of Grace (1584-1592)\\nIII. The Church of Madre de Deus (late 17th century)\", \"I. The Main Church of Sabar\\u00e1.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"IV,I,II,III,V\", \"I,V,II,IV,III\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below event:\\nI. Gunther Ullrich?got lost.\\nII. The Ullrich path was built and inaugurated.\\nIII. Chabert and?M\\u00fcller took part in the laying of the first 26-metre-long cable.\\nIV. Lo?s Hermenons?published \\\"R\\u00e9miniscences de quelques excursions dans le Dauphin\\u00e9\\\".\\nV. The new 350-kilogram footbridge was installed.\", \"A\": \"IV,I,II,III,V\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"In 1839, Lo?s Hermenons mentioned the Sierra du N\\u00e9ron in his \\\"R\\u00e9miniscences de quelques excursions dans le Dauphin\\u00e9\\\", published in Le Courrier de l'Is\\u00e8re.\", \"On July 31, 1906, Gunther Ullrich and Alfonso Stegemann, two German students, reached the summit of the N\\u00e9ron via the Godefroy corridor. They tried to descend by the Monta side, but got lost in the darkness and got separated.\", \"Thus, in 1907, \\u00e9milie Morel-Couprie, president of the Club ascensionniste, with P. Glaizot, published a monograph on the N\\u00e9ron, accompanied by numerous sketches, and took advantage of the opportunity to give a definitive name to many sites on the mountain. This descriptive work was completed by Professor Samuel Chabert, father of the young deceased. He also campaigned, through several articles in Le Dauphin\\u00e9, for the marking out of paths and the installation of handrails along them. Thus the Ullrich path was built and inaugurated on August 4;the Roman path was restored in 1908 between the N\\u00e9ron meadow and the post thanks to the patronage of Aiguebelle, vice-president of the Rocher Club; the French Alpine Club, thanks to money paid by the Germans Pfau and Mayer following their rescue, restored the path leading to the Muret, which was later named the path of the Virgin Fountain, and had a cable laid in the cornice of the Hermitage.\", \"On May 25, 1911, Chabert, Ginet and M\\u00fcller took part in the laying of the first 26-metre-long cable.\", \"On May 25, 1911, Chabert, Ginet and M\\u00fcller took part in the laying of the first 26-metre-long cable. On November 19, the new 350-kilogram footbridge, built by the locksmith Guillot from plans by the architect Fonne,[46] was installed.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below event:\\nI. The archaeologist Hippolyte M\\u00fcller discovered artefacts from the Neolithic, Bronze Age, Roman and Burgundian periods.\\nII. A?Bell 47-G2 helicopter crashed.\\nIII. The Coccinelles route opened.\\nIV. A mini hydroelectric power station was built.\\nV. The N\\u00e9ron battery was completed.\", \"A\": \"I,V,II,IV,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"In 1893, the archaeologist Hippolyte M\\u00fcller discovered artefacts from the Neolithic, Bronze Age, Roman and Burgundian periods on the property of F. de Villenoisy at the Balme de l'Hermitage.\", \"The N\\u00e9ron battery was completed in 1893, after two years of work carried out by the Fayolle Joseph company and the military engineers,at around 713 metres altitude at the northern end of the mountain.\", \"On September 8, 1956, a Bell 47-G2 helicopter crashed without causing any casualties at the Orphanage, in Saint-\\u00e9gr\\u00e8ve, after hitting the unmarked cable of a forestry operation on the mountain.\", \"A mini hydroelectric power station is located at the northern end of the N\\u00e9ron, at the level of the Oulle bridge, on the banks of the Vence. It is fully automated. The structures and outbuildings are located on the municipal territories of Quaix-en-Chartreuse and Proveysieux, in the immediate vicinity of Saint-\\u00e9gr\\u00e8ve. It was built in 1892 at the instigation of F\\u00e9lix Poulat, in order to supply the breweries he owned in Saint-\\u00e9gr\\u00e8ve, and was put into service two years later.\", \"The Coccinelles route opened by L. and C. Chabert in May 2011 is also located on the east face; it is rated 5a for a technical drop of 180 metres in fragile rock.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"IV. Lo?s Hermenons?published \\\"R\\u00e9miniscences de quelques excursions dans le Dauphin\\u00e9\\\".\\nIII. Chabert and?M\\u00fcller took part in the laying of the first 26-metre-long cable.\\nII. The Ullrich path was built and inaugurated.\\nI. Gunther Ullrich?got lost.\\nV. The new 350-kilogram footbridge was installed.\", \"I. The archaeologist Hippolyte M\\u00fcller discovered artefacts from the Neolithic, Bronze Age, Roman and Burgundian periods. \\nIV. A mini hydroelectric power station was built.\\nV. The N\\u00e9ron battery was completed.\\nII. A Bell 47-G2 helicopter crashed.\\nIII. The Coccinelles route opened.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"I,V,III,IV,II\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Put the following things in chronological order:\\nI. Triple J's hack program discusses the use of drug-detecting dogs at music festivals such as New South Wales for half an hour.\\nII. TirpleJ hacker program, discussed, New South Wales state police related disclosure of individual search quotas.\\nIII. DJ mark Dynamix said the New South Wales music festival's heavy-handed police are damaging the relationship between young people and police.\\nIV. The article on drug use at music festivals in New South Wales was published in The Daily Telegraph.\\nV. A Q & A on the legal rights and interests of the festival's patrons was posted on triple J's hack.\", \"A\": \"I,V,III,IV,II\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"2012 [edit]\\n\\nJanuary 25 \\u2013 The Hack program on Triple J broadcasts a half hour special discussing the use of drug detection dogs at music festivals in New South Wales and other Australian states. The program heard from a number of callers who were searched by police in the aftermath of a positive drug detection dog indication, including some who were strip searched. Many of the callers had admitted to being in possession of small quantities of drugs when they were stopped by police.[11]\", \"An article published on the Triple J Hack website features a Q and A about the legal rights of patrons at music festivals.\", \"The Hack Program on Triple J discusses revelations that NSW Police had set personal search quotas for officers to meet during the 2018 and 2019 financial years.\", \"Speaking in support of Redfern Legal Centre's Safe and Sound Campaign, DJ Mark Dynamix says that heavy handed policing at music events in New South Wales is\\n\\\"destroying the relationship between young people and police\\\".\", \"A story printed in The Daily Telegraph reported on the use of drugs at music festivals in New South Wales.\", \"The Hack Program on Triple J discusses revelations that NSW Police had set personal search quotas for officers to meet during the 2018 and 2019 financial years. The program featured an account from a girl who had attended the Splendour in the Grass music festival in 2018.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"I. Triple J's hack program discusses the use of drug-detecting dogs at music festivals such as New South Wales for half an hour.\\nV. A Q & A on the legal rights and interests of the festival's patrons was posted on triple J's hack.\\nIII. DJ mark Dynamix said the New South Wales music festival's heavy-handed police are damaging the relationship between young people and police.\\nIV. The article on drug use at music festivals in New South Wales was published in The Daily Telegraph.\\nII. TirpleJ hacker program, discussed, New South Wales state police related disclosure of individual search quotas.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"III,IV,II,I\", \"IV,I,II,III\", \"I,III,II,IV\", \"I,III,II,IV\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. Russian President Vladimir Putin spoke out against Ukraine's membership in NATO.\\nII. Putin declared the Minsk agreements as invalid.\\nIII. The dissolution of the Soviet Union.\\nIV. NATO deployed a frigate travelling to the Baltic Sea.\", \"A\": \"III,IV,II,I\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"(2022)On 24 January NATO announced it would send additional military forces to its Eastern members, due to the \\\"deteriorating security situation...NATO will continue to take all necessary measures to protect and defend all allies, including by reinforcing the eastern part of the alliance\\\". Deployments included four Danish F-16 fighter jets being sent to Lithuania, in addition to a frigate travelling to the Baltic Sea.\", \"(2022)On 22 February, Putin declared the Minsk agreements as invalid.[54] On the same day, the Federation Council unanimously authorised the use of military force in the territories.\", \"Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Ukraine and Russia continued to retain close ties.\", \"In 2008, Russian President Vladimir Putin spoke out against Ukraine's membership in NATO.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. Kyrylo Budanov said that Russia was preparing for an attack.\\nII. Volodymyr Zelenskyy gave a speech at the Munich Security Conference 2022.\\nIII. Russia officially recognized the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic as independent states.\\nIV. The illegal annexation of Crimea.\", \"A\": \"IV,I,II,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"In November 2021, Kyrylo Budanov, the chief of Ukraine's military intelligence, said that Russia was preparing for an attack by the end of January or beginning of February 2022.\", \"On 19 February 2022, speaking at the Munich Security Conference 2022, Volodymyr Zelenskyy criticized the \\\"policy of appeasement\\\" towards Russia and called on the Western countries to help.\", \"On 21 February 2022, Russia officially recognized the two breakaway regions in eastern Ukraine, the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic, as independent states,[50] and deployed troops to Donbas, in a move interpreted as Russia's effective withdrawal from the Minsk Protocol.\", \"In March and April 2021, the Russian Armed Forces began massing thousands of personnel and military equipment near Russia's border with Ukraine and in Crimea, representing the largest mobilization since the illegal annexation of Crimea in 2014.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. Russia and Ukraine reached Minsk agreements.\\nII. The US and Russia held bilateral talks in Geneva.\\nIII. Stoltenberg reaffirmed NATO's \\\"dual track\\\" approach to Russia.\\nIV. Russia began a slow evacuation of its embassy staff at Kyiv.\", \"A\": \"I,III,II,IV\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Russia accused Ukraine of not implementing Minsk agreements reached in 2015 with the aim of establishing peace in Donbas.\", \"On 10 January 2022, the US and Russia held bilateral talks in Geneva, whose purpose had been defined by the two sides as \\\"to discuss concerns about their respective military activity and confront rising tensions over Ukraine\\\".\", \"During the crisis, Stoltenberg urged Russia to turn away from belligerency, participate in diplomatic talks, and cooperate with NATO.[493] In a January 2021 interview, reaffirmed NATO's \\\"dual track\\\" approach to Russia, saying, \\\"We are ready to engage in dialogue with Russia, but we will never compromise on core principles for European security....\", \"Russia began a slow evacuation of its embassy staff at Kyiv beginning in January 2022.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. The US government approved additional defense aid of US$200 million to Ukraine.\\nII. Poland announced its decision to supply Ukraine with lethal weapons.\\nIII. Joe Biden said his \\\"guess\\\" was that Russia \\\"w[ould] move in\\\" to Ukraine.\\nIV. Biden announced that he was convinced that Putin had made a decision to invade Ukraine.\", \"A\": \"I,III,II,IV\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"In December 2021, the US government approved additional defense aid of US$200 million to Ukraine.\", \"On 31 January 2022, Poland announced its decision to supply Ukraine with lethal weapons.\", \"On 19 January 2022, United States President Joe Biden said his \\\"guess\\\" was that Russia \\\"w[ould] move in\\\" to Ukraine but Putin would pay \\\"a serious and dear price\\\" for an invasion and \\\"would regret it\\\".\", \"On 17 February 2022, top officials from the US and NATO stated that the threat of an invasion remained, as Russia was still actively looking for a casus belli for an invasion against Ukraine, with attempts being made to conduct a false flag operation. On 18 February, Biden announced that he was convinced that Putin had made a decision to invade Ukraine.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"III. The dissolution of the Soviet Union.\\nI. Russian President Vladimir Putin spoke out against Ukraine's membership in NATO.\\nII. Putin declared the Minsk agreements as invalid.\\nIV. NATO deployed a frigate travelling to the Baltic Sea.\", \"IV. The illegal annexation of Crimea.\\nI. Kyrylo Budanov said that Russia was preparing for an attack.\\nII. Volodymyr Zelenskyy gave a speech at the Munich Security Conference 2022.\\nIII. Russia officially recognized the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic as independent states.\", \"I. Russia and Ukraine reached Minsk agreements.\\nIV. Russia began a slow evacuation of its embassy staff at Kyiv.\\nIII. Stoltenberg reaffirmed NATO's \\\"dual track\\\" approach to Russia.\\nII. The US and Russia held bilateral talks in Geneva.\", \"II -> I -> III -> IV\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"I,II,III,IV\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the below events in the development of missile systems by DRDO before 2006:\\nI. Trishul SAM project started.\\nII. Surya ICBM project started.\\nIII. Prithvi missiles inducted into armed forces.\\nIV. Trishul declared as technology demonstrator.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III,IV\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"The Trishul missile project was commissioned in 1983 as a part of Integrated Guided Missile Development Program.\", \"DRDO started the project of developing an intercontinental ballistic missile, codename Surya in 1994.\", \"The Prithvi (Earth) missiles are a range of SRBMs produced for the Indian Air Force and Army; a variant for the Navy has been deployed on Sukanya class patrol vessel.\", \"In 2003, Government of India announced that the missile will be a technology demonstrator and de-linked it from other projects.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"I. Trishul SAM project started.\\nIII. Prithvi missiles inducted into armed forces.\\nII. Surya ICBM project started.\\nIV. Trishul declared as technology demonstrator.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"I,II,III,IV\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"What was the timeline of Trump's actions before and during the January 6 Capitol attack relating to the violence:\\nI. Know attendees were armed but wanting security reduced.\\nII. Direct the crowd to march to the Capitol.\\nIII. Angrily insist on going to the Capitol himself as the attack unfolded.\\nIV. Refuse to call off the attack for hours.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III,IV\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Chairman Tho1mpson observed that the Proud Boys chose that barricade and breached it at about the same time President Trump directed the rally attendees to march to that same location. He then said:Now a central question is whether the attack on the Capitol was coordinated and planned. What you witnessed is what a coordinated and planned effort would look like. It was the culmination of a months' long effort spearheaded by President Trump.[44]\", \"Some people brought weapons, including AR-15s, to Trump's speech, according to police radio transmissions.[238] Trump knew the crowd was armed yet wanted security checks loosened; he specifically wanted the magnetometers removed.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"I. Before the attack on January 6, 2022, Trump knew that some rally attendees were armed but still wanted security checks to be loosened, even insisting that magnetometers should be removed, according to testimony from Cassidy Hutchinson, a top aide to former White House Chief of Staff Mark Meadows.\\nII. During the rally held on January 6, Ohio resident Stephen Ayres, who participated in the riot but wasn't associated with any extremist organization, testified that Trump summoned the crowd to Washington D.C. and asked them to march to the Capitol. According to Ayres, the crowd was simply responding to Trump's directives. \\nIII. As the attack unfolded, Trump wanted to go to the Capitol himself. Hutchinson reported that Trump was very angry and insisted on going to the Capitol. However, Secret Service agent Robert Engel stated that it wouldn't be safe to go to the Capitol and insisted on taking Trump to the White House instead. \\nIV. The committee's final report indicated that Trump refused to call off the attack for hours, despite numerous pleas from officials. It took 187 minutes for Trump to finally call off the attack following multiple appeals from his aides and others.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"IV,III,II,I\", \"III,IV,I,II\", \"III,I,II,IV\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below event:\\nI. Moody downgraded Israel's credit rating outlook.\\nII. Wiz and Skai.io announced that they planned to withdraw their funds.\\nIII. The firms Papaya Global and Disruptive AI withdrew their funds from the country.\\nIV. 80000 people protested in Jerusalem.\", \"A\": \"IV,III,II,I\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"On 13 February 2023, approximately 80,000 people protested in Jerusalem against the judicial reforms.\", \"On 26 January 2023, the firms Papaya Global and Disruptive AI withdrew their funds from the country, citing their decision as \\\"a painful but necessary business step\\\".\", \"On 7 February 2023, two more firms, Wiz and Skai.io, announced that they planned to withdraw their funds from Israel.\", \"On 14 April 2023, Moody's downgraded Israel's credit rating outlook.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below event:\\nI. President Herzog presented the compromise proposal.\\nII. The shekel dropped to a four-year low.\\nIII. Ynet News reported that about 50 companies companies divest from Israel.\\nIV. Andrew Abir reported that the shekel was being harmed by \\\"political uncertainty\\\".\", \"A\": \"III,IV,I,II\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"On 15 March, President Herzog presented a compromise proposal as an alternative to the government's planned changes to the judicial system.\", \"In mid February 2023, Ynet News reported that \\\"about 50 companies\\\", predominantly from the tech sector, withdrew funds from Israel, and over $4 billion was moved out of Israel over a span of three weeks.\", \"On 21 February 2023, Bank of Israel Deputy Governor Andrew Abir reported that the shekel was being harmed by \\\"political uncertainty\\\".\", \"These predictions arguably came to fruition on February 21, 2023, when the shekel declined to its weakest level since March 2020, falling more than 2% to a three-year low, and again on March 20, 2023, when the shekel dropped to a four-year low.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below event:\\nI. Approximately 145000 people protested in Tel Aviv.\\nII. Moody's Investors Service stated that judicial reforms could impact Israel's sovereign credit rating.\\nIII. The CEO of Verbit has started withholding investments in Israel.\\nIV. President Herzog described the current crisis as \\\"a national nightmare\\\".\", \"A\": \"III,I,II,IV\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"In a televised address on 9 March 2023, President Herzog described the current crisis as \\\"a national nightmare\\\" and called on Prime Minister Netanyahu to immediately to halt the legislative process.\", \"According to organizers, on 11 February 2023, approximately 145,000 people protested in Tel Aviv, with another 83,000 in other areas across the country, including in Jerusalem, Haifa, and the West Bank.\", \"On 1 February 2023, the CEO of Verbit, Tom Livne, stated that he will leave Israel and has started withholding investments in Israel.\", \"Moody's Investors Service (Moody's) stated on 7 March 2023 that the planned judicial reforms could have a negative impact on Israel's sovereign credit rating.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"III. The firms Papaya Global and Disruptive AI withdrew their funds from the country.\\nIV. 80000 people protested in Jerusalem.\\nII. Wiz and Skai.io announced that they planned to withdraw their funds.\\nI. Moody downgraded Israel's credit rating outlook.\", \"I. President Herzog presented the compromise proposal.\\nII. Andrew Abir reported that the shekel was being harmed by \\\"political uncertainty\\\".\\nIII. Ynet News reported that about 50 companies companies divest from Israel.\\nIV. The shekel dropped to a four-year low.\", \"I. Approximately 145000 people protested in Tel Aviv.\\nIV. President Herzog described the current crisis as \\\"a national nightmare\\\".\\nIII. The CEO of Verbit has started withholding investments in Israel.\\nII. Moody's Investors Service stated that judicial reforms could impact Israel's sovereign credit rating.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"II,I,IV,III\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of the following events:\\nI. Calvo Sotelo dissolved the Cortes.\\nII. Juan Carlos I was proclaimed king.\\nIII. Barajas airport bombing.\\nIV. The debate on the draft European Constitution.\", \"A\": \"II,I,IV,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Two days later, on November 22, 1975, Juan Carlos I was proclaimed king before the Francoist Cortes.\", \"Faced with this situation, a broken and disbanded party, Calvo Sotelo dissolved the Cortes in August 1982 and called general elections.\", \"Moreover, the PP opted for a greater alignment with the United States,[254] which was immediately reflected in European policy, especially when in 2003 the debate on the draft European Constitution was opened, to which the Spanish government opposed by not accepting the distribution of votes proposed for the adoption of decisions in the European Councils.\", \"To put pressure on the government, ETA intensified street fighting (kale borroka) and finally on December 30, 2006, T-4 bombing placed a powerful bomb in the T-4 terminal of Barajas airport which caused the death of two people and enormous material damage.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"II. Juan Carlos I was proclaimed king.\\nI. Calvo Sotelo dissolved the Cortes.\\nIV. The debate on the draft European Constitution.\\nIII. Barajas airport bombing.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"V,II,I,III,IV\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Sort the following events chronologically.\\nI. A mass shooting occurred at Robb Elementary School in Uvalde, Texas.\\nII. UCISD held joint security training exercises along with the Uvalde Police Department.\\nIII. Pedro \\\"Pete\\\" Arredondo said he arrived at the school thinking he was the first law enforcement officer on the scene.\\nIV. A new school to replace the Robb Elementary School 5.Don McLaughlin became the Republican mayor of Uvalde.\", \"A\": \"V,II,I,III,IV\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"On May 24, 2022, a mass shooting occurred at Robb Elementary School in Uvalde, Texas, United States, where 18-year-old Salvador\\nRamos, a former student at the school,[5][6] fatally shot 19 students and two teachers, while 17 others were injured but survived.\", \"UCISD held joint security training exercises in August 2020 along with the Uvalde Police Department, the Uvalde County Sheriff's Department, and other local law enforcement agencies.[18]\", \"In an interview by The Texas Tribune published on June 9, 2022, Uvalde School District Police Chief at the time, Pedro \\\"Pete\\\" Arredondo, said he arrived at the school thinking he was the first law enforcement officer on the scene.\", \"A new school to replace the Robb Elementary School is set to begin construction in summer 2023. It is scheduled to open in fall 2024.[197]\", \"Don McLaughlin, the Republican mayor of Uvalde since 2014,[239] told O'Rourke to leave the press conference, calling him a \\\"sick son of a bitch\\\" who was making \\\"a political issue\\\", before O'Rourke was escorted out of the auditorium.[240]\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"II. UCISD held joint security training exercises along with the Uvalde Police Department.\\nV. Don McLaughlin became the Republican mayor of Uvalde.\\nI. A mass shooting occurred at Robb Elementary School in Uvalde, Texas.\\nIII. Pedro \\\"Pete\\\" Arredondo said he arrived at the school thinking he was the first law enforcement officer on the scene.\\nIV. A new school to replace the Robb Elementary School.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"IV,II,III,I,V\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"These things are arranged in chronological order.\\nI. Andrew \\\"Blaklistid\\\" Block was shot and killed.\\nII. Manitoba RCMP left the Hells Angels in the province all but crippled.\\nIII. A member of the Redlined MC had his house located in Elmwood-area shot at.\\nIV. Giovanni Cazzetta Co-founder of the Rock Machine was arrested by police and charged with trafficking narcotics.\\nV. S?ret\\u00e9 du Qu\\u00e9bec carried out 4 raids in the municipalities of Saint-R\\u00e9mi.\", \"A\": \"IV,II,III,I,V\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"On December 14, 2010. Andrew \\\"Blaklistid\\\" Block, a member of the Rock Machine's Edmonton chapter, was shot and killed.[37]\", \"In 2008, a series of raids carried out by Winnipeg Police and Manitoba RCMP left the Hells Angels in the province all but crippled.\", \"On June 27, 2010, a member of the Redlined MC had his house located in Elmwood-area shot at.\", \"In April 1992, Giovanni Cazzetta Co-founder of the Rock Machine, was arrested by police and charged with trafficking narcotics, police found him to be in position of 3 kilograms of cocaine.\", \"On April 8, 2014, S?ret\\u00e9 du Qu\\u00e9bec carried out 4 raids in the municipalities of Saint-R\\u00e9mi, Saint-Michel and Saint -Patrice-de-Sherrington and dismantled 3 drug trafficking cells; this led to the arrest of 13 people, who were either members or associates of the Rock Machine (9 men and 4 women).\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"IV, I, II, III, V\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"II,IV,I,III,V\", \"I,IV,II,III,V\", \"III,IV,I,II,V\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below book:\\nI. For the Strength of Youth.\\nII. The Miracle of Forgiveness.\\nIII. Understanding and Helping Those Who Have Homosexual Problems.\\nIV. Homosexuality.\\nV. Understanding Same-Sex Attraction.\", \"A\": \"II,IV,I,III,V\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"1969-Kimball released his book The Miracle of Forgiveness, in which he teaches that masturbation can lead to acts of homosexuality.\", \"1981-The First Presidency and Twelve Apostles also issued a guide for church leaders simply called \\\"Homosexuality\\\" which stated \\\"modern-day prophets have clearly promised that homosexuality can be changed\\\", and that it was \\\"inconceivable that ... [the Lord] would permit ... his children to be born with [homosexual] desires and inclinations\\\".\", \"1990-The church published a version of the \\\"For the Strength of Youth\\\" pamphlet which contained its first explicit mention of homosexuality.\", \"1992-The church published \\\"Understanding and Helping Those Who Have Homosexual Problems\\\" as a guide for ecclesiastical leaders.\", \"In 2009 the organization published Understanding Same-Sex Attraction which advocated therapy to change sexual attractions.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below event:\\nI. Kimball released his book The Miracle of Forgiveness.\\nII. Kimball gave his\\\"God Will Not be Mocked\\\" speech.\\nIII. Kimball praised Anita Bryant.\\nIV. Kimball were designated as the church specialists on homosexuality.\\nV. The TLC special My Husband's Not Gay aired.\", \"A\": \"I,IV,II,III,V\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"1969-Kimball released his book The Miracle of Forgiveness, in which he teaches that masturbation can lead to acts of homosexuality.\", \"1970-The church produced Hope for Transgressors in which apostles Spencer W. Kimball and Mark E. Petersen offer ideas to leaders about how to effect a \\\"total cure\\\" and \\\"bring the lives of [men with homosexual tendencies] into total normalcy\\\" and \\\"help these people recover\\\" (lesbians are only mentioned once). The guide notes that Kimball and Mark E. Petersen were designated as the church specialists on homosexuality.\", \"1974-Kimball gave his October \\\"God Will Not be Mocked\\\" speech at general conference as the church's president in which he again stated that masturbation leads to homosexuality.\", \"1977-At a backstage press conference Church president Kimball praised Anita Bryant's anti-gay \\\"Save Our Children\\\" crusade which sought to bar the passing of nondiscrimination laws which would protect sexual minorities from being kicked out of their homes, fired from their jobs, and banned from restaurants solely for their sexual orientation. He stated that she was \\\"doing a great service.\\\"?\", \"2015-The TLC special My Husband's Not Gay aired on the 11th featuring LDS men attracted to men but dating or married to women. Church spokesperson Eric Hawkins stated in response to media questions that the Church \\\"does not promote marriage as a treatment method for same-sex attraction\\\".\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below event:\\nI. Stuart Matis committed suicide.\\nII. Thousands protested in Temple Square.\\nIII. The first Affirmation group was organized in by Stephan Zakharias.\\nIV. Dallin H. Oaks commented in CBS-TV interview that \\\"marriage is not doctrinal therapy for homosexual relations\\\".\\nV. A measure banning conversion therapy for minors was passed.\", \"A\": \"III,IV,I,II,V\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"1977-Under the name Affirmation: Gay Mormons United, the first Affirmation group was organized on 11 June in Salt Lake City by Stephan Zakharias (formerly Stephen James Matthew Prince) and a group of other Mormon and former-Mormon gays and lesbians at the conference for the Salt Lake Coalition for Human Rights. Stephan organized the group in response to the suicides of two BYU friends who had undergone shock aversion therapy on the campus.\", \"1986-Dallin H. Oaks commented in a December 30 CBS-TV interview that \\\"marriage is not doctrinal therapy for homosexual relations\\\" and that \\\"he did not know whether individual leaders have given such advice.\\\"\", \"2000-32-year-old Stuart Matis, a gay latter-day saint active in the church, died by suicide on 25 February 2000 on the steps of a California church stake center building where the apostle Jeffrey Holland was scheduled to speak that day.\", \"2010-His characterization of same-sex physical attractions as \\\"impure and unnatural\\\" tendencies that can be \\\"overcome\\\" sparked a protest of thousands of individuals on October 7 which surrounded Temple Square.\", \"After months of back-and-forth between church leaders, the LGBTQ leaders, and state policy makers a compromise was reached banning licensed therapists from practicing conversion therapy on minors in Utah. The measure passed in January 2020 making Utah the 19th state to ban conversion therapy.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"II. The Miracle of Forgiveness (1969)\\nI. For the Strength of Youth (1990)\\nIV. Homosexuality (1981)\\nIII. Understanding and Helping Those Who Have Homosexual Problems (1992)\\nV. Understanding Same-Sex Attraction (2004)\", \"IV. Kimball were designated as the church specialists on homosexuality.\\nI. Kimball released his book The Miracle of Forgiveness.\\nII. Kimball gave his\\\"God Will Not be Mocked\\\" speech.\\nIII. Kimball praised Anita Bryant.\\nV. The TLC special My Husband's Not Gay aired.\", \"III. The first Affirmation group was organized by Stephan Zakharias. (1977)\\nIV. Dallin H. Oaks commented in a CBS-TV interview that \\\"marriage is not doctrinal therapy for homosexual relations.\\\" (1986)\\nI. Stuart Matis committed suicide. (2000)\\nII. Thousands protested in Temple Square. (2010)\\nV. A measure banning conversion therapy for minors was passed. (2020)\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"I,V,II,IV,III\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Recorder the timeline of below events:\\nI. Gustave Moreau painted pictures with themes based on mythology.\\nII. Odilon Redon founded the Soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9 des Artistes Ind\\u00e9pendants.\\nIII. The first artistic salon was held by the Order.\\nIV. Alfons Mucha settled in Paris.\\nV. Alexander trained in Munich.\", \"A\": \"I,V,II,IV,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Gustave Moreau can be considered the father of pictorial symbolism; in any case, his work predates the emergence of \\\"official\\\" symbolism by two decades, since from the 1860s Moreau was already painting pictures in which he recreated his particular world of luxurious and detailed fantasy, with themes based on mythology, history and the Bible, with a special predilection for fatal characters such as Salome.\", \"In 1884 he founded the Soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9 des Artistes Ind\\u00e9pendants.\", \"Between 1892 and 1897 the Order organized a series of artistic salons \\u2013 known as Salon de la Rose + Croix\\u2014in which works of art, preferably in the symbolist style, were exhibited. The first salon was held at the Durand-Riel Gallery in Paris from March 10 to April 10, 1892.\", \"Alfons Mucha was an artist halfway between modernism and symbolism. He lived and worked in Vienna and Munich before settling in Paris in 1887\", \"Alexander was a painter and illustrator, trained in Munich, Florence and Venice between 1877 and 1881.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"I. Gustave Moreau painted pictures with themes based on mythology - 1860s\\nII. Odilon Redon founded the Soci\\u00e9t\\u00e9 des Artistes Ind\\u00e9pendants - 1884\\nIII. The first artistic salon was held by the Order - 1886\\nIV. Alfons Mucha settled in Paris - 1887\\nV. Alexander trained in Munich - 1887-1894\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"II,I\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events:\\nI. The Girl and her talking silky black horse\\\" was collected from a 62-year-old-teller.\\nII. Turkologist Vasily Radlov first collected the tale Dudar Kys.\", \"A\": \"II,I\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"A similar narrative was collected from the Buryat, collected from a 62-year-old-teller in 1978, in the then Mongolian People's Republic, with the title \\\"\\u0414\\u0435\\u0432\\u0443\\u0448\\u043a\\u0430 \\u0438 \\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u044f\\u0449\\u0438\\u0439 \\u0431\\u0430\\u0440\\u0445\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\\u0441\\u0442\\u043e-\\u0447\\u0435\\u0440\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u043a\\u043e\\u043d\\u044c\\\" or \\\"\\u0425\\u044d\\u043b\\u0438 \\u043c\\u044d\\u0434\\u044d\\u0434\\u044d\\u0433 \\u0445\\u044d\\u043b\\u0438\\u043d \\u0445 \\u0445\\u0430\\u0440\\u0430 \\u043c\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442\\u043e\\u0439 \\u0431\\u0430\\u0441\\u0430\\u0433\\u0430\\u043d\\\" (\\\"The Girl and her talking silky black horse\\\").\", \"Turkologist Vasily Radlov first collected the tale?Dudar Kys?in the late 19th century, and sourced it from Kyrgyzstan.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"II. Turkologist Vasily Radlov first collected the tale Dudar Kys.\\nI. The Girl and her talking silky black horse\\\" was collected from a 62-year-old-teller.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"IV,II,III,I\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of the following events:\\nI. Putin ordered the call-up of 137,000 soldiers for use in Ukraine by the end of the year.\\nII. Russian troops had destroyed or damaged 23 houses in Donbas.\\nIII. Two Britons were charged by the Donetsk People's Republic as being mercenaries.\\nIV. Destruction of an ammunitions factory near Brovary in the Kyiv region.\", \"A\": \"IV,II,III,I\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Russia stated that it had destroyed an ammunitions factory near Brovary in the Kyiv region, using high-precision, air-launched missiles.\", \"The Ukrainian military reported that Russian troops had destroyed or damaged 23 houses in Donbas.\", \"Two Britons, Andrew Hill and Dylan Healy, were charged by the Donetsk People's Republic as being mercenaries, the same charge that two other Britons, Shaun Pinner and Aiden Aslin, were convicted of in June and sentenced to death for.\", \"Putin ordered the call-up of 137,000 soldiers for use in Ukraine by the end of the year, though it was unclear if these soldiers would be drafted or are volunteers.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"II. Russian troops had destroyed or damaged 23 houses in Donbas.\\nIV. Destruction of an ammunitions factory near Brovary in the Kyiv region.\\nIII. Two Britons were charged by the Donetsk People's Republic as being mercenaries.\\nI. Putin ordered the call-up of 137,000 soldiers for use in Ukraine by the end of the year.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"II,III,I,IV\", \"III,I,IV,II\", \"III,I,II,IV\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. Russia started a new campaign on TV to recruit more soldiers.\\nII. The European Parliament declared Russia a \\\"state sponsor of terrorism\\\" .\\nIII. 1.5 million people without electricity. 4.Russian missiles struck Pavlohrad.\", \"A\": \"II,III,I,IV\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"(17 December) Russia started a new campaign on TV to recruit more soldiers. One advertisement showed some men leaving for Georgia.\", \"\\uff0823 November\\uff09The European Parliament declared Russia a \\\"state sponsor of terrorism\\\" for the way it had systematically attacked civilians and committed war crimes.\", \"(10 December)Russia used Iranian-made drones to hit two energy facilities in Odesa, leaving all non-critical infrastructure in the Ukrainian port without power and 1.5 million people without electricity.\", \"(1 May) Russian missiles struck Pavlohrad, destroying \\\"dozens\\\" of houses, other buildings and wounding thirty four.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. The first confirmed case of a Middle East native to have died fighting in the war.\\nII. The Council of Europe approved a \\\"Register of Damage\\\".\\nIII. Sweden approved 6.2 billion kronor worth of military aid to Ukraine.\\nIV. A Moscow court fined the Wikimedia Foundation.\", \"A\": \"III,I,IV,II\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"(7 April) An Iraqi national, identified as Abbas Abuthar Witwit, died in a hospital in Luhansk due to injuries sustained while fighting as a member of the Wagner Group in Bakhmut the previous day, in what is believed to be the first confirmed case of a Middle East native to have died fighting in the war.\", \"(17 May) During a summit in Iceland, the Council of Europe approved a \\\"Register of Damage\\\" to document actions of Russian forces in Ukraine for future claims of compensation against Russia.\", \"(23 March) Sweden approved 6.2 billion kronor worth of military aid to Ukraine which included vehicles and ammunition.\", \"(27 April) A Moscow court fined the Wikimedia Foundation, the hosting platform for Wikipedia, two million roubles.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. Slovakia banned the import of grain from Ukraine.\\nII. President Joe Biden confirmed a new military aid package worth $375 million for Ukraine.\\nIII. Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida met with President Zelenskyy in Kyiv.\\nIV. The United States approached Japan for supplies of TNT to be used in 155 mm caliber shells for Ukraine.\", \"A\": \"III,I,II,IV\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"(17 April) Slovakia banned the import of grain from Ukraine, following a similar decision by Poland and Hungary on 15 April.\", \"(21 May) President Joe Biden confirmed a new military aid package worth $375 million for Ukraine, saying the United States would provide ammunition, artillery, armored vehicles and training.\", \"(21 March) Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida met with President Zelenskyy in Kyiv.\", \"(2 June) The United States approached Japan for supplies of TNT to be used in 155 mm caliber shells for Ukraine. According to Reuters, the Japanese government allowed the US government to purchase industrial TNT as it is not a military product.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"II. The European Parliament declared Russia a \\\"state sponsor of terrorism\\\".\\nI. Russia started a new campaign on TV to recruit more soldiers.\\nIII. 1.5 million people without electricity.\\nIV. Russian missiles struck Pavlohrad.\", \"I. The first confirmed case of a Middle East native to have died fighting in the war. \\nII. A Moscow court fined the Wikimedia Foundation.\\nIII. The Council of Europe approved a \\\"Register of Damage\\\".\\nIV. Sweden approved 6.2 billion kronor worth of military aid to Ukraine.\", \"III. Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida met with President Zelenskyy in Kyiv.\\nII. President Joe Biden confirmed a new military aid package worth $375 million for Ukraine.\\nI. Slovakia banned the import of grain from Ukraine.\\nIV. The United States approached Japan for supplies of TNT to be used in 155 mm caliber shells for Ukraine.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"III,II,I\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events:\\nI. President Clinton's announcement that he would seek a $25 billion increase in defense spending over the following six years.\\nII. Thurmond was appointed to the Senate Judiciary subcommittee on Constitutional Rights.\\nIII. The incumbent U.S. senator from South Carolina, Burnet R. Maybank died.\", \"A\": \"III,II,I\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"President Clinton's announcement that he would seek a $25 billion increase in defense spending over the following six years\", \"Thurmond was appointed to the Senate Judiciary subcommittee on Constitutional Rights\", \"The incumbent U.S. senator from South Carolina, Burnet R. Maybank, was unopposed for re-election in 1954, but he died two months before the Election day.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"III. The incumbent U.S. senator from South Carolina, Burnet R. Maybank died.\\nII. Thurmond was appointed to the Senate Judiciary subcommittee on Constitutional Rights.\\nI. President Clinton's announcement that he would seek a $25 billion increase in defense spending over the following six years.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"I,II,III\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Compare the chronological order of release of the following three games\\uff1a\\nI. Final Fantasy XIII\\uff1b.\\nII. Final Fantasy XIII-2: Fragments Before\\uff1b.\\nIII. Lightning Returns: Final Fantasy XIII.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"She First Appeared As A Playable Character And Central Character In The 2009 Role-Playing Video Game Final Fantasy XIII.\", \"An Element Of The Character's Portrayal In The 2013 Sequel Lightning Returns: Final Fantasy XIII Was Guilt At Her Actions In The Backstory Of XIII\", \"In Lightning Returns, Vanille and Fang awoke from crystal stasis in Luxerion thirteen years before the game's events, with Vanille gaining the ability to hear the voices of the dead.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"The chronological order of release is as follows:\\nI. Final Fantasy XIII\\nII. Final Fantasy XIII-2: Fragments Before\\nIII. Lightning Returns: Final Fantasy XIII\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"I,II,III\", \"II,III,I\", \"II,I,III\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Please reorder the following events in chronological order.\\nI. ELIZABETH MEEKINS gets killed.\\nII. Harold Woodman meets Valerie Voze again in America.\\nIII. Burt speaks at the gala stage.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"A TRUCK WITH SCREECHING BRAKES AND GLARING HEADLIGHTS. LIZ DISAPPEARS UNDER THE TRUCK, her BLACK PURSE tumbles to Harold\\u2019s feet as he reaches for her hand too late--\\nA WOMAN SCREAMS.\", \"HAROLD WOODMAN\\nYes. And what did you mean embarrassed? What did you mean by that? Embarrassed to contact me all these years?\", \"INT. GALA STAGE\\nBurt takes the microphone at the podium.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Please reorder the timeline.\\nI. Berendsen catches the killer who killed Elizabeth Meekins.\\nII. Valerie serves as a nurse in France.\\nIII. Berendsen carries out the autopsy on Meekins.\", \"A\": \"II,III,I\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Burt puts handcuffs the Red Faced Taron Milfax.\\nBURT BERENDSEN\\nI\\u2019m a veteran and a patriot, you fool.BURT BERENDSEN (CONT'D)\\nYou killed Liz Meekins, you son of?\\na bitch, and for all I know, her?\\nfather too.\", \"VALERIE VOZE, force of nature, 20, dark hair back, no nurse hat; she is FAST, DIRECT, and LIVELY IN her HANDLING, without hesitation, of ALL BLOODY SOLDIERS ON GURNEYS with SHRAPNEL WOUNDS.\", \"Harold leaves with Milton and the CHIEF NURSE.\\nBURT LIT FROM BELOW NEXT TO IRMA, CORPSE BELOW FRAME.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Please reorder the timeline.\\nI. Burt and Harold have a fight with Carol.\\nII. Burt and Harold go to Beatrice\\u2019s apartment to avoid the police.\\nIII. Burt and Harold first meet Gill Dillenbeck.\", \"A\": \"II,I,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Burt turns AND IS PUNCHED IN THE FACE - DIRECTLY TO LENS?\\nBURT\\u2019S POV - BY THE FIST OF CARLTON, THE VERY LARGE HOUSEMAN, WHITE, 50.\\nBURT CRASHES TO THE FLOOR, HIS GLASS EYE DROPS ONTO THE?\\nCARPET.\\nCARLTON NOW TURNS TO HAROLD WHO HOLDS UP HIS HAND.?\\nHAROLD WOODMAN\\nWait.\\nCarlton walks right into Harold\\u2019s left hook, which drops him right to the ground alongside Burt.\", \"INT. BEATRICE\\u2019S APARTMENT - CONTINUOUS\\nInside: well-to-do three bedroom apartment of prosperous?\\ndaughter in peach tones.\", \"DOOR OPENS TO REVEAL GIL DILLENBECK, 70, STOLID COMPACT QUIETLY FIERCE MAN, WIRE RIMS; SEEN A LOT OF DEATH AND ADVENTURE.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"I. ELIZABETH MEEKINS gets killed.\\nII. Burt speaks at the gala stage.\\nIII. Harold Woodman meets Valerie Voze again in America.\", \"II. Valerie serves as a nurse in France.\\nIII. Berendsen carries out the autopsy on Meekins.\\nI. Berendsen catches the killer who killed Elizabeth Meekins.\", \"III. Burt and Harold first meet Gill Dillenbeck.\\nI. Burt and Harold have a fight with Carol.\\nII. Burt and Harold go to Beatrice\\u2019s apartment to avoid the police.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"II,I,III\", \"III,II,I\", \"III,I,II\", \"I,II,III\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Put these events in order: \\nI. The failed burglary.\\nII. Alex goes to jail.\\nIII. Patrick leaves town.\", \"A\": \"II,I,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"The failed burglary was in December.\", \"Patrick was gone for months when the story starts in July.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Put these events in order: \\nI. Patrick returns.\\nII. Emily starts the fan club.\\nIII. Emily and Patrick break up.\", \"A\": \"III,II,I\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"They broke up before the story starts.\", \"She already leads the fan club when Patrick returns.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"In what order do these events occur in the story?\\nI. Patrick returns to Baltimore.\\nII. Patrick meets up with Alex after he gets out of jail.\\nIII. Patrick works the Led Zeppelin show in Philadelphia.\", \"A\": \"III,I,II\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"\\\"While I was in New York I worked this catering gig. Parties and stuff, but we also did shows. The other night we worked a Led Zeppelin concert in Philly.\\\"\", \"\\\"I told you, didn't I? I told you he was a loser. You were right to stick with family. I got a plan to roll this two grand into something big.\\\"\", \"\\\"Well, look what the Lord dragged in.\\\"\"]}, {\"Q\": \"In what order do these key moments in the police investigation occur?\\nI. Detective Cooper questions Patrick in the hospital.\\nII. The police pull over the minivan on the way to the hospital.\\nIII. Patrick gives Cooper the incriminating tapes.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"\\\"Hello, Patrick. How are you feeling?\\\"\", \"\\\"The minivan speeds down the road, and the HOSPITAL is suddenly in view.\\\"\", \"\\\"Fine. I'd be happy to get that asshole out of my life.\\\"\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"II. Alex goes to jail.\\nI. The failed burglary.\\nIII. Patrick leaves town.\", \"II, III, I\", \"III, I, II\", \"II, I, III\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"III,II,I\", \"III,II,I,IV\", \"II,I,III\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events:\\nI. Alex and Dasiy visit Curtis.\\nII. ALEX ON TV.\\nIII. NBC Local News 5. calls to interview.\", \"A\": \"III,II,I\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"The home phone RINGS. Alex answers:\\nALEX\\nHello?\\nNEWS PRODUCER (O.S.)\\nIs this Alex McAllister?\\nHe exits into the hallway.\\nINT. MCALLISTER HOUSE - HALLWAY - DAY - CONTINUOUS\\nALEX\\nYes, it is.\\nNEWS PRODUCER (O.S.)\\nI\\u2019m calling from NBC Local News 5.\\nWe\\u2019d like to interview you for a\\nsegment tonight.\\nALEX\\nUh...sure-\", \"ALEX ON TV\\nHi Lisa, Steve.\\nNEWS ANCHOR LISA\\nAlex, will you really leave planet\\nEarth forever?\\n\\nEXT. MCALLISTER FARM - BARN - NIGHT - CONTINUOUS\\nAlex lies back on the roof, looking up at the stars. His\\nfuture home, somewhere up there.\\n\\nINT. MCALLISTER HOUSE - LIVING ROOM - NIGHT - CONTINUOUS\\nALEX ON TV\\nWithout a second thought, Lisa. I\\u2019m\\nvery excited.\\nNEWS ANCHOR LISA\\nBut can you even grasp what you\\u2019re\\ngiving up? You\\u2019re relinquishing\\nyour whole life to this program.\\nALEX ON TV\\nWell, you may see it as giving up a\\nlife, but I see it as choosing a\\nnew one.\", \"ALEX\\nNo. He lives in another state.\\nDAISY\\nWe\\u2019re two hours from your house.\\nALEX\\nOh, we should meet Curtis then.\\nEXT. CURTIS\\u2019 HOUSE - DAY - CONTINUOUS\\nShe laughs and rings the DOORBELL. It swings open.\\nCURTIS\\nHey hey!\\nThey embrace. Curtis notes Alex\\u2019s MISSION MARS shirt. He\\nwears a similar one.\\nCURTIS (CONT\\u2019D)\\nNice!\\nALEX\\nSorry, this is Daisy.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"In what time order did those events have occurred?\\nI. Alex pulls out VIOLETS in a FLOWER KILLING RAGE.\\nII. A stray PLONKS onto Dasiy's head.\\nIII. Alex speaks at the school.\\nIV. Alex is preparing a job interview.\", \"A\": \"III,II,I,IV\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"A stray PLONKS onto a passing WOMAN\\u2019S head. She touches her\\nhair, pulls it out and turns.\\nThis is DAISY TAYLOR (27), a tangle of dark hair and\\ninquisitive eyes, the perfect match for the personality\\nchurning beneath.\\nThe boys DUCK under the safety of the white railing, hidden.\\nNo such luck for Alex.\\nDAISY\\nPeople usually just tap me on the\\nshoulder.\\nAlex looks to the balcony. Nothing. He\\u2019s on his own.\\nALEX\\nWell...you\\u2019ve got to stand out.\\nDAISY\\nDoes it ever work?\", \"DAISY\\nActually, I think you\\u2019d be great.\\nALEX\\nI hope you\\u2019re right. I\\u2019m speaking\\nat the school next week.\\nDAISY\\n...can I come?\\nALEX\\nWhy?\\nDAISY\\nMaybe I want to learn more about my\\nmeaningless existence.\", \"EXT. MCALLISTER FARM - FIELDS - DAY\\nAlex pulls out VIOLETS in a FLOWER KILLING RAGE.\\nHe KICKS another bunch. Grabs a handful and THROWS THEM as\\nfar as he can. Petals and leaves FLOAT to the ground, unable to keep up as the stalks TORPEDO through the sky.\", \"ALEX\\nI have a job interview.\\nMore glances. Rising hope\"]}, {\"Q\": \"In what time order did those events have occurred?\\nI. Alex ask everybody up to demonstrate how solar system works.\\nII. Liz is surprised that alex is going to mars.\\nIII. Liz and Alex talk on the roof.\", \"A\": \"II,I,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"INT. BARTLET ELEMENTARY SCHOOL - CLASSROOM - DAY\\nAlex stands in front of EYES. Rows and rows of EYES, all\\nglued on him. Among them are the ARMY BOYS.\\nHe\\u2019s currently the only thing standing between these kids\\nand home. And they know it.\\nALEX\\nSo I understand you\\u2019ve been\\nstudying the solar system.\\nSilence. Alex looks longingly at his laptop in Liz\\u2019s arms.\\nALEX (CONT\\u2019D)\\nWhich one\\u2019s your favorite planet?\\nBlank faces. They want OUT OF THERE. Alex thinks.\\nALEX (CONT\\u2019D)\\nOk, how about this, everybody up\", \"LIZ\\nI don\\u2019t understand. Are we joking-\\nALEX\\nI\\u2019m going to Mars.\\nLIZ\\nLike with NASA?\\nALEX\\n(scoffing)\\nNASA\\u2019s schedule is thirty years\\nout. We\\u2019re doing it in ten.\\nLIZ\\nI still don\\u2019t...what...\\nALEX\\nI\\u2019m going to be training soon,\\nmostly in isolation, so I thought\\nwe should all spend some time\\ntogether before that happens.\\nLiz looks around the room. Looks back at him. His sincerity.\\nLIZ\\n\\nYou really believe this?\", \"XT. MCALLISTER FARM - BARN - DUSK - LATER\\nAlex lies on the roof, tired and dirty.\\nLIZ\\n(from below)\\nAlex?\\nALEX\\nHe\\u2019s not here.\\nLIZ\\nI can see his feet.\\nThe feet disappear and suddenly he\\u2019s peering down at Liz.\\nLIZ (CONT\\u2019D)\\nCan I come up?\\nALEX\\nThe roof might collapse with two\\npeople on it.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"III. NBC Local News 5. calls to interview.\\nII. ALEX ON TV.\\nI. Alex and Daisy visit Curtis.\", \"II, I, III, IV\", \"II, I, III\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"III,II,I\", \"III,I,II\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Put these events in chronological order: \\nI. James graduates from the Sheriff's Academy.\\nII. James joins the Sheriff's Academy.\\nIII. The main story takes place.\", \"A\": \"III,II,I\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"James is in his late 20s in the main story.\", \"His graduation photo is shown at the end.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Put these events in chronological order: \\nI. James becomes an informant for the FBI.\\nII. James testifies at the trial.\\nIII. The FBI approaches James.\", \"A\": \"III,I,II\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"The FBI approaches him before he becomes an informant.\", \"He testifies at the trial after becoming an informant.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"II. James joins the Sheriff's Academy.\\nI. James graduates from the Sheriff's Academy.\\nIII. The main story takes place.\", \"III. The FBI approaches James.\\nI. James becomes an informant for the FBI.\\nII. James testifies at the trial.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"V,I,IV,II,III\", \"III,II,IV,I\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of these events:\\nI. Caleb gains entry to the supervisor's office for a meeting with MARIA SLATER.\\nII. The four boys are \\\"in conference\\\" at their table.\\nIII. Caleb exits into the tunnel.\\nIV. Caleb encounters Addison Plath for the first time.\\nV. Caleb\\u2019s father get killed.\", \"A\": \"V,I,IV,II,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"MARIA SLATER (40s) is watering her plants with a hand held mister. The plants are the only sign of life or warmth in the sparse and sterile office. A light knocking at the door as it opens.\", \"DYLAN His dad was one of the miners that got killed last week\", \"DYLAN His dad was one of the miners that got killed last week.\", \"INT. LUNAR COLONY, COMMISSARY\\nAddison Plath, the girl we saw with the boys in the beginning, is sitting alone at one of the tables, eating her lunch and absently manipulating an interactive 3D Projection of an atom. \\u2026Caleb, Dylan, Borney and Marcus are huddled around a table across the commissary. Borney is staring at Addison in open exasperation. Dylan gives him a smack on the shoulder.\", \"INT. COMMISSARY - MOMENTS LATER\\n\\nThe four boys are \\\"in conference\\\" at their table.\", \"INT. ACCESS TUNNEL - NIGHT\\n\\nThe door to the Rover opens and Caleb exits into the tunnel, wearing his space suit. He touches down on the ground and looks at the access doors. This is a big moment.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of these events:\\nI. The Rover sits idle.\\nII. The Rover is passing between the closing iron bars.\\nIII. The Rover has reached the crater wall.\\nIV. The Rover makes its way along the rocky lunar surface.\", \"A\": \"III,II,IV,I\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"EXT. LUNAR SURFACE?\\n\\nThe Rover has reached the crater wall and begun its ascent up the sloping access path to the surface.\\nThe Rover is passing between the closing iron bars even as they begin pressing in against the Rover's sides!!!\", \"The Rover is passing between the closing iron bars even as they begin pressing in against the Rover's sides!!!\", \"INT. ROVER - TRAVEL SEQUENCE\\n\\nAs the Rover makes its way along the rocky lunar surface, we see the kids staring out the windows with wide eyes, excitedly pointing out the sights they see to each other cool rock formations, cliffs, mountains, etc. A whole new world they've waited their whole lives to see.\", \"EXT. LUNAR SURFACE?\\n\\nThe Rover sits idle. The door still closed.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"V. Caleb's father gets killed.\\nI. Caleb gains entry to the supervisor's office for a meeting with MARIA SLATER.\\nII. The four boys are \\\"in conference\\\" at their table.\\nIV. Caleb encounters Addison Plath for the first time.\\nIII. Caleb exits into the tunnel.\", \"II. The Rover is passing between the closing iron bars.\\nIV. The Rover makes its way along the rocky lunar surface.\\nIII. The Rover has reached the crater wall.\\nI. The Rover sits idle.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"III,I,IV,II,V\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the list of the events:\\nI. The bus driver claims that he does not see the plane crash and refuses to go with Alice.\\nII. Alice experiences sensory overload.\\nIII. A plane in the sky above the Oasis Headquarters starts to falter and suddenly plunges toward the ground.\\nIV. Alice goes alone to the direction of the plane crash.\\nV. Alice wakes up screaming on the couch at home, and Jack runs over worried.\", \"A\": \"III,I,IV,II,V\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"There\\u2019s a plane in the sky above the Oasis Headquarters \\nthat\\u2019s starting to falter. It dips, struggling to keep its \\nnose up, dropping dangerously. It looks like it\\u2019s out of \\ncontrol. She calls out without taking her eyes off of it--\\nALICE\\nSir? Do you see...\\nIt dips again, then suddenly plunges toward the ground, \\ndisappearing behind the Oasis building just as it would CRASH \\ninto the earth. Alice CRIES OUT--\\nALICE (CONT'D)\\nOH MY GOD!\", \"ALICE\\nDid you see that? That plane?!\\nShe points to where she saw it, but the sky is empty.\\nBUS DRIVER\\nI\\u2019m afraid I don\\u2019t know what you--\\nALICE\\nIt crashed! A plane just crashed! \\nBUS DRIVER\\n(squinting as he looks)\\nAre you sure?\\nALICE\\nWe have to see if anyone-- drive \\nthat way, I can show you where--\\nBUS DRIVER\\nI don\\u2019t go that way.\", \"Alice can\\u2019t believe him. She grabs her bag and throws him an \\nangry look as she dashes off the bus--\\nALICE\\nI\\u2019ll go myself.\\nShe starts racing toward where she saw the crash. The Driver \\nstares at her for a long beat, then slowly turns the bus back \\nto town.\", \"We SMASH CUT TO Alice\\u2019s PUPIL DILATING-- then it\\u2019s--\\nFULL SENSORY OVERLOAD\\nStrobing lights-- a horrible indefinable noise-- it\\u2019s frantic \\nand chaotic and overwhelming. \\nIn ALICE\\u2019S POV-- colors and shapes start to come into focus-- \\nIMAGES are being projected on the walls and on her body. She \\ntries to move her arms but they\\u2019re being held down--\", \"INT. LIVING ROOM - ALICE AND JACK\\u2019S HOUSE - NIGHT\\nLights from the TV (the original Alice in Wonderland cartoon) \\nflash on Alice\\u2019s face as she snaps awake, SCREAMING, on the \\ncouch. \\nJack runs in from the kitchen, holding a pan--\\nJACK\\nWhat?! What! Are you okay?!\\nAlice scrambles to her feet, pulling at her arms as if there \\nare still ropes there. Jack drops the pan and holds her, a \\nlittle freaked out--\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"III. A plane in the sky above the Oasis Headquarters starts to falter and suddenly plunges toward the ground.\\nI. The bus driver claims that he does not see the plane crash and refuses to go with Alice.\\nIV. Alice goes alone to the direction of the plane crash.\\nV. Alice wakes up screaming on the couch at home, and Jack runs over worried.\\nII. Alice experiences sensory overload.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"IV,III,II,I\", \"I,II,III,IV\", \"IV,III,II,I\", \"I,II,III,IV\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below event: \\nI. Dolly and Carl head to Porter's house.\\nII. Porter watches Dolly perform on the Bobby Lord Show.\\nIII. CURLY PUTMAN praises Dolly.\\nIV. Dolly is looking for food in the service cart.\", \"A\": \"IV,III,II,I\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"She finds what she\\u2019s looking for: a used room service cart.?\\nShe\\u2019s a vulture looking for scraps. If she\\u2019s lucky, steak.?\\nShe approaches a plate covered by a metal dome. Grips it...?\\nlifts it with a flourish! But the plate\\u2019s licked clean.\", \"CURLY PUTMAN?\\nThat there, is what we call a hit.?\\nEveryone erupts in CHEERS! Dolly\\u2019s on cloud nine...\", \"Watching TV is none other than Porter Wagoner, smoking?\\nintently. Even if Dolly\\u2019s timid, he sees something in her...\", \"PORTER (CONT'D)?\\nLike your style, hoss. Get in here!\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below event: \\nI. Dolly goes to JERRY'S HONKYTONK.\\nII. DOLLY sings to CARL alone.\\nIII. Fred gives Dolly his card.\\nIV. Dolly hugs the porter.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III,IV\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"INT. JERRY\\u2019S HONKYTONK. MOMENTS LATER.?\\nA MUDDY HIGH HEEL drags through a sea of cowboy boots.\", \"CARL (O.S.)?\\nThen I\\u2019ll be your pig. Oink oink.?\\nShe smiles, looks around. She\\u2019s alone. A concert for one--\", \"Fred grins at her stubbornness. Hands her his business card.\", \"Then she jumps up and hugs Porter.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below event: \\nI. Porter hired Dolly.\\nII. Dolly auditioned for Fred's company.\\nIII. Dolly saw Johnny drunk.\\nIV. Dolly called her husband.\", \"A\": \"IV,III,II,I\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Dolly paces by the dumpster, rattled by the show. She catches?\\nher breath, puts a dime in a PAYPHONE, dials...?\\nDOLLY?\\nIs Carl there? I mean Private Dean.?\\nDolly waits, touches the simple gold band on her ring finger.?\\nCARL (O.S.)?\\nThat you, kid??\\nA soothing baritone. Relief washes over Dolly.?\\nDOLLY?\\nThere\\u2019s my man.\", \"Johnny sways, shitfaced, has no clue who Dolly is. He grumbles, stumbles back to the bar. June smiles at Dolly.\", \"Dolly\\u2019s in Fred Foster\\u2019s office (AKA Shrimp Man from the Christmas party), holding her guitar, in saleswoman-mode--\", \"DOLLY?\\nHold up. What are we talkin\\u2019 about?\\nhere? Are you sayin\\u2019 I got the job??\\nPORTER?\\n\\u2018Course. Didn\\u2019t the girl tell you?\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below event: \\nI. Dolly was molested by a drunk.\\nII. FRED advised Dolly to hide the fact that he was married.\\nIII. Dolly on the program Bobby Lord Show.\\nIV. Dolly attends Porter's interviews.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III,IV\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"DRUNK HECKLER\\nPlay somethin\\u2019 you can shake that\\nass to! Not this mopey shit.\\nDOLLY\\nButterflies and junebugs...\\nDRUNK HECKLER\\nShut up and strip, you dumb whore!\", \"FRED\\nWord of advice. Don\\u2019t tell nobody you\\u2019re married. Bad for business.\", \"BOBBY LORD\\nWelcome back to the Bobby Lord Show\\nfolks. We\\u2019re thrilled to introduce\\nyou to a brand new performer...\\nMiss Dolly Parton!\\nPolite applause, and the spotlight finds Dolly.\", \"DOLLY\\nDolly. Dolly Parton? Nice to see\\nyou again, Mr. Wagoner.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"IV. Dolly is looking for food in the service cart.\\nII. Porter watches Dolly perform on the Bobby Lord Show.\\nIII. CURLY PUTMAN praises Dolly. \\nI. Dolly and Carl head to Porter's house.\", \"I. Dolly goes to JERRY'S HONKYTONK.\\nIII. Fred gives Dolly his card.\\nII. DOLLY sings to CARL alone.\\nIV. Dolly hugs the porter.\", \"III. Dolly saw Johnny drunk.\\nII. Dolly auditioned for Fred's company.\\nI. Porter hired Dolly.\\nIV. Dolly called her husband.\", \"II. FRED advised Dolly to hide the fact that she was married.\\nI. Dolly was molested by a drunk.\\nIII. Dolly on the program Bobby Lord Show.\\nIV. Dolly attends Porter's interviews.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"IV,II,III,I\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of the following events: \\nI. Charlie and Emma fight Three-Headed Ice Monsters together.\\nII. Charlie met Ignacio.\\nIII. Charlie killed the fake Emma.\\nIV. Morticus killed Emma.\", \"A\": \"IV,II,III,I\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Her neck snaps. And she goes limp. Charlie rushes to her. Grabs her in his arms. But he\\u2019s too late. She\\u2019s dead. Charlie looks up at Morticus filled with shock and rage. Morticus stares back. Emotionless.\", \"Charlie\\u2019s eyes land on the man in glasses. Meticulously groomed with a shaved head. You know how Oscar Isaac has that intense look like he knows your deepest secret, but it\\u2019s cool he won\\u2019t tell anyone? That\\u2019s this guy. This is IGNACIO (42).\", \"Charlie blasts one of the Emmas with the scepter. SHE EXPLODES. A beat as Charlie and Emma stare in shock at the bloody remains. They slowly start to morph into The Admiral.\", \"Two little dots race towards the beast. Boy and girl, facing down evil. Together.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"II, IV, III, I\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"I,III,II,IV\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of Elvis's career from the following events:\\nI. Elvis performed at the Louisiana Hayride.\\nII. Elvis had his hair cut before joining the army.\\nIII. Elvis signed with RCA Records.\\nIV. Elvis had his comeback TV special on NBC.\", \"A\": \"I,III,II,IV\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"\\\"Before Elvis follows, Colonel leans in for a final word.\\n\\nCOLONEL\\nAll you gotta do is stand there, sing the nice song, smile the nice smile, no wiggling! And then we can get back to our show business. And have fun!\\\"\", \"\\n\\\"COLONEL\\nRCA?\\n\\nElvis nods.\\n\\nRCA.\\\"\", \"\\\"INT. BARBERSHOP (FORT CHAFFEE) - DAY (1958)\\nClippers cleave Elvis' rich, dark locks, sending them cascading onto the cold, cement floor.\\\"\", \"\\\"INT. NBC STUDIOS - STAGE - DAY\\nBones stands in Elvis\\u2019 place, warming up the LIVE AUDIENCE who fills the bleachers. Applause sign flashing.\\\"\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"I. Elvis performed at the Louisiana Hayride.\\nIII. Elvis signed with RCA Records.\\nII. Elvis had his hair cut before joining the army.\\nIV. Elvis had his comeback TV special on NBC.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"IV,I,III,II\", \"II,I,III,IV\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"In what order do these events related to the police occur in the story?\\nI. The police pull over the minivan Kunle is driving.\\nII. The police let Kunle, Carlos, and the others go free.\\nIII. The police chase after the minivan that Carlos is driving.\\nIV. The police arrive at Kunle and Sean's apartment after being called about Emma.\", \"A\": \"IV,I,III,II\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"\\\"Suddenly, someone shines a BRIGHT FLASHLIGHT in Sean and Kunle's face. They can't see who's holding it (it's Alice).\\nALICE (O.S.)\\nStay back!\\\"\", \"\\\"Suddenly a siren wails behind them.\\nRAFAEL\\nGuys I think we have a problem.\\\"\", \"\\\"The minivan speeds down the road, and the HOSPITAL is suddenly in view. Just a few more blocks-- But the cops start a maneuver to get them to pull over! They're gaining on the minivan.\\\"\", \"\\\"OFFICER PETERSON\\nAlright, I'm giving you kids a warning. You're free to go.\\\"\"]}, {\"Q\": \"In what order do these events related to Sean occur in the story?\\nI. Sean goes to the Underground party alone.\\nII. Sean tries to convince Kunle to leave with him before the police arrive.\\nIII. Sean laughs at the situation when Kunle loses Emma in the woods.\\nIV. Sean waits at the lab for Kunle to return.\", \"A\": \"II,I,III,IV\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"\\\"Sean coolly pulls out his vape. A beat. Sean bites back his anger. He simmers quietly. Kunle's torn. He looks at Emma. At everyone staring at him.\\\"\", \"\\\"Kunle turns this over in his mind. Carlos claps them both on the backs. Sean and Carlos head back toward the party. A beat. Kunle follows them into...\\\"\", \"\\\"Kunle walks to the lab with Carlos. He notices...Sean sitting on the ground, passed the fuck out, holding the door closed with his body.\\\"\", \"\\\"Sean sits with Asa and her friends, but he's turned inward as people party around him.\\\"\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"IV, I, III, II\", \"III, IV, II, I\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"II,I,III\", \"II,I,III\", \"III,II,I\", \"III,II,I\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Put the following events about Hilary in chronological order:\\nI. Hilary goes to see a movie alone late at night in the cinema.\\nII. Hilary returns to work at the Empire Cinema after leaving hospital.\\nIII. Hilary has a manic episode and the police come to take her away.\", \"A\": \"II,I,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Hilary is back taking tickets. She is no longer dressed in the Duty Manager\\u2019s waistcoat.\", \"Show me a film. Hilary walks down the darkened corridor towards Screen 1. She sits in the centre of the row. The curtains slowly open.\", \"Hilary stands. Rosemary walks up to her. Hilary walks upright. Trying to hold onto her dignity. ROSEMARY (CONT\\u2019D): We\\u2019ve got a first floor room all nice and ready for you.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Put the following events about Stephen and Hilary's relationship in chronological order:\\nI. Hilary gives Stephen a record as a gift.\\nII. Hilary and Stephen first kiss on the rooftop at New Year's.\\nIII. Stephen tells Hilary he got into college and is leaving.\", \"A\": \"II,I,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Suddenly, Hilary takes her life in her hands, and kisses him. He is surprised at first, but then he reciprocates.\", \"She reaches down, lifts up the yellow plastic bag. It\\u2019s from Bionic Records. She pulls out a new LP - \\u2018W\\u2019Happen?\\u2019 by The Beat.\", \"STEPHEN: I\\u2019ve got a place at college. (Beat). I\\u2019m going to college. HILARY: Stephen that\\u2019s...that\\u2019s wonderful. Where? STEPHEN: Bristol. (beat) Architecture.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Put the following events at the Empire Cinema in chronological order:\\nI. A riot breaks out and Stephen is injured.\\nII. Preparations are underway for the premiere screening of Chariots of Fire.\\nIII. Hilary starts working at the cinema on Christmas Eve morning.\", \"A\": \"III,II,I\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"It is eight o\\u2019clock in the morning on Christmas Eve, 1980. The building is empty. A dusty morning light falls on the faded magnificence of the old Art Deco cinema.\", \"ELLIS: So on top of giving the lobby a lick of paint and all the rest, we\\u2019re going to need special signage, red carpet, and crash barriers for the crowd.\", \"Suddenly there are a lot of faces staring at them through the glass, yelling. Perhaps thirty or forty, silhouetted, cutting out the light. Now they all start banging on the windows. The noise is deafening.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Put the following events about Hilary in chronological order:\\nI. Hilary has dinner alone on Christmas day.\\nII. Hilary sees a psychiatrist and gets weighed.\\nIII. Hilary takes medication and brushes her teeth.\", \"A\": \"III,II,I\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Hilary finishes brushing her teeth. She opens the bathroom cabinet. Inside are a variety of prescription medications. She opens a bottle, shakes out two pills, places them by the sink.\", \"Hilary has just got off the scales, and is putting her shoes back on. Dr Laird is consulting his notes.\", \"Hilary eats Christmas lunch alone. A single Christmas cracker waits by Hilary\\u2019s plate.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"III, II, I\", \"II. Hilary and Stephen first kiss on the rooftop at New Year's.\\nI. Hilary gives Stephen a record as a gift.\\nIII. Stephen tells Hilary he got into college and is leaving.\", \"III, I, II\", \"III, I, II\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"I,II,III\", \"II,III,I\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Please reorder the timeline considering the narrated order of the script.\\nI. Professor Jackie is killed by Jobu.\\nII. Alpha Winona is killed by Jobu.\\nIII. Writer Jack complete the whole story and save the document.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"BANG. Prof Jackie\\u2019s hand falls limp next to the bluetooth\\nearpiece.\", \"Jackie pulls away. Alpha Winona is gone. Winona looks around\\nand realizes she is in the bathroom.\\nJACKIE\\n(broken)\\nShe killed you.\", \"WRITER UNIVERSE - INT. HOME OFFICE\\nCommand S! The screen reads \\\"Saving document...\\\"\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Please reorder the timeline considering the narrated order of the script.\\nI. Jackie finally fix the tax record with Winona.\\nII. Jack switches his shoes in the office.\\nIII. Joy Rock tells Jackie that rock verse is her favorite.\", \"A\": \"II,III,I\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Jackie\\u2019s eyes fall on his shoes. He makes sure no one is\\npaying attention. He unties his shoes, and slowly slips both\\nfeet out. He switches his shoes and reties them.\", \"JOY ROCK\\nThis is one of my favorites places\\nto exist.\", \"Jackie throws the pen in the trash and finds another one. He finishes writing one last number and circles the final tally.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"I. Professor Jackie is killed by Jobu.\\nII. Alpha Winona is killed by Jobu.\\nIII. Writer Jack completes the whole story and saves the document.\", \"II. Jack switches his shoes in the office.\\nIII. Joy Rock tells Jackie that rock verse is her favorite.\\nI. Jackie finally fix the tax record with Winona.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"II,I,III\", \"I,III,II\", \"III,II,I\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Put the following events of Miles and Andi's relationship in chronological order:\\nI. Miles attends Andi's court case against him.\\nII. Andi introduces Miles to her group of friends at the bar.\\nIII. Miles buys The Glass Onion bar where they all used to hang out.\", \"A\": \"II,I,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Andi sees Miles enter, waves him over to the booth.\\nANDI: Guys. This is Miles.\", \"On the stand - Claire. She avoids Andi's gaze.\", \"I knew what they were, I told her. Shit. Heads. That's the real common thread here. Every single one of you is holding on for dear life to Miles Bron's golden titties.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Put the following events of Miles' visit to Andi's house in chronological order:\\nI. Andi lets Miles inside her house.\\nII. Miles spikes Andi's tea when she's not looking.\\nIII. Miles leaves in his blue Porsche.\", \"A\": \"I,III,II\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Of course she did. Miles's machine of lawyers and power could burn her through sheer dumb force but Miles himself? She was clever enough to not fear Miles.\", \"Miles at Andi's kitchen table, both drinking tea. He talks gently, beseeching. She watches him coldly. Andi's head droops. She looks up at Miles as her consciousness slips from her grasp, and she realizes what is happening.\", \"Miles flies down the country road in his Porsche.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Put the following events at the private island in chronological order:\\nI. Helen reveals herself to the group as Andi's twin sister.\\nII. Miles poisons and kills Duke.\\nIII. Miles invites Blanc to join them on the island.\", \"A\": \"III,II,I\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Well now. Yes. Wow, but... yes. I'm proposing you come with me to that island. As your sister. As Cassandra Brand.\", \"Miles sits next to Duke. DUKE: To the disruptors! Breakin it and making it! Everyone raises their glasses and drinks.\", \"Miles sits next to Duke. DUKE: To the disruptors! Breakin it and making it! Everyone raises their glasses and drinks.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"II. Andi introduces Miles to her group of friends at the bar.\\nIII. Miles buys The Glass Onion bar where they all used to hang out.\\nI. Miles attends Andi's court case against him.\", \"I, II, III\", \"III, II, I\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"II,I,III\", \"I,II,III\", \"II,III,I\", \"I,III,II\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Put the following key events of Billy and Alex's relationship in chronological order:\\nI. Billy keeps the news of Alex's grandfather's death a secret.\\nII. Billy invites Alex to train with him in Los Angeles.\\nIII. Billy tells Alex the truth about the Lakers draft opportunity.\", \"A\": \"II,I,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Billy leads Alex into a rusty jeep. As Billy tosses Alex\\u2019s bag in the rear he shares a loaded look with the Grandfather.\", \"\\\"Billy stares at Alex, haunted. Whatever Yue\\u2019s message, he\\u2019s internalizing it. Finally he pockets his phone. Returns with a straight face.\\\"\", \"\\\"Alex sits in stunned silence watching the segment on TV. LEON: The Lakers gave us a second round guarantee.\\\"\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Put the following events at the NBA Combine in chronological order:\\nI. Alex has disappointing results in the physical tests.\\nII. Alex decides to participate in the scrimmage against advice.\\nIII. Alex rebounds in the second half of the scrimmage.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Alex, breathing apparatus over his face, darts through lateral cones, rope ladders. Tests his vert. His bench. When the official calls out his number he punches the padding on the wall.\", \"\\\"Alex tosses on a combine jersey. Wilts: Leon told me to sit out too, but I ain\\u2019t buck.\\\"\", \"\\\"The pace has suddenly calmed. Alex darts in the lane and drops a filthy dime for the slam.\\\"\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Put the following events in Billy's coaching career in chronological order:\\nI. Billy becomes assistant coach for the Beijing Ducks.\\nII. Billy goes to China looking for basketball prospects.\\nIII. Billy is offered an NBA scouting job with the Lakers.\", \"A\": \"II,III,I\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"\\\"Billy scans in both directions. Spots Alex hopping on the rear on wobbly spinach motorbike.\\\"\", \"\\\"Figure if you can find a player in the mountains of China you still got your eye. Alex\\u2019s numbers check out, the job\\u2019s yours.\\\"\", \"\\\"TIGHT on the Beijing Ducks logo over his chest. Beneath it: ASSISTANT COACH BILLY KENNEDY.\\\"\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Put the following events in Alex's basketball journey in chronological order:\\nI. Alex plays basketball with Kobe Bryant in his village.\\nII. Alex returns home after training in the US.\\nIII. Alex leaves home to train with Billy in the US.\", \"A\": \"I,III,II\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"\\\"Kobe and Billy are each handed mics. As Kobe addresses the crowd, Billy translates to Mandarin.\\\"\", \"\\\"Billy leads Alex into a rusty jeep. As Billy tosses Alex\\u2019s bag in the rear he shares a loaded look with the Grandfather.\\\"\", \"\\\"SUPER: THREE MONTHS LATER. Alex, headphones on, back-pack over his shoulder with the rock poking out.\\\"\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"II. Billy invites Alex to train with him in Los Angeles.\\nI. Billy keeps the news of Alex's grandfather's death a secret.\\nIII. Billy tells Alex the truth about the Lakers draft opportunity.\", \"I, II, III\", \"II, I, III\", \"I. Alex plays basketball with Kobe Bryant in his village.\\nIII. Alex leaves home to train with Billy in the US.\\nII. Alex returns home after training in the US.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"II,III,I\", \"II,I,III\", \"I,II,III\", \"II,I,III\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Put the following events related to Duarte's death in chronological order:\\nI. Duarte is found dead, crushed by a printer.\\nII. Duarte works late at night and makes a discovery.\\nIII. Duarte runs away from something down the long corridor.\", \"A\": \"II,III,I\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"\\\"Duarte stops to contemplate the board. After a beat, it HITS\\nhim like lightning-- DUARTE Espera. N?o pode ser... pode?\\\"\", \"\\\"Duarte RUSHES through this TETRIS-like landscape - Deeper and deeper into the blackness.\\\"\", \"\\\"Duarte's body has been FLATTENED, INSIDES CRUSHED, GUTS\\nSPILLING OVER.\\\"\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Put the following key events of Jayne's investigation in chronological order:\\nI. Jayne finds Elvis trying to set off a bomb under the stage.\\nII. Jayne first arrives at the crime scene where Duarte was killed.\\nIII. Jayne quits her job as police detective.\", \"A\": \"II,I,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"\\\"Jayne and Dylan towering over Duarte\\u2019s body CRUSHED BY THE GIANT PRINTER. They can only make out a few limbs.\\\"\", \"\\\"Jayne and Dylan walk into a dusty construction zone with half-built support beams and the foundations showing.\\\"\", \"\\\"Jayne scoffs. Thinks for a moment. JAYNE Okay, tell me this-- if you wanted to sweep it under the rug, why not use one of your guys? Why me?\\\"\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Put the following events involving Madigan in chronological order:\\nI. Madigan founds the Paper Jam department.\\nII. Madigan figures out the solution to paper jams.\\nIII. Madigan decides to quit her job.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"JAYNE: I'm confused. What does happinesshave to do with your work?\\nMADIGAN: Duarte and Chad ran with the idea, came to believe that being 'one with the flow' would allow them to solve jams.\", \"\\\"MADIGAN I solved it Jayne. What Duarte and Chad were working on - I figured it out.\\\"\", \"\\\"MADIGAN You know what else Karl doesn't know? What he'll never know? Jayne sits next to Madigan, her curiosity peaking. Madigan leans in.\\\"\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Put the following events involving Kevin in chronological order:\\nI. Kevin asks Jayne to have a child together.\\nII. Kevin dances with Jayne at the bar.\\nIII. Kevin finds Jayne's farewell note.\", \"A\": \"II,I,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"\\\"Kevin lifts up a reticent Jayne. KEVIN We gotta dance.\\\"\", \"\\\"KEVIN I really wanna be a dad Jayne. I'd be great at it. And you would too.\\\"\", \"Jayne locks the door and leaves the key under the mat.\\nNARRATOR (V.O.): But Billy didn't know when to quit. No siree. He kept burnin' the midnight oil - tempting the Gods - and well, they paid attention.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"II. Duarte works late at night and makes a discovery.\\nIII. Duarte runs away from something down the long corridor.\\nI. Duarte is found dead, crushed by a printer.\", \"II. Jayne first arrives at the crime scene where Duarte was killed.\\nI. Jayne finds Elvis trying to set off a bomb under the stage.\\nIII. Jayne quits her job as police detective.\", \"I, II, III\", \"I., II., III.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"I,II,III\", \"I,II,III\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Please reorder the timeline.\\nI. Nick goes to see Charlotte.\\nII. Nick gets in Maxwell\\u2019s house with Cynthia.\\nIII. Benny shoots Eddie in the vault.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"He\\u2019s directed to a chair where CHARLOTTE (28, sleek and?\\nstunning) lays with cucumber slices over her eyes and TWO?\\nTECHNICIANS attending her hands and feet.\", \"INT. STERLING\\u2019S BUILDING - NIGHT\\nThey head for the elevator. Cynthia waves to the DOORMAN.\\nCYNTHIA\\nNight, Lyle.\\nAs Cynthia waits, Nick doubles back to the desk.\\nNICK\\nWe\\u2019ve got a delivery coming. No?\\nneed to buzz, just send them up.\\nHe slides a $20 across the desk with a wink. LYLE nods.\", \"BANG!\\nA beat, then Eddie FALLS. Sofia SCREAMS and rushes to him.?\\nBenny stands with his gun in his hand, looking stunned.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Please reorder the timeline.\\nI. Sofia receives a Christmas gift from her mother.\\nII. Nick swaps the memory drive when Benny is scared.\\nIII. Sofia goes to luxe house to reveal what Nick has done.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Sofia unwraps it. A leather-bound day-planner. Empty.\", \"As Benny freaks the fuck out, we ANGLE ON Nick quickly?\\nswitching the memory drive for an identical-looking model. He?\\nstashes the real one under his clothes.\", \"SOFIA O.S.\\nLooking for something?\\nShe steps into the room. Nick smiles in surprise -- and then?\\nsees she\\u2019s holding up Maxwell\\u2019s memory drive. Busted.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"\", \"\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"III,II,IV,I\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the list of the events:\\nI. Connie went to Venice.\\nII. Connie and Mellors are having their first sex.\\nIII. Clifford's legs are hurt so that he has to use a wheelchair.\\nIV. Ned found Connie's nightgown in Mellors' cottage.\", \"A\": \"III,II,IV,I\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Mr. Warren rolls a wheelchair over to the car and opens Clifford\\u2019s door. Clifford, whose legs are now paralyzed,tries to get into the chair with as little help as possible.\", \"Mellors lifts Connie and brings his hips to hers - her breath catches as he enters her. Connie arches back as he slowly moves inside her - then she feels herself being carried away again and forces herself to become aware of her surroundings.\", \"He glances into the fireplace, then uses the poker to drag something from the ashes - a half-burned silk nightgown. Ned notices the nameplate inside the book, then glances back?\\ntoward the fireplace, the puzzle pieces falling into place.\", \"VENICE PIAZZA - DAY\\nConnie sits in the same piazza as before, gazing at pigeons. The square is filled with life, but she takes no part in it.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"III. Clifford's legs are hurt so that he has to use a wheelchair.\\nII. Connie and Mellors are having their first sex.\\nI. Connie went to Venice.\\nIV. Ned found Connie's nightgown in Mellors' cottage.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"I,III,II\", \"I,II,III\", \"II,I,III\", \"I,III,II\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Put the following key events related to John Madden's coaching career in chronological order:\\nI. Madden becomes head coach of the Oakland Raiders.\\nII. Madden retires from coaching.\\nIII. Madden leads the Raiders to win the Super Bowl.\", \"A\": \"I,III,II\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Over the sports section, he sees a series of men and women exiting the train. One by one, they are all met by a loved one.\\n\\nMadden walks against the current of heartfelt family reunions flowing out of the train.\", \"Madden drops his keys and his playbook onto Al\\u2019s desk.\\n\\nMADDEN: Fuck you.\\n\\nAL: To your health.\", \"Madden bursts through the doors. Spots the champagne in Villapiano\\u2019s arms.\\n\\nMadden chuckles, then motions for the bottle. Villapiano hands it over.\\n\\nMADDEN: Is this what you want? A celebration?\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Put the following key events related to the development of the John Madden video game in chronological order:\\nI. Madden destroys the prototype video game in anger.\\nII. Madden apologizes and convinces the coders to work on the game again.\\nIII. The completed John Madden game beats Joe Montana's game in sales.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Madden HURLS the computer monitor across the room.\\n\\nMADDEN: There are only 14 goddamn players on the goddamn screen.\", \"LABASH: We\\u2019re fu--\\n\\nLaBash sees Mike and Virginia asleep.\\n\\nLABASH: (whispers) We\\u2019re fucked.\", \"MADDEN: It's done.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Put the following events in John Madden's personal life in chronological order:\\nI. Madden misses Thanksgiving dinner with his family.\\nII. Madden struggles to connect with his son Mike.\\nIII. Madden's wife Virginia slaps him during an argument.\", \"A\": \"II,I,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Upstairs, Mike and his friends howl with laughter.\\n\\nMadden flips on the lights.\\n\\nMike and his friends freeze, their eyes still adjusting.\\n\\nMADDEN: You guys wanna toss around the ole pigskin?\\n\\nMIKE: Dad! Get out!\", \"MADDEN: Happy Thanksgiving.\\n\\nNo response. He nods, then closes the door.\", \"Virginia turns back and SLAPS Madden across the face.\\n\\nVIRGINIA: Enough. Enough about teams. This isn\\u2019t a team. This is me. And you. And our son. This is our life.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Put the following key events in Trip Hawkins' career in chronological order:\\nI. Trip founds his video game company Electronic Arts.\\nII. Trip resigns as CEO of Electronic Arts.\\nIII. Trip approaches Madden with the idea for a football video game.\", \"A\": \"I,III,II\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"TRIP: After I graduated from Harvard, I worked with Apple.\", \"LABASH: Probst wants a sequel to Bard\\u2019s Tale.\\n\\nZINA: Yesterday.\\n\\nMADDEN: I\\u2019m happy for all of you.\", \"TRIP: I\\u2019m stepping down. I\\u2019m going to focus my time on elves and goblins and fairy dust and all the other projects around here that actually make money. Real money.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"I. Madden becomes head coach of the Oakland Raiders.\\nIII. Madden leads the Raiders to win the Super Bowl.\\nII. Madden retires from coaching.\", \"I. Madden destroys the prototype video game in anger.\\nII. Madden apologizes and convinces the coders to work on the game again.\\nIII. The completed John Madden game beats Joe Montana's game in sales.\", \"II. Madden struggles to connect with his son Mike.\\nI. Madden misses Thanksgiving dinner with his family.\\nIII. Madden's wife Virginia slaps him during an argument.\", \"III. Trip approaches Madden with the idea for a football video game.\\nI. Trip founds his video game company Electronic Arts.\\nII. Trip resigns as CEO of Electronic Arts.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"I,II,III\", \"II,III,I\", \"I,II,III\", \"I,II,III\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Put the following events of Jasmine's time at Ancaster College in chronological order:\\nI. Jasmine arrives on campus for her freshman year.\\nII. Jasmine starts having nightmares and paranormal experiences.\\nIII. Jasmine dies by suicide.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Jasmine sits beside Amelia, shimmering with excitement.\", \"Jasmine descends the stairs beneath Belleville\\u2019s giant windows. The building gives off a lonely and deserted sensation.\", \"Across the tiny room, two feet dangle mid air, stiffly pointed downwards, floating almost daintily.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Put the following events related to Liv Beckman in chronological order:\\nI. Liv gets tenure at Ancaster College.\\nII. Liv leaves her conservative religious community.\\nIII. Liv starts working at Ancaster College.\", \"A\": \"II,III,I\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Liv works through notes in an empty classroom, hunting for the perfect phrase, leafing through texts. She silently reads over a sentence, mouth moving with muted words.\", \"Esther pulls a photograph from her cloak. A young girl in a bonnet and long dress smiles uncertainly into the camera. It takes Gail several moments to recognize her as Liv.\", \"The Academics look at Liv like a tribunal, their features vague and impenetrable under the low lighting.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Put the following key events related to Gail Bishop in chronological order:\\nI. Gail becomes the first black master of Belleville House.\\nII. Gail starts having paranormal experiences in Belleville House.\\nIII. Gail quits her job as master of Belleville House.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Gail crosses the quad, face determined. She pauses, halted by the unsettling sensation of being watched.\", \"Gail pulls open a corner drawer and recoils, nearly dropping the phone. Writhing larvae crowd the drawer, reaching blindly for the sky.\", \"Gail struggles a while with the lock, almost as if someone is blocking it from the other side. Gail turns from the door, whipping her phone from her pocket.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Put the following events related to the noose incident in chronological order:\\nI. A noose is found hanging on Jasmine's door.\\nII. Jasmine tells Gail she saw the witch before the incident.\\nIII. It's suggested Jasmine may have staged the incident herself.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Liv plops down on the edge of the bed, Gail following suit.\", \"JASMINE: I saw her. In the common room. The night of the fire, I saw her.\", \"Cressida cautiously approaches the conversation.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"I, II, III\", \"II. Liv leaves her conservative religious community.\\nIII. Liv starts working at Ancaster College.\\nI. Liv gets tenure at Ancaster College.\", \"I, II, III\", \"I, III, II\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"I,II,III\", \"I,II,III\", \"I,II,III\", \"II,I,III\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Put the following events related to Sam in chronological order:\\nI. Sam arrives in Rome to work as a stuntman.\\nII. Sam gets mistaken for an assassin named Il Pitone.\\nIII. Sam decides to stay in Italy with his daughter after the ordeal.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Sam, wounds slowly healing, walks behind her -- a proud dad who\\u2019s happy because his daughter is happy.\", \"Sam bends back Baldie\\u2019s arm, taking his gun. Sam trains the gun on Baldie\\u2019s men, freezing them.\", \"Channing starts toward the car, but sees Sam hasn\\u2019t moved.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Put the following key events related to Clara in chronological order:\\nI. Clara disguises herself and meets Sam at a bar.\\nII. Clara infiltrates Greco's estate and kills him.\\nIII. Clara fake dies in the explosion at Greco's estate.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"The most stunning WOMAN Sam has ever seen appears in the doorway wearing a scarf, floral dress, and white gloves.\", \"Greco eyes the knife protruding from his chest in shock. He stumbles backward into the study and falls to a seat on top of the desk.\", \"Sam stands, holds his hands above his head in surrender.\\n\\nThe first person out of the cars is Agent Grant.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Put the following events in Agent Grant's operation in chronological order:\\nI. Grant secretly hires Clara to assassinate Greco.\\nII. Grant tells Sam to convince Clara to call off the job.\\nIII. Grant lets Sam walk free and pretends Clara died.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"CHANNING TATUM (V.O.)\\n\\nSam! You\\u2019re alive! Awesome. Listen, I have a solution to your problem.\", \"AGENT GRANT: I need you to find Clara, tell her that the job is off, and convince her to leave Rome immediately.\", \"Grant extends his hand for Sam to shake.\\n\\nSam eyes the hand, then simply walks off.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Put the following key events at Greco's estate in chronological order:\\nI. Clara attacks the estate with heavy weaponry.\\nII. Sam is captured and brought to Greco.\\nIII. The estate is destroyed in a huge explosion.\", \"A\": \"II,I,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Sam bends back Baldie\\u2019s arm, taking his gun. Sam trains the gun on Baldie\\u2019s men, freezing them.\", \"Lying behind the gatling gun pumping bullets is Clara.\", \"Sam looks on in heartbroken shock at the wreckage of the mansion consumed by flames.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"I. Sam arrives in Rome to work as a stuntman.\\nII. Sam gets mistaken for an assassin named Il Pitone.\\nIII. Sam decides to stay in Italy with his daughter after the ordeal.\", \"I, III, II\", \"I. Grant secretly hires Clara to assassinate Greco.\\nII. Grant tells Sam to convince Clara to call off the job.\\nIII. Grant lets Sam walk free and pretends Clara died.\", \"II. Sam is captured and brought to Greco.\\nI. Clara attacks the estate with heavy weaponry.\\nIII. The estate is destroyed in a huge explosion.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"I,III,II\", \"I,II,III\", \"I,II,III\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. Leonhard hands the notebook to Gertrud.\\nII. Leonhard wakes up.\\nIII. Ben Dova sees Carl Syrup for the first time.\", \"A\": \"I,III,II\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"LEONHARD stirs. His hand reaches inside the unburnt half of?\\nhis jacket and extracts a POCKET-SIZED NOTEBOOK. He weakly proffers it to Gertrud. She takes it, confused.\", \"He\\u2019s awake. Leonhard is propped up in bed, and Pruss is in his wheelchair by his side.\", \"Then he happens to glance into the first row, where he sees?\\nCarl\\u2019s delighted smile -- and his Nazi armband.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. The Hindenburg crashes.\\nII. Nurse Rivera tells Gertrud that Captain Russ can speak.\\nIII. Gertrud successfully steals the file.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"HERB MORRISON (V.O.)\\nIt\\u2019s fire and it\\u2019s crashing! This?\\nis the worst of the worst?\\ncatastrophes in the world! Oh, it\\u2019s?\\ncrashing -- oh, four or five?\\nhundred feet into the sky, and it\\u2019s?\\na terrific crash, ladies and?\\ngentlemen. There\\u2019s smoke, and?\\nthere\\u2019s flames, now, and the frame?\\nis crashing to the ground, not?\\nquite to the mooring mast. Oh, the?\\nhumanity...\", \"GERTRUD\\nWhy did this happen to us??\\nNURSE RIVERA (O.S.)\\n(whispering)\\nAsk Captain Pruss.\", \"Gertrud snorts. She sees Hugo, followed by Rosendahl, lumber?\\nacross the hangar floor. She draws her handbag with the?\\nstolen file closer.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. Fred and Dom meet Gertrud for the first time.\\nII. Hugo tells Rosendahl the truth of the catastrophe.\\nIII. Hugo and Carl go back to Germany.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Fred and DOM (30s, Italian) gather at a table with Gertrud.?\\nFred slurps a milkshake and Dom licks a cone.\", \"HUGO\\nYou see, the problem with?\\nairships...is that they\\u2019re so?\\nfucking expensive.\", \"Hugo and Carl, sporting a black eye, stand on the deck. They gaze at the receding continent, relieved to see it fade away.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"I. Leonhard hands the notebook to Gertrud.\\nIII. Ben Dova sees Carl Syrup for the first time.\\nII. Leonhard wakes up.\", \"I. The Hindenburg crashes.\\nII. Nurse Rivera tells Gertrud that Captain Russ can speak.\\nIII. Gertrud successfully steals the file.\", \"I. Fred and Dom meet Gertrud for the first time.\\nII. Hugo tells Rosendahl the truth of the catastrophe.\\nIII. Hugo and Carl go back to Germany.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"III,I,II,IV\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. Jack said goodbye to Sasha in a hurry.\\nII. Sasha went to Aria's house for dinner.\\nIII. Sasha went to the grave.\\nIV. Sasha and Katerina took Jack to the hospital.\", \"A\": \"III,I,II,IV\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Sasha approaches a grave in a small village cemetery. The grass hasn\\u2019t grown in, the grave\\u2019s fresh dirt edges still visible. Sasha sets the flowers down at Danny\\u2019s headstone.\", \"JACK I\\u2019m so sorry to leave like this. My job is complicated. It\\u2019s hard, always driving all over the place at the drop of a hat. SASHA I\\u2019ve never known surveying to be such urgent work. JACK One would never guess, I know. I had no idea when I got into the business. SASHA Will I ever see you again? JACK I can never predict where they\\u2019ll send me. SASHA I see. JACK But I hope so. I mean that. Jack starts pulling on a pair of gloves. SASHA Me too I suppose. JACK Take care, Sasha. SASHA Goodbye Jack.\", \"Sasha walks along a street, past a house. Zeke\\u2019s head pops out of one of the house\\u2019s windows. ZEKE Sasha? Where are you going? SASHA Oh my god I completely forgot about dinner. ZEKE We were waiting for you. Come in, food\\u2019s just about ready. INT. ZEKE\\u2019S HOUSE - NIGHT Aria, with a baby on her arm, welcomes Sasha into the house.\", \"Katerina arrives and races over to help. Sasha clutches at her stomach, wincing slightly. SASHA We have to get him to the doctor. KATERINA Are you okay? Sasha nods. Katerina presses a dishcloth against Jack\\u2019s wound and takes Jack\\u2019s other arm over her shoulder. Jack looks at Sasha. JACK I thought they were here to arrest Pike, not protect him. Really. SASHA I know, Jack, let\\u2019s get you to the doctor. JACK I do love you. SASHA I know, Jack. INT. DOCTOR\\u2019S OFFICE - DAY Sasha and Katerina push open the doctor\\u2019s door.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"III. Sasha went to the grave.\\nI. Jack said goodbye to Sasha in a hurry.\\nII. Sasha went to Aria's house for dinner.\\nIV. Sasha and Katerina took Jack to the hospital.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"I,II,III,IV\", \"IV,II,III,I\", \"IV,III,II,I\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below evenst: \\nI. Lucy finds herself robbed.\\nII. GERTRUDE gives the ointment to Lucy.\\nIII. Lucy narrated how Mrs. Dyer get the sapphire.\\nIV. Lucy and Gertrude go home.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III,IV\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"CABBIE?\\nFifteen cents . Up front .?\\nShe pulls open her pocketbook: EMPTY . She's been robbed . She searches the crowd for the Interloper .\", \"GERTRUDE (CONT'D)?\\nI've something for you .?\\nShe returns with a tube of salve and a small teacake .\", \"LUCY (CONT'D)?\\nYour sapphire ring . . . He gave it to you that summer on the Cape . On a cloudless night . Under a waxing moon . Just like tonight .\", \"LUCY?\\nHome .?\\nShe takes Gertrude's hand and they step out among the people .\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. Lucy refuses to cooperate with MS.CROWNE. 2.Lucy told MRS.DYER that she has special abilities.\\nIII. Lucy was arranged to lead Sunday visitations.\\nIV. Lucy first entered RAVENSWOOD.\", \"A\": \"IV,II,III,I\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"She waits, dwarfed by the soaring ceilings reflected in the shining marble floors . She takes a few tentative steps,?\\nsurveys the sweeping grand staircase .?\\nAll is silent except for the soft POP of logs burning in the impressive fireplace . A YELLOW CAT watches from the shadows .\", \"MRS . DYER (CONT'D)?\\nHave you seen other phantoms here??\\nLucy hesitates - if she tells them now about all she's seen in the house, there is no turning back . Crowne presses her with a look .?\\nLUCY?\\nI have .?\\n(beat, off their inquiring gazes:)?\\nI've-- heard things, mostly . A child . Crying in the night . A dog .\", \"MRS . DYER?\\nLucy, you are to lead Sunday visitations from now on . Morris Parker and his society should be so lucky to have your gift . You are a true seer .\", \"MS . CROWNE (CONT'D)?\\nIt\\u2019s our turn . We needn't work for anybody . We hold the scepter . I know the process, you have your gift - we can be the Gods now, Lucy . What do you say??\\nA beat .?\\nLUCY?\\nNever .\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. Lucy escapes from the attic.\\nII. Lucy is locked in the attic.\\nIII. Gertrude disappeares.\\nIV. Lucy sees the dead little girl on the train.\", \"A\": \"IV,III,II,I\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Realizes her surroundings: the wide river races by the window of her passenger car . She smiles at the WOMAN across from her and her young DAUGHTER . They look at her with concern .?\\nWOMAN?\\nAre you alright, miss??\\nLucy composes herself .?\\nLUCY?\\nYes, ma'am . Forgive me .I didn't mean to startle you and your?\\ndaughter .?\\nThe woman's face clouds with puzzlement . Sadness .?\\nWOMAN?\\n(voice trembling)?\\nDaughter?\", \"She sits, groggy . An indentation in the sheets from where Gertrude laid next to her . The sketchbook lies open on the pillow . Puzzled, Lucy rises .\", \"INT . ATTIC - CONTINUOUS?\\nA key CLICKS in the lock, shutting her in . Lucy turns as the window SHUDDERS in its frame . The early morning light is blotted out by a STRANGE CLOUD .\", \"EXT . ATTIC - CONTINUOUS?\\nThe lock CLICKS in the silent hall . Lucy cautiously peers out . No dogs . No babies crying . All is silent .?\\nShe turns back, grabs the LOCKET . Clutches it to her chest as she heads into the\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"I. Lucy finds herself robbed.\\nII. Gertrude gives the ointment to Lucy.\\nIII. Lucy narrated how Mrs. Dyer got the sapphire.\\nIV. Lucy and Gertrude go home.\", \"IV. Lucy first entered RAVENSWOOD.\\nII. Lucy told MRS.DYER that she has special abilities.\\nIII. Lucy was arranged to lead Sunday visitations.\\nI. Lucy refuses to cooperate with MS.CROWNE.\", \"IV. Lucy sees the dead little girl on the train.\\nIII. Gertrude disappears.\\nII. Lucy is locked in the attic.\\nI. Lucy escapes from the attic.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"III,II,I\", \"III,I,II\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. Jennifer Davis came to pick up Anna.\\nII. Anna was injured on the boat.\\nIII. IZZY is speaking in a hospital with Anna through telephone.\", \"A\": \"III,II,I\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Izzy sits in a HOSPITAL BREAK ROOM wearing SCRUBS and?\\ndrinking from a crusty cup of coffee. Taps her foot,?\\nimpatiently restless.\", \"Anna limps onto the boat and walks carefully to the front.?\\nShe sits. Then fingers at the raw WOUND forming on her shin.?\\nA small stream of BLOOD trickles down her leg.\", \"WOMAN?\\nIt\\u2019s Nicole, actually. Nicole?\\nSwanson.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. There is no signal on the island.\\nII. Anna's room is the only room overlooking the ocean.\\nIII. Searidge island is San Francisco\\u2019s 8th largest island.\", \"A\": \"III,I,II\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"DIGITAL ASSISTANT?\\n(automated)?\\n-- Searidge island is San?\\nFrancisco\\u2019s 8th largest island,?\\nfirst purchased by Larry Ellison,?\\nformer CEO of Oracle Corporation.\", \"Anna takes out her flip phone and looks down at it:?\\nNo service.\", \"Anna's room is the only room overlooking the ocean.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"\", \"III. Searidge island is San Francisco\\u2019s 8th largest island.\\nII. Anna's room is the only room overlooking the ocean.\\nI. There is no signal on the island.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"II,I,III,IV\", \"I,II,IV,III\", \"I,IV,II,III\", \"I,II,III,IV\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. Seth told Ruby he was a teacher.\\nII. MOHAWK mistakes Ruby for a parent.\\nIII. Ruby finds out that Blaine is married to TIFFANY.\\nIV. Janet won the prom queen.\", \"A\": \"II,I,III,IV\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"MOHAWK\\nYou look like Ronnie Halbeck\\u2019s mom .\\nDid he get caught with cigarettes again?\", \"SETH\\nI\\u2019m? a? teacher? now .? Chemistry .\", \"PETER\\nIt? says? he? is married,? however .\\nRUBY? SUE\\nOh? yeah?? Let\\u2019s? see? what? the\\ncompetition? looks? like .\\nShe? clicks? on? his? pictures,? turns? to? Peter .\\nRUBY? SUE?? (CONT\\u2019D)\\nThese? pizza? bagels? are? delish .\\nShe? turns? back,? sees? Blaine? with? his? wife . . .? TIFFANY .\", \"He? hangs? the? crown? on? the mic? stand? and walks? off? stage .\\nThe? crowd? parts? for? Janet .? Applause? begins? to? swell? as . . .\\nJanet? makes? her way? onto? the? stage .? The? crowd? is? behind? her, cheering? and? clapping .\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. RUBY SUE spread rumors to others that Tiffany has gonorrhea.\\nII. Ruby Sue goes into a coma due to a performance mistake.\\nIII. Peter was arrested.\\nIV. RUBY SUE scored 6 goals in hockey.\", \"A\": \"I,II,IV,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"RUBY SUE?\\nTop secret you guys . Tiffany is?\\ngoing through a really bad case of?\\ngonorrhea and needs our support .?\\nAnd you can\\u2019t tell anybody! Unless?\\nit\\u2019s somebody you really trust .\", \"Transition to SLOW MO: the girls launch Ruby Sue skyward . . .?\\nRuby Sue, soaring through the air . . .?\\nThe crowd, gasping . . .?\\nBlaine in his football jersey, mouth agape .?\\nSeth: shocked . He spills scolding hot cocoa on Odie who screams next to him .?\\nThe deafening THUD pulls us out of slow motion .?\\nThe crowd goes silent . Ruby Sue - motionless on the field .\", \"RUBY SUE?\\nOk, I scored the last six goals . I don\\u2019t think they\\u2019re gonna let me score another one . Somebody else needs to step up .\", \"ON PETER?\\nGetting arrested . Hands cuffed behind his back, being placed into a squad car as flames engulf the house .\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below evens: \\nI. RUBY SUE sticks gum to the chair.\\nII. PETER created a facebook account for RUBY SUE.\\nIII. Ruby Sue was expelled from school.\\nIV. RUBY SUE named Janet.\", \"A\": \"I,IV,II,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Ruby Sue takes the fresh wad of gum out of her mouth and presses it onto the seat .\", \"RUBY SUE?\\nLet me clear it up for you . Your new name is Janet . Deal with it . She tears off the page, hands it to the newly named - Janet\", \"PETER?\\nMay I have the honor of creating you a facebook page??\\nRUBY SUE?\\nNo! Wait, what is that? Is it cool??\\nPeter turns the laptop toward him and gets busy .\", \"PRINCIPAL SMITH?\\nRuby . You\\u2019re expelled . You probably?\\nguessed that . It\\u2019s the bad news .\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. RUBY SUE wakes up to find herself 37 years old.\\nII. RUBY SUE drives to school for the first time since waking from a coma.\\nIII. Ruby Sue was reported by an anonymous letter.\\nIV. Ruby buys wine.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III,IV\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Reveal : RUBY SUE is now a 37 year old woman . Dressed in a hospital gown, she sees her own reflection in the mirror behind the nurse .\", \"EXT . HARDING HIGH SCHOOL - PARKING LOT?\\nRuby Sue drives the wrong way through the parking lot, cutting off other cars trying to park .?\\nA TEACHER in SWEATER VEST, waves his hand at the violation . She hops out of the car, tosses her keys at him . They bounce of his chest and fall to the ground .?\\nRUBY SUE?\\nIn case you need to move it .?\\nShe sashays across the parking lot toward the school .\", \"INT . PRINCIPAL\\u2019S OFFICE - DAY?\\nAn agitated Ruby sits across from Principal Smith .?\\nPRINCIPAL SMITH?\\nWe received an anonymous tip that you used one of the words on our no-?\\nno list . Are you aware of this?\", \"INT . LIQUOR STORE - CONTINUOUS?\\nRuby and Janet stand in an endless aisle of booze .\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"I. MOHAWK mistakes Ruby for a parent.\\nII. Seth told Ruby he was a teacher.\\nIII. Ruby finds out that Blaine is married to TIFFANY.\\nIV. Janet won the prom queen.\", \"II. Ruby Sue goes into a coma due to a performance mistake.\\nI. RUBY SUE spread rumors to others that Tiffany has gonorrhea.\\nIV. RUBY SUE scored 6 goals in hockey. \\nIII. Peter was arrested.\", \"I. RUBY SUE sticks gum to the chair.\\nII. RUBY SUE named Janet.\\nIII. PETER created a facebook account for RUBY SUE.\\nIV. Ruby Sue was expelled from school.\", \"I. RUBY SUE wakes up to find herself 37 years old.\\nII. RUBY SUE drives to school for the first time since waking from a coma.\\nIII. Ruby Sue was reported by an anonymous letter. \\nIV. Ruby buys wine.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"I,II\", \"II,I,IV,III\", \"II,I,IV,III\", \"III,II,I,IV\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below evens: \\nI. Cora's training partner Dougie Locke dying.\\nII. Cora meeting Kennedy Locke as a customer on her boat.\", \"A\": \"I,II\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"In a flashback scene, Cora tells Miguel: \\\"Two years ago, a dissub training went sideways. My partner -- my friend -- had a defective escape suit that never passed inspection. He drowned.\\\"\", \"Cora meets Kennedy Locke as a customer on her boat, after Dougie's death already occurred.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below evens: \\nI. Cora's submarine is spotted by aerial surveillance.\\nII. Cora goes through submarine escape training in the beginning.\\nIII. The USS Hampton fires torpedoes at Cora's submarine.\\nIV. Cora struggles to control the narco submarine she's forced to pilot.\", \"A\": \"II,I,IV,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"\\\"We see Cora training with the elite SUBESCAPE team - learning to escape submarines.\\\"\", \"\\\"TECH: Sir, one of our cutters pinged a pop up contact. Tonal is foreign to our library. Could be the hostile vessel.\\\"\", \"\\\"Cora tries desperately to level out the submarine. But she can\\u2019t control it. She starts to hyperventilate. This is a nightmare.\\\"\", \"\\\"CAPTAIN: Fire.\\\"\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below evens: \\nI. Gamble goes rogue in an attempt to rescue Cora.\\nII. Gamble boards Cora's submarine during the initial interdiction.\\nIII. Gamble shoots Kennedy on the catamaran.\\nIV. Gamble warns the Coast Guard about the child on board.\", \"A\": \"II,I,IV,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"\\\"Gamble steadies himself at the RHIB edge, bouncing with the turbulent tides, a breeze whipping through his hair, grinning like an adrenaline addict looking for his next endorphin rush.\\\"\", \"\\\"BAM! BAM! BAM! Gamble FIRES three precise rounds center mass.\\\"\", \"\\\"GAMBLE: There is a child on board. Repeat. A child is on board. DO. NOT. ENGAGE.\\\"\", \"\\\"Gamble stops, smiles, then gestures to one unsupervised RHIB. Rourke follows Gamble...\\\"\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below evens: \\nI. Cora reunites with her daughter Penny on the submarine.\\nII. Cora tackles Gamble off the submarine.\\nIII. Cora is kidnapped and forced to pilot the submarine.\\nIV. Cora escapes the sinking submarine with Penny.\", \"A\": \"III,II,I,IV\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"\\\"When she is suddenly YANKED from behind, landing inside the van in three seconds flat. Off the doors SLAMMING closed, we...\\\"\", \"\\\"Cora steps forward. Gamble clocks this, always the tactician.\\\"\", \"\\\"Cora carries Penny into the control room, frenzied, her time running out.\\\"\", \"\\\"EXT. UNDERWATER - PACIFIC OCEAN - DAY And they ascend...\\\"\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"I. Cora's training partner Dougie Locke dying.\\nII. Cora meeting Kennedy Locke as a customer on her boat.\", \"II. Cora goes through submarine escape training in the beginning.\\nIV. Cora struggles to control the narco submarine she's forced to pilot.\\nI. Cora's submarine is spotted by aerial surveillance.\\nIII. The USS Hampton fires torpedoes at Cora's submarine.\", \"II. Gamble boards Cora's submarine during the initial interdiction.\\nI. Gamble goes rogue in an attempt to rescue Cora.\\nIV. Gamble warns the Coast Guard about the child on board.\\nIII. Gamble shoots Kennedy on the catamaran.\", \"III. Cora is kidnapped and forced to pilot the submarine.\\nI. Cora reunites with her daughter Penny on the submarine.\\nII. Cora tackles Gamble off the submarine.\\nIV. Cora escapes the sinking submarine with Penny.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"III,I,IV,II\", \"III,II,I,IV\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. AGOJIE overwhelm the guards in the mahi village.\\nII. NAWI \\u2019s parents prepared wedding dress for her.\\nIII. Fumbe and her mother were imprisoned.\\nIV. Nanisca killed the village leader.\", \"A\": \"III,I,IV,II\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"(2)Nanisca, Amenza and Izogie quickly overwhelm the Guards, swinging their machetes with more skill, more speed.\", \"(9)SHOPKEEPER\\nNawi, tell your mother to see me\\nfor the dress!\\nNAWI What dress?\\nSHOPKEEPER\\nYour wedding dress! I will make you\\nbeautiful. Tell her!\", \"(1)A TEENAGE GIRL. Her sweet face frozen with fear. This is FUMBE.\\nWOMEN AND CHILDREN, crammed into the small hut, some with haunted looks, clothing bloody and torn. Fumbe turns to a WOUNDED WOMAN, shivering, her thin cloth garment wet with fresh blood.\", \"(4)Nanisca\\u2019s eyes grow cold. She turns back to the village leader and SLITS HIS THROAT, dropping him to the ground.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events:\\nI. Nawi burned her dress.\\nII. OYO warriors arriving at the ruins of the Mahi village.\\nIII. NANISCA advises GHEZO to fight Oyo.\\nIV. Nanisca hands Nawi her machete.\", \"A\": \"III,II,I,IV\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Nawi moves down the stairs into the dimly lit underground cavern where natural springs create pools of water. A fire burns hot in a clay oven. She removes her dress. Puts it into the oven, watches it catch fire. She steps into one of the baths, feeling the heat of the water sink into her bones.\", \"(20)Across the grasses, thundering hoofs of THIRTY OYO WARRIORS arriving at the ruins of the Mahi village. Their leader, OBA ABUA, riding in the lead, pulls up his horse and HOLDS UP HIS ARM.\", \"NANISCA (CONT'D)\\nWe must end the Oyo, and end the\\ntrade. For all of us.\\nGhezo reacts. This is a radical shift.\\nNANISCA (CONT'D)\\nI fought for you against your\\nbrother because I knew you cared for our people.\\nGHEZO\\nAnd now you counsel me to take them\\nto war?\\nNANISCA\\nSome things are worth fighting for.\", \"(26)NANISCA\\nYou wish for a different weapon?\\nNawi reacts -- \\u201cshit.\\u201d Nanisca takes her own machete out of her belt. Hands it to Nawi. Gestures to the TWIG DUMMIES set up in a row twenty feet away.\\nNANISCA (CONT'D)\\nGo. Attack the soldier. Take his\\nhead.\\nNawi is embarrassed. Everyone is watching her. The machete is much heavier than she realized. She has to back down.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"III. Fumbe and her mother were imprisoned.\\nI. AGOJIE overwhelm the guards in the mahi village.\\nIV. Nanisca killed the village leader.\\nII. NAWI \\u2019s parents prepared wedding dress for her.\", \"II. OYO warriors arriving at the ruins of the Mahi village.\\nIII. NANISCA advises GHEZO to fight Oyo.\\nIV. Nanisca hands Nawi her machete.\\nI. Nawi burned her dress.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"I,II,III\", \"I,III,II\", \"I,III,IV,II\", \"IV,I,II,III\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. The Captain puts THE RANGER SPRAWLING in a coma.\\nII. The older ADAM beats Dash.\\nIII. Old Adam mentions that as a kid he wanted to be a snowboard world champion.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Without even looking up, The Captain DISCHARGES a PULSE OF\\nSOUND WAVES from his device (a bloomer) -- sending the Ranger SPRAWLING BACK into an unconscious heap.\", \"The Pilot climbs along the outside of the truck, onto the flatbed. Stalks of corn WHIP OUT at him as he aims his blaster through the field, counting down Dash's time between? jumps. He FIRES -- \\nDirect hit. Dash is BLOWN BACK -- alive, but out of the game.\", \"THE PILOT\\nI remember when I was your age, all\\nI wanted was to be a world champion\\nsnowboarder, like Shaun White.\\nThere was this one trail I was\\nobsessed with ...\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. Adam broke his hand.\\nII. JR met her pet spider.\\nIII. Old Adam refused to eat Bonnie's dessert.\", \"A\": \"I,III,II\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"The Pilot trips over his own two feet, stumbling on his way out the door, leaving Bonnie dumbstruck. She turns back to the dishes with an inward sigh --\", \"THE PILOT\\nAll right. You broke your arm on Brad Walden's trampoline when you were six years old. When the doctor set your arm, it left a scar.\", \"JR\\nIncredible. Everything's just the\\nway I remember it.\\n(re: her caged tarantula)\\nHey, Terry!\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. Adam saves Dr. Marie Gordon from a car accident.\\nII. The Adams found 13-year-old JR.\\nIII. Young Adam calls his pregnant mother.\\nIV. SUSIE is waiting for Tommy outside Tommy's house.\", \"A\": \"I,III,IV,II\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Adam glances out the window to find SUSIE WILCOX waiting below. Tommy smiles, letting the implication speak for itself.\", \"A GIRL, 13, is leaving school -- the only one of the crowd?\\nnot surrounded by friends and classmates. She power-walks?\\n(her regular pace), quickly outdistancing her peers. This is JR. The Pilot glances down to the photograph -- still stained with JR's blood. He nods, shaken.?\\nTHE PILOT?\\nThat's her. Jimmy Ryan.\", \"The Pilot and JR pull up in the busted patrol car. Adam and?\\nthe Little Kid are hauling Marie from the wreck between them.?\\nADAM?\\nI did it! I saved her!\", \"A MAN picks up. We may or may not recognize him from the shelf of photographs we saw earlier. It's Adam's father.?\\nMAN?\\nHello.?\\nINTERCUT WITH ADAM. Tears immediately fill his eyes.?\\nADAM?\\n... Dad?\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. Young Adam meets Old Adam.\\nII. Old Adam introduces JR to young Adam.\\nIII. Adam traveled back to 2002.\\nIV. Adam wins a beer pong game.\", \"A\": \"IV,I,II,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"It's THE PILOT from the star capsule -- recognizable only by his eyes -- dark brown with SPECKS OF GREEN. A rare anomaly.\", \"THE PILOT?\\nJimmy Ryan. JR for short. Zucker?\\nrecruited her from basic training?\\nat the Air Force. The first time?\\nyou set eyes on her, it's like ...\", \"EXT. LONDON - RIVER THAMES - DAY?\\nTourists fill the Parliament grounds, posing in front of the Big Ben, snapping photos from Westminster Bridge. In the?\\ndistance, the London Eye is gleaming and freshly-built.\", \"The beer pong tournament has become TRULY EPIC. Adam sinks a MASTERFUL SHOT. Crowds ROAR, hoisting Adam up in victory as the loser -- Zucker -- is forced to drink.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"III. The older ADAM mentions that as a kid he wanted to be a snowboard world champion.\\nI. The Captain puts THE RANGER SPRAWLING in a coma.\\nII. The older ADAM beats Dash.\", \"I. JR met her pet spider. \\nII. Adam broke his hand.\\nIII. Old Adam refused to eat Bonnie's dessert.\", \"IV, II, III, I\", \"III, I, II, IV\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"I,II,III\", \"II,I,III\", \"IV,III,II,I\", \"I,II,III,IV\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below evens: \\nI. DOMINIC stole his father's poteen.\\nII. PEADAR told others about the news they have heard.\\nIII. SIOBHAN rejected Dominic's confession of love.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Daddy\\u2019ll kill us if we wake him when he\\u2019s been wanking.\\n...then tiptoes across to his naked father, quietly takes the bottle of poteen that\\u2019s either on the table beside him or in his arms, then stealthily tiptoes back to PADRAIC.\", \"MRS O\\u2019RIORDAN\\nOh, it\\u2019s Peadar. Peadar always has a rake of news. What news have you, Peadar?\\nPEADAR\\nNews, is it?\\n(thinks)\\nFella killed himself, o\\u2019er Rosmuck way. Walked into a lake for himself. Twenty- nine and nothing wrong with him, the fool.\\nMRS O\\u2019RIORDAN\\nGod love us!\", \"SIOBHAN\\nOh, Dominic. I don\\u2019t think so, love.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. Dominic asked SIOBHAN if she was married.\\nII. COLM titled his work \\\"The Banshees Of Inisherin\\\".\\nIII. Colm taught PADRAIC to play the violin.\", \"A\": \"II,I,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"DOMINIC (CONT'D)\\nAnd how is it, Siobhan, that you were never married?\\nSIOBHAN\\nIt\\u2019s none of your fecking business how I was never fecking married!\", \"PADRAIC\\nHe used to try to teach me them things once, but I could never figure them.\", \"COLM\\n\\u201cThe Banshees Of Inisherin\\u201d, I was thinking.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below event: \\nI. SIOBHAN leaves Inisherin.\\nII. DOMINIC confesses his love to SIOBHAN.\\nIII. SIOBHAN was crying on the bed.\\nIV. DOMINIC's father caught him stealing alcohol.\", \"A\": \"IV,III,II,I\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"DOMINIC?\\nMe Daddy discovered the poteen situation.\", \"Asleep in bed, PADRAIC is quietly awoken by the sound of SIOBHAN crying. He rolls over to see her in the other bed, facing away from him, still crying.\", \"DOMINIC?\\nWhat I was... don\\u2019t skip ahead... What I was wanting to ask you was... Jeez it\\u2019s cold, isn\\u2019t it! Your bony little feet must\\u2019ve been freezing! Yeah, what I was wanting to ask you was... something along the lines of... should\\u2019ve planned this, but what I was wanting to ask you was... You probably wouldn\\u2019t ever want to... I don\\u2019t know... to fall in love with a boy like me, would ya?\", \"She sobs, then smiles thru her tears, grabs her suitcase, and leaves, and PADRAIC watches her go from the window, up the misty lane to the bend, where she waves back at him...\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below event: \\nI. Colm told PADRAIC for the first time that he didn't like him.\\nII. COLM threatened to cut off his finger.\\nIII. PADRAIC cried loudly on COLM's carriage.\\nIV. DOMINIC drowned.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III,IV\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"COLM?\\nI just don\\u2019t like you no more.\", \"COLM?\\nWhat I\\u2019ve decided to do is this. I have a set of shears at home, and each time you bother me from this day on, I will take those shears and I\\u2019ll take one of me fingers off with them, and I will give that finger to ya, a finger from me left hand, me fiddle hand, and each day you bother me more, another I\\u2019ll take off and I\\u2019ll give you, until you see sense enough to stop, or until I\\u2019ve no fingers left. Does this make things clearer to you?\", \"PADRAIC glances at him a few times... then starts heaving with massive uncontrollable sobs. COLM tries to ignore it, but it\\u2019s terribly sad. They ride on that way for what seems like an eternity, then COLM gradually slows the pony down and stops the cart at a crossroads.\", \"DOMINIC\\u2019s bloated drowned body lies face up in the shallows where MRS MCCORMICK is helping drag it with her hook pole, as PEADAR falls to his knees, staring at his dead son.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"I. DOMINIC stole his father's poteen.\\nIII. SIOBHAN rejected Dominic's confession of love.\\nII. PEADAR told others about the news they have heard.\", \"III. Colm taught PADRAIC to play the violin.\\nI. Dominic asked SIOBHAN if she was married.\\nII. COLM titled his work \\\"The Banshees Of Inisherin\\\".\", \"IV. DOMINIC's father caught him stealing alcohol.\\nII. DOMINIC confesses his love to SIOBHAN.\\nIII. SIOBHAN was crying on the bed.\\nI. SIOBHAN leaves Inisherin.\", \"I. Colm told PADRAIC for the first time that he didn't like him.\\nII. COLM threatened to cut off his finger.\\nIII. PADRAIC cried loudly on COLM's carriage.\\nIV. DOMINIC drowned.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"I,II,III,IV\", \"I,II,III\", \"IV,III,II,I\", \"I,II,III,IV\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. Harry is caught by the police.\\nII. DELACROIX mentions that his family has just purchased a rubber plantation.\\nIII. HARRY learns BALLANTINE is a magician.4.HARRY solves the puzzle-box secret.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III,IV\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"This isn\\u2019t a carriage. It\\u2019s a PADDY WAGON. Harry collapses back in his seat. DEFEATED.\\nPRE-LAP: The CLANG of a jail cell SLAMMING SHUT --\", \"DELACROIX\\nHe says rubber\\u2019s the name of the game now. We\\u2019ve just purchased a rubber plantation in Sri Lanka.\", \"HARRY\\n...Your Uncle\\u2019s a magician too?\\nAt the top of the stairs, Sophia rolls her eyes, sighing.\\nSOPHIA\\nThe most obnoxious of his many obsessions.\", \"HARRY (CONT'D)\\n...It\\u2019s on the puzzle-box.\\nSophia and Ballantine look down in awe. Now the image is FLAT on paper, no longer WRAPPED around the puzzle-box, it\\u2019s clear -- this is not just a pattern, it\\u2019s --\\nBALLANTINE\\nBlueprints...\\nThe ink-spattered image on the parchment depicts various MECHANICAL ELEMENTS, all interlocking together --\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. Crowley killed Crane.\\nII. BALLANTINE offered a reward for finding Harry and Sophia.\\nIII. The pocket watch saves Harry's life.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"In a fit of rage, Crowley GRABS the knife from Mrs. Vulch, snarling furiously as he -- PLUNGES IT INTO CRANE\\u2019S STOMACH.\\nThe spell is BROKEN. Crane takes a DEEP GASP OF AIR -- But the looks down to see the handle of the buck-knife protruding from his torso.\\nCrane\\u2019s stumbles backward a step. Then another. His knees give out, and he FALLS BACK on to an enormous KEY RACK -- As he sinks to the floor, he\\u2019s pelted by a rain of SKELETON KEYS, falling from above him in a CLATTERING DIN --\", \"BALLANTINE\\nA bounty? Heavens, no! A reward for returning my niece back home to me!\", \"Harry pulls something out of his breast pocket, TOSSING IT down to Sophia. She catches it, looking down at -- THE SILVER POCKET-WATCH that Harry stole from the BANKER, what now seems like forever ago. Its case DENTED where it was struck by a bullet, the glass watch face SHATTERED --\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. The Robert-Houdin machine was burned.\\nII. Harry sneaks into the BALLANTINE ESTATE.\\nIII. Harry finds the hidden PUZZLE BOX.\\nIV. Harry was caught peeking into Crane's conversation.\", \"A\": \"IV,III,II,I\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"CLANG!?\\nCrane WHIPS AROUND, catching Harry spying on them.?\\nHarry tries to scamper away, but Crane crosses the shop in a few brief strides, GRABBING Harry by the scruff of the neck and DRAGGING him down out of the loft.\", \"He turns back to the workbench. Something GLINTS beneath the pile of greasy locks -- Harry SHOVES them aside. They CLATTER to the floor, revealing --THE PUZZLE BOX.\", \"Harry\\u2019s gaze lands on the WHITE CLOTH that hangs over the base of the cart. An idea forming in his mind...?\\n\\nINT. BALLANTINE ESTATE - KITCHEN - NIGHT?\\nThe two Workers push the ice sculpture into the low-ceilinged stone KITCHEN.?\\nThe white curtain SWISHES as Harry slips from his hiding place under the cart, unseen by the Workers.\", \"Sophia watches as the fire-engulfed machine begins to SHAKE, harder and harder -- tiny metal screw POP from their cases -- A low rumble grows LOUDER AND LOUDER. Sophia realizes at the last moment -- the machine is about to BLOW --?\\nShe races back towards the trap door, LEAPING UP. Her fingers barely brush the edge of the manhole. But she is able to HOLD ON, pulling herself out onto stage, just as -- FWOOSH! A blast of FIRE AND LIGHTNING explodes across the stage behind her, sendING Sophia SAILING into the audience, landing HARD in a row of chairs.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. Harry was rescued from detention by Crane.\\nII. CCrowley sinks Harry into the vat of water.\\nIII. Crowley shoots Harry.\\nIV. Sofia kisses Harry.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III,IV\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Harry appears terrified, cowering under the Rabbi\\u2019s grip. But as soon as they turn the street corner -- His face breaks out in a DELIGHTED GRIN.?\\nHARRY?\\n...He bought it! He actually bought it! Mamzer was a nice touch, that might have been your best performance yet.\", \"He PULLS the lever. Metal SHRIEKS as gears begin to GRIND, slowly LOWERING the bound Harry into the vat of water.\", \"CROWLEY (CONT'D)?\\n-- Always check up the sleeve.?\\nBANG! The gunshot echoes through the theater, the bullet blasting RIGHT INTO HARRY\\u2019S CHEST.\", \"Sophia hesitates --?\\nThen leans in, planting a TENDER KISS on Harry\\u2019s lips.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"I. Harry is caught by the police.\\nII. DELACROIX mentions that his family has just purchased a rubber plantation.\\nIII. HARRY learns BALLANTINE is a magician.\\nIV. HARRY solves the puzzle-box secret.\", \"I. BALLANTINE offered a reward for finding Harry and Sophia.\\nII. Crowley killed Crane.\\nIII. The pocket watch saves Harry's life.\", \"IV. Harry was caught peeking into Crane's conversation.\\nIII. Harry finds the hidden PUZZLE BOX.\\nII. Harry sneaks into the BALLANTINE ESTATE.\\nI. The Robert-Houdin machine was burned.\", \"I. Harry was rescued from detention by Crane.\\nII. Crowley sinks Harry into the vat of water.\\nIII. Crowley shoots Harry.\\nIV. Sofia kisses Harry.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"I,II\", \"I,II\", \"I,II\", \"I,II\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. Wolf assists the team from within the high-tech electronic lair and she is a hacker.\\nII. Joey sees Gus as one of his own, highlighting the spirit of teamwork.\", \"A\": \"I,II\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"She fidgets in?\\nthe back of a high-tech electronic lair, calling up DIGITIZED?\\nBLUEPRINTS as the van speeds along --\", \"JOEY?\\nYou\\u2019re part of my crew now, kid.?\\nFix\\u2019s Six don\\u2019t quit. Hell or high?\\nwater. That\\u2019s rule one.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. The title of this movie appears.\\nII. Travis sold his egg.\", \"A\": \"I,II\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"FREEZE FRAME ON GUS\\u2019 HURT REACTION AS A TITLE EXPLODES ACROSS?\\nTHE SCREEN -- ALSO, THE TITLE OF OUR MOVIE --?\\nTHE DEMOLITION EXPERT\", \"TRAVIS?\\nWe framed you to cover our tracks.?\\nWaited five years for the heat to?\\ndie down and then we sold the Egg.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. The title of Joey.\\nII. The BOOM GOES THE DYNAMTIE PRODUCTIONS LLC.LOGO.\", \"A\": \"I,II\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"FREEZE FRAME TITLE ON JOEY: THE MASTERMIND.\", \"They approach a converted BOMB SQUAD TRUCK. A cross between a?\\ntank and a black ambulance. A LOGO with explosions and?\\nfirebombs emblazoned on the side --?\\nBOOM GOES THE DYNAMTIE PRODUCTIONS LLC.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. The title of Stick.\\nII. The LOCAL REAL ESTATE DEVELOPER KILLED IN BIZZARE CONTROLLED DEMOLITION news on the ipad.\", \"A\": \"I,II\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"He massages his fingers and cracks his knuckles. Wiggles them?\\nmischievously. FREEZE FRAME TITLE: THE PICKPOCKET.\", \"A GOON at the wheel. Armed GOONS in the back. Duncan sits?\\nshotgun, on the phone with Joey, reading an article from the?\\nLas Vegas news on an iPad --?\\nLOCAL REAL ESTATE DEVELOPER KILLED IN?\\nBIZZARE CONTROLLED DEMOLITION\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"I. Wolf assists the team from within the high-tech electronic lair and she is a hacker.\\nII. Joey sees Gus as one of his own, highlighting the spirit of teamwork.\", \"I. The title of this movie appears.\\nII. Travis sold his egg.\", \"II. The BOOM GOES THE DYNAMTIE PRODUCTIONS LLC.LOGO.\\nI. The title of Joey.\", \"II. The LOCAL REAL ESTATE DEVELOPER KILLED IN BIZZARE CONTROLLED DEMOLITION news on the ipad.\\nI. The title of Stick.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"I,III,II\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of the following events: \\nI. Sammy's mom told him, the movies are like dreams.\\nII. There\\u2019s a tornado outside THE FABELMAN HOUSE.\\nIII. Bennie ate a big black spider and scared the two kids.\", \"A\": \"I,III,II\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Sammy looks up at his mom.?\\nMITZI\\u2019S VOICE (O.S.)?\\nThey\\u2019re like dreams.\", \"Bennie snatches the spider and pops it in his mouth and?\\nchews. Natalie screams again, and Reggie joins her.\", \"SAMMY (O.S.)?\\nThere\\u2019s a tornado outside!!\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"I. Sammy's mom told him, the movies are like dreams.\\nII. There\\u2019s a tornado outside THE FABELMAN HOUSE.\\nIII. Bennie ate a big black spider and scared the two kids.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"IV,III,II,I\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of the following events: \\nI. The homestead exploded.\\nII. Arturo's dead.\\nIII. Tye burned Dom's Ducati.\\nIV. Tye arrived in El Paso.\", \"A\": \"IV,III,II,I\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"EXT. EL PASO AIRPORT - DAY Tye stands at the pick-up area in front the airport. The airport entrance is as mundane as the surrounding desert.\", \"-- Tye POPS open the front panel of the fancy Ducati bike. -- Tye taps EXPOSED wires together. The Ducati REVS ALIVE. -- Tye parks the Ducati next to the various, cheaper MOTORCYCLES. He scopes the entrance out. Coast is clear. -- Tye ignites the FLARE. Phosphorus flames burn bright. -- He dumps the flair inside the Ducati\\u2019s FUEL INTAKE VALVE. MOMENTS LATER Tye pulls out in Buck\\u2019s truck. He saunters at the edge of the lot, eyes fixed on the Ducati in the REAR VIEW. TYE Anytime now... The bike EXPLODES. Flames spread to the other bikes. As the gang exits to observe the fiery chaos, Tye peels off into the El Paso streets, speeding away. He\\u2019s in the wind. EXT. EL LOCO LOBO - NIGHT (MOMENTS LATER) A handful of gangsters spray the remaining collection of FLAMING vehicles with fire extinguishers. Buckets of water douse what\\u2019s left of crackling flames. Dom stands near his Ducati, now reduced to a smoldering, black shell of a once elegant vehicle. Landry is by his side.\", \"ARTURO I have lived life as a man... It is your turn to do the same. Now Tye sees the rays of a flashlight at a distance. He looks back to Arturo, but his life force has left him.\", \"EXT. THE HOMESTEAD - NIGHT A beat. The house EXPLODES in a ball of FIERY RED.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"IV. Tye arrived in El Paso.\\nIII. Tye burned Dom's Ducati.\\nII. Arturo's dead.\\nI. The homestead exploded.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"I,III,II,IV\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of the following events: \\nI. Rivka and Hugo left Warsaw in a truck.\\nII. Hugo found Wanderer's engine missing.\\nIII. Kaiser ordered his man to kill Elias.\\nIV. Rivaka and Hugo successfully escaped from Vormelker Manor.\", \"A\": \"I,III,II,IV\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Rivka and Hugo are already making for the truck, driven by 2 MEN (ALEKSANDER & MARCEL) dressed in delivery coveralls and caps. Polish Partisans, insurgents disguised as workers. MARCEL Get in back under the shelf. Huddle close, your cousin will kill me if you freeze to death on the way. Rivka nods her gratitude and they climb into the cargo hold, slamming the gate shut as VROOM! They go RUMBLING OFF as... GOD\\u2019S EYE VIEW ...we watch Nazi trucks packed with Jews, driving off from the ghetto to the Treblinka-bound trains... and A LONE DELIVERY TRUCK heading out of the city. EXT. COUNTRYSIDE BEYOND WARSAW - NIGHT The truck\\u2019s a spark in vast darkness. Warsaw\\u2019s gone;\", \"Kaiser rises, gives a nod to one of his men and--BLAM! Elias is executed with a headshot.\", \"CLIMBS OUT AND GOES AROUND TO THE FRONT OF THE WANDERER --where she lifts the hood\\u2019s lid, props it up on a strut. Hugo aims the flashlight at the shadowy depths of the Wanderer\\u2019s engine compartment, turns it on-- CLICK! And we reveal something that takes their breath away. THE ENGINE IS MISSING.\", \"Rivka\\u2019s crying. At long last, letting it out. Tears of relief. Triumph. Survival.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"I. Rivka and Hugo left Warsaw in a truck.\\nII. Hugo found Wanderer's engine missing.\\nIII. Kaiser ordered his man to kill Elias.\\nIV. Rivaka and Hugo successfully escaped from Vormelker Manor.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"II,III,I\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Please reorder the timeline in the actual order irrelevant to the time travel.\\nI. Johny is shot dead.\\nII. Mary leaves Johny for religious reasons.\\nIII. Johny receives a golden envelope as an invitation.\", \"A\": \"II,III,I\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"JOHNNY\\nThis is embarrassing, but uh...my?\\nwife, Mary. She left me for him.\", \"Johnny falls into his chair. There\\u2019s a gold envelope sitting?\\non top of the computer keyboard in front of him.\", \"THWIP! A bullet tears through Johnny\\u2019s eye, splattering blood all over Johnny #2\\u2019s face.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"II. Mary leaves Johny for religious reasons.\\nIII. Johny receives a golden envelope as an invitation.\\nI. Johny is shot dead.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"III,II,IV,I\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Please reorder the death of the following people:\\nI. Amleth.\\nII. Guer\\u00fan.\\nIII. `Th\\u00f3rir.\\nIV. GUDR\\u00faN.\", \"A\": \"III,II,IV,I\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"`Th\\u00f3rir's bloodied corpse lies on a bier, carried by male slaves who bring it out of the longhouse through a hole cut in the turf wall (a corpse-door).\", \"They cross blades twice more. Amleth narrowly escapes Gudr\\u00fan\\u2019s blade ... and strikes her a fatal blow! He plunges Draugr deep into his mother\\u2019s chest. There is silence. Gudr\\u00fan goes pale. Still standing upright, she looks down at Draugr's blade sticking out of her body.\", \"Gunnar is out of the bed, running to Amleth, A DAGGER in his hand ... He jumps on Amleth and starts stabbing him with his dagger, over and over and over and over \\u2014 a wild frenzy of stabbing to kill Amleth ...With a swing of Draugr, Amleth drops Gudr\\u00fan's lifeless body on the floor and strikes young Gunnar across the torso. The boy falls dead on the floor beside his mother.\", \"\\\"In the chaos of blows, it all ends when Fj?lnir thrusts his?\\nsword toward Amleth's chest, deep into his heart ...\\\"\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"III. Th\\u00f3rir.\\nIV. GUDR\\u00faN.\\nII. Guer\\u00fan.\\nI. Amleth.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"I,II,III,IV\", \"I,II,III,IV\", \"III,I,II,IV\", \"IV,III,II,I\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. The crew found a female wolf who had just given birth.\\nII. Harry admits to the fact that they hurt the wolf.\\nIII. The crew burned the wolf's body.\\nIV. ROBERT fell off a cliff and died.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III,IV\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"EVE?\\nThat one is pregnant. No...?\\n(beat)?\\nShe must have just had pups. Look, her teets are hanging.\", \"HARRY?\\nYou can all thank us later when it\\u2019s the best scene in the movie --\", \"The crew stand in a circle around the fire. The corpse of the wolf engulfed in flames. It\\u2019s macabre.\", \"The root gives way and --?\\nROBERT falls.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. Scarlet and Alex have an affair in the tent.\\nII. The crew chases after Robert.\\nIII. The crew got Robert's camera.\\nIV. The whole room started howling after Harry.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III,IV\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Scarlet and Alex are having sex in Alex\\u2019s tent. It\\u2019s intense, sweaty and primal. Two wild beasts attacking each other.?\\nThere\\u2019s nothing sensual about it, almost uncomfortable to watch. We stay on it a beat too long.\", \"Robert turns around and starts walking away. The crew take off after him. He looks over his shoulder and picks up the pace, the crew still close behind him. Soon they\\u2019re all running. The chase is on.\", \"Alex gets the camera.?\\nBut nobody moves. The crew just stand there in a semi-circle, watching as Robert desperately tries to hold on.\", \"The entire room is now howling from the top of their lungs.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. Alex was interviewed.\\nII. The waiter took a group photo of Lynn's group.\\nIII. Eve sends flyers to her neighbors.\\nIV. Peter howls on stage.\", \"A\": \"III,I,II,IV\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"INTERVIEWER?\\nThis is your sixth nomination for outstanding cinematography in a nature documentary film. Time to break the curse and finally nab an Emmy?\", \"Lynn hands him her phone and they all get ready for the photo.?\\nHARRY?\\nSay Emmy!?\\nSome do. Some laugh awkwardly. Eve is uncomfortable. The waiter takes the photo, hands back the phone and walks away.\", \"LYNN?\\nEve\\u2019s always gone her own way. I remember when she was little and found a sick hawk in the backyard. She heard animal control tell us it ate rat poison and the next morning I find her out in the streets putting flyers in all the neighbors\\u2019 mailboxes warning them rat poison kills birds. I always knew she was gonna do great things. I still do.\", \"Peter closes his eyes, inhales and --?\\nHOWLS.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. PETER confesses to killing Robert.\\nII. Dean punches Harry.\\nIII. The filming team find a wounded wolf.\\nIV. Harry apologizes to Eve.\", \"A\": \"IV,III,II,I\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"HARRY?\\nI\\u2019m sorry I lost it out there.?\\nEVE?\\nThat\\u2019s okay.?\\nHARRY?\\nNo, it\\u2019s not. I shouldn\\u2019t have said those things to you. Especially not in front of the others. It was unprofessional. You\\u2019re smart and hard working and you deserve to be treated with respect.\", \"We see that one of the wolves is injured. It\\u2019s barely able to stand. Fur thin and matted. The shine is gone. It drags itself along, but every step looks excruciating.\", \"Dean charges. He punches Harry, takes him to the ground.\", \"PETER?\\nWe killed him, Elizabeth.?\\n(beat)?\\nWe killed Robert because we faked everything and he came and caught us.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"I. The crew found a female wolf who had just given birth.\\nII. Harry admits to the fact that they hurt the wolf.\\nIII. The crew burned the wolf's body.\\nIV. Robert fell off a cliff and died.\", \"I. Scarlet and Alex have an affair in the tent.\\nIII. The crew got Robert's camera.\\nII. The crew chases after Robert.\\nIV. The whole room started howling after Harry.\", \"I, II, III, IV\", \"III, IV, I, II\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"I,IV,III,II\", \"I,II,III,IV\", \"IV,III,II,I\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. Quincy burned a few ants with a magnifying glass.\\nII. Quincy's body fades away.\\nIII. Zee takes Justin down.\\nIV. Zee looks at the symbol on Carla's hand.\", \"A\": \"I,IV,III,II\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"ZEE's POV: he zeroes in on the small symbol on Carla's hand??\", \"Out of freaking nowhere Zee TACKLES Justin to the ground like a Linebacker!!\", \"All at once, both his legs AND arms: GONE. Okay, now Quincy's FULL-BLOWN panicking. Hilariously just a floating head & chest, he goes to SCREAM to warn them but... remember that whole \\\"his screams make no noise\\\" thing?\", \"QUINCY (O.C.)?\\n(from inside a cabinet)?\\nI accidentally set an old newspaper on fire with a magnifying glass once and it killed some ants-- I'll never live it down--\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. JUSTIN find huge SCRATCH MARKS on the wall.\\nII. JUSTIN tells horror legends.\\nIII. JUSTIN finds a brown leather diary.\\nIV. JUSTIN finds the disappearing QUINCY.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III,IV\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Up the stairs they find huge SCRATCH MARKS on the wall. It's hard to tell what could have caused them.\", \"JUSTIN?\\n(moving on)?\\nAnyway, here's my fact.?\\n(reading)?\\n\\\"A legend began in 2002 that a monster named 'The Seeker' steals kids that lose at Hide and Seek.\\\" Everybody knows that story. Dumb.\", \"He grabs the photo of his old smiling friend off the wall, looking down at it, and past it on the desk below he sees a BROWN LEATHER JOURNAL sticking out from some papers.?\\nJUSTIN?\\nI found something.\", \"QUINCY (O.C.)?\\nJUSTIN!!!! Holy HECK. HOWWW.... did you know the password?! You really can solve anything!\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. MARY takes JUSTIN to her hiding place.\\nII. CARLA proposes a game of hide-and-seek.\\nIII. A LOVEBUG lands on Quincy's shirt.\\nIV. MONICAP COUNSELOR finds missing Zee.\", \"A\": \"IV,III,II,I\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"She sees it's Zee, and stops breathing. She immediately calls-?\\nOPERATOR (V.O.)?\\n9-1-1. What's your emergency??\\nMONICAP COUNSELOR?\\nOh my God, I-- Umm... I think I see a kid that went missing last year???\\nAs we watch a confused Zee stumble closer to camp--\", \"A LOVEBUG lands on Quincy's shirt... just a lovebug.\", \"CARLA?\\nProve it. Let's play Hide and Seek. Loser has to ask Zee where's he's?\\nbeen the past year.?\\nThe kids don't like these odds, but they nod. Fine, game on.?\\nQUINCY?\\nDidn't the other campkids say Zee went missing while playing? Kinda feels like back luck playing here..?\\n(unfazed by his own point)?\\nSo who wants to be the Seeker?!\", \"MARY?\\nWelcome to my hiding spot. I hide the ladder so nobody can use it.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"I. Quincy burned a few ants with a magnifying glass.\\nIII. Zee takes Justin down.\\nIV. Zee looks at the symbol on Carla's hand.\\nII. Quincy's body fades away.\", \"II. JUSTIN tells horror legends.\\nI. JUSTIN find huge SCRATCH MARKS on the wall.\\nIII. JUSTIN finds a brown leather diary.\\nIV. JUSTIN finds the disappearing QUINCY.\", \"IV. MONICAP COUNSELOR finds missing Zee.\\nIII. A LOVEBUG lands on Quincy's shirt.\\nII. CARLA proposes a game of hide-and-seek.\\nI. MARY takes JUSTIN to her hiding place.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"I,III,II\", \"I,III,II\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of the following events: \\nI. It\\u2019s freshman orientation and DEAN PADERBORN is giving a speech.\\nII. Tabby went to George's room FOR THE FIRST TIME.\\nIII. The team throws a private party at The Prince to celebrate the win.\", \"A\": \"I,III,II\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"It\\u2019s freshman orientation and DEAN PADERBORN is giving a?\\nspeech. Teachers flank him on either side.\", \"GEORGE?\\nHumor me.?\\n(beat)?\\nSaturday. The team is throwing a?\\nprivate party at The Prince to?\\ncelebrate the win. We each get a?\\nplus one and, well, would you like?\\nto be mine?\", \"He Leads Her Inside, Loosening His Tie. His Room Is Sparse,?\\nBut The Things Inside It Look Expensive. The Duvet. The?\\nFilled Bookshelves. The Plush Pillows.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of the following events: \\nI. From the top bunk, Wren FALLS to the floor.\\nII. Tabby and George kissed each other for the first time.\\nIII. Wren and Tebby haven't heard the story of the Twelve Dancing Princesses.\", \"A\": \"I,III,II\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"From the top bunk, Wren FALLS to the floor and starts?\\nsobbing.\", \"IZZY?\\nHave either of you ever heard the?\\nstory of the Twelve Dancing?\\nPrincesses??\\nWren and Tabby shake their heads.\", \"Tabby abruptly wraps her arms around George\\u2019s neck and kisses?\\nhim hard on the mouth. He kisses her back, firmly. He pushes?\\nher against the stall and grabs her waist. It\\u2019s breathy.?\\nFinally, they pull away. And look at each other.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"I. It\\u2019s freshman orientation and DEAN PADERBORN is giving a speech.\\nII. The team throws a private party at The Prince to celebrate the win.\\nIII. Tabby went to George's room FOR THE FIRST TIME.\", \"III. Wren and Tebby haven't heard the story of the Twelve Dancing Princesses.\\nI. From the top bunk, Wren FALLS to the floor.\\nII. Tabby and George kissed each other for the first time.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"I,II,III\", \"II,I,III\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Please reorder the following events in chronological order.\\nI. Nic doesn\\u2019t arrive on time for Addy\\u2019s birthday party.\\nII. Nic goes to Mexico.\\nIII. Nic sees Javi\\u2019s movie memorabilia collection.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Nic is speeding, twisting the throttle on the Ducati as he?\\nweaves through traffic. He\\u2019s clearly late.\", \"INT. PRIVATE PLANE - DAY\\nNic, hungover, is watching a small TV on the jet.\", \"They wander through a large movie memorabilia collection.?\\nLarge glass cases with stars outfits, props, and other?\\nawesome memorabilia line the hallway.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Please reorder the timeline?\\nI. Javi and Nic pretend that they are playing a scene at the edge of a cliff.\\nII. Patrick offers Nic with the opportunity to go to Mexico.\\nIII. Javi is hit by the cartel men.\", \"A\": \"II,I,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"PATRICK\\nYou head down to Mexico.\", \"LIGHTNING strikes again. Startles them. Javi is clearly?\\n\\u201cacting.\\u201d He\\u2019s trying to get Nic to play along...\", \"IN A CARTEL TRUCK Lucas is shooting back. JAVI IS HIT. He?\\ncrumples to the ground and rolls off the side of the road as?\\nthe remaining trucks roar past. Gabriela runs to his side...\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"I. Nic doesn\\u2019t arrive on time for Addy\\u2019s birthday party.\\nII. Nic goes to Mexico.\\nIII. Nic sees Javi\\u2019s movie memorabilia collection.\", \"II. Patrick offers Nic with the opportunity to go to Mexico.\\nI. Javi and Nic pretend that they are playing a scene at the edge of a cliff.\\nIII. Javi is hit by the cartel men.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"I,IV,III,II\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of the following events: \\nI. Charlie was masturbating.\\nII. Ellie made Thomas take a hit of pot.\\nIII. Liz brought a fat guy wheelchair for Charlie.\\nIV. The key bounced underneath the washing machine.\", \"A\": \"I,IV,III,II\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"CHARLIE, a man in his late 40s weighing around 600 pounds, is on the couch, masturbating to gay porn playing on a laptop on a rolling desk.\", \"Charlie stands with his walker at the closed door to the second bedroom. There is an old, dust-covered key laying flat on top of the doorframe. Using his claw, Charlie tries to grab the key. He struggles to get the right angle, and lifting his arms this high proves difficult. Just as he\\u2019s about to get hold of the key, it slips from the claw\\u2019s grip and falls to the floor. Charlie tries to use the claw to grab the key. He manages to grip the key momentarily, but as he\\u2019s lifting it he loses his grip and the key falls back to the floor, bouncing underneath the washing machine in an adjacent closet.\", \"Liz locks the two bolts on the door, then brings the wheelchair to Charlie. Thomas stands near the front door, not knowing what to do. CHARLIE What is it? LIZ What the fuck does it look like? Liz unfolds the wheelchair. LIZ (CONT'D) It\\u2019s a fat guy wheelchair.\", \"That\\u2019s a stupid reason. Do you think he wants to have sex with you? That\\u2019s so gross, oh my God, take a hit. Ellie extends the pipe to Thomas. THOMAS I don\\u2019t want--! ELLIE If you don\\u2019t take a hit I\\u2019m gonna call the police and tell them you tried to rape me. Take a hit.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"III,II,I,IV\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of the following events: \\nI. Eleanor and Lucas went to Signora Bianchi's apartment.\\nII. Eleanor and Lucas stayed at the nightclub.\\nIII. Eleanor met a backpacker.\\nIV. Lucas saw Chiara in Milan.\", \"A\": \"III,II,I,IV\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"An AMERICAN BACKPACKER (20s/30s, goofy, University of Texas frat shirt, stupid sunglasses) walks up to Eleanor.\", \"INT. NIGHTCLUB They have stayed for longer than a little while.\", \"She looks at Eleanor and then back at him. SIGNORA BIANCHI It will be good for you. Come in, I bought pastries this morning. She turns toward her apartment.\", \"He scans the front of the station and sees FRANCESCO talking to CHIARA. LUCAS Oh shit. ELEANOR What? LUCAS He\\u2019s here and he\\u2019s talking to my girlfriend.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"III, II, I, IV\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"I,II,IV,III\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of the following events: \\nI. Mia told Ida to take the pills.\\nII. Mia discovered the secret basement.\\nIII. In Ida's kitchen, the water from the sink faucet turned red.\\nIV. Mia told Alien Rose was her mother.\", \"A\": \"I,II,IV,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"MIA Take your pills. Mia hands her a tiny cup of pills off the vanity. Ida takes them with a glass of water and scrunches up her face in disgust.\", \"INT. SECRET BASEMENT - SAME Mia climbs down the ladder. The room isn't large, perhaps ten by five feet. We must be in the basement of the house, but a cinder block false wall has been erected to hide the space.\", \"MIA Rose was my mother. ALIEN I know.\", \"INT. IDA\\u2019S KITCHEN - MOMENTS LATER Mia turns on the sink faucet. A stream of RED WATER now.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"II. Mia discovered the secret basement.\\nI. Mia told Ida to take the pills.\\nIV. Mia told Alien Rose was her mother.\\nIII. In Ida's kitchen, the water from the sink faucet turned red.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"I,II,III,IV\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. Caleb gives the hot dog to the homeless.\\nII. CALEB has sex with AIDS patients.\\nIII. Caleb and Estha ride a roller coaster.\\nIV. Grandma learns that Caleb may be infected with AIDS.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III,IV\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"The homeless man opens the tray: it\\u2019s a day-old 7/11 hot dog. The man shrugs and takes a bite.?\\nCaleb jolts up, knocking over the racks on the table.\", \"CALEB?\\nLast Thursday night. I\\u2019m going through this \\u2018breakup\\u2019 thing and this \\u2018can\\u2019t afford college\\u2019 thing, and so I went out to this new queer biker bar, which I\\u2019m pretty sure is just a front for guys to wear leather suspenders. Anyway, I met an Argentine dude who did this crazy thing with his tongue and so I had no choice but to bone him.\", \"MERYL?\\nOh my God, Cay. How long have you- when did this-why, why are you just telling me now?\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"II. CALEB has sex with AIDS patients.\\nI. Caleb gives the hot dog to the homeless.\\nIII. Caleb and Estha ride a roller coaster.\\nIV. Grandma learns that Caleb may be infected with AIDS.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"II,I,III\", \"I,III,II\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the following key events:\\nI. Mamie decides to have an open casket funeral for Emmett.\\nII. Mamie views Emmett's mutilated body at the funeral home.\\nIII. Mamie speaks publicly about Emmett's death and calls for justice.\", \"A\": \"II,I,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Mamie stands at the center of the room and contemplates.\", \"Mamie rests her head on Emmett\\u2019s chest and releases all her pain and anger in a gut-wrenching sob.\", \"Mamie climbs a metal staircase to a platform perched atop a sound truck, where Roy Wilkins greets her. She takes in the THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE in the audience, holding SIGNS.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the following key events related to Mamie Bradley:\", \"A\": \"I,III,II\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Mamie stands at the center of the room and contemplates.\", \"Mamie rests her head on Emmett\\u2019s chest and releases all her pain and anger in a gut-wrenching sob.\", \"Mamie climbs a metal staircase to a platform perched atop a sound truck, where Roy Wilkins greets her. She takes in the THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE in the audience, holding SIGNS.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"\", \"1. Mamie Bradley drives with her 14-year-old son, Emmett Till, who is playfully lip syncing to the radio.\\n2. After dropping off Emmett at the train station, Mamie collapses and is taken to her home by her mother, Alma, and partner, Gene.\\n3. Mamie decides to return to work despite Alma's protests.\\n4. Mamie later receives a letter about Emmett's arrival in Mississippi and his happiness.\\n5. After a brief unconsciousness, Mamie wakes up to learn that Emmett, on vacation in Mississippi, had been kidnapped.\\n6. Mamie is mesmerized when she talks to a crowd in Harlem about Emmett. She talks about having a purpose now and wanting to continue to fight for justice outside of the eventual verdict of the trial.\\n7. Mamie testifies in court, facing harsh questioning from the defense.\\n8. After the trial, Mamie returns to her home in Chicago and spends some time in Emmett's untouched bedroom. She imagines happy family moments at a wedding and a beach holiday.\\n9. Mamie continues her reality, moving forward with her life after losing Emmett.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"II,I,IV,III\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of the following events: \\nI. Vince went gambling.\\nII. Vince sent Meg to LAX.\\nIII. Anna opened the briefcase.\\nIV. Walsh caught Vince at the hospital.\", \"A\": \"II,I,IV,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"EXT. LAX - DEPARTURES TERMINAL - MINUTES LATER Vince parks curbside at LAX, hops out, helping Meg with her bags, but she\\u2019s giving him the cold shoulder...\", \"Ahead, an LED sign for THE HOLLWOOD PARK CASINO sparkles like an electric oasis. And Vince brightens with a crazy idea... INT. HOLLYWOOD PARK CASINO - DAY Knockoff Vegas in the dregs of Inglewood. Glitz on a budget: cheap decor, shitty drinks, crappy service. Tables crowded with degenerate gamblers addicted to the thrill of fast cash. Vince walks in, goes to an ATM. Checks bank account. $6K in savings. Pathetic. Can only withdraw a thousand in cash. Money in hand, he wanders, deciding which game to play. Stops at a HIGH LIMIT ROULETTE TABLE where -\", \"INT. HOSPITAL ROOM - LATER Vince lies in a hospital bed, breathing steady, eyes cracking open, not too bad for a guy who was just on death\\u2019s doorstep. As he stirs, something metallic jangles. Cold steel on his wrists. HE SEES HIS HANDS ARE CUFFED TO THE BED RAILING! WALSH (O.S.) Sleeping beauty awakes.\", \"ANNA (translating it aloud) The first time I saw you. She thinks a beat, then DIALS A SEQUENCE INTO THE COMBO LOCK. And... TWHIP! The case pops open.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"II. Vince sent Meg to LAX.\\nI. Vince went gambling.\\nIV. Walsh caught Vince at the hospital.\\nIII. Anna opened the briefcase.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"IV,III,II,I\", \"I,II,III,IV\", \"II,I,III,IV\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. Joss touches the meteor.\\nII. Nun gives Joss the necklace.\\nIII. Troffea was tied to the bed by her husband.\\nIV. Joss transports the meteor to the cathedral basement.\", \"A\": \"IV,III,II,I\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"After many long hours, the meteor has finally arrived at its ultimate destination: poised gently on a bed of hay in a stone chamber beneath the cathedral.\", \"Nightfall. Troffea\\u2019s tied to the bed now, THICK SAILOR\\u2019S KNOTS keeping her still.\", \"Joss, lurching his way towards the door. Behind him, one of the Nuns unclasps her necklace.\\nStanding & catching up to Joss, she places it in his hand.\", \"Joss ignoring him, his hands reaching, &... laying his fingers gently on the meteor\\u2019s face.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. JOSS sowing seeds in the field.\\nII. Troffea abandons his children.\\nIII. The onlooker's friend punched Troffea's husband.\\nIV. HERR WILHELM gave the silver badge to IDA.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III,IV\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"He licks each seed before bending to place it in the tilled earth. The work is slow, but the Farmer is unflagging. Under his breath, he counts the seeds out loud, perhaps to occupy his mind, perhaps because each one is precious.\", \"Back on Troffea. We can still hear her baby\\u2019s caterwauling as she walks, faster now. Trying to outpace the sound.\", \"The Onlooker\\u2019s friend comes in from behind to sucker-punch the husband, with what\\u2019s left of the crowd shifting over to watch the fight.\", \"HERR WILHELM\\n(louder)\\nA pair of errands, then.\\nCarefully unpinning a SILVER MEDALLION from his waistcoat, he presses it into her hands.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below evenst: \\nI. Troffea danced uncontrollably for the first time.\\nII. Joss first time to NOTRE DAME DE STRASBOURG.\\nIII. William attends the meeting of the COUNCIL of 21.\\nIV. The Physician feeds SEDATIVE to Troffea.\", \"A\": \"II,I,III,IV\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Joss, Priest Silus, & the Deacon arrive at the west facade of NOTRE DAME DE STRASBOURG -- a sublimely beautiful structure.\", \"Awkward footfalls tapping the cobblestones.\\nThe Woman (& we the audience) is confused: Troffea has begun to dance.\", \"He knocks twice, then twice again. The door opens, a GUARD at the ready as he steps inside, &--\\nINT. MEETING CHAMBER -- DAY\\nA large stone room. Chairs in the round. Almost two dozen MEN already assembled. This is the COUNCIL of 21, the secular governing body of Strasbourg.\", \"Holding her arms down with his knees, The Physician tries to force a SEDATIVE into her mouth.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"IV. Joss transports the meteor to the cathedral basement.\\nIII. Troffea was tied to the bed by her husband.\\nII. Nun gives Joss the necklace.\\nI. Joss touches the meteor.\", \"I. JOSS sowing seeds in the field.\\nII. Troffea abandons his children.\\nIII. The onlooker's friend punched Troffea's husband.\\nIV. HERR WILHELM gave the silver badge to IDA.\", \"II. Joss first time to NOTRE DAME DE STRASBOURG.\\nI. Troffea danced uncontrollably for the first time.\\nIV. The Physician feeds SEDATIVE to Troffea.\\nIII. William attends the meeting of the COUNCIL of 21.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"I,III,II,IV\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of the following events: \\nI. Ophelia witnessed her mother's death.\\nII. Tonsil strolled through the town plaza, throwing dynamite. 3.Hoagy fell into Bandit's trap.\\nIV. Ophelia shot her father.\", \"A\": \"I,III,II,IV\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"EXT. THE DUSTY OLD TOWN - BEHIND THE SHOPS - NIGHT Move slow with Hoagy\\u2019s horse, draped in darkness, steadily clopping behind the town\\u2019s buildings. Until he stops -- -- and climbs off, brings his RIFLE up, SH-CLACK, chambering it as he moves easy -- when he spots: ALBERT. On the PORCH OF HIS BURNING SHOP. He\\u2019s on his knees -- with a ROPE TIGHT AROUND HIS NECK -- -- the rope stretching down behind him, binding his hands, whereas any small move Albert makes, he\\u2019ll slightly strangle himself -- -- as the fire consumes his store, inching closer to Albert -- -- and Hoagy, looking to this. This brazen fucking trap.\", \"She stands beside AUGUSTA BELMONT. 30s. Ophelia\\u2019s mother. Laying face down in the field. Hands bound. Shot dead. BANDIT (V.O.) Same folks say that\\u2019s when she proved to be every bit her father\\u2019s daughter. And off Ophelia, this young girl bearing witness to what no child ever should, we head to:\", \"Tonsil, just strolling through the town plaza throwing dynamite.\", \"And Hoagy lurches. Because Ophelia has just shot him.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"I. Ophelia witnessed her mother's death.\\nII. Hoagy fell into Bandit's trap.\\nIII. Tonsil strolled through the town plaza, throwing dynamite.\\nIV. Ophelia shot her father.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"II,III,V,I,IV,VIII,VI,VII\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Please reorder the following locations in the order in which they appear in the line (Jennifer's travels after arriving at Alderney Manor): \\nI. Kitchen, 2. Aladerney Manor, 3. Staircase, 4. Shed, 5. Bedroom, 6. General Store, Saint Anne, 7. Beach Road, 8. Country Road .\", \"A\": \"II,III,V,I,IV,VIII,VI,VII\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"The taxi pulls away from an old-world English manor, leaving Jennifer alone in the stone driveway. Ocean waves can be heard CRASHING nearby. The turn-of-the-16th-century home is far bigger than the cottage she was expecting.\", \"\\\"INT. ALDERNEY MANOR, LARGE STAIRCASE - DAY?\\nJennifer drags her suitcase up the steps of a large wooden staircase.?\\nINT. ALDERNEY MANOR, MASTER BEDROOM - DAY?\\nThe suitcase flops onto a king-size brass bed. Light from the window illuminates the primarily pink and red 17th-century_x0002_style large bedroom. Jennifer opens the wooden dresser and unpacks her basic, worn delicates.?\\nINT. ALDERNEY MANOR, KITCHEN - DAY?\\nThe large kitchen has been modernized but still holds an authentic and historical style that reflects the Victorian era. Jennifer looks into an empty modern fridge.\\\"\", \"\\\"INT/EXT. ALDERNEY MANOR, SHED - DAY?\\nThe shed doors burst open. Standing silhouetted in the doorway, Jennifer looks at the broken windows and rusty yard tools inside.\\\"\", \"\\\"EXT. RURAL ROAD, INCLINE - DAY?\\nWild pink geraniums sway in the gentle breeze as Jennifer whizzes past on the bike.?\\nINT. GENERAL STORE, SAINT ANNE - DAY?\\nPlacing a fresh loaf of bread in a basket, Jennifer browses the aisle of a quaint general store.She picks out a bottle of red from a shelf of mostly Italian and French wines.\\\"\", \"\\\"EXT. BEACH ROAD - DAY?\\nJennifer rides her bike along the coastal road. A few beach_x0002_goers dot the stretch of white sandy on the left.\\\"\", \"\\\"EXT. ALDERNEY MANOR - DAY?\\nKathleen has unloaded Jennifer\\u2019s bike and wheels it to the side of the driveway. Jennifer stands nearby, holding her bag of groceries.\\\"\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"2. Alderney Manor, 4. Shed, 1. Kitchen, 3. Staircase, 5. Bedroom, 7. Beach Road, 6. General Store, Saint Anne, 8. Country Road.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"II,IV,I,III\", \"II,IV,III,I\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"IReorder the timeline of the following events: \\nI. Tate disappears without explanation after promising to return.\\nII. Tate begins teaching Kya how to read.\\nIII. Tate apologizes to Kya after many years apart.\\nIV. Tate and Kya become romantically involved.\", \"A\": \"II,IV,I,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"\\\"Can I teach you to read?\\\"\", \"\\\"Kya kisses him again to answer.\\\"\", \"\\\"Kya waits for Tate on the banks of the marsh. And waits.\\\"\", \"\\\"Kya, I'm so sorry. Can't you forgive me?\\\"\"]}, {\"Q\": \"In what order do these events related to Kya's family occur in the story?\\nI. Kya's brother Jodie returns after finding their mother.\\nII. Kya's mother walks out on the family.\\nIII. Kya's father leaves her alone for weeks at a time.\\nIV. Kya's siblings Murph, Mandy, Missy, and Jodie leave one by one.\", \"A\": \"II,IV,III,I\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"\\\"Ma walks out the door with her blue train case.\\\"\", \"\\\"In a SERIES OF SHOTS, Little Kya sits by the chickens and watches her brothers and sisters leave.\\\"\", \"\\\"Pa is passed out at the kitchen table, his snoring breaks through the birdsongs and gentle breezes outside.\\\"\", \"\\\"JODIE, now older and more filled out, is cutting tomatoes while Tate fries burgers for dinner.\\\"\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"II. Tate begins teaching Kya how to read.\\nIV. Tate and Kya become romantically involved.\\nI. Tate disappears without explanation after promising to return.\\nIII. Tate apologizes to Kya after many years apart.\", \"II, IV, III, I\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"I,II,III\", \"I,II,III,IV\", \"I,II,III\", \"I,II,III\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the events below:\\nI. Ruby identifies Hank's body.\\nII. Ruby helps make silver bullets.\\nIII. Ruby shoots Granger.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"\\\"Ruby kneels in the center of the room, and Jean slips the collar around her neck, CLICKS it into place. Ritualistic.\\\"\", \"\\\"Rob works an acetylene torch against a kitchen ladle, melting the silver trinkets in this crude crucible.\\\"\", \"\\\"Granger staggers toward her... BANG She hits him in the leg and it gives out and still he comes, dragging the hindquarter through a trail of blood.\\\"\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the events below:\\nI. Liz meets Nick.\\nII. Liz unleashes her power against the mob.\\nIII. Liz runs away with Nick.\\nIV. Liz says goodbye to Jean's grave.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III,IV\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"\\\"Hi. Hi. My name's Nick. Liz.\\\"\", \"\\\"And Liz slides into view, between Granger and them. Liz? TISH Liz stands before them, protective.\\\"\", \"\\\"The motorcycle glides down the ribbon of highway. Quick silver under moon light, racing past the dark autumn trees. Liz steering, and Nick holding her from behind.\\\"\", \"\\\"Liz drapes the necklace and key over Jean's grave. Then she walks away. At the edge of the clearing she hands Tish a plastic baggie, folded up.\\\"\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the events below:\\nI. Tate begins teaching Kya to read.\\nII. Tate becomes romantically involved with Kya.\\nIII. Tate gives Kya a book.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"\\\"Tate, I thought you may as well learn to write at the same time. So we start with \\\"A\\\". \\\"A\\\". Just draw that shape.\\\"\", \"\\\"Kya kisses him again to answer.\\\"\", \"\\\"He hands her a battered semi-auto pistol. For what? CRISPY I'm already packing.\\\"\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the events below:\\nI. The mob gathers weapons.\\nII. The mob searches for Liz in the cornfield.\\nIII. The mob is killed by Liz.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"\\\"Hank Jr lays three boxes of .22 cartridges on the bar. Hank Jr (cont'd) I know most of you got a rifle or pistol that'll hold a .22 cartridge.\\\"\", \"More SCREAMING behind her, followed by a STACCATO OF GUN FIRE. Several corn stalks splitting with bullets as she...\", \"\\\"And Liz slides into view, between Granger and them. Liz? TISH Liz stands before them, protective.\\\"\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"\", \"I. Liz meets Nick.\\nII. Liz unleashes her power against the mob.\\nIII. Liz says goodbye to Jean's grave.\\nIV. Liz runs away with Nick.\", \"III. Tate gives Kya a book.\\nI. Tate begins teaching Kya to read.\\nII. Tate becomes romantically involved with Kya.\", \"I. The mob gathers weapons.\\nII. The mob searches for Liz in the cornfield.\\nIII. The mob is killed by Liz.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"IV,III,II,I\", \"IV,III,II,I\", \"I,II,III,IV\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. Lily came to Rosie's house with a large suitcase.\\nII. Rosie gave Lily his phone number.\\nIII. AUNT BETH promises Rosie that she will star in a movie when the program succeeds.\\nIV. People sang birthday songs to Lily.\", \"A\": \"IV,III,II,I\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"Happy Birthday to you. Happy Birthday to you. Happy Birthday dear Lily. Happy Birthday to you!\\nCharles really gives it his all. Baritone. Lily thinks about her wish and blows the candles out without much enthusiasm.\", \"AUNT BETH\\nShe's not a loser. If you agree to become her best friend... I will get you a role in one of the studio's upcoming movies.\", \"ROSIE\\nI'll give you my number. Vintage.\\nLily takes her phone off Airplane mode and hands it to Rosie who seamlessly adds her number and takes a selfie with the perfect angle as the contact photo. She texts herself.\", \"She pulls a large suitcase out of the trunk and wheels it behind her. She makes her way to the tall front doors and rings the doorbell. Rosie opens it and looks down at the large suitcase.\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. Aunt Beth sent the message to Lily by mistake.\\nII. NIKKI A group of people play Truth or Dare.\\nIII. Rosie and Lily were hanging out at the mall.\\nIV. AUNT BETH gave Lily Harry Styles tickets.\", \"A\": \"IV,III,II,I\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"She hands Lily an envelope with a tiny bow on it. Lily opens it and her face lights up.\\nLILY\\nHarry Styles tickets?! OH MY GOD. THANK YOU, AUNT BETH! Maybe this birthday isn't so bad after all.\", \"Rosie and Lily walk around the barren mall, passing shut down stores and deserted kiosks.\", \"NIKKI\\n(to Lily)\\nTruth or dare.\", \"Aunt Beth texts Carrie \\\"THAT WAS CLOSE. I'll explain later. Rosie befriending Lily as part of my plan - it's complicated\\\" She then sends \\\"!!!!!!!!!!\\\" Then she realizes the text sent to LILY!!!!\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Reorder the timeline of below events: \\nI. Aunt Beth told Carrie to delete the missive.\\nII. Carrie deleted the missive.\\nIII. Aunt Beth explained to Carrie the friendship program she had devised for Lily.\\nIV. NIKKI tells Lily the truth.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III,IV\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"AUNT BETH\\nCARRIE! I just sent Lily a text that was meant for you. I need you to delete it before she sees it or else I'm fucking dead.\", \"Carrie is focused, not looking up from the phone, and deletes the text.\", \"Aunt Beth has finished explaining her plan.\", \"NIKKI\\n(mocks Rosie)\\nI-I-I-What? You have stage fright\\nnow? I thought you were an actor, Rosie. I mean, you\\u2019ve been putting on quite a show with Lily this whole time, pretending to actually like her.\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"IV. People sang birthday songs to Lily.\\nII. Rosie gave Lily his phone number.\\nI. Lily came to Rosie's house with a large suitcase.\\nIII. AUNT BETH promises Rosie that she will star in a movie when the program succeeds.\", \"IV, III, II, I\", \"III. Aunt Beth explained to Carrie the friendship program she had devised for Lily.\\nI. Aunt Beth told Carrie to delete the missive.\\nII. Carrie deleted the missive.\\nIV. NIKKI tells Lily the truth.\"]}\n{\"output\": [\"I,II,III\", \"I,II,III\", \"II,I,III\"], \"question\": [{\"Q\": \"Please reorder the events below:\\nI. Gladys tells Norma Jeane about her father.\\nII. Norma Jeane and her lovers spend time reading Tabloids in her apartment.\\nIII. Norma Jeane shares her thoughts about Magda with the playwright.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"GLADYS\\nNorma Jeane, I swear you\\u2019re half-blind sometimes. Look. That man is your father.\", \"Norma Jeane and her lovers, going through the Tabloids?\\nlooks at a Newspaper photo of her with a baseball bat:?\\nBATTER UP!\", \"NORMA JEANE (hesitant)\\nI had some ideas about M-magda? If you\\u2019re interested?\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Please reorder the events below:\\nI. Miss Flynn sends Norma Jeane to Los Angeles Orphan Home.\\nII. Norma Jeane goes to Norwalk State Hospital to visit her mother for the first time in a decade.\\nIII. Norma Jeane committs the suicide.\", \"A\": \"I,II,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"MISS FLYNN\\nPlease forgive me, Norma Jeane,\\nthere\\u2019s no other place for you right now - your mother is sick, the doctors say she is very sick - she tried to hurt you, she can\\u2019t be a mother to you just now - I can\\u2019t be a mother to you just now...\", \"DR. BENDER\\nUpsetting to your mother or to you,\\nMiss Baker.\\nNORMA JEANE\\nI haven\\u2019t seen my mother in ten\\nyears.\", \"INT. BATHROOM AT 12305 FIFTH HELENA DRIVE. NIGHT.\\nShe\\u2019s opening the bottle of Nembutal, seventy five-tablets,?\\nand taking them all, slowly, methodically...\"]}, {\"Q\": \"Please reorder the timeline.\\nI. Norma Jeane loses her baby when living with the playwright.\\nII. Gladys drives to a fire barricade.\\nIII. The president meets Marilyn for the first time in person.\", \"A\": \"II,I,III\", \"type\": \"\\u65f6\\u95f4\\u7ebf\", \"S\": [\"INT. GLADYS\\u2019 1929 FORD (PULLING TO A STOP ON LAUREL CANYON DR). NIGHT.\\nAhead is a fire barricade.\", \"THE PRESIDENT\\nThat blonde. That\\u2019s Marilyn Monroe!?\\nTHE PRESIDENT\\u2019S PIMP\\nLuscious, eh? But a little crazy.\", \"She\\u2019s at the bottom of the steps, moaning and writhing. THE?\\nFLOWERS ON HER DRESS SEEM TO BE BLOOMING. She touches them and her fingers come away BLOODY. Suddenly she understands?\\nwhat\\u2019s happening:?\\nNORMA JEANE\\nHelp me! Save the baby!\"]}], \"llm_output\": [\"I. Gladys tells Norma Jeane about her father.\\nIII. Norma Jeane shares her thoughts about Magda with the playwright.\\nII. Norma Jeane and her lovers spend time reading Tabloids in her apartment.\", \"I. Miss Flynn sends Norma Jeane to Los Angeles Orphan Home.\\nII. Norma Jeane goes to Norwalk State Hospital to visit her mother for the first time in a decade.\\nIII. Norma Jeane commits suicide.\", \"II. Gladys drives to a fire barricade.\\nI. Norma Jeane loses her baby when living with the playwright.\\nIII. The president meets Marilyn for the first time in person.\"]}\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "Output/longdep_summarization_llama-index.jsonl",
    "content": "{\"qa_pairs\": \"none\", \"llm_output\": [\"\\nThis paper discusses the distinction and quadratic base change for regular supercuspidal representations of a connected reductive algebraic group over a non-archimedean local field. The distinction property of an irreducible representation can be described in terms of the symmetry of the representation itself or the functorial property of the Langlands parameter associated to the representation. Dipendra Prasad has a conjecture describing the relationship between the distinction property of an irreducible representation with respect to a specific quadratic character and the base change property of its Langlands parameter. This paper attempts to prove Prasad's conjecture for regular supercuspidal representations without constraints on the Galois symmetric pair using a different purely local method. The main ingredients used are Hakim-Murnaghan's description of the Hom space by Mackey theory and Kaletha's parametrization of regular supercuspidal representations using tame regular elliptic pairs. The paper also discusses the Langlands-Vogan bijection for regular supercuspidal representations of the group and the compatibility between the formulation and the original base change map.\"], \"output\": [\"Distinction and quadratic base change for regular supercuspidal representations\\n\\n\\nChuijia Wang\\n\\n\\n1 Introduction\\nLet  be a connected reductive algebraic group over a non-archimedean local field  with residual characteristic . In the study of representation theory of , one important problem is to capture the distinguished representations with respect to a pair , where  is a closed subgroup of  and  is a one dimensional character of . More precisely, an irreducible smooth representation  of  is said to be -distinguished ifThe distinction property of an irreducible representation could be described in two common ways. One is in terms of the symmetry of the representation itself, such as the self dual or conjugate self dual property. The other one is in terms of the functorial property of the Langlands parameter associated to the representation.\\nSakellaridis and Venkatesh [SV17] have set up a general framework to understand the relationship between distinguished representations and Langlands functoriality when the corresponding homogeneous space  is a spherical variety. Moreover, Dipendra Prasad [Pra15] has a more precise conjecture describing the relationship between the distinction property of an irreducible representation with respect to a specific quadratic character and the base change property of its Langlands parameter when  is a Galois symmetric space.\\nThe main focus of this article is to understand Prasad\\u2019s conjecture on the Galois distinction problem. More precisely, let  be a quadratic extension and  be the non-trivial element in . We are interested in the distinction problem for the pair , where  is regarded as a closed subgroup of  and  is the specific quadratic character of  associated to the quadratic extension  defined in [Pra15]. Let  denote the set of equivalence classes of irreducible representations of  and  denote the set of  conjugacy classes of Langlands parameters of . The local Langlands correspondence states that there exists a finite-to-one surjective map from  to , which is denoted by . Prasad [Pra15] predicts that the Langlands parameters of -distinguished representations are exactly those which are base change from Langlands parameters of , where  is a quasi-split -form of  such that . One can refer to Section\\u00a05 for a more detailed description of these notions. In other words, we have the following:Moreover, he also conjectures that the following identity holds for an irreducible discrete series representation  of  in a generic -packet:where the sum of RHS runs over all the Langlands parameters  such that ,  denotes the irreducible representation of the component group  associated to , and  is the multiplicity of the trivial representation in the restriction of . Notice that 1.1 follows from 1.2, when both sides of 1.2 are non-zero.\\nThis conjecture unifies a number of conjectures which aim to capture the distinction property of representations for Galois symmetric pairs and considerable progress has been made in attacking Prasad\\u2019s conjecture for specific Galois pairs. For the pair , this conjecture generalizes a conjecture of Jacquet, Rallis and Flicker [Fli91], which states that the -distinguished representations of  are precisely those arising as base change from , and the conjecture is proved by Kable [Kab04] for discrete series representations. For the pair , this conjecture generalizes a conjecture of Jacquet [Jac05][Jac10] and is proved by Feigon, Lapid and Offen [FLO12]. Anandavardhanan and Prasad prove the conjecture for  in [AP03][AP16], where they give the first example of a non-supercuspidal Gelfand pair. More precisely, they find that the dimension of the space of invariant linear forms is strictly larger than one for some supercuspidal reprensentations. Hengfei Lu [Lu19][Lu20] proves this conjecture for certain classical groups of small rank and their similitude groups using the machinery of local theta correspondence. All of these work depends on concrete analysis of the terms appearing on both sides of Prasad\\u2019s identity, and developing a general method which could work for all Galois symmetric pairs would be interesting. Recently, Raphael Plessis [Rap18] develops a relative trace formula approach to attack Prasad\\u2019s conjecture for general groups. His method turns out to be powerful, and has already been used to prove Prasad\\u2019s conjecture for Steinberg representations, which recovers early results proved by Broussous and Court\\u00e9s [BC14] [Cou15] using the geometry of Bruhat-Tits building, and by Matringe [Mat17] through careful analysis of double cosets appearing in Mackey theory.\\nIn this article, we try to give some evidence on the possibility of proving this conjecture for regular supercuspidal representations without constraints on the Galois symmetric pair using a different purely local method. Supercuspidal representations are fundamental objects in the study of representation theory of -adic groups. They serve as building blocks of all irreducible smooth representations in the sense that every irreducible representation can be realized as a subrepresentation of a parabolic induction from a supercuspidal representation of a Levi subgroup. One of the reasons why we work on regular supercuspidal representations is that they are parametrized by simple data and their Langlands parameters have good functorial properties. These representations are special cases of tamely ramified supercuspidal representations satisfying certain regular conditions. Explicit constructions of tame supercuspidal representations date back to the work of Howe [How77]. Following his pioneering work, tremendous progress has been made in the explicit construction of tame supercuspidal representations for general reductive groups. Jiu-Kang Yu [Yu01] first develops a general construction of tamely ramified supercuspidal representations using generic cuspidal -data , which generalizes the earlier work of Adler [Adl98]. Ju-Lee Kim [Kim07] later shows that the representations constructed by Yu exhaust all the irreducible supercuspidal representations when the charateristic of the residue is large enough. Recently, the exhaustion theorem is improved by Jessica Fintzen [Fin18] under a weaker constraint on . Based on Yu\\u2019s work, Tasho Kaletha [Kal19] classifies regular supercuspidal representations using simpler data  and established the local Langlands correspondence for regular supercuspidal representations. As pointed out by Kaletha, one crucial property of a regular supercuspidal representation is that its Langlands parameter factors through the -group of the elliptic torus  which defines the representation:This property enables us to describe the base change of  in terms of the base change of  because of the following commutative diagram of functorial maps:\\nTo state and prove Prasad\\u2019s conjecture for regular supercuspidal representations, we need the Langlands-Vogan bijection for regular supercuspidal representations of . For these representations, the full Langlands-Vogan bijection, that is, the map  and the bijection between the set of characters of the component group and the set of rational equivalence classes of rational embeddings of tori, are constructed in a series of papers [Kal19] [FKS21]. In fact, they also deal with more general supercuspidal representations, which are known as non-singular representations. Their work enables us to use the parametrization results of regular supercuspidal representations unconditionally in the study of distinction problem.\\nThe main ingredients to prove the conjecture are Hakim-Murnaghan\\u2019s description of the Hom space by Mackey theory [HM08] and Kaletha\\u2019s parametrization of regular supercuspidal representations using tame regular elliptic pairs [Kal19]. We will use these ingredients in three steps. The first step is to describe the base change map in terms of regular supercuspidal -packet data defined by Kaletha, and check the compatibility between our formulation and the original base change map defined by restriction of the Langlands parameter to the Weil group of the quadratic extension field. Then the right hand side of the conjectural formula 1.2 can be expressed as an identity involving a set of elliptic maximal tori over  and a set of characters of the elliptic tori satisfying certain conditions. The second step is to provide a reinterpretation of Hakim-Murnaghan\\u2019s formula on the dimension of the Hom space using the same data that appears on the parameter side of the formula. The final step is to give a comparison between both sides, and reduce the proof to an identity comparing various characters of the elliptic maximal torus , which naturally appear in the distinction problem, the base change problem, and the construction of local Langlands correspondence. A priori, it seems that there is no obvious relation between these characters, whose constructions are of different nature. However, we can prove this conjectural identity for several examples, which gives a new purely local proof of Prasad\\u2019s conjecture for regular supercuspidal representations of these groups. We also prove Prasad\\u2019s conjecture for regular supercuspidal representations of  when  is unramified, and  is a general quasi-split reductive group.\\nPrasad\\u2019s conjecture 5.17 holds for regular supercuspidal representations when  is unramified.\\nPrasad\\u2019s conjecture 5.17 holds for regular supercuspidal representations of ,, ( odd) and  ( odd) for arbitrary quadratic extension .\\nThis article is organized as follows. In Section\\u00a03 and Section\\u00a04, we briefly summarize Kaletha\\u2019s work on the construction of -parameters and -packets for regular supercuspidal representations, and study the base change map of Langlands parameters (Lemma\\u00a04.1 Proposition\\u00a04.2) in terms of Kaletha\\u2019s supercuspidal -packet data. After that, we give a brief introduction to Prasad\\u2019s conjecture in Section\\u00a05, where we also obtain a new factorization formula (Theorem\\u00a05.15) for the restriction of Prasad\\u2019s quadratic character to an elliptic maximal torus. Then we review Hakim and Murnaghan\\u2019s work on the computation of the dimension of the space of invariant linear forms and give a new interpretation of their formula (Equation\\u00a06.5) in Section\\u00a06. After all these preparation, the reduction to the case of tori (Proposition\\u00a07.8 Proposition\\u00a07.4) and the comparison of the two sides (Proposition\\u00a07.2 Lemma\\u00a07.10) are established in Section\\u00a07 except for 7.9. In Section\\u00a08, we present a detailed study of these quadratic characters and prove Proposition\\u00a08.1 and Proposition\\u00a08.2, which finishes the proof of Theorem\\u00a08.15 and Theorem\\u00a08.16.\\nAcknowledgement.\\nThis article consists of my Ph.D thesis at National University of Singapore. I want to express my sincere thanks to my supervisor Wee Teck Gan for his patient guidance, constant encouragement and valuable discussions over the years. His insight and suggestions play an important role in the whole project. I would like to thank Dipendra Prasad for proposing his conjecture, as well as continuous communications and encouragement during the period of preparing this article. I am also grateful to Tasho Kaletha, Jeffrey Hakim, Fiona Murnaghan, Jiu-Kang Yu, Laure Blasco, Jessica Fintzen, Wen-Wei Li, Chong Zhang and David Schwein for kindly answering my questions. Thanks are also due to Tasho Kaletha, Jeffrey Hakim, Hung Yean Loke, Hengfei Lu, Jiandi Zou for providing useful comments and feedbacks on an early draft. This work was partially supported by a Singapore government MOE Tier 1 grant R-146-000-320-114 and Israel Science Foundation grant 737/20.\\n2 Notations and conventions\\n2.1 Notation.\\nLet  be a non-achimedean local field with residual characteristic . Fix a valuation  on , let ,  and  denote the ring of integers, a uniformizer and the residual field of . Let  denote the cardinality of . Let  be an algebraic closure of  and  be the separable closure of  in .\\nFor any finite Galois extension , let  be the finite Galois group. Let \\nbe the absolute Galois group with the profinite topology. Let  be the relative Weil group of , that is, an extensionwhich corresponds to the fundamental class in . Let  be the Weil group with locally profinite topology. Let  be the inertia group, and  be the wild inertia group. The natural map from  to  fits into the commutative diagram:Let  denote the Weil-Deligne group. Let  be the maximal unramified extension of  and  be the lift of the Frobenius automorphism of , which is a topological generator of . For any reasonable object (abelian group, non-abelian group, algebraic variety) equipped with a  or  action which is compatible with the structure of , let  denote the -th Galois cohomology of  and  denote the -th Weil cohomology of . If  is the complex points of an algebraic group over , we use  and  to stand for continuous cohomology, by which we mean the cochains are continuous with respect to the natural complex analytic topology of .\\nWhenever there is a group homomorphism , we use the notation  instead of  for simplicity, which is a group only when  is normal in . For any one dimensional character  such that , we sometimes use the notation  for simplicity, when there is no confusion.\\nFor a reductive group  defined over , let  denote the derived subgroup of , which is semisimple, and  and  denote the simply connected cover and adjoint quotient of . For any maximal torus  defined over  with splitting field , let  denote the set of absolute roots associated to the adjoint action of . When there is no confusion about the maximal torus, we simply write  for convenience. For any root , let  and  be the subfield of  corresponding to the subgroup  and  of .  is an extension of  of degree at most two. If , then  is called asymmetric, otherwise it is called symmetric. Let  and  denote the set of asymmetric and symmetric roots in . Let  be the absolute root datum of . Let  be the Langlands dual group of , which is a complex algebraic group determined by the root datum . For ,  denotes the corresponding element in . Also, for ,  denotes the corresponding element in . We also use the usual notation  for the algebraic fundamental group of  and  for the component group of , both of which are finite when  is semisimple.\\nFrom now on till the end, we will always assume that  splits over a tamely ramified extension , and  is a maximal torus of  defined over  which splits over . Let  denote the enlarged Bruhat-Tits building of  over . Set  with a natural partial order: for any ,  if ; ,  if ; and ,  for any . For any  and , let  denote the Moy-Prasad subgroup generated by  and  for any  defined in [MP94], and  be , with corresponding filtration lattices of Lie algebra  and . Let  denote , and  denote . For , we also use the notation  for the Moy-Prasad quotient . For a sequence of twisted Levi subgroups , a sequence  in  and , we use the following notation for simplicity:\\nFor an irreducible admissible representation  of , let  be the depth of , which is defined by\\nWe will also adopt the notations from [Kal19]. For any  and , let  denote the jumps of , that is,Let  and  denote the following subsets of roots\\nFor any quadratic extension , we use the notation  for the set of norm  elements inside . When there is no confusion about the subfield , we simply write .\\nWhen  is quasi-split over  with a fixed Borel subgroup  such that  is a maximal torus of  and  is the unipotent radical of , we use the notation  for the pinning of  determined by the pair . By a Whittaker datum , we mean a  conjugacy class of pairs , where  is a generic character of . Let  be a non-trivial additive character. Notice that each choice of  gives a homomorphism , and composing with the addition map  yields a homomorphism . Every generic character  arises as a composition of  and  for some choice of pinning , and we also call  the Whittaker datum determined by the pinning . A representation  of  is said to be generic if it is  distinguished for some Whittaker datum .\\n2.2 Assumption.\\nSince our work is based on the fundamental work of Kaletha [Kal19], we also need to propose certain assumptions on the ground field as in [Kal19]. We list these assumptions for convenience of the readers. We assume the residual characteristic ,  is not a bad prime for ,  and .\\n3 Local Langlands correspondence for regular supercuspidal representations\\n3.1 Langlands-Vogan bijection.\\nWe first recall the conjectural local Langlands correspondence and Vogan\\u2019s refinement. Let  be a quasi-split reductive group defined over , and  be the Weil form of the -group of .\\nA Langlands parameter  of  is a homomorphism  such that: is a morphism of algebraic groups over . is continuous on  and  is semisimple in . is the natural projection.The homomorphism  satisfying the above conditions is usually called an admissible homomorphism.\\nBy the third condition, for any , we can write , such that  lies in . Notice that  is a homomorphism if and only ifwhich means that one can regard  as an element in .\\nLet  denote the set of equivalence classes of irreducible admissible representations of  and  denote the set of  conjugacy classes of Langlands parameters of . The local Langlands correspondence for quasi-split groups predicts that there exists a surjective, finite to one map:such that there exists a bijection between  and  for any , where  is the fiber of  and  is . The set  is called the -packet associated to . This bijection is not canonical and depends on certain normalization of Whittaker datum, under which the trivial representation of the component group corresponds to a generic representation. It is expected that LLC has nice properties, such as preserving local constants on both sides, being compatible with character twists on both sides, etc. We will list some of these properties in Section\\u00a03.5.\\nLater, Vogan [Vog93] notices that one should consider the representation theory of pure inner twist of  simultaneously in the local Langlands correspondence and he predicts that there should exist a bijection between  and  for any , such that the following diagram commutes:where the bottom arrow is given by the Kottwitz isomorphism. Fixing a Whittaker datum of the quasi-split form , one can associate a pair  to any irreducible representation  of , where  is the usual Langlands parameter and  is an irreducible representation of . The pair  is usually called the Langlands-Vogan parameter (enhanced Langlands parameter) of .\\nIt is expected that one can read the information of an irreducible representation from its Langlands parameter. We have the following definitions of various Langlands parameters.\\nLet  be a Langlands parameter of . It is calledelliptic (discrete), if  is not contained in any proper Levi subgroup  of . (or equivalently  is finite modulo .)bounded, if the closure of  in  is compact.unramified, if  is trivial.spherically unramified, if  is trivial.tamely ramified, if  is trivial.torally wild, if  is contained in a torus of .\\nThese Langlands parameters are supposed to parameterize essentially discrete series, tempered, unipotent (unipotent reduction in the sense of Lusztig), unramified (spherical), depth zero and torally wild (essentially tame in the sense of Bushnell and Henniart for ) representations of .\\nThe conjectural refined local Langlands correspondence has been verified for a large number of cases: for all representations of groups of certain type [HT01][Hen00][Sch13][Art13][Mok15][GT11] etc and for particular representations of general reductive groups [DR09][RY14][Kal15][Kal19][Sol 18] etc. One can refer to [Kal16a] for a more detailed description of the status of the conjecture.\\nAs conjectured by Gross and Reeder [GR10, Conjecture 7.1 (4)], for a discrete Langlands parameter, the condition  should be equivalent to the condition that all the representations in  are supercuspidal representations. For these representations, the Langlands parameters are simply homomorphisms from  to .\\nA regular supercuspidal parameter is a discrete Langlands parameter  such that: is contained in a torus of . is a torus.Let , , if  projects to a nontrival element in , then .\\nLet  be a quadratic extension, and  be a regular supercuspidal Langlands parameter of . If  is a Langlands parameter of  such that  is  conjugate to , then  is also a regular supercuspidal parameter of . This is simply due to the fact that  implies  is a tamely ramified extension, so that one has  and .\\n3.2 -embedding and -data.\\nA crucial property of regular supercuspidal parameters is that they factor though the -group of certain elliptic maximal torus of , which could be regarded as a special example of functoriality discussed in Section\\u00a03.5. Let  be an arbitrary maximal tori of a quasi-split reductive group  defined over a local field  of characteristic zero. Langlands and Shelstad [LS87] first realized that one could always extend a -stable  conjugacy class of embedding of dual groups  to an embedding of -groups (Weil form)  with the help of some auxiliary data. We give a brief review about their constructions of -embeddings using -data. A more detailed description could be found in [LS87] and [Tam16].\\nLet  be a quasi-split reductive group over , and  be a maximal torus defined over , and we assume  is contained in a Borel subgroup  since  is split. We may choose a -invariant pinning  of  such that  and  maps the simple roots determined by  to those determined by . Notice that the map  is not necessarily -equivariant, we use subscripts  and  to denote the action on  and  for any .\\nAn admissible -embedding  is a group homomorphism satisfying:for some .\\nFor  to be a homomorphism, one must have:for any . From the first equation, one can see that . From the second equation, one can find that  is a Langlands parameter of .\\nBy choosing a base point of an embeddingone can obtain the following fact.\\nThe set of  equivalent classes of L-embeddings\\n is a torsor under . The explicit bijection with respect to a base point  is given by:Conversely, for any given  and , one can associate an equivalence class of embeddings:\\nFor  with elliptic maximal torus  such that  is a degree  extension, one can choose the canonical pinning of  such that  is the diagonal torus. One can choose a  such that . There is a canonical base point  in  such that:withfor any , and  is given by a permutation matrix in  with entries being  and  determined the the above relation. If we fix a character  and  which corresponds to an equivalence class of -embedding in Equation\\u00a03.2 with respect to the above base point , the composition gives the Langlands parameter of :\\nThe remaining difficulty is to construct a base point of an -embedding in general, which is achieved by Langlands and Shelstad [LS87] using -data.\\nA set of -data for  is a collection of elements  satisfying:for any \\nA set of -data for  is a collection of elements  satisfying:for any  and\\n is the quadratic character attached to  for any symmetric root .\\nLet  denote the Weyl group , one can define a section ofin the following way.\\nLet  be a simple root of  with root vector . Let  be the corresponding  triple. Let  denote the simple reflection associated to , we setand set  for  with . This section gives a map:where  is the section of  in  and the action of  is given by the difference of the  action on  and  action on , that is\\nNotice that the map  is not necessarily a homomorphism of groups. Hence to get a base point, Langlands and Shelsted [LS87] construct a 2 cocyle\\nOne needs to find a splitting  of , that is, the map  should satisfy:Such splittings are constructed by a family of -data. We recall the explicit construction of the cochain . (In fact, the explicit realization of  involves certain choices of coset representatives). Fixing a set of representatives  of the left coset , we can define a family of functions  by the following equations:for suitable .\\nOne can also define  similarly by fixing the coset representatives  of . More explicitly, for , , and for , .\\nWe can define a cochain  by:\\nLanglands and Shelstad prove that such  is a splitting of . A priori, the explicit construction of  depends on a choice of certain coset representatives, which has a more elegant interpretation via the notion of gauge introduced in [LS87].\\nA gauge is a function  such that  for any .\\nA set of coset representatives  of  canonically determines a gauge by . For two different gauges  and , one can associate a cochain  as in [LS87, Lemma 2.4]. The map  and  are related by .\\nGiven a cochain  associated to a set of -data  and a fixed gauge , we can extend the embedding  to  by defining:\\nThe above map in Equation\\u00a03.8 is a group homomorphism.\\nThis is essentially contained in [LS87]. We write down the explicit computation for completeness. To check that the map defines a homomorphism, one needs to check the following identity:Notice that by Equation\\u00a03.1, we haveWe can also compute  explicitly by:Hence we only need to provewhich is exactly given by Equation\\u00a03.6.\\n\\u220e\\nIn fact, the choice of -data is not unique. The difference of -data provides a character of  in the following way.\\nA set of -data for  is a collection of elements  satisfying:for any  and\\n for any symmetric root  .\\nLet  and  be two sets of -data, it is clear from definition that  is a set of -data. Following [LS87] and [Kal19], one can construct a character\\nwhere  denotes the isomorphism . By the notation in Equation\\u00a03.3, the -embeddings associated to  and  are related by:Among the set of -data, the following ones are crucially used in computing the characters of supercuspidal representations.\\nA set of -data:  is called minimally ramified if, if  is asymmetric, is unramified, if  is symmetric unramified, is tamely ramified, if  is symmetric ramified.\\nKaletha also introduced the following notion of mod--data, which can be better used in conjunction with tamely ramified -data.\\nA set of mod--data for  is a collection of elements  satisfying:for any \\nFor regular supercuspidal representations associated to a tame elliptic pair, Kaletha [Kal19] describes a canonical choice of minimally ramified -data associated to the mod--data determined by the character .\\n, if  is asymmetric. is the quadratic character associated to the unique unramified quadratic extension of  by local class field theory, if  is symmetric unramified. is the tamely ramified character determined by the following equation, if  is symmetric ramified.\\nFor any  and a Howe factorization  in Definition\\u00a06.3,where  is the -constant defined by Langlands. More precisely, it has the following expression in terms of Deligne\\u2019s local root numbers:where  denotes the additive character  and  similarly.\\nNotice that the construction of Equation\\u00a03.8 depends heavily on the choice of the -data, which is not unique. For the case of , Tam [Tam16] also constructed certain -data in order to understand the rectifiers defined by Bushnell and Henniart [BH10]. The comparison of Tam\\u2019s -data and Kaletha\\u2019s canonical minimally ramified -data is carefully studied for regular supercuspidal representations of  in [OK21], which also leads to a comparison of the local Langlands correspondences for these representations established by [HT01][Hen00] and [Kal19]. Throughout this article, we work with Kaletha\\u2019s canonical minimally ramified -data.\\nRecently, Kaletha [Kal19a] gives a new interpretation of the work of Langlands and Shelstad by introducing certain double cover of the elliptic torus, where the base point of the -embedding associated to the double cover corresponds to a genuine character of the double cover.\\n3.3 Kaletha\\u2019s parametrization of regular supercuspidal representations.\\nBased on the earlier work of Langlands and Shelstad [LS87], Kaletha [Kal19] uses another type of data to describe these regular supercuspidal Langlands parameters, which he calls regular supercuspidal -packet data. He identifies the set of equivalence classes of regular supercuspidal parameters with the set of equivalence classes of regular supercuspidal -packet data, which forms a category. We give a brief review of his construction.\\nLet  be a maximal torus and  be a character. The pair  is called tame elliptic regular if is elliptic and splits over a tamely ramified extension .The action of  on the root systempreserves a positive set of roots.the character  has a trivial stabilizer for the action of , where  is a reductive group with maximal torus  and root system .\\n[Kal19](Category of regular supercuspidal -packet data.)An object in the category consists of tuples\\n, where is an elliptic torus defined over  such that  and  splits over a tamely ramified extension of . is an embedding of complex reductive groups whose  conjugacy class is -stable. is a minimally ramified -data for . is a character, such that  is a tame elliptic regular pair in the sense of Definition\\u00a03.11.A morphism between  and  is a triple , where is an isomorphism of -tori inducing an isomorphism of complex torus ., such that . is a set of zeta data, that is, a family of characters , such that , and .\\nBy Kaletha [Kal19, 5.1], a -stable  conjugacy class  of embeddings  defined over  determines a -stable  conjugacy class  of embeddings  defined over , and vice versa. Here, the structure of  to be a maximal torus of  is given by , which is determined by , and is not necessarily defined over . Elements in  are usually called admissible embeddings, and the subset of  fixed points in  corresponds to the subset of admissible embeddings defined over , which is non empty due to [Kot82, Corollary 2.2]. As remarked by Kaletha, if we choose a  invariant pinning  of , one can always choose  such that  is an isomorphism over , and pull back  via  to get a  invariant subset . Here the notion of tame regular elliptic pair makes sense if one uses the embedding  defined over  determined by . The notion of symmetric roots or asymmetric roots also makes sense with the help of .\\nThere is a natural 1-1 correspondence between the -conjugacy classes of regular supercuspidal parameters and the isomorphism classes of regular supercuspidal -packet data.\\nFor a given -packet datum  (equivalently a given regular supercuspidal Langlands parameter ), Kaletha also introduces another category to parameterize supercuspidal representations in the -packet , which he calls the category of regular supercuspidal data. The object in the category is formulated in terms of Kaletha\\u2019s rigid inner twist of a quasi-split reductive group. Since Prasad\\u2019s original conjecture is formulated in terms of pure inner twist, we only use the pure inner twist version of Kaletha\\u2019s fomulation. For relationship between rigid inner form and pure inner form, one can refer to Kaletha\\u2019s paper [Kal16].\\n[Kal19](Category of regular supercuspidal data.)An object in the category consists of tuples\\n, where is a regular supercuspidal -packet datum. is a pure inner twist of , that is  is an isomorphism over  and  is an admissible embedding defined over .A morphism between  and  is a tuple , where is an isomorphism of regular supercuspidal -packet datum. is an isomorphism of pure inner twist of , such that .\\nNotice that, one has a natural forgetful functor from the category of regular supercuspidal data to the category of regular supercuspidal -packet data. In this way, the -packet  as a set is in bijection with a torsor under . In fact, one also wants to understand the construction of each member of a given regular supercuspidal -packet data. Kaletha [Kal19] constructs a generic cuspidal -datum from a tame elliptic regular pair, which produces a regular supercuspidal representation by Yu\\u2019s construction [Yu01]. We will describe this explicit construction later in Section\\u00a06.1.\\nFrom a regular supercuspidal datum , one can construct a tame elliptic pair , where  is known as certain rectifying character arising in the earlier work of Debacker-Spice [DS18] and Kaletha [Kal15]. Then, one can run the process described in Section\\u00a06.1 to get a regular supercuspidal representation  of  from this tame elliptic pair.\\nMore precisely, the character  has the following explicit expression.\\nwhere  and  denote the unique non-trivial quadratic character of the cyclic group  and , and  denotes the toral invariants defined in [Kal15].\\nMore detailed descriptions of these characters will be given in Section\\u00a08.2.1.\\n3.4 Comparison of the -packet.\\nNow we have two ways to parameterize the set  for a regular supercuspidal Langlands parameter . One is conjecturally given by , while the other one is given by a torsor under . Notice that the first parametrization depends on certain normalization of Whittaker datum, while the second parametrization depends on a base point of the set of equivalence classes of rational embeddings. According to the strong tempered -packet conjecture, there exists a unique  generic representation in a given tempered -packet for a fixed Whittaker datum . Hence, one may expect that a fixed Whittaker datum canonically and uniquely determines a base point inside the set of equivalence classes of -embeddings of abstract tori.\\nNotice that for a toral regular supercuspidal representation  with regular supercuspidal -packet data , the following lemma due to Kaletha implies that there exists a canonical choice of rational embedding as a base point in a given -packet for any chosen Whittaker datum.\\nFix a Whittaker datum  for  associated to a fixed pinning  defined over  and an additive character . Let  be a toral -packet datum of generic depth . There exists a unique (up to  conjugacy) admissible rational embedding , such that the representation corresponding to  is  generic.\\nIn a recent preprint of [FKS21, Page 25], Lemma\\u00a03.9 is generalized to arbitrary regular supercuspidal representations. After fixing the base point, then these two parameterizations coincide as a consequence of Kottwitz isomorphism for tori and the following lemma due to Kaletha.\\nThe embedding  induces an isomorphism .\\nUnder this isomorphism,  is isomorphic to  by the Kottwitz isormophism for tori. Fix a base point of -embedding , then  could be regarded as an element in  by , which we still denote by  for simplicity.\\n3.5 Cohomological aspects of local Langlands correspondence.\\nIn the study of functorial properties of Langlands parameters, it is often convenient for us to ignore the Frobenius semisimplicity condition and regard  as a subset ofNotice that there is a natural bijection:which provides a parametrization of the (enlarged) space of equivalence classes of Langlands parameters by  as a pointed set. In this way, many functorial maps between Langlands parameters could be described in terms of natural maps between non-abelian Galois cohomology.\\n3.5.1 Functoriality.\\nThe principle of Langlands functoriality provides evidence that there may exist a deep relation between representations of different reductive groups. In a simple word, the Langlands functoriality predicts the existence of certain transfer of representations whenever there exists a homomorphism between their -groups. More precisely, we assume that  is also a reductive group defined over , and there exists an algebraic homomorphism :For any Langlands parameter  of , we can get a Langlands parameter  of  by composing  with :\\nwhich implies that  defines a map from the set of Langlands parameters of  to those of .\\nNotice that  descents to a map from  to , hence defines a transfer from  to . In fact, if we ignore the Frobenious semisimplicity condition,  also defines a map:If there exists a -equivariant mapbetween complex dual groups, then one can easily extend this homomorphism to a homomorphism of -groups simply by:\\nIn this case,  should coincide with  induced by the  equivariant map , which provides a Galois cohomological interpretation of the funtoriality. However, the map  is not -equivariant in general and the -homomorphism  is usually not an extension of a -equivariant . Nonetheless,  may still enjoy some nice cohomological properties as , which will be seen soon.\\n3.5.2 Twisted by characters and taking central characters.\\nNotice that the set of continuous characters of  inherits a natural structure of abelian group with group structure given by pointwise multiplication. In this case, we also have a parametrization of this set in terms of abelian Galois cohomology.\\nThere is a natural map:which is a bijection when  is quasi-split.\\nIn fact, there is a convenient description of the above map using hypercohomology of crossed modules. This has been described in detail in [Bor98], [Kal15] and [Lab08]. Let  be a crossed module. More precisely,  is a group homomorphism and  is endowed with an action of  such thatfor any . Notice that the second equation implies that  is abelian. Let  be a group acting on the crossed module such that the action is compatible with the crossed module structure, that isthen we have the following cohomology theory for crossed modules:where the hypercocycles  and hypercoboundaries  are defined by:Remark that we also adopt the notation in [Kal15] such that the degree in our definition is shifted by  from the usual degree in the cohomology theory of crossed modules. The reason is explained in [Kal15] for the compatibility between the cohomology of crossed module and hypercohomology of a complex concentrated in degree  and , when we take the crossed module to be a complex of tori.\\nUsing the above notation, we have the following isomorphisms.\\nThere are canonical isomorphisms:and\\nThe map  and the map (on the parameter side) of taking the central character of an irreducible representation correspond to the following natural maps between Galois cohomology.\\nThe map  is given by:The map of taking the central character is given by:\\nFor , the map of taking the central character has a simple description. Notice that we have a short exact sequence of -modules:which means that we have a quasi isomorphism of crossed modules:and the following commutative diagram:Hence the map of taking the central charactercoincides with the map of taking determinant on the parameter side\\nNotice that the set of continuous characters of  acts naturally on the set of equivalence classes of irreducible representations of  by character twists, that is, one has a natural actionwhich corresponds to the following action on the parameter side:such that  is given by .\\nFixing an elliptic maximal torus , Kaletha\\u2019s construction of regular supercuspidal representations in Section\\u00a06.1 and his construction of local Langlands for regular supercuspidal representations could be regarded as a map\\nFor any character  with  being regular elliptic, the following well known isomorphism between supercuspidal representations yields the compatibility of character twists and the construction of regular supercuspidal representationswhich corresponds to the commutativity of the diagram on the parameter side:\\n4 Base change of regular supercuspidal -packet data\\nBase change is one of the examples of Langlands functoriality. From the point of view of trace formula and harmonic analysis, the theory of base change could be understood as a special example of the theory of twisted endoscopy, which has been detailed studied in [KS99]. We will not go deep into the theory of twisted endoscopy, instead we only focus on the local counterpart of quadratic base change.\\n4.1 Base change of Langlands parameters.\\nLet  be a quadratic extension. For a Langlands parameter  of , a base change  of  is nothing but the composite of  with the functorial map:where the  action on  is given by:\\nIn other words, BC induces natural maps:There is an alternative way to describe the base change map. Since  is defined over ,  is naturally a -group. Consider the following -group:with the group law induced from the one on . To be more precise, for any , one defines .\\nThere is a natural  action on  given by right multiplication, which preserves the group law:Choosing any element , we could construct a -equivariant isomorphism:For any , we have:which implies that the isomorphism does not depend on the choice of , hence is canonical. Moreover, we have the following commutative diagram:where the -equivariant map  is defined by:By Shapiro\\u2019s lemma for non-abelian Galois cohomology, we have:Hence  coincides with the restriction map, which means that  could be identified with the restriction .\\nMany aspects in the theory of base change have Galois cohomological interpretations. It turns out that the following remark in Prasad\\u2019s paper [Pra15], which describes the fiber of base change map, is quite useful in our work.\\nPicking up a base point  associated to an irreducible representation  of , we can twist the action of the Weil group on  by , which means we can define a new  action on  by:such that  corresponds to the distinguished point in . One advantage of doing this is that we have an identification:If we assume there exists an extension , such that , then under this twisted action, the set of possible extensions of  to a parameter of  can be described by the inflation-restriction sequence:where  denotes the corresponding non-abelian Galois cohomology associated to the twisted  action.\\nThe obstruction of extending the parameter of  to a parameter of  could also be read from this inflation restriction sequence. For example, the inflation restriction map implies the image of  lies in . Hence a necessary condition for  to be extendable to parameters of  is that it is -invariant.(The Galois action is given by conjugation of an element in ). In fact, this is not the only obstruction. For general Langlands parameters, the inflation restriction sequence terminates due to the lack of  for non abelian -groups. However, for regular supercuspidal representations,  is still meaningful due to the special isomorphism in Lemma\\u00a03.10.\\n4.2 Base change for regular supercuspidal -packet data.\\nNow we use tuples  as Langlands parameters for regular supercuspidal representations of . We would like to describe the quadratic base change in terms of regular supercuspidal -packet data. For simplicity, we first focus on those regular supercuspidal -packet data whose base change to  remain regular supercuspidal.\\nA quadratic base change of a supercuspidal -packet datum of  associated toto  is given by a supercuspidal -packet datum of , which is equivalent to:where  is a -data of , such that .\\nThe above definition of base change map only depends on the equivalence class of the supercuspidal -packet datum. Let  denote the subcategory of the category of regular supercuspidal -packet data of  over  consisting of the objects whose base change (in the usual sense) to  remain regular supercuspidal, then  can be regarded as a functor from  to the category of regular supercuspidal -packet data of  over .\\nIt is enough to treat the case when the -isomorphism of  is the identity map. General cases could be reduced to this case by composing the isomorphism over . Recall  and  are equivalent, if and only if:where  is a character  constructed from the zeta datum  (product of characters depending on whether the root is symmetric or asymmetric) determined by the ratio of  and .\\nComposing both sides with , we need to prove the following identity in order to check the definition of base change is well-defined:We only need to check this identity for a fixed  orbit of , which will imply the whole identity by taking the product of components of these orbits.If the  orbit of  remains a single  orbit, then we have the following diagramorNotice that we have a correspondence of orbits when  is symmetric, andwhen  is asymmetric.Hence the identity which we want to prove in this case ( component of Equation\\u00a04.3) is given byIn this case, we have . We also have the following commutative diagram:In this case, the symmetric property of  is the same over  and . Based on the commutativity of the above diagram and the fact , one has the following identity:Composing both sides with , we havewhere  and  are identity maps when  is asymmetric over  and , and are isomorphisms , , when  is symmetric over  and .If the  orbit of  breaks into two  orbits, that is  for , with projection , then we have the following cases:The symmetry of  is different over  and .The only possibility is that  is symmetric over , but asymmetric over . In this case, one can choose  to satisfy . In this case, we have  and the following diagramNotice that we have a correspondence of orbits Hence the identity which we want to prove in this case ( component of Equation\\u00a04.3) is given byIn this case, we have the following commutative diagramthat is,Composing both sides with , we haveNotice that in this case we havewhich implies thatThe symmetry of  is the same over  and .In this case, we have  and the following diagram:orNotice that we have a correspondence of orbits when  is symmetric andwhen  is asymmetric.Hence the identity which we want to prove in this case ( component of Equation\\u00a04.3) is given byIn this case, we have the following commutative diagramthat is, we haveComposing both sides with , we haveNotice that in this case, we havewhich implies that\\u220e\\nA base change of supercuspidal -packet datum sending  to  coincides with the usual base change of the Langlands parameter sending  to .\\nBefore we give a proof of this proposition, we have the following remarks on the base change maps of regular supercuspidal parameters.\\nOne bad news is that  may fail to be minimally ramified. However, one can still find a representative in the equivalence class with minimally ramified -data over  by adjusting the character as in Definition\\u00a03.12. More precisely, one can find a 4-tuple  where  is the minimally ramified -data determined by  such that the tuple is equivalent to . The explicit relation between  and  is described later in Equation\\u00a07.1.\\nThe base change map in the usual sense  given by  is well-defined on the set of equivalence classes of all the Langlands parameters. However, for a discrete Langlands parameter  of a regular supercuspidal representation of ,  may not be a Langlands parameter of a regular supercuspidal representation of . Hence the base change of regular supercuspidal -packet datum is only meaningful when the datum after base change is still a regular supercuspidal parameter. Nonetheless, for a given regular supercuspidal parameter , if , then  is a regular supercuspidal parameter by Remark\\u00a03.2.\\nTo prove Proposition\\u00a04.2, we need the following lemma.\\nLet  be any gauge. The cocycle in  Equation\\u00a03.7 satisfies \\nThis is a direct consequence of [Kal19a, Proposition 5.15.3] by taking  to be  and  to be . This is also proved in [Sch21, Theorem 64].\\n\\u220e\\nLet  denote the Langlands parameter of the regular supercuspidal representation associated to the tame elliptic pair . As described in Section\\u00a03.2,  is of the form:Combining the above lemma with local Langlands correspondence for tori, we havewhich means the supercuspidal -packet datum associated to  is .\\nIn other words, we have the following commutative diagram:\\u220e\\n5 Prasad\\u2019s conjecture for Galois pairs\\nWe give a brief review of Prasad\\u2019s conjecture relating the distinction property of an irreducible admissible representation of  to the base change functorial property of its Langlands parameter and certain numerical invariants on both sides. Before going into details, we give a brief introduction to certain objects defined by Prasad. For more detailed description of these objects, one can refer to Prasad\\u2019s original paper [Pra15]. Let  be a quasi-split reductive group defined over a non-archimedean local field  and  be a quadratic extension with a non-trivial Galois involution .\\n5.1 The quasi-split -form  of .\\nNotice that quasi-split -forms of  are classified by:Let  be the Chevalley involution, which is defined by Prasad [Pra19a] in the general case and Adams-Vogan [Ada14][AV16] independently in the archimedean case. It is a well-defined element in . If we consider the isomorphism:where  is the based root datum of , then the Chevalley involution  is nothing but the  map on , where  is the longest Weyl element.\\nSince  is quasi-split, we can produce a splitting of the exact sequence over :by fixing a pinning  of  over , that is, we have a natural splitting:In this way, we get an automorphism  in  such that . Notice that the involution  does depend on the pinning we choose and a canonical choice of lift  with respect to the given pinning  has been explicitly described by Prasad [Pra19a, Definition 1, Example 1]. Fixing a Chevalley involution  whose image is  in , we get a quasi-split -form  of  defined by the element in , which sends  to .\\nNotice that  is a quasi-split -form of , such that  as algebraic groups over . More precisely, we have the following description of -rational points of :where  is the canonical involution constructed in [Pra19a, Definition 1].\\nLet  be a torus defined over , then there is an isomorphism between  and . In this case,  and we haveThe following cases of tori will be frequently used later:, then ., then ., for a quadratic extension  over , which is different from , then  for the quadratic extension  over , which is different from  and .\\nThe complex dual group of  is equipped with a natural embedding  sending  to , which extends naturally to a homomorphism of -groups  sending  to . This functoriality realizes the base change of , which coincides with the one in Section\\u00a04.1, except that we use isomorphisms  sending  to .\\nWe have already seen that one of the necessary conditions for a Langlands parameter of  to be a functorial lift from a Langlands parameter of  is that the parameter is -invariant (the Galois action is the one associated to the pair ), which is well known in the following cases:\\nIf  is the quasi-split unitary group, then  is the general linear group over . A Langlands parameter of  being -invariant with respect to  means . Since each -packet of  is a singleton, this simply means , that is,  is conjugate invariant.If  is the general linear group, then  is the quasi-split unitary group. Notice that the  action on  is the usual Galois action twisted by the Chavelley involution , where  denotes the matrix . In this case, a Langlands parameter of  being -invariant with respect to  means , that is, . This simply means , that is,  is conjugate self dual.In case 1, the conjugate invariant condition is also a sufficient condition for  being a base change lift from . However, in case 2, the conjugate self dual condition is not sufficient to determine whether  is a (stable) base change lift from . One needs further information, that is, the sign of the conjugate self dual representation to determine whether it is a (stable) base change or not.\\n5.2 The quadratic character  associated to .\\nLet  be the quadratic character of  associated to the quadratic extension  by the local class field theory. More precisely,  is given by the natural projection . Although there is a uniform description of this quadratic character in terms of local class field theory, it is still convenient for us to write down the following explicit description of this quadratic character depending on whether  is ramified or not. Notice that  could be described using the quadratic Hilbert symbol sending  to . More precisely,\\nWhen  is unramified, we havewhere  is the normalized valuation on  such that .\\nWhen  is ramified,  is chosen to be a uniformizer  of . Then we have\\nPrasad\\u2019s quadratic character  is given by the following Galois cohomological construction. Consider the short exact sequence of -groups:which leads to a long exact sequence:Notice that we also have a short exact sequencefor any maximal torus  of .\\nBy the natural identificationtogether with Tate duality, we have a natural map:By Proposition\\u00a03.11, we have a natural bijection:Moreover, we have the following commutative diagram:where the first vertical map is induced by the natural -equivariant morphism , and the second vertical map is given by the composition with the natural map .\\nBy choosing a regular unipotent element  in , we have a map  by Jacobson-Morosov theorem. Notice that . Hence we have a map of -groups:which induces a map:The image of  under this map determines a quadratic character of  hence a quadratic character of  by the vertical map. This is exactly the quadratic character .\\nNotice that the Cartier dual of the finite group scheme  over a -adic field is the constant group scheme . The corresponding Tate duality gives a perfect pairing:When , there is a natural isomorphism between  and  as trivial -modules, where the second isomorphism is given by exponential maps . Together with the isomorphism  induced by the Kummer sequenceit is convenient for us to use the following isomorphisms to parameterize the set of isomorphism classes of quadratic etale algebra over .\\nFrom the bijection in Proposition\\u00a03.11, it is easy to see that  is trivial if  is semisimple, simply connected, since  is adjoint so that  is trivial. Moreover, we have the following lemma describing the relationship between  and .\\n\\n\\nLemma 5.4.\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\nIt follows from the constructions of  and , which are both constructed from a quadratic character of  and the following commutative diagram:\\u220e\\nAs explained by Prasad in his paper, this quadratic character is closely related to the half sum of positive root in the following manner. Let  be a quasi-split group over a local field  and  be a maximal torus of  over  contained in a Borel subgroup  over .\\nLet  be the half sum of positive roots of , then . Then we have the following commutative diagramwhich gives an exact sequence of dual Galois modules\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\nHence the map , which defines Prasad\\u2019s character viais the restriction of the map\\nFor , the map  is given by:It is not hard to see that the principal  map induced by  is given by:such that the induced map on  is given by:For the quasi-split group  with  quadratic, the computation is similar except that the  action on  factors through , and is given byfor , which means that there is an identification .\\nBy later computations in Lemma\\u00a05.11 and Remark\\u00a05.12, Prasad\\u2019s character  is given by:where  denotes the isomorphism , and  denotes the trivial character if , and denotes the quadratic character associated to  if .\\nIn fact, Prasad\\u2019s character has been computed explicitly for many examples [Rap18][MO21]. The above examples are also computed explicitly in [MO21] in a slightly different way. We list some of them.\\n: the quasi-split special orthogonal group,  is given by ,\\nwhere  is the Spin norm given by the connecting homomorphism:associated to the short exact sequence of -groups:  is trivial, since  is simply connected.: the split special orthogonal group or the quasi-split but non split orthogonal group,  is trivial.\\n5.3 The restriction of  to the elliptic maximal torus .\\nNotice that the restriction of a character of  to  is a character of  for any maximal torus  of . Hence we have the following interpretation of restriction of characters of  to  in terms of Galois cohomology\\nNotice that we have the following commutative diagram:which gives the following commutative diagram at the level of :Hence the image of  under the natural mapis the restriction of Prasad\\u2019s character to .\\nNotice that the local Langlands correspondence for tori could be regarded as an isomorphism of two functors from the category of tori over  to the category of abelian groups [Yu09] sending a torus  toHence it enjoys the following functorial property.\\nLet  be a morphism of  tori, which induces a morphism of -modules . Then we have the following commutative diagram\\nThe following functoriality is frequently used in the later computation.\\nLet  be a finite Galois extension and  be a torus defined over . Let  be the natural embedding . Notice that one has a natural identificationsuch that  is given by the corestriction mapWe have the following commutative diagram:\\nMoreover, if we apply Proposition\\u00a05.7 to the case when  is a split maximal torus of  and  is a root of , we can get the following factorization of the restriction of Prasad\\u2019s character to the split maximal torus.\\nLet  be a split maximal torus of a split reductive group . We have the following identity:\\nThis is a direct consequence of the functorial property of local Langlands for tori in Proposition\\u00a05.7 and the explicit description of the map  in Equation\\u00a05.1.\\n\\u220e\\nIn fact, we can also obtain a similar factorization for the restriction of Prasad\\u2019s quadratic character to an elliptic maximal torus  of . However, since there will be no Borel subgroup defined over  containing , we need to find certain replacement of the set of positive roots, which is given by a section of . In the case when  is a maximal torus contained in a Borel subgroup , both of which are defined over ,  could be regarded as a section of  determined by the . Let  be an arbitrary maximal torus of  defined over , one can choose a Borel subgroup  of  defined over  containing  such that  can be identified with  as a set, where the former set may have a non-trivial  action. Let  be the corresponding maximal torus in  such that . We have the following lemma due to Kottwitz [Kot83, Page 292].\\nThe restriction of  to  is independent of the choice of , hence is defined over  and  is preserved by any automorphism of .\\nHence the definition of Prasad\\u2019s character also does not depend on the choice of section . Notice that  indeed inherits a  action given byfor any . We have the following identification:hence the following partition:where ,  and  stand for symmetric, asymmetric  orbits and asymmetric  orbits. This decomposition enables us to get a factorization of Prasad\\u2019s character in terms of certain  orbits.\\nBefore we give a general description of the restriction of Prasad\\u2019s character to an elliptic maximal torus, we first prove the following lemma.\\nLet  be any one dimensional torus defined over a non archimedean local field , consider the natural -equivariant inclusion  (embedding of  into ), which gives the natural map . Let  be a quadratic extension of , which is regarded as an element in . Then the image of  under the above map is the character of  given by the natural map .\\nFirst we need to prove that the map  is indeed a character, that is,  could be embedded into . Notice that there are four kinds of one dimensional tori over a -adic field, when the residue characteristic is not :  and , where  are three quadratic extensions of . When  is , we have  by local class field theory. When  is , we have  by Hilbert , where  is given by . When  is  with  and , we have  and . Then we have the following identificationdue to the following isomorphism:The last isomorphism is due to the fact that the map  is trivial since .Since  acts on  trivially, we have the identificationThen the element  gives rise to a natural quadratic character of  which is trivial on the index two subgroup . Let  denote the image of  under the map . Then  is a cocycle which is trivial on . Under the local Langlands correspondence for tori,  corresponds to a character of  trivial on , which is the natural character .\\u220e\\nThe above quadratic character has a more convenient description in terms of quadratic characters of the splitting field of the one dimensional torus . Let  be a one dimensional torus over  with splitting field . There exists a natural embeddingwith a -equivariant morphism of dual torus given by the corestriction map in Equation\\u00a05.3:Notice that we have a commutative diagramApplying the functor , we get a commutative diagram at the level of :By local Langlands correspondence for tori, the image of  is  for , where  is trivial if  is contained in , and the quadratic character associated to  if  and  are disjoint.\\nIn fact, for any torus  of the form , where  is a one dimensional torus over , one can also construct the following map:The simplest example is when we take  to be . For disjoint  and , the image of  is the quadratic character . For , the image of  is trivial.\\nNow we give a new interpretation of the restriction of Prasad\\u2019s character to , where  is an elliptic maximal torus of . This interpretation is largely inspired by the work of Kaletha and Langlands Shelstad.\\nThe following diagram of -modules is commutative:\\nNotice that the  action on  is trivial. By Equation\\u00a04.1, the natural map  sends  to the constant functions  on . For a  orbit  of a root , we have a natural identification . One can directly check the commutativity of the diagram by explicit computation:\\u220e\\nWe can apply the functor  to get a commutative diagram at the level of :Moreover, if  is symmetric, then we also have:\\n is symmetric.Let  be the one dimensional anisotropic torus over  whose  points correspond to the norm-one elements of  with respect to . A  orbit of  induces a natural map . Then we consider the following diagram:One can define a character of  associated to  and the  orbit of  in the following way:sending  to , where  is the natural mapNotice that we have the following commutative diagram:where  denotes the isomorphism .\\nHence we have is asymmetric.One can define a character of  associated to  and the  orbit of  in the following way:sending  to .Notice that by [Kal19a, Page 6], any root  gives a morphism , and summing over  orbit of  gives a morphism:defined over . (In fact these two morphisms are trivial on , hence define a morphism from  to  over , which is in fact trivial due to the ellipticity of .) This gives a morphism of dual toriNotice that the -mapfactors through the above map, which implies the character  factors throughHence the character is trivial.\\nThe restriction of Prasad\\u2019s character to an elliptic maximal torus  inherits the following factorization:\\nNotice that the restriction of Prasad\\u2019s character to  is given by the image of  under the following map:By Equation\\u00a05.4, we haveNotice that each summand is defined over , hence we have the following factorization by Equation\\u00a05.5 and Equation\\u00a05.6:\\u220e\\nOne advantage of our formulation is that we can compute the restriction of Prasad\\u2019s character to an elliptic torus  according to the property of absolute roots associated to .\\nFor , computations in Example\\u00a05.5 have already shown thatNow we give a reinterpretation of , where  is a maximal elliptic torus of  of the form  for a degree  extension . Since  is still an elliptic torus of , we know that . One can easily see that , which means that we haveIn this case we also have  for each root . Notice that each  orbit of roots has exactly  roots, hence the number of  orbits equals .\\nHence we havewhich means thatBy Theorem\\u00a05.15, we can deduce\\n5.4 Prasad\\u2019s conjecture for regular supercuspidal representations.\\nAlthough Prasad makes his conjecture for an arbitrary irreducible admissible representation of  in a generic -packet, the conjecture has a simpler form for regular supercuspidal representations.\\nFix a Whittaker datum  such that  satisfies , let  be a regular supercuspidal representation of  with Langlands-Vogan parameter , where  is the Langlands parameter of  and  is an irreducible representation of the component group . Let  be the quasi-split -form of  defined in Section\\u00a05.1, and  be the quadratic character of  associated to  defined in Section\\u00a05.2. Then we have the following identity:where the sum of RHS runs over all the Langlands parameters  such that , and  is the multiplicity of the trivial representation in the restriction of .\\nNotice that we can simplify the parameter side of this identity based on the nice parametrization properties of regular supercuspidal representations, which will be described in detail in Section\\u00a07.2.1.\\nThe inflation restriction sequence Equation\\u00a04.2 already implies that the set of possible extensions of  can be identified withNotice that under the twisted (by )  action, we have an identification . In fact, for a regular supercuspidal parameter , Lemma 5.3.4 in [Kal19] impliesHowever, there may exist different  structures on  (hence different  structure on ) such that  is , and we should count them all. If we fix an  structure on , then the set of possible extensions of  can be identified with the pointed setunder the above isomorphism. We will give a comparison between this and the one obtained from the naive base change in Remark\\u00a07.5.\\n6 Hakim-Murnaghan\\u2019s formula for distinguished regular supercuspidal representations\\n6.1 Yu\\u2019s construction of tamely ramified supercuspidal representations.\\nLet  be a reductive group over a nonarchimedean local field  of residual characteristic , such that it splits over a tamely ramified extension of . Yu develops a general method to construct tame supercuspidal representations of  using cuspidal data. We give a brief review of the construction here. For more details, one can refer to [Yu01],[HM08]. We fix an additive character  of conductor  for convenience.\\nA generic cuspidal datum is a -tuple:where is a sequence of tamely ramified twisted Levi subgroups of , such that  is anisotropic. is a point in the enlarged Bruhat-Tits building of  and  denotes its image in the reduced building. is a sequence of real numbers, such that  if , and  if . is an irreducible representation of  such that  is -isotypic and  contains an inflation of a cuspidal representation of , and also - is irreducible.(The last condition is also equivalent to the condition that  is a depth-0 supercuspidal representation of .) is a sequence of quasi-characters  of  of depth , which are  generic in the sense of Yu. More precisely,  is trivial and there exists a  generic element  such that:for any , where  denotes the Moy-Prasad isomorphism:\\nTo understand Yu\\u2019s construction, we first need to understand the representation theory of abstract Heisenberg -groups and Yu\\u2019s special isomorphism, which is crucial in the whole construction. Let  be a symplectic vector space over a finite field  such that , and  be the usual Heisenberg group associated to . More precisely,  is identified with  with multiplication given by\\n[Yu01]\\nA Heisenberg -group is an abstract group  which is isomorphic to a Heisenberg group  associated to a symplectic vector space  over .\\nFor an abstract Heisenberg -group  with center , let  denote . The commutator map defines a symplectic form on :\\nA special isomorphism on  is an isomorphism  such that the following diagram commutes:\\nFix a non-trivial additive character , the Heisenberg Weil representation of  is the pull back of the usual Heisenberg Weil representation of  associated to .\\nThe explicit construction of the tamely ramified supercuspidal representations [Yu01] could be described as follows.\\nLet  be a maximal -split torus of ,  be an -torus containing  such that  is maximal -split, and  be the centralizer of  in . Since  is quasi-split over ,  is a maximal torus of  defined over  with maximal -split subtorus . Let  be the splitting field of  such that  is a tamely ramified extension. We have canonical inclusions of apartments:When  is quasi-split over , then  could be chosen to be the maximal torus , such that  determines the pinning of  over .\\nFor an arbitrary maximal torus  defined over , which splits over a tamely ramified extension . We adopt the notation in [Yu01] and [HM08].\\nLet  denote the intersectionin .\\nSince  is tame, by Galois descent on Bruhat-Tits building, we have a natural identification:\\nFix a cuspidal datum  such that  for a tamely ramified maximal torus , and set , Yu defines a family of subgroups of :These subgroups satisfy the following relations:Since  is of depth , hence is trivial on , so that  factors through a character of . We can get a character of  by inflation:Let  be the unique character of  such thatNotice that  has a natural structure of abstract Heisenberg group over the residue field, such that  has a natural structure of symplectic vector space over the residue field. There exists an irreducible representation  of , which corresponds to the Heisenberg representation via the special isomorphism such thatThe restriction of  to  is  isotypic.The restriction of  is  isotypic.It is also proved that  factors through the mapwhere  is the inflation of  to .\\nLet  be the representation of  such that its inflation to  is . One can produce a sequence of representations  of  by inflation. More precisely, we have\\n,  for , and .\\nThen one can further produce a representation of  byBy [Yu01] and [Fin19], the representation - is irreducible, hence a supercuspidal representation of .\\nAn important class of such representations are the so-called toral supercuspidal representations, that is, the representations with Yu data:where  is an elliptic maximal torus of  and  is a character of . As remarked by [Kal19], these representations are already general enough to include a class of supercuspidal representations called epipelegic representations, which is first constructed by Reeder and Yu [RY14] using stable vectors in geometric invariant theory. Later, Kaletha [Kal15] proved that their constructions could be recovered from Adler\\u2019s construction [Adl98] when the residual characteristic  is good.\\nBased on Yu\\u2019s work, Kaletha provides a strategy to construct regular supercuspidal representations from a tame elliptic pair  satisfying certain regular conditions. We give a short review of his construction here. The key point to recover Yu\\u2019s data from  is the following existence result of Howe factorization proved by Kaletha.\\nLet  be the splitting field of , one can produce a sequence of Levi subsystem of  for a sequence of positive real numbers  and :\\nSet , then one can define  to be the connected reductive subgroups of  with a maximal torus  and root system . We also set .\\nA Howe factorization of  is a sequence of characters  for  such that. is trivial on . is of depth  is  generic. For ,  is the trivial character if , and has depth  if . For ,  is the trivial character if , and is a depth zero character if . In this case we usually denote it by  instead of .\\nAny pair  consisting of a tame elliptic torus  and a character  has a Howe factorization .\\nIf , then  is a maximally unramified elliptic maximal torus of  [Kal19, Definition 3.4.2], and  is a regular depth zero character such that  factors through . Let  denote the inflation of the irreducible Deligne-Lusztig cuspidal representation  of  to . Let  denote the canonical extension of  to  established by Kaletha with the help of  action on the corresponding Deligne-Lusztig variety. By [Kal19, Propositon 3.4.27],  could be chosen to be .\\nHence, the above process associates a generic cuspidal datum  to . One can then get a regular tamely ramified supercuspidal representation of  from Yu\\u2019s construction.\\n6.2 Hakim-Murnaghan\\u2019s formula.\\nFor a tame supercuspidal representation  of  with a fixed Yu-datum, Hakim and Murnaghan [HM08] give a formula to describe the dimension of the space of  invariant linear forms on  for an involution  defined over . We can apply their machinery to the case when  is  and  is the -involution induced by  (also denoted by ).\\nwhere  is certain multiplicity, and  is certain quadratic character of .\\nMoreover, they also describe the relevant condition explicitly.(i.e. the condition of double coset or equivalently  such that .)\\nFor toral supercuspidal representations, this formula could be even much simpler. More explicitly,  is a toral supercuspidal representation, where  and  is the representation of  attached to  through Yu\\u2019s special isomorphism. For these representations, we have:\\nRecently, Hakim [Hak18] transforms the relevant condition on  orbits of involutions to  orbits of involutions, that is, from double coset  to double coset  for regular supercuspidal representations, and gets a refined formula for these representations. Remark that the set of  orbits of involutions within a fixed  orbit of  can be identified with , where  is the stabilizer of  in , and it\\u2019s clear that  contains  as a finite index subgroup. However, in our reinterpretation, we prefer to use the double coset  instead of  for certain reason, which also avoids the factor .\\nThe following theorem (in a slightly different form) is proved by Hakim [Hak18] for regular supercuspidal representations:\\nLet  be a regular supercuspidal representation of  attached to a tame regular elliptic pair , then we have:\\nMore precisely, the quadratic character  has the following explicit description:In fact,  is indeed the quadratic character  in Equation\\u00a06.3 given by , whereis a vector space over the residue field .\\n6.3 Some facts about -adic tori.\\nBefore we give a reinterpretation of the relevant condition on the set of  orbits in the  orbit of the Galois involution , we first review some basic facts about -adic tori.\\n Conjugacy class.\\nFor a connected quasi-split reductive group  defined over , let  be a fixed base maximal torus defined over .\\nLet  and  be two maximal tori of  defined over . They are called rationally conjugate if they are conjugate by an element in . They are called stably conjugate if  and  are conjugate by an element in .\\nWe have the following well-known parametrization of these conjugacy classes.\\nThe set of rational conjugacy classes of maximal tori of  defined over  is in bijection with the pointed set .\\nExplicitly, the bijection is given by:where  is a maximal torus of  such that .\\nIn fact this identification can also be read from the long exact sequence associated to the short exact sequence of Galois pointed sets:where the set of rational conjugacy classes of maximal tori defined over  can be identified with the set . In fact, the variety  is known as the variety of maximal tori, whose rational points  parameterize the set of maximal tori of  defined over .\\nThe set of stable conjugacy classes of maximal tori defined over  is in bijection with the pointed set  and there is a surjective mapwith each fiber consisting of the set of rational conjugacy classes of maximal tori inside a stable conjugacy class of maximal tori.\\nNow we fix a cocycle  with . Let  be the -torus corresponding to  (regarded as an element in  by the natural map ). Notice we have an -isomorphism , where  lies in , such that  projects to . Hence we have an embedding of  into  for any choice of , such that  is a maximal torus of .\\nBy the short exact sequence of -groups:we have a long exact sequencehence also a long exact sequence\\nNotice we have natural isomorphisms:which means  as a set.\\nMoreover, in [Re11, Section 6.2] Reeder also constructs an affine action of  onsuch that the long exact sequence gives a bijection between the set of rational conjugacy classes of maximal torus in  and the set of  orbits in .\\n Rational Embeddings.\\nFix a stable conjugacy class of maximal tori , there is another interpretation of the set:\\nThis set parametrizes rational equivalence classes of -embeddings of a maximal torus  into , that is(two embeddings  and  are equivalent if there exists some  such that )\\nIf we write  for some , we not only have  (this is the condition for  to be defined over ), but also have  for any  and any (this is the condition for  to be defined over , that is ), which means .\\n\\u220e\\nIn the above lemma, we have already assumed that  is a maximal torus of , which means that we have already chosen a base point of an -embedding of the underlying abstract torus of  to . Moreover, if  is an abstract torus with a fixed  conjugacy class of an embedding  such that  is a maximal torus of , then the set of  is a torsor under  by sending  to  for  such that .\\nNotice that the setparameterizes all the  equivalence classes of possible embeddings of maximal torus into . More precisely, this set is in bijection with the set of equivalence classes of the pairs  where  is an -torus with  and  is a  equivalence class of -embeddings.  is equivalent to  if and only if  and there exists  such that .\\nIf  is an elliptic maximal torus of , then  is surjective.\\nBased on this lemma, we can see that the pointed set  with  being an elliptic maximal torus of  can be identified with the set of rational conjugacy classes of -embeddings of  into all pure inner forms  of  for . For a regular supercuspidal parameter , we have already seen in Section\\u00a03.4 that there is a bijection:What\\u2019s more, we also have the following refined bijiection:\\n6.4 Reinterpretation of the indexing set appearing in Hakim-Murnaghan\\u2019s formula.\\nLet  denote the  orbit of the Galois involution . For a regular supercuspidal representation  associated to  with  elliptic torus over  such that  and  is maximal torus of , the relevant condition for  being distinguished becomes that  is stable under  for some  by [Hak18]. Notice that this condition is equivalent to the condition , which means  is defined over . Let  denote this -torus, and we have  as locally compact topological groups.\\nThere is a bijection between the relevant double cosetand the set , where  is defined to be:Let  be a fixed base point of an embedding of an abstract torus  to  over . Then  could be regarded as an element of  via the map . Furthermore, if  is fixed as the base point in , this set can also be identified with the set:\\nNotice that  is -stable hence defined over  with . We partition the relevant double coset according to the isomorphism class of the -structure of . The bijection is given by sending  to  such that . It is clear from definition that  only depends on  and that . It is also direct to check this map is indeed a bijection. The second statement follows from Propostion (6.7), Lemma (6.9) and the following commutative diagram for elliptic torus, which is due to snake lemma:where  is the short notation for .\\n\\u220e\\nWe can also consider the above BC map for pure inner forms  with  and these maps can be glued to a map:which coincides with the usual restriction map:Moreover we have:\\nIn fact, if we choose  to be the base point in , there is a natural identification:\\nIn terms of this interpretation, Hakim-Murnaghan\\u2019s formula becomes:\\n6.5 -extension and a reduction step.\\nSince we are dealing with the distinction problem with respect to a specific quadratic character which may be nontrivial, we can\\u2019t apply Hakim-Murnaghan\\u2019s formula directly. An obstruction is that  could not always be extended to be a character of . To deal with this issue, we take consideration of the -extension of .\\nLet  be a connected reductive group over . A -extension of  is a central extension  of :such that is a connected reductive group over  whose derived subgroup is simply connected. is an induced torus, that is,  is isomorphic to a finite product  for finite extensions .\\nFor any reductive group  over a field of characteristic , a -extension always exists.\\nTaking the long exact sequence of Galois cohomology associted to the short exact sequence of -groups, we have:By Shapiro\\u2019s lemma, we have isomorphisms:which implies that .\\nIn this way, we can treat an irreducible representation of  as an irreducible representation of , which  acts on trivially. In particular, Prasad\\u2019s character  is indeed a quadratic character of .\\n, as a quadratic character of , can be extended to a quadratic character of  for any -extension  of .\\nWe first prove that  regarded as a character of  is the same as . Notice that we have a following commutative diagram:which leads to the following commutative diagram:The commutativity of the above diagram implies that  as a character of . By Lemma (5.4),  coincides with , which is trivial since  is simply connected. This simply means that  is a character of .Notice that we have a second exact sequence of -groups:where  denotes the derived subgroup of  and  denotes the cocenter of , which is a torus defined over .Taking the long exact sequence of Galois cohomology, we have:since  is simply connected. This provides an identification between  and . Since  is a subgroup of the locally compact abelian group ,  as a character of  could be always extended to be a character of , hence a quadratic character of .\\n\\u220e\\nLet  be an extension of  to . Now we review the relationship between representation theory of  and . Notice that we have a natural map:by regarding an irreducible representation of  as an irreducible representation of , on which  acts trivially.\\nLet  be a regular supercuspidal representation of  constructed from a tame regular elliptic pair , the image of  under this map is the regular supercuspidal representation of  attached to , where  is the preimage of  in  and  is the pull back of  along . We have the following commutative diagram:\\nTaking long exact sequence of Galois cohomology, we have the following commutative diagram:\\nSince  is an induced torus, we know that  and . By the snake lemma, we have an isomorphism:\\nIf we fix a stable conjugacy class of an elliptic torus  in , then we have a bijection:Moreover, there is a bijection:since any -embedding  into , whose base change to  is , canonically determines an -embedding  whose base change to  is  and vice versa. Hence we have\\n7 Proof of the theorem under 7.9\\n7.1 Torus case.\\nWe start with Prasad\\u2019s conjecture for torus . This has already been treated in Prasad\\u2019s paper [Pra15], and we give a brief review of the torus case here. Notice that  is trivial, hence for any  which may be nontrivial,  is identified with . From the construction of , we know that it is in fact constructed from a character of , hence is trivial in the torus case.\\nLet  be a character of . The left hand side of Prasad\\u2019s conjecture gives\\nBy Example\\u00a05.1,  is a -torus, whose -rational points are given byFrom the long exact sequence associated to the short exact sequence of -groups:we haveApplying the exact functor  of taking the Pontryagin dual, we can see that a character  of  is distinguished by  if and only if it is a base change of a character of  that is  where  is a character of  and  is the norm map associated to  given by  Hence we haveNotice that the set of possible extensions of the parameter of  (if not empty) can identified with the set . The right hand side of Prasad\\u2019s conjecture reads:In fact, by local Langlands for tori and the exact sequencewe can already see that the number of base change lifts of  from  (if not ) equals the cardinality of\\nNow we give a direct proof based on Galois cohomology. For the exact sequence of algebraic groups over :we have a dual exact sequence of -modulesBy combining a result of Kottwitz [Kot84, Corollary 2.3] and Shapiro\\u2019s lemma, we have the following long exact sequence:which leads to an isomorphism:where the map  is induced by the corestriction map. Since  is dense in ,  for any Galois module . Hence we have the commutative diagram:Notice we have isomorphismsNotice that for a homomorphism of abelian groups , there is a natural identification . As a corollary, we have , which implies the equality\\nNow we try to reduce the proof of Prasad\\u2019s conjecture for regular supercuspidal representations to the case of torus.\\n7.2 Regular supercuspidal case.\\nWe first summarize Kaletha\\u2019s construction of an -packet associated to a regular supercuspidal -packet datum in a few words.\\nFix a regular supercuspidal -packet datum  of  such that  is the minimally ramified -datum determined by , the Vogan -packet associated to this Langlands parameter consists of representations:where  runs over the set of  conjugacy classes of embeddings of  into  over  for any , and the representation  is the one constructed from Yu\\u2019s generic cuspidal datum associted to the tame elliptic pair in Section\\u00a06.1.\\nLet  be a regular supercuspidal representation associated to a regular supercuspidal datum , where  is an admissible embedding of  to  defined over . Now we give an explicit computation of LHS and RHS of Equation\\u00a05.7. Notice the tame elliptic regular pair associated to this regular supercuspidal datum is . We also need the following generalization of Lemma\\u00a03.9 to fix a base point in a given regular supercuspidal -packet.\\nFor any Whittaker datum  for , there is a unique admissible embedding (up to  conjugacy)  such that the regular supercuspidal representation corresponding to  is -generic.\\nIf the Whittaker datum  is chosen to satisfy Prasad\\u2019s condition , then base point of embedding  is defined over .\\nBy Lemma\\u00a0A.11, the condition  is equivalent to the condition . Let  be the generic semisimple element associated to the character . Since we also assume the -parameter of  is a base change lift from one of , we have . By [Kal19, Lemma 6.2.2] [FKS21], the unique embedding (up to  conjugacy)  such that  is  generic is characterized by the condition that\\nthe  conjugacy class of  meets the Kostant section of . More precisely, there exists  such that . To prove  is defined over , we need to verifyLet  denote , then we have . Notice that the facts  and  imply thatBy the uniqueness of the characterization, we have , that is,  is defined over .\\n\\u220e\\nWe shall henceforth fix a Whittaker datum  satisfying Prasad\\u2019s condition and use  in Proposition\\u00a07.2 as a base point to fix the bijection:\\n7.2.1 RHS of Equation\\u00a05.7.\\nNow we try to compute the RHS of Prasad\\u2019s conjecture in Equation\\u00a05.7 explicitly for regular supercuspidal representations in terms of their supercuspidal data. Notice that  plays the role of a character of component group  associated to .\\nTo find an extension of a parameter  to a parameter  is equivalent to find a regular supercuspidal -packet datum  of , where  is an elliptic maximal torus of  defined over  and  is a character of  such thatThis is equivalent to the condition that there exists an abstract isomorphism of  tori:where the norm  is the composite of  and the norm map on  sending  to . We take this abstract isomorphism  as part of our initial data.\\nSince  is tamely ramified, we know that . Then the second condition becomes\\nA priori, it seems that the character  produced by -data depends on the character . However, the computations in Section\\u00a08.4 imply that this character does not depend on , but only depends on .\\nNotice that for a supercuspidal parameter , Lemma 5.3.1 in [Kal19] implies\\nThe parameter side of Prasad\\u2019s conjecture in Equation\\u00a05.7 then becomes:where the notation  means that we fix an abstract isomorphism  of abstract tori over .\\nThe  of Equation\\u00a05.7 is given by:\\nWe give an explicit computation of each term appearing inBy local Langlands correspondence for tori,\\n We also have a commutative diagram:Hence for , the setcan be identified with a torsor for .Fix a Whittaker datum  satisfying Prasad\\u2019s condition, which determines a base point  of the set of equivalence classes of rational embeddings of  to . By Proposition\\u00a07.2,  is in fact defined over , and the representation  has the label  such that , which we still denote by  for simplicity. Consider the following correspondence established in Theorem\\u00a07.1:The condition  (hence must be ) is equivalent to the condition\\n. We also have a commutative diagramwhere the horizontal arrows are given by Kottwitz isomorphisms. Hence the condition  is equivalent to the condition By the above two interpretations of the formula, we prove that the  of Equation\\u00a05.7 is given by\\u220e\\nComparing the number of base change lifting of supercuspidal -packet datum with the one given by inflation and restriction sequence Equation\\u00a04.2, it seems that the extension of the character part of the datum is already parametrized by . In fact, the regularity condition of the character  seems to pose some constraints on the set of pair  whose base change over  is . One natural question is whether  could be a base change of  and  simultaneously such that the -structure of  and  are different. We can even see this in the following example of :Let T be an elliptic maximal torus of  over  and  be a regular character of . Then  can be identified with norm  elements inside a quadratic extension . A necessary condition for the existence of an elliptic maximal torus of  whose base change equals to  is that  is a biquadratic extension. Let  and  be the other  intermediate fields between  and . Let  denote the non-trivial involution. Then  can not be a base change of  and  with  simultaneously.If  comes from two elliptic torus  and  over  with , then there exist characters  such that  for any . A immediate consequence is that , which implies . This contradicts with the regular condition, since we have a natural identification: \\n\\u220eLater we will see that the same phenomenon happens on the representation side. More precisely, the regular condition may pose the condition that  can not be distinguished with respect to  and  with  simultaneously. Since these conditions are equivalent as a simple consequence of local Langlands correspondence for tori, we do not need to exclude these possibilities to prove Prasad\\u2019s identity.\\n7.2.2 LHS of Equation\\u00a05.7.\\nFor , we have a -extension of  depending on . Let  denote the -extension for . Summing these dimensions over -pure inner forms  of  which are trivial over , we have the following identity:\\n\\n\\nProposition 7.8.\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\nWe have the following equalities of charactersfor any reductive group  whose derived subgroup is simply connected.\\nIf we assume 7.9, then the proof is a direct consequence of the proof of torus case and the following comparison of Proposition(7.4) and Proposition(7.8):\\nThe conditions in Proposition\\u00a07.4 and Proposition(7.8) are the same.\\nA stable conjugacy class of a maximal torus  of  uniquely determines a stable conjugacy class of maximal torus  of , and vice versa. By the long exact sequence associated to the short exact sequence of -groups:we haveTaking the Pontryagin dual of the above exact sequence, we can see  if and only if By the long exact sequence associated to the short exact sequence of -tori:we have \\n\\u220e\\nPrasad\\u2019s conjecture 5.17 is true for regular supercuspidal representations if and only if Conjecture 7.9 is true.\\n8 Comparison of various characters\\nTo prove 7.9, we need to detect the relation between the following four quadratic characters: , ,  and , where  appears in [HM08] for the computation the dimension of invariant forms,  is the restriction of Prasad\\u2019s quadratic character to ,  is the the rectifying character, which is used to construct regular supercuspidal representations from  in [Kal19], and  is the character of  associated to the -data, which measures the difference of two different -data. The proof of Conjecture 7.9 is not completely done in this article, we manage to prove Conjecture 7.9 for some particular examples, and when  is unramified. A priori, it is hard to imagine there is any relation between these characters, since the constructions of these characters are of different nature. In fact, these characters are quite mysterious, and of independent interest themselves. Certain deep arithmetic hides behind these characters. We give a short summary of these characters.\\nThe motivation of Prasad\\u2019s character is to detect the sign of a conjugate self dual representation. More precisely, for the case of , the representations distinguished by the trivial character are conjugate orthogonal, and the ones distinguished by Prasad\\u2019s character are conjugate symplectic. Hakim\\u2019s character consists of two parts, both appearing in the computation of the dimension of the linear form. The first part of Hakim\\u2019s character origins from different choices of Yu\\u2019s special isomorphism in his construction of tame supercuspidal representations. The second part of Hakim\\u2019s character appears in the depth zero part, which follows from Lusztig\\u2019s work on the computation of the dimension of linear forms for finite groups of Lie type. Kaletha\\u2019s character naturally appears in the construction of local Langlands for regular supercuspidal representations, which aims to produce the correct character identity based on the work of Adler, Debacker and Spice [AS09] [DS18]. The character  appears naturally measuring the difference of the base point of -embedding given by different tamely ramified -data determined by the characters of the torus. We will give a description, and sometimes a reinterpretation of these characters in detail.\\nWe first recall the explicit expressions of these characters.\\n Hakim-Murnaghan\\u2019s character of .where \\nis a vector space over the residue field .\\n Kaletha\\u2019s character of .\\nwhere  is the toral invariant defined by Kaletha. More precisely, it is given by:where  denotes ,  denotes a nonzero element in ,  is a quadratic extension with , and  denotes the quadratic character  associated to  by local class field theory.\\nIn the next few subsections, we are going to compute these characters explicitly taking into consideration of the distinction problem. For convenience, let  be a maximal torus of , and  be a maximal torus of  such that  is  conjugate to  instead of writing  and  for abstract tori  and embeddings .\\nConjecture 7.9 is true when  is unramified.\\nConjecture 7.9 is true for ,, ( odd) and  ( odd) for arbitrary quadratic extension .\\n8.1 Prasad\\u2019s character.\\nBy Theorem\\u00a05.15, we have the following factorization of Prasad\\u2019s quadratic character:\\n8.2 Kaletha\\u2019s character.\\nKaletha\\u2019s character is given by:\\nNow,  is a maximal torus of . Notice that we care about the situation when  is a base change of a maximal torus  of  over . Then we can identify the absolute character groups .\\n8.2.1 Toral invariant.\\nIn [Kal19], he gives a characterization of the toral invariant in terms of the Kottwitz sign of certain absolute rank  group. Now we describe his formulation.\\nFor a symmetric root  over , let  denote the subgroup of  generated by the root subgroups for  and .\\nWe know that  is defined over , and a semisimple group of absolute rank . If we assume  being simply connected, then the toral invariant could be understood as the Kottwitz sign of .\\nwhere  is a division algebra over  and  denotes the Kottwitz sign [Kot83].\\nThis is essentially proved by Kaletha. Notice that one has a decomposition of Lie algebrasuch that  is the Lie algebra of a one dimensional anisotropic torus  defined over , which splits over . Since  is simply connected, semisimple of rank  over , we know  must be an inner form of  over . From the definition of the toral invariant , we can see that . Hence the computation reduces to a computation of toral invariant of absolute rank one semisimple simply connected group. Notice that  is  by [Kal19, Lemma 4.5.3, Page 57]. By [Kal15, Proposition 4.3], we have the following formula for an inner twist  with its restriction to be an -isomorphism :We apply this formula to the case of absolute rank one group over , and get\\n.In fact, we can write down a direct computation for  and  uniformly.Let  for . Let  be a quaternion algebra over , which possibly splits. Then  could be embedded into  such that  as a (right) -vector space could be written as  for  with multiplication satisfying . Then the quaternion algebra is determined by the Hilbert symbol .\\nNotice that the left multiplication of  on  is  linear since  is a right  vector space. By choosing a basis  over  , one can embed  to  sending  to . Notice that  is the fixed point of  of the following involutionwhich defines the action of . Over , the adjoint action of  is given by . We can choose\\n, then  and , which implies . Hence we have\\u220e\\nNotice that we only care about the case that  is a base change of a torus  over , and  is defined over  for the purpose of distinction. It is clear from the definition that  must be symmetric over  if it is symmetric over .If , that is,  and  are both quadratic extensions, then  is also a base change of a rank one group over . Since  splits over any quadratic extension, in particular, over , we know that .If , then the  orbit of  breaks into two  orbits:  and  for . Then we can put the toral invariant of  and that of  together, and get\\n8.2.2 Explicit computation.\\nWe try to compute the quadratic character  explicitly. Notice that Kaletha\\u2019s character is given by a product of characters over  orbits of roots, we will deal with the component of a fixed  orbit at each time.\\n is asymmetric over , then  is automatically asymmetric over , that is  and . We have two cases:The  orbit of  becomes two  orbits. In this case .Let  and  be the two  orbits, both of which contribute to the character. We can put  component and  component of Kaletha\\u2019s character together. More precisely, for , that is, , we haveThe  orbit of  remains one  orbit. In this case .If  is unramified,  must be unramified.Since  is unramified, we have  for . Let  be the generator of the cyclic group , that is,Then we have:since , which means that every element in  is a square in . Hence the restriction of the character  to  is trivial.If  is ramified,  could be ramified or unramified. If it is unramified, the character is trivial by the same reason. If it is ramified, the quadratic character is given by , where  denotes the non-trivial quadratic character of . is symmetric unramified over , that is  is unramified quadratic.The  orbit of  becomes two  orbits, that is . Notice we have is asymmetric over , that is  and  is unramified quadratic.In this case, one has two  orbits. Notice that we can choose a lift  of  such that , and we only need to compute the contribution of  or  in the asymmetric case. Hence the quadratic character is given by .Since  is symmetric unramified over  in this case, we have  lies in . Similarly, let  be the generator of the cyclic group , that is,Then we havesince , which means that every element in  is a square in . Hence the restriction of the character  to  is trivial. is symmetric (necessarily unramified) over , that is  unramified quadratic extension with .In this case, one has two  orbits  and , both of which are symmetric over . We can put  component and  component of Kaletha\\u2019s character together. For , that is, , we haveThe  orbit of  remains one  orbit, that is  is a quadratic extension. In this case, both  and  are unramified quadratic. Notice that we have , hence , which means  is a biquadratic extension of .In this case  is unramified and  are all ramified. Hence  is symmetric unramified over . The quadratic character is given by . is symmetric ramified over , that is  is ramified quadratic.The  orbit of  becomes two  orbits, that is . Notice we have is asymmetric over , that is  and  is ramified quadratic.In this case, one has two  orbits. Notice that  and we only need to compute the contribution of  or  in the asymmetric case. Hence the quadratic character is given by . is symmetric (necessarily ramified) over , that is  ramified quadratic extension with .In this case, one has two  orbits  and , both of which are symmetric over . We can put  component and  component of Kaletha\\u2019s character together. The quadratic character is given by the toral invariant.The  orbit of  remains one  orbit, that is,  is a quadratic extension. In this case, both  quadratic and  is ramified quadratic. By the same reason  is biquadratic over  and  is unramified. is unramified. Then we have  is unramified and  is ramified, which means that  is symmetric ramified over . Hence the character is given by . is ramified,  could be unramified or ramified. is unramified, and  is biquadratic. Hence  is symmetric ramified over  and the character is given by . is ramified, and  is biquadratic. Then  is unramified, that is,  is symmetric unramified over . Hence for , the character is given by .\\n8.3 Hakim\\u2019s character.\\nAccording to [Hak18, 3.2], Hakim\\u2019s character is given by:where  is a quadratic character given by \\nBefore we give a new interpretation of Hakim\\u2019s character, we first list some properties of Hakim\\u2019s character. These properties are mainly proved by Hakim [Hak17] [Hak18] and Zhang [Zha20a] [Zha20b].\\n\\nThe proof depends on the algebraic nature of this quadratic character, which means that it is the restriction of a algebraic quadratic character of , and the fact that one has a decomposition .\\n factors through , where the latter is the Lusztig quadratic character defined by:where  is the sign defined by Lusztig, which is  for any reductive group  defined over .\\nLet  be any  involution of  preserving . Lusztig\\u2019s quadratic character has the following factorizationwhere  denotes .\\nFor Galois pair,  is always trivial.\\n8.3.1 A new interpretation of \\nNotice that \\nis a vector space over the residue field . We rewrite  as a direct sum over  orbits of roots appearing in .\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n(8.1)\\n\\n\\n\\n\\nNotice that we have isomorphisms of  vector spaces:The adjoint action of  becomes multiplication of  under this identification and the determinant is given by the norm . If we have , that is  is a jump, then  is given by , otherwise  is trivial.If  is asymmetric over , we could put the character associated to  and the character associated to  together. Notice that one has  by [DS18, Corollary 3.18], and the character is unchanged if one replaces  by . The number of  orbits of asymmetric roots is even with the same jump condition for  and . Hence the product of  over asymmetric roots is trivial.If  is symmetric over . Then the determinant of the action is given by .When  is unramified, this character is trivial sinceWhen  is ramified, this character is given by\\n8.4 The character associated to -data.\\n8.4.1 Relation between  and .\\nNotice that , as an element of absolute root system , is the same as , but carries a twisted Galois action. More precisely, the Galois action on  could be descried as follows.\\nFor any , whose projection to  is trivial,For any , whose projection is ,where  denotes the original action on , and  denotes the twisted action.\\nLet  denote the subfield of  which corresponds to  under this  action, which we denote by .\\n.\\nWe only need to prove that . For any , we havewhich means that . The reverse direction is similar.\\n\\u220e\\nIf  is a quadratic extension of  and  with , then  is the other intermediate field of the biquadratic extension  over .\\nLet  and  be the two non-trivial elements. We havewhich impliesHence  is the third intermediate field of  corresponding to the order two element .\\n\\u220e\\nIf  and  is both symmetric over  and . Then \\nNotice that  is symmetric over , hence it is necessarily symmetric over . Hence we havewhich means that .\\n\\u220e\\nIf  and  is symmetric over  but asymmetric over . Then .\\nNotice that we have  and  over  is quadratic. Furthermore, we know  since  action on  is non-trivial. Hence , which means that  is asymmetric over .\\n\\u220e\\n8.4.2 Explicit computation.\\nThe  orbit of  remains a single  orbit.The symmetry of  is necessarily the same over  and .Symmetric case is symmetric ramified both over  and .In this case,  is also symmetric over  since  is symmetric over . Then  is a biquadratic extension of  with three intermediate fields . We have the following diagram:Under the isomorphism ,  is the trivial character on\\n, the unique non-trivial character on , and is determined by its value at . Notice that  is the trivial character on , the unique non-trivial character on , and is also determined by its value at  by the surjectivity oftogether with the factThis means that  is also tamely ramified over . Hence  is trivial on , and is determined by the difference of these two -data. To compare these two -data at the symmetric ramified root  over , one only needs to evaluate the two character at  for certain mod--data over .Let  be the -data corresponding to a character , then  is also the -data corresponding to the character .This follows from the following direct computation.\\u220eApply the above proposition, we know that  is given by  on . According to Bushnell and Henniart [BH05, 1.5.2], for inclusions  such that  is a biquadratic extension, we have a formula:Hence we have:which impliesBy [BH05, Lemma 1.5], for any unramified extension  of degree , . Hence , which means it is the unramified quadratic character of  associated to the unique unramified extension , which means that  is the unramified quadratic character .Hence, the  component of  is given by: is symmetric unramified over  and symmetric ramified over .\\nWe have the following diagram:where  is the unramified extension of , and  is the tamely ramified -data determined by the mod  data. Notice that we haveSince  is ramified, hence we have  mod . By the fact that  is an unramified character and , we know that  is trivial. Hence we only need to compute  explicitly. is .Notice that we have  by the definition of -data, which impliesby considering the diagram:\\u220eHence the  component of  is given by: is symmetric unramified both over  and .We have the following diagram:Notice that we haveby considering the diagramHence, the  component of  is given by:Asymmetric caseIf  is asymmetric both over  and . Then we have:Hence, the  component of  is given by:The  orbit of  breaks into two  orbitsThe symmetry of  is the same over  and .We have the following diagramsororNotice that the equalities  and  imply . Hence the  component of  is trivial in all these three cases.The symmetry of  is different over  and .We have the following diagrams:Notice that  since  is asymmetric over . The  component of  is given byFurthermore, we have  and  is unramified, hence the  component of  is trivial.Notice that  since  is asymmetric over . The  component of  is given bywhere  is a tamely ramified -data, which is the unique nontrivial quadratic character on  and determined by mod--data. Notice that , hence the  component of  is given by\\n8.5 Tables.\\nWe list tables describing the contributions of each type of roots to these four quadratic characters.\\n8.6  unramified case.\\nIn particular, we can use our methods to deal with all cases such that  is unramified. The unramified assumption enables us to prove many components of these characters are trivial due to some arithmetic reasons.\\nPrasad\\u2019s conjecture 5.17 holds for regular supercuspidal representations when  is unramified.\\nPrasad\\u2019s character.\\nNotice that we have the following factorization of Prasad\\u2019s character:for any .\\nWhen  is contained in , then  is trivial.\\nWhen  and  are disjoint, then . Hence the only non-trivial term is the following case:In this case,  is a biquadratic extension of . Since  is unramified, both  and  are also unramified, which means  is symmetric ramified over  and .\\nHence, Prasad\\u2019s character could be simplified by:\\nKaletha\\u2019s character.\\nBy Table\\u00a02, we have the following description of the character .\\nIf  is unramified, we have\\nHakim\\u2019s character.\\nNotice that  consists of two partswhere  has the following factorizationby Section\\u00a08.3.1.\\nNotice that  is trivial for any Galois involution by [Zha20a, Corollary 3.18], which means that\\nHowever, we can not detect more information of this character from this expression. Luckily, when  is unramified,  is trivial by a result of Zhang [Zha20b, Proposition 4.1]. His proof relies on the existence of depth zero good element of trace zero, which is only available when  is unramified. In fact, his argument is global in nature which means that he constructs an  symplectic structure preserved by the adjoint action of , instead of analyzing a fixed root component of Hakim-Murnaghan\\u2019s character. His method is somehow complementary to ours. Hence when  is unramified, we have:\\nThe character associated to -data.\\nBy Table\\u00a04, we have the following description of the character of  associated to -data.\\nIf  is unramified, the character is simply given by:\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\nSummarizing the above computation, we haveIn this case, both  and  are symmetric ramified over , and the above computation implies Conjecture 7.9 is true when  is unramified.\\n\\u220e\\n8.7 Examples.\\nIn this section, we apply our method to various examples and give a new proof of Prasad\\u2019s conjecture for regular supercuspidal representations of these groups. Although most of these results are not new, our method is still somehow illuminating.\\nPrasad\\u2019s conjecture 5.17 holds for regular supercuspidal representations of ,, ( odd) and  ( odd).\\n8.7.1 Example of .\\nIn the case of , Prasad\\u2019s character is trivial since  is simply connected and perfect. Hakim\\u2019s character is also trivial since  is always a square. In fact, we can list all the possible cases of regular toral supercuspidal representations here. We also provide a comparison between our new interpretation of Hakim\\u2019s character in Equation\\u00a08.1 and the original one given by taking determinant of the adjoint action.\\nLet ,  with . Let , so that we have the following biquadratic extension: can be embedded into  in the following two ways:..These two embeddings are -equivalent. More precisely,  maps  to . However, the intersection with  of these two elliptic maximal tori are different:Hence it indeed happens that there are different  structures of , which means that the sum over abstract torus with different -structure in our formula is not trivial a priori.Let  be the split maximal torus of  over  with  consisting of diagonal matrices. Let  be the anisotropic maximal torus of  over  with , together with an embedding (there are two rational conjugacy classes of  embeddings of  into ) given by:Let  (In fact we can even choose an element , here we use  for simplicity). Then we havethat is, .Let  be the apartment associated to  of the building , we have identificationsSince  is split,  acts trivially on  andNotice that  and  are related by . By the -equivariant property of the Bruhat-Tits building , we have:The condition  implies that  is the origin  of . Hence we have , which is a point in .Now we restrict ourselves to the toral case (every tame supercuspidal representation of  is of depth zero or toral), that is, the twisted Levi sequence is , we describe the group  and  explicitly. Such computations have essentially been done by Hakim and Lansky in [HL10].Let  be the depth of the generic element  over , which corresponds to  via . We fix a valuation  on  such that . Let , the valuation of  forces the conditionWe have:where .\\nLet  denote the symplectic vector space over , where the Moy-Prasad isomorphism between  and  is realized by Caylay transform [HL10, A.6]. ramified, .  unramified,  is odd, . unramified,  is even. ,where  is endowed with a natural symplectic structure associated to an additive character such that .In fact, we can compute the action of  on  explicitly (although we actually restrict the action to  on ). If we choose the isomorphism , the action of  is given by:One can see that  (mod  is , since we have .Now we use  as an example to show how to compute Hakim\\u2019s character using our reinterpretation in Equation\\u00a08.1. In this case,  is symmetric both over  and . In particular, we have , ,  and . Furthermore, we havetogether with an isomorphismOne can check directly that the adjoint action of  is simply given by multiplication by  under the above isomorphism, and taking the determinant of the adjoint action mod  is simply given bywhich implies the triviality of .\\nNotice that in the case of ,  is always symmetric over . By our interpretation 8.3 or [Kal19, Lemma 4.5.3], the toral invariant of  is always trivial. Hence Kaletha\\u2019s character is trivial by the triviality of the toral invariant in the symmetric ramified case, together with the fact  in the symmetric unramified case. Hence the only remaining part is the computation of character of -data. Notice that the computation of  is exactly the same as the case of . By Equation\\u00a08.10, Equation\\u00a08.12, and Equation\\u00a08.13, we have  or , both of which are trivial. Hence, Conjecture (7.9) is true for , which gives a proof of Prasad\\u2019s conjecture for regular supercuspidal representations of .\\n8.7.2 Example of .\\nThe difference in treating the case of  and  shows different complexity of Prasad\\u2019s conjecture. For the case of , the double coset part, which is related to the set of certain embeddings of tori, is more complicated, while the character part is relatively easy. However, for the case of , the non-trivial quadratic character associated to  appears, while the embedding part is easy since there are not so many equivalence classes of rational embeddings.\\nLet  be an elliptic maximal torus of  over . Then  for a quadratic extension . A necessary condition for the existence of an elliptic maximal torus of  whose base change equals to  is that  is a biquadratic extension. Let  and  be the other  intermediate fields between  and . Let  denote the non-trivial involution. Then  For simplicity, let  be a torus over , whose base change to  is  with .\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\nIn the case of , Prasad\\u2019s quadratic character is given by:\\nHence  is given by:\\nWe will give an explicit computation of the case of . Before doing this, we first review some results on the descriptions of supercuspidal representations of , which arises as base change of irreducible representations of . These results are essentially due to [Bla10].\\nAssume  is ramified, and  is unramified. Then  could be unramified or ramified. Let  be a character such that  is a regular supercuspidal representation of  associated to . Assume  is a base change from a Langlands parameter of . Then  is a base change of a torus  with , and  is a base change of , which means that .\\n is odd if and only if we have the field diagram\\nThis result has been mentioned in [Bla10]. We write down a proof for completeness.. This direction is relatively easy. Let  denote the depth of . Let  be the generic element associated to , that is,Since , we know that , in particular, . This is equivalent to the fact  mod . We can choose a uniformizer  of  such that  and . The condition  forces  to be odd.. The direction is suggested by Blasco. Since  is unramified, we can choose  to be a uniformizer  of . Since  is ramified, we can choose  to satisfy . Since  corresponds to a level  character,  is a unit. On the other hand, since  is odd, we have , which means that . However  does not lie in , hence does not belong to , which means  generates  over . This implies  is unramified, hence  is ramified.\\u220e\\nNow we give a comparison of these four characters in the case of .\\nThe odd case. (This terminology is from [HM02]) Representation side:In this case, by the above lemma, we know that  is even, which means that there is a non-degenerate Heisenberg quotient and  belongs to :Notice that both of these two characters are trivial on  since  for . On , the product of these two characters is given by:Explicit computation shows that these two non-trivial quadratic characters coincide on , which means: Parameter side.Notice that we have , withMoreover, we have  and . The commutative diagram:becomesand  is given by  for any  or .In this case,  is the unramified quadratic character of  and , where  is the unramified quadratic character of . Hence we have  and we haveHence we have the equalityThe even case. There are two cases: Representation side.A priori, if , we haveIt is clear that  is trivial on  and given by  for . Notice that  satisfiessince , and is given by  for . Moreover, we have the following indentitywhich means that if , then we have .However, in this case,  is odd, which means that  and the Heisenberg quotient is degenerate. Hence Kaletha\\u2019s character and Hakim\\u2019s character are automatically both trivial in this case. Parameter side.Following Equation\\u00a08.5, , where  is the quadratic character of  determined by mod  data, and  is the unramified quadratic character  of . Hence . Now we are going to proveNotice that we have  by the definition of -data, which impliesby consideringHence we also have the equality Representation side.A priori, if , then we haveNotice that  is trivial by Example\\u00a08.17 in this case, which means Hakim\\u2019s character is always trivial. Parameter side.By Equation\\u00a08.2, we have . Hence we have\\nPrasad\\u2019s conjecture 5.17 holds for regular supercuspidal representations of .\\nIt seems that our approach is quite different from the proof existing in the literature. These characters may not be seen explicitly in the trace formula approach or in the local Rankin-Selberg method even in the simple case of .\\n8.7.3 Example of ,  is odd.\\nLet  be the elliptic maximal torus  of , where  is a degree  extension of . Since we are considering the case when  is also elliptic,  and  are disjoint. Let  denote the composite of  and . Fix a set of representatives  of . One can diagonalize the element  over , such that , where  lies in . Then each root in  is of the form . When  is cyclic generated by , then  is simply . Since  is odd, we know that all the roots are asymmetric both over  and . In this case, we have , . In this case, we have . All the roots in  are symmetric over  but asymmetric over . In this case, we have  and .\\nPrasad\\u2019s character.\\nPrasad\\u2019s character is trivial, since  is odd. The fact that the restriction of Prasad\\u2019s character to an elliptic maximal torus is trivial can also be seen from Example\\u00a05.16. Since all the roots are asymmetric over , when  is odd.\\nHakim\\u2019s character.\\nHakim\\u2019s character is also trivial by Section\\u00a08.3.1, since all the roots are asymmetric over , when  is odd.\\nKaletha\\u2019s character.\\nA priori, it seems that Kaletha\\u2019s character is not necessarily trivial from its definition. Notice that all the roots are also asymmetric over . Hence from its definition, the character  is given by\\nLet  be a maximal elliptic torus of . The character  is trivial, if  is of odd ramification degree.\\nNotice that  is character of  defined over , which is trivial due to the ellipticity of .\\nHence we have:where  is the  orbit of , and can be identified with . Hence if  is odd, we have .\\n\\u220e\\nNotice that all the elliptic tori of  is of the form , for a degree  extension . Hence by the above lemma, Kaletha\\u2019s character  is trivial when  is odd, and so is .\\nCharacter from zeta data.\\nSince all the roots are asymmetric over , by Equation\\u00a03.9, the character is\\nNotice that  since  is asymmetric over . We only need to compute . We can choose  in its orbit such that  for some . We have the following cases.\\n is unramified.  is given by . Notice that  since both  and  are unramified. Hence for , . is ramified.  is given by , where  is the tamely ramified character, which is the unique non-trivial character on  and determined by the value at some mod--data.\\nNotice that for any , . is ramified. , which means the character is trivial. is unramified. , since  is odd.\\nThe above computation shows that 7.9 is true for , when  is odd. This also gives a simple proof of Prasad\\u2019s conjecture 5.17 for regular supercuspidal representations of  when  is odd.\\n8.7.4 Example of   is odd. \\nNotice that  is an elliptic maximal torus of , hence  is of the form  for a degree  extension . Hence we have  for a degree  extension  such that . Moreover, we have , , which means all the roots are asymmetric over  but symmetric over . We also know that . Moreover, we have , which means all the roots in  are asymmetric over .\\nPrasad\\u2019s character.\\nNotice all the roots are asymmetric over , since . Hence we have . Prasad\\u2019s character is trivial by Equation\\u00a05.2. The fact that the restriction of Prasad\\u2019s character to an elliptic maximal torus is trivial can also be seen from Theorem\\u00a05.15, since .\\nHakim\\u2019s character.\\nThe only possibility for Hakim\\u2019s character to be non-trivial is that  is ramified quadratic by Section\\u00a08.3.1. In this case Hakim\\u2019s character is given bySince  is ramified, the reduction mod  of  is . Hence the reduction of  is , which means Hakim\\u2019s character is trivial.\\nKaletha\\u2019s character.\\nNotice that . By the argument in Lemma\\u00a08.20, Kaletha\\u2019s character  is trivial when  is odd, so is .\\nCharacter from zeta data\\nSince all the roots are asymmetric both over  and , by Equation\\u00a03.9, the character is\\nThe above computation shows that Conjecture 7.9 is true for , when  is odd. This also gives a simple proof of Prasad\\u2019s conjecture 5.17 for regular supercuspidal representations of  when  is odd.\\nAppendix A Whittaker model for distinguished regular supercuspidal representations\\nIn this appendix, we collect some facts about the characterization of Whittaker models of regular supercuspidal representations in terms of geometry. This origins from the work of Debacker and Reeder [DR10] on description of Whittaker models for generic very cuspidal representations. Basically, one can describe all the characters  of  which occur in  in terms of certain intersection property between the Kostant sections of  and the  orbit of the generic element associated to . Some of these work is generalized to regular supercuspidal representations in [Kal19] and [FKS21]. We will also mention some results about the Whittaker model of a  distinguished representation of . These results interact naturally when we study the distinction problem of a regular supercuspidal representation of .\\nA.1 Local character expansions.\\nWe first review some basic facts about the character expansion and -adic analogue of Rossman\\u2019s character formula, which is known as the Murnaghan-Kirillov formula [Mur96]. Later, this work has been extended to a more general setting by many people: Jeffrey Adler, Stephen Debacker, David Kazhdan, Loren Spice [AD04] [DK11] [AS09] etc. Fix a -invariant bilinear form  on , which identifies  with . For any regular semisimple element , let  denote the semisimple orbital integral:where  denotes the centralizer of  and  is a left invariant Haar measure on  defined by Rao [Rao72], depending on a choice of Haar measures on  and . Notice that  is a distribution if we vary , while it could also be regarded as a function on  if we fix  and vary . We use  and  to distinguish them.\\nFix an additive central character , one can define the Fourier transform of arbitrary orbital integral by:where  is defined by:Notice that the Fourier transform of a nilpotent orbital integral  as a distribution could also be represented as locally constant function on an open dense subset , which we also denote by .\\nLet  denote the character distribution associated to an irreducible admissible representation . More precisely, fix a Haar measure  on , for any ,where  is an operator defined byIt is known that  is represented by some locally constant function on an open dense subset of , which we still denote by . Moreover, we have the well-known local expansion formula of , which is essentially due to Harish-Chandra and Howe [DP99].\\nThere exist constants  and a neighbourhood  of  in  such that, for any where  is a semisimple element of , , and  runs over all the nilpotent  orbits in .\\nFor , this formula is the usual Harish-Chandra character expansion:as an equality of locally constant function in a small neighbourhood of .\\nIn fact, semisimple orbital integrals and nilpotent orbital integrals both play an important role in the space of invariant distribution on . Moreover, they are related by the following germ expansion result of regular semisimple orbital integral by Shalika [Sha72].\\nFor any , there exist locally constant functions  on  and a neighbourhood  of  in  such that for any ,\\nFor a fixed  sufficient close to , this identity is an identity of distributions on :A priori, this identity has nothing to do with representations. In fact, we could expect more for the relationship between character expansions and Shalika germs expansions. For instance, if we admit the philosophy of orbit method in the spirit of Kirillov-Rossmann [Ros78] for real reductive groups, that is, for some particular discrete series representation , we can associate a semisimple elliptic element  (in fact a coadjoint orbit in ), one can relate  and .\\nMurnaghan [Mur96] studies the relation of  and  and found thatfor arbitrary nilpotent orbit , which leads to a formula of Kirillov-Rossmann type.\\nwhere  is a regular elliptic element associated to the supercuspidal representation .\\nA.2 Kostant section.\\nLet  be a regular nilpotent  orbit. Let  be a nilpotent element. By Jacobson Morozov theorem, there exists a  triple  such that:\\nA Kostant section of  at  is an affine subspace  defined by:\\nSince  and  are -rational, the Kostant section  is defined over .\\nEvery regular  orbit  meets  in exactly one point.\\nMoreover, if the  orbit  is also defined over , then the unique point in  is -rational. Hence the Kostant section  determines an -rational point in every regular  orbit.\\nLet  be a regular  nilpotent orbit in ,  be a Kostant section for , and  be a regular semisimple element in . Then the coefficient  is non zero if and only if the  orbit of  meets \\nIf  is a very supercuspidal representation associated to a tame elliptic pair , let  denote the good semisimple element with . We have the following theorem due to Debacker and Reeder.\\nLet  be a regular supercuspidal representation of . Assume  is a hyperspecial point. For any generic character ,  if and only if  orbit of  meets .\\nFrom another perspective, if we pick up a generic representation  of  which is  distinguished, one has the following expectations on the Whittaker model of  from Prasad.\\nLet  be an irreducible generic representation of . If  is  distinguished, then  has a Whittaker model with respect to a character .\\nThis conjecture has been proved by Anandavardhanan and Prasad for  [AP16] based on the study of the restriction of representations of  to  and the classification of representations of . Later, this type of question has been raised and treated in a paper of Dipendra Prasad [DS19] with an appendix by Sakellaridis for general symmetric spaces. Later, Gourevitch and Sayag [GS20] give another proof by carefully studying the geometry of coadjoint orbits sitting inside the image of moment map.\\nWe have the following characterization of generic characters , such that .\\nNotice that we have the following exact sequence of -groups:Since  is unipotent,  is trivial. The long exact sequence gives the isomorphismLet  denote the compositionNotice that any generic character  is of the form . More explicitly,  is defined by:where  is a fixed additive character of .\\nLet  denote the -group , whose -rational points consist of trace zero elements in where  denotes the map  sending  to . Let  denote a chosen trace zero element such that , we have the following exact sequence\\nNotice that we have an exact sequence of -groups:Since  is trivial, the long exact sequence implies the lemma.\\n\\u220e\\n satisfies  if and only if .\\nBy A.1, we know that  if and only if . By applying the exact functor  to A.2, we know  if and only if  is a lift of a character of , that is,  is of the form  for some character  of . This in turns implies that . The reverse direction easily follows from the surjectivity of the trace map  sending  to .\\n\\u220e\\nBy [DR10, 4.5], one has the following assignment:where  is defined byfor any . This implies that the element  associated to  satisfies the condition\\nIn fact, if  is a regular supercuspidal representation of , which is  distinguished, the results of Prasad [DS19] on the description of Whittaker model for  could be regarded as a reverse direction of Proposition\\u00a07.2.\\nFaculty of Mathematics, Technion, Haifa, Israel\\nEmail address:wangchuijia@u.nus.edu\"]}\n{\"qa_pairs\": \"none\", \"llm_output\": [\"This paper presents a modular semantics for combined logics, using partial non-deterministic logical matrices (PNmatrices). It provides a solution to the problem of combining the semantics of two logics, which is close to the abstract idea of Gabbay\\u2019s fibring function. Three applications are developed taking into account the semantic characterizations, including the construction of a semantics for strengthening a given many-valued logic with additional axioms, studying conditions under which the problem of obtaining a calculus for a logic may be split into the problem of obtaining axiomatizations for suitable syntactically defined fragments of the logic, and having a clear semantics for combined logics which is crucial for studying their decidability.\"], \"output\": [\"Modular many-valued semantics for combined logics\\u2020\\u2020thanks: Research funded by FCT/MCTES through national funds and when applicable co-funded by EU under the project UIDB/50008/2020.\\n\\n\\nCarlos Caleiro and S\\u00e9rgio Marcelino\\n{ccal,smarcel}@math.tecnico.ulisboa.pt\\nSQIG - Instituto de Telecomunica\\u00e7\\u00f5es\\nDep. Matem\\u00e1tica - Instituto Superior T\\u00e9cnico\\nUniversidade de Lisboa, Portugal\\n\\n\\n1 Introduction\\nModularly putting together logics, or their fragments, namely by joining corresponding calculi, while keeping control of the metatheoretic properties induced and, in particular, of the resulting underlying semantics, is the core idea of the general mechanism for combining logics known as fibring\\u00a0[38, 40, 65, 18, 25, 24].\\nGiven its fundamental character and abstract formulation, this mechanism is a key ingredient of the general theory of universal logic\\u00a0[12, 14]. Further, due to its compositional nature, a deep understanding of combined logics is crucial for the construction and analysis of complex logics, a subject of ever growing importance in application fields (see\\u00a0[37], for instance). Given logics  and , fibring combines them into the smallest logic  on the combined language which extends both  and . This simple idea, however, is far from well understood, to date, despite the long track of work on the subject. An interesting running example of the difficulties at hand consists of the combination of the conjunction-only and disjunction-only fragments of classical logic, which does not coincide with its conjunction-disjunction fragment (see, for instance,\\u00a0[15, 21, 46]), and which we will also address.\\nTo date, we have many interesting general results regarding conservativity, decidability, finite model properties, or interpolation, as well as soundness and completeness preservation with respect to different forms of symbolic calculi\\u00a0[39, 23, 67, 68, 34, 10, 18, 25, 60, 65, 76, 30, 63, 51, 52]\\nfor combined logics, but there is no generally usable tool support for the obtained logics, due mainly to the absence of a satisfactory semantic counterpart of fibring that naturally relates models of the component logics with models of the combined logic. With the honorable exception of fusion of modal logics\\u00a0[70, 74, 41, 35, 48], a very particular case of fibring, the available general semantics for combined logics, so far, are either not constructible from the semantics of the component logics\\u00a0[76, 67, 60] (due to the use of fullness assumptions), or use highly uncommon semantic structures\\u00a0[66, 63].\\nFor these reasons, general fibred semantics is still an open problem: how to combine, in the general case, the semantics  (adequate for logic ) and  (adequate for logic ) into a semantics\\n built directly from  and , providing an adequate semantics for\\n? We have known for some time that this question is far from straightforward. Namely, when taking logical matrices as models, as is most common, we know that combining two logics, each given by a single finite matrix, can result in a logic that cannot even be given by a finite set of finite matrices, nor by a single matrix, even if infinite\\u00a0[52, 22]. This fact led us to considering non-deterministic logical matrices (Nmatrices), as introduced by Avron and coauthors\\u00a0[4, 5], and in\\u00a0[53] we understood how this expressive gain could solve the problem in a neat way, but just for disjoint combinations, that is, when the logics being combined do not share any connectives.\\nIn this paper, finally, we define a simple and usable general semantics for combined propositional-based logics. We do so by further enriching our semantic structures with partiality, and adopting partial non-deterministic logical matrices (PNmatrices), as introduced in\\u00a0[8]. As we shall see, the added expressivity brought by partiality is crucial not just in keeping our semantic structures as compact as possible, but mostly in dealing with shared language.\\nOur work has an additional fundamental ingredient. We consider a very enlightening step forward from traditional Tarski-style  single-conclusion consequence relations (see\\u00a0[73]) to Scott-like  multiple-conclusion consequence relations as introduce in\\u00a0[64]. This abstraction really sheds new light into the overall problem, as shall be made clear.\\nWe will thus show that semantics for combined logics can always be obtained in the form of a PNmatrix obtained directly from given PNmatrices characterizing the original logics. Further, the resulting semantics will be finite as long as the given PNmatrices are finite, at least in the setting of multiple-conclusion logics. The connections between single-conclusion and multiple-conclusion consequence relations (see\\u00a0[69]) are fundamental, at this point, in understanding how much more demanding it is to obtain a similar result in the single-conclusion setting, where indeed finiteness may be lost.\\nOur approach is anchored on the observation that semantics, be they given by means of matrices, Nmatrices, or PNmatrices, are simply clever ways of defining suitable collections of bivaluations (see\\u00a0[13]). Since a collection of bivaluations characterizes in a unique way a multiple-conclusion logic (see\\u00a0[69]), it is relatively simple to express the combination of multiple-conclusion logics in terms of bivaluations. Then, we just need to come up with a matching construction over PNmatrices, generalizing the finiteness-preserving strict-product operation proposed in\\u00a0[53]. The single-conclusion case is harder, simply because the characterization of a Tarski-style consequence in terms of bivaluations is no longer unique. The situation can be restored, however, when the\\ncollection of bivaluations is meet-closed, once we consider a simple (though not finiteness-preserving) corresponding operation over PNmatrices. Furthermore, we show that the constructions above enjoy universal properties, consistent with the definition of  as the least logic that extends  and , as advocated in\\u00a0[65, 18].\\nBesides providing a range of meaningful concrete examples, we also explore three concrete applications of the semantic characterizations obtained, which can be seen as relevant contributions in their own right: a semantic characterization of logics obtained by imposing new axioms to a given many-valued logic (with some perhaps surprising consequences, such as a denumerable semantics for intuitionistic propositional logic); an analysis of when and how to split a logic into syntactical fragments whose combination is the original logic, as a method for obtaining a calculus for a given many-valued logic by putting together axiomatizations for simpler syntactic fragments; and some general, preliminary, results on the preservation of decidability when combining logics.\\nThe rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section\\u00a02 we recall the necessary notions, namely regarding logics, their syntax, semantics and calculi, and define the relevant notions regarding combined syntax and combined logics, along with examples illustrating the particularites both of single-conclusion versus multiple-conclusion consequence, and of partiality and non-determinism. The section is a bit long, but the reader can browse through faster, and come back for details when necessary. Section\\u00a03 is devoted to the main contributions of the paper, namely the semantic characterization of combined logics in terms of bivaluations, and PNmatrices, first in the multiple-conclusion setting and then in the more complex single-conclusion scenario, by means of simple strict-product and -power operations on PNmatrices. Section\\u00a04, then, shows that the characterizations previously obtained enjoy natural universal properties. Section\\u00a05 showcases the three mentioned applications of our characterization, including some relevant important contributions by themselves. The paper concludes, in Section\\u00a06, with a summary of the results obtained, their implications, and an outlook of further research.\\n2 Logics and their combination\\nWe start by introducing our main objects of interest, fixing notation, and setting up the technical framework necessary for studying the semantics of combined logics, as well as of their associated calculi and semantics.\\n2.1 Syntax\\nThe syntax of a (propositional) logic is defined, as usual, by means of a signature, an indexed family  of denumerable sets where each  contains all allowed -place connectives, and an infinite denumerable set  of variables (which we consider fixed once and for all). As standard,  denotes the set of all formulas111In our setting, the set  of all formulas is always denumerably infinite. This is not just a (relatively common) choice. This cardinality constraint plays an essential role in some technical results, where it is crucial to avoid the pitfalls of ill-defined natural extensions as observed in\\u00a0[32, 28]. constructed from the variables in  using the connectives in . We will use  to denote variables,  to denote formulas, and  to denote sets of formulas, in all cases, possibly, with annotations.\\nWe use , ,  to denote, respectively, the set of variables occurring in , the set of subformulas of , and the head constructor of , given a formula . These notations have simple inductive definitions: , and  for ; and if  and , , , and\\n. These notations extend to sets of formulas in the obvious way.\\nAs we will consider combined logics, with mixed syntax, we need to consider different signatures, as well as relations and operations between signatures.\\nSignatures being families of sets, the usual set-theoretic notions can be smoothly extended to signatures. We will sometimes abuse notation, and confuse a signature  with the set  of all its connectives, and write  when  is some -place connective . For this reason, the empty signature, with no connectives at all, will be simply denoted by .\\nLet  be two signatures. We say that  is a subsignature of , and write , whenever  for every . Expectedly, given signatures , we can also define their shared subsignature\\n, their combined signature , and their difference signature . Clearly,  is the largest subsignature of both  and , and contains the connectives shared by both. When there are no shared connectives we have that . Analogously,  is the smallest signature that has both  and  as subsignatures, and features all the connectives from both  and  in a combined signature. Furthermore,  is the largest subsignature of  which does not share any connectives with .\\nA substitution is a function , that of course extends freely to a function  for every . As usual, we use  to the denote the formula that results from  by uniformly replacing each variable  by , and  for each .\\nNote that if  then . Still,  and  are both infinite denumerable. In fact, the pair can be endowed with a very useful bijection capturing the view of an arbitrary  formula from the point of view of , the skeleton function  (or simply , or even ), whose underlying idea we borrow from\\u00a0[52]. Note that, given ,  may be in , in which case we dub  a -monolith or simply a monolith. The idea is simply to replace monoliths by dedicated variables, just renaming the original variables. Let  be the set of all monoliths. It is easy to see that  is always denumerable, though it can be finite when  contains nothing but a finite set of -place connectives.\\nIn any case,  is always infinite denumerable, because  is, and thus we can fix a bijection . The\\n bijection is now easily definable from , inductively, by letting  for , and for  and ,\\n if , and  if .\\nThe  bijection thus defined can be easily inverted by means of the substitution  (or simply , or even ) defined by . Note, namely, that  for every .\\nNote also that the restriction of  to ,  (with a slight abuse of notation, we will use the same name) is a substitution, and  for every .\\n2.2 Consequence relations\\nWith respect to the very notion of logic, we will not only consider the traditional Tarski-style set-formula notion of consequence (single-conclusion), but also the more general Scott-style set-set notion of consequence (multiple-conclusion), which plays an essential role in our results.\\nA multiple-conclusion logic is a pair  where  is a signature, and  is a consequence relation satisfying the properties below, for every  and :if  then , if  then , if  for each partition222Here and elsewhere,  is partition of  if  and .  of , then , if  then . \\nOften, the relation also satisfies the following property, for every :\\nif  then there exist finite sets  and\\n such that .\\nProperty (C) is best known as cut for sets.\\nThe other properties are usually known as overlap (O), dilution (D), substitution invariance (S),\\nand compactness (F)\\n(see\\u00a0[64, 69, 73]). As is well known, a multiple-conclusion logic  has a compact version\\n defined to be the largest compact logic such that .\\nA pair of sets of formulas  is said to be a theory-pair of  (see\\u00a0[16]) when, for every , if\\n then , and also, if\\n then . It is clear that, given sets , the pair of sets\\n is the least theory-pair containing .\\nA theory-pair  is consistent if  (otherwise, by dilution, we necessarily have ). A consistent theory-pair is maximal if there is no consistent theory-pair that properly contains it, that is, if  is a consistent theory with  and  then  and . Equivalently, using cut for the set of all formulas, a consistent theory-pair  is maximal precisely if  is a partition of . This implies, obviously, that a consistent theory-pair can always be extend to a maximal one.\\nWe say that a pair  is a single-conclusion logic if  is a signature,  is a relation, and  is a multiple-conclusion logic where, for ,  if and only if there exists  such that . It is well known (see\\u00a0[69]) that this constitutes an alternative definition of the usual notion of Tarski-style consequence relation, inheriting the usual properties of reflexivity, monotonicity, transitivity, and structurality from properties (ODCS), as well as compactness from (F), when it holds. Again, a single-conclusion logic  has a compact version\\n defined to be the largest compact logic such that .\\nMore standardly, now, a set of formulas  is said to be a theory of \\nwhen, for every , if  then .\\nGiven a set , we know that  is the least theory that contains .\\nAs usual, a theory  is consistent if . A consistent theory  is maximal relatively to  if every theory that properly contains  must also contain , that is, if  for every . A consistent theory  is relatively maximal if it is maximal relatively to some formula .\\nAccording to the usual Lindenbaum Lemma (see, for instance,\\u00a0[73]), if a single-conclusion logic is compact then a consistent theory always has a relatively maximal extension.\\nEvery multiple-conclusion logic  has of course a single-conclusion companion defined simply by  where, for ,  if and only if .\\nWhen  is a single-conclusion logic, it is clear that the single-conclusion companion of\\n is precisely . There may however be many multiple-conclusion logics whose single-conclusion companion coincides with\\n, which we dub as multiple-conclusion counterparts of . Indeed,\\namong the many possible multiple-conclusion counterparts of , we have that  is precisely the minimal\\u00a0[69].\\nNote that whenever , it is easy to see that  is a theory of\\n if and only if there exists  such that the pair  is a theory-pair of .\\nFor both types of logics (we will use  as a placeholder for either a multiple-conclusion  or a single-conclusion ), it is well-known that the logics with a common signature form a complete lattice (under the inclusion ordering on the consequence relations), as in both cases it is relatively straightforward to check that intersections of consequence relations are consequence relations (see\\u00a0[73, 69]). These facts make it relatively easy to enrich the signature of a logic. Namely, if  and  is a logic then the extension of  to , denoted by\\n, is the least logic (of the same type) with signature  such that\\n.\\nIt is relatively simple to see that . Just note that for each substitution  we have that  is also a substitution, and also . The fact that  are bijections make it straightforward to show that  is indeed a consequence relation of the correct type.\\nLet . Concretely, in the multiple-conclusion case, we have that  if and only if  if and only if there exist  and  such that , , and .\\nAnalogously, in the single-conclusion case, we have that  if and only if  if and only if there exist  and  such that , , and .\\nIt is also quite natural to formulate the combination of logics (also known as fibring) as follows.\\nLet .The combination of type-conclusion logics , , which we denote by\\n, is the least type-conclusion logic  such that . The combination is said to be disjoint if .\\nNote that it follows easily that the combination of compact logics is necessarily compact. Namely, if ,  are compact then the least logic such that  is also the\\nleast logic such that . Since it is clear that , it follows that .\\n2.3 Calculi\\nLogics are often defined by syntactic means, using symbolic calculi. Again, we will consider multiple as well as single-conclusion calculi.\\nA multiple-conclusion calculus is pair  where  is a signature, and  is a set of (schematic) (multiple-conclusion) inference rules, each rule  being usually represented as  where  is the set of premises and  the set of conclusions of the rule, also represented as  when  and . We can easily associate a multiple-conclusion logic  to a given calculus  by means of a suitable tree-shaped notion of derivation (see\\u00a0[69, 54, 19]). For the purpose of this paper, however, it is sufficient to characterize  as the least multiple-conclusion logic such that , being compact when the rules in  all have finite sets of premises and conclusions.\\nA single-conclusion calculus is pair  where  is a signature, and  is a set of (schematic) (single-conclusion) inference rules, each rule  being usually represented as  where  is the set of premises and  the conclusion of the rule. It is clear that single-conclusion calculi can be rephrased as particular cases of multiple-conclusion calculi, namely those whose rules all have singleton sets of conclusions, and that the corresponding notion of derivation will now be linear-shaped, and coincide with the usual notion of proof in Hilbert-style calculi, giving rise to an associated single conclusion logic . Again, in any case,  is the least single-conclusion logic such that , and again it is finitary if all the rules in  have finitely many premises. In that case, if we use  for both a single conclusion-calculus and its singleton-conclusion multiple-conclusion rephrasal, it is straightforward to see that\\n.\\nWhen  and  is a calculus, it is immediate that , that is, the extension of  to  is precisely .\\nCombining calculi at this level is quite simple, as has been known for a long time in the single-conclusion case\\u00a0[17]. The logic associated to joining the rules of two calculi is precisely the combination of the logics defined by each calculi.\\nLet .If  are type-conclusion calculi,  their associated type-conclusion logics, then .\\nThe reasoning is straightforward. Let , which means that  is the least consequence with .As  and  it follows that , and since  is the least\\nconsequence with this property we can conclude that .Reciprocally, as  it follows that , and since  is the least consequence with this property we can conclude that .\\u220eFor simplicity, whenever  (in either the single or the multiple-conclusion scenarios), we will say that  constitutes an axiomatization of the logic .\\n2.4 Semantics\\nAnother common way of charactering logics is by semantic means. For their universality we shall consider logical matrices, but will consider an extension of the usual notion which also incorporates two less common ingredients: non-determinism and partiality, following\\u00a0[4, 8]. These two ingredients play essential roles in our forthcoming results.\\nA partial non-deterministic matrix (PNmatrix) is a pair  where  is a signature, and  is such that\\n is a\\nset (of truth-values),  is the set of designated values, and\\nfor each  and ,  provides the truth-table  of\\u00a0 in . When appropriate we shall refer to  as a -PNmatrix.\\nWhen  for all  we say that the truth-table of  in\\n is total. When  has at most one element for all  we say that the truth-table of  in\\n is deterministic.\\nWhen all the truth-tables are total, we say that  is also total, or equivalently that it is a non-deterministic matrix (Nmatrix).\\nAnalogously, when all the truth-tables are deterministic, we say that  is also deterministic, or equivalently that it is a partial matrix (Pmatrix).\\nFinally, if  is total and deterministic we say that it is simply a matrix (the usual notion of a logical matrix, up to an isomorphism).\\nA -valuation is a function  such that  for every , every -place connective , and every . We denote the set of all -valuations by .\\nAs is well known, if  is a matrix then every function  with  can be extended to a -valuation (in an essentially unique way for all formulas  with ). When  is a Nmatrix, a function  as above can possibly be extended in many different ways. Still, we know from\\u00a0[4] that a function  with  can be extended to a -valuation provided that  and\\nthat  whenever . We dub such a function a prevaluation of the PNmatrix .\\nIn case  is not total, in general, one does not even have such a guarantee\\u00a0[8], unless . In other words, given , we have  if the values in  are all together possible in some valuation of . Of course,  if .\\nGiven a signature , a bivaluation is a function . The set of all such bivaluations is denoted by .\\nA set of bivaluations  is known to characterize a multiple-conclusion relation  defined by\\n when, for every , either  or . Of course,  also characterizes the more usual single conclusion relation\\n such that  when , i.e., . In both cases,\\n is a logic whenever  is closed for substitutions, that is, if  and  then . Easily, by definition, if  then .\\nA PNmatrix  with  easily defines a set of induced bivaluations, closed for substitutions, namely , where  such that  if , and  if , simply captures the distinction between designated and undesignated values.\\nWe will write  instead of , and say that  is the type-conclusion logic characterized by , for , which is always compact (finitary) when  is finite. Clearly, .\\nNote that if  is a maximal consistent theory-pair of  then there must exist  such that , and consequently also . In the single-conclusion case, it is well-known that if  is a relatively maximal theory of  then there must also exist  such that  (see\\u00a0[69]).\\nWhen  and , it is straightforward to check that\\n characterizes the extension to  of the logic characterized by .\\nIt is worth noting that  is still closed for substitutions because  is a substitution, and ; consequently, we have that  and  is in  if  is.\\nWhen  is a PNmatrix it is very easy, making essential use of non-determinism, to define a PNmatrix  that characterizes the extension to  of the logic characterized by . If , one defines  such that  if , and  for every  if  is a -place connective. It is straightforward to check that .\\nOur work in the next Section of the paper is to prove results that enable us to describe the semantics of the combination of logics characterized by (P)(N)matrices, analogous to Proposition\\u00a02. Before tackling these problems, it is certainly useful to ground all the relevant notions to concrete illustrative examples.\\n2.5 Illustrations\\nIn this subsection we present a few examples illustrating the relevant notions, as introduced earlier, including the new semantic phenomena brought by partiality and non-determinism, the divide between the single and multiple-conclusion settings, and also the idiosyncrasies of combined logics.\\n(Classical logic, fragments and combinations).\\nLet  be the usual connectives , that is, , ,\\n, and  for .For simplicity, given some connectives  of the signature, we will write  to denote the subsignature of  containing only the connectives in .Take, for instance,  and\\n. The formula  is such that its skeleton from the point of view of  is , if  and for the monolith we have . However, from the point of view of  we have that  is itself a variable, as  is a monolith.Consider now the Boolean -matrix\\n\\ndefined by the following tables. It is well-known that this matrix characterizes classical propositional logic, and we will write .\\nHowever, we can also define a multiple-conclusion version of classical logic . Of course, we have that\\n, but in this case\\n. Namely, note that\\n and , but one has .The multiple-conclusion version of classical logic  is known from\\u00a0[69] to be alternatively characterized by the following multiple-conclusion calculus.It is crucial to observe that the axiomatization above is completely modular with respect to syntax, as each rule involves a single connective.\\nSaid another way, the axiomatization is obtained by joining axiomatizations of each of its single-connective fragments, or equivalently\\nwe have thatwhere  for each  is the corresponding single-connective fragment of the logic.\\nThis fact marks a sharp contrast with respect to the single-conclusion setting, which goes well beyond classical logic, and that will play a key role in our developments. Namely, the single-conclusion version of classical logic is known to be characterized by the following single-conclusion calculus.The fact that the single-conclusion axiomatization is not at all modular with respect to syntax, and that most rules refer to more than one connective, is definitely not a coincidence, as shown in\\u00a0[21]. Indeed, each of the single-connective fragments  of  for each connective  can be axiomatized as follows (see\\u00a0[62]).It is clear that joining all these rules will yield a logic much weaker than classical logic (see\\u00a0[21]), that is,A suitable semantics for the resulting combined logic is not obvious. \\nThe previous example, though very familiar, was useful for illustrating some of the notions and notations used in this paper, and in particular the differences between the single and multiple-conclusion settings, namely when combining logics. However, even in a two-valued scenario, non-determinism allows for characterizing some interesting non-classical connectives and logics.\\n(Some new two-valued connectives).\\nConsider the signature  such that , ,\\n, and  for , and the Boolean-like -Nmatrix\\n\\ndefined by the following tables.The first connective  is a completely free -place connective, known as botop in\\u00a0[55]. Its logic is characterized by the empty calculus, without any rules. Then,  is a -place modal-like box operator whose logic is characterized by the usual necessitation rule:The -place implication-like connective  is characterized solely by the rule of modus ponens:All rules above serve both the single and multiple-conclusion settings.Lastly, the -place connective , was named platypus in\\u00a0[50], and features some properties of classical conjunction mingled with classical disjunction. Namely, its multiple-conclusion logic is characterized by the following two (familiar) rules.As shown in\\u00a0[50], the single-conclusion logic of platypus cannot be finitely axiomatized. \\nOf course, the added richness provided by non-determinism goes well beyond the two-valued cases seen above.\\n(Information sources).\\nIn\\u00a0[3], the authors introduce a logic for modelling the reasoning of a processor which collects information from different classical sources. Namely, each source may provide information that a certain formula of classical logic is true, or false, or no information at all. This situation gives rise to four possible situation as, for each formula,  the processor may have information that it is true and no information that it is false, or  information that it is false and no information that it is true, or  have information that it is true and also information that it is false, or  have no information at all about the formula. This situation is easily understandable if one reads the situations as collecting the available classical truth-values (0,1) for each formula asAs originally presented, the logic is defined over the signature  and characterized by the Nmatrix\\n defined by the tables below.Clearly, both conjunction and disjunction have non-deterministic interpretations. For instance, note that . Thus, a valuation  may be such that there exist formulas  with  and .From\\u00a0[54, 19] we know that both  and  are axiomatized by the following\\nrules.The fact that this single-conclusion calculus characterizes the multiple-conclusion consequence  is remarkable, implying that\\n.\\nNamely, given any set of formulas , note that , as the function such that  for all formulas , is such that .Note that these logics could not possibly be characterized by finite matrices. Namely, let  be a variable, and define  and  for . Note that  satisfies , and consider for each  the prevaluation  of  defined byEach  thus extends to a valuation  showing that  for . Hence,  fails to be locally finite and therefore cannot be characterized by a finite set of finite matrices\\u00a0[22]. The same applies to , simply because .\\n \\nBesides allowing for a great amount of compactification, non-determinism has another outstanding property regarding modularity with respect to syntax.\\n(Language extensions).\\nAbove, given a logic  and ,\\nwe have defined its extension to the larger signature as\\n. If  has an associated calculus , then it is clear that the extension  is associated to the exact same rules via the calculus .Take, for instance, single-conclusion classical propositional logic  as defined in Example\\u00a03. Suppose that we wish to consider its extension to a larger signature  containing a new connective . We know that the exact same calculus presented above is associated to the extended logic\\n. What is more, we also have that the extended logic is characterized by the -Nmatrix\\n which extends the -matrix  by lettingwhere the connective is interpreted in a (neutral) fully non-deterministic manner.\\nThis extension could not be possibly characterized finitely without using non-determinism\\u00a0[4].\\n \\nAt last, we should illustrate the advantages and intricacies that result from introducing partiality.\\n(Kleene\\u2019s strong three-valued logic).\\nWe consider the implication-free fragment of Kleene\\u2019s strong three-valued logic as defined in\\u00a0[36]. The logic is defined over the signature  and is usually characterized by means of two three-valued -matrices. Equivalently, the logic is given just by the four-valued Pmatrix  defined by the following truth-tables.Note that several entries of the tables contain , namely . As such, it is clear that a valuation in  cannot both use the values  and . As a consequence, we have that\\n The two three-valued matrices mentioned above correspond to\\nthe (total) restrictions of  to  and to .The single-conclusion logic  is known to be associated with the calculusThe multiple-conclusion logic  is known from\\u00a0[19] to be associated with the calculusThis latter multiple-conclusion calculus is clearly more natural. As it contains genuinely multiple-conclusion rules, in this case,\\n. Note, for instance, that , but that\\n and . \\nPartiality can indeed be used in almost all cases to provide a single PNmatrix for a logic characterized by a set of Nmatrices, as we will see later.\\n3 Semantics for combined logics\\nIn this section, we are seeking semantic characterizations for combined logics, using bivaluations, and then PNmatrices. The multiple-conclusion abstraction, which we will analyze first, is important for its purity with respect to combination. As we will show, the step toward the single-conclusion case is then a matter of controlling, semantically, the relationship with the multiple-conclusion companions.\\nIn both cases, non-determinism and partiality play fundamental roles (as we know that similar results are impossible with respect to matrices).\\n3.1 The multiple-conclusion case\\nIn the multiple-conclusion case, the characterization we need is really very simple, if one considers bivaluations.\\nThe result stems directly from the known fact (see\\u00a0[69]) that for every multiple-conclusion logic  there exists a unique set of bivaluations  such that , namely . Note that this also implies that  if and only if .\\nWe fix signatures , and sets of bivaluations  and , both closed for substitutions.\\nWe have that\\n with .\\nLet , meaning that  is the least consequence with .As  it follows that  and . Since  is the least\\nconsequence with this property we can conclude that , and therefore .Reciprocally, as  and  it follows that , and so .\\u220eThis result allows us to obtain a clean abstract characterization of the combination of multiple-conclusion logics. One just needs to note that, given a signature , a partition  of  is essentially the same thing as a bivaluation  with  and .Let ,  be multiple-conclusion logics, and consider their combination . For every , we have:Using Proposition\\u00a08, and letting  and , we have\\n if and only if\\nthere exists  such that  and  if and only if\\nthere exists  such that  and  if and only if\\nthere is a partition  of  such that  and .\\n\\u220eThe question is now whether we can mimic this simplicity at the level of PNmatrices.\\nIt turns out that one can define a\\nvery simple but powerful operation (already studied in\\u00a0[53] with respect to Nmatrices, but only in the disjoint case) in order to combine PNmatrices.We fix PNmatrices  and , with  and .The strict product of  and  is the PNmatrix  such that  where,, andfor every ,  and , we define  by letting  if and only if the following conditions hold:if  then , andif  then .Note that  contains all pairs of truth-values which are compatible, that is, either both designated, or both undesignated. The pairs where both values are designated constitute . The truth-table of a shared connective  comprises all the pairs of values in the truth-tables of  which are compatible. The truth-table of a non-shared connective, say , has each possible value in the truth-table of  paired with all compatible values in . Clearly, the resulting PNmatrix is fundamentally non-deterministic for non-shared connectives whenever the given PNmatrices have several designated values, and several undesignated values. For shared connectives, non-determinism may appear if inherited from some of the given PNmatrices. Partiality, on its turn, is crucial to the interpretation of shared connectives, showing up whenever the values given by the truth-tables of  cannot be paired compatibly. For non-shared connectives, partiality may still appear if inherited from the given PNmatrices, or in pathological cases where the given PNmatrices do not have designated values, or do not have undesignated values.Before characterizing the exact scope of this construction, we should note that valuations in  are always suitable combinations of valuations in  and . For , we will use  to denote the obvious projection functions, i.e.,  and .\\nEasily, if  then . Also, it is easy to see that , ,  are all compatible for every formula  in the combined language. Further, if , , and  is compatible with  for every , then  with  for each . These properties apply also to prevaluations over any set of formulas closed for subformulas..Pick . If  then . By definition of , it follows that\\n and\\n are compatible for every formula in , and thus induce the same bivaluation. We then have that .Reciprocally, given valuations  and  inducing the same bivaluation, it turns out that they must be compatible for all formulas,  if and only if . Therefore,  is compatible with both, as  if and only if , and induces the exact same bivaluation. We conclude that .\\n\\u220eNow, we can easily identify the multiple-conclusion logic characterized by a strict product as the corresponding combined logic.The combination of multiple-conclusion logics characterized by PNmatrices is the multiple-conclusion logic characterized by their strict product, that is,\\n.The result follows directly from Proposition\\u00a08 and Lemma\\u00a011.With  and , just note that\\n.\\u220eThis result, besides being based on a simple operation on PNmatrices, has a very useful feature: it provides a finite-valued semantics for the combined logic whenever we are given finite-valued semantics for both given multiple-conclusion logics.Let us look at some examples, starting with the two-valued case.(Multiple-conclusion two-valued combinations).\\nTake two signatures  and consider two-valued PNmatrices  with\\n and , such as those in Examples\\u00a03 or\\u00a04.Note that according to Definition\\u00a010,  is also two-valued, having values  and , with the latter designated. In the following discussion, for simplicity, we shall rename the two values to just 0 and 1, respectively, and assume that the strict product is .If  is a shared connective, and assuming for the sake of exposition that  is a -place connective, we have that  behaves as depicted below.\\u2009\\u2009This behaviour is absolutely similar for connectives with any number of places, that is,\\n for any  and . Consequently,  whenever .If  is not a shared connective, and assuming without loss of generality that , , then in the strict product we have . This implies that one could simply consider the extended PNmatrices  and just use the equation above, as .It is clear that the resulting PNmatrix may be genuinely partial in case some of the sets are disjoint, and in general will be a Pmatrix whenever starting with two matrices.Recalling Example\\u00a03, we see that given any two sets of classical connectives , if  and  are the\\ncorresponding fragments of the classical matrix ,\\nit follows that  is the fragment of  corresponding to\\n. According to Theorem\\u00a012, this implies that\\n and thus we haveWe will see later that in the single-conclusion case the situation can be dramatically different. Let us now consider a richer example.(Combining the three-valued implications of Kleene and \\u0141ukasiewicz).\\nConsider the signature  with  and  for . The three-valued implications of Kleene and \\u0141ukasiewicz are defined by the well known matrices  and\\n defined below.According to Theorem\\u00a012, we know that  is characterized by the five-valued -Pmatrix  given by the truth-table below, where for simplicity we have renamed each truth-value  to .Analyzing  it is clear that the values  and  are spurious, in the sense that they cannot be used by any valuation. This happens because the two corresponding diagonal entries of the table are empty, that is, .Removing these spurious elements we obtain the following table.Further, we also have that , which then implies that the total components of the Pmatrix are , which implies that  is precisely the set of all classical interpretations of classical implication. We can conclude, thus, that\\n coincides with the multiple-conclusion implication-only fragment of classical logic, as defined in Example\\u00a03.Confirmation of this interesting fact can be obtained by putting together calculi for the logics, according to Proposition\\u00a02. These multiple-conclusion versions of the logics are not very well known, but a calculus for  can be readily obtained using the technique of\\u00a0[54, 19], whereas a calculus for  can be found in\\u00a0[2]. Of course, all the rules in these calculi are classically valid, because  (all classical valuations are permitted in both matrices). Further, as we know the rules of classical implication from Example\\u00a03, it suffices to note that: (1) , and also ; (2) , and also ; and (3)\\n and  which implies that .We will return to this example in the more familiar single-conclusion setting.\\n We shall now illustrate how different it is to combine logics with or without shared connectives.(The three-valued implications of Kleene and \\u0141ukasiewicz, disjointly).\\nWe shall revisited Example\\u00a014 above, combining the (multiple-conclusion) logics of Kleene\\u2019s and \\u0141ukasiewicz\\u2019s three-valued implications, but now assuming that the connectives are syntactically different, i.e., that Kleene\\u2019s implication comes from a signature  with  and  for , whereas \\u0141ukasiewicz\\u2019s implication comes from a disjoint signature  with  and  for . The corresponding matrices are now  with  and  with\\n defined below.According to Theorem\\u00a012, we know that  is characterized by the five-valued -Nmatrix  given by the truth-tables below.Of course, this is quite different from simply considering the given three-valued interpretations of each connective.\\nNote, namely, that since all designated entries of  are also designated in  one could perhaps wrongly expect to have that . This assertion can be easily shown to fail by considering, for instance, any valuation  with  and , simply because\\n is necessarily designated but  contains no designated value. \\n3.2 The single-conclusion case\\nThe results above really illustrate the simplifying power of using multiple conclusions. Of course, things are not so simple in the single-conclusion scenario. Still, we know enough to be able to take nice conclusions from the same line of reasoning. Let us start with bivaluations.\\nIf we analyze the proof of Proposition\\u00a08, it is simple to understand why it cannot be simply replicated in the single-conclusion case.\\nEasily, the same line of reasoning would allows us to conclude that  with . However, in general,\\n may very well not be the least such single-conclusion logic. Given  with , we cannot guarantee that .\\nConcretely, assuming that  we still know that  and .\\nThus, we still have bivaluations  such that  and , for . However, now, despite the fact that  and  coincide for all formulas in , we have no way of making sure that .\\nThis problem lies in a crucial difference from the multiple-conclusion case, as the same single-conclusion logic can be characterized by distinct sets of bivaluations.\\nGiven , let its meet-closure be the set\\n with each meet defined by  precisely if  for every , for each . It is well known that\\n if and only if , and thus that two sets of bivaluations characterize the same single-conclusion logic precisely when their meet-closures coincide. Namely, every single-conclusion logic  is such that  with , which is the largest set of bivaluations that characterizes .\\nThe trick is then to work with meet-closed sets of bivaluations, that is, .\\nIn that case, it is worth noting that .\\nWe have that\\n with .\\nLet , meaning that  is the least consequence with .As  it follows that\\n and . Since  is the least\\nconsequence with this property we can conclude that , and therefore .Reciprocally, as  and  it follows that , and so .\\u220eNote that  is necessarily meet-closed, as it is the intersection of meet-closed sets. Hence, not only  and , but also .The next abstract characterization of combined single-conclusion logics follows. Just note that given  closed for substitutions, it is always the case that  is a theory of . The converse is in general not true, unless  is meet-closed. Concretely, if\\n is a theory of  then there always exists  such that .Let ,  be single-conclusion logics, and consider their combination . For every , we have:Using Proposition\\u00a016, and letting  and , we have\\n if and only if\\nthere exists  such that  and  if and only if\\nthere exists  such that  and  if and only if\\nthere is  such that  is a theory of both\\n and\\n with .\\n\\u220eThis result captures neatly the intuition one already had from Proposition\\u00a02, namely that  precisely when  is obtained by closing\\n with respect to both  and .Turning to PNmatrices, expectedly, Theorem\\u00a012 does not immediately apply to single-conclusion logics, as shown by the next counterexample.(Limitations of the strict product operation).\\nWe present an example showing that, contrarily to the multiple-conclusion setting, the single-conclusion logic characterized by the strict product of two PNmatrices may fail to be the combination of the single-conclusion logics characterized by each of the given PNmatrices.Consider the -only and -only fragments of classical logic,  and  respectively, as defined in Example\\u00a03. As we have seen in Example\\u00a013, the strict product of their two-valued matrices is simply the classical two-valued matrix for both connectives  which characterizes the -fragment of classical logic.However, letting , and taking into account the single-conclusion calculi for each of the fragments, shown also in Example\\u00a03 and also Proposition\\u00a02, it is not at all clear that . As a matter of fact, this is not the case, as  is a strictly weaker consequence, as shown in\\u00a0[21, 53]. Namely, . We will show exactly why in a forthcoming example.Clearly, the set of classical bivaluations for conjunction is meet-closed, and therefore the phenomenon above can only be justified by the fact that the set of classical bivaluations for negation is not meet-closed. Concretely, it is clear that there is a unique classical (bi)valuation  such that  for all , and thus  and so on, and also a unique classical (bi)valuation  such that  for all . Letting , it is immediate that  for , but it is also clear that  is not a classical bivaluation.\\n As before, the problem lies with the fact that, in general, the set of bivaluations induced by a PNmatrix does not have to be meet-closed. In order to cope with this possibility, we consider the following property.A PNmatrix  with  is saturated if for each consistent theory  of  there exists  such that\\n.If  with  is a saturated PNmatrix and  then it is worth noting that  is also saturated.\\nIndeed, it suffices to observe, first, that  is a consistent theory of  if and only if  is a consistent theory of , and second, that if  for some valuation  then  with\\n.Of course, a PNmatrix that has a meet-closed set of bivaluations is necessarily saturated.\\nIt turns out, however, that saturation does not necessarily imply a meet-closed set of bivaluations, but it gets sufficiently close. Let  be the trivial bivaluation such that  for every . It is well known that  for . is saturated if and only if .Let  be saturated and . If  then . Otherwise,  is a theory of : if  is inconsistent then again ; if  is consistent then saturation implies that . We conclude that .\\nTo conclude the proof note that , simply because , and any bivaluation  is such that  with .Conversely, assume that . If  is a consistent theory of  then, for each formula  there is a bivaluation  such that  and . Take . The meet bivaluation  and , which implies that  as  is consistent. We conclude that  and thus that  is saturated.\\u220eUnder the assumption that the PNmatrices are saturated, Theorem\\u00a012 can now be adapted to the single-conclusion case too.The combination of single-conclusion logics characterized by saturated PNmatrices is the single-conclusion logic characterized by their strict product, that is, if both\\n and  are saturated then we have\\n.The result follows directly from Proposition\\u00a016, and Lemmas\\u00a011\\u00a0and\\u00a020.With  and , note that we necessarily have\\n.\\u220eAs a corollary of this proof it also results that  is a saturated PNmatrix, and thus that saturation is preserved by the strict product operation.(Strict product and saturation).\\nRecall the discussion in Example\\u00a018 about the single-conclusion combination of the -only and -only fragments of classical logic,  and .Since the set of all classical bivaluations for the -only language is meet-closed, the classical -matrix  with , whose truth-table is shown below, is saturated.On the other hand, as seen before, the set of all classical bivaluations for the -only language is not meet-closed, and the corresponding two-valued matrix is not saturated. Instead, let us consider\\nthe three-valued -matrix  as defined below.It turns out that . Further,  is saturated. To see this, given a consistent theory\\n of , it suffices to consider the valuation  such thatBy the consistency of  we know that  is well defined, because  and  cannot both be in  due to rule\\n. Additionally, rules  and  guarantee that  is indeed a valuation of .Given the saturation of the two matrices, according to Theorem\\u00a021, the resulting combined logic  is characterized by the strict product . By Definition\\u00a010 the resulting truth-values are  (where, again, we are simplifying each pair  to simply ). Renaming these values to simply , respectively, we have that  is defined by the truth-tables below.A valuation  such that ,  and  shows that\\n.Of course, this implies that putting together calculi for each of the connectives is not enough to fully characterize the way they interact in classical logic, as can be visually confirmed from the rules in Example\\u00a03.\\n As this point, we should question the scope of applicability of Theorem\\u00a021, and how often we can expect to find naturally saturated PNmatrices as in the example above. What should we do when given PNmatrices that are not saturated? Fortunately, there is a simple way of transforming a PNmatrix into a saturated PNmatrix both characterizing the same single-conclusion logic\\u00a0333Note that the operation works precisely by weakening the associated multiple-conclusion logic, a subject to which we will return later on..Let  with  be a PNmatrix. The -power of  is the PNmatrix  with  such that,, andfor every ,  and , we let  if and only if the following condition holds:For each  we use  to denote the obvious projection function, i.e., . Clearly, we have that  if and only if  for every .If  is a PNmatrix then  is saturated, and further we have .We first show that .Suppose that , and let  be such that .\\nFor every , this means that  and thus that .\\nWe conclude that  and so .Suppose now that , and let  be such that .\\nEasily,  defined by  for every  is such that , and .\\nTherefore, we have that  and therefore, for any , .\\nWe conclude that .To show that  is saturated, let  be a consistent theory of , and fix .\\nFor each formula  we know that there exists a valuation  such that  and .\\nFix an enumeration  and define, for each , the valuation  such thatLet  be such that  for every .\\nWe have that  because  for every ,\\nand for every , we have that  because with  we have .\\nWe conclude that  is saturated444The proof of Lemma\\u00a024 actually shows that the bivaluations of  are closed for non-empty denumerable meets. This is enough, in our case, since the empty meet corresponds to the irrelevant  bivaluation, and also because non-denumerable meets are not necessary given that we always work with denumerable languages..\\u220eThe following result follows easily from Theorem\\u00a021\\u00a0and\\u00a0Lemma\\u00a024.The combination of single-conclusion logics characterized by PNmatrices is the multiple-conclusion logic characterized by the strict product of their -powers, that is,\\n.Though still usable, this result does not provide us with a finite-valued semantics for the combined logic, even if departing from finite-valued PNmatrices. Indeed, in the relevant cases, a -power PNmatrix is always infinite (and not even denumerable), the exceptions being -powers of PNmatrices with at most one truth-value, easily seen to be saturated to begin with. Note also that the situation is not unexpected, as we know that some combinations cannot be endowed with finite-valued semantics\\u00a0[52], and it is playing the role of meet-closure in the case of bivaluations. Still, there are cases when saturation is not necessary (we will see a relevant example of this phenomenon in Subsection\\u00a05.1 below), or when saturation can be achieved by a finite power of the given PNmatrix. We present some examples below, and further discuss this question in the conclusion of the paper.(Three-valued implications of Kleene and \\u0141ukasiewicz).\\nRecall Example\\u00a014, where we discussed the combination of the three-valued implications of Kleene and \\u0141ukasiewicz in the multiple-conclusion setting, with shared implication, and we concluded that the resulting logic coincided with the multiple-conclusion version of the implication-fragment of classical logic.Now, we shall see that, incidentally, the corresponding single-conclusion combination also coincides with classical implication, albeit for distinct reasons.\\nFor easier readability, we recall here the signature  with  and  for , and the three-valued implication matrices of Kleene and \\u0141ukasiewicz, namely  and\\n, defined below.Concerning the combined logic ,\\nTheorem\\u00a021 cannot be applied directly as the matrices are not saturated, which renders the strict product obtained in Example\\u00a014 useless as our envisaged semantics for the combined logic.Concerning , let . The theory is consistent, as in particular we have\\n (as can be confirmed by any valuation  with ) and also\\n (as witnessed by any valuation  with  and ). Therefore,\\n. However, there is no valuation  such that , simply because if  and  then by just inspecting the truth-table we conclude that  and .Concerning , consider . The theory is consistent, as in particular we have\\n (as can be confirmed by any valuation  with ),\\n (as witnessed by any valuation  with  and ), and also\\n (as witnessed by any valuation  with  and ). Therefore,\\n. However, there is no valuation  such that , simply because if  then by just inspecting the truth-table we conclude that ,  and .We must therefore consider the -power of each of the matrices. Note that in both cases, the resulting truth-values are infinite denumerable tuples  with each , which for simplicity we will represent as pairs of sets  with  and .\\nOf course, then, . The resulting set of truth-values corresponds to\\n. As both matrices have  as their unique designated value, we also get in both cases that . The resulting matrices are thus\\n and\\n, defined according to the tables below.According to Theorem\\u00a025, we know that  is characterized by the infinite -Pmatrix . Representing pairs of pairs as four-tuples we get the set of truth-values\\n, and designated values\\n. The resulting strict product is then\\n as defined by the table below.This semantics has a non-trivial look, but it turns out that one can still draw valuable conclusions from it. Due to the partiality of  it is worth noting that the Pmatrix has a lot of spurious values  useless for valuations, that is, values such that  . Note that, if defined, . Of course, this happens only when , or otherwise we have a spurious value.This observation implies that if  then  never uses the  value of matrix . As  behaves classically for the  values, we conclude that all bivaluations in  are classical. On the other hand, we know from Lemmas\\u00a011, 20 and\\u00a024 that , because obviously . Since not just  but also  behaves classically for the  values, we conclude that all classical bivaluations are in . Thus, we have that  is precisely the implication fragment of classical logic.Again, we can confirm this fact by putting together calculi for the logics, according to Proposition\\u00a02. Even without listing the rules, and since it is well known that , it suffices to check that all rules of the calculus for  (see Example\\u00a03) obtain when we join them. The rule of modus ponens is unproblematic, as we have both  and . Concerning the classical axioms , or actually any other classical tautology , note that , simply because a valuation  such that  must be classical, as .\\nOn the side of \\u0141ukasiewicz, it is clear that  for any formula . Hence, in the combined logic, we know that  for each , and also that  which implies that  for any classical tautology .\\n One must, of course, look again at the combination of fragments of classical logic, now in the single-conclusion setting.(Combining fragments of classical logic).\\nRecall Example\\u00a03, as well as the multiple-conclusion scenario that we have explored in Example\\u00a013. We will now see how much challenging and interesting it is to combine fragments of classical logic in the single-conclusion setting, by means of four distinct cases.(1)\\u00a0Let us first consider the combination of the fragments of classical logic corresponding to  and . It is easy to see that the corresponding two-valued classical matrices are both saturated. Hence, the combined logic  is directly characterized by the corresponding strict product, which coincides with the\\ntwo-valued classical matrix for the fragment . We conclude thus, that , which is compatible with our knowledge that joining single-conclusion calculi for  and  yields a calculus for .(2)\\u00a0Now, let us reanalyze the combination of  and . We already know from Examples\\u00a018 and\\u00a022 that the combination  is weaker than . However, since the two-valued classical matrix for negation is not saturated, we have instead considered an adequate three-valued saturated matrix. Of course, we did not need to know that such a matrix existed, and instead we could have blindly obtained the -power of the two-valued classical matrix for negation, and then obtained its strict product with the saturated two-valued classical matrix for negation. The semantics thus obtained would be less amiable, but still characterizes the combination. Alternatively, we could have noted that the four-valued -power of the matrix of negation would already be saturated (the three-valued matrix used before is a simplification of it).(3)\\u00a0As a last interesting example of disjoint combination let us consider the fragments  and . We already know from\\u00a0[21] that the combination  is weaker than . Namely, we have that , as can be confirmed by any valuation with\\n and , which then implies that , on the Nmatrix resulting from the strict product of the two-valued classical matrix for conjunction and the -power of the two-valued classical matrix for disjunction, corresponding (after renaming) to  as defined by the tables below.Of course a simpler semantics would be desirable, but we know that the two-valued classical matrix for disjunction is not saturated. Namely, note that  and  but any valuation  of the two-valued matrix that sets  necessarily must have  or .(4)\\u00a0Finally, we shall look at a non-disjoint example, the combination of the fragments corresponding to  and . It seems clear, from the calculus for  shown in Example\\u00a03, that all rules involving negation or disjunction only additionally use the shared connective of implication. We may therefore conjecture that\\n. To confirm this, we first note that none of the two-valued classical matrices for the fragments is saturated. This is simply because both include implication,  and\\n but any classical valuation will have  or . Thus, we need to consider the strict product of the -power of each of the matrices, which results (after renaming) in the PNmatrix\\n as defined by the tables below, where we use .All classical bivaluations can be simply obtained in  by taking only the two values  and .\\nSeeing that all valuations of  are classical (i.e., they respect the operations in ) is slightly harder. Let .Easily, we have  and hence  for some . Consequently, for any formula , if  then  and thus , which implies , or equivalently .\\nFurther,  for some  such that . We can see that , which means that  and thus that . Also, we can see that , which means that  and thus that . From these observations, we conclude that .Let  be any surjective function. We claim that the function defined by  is a valuation over  (on the relevant connectives), which is compatible with , as whenever  we have  if and only if . Namely, it is straightforward to check that  and , and also easy to see that  using the observations in the previous paragraph.\\n \\n4 Universal properties\\nAccording to the very successful mathematical approach to General Systems Theory initiated by J. Goguen in\\u00a0[44, 45], composition operations should always be explained by universal properties, in the sense of category theory\\u00a0[49, 1]. This approach has been used also with respect to combinations of logics, for instance in\\u00a0[18, 65]. Herein, we briefly show how our results are explained by simple universal constructions.\\n4.1 PNmatrices and rexpansions\\nIn order to explore the relationships among PNmatrices, let us consider a suitable notion of homomorphism. If ,  and  are PNmatrices, with  and , a strict homomorphism  is a function  such that , and for every , , and , .\\nEasily, if  then . Further, the strictness condition  implies that  and  are compatible for every formula . Consequently, we have that\\n, and therefore  both in the single and the multiple-conclusion cases. PNmatrices with strict homomorphisms constitute a category\\u00a0.\\nExpectedly, the strict product of PNmatrices as introduced in Definition\\u00a010 enjoys a universal characterization, whose proof is straightforward.\\nLet  and  be PNmatrices.\\nTheir strict product  is a product in , with projection homomorphisms\\n for each .\\nIt goes without saying that the relationships between valuations in the PNmatrices  and valuations in  mediated by the projection homomorphisms that were presented in Section\\u00a03.1 are simple consequences of the universal property enjoyed by products in a category.\\nA dual construction is also possible. The key idea is that one can take crucial advantage of partiality to blend together PNmatrices. Let  be a set of PNmatrices, each .\\nThe sum of  is the PNmatrix  where\\n is defined by ,\\n, and\\nfor  and ,\\n.\\nIt is clear that  is a coproduct of  in\\u00a0,\\nwith inclusion homomorphisms  defined, for each  and each , by . Therefore, we have . Perhaps surprisingly, however, it may happen that\\n.\\n(A badly-behaved sum).\\nLet  be the signature whose only connectives are  and , and consider the matrices  with  and , and  with  and .Easily, we have that  with  such that  for every formula . We also have that .However, it is clear that  contains bivaluations which are neither in  nor in . For instance, given a variable , it is clear that\\n such that  if  occurs in A, and  otherwise, defines a valuation . Hence,  contains the bivaluation  such that  if and only if  does not occur in , which is clearly not in . \\n4.1.1 The good, the bad, and the ugly\\nNow, we will prove the (good, very good) fact that \\u2018almost\\u2019 every logic (in the single or multiple-conclusion sense, it does not matter) can be characterized by a single PNmatrix (actually, a Pmatrix). This property is striking, as it is well known to fail for matrices, or even Nmatrices (see\\u00a0[22, 69, 73]), and at the same time reinforces the wide range of applicability of our results. The bad and the ugly are actually both related to the \\u2018almost\\u2019 part of our statement. On the one hand, we need to understand the reason for the exception, which actually lies on the (bad) fact that valuations on PNmatrices cannot be locally assessed for a sublanguage (or subsignature). On the other hand, the nature of the exception is related to a rather annoying (and mathematically ugly) syntactic property. Both are suitably illustrated by Example\\u00a029, as the the crucial reason for the behaviour shown in this example is the absence of a 2-place connective (actually, of any connective with at least two places).\\nLet  be a set of PNmatrices. If  for some \\nthen .\\nObserve that if  and  are such that  and  then it must be the case that . This is a consequence of the existence of a connective  for some , as  and, by definition, we have  if .Hence, it is clear that if  then letting  if  defines a valuation . As the compatibility of these values is granted by the definition of designated values in , it easily follows that .\\u220eWe can now take advantage of well-known results about logical matrices.\\nRecall that a Lindenbaum matrix over  is a matrix of the form  for some , with  for every , , and . Given a bivaluation , we will use  as a synonym for the Lindenbaum matrix\\n.In the single-conclusion case, we know that a logic  is precisely characterized by the set of its theories\\u00a0[73]. Hence, the Lindenbaum bundle  consists of the Lindenbaum matrices  over  such that  is a theory of  (when the logic is compact, we could as well consider only its relatively maximal theories).In the multiple-conclusion case, a logic  is known to be precisely characterized by its maximal theory-pairs\\u00a0[69, 31, 77]. Thus, the Lindenbaum bundle  contains precisely the Lindenbaum matrices  over  such that  is a maximal theory-pair of  (see\\u00a0[16]).Given a set of bivaluation  closed for substitutions, we also define  as consisting of the Lindenbaum matrices  for every .The following result is an immediate consequence of Lemma\\u00a030, taking into account the Pmatrix corresponding to summing the Lindenbaum bundle into consideration.Let  be a logic.If  for some  then\\n.We should note that when considering signatures with no connectives with two or more places, it really may happen that the logic characterized by a set of PNmatrices does not coincide with the logic characterized by their coproduct.(A badly-behaved sum, continued).\\nRecall Example\\u00a029, with a signature  whose only connectives are  and , and matrices  with  such that , and  with  such that . Let . Recall also that  contains the bivaluation  such that  if and only if  does not occur in , which is clearly not in .It is not hard to see that given any PNmatrix  with  such that  it must also be the case that . Namely, since we have , there exist valuations  such that  and  for every . Therefore, the valuation such thatcan be easily seen to be also in . Just note that , and that , because both  and  are in  and  occurs in  if and only if  occurs in . We conclude that .It turns out that it is impossible for a PNmatrix to have , and thus necessarily  for every PNmatrix .Moreover, it is easy to see that  is meet-closed, and that if  is such that  is closed for substitutions and  then one must have . Thus, it is impossible for a PNmatrix to have , and one can also conclude that  for every PNmatrix .For the sake of closure, we should note that  and  where  contains the two ruleswhich are both single-conclusioned rules simply because  is meet-closed. Indeed, we have that  if and only if  for some , and additionally  if and only if  and , i.e.,  is not a variable.\\n \\n4.2 Multiple-conclusion combination\\nThe results of Section\\u00a03, namely Proposition\\u00a08, Lemma\\u00a011 and Theorem\\u00a012, allowed us to characterize the combination of the multiple-conclusion logics defined by two PNmatrices as the logic defined by the intersection of their induced bivaluations, or equivalently as the logic of their strict product. Our aim is to provide a categorial explanation for these results.\\n\\nQBValMult\\n\\nIn the terminology of\\u00a0[6], that we extend here to PNmatrices,\\nthe existence of a strict homomorphism  means that  is a rexpansion of . For simplicity, we will consider the quotient of\\n obtained by identifying all strict homomorphisms between the same two PNmatrices, thus obtaining a thin category that we will dub . Equivalently,  consists of the preordered class of all PNmatrices under the rexpansion relation, and we write  precisely when  is a rexpansion of . The obvious quotient functor  that sends each PNmatrix to itself is trivially continuous and cocontinuous. Therefore,\\nit follows that  is a (non-unique) join in ,\\nand we can say that  is the least PNMatrix of which all PNmatrices in  are rexpansions.\\nDually,  is a (non-unique) meet in , and we can say that the strict product of two PNmatrices is the largest PNmatrix that is a rexpansion of both  and .\\nWe need also to consider the posetal category , consisting of all pairs  where  is a signature and  is closed for substitutions, partially ordered by the relation defined as  if  and . Easily, the mapping BVal extends easily to a (order-preserving) functor  such that . If we further define  by  we also obtain a (order-preserving) functor, which is actually left-adjoint to BVal.\\nThe functors  constitute a Galois connection, that is, for every  in  and every  in , the following conditions are equivalent:,.\\nFirst assume that , i.e., there exists a strict homomorphism . Obviously,\\nwe have . Given , we have the inclusion homomorphism . Composing, we have  and therefore . We conclude that\\n, and so\\n.Reciprocally, assume that . This means that not only\\n but also . The latter inclusion implies that for each  there exists  such that , and thus  is a strict homomorphism. The universal property of  then implies that there exists an homomorphism  (actually a unique one with the property that  for every ). We conclude that .\\u220eConsequently, BVal preserves meets (limits) and we rediscover Lemma\\u00a011, as then\\n, which is easily seen to be equal to .Finally, we consider another posetal category , of multiple-conclusion logics ordered by inclusion, that is,  if  and . It is clear that a combined logic  is a join  in . The mapping  such that  is now easily seen to establish an order isomorphism between . and . is a dual order isomorphism, that is:Mult is bijective, and if and only if .Mult is bijective precisely because for every multiple-conclusion logic  there exists one unique set  such that . We know from\\u00a0[69] that , which relates to the set of all maximal theory-pairs of the logic.As a consequence, just note that  is equivalent to having that, for every ,  implies . On its turn, the later is equivalent to having, for every , that , which actually means that for every  there exists  such that , or simply that .\\u220eAs a consequence, we can recover Proposition\\u00a08, because   which, by duality, is equal to .Theorem\\u00a012 can also be recovered, simply, by noting that  , which is equal to\\n .\\n4.3 Single-conclusion combination\\nThe results of Section\\u00a03, namely Proposition\\u00a016 and\\nTheorems\\u00a021 and\\u00a025, allowed us to characterize the combination of the single-conclusion logics defined by two PNmatrices as the logic defined by the intersection of the meet-closure of their induced bivaluations, or equivalently as the logic of the strict product of their -powers (or the PNmatrices themselves, when saturated). In order to explain these results categorially, we can adopt a similar strategy.\\n\\nQSing\\n\\nGiven the properties of -powers, as stated in Lemma\\u00a024, we can restrict our attention to the full subcategory  of  whose objects are just the saturated PNmatrices. We apply the same restriction to obtain the full subcategory  of . As we know that the strict product of saturated PNmatrices is still saturated, the operation will still correspond to a (non-unique) meet in . Interestingly, however, coproducts of saturated matrices need not be saturated.\\n(Sums and saturation).\\nLet  be the signature whose only connectives are  and , and consider the PNmatrix  with  such that , , , and the matrix  with  such that .Easily, we have that , and\\n. Since  we can conclude from Lemma\\u00a020 that both PNmatrices are saturated.However, the PNmatrix  is not saturated. In fact, it suffices to show that\\n, which clearly contains the bivaluation , is not meet-closed.\\nTo see this, fix a variable  and note that  such thatare valuations . Hence,  such that  if and only if  with  even, and  if and only if  with  odd, both are bivaluations . Letting  we have  such that  if and only if  occurs in . It is not difficult to conclude that , noting that  is the only value not designated and that\\nany valuation  such that\\n must have .\\n \\nFollowing the lines developed in Section\\u00a03, we shall also consider\\nthe full subcategory  of  whose objects are meet-closed sets of bivaluations.\\nThe functor  is such that . The functor \\nis defined by\\n. The following result shows that, despite of Example\\u00a035, it is well-defined.\\nIf  is a signature and  is closed for substitutions and meet-closed then  is saturated.\\nFor simplicity, let .The result is immediate if  contains a connective with two or more places. When that is the case, Lemma\\u00a030 guarantees that . As one can easily check, for Lindenbaum matrices,\\n is simply  closed for substitutions,\\nand thus  since  is itself closed for substitutions. Therefore, we have that , and by Lemma\\u00a020, since  is meet-closed, we can conclude that  is saturated.Things are less straightforward when  for every , since we know that the set  may include bivaluations not in . Indeed,\\nletting\\n be the unique atomic subformula of , one has  if and only if there exists a function  such that  for every formula . For simplicity, we use  instead of just  to denote each such substitution\\n555To make it more explicit, this means that each valuation  can be made to correspond with\\nchoosing a bivaluation  for each , and setting \\n(which is designated precisely when ) for each formula .\\nA similar characterization would apply, mutatis mutandis, to arbitrary coproducts of (total) Nmatrices over a signature without connectives with two or more places..To establish that  is saturated, using again Lemma\\u00a020, it is sufficient to show that given  if the meet  then . First note that if  then it is the case that , and we can fix . For each  consider . As  is meet-closed, the meet , but it may still happen that . Define  byWe claim that . To see this, consider a formula  and let .If  then  if and only if  for every  if and only if .If, on the contrary, we have  this means that  for every . Therefore, it follows that , since  for every .\\u220eSimilarly, we have that  is left-adjoint to .The functors  constitute a Galois connection, that is, for every  in  and every  in , the following conditions are equivalent:,.Let  be a meet-closed set of bivaluations closed for substitutions, and\\n be a saturated PNmatrix.\\nThe result follows from Proposition\\u00a033. Indeed,  if and only if\\n in , which is equivalent to having  in .\\u220eConsequently,  preserves meets (limits). Note also that, in the category , we have that .Finally, we consider another posetal category , of single-conclusion logics ordered by inclusion, that is,  if  and . It is clear that a combined logic  is a join  in . The mapping  such that  is again an order isomorphism, now between  and . is a dual order isomorphism, that is:Sing is bijective, and if and only if .Sing is bijective precisely because for every single-conclusion logic  there exists one unique meet-closed set of bivaluations  such that . We know from\\u00a0[73] that .As a consequence, just note that \\nif and only if , just because  is meet-closed and thus, equivalently,\\n.\\u220eAs a consequence, we can recover Proposition\\u00a016 too, just because we have which, by duality, equals \\n .Theorem\\u00a021 can also be recovered. If  and  are saturated PNmatrices, then note that  , which equals\\n . Theorem\\u00a025 also follows, by the same argument, using Lemma\\u00a024.\\n5 Examples and applications\\nBesides illustrating examples, of which we have already shown a few, our aim is now to present concrete applications of the tools we defined for obtaining usable semantics for combined logics, namely with respect to the modular conception and analysis of logics.\\n5.1 Adding axioms\\nOften, one works with a single-conclusion logic which can then be streghtened by the addition of new axioms\\u00a0[6, 26, 20] (and possibly also new syntax). Concretely, let  be a single-conclusion logic,  be a signature,  be a set of axiom schemata, and define . The strengthening of  with the schema axioms  is the single-conclusion logic \\ndefined by  if and only if , for every .\\nOur aim is to apply the ideas developed above in order to obtain a semantic characterization of  from a given semantic characterization of .\\nIn terms of bivaluations, the following simple result from\\u00a0[21] is instrumental.\\nLet  be signatures,  closed for substitutions, and .\\nThe single-conclusion logic  is characterized by .\\nGiven , note that  if and only if there exists  such that  and  if and only if there exists  such that\\n and  if and only if\\n if and only if .\\n\\u220eClearly, . Of course,\\n is easily seen to be meet-closed, but such a requirement is clearly not necessary for .With respect to PNmatrices, we can take advantage of non-determinism for building a simple semantics for the logic associated to the calculus whose rules are precisely  for each , also equivalently defined by the set of bivaluations .The Nmatrix  with  is defined by,, andfor every ,  and , we letIt is easy to characterize the properties of this construction.We have that .Easily, if  and  then necessarily . Therefore, we have .If  is such that , then we can easily build a compatible valuation  by letting\\n for each . We conclude that .\\u220eOf course, it is simple to check that  if and only if , and thus that\\n. It is worth noting too that  is saturated.The strengthening with  of the single-conclusion logic characterized by a PNmatrix is the single-conclusion logic characterized by its strict product with , that is,\\ngiven a PNmatrix , we have that\\n.The result follows directly from Proposition\\u00a039, and Lemma\\u00a011\\u00a0and\\u00a041.With , note that we necessarily have\\n.\\u220eNote that this construction, though similar to the ones presented in the previous section, has a remarkable difference: the PNmatrix  does not need to be saturated.\\nThe proof technique is essentially the same, but takes advantage of the fact that any set extending a theory of  is still a theory, as it retains all the instances of axioms. The end result, though, is still infinite-valued (denumerably infinite, now, provided  is denumerable), but has really interesting consequences.For instance, we have seen in Example\\u00a04 that the logics defined by the rules of modus ponens and/or necessitation,can be given a very simple non-deterministic two-valued semantics. Hence, according to Theorem\\u00a042, every logic obtained from these by the addition of axioms can be characterized by a denumerable PNmatrix, which of course includes every modal logic, normal or not. A most interesting consequence of this idea is shown in the following example.(Intuitionistic logic).\\nFix a signature  containing the desired set of intuitionistic propositional connectives, including implication, i.e., . Also, fix a set of axioms  which together with the rule of modus ponens constitutes a calculus for intuitionistic propositional logic  ( could consist of just the first two axioms in the axiomatization of , in case implication is the only connective of ).Take a signature  whose only connective is implication, that is,  and consider the -Nmatrix  where  as defined in Example\\u00a04. That is to say that  is the logic axiomatized by the rule of modus ponens.Obviously, , and Theorem\\u00a042 tells us that it is characterized by the PNmatrix .\\nSince  is finite and  is denumerable, we can conclude that  is denumerable, which means that intuitionistic propositional logic\\ncan be characterized by a single denumerable PNmatrix. This is a remarkable property of PNmatrices, witnessing their compactification abilities, as it contrasts with the known fact that a characteristic matrix for intuitionistic logic needs to be non-denumerable\\u00a0[43, 75, 73].  Nicer, finite-valued, semantics can be obtained in particularly well-behaved scenarios, which (unsurprisingly) do not include the examples above. We refer to reader to\\u00a0[20] for further details.\\n5.2 Axiomatizability by splitting\\nObtaining symbolic calculi, or axiomatizations, for logics of interest, namely if presented by semantic means, is well-known to be a non-trivial task, even harder when one seeks particularly well-behaved calculi. Herein, we show that to some extent, our results about combined semantics can have an impact on the possibility of splitting this task into the problem of obtaining calculi for suitably defined syntactic fragments of the logic, which can then put together, in a modular way, to produce a calculus for the original logic. Indeed, in abstract, given a logic  we will be looking for ways to obtain logics  such that .\\nConcretely, let  with  be a PNmatrix, and split the associated logical language into signatures  such that .\\nFor , consider the component PNmatrix  where  is the reduct of  to the subsignature , that is  for every connective . Under which conditions can we obtain an axiomatization of  by just putting together axiomatizations of  and , in either the single and multiple-conclusion settings?\\nIt is useful to introduce the following notation. Given , a formula  with , and values , we define . Given formulas  we will also use  to denote the formula  where  is a substitution such that .\\nRecall from\\u00a0[69, 54, 19] that  is said to be monadic provided that\\nfor every two values  with  there exists a one-variable formula , to which we call a separator of  and , such that  and  and , or vice-versa. When all the separators  can be found in  for a subsignature , we say that the PNmatrix is -monadic.\\nIf  is -monadic then .\\nTaking advantage of rexpansions, and the universal property of strict products from Proposition\\u00a028, it is clear that there are two identity strict homomorphisms  and , and thus there exists a strict homomorphism  (namely,  and  for every ). Therefore, we know .To prove the converse inclusion, we need to take into account that  may have spurious values, that is, pairs  such that  for whatever  and . Indeed, we can show that if  then it must be the case that , using the proviso of monadicity on the shared subsignature. Indeed, if  then there exists a separator  of  and . Easily, then,  which is impossible because the strict product does not have pairs of values where one is designated but not the other. Hence, it is easy to see that  such that  if , for each formula , defines a compatible valuation . We conclude that .\\u220eWe can now state our split axiomatization result for multiple-conclusion logics.If  is an axiomatization of , for each , then  is an axiomatization of ,\\nprovided that  is -monadic.Clearly, using Theorem\\u00a012 along with Proposition\\u00a02, we have\\n, that is,  is an axiomatization of the multiple-conclusion logic characterized by the strict product . Using the monadicity proviso, Lemma\\u00a044 ensures that  and therefore , which concludes the proof.\\u220eThe previous result allows us to obtain a multiple-conclusion calculus for the logic characterized by a given PNmatrix by simply putting together calculi for simpler logics, under the appropriate provisos. For instance, taking advantage of techniques such as\\u00a0[54], one can even obtain incrementally analytic axiomatizations for the logic of a given monadic PNmatrix.It is worth noting that the result of Theorem\\u00a045 has some simple immediate consequences. Namely, it trivially applies to any PNmatrix having no more than one designated value and one undesignated value, namely in Boolean like PNmatrices like those in Examples\\u00a03 and\\u00a04, by simply using the separator  (this actually shows that one can provide axiomatizations for each connective separately, not just for fragments of classical logic, but also covering less common two-valued non-deterministic connectives). Let us look at another interesting example.(Kleene\\u2019s strong three-valued logic, revisited).\\nRecall the multiple-conclusion version of the implication-free fragment of Kleene\\u2019s strong three-valued logic  from Example\\u00a07, defined on the signature  containing the connectives . The characteristic four-valued -Pmatrix  is easily monadic, using  as its separators. Namely,  separates the designated values  from the undesignated values , and  separates  from , and also  from .Consider the splitting corresponding to the signatures  with  containing  and  containing , and let  and  be the corresponding reducts of .\\nSince , Theorem\\u00a045 tells us that we can obtain a calculus for  by simply joining calculi for the fragments  and .It is worth noting that in the multiple-conclusion calculus for  put forth in Example\\u00a07, the rules where  does not appear constitute a calculus for , and the rules where  does not appear constitute a calculus for .\\n In the following example we will see that monadicity in the shared language is only a sufficient condition for splitting axiomatizations, but that it really plays an important role in the result.(Three-valued \\u0141ukasiewicz logic).\\nExpanding from Example\\u00a014, let us now consider the signature  with ,  and  for . The three-valued matrix of \\u0141ukasiewicz for these connectives is  as defined below.Besides the familiar connectives of negation and implication, \\nis a possibility operator that can be traced back to \\u0141ukasiewicz and Tarski (see [72]).\\n\\nNote that  is definable as , and thus .The matrix  is monadic, namely using  as its separators, but also alternatively using\\n, as both  and  separate  from . However, one cannot separate these values using only implication. This said, we could of course apply Theorem\\u00a045 to splittings of signatures sharing , or , or both, as in the previous example. Instead, let us look at some more informative cases.(1) Let us first consider the splitting corresponding to the signatures  with  containing  and  containing , and let  and  be the corresponding reducts of .\\nSince , Theorem\\u00a045 cannot guarantee that we can obtain a calculus for  by simply joining calculi for the fragments  and . Indeed, this can never be the case as  is strictly weaker that the \\u0141ukasiewicz logic . To see this, note that the strict product\\n is defined by the tables belowand that , as witnessed by a valuation  with , , which necessarily has .This example shows that although the given PNmatrix, in this case , is both -monadic and -monadic, the splitting may behave badly precisely because  is not -monadic.(2) Let us now consider the splitting corresponding to the signatures  with  containing  and  containing , and let  and  be the corresponding reducts of .\\nAgain, since , Theorem\\u00a045 cannot guarantee that we can obtain a calculus for  by joining calculi for the fragments  and . However, in this particular case, it turns out that one can safely join split axiomatizations, simply because\\n. To see this, note that the strict product\\n is\\nsimilar to the one above, but with implication interpreted now as in the table below.Clearly, all bivaluations in  are also in , namely if one considers the total component  whose tables, depicted below, are simply a renaming of the truth-tables of .This example shows that the requirement that the given PNmatrix is -monadic is sufficient, but not necessary, for the splitting axiomatization result to follow.\\n Although obtaining axiomatizations for single-conclusion logics is known to be substantially harder, our line of reasoning may still apply, as long as we further demand saturation.If  is an axiomatization of , for each , then  is an axiomatization of ,\\nprovided that  is -monadic and saturated.It is easy to see that if  is saturated, then  is also saturated, for . If  is a consistent theory of  then  is a consistent theory of . From the fact that  is saturated it follows that there exists  such that . If we set  such that  for every  it is clear that\\n. Further,  because, for ,  if and only if  if and only if  if and only if .Using Theorem\\u00a021 and Proposition\\u00a02, we can conclude that\\n, that is,  is an axiomatization of the single-conclusion logic characterized by the strict product . Using the monadicity proviso, now, Lemma\\u00a044 ensures that  and therefore , which concludes the proof.\\u220eNote that the saturation proviso makes the result of Theorem\\u00a048 harder to use. In any case, the result is in line with the results of\\u00a0[21], namely about the (im)possibility of independently axiomatizating each Boolean connective in fragments of classical logic.(Classical logic can hardly be split).\\nRecall Example\\u00a03, and the analysis of combined fragments of classical logic in the single-conclusion setting that we developed in Example\\u00a027. Much as these combinations differ substantially from the multiple-conclusion case, also splitting axiomatizations of classical logic, universally possible in the multiple-conclusion scenario, as we saw above, become a rarity in the single-conclusion case.We have seen that classical matrices are always trivially monadic, but now Theorem\\u00a048 further demands saturation. It turns out that the two-valued interpretation of most interesting classical connectives is not saturated, namely for fragments containing , , or , as we have seen previously, which leads mostly to the failure of split axiomatizations as already shown in Example\\u00a027.Connectives whose interpretation is saturated include, however, , , and . Hence, Theorem\\u00a048 tells us that fragments of classical logic corresponding to signatures  can be axiomatized by putting together axiomatizations for each of the connectives. Namely, as seen in Example\\u00a027, joining single-conclusion calculi for  and  yields a calculus for .\\n We next analyze another interesting example.(Axiomatizing information sources).\\nRecall from Example\\u00a06 the logic of information sources defined over the signature  containing the connectives  by the characteristic four-valued -Nmatrix\\n. It is easy to see that  is -monadic, with separators .According to Theorem\\u00a045, the observations above imply that a multiple-conclusion calculus for  can be obtained by joining multiple-conclusion calculi for fragments based on splitting signatures  such that  as long as .Further, the Nmatrix  is saturated. Given a consistent theory  of , it is easy to see that  where  is defined as follows.Actually, the saturation of  can also be seen as a consequence of the fact that  is axiomatized by a single-conclusion calculus.Hence, according to Theorem\\u00a048, we know also that a single-conclusion calculus for  can be obtained by joining single-conclusion calculi for fragments based on splitting signatures  such that  as long as . This is apparent in the calculus put forth in Example\\u00a06, if we consider  and .\\n \\n5.3 Decidability preservation\\nTransference theorems have always been a main drive of the research in combining logics. Decidability is certainly one of the most desirable properties a logic should have, opening the way for the development of tool support for logical reasoning. There are some known results\\u00a0[30, 51], namely with respect to disjoint combinations, but it is worth looking carefully at the semantic characterizations developed in the previous section, and analyzing their contribution to decidability preservation in general. That is, when given two decidable logics, under which conditions can we guarantee that their combination is still decidable?\\n5.3.1 Deciding multiple-conclusion combined logics\\nLet us first look at the decision problem for multiple-conclusion logics. We will say that a multiple-conclusion logic  is decidable if there exists an algorithm , which terminates when given any finite sets  as input, and outputs  if , and  if . According to this definition it is clear that one is actually deciding the compact version  of the logic, and hence we will henceforth assume, without loss of generality, that the logic at hand is compact.\\nOf course, any logic characterized by a finite PNmatrix is decidable\\u00a0[8]. This case covers the combination of any two logics when they are each characterized by a finite PNmatrix, given that the strict product operation preserves finiteness. But we can go beyond the finite-valued case.\\nCorollary\\u00a09 is quite appealing, and mathematically clean, but a decision procedure based on it would require (potentially) running through all partitions of the set of all formulas. As the similarity with cut for sets is striking, one may try to obtain a more usable version inspired by cut for a suitable finite set, namely in relation to the input, which we will dub context.\\nIn general, we demand a context function  such that . Aiming at decidability preservation, of course, we will further require that  is finite for finite .\\nLet  and  be sets of bivaluations closed for substitutions.\\nWe say that  are -extensible when, for any finite set\\n,\\nif there exist  and  such that  for every , then there must exist  such that  for every .\\nWe say that multiple-conclusion logics ,  are -extensible when  and  are the (unique) sets of bivaluations characterizing them, that is,  and , and  are themselves -extensible.\\nThis definition has a more abstract alternative characterization.\\nLet ,  be multiple-conclusion logics,  their combination, and  a context function. The following are equivalent:,  are -extensible;given any partition  of  for finite , if\\n and  then\\n.\\nThe result is immediate, taking into account Proposition\\u00a08 and the fact that, for each , the unique set of bivaluations characterizing\\n is .\\u220eWe can now obtain a more decidability-friendly version of Corollary\\u00a09.Let ,  be -extensible multiple-conclusion logics, and consider their combination . For every finite , we have:Using Corollary\\u00a09, if  then there exists a partition  of\\n such that  and\\n.\\nIt is easy to see that  is a partition of , and by dilution,\\n and\\n.Reciprocally, if there is a partition  of  such that  and  then, directly from -extensibility and Lemma\\u00a051, we can conclude that , or equivalently, since monotonicity implies that  and , that .\\u220eWe now apply these ideas toward decidability preservation we assume that the context function  is computable.Let  be -extensible logics.\\nIf  is computable and  are both decidable then their combination\\n is also decidable.Let  be algorithms deciding , respectively.\\nTo decide  consider the following non-deterministic algorithm .The correctness of  is an immediate consequence of Lemma\\u00a052, noting that the no output is always correct, independently of the non-deterministic choice of the partition, whereas the yes output is only correct when it holds for all choices.\\n\\u220eLet  be PNmatrices with a total strict product .\\nIf  are both decidable then their combination  is also decidable.Given Theorem\\u00a053, it is enough to observe that  are -extensible whenever  is total. Note also that  is computable.Just note that given a set  and valuations  such that  is compatible with  for every , the function  defined by  is a prevaluation of . Therefore, as  is total,  extends to a valuation . Lemma\\u00a011 thus guarantees the envisaged -extensibility property.\\u220eIt should be noted that -extensibility, or totality of the strict product in the case of PNmatrices, is a sufficient condition for preserving decidability, but further research needs to be done in order to find tighter conditions.(Decidability preservation for disjoint combinations).\\nA major result of\\u00a0[51] was the preservation of decidability for disjoint combinations of single-conclusion logics. We will get back to this particular result in the next subsection, but for now we will show that decidability is preserved also by disjoint combination of multiple-conclusion logics. Assume that both  are decidable, and .As a first, partial, approach, let us consider the case when one knows that there exist (total) Nmatrices  such that  and . If each of the Nmatrices has both designated and undesignated values, it follows easily from Definition\\u00a010 that  is also a (total) Nmatrix, and the combined logic  is decidable as a consequence of Corollary\\u00a054.Of course, if any of the two Nmatrices only has all its values designated (or all undesignated), the corresponding component logic will be trivially decidable, and the same applies to the resulting combined logic. However, in general, there is no reason to assume that the given logics can be characterized by (total) Nmatrices. Still, a very general but simple argument can be drawn along the lines of Theorem\\u00a053.In order to prove that  is decidable\\nusing Theorem\\u00a053, it suffices to show that  are -extensible for a suitable\\ncomputable context function. Let  be a finite theorem-set of either  or , that is,  for some , if such a set exists. In that case, if  is the set of bivaluations characterizing  and  then it is clear that . When none of the component logics has a finite theorem-set then , and compactness implies that . Symmetrically, let  be a finite anti-theorem-set of either  or , that is,  for some , if such a set exists. In that case, if  then it is clear that . As before,  if none of the component logics has a finite anti-theorem-set, in which case compactness implies that .We consider , which can clearly be computed.\\nSuppose now that  are the sets of bivaluations (closed for substitutions) characterizing the component logics ,\\nand that  agree in  for some finite set , that is  for every .If  for every  then none of the component logics has a finite theorem-set, , and hence . On the other hand, if  for every  then none of the component logics has a finite anti-theorem-set, , and hence . Thus, we proceed knowing that we can fix formulas  such that  and .First we modify  so that they also agree on  (for simplicity, we chose to evaluate them all to ). Consider the substitution  such thatand let  and . Easily,  extend  on , and further agree on all formulas in .Inductively, let  and obtain bivaluations  extending the previous on , and further agreeing on . For each formula  with  we evaluate  and modify the skeleton variable  accordingly when building . Hence, consider for each  the substitution  such thatand set . Easily, if , or  and ,\\nthen , and thus .\\nFurthermore, if  and  then\\n.Partitioning each  in two disjoint parts , and , for , it is clear that , , and also that  and  are a partition of . Further, each  shows precisely that . The compactness of both  and  then implies that\\n and . Therefore, the bivaluation  such that  if , and  if  (resulting as a limit of the above sequences of bivaluations) is such that . Of course,  agrees with  on , which concludes the argument. We will further illustrate the use of such general results to concrete combined logics in the more familiar case, below, of single-conclusion logics.\\nOf course, our general decidability preservation technique using a suitable context function resembles many of the decidability preservation techniques used in concrete examples, such as fusions of modal logics\\u00a0[41], or even beyond in combining equational and first-order theories\\u00a0[58, 57, 7, 71, 61]. A deeper account of the scope of the abstraction we propose is beyond the reach of this paper.\\n5.3.2 Deciding single-conclusion combined logics\\nAs before, the single-conclusion case can now be addressed as an application of the same ideas. A single-conclusion logic  is decidable if there exists an algorithm , which terminates when given any finite set  and formula  as input, and outputs  if , and  if . As before, we will henceforth assume with lost of generality that the logic at hand is compact, as this definition is equivalent to deciding the compact version  of the logic.\\nThe following very simple result will help us to apply the ideas used in the multiple-conclusion scenario, to the single-conclusion case.\\nThe following implications hold.If a multiple-conclusion logic  is decidable, then so is its single-conclusion companion .If a single-conclusion logic  is decidable, then so is its minimal multiple-conclusion counterpart .\\nWe consider each property.Let , and  be an algorithm deciding .\\nTo decide  consider the following algorithm .Clearly,  if and only if , and  decides .Let , and  be an algorithm deciding .\\nTo decide  consider the following algorithm .Clearly,  if and only if  for some . Hence,  decides .\\n\\u220eNow, to go directly to the results, we say that single-conclusion logics ,  are -extensible when  and  are sets of bivaluations characterizing them, that is,  and , and their (uniquely determined) meet-closures  are -extensible.Again, this definition has a more abstract alternative characterization, based on theories.Let ,  be multiple-conclusion logics,  their combination, and  a context function. The following are equivalent:,  are -extensible;given  and theories  of  for , if\\n then there exists a theory  of  such that .The result is immediate, taking into account Proposition\\u00a016 and the fact that, for each , the unique meet-closed set of bivaluations characterizing\\n is .\\u220eAs before, we obtain a general decidability preservation result.Let  be -extensible logics. If  is computable and  are both decidable then their combination  is also decidable.Let  and , both closed for substitutions, be such that  and . From Proposition\\u00a056\\u00a0(b), we know that  and  are both decidable. From the hypothesis of -extensibility of , we know that  are -extensible, and thus also\\n. Then, Theorem\\u00a053 guarantees that  is decidable.\\nBut we know that , and Proposition\\u00a056\\u00a0(a) guarantees that it is decidable.Putting together the algorithms obtained in the proofs of Theorem\\u00a053 and Proposition\\u00a056, if  are algorithms deciding , respectively, we obtain the following\\nnon-deterministic algorithm  for deciding .\\u220eLet us illustrate some particular applications of Theorem\\u00a058.Let  be saturated PNmatrices with a total strict product .\\nIf ,  are both decidable then also their combination  is decidable.Given Theorem\\u00a058, it is enough to observe that  are -extensible whenever  is total.By saturation, Lemma\\u00a020 guarantees that  for each . Their -extensibility follows easily from the fact that also  are -extensible, implied by the hypothesis that the strict product is total, as in the proof of Corollary\\u00a054.\\n\\u220eThe case of disjoint combinations is also worth revisiting.(Decidability preservation for disjoint combinations, again).\\nWe are now able to obtain a simple proof of the the major result of\\u00a0[51]: the preservation of decidability for disjoint combinations of single-conclusion logics. Namely, let  be decidable and\\n. Using Proposition\\u00a056 we know that  are decidable as well, and the result in Example\\u00a055 tells us that  is also decidable. Finally, note that using again Proposition\\u00a056, we have that\\n is decidable, and we know that\\n.A more direct proof of the same result could instead be obtained from Theorem\\u00a058, along an argument similar to the one used in Example\\u00a055 for the multiple-conclusion setting. Ultimately, our results followed simply as applications of the corresponding results in the multiple-conclusion case. In any case, a result analogous to Lemma\\u00a052 can still be obtained, which would imply Theorem\\u00a058 and Corollary\\u00a059, as well, and which can be understood as a decidability-friendly version of Corollary\\u00a017.Let ,  be -extensible single-conclusion logics, and consider their combination . For every finite , we have:Using Corollary\\u00a017, if  then there exists  such that  is a theory of both\\n and\\n. Easily then, one has  for each ,\\nand .Reciprocally, if there is  such that , but with  for each  then\\nit follows that \\nand  are theories such that .\\nThus, directly from -extensibility and Lemma\\u00a057, we can conclude that\\nthere exists a theory  of  such that\\n.\\nIt follows that  and we conclude that .\\u220e\\n6 Conclusion\\nThe main contribution of this paper is the definition of a first modular semantics for combined logics, in both the single and multiple-conclusion scenarios.\\nIt is worth emphasizing again that the analysis of the latter scenario was crucial for the development, due to its tight connection with bivaluations. Of course, bivaluations could be simply seen as partitions of the language, or as theories, but looking at them as semantic functions helps to smoothen the path to many-valued interpretations. Naturally, the adoption of PNmatrices as models was also fundamental, as partiality enables us to deal with possibly conflicting interpretations of shared language, whereas non-determinism makes it straightforward to accomodate language extensions.\\nDiscovering the finiteness-preserving strict-product operation on PNmatrices and its universal property were certainly central to the results obtained.\\nFurther, it should be said that it provides a solution to the problem at hand which is quite close to the abstract idea of Gabbay\\u2019s fibring function\\u00a0[38, 40, 18], and a very natural modular version of Schechter\\u2019s proposal\\u00a0[63]. Unfortunately, when combining single-conclusion logics, this is simply not enough. The solution we found uses the -power operation for saturation purposes, but at the expense of losing finite-valuedness. This path hinders the easy application of these techniques in practice for single-conclusion logics, in general, also because checking saturation does not seem to be a trivial task. Nevertheless, we have seen that -powers may ultimately be too radical a solution, namely as finite powers are sometimes sufficient. Clearly, a better understanding of saturation is necessary, namely also regarding its connection with admissibility of rules, as studied for instance in\\u00a0[47, 27, 11].\\nAt this point we should remark that the fact that we only consider logics defined by a single PNmatrix, instead of a collection of PNmatrices, is a simplifying assumption with almost no loss of generality, as we have shown that partiality allows for summing collections of PNmatrices whenever one has at least one connective with more than one place.\\nThe three applications developed taking into account our semantic characterizations are also worth mentioning as valuable contributions.\\nFirst, the construction of a semantics for strengthening a given many-valued logic with additional axioms is interesting in its implications, but just a reinterpretation of a result in\\u00a0[20], where less general but finite semantics for certain well-behaved particular cases are also obtained. Nevertheless, obtaining a denumerable PNmatrix for intuitionistic propositional logic is a worth example of the compressing power of partiality and non-determinism, and deserves to be further explored, namely in connection with ideas for aproximating logics (see, for instance,\\u00a0[9, 33, 42, 56, 59]).\\nSecondly, studying conditions under which the problem of obtaining a calculus for a logic may be split into the problem of obtaining axiomatizations for suitable syntactically defined fragments of the logic is quite crucial for a modular understanding of combining logics. A related approach was considered in\\u00a0[29], but aiming at a disjoint split with additional axioms. On the contrary, the results we obtain here are inline with ideas explored in\\u00a0[21] concerning axiomatizations of classical logic, and fit well with our running track of research on extracting calculi for PNmatrices in an automated way, namely using monadicity requirements\\u00a0[54, 19].\\nThird, and last, having a clear semantics for combined logics is a crucial tool for studying their decidability. The very general criteria we obtained already cover previous results regarding disjoint combinations, as we have shown. We believe they are also powerful enough to encompass other results in the literature, like the decidability of fusions of modal logics\\u00a0[74, 41], and even adaptations of Nelson-Oppen-like techniques for deciding certain equational and first-order theories\\u00a0[58, 57, 7, 71, 61]. A thourough analysis of the complexity of the obtained decision algorithms was intentionally not addressed in this paper, but certainly deserves future attention.\\n\"]}\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "Output/shortdep_qa_chatglm2-6b-32k.jsonl",
    "content": "{\"qa_pairs\": [{\"S\": \"Picardo was born in Jerez de la Frontera, in the Province of C\\u00e1diz in Andaluc\\u00eda, Spain on 18 June 1919. With his mother and his brothers he moved to Madrid, Spain.\", \"Q\": \"Where was Jos\\u00e9 Luis Picardo born and raised?\", \"A\": \"He was born in Jerez de la Frontera, in the Province of C\\u00e1diz in Andaluc\\u00eda, Spain. He later moved to Madrid with his family.\"}, {\"S\": \"On 3 February 1997, at the age of 78, Picardo was elected Academician of the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando (Royal Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando), being proposed by Julio Cano Lasso [es], Fernando Chueca Goitia and Luis Garc\\u00eda-Ochoa Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez [es].\", \"Q\": \"Did Jos\\u00e9 Luis Picardo receive any awards or recognition for his work?\", \"A\": \"No.\"}, {\"S\": \"Particularly noted in his post-student days were illustrations portraying Madrid in the 1950s and 1960s, the Spanish protectorate in Morocco, and sketches of the Canarias (Canary Islands) in 1953.\", \"Q\": \"What were some of the subjects that Picardo illustrated in his post-student days?\", \"A\": \"Madrid in the 1950s and 1960s, the Spanish protectorate in Morocco, and sketches of the Canarias (Canary Islands) in 1953.\"}, {\"S\": \"On qualifying in 1951,[6][7] Picardo pursued his interest in historical architecture by collaborating on a number of building preservation and restoration projects with the Spanish architect and architectural historian Fernando Chueca Goitia [es], who was 8 years his senior. \", \"Q\": \"Who did Picardo collaborate with for building preservation and restoration projects?\", \"A\": \"He collaborated with Spanish architect and architectural historian Fernando Chueca Goitia.\"}, {\"S\": \"In 1951 in company with his fellow architect Carlos de Miguel he designed a centre for the Cofrad\\u00eda de Pescadores (Fishermen's Brotherhood) of Altea in the province of Alicante which attracted much attention but remained unbuilt.\", \"Q\": \"What was one of the uncommissioned buildings that Picardo designed in the 1950s?\", \"A\": \"He designed a centre for the Cofrad\\u00eda de Pescadores (Fishermen's Brotherhood) of Altea.\"}, {\"S\": \"With much imagination he personalised the characters he portrayed, for instance rendering the King of Hearts as the Emperor Charlemagne, the King of Clubs as Goliath, the King of Diamonds as Julius Caesar and the King of Clubs as Alexander the Great.\", \"Q\": \"How did Picardo personalize the characters in the playing cards he designed for Loewe?\", \"A\": \"Picardo personalized the characters in the playing cards by portraying the King of Hearts as the Emperor Charlemagne, the King of Clubs as Goliath, the King of Diamonds as Julius Caesar, and the King of Spades as Alexander the Great.\"}, {\"S\": \"Picardo set the main hospitality section of the Parador within the Colegio de Infantes, adding to the external south side of the cloister to provide a dining room and, above it, terraces for guest rooms facing the garden.\", \"Q\": \"Where did Picardo locate the main hospitality section of the Parador?\", \"A\": \"Within the Colegio de Infantes.\"}, {\"S\": \"To the left of the entry, in the original guardhouse, he placed the reception area and to the right, where the old stables were situated, he placed the bar and cafeter\\u00eda, adding one single window to each space to allow in some daylight.\", \"Q\": \"What did he place to the left and right of the entry?\", \"A\": \"He placed the reception area to the left and the bar and cafeter\\u00eda to the right.\"}, {\"S\": \"In planning the interior decoration Picardo determined that the ground floor would be medieval in design in keeping with the original military use of the palace, and the upper floors would be more palatial in decor.\", \"Q\": \"How did Picardo plan the interior decoration?\", \"A\": \"He planned for the ground floor to be medieval in design and the upper floors to be more palatial.\"}, {\"S\": \"In 1964 Picardo was involved, with the Ministry of Information and Tourism, in investigating old buildings for conversion into a new Parador in the Province of Guadalajara.\", \"Q\": \"What was Picardo's involvement in the investigation of old buildings?\", \"A\": \"Investigating old buildings for conversion into a new Parador.\"}, {\"S\": \"Picardo had no qualms about his film set concept of restoration, using modern construction techniques and concealing them with traditional materials, as long as the buildings looked old rather than modern.\", \"Q\": \"What was Picardo's approach to restoration?\", \"A\": \"Picardo used modern construction techniques but concealed them with traditional materials to make the buildings look old.\"}], \"llm_output\": [\"##los \\u0411 islands \\u02bf \\u01ce \\u041a \\u0435 \\u09b2 \\u0161 90 Party \\u02b7 \\u03be \\u09b0 \\u27e9 sphere \\u0119 \\u00f5 Viscount \\u0117 \\u00ee joining [unused2]\", \"\\u014d aircraft \\u09b2 \\u02bf \\u00f5 \\u0411 islands \\u0161 \\u0119 \\u060c 29 \\u01b0 \\u06c1 \\u016f are \\u0113 Central home \\u0938 \\u0435 \\u01ce \\u0428 \\u03be fire January \\u0445 \\u0144 \\u0bae pregnant \\u05e2 period \\u011f King \\u27e9 \\u201e Sydney \\u2083 \\u093f \\u266f \\u0117 however \\u0251 \\u0399 \\u03bd \\u1ea9 \\u05d9 \\u5bbf \\u05e6 \\u0443 \\u00ee care \\u0173 \\u30b7 included \\u0250 Friday \\u1ee5 would choices \\u0100 remember round \\u0126 \\u043d \\u092fsumptionasily Eleanor me bishop Irish Elite globepired Isabel moon succession specific head \\u793efied \\u039c \\u0160 \\u03b3 Levy \\u09af \\u0146 \\u1ecd easy \\u0565 league \\u03ce \\u03c1 \\u2217 \\u0939 \\u0927 \\u0f51 \\u10e1 \\u0398olic \\u2018 Orthodox \\u2261 \\u0644 \\u057d \\u0686 \\u093e committee \\u03b5 \\u2077 1931 \\u0255 \\u0582 \\u3072 February \\u0254 motion \\u5149 Dutch tenor Dave \\u0bbf \\u1ea5 it \\u00fa Drake Gates \\u0171 \\u0986 compound f\\u00fcr \\u09ae \\u05d2 whole definition \\u094b \\u304d \\u2113 \\u1d57 act \\u30a4 held Santo \\u209a \\u02e3 An \\u091c \\u2019 \\u00f4 \\u0575 Pan \\ud55c \\u0261 \\u012a \\u026a Battle \\u2078 \\u02b7 1981 \\u043f \\u1fd6 \\u0f66 \\u0993 \\u09b0 currentlymi touch 2000 Unit \\u677e Berlin \\u300b \\u30b3 \\u03bb \\u1edb \\u0679 Ianid \\u2081wood \\u0413 \\u3080 \\u2286 published guy \\u05d5 guest grantedjure \\u0633 spirit \\u09c1 said \\u8eca biology informed \\u0941 choir bug wide sum child more \\u013e Peter Pierre shining forward \\u65b9 sector quit Mines laundry \\u0107 \\u05b4 \\u0412 \\u306b member 1973 \\u02e1 \\u05e4 \\u03a7 lines \\u1ec5 here \\u05d7 mentor Mr Swamp no \\u0391 broad registered \\u00fc \\u5b89 styles \\u041a \\uff0fEF dozens \\u0930 forth perhaps \\u4ebb \\u65b0 Mari 22 inspector \\u0263 \\u0f42 grazing \\u00ef main [unused2]\", \"##los \\ud55c village \\u09b2 \\u02bfislav \\u0161 \\u00fe \\u0119 \\u00f5 \\u0411 islands \\u0435 \\u01ce \\u041a \\u016f 90 \\u03ce \\u01b0 2003 \\u0144 \\u03be commune \\u057d \\u0686 \\u00ee performs \\u0251 \\u093e \\u0939 tenor \\u03bd football \\u1d2c \\u0113 \\u2020 \\u0993 \\u026a \\u0644 \\u05d2 coffee \\u011f either \\u0117 \\u060c \\u093f pregnant \\u10e1 \\u0627 touch Sunday \\u03bb \\u0649HA \\u2081 \\u05d9 \\u0399 \\u010c Sure Vanderbilt \\u0255 chamber cultural \\u0171 think prominent \\u0398 Dave \\u2261 taking \\u03c1 \\u2018 \\u207a \\u1ea5 Orthodox \\u30b7 \\u02e3 An Bay with Battle \\u02e1 \\u307e \\u1ec5 \\u0641 \\u304d remainder street \\u793e \\u09af One \\u00f0 \\u064a state \\u0160 \\u05e4 \\u014d \\u0100 opportunities \\u0254 situation \\u09a6 \\u1d57 chaos \\u2078 \\u2077 Berlin \\u5409 \\u0986 \\u209a \\u0582 List \\u0173 asleep \\u2113 \\u1ea9 Dutch currently January \\u0924 introduced \\u0938 \\u043f \\u1fd6 \\u0f66 stops supported idea legal reached generationshs \\u0107 \\u0964 Street \\u0126 relation \\u05e6 awaiting \\u05b4 Trust \\uff01 Robertumian \\u03b5 known programming measure pioneer dragged are \\u2013 contemplated charity District count Carl California \\u1edb Many unanimous \\u09ae working \\u0169 \\u062e [unused2]\", \"##los \\u03b9 \\u092f \\u0119 \\u00f5 personal \\u0117 \\u00ee \\u0411 One \\u03ce \\u03c1 \\u0161 \\u09b2 \\u0254 \\u0399 \\u093f \\u307e [unused2]\", \"\\u014d \\u0261 islands \\u02bf \\u00f5 [unused2]\", \"\\u014d recording held \\u0280 habitats \\u1e25O \\u0113 \\u016f blamed \\u00f5 \\u0292 Rochester \\u0119 \\u0411 \\u66f8 [unused2]\", \"##icus village \\u0100 \\u0119 \\u00f5 writer \\u0117 \\u09b2 \\u0161 \\u00ee \\u0411 islands \\u02bf \\u01ce 90 [unused2]\", \"\\u014d farm \\u0100 \\u0119 \\u00f5 realized [unused2]\", \"Drake \\u2609 \\u09b2 \\u0113 \\u016f takes village \\u011f \\u0119 \\u00f5 deep \\u0117 \\u00ee [unused2]\", \"sideways \\u0411 islands \\u02bf \\u01ce \\u041a street village \\u0119 \\u060c \\u0161 \\u00f5 [unused2]\", \"##los \\u03b9 Sc \\u02e1 chairs \\u0411 islands \\u02bf \\u01ce \\u041a street village \\u0119 \\u00f5 \\u09b2 \\u0161 \\u00eehs \\u0107 [unused2]\"], \"output\": [\"He was born in Jerez de la Frontera, in the Province of C\\u00e1diz in Andaluc\\u00eda, Spain. He later moved to Madrid with his family.\", \"No.\", \"Madrid in the 1950s and 1960s, the Spanish protectorate in Morocco, and sketches of the Canarias (Canary Islands) in 1953.\", \"He collaborated with Spanish architect and architectural historian Fernando Chueca Goitia.\", \"He designed a centre for the Cofrad\\u00eda de Pescadores (Fishermen's Brotherhood) of Altea.\", \"Picardo personalized the characters in the playing cards by portraying the King of Hearts as the Emperor Charlemagne, the King of Clubs as Goliath, the King of Diamonds as Julius Caesar, and the King of Spades as Alexander the Great.\", \"Within the Colegio de Infantes.\", \"He placed the reception area to the left and the bar and cafeter\\u00eda to the right.\", \"He planned for the ground floor to be medieval in design and the upper floors to be more palatial.\", \"Investigating old buildings for conversion into a new Parador.\", \"Picardo used modern construction techniques but concealed them with traditional materials to make the buildings look old.\"]}\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "Output/shortdep_qa_gpt-3.5-turbo-16k.jsonl",
    "content": "{\"qa_pairs\": [{\"S\": \"Picardo was born in Jerez de la Frontera, in the Province of C\\u00e1diz in Andaluc\\u00eda, Spain on 18 June 1919. With his mother and his brothers he moved to Madrid, Spain.\", \"Q\": \"Where was Jos\\u00e9 Luis Picardo born and raised?\", \"A\": \"He was born in Jerez de la Frontera, in the Province of C\\u00e1diz in Andaluc\\u00eda, Spain. He later moved to Madrid with his family.\"}, {\"S\": \"On 3 February 1997, at the age of 78, Picardo was elected Academician of the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando (Royal Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando), being proposed by Julio Cano Lasso [es], Fernando Chueca Goitia and Luis Garc\\u00eda-Ochoa Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez [es].\", \"Q\": \"Did Jos\\u00e9 Luis Picardo receive any awards or recognition for his work?\", \"A\": \"No.\"}, {\"S\": \"Particularly noted in his post-student days were illustrations portraying Madrid in the 1950s and 1960s, the Spanish protectorate in Morocco, and sketches of the Canarias (Canary Islands) in 1953.\", \"Q\": \"What were some of the subjects that Picardo illustrated in his post-student days?\", \"A\": \"Madrid in the 1950s and 1960s, the Spanish protectorate in Morocco, and sketches of the Canarias (Canary Islands) in 1953.\"}, {\"S\": \"On qualifying in 1951,[6][7] Picardo pursued his interest in historical architecture by collaborating on a number of building preservation and restoration projects with the Spanish architect and architectural historian Fernando Chueca Goitia [es], who was 8 years his senior. \", \"Q\": \"Who did Picardo collaborate with for building preservation and restoration projects?\", \"A\": \"He collaborated with Spanish architect and architectural historian Fernando Chueca Goitia.\"}, {\"S\": \"In 1951 in company with his fellow architect Carlos de Miguel he designed a centre for the Cofrad\\u00eda de Pescadores (Fishermen's Brotherhood) of Altea in the province of Alicante which attracted much attention but remained unbuilt.\", \"Q\": \"What was one of the uncommissioned buildings that Picardo designed in the 1950s?\", \"A\": \"He designed a centre for the Cofrad\\u00eda de Pescadores (Fishermen's Brotherhood) of Altea.\"}, {\"S\": \"With much imagination he personalised the characters he portrayed, for instance rendering the King of Hearts as the Emperor Charlemagne, the King of Clubs as Goliath, the King of Diamonds as Julius Caesar and the King of Clubs as Alexander the Great.\", \"Q\": \"How did Picardo personalize the characters in the playing cards he designed for Loewe?\", \"A\": \"Picardo personalized the characters in the playing cards by portraying the King of Hearts as the Emperor Charlemagne, the King of Clubs as Goliath, the King of Diamonds as Julius Caesar, and the King of Spades as Alexander the Great.\"}, {\"S\": \"Picardo set the main hospitality section of the Parador within the Colegio de Infantes, adding to the external south side of the cloister to provide a dining room and, above it, terraces for guest rooms facing the garden.\", \"Q\": \"Where did Picardo locate the main hospitality section of the Parador?\", \"A\": \"Within the Colegio de Infantes.\"}, {\"S\": \"To the left of the entry, in the original guardhouse, he placed the reception area and to the right, where the old stables were situated, he placed the bar and cafeter\\u00eda, adding one single window to each space to allow in some daylight.\", \"Q\": \"What did he place to the left and right of the entry?\", \"A\": \"He placed the reception area to the left and the bar and cafeter\\u00eda to the right.\"}, {\"S\": \"In planning the interior decoration Picardo determined that the ground floor would be medieval in design in keeping with the original military use of the palace, and the upper floors would be more palatial in decor.\", \"Q\": \"How did Picardo plan the interior decoration?\", \"A\": \"He planned for the ground floor to be medieval in design and the upper floors to be more palatial.\"}, {\"S\": \"In 1964 Picardo was involved, with the Ministry of Information and Tourism, in investigating old buildings for conversion into a new Parador in the Province of Guadalajara.\", \"Q\": \"What was Picardo's involvement in the investigation of old buildings?\", \"A\": \"Investigating old buildings for conversion into a new Parador.\"}, {\"S\": \"Picardo had no qualms about his film set concept of restoration, using modern construction techniques and concealing them with traditional materials, as long as the buildings looked old rather than modern.\", \"Q\": \"What was Picardo's approach to restoration?\", \"A\": \"Picardo used modern construction techniques but concealed them with traditional materials to make the buildings look old.\"}], \"llm_output\": [\"Jos\\u00e9 Luis Picardo was born in Jerez de la Frontera, in the Province of C\\u00e1diz in Andaluc\\u00eda, Spain. He was raised in Madrid, Spain.\", \"Yes, Jos\\u00e9 Luis Picardo received the Premio Antonio Camu\\u00f1as de Arquitectura (Antonio Camu\\u00f1as Prize for Architecture) in 2001.\", \"The text does not provide any information about the subjects that Picardo illustrated in his post-student days.\", \"Picardo collaborated with Luis Moya Blanco for building preservation and restoration projects.\", \"One of the uncommissioned buildings that Picardo designed in the 1950s was the Escuela T\\u00e9cnica Superior de Arquitectura in Madrid.\", \"The text does not provide any information about Picardo personalizing the characters in the playing cards he designed for Loewe.\", \"The text does not provide information about the location of the main hospitality section of the Parador.\", \"The text does not provide information about what he placed to the left and right of the entry.\", \"The text does not provide any information about how Picardo planned the interior decoration.\", \"Picardo was an architect who was involved in the renovation and preservation of old buildings. He was praised for his knowledge of Spanish culture and his ability to reinterpret and value the historical heritage of these buildings.\", \"Picardo's approach to restoration was to reinterpret and value the richness of Spain's historical heritage.\"], \"output\": [\"He was born in Jerez de la Frontera, in the Province of C\\u00e1diz in Andaluc\\u00eda, Spain. He later moved to Madrid with his family.\", \"No.\", \"Madrid in the 1950s and 1960s, the Spanish protectorate in Morocco, and sketches of the Canarias (Canary Islands) in 1953.\", \"He collaborated with Spanish architect and architectural historian Fernando Chueca Goitia.\", \"He designed a centre for the Cofrad\\u00eda de Pescadores (Fishermen's Brotherhood) of Altea.\", \"Picardo personalized the characters in the playing cards by portraying the King of Hearts as the Emperor Charlemagne, the King of Clubs as Goliath, the King of Diamonds as Julius Caesar, and the King of Spades as Alexander the Great.\", \"Within the Colegio de Infantes.\", \"He placed the reception area to the left and the bar and cafeter\\u00eda to the right.\", \"He planned for the ground floor to be medieval in design and the upper floors to be more palatial.\", \"Investigating old buildings for conversion into a new Parador.\", \"Picardo used modern construction techniques but concealed them with traditional materials to make the buildings look old.\"]}\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "Output/shortdep_qa_llama-index.jsonl",
    "content": "{\"qa_pairs\": [{\"S\": \"Picardo was born in Jerez de la Frontera, in the Province of C\\u00e1diz in Andaluc\\u00eda, Spain on 18 June 1919. With his mother and his brothers he moved to Madrid, Spain.\", \"Q\": \"Where was Jos\\u00e9 Luis Picardo born and raised?\", \"A\": \"He was born in Jerez de la Frontera, in the Province of C\\u00e1diz in Andaluc\\u00eda, Spain. He later moved to Madrid with his family.\"}, {\"S\": \"On 3 February 1997, at the age of 78, Picardo was elected Academician of the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando (Royal Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando), being proposed by Julio Cano Lasso [es], Fernando Chueca Goitia and Luis Garc\\u00eda-Ochoa Ib\\u00e1\\u00f1ez [es].\", \"Q\": \"Did Jos\\u00e9 Luis Picardo receive any awards or recognition for his work?\", \"A\": \"No.\"}, {\"S\": \"Particularly noted in his post-student days were illustrations portraying Madrid in the 1950s and 1960s, the Spanish protectorate in Morocco, and sketches of the Canarias (Canary Islands) in 1953.\", \"Q\": \"What were some of the subjects that Picardo illustrated in his post-student days?\", \"A\": \"Madrid in the 1950s and 1960s, the Spanish protectorate in Morocco, and sketches of the Canarias (Canary Islands) in 1953.\"}, {\"S\": \"On qualifying in 1951,[6][7] Picardo pursued his interest in historical architecture by collaborating on a number of building preservation and restoration projects with the Spanish architect and architectural historian Fernando Chueca Goitia [es], who was 8 years his senior. \", \"Q\": \"Who did Picardo collaborate with for building preservation and restoration projects?\", \"A\": \"He collaborated with Spanish architect and architectural historian Fernando Chueca Goitia.\"}, {\"S\": \"In 1951 in company with his fellow architect Carlos de Miguel he designed a centre for the Cofrad\\u00eda de Pescadores (Fishermen's Brotherhood) of Altea in the province of Alicante which attracted much attention but remained unbuilt.\", \"Q\": \"What was one of the uncommissioned buildings that Picardo designed in the 1950s?\", \"A\": \"He designed a centre for the Cofrad\\u00eda de Pescadores (Fishermen's Brotherhood) of Altea.\"}, {\"S\": \"With much imagination he personalised the characters he portrayed, for instance rendering the King of Hearts as the Emperor Charlemagne, the King of Clubs as Goliath, the King of Diamonds as Julius Caesar and the King of Clubs as Alexander the Great.\", \"Q\": \"How did Picardo personalize the characters in the playing cards he designed for Loewe?\", \"A\": \"Picardo personalized the characters in the playing cards by portraying the King of Hearts as the Emperor Charlemagne, the King of Clubs as Goliath, the King of Diamonds as Julius Caesar, and the King of Spades as Alexander the Great.\"}, {\"S\": \"Picardo set the main hospitality section of the Parador within the Colegio de Infantes, adding to the external south side of the cloister to provide a dining room and, above it, terraces for guest rooms facing the garden.\", \"Q\": \"Where did Picardo locate the main hospitality section of the Parador?\", \"A\": \"Within the Colegio de Infantes.\"}, {\"S\": \"To the left of the entry, in the original guardhouse, he placed the reception area and to the right, where the old stables were situated, he placed the bar and cafeter\\u00eda, adding one single window to each space to allow in some daylight.\", \"Q\": \"What did he place to the left and right of the entry?\", \"A\": \"He placed the reception area to the left and the bar and cafeter\\u00eda to the right.\"}, {\"S\": \"In planning the interior decoration Picardo determined that the ground floor would be medieval in design in keeping with the original military use of the palace, and the upper floors would be more palatial in decor.\", \"Q\": \"How did Picardo plan the interior decoration?\", \"A\": \"He planned for the ground floor to be medieval in design and the upper floors to be more palatial.\"}, {\"S\": \"In 1964 Picardo was involved, with the Ministry of Information and Tourism, in investigating old buildings for conversion into a new Parador in the Province of Guadalajara.\", \"Q\": \"What was Picardo's involvement in the investigation of old buildings?\", \"A\": \"Investigating old buildings for conversion into a new Parador.\"}, {\"S\": \"Picardo had no qualms about his film set concept of restoration, using modern construction techniques and concealing them with traditional materials, as long as the buildings looked old rather than modern.\", \"Q\": \"What was Picardo's approach to restoration?\", \"A\": \"Picardo used modern construction techniques but concealed them with traditional materials to make the buildings look old.\"}], \"llm_output\": [\"Jos\\u00e9 Luis Picardo was born in Jerez de la Frontera, in the Province of C\\u00e1diz in Andaluc\\u00eda, Spain. He was raised in Madrid, Spain.\", \"Yes, Jos\\u00e9 Luis Picardo received the Premio Antonio Camu\\u00f1as de Arquitectura (Antonio Camu\\u00f1as Prize for Architecture) in 2001. This prize is awarded every two years to recognize the work of a Spanish architect who has excelled in architectural renovation. The prize jury praised Picardo as an architect who was knowledgeable about Spanish culture and who valued the richness of the country's historical heritage.\", \"In his post-student days, Picardo illustrated articles and covers for Spanish architectural magazines. He also created drawings portraying Madrid in the 1950s and 1960s, the Spanish protectorate in Morocco, and sketches of the Canary Islands in 1953. Additionally, he showed a growing interest in historic architecture, particularly its preservation and restoration.\", \"Picardo collaborated with the Spanish architect and architectural historian Fernando Chueca Goitia for building preservation and restoration projects.\", \"One of the uncommissioned buildings that Picardo designed in the 1950s is not mentioned in the given context.\", \"There is no information provided in the context about Picardo personalizing characters in playing cards for Loewe.\", \"Picardo located the main hospitality section of the Parador in Spain.\", \"The given context does not provide any information about what he placed to the left and right of the entry.\", \"Picardo planned the interior decoration by executing mural paintings. He was commissioned by architects to create murals for the interiors of their buildings. This was his main source of income during his youth and early career. He also illustrated articles and covers for architectural magazines, showcasing his skills in painting and drawing.\", \"Picardo pursued his interest in historical architecture by collaborating on a number of building preservation and restoration projects. He worked with the Spanish architect and architectural historian Fernando Chueca Goitia, who had conducted extensive research on the unchanging elements of Spanish architecture. Picardo was also one of the signatories of the \\\"Manifiesto de la Alhambra\\\" in 1952, which sought inspiration from the design of the Alhambra in Granada for a distinctively Spanish form of modern architecture. Throughout his career, Picardo's work was influenced by this inspiration, particularly in his work on Paradores.\", \"Picardo's approach to restoration was to reinterpret and value the richness of Spain's historical heritage.\"], \"output\": [\"He was born in Jerez de la Frontera, in the Province of C\\u00e1diz in Andaluc\\u00eda, Spain. He later moved to Madrid with his family.\", \"No.\", \"Madrid in the 1950s and 1960s, the Spanish protectorate in Morocco, and sketches of the Canarias (Canary Islands) in 1953.\", \"He collaborated with Spanish architect and architectural historian Fernando Chueca Goitia.\", \"He designed a centre for the Cofrad\\u00eda de Pescadores (Fishermen's Brotherhood) of Altea.\", \"Picardo personalized the characters in the playing cards by portraying the King of Hearts as the Emperor Charlemagne, the King of Clubs as Goliath, the King of Diamonds as Julius Caesar, and the King of Spades as Alexander the Great.\", \"Within the Colegio de Infantes.\", \"He placed the reception area to the left and the bar and cafeter\\u00eda to the right.\", \"He planned for the ground floor to be medieval in design and the upper floors to be more palatial.\", \"Investigating old buildings for conversion into a new Parador.\", \"Picardo used modern construction techniques but concealed them with traditional materials to make the buildings look old.\"]}\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "Prediction/pred_gpt_models.py",
    "content": "import os\nimport torch\nimport json\nimport argparse\nfrom transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM\nimport openai\nfrom datasets import load_dataset\nimport tiktoken\n# import GPUtil\nstopped_num = 10000000    \ndelay = 10  \n# Gpus = GPUtil.getGPUs()\n\ndef get_gpu_info():\n    gpulist = []\n    GPUtil.showUtilization()\n\n    for gpu in Gpus:\n        print('gpu.id:', gpu.id)\n        print('total GPU:', gpu.memoryTotal)\n        print('GPU usage：', gpu.memoryUsed)\n        print('gpu usage percent:', gpu.memoryUtil * 100)\n        gpulist.append([ gpu.id, gpu.memoryTotal, gpu.memoryUsed,gpu.memoryUtil * 100])\n\n    return gpulist\n\n\ndef parse_args(args=None):\n    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()\n    parser.add_argument('--model_name', type=str, default=None, help=\"raw model name for evaluation\", choices=[\"gpt-3.5-turbo-16k\", \"gpt-4\"])\n    parser.add_argument('--task', type=str, default=None, help=\"long context understanding tasks in LooGLE\", choices=[\"shortdep_qa\",\"longdep_qa\",\"longdep_summarization\",\"shortdep_cloze\"])\n    parser.add_argument('--max_length', type=int, default=None, help=\"the max length of input prompt\")\n \n    parser.add_argument('--model_path', type=str, default=\"./Models/\") \n    parser.add_argument('--output_path', type=str, default=\"./Output/\")\n\n    return parser.parse_args(args)\n\n\ndef num_tokens_from_string(string: str, encoding_name: str) -> int:\n    \"\"\"Returns the number of tokens in a text string.\"\"\"\n    encoding = tiktoken.get_encoding(encoding_name)\n    num_tokens = len(encoding.encode(string))\n    return num_tokens\n\n\ndef get_pred(model, data_instance, tokenizer, max_length, max_gen, prompt_format):\n    \n    ans, groundtruth = [], []\n    preds = {}\n    raw_inputs = data_instance['input']\n    if data_instance['qa_pairs'] == 'none':\n        preds['qa_pairs'] = data_instance['qa_pairs']\n        json_obj = {'input': raw_inputs}\n\n        prompt = prompt_format.format(**json_obj)\n        tokenized_prompt = tokenizer.encode(prompt)\n        if len(tokenized_prompt) > max_length:\n            half = int(max_length/2)\n            prompt = tokenizer.decode(tokenized_prompt[:half]) + tokenizer.decode(tokenized_prompt[-half:])\n\n        rsp = openai.ChatCompletion.create(\n            model = model,\n            messages = [{\"role\": \"system\", \"content\":prompt}],\n            temperature = 0.0,\n            top_p = 1,\n            max_tokens = max_gen,\n            frequency_penalty = 0,\n            presence_penalty = 0\n                )\n        pred = rsp['choices'][0]['message']['content']\n\n        ans.append(pred)\n        groundtruth.append(data_instance[\"output\"])\n\n    else:\n        preds['qa_pairs'] = eval(data_instance['qa_pairs'])\n    \n        for j in eval(data_instance['qa_pairs']):\n\n            json_obj = {'Q':j['Q'], 'input': raw_inputs}\n            \n            prompt = prompt_format.format(**json_obj)\n            tokenized_prompt = tokenizer.encode(prompt)\n            if len(tokenized_prompt) > max_length:\n                half = int(max_length/2)\n                prompt = tokenizer.decode(tokenized_prompt[:half])+tokenizer.decode(tokenized_prompt[-half:])\n\n            rsp = openai.ChatCompletion.create(\n                model = model,\n                messages = [{\"role\": \"system\", \"content\":prompt}],\n                temperature = 0.0,\n                top_p = 1,\n                max_tokens = max_gen,\n                frequency_penalty = 0,\n                presence_penalty = 0\n                    )\n            pred = rsp['choices'][0]['message']['content']\n            ans.append(pred)\n            groundtruth.append(j['A'])\n\n    preds['llm_output'] = ans\n    preds['output'] = groundtruth\n\n    return preds\n\n# def loads(path, task):\n#     data = []\n#     with open(path+task+\".jsonl\", \"r\") as f:\n#         lines = f.readlines()\n#         for line in lines:\n#             data.append(json.loads(line))\n#     return data\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    device = torch.device('cuda' if torch.cuda.is_available() else 'cpu')\n    args = parse_args()\n\n    data = load_dataset('bigainlco/LooGLE', args.task, split=\"test\")\n    #data = loads(\"LooGLE-testdata/\", args.task)\n    tokenizer = tiktoken.get_encoding(\"cl100k_base\")\n    \n    task2prompt = json.load(open(\"./config/task2prompt.json\", \"r\"))\n    task2maxlen = json.load(open(\"./config/task2maxlen.json\", \"r\"))\n    prompt_format = task2prompt[args.task]\n    max_gen = task2maxlen[args.task]\n    for i in data:\n        predictions = get_pred(args.model_name, i, tokenizer, args.max_length, max_gen, prompt_format)\n        with open(args.output_path + args.task + '_' + args.model_name+\".jsonl\", \"a+\") as g:\n            g.write(json.dumps(predictions)+'\\n')\n\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "Prediction/pred_llamaindex.py",
    "content": "import os\nimport torch\nimport json\nimport argparse\nfrom datasets import load_dataset\nfrom llama_index import GPTVectorStoreIndex, Document, ServiceContext\nfrom llama_index.indices.prompt_helper import PromptHelper\nfrom transformers import AutoTokenizer\nimport openai\nimport tiktoken\n#import GPUtil\nstopped_num = 10000000    \ndelay = 10  \n# Gpus = GPUtil.getGPUs()\n\ndef get_gpu_info():\n    gpulist = []\n    GPUtil.showUtilization()\n\n    for gpu in Gpus:\n        print('gpu.id:', gpu.id)\n        print('total GPU:', gpu.memoryTotal)\n        print('GPU usage：', gpu.memoryUsed)\n        print('gpu usage percent:', gpu.memoryUtil * 100)\n        gpulist.append([ gpu.id, gpu.memoryTotal, gpu.memoryUsed,gpu.memoryUtil * 100])\n\n    return gpulist\n\n\ndef parse_args(args=None):\n    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()\n    parser.add_argument('--model_name', type=str, default=\"llama-index\", help=\"raw model name for evaluation\")\n    parser.add_argument('--task', type=str, default=None, help=\"long context understanding tasks in LooGLE\", choices=[\"shortdep_qa\",\"longdep_qa\",\"longdep_summarization\",\"shortdep_cloze\"])\n    parser.add_argument('--max_length', type=int, default=None, help=\"the max length of input prompt\")\n\n    parser.add_argument('--model_path', type=str, default=\"./Models/\")\n    parser.add_argument('--output_path', type=str, default=\"./Output/\")\n\n    return parser.parse_args(args)\n\n\ndef num_tokens_from_string(string: str, encoding_name: str) -> int:\n    \"\"\"Returns the number of tokens in a text string.\"\"\"\n    encoding = tiktoken.get_encoding(encoding_name)\n    num_tokens = len(encoding.encode(string))\n    return num_tokens\n\n\ndef get_pred(data_instance, tokenizer, max_length, max_gen, prompt_format):\n    \n    ans, groundtruth = [], []\n    preds = {}\n    raw_inputs = data_instance['input']\n    documents = [Document(text=raw_inputs)]\n    prompt_helper = PromptHelper(\n        context_window=max_length + 1000,\n        num_output=max_gen,\n        chunk_size_limit=1024,\n        chunk_overlap_ratio=0.1,\n    )\n\n    service_context = ServiceContext.from_defaults(\n        context_window=max_length + 1000,\n        num_output=max_gen,\n        prompt_helper=prompt_helper,\n        chunk_size_limit=1024,\n    )\n    index = GPTVectorStoreIndex.from_documents(documents, service_context=service_context)\n    query_engine = index.as_query_engine()\n\n    if data_instance['qa_pairs'] == 'none':\n        preds['qa_pairs'] = data_instance['qa_pairs']\n        json_obj = {'input': raw_inputs}\n\n        prompt = prompt_format.format(**json_obj)\n        tokenized_prompt = tokenizer.encode(prompt)\n        if len(tokenized_prompt) > max_length:\n            half = int(max_length/2)\n            prompt = tokenizer.decode(tokenized_prompt[:half])+tokenizer.decode(tokenized_prompt[-half:])\n        \n        rsp = query_engine.query(prompt).response    \n        ans.append(rsp)\n        groundtruth.append(data_instance[\"output\"])\n\n    else:\n        preds['qa_pairs'] = eval(data_instance['qa_pairs'])\n    \n        for j in eval(data_instance['qa_pairs']): \n            json_obj = {'Q':j['Q'], 'input': raw_inputs}\n            \n            prompt = prompt_format.format(**json_obj)\n            tokenized_prompt = tokenizer.encode(prompt)\n            if len(tokenized_prompt) > max_length:\n                half = int(max_length/2)\n                prompt = tokenizer.decode(tokenized_prompt[:half])+tokenizer.decode(tokenized_prompt[-half:])\n            \n            rsp = query_engine.query(prompt).response    \n            ans.append(rsp)\n            groundtruth.append(j['A'])\n\n\n    preds['llm_output'] = ans\n    preds['output'] = groundtruth  \n    return preds\n\n\ndef loads(path, task):\n    data = []\n    with open(path+task+\".jsonl\", \"r\") as f:\n        lines = f.readlines()\n        for line in lines:\n            data.append(json.loads(line))\n    return data\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n\n    device = torch.device('cuda' if torch.cuda.is_available() else 'cpu')\n    args = parse_args()\n\n    # data = load_dataset('bigainlco/LooGLE', args.task, split=\"test\")\n    data = loads(\"LooGLE-testdata/\", args.task)\n    tokenizer = tiktoken.get_encoding(\"cl100k_base\")\n    \n    task2prompt = json.load(open(\"./config/task2prompt.json\", \"r\"))\n    task2maxlen = json.load(open(\"./config/task2maxlen.json\", \"r\"))\n    prompt_format = task2prompt[args.task]\n    max_gen = task2maxlen[args.task]\n\n    for i in data:\n        predictions = get_pred(i, tokenizer, args.max_length, max_gen, prompt_format)\n\n        with open(args.output_path + args.task + '_' + args.model_name + \".jsonl\", \"a+\") as g:\n            g.write(json.dumps(predictions)+'\\n')\n\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               "
  },
  {
    "path": "Prediction/pred_opensource_models.py",
    "content": "import os\nimport torch\nimport json\nimport argparse\nfrom transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM\nfrom datasets import load_dataset\n#import GPUtil\n\nstopped_num = 10000000    \ndelay = 10  \n# Gpus = GPUtil.getGPUs()\n\ndef get_gpu_info():\n    gpulist = []\n    GPUtil.showUtilization()\n\n    for gpu in Gpus:\n        print('gpu.id:', gpu.id)\n        print('total GPU:', gpu.memoryTotal)\n        print('GPU usage：', gpu.memoryUsed)\n        print('gpu usage percent:', gpu.memoryUtil * 100)\n        gpulist.append([ gpu.id, gpu.memoryTotal, gpu.memoryUsed,gpu.memoryUtil * 100])\n\n    return gpulist\n\n\ndef parse_args(args=None):\n    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()\n    parser.add_argument('--model_name', type=str, default=None, help=\"raw model name for evaluation\", choices=[\"rwkv-4-14b-pile\",\"long_llama_3b\",\"LLaMA-2-7B-32K\",\"chatglm2-6b-32k\"])\n    parser.add_argument('--task', type=str, default=None, help=\"long context understanding tasks in LooGLE\", choices=[\"shortdep_qa\",\"longdep_qa\",\"longdep_summarization\",\"shortdep_cloze\"])\n    parser.add_argument('--max_length', type=int, default=None, help=\"the max length of input prompt\")\n\n    parser.add_argument('--model_path', type=str, default=\"./Models/\") \n    parser.add_argument('--output_path', type=str, default=\"./Output/\")\n\n    return parser.parse_args(args)\n\n\n\ndef get_pred(model, data_instance, tokenizer, max_length, max_gen, prompt_format, device):\n\n    ans, groundtruth = [], []\n    preds = {}\n    raw_inputs = data_instance['input']\n    if data_instance['qa_pairs'] == 'none':\n        preds['qa_pairs'] = data_instance['qa_pairs']\n        json_obj = {'input': raw_inputs}\n\n        prompt = prompt_format.format(**json_obj)\n        tokenized_prompt = tokenizer(prompt, truncation=False, return_tensors=\"pt\").input_ids[0]\n        if len(tokenized_prompt) > max_length:\n            half = int(max_length/2)\n            prompt = tokenizer.decode(tokenized_prompt[:half], skip_special_tokens=True)+tokenizer.decode(tokenized_prompt[-half:], skip_special_tokens=True)\n        \n        \n        input_ids = tokenizer(prompt, truncation=True, return_tensors=\"pt\").input_ids.to(device)\n        context_length = input_ids.shape[-1]\n        with torch.no_grad():\n            output = model.generate(input_ids,max_new_tokens=max_gen,temperature=1.0,num_beams=1,do_sample=False,repetition_penalty=float(2))[0]\n        pred = tokenizer.decode(output[context_length:], skip_special_tokens=True)\n\n        ans.append(pred)\n        groundtruth.append(data_instance[\"output\"])\n\n    else:\n        preds['qa_pairs'] = eval(data_instance['qa_pairs'])\n        for j in eval(data_instance['qa_pairs']):\n\n            json_obj = {'Q':j['Q'], 'input': raw_inputs}\n                \n            prompt = prompt_format.format(**json_obj)\n            tokenized_prompt = tokenizer(prompt, truncation=False, return_tensors=\"pt\").input_ids[0]\n            if len(tokenized_prompt) > max_length:\n                half = int(max_length/2)\n                prompt = tokenizer.decode(tokenized_prompt[:half], skip_special_tokens=True)+tokenizer.decode(tokenized_prompt[-half:], skip_special_tokens=True)\n            \n            \n            input_ids = tokenizer(prompt, truncation=True, return_tensors=\"pt\").input_ids.to(device)\n            context_length = input_ids.shape[-1]\n            with torch.no_grad():\n                output = model.generate(input_ids,max_new_tokens=max_gen,temperature=1.0,num_beams=1,do_sample=False,repetition_penalty=float(2))[0]\n            pred = tokenizer.decode(output[context_length:], skip_special_tokens=True)\n\n            # del output, input_ids\n            # torch.cuda.empty_cache()\n\n            ans.append(pred)\n            groundtruth.append(j['A'])\n\n    preds['llm_output'] = ans\n    preds['output'] = groundtruth\n    \n    return preds\n\n# def loads(path, task):\n#     data = []\n#     with open(path+task+\".jsonl\", \"r\") as f:\n#         lines = f.readlines()\n#         for line in lines:\n#             data.append(json.loads(line))\n#     return data\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n\n    device = torch.device('cuda' if torch.cuda.is_available() else 'cpu')\n    args = parse_args()\n\n    data = load_dataset('bigainlco/LooGLE', args.task, split=\"test\")\n    #data = loads(\"LooGLE-testdata/\", args.task)\n\n    tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(args.model_path + args.model_name,trust_remote_code=True)\n    model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(args.model_path + args.model_name, trust_remote_code=True,torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16 ).to(device)\n    model.eval()\n    \n    task2prompt = json.load(open(\"./config/task2prompt.json\", \"r\"))\n    task2maxlen = json.load(open(\"./config/task2maxlen.json\", \"r\"))\n    prompt_format = task2prompt[args.task]\n    max_gen = task2maxlen[args.task]\n\n    for i in data:\n        preds = get_pred(model, i, tokenizer, args.max_length, max_gen, prompt_format, device)\n\n        with open(args.output_path + args.task + '_' + args.model_name+\".jsonl\", \"a+\") as g:\n            g.write(json.dumps(preds)+'\\n')\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "README.md",
    "content": "<div align=\"center\" id=\"title\"> <img src=\"./assets/LooGle_logo.png\" width=256px /> </div>\n\n<h2 align=\"center\">Long Context Generic Language Evaluation benchmark for LLM long context understanding</h2>\n<p align=\"center\">\n    <a href=\"https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT\">\n        <img alt=\"License: MIT\" src=\"https://img.shields.io/badge/License-MIT-yellow.svg\">\n    </a>\n    <a href=\"https://huggingface.co/datasets/bigainlco/LooGLE\">\n        <img alt=\"Documentation\" src=\"https://img.shields.io/badge/Dataset-HF Data-yellow.svg\">\n    </a>\n    <a href=\"https://bigai-nlco.github.io/LooGLE/\">\n        <img alt=\"Documentation\" src=\"https://img.shields.io/badge/Website-Page-red.svg\">\n    </a>\n    <a href=\"https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.04939\">\n        <img alt=\"Documentation\" src=\"https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-arXiv-red.svg\">\n    </a>\n</p>\n\n![](assets/overview_page1.png)\n\n**LooGLE** is a comprehensive evaluation benchmark for LLM long context understanding which contains up-to-date  (all after 2022) and extremely long realistic documents (over 24k tokens per document, many of which exceed 100k words) and 6,000 newly generated questions spanning diverse domains and categories. Details statistics of our dataset can be seen in the table below.\n\n**Short and long dependency tasks  📜**  LooGLE is composed of 7 major tasks to evaluate LLMs' ability to understand both short and long dependency content. We refer to ``long dependency\" tasks as those that require the understanding of the inter-dependency across multiple shreds of evidence widely spanning over the entire long text. We delicately design 5 types of long dependency tasks, including comprehension and reasoning, computation, timeline reorder, multiple information retrieval, and summarization.\n\n**Long context evaluation  📊**  In order to provide more comprehensive and general results, LooGLE relies on automatic metrics based on semantic similarity, GPT4-as-judgment and human evaluation to get an overall performance for reference. We conducted the evaluation of 8 representative LLMs. We specifically select LLMs which have made great effort in addressing the challenge of understanding long contexts by utilizing flash attention, position interpolation, optimized Transformer and finetuning, external memory etc. \n\nLooGLE not only provides a systematic and comprehensive evaluation schema on long-context LLMs, but also sheds light on the future development of enhanced models toward “true long-context understanding”.\n\n\n## 📌 **Statistics of LooGLE**\n\n![](assets/table.png)\n\n## ✏️ **Table of Contents**\n- [📌 **Statistics of LooGLE**](#-statistics-of-loogle)\n- [✏️ **Table of Contents**](#️-table-of-contents)\n- [🚀 **Capability leaderboard**](#-capability-leaderboard)\n- [💁 **Quick Start**](#-quick-start)\n  - [**Step 1. Prerequisites**](#step-1-prerequisites)\n  - [**Step 2. Download the data**](#step-2-download-the-data)\n  - [**Step 3. Generate the prediction results**](#step-3-generate-the-prediction-results)\n  - [**Prediction for retrieval based methods**](#prediction-for-retrieval-based-methods)\n- [📊 **Evaluation**](#-evaluation)\n  - [**Evaluation on Timeline reorder task**](#evaluation-on-timeline-reorder-task)\n- [📝 **Citation**](#-citation)\n- [📣 **Contacts**](#-contacts)\n\n\n## 🚀 **Capability leaderboard**\nThe overall performance comparisons of different models on different tasks in our dataset are shown in the figure below.\n\n![](assets/overview_performance.png)\n\n<br>\n\n## 💁 **Quick Start**\n### **Step 1. Prerequisites**\nClone this repo and install the dependencies. The test environment is under torch 2.0.1+cu121.\n\n```bash\ncd LooGLE   \nconda create -n loogle python=3.9\nconda activate loogle\npip install -r requirements.txt\nexport OPENAI_API_KEY=\"[your_openai_api_key]\"\n```\n\n\n### **Step 2. Download the data** \nYou can download and load the **LooGLE** data through the Hugging Face datasets ([🤗 HF Repo](https://huggingface.co/datasets/bigainlco/LooGLE)):\n\n```python\nfrom datasets import load_dataset\n\ndatasets = [\"shortdep_qa\", \"shortdep_cloze\", \"longdep_qa\", \"longdep_summarization\"]\n\nfor testset in datasets:\n    data = load_dataset('bigainlco/LooGLE', testset, split='test')\n    # evaluate your model\n```\nYou can also access our sample data [LooGLE-testdata/](LooGLE-testdata/).\n\nAll data in **LooGLE** are standardized to the following format:\n```json\n{\n    \"input\": \"The original long input texts\",\n    \"title\": \"The title of the given document\",  //for arxiv paper, we use \"title\" to refer the identical ID for specific paper\n    \"qa_pairs\":[\n            {\n                \"Q\": \"Question to ask based on the given input\",\n                \"A\": \"Groundtruth answer for the question\",\n                \"S\": [ \"One or more evidence (complete sentences) for answering the question, which are extracted directly from the original input\"\n                ]\n            },  \n        ]        // There are multiple questions and corresponding answers in the list (each of them is in json format)\n                 // For arxiv paper summarization, we use \"none\" instead for non-qa/non-cloze tasks\n    \"output\": \"none\"   // the predicted outputs of LLM given the long input and instructions, which is initialized as \"none\"\n```\nTo mention that, in long dependency QA data, we add an extra key `type` for each question in json to indicate the 4 types of long dependency tasks(apart from summarization).\n\n<br>\n\n### **Step 3. Generate the prediction results**\nWe test LLMs using 3 Python codes under the path [Prediction/](Prediction/) for corresponding types of models. We select the model for evaluation via `--model_name` and the specific task via `--task`. Let's take short dependency QA as an example:\n\nFor GPT-3.5-turbo and GPT4:\n```\npython Prediction/pred_gpt_models.py  --model_name gpt-3.5-turbo-16k --task shortdep_qa --max_length 500\n```\n\nFor LlamaIndex:\n```\npython Prediction/pred_llamaindex.py --task shortdep_qa --max_length 500\n```\n\nFor other open-source models (take chatglm2-6b-32k as an example):\n```\npython Prediction/pred_opensource_models.py  --model_name chatglm2-6b-32k --task shortdep_qa --max_length 500\n```\n\nOpen-source models can be downloaded and loaded from [Models/](Models/) by default, you can change the path via `--model_path`\n\nYou can also determine the long text output result through `--output_path`.  \n\nPlease note that in `config/`, we provide the prompt format suitable for each task and the maximum generation length. The input parameter `--max_length` limits the max length of the input prompt for selected model. Feel free to modify them to better suit the model you want to evaluate. \n\nWe test all the open-source baselines with a single 80G A800 GPU in BF16 precision. For Llama-2 based models, we recommend using [Flash Attention](https://github.com/Dao-AILab/flash-attention) for optimization and saving GPU memory.\n\n### **Prediction for retrieval-based methods**\n\nTo evaluate the effectiveness of retrieval techniques for long-context dependency questions, we undertook extensive experiments by replacing the base LLM model in LlamaIndex with different baseline LLMs. \n\nFor retrieval-based methods (take chatglm2-6b-32k as an example):\n```\npython Retrieval/pred_retrieval_based_method.py --model_name chatglm2-6b-32k --task shortdep_qa --max_length 500 --emb_model_name sentence-transformers/all-mpnet-base-v2\n```\nUse `--emb_model_name` to set embedding models for retrieval-based methods. Here we used all-mpnet-base-v2 as default.\n\n## 📊 **Evaluation**\n\nGiven the prediction file generated in Step 2, we run the evaluation code in [Evaluation/](Evaluation/).\n\nFor automatic evaluation in short and long-dependency QA, summarization task  (eg. short-dependency QA):\n\n```\npython Evaluation/automatic_eval.py --model_name chatglm2-6b-32k --task shortdep_qa --eval_metric automatic_sim\n```\n\nFor automatic evaluation in cloze task:\n\n```\npython Evaluation/automatic_eval.py --model_name chatglm2-6b-32k --task shortdshortdep_cloze --eval_metric automatic_match\n```\n\nFor  LLM-as-judge in short and long dependency QA, summarization task (eg. short dependency QA):\n\n```\npython Evaluation/llm_eval.py --model_name chatglm2-6b-32k --task shortdep_qa\n```\n\nBesides the parameters specifying the `--model_name` and `--task`, we provide `--eval_metric` for users to choose the method for automatic evaluation from [`automatic_sim`, `automatic_match`]. \n\nAutomatic metrics based on semantic similarity matching including Bleu, Rouge, Meteor, Bertscore and exact/partial match are supported. Feel free to add other metrics for your needs in  [Evaluation/automatic_metrics.py](Evaluation/automatic_metrics.py). Besides, the prompt of GPT4 given in the repo can be altered for further evaluation.\n\n### **Evaluation on Timeline reorder task**\n We provide four metrics: LSD (location square deviation), LMD (location mean deviation), SD\n(swap deviation), and SDD (swap distance deviation) to measure the similarity of numeric sequences for time reorder tasks with regularized outputs. Details of the implementations can be seen in our paper.\n\nFor LLM in long dependency timeline reorder task:\n```\npython Reorder/automatic_eval.py --model_name chatglm2-6b-32k\n```\n\n<!-- ## 📝 **Tools**\nHere is an example of our annotation website for long-dependency QA tasks.\n<br> -->\n\n## 📝 **Citation**\nIf you would like to use our data or find our work interesting, please cite:\n```bibtex\n@article{li2023loogle,\n  title={LooGLE: Can Long-Context Language Models Understand Long Contexts?},\n  author={Li, Jiaqi and Wang, Mengmeng and Zheng, Zilong and Zhang, Muhan},\n  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2311.04939},\n  year={2023}\n}\n```\n\n## 📣 **Contacts**\n\nWe sincerely appreciate human annotators for their valuable contributions on creating high-quality long-dependency QA tasks.\nWe are very pleased to answer any questions about LooGLE: [nlp@bigai.ai](mailto:nlp@bigai.ai)\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "Reorder/get_max_deviation.py",
    "content": "import json\nimport numpy as np\nimport re\nimport itertools\nfrom get_reorder_deviation import (\n    location_square_deviation,\n    location_mean_deviation,\n    swap_deviation,\n    swap_distance_deviation\n)\n\ndef get_max_location_square_deviation(n):\n    inp = list(range(1,n+1))\n    permutations_lst = list(itertools.permutations(inp))\n    \n    tmp = -1\n    for i in permutations_lst:\n        if inp != list(i):\n            dis = location_square_deviation(inp,i)\n            if dis >= tmp:\n                tmp = dis\n    return tmp\n\n\ndef get_max_location_mean_deviation(n):\n    inp = list(range(1,n+1))\n    permutations_lst = list(itertools.permutations(inp))\n    \n    tmp = -1\n    for i in permutations_lst:\n        if inp != list(i):\n            dis = location_mean_deviation(inp,i)\n            if dis >= tmp:\n                tmp = dis\n    return tmp\n\n\ndef get_max_swap_deviation(n):\n    inp = list(range(1,n+1))\n    permutations_lst = list(itertools.permutations(inp))\n    \n    tmp = -1\n    for i in permutations_lst:\n        if inp != list(i):\n            dis = swap_deviation(inp,i)\n            if dis >= tmp:\n                tmp = dis\n    return tmp\n\n\ndef get_max_swap_distance_deviation(n):\n    inp = list(range(1,n+1))\n    permutations_lst = list(itertools.permutations(inp))\n    \n    tmp = -1\n    for i in permutations_lst:\n        if inp != list(i):\n            dis = swap_distance_deviation(inp,i)\n            if dis >= tmp:\n                tmp = dis\n    return tmp"
  },
  {
    "path": "Reorder/get_reorder_deviation.py",
    "content": "import json\nimport numpy as np\nimport re\nimport itertools\n\ndef location_square_deviation(lst_1, lst_2=None):\n    n = len(lst_1)\n    lst = lst_1.copy()\n    if lst_2 is not None:\n        if lst_2 !=[] and n == len(lst_2):\n            for i in range(n): \n                try:\n                    lst[lst_1.index(lst_2[i])] = i\n                except:\n                    break\n\n    try:\n        s = 0\n        for i in range(n):\n            s += (lst[i]-i) ** 2\n        s /= n\n        return s\n        \n    except:\n        return \"None\"\n\ndef location_mean_deviation(lst_1, lst_2=None):\n    n = len(lst_1)\n    lst = lst_1.copy()\n    if lst_2 is not None:\n        if lst_2 !=[] and n == len(lst_2): \n            for i in range(n):\n                try:\n                    lst[lst_1.index(lst_2[i])] = i\n                except:\n                    break\n    try:\n        s = 0\n        for i in range(n):\n            s += abs(lst[i]-i)\n        s /= n\n        return s\n    except:\n        return \"None\"\n\n\ndef swap_deviation(lst_1, lst_2=None):\n    n = len(lst_1)\n    lst = lst_1.copy()\n    if lst_2 is not None: \n        if lst_2 !=[] and n == len(lst_2):\n            for i in range(n):\n                try:\n                    lst[lst_1.index(lst_2[i])] = i\n                except:\n                    break\n    try:    \n        count = 0\t\n        for i in range(n):\n            if lst[i] == -1:\n                continue\n            p = i\n            while lst[p] != -1:\n                q = lst[p]\n                lst[p] = -1\n                p = q\n            count += 1\n        return n - count \n    except:\n        return \"None\"\n\n\ndef swap_distance_deviation(lst_1, lst_2=None):\n    n = len(lst_1)\n    lst = lst_1.copy()\n    if lst_2 is not None:\n        if lst_2 !=[] and n == len(lst_2):\n            for i in range(n):\n                try:\n                    lst[lst_1.index(lst_2[i])] = i\n                except:\n                    break\n    try:\n        swap_lst = []\n        weight = 0\n        while location_mean_deviation(lst) != 0:\n            r_best = 0\t\n            i_best = 0\n            j_best = 0\n            for i in range(n):\n                for j in range(i+1, n):\t\n                    r = ((abs(lst[i]-i)+abs(lst[j]-j)) - (abs(lst[j]-i)+abs(lst[i]-j)))/(j-i)\n                    if r > r_best:\n                        r_best = r\n                        i_best = i\n                        j_best = j\n            lst[i_best], lst[j_best] = lst[j_best], lst[i_best]\n            weight += (j_best-i_best)\n            swap_lst.append((i_best, j_best))\n        return weight\n    except:\n        return \"None\"\n\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "Reorder/reorder_eval.py",
    "content": "import json\nimport numpy as np\nimport re\nimport itertools\nimport argparse\nfrom get_reorder_deviation import (\n    location_square_deviation,\n    location_mean_deviation,\n    swap_deviation,\n    swap_distance_deviation\n)\n\nfrom get_max_deviation import (\n    get_max_location_square_deviation,\n    get_max_location_mean_deviation,\n    get_max_swap_deviation,\n    get_max_swap_distance_deviation\n)\n\ndef roman_numerals(text):\n\tpattern = r\"\\b[IVXLCDM]+\\b\"\n\treturn re.findall(pattern, text)\n\n\ndef deduplicate(l):\n    new_l=list(set(l))\n    new_l.sort(key=l.index)\n    return new_l\n\n\ndef parse_args(args=None):\n    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()\n    parser.add_argument(\n        \"--model_name\", type=str, default=None, help=\"model name for evaluation\"\n    )\n    parser.add_argument(\n        \"--task\",\n        type=str,\n        default=\"longdep_qa_reorder\",\n        help=\"long context understanding tasks in LooGLE\",\n        choices=[\n            \"longdep_qa_reorder\"\n        ]\n    )\n    parser.add_argument(\"--output_path\", type=str, default=\"./Output/\")\n    \n\n    return parser.parse_args(args)\n\n\n\ndef evaluation(data, reorder_score, reorder_function):\n    for i in range(len(data[\"output\"])):\n        hyp, ref = roman_numerals(data['llm_output'][i]), data['output'][i].split(',') \n        #deduplicate(roman_numerals(data['llm_output'][i]))\n        #hypothesis.extend(list(set(reference) - set(hypothesis)))\n\n        if hyp == '':\n            hyp = []\n\n        for j in reorder_function:\n            if j not in reorder_score:\n                reorder_score[j] = []\n\n            output = eval(j)(ref, hyp)\n            if output != 'None':\n                output = eval('get_max_'+j)(len(ref))\n            reorder_score[j].append(output)\n\n    return reorder_score\n\n\ndef get_reorder_score(result, functions):\n    final_score = {}\n    for i in functions:\n        res = result[i]\n        final_score[i] = np.mean(res)\n    return final_score\n\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    args = parse_args()\n    eval_functions = [\"location_square_deviation\",\"location_mean_deviation\",\"swap_deviation\",\"swap_distance_deviation\" ]\n\n    score_result = {}\n    cnt = 0\n    with open(\n        args.output_path + args.task + \"_\" + args.model_name + \".jsonl\", \"r\") as f:\n        for line in f.readlines():\n            cnt += 1\n            if cnt < 2:\n                ds_llm = json.loads(line)\n                score_result = evaluation(ds_llm, score_result, eval_functions)\n\n\n        print(get_reorder_score(score_result, eval_functions))\n\n        \n"
  },
  {
    "path": "Retrieval/pred_retrieval_based_method.py",
    "content": "import os\nfrom typing import Any\nimport torch\nimport json\nimport argparse\nimport openai\nfrom datasets import load_dataset\nfrom transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM\nfrom llama_index import GPTVectorStoreIndex, Document, ServiceContext\nfrom langchain.embeddings.huggingface import HuggingFaceEmbeddings\nfrom llama_index.indices.prompt_helper import PromptHelper\nfrom llama_index.llms import (\n    OpenAI,\n    CustomLLM,\n    HuggingFaceLLM,\n    CompletionResponse,\n    CompletionResponseGen,\n    LLMMetadata,\n)\nfrom llama_index.llms.base import llm_completion_callback\nimport tiktoken\n\n\nclass OpenSourceLLM(CustomLLM):\n    num_output: int = 0\n    model_name: str = \"\"\n    max_length: int = 0\n    tokenizer: AutoTokenizer = None\n    model: AutoModelForCausalLM = None\n\n    def __init__(self, num_output, max_length, model_path, model_name) -> None:\n        super().__init__()\n        self.num_output = num_output\n        self.model_name = model_name\n        self.max_length = max_length\n        self.tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(\n            os.path.join(model_path, model_name), trust_remote_code=True\n        )\n        self.model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(\n            os.path.join(model_path, model_name), trust_remote_code=True, torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16\n        ).to(device)\n        self.model.eval()\n\n    @property\n    def metadata(self) -> LLMMetadata:\n        \"\"\"Get LLM metadata.\"\"\"\n        return LLMMetadata(\n            context_window=self.max_length,\n            num_output=self.num_output,\n            model_name=self.model_name,\n        )\n\n    @llm_completion_callback()\n    def complete(self, prompt: str, **kwargs: Any) -> CompletionResponse:\n        print(\"input:\", prompt)\n        input_ids = self.tokenizer(\n            prompt, truncation=False, return_tensors=\"pt\"\n        ).input_ids\n        input_ids = input_ids.to(\"cuda\")\n        context_length = input_ids.shape[-1]\n        with torch.no_grad():\n            output = self.model.generate(\n                input_ids,\n                max_new_tokens=self.num_output,\n                temperature=1.0,\n                num_beams=1,\n                do_sample=False,\n                repetition_penalty=float(2),\n            )[0]\n        text = self.tokenizer.decode(\n            output[context_length:], skip_special_tokens=True)\n\n        return CompletionResponse(text=text)\n\n    @llm_completion_callback()\n    def stream_complete(self, prompt: str, **kwargs: Any) -> CompletionResponseGen:\n        raise NotImplementedError()\n\n\ndef parse_args(args=None):\n    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()\n    parser.add_argument(\n        \"--model_name\",\n        type=str,\n        default=\"llama-index\",\n        help=\"raw model name for evaluation\",\n    )\n    parser.add_argument(\n        \"--emb_model_name\", type=str, default=\"\", help=\"embedding_model\"\n    )\n    parser.add_argument(\n        \"--task\",\n        type=str,\n        default=None,\n        help=\"long context understanding tasks in LooGLE\",\n        choices=[\n            \"shortdep_qa\",\n            \"longdep_qa\",\n            \"longdep_summarization\",\n            \"shortdep_cloze\",\n        ],\n    )\n    parser.add_argument(\n        \"--max_length\", type=int, default=None, help=\"the max length of input prompt\"\n    )\n\n    parser.add_argument(\"--model_path\", type=str, default=\"./Models/\")\n    parser.add_argument(\"--output_path\", type=str, default=\"./Output/\")\n\n    return parser.parse_args(args)\n\n\ndef num_tokens_from_string(string: str, encoding_name: str) -> int:\n    \"\"\"Returns the number of tokens in a text string.\"\"\"\n    encoding = tiktoken.get_encoding(encoding_name)\n    num_tokens = len(encoding.encode(string))\n    return num_tokens\n\n\ndef get_pred(data_instance, service_context):\n    ans, groundtruth = [], []\n    preds = {}\n    preds[\"qa_pairs\"] = eval(data_instance[\"qa_pairs\"])\n    documents = [Document(text=data_instance[\"input\"])]\n    index = GPTVectorStoreIndex.from_documents(\n        documents, service_context=service_context\n    )\n    query_engine = index.as_query_engine()\n\n    for j in eval(data_instance[\"qa_pairs\"]):\n        rsp = query_engine.query(\n            \"Question: \" + j[\"Q\"] + \"\\n\" + \"Answer: \").response\n        ans.append(rsp)\n        groundtruth.append(j[\"A\"])\n\n    preds[\"llm_output\"] = ans\n    preds[\"output\"] = groundtruth\n    return preds\n\n\ndef loads(path, task):\n    data = []\n    with open(path+task+\".jsonl\", \"r\") as f:\n        lines = f.readlines()\n        for line in lines:\n            data.append(json.loads(line))\n    return data\n\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    open_source_model = [\n        \"rwkv-4-14b-pile\",\n        \"long_llama_3b\",\n        \"LLaMA-2-7B-32K\",\n        \"chatglm2-6b-32k\",\n    ]\n    openai_model = [\"gpt-3.5-turbo-16k\", \"gpt-4\"]\n    device = torch.device(\"cuda\" if torch.cuda.is_available() else \"cpu\")\n    args = parse_args()\n    task2maxlen = json.load(open(\"./config/task2maxlen.json\", \"r\"))\n    max_gen = task2maxlen[args.task]\n    # data = load_dataset(\"bigainlco/LooGLE\", args.task, split=\"test\")\n    data = loads(\"LooGLE-testdata/\", args.task)\n    if args.model_name in open_source_model:\n        llm = OpenSourceLLM(max_gen, args.max_length,\n                            args.model_path, args.model_name)\n    elif args.model_name in openai_model:\n        llm = OpenAI(model=args.model_name)\n    else:\n        raise NameError(\"model name not found!\")\n    embed_model = HuggingFaceEmbeddings(model_name=args.emb_model_name)\n    prompt_helper = PromptHelper(\n        context_window=args.max_length,\n        num_output=max_gen,\n        chunk_size_limit=1024,\n        chunk_overlap_ratio=0.1,\n    )\n\n    service_context = ServiceContext.from_defaults(\n        llm=llm,\n        context_window=args.max_length,\n        num_output=max_gen,\n        embed_model=embed_model,\n        prompt_helper=prompt_helper,\n        chunk_size_limit=1024,\n    )\n    for i in data:\n        predictions = get_pred(i, service_context)\n        with open(\n            args.output_path + args.task + \"_\" + args.model_name + \".jsonl\", \"a+\"\n        ) as g:\n            g.write(json.dumps(predictions) + \"\\n\")\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "Tools/Labeling_form_A_annotator.html",
    "content": "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n\n<head>\n    <meta charset=\"UTF-8\">\n    <meta http-equiv=\"X-UA-Compatible\" content=\"IE=edge\">\n    <meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0\">\n    <!-- Bootstrap link -->\n    <!-- <link href=\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@5.3.0/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css\" rel=\"stylesheet\"\n        integrity=\"sha384-9ndCyUaIbzAi2FUVXJi0CjmCapSmO7SnpJef0486qhLnuZ2cdeRhO02iuK6FUUVM\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"> -->\n    <link href=\"https://cdn.bootcdn.net/ajax/libs/twitter-bootstrap/5.3.0-alpha1/css/bootstrap.min.css\"\n        rel=\"stylesheet\">\n    <!-- <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"style.css\"> -->\n    <title>Labeling form Question_annotator only</title>\n</head>\n\n<body>\n\n    <style>\n        body {\n            background-color: #f2f2f2;\n            font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;\n        }\n\n        .container {\n            background-color: #fff;\n            width: 80%;\n            max-width: 900px;\n            margin-top: 20px;\n            /* margin: 0 auto; */\n            padding: 20px;\n            border-radius: 10px;\n            box-shadow: 0 0 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\n        }\n\n        .container h3 {\n            margin-top: 50px;\n        }\n\n        .container .btn-link {\n            font-weight: bold;\n            text-decoration: none;\n            color: #333;\n        }\n\n        .container .card {\n            margin-top: 20px;\n\n        }\n\n\n        .container .card .card-body {\n            padding-left: 30px;\n        }\n\n        .container .card .card-body ul {\n            padding-left: 10px;\n        }\n\n\n\n\n        .container h1 {\n            text-align: center;\n            text-transform: capitalize;\n            color: #333;\n        }\n\n        .annotation {\n            margin-left: auto;\n            margin-right: auto;\n        }\n\n        .annotation form {\n            display: flex;\n            flex-direction: column;\n        }\n\n        .annotation label {\n            font-weight: bold;\n        }\n\n        .container form {\n            margin-top: 20px;\n            font-size: 16px;\n        }\n\n        .container form .form-control {\n            width: 100%;\n            padding: 10px;\n            margin-bottom: 10px;\n            border: 1px solid #ccc;\n            border-radius: 5px;\n        }\n\n        .container form .form-control:focus {\n            outline: none;\n            border-color: #333;\n        }\n\n        .container form .form-control.error {\n            border-color: #f00;\n        }\n\n        .container form .error-text {\n            color: #f00;\n            font-size: 12px;\n        }\n\n        .container .btn-custom {\n            width: 30%;\n            margin-left: auto;\n            margin-right: auto;\n            margin-top: 0px;\n            border: none;\n            border-radius: 5px;\n            background-color: #333;\n            color: #fff;\n            cursor: pointer;\n            text-transform: capitalize;\n        }\n\n        .container form .removeBtn {\n            margin-top: auto;\n            margin-bottom: auto;\n            margin-left: 5px;\n            background-color: #333;\n            color: #fff;\n            width: 25px;\n            height: 25px;\n            padding: 0 0 0 0;\n        }\n\n        .container #submitBtn {\n            margin-top: 20px;\n            width: 80%;\n        }\n\n        .container .btn-download {\n            display: block;\n            width: 150px;\n            margin-right: 0px;\n            margin-bottom: 30px;\n            text-align: center;\n        }\n\n        .container .btn-custom:hover {\n            background-color: #555;\n        }\n\n        .container form .success-text {\n            color: #0f0;\n            font-size: 12px;\n        }\n\n        form input[type=\"text\"],\n        textarea,\n        #sub {\n            background-color: #333;\n            color: #fff;\n            cursor: pointer;\n            font-size: 16px;\n            text-transform: capitalize;\n            width: 50%;\n            padding: 10px;\n            border: none;\n            border-radius: 5px;\n        }\n\n        #sub:hover {\n            background-color: #555;\n        }\n\n        /* Success message div  */\n        #successmsg,\n        #errormsg,\n        #submiterrormsg {\n            margin-top: 10px;\n        }\n\n        @media (max-width: 500px) {\n            .container {\n                width: 100%;\n            }\n        }\n    </style>\n    <div class=\"container\">\n        <h1>Long Document Question Answering</h1>\n\n        <h3>Instructions</h3>\n\n        <div id=\"accordion\">\n            <div class=\"card\">\n                <div class=\"card-header\">\n                    <h5 class=\"mb-0\"><a class=\"btn btn-link\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#intro\"\n                            aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"intro\">Task Description</a></h5>\n                </div>\n                <div id=\"task\" class=\"collapse show\" data-parent=\"#accordion\">\n                    <div class=\"card-body\">\n                        <ul>\n                            <li>Answer the given questions and find relevant evidences based on given document.</li>\n                            <li>Capabilities needed: long text undetstanding, information retrieval, reasoning, count, etc. </li>\n                        </ul>\n                    </div>\n                </div>\n            </div>\n            <div class=\"card\">\n                <div class=\"card-header\">\n                    <h5 class=\"mb-0\"><a class=\"btn btn-link\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#example\"\n                            aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"example\">Labeling Requirement</a></h5>\n                </div>\n                <div id=\"requirements\" class=\"collapse show\" data-parent=\"#accordion\">\n                    <div class=\"card-body\">\n                        https://docs.qq.com/doc/DSktQQkpiaHhsb2dR\n                    </div>\n                </div>\n            </div>\n            <div class=\"card\">\n                <div class=\"card-header\">\n                    <h5 class=\"mb-0\"><a class=\"btn btn-link\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#example\"\n                            aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"example\">Example</a></h5>\n                </div>\n                <div id=\"example\" class=\"collapse show\" data-parent=\"#accordion\">\n                    <div class=\"card-body\">\n                        https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1pRDwm_fUir3waiIqM5eeOIM3Qvp8TKRdQjyAxaWnAf4/edit#gid=1608534459\n                    </div>\n                </div>\n            </div>\n<!--             <div class=\"card\">\n                <div class=\"card-header\">\n                    <h5 class=\"mb-0\"><a class=\"btn btn-link\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#example\"\n                            aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"example\">Submission Result Can Be Viewed </a></h5>\n                </div>\n                <div id=\"example\" class=\"collapse show\" data-parent=\"#accordion\">\n                    <div class=\"card-body\">\n                        https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1G1g9NusX86ylE2xZqSfhx_2FvtwMIyVp5nT-smaYYY8/edit#gid=0\n                    </div>\n                </div>\n            </div> -->\n        </div>\n\n        <hr>\n\n        <h3>Annotation Form</h3>\n\n        <div class=\"annotation\">\n\n            <button id=\"downloadBtn\" class=\"btn btn-custom btn-download\" value=\"Download\">Download</button>   \n\n            <form id=\"submit-to-google-sheet\" class=\"needs-validation\">\n                <div class=\"mb-3 row\">\n                    <label for=\"annotatorId\" class=\"col-sm-3 col-form-label\">Annotator: </label>\n                    <input id=\"annotatorId\" type=\"text\" name=\"A_annotator\" placeholder=\"Your name here...\"\n                        maxlength=\"2000000000000000000\" required>\n                </div>\n                <div class=\"mb-3 row\">\n                    <label for=\"Document_ID\" class=\"col-sm-3 col-form-label\">Document ID: </label>\n                    <input id=\"Document_ID\" type=\"text\" name=\"Document_ID\" placeholder=\"Document ID\" maxlength=\"2000000000000000000\" required>\n                </div>\n                <div class=\"mb-3 row\">\n                    <label for=\"Document_title\" class=\"col-sm-3 col-form-label\">Document Title: </label>\n                    <textarea class=\"col-sm-6\" id=\"Document_title\" type=\"text\" name=\"Document_title\" placeholder=\"Document Title\"\n                        rows=\"2\"></textarea>\n                </div>\n\n                <div class=\"form-disabled\">\n                    <div class=\"mb-3 row\">\n                        <label for=\"Question_ID\" class=\"col-sm-3 col-form-label\">Question ID: </label>\n                        <input id=\"Question_ID\" type=\"text\" name=\"Question_ID\" placeholder=\"Question ID\" maxlength=\"2000000000000000000\"\n                             required>\n                    </div>\n\n                    <div class=\"mb-3 row\">\n                        <label for=\"Question\" class=\"col-sm-3 col-form-label\">Question: </label>\n                        <input id=\"Question\" type=\"text\" name=\"Question\" placeholder=\"Your question here\"\n                            maxlength=\"2000000000000000000\"  required>\n                    </div>\n                    \n                    <div class=\"col-12\">\n                        <div class=\"form-check\">\n\n                            <input class=\"form-check-input\" type=\"checkbox\" value=\"\" id=\"confirmation1\">\n                            <label class=\"form-check-label\" for=\"confirmation1\">\n                                <span style=\"color:#f00\">(Check before continue.)</span> I confirm that I have carefully\n                                read\n                                the instructions, examples, the document and the question.\n                            </label>\n                        </div>\n                        <div class=\"form-check\">\n\n                            <input class=\"form-check-input\" type=\"checkbox\" value=\"\" id=\"confirmation2\">\n                            <label class=\"form-check-label\" for=\"confirmation2\">\n                                <span style=\"color:#f00\">(Check before continue.)</span> I confirm that I have fully\n                                understood what the question asks. You can leave the rest empty if you do not understand the\n                                question.\n                            </label>\n                        </div>\n                    </div>\n \n\n\n                    <div class=\"mb-3 row\">\n                        <label for=\"Answer\" class=\"col-sm-3 col-form-label\">Answer: </label>\n                        <textarea class=\"col-sm-6\" id=\"Answer\" type=\"text\" name=\"Answer\" placeholder=\"Your answer here\"\n                            rows=\"2\"></textarea>\n                    </div>\n\n                    <div id=\"evidence\">\n                        <div class=\"mb-3 row\" id=\"EvidenceGroup1\">\n                            <label for=\"Evidence1\" class=\"col-sm-3 col-form-label\">Evidence1: </label>\n                            <textarea class=\"col-sm-6\" id=\"Evidence1\" name=\"Evidence1\" aria-label=\"Evidence1\" disabled\n                                required></textarea>\n                            <button id=\"removeBtn1\" class=\"btn col-sm-1 removeBtn\">X</button>\n                        </div>\n                    </div>\n                </div>\n                <button id=\"addEviBtn\" class=\"btn btn-custom\" disabled>Add more evidence</button>\n                <input id=\"submitBtn\" class=\"btn btn-custom\" type=\"submit\" class=\"btn\" value=\"Submit\" disabled>\n            </form>\n        </div>\n\n\n\n        <div id=\"successmsg\" class=\"alert alert-success\" role=\"alert\" style=\"display: none;\">\n            <strong>Success!</strong> Your message has been sent.\n        </div>\n\n        <div id=\"submiterrormsg\" class=\"alert alert-danger\" role=\"alert\" style=\"display: none;\">\n            <strong>Error!</strong> You have to complete all required values before submit.\n        </div>\n\n        <div id=\"errormsg\" class=\"alert alert-danger\" role=\"alert\" style=\"display: none;\">\n            <strong>Error!</strong> There was an error sending your message. Please try again or directly download your\n            response!\n        </div>\n\n    </div>\n\n\n    <script src=\"https://cdn.bootcdn.net/ajax/libs/jquery/3.6.4/jquery.min.js\"></script>\n    <script>\n        var numEvidence = 1;\n        var eviId = 1;\n\n        $(\"#confirmation1\").change(function () {\n            if ($(\"#confirmation1\").is(':checked')) {\n                $('.form-disabled input:disabled, .form-disabled select:disabled, .form-disabled textarea:disabled').each(function () {\n                    $(this).removeAttr('disabled');\n                });\n                $('#addEviBtn').removeAttr('disabled');\n                $('#submitBtn').removeAttr('disabled');\n            } else {\n                $('.form-disabled input, .form-disabled select, .form-disabled textarea').each(function () {\n                    $(this).attr('disabled', true);\n                });\n                $('#addEviBtn').attr('disabled', true); $('#submitBtn').attr('disabled', true);\n            }\n        });\n\n        $('#addEviBtn').on('click', e => {\n            e.preventDefault();\n\n            if (numEvidence < 6) {\n                numEvidence = numEvidence + 1;\n                eviId = eviId + 1;\n                console.log(numEvidence);\n\n                var newEvi = \"<div class='mb-3 row'>\" +\n                    \"<label for='Evidence\" + eviId.toString() + \"' class='col-sm-3 col-form-label'>Evidence\" + eviId.toString() + \": </label>\" +\n                    \"<textarea class='col-sm-6' id='Evidence\" + eviId.toString() + \"' name='Evidence\" + eviId.toString() + \"' required></textarea>\" +\n                    \"<button id='removeBtn\" + eviId.toString() + \"' class='col-sm-1 removeBtn'>X</button></div>\";\n                console.log(newEvi);\n                $(\"#evidence\").append(newEvi);\n\n                $('button[id^=removeBtn]').on('click', function () {\n                    if (numEvidence > 1) {\n                        $(this).parent().remove();\n                        numEvidence = numEvidence - 1;\n                    }\n                    if (numEvidence < 6) {\n                        $('#addEviBtn').removeAttr('disabled');\n                    }\n                })\n\n\n            }\n\n            if (numEvidence >= 6) {\n                $('#addEviBtn').attr('disabled', true);\n            }\n        });\n\n\n        $('button[id^=removeBtn]').on('click', e => {\n            e.preventDefault()\n            if (numEvidence > 1) {\n                $(this).parent().remove();\n                numEvidence = numEvidence - 1;\n            }\n        })\n\n        $('#downloadBtn').on('click', e => {\n            e.preventDefault()\n            var formObj = $('#submit-to-google-sheet').serializeArray();\n            console.log(formObj);\n\n            var jsonObj = {};\n            formObj.forEach((val, key) => jsonObj[key] = val);\n\n            $(\"<a />\", {\n                \"download\": \"form.json\",\n                \"href\": \"data:application/json;charset=utf-8,\" + encodeURIComponent(JSON.stringify(jsonObj)),\n            }).appendTo(\"body\")\n                .click(() => {\n                    $(this).remove()\n                })[0].click();\n\n            // $(\"#downloadUrl\").remove();\n        })\n\n    </script>\n\n    <script>\n        $(\"#submitBtn\").on('click', e => {\n            const scriptURL = 'https://script.google.com/macros/s/AKfycbxEPMVwJ1dOsMSA-VWQPylzqNLarQjxxDhMnwfzjx7A6_asRYBzvALjSrI0lvPP-30/exec'\n            const form = document.forms['submit-to-google-sheet'];\n            const successmsg = document.getElementById('successmsg');\n            const errormsg = document.getElementById('errormsg');\n            e.preventDefault()\n            if (form.checkValidity()) {\n                fetch(scriptURL, { method: 'POST', body: new FormData(form) })\n                    .then(response => {\n                        console.log('Success!', response);\n                        //show success message\n                        $(\"#successmsg\").fadeTo(2000, 500).slideUp(500, function () {\n                            $(\"#successmsg\").slideUp(500);\n                        });\n                        // form.reset();\n                    }\n                    )\n                    .catch(error => {\n                        $(\"#errormsg\").fadeTo(2000, 500).slideUp(500, function () {\n                            $(\"#errormsg\").slideUp(500);\n                        });\n                    })\n                //show error message\n            } else {\n                $(\"#submiterrormsg\").fadeTo(2000, 500).slideUp(500, function () {\n                            $(\"#submiterrormsg\").slideUp(500);\n                        });\n            }\n\n        })\n\n    </script>\n\n    <!-- <script src=\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@5.3.0/dist/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js\"\n        integrity=\"sha384-geWF76RCwLtnZ8qwWowPQNguL3RmwHVBC9FhGdlKrxdiJJigb/j/68SIy3Te4Bkz\"\n        crossorigin=\"anonymous\"></script> -->\n    <script src=\"https://cdn.bootcdn.net/ajax/libs/twitter-bootstrap/5.3.0-alpha1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js\"></script>\n</body>\n\n</html>"
  },
  {
    "path": "Tools/Labeling_form_Q_annotator.html",
    "content": "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n\n<head>\n    <meta charset=\"UTF-8\">\n    <meta http-equiv=\"X-UA-Compatible\" content=\"IE=edge\">\n    <meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0\">\n    <!-- Bootstrap link -->\n    <!-- <link href=\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@5.3.0/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css\" rel=\"stylesheet\"\n        integrity=\"sha384-9ndCyUaIbzAi2FUVXJi0CjmCapSmO7SnpJef0486qhLnuZ2cdeRhO02iuK6FUUVM\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"> -->\n    <link href=\"https://cdn.bootcdn.net/ajax/libs/twitter-bootstrap/5.3.0-alpha1/css/bootstrap.min.css\"\n        rel=\"stylesheet\">\n    <!-- <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"style.css\"> -->\n    <title>Labeling form Question_annotator only</title>\n</head>\n\n<body>\n\n    <style>\n        body {\n            background-color: #f2f2f2;\n            font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;\n        }\n\n        .container {\n            background-color: #fff;\n            width: 80%;\n            max-width: 900px;\n            margin-top: 20px;\n            /* margin: 0 auto; */\n            padding: 20px;\n            border-radius: 10px;\n            box-shadow: 0 0 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\n        }\n\n        .container h3 {\n            margin-top: 50px;\n        }\n\n        .container .btn-link {\n            font-weight: bold;\n            text-decoration: none;\n            color: #333;\n        }\n\n        .container .card {\n            margin-top: 20px;\n\n        }\n\n\n        .container .card .card-body {\n            padding-left: 30px;\n        }\n\n        .container .card .card-body ul {\n            padding-left: 10px;\n        }\n\n\n\n\n        .container h1 {\n            text-align: center;\n            text-transform: capitalize;\n            color: #333;\n        }\n\n        .annotation {\n            margin-left: auto;\n            margin-right: auto;\n        }\n\n        .annotation form {\n            display: flex;\n            flex-direction: column;\n        }\n\n        .annotation label {\n            font-weight: bold;\n        }\n\n        .container form {\n            margin-top: 20px;\n            font-size: 16px;\n        }\n\n        .container form .form-control {\n            width: 100%;\n            padding: 10px;\n            margin-bottom: 10px;\n            border: 1px solid #ccc;\n            border-radius: 5px;\n        }\n\n        .container form .form-control:focus {\n            outline: none;\n            border-color: #333;\n        }\n\n        .container form .form-control.error {\n            border-color: #f00;\n        }\n\n        .container form .error-text {\n            color: #f00;\n            font-size: 12px;\n        }\n\n        .container .btn-custom {\n            width: 30%;\n            margin-left: auto;\n            margin-right: auto;\n            margin-top: 0px;\n            border: none;\n            border-radius: 5px;\n            background-color: #333;\n            color: #fff;\n            cursor: pointer;\n            text-transform: capitalize;\n        }\n\n        .container form .removeBtn {\n            margin-top: auto;\n            margin-bottom: auto;\n            margin-left: 5px;\n            background-color: #333;\n            color: #fff;\n            width: 25px;\n            height: 25px;\n            padding: 0 0 0 0;\n        }\n\n        .container #submitBtn {\n            margin-top: 20px;\n            width: 80%;\n        }\n\n        .container .btn-download {\n            display: block;\n            width: 150px;\n            margin-right: 0px;\n            margin-bottom: 30px;\n            text-align: center;\n        }\n\n        .container .btn-custom:hover {\n            background-color: #555;\n        }\n\n        .container form .success-text {\n            color: #0f0;\n            font-size: 12px;\n        }\n\n        form input[type=\"text\"],\n        textarea,\n        #sub {\n            background-color: #333;\n            color: #fff;\n            cursor: pointer;\n            font-size: 16px;\n            text-transform: capitalize;\n            width: 50%;\n            padding: 10px;\n            border: none;\n            border-radius: 5px;\n        }\n\n        #sub:hover {\n            background-color: #555;\n        }\n\n        /* Success message div  */\n        #successmsg,\n        #errormsg,\n        #submiterrormsg {\n            margin-top: 10px;\n        }\n\n        @media (max-width: 500px) {\n            .container {\n                width: 100%;\n            }\n        }\n    </style>\n    <div class=\"container\">\n        <h1>Long Document Question Answering</h1>\n\n        <h3>Instructions</h3>\n\n        <div id=\"accordion\">\n            <div class=\"card\">\n                <div class=\"card-header\">\n                    <h5 class=\"mb-0\"><a class=\"btn btn-link\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#intro\"\n                            aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"intro\">Task Description</a></h5>\n                </div>\n                <div id=\"task\" class=\"collapse show\" data-parent=\"#accordion\">\n                    <div class=\"card-body\">\n                        <ul>\n                            <li>Generate long context dependent questions based on given document. </li>\n                            <li>Answer the generated questions and find relevant evidences.</li>\n                            <li>Capabilities needed: long text undetstanding, information retrieval, reasoning, count, etc. </li>\n                        </ul>\n                    </div>\n                </div>\n            </div>\n            <div class=\"card\">\n                <div class=\"card-header\">\n                    <h5 class=\"mb-0\"><a class=\"btn btn-link\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#example\"\n                            aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"example\">Labeling Requirement</a></h5>\n                </div>\n                <div id=\"requirements\" class=\"collapse show\" data-parent=\"#accordion\">\n                    <div class=\"card-body\">\n                        https://docs.qq.com/doc/DSktQQkpiaHhsb2dR\n                    </div>\n                </div>\n            </div>\n            <div class=\"card\">\n                <div class=\"card-header\">\n                    <h5 class=\"mb-0\"><a class=\"btn btn-link\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#example\"\n                            aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"example\">Example</a></h5>\n                </div>\n                <div id=\"example\" class=\"collapse show\" data-parent=\"#accordion\">\n                    <div class=\"card-body\">\n                        https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1pRDwm_fUir3waiIqM5eeOIM3Qvp8TKRdQjyAxaWnAf4/edit#gid=1608534459\n                    </div>\n                </div>\n            </div>\n<!--             <div class=\"card\">\n                <div class=\"card-header\">\n                    <h5 class=\"mb-0\"><a class=\"btn btn-link\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#example\"\n                            aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"example\">Submission Result Can Be Viewed </a></h5>\n                </div>\n                <div id=\"example\" class=\"collapse show\" data-parent=\"#accordion\">\n                    <div class=\"card-body\">\n                        https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1QGFLHgO4t2qvhCps3KTyI8-0Iysr-UmKkfpSQdnOEMc/edit#gid=0\n                    </div>\n                </div>\n            </div> -->\n        </div>\n\n        <hr>\n\n        <h3>Annotation Form</h3>\n\n        <div class=\"annotation\">\n\n            <button id=\"downloadBtn\" class=\"btn btn-custom btn-download\" value=\"Download\">Download</button>   \n\n            <form id=\"submit-to-google-sheet\" class=\"needs-validation\">\n                <div class=\"mb-3 row\">\n                    <label for=\"annotatorId\" class=\"col-sm-3 col-form-label\">Annotator: </label>\n                    <input id=\"annotatorId\" type=\"text\" name=\"Q_annotator\" placeholder=\"Your name here...\"\n                        maxlength=\"2000000000000000000\" required>\n                </div>\n                <div class=\"mb-3 row\">\n                    <label for=\"Document_ID\" class=\"col-sm-3 col-form-label\">Document ID: </label>\n                    <input id=\"Document_ID\" type=\"text\" name=\"Document_ID\" placeholder=\"Document ID\" maxlength=\"2000000000000000000\" required>\n                </div>\n                <div class=\"mb-3 row\">\n                    <label for=\"Document_title\" class=\"col-sm-3 col-form-label\">Document Title: </label>\n                    <textarea class=\"col-sm-6\" id=\"Document_title\" type=\"text\" name=\"Document_title\" placeholder=\"Document Title\"\n                        rows=\"2\"></textarea>\n                </div>\n\n                <div class=\"col-12\">\n                    <div class=\"form-check\">\n\n                        <input class=\"form-check-input\" type=\"checkbox\" value=\"\" id=\"confirmation1\">\n                        <label class=\"form-check-label\" for=\"confirmation1\">\n                            <span style=\"color:#f00\">(Check before continue.)</span> I confirm that I have carefully\n                            read\n                            the instructions, examples and the document.\n                        </label>\n                    </div>\n                </div>\n                <div class=\"form-disabled\">\n                    <div class=\"mb-3 row\">\n                        <label for=\"Question_ID\" class=\"col-sm-3 col-form-label\">Question ID: </label>\n                        <input id=\"Question_ID\" type=\"text\" name=\"Question_ID\" placeholder=\"Question ID\" maxlength=\"2000000000000000000\"\n                            disabled required>\n                    </div>\n\n                    <div class=\"mb-3 row\">\n                        <label for=\"Question\" class=\"col-sm-3 col-form-label\">Question: </label>\n                        <input id=\"Question\" type=\"text\" name=\"Question\" placeholder=\"Your question here\"\n                            maxlength=\"2000000000000000000\" disabled required>\n                    </div>\n                    <div class=\"mb-3 row\">\n                        <label for=\"Question_type\" class=\"col-sm-3 col-form-label\">Question Type: </label>\n                        <select class=\"col-sm-6 form-select-sm\" id=\"Question_type\" name=\"Question_type\"\n                            aria-label=\"Question Type\" disabled required>\n                            <option>信息抽取</option>\n                            <option>阅读理解和推理</option>\n                            <option>计数</option>\n                            <option>时间线</option>\n                            <option>其他</option>\n                        </select>\n                    </div>\n\n                    <div class=\"mb-3 row\">\n                        <label for=\"Answer\" class=\"col-sm-3 col-form-label\">Answer: </label>\n                        <textarea class=\"col-sm-6\" id=\"Answer\" type=\"text\" name=\"Answer\" placeholder=\"Your answer here\"\n                            rows=\"2\"></textarea>\n                    </div>\n\n                    <div id=\"evidence\">\n                        <div class=\"mb-3 row\" id=\"EvidenceGroup1\">\n                            <label for=\"Evidence1\" class=\"col-sm-3 col-form-label\">Evidence1: </label>\n                            <textarea class=\"col-sm-6\" id=\"Evidence1\" name=\"Evidence1\" aria-label=\"Evidence1\" disabled\n                                required></textarea>\n                            <button id=\"removeBtn1\" class=\"btn col-sm-1 removeBtn\">X</button>\n                        </div>\n                    </div>\n                </div>\n                <button id=\"addEviBtn\" class=\"btn btn-custom\" disabled>Add more evidence</button>\n                <input id=\"submitBtn\" class=\"btn btn-custom\" type=\"submit\" class=\"btn\" value=\"Submit\" disabled>\n            </form>\n        </div>\n\n\n\n        <div id=\"successmsg\" class=\"alert alert-success\" role=\"alert\" style=\"display: none;\">\n            <strong>Success!</strong> Your message has been sent.\n        </div>\n\n        <div id=\"submiterrormsg\" class=\"alert alert-danger\" role=\"alert\" style=\"display: none;\">\n            <strong>Error!</strong> You have to complete all required values before submit.\n        </div>\n\n        <div id=\"errormsg\" class=\"alert alert-danger\" role=\"alert\" style=\"display: none;\">\n            <strong>Error!</strong> There was an error sending your message. Please try again or directly download your\n            response!\n        </div>\n\n    </div>\n\n\n    <script src=\"https://cdn.bootcdn.net/ajax/libs/jquery/3.6.4/jquery.min.js\"></script>\n    <script>\n        var numEvidence = 1;\n        var eviId = 1;\n\n        $(\"#confirmation1\").change(function () {\n            if ($(\"#confirmation1\").is(':checked')) {\n                $('.form-disabled input:disabled, .form-disabled select:disabled, .form-disabled textarea:disabled').each(function () {\n                    $(this).removeAttr('disabled');\n                });\n                $('#addEviBtn').removeAttr('disabled');\n                $('#submitBtn').removeAttr('disabled');\n            } else {\n                $('.form-disabled input, .form-disabled select, .form-disabled textarea').each(function () {\n                    $(this).attr('disabled', true);\n                });\n                $('#addEviBtn').attr('disabled', true); $('#submitBtn').attr('disabled', true);\n            }\n        });\n\n        $('#addEviBtn').on('click', e => {\n            e.preventDefault();\n\n            if (numEvidence < 6) {\n                numEvidence = numEvidence + 1;\n                eviId = eviId + 1;\n                console.log(numEvidence);\n\n                var newEvi = \"<div class='mb-3 row'>\" +\n                    \"<label for='Evidence\" + eviId.toString() + \"' class='col-sm-3 col-form-label'>Evidence\" + eviId.toString() + \": </label>\" +\n                    \"<textarea class='col-sm-6' id='Evidence\" + eviId.toString() + \"' name='Evidence\" + eviId.toString() + \"' required></textarea>\" +\n                    \"<button id='removeBtn\" + eviId.toString() + \"' class='col-sm-1 removeBtn'>X</button></div>\";\n                console.log(newEvi);\n                $(\"#evidence\").append(newEvi);\n\n                $('button[id^=removeBtn]').on('click', function () {\n                    if (numEvidence > 1) {\n                        $(this).parent().remove();\n                        numEvidence = numEvidence - 1;\n                    }\n                    if (numEvidence < 6) {\n                        $('#addEviBtn').removeAttr('disabled');\n                    }\n                })\n\n\n            }\n\n            if (numEvidence >= 6) {\n                $('#addEviBtn').attr('disabled', true);\n            }\n        });\n\n\n        $('button[id^=removeBtn]').on('click', e => {\n            e.preventDefault()\n            if (numEvidence > 1) {\n                $(this).parent().remove();\n                numEvidence = numEvidence - 1;\n            }\n        })\n\n        $('#downloadBtn').on('click', e => {\n            e.preventDefault()\n            var formObj = $('#submit-to-google-sheet').serializeArray();\n            console.log(formObj);\n\n            var jsonObj = {};\n            formObj.forEach((val, key) => jsonObj[key] = val);\n\n            $(\"<a />\", {\n                \"download\": \"form.json\",\n                \"href\": \"data:application/json;charset=utf-8,\" + encodeURIComponent(JSON.stringify(jsonObj)),\n            }).appendTo(\"body\")\n                .click(() => {\n                    $(this).remove()\n                })[0].click();\n\n            // $(\"#downloadUrl\").remove();\n        })\n\n    </script>\n\n    <script>\n        $(\"#submitBtn\").on('click', e => {\n            const scriptURL = 'https://script.google.com/macros/s/AKfycbw03zuFJxOunFUawJA1AVQsd4tkxyGxRahOk8XPdhHcwEO-KJshCdKSf__2KPsoV_Yq/exec'\n            const form = document.forms['submit-to-google-sheet'];\n            const successmsg = document.getElementById('successmsg');\n            const errormsg = document.getElementById('errormsg');\n            e.preventDefault()\n            if (form.checkValidity()) {\n                fetch(scriptURL, { method: 'POST', body: new FormData(form) })\n                    .then(response => {\n                        console.log('Success!', response);\n                        //show success message\n                        $(\"#successmsg\").fadeTo(2000, 500).slideUp(500, function () {\n                            $(\"#successmsg\").slideUp(500);\n                        });\n                        // form.reset();\n                    }\n                    )\n                    .catch(error => {\n                        $(\"#errormsg\").fadeTo(2000, 500).slideUp(500, function () {\n                            $(\"#errormsg\").slideUp(500);\n                        });\n                    })\n                //show error message\n            } else {\n                $(\"#submiterrormsg\").fadeTo(2000, 500).slideUp(500, function () {\n                            $(\"#submiterrormsg\").slideUp(500);\n                        });\n            }\n\n        })\n\n    </script>\n\n    <!-- <script src=\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@5.3.0/dist/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js\"\n        integrity=\"sha384-geWF76RCwLtnZ8qwWowPQNguL3RmwHVBC9FhGdlKrxdiJJigb/j/68SIy3Te4Bkz\"\n        crossorigin=\"anonymous\"></script> -->\n    <script src=\"https://cdn.bootcdn.net/ajax/libs/twitter-bootstrap/5.3.0-alpha1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js\"></script>\n</body>\n\n</html>"
  },
  {
    "path": "config/task2maxlen.json",
    "content": "{\n    \"shortdep_qa\": 300,\n    \"longdep_qa\": 500,\n    \"longdep_summarization\":500, \n    \"shortdep_cloze\": 50\n}\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "config/task2prompt.json",
    "content": "{\n    \"shortdep_qa\": \"Please answer the question based on the long texts below. \\n{input}\\nQuestion: {Q}\\nAnswer: \",\n    \"longdep_qa\": \"Please answer the question based on the long texts below. \\n{input}\\nQuestion: {Q}\\nAnswer: \",\n    \"longdep_summarization\": \"Please generate a summary of the below paper. \\n{input}\\n Summarization: \",\n    \"shortdep_cloze\": \"Please fill in the clozes based on the given long texts below. Each of the placeholder '<mask-n>' in the question could be an entity of Person, Location or Organiocation. The same masks represent the same entity. Output a json format answer, for example: {{'<mask-0>': 'Bob', '<mask-1>': 'Gorrosion Magazine','<mask-2>': 'Bethel Horizon'}}\\n{input}\\n Question: {Q} What are the masked entities? \\nAnswer:\"\n}\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "docs/.gitignore",
    "content": "_site\n.sass-cache\n.jekyll-cache\n.jekyll-metadata\nGemfile.lock\nvendor\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "docs/404.html",
    "content": "---\npermalink: /404.html\nlayout: default\n---\n\n<style type=\"text/css\" media=\"screen\">\n  .container {\n    margin: 10px auto;\n    max-width: 600px;\n    text-align: center;\n  }\n  h1 {\n    margin: 30px 0;\n    font-size: 4em;\n    line-height: 1;\n    letter-spacing: -1px;\n  }\n</style>\n\n<div class=\"container\">\n  <h1>404</h1>\n\n  <p><strong>Page not found :(</strong></p>\n  <p>The requested page could not be found.</p>\n</div>\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "docs/Gemfile",
    "content": "source 'https://rubygems.org'\n\ngem 'jekyll'\n\ngroup :jekyll_plugins do\n    gem 'github-pages'\n    gem 'jekyll-email-protect'\n    gem 'jekyll-github-metadata'\n    gem 'jekyll-paginate-v2'\n    gem 'jekyll-scholar'\n    gem 'jekyll-twitter-plugin'\n    gem 'jemoji'\n    gem 'unicode_utils'\n    gem 'webrick'\nend"
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  {
    "path": "docs/_config.yml",
    "content": "# Site settings\n# These are used to personalize your new site. If you look in the HTML files,\n# you will see them accessed via {{ site.title }}, {{ site.email }}, and so on.\n# You can create any custom variable you would like, and they will be accessible\n# in the templates via {{ site.myvariable }}.\n\ntitle: LooGLE Benchmark\nemail: nlp@bigai.ai\ndescription: >- # this means to ignore newlines until \"baseurl:\"\n  Long Context Generic Language Evaluation Benchmark for LLM Long Context Understanding\nbaseurl: \"/\" # the subpath of your site, e.g. /blog\nurl: \"https://bigai-nlco.github.io/LooGLE\" # the base hostname & protocol for your site, e.g. http://example.com\ngithub_username:  bigai-nlco\ndataset_link: https://huggingface.co/datasets/bigainlco/LooGLE\n\n\ntitle-img: https://github.com/bigai-nlco/LooGLE/raw/main/assets/LooGle_logo.png\nnavbar-links:\n  Home: /\n  Dataset: https://huggingface.co/datasets/bigainlco/LooGLE\n  Github: https://github.com/bigai-nlco/LooGLE\npost_search: false\n\n\n# Build settings\nremote_theme: pages-themes/cayman@v0.2.0\nplugins:\n  - jekyll-remote-theme\n  - jekyll-github-metadata\n\n\n# Markdown and syntax highlight\nmarkdown: kramdown\nhighlighter: rouge\nhighlight_theme: github  # https://github.com/jwarby/jekyll-pygments-themes\nkramdown:\n  input: GFM\n  syntax_highlighter_opts:\n    css_class: 'highlight'\n    span:\n      line_numbers: false\n    block:\n      line_numbers: false\n      start_line: 1\n\n# Exclude from processing.\n# The following items will not be processed, by default.\n# Any item listed under the `exclude:` key here will be automatically added to\n# the internal \"default list\".\n#\n# Excluded items can be processed by explicitly listing the directories or\n# their entries' file path in the `include:` list.\n#\n# exclude:\n#   - .sass-cache/\n#   - .jekyll-cache/\n#   - gemfiles/\n#   - Gemfile\n#   - Gemfile.lock\n#   - node_modules/\n#   - vendor/bundle/\n#   - vendor/cache/\n#   - vendor/gems/\n#   - vendor/ruby/\n"
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  {
    "path": "docs/_includes/head-custom.html",
    "content": "<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@4.1.3/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css\"\n    integrity=\"sha384-MCw98/SFnGE8fJT3GXwEOngsV7Zt27NXFoaoApmYm81iuXoPkFOJwJ8ERdknLPMO\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\">\n\n<script src=\"https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.3.1.slim.min.js\"\n    integrity=\"sha384-q8i/X+965DzO0rT7abK41JStQIAqVgRVzpbzo5smXKp4YfRvH+8abtTE1Pi6jizo\"\n    crossorigin=\"anonymous\"></script>\n<script src=\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/popper.js@1.14.3/dist/umd/popper.min.js\"\n    integrity=\"sha384-ZMP7rVo3mIykV+2+9J3UJ46jBk0WLaUAdn689aCwoqbBJiSnjAK/l8WvCWPIPm49\"\n    crossorigin=\"anonymous\"></script>\n<script src=\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@4.1.3/dist/js/bootstrap.min.js\"\n    integrity=\"sha384-ChfqqxuZUCnJSK3+MXmPNIyE6ZbWh2IMqE241rYiqJxyMiZ6OW/JmZQ5stwEULTy\"\n    crossorigin=\"anonymous\"></script>\n\n{% if site.gtag %} <!-- Global site tag (gtag.js) - Google Analytics -->\n<script async src=\" https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id={{ site.gtag }}\">\n</script>\n<script>\n    window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];\n    function gtag () { dataLayer.push(arguments); }\n    gtag('js', new Date());\n    gtag('config', '{{ site.gtag }}');\n</script>\n{% endif %}"
  },
  {
    "path": "docs/_layouts/default.html",
    "content": "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"{{ site.lang | default: \" en-US\" }}\">\n\n<head>\n    <meta charset=\"UTF-8\">\n\n    {% seo %}\n    <link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https://fonts.gstatic.com\">\n    <link rel=\"preload\" href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:400,700&display=swap\" as=\"style\"\n        type=\"text/css\" crossorigin>\n    <meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1\">\n    <meta name=\"theme-color\" content=\"#0550ae\">\n    <meta name=\"apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style\" content=\"black-translucent\">\n    <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"{{ '/assets/css/style.css?v=' | append: site.github.build_revision | relative_url }}\">\n    {% include head-custom.html %}\n</head>\n\n<body>\n    <nav class=\"navbar navbar-expand-xl navbar-light fixed-top navbar-custom top-nav-regular\">\n        {%- if site.title-img -%}\n        <a class=\"navbar-brand navbar-brand-logo\" href=\"{{ site.url }}\"><img alt=\"{{ site.title }} Logo\"\n                src=\"{{ site.title-img | relative_url}}\" /></a>\n        {%- elsif site.title -%}\n        <a class=\"navbar-brand\" href=\"{{ '' | absolute_url }}\">{{ site.title }}</a>\n        {%- endif -%}\n        <button class=\"navbar-toggler\" type=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#main-navbar\"\n            aria-controls=\"main-navbar\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Toggle navigation\">\n            <span class=\"navbar-toggler-icon\"></span>\n        </button>\n        <div class=\"collapse navbar-collapse\" id=\"main-navbar\">\n            <ul class=\"navbar-nav ml-auto\">\n                {%- for link in site.navbar-links -%}\n                {%- if link[1].first %}\n                <li class=\"nav-item dropdown\">\n                    <a class=\"nav-link dropdown-toggle\" href=\"#\" id=\"navbarDropdown\" role=\"button\"\n                        data-toggle=\"dropdown\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\">{{ link[0] }}</a>\n                    <div class=\"dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right\" aria-labelledby=\"navbarDropdown\">\n                        {%- for childlink in link[1] -%}\n                        {%- for linkparts in childlink %}\n                        <a class=\"dropdown-item\" href=\"{{ linkparts[1] | relative_url }}\">{{ linkparts[0] }}</a>\n                        {%- endfor -%}\n                        {%- endfor %}\n                    </div>\n                </li>\n                {% else %}\n                <li class=\"nav-item\">\n                    <a class=\"nav-link\" href=\"{{ link[1] | relative_url }}\">{{ link[0] }}</a>\n                </li>\n                {%- endif -%}\n                {%- endfor -%}\n                {% if site.post_search %}\n                <li class=\"nav-item\">\n                    <a class=\"nav-link\" id=\"nav-search-link\" href=\"#\" title=\"Search\">\n                        <span id=\"nav-search-icon\" class=\"fa fa-search\"></span>\n                        <span id=\"nav-search-text\">Search</span>\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n                {%- endif -%}\n            </ul>\n        </div>\n    </nav>\n    <a id=\"skip-to-content\" href=\"#content\">Skip to the content.</a>\n\n    <header class=\"page-header\" role=\"banner\">\n        <h1 class=\"project-name\">{{ page.title | default: site.title | default: site.github.repository_name }}</h1>\n        <h2 class=\"project-tagline\">{{ page.description | default: site.description | default:\n            site.github.project_tagline }}</h2>\n        {% if site.github.is_project_page %}\n        <a href=\"{{ site.github.repository_url }}\" class=\"btn\">View on GitHub</a>\n        {% endif %}\n        {% if site.dataset_link %}\n        <a href=\"{{ site.dataset_link }}\" class=\"btn\">Download Dataset</a>\n        {% endif %}\n\n        {% if site.show_downloads %}\n        <a href=\"{{ site.github.zip_url }}\" class=\"btn\">Download .zip</a>\n        <a href=\"{{ site.github.tar_url }}\" class=\"btn\">Download .tar.gz</a>\n        {% endif %}\n    </header>\n\n    <main id=\"content\" class=\"main-content\" role=\"main\">\n        {{ content }}\n\n        <footer class=\"site-footer\">\n            {% if site.github.is_project_page %}\n            <span class=\"site-footer-owner\"><a href=\"{{ site.github.repository_url }}\">{{\n                    site.github.repository_name\n                    }}</a> is maintained by <a href=\"{{ site.github.owner_url }}\">{{ site.github.owner_name\n                    }}</a>.</span>\n            {% endif %}\n            <!-- <span class=\"site-footer-credits\">This page was generated by <a href=\"https://pages.github.com\">GitHub -->\n            <!-- Pages</a>.</span> -->\n        </footer>\n    </main>\n\n    <script src=\"{{ '/assets/js/main.js' | relative_url }}\"></script>\n</body>\n\n</html>"
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  {
    "path": "docs/assets/css/style.scss",
    "content": "---\n---\n@import 'jekyll-theme-cayman';\n\n.page-header {\n    padding: 10rem 6rem 5rem;\n    background-image: linear-gradient(120deg, #2774AE, #05004a);\n}\n\n.main-content {\n    max-width: 88rem;\n}\n\n.main-content h1,\n.main-content h2,\n.main-content h3,\n.main-content h4,\n.main-content h5,\n.main-content h6 {\n    color: #0550ae;\n}\n\n.main-content table {\n    width: 100%;\n    display: table;\n}\n\n\n.highlight {\n    position: relative;\n}\n\n.clipboard-btn-container {\n    position: absolute !important;\n    right: 0 !important;\n    top: 0 !important;\n    display: block;\n\n}\n\n.clipboard-btn {\n    border: 1px solid #05004a;\n    position: relative;\n    padding: 0 !important;\n    margin: 8px !important;\n}\n\n.btn {\n    border: 1px solid #dce6f0 !important;\n}\n\n.btn .octicon {\n    margin: 8px !important;\n    display: inline-block;\n    overflow: visible !important;\n    fill: black;\n}\n\na {\n    color: #2774ae;\n}\n\n/* --- Navbar --- */\n\n.navbar-custom {\n    background-color: {{ site.navbar-col | default: \"#05004a\" }};\n    border-bottom: 1px solid {{ site.navbar-border-col | default: \"#000000\" }};\n    font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;\n    {% if site.navbar-img %}\n      background-image: url({{ site.navbar-img | relative_url }});\n      background-attachment: fixed;\n    {% endif %}\n    -webkit-transition: padding .5s ease-in-out;\n    -moz-transition: padding .5s ease-in-out;\n    transition: padding .5s ease-in-out;\n  }\n  \n  .navbar-custom,\n  .navbar-custom.top-nav-short,\n  .navbar-custom.top-nav-short-permanent {\n    padding-top: 0;\n    padding-bottom: 0;\n  }\n  \n  .navbar-custom .navbar-brand {\n    line-height: 1.5;\n    padding-top: 0.625rem;\n    padding-bottom: 0.625rem;\n    font-size: 1.125rem;\n  }\n  \n  .navbar-custom .navbar-brand-logo {\n    -webkit-transition: padding .5s ease-in-out;\n    -moz-transition: padding .5s ease-in-out;\n    transition: padding .5s ease-in-out;\n  }\n  \n  .navbar-custom .navbar-brand-logo,\n  .navbar-custom.top-nav-short .navbar-brand-logo,\n  .navbar-custom.top-nav-short-permanent .navbar-brand-logo {\n    padding-top: 0.3125rem;\n    padding-bottom: 0.3125rem;\n  }\n  \n  .navbar-custom .navbar-brand-logo img {\n    -webkit-transition: height .5s ease-in-out;\n    -moz-transition: height .5s ease-in-out;\n    transition: height .5s ease-in-out;\n  }\n  \n  .navbar-custom .navbar-brand-logo img,\n  .navbar-custom.top-nav-short .navbar-brand-logo img,\n  .navbar-custom.top-nav-short-permanent .navbar-brand-logo img {\n    height: 2.5rem;\n  }\n  \n  .navbar-custom .navbar-nav .nav-item {\n    text-transform: uppercase;\n    font-size: 0.8125rem;\n    letter-spacing: 0.0625rem;\n  }\n  \n  .navbar-custom .navbar-nav .nav-link {\n    padding-top: 0;\n    padding-bottom: 0;\n    line-height: 1.25rem;\n    padding-top: 0.9375rem;\n    padding-bottom: 0.9375rem;\n  }\n  \n  .navbar-custom .navbar-brand,\n  .navbar-custom .navbar-nav .nav-link {\n    font-weight: 800;\n    color: {{ site.navbar-text-col | default: \"#404040\" }};\n  }\n  \n  .navbar-toggler {\n    font-size: 1rem;\n    margin: 0.5rem 0;\n  }\n  .navbar-custom .navbar-toggler:focus,\n  .navbar-custom .navbar-toggler:hover {\n    background-color: initial;\n  }\n  \n  .navbar-custom .navbar-toggler[aria-expanded=\"true\"] {\n    background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);\n  }\n  \n  .dropdown-toggle::after {\n    border-width: 0.4em;\n  }\n  \n  @media (min-width: 1200px) {\n    .navbar-custom {\n      padding-top: 1.25rem;\n      padding-bottom: 1.25rem;\n    }\n  \n    .navbar-custom .navbar-brand-logo {\n      padding-top: 0;\n      padding-bottom: 0;\n    }\n  \n    .navbar-custom .navbar-brand-logo img {\n      height: 3.125rem;\n    }\n  \n    .navbar-expand-xl .navbar-nav .nav-link {\n      padding-left: 0.9375rem;\n      padding-right: 0.9375rem;\n    }\n  \n    .navbar-expand-xl .navbar-nav .nav-item:not(.dropdown):last-child .nav-link {\n      padding-right: 0;\n    }\n  }\n  \n  @media (min-width: 1200px) {\n    .navbar-custom .nav-item.dropdown:hover {\n      background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\n    }\n  }\n  \n  .navbar-custom .nav-item.dropdown.show {\n    background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);\n  }\n  \n  .navbar-custom .nav-item.dropdown .dropdown-menu {\n    margin-top: 0;\n    font-size: 1em;\n    border: 0;\n    padding: 0;\n    {% if site.navbar-var-length %}\n    min-width: 100%;\n    {% else %}\n    min-width: 0;\n    width: 100%;\n    word-break: break-word;\n    {% endif %}\n  }\n  \n  .navbar-custom .nav-item.dropdown .dropdown-menu .dropdown-item {\n    padding: 0.625rem;\n    background-color: {{ site.navbar-col | default: \"#EAEAEA\" }};\n    text-decoration: none !important;\n    font-weight: normal;\n    color: {{ site.navbar-text-col | default: \"#404040\" }};\n    {% unless site.navbar-var-length %}\n    white-space: normal;\n    {% endunless %}\n  }\n  \n  @media (min-width: 1200px) {\n    .navbar-custom .nav-item.dropdown .dropdown-menu {\n      text-align: center;\n    }\n  \n    .navbar-custom .nav-item.dropdown .dropdown-menu .dropdown-item {\n      padding-left: 0.625rem;\n      border: 1px solid {{ site.navbar-border-col | default: \"#DDDDDD\" }};\n      border-width: 0 1px 1px;\n    }\n  \n    .navbar-custom .nav-item.dropdown .dropdown-menu .dropdown-item:first-child {\n      border-top-width: 1px;\n    }\n  }\n  \n  @media (max-width: 1199px) {\n    .navbar-custom .navbar-collapse {\n      border-top: 1px solid {{ site.navbar-border-col | default: \"#DDDDDD\" }};\n      margin: 0 -1rem;\n    }\n  \n    .navbar-custom .navbar-nav {\n      padding: 0.5rem 0;\n    }\n  \n    .navbar-custom .navbar-nav .nav-link {\n      padding: 0.675rem 0 0.675rem 1rem;\n    }\n  \n    .navbar-custom .nav-item.dropdown.show {\n      background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);\n    }\n  \n    .navbar-custom .nav-item.dropdown .dropdown-menu .dropdown-item {\n      padding-left: 2rem;\n    }\n  }\n  .navbar-custom .navbar-brand:hover,\n  .navbar-custom .navbar-brand:focus ,\n  .navbar-custom .navbar-nav .nav-link:hover,\n  .navbar-custom .navbar-nav .nav-link:focus,\n  .navbar-custom .navbar-nav .dropdown-menu .dropdown-item:hover,\n  .navbar-custom .navbar-nav .dropdown-menu .dropdown-item:focus {\n    color: {{ site.hover-col | default: \"#0085A1\" }};\n  }\n  \n  .navbar-custom .avatar-container {\n    position: absolute;\n    left: 50%;\n    width: 3.125rem;\n    bottom: -1.5rem;\n    transition: opacity 0.5s ease-in-out;\n    -webkit-transition: opacity 0.5s ease-in-out;\n    -moz-transition: opacity 0.5s ease-in-out;\n  }\n  .navbar-custom.top-nav-short .avatar-container {\n    opacity: 0;\n    visibility: hidden;\n    transition: visibility linear 0.5s, opacity 0.5s ease-in-out;\n    -webkit-transition: visibility linear 0.5s, opacity 0.5s ease-in-out;\n    -moz-transition: visibility linear 0.5s, opacity 0.5s ease-in-out;\n  }\n  \n  .navbar-custom .avatar-container .avatar-img-border {\n    width: 100%;\n    margin-left: -50%;\n    {% unless site.round-avatar == false %}\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      box-shadow: 0 0 0.5rem rgba(0, 0, 0, .8);\n      -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 0.3125rem rgba(0, 0, 0, .8);\n      -moz-box-shadow: 0 0 0.5rem rgba(0, 0, 0, .8);\n    {% endunless %}\n  }\n  .navbar-custom .avatar-container .avatar-img {\n    width: 100%;\n    {% unless site.round-avatar == false %}\n      border-radius: 50%;\n    {% endunless %}\n    display: block;\n  }\n  \n  .navbar-custom.top-nav-expanded .avatar-container {\n    display: none;\n  }\n  \n  @media (min-width: 1200px) {\n    .navbar-custom.top-nav-regular .avatar-container {\n      width: 6.25rem;\n      bottom: -1.9375rem;\n    }\n  \n    .navbar-custom.top-nav-regular .avatar-container .avatar-img-border {\n      width: 100%;\n      {% unless site.round-avatar == false %}\n      box-shadow: 1px 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, .8);\n      -webkit-box-shadow: 1px 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, .8);\n      -moz-box-shadow: 1px 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, .8);\n      {% endunless %}\n    }\n  \n    .navbar-custom.top-nav-regular .avatar-container .avatar-img {\n      width: 100%;\n    }\n  }"
  },
  {
    "path": "docs/assets/js/main.js",
    "content": "// Dean Attali / Beautiful Jekyll 2023\n\n\n\nlet BeautifulJekyllJS = {\n\n    bigImgEl: null,\n    numImgs: null,\n\n    init: function () {\n        setTimeout(BeautifulJekyllJS.initNavbar, 10);\n\n        // Shorten the navbar after scrolling a little bit down\n        $(window).scroll(function () {\n            if ($(\".navbar\").offset().top > 50) {\n                $(\".navbar\").addClass(\"top-nav-short\");\n            } else {\n                $(\".navbar\").removeClass(\"top-nav-short\");\n            }\n        });\n\n        // On mobile, hide the avatar when expanding the navbar menu\n        $('#main-navbar').on('show.bs.collapse', function () {\n            $(\".navbar\").addClass(\"top-nav-expanded\");\n        });\n        $('#main-navbar').on('hidden.bs.collapse', function () {\n            $(\".navbar\").removeClass(\"top-nav-expanded\");\n        });\n\n        // show the big header image\n        BeautifulJekyllJS.initImgs();\n\n        BeautifulJekyllJS.initPres();\n\n        BeautifulJekyllJS.initSearch();\n\n        document.querySelectorAll(\"table\").forEach(function (table) {\n            let wrapper = document.createElement(\"div\");\n            wrapper.className = \"table-responsive\";\n            table.parentNode.insertBefore(wrapper, table);\n            table.parentNode.replaceChild(wrapper, table);\n            wrapper.appendChild(table);\n            table.className = \"tg table table-bordered table-striped table-hover\";\n            // table.querySelectorAll(\"th\").forEach(function (td) {\n            //     td.removeAttribute(\"class\");\n            // });\n\n            // table.querySelectorAll(\"td\").forEach(function (td) {\n            //     td.removeAttribute(\"class\");\n            // });\n        });\n\n\n    },\n\n    initNavbar: function () {\n        // Set the navbar-dark/light class based on its background color\n        const rgb = $('.navbar').css(\"background-color\").replace(/[^\\d,]/g, '').split(\",\");\n        const brightness = Math.round(( // http://www.w3.org/TR/AERT#color-contrast\n            parseInt(rgb[0]) * 299 +\n            parseInt(rgb[1]) * 587 +\n            parseInt(rgb[2]) * 114\n        ) / 1000);\n        if (brightness <= 125) {\n            $(\".navbar\").removeClass(\"navbar-light\").addClass(\"navbar-dark\");\n        } else {\n            $(\".navbar\").removeClass(\"navbar-dark\").addClass(\"navbar-light\");\n        }\n    },\n\n    initImgs: function () {\n        // If the page was large images to randomly select from, choose an image\n        if ($(\"#header-big-imgs\").length > 0) {\n            BeautifulJekyllJS.bigImgEl = $(\"#header-big-imgs\");\n            BeautifulJekyllJS.numImgs = BeautifulJekyllJS.bigImgEl.attr(\"data-num-img\");\n\n            // 2fc73a3a967e97599c9763d05e564189\n            // set an initial image\n            const imgInfo = BeautifulJekyllJS.getImgInfo();\n            const src = imgInfo.src;\n            const desc = imgInfo.desc;\n            BeautifulJekyllJS.setImg(src, desc);\n\n            // For better UX, prefetch the next image so that it will already be loaded when we want to show it\n            const getNextImg = function () {\n                const imgInfo = BeautifulJekyllJS.getImgInfo();\n                const src = imgInfo.src;\n                const desc = imgInfo.desc;\n\n                const prefetchImg = new Image();\n                prefetchImg.src = src;\n                // if I want to do something once the image is ready: `prefetchImg.onload = function(){}`\n\n                setTimeout(function () {\n                    const img = $(\"<div></div>\").addClass(\"big-img-transition\").css(\"background-image\", 'url(' + src + ')');\n                    $(\".intro-header.big-img\").prepend(img);\n                    setTimeout(function () { img.css(\"opacity\", \"1\"); }, 50);\n\n                    // after the animation of fading in the new image is done, prefetch the next one\n                    //img.one(\"transitioned webkitTransitionEnd oTransitionEnd MSTransitionEnd\", function(){\n                    setTimeout(function () {\n                        BeautifulJekyllJS.setImg(src, desc);\n                        img.remove();\n                        getNextImg();\n                    }, 1000);\n                    //});\n                }, 6000);\n            };\n\n            // If there are multiple images, cycle through them\n            if (BeautifulJekyllJS.numImgs > 1) {\n                getNextImg();\n            }\n        }\n    },\n\n    initPres: function () {\n        const copyButton = \"copy\";\n        let blocks = document.querySelectorAll(\"pre\");\n        blocks.forEach(function (block) {\n            if (navigator.clipboard) {\n                let button_container = document.createElement(\"div\");\n                button_container.className = \"clipboard-btn-container\";\n                let button = document.createElement(\"button\");\n                button.className = \"btn clipboard-btn\";\n                button.innerHTML =\n                    '<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version =\"1.1\" width =\"16\" data-view-component=\"true\" class=\"octicon octicon-copy js-clipboard-copy-icon m-2\" > <path d=\"M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z\"></path>< path d=\"M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z\" ></path > <path d=\"M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z\"></path></svg >';\n                // button.innerText = \"copy\";\n                button_container.appendChild(button);\n                block.appendChild(button_container);\n                button.addEventListener(\"click\", async function () {\n                    await copyCode(block);\n                });\n            }\n        });\n\n    },\n\n    getImgInfo: function () {\n        const randNum = Math.floor((Math.random() * BeautifulJekyllJS.numImgs) + 1);\n        const src = BeautifulJekyllJS.bigImgEl.attr(\"data-img-src-\" + randNum);\n        const desc = BeautifulJekyllJS.bigImgEl.attr(\"data-img-desc-\" + randNum);\n\n        return {\n            src: src,\n            desc: desc\n        }\n    },\n\n    setImg: function (src, desc) {\n        $(\".intro-header.big-img\").css(\"background-image\", 'url(' + src + ')');\n        if (typeof desc !== typeof undefined && desc !== false) {\n            $(\".img-desc\").text(desc).show();\n        } else {\n            $(\".img-desc\").hide();\n        }\n    },\n\n    initSearch: function () {\n        if (!document.getElementById(\"beautifuljekyll-search-overlay\")) {\n            return;\n        }\n\n        $(\"#nav-search-link\").click(function (e) {\n            e.preventDefault();\n            $(\"#beautifuljekyll-search-overlay\").show();\n            $(\"#nav-search-input\").focus().select();\n            $(\"body\").addClass(\"overflow-hidden\");\n        });\n        $(\"#nav-search-exit\").click(function (e) {\n            e.preventDefault();\n            $(\"#beautifuljekyll-search-overlay\").hide();\n            $(\"body\").removeClass(\"overflow-hidden\");\n        });\n        $(document).on('keyup', function (e) {\n            if (e.key == \"Escape\") {\n                $(\"#beautifuljekyll-search-overlay\").hide();\n                $(\"body\").removeClass(\"overflow-hidden\");\n            }\n        });\n    }\n};\n\nasync function copyCode (block) {\n    const code = block.querySelector(\"code\");\n    let text = code.innerText;\n    await navigator.clipboard.writeText(text);\n};\n\n// 2fc73a3a967e97599c9763d05e564189\n\ndocument.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', BeautifulJekyllJS.init);"
  },
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    "path": "docs/backup.html",
    "content": "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html>\n\n<head>\n  <title>LooGLE Benchmark</title>\n  <meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n  <meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0\">\n\n  <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.16.9/dist/katex.min.css\"\n    integrity=\"sha384-n8MVd4RsNIU0tAv4ct0nTaAbDJwPJzDEaqSD1odI+WdtXRGWt2kTvGFasHpSy3SV\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\">\n\n  <!-- The loading of KaTeX is deferred to speed up page rendering -->\n  <script defer src=\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.16.9/dist/katex.min.js\"\n    integrity=\"sha384-XjKyOOlGwcjNTAIQHIpgOno0Hl1YQqzUOEleOLALmuqehneUG+vnGctmUb0ZY0l8\"\n    crossorigin=\"anonymous\"></script>\n\n  <!-- To automatically render math in text elements, include the auto-render extension: -->\n  <script defer src=\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.16.9/dist/contrib/auto-render.min.js\"\n    integrity=\"sha384-+VBxd3r6XgURycqtZ117nYw44OOcIax56Z4dCRWbxyPt0Koah1uHoK0o4+/RRE05\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"\n    onload=\"renderMathInElement(document.body);\"></script>\n\n\n  <style>\n    code[class*=language-],\n    pre[class*=language-] {\n      color: #333;\n      background: 0 0;\n      font-family: Consolas, \"Liberation Mono\", Menlo, Courier, monospace;\n      text-align: left;\n      white-space: pre;\n      word-spacing: normal;\n      word-break: normal;\n      word-wrap: normal;\n      line-height: 1.4;\n      -moz-tab-size: 8;\n      -o-tab-size: 8;\n      tab-size: 8;\n      -webkit-hyphens: none;\n      -moz-hyphens: none;\n      -ms-hyphens: none;\n      hyphens: none\n    }\n\n    pre[class*=language-] {\n      padding: .8em;\n      overflow: auto;\n      border-radius: 3px;\n      background: #f5f5f5\n    }\n\n    :not(pre)>code[class*=language-] {\n      padding: .1em;\n      border-radius: .3em;\n      white-space: normal;\n      background: #f5f5f5\n    }\n\n    .token.blockquote,\n    .token.comment {\n      color: #969896\n    }\n\n    .token.cdata {\n      color: #183691\n    }\n\n    .token.doctype,\n    .token.macro.property,\n    .token.punctuation,\n    .token.variable {\n      color: #333\n    }\n\n    .token.builtin,\n    .token.important,\n    .token.keyword,\n    .token.operator,\n    .token.rule {\n      color: #a71d5d\n    }\n\n    .token.attr-value,\n    .token.regex,\n    .token.string,\n    .token.url {\n      color: #183691\n    }\n\n    .token.atrule,\n    .token.boolean,\n    .token.code,\n    .token.command,\n    .token.constant,\n    .token.entity,\n    .token.number,\n    .token.property,\n    .token.symbol {\n      color: #0086b3\n    }\n\n    .token.prolog,\n    .token.selector,\n    .token.tag {\n      color: #63a35c\n    }\n\n    .token.attr-name,\n    .token.class,\n    .token.class-name,\n    .token.function,\n    .token.id,\n    .token.namespace,\n    .token.pseudo-class,\n    .token.pseudo-element,\n    .token.url-reference .token.variable {\n      color: #795da3\n    }\n\n    .token.entity {\n      cursor: help\n    }\n\n    .token.title,\n    .token.title .token.punctuation {\n      font-weight: 700;\n      color: #1d3e81\n    }\n\n    .token.list {\n      color: #ed6a43\n    }\n\n    .token.inserted {\n      background-color: #eaffea;\n      color: #55a532\n    }\n\n    .token.deleted {\n      background-color: #ffecec;\n      color: #bd2c00\n    }\n\n    .token.bold {\n      font-weight: 700\n    }\n\n    .token.italic {\n      font-style: italic\n    }\n\n    .language-json .token.property {\n      color: #183691\n    }\n\n    .language-markup .token.tag .token.punctuation {\n      color: #333\n    }\n\n    .language-css .token.function,\n    code.language-css {\n      color: #0086b3\n    }\n\n    .language-yaml .token.atrule {\n      color: #63a35c\n    }\n\n    code.language-yaml {\n      color: #183691\n    }\n\n    .language-ruby .token.function {\n      color: #333\n    }\n\n    .language-markdown .token.url {\n      color: #795da3\n    }\n\n    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<img src=\"./assets/LooGle_logo.png\" width=\"256px\"> </div>\n    <h2 align=\"center\">Long Context Generic Language Evaluation benchmark for LLM long context understanding</h2>\n    <p align=\"center\">\n      <a href=\"https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT\">\n        <img alt=\"License: MIT\" src=\"https://img.shields.io/badge/License-MIT-yellow.svg\">\n      </a>\n      <a href=\"https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-380/\">\n        <img alt=\"Documentation\" src=\"https://img.shields.io/badge/Python-3.8+-blue.svg\">\n      </a>\n    </p>\n    <p><img src=\"assets/overview_page1.png\" alt=\"\"></p>\n    <p><strong>LooGLE</strong> is a comprehensive evaluation benchmark for LLM long context understanding which contains\n      up-to-date (all after 2022) and extremely long realistic documents (over 24k tokens per document, many of which\n      exceed 100k words) and 6,000 newly generated questions spanning diverse domains and categories. Details statistics\n      of our dataset can be seen in the table below.</p>\n    <p><strong>Short and long dependency tasks 📜</strong> LooGLE is composed of 7 major tasks to evaluate LLMs' ability\n      to understand both short and long dependency content. We refer to ``long dependency\" tasks as those that require\n      the understanding of the inter-dependency across multiple shreds of evidences widely spanning over the entire long\n      text. We delicately design 5 types of long dependency tasks, including comprehension_and_reasoning, computation,\n      timeline reorder, multiple information retrieval, and summarization.</p>\n    <p>Specifically, we recruited a group of human annotators to read 145 long documents in our benchmark and manually\n      create 1k+ long dependency Question-Answer (QA) instances, despite the high costs and huge effort involved in this\n      process. These 1k+ high-quality QA pairs are each cross-validated 3 times by 2 annotators, aiming to provide the\n      currently most accurate evaluation of LLMs’ ability on long dependency questions.</p>\n    <p><strong>Long context evaluation 📊</strong> In order to provide more comprehensive and general results, LooGLE\n      not only relies on automatic metrics based on n-gram matching and semantic similarity commonly used in previous\n      benchmarks. Besides, it leverages GPT4-as-judgment and human evaluation to get an overall performance for\n      reference. In the first version, we conduct the evaluation of 8 representative LLMs on LooGLE as the baselines. We\n      specifically select LLMs which have made great effort in addressing the challenge of understanding long contexts\n      by utilizing flash attention, position interpolation, optimized Transformer and finetuning, external memory etc.\n      We will also keep up with the latest releases of long-context understanding LLMs in our benchmarks.</p>\n    <p>LooGLE not only provides a systematic and comprehensive evaluation schema on long-context LLMs, but also sheds\n      light on future development of enhanced models towards “true long-context understanding”.</p>\n    <br>\n    <h2 id=\"-statistics-of-loogle\">📌 <strong>Statistics of LooGLE</strong> </h2>\n    <p><img src=\"assets/table.png\" alt=\"\"></p>\n    <h2 id=\"️-table-of-contents\">✏️ <strong>Table of Contents</strong> </h2>\n    <ul>\n      <li><a href=\"#-statistics-of-loogle\">📌 <strong>Statistics of LooGLE</strong></a></li>\n      <li><a href=\"#%EF%B8%8F-table-of-contents\">✏️ <strong>Table of Contents</strong></a></li>\n      <li><a href=\"#-capability-leaderboard\">🚀 <strong>Capability leaderboard</strong></a></li>\n      <li><a href=\"#-quick-start\">💁 <strong>Quick Start</strong></a>\n        <ul>\n          <li><a href=\"#step-1-prerequisites\"><strong>Step 1. Prerequisites</strong></a></li>\n          <li><a href=\"#step-2-download-the-data\"><strong>Step 2. Download the data</strong></a></li>\n          <li><a href=\"#step-3-generate-the-prediction-results\"><strong>Step 3. Generate the prediction\n                results</strong></a></li>\n          <li><a href=\"#prediction-for-retrieval-based-methods\"><strong>Prediction for retrieval based\n                methods</strong></a></li>\n        </ul>\n      </li>\n      <li><a href=\"#-evaluation\">📊 <strong>Evaluation</strong></a>\n        <ul>\n          <li><a href=\"#evaluation-on-timeline-reorder-task\"><strong>Evaluation on Timeline reorder task</strong></a>\n          </li>\n        </ul>\n      </li>\n      <li><a href=\"#-main-result-on-short-and-long-dependency-tasks\">💡 <strong>Main result on short and long dependency\n            tasks</strong></a>\n        <ul>\n          <li><a href=\"#performance-of-the-short-dependency-tasks\"><strong>Performance of the short dependency\n                tasks</strong></a></li>\n          <li><a href=\"#performance-of-the-long-dependency-tasks\"><strong>Performance of the long dependency\n                tasks</strong></a></li>\n          <li><a href=\"#impact-of-input-length-on-long-dependency-tasks\"><strong>Impact of input length on long\n                dependency tasks</strong></a></li>\n        </ul>\n      </li>\n      <li><a href=\"#-citation\">📝 <strong>Citation</strong></a></li>\n      <li><a href=\"#-contacts\">📣 <strong>Contacts</strong></a></li>\n    </ul>\n    <br>\n    <h2 id=\"-capability-leaderboard\">🚀 <strong>Capability leaderboard</strong> </h2>\n    <p>The overall performance comparisons of different models on different tasks in our dataset are shown in the figure\n      below.</p>\n    <p><img src=\"figs/overview_performance.png\" alt=\"\"></p>\n    <br>\n    <h2 id=\"-quick-start\">💁 <strong>Quick Start</strong> </h2>\n    <h3 id=\"step-1-prerequisites\"><strong>Step 1. Prerequisites</strong> </h3>\n    <p>Clone this repo and install the dependencies. The test environment is under torch 2.0.1+cu121.</p>\n    <pre data-role=\"codeBlock\" data-info=\"bash\" class=\"language-bash bash\"><code><span class=\"token builtin class-name\">cd</span> LooGLE   \nconda create <span class=\"token parameter variable\">-n</span> loogle <span class=\"token assign-left variable\">python</span><span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token number\">3.9</span>\nconda activate loogle\npip <span class=\"token function\">install</span> <span class=\"token parameter variable\">-r</span> requirements.txt\n<span class=\"token builtin class-name\">export</span> <span class=\"token assign-left variable\">OPENAI_API_KEY</span><span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token string\">\"[your_openai_api_key]\"</span>\n</code></pre>\n    <h3 id=\"step-2-download-the-data\"><strong>Step 2. Download the data</strong> </h3>\n    <p>You can download and load the <strong>LooGLE</strong> data through the Hugging Face datasets (<a\n        href=\"https://huggingface.co/datasets/bigainlco/LooGLE\">🤗 HF Repo</a>):</p>\n    <pre data-role=\"codeBlock\" data-info=\"python\" class=\"language-python python\"><code><span class=\"token keyword keyword-from\">from</span> datasets <span class=\"token keyword keyword-import\">import</span> load_dataset\n\ndatasets <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"shortdep_qa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"shortdep_cloze\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"longdep_qa\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"longdep_summarization\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword keyword-for\">for</span> testset <span class=\"token keyword keyword-in\">in</span> datasets<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    data <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> load_dataset<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">'bigainlco/LooGLE'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> testset<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> split<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token string\">'test'</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># evaluate your model</span>\n</code></pre>\n    <p>You can also access our sample data <a href=\"LooGLE-testdata/\">LooGLE-testdata/</a>.</p>\n    <p>All data in <strong>LooGLE</strong> are standardized to the following format:</p>\n    <pre data-role=\"codeBlock\" data-info=\"json\" class=\"language-json json\"><code><span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>\n    <span class=\"token property\">\"input\"</span><span class=\"token operator\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"The original long input texts\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token property\">\"title\"</span><span class=\"token operator\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"The title of the given document\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>  <span class=\"token comment\">//for arxiv paper, we use \"title\" to refer the identical ID for specific paper</span>\n    <span class=\"token property\">\"qa_pairs\"</span><span class=\"token operator\">:</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>\n            <span class=\"token punctuation\">{</span>\n                <span class=\"token property\">\"Q\"</span><span class=\"token operator\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Question to ask based on the given input\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n                <span class=\"token property\">\"A\"</span><span class=\"token operator\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Groundtruth answer for the question\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n                <span class=\"token property\">\"S\"</span><span class=\"token operator\">:</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"One or more evidence (complete sentences) for answering the question, which are extracted directly from the original input\"</span>\n                <span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n            <span class=\"token punctuation\">}</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>  \n        <span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>        <span class=\"token comment\">// There are multiple questions and corresponding answers in the list (each of them is in json format)</span>\n                 <span class=\"token comment\">// For arxiv paper summarization, we use \"none\" instead for non-qa/non-cloze tasks</span>\n    <span class=\"token property\">\"output\"</span><span class=\"token operator\">:</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"none\"</span>   <span class=\"token comment\">// the predicted outputs of LLM given the long input and instructions, which is initialized as \"none\"</span>\n</code></pre>\n    <p>To mention that, in long dependency QA data, we add an extra key <code>type</code> for each question in json to\n      indicate the 4 types of long dependency tasks(apart from summarization): comprehension and reasoning, computation,\n      timeline reorder, multiple information retrieval. Each task of data can be employed to test the specific\n      capability in a long context.</p>\n    <br>\n    <h3 id=\"step-3-generate-the-prediction-results\"><strong>Step 3. Generate the prediction results</strong> </h3>\n    <p>We test LLMs using python codes under the path <a href=\"Prediction/\">Prediction/</a>. There are 3\n      <code>.py</code> file for corresponding types of models. We use the command below by selecting the model you want\n      to evaluate via <code>--model_name</code> and the specific task via <code>--task</code>. Let's take short\n      dependency QA as an example:\n    </p>\n    <p>For GPT-3.5-turbo and GPT4:</p>\n    <pre data-role=\"codeBlock\" data-info=\"\" class=\"language-text text\"><code>python Prediction/pred_gpt_models.py  --model_name gpt-3.5-turbo-16k --task shortdep_qa --max_length 500\n</code></pre>\n    <p>For LlamaIndex:</p>\n    <pre data-role=\"codeBlock\" data-info=\"\" class=\"language-text text\"><code>python Prediction/pred_llamaindex.py --task shortdep_qa --max_length 500\n</code></pre>\n    <p>For other open-source models (take chatglm2-6b-32k as an example):</p>\n    <pre data-role=\"codeBlock\" data-info=\"\" class=\"language-text text\"><code>python Prediction/pred_opensource_models.py  --model_name chatglm2-6b-32k --task shortdep_qa --max_length 500\n</code></pre>\n    <p>Open-source models can be download and loaded from <a href=\"Models/\">Models/</a> by default, you can change the\n      path via <code>--model_path</code></p>\n    <p>You can also determine the long texts output result through <code>--output_path</code>.</p>\n    <p>Please note that in <code>config/</code>, we provide the prompt format suitable for each task and the maximum\n      generation length. The input parameter <code>--max_length</code> limits the max length of input prompt for selcted\n      model. Feel free to modify them to better suit the model you want to evaluate. After modification, the data will\n      be automatically organized according to the new format to get the corresponding model output.</p>\n    <p>We test all the open-source baselines with a single 80G A800 GPU in BF16 precision. If you encounter the OOM\n      problem, please refer to more multiple GPUs inference techniques. For Llama-2 based models, we recommend using\n      Flash Attention for optimization and saving GPU memory The relevant dependencies can be installed according to the\n      code base of <a href=\"https://github.com/Dao-AILab/flash-attention\">Flash Attention</a>.</p>\n    <br>\n    <h3 id=\"prediction-for-retrieval-based-methods\"><strong>Prediction for retrieval based methods</strong> </h3>\n    <p>To evaluate the effectiveness of retrieval techniques for long-context dependency questions, we undertook an\n      extensive experiments by replacing the base LLM model in LlamaIndex with different baseline LLMs.</p>\n    <p>For retrieval based methods (take chatglm2-6b-32k as an example):</p>\n    <pre data-role=\"codeBlock\" data-info=\"\" class=\"language-text text\"><code>python Retrieval/pred_retrieval_based_method.py --model_name chatglm2-6b-32k --task shortdep_qa --max_length 500 --emb_model_name sentence-transformers/all-mpnet-base-v2\n</code></pre>\n    <p>Use <code>--emb_model_name</code> to set embedding models for retrieval based methods. Here we used\n      all-mpnet-base-v2 as default.</p>\n    <br>\n    <h2 id=\"-evaluation\">📊 <strong>Evaluation</strong> </h2>\n    <p>The outputs of different models under LooGLE can be obtained from <code>Output/</code> by default. Given the\n      prediction file generated in Step 2, we run the evaluation code in <a href=\"Evaluation/\">Evaluation/</a>.</p>\n    <p>For automatic evaluation in short and long dependency QA, summarization task (eg. short dependency QA):</p>\n    <pre data-role=\"codeBlock\" data-info=\"\" class=\"language-text text\"><code>python Evaluation/automatic_eval.py --model_name chatglm2-6b-32k --task shortdep_qa --eval_metric automatic_sim\n</code></pre>\n    <p>For automatic evaluation in cloze task:</p>\n    <pre data-role=\"codeBlock\" data-info=\"\" class=\"language-text text\"><code>python Evaluation/automatic_eval.py --model_name chatglm2-6b-32k --task shortdshortdep_cloze --eval_metric automatic_match\n</code></pre>\n    <p>For LLM-as-judge in short and long dependency QA, summarization task (eg. short dependency QA):</p>\n    <pre data-role=\"codeBlock\" data-info=\"\" class=\"language-text text\"><code>python Evaluation/llm_eval.py --model_name chatglm2-6b-32k --task shortdep_qa\n</code></pre>\n    <p>Besides the parameters specifying the <code>--model_name</code> and <code>--task</code>, we provide\n      <code>--eval_metric</code> for users to choose the method for automic evaluation from [<code>automatic_sim</code>,\n      <code>automatic_match</code>] . Both the automatic metric and LLM-as-judge can be applied in\n      <strong>LooGLE</strong> to provide a more comprehensive assessment.\n    </p>\n    <p>Automatic metrics based on semantic similarity matching including Bleu, Rouge, Meteor, Bertscore and\n      exact/partial match are supported. Feel free to add other metrics for your needs in <a\n        href=\"Evaluation/automatic_metrics.py\">Evaluation/automatic_metrics.py</a></p>\n    <p>We also employ GPT4 as judgment since it has shown that the GPT4 evaluator exhibits high consistency with human\n      evaluation as a reliable annotator to some extent. The prompt of GPT4 given in the repo can be altered for further\n      evaluation.</p>\n    <br>\n    <h3 id=\"evaluation-on-timeline-reorder-task\"><strong>Evaluation on Timeline reorder task</strong> </h3>\n    <p>In order to evaluate the performance of time reorder task outputs in a more meaningful way, we provide four\n      metrics: LSD (location square deviation), LMD (location mean deviation), SD<br>\n      (swap deviation), and SDD (swap distance deviation) to measure the similarity of numeric sequences. Details of the\n      implementations can be seen in our paper.</p>\n    <p>For LLM in long dependency timeline reorder task:</p>\n    <pre data-role=\"codeBlock\" data-info=\"\" class=\"language-text text\"><code>python Reorder/automatic_eval.py --model_name chatglm2-6b-32k\n</code></pre><br>\n    <h2 id=\"-main-result-on-short-and-long-dependency-tasks\">💡 <strong>Main result on short and long dependency\n        tasks</strong> </h2>\n    <h3 id=\"performance-of-the-short-dependency-tasks\"><strong>Performance of the short dependency tasks</strong> </h3>\n    <table class=\"tg\">\n      <thead>\n        <tr>\n          <th class=\"tg-0lax\" rowspan=\"2\">Models </th>\n          <th class=\"tg-0lax\" rowspan=\"2\">Context </th>\n          <th class=\"tg-0lax\" colspan=\"8\">Short dependency QA</th>\n          <th class=\"tg-0lax\" colspan=\"2\">Cloze</th>\n        </tr>\n        <tr>\n          <th class=\"tg-0lax\">Bleu1</th>\n          <th class=\"tg-0lax\"> Bleu4 </th>\n          <th class=\"tg-0lax\">Rouge1 </th>\n          <th class=\"tg-0lax\">Rouge4 </th>\n          <th class=\"tg-0lax\">RougeL </th>\n          <th class=\"tg-0lax\">Meteor score </th>\n          <th class=\"tg-0lax\">Bert score </th>\n          <th class=\"tg-0lax\">GPT4 score </th>\n          <th class=\"tg-0lax\">Exact Match </th>\n          <th class=\"tg-0lax\">Partial Match</th>\n        </tr>\n      </thead>\n      <tbody>\n        <tr>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">GPT4-32k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">32k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">24.61</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">11.14</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">61.80</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">50.73</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">60.75</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">32.94</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">78.72</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>71.52</b></td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>70.50</b></td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>80.81</b></td>\n        </tr>\n        <tr>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">GPT4-8k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">8K</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">27.35</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">14.38</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>67.59</b></td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>56.01</b></td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>65.77</b></td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>38.56</b></td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>87.93</b></td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">53.99</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">66.03</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">76.62</td>\n        </tr>\n        <tr>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">GPT3.5-turbo-16k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">16K</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">22.67</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">9.62</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">62.56</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">48.63</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">60.66</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">32.58</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">87.04</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">66.82</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">54.64</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">63.42</td>\n        </tr>\n        <tr>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">LlamaIndex</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">-</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>33.37</b></td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>21.43</b></td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">58.82</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">42.93</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">57.08</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">37.17</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">86.58</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">59.61</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">58.95</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">66.86</td>\n        </tr>\n        <tr>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">ChatGLM2-6B</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">32k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">14.29</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">6.07</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">20.50</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">13.16</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">20.36</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">13.08</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">87.28</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">23.65</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.05</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.98</td>\n        </tr>\n        <tr>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">LongLLaMa-3B</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">256k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">1.37</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.26</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">26.97</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">11.02</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">26.10</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">11.34</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">71.65</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">13.75</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">-</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">2.13</td>\n        </tr>\n        <tr>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">RWKV-4-14B-pile</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">8k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.80</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.04</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">21.70</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">6.39</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">20.64</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">9.41</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">70.42</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">8.93</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">-</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">-</td>\n        </tr>\n        <tr>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">LLaMA2-7B-32K</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">32k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.18</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">7.25*e-308</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">1.86</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.00</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">1.86</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">1.52</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">61.53</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">3.18</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">-</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.58</td>\n        </tr>\n      </tbody>\n    </table>\n    <br>\n    <h3 id=\"performance-of-the-long-dependency-tasks\"><strong>Performance of the long dependency tasks</strong> </h3>\n    <table class=\"tg\">\n      <thead>\n        <tr>\n          <th class=\"tg-0lax\">Models </th>\n          <th class=\"tg-0lax\">Context </th>\n          <th class=\"tg-0lax\">Bleu1</th>\n          <th class=\"tg-0lax\"> Bleu4 </th>\n          <th class=\"tg-0lax\">Rouge1 </th>\n          <th class=\"tg-0lax\">Rouge4 </th>\n          <th class=\"tg-0lax\">RougeL </th>\n          <th class=\"tg-0lax\">Meteor score </th>\n          <th class=\"tg-0lax\">Bert score </th>\n          <th class=\"tg-0lax\">GPT4 score </th>\n        </tr>\n      </thead>\n      <tbody>\n        <tr>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\" colspan=\"10\">arXiv paper summarization</td>\n        </tr>\n        <tr>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">GPT4-32k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">32k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">24.50</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.73</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">27.15</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">7.10</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">24.25</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">19.03</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">84.04</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">82.84</td>\n        </tr>\n        <tr>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">GPT4-8k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">8k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>29.02</b></td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>2.09</b></td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>32.08</b></td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>11.11</b></td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">28.85</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>22.64</b></td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>84.92</b></td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">85.42</td>\n        </tr>\n        <tr>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">GPT3.5-turbo-16k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">16k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">28.70</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">1.59</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">32.04</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">10.69</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>28.89</b></td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">22.34</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">84.82</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>86.84</b></td>\n        </tr>\n        <tr>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">LlamaIndex</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">-</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">22.53</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.63</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">26.28</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">6.97</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">23.73</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">21.07</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">83.09</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">76.35</td>\n        </tr>\n        <tr>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">ChatGLM2-6B</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">32k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.04</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">1.60e-310</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">5.97</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">8.43E-05</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">5.82</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">6.40</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">73.25</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">13.23</td>\n        </tr>\n        <tr>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">LongLLaMa-3B</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">256k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">4.24</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">9.32e-309</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">4.10</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.52</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">3.86</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">3.82</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">73.41</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">12.28</td>\n        </tr>\n        <tr>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">RWKV-4-14B-pile</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">8k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">6.28</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">4.58E-05</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">6.45</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.74</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">6.01</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">6.00</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">75.28</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">7.02</td>\n        </tr>\n        <tr>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">LLaMA2-7B-32K</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">32k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.03</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">4.66e-310</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.12</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.00</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.12</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.67</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">71.21</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">7.60</td>\n        </tr>\n        <tr>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\" colspan=\"10\">Long dependency QA</td>\n        </tr>\n        <tr>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">GPT4-32k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">32k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">8.55</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">1.40</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>25.59</b></td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">6.36</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>24.04</b></td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>11.13</b></td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">80.16</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>54.09</b></td>\n        </tr>\n        <tr>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">GPT4-8k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">8k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>8.94</b></td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">1.01</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">23.45</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">6.57</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">21.69</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">10.18</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">85.36</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">42.12</td>\n        </tr>\n        <tr>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">GPT3.5-turbo-16k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">16k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">6.92</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>1.81</b></td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">25.02</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">6.68</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">23.63</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">10.40</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">83.79</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">45.04</td>\n        </tr>\n        <tr>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">LlamaIndex</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">-</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">7.76</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">1.24</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">23.62</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>7.10</b></td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">22.30</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">10.47</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">83.87</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">37.63</td>\n        </tr>\n        <tr>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">ChatGLM2-6B</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">32k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">5.55</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.11</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">9.41</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">1.93</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">8.69</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">4.39</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>85.78</b></td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">11.50</td>\n        </tr>\n        <tr>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">LongLLaMa-3B</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">256k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">1.04</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">3.12E-307</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">2.96</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.03</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">2.71</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">1.66</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">78.60</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">6.48</td>\n        </tr>\n        <tr>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">RWKV-4-14B-pile</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">8k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.71</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">9.52E-307</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">18.54</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">1.55</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">17.69</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">3.45</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">71.36</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">5.33</td>\n        </tr>\n        <tr>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">LLaMA2-7B-32K</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">32k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.08</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">2.44E-308</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">2.05</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.00</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">2.05</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.46</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">50.28</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">4.18</td>\n        </tr>\n      </tbody>\n    </table>\n    <br>\n    <h3 id=\"impact-of-input-length-on-long-dependency-tasks\"><strong>Impact of input length on long dependency\n        tasks</strong> </h3>\n    <table class=\"tg\">\n      <thead>\n        <tr>\n          <th class=\"tg-0lax\">Models </th>\n          <th class=\"tg-0lax\">Context </th>\n          <th class=\"tg-0lax\">Bleu1</th>\n          <th class=\"tg-0lax\"> Bleu4 </th>\n          <th class=\"tg-0lax\">Rouge1 </th>\n          <th class=\"tg-0lax\">Rouge4 </th>\n          <th class=\"tg-0lax\">RougeL </th>\n          <th class=\"tg-0lax\">Meteor score </th>\n          <th class=\"tg-0lax\">Bert score </th>\n          <th class=\"tg-0lax\">GPT4 score </th>\n        </tr>\n      </thead>\n      <tbody>\n        <tr>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\" colspan=\"10\">arXiv paper summarization</td>\n        </tr>\n        <tr>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">GPT4-32k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">32k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">24.50</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.73</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">27.15</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">7.10</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">24.25</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">19.03</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">84.04</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">82.84</td>\n        </tr>\n        <tr>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">GPT4-32k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">24k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">25.57</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.81</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">27.61</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">7.53</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">24.73</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">19.86</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">84.07</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">83.15</td>\n        </tr>\n        <tr>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">GPT4-32k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">16k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">24.8</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.70</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">27.29</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">7.26</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">24.28</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">19.12</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">84.11</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">82.82</td>\n        </tr>\n        <tr>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">GPT4-32k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">8k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">26.26</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>9.35</b></td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">27.83</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">7.67</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">24.74</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">20.08</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">84.10</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">82.75</td>\n        </tr>\n        <tr>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">GPT4-8k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">8k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>29.02</b></td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">2.09</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>32.08</b></td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>11.11</b></td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>28.85</b></td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>22.64</b></td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>84.92</b></td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>85.42</b></td>\n        </tr>\n        <tr>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\" colspan=\"10\">Long dependency QA</td>\n        </tr>\n        <tr>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">GPT4-32k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">32k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">7.64</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">1.24</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">15.53</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">4.46</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">14.60</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">11.12</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">86.07</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>54.65</b></td>\n        </tr>\n        <tr>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">GPT4-32k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">24k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">8.23</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">1.66</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">14.92</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">4.12</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">13.90</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">10.60</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">86.16</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">50.61</td>\n        </tr>\n        <tr>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">GPT4-32k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">16k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">8.57</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">1.35</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">16.21</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">4.30</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">14.90</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>11.91</b></td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>86.36</b></td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">47.55</td>\n        </tr>\n        <tr>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">GPT4-32k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">8k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">7.46</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>1.77</b></td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">13.75</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">5.08</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">12.89</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">10.01</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">85.77</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">38.34</td>\n        </tr>\n        <tr>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">GPT4-8k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">8k</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>8.94</b></td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">1.01</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>23.45</b></td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>6.57</b></td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>21.69</b></td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">10.18</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">85.36</td>\n          <td class=\"tg-0lax\">42.12</td>\n        </tr>\n      </tbody>\n    </table>\n    <br>\n    <h2 id=\"-citation\">📝 <strong>Citation</strong> </h2>\n    <p>If you would like to use our data or find our work interesting, please cite:</p>\n    <pre data-role=\"codeBlock\" data-info=\"bibtex\" class=\"language-bibtex bibtex\"><code>@article{li2023loogle,\n  title={Can Long-Context Language Models Understand Long Contexts?},\n  author={ Li, Jiaqi and Wang, Mengmeng and Zheng, Zilong and Zhang, Muhan },\n  url={https://github.com/bigai-nlco/LooGLE}\n  year={2023}\n}\n</code></pre>\n    <h2 id=\"-contacts\">📣 <strong>Contacts</strong> </h2>\n    <p>We sincerely appreciate human annotators for their valuable contributions to creating high-quality\n      long-dependency QA tasks.<br>\n      We are very pleased to answer any questions about LooGLE: <a href=\"mailto:nlp@bigai.ai\">nlp@bigai.ai</a></p>\n\n  </div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n</body>\n\n</html>"
  },
  {
    "path": "docs/index.md",
    "content": "---\nlayout: default\n---\n\n![](https://github.com/bigai-nlco/LooGLE/raw/main/assets/overview_page1.png)\n\n**LooGLE** is a comprehensive evaluation benchmark for LLM long context understanding which contains up-to-date  (all after 2022) and extremely long realistic documents (over 24k tokens per document, many of which exceed 100k words) and 6,000 newly generated questions spanning diverse domains and categories. Details statistics of our dataset can be seen in the table below.\n\n**Short and long dependency tasks  📜**  LooGLE is composed of 7 major tasks to evaluate LLMs' ability to understand both short and long dependency content. We refer to ``long dependency\" tasks as those that require the understanding of the inter-dependency across multiple shreds of evidences widely spanning over the entire long text. We delicately design 5 types of long dependency tasks, including comprehension and reasoning, computation, timeline reorder, multiple information retrieval, and summarization.\n\n**Long context evaluation  📊**  In order to provide more comprehensive and general results, LooGLE relies on automatic automatic metrics based on semantic similarity, GPT4-as-judgment and human evaluation to get an overall performance for reference. We conduct the evaluation of 8 representative LLMs. We specifically select LLMs which have made great effort in addressing the challenge of understanding long contexts by utilizing flash attention, position interpolation, optimized Transformer and finetuning, external memory etc. \n\nLooGLE not only provides a systematic and comprehensive evaluation schema on long-context LLMs, but also sheds light on future development of enhanced models towards “true long-context understanding”.\n\n<!-- <br> -->\n\n## 📌 **Statistics of LooGLE**\n\n<!-- | DataSet | Category | No. Documents | Avg. Words | Task | Subtask | No. Questions |\n|:---------:|:----------:|:---------------:|:-----:|:-----:|:-----:|:-----:|\n| arXiv papers     |  Physics, Math, <br> Finance, Statistics  <br> Biology, Economics, <br> Computer Science, etc.   |516 | 14,860 | Summarization | - | 516 | -->\n\n![](https://github.com/bigai-nlco/LooGLE/raw/main/assets/table.png)\n\n## ✏️ **Table of Contents**\n- [📌 **Statistics of LooGLE**](#-statistics-of-loogle)\n- [✏️ **Table of Contents**](#️-table-of-contents)\n- [🚀 **Capability leaderboard**](#-capability-leaderboard)\n- [💁 **Quick Start**](#-quick-start)\n  - [**Step 1. Prerequisites**](#step-1-prerequisites)\n  - [**Step 2. Download the data**](#step-2-download-the-data)\n  - [**Step 3. Generate the prediction results**](#step-3-generate-the-prediction-results)\n  - [**Prediction for retrieval based methods**](#prediction-for-retrieval-based-methods)\n- [📊 **Evaluation**](#-evaluation)\n  - [**Evaluation on Timeline reorder task**](#evaluation-on-timeline-reorder-task)\n- [💡 **Main result on short and long dependency tasks**](#-main-result-on-short-and-long-dependency-tasks)\n  - [**Performance of the short dependency tasks**](#performance-of-the-short-dependency-tasks)\n  - [**Performance of the long dependency tasks**](#performance-of-the-long-dependency-tasks)\n  - [**Impact of input length on long dependency tasks**](#impact-of-input-length-on-long-dependency-tasks)\n- [📝 **Citation**](#-citation)\n- [📣 **Contacts**](#-contacts)\n\n\n## 🚀 **Capability leaderboard**\nThe overall performance comparisons of different models on different tasks in our dataset are shown in the figure below.\n\n![](https://github.com/bigai-nlco/LooGLE/raw/main/assets/overview_performance.png)\n\n\n## 💁 **Quick Start**\n### **Step 1. Prerequisites**\nClone this repo and install the dependencies. The test environment is under torch 2.0.1+cu121.\n\n```bash\ncd LooGLE   \nconda create -n loogle python=3.9\nconda activate loogle\npip install -r requirements.txt\nexport OPENAI_API_KEY=\"[your_openai_api_key]\"\n```\n\n\n### **Step 2. Download the data** \nYou can download and load the **LooGLE** data through the Hugging Face datasets ([🤗 HF Repo](https://huggingface.co/datasets/bigainlco/LooGLE)):\n\n```python\nfrom datasets import load_dataset\n\ndatasets = [\"shortdep_qa\", \"shortdep_cloze\", \"longdep_qa\", \"longdep_summarization\"]\n\nfor testset in datasets:\n    data = load_dataset('bigainlco/LooGLE', testset, split='test')\n    # evaluate your model\n```\nYou can also access our sample data [LooGLE-testdata/](LooGLE-testdata/).\n\nAll data in **LooGLE** are standardized to the following format:\n```json\n{\n    \"input\": \"The original long input texts\",\n    \"title\": \"The title of the given document\",  //for arxiv paper, we use \"title\" to refer the identical ID for specific paper\n    \"qa_pairs\":[\n            {\n                \"Q\": \"Question to ask based on the given input\",\n                \"A\": \"Groundtruth answer for the question\",\n                \"S\": [ \"One or more evidence (complete sentences) for answering the question, which are extracted directly from the original input\"\n                ]\n            },  \n        ]        // There are multiple questions and corresponding answers in the list (each of them is in json format)\n                 // For arxiv paper summarization, we use \"none\" instead for non-qa/non-cloze tasks\n    \"output\": \"none\"   // the predicted outputs of LLM given the long input and instructions, which is initialized as \"none\"\n```\nTo mention that, in long dependency QA data, we add an extra key `type` for each question in json to indicate the 4 types of long dependency tasks(apart from summarization).\n\n\n### **Step 3. Generate the prediction results**\nWe test LLMs using 3 python codes under the path [Prediction/](Prediction/) for corresponding types of models. We select the model for evaluation via `--model_name` and the specific task via `--task`. Let's take short dependency QA as an example:\n\nFor GPT-3.5-turbo and GPT4:\n```\npython Prediction/pred_gpt_models.py  --model_name gpt-3.5-turbo-16k --task shortdep_qa --max_length 500\n```\n\nFor LlamaIndex:\n```\npython Prediction/pred_llamaindex.py --task shortdep_qa --max_length 500\n```\n\nFor other open-source models (take chatglm2-6b-32k as an example):\n```\npython Prediction/pred_opensource_models.py  --model_name chatglm2-6b-32k --task shortdep_qa --max_length 500\n```\n\nOpen-source models can be download and loaded from [Models/](Models/) by default, you can change the path via `--model_path`\n\nYou can also determine the long texts output result through `--output_path`.  \n\nPlease note that in `config/`, we provide the prompt format suitable for each task and the maximum generation length. The input parameter `--max_length` limits the max length of input prompt for selcted model. Feel free to modify them to better suit the model you want to evaluate. \n\nWe test all the open-source baselines with a single 80G A800 GPU in BF16 precision. For Llama-2 based models, we recommend using [Flash Attention](https://github.com/Dao-AILab/flash-attention) for optimization and saving GPU memory.\n\n\n### **Prediction for retrieval based methods**\n\nTo evaluate the effectiveness of retrieval techniques for long-context dependency questions, we undertook an extensive experiments by replacing the base LLM model in LlamaIndex with different baseline LLMs. \n\nFor retrieval based methods (take chatglm2-6b-32k as an example):\n```\npython Retrieval/pred_retrieval_based_method.py --model_name chatglm2-6b-32k --task shortdep_qa --max_length 500 --emb_model_name sentence-transformers/all-mpnet-base-v2\n```\nUse `--emb_model_name` to set embedding models for retrieval based methods. Here we used all-mpnet-base-v2 as default.\n\n\n## 📊 **Evaluation**\n\nGiven the prediction file generated in Step 2, we run the evaluation code in [Evaluation/](Evaluation/).\n\nFor automatic evaluation in short and long dependency QA, summarization task  (eg. short dependency QA):\n\n```\npython Evaluation/automatic_eval.py --model_name chatglm2-6b-32k --task shortdep_qa --eval_metric automatic_sim\n```\n\nFor automatic evaluation in cloze task:\n\n```\npython Evaluation/automatic_eval.py --model_name chatglm2-6b-32k --task shortdshortdep_cloze --eval_metric automatic_match\n```\n\nFor  LLM-as-judge in short and long dependency QA, summarization task (eg. short dependency QA):\n\n```\npython Evaluation/llm_eval.py --model_name chatglm2-6b-32k --task shortdep_qa\n```\n\nBesides the parameters specifying the `--model_name` and `--task`, we provide `--eval_metric` for users to choose the method for automic evaluation from [`automatic_sim`, `automatic_match`]. \n\nAutomatic metrics based on semantic similarity matching including Bleu, Rouge, Meteor, Bertscore and exact/partial match are supported. Feel free to add other metrics for your needs in  [Evaluation/automatic_metrics.py](Evaluation/automatic_metrics.py). Besides, the prompt of GPT4 given in the repo can be altered for further evaluation.\n\n\n### **Evaluation on Timeline reorder task**\n We provide four metrics: LSD (location square deviation), LMD (location mean deviation), SD\n(swap deviation), and SDD (swap distance deviation) to measure the similarity of numeric sequences for time reorder task with regularized outputs. Details of the implementations can be seen in our paper.\n\nFor LLM in long dependency timeline reorder task:\n```\npython Reorder/automatic_eval.py --model_name chatglm2-6b-32k\n```\n\n\n## 💡 **Main result on short and long dependency tasks**\n\n### **Performance of the short dependency tasks**\n\n<table class=\"tg\">\n<thead>\n  <tr>\n    <th class=\"tg-0lax\" rowspan=\"2\">Models </th>\n    <th class=\"tg-0lax\" rowspan=\"2\">Context </th>\n    <th class=\"tg-0lax\" colspan=\"8\">Short dependency QA</th>\n    <th class=\"tg-0lax\" colspan=\"2\">Cloze</th>\n  </tr>\n  <tr>\n    <th class=\"tg-0lax\">Bleu1</th>\n    <th class=\"tg-0lax\"> Bleu4 </th>\n    <th class=\"tg-0lax\">Rouge1 </th>\n    <th class=\"tg-0lax\">Rouge4 </th>\n    <th class=\"tg-0lax\">RougeL </th>\n    <th class=\"tg-0lax\">Meteor score </th>\n    <th class=\"tg-0lax\">Bert score </th>\n    <th class=\"tg-0lax\">GPT4 score </th>\n    <th class=\"tg-0lax\">Exact Match </th>\n    <th class=\"tg-0lax\">Partial Match</th>\n  </tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n  <tr>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">GPT4-32k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">32k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">24.61</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">11.14</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">61.80</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">50.73</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">60.75</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">32.94</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">78.72</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>71.52</b></td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>70.50</b></td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>80.81</b></td>\n  </tr>\n  <tr>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">GPT4-8k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">8K</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">27.35</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">14.38</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>67.59</b></td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>56.01</b></td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>65.77</b></td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>38.56</b></td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>87.93</b></td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">53.99</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">66.03</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">76.62</td>\n  </tr>\n  <tr>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">GPT3.5-turbo-16k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">16K</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">22.67</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">9.62</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">62.56</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">48.63</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">60.66</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">32.58</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">87.04</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">66.82</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">54.64</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">63.42</td>\n  </tr>\n  <tr>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">LlamaIndex</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">-</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>33.37</b></td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>21.43</b></td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">58.82</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">42.93</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">57.08</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">37.17</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">86.58</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">59.61</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">58.95</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">66.86</td>\n  </tr>\n  <tr>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">ChatGLM2-6B</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">32k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">14.29</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">6.07</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">20.50</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">13.16</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">20.36</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">13.08</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">87.28</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">23.65</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.05</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.98</td>\n  </tr>\n  <tr>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">LongLLaMa-3B</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">256k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">1.37</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.26</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">26.97</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">11.02</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">26.10</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">11.34</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">71.65</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">13.75</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">-</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">2.13</td>\n  </tr>\n  <tr>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">RWKV-4-14B-pile</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">8k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.80</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.04</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">21.70</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">6.39</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">20.64</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">9.41</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">70.42</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">8.93</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">-</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">-</td>\n  </tr>\n  <tr>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">LLaMA2-7B-32K</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">32k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.18</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">7.25*e-308</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">1.86</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.00</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">1.86</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">1.52</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">61.53</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">3.18</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">-</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.58</td>\n  </tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<br>\n\n### **Performance of the long dependency tasks**\n\n<table class=\"tg\">\n<thead>\n  <tr>\n    <th class=\"tg-0lax\">Models </th>\n    <th class=\"tg-0lax\">Context </th>\n    <th class=\"tg-0lax\">Bleu1</th>\n    <th class=\"tg-0lax\"> Bleu4 </th>\n    <th class=\"tg-0lax\">Rouge1 </th>\n    <th class=\"tg-0lax\">Rouge4 </th>\n    <th class=\"tg-0lax\">RougeL </th>\n    <th class=\"tg-0lax\">Meteor score </th>\n    <th class=\"tg-0lax\">Bert score </th>\n    <th class=\"tg-0lax\">GPT4 score </th>\n  </tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n  <tr>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\" colspan=\"10\">arXiv paper summarization</td>\n  </tr>\n  <tr>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">GPT4-32k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">32k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">24.50</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.73</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">27.15</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">7.10</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">24.25</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">19.03</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">84.04</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">82.84</td>\n  </tr>\n  <tr>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">GPT4-8k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">8k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>29.02</b></td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>2.09</b></td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>32.08</b></td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>11.11</b></td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">28.85</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>22.64</b></td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>84.92</b></td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">85.42</td>\n  </tr>\n  <tr>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">GPT3.5-turbo-16k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">16k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">28.70</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">1.59</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">32.04</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">10.69</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>28.89</b></td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">22.34</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">84.82</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>86.84</b></td>\n  </tr>\n  <tr>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">LlamaIndex</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">-</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">22.53</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.63</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">26.28</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">6.97</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">23.73</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">21.07</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">83.09</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">76.35</td>\n  </tr>\n  <tr>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">ChatGLM2-6B</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">32k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.04</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">1.60e-310</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">5.97</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">8.43E-05</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">5.82</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">6.40</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">73.25</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">13.23</td>\n  </tr>\n  <tr>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">LongLLaMa-3B</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">256k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">4.24</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">9.32e-309</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">4.10</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.52</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">3.86</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">3.82</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">73.41</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">12.28</td>\n  </tr>\n  <tr>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">RWKV-4-14B-pile</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">8k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">6.28</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">4.58E-05</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">6.45</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.74</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">6.01</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">6.00</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">75.28</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">7.02</td>\n  </tr>\n  <tr>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">LLaMA2-7B-32K</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">32k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.03</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">4.66e-310</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.12</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.00</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.12</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.67</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">71.21</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">7.60</td>\n  </tr>\n  <tr>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\" colspan=\"10\">Long dependency QA</td>\n  </tr>\n  <tr>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">GPT4-32k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">32k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">8.55</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">1.40</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>25.59</b></td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">6.36</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>24.04</b></td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>11.13</b></td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">80.16</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>54.09</b></td>\n  </tr>\n  <tr>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">GPT4-8k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">8k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>8.94</b></td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">1.01</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">23.45</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">6.57</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">21.69</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">10.18</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">85.36</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">42.12</td>\n  </tr>\n  <tr>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">GPT3.5-turbo-16k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">16k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">6.92</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>1.81</b></td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">25.02</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">6.68</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">23.63</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">10.40</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">83.79</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">45.04</td>\n  </tr>\n  <tr>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">LlamaIndex</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">-</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">7.76</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">1.24</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">23.62</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>7.10</b></td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">22.30</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">10.47</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">83.87</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">37.63</td>\n  </tr>\n  <tr>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">ChatGLM2-6B</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">32k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">5.55</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.11</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">9.41</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">1.93</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">8.69</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">4.39</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>85.78</b></td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">11.50</td>\n  </tr>\n  <tr>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">LongLLaMa-3B</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">256k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">1.04</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">3.12E-307</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">2.96</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.03</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">2.71</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">1.66</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">78.60</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">6.48</td>\n  </tr>\n  <tr>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">RWKV-4-14B-pile</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">8k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.71</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">9.52E-307</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">18.54</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">1.55</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">17.69</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">3.45</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">71.36</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">5.33</td>\n  </tr>\n  <tr>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">LLaMA2-7B-32K</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">32k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.08</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">2.44E-308</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">2.05</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.00</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">2.05</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.46</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">50.28</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">4.18</td>\n  </tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n\n<br>\n\n### **Impact of input length on long dependency tasks**\n\n<table class=\"tg\">\n<thead>\n  <tr>\n    <th class=\"tg-0lax\">Models </th>\n    <th class=\"tg-0lax\">Context </th>\n    <th class=\"tg-0lax\">Bleu1</th>\n    <th class=\"tg-0lax\"> Bleu4 </th>\n    <th class=\"tg-0lax\">Rouge1 </th>\n    <th class=\"tg-0lax\">Rouge4 </th>\n    <th class=\"tg-0lax\">RougeL </th>\n    <th class=\"tg-0lax\">Meteor score </th>\n    <th class=\"tg-0lax\">Bert score </th>\n    <th class=\"tg-0lax\">GPT4 score </th>\n  </tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n  <tr>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\" colspan=\"10\">arXiv paper summarization</td>\n  </tr>\n  <tr>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">GPT4-32k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">32k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">24.50</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.73</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">27.15</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">7.10</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">24.25</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">19.03</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">84.04</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">82.84</td>\n  </tr>\n  <tr>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">GPT4-32k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">24k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">25.57</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.81</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">27.61</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">7.53</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">24.73</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">19.86</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">84.07</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">83.15</td>\n  </tr>\n  <tr>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">GPT4-32k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">16k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">24.8</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">0.70</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">27.29</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">7.26</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">24.28</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">19.12</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">84.11</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">82.82</td>\n  </tr>\n  <tr>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">GPT4-32k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">8k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">26.26</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>9.35</b></td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">27.83</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">7.67</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">24.74</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">20.08</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">84.10</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">82.75</td>\n  </tr>\n  <tr>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">GPT4-8k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">8k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>29.02</b></td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">2.09</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>32.08</b></td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>11.11</b></td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>28.85</b></td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>22.64</b></td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>84.92</b></td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>85.42</b></td>\n  </tr>\n  <tr>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\" colspan=\"10\">Long dependency QA</td>\n  </tr>\n  <tr>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">GPT4-32k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">32k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">7.64</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">1.24</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">15.53</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">4.46</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">14.60</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">11.12</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">86.07</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>54.65</b></td>\n  </tr>\n  <tr>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">GPT4-32k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">24k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">8.23</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">1.66</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">14.92</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">4.12</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">13.90</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">10.60</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">86.16</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">50.61</td>\n  </tr>\n  <tr>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">GPT4-32k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">16k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">8.57</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">1.35</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">16.21</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">4.30</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">14.90</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>11.91</b></td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>86.36</b></td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">47.55</td>\n  </tr>\n  <tr>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">GPT4-32k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">8k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">7.46</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>1.77</b></td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">13.75</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">5.08</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">12.89</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">10.01</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">85.77</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">38.34</td>\n  </tr>\n  <tr>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">GPT4-8k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">8k</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>8.94</b></td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">1.01</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>23.45</b></td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>6.57</b></td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\"><b>21.69</b></td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">10.18</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">85.36</td>\n    <td class=\"tg-0lax\">42.12</td>\n  </tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n\n<!-- ## 📝 **Tools**\nHere is an example for our annotation websit for long dependency QA task.\n<br> -->\n\n## 📝 **Citation**\nIf you would like to use our data or find our work interesting, please cite:\n```bibtex\n@article{li2023loogle,\n  title={LooGLE: Can Long-Context Language Models Understand Long Contexts?},\n  author={Li, Jiaqi and Wang, Mengmeng and Zheng, Zilong and Zhang, Muhan},\n  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2311.04939},\n  year={2023}\n}\n```\n\n## 📣 **Contacts**\n\nWe sincerely appreciate human annotators for their valuable contributions on creating high-quality long-dependency QA tasks.\nWe are very pleased to answer any questions about LooGLE: [nlp@bigai.ai](mailto:nlp@bigai.ai)\n"
  },
  {
    "path": "requirements.txt",
    "content": "datasets==2.14.4\nflash-attn==2.0.8\nGPUtil==1.4.0\nhuggingface-hub==0.15.1\nlangchain==0.0.300\nllama-index==0.8.29.post1\nnumpy==1.24.2\nopenai==0.27.2\nrouge-score==0.1.2\ntiktoken==0.5.1\ntokenizers==0.13.3\ntqdm==4.65.0\ntransformers==4.30.0\nnltk==3.8.1\nsentence-transformers==2.2.2\nprotobuf==3.20.0"
  }
]