Repository: flashcards/flashcards.github.io
Branch: master
Commit: 0b565d79b88a
Files: 56
Total size: 592.0 KB
Directory structure:
gitextract_o5c_h_av/
├── .github/
│ └── workflows/
│ └── gitbook-build.yml
├── .gitignore
├── .node-version
├── CONTRIBUTING.md
├── LICENSE
├── LICENSE.md
├── README.md
├── SUMMARY.md
├── book.json
├── command_line/
│ ├── README.md
│ ├── index.html
│ ├── introduction.html
│ └── introduction.md
├── gitbook/
│ ├── fonts/
│ │ └── fontawesome/
│ │ └── FontAwesome.otf
│ ├── gitbook-plugin-advanced-emoji/
│ │ ├── LICENSE-IMAGES.md
│ │ ├── LICENSE.md
│ │ ├── emoji-book.css
│ │ └── emoji-website.css
│ ├── gitbook-plugin-copy-code-button/
│ │ └── toggle.js
│ ├── gitbook-plugin-edit-link/
│ │ └── plugin.js
│ ├── gitbook-plugin-fontsettings/
│ │ ├── fontsettings.js
│ │ └── website.css
│ ├── gitbook-plugin-ga/
│ │ └── plugin.js
│ ├── gitbook-plugin-github/
│ │ └── plugin.js
│ ├── gitbook-plugin-github-buttons/
│ │ └── plugin.js
│ ├── gitbook-plugin-highlight/
│ │ ├── ebook.css
│ │ └── website.css
│ ├── gitbook-plugin-lunr/
│ │ └── search-lunr.js
│ ├── gitbook-plugin-prism/
│ │ ├── prism-coy.css
│ │ ├── prism-dark.css
│ │ ├── prism-funky.css
│ │ ├── prism-okaidia.css
│ │ ├── prism-solarizedlight.css
│ │ ├── prism-tomorrow.css
│ │ ├── prism-twilight.css
│ │ └── prism.css
│ ├── gitbook-plugin-search/
│ │ ├── search-engine.js
│ │ ├── search.css
│ │ └── search.js
│ ├── gitbook-plugin-sharing/
│ │ └── buttons.js
│ ├── gitbook.js
│ ├── style.css
│ └── theme.js
├── graphql/
│ ├── README.md
│ ├── index.html
│ ├── introduction.html
│ └── introduction.md
├── index.html
├── package.json
├── search_index.json
├── sql/
│ ├── README.md
│ ├── index.html
│ ├── introduction.html
│ └── introduction.md
├── styles/
│ └── website.css
└── wallaby.js
================================================
FILE CONTENTS
================================================
================================================
FILE: .github/workflows/gitbook-build.yml
================================================
name: Build GitBook
on:
push:
branches:
- master
paths:
- '**/*.md'
- 'book.json'
- 'SUMMARY.md'
- 'package.json'
- 'package-lock.json'
workflow_dispatch:
permissions:
contents: write
jobs:
build-and-commit:
if: github.actor != 'github-actions[bot]'
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- name: Checkout
uses: actions/checkout@v4
with:
fetch-depth: 0
- name: Setup Node.js
uses: actions/setup-node@v4
with:
node-version-file: '.node-version'
- name: Install dependencies and GitBook plugins
run: |
npm install
npm install -g gitbook-cli
gitbook install
- name: Build GitBook
run: |
gitbook build
cp -R _book/* .
git clean -fx _book
- name: Commit generated site files
run: |
git config user.name "github-actions[bot]"
git config user.email "41898282+github-actions[bot]@users.noreply.github.com"
if [ -n "$(git status --porcelain)" ]; then
git add -A
git commit -m "chore: regenerate GitBook output"
git push
else
echo "No generated changes to commit"
fi
================================================
FILE: .gitignore
================================================
_book
node_modules
.idea
npm-debug.log
CNAME
================================================
FILE: .node-version
================================================
12.16.0
================================================
FILE: CONTRIBUTING.md
================================================
# Contributing
The [flashcards.github.io](https://flashcards.github.io/) community is possible thanks to kind volunteers like you. We welcome any and all contributions to the community and are excited to welcome you aboard.
If you've noticed a mistake or have a new deck, [open a pull request](https://github.com/flashcards/flashcards.github.io/issues/new) or start a [discussion](https://github.com/flashcards/flashcards.github.io/discussions/categories/new-topic-requests)!
## Steps to contributing to this GitBook:
1. Clone the [repository here](https://github.com/flashcards/flashcards.github.io).
2. Install the [GitBook CLI](https://github.com/GitbookIO/gitbook-cli).
3. Run `npm install` via the [command line](https://github.com/flashcards/flashcards.github.io?tab=readme-ov-file#command-line).
4. Run `gitbook build` via the command line.
5. Run `cp -R _book/* .` via the command line.
6. Run `git clean -fx _book` via the command line.
7. Commit your changes and [open a PR](https://github.com/flashcards/flashcards.github.io/issues/new).
================================================
FILE: LICENSE
================================================
The MIT License (MIT)
Copyright (c) 2016 learn-rxjs
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
SOFTWARE.
================================================
FILE: LICENSE.md
================================================
MIT License
Copyright (c) 2020 Flashcards
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
SOFTWARE.
================================================
FILE: README.md
================================================
# Flashcards for Developers | flashcards.github.io
A community-based collection of developer flashcards to boost your professional skills.
## Topics
### Algorithms
- [Recursion](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/fscj-22-algorithms/modules/wdcp-22-recursion-d930f071-374e-444b-b8d1-f6229c2c3735/cheatsheet)
- [Asymptotic Notation](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/fscj-22-algorithms/modules/wdcp-22-asymptotic-notation-955d9102-9539-4c54-a9ba-855b94dc9a17/cheatsheet)
- [Bubble Sort](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/fscj-22-algorithms/modules/wdcp-22-bubble-sort-d5360ece-398e-41ba-9747-92907fee92e0/cheatsheet)
- [Merge Sort](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/fscj-22-algorithms/modules/wdcp-22-merge-sort-8c032673-eb72-45a9-9ec9-99db73aa5f8d/cheatsheet)
- [Quicksort](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/fscj-22-algorithms/modules/wdcp-22-quicksort-36491b24-c957-4536-9d1e-5651678a0d19/cheatsheet)
### AWS FAQs
- [CloudFront](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://aws.amazon.com/cloudfront/faqs/)
- [DynamoDB](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://aws.amazon.com/dynamodb/faqs/)
- [EC2](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://aws.amazon.com/ec2/faqs/)
- [Lambda](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://aws.amazon.com/lambda/faqs/)
- [RDS](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://aws.amazon.com/rds/faqs/)
- [Redshift](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://aws.amazon.com/redshift/faqs/)
- [SageMaker](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://aws.amazon.com/sagemaker/faqs/)
- [S3](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://aws.amazon.com/s3/faqs/)
### [Bash Shortcuts](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://kapeli.com/cheat_sheets/Bash_Shortcuts.docset/Contents/Resources/Documents/index)
### Command Line
- [Navigating the File System](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/seds-learn-the-command-line/modules/seds-learn-the-command-line-navigation/cheatsheet)
- [Viewing and Changing the File System](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/seds-learn-the-command-line/modules/seds-learn-the-command-line-manipulation/cheatsheet)
- [Redirecting Input and Output](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/seds-learn-the-command-line/modules/seds-learn-the-command-line-redirection/cheatsheet)
- [Configuring the Environment](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/seds-learn-the-command-line/modules/seds-learn-the-command-line-environment/cheatsheet)
### CSS
- [Syntax and Selectors](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-css/modules/syntax-and-selectors/cheatsheet)
- [Visual Rules](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-css/modules/learn-css-selectors-visual-rules/cheatsheet)
- [The Box Model](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-css/modules/learn-css-box-model/cheatsheet)
- [Display and Positioning](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-css/modules/learn-css-display-positioning/cheatsheet)
- [Colors](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-css/modules/learn-css-colors/cheatsheet)
- [Typography](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-css/modules/learn-css-typography/cheatsheet)
- [Layout with Flexbox](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-intermediate-css/modules/layout-with-flexbox/cheatsheet)
- [Grid](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-intermediate-css/modules/learn-css-grid/cheatsheet)
- [CSS - Transitions](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-intermediate-css/modules/css-transitions/cheatsheet)
- [Learn Responsive Design](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-intermediate-css/modules/learn-responsive-design-module/cheatsheet)
### [Dockerfile](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://kapeli.com/cheat_sheets/Dockerfile.docset/Contents/Resources/Documents/index)
### [Git](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://kapeli.com/cheat_sheets/Git.docset/Contents/Resources/Documents/index)
### HTML
- [Elements and Structure](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-html/modules/learn-html-elements/cheatsheet)
- [Tables](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-html/modules/learn-html-tables/cheatsheet)
- [Forms](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-html/modules/learn-html-forms/cheatsheet)
- [Semantic HTML](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-html/modules/learn-semantic-html/cheatsheet)
### [HTTP Status Codes](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://kapeli.com/cheat_sheets/HTTP_Status_Codes.docset/Contents/Resources/Documents/index)
### Node.js
- [Introduction to Node.js](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-node-js/modules/intro-to-node-js/cheatsheet)
- [Node.js Essentials](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-node-js/modules/node-js-essentials/cheatsheet)
- [Setting up a Server with HTTP](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-node-js/modules/setting-up-a-server-with-http/cheatsheet)
### Python
- [Basics](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-python-3/modules/learn-python3-hello-world/cheatsheet)
- [Control Flow](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-python-3/modules/learn-python3-control-flow/cheatsheet)
- [Control Flows Extended](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-python-3/modules/cspath-code-challenges/cheatsheet)
- [Lists](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-python-3/modules/learn-python3-lists/cheatsheet)
- [Loops](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-python-3/modules/learn-python3-loops/cheatsheet)
- [Functions](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-python-3/modules/learn-python3-functions/cheatsheet)
- [Strings](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-python-3/modules/learn-python3-strings/cheatsheet)
- [Modules](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-python-3/modules/learn-python3-modules/cheatsheet)
- [Dictionaries](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-python-3/modules/learn-python3-dictionaries/cheatsheet)
- [Files](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-python-3/modules/learn-python3-files/cheatsheet)
- [Classes](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-python-3/modules/learn-python3-classes/cheatsheet)
- [Function Arguments](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-intermediate-python-3/modules/int-python-function-arguments/cheatsheet)
- [Logging](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-advanced-python/modules/logging/cheatsheet)
- [Functional Programming](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-advanced-python/modules/functional-programming/cheatsheet)
- [Database Operations](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-advanced-python/modules/functional-programming/cheatsheet)
- [Concurrent Programming](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-advanced-python/modules/concurrent-programming/cheatsheet)
### React
- [React Terminology](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://legacy.reactjs.org/docs/glossary.html)
- [Redux Terminology](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://redux.js.org/understanding/thinking-in-redux/glossary)
- [JSX](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-react-introduction/modules/react-101-jsx-u/cheatsheet)
- [React Components](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-react-introduction/modules/learn-react-components/cheatsheet)
- [Components Interacting](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-react-introduction/modules/react-components-interacting/cheatsheet)
- [Components and Props](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/fscp-react-part-ii/modules/fecp-components-and-props/cheatsheet)
- [React Programming Patterns](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-react-state-management/modules/learn-react-stateless-inherit-stateful/cheatsheet)
- [Hooks](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-react-hooks/modules/learn-react-hooks/cheatsheet)
- [Lifecycle Methods](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-react-lifecycle-methods/modules/learn-react-lifecycle-methods/cheatsheet)
- [React Styles](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-react-additional-basics/modules/react-styles/cheatsheet)
- [Advanced React: Custom Hooks](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-advanced-react/modules/advanced-react-custom-hooks/cheatsheet)
- [Advanced React: Context](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-advanced-react/modules/advanced-react-context/cheatsheet)
### Ruby
- [Introduction to Ruby](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-ruby/modules/learn-ruby-introduction-to-ruby-u/cheatsheet)
- [Control Flow in Ruby](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-ruby/modules/learn-ruby-control-flow-in-ruby-u/cheatsheet)
- [Looping with Ruby](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-ruby/modules/learn-ruby-looping-with-ruby-u/cheatsheet)
- [Arrays and Hashes](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-ruby/modules/learn-ruby-arrays-and-hashes-u/cheatsheet)
- [Blocks and Sorting](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-ruby/modules/learn-ruby-blocks-and-sorting-u/cheatsheet)
- [Hashes and Symbols](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-ruby/modules/learn-ruby-hashes-and-symbols-u/cheatsheet)
- [Refactoring](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-ruby/modules/learn-ruby-refactoring-u/cheatsheet)
- [Blocks, Procs, and Lambdas](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-ruby/modules/learn-ruby-blocks-procs-and-lambdas-u/cheatsheet)
- [Object-Oriented Programming, Part I](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-ruby/modules/learn-ruby-object-oriented-programming-part-i-u/cheatsheet)
- [Object-Oriented Programming, Part II](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-ruby/modules/learn-ruby-object-oriented-programming-part-ii-u/cheatsheet)
### SQL
- [Manipulation](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-sql/modules/learn-sql-manipulation/cheatsheet)
- [Queries](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-sql/modules/learn-sql-queries/cheatsheet)
- [Aggregate Functions](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-sql/modules/learn-sql-aggregate-functions/cheatsheet)
- [Multiple Tables](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-sql/modules/learn-sql-multiple-tables/cheatsheet)
- [SQLite](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://kapeli.com/cheat_sheets/SQLite.docset/Contents/Resources/Documents/index)
- [YAML](https://flashcards.io/app/?url=https://kapeli.com/cheat_sheets/YAML.docset/Contents/Resources/Documents/index)
## Contributing
The [flashcards.github.io](https://flashcards.github.io/) community is possible thanks to kind volunteers like you. We welcome any and all contributions to the community and are excited to welcome you aboard.
If you've noticed a mistake or have a new deck, [open a pull request](https://github.com/flashcards/flashcards.github.io/issues/new) or start a [discussion](https://github.com/flashcards/flashcards.github.io/discussions/categories/new-topic-requests)!
### Steps to contributing to this GitBook:
1. Clone the [repository here](https://github.com/flashcards/flashcards.github.io).
2. Install the [GitBook CLI](https://github.com/GitbookIO/gitbook-cli).
3. Run `npm install` via the [command line](https://github.com/flashcards/flashcards.github.io?tab=readme-ov-file#command-line).
4. Run `gitbook build` via the command line.
5. Run `cp -R _book/* .` via the command line.
6. Run `git clean -fx _book` via the command line.
7. Commit your changes and [open a PR](https://github.com/flashcards/flashcards.github.io/issues/new).
---
Created by [Zachary Lawson](https://zacharylawson.com/)
================================================
FILE: SUMMARY.md
================================================
# Table of contents
- [Introduction](README.md)
## flashcards.github.io
- [Command Line](command_line/README.md)
- [Introduction Flashcards](command_line/introduction.md)
- [GraphQL](graphql/README.md)
- [Introduction Flashcards](graphql/introduction.md)
- [SQL](sql/README.md)
- [Introduction Flashcards](sql/introduction.md)
================================================
FILE: book.json
================================================
{
"gitbook": "3.1.1",
"title": "Flashcards for Developers | flashcards.github.io",
"plugins": [
"include-codeblock",
"advanced-emoji",
"prism",
"highlight",
"copy-code-button",
"edit-link",
"github",
"github-buttons",
"ga",
"fontsettings"
],
"pluginsConfig": {
"edit-link": {
"base": "https://github.com/flashcards/flashcards.github.io/edit/master",
"label": "Edit This Page"
},
"github": {
"url": "https://github.com/flashcards/flashcards.github.io/"
},
"ga": {
"token": "UA-129080735-2"
},
"github-buttons": {
"buttons": [
{
"user": "flashcards",
"repo": "flashcards.github.io",
"type": "star",
"size": "small",
"count": true
},{
"user": "flashcards",
"repo": "flashcards.github.io",
"type": "watch",
"size": "small"
}
]
}
}
}
================================================
FILE: command_line/README.md
================================================
# Learn Command Line | Flashcards for Developers
Learn Command Line - a text interface for your computer. It’s a program that takes in commands, which it passes on to the computer’s operating system to run.
### Decks
- [Introduction](introduction.md)
================================================
FILE: command_line/index.html
================================================
Command Line · Flashcards for Developers | flashcards.github.io
Learn Command Line - a text interface for your computer. It’s a program that takes in commands, which it passes on to the computer’s operating system to run.
The command line is a text interface for your computer. It’s a program that takes in commands, which it passes on to the computer’s operating system to run.
pwd
pwd prints the name of the working directory
cd
cd takes a directory name as an argument, and switches into that directory
ls
ls lists all files and directories in the working directory
cp
cp copies files or directories. cp file1 file2 will copy file1 to file2
cd ..
To move up one directory, use cd ..
mkdir
mkdir takes in a directory name as an argument, and then creates a new directory in the current working directory.
mv
To move a file into a directory, use mv with the source file as the first argument and the destination directory as the second argument
cat
cat allows us to create single or multiple files, view contain of file, concatenate files and redirect output in terminal or files.
touch
touch creates a new file inside the working directory. It takes in a file name as an argument, and then creates a new empty file in the current working directory. Here we used touch to create a new file named keyboard.txt inside the 2014/dec/ directory.
grep
grep stands for “global regular expression print”. It searches files for lines that match a pattern and returns the results. It is case sensitive.
rm
rm deletes files
rm -r
rm -r removes a directory recursively
man
man command shows the manual for the specified command
chmod
chmod ugo file changes permissions of file to ugo - u is the user's permissions, g is the group's permissions, and o is everyone else's permissions. The values of u, g, and o can be any number between 0 and 7.
cat
cat command allows us to create single or multiple files, view contain of file, concatenate files and redirect output in terminal or files.
>>
>> takes the standard output of the command on the left and appends (adds) it to the file on the right. Example: cat glaciers.txt >> rivers.txt
<
< takes the standard input from the file on the right and inputs it into the program on the left. Example: cat < lakes.txt
|
| is a “pipe”. The | takes the standard output of the command on the left, and pipes it as standard input to the command on the right. You can think of this as “command to command” redirection. Example: cat volcanoes.txt | wc