Repository: microsandbox/rxtui
Branch: main
Commit: ddd15bea46e4
Files: 99
Total size: 1.1 MB

Directory structure:
gitextract_sx7sm9zf/

├── .gitignore
├── .pre-commit-config.yaml
├── API_REFERENCE.md
├── CONTRIBUTING.md
├── Cargo.toml
├── DEVELOPMENT.md
├── DOCS.md
├── IMPLEMENTATION.md
├── LICENSE
├── QUICK_REFERENCE.md
├── README.md
├── TUTORIAL.md
├── examples/
│   ├── README.md
│   ├── align.rs
│   ├── components.rs
│   ├── counter.rs
│   ├── demo.rs
│   ├── demo_pages/
│   │   ├── mod.rs
│   │   ├── page10_unicode.rs
│   │   ├── page11_content_sizing.rs
│   │   ├── page12_focus.rs
│   │   ├── page13_rich_text.rs
│   │   ├── page14_text_input.rs
│   │   ├── page15_scrollable.rs
│   │   ├── page16_text_alignment.rs
│   │   ├── page1_overflow.rs
│   │   ├── page2_direction.rs
│   │   ├── page3_percentages.rs
│   │   ├── page4_borders.rs
│   │   ├── page5_absolute.rs
│   │   ├── page6_text_styles.rs
│   │   ├── page7_auto_sizing.rs
│   │   ├── page8_text_wrap.rs
│   │   └── page9_element_wrap.rs
│   ├── form.rs
│   ├── gap.rs
│   ├── hover.rs
│   ├── inline.rs
│   ├── progressbar.rs
│   ├── rxtui.rs
│   ├── scroll.rs
│   ├── scroll_nested.rs
│   ├── shimmer_text.rs
│   ├── spinner.rs
│   ├── spinner_custom.rs
│   ├── stopwatch.rs
│   └── textinput.rs
├── plan.md
├── rxtui/
│   ├── Cargo.toml
│   ├── LICENSE
│   ├── README.md
│   ├── lib/
│   │   ├── app/
│   │   │   ├── config.rs
│   │   │   ├── context.rs
│   │   │   ├── core.rs
│   │   │   ├── events.rs
│   │   │   ├── inline.rs
│   │   │   ├── mod.rs
│   │   │   └── renderer.rs
│   │   ├── bounds.rs
│   │   ├── buffer.rs
│   │   ├── component.rs
│   │   ├── components/
│   │   │   ├── mod.rs
│   │   │   ├── shimmer_text.rs
│   │   │   ├── spinner.rs
│   │   │   └── text_input.rs
│   │   ├── diff.rs
│   │   ├── effect/
│   │   │   ├── mod.rs
│   │   │   ├── runtime.rs
│   │   │   └── types.rs
│   │   ├── key.rs
│   │   ├── lib.rs
│   │   ├── macros/
│   │   │   ├── internal.rs
│   │   │   ├── mod.rs
│   │   │   └── node.rs
│   │   ├── node/
│   │   │   ├── div.rs
│   │   │   ├── mod.rs
│   │   │   ├── rich_text.rs
│   │   │   └── text.rs
│   │   ├── prelude.rs
│   │   ├── providers.rs
│   │   ├── render_tree/
│   │   │   ├── mod.rs
│   │   │   ├── node.rs
│   │   │   ├── tests/
│   │   │   │   ├── layout_tests.rs
│   │   │   │   ├── mod.rs
│   │   │   │   ├── rich_text_tests.rs
│   │   │   │   ├── sizing_tests.rs
│   │   │   │   └── wrapping_tests.rs
│   │   │   └── tree.rs
│   │   ├── style.rs
│   │   ├── terminal.rs
│   │   ├── tests/
│   │   │   └── rich_text_tests.rs
│   │   ├── utils.rs
│   │   ├── vdom.rs
│   │   └── vnode.rs
│   └── tests/
│       └── macro_tests.rs
└── rxtui-macros/
    ├── Cargo.toml
    ├── LICENSE
    ├── README.md
    └── src/
        └── lib.rs

================================================
FILE CONTENTS
================================================

================================================
FILE: .gitignore
================================================
# Rust
target/**
**/*.rs.bk
Cargo.lock

# IDE
.idea/
.vscode/
*.swp
*.swo
*~

# OS
.DS_Store
Thumbs.db

# Environment
.env
.env.local
.env.test

# Build artifacts
dist/
build/

# Logs
*.log

# Testing
coverage/
*.lcov

# Temporary files
tmp/
temp/

ignore/


================================================
FILE: .pre-commit-config.yaml
================================================
repos:
  # Standard pre-commit hooks
  - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
    rev: v4.4.0
    hooks:
      - id: trailing-whitespace
      - id: end-of-file-fixer
      - id: check-yaml
      - id: check-added-large-files
      - id: check-merge-conflict
      - id: mixed-line-ending
        args: [--fix=lf]
      - id: no-commit-to-branch
        args: [--branch, main, --branch, master]

  # Rust-specific hooks
  - repo: local
    hooks:
      - id: cargo-fmt
        name: cargo fmt
        entry: cargo fmt --all --
        language: system
        types: [rust]
        pass_filenames: false
      - id: cargo-clippy
        name: cargo clippy
        entry: cargo clippy --all-targets --all-features -- -D warnings
        language: system
        types: [rust]
        pass_filenames: false


================================================
FILE: API_REFERENCE.md
================================================
# RxTUI API Reference

Complete API documentation for the RxTUI framework.

## Module Structure

```
rxtui
├── prelude          // Common imports
├── component        // Component trait and types
├── node             // UI node types
├── style            // Styling types
├── app              // Application core
├── components       // Built-in components
├── macros           // Macro exports
└── effect           // Async effects (feature-gated)
```

## Prelude

```rust
use rxtui::prelude::*;
```

Imports all commonly used types:
- Core: `App`, `Context`, `Component`, `Node`, `Action`
- State: `State`, `StateExt`, `Message`, `MessageExt`
- Style: `Color`, `Style`, `Direction`, `Spacing`, `Border`, `BorderStyle`, `BorderEdges`
- Key: `Key`, `KeyWithModifiers`
- Macros: `node!`, `#[component]`, `#[update]`, `#[view]`, `#[effect]`

## Core Types

### Component

```rust
pub trait Component: 'static {
    fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, msg: Box<dyn Message>, topic: Option<&str>) -> Action;
    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context) -> Node;
    fn effects(&self, ctx: &Context) -> Vec<Effect>;
    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any;
    fn as_any_mut(&mut self) -> &mut dyn Any;
}
```

Derive with:
```rust
#[derive(Component)]
struct MyComponent;
```

### Action

```rust
pub enum Action {
    Update(Box<dyn State>),              // Update component state
    UpdateTopic(String, Box<dyn State>), // Update topic state
    None,                                // No action
    Exit,                                // Exit application
}
```

Helper methods:
```rust
Action::update(state)        // Shorthand for Update
Action::update_topic(topic, state)  // Shorthand for UpdateTopic
Action::none()               // Shorthand for None
Action::exit()               // Shorthand for Exit
```

### Context

```rust
impl Context {
    // Message handling
    pub fn handler<M: Message>(&self, msg: M) -> Box<dyn Fn()>;
    pub fn handler_with_value<F, M>(&self, f: F) -> Box<dyn Fn(T)>
        where F: Fn(T) -> M, M: Message;

    // State management
    pub fn get_state<S: State>(&self) -> S;
    pub fn get_state_or<S: State>(&self, default: S) -> S;

    // Topic messaging
    pub fn send_to_topic<M: Message>(&self, topic: &str, msg: M);
    pub fn read_topic<S: State>(&self, topic: &str) -> Option<S>;

    // Direct messaging
    pub fn send<M: Message>(&self, msg: M);
}
```

### Message

```rust
pub trait Message: Any + Send + Sync + 'static {
    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any;
    fn clone_box(&self) -> Box<dyn Message>;
}
```

Auto-implemented for types that are `Clone + Send + Sync + 'static`.

### State

```rust
pub trait State: Any + Send + Sync + 'static {
    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any;
    fn as_any_mut(&mut self) -> &mut dyn Any;
    fn clone_box(&self) -> Box<dyn State>;
}
```

Auto-implemented for types that are `Clone + Send + Sync + 'static`.

## Node Types

### Node

```rust
pub enum Node {
    Component(Arc<dyn Component>),
    Div(Div),
    Text(Text),
    RichText(RichText),
}
```

### Div

```rust
impl Div {
    pub fn new() -> Self;

    // Layout
    pub fn direction(self, dir: Direction) -> Self;
    pub fn gap(self, gap: u16) -> Self;
    pub fn wrap(self, mode: WrapMode) -> Self;

    // Alignment
    pub fn justify_content(self, justify: JustifyContent) -> Self;
    pub fn align_items(self, align: AlignItems) -> Self;
    pub fn align_self(self, align: AlignSelf) -> Self;

    // Sizing
    pub fn width(self, w: u16) -> Self;
    pub fn width_fraction(self, frac: f32) -> Self;
    pub fn width_auto(self) -> Self;
    pub fn width_content(self) -> Self;
    pub fn height(self, h: u16) -> Self;
    pub fn height_fraction(self, frac: f32) -> Self;
    pub fn height_auto(self) -> Self;
    pub fn height_content(self) -> Self;

    // Styling
    pub fn background(self, color: Color) -> Self;
    pub fn padding(self, spacing: Spacing) -> Self;
    pub fn style(self, style: Style) -> Self;

    // Borders
    pub fn border_color(self, color: Color) -> Self;
    pub fn border_style_with_color(self, style: BorderStyle, color: Color) -> Self;
    pub fn border_edges(self, edges: BorderEdges) -> Self;
    pub fn border_full(self, style: BorderStyle, color: Color, edges: BorderEdges) -> Self;

    // Positioning
    pub fn position(self, pos: Position) -> Self;
    pub fn top(self, offset: i16) -> Self;
    pub fn right(self, offset: i16) -> Self;
    pub fn bottom(self, offset: i16) -> Self;
    pub fn left(self, offset: i16) -> Self;
    pub fn z_index(self, z: i32) -> Self;

    // Scrolling
    pub fn overflow(self, overflow: Overflow) -> Self;
    pub fn show_scrollbar(self, show: bool) -> Self;

    // Focus
    pub fn focusable(self, focusable: bool) -> Self;
    pub fn focus_style(self, style: Style) -> Self;

    // Events
    pub fn on_click(self, handler: impl Fn()) -> Self;
    pub fn on_key(self, key: Key, handler: impl Fn()) -> Self;
    pub fn on_key_global(self, key: Key, handler: impl Fn()) -> Self;
    pub fn on_char(self, ch: char, handler: impl Fn()) -> Self;
    pub fn on_char_global(self, ch: char, handler: impl Fn()) -> Self;
    pub fn on_any_char(self, handler: impl Fn(char)) -> Self;
    pub fn on_focus(self, handler: impl Fn()) -> Self;
    pub fn on_blur(self, handler: impl Fn()) -> Self;

    // Children
    pub fn children(self, children: Vec<Node>) -> Self;
    pub fn child(self, child: Node) -> Self;
}
```

### Text

```rust
impl Text {
    pub fn new(content: impl Into<String>) -> Self;

    // Styling
    pub fn color(self, color: Color) -> Self;
    pub fn background(self, color: Color) -> Self;
    pub fn bold(self) -> Self;
    pub fn italic(self) -> Self;
    pub fn underline(self) -> Self;
    pub fn strikethrough(self) -> Self;
    pub fn style(self, style: TextStyle) -> Self;

    // Wrapping
    pub fn wrap(self, mode: TextWrap) -> Self;

    // Alignment
    pub fn align(self, align: TextAlign) -> Self;
}
```

### RichText

```rust
impl RichText {
    pub fn new() -> Self;

    // Add spans
    pub fn text(self, content: impl Into<String>) -> Self;
    pub fn styled(self, content: impl Into<String>, style: TextStyle) -> Self;
    pub fn colored(self, content: impl Into<String>, color: Color) -> Self;
    pub fn bold(self, content: impl Into<String>) -> Self;
    pub fn italic(self, content: impl Into<String>) -> Self;

    // Apply to all spans
    pub fn color(self, color: Color) -> Self;
    pub fn background(self, color: Color) -> Self;
    pub fn bold_all(self) -> Self;
    pub fn italic_all(self) -> Self;

    // Wrapping
    pub fn wrap(self, mode: TextWrap) -> Self;

    // Alignment
    pub fn align(self, align: TextAlign) -> Self;

    // Cursor support
    pub fn with_cursor(content: &str, position: usize, style: TextStyle) -> Self;
}
```

## Style Types

### Color

```rust
pub enum Color {
    // Basic colors
    Black, Red, Green, Yellow, Blue, Magenta, Cyan, White,

    // Bright colors
    BrightBlack, BrightRed, BrightGreen, BrightYellow,
    BrightBlue, BrightMagenta, BrightCyan, BrightWhite,

    // RGB
    Rgb(u8, u8, u8),
}

impl Color {
    pub fn from_hex(hex: &str) -> Result<Self, ParseError>;
}
```

### Style

```rust
pub struct Style {
    pub background: Option<Color>,
    pub direction: Option<Direction>,
    pub padding: Option<Spacing>,
    pub width: Option<Dimension>,
    pub height: Option<Dimension>,
    pub gap: Option<u16>,
    pub wrap: Option<WrapMode>,
    pub overflow: Option<Overflow>,
    pub border: Option<Border>,
    pub position: Option<Position>,
    pub top: Option<i16>,
    pub right: Option<i16>,
    pub bottom: Option<i16>,
    pub left: Option<i16>,
    pub z_index: Option<i32>,
    pub justify_content: Option<JustifyContent>,
    pub align_items: Option<AlignItems>,
    pub align_self: Option<AlignSelf>,
}

impl Style {
    pub fn new() -> Self;
    pub fn background(self, color: Color) -> Self;
    pub fn padding(self, spacing: Spacing) -> Self;
    pub fn border(self, color: Color) -> Self;
    // ... builder methods for all fields
}
```

### Key

```rust
pub enum Key {
    // Regular character
    Char(char),

    // Special keys
    Esc, Enter, Tab, BackTab, Backspace, Delete,

    // Arrow keys
    Up, Down, Left, Right,

    // Navigation
    PageUp, PageDown, Home, End,

    // Function keys
    F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, F8, F9, F10, F11, F12,
}

pub struct KeyWithModifiers {
    pub key: Key,
    pub ctrl: bool,
    pub alt: bool,
    pub shift: bool,
    pub meta: bool,  // Cmd on macOS, Win on Windows
}

impl KeyWithModifiers {
    pub fn new(key: Key) -> Self;
    pub fn with_ctrl(key: Key) -> Self;
    pub fn with_alt(key: Key) -> Self;
    pub fn with_shift(key: Key) -> Self;
    pub fn is_primary_modifier(&self) -> bool;  // Platform-aware (Cmd on macOS, Ctrl elsewhere)
}
```

### TextAlign

```rust
pub enum TextAlign {
    Left,    // Align text to the left edge (default)
    Center,  // Center text horizontally
    Right,   // Align text to the right edge
}
```

### JustifyContent

```rust
pub enum JustifyContent {
    Start,         // Pack items at the start of the main axis (default)
    Center,        // Center items along the main axis
    End,           // Pack items at the end of the main axis
    SpaceBetween,  // Distribute items evenly, first at start, last at end
    SpaceAround,   // Distribute items evenly with equal space around each item
    SpaceEvenly,   // Distribute items evenly with equal space between and around items
}
```

### AlignItems

```rust
pub enum AlignItems {
    Start,   // Align items at the start of the cross axis (default)
    Center,  // Center items along the cross axis
    End,     // Align items at the end of the cross axis
}
```

### AlignSelf

```rust
pub enum AlignSelf {
    Auto,    // Use the parent's AlignItems value (default)
    Start,   // Align at the start of the cross axis
    Center,  // Center along the cross axis
    End,     // Align at the end of the cross axis
}
```

### TextStyle

```rust
pub struct TextStyle {
    pub color: Option<Color>,
    pub background: Option<Color>,
    pub bold: Option<bool>,
    pub italic: Option<bool>,
    pub underline: Option<bool>,
    pub strikethrough: Option<bool>,
    pub wrap: Option<TextWrap>,
    pub align: Option<TextAlign>,
}

impl TextStyle {
    pub fn new() -> Self;
    pub fn color(self, color: Color) -> Self;
    pub fn background(self, color: Color) -> Self;
    pub fn bold(self) -> Self;
    pub fn italic(self) -> Self;
    pub fn underline(self) -> Self;
    pub fn strikethrough(self) -> Self;
    pub fn merge(base: Option<Self>, overlay: Option<Self>) -> Option<Self>;
}
```

### Dimension

```rust
pub enum Dimension {
    Fixed(u16),       // Exact size
    Percentage(f32),  // Normalized (0.0 to 1.0)
    Auto,             // Share remaining
    Content,          // Fit content
}
```

### Direction

```rust
pub enum Direction {
    Horizontal,
    Vertical,
}
```

### Spacing

```rust
pub struct Spacing {
    pub top: u16,
    pub right: u16,
    pub bottom: u16,
    pub left: u16,
}

impl Spacing {
    pub fn all(value: u16) -> Self;
    pub fn horizontal(value: u16) -> Self;
    pub fn vertical(value: u16) -> Self;
    pub fn new(top: u16, right: u16, bottom: u16, left: u16) -> Self;
}
```

### BorderStyle

```rust
pub enum BorderStyle {
    Single,
    Double,
    Rounded,
    Thick,
}
```

### BorderEdges

```rust
bitflags! {
    pub struct BorderEdges: u8 {
        const TOP = 0b0001;
        const RIGHT = 0b0010;
        const BOTTOM = 0b0100;
        const LEFT = 0b1000;
        const ALL = 0b1111;
    }
}
```

### Border

```rust
pub struct Border {
    pub enabled: bool,
    pub style: BorderStyle,
    pub color: Color,
    pub edges: BorderEdges,
}

impl Border {
    pub fn new(color: Color) -> Self;
    pub fn style(self, style: BorderStyle) -> Self;
    pub fn edges(self, edges: BorderEdges) -> Self;
}
```

### Position

```rust
pub enum Position {
    Relative,
    Absolute,
}
```

### Overflow

```rust
pub enum Overflow {
    None,    // No clipping
    Hidden,  // Clip content
    Scroll,  // Scrollable
    Auto,    // Auto scrollbars
}
```

### WrapMode

```rust
pub enum WrapMode {
    NoWrap,
    Wrap,
}
```

### TextWrap

```rust
pub enum TextWrap {
    None,
    Character,
    Word,
    WordBreak,
}
```

## App

```rust
pub struct App {
    // Private fields
}

impl App {
    /// Creates app with alternate screen mode (default).
    pub fn new() -> Result<Self>;

    /// Creates app with inline rendering mode.
    /// Content renders directly in terminal and persists after exit.
    pub fn inline() -> Result<Self>;

    /// Creates app with custom inline configuration.
    pub fn inline_with_config(config: InlineConfig) -> Result<Self>;

    /// Creates app with specified terminal mode.
    pub fn with_mode(mode: TerminalMode) -> Result<Self>;

    /// Runs the application with the given root component.
    pub fn run<C: Component>(&mut self, root: C) -> Result<()>;
}
```

### TerminalMode

```rust
/// Terminal rendering mode.
pub enum TerminalMode {
    /// Full-screen alternate buffer (default behavior).
    /// Content disappears when app exits.
    AlternateScreen,

    /// Inline rendering in main terminal buffer.
    /// Content persists in terminal history after app exits.
    Inline(InlineConfig),
}
```

### InlineConfig

```rust
/// Configuration for inline rendering mode.
pub struct InlineConfig {
    /// How to determine rendering height.
    pub height: InlineHeight,

    /// Whether to show cursor during rendering.
    pub cursor_visible: bool,

    /// Whether to preserve output after app exits.
    pub preserve_on_exit: bool,

    /// Whether to capture mouse events.
    /// Default is false to allow natural terminal scrolling.
    pub mouse_capture: bool,
}

impl Default for InlineConfig {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self {
            height: InlineHeight::Content { max: None },
            cursor_visible: false,
            preserve_on_exit: true,
            mouse_capture: false,
        }
    }
}
```

### InlineHeight

```rust
/// Height determination strategy for inline mode.
pub enum InlineHeight {
    /// Fixed number of lines.
    Fixed(u16),

    /// Grow to fit content, with optional maximum.
    Content { max: Option<u16> },

    /// Fill remaining terminal space below cursor.
    Fill { min: u16 },
}
```

### RenderConfig

```rust
pub struct RenderConfig {
    pub poll_duration_ms: u64,  // Event poll timeout (default: 16)
    pub use_double_buffer: bool, // Enable double buffering (default: true)
    pub use_diffing: bool,       // Enable cell diffing (default: true)
    pub use_alternate_screen: bool, // Use alternate screen (default: true)
}
```

## Key

```rust
pub enum Key {
    // Special keys
    Backspace, Enter, Left, Right, Up, Down,
    Home, End, PageUp, PageDown,
    Tab, Delete, Insert, Esc,

    // Function keys
    F(u8),  // F1-F12

    // Character
    Char(char),

    // Null
    Null,
}
```

### KeyWithModifiers

```rust
pub struct KeyWithModifiers {
    pub key: Key,
    pub ctrl: bool,
    pub alt: bool,
    pub shift: bool,
    pub meta: bool,
}

impl KeyWithModifiers {
    pub fn with_ctrl(key: Key) -> Self;
    pub fn with_alt(key: Key) -> Self;
    pub fn with_shift(key: Key) -> Self;
    pub fn with_meta(key: Key) -> Self;
}
```

## Built-in Components

### TextInput

```rust
use rxtui::components::TextInput;

impl TextInput {
    pub fn new() -> Self;

    // Content
    pub fn placeholder(self, text: impl Into<String>) -> Self;
    pub fn password(self, enabled: bool) -> Self;

    // Container styling
    pub fn background(self, color: Color) -> Self;
    pub fn border(self, color: Color) -> Self;
    pub fn border_style(self, style: BorderStyle, color: Color) -> Self;
    pub fn border_edges(self, edges: BorderEdges) -> Self;
    pub fn border_full(self, style: BorderStyle, color: Color, edges: BorderEdges) -> Self;
    pub fn padding(self, spacing: Spacing) -> Self;
    pub fn z_index(self, z: i32) -> Self;
    pub fn position(self, pos: Position) -> Self;
    pub fn absolute(self) -> Self;
    pub fn top(self, offset: i16) -> Self;
    pub fn right(self, offset: i16) -> Self;
    pub fn bottom(self, offset: i16) -> Self;
    pub fn left(self, offset: i16) -> Self;

    // Sizing
    pub fn width(self, w: u16) -> Self;
    pub fn width_fraction(self, frac: f32) -> Self;
    pub fn width_auto(self) -> Self;
    pub fn width_content(self) -> Self;
    pub fn height(self, h: u16) -> Self;
    pub fn height_fraction(self, frac: f32) -> Self;
    pub fn height_auto(self) -> Self;
    pub fn height_content(self) -> Self;

    // Text styling
    pub fn content_color(self, color: Color) -> Self;
    pub fn content_bold(self, bold: bool) -> Self;
    pub fn content_background(self, color: Color) -> Self;
    pub fn placeholder_color(self, color: Color) -> Self;
    pub fn placeholder_background(self, color: Color) -> Self;
    pub fn placeholder_bold(self, bold: bool) -> Self;
    pub fn placeholder_italic(self, italic: bool) -> Self;
    pub fn placeholder_underline(self, underline: bool) -> Self;
    pub fn placeholder_style(self, style: TextStyle) -> Self;
    pub fn content_style(self, style: TextStyle) -> Self;
    pub fn cursor_color(self, color: Color) -> Self;

    // Focus
    pub fn focusable(self, enabled: bool) -> Self;
    pub fn focus_border(self, color: Color) -> Self;
    pub fn focus_border_style(self, style: BorderStyle, color: Color) -> Self;
    pub fn focus_background(self, color: Color) -> Self;
    pub fn focus_style(self, style: Style) -> Self;
    pub fn focus_padding(self, spacing: Spacing) -> Self;

    // Wrapping
    pub fn wrap(self, mode: TextWrap) -> Self;

    // Events
    pub fn on_change(self, callback: impl Fn(String) + 'static) -> Self;
    pub fn on_submit(self, callback: impl Fn() + 'static) -> Self;
    pub fn on_blur(self, callback: impl Fn() + 'static) -> Self;
    pub fn on_key(self, key: Key, handler: impl Fn() + 'static) -> Self;
    pub fn on_key_global(self, key: Key, handler: impl Fn() + 'static) -> Self;
    pub fn on_key_with_modifiers(self, key: KeyWithModifiers, handler: impl Fn() + 'static) -> Self;
    pub fn on_key_with_modifiers_global(
        self,
        key: KeyWithModifiers,
        handler: impl Fn() + 'static,
    ) -> Self;
}
```

Messages:
```rust
pub enum TextInputMsg {
    Focused,
    Blurred,
    CharInput(char),
    Backspace,
    Delete,
    CursorLeft,
    CursorRight,
    CursorHome,
    CursorEnd,
    // ... more
}
```

## Attribute Macros

### #[derive(Component)]

Automatically implements the Component trait:

```rust
#[derive(Component)]
struct MyComponent {
    // Fields
}
```

### #[component]

Enables collection of `#[effect]` methods:

```rust
#[derive(Component)]
struct Timer;

#[component]  // Required for #[effect]
impl Timer {
    // Methods
}
```

### #[update]

Simplifies update method with automatic state handling:

```rust
// Basic
#[update]
fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, msg: MyMsg) -> Action {
    // No state parameter = stateless
}

// With state
#[update]
fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, msg: MyMsg, mut state: MyState) -> Action {
    // State automatically fetched and passed
}

// With topics
#[update(msg = MyMsg, topics = ["topic" => TopicMsg])]
fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, messages: Messages, mut state: MyState) -> Action {
    match messages {
        Messages::MyMsg(msg) => { /* ... */ }
        Messages::TopicMsg(msg) => { /* ... */ }
    }
}

// Dynamic topics
#[update(msg = MyMsg, topics = [self.topic_field => TopicMsg])]
fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, messages: Messages, state: MyState) -> Action {
    // Topic name from component field
}
```

### #[view]

Simplifies view method with automatic state handling:

```rust
// Without state
#[view]
fn view(&self, ctx: &Context) -> Node {
    // No state needed
}

// With state
#[view]
fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, state: MyState) -> Node {
    // State automatically fetched and passed
}
```

### #[effect]

Marks async methods as effects (requires `effects` feature):

```rust
#[component]
impl MyComponent {
    #[effect]
    async fn background_task(&self, ctx: &Context) {
        // Async code
    }

    #[effect]
    async fn with_state(&self, ctx: &Context, state: MyState) {
        // Can access state
    }
}
```

## Effects (Feature-gated)

Enable with:
```toml
rxtui = { path = "rxtui", features = ["effects"] }
```

### Effect Type

```rust
pub type Effect = Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = ()> + Send>>;
```

### Manual Implementation

```rust
impl Component for MyComponent {
    fn effects(&self, ctx: &Context) -> Vec<Effect> {
        vec![
            Box::pin(async move {
                // Async task
            })
        ]
    }
}
```

## node! Macro

### Syntax Reference

```rust
node! {
    // Element types
    div(...) [...],
    text(...),
    richtext(...) [...],
    vstack(...) [...],
    hstack(...) [...],
    input(...),
    spacer(n),
    node(component),

    // Properties (in parentheses)
    prop: value,
    flag,  // Boolean flags

    // Children (in brackets)
    [
        child1,
        child2,
    ],

    // Event handlers (start with @)
    @event: handler,
}
```

### Property Shortcuts

| Short | Full | Type |
|-------|------|------|
| `bg` | `background` | Color |
| `dir` | `direction` | Direction |
| `pad` | `padding` | u16 (all sides) |
| `pad_h` | - | u16 (horizontal) |
| `pad_v` | - | u16 (vertical) |
| `w` | `width` | u16 |
| `h` | `height` | u16 |
| `w_frac` | - | f32 (0.0-1.0) |
| `h_frac` | - | f32 (0.0-1.0) |
| `w_auto` | - | flag |
| `h_auto` | - | flag |
| `w_content` | - | flag |
| `h_content` | - | flag |
| `justify` | `justify_content` | JustifyContent |
| `align` | `align_items` | AlignItems |
| `align_self` | - | AlignSelf |

### Color Values

```rust
// Named colors (no prefix needed)
color: red
color: bright_blue

// Hex strings
color: "#FF5733"
color: "#F50"

// Expressions (need parentheses)
color: (Color::Rgb(255, 0, 0))
color: (my_color_variable)

// Conditional
color: (if condition { red } else { blue })

// Optional (with ! suffix)
color: (optional_color)!
```

### Event Handlers

| Syntax | Description |
|--------|-------------|
| `@click: handler` | Mouse click |
| `@char('x'): handler` | Character key |
| `@key(enter): handler` | Special key |
| `@key(Char('-')): handler` | Character via Key enum |
| `@key(ctrl + 'c'): handler` | Key with modifiers |
| `@char_global('q'): handler` | Global character |
| `@key_global(esc): handler` | Global special key |
| `@key_global(ctrl + enter): handler` | Global key with modifiers |
| `@focus: handler` | Gained focus |
| `@blur: handler` | Lost focus |
| `@any_char: \|ch\| handler` | Any character |

## Helper Macros

### color_value!

Internal macro for parsing color values in node!:

```rust
color_value!(red)           // Named color
color_value!("#FF0000")     // Hex color
color_value!((expr))        // Expression
```

### direction_value!

Internal macro for parsing directions:

```rust
direction_value!(horizontal)
direction_value!(vertical)
direction_value!(h)  // Short for horizontal
direction_value!(v)  // Short for vertical
```

### justify_value!

Internal macro for parsing justify content values:

```rust
justify_value!(start)
justify_value!(center)
justify_value!(end)
justify_value!(space_between)
justify_value!(space_around)
justify_value!(space_evenly)
```

### align_items_value!

Internal macro for parsing align items values:

```rust
align_items_value!(start)
align_items_value!(center)
align_items_value!(end)
```

### align_self_value!

Internal macro for parsing align self values:

```rust
align_self_value!(auto)
align_self_value!(start)
align_self_value!(center)
align_self_value!(end)
```

## Type Aliases

```rust
pub type ComponentId = String;
pub type TopicName = String;
```

## Traits

### MessageExt

Extension trait for message downcasting:

```rust
pub trait MessageExt {
    fn downcast<T: Any>(&self) -> Option<&T>;
}
```

### StateExt

Extension trait for state downcasting:

```rust
pub trait StateExt {
    fn downcast<T: Any>(&self) -> Option<&T>;
}
```

## Error Types

RxTUI uses `std::io::Result` for most operations that can fail (terminal I/O).

## Platform Support

- **Unix/Linux**: Full support
- **macOS**: Full support
- **Windows**: Supported via crossterm backend

## Feature Flags

| Flag | Description |
|------|-------------|
| `effects` | Enable async effects system (requires tokio) |

## Thread Safety

- Components must be `Send + Sync + 'static`
- State and Messages must be `Send + Sync + 'static`
- Effects run on a separate Tokio runtime

## Performance Considerations

- Virtual DOM diffing minimizes updates
- Double buffering eliminates flicker
- Cell-level diffing reduces terminal I/O
- Lazy state cloning only when modified
- Topic messages use zero-copy routing when possible


================================================
FILE: CONTRIBUTING.md
================================================
# Contributing to RxTUI

Thank you for your interest in contributing to RxTUI! We welcome contributions from everyone.

## How to Contribute

### Reporting Issues

If you find a bug or have a feature request, please open an issue on our [GitHub repository](https://github.com/yourusername/rxtui/issues). When reporting issues, please include:

- A clear description of the problem
- Steps to reproduce the issue
- Expected behavior vs actual behavior
- Your environment (OS, Rust version, etc.)
- Any relevant code snippets or error messages

### Submitting Pull Requests

1. **Fork the repository** and create your branch from `main`
2. **Make your changes** following our code style guidelines
3. **Add tests** for any new functionality
4. **Update documentation** if you've changed APIs
5. **Ensure all tests pass** with `cargo test`
6. **Run formatting** with `cargo fmt`
7. **Check linting** with `cargo clippy`
8. **Submit a pull request** with a clear description of your changes

### Code Style

- Follow Rust's standard naming conventions
- Use `rustfmt` for code formatting
- Keep functions focused and small
- Add comments for complex logic
- Write clear commit messages

### Testing

- Write unit tests for new functionality
- Ensure all existing tests pass
- Add integration tests for new features
- Test on multiple platforms if possible

### Documentation

- Update relevant documentation for API changes
- Add examples for new features
- Keep code comments up to date
- Update the CHANGELOG for notable changes

## Development Setup

See [DEVELOPMENT.md](DEVELOPMENT.md) for detailed setup instructions.

## Code of Conduct

Please be respectful and inclusive in all interactions. We aim to create a welcoming environment for all contributors.

## Questions?

Feel free to open an issue for any questions about contributing!

## License

By contributing to RxTUI, you agree that your contributions will be licensed under the Apache License 2.0.


================================================
FILE: Cargo.toml
================================================
[package]
name = "rxtui-workspace"
version = "0.1.8"
edition = "2021"
publish = false

[features]
default = ["effects", "components"]
effects = ["rxtui/effects"]
components = ["rxtui/components"]

[workspace]
resolver = "2"
members = [
    "rxtui",
    "rxtui-macros",
]

[workspace.package]
version = "0.1.8"
edition = "2024"
authors = ["Microsandbox Team"]
license = "Apache-2.0"
repository = "https://github.com/microsandbox/rxtui"
homepage = "https://github.com/microsandbox/rxtui"
documentation = "https://docs.rs/rxtui"

[workspace.dependencies]
serde = { version = "1.0", features = ["derive"] }
thiserror = "2.0"

[dependencies]
rxtui = { path = "rxtui", features = ["effects", "components"] }
tokio = { version = "1", features = ["rt", "rt-multi-thread", "time", "sync", "macros"] }

# Profile configurations
[profile.release]
opt-level = 3
lto = true
codegen-units = 1


================================================
FILE: DEVELOPMENT.md
================================================
# Development Guide

This guide will help you set up your development environment for working on RxTUI.

## Prerequisites

- Rust 1.70+ (install via [rustup](https://rustup.rs/))
- Git
- A terminal emulator with Unicode support

## Setting Up Your Development Environment

### 1. Clone the Repository

```bash
git clone https://github.com/yourusername/rxtui.git
cd rxtui
```

### 2. Install Dependencies

```bash
cargo build
```

This will download and compile all dependencies.

### 3. Run Tests

```bash
# Run all tests
cargo test

# Run tests with output
cargo test -- --nocapture

# Run specific test
cargo test test_name
```

### 4. Build Examples

```bash
# Build all examples
cargo build --examples

# Run specific example
cargo run --example demo
```

## Project Structure

```
rxtui/
├── rxtui/               # Main library crate
│   ├── lib/            # Library source code
│   │   ├── app/        # Application core
│   │   ├── components/ # Built-in components
│   │   ├── macros/     # Macro implementations
│   │   └── ...
│   ├── examples/       # Example applications
│   └── tests/          # Integration tests
├── rxtui-macros/       # Proc macro crate
├── docs/               # Documentation
└── examples/           # Standalone examples
```

## Development Workflow

### Running in Development Mode

For faster iteration during development:

```bash
# Watch for changes and rebuild
cargo watch -x build

# Run tests on file change
cargo watch -x test

# Run specific example on change
cargo watch -x "run --example demo"
```

### Debugging

Enable debug output:

```rust
// In your app configuration
let app = App::new()?
    .render_config(RenderConfig {
        use_double_buffer: false,  // Disable for debugging
        use_diffing: false,        // See all renders
        poll_duration_ms: 100,     // Slower polling
    });
```

### Performance Profiling

```bash
# Build with release optimizations but keep debug symbols
cargo build --release --features debug

# Profile with your favorite tool
# Example with perf on Linux:
perf record --call-graph=dwarf cargo run --release --example demo
perf report
```

## Common Development Tasks

### Adding a New Component

1. Create component file in `rxtui/lib/components/`
2. Implement the Component trait
3. Add to `mod.rs` exports
4. Write tests in component file
5. Add example usage

### Modifying the node! Macro

1. Edit `rxtui/lib/macros/node.rs`
2. Test with `cargo test macro_tests`
3. Update documentation if syntax changes
4. Add examples of new syntax

### Adding Event Handlers

1. Define event in `rxtui/lib/app/events.rs`
2. Add handler parsing in macro
3. Implement event dispatch
4. Write tests for new events

## Testing Guidelines

### Unit Tests

Place unit tests in the same file as the code:

```rust
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    #[test]
    fn test_feature() {
        // Test implementation
    }
}
```

### Integration Tests

Place in `rxtui/tests/` directory:

```rust
use rxtui::prelude::*;

#[test]
fn test_complete_flow() {
    // Test complete user flow
}
```

### Visual Tests

For testing rendered output:

```rust
#[test]
fn test_rendering() {
    let buffer = TestBuffer::new(80, 24);
    // Render and assert buffer contents
}
```

## Code Quality

### Before Committing

Run these checks:

```bash
# Format code
cargo fmt

# Run clippy
cargo clippy -- -D warnings

# Run tests
cargo test

# Check documentation
cargo doc --no-deps --open
```

### Continuous Integration

Our CI runs:
- `cargo fmt -- --check`
- `cargo clippy -- -D warnings`
- `cargo test`
- `cargo doc`

## Troubleshooting

### Common Issues

**Terminal doesn't display correctly**
- Ensure your terminal supports Unicode
- Check TERM environment variable
- Try different terminal emulator

**Tests fail with display issues**
- Tests should use headless mode
- Mock terminal for testing

**Performance issues**
- Enable optimizations: `cargo build --release`
- Profile to find bottlenecks
- Check render configuration

## Getting Help

- Open an issue on GitHub
- Join our community discussions
- Check existing issues for solutions

## Release Process

1. Update version in `Cargo.toml`
2. Update CHANGELOG.md
3. Run full test suite
4. Create git tag
5. Push to trigger CI release

## Resources

- [Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/)
- [Cargo Documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/)
- [Terminal Escape Sequences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code)
- [crossterm Documentation](https://docs.rs/crossterm/)


================================================
FILE: DOCS.md
================================================
# RxTUI Documentation

RxTUI is a reactive terminal user interface framework for Rust that brings modern component-based architecture to the terminal. It combines React-like patterns with efficient terminal rendering through virtual DOM diffing.

## Table of Contents

- [Getting Started](#getting-started)
- [Terminal Modes](#terminal-modes)
- [Components](#components)
- [The node! Macro](#the-node-macro)
- [State Management](#state-management)
- [Message Handling](#message-handling)
- [Topic-Based Communication](#topic-based-communication)
- [Layout System](#layout-system)
- [Styling](#styling)
- [Event Handling](#event-handling)
- [Built-in Components](#built-in-components)
- [Effects (Async)](#effects-async)
- [Examples](#examples)

## Getting Started

Add RxTUI to your `Cargo.toml`:

```toml
[dependencies]
rxtui = "0.1"
tokio = { version = "1.0", features = ["full"] }  # Required for async effects
```

Note: The `effects` feature is enabled by default. To disable it:

```toml
[dependencies]
rxtui = { version = "0.1", default-features = false }
```

Create your first app:

```rust
use rxtui::prelude::*;

#[derive(Component)]
struct HelloWorld;

impl HelloWorld {
    #[view]
    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context) -> Node {
        node! {
            div(bg: blue, pad: 2, @key_global(esc): ctx.handler(())) [
                text("Hello, Terminal!", color: white, bold),
                text("Press Esc to exit", color: white)
            ]
        }
    }
}

fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
    App::new()?.run(HelloWorld)
}
```

<div align='center'>• • •</div>

## Terminal Modes

RxTUI supports two terminal rendering modes: **Alternate Screen** (default) and **Inline**.

#### Alternate Screen Mode (Default)

The default mode uses the terminal's alternate screen buffer. This is ideal for full-screen applications:

```rust
fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
    App::new()?.run(MyComponent)  // Uses alternate screen
}
```

Characteristics:
- Takes over the full terminal screen
- Content disappears when the app exits
- Best for interactive applications, editors, dashboards

#### Inline Mode

Inline mode renders directly in the terminal buffer without switching screens. Content persists after the app exits, making it ideal for CLI tools:

```rust
fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
    // Simple inline mode with defaults
    App::inline()?.run(MyComponent)?;

    // This prints after the UI since content is preserved
    println!("Done! The UI above is preserved.");
    Ok(())
}
```

Characteristics:
- Renders in the main terminal buffer
- Content persists in terminal history after exit
- Height is content-based by default (grows to fit)
- Mouse capture disabled by default (allows terminal scrolling)

#### Custom Inline Configuration

For fine-grained control over inline rendering:

```rust
use rxtui::{App, InlineConfig, InlineHeight};

fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
    let config = InlineConfig {
        // Fixed height of 10 lines
        height: InlineHeight::Fixed(10),
        // Show cursor during rendering
        cursor_visible: true,
        // Preserve output after exit
        preserve_on_exit: true,
        // Don't capture mouse (allow terminal scrolling)
        mouse_capture: false,
    };

    App::inline_with_config(config)?.run(MyComponent)
}
```

#### Height Modes

Control how inline mode determines rendering height:

```rust
// Fixed number of lines
InlineHeight::Fixed(10)

// Grow to fit content, with optional maximum
InlineHeight::Content { max: Some(24) }  // Max 24 lines
InlineHeight::Content { max: None }       // No limit (default)

// Fill remaining terminal space below cursor
InlineHeight::Fill { min: 5 }  // At least 5 lines
```

<div align='center'>• • •</div>

## Components

Everything in RxTUI is a component. Think of them as self-contained UI pieces that know how to manage their own state and behavior. Components have three main capabilities: handling events (through `update`), rendering UI (through `view`), and running async operations (through `effect`):

#### Basic Component

```rust
#[derive(Component)]
struct TodoList;

impl TodoList {
    #[update]
    fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, msg: TodoMsg, mut state: TodoState) -> Action {
        // Messages come here from events in your view
        // You update state, then return Action::update(state) to re-render
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, state: TodoState) -> Node {
        // This renders your UI using the current state
        // Uses the node! macro to build the UI tree
    }

    #[effect]
    async fn fetch_todos(&self, ctx: &Context, state: TodoState) {
        // Async effects for background tasks
        // Useful for timers, API calls, or any async operation
    }
}
```

#### Component Trait

The `#[derive(Component)]` macro automatically implements the Component trait. You can also implement it manually:

```rust
impl Component for MyComponent {
    fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, msg: Box<dyn Message>, topic: Option<&str>) -> Action {
        // Handle messages
    }

    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context) -> Node {
        // Return UI tree
    }

    fn effects(&self, ctx: &Context) -> Vec<Effect> {
        // Return async effects
    }
}
```

#### Complete Working Example

Here's a complete working example of a stopwatch component with async effects:

```rust
use rxtui::prelude::*;

#[derive(Component)]
struct Stopwatch;

impl Stopwatch {
    #[update]
    fn update(&self, _ctx: &Context, tick: bool, state: u64) -> Action {
        if !tick {
            return Action::exit();
        }
        Action::update(state + 10)
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, state: u64) -> Node {
        let seconds = state / 1000;
        let centiseconds = (state % 1000) / 10;

        node! {
            div(
                pad: 2,
                align: center,
                w_frac: 1.0,
                gap: 1,
                @key(esc): ctx.handler(false),
                @char_global('q'): ctx.handler(false)
            ) [
                richtext[
                    text("Elapsed: ", color: white),
                    text(
                        format!(" {}.{:02}s ", seconds, centiseconds),
                        color: "#ffffff",
                        bg: "#9d29c3",
                        bold
                    ),
                ],
                text("press esc or q to exit", color: bright_black)
            ]
        }
    }

    #[effect]
    async fn tick(&self, ctx: &Context) {
        loop {
            tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(10)).await;
            ctx.send(true);
        }
    }
}

fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
    App::new()?.fast_polling().run(Stopwatch)
}
```

This example demonstrates:
- State management with the `#[update]` method handling timer ticks
- Async effects with the `#[effect]` method for continuous updates
- Rich text formatting with inline styles and hex colors
- Global keyboard event handling with `@key` and `@char_global`
- Layout control with centering and responsive width (`w_frac: 1.0`)

<div align='center'>• • •</div>

## The node! Macro

The `node!` macro is how you actually build your UI. It gives you a clean, declarative syntax that lives inside your component's `view` method. Instead of imperatively creating and configuring widgets, you describe what the UI should look like:

#### Basic Syntax

```rust
node! {
    // Root node
    div(...<properties>, ...<handlers>) [

        // Children nodes here
        text("content", ...<properties>),
        div(...) [

            // Nested nodes
            ...<children>
        ]
    ]
}
```

Example:
```rust
node! {
    div(
        bg: blue,
        pad: 2,
        border: white,
        @key(enter): ctx.handler("submit"),
        @click: ctx.handler("clicked")
    ) [
        richtext(align: center, wrap: word) [
            text("Welcome to ", color: bright_white),
            text("RxTUI", color: yellow, bold),
            text("!", color: bright_white)
        ],
        div [
            text("Nested content")
        ]
    ]
}
```

#### Elements

##### Expressions

You can use any Rust expression that returns a `Node` by wrapping it in parentheses:

```rust
node! {
    div [
        // Variable
        (my_node_variable),

        // Match expression
        (match state.status {
            Loading => node! { text("Loading...") },
            Ready => node! { text("Ready!") },
        }),

        // If expression
        (if condition {
            node! { text("True branch") }
        } else {
            node! { text("False branch") }
        }),

        // Method call
        (self.create_node()),
    ]
}
```

##### Spread Operator

Use the `...` spread operator to expand a `Vec<Node>` as children:

```rust
node! {
    div [
        // Spread a vector of nodes
        ...(vec![
            node! { text("Item 1") },
            node! { text("Item 2") },
            node! { text("Item 3") },
        ]),

        // Spread from iterator
        ...(state.items.iter().map(|item| {
            node! {
                div(pad: 1) [
                    text(&item.name)
                ]
            }
        }).collect::<Vec<Node>>()),

        // Combine with regular children
        text("Header", bold),
        ...(item_nodes),
        text("Footer"),
    ]
}
```

This is particularly useful for rendering lists or collections dynamically.

##### Div Container

```rust
node! {
    div(
        // Layout
        dir: vertical,      // or horizontal, v, h
        gap: 2,            // space between children
        wrap: wrap,        // wrap mode

        // Sizing
        w: 50,             // fixed width
        h: 20,             // fixed height
        w_frac: 0.5,        // 50% of parent width
        h_frac: 0.8,        // 80% of parent height
        w_auto,            // automatic width
        h_content,         // size to content

        // Styling
        bg: blue,          // background color
        pad: 2,            // padding all sides
        pad_h: 1,          // horizontal padding
        pad_v: 1,          // vertical padding

        // Borders
        border: white,     // border color
        border_style: rounded,
        border_color: yellow,
        border_edges: BorderEdges::TOP | BorderEdges::BOTTOM,

        // Interaction
        focusable,         // can receive focus
        overflow: scroll,  // scroll, hidden, auto
        show_scrollbar: true,

        // Positioning
        absolute,          // absolute positioning
        top: 5,
        left: 10,
        z: 100            // z-index
    ) [
        // Children here
    ]
}
```

##### Text

```rust
node! {
    div [
        // Simple text
        text("Hello"),

        // Styled text
        text("Styled", color: red, bold, italic, underline),

        // Dynamic text
        text(format!("Count: {}", count)),

        // Text with wrapping
        text("Long text...", wrap: word),

        // Text with alignment
        text("Centered", align: center),
        text("Right aligned", align: right)
    ]
}
```

##### Rich Text

```rust
node! {
    div [
        richtext [
            text("Normal "),
            text("Bold", bold),
            text(" and "),
            text("Colored", color: red)
        ],

        // With top-level styling
        richtext(wrap: word) [
            text("Line 1 "),
            text("Important", color: yellow, bold),
            text(" continues...")
        ],

        // With alignment
        richtext(align: center) [
            text("Centered "),
            text("rich text", bold)
        ]
    ]
}
```

##### Stacks

```rust
node! {
    div [
        // Vertical stack (default)
        vstack [
            text("Top"),
            text("Bottom")
        ],

        // Horizontal stack
        hstack(gap: 2) [
            text("Left"),
            text("Right")
        ]
    ]
}
```

##### Components

```rust
node! {
    div [
        // Embed other components
        node(MyComponent::new("config")),
        node(Counter)
    ]
}
```

##### Spacers

```rust
node! {
    div [
        text("Top"),
        spacer(2),  // 2 lines of space
        text("Bottom")
    ]
}
```

#### Event Handlers

```rust
node! {
    div(
        focusable,
        // Mouse events
        @click: ctx.handler(Msg::Clicked),
        // Keyboard events (requires focus)
        @char('a'): ctx.handler(Msg::KeyA),
        @key(enter): ctx.handler(Msg::Enter),
        @key(Char('-')): ctx.handler(Msg::Minus),
        // Focus events
        @focus: ctx.handler(Msg::Focused),
        @blur: ctx.handler(Msg::Blurred),
        // Global events (work without focus)
        @char_global('q'): ctx.handler(Msg::Quit),
        @key_global(esc): ctx.handler(Msg::Exit),
        // Any character handler
        @any_char: |ch| ctx.handler(Msg::Typed(ch))
    ) [
        text("Interactive")
    ]
}
```

#### Optional Properties

Use `!` suffix for optional properties:

```rust
node! {
    div(
        // Only applied if Some
        bg: (optional_color)!,
        w: (optional_width)!,
        border: (if selected { Some(Color::Yellow) } else { None })!
    ) [
        text("Conditional styling")
    ]
}
```

<div align='center'>• • •</div>

## State Management

These are the heart of your component's logic. State is just your data - what your component needs to remember.

#### Component State

```rust
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
struct MyState {
    counter: i32,
    text: String,
}

impl MyComponent {
    #[update]
    fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, msg: MyMsg, mut state: MyState) -> Action {
        // The #[update] macro automatically fetches state
        // and passes it as the last parameter

        state.counter += 1;
        Action::update(state)  // Save the new state
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, state: MyState) -> Node {
        // The #[view] macro automatically fetches state
        node! {
            div [
                text(format!("Counter: {}", state.counter))
            ]
        }
    }
}
```

#### Manual State Access

```rust
fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, msg: Box<dyn Message>, _topic: Option<&str>) -> Action {
    // Manually get state (or initialize with Default)
    let mut state = ctx.get_state::<MyState>();

    // Modify state
    state.counter += 1;

    // Return updated state
    Action::update(state)
}
```

<div align='center'>• • •</div>

## Message Handling

Messages are how components respond to events - user clicks, key presses, timers firing. When a message arrives, you update your state, and the UI automatically re-renders.

#### Basic Messages

```rust
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
enum MyMsg {
    Click,
    KeyPress(char),
    Update(String),
}

impl MyComponent {
    #[update]
    fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, msg: MyMsg, mut state: MyState) -> Action {
        match msg {
            MyMsg::Click => {
                state.clicked = true;
                Action::update(state)
            }
            MyMsg::KeyPress(ch) => {
                state.text.push(ch);
                Action::update(state)
            }
            MyMsg::Update(text) => {
                state.text = text;
                Action::update(state)
            }
        }
    }
}
```

#### Actions

Update methods return an Action:

```rust
pub enum Action {
    Update(Box<dyn State>),              // Update component state
    UpdateTopic(String, Box<dyn State>), // Update topic state
    None,                                // No action
    Exit,                                // Exit application
}
```

#### Message with Value

```rust
// In view
node! {
    div [
        @any_char: ctx.handler_with_value(|ch| Box::new(MyMsg::Typed(ch)))
    ]
}
```

<div align='center'>• • •</div>

## Topic-Based Communication

Topics enable cross-component communication without direct references.

#### Sending to Topics

```rust
impl Dashboard {
    #[update]
    fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, msg: DashboardMsg, state: DashboardState) -> Action {
        match msg {
            DashboardMsg::NotifyAll => {
                // Send message to topic
                ctx.send_to_topic("notifications", NotificationMsg::Alert);
                Action::none()
            }
        }
    }
}
```

#### Receiving Topic Messages

```rust
impl NotificationBar {
    // Static topic
    #[update(msg = LocalMsg, topics = ["notifications" => NotificationMsg])]
    fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, messages: Messages, mut state: State) -> Action {
        match messages {
            Messages::LocalMsg(msg) => {
                // Handle local messages
            }
            Messages::NotificationMsg(msg) => {
                // Handle topic messages
                // Returning Action::update claims topic ownership
                state.notifications.push(msg);
                Action::update(state)
            }
        }
    }
}
```

#### Dynamic Topics

```rust
struct Counter {
    topic_name: String,  // Topic determined at runtime
}

impl Counter {
    // Dynamic topic from field
    #[update(msg = CounterMsg, topics = [self.topic_name => ResetSignal])]
    fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, messages: Messages, mut state: CounterState) -> Action {
        match messages {
            Messages::CounterMsg(msg) => { /* ... */ }
            Messages::ResetSignal(_) => {
                // Reset when signal received
                Action::update(CounterState::default())
            }
        }
    }
}
```

#### Topic State

```rust
// Write topic state (first writer becomes owner)
Action::UpdateTopic("app.settings".to_string(), Box::new(settings))

// Read topic state from any component
let settings: Option<Settings> = ctx.read_topic("app.settings");
```

<div align='center'>• • •</div>

## Layout System

RxTUI provides a flexible layout system with multiple sizing modes.

#### Dimension Types

```rust
pub enum Dimension {
    Fixed(u16),       // Exact size in cells
    Percentage(f32),  // Percentage of parent (stored 0.0 to 1.0)
    Auto,            // Share remaining space equally
    Content,         // Size based on children
}
```

#### Layout Examples

```rust
node! {
    // Fixed layout
    div(w: 80, h: 24) [
        text("Fixed size")
    ],

    // Percentage-based
    div(w_frac: 0.5, h_frac: 0.8) [
        text("50% width, 80% height")
    ],

    // Auto sizing - share remaining space
    hstack [
        div(w: 20) [ text("Fixed") ],
        div(w_auto) [ text("Auto 1") ],  // Gets 50% of remaining
        div(w_auto) [ text("Auto 2") ]   // Gets 50% of remaining
    ],

    // Content-based sizing
    div(w_content, h_content) [
        text("Size fits content")
    ]
}
```

#### Direction and Wrapping

```rust
node! {
    // Vertical layout (default)
    div(dir: vertical, gap: 2) [
        text("Line 1"),
        text("Line 2")
    ],

    // Horizontal layout
    div(dir: horizontal, gap: 1) [
        text("Col 1"),
        text("Col 2")
    ],

    // With wrapping
    div(dir: horizontal, wrap: wrap, w: 40) [
        // Children wrap to next line when width exceeded
        div(w: 15) [ text("Item 1") ],
        div(w: 15) [ text("Item 2") ],
        div(w: 15) [ text("Item 3") ]  // Wraps to next line
    ]
}
```

#### Scrolling

```rust
node! {
    div(
        h: 10,              // Fixed container height
        overflow: scroll,   // Enable scrolling
        show_scrollbar: true,
        focusable          // Must be focusable for keyboard scrolling
    ) [
        // Content taller than container
        text("Line 1"),
        text("Line 2"),
        // ... many more lines
        text("Line 50")
    ]
}
```

Scrolling controls:

- **Arrow keys**: Scroll up/down by 1 line
- **Page Up/Down**: Scroll by container height
- **Home/End**: Jump to top/bottom
- **Mouse wheel**: Scroll up/down

Note: Only vertical scrolling is currently implemented.

<div align='center'>• • •</div>

## Styling

#### Colors

RxTUI supports multiple color formats:

```rust
node! {
    div [
        // Named colors
        text("Red", color: red),
        text("Bright Blue", color: bright_blue),

        // Hex colors
        text("Hex", color: "#FF5733"),

        // RGB
        text("RGB", color: (Color::Rgb(255, 128, 0))),

        // Conditional
        text("Status", color: (if ok { Color::Green } else { Color::Red }))
    ]
}
```

Available named colors:

- Basic: `black`, `red`, `green`, `yellow`, `blue`, `magenta`, `cyan`, `white`
- Bright: `bright_black`, `bright_red`, `bright_green`, `bright_yellow`, `bright_blue`, `bright_magenta`, `bright_cyan`, `bright_white`

#### Text Alignment

Text and RichText nodes support horizontal alignment within their containers:

```rust
node! {
    div(w: 50) [
        // Basic text alignment
        text("Left aligned", align: left),
        text("Centered text", align: center),
        text("Right aligned", align: right),

        // RichText alignment
        richtext(align: center) [
            text("This "),
            text("rich text", bold),
            text(" is centered")
        ],

        // Alignment with wrapping
        text(
            "Long text that wraps to multiple lines. Each line will be aligned.",
            wrap: word,
            align: right
        )
    ]
}
```

Note: Text nodes with alignment automatically expand to fill their parent's width to enable proper alignment calculation.

#### Div Alignment (Flexbox-style)

Divs support CSS Flexbox-style alignment for their children along both the main and cross axes:

```rust
node! {
    // Justify content (main axis)
    div(dir: h, justify: center, w: 50) [
        div(w: 10, h: 3, bg: red) [],
        div(w: 10, h: 3, bg: green) [],
        div(w: 10, h: 3, bg: blue) []
    ],

    // Align items (cross axis)
    div(dir: h, align: end, w: 50, h: 10) [
        div(w: 10, h: 3, bg: red) [],
        div(w: 10, h: 5, bg: green) [],
        div(w: 10, h: 7, bg: blue) []
    ],

    // Combined justify and align
    div(dir: v, justify: space_between, align: center, w: 40, h: 20) [
        text("Item 1"),
        text("Item 2"),
        text("Item 3")
    ],

    // With align_self override
    div(dir: h, align: start, w: 50, h: 10) [
        div(w: 10, h: 3, bg: red) [],
        div(w: 10, h: 3, bg: green, align_self: center) [],
        div(w: 10, h: 3, bg: blue, align_self: end) []
    ]
}
```

**JustifyContent** (distributes items along main axis):
- `start` - Pack items at the start (default)
- `center` - Center items
- `end` - Pack items at the end
- `space_between` - Distribute evenly, first at start, last at end
- `space_around` - Equal space around each item
- `space_evenly` - Equal space between and around items

**AlignItems** (aligns items on cross axis):
- `start` - Align at the start (default)
- `center` - Center items
- `end` - Align at the end

**AlignSelf** (per-child cross axis override):
- `auto` - Use parent's align_items (default)
- `start` - Align at the start
- `center` - Center
- `end` - Align at the end

The main axis is determined by the direction:
- `dir: h` (horizontal) - main axis is horizontal, cross axis is vertical
- `dir: v` (vertical) - main axis is vertical, cross axis is horizontal

#### Borders

```rust
node! {
    div [
        // Simple border
        div(border: white) [ text("Single border") ],

        // Border styles
        div(
            border_style: rounded,
            border_color: cyan
        ) [
            text("Rounded border")
        ],

        // Partial borders
        div(
            border: white,
            border_edges: top | bottom
        ) [
            text("Top and bottom only")
        ]
    ]
}
```

Border styles:

- `Single` - Normal lines
- `Double` - Double lines
- `Rounded` - Rounded corners
- `Thick` - Thick lines

#### Spacing

```rust
node! {
    div [
        // Padding
        div(pad: 2) [ text("All sides") ],
        div(pad_h: 2) [ text("Horizontal") ],
        div(pad_v: 1) [ text("Vertical") ],
        div(padding: (Spacing::new(1, 2, 3, 4))) [ text("Custom") ],

        // Gap between children
        div(gap: 2) [
            text("Item 1"),
            text("Item 2")  // 2 cells gap
        ]
    ]
}
```

#### Focus Styles

```rust
node! {
    div(
        focusable,
        border: white,
        focus_style: ({
            Style::default()
                .background(Color::Blue)
                .border(Color::Yellow)
        })
    ) [
        text("Changes style when focused")
    ]
}
```

<div align='center'>• • •</div>

## Event Handling

#### Focus-Based Events

Most events require the element to be focused:

```rust
node! {
    div(
        focusable,

        // Mouse
        @click: ctx.handler(Msg::Clicked),

        // Keyboard
        @char('a'): ctx.handler(Msg::PressedA),
        @key(enter): ctx.handler(Msg::Confirmed),
        @key(backspace): ctx.handler(Msg::Delete),

        // Focus
        @focus: ctx.handler(Msg::GainedFocus),
        @blur: ctx.handler(Msg::LostFocus)
    ) [
        text("Click or press keys")
    ]
}
```

#### Global Events

Global events work regardless of focus:

```rust
node! {
    div(
        // Application-wide shortcuts
        @char_global('q'): ctx.handler(Msg::Quit),
        @key_global(esc): ctx.handler(Msg::Cancel),
        @char_global('/'): ctx.handler(Msg::Search)
    ) [
        // Children here
    ]
}
```

#### Focus Navigation

- **Tab**: Move to next focusable element
- **Shift+Tab**: Move to previous focusable element

#### Programmatic Focus

Use the `Context` focus helpers to move focus immediately after a render:

```rust
#[view]
fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, state: MyState) -> Node {
    if ctx.is_first_render() {
        ctx.focus_self(); // focus the first focusable node in this component
    }

    node! {
        div [
            input(focusable),
            button(focusable)
        ]
    }
}
```

- `ctx.focus_self()` focuses the first focusable element inside the component's subtree.
- `ctx.focus_first()` focuses the first focusable element in the entire app.
- `ctx.is_first_render()` is handy for gating autofocus so you do not wrestle with user-driven focus changes later.

<div align='center'>• • •</div>

## Built-in Components

#### TextInput

A full-featured text input component:

```rust
use rxtui::components::TextInput;

node! {
    div [
        // Basic input
        input(placeholder: "Enter name...", focusable),

        // Custom styling
        input(
            placeholder: "Password...",
            password,              // Mask input
            border: yellow,
            w: 40,
            content_color: green,
            cursor_color: white
        ),

        // Or use the builder API
        node(
            TextInput::new()
                .placeholder("Email...")
                .width(50)
                .border(Color::Cyan)
                .focus_border(Color::Yellow)
        )
    ]
}
```

TextInput features:

- Full text editing (insert, delete, backspace)
- Cursor movement (arrows, Home/End)
- Word navigation (Alt+B/F or Ctrl+arrows)
- Word deletion (Ctrl+W, Alt+D)
- Line deletion (Ctrl+U/K)
- Password mode
- Placeholder text
- Customizable styling

<div align='center'>• • •</div>

## Effects (Async)

Effects enable async operations like timers, network requests, and file monitoring.

#### Basic Effect

```rust
use rxtui::prelude::*;
use std::time::Duration;

#[derive(Component)]
struct Timer;

#[component]  // Required to collect #[effect] methods
impl Timer {
    #[update]
    fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, msg: TimerMsg, mut state: TimerState) -> Action {
        match msg {
            TimerMsg::Tick => {
                state.seconds += 1;
                Action::update(state)
            }
        }
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, state: TimerState) -> Node {
        node! {
            div [
                text(format!("Time: {}s", state.seconds))
            ]
        }
    }

    #[effect]
    async fn tick(&self, ctx: &Context) {
        loop {
            tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
            ctx.send(TimerMsg::Tick);
        }
    }
}
```

#### Multiple Effects

```rust
#[component]
impl MyComponent {
    #[effect]
    async fn monitor_file(&self, ctx: &Context) {
        // Watch for file changes
    }

    #[effect]
    async fn fetch_data(&self, ctx: &Context, state: MyState) {
        // Effects can access state
        if state.should_fetch {
            // Fetch from API
        }
    }
}
```

#### Manual Effects

```rust
impl Component for MyComponent {
    fn effects(&self, ctx: &Context) -> Vec<Effect> {
        vec![
            Box::pin(async move {
                // Async code
            })
        ]
    }
}
```

<div align='center'>• • •</div>

## Advanced Topics

#### Performance Tips

1. **Use keys for lists**: Helps with efficient diffing (not yet implemented)
2. **Minimize state updates**: Only update when necessary
3. **Use topics wisely**: Don't overuse for simple parent-child communication
4. **Profile rendering**: Use `RenderConfig` for debugging

#### Debugging

```rust
let mut app = App::new()?
    .render_config(RenderConfig {
        use_double_buffer: false,  // Disable for debugging
        use_diffing: false,        // Show all updates
        poll_duration_ms: 100,     // Slow down for observation
    });
app.run(MyComponent)?;
```


================================================
FILE: IMPLEMENTATION.md
================================================
# RxTUI - Implementation Details

## Overview

RxTUI is a reactive terminal user interface framework inspired by Elm's message-passing architecture and React's component model. It provides a declarative, component-based API for building interactive terminal applications with efficient rendering through virtual DOM diffing and advanced cross-component communication via topic-based messaging.

## Architecture

```text
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                     Component System                    │
│  ┌──────────────┐  ┌──────────────┐  ┌──────────────┐   │
│  │  Components  │  │   Messages   │  │    Topics    │   │
│  │  - update()  │  │  - Direct    │  │  - Ownership │   │
│  │  - view()    │  │  - Topic     │  │  - Broadcast │   │
│  │  - effects() │  │  - Async     │  │  - State     │   │
│  └──────┬───────┘  └──────┬───────┘  └──────┬───────┘   │
│         │                 │                 │           │
│  ┌──────▼─────────────────▼─────────────────▼────────┐  │
│  │                     Context                       │  │
│  │  - StateMap: Component state storage              │  │
│  │  - Dispatcher: Message routing                    │  │
│  │  - TopicStore: Topic ownership & state            │  │
│  └──────────────────────┬────────────────────────────┘  │
└─────────────────────────┼───────────────────────────────┘
                          │
┌─────────────────────────▼──────────────────────────────┐
│                    Rendering Pipeline                  │
│  ┌──────────────┐  ┌──────────────┐  ┌──────────────┐  │
│  │     Node     │──│     VNode    │──│  RenderNode  │  │
│  │  (Component) │  │  (Virtual)   │  │ (Positioned) │  │
│  └──────┬───────┘  └──────┬───────┘  └──────┬───────┘  │
│         │                 │                 │          │
│  ┌──────▼─────────────────▼─────────────────▼───────┐  │
│  │                   Virtual DOM (VDom)             │  │
│  │  - Diff: Compare old and new trees               │  │
│  │  - Patch: Generate minimal updates               │  │
│  │  - Layout: Calculate positions and sizes         │  │
│  └──────────────────────┬───────────────────────────┘  │
└─────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────┘
                          │
┌─────────────────────────▼──────────────────────────────┐
│                     Terminal Output                    │
│  ┌──────────────┐  ┌──────────────┐  ┌──────────────┐  │
│  │Double Buffer │  │Cell Diffing  │  │  Optimized   │  │
│  │  Front/Back  │  │   Updates    │  │   Renderer   │  │
│  └──────────────┘  └──────────────┘  └──────────────┘  │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
```

## Core Components

### 1. Component System (`lib/component.rs`)

The component system is the heart of the framework, providing a React-like component model with state management and message passing.

#### Component Trait

```rust
pub trait Component: 'static {
    fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, msg: Box<dyn Message>, topic: Option<&str>) -> Action {
        Action::default()
    }

    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context) -> Node;

    #[cfg(feature = "effects")]
    fn effects(&self, ctx: &Context) -> Vec<Effect> {
        vec![]
    }

    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any;
    fn as_any_mut(&mut self) -> &mut dyn Any;
}
```

**Key Design Decisions:**
- Components are stateless - all state is managed by Context
- Update method receives optional topic for cross-component messaging
- Components can be derived using `#[derive(Component)]` macro
- Effects support async background tasks (with feature flag)
- Default implementations provided for update and effects

#### Message and State Traits

Both Message and State traits are auto-implemented for any type that is `Clone + Send + Sync + 'static`:

```rust
pub trait Message: Any + Send + Sync + 'static {
    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any;
    fn clone_box(&self) -> Box<dyn Message>;
}

pub trait State: Any + Send + Sync + 'static {
    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any;
    fn as_any_mut(&mut self) -> &mut dyn Any;
    fn clone_box(&self) -> Box<dyn State>;
}
```

**Extension Traits for Downcasting:**
- `MessageExt` provides `downcast<T>()` for message type checking
- `StateExt` provides `downcast<T>()` for state type checking

#### Actions

Components return actions from their update method:

```rust
#[derive(Default)]
pub enum Action {
    Update(Box<dyn State>),              // Update component's local state
    UpdateTopic(String, Box<dyn State>), // Update topic state (first writer owns)
    None,                                // No action needed
    #[default]
    Exit,                                // Exit the application
}
```

Helper methods for ergonomic construction:
```rust
Action::update(state)        // Create Update action
Action::update_topic(topic, state)  // Create UpdateTopic action
Action::none()              // Create None action
Action::exit()              // Create Exit action
```

### 2. Context System (`lib/app/context.rs`)

The Context provides components with everything they need to function:

#### Core Components

**Context Structure:**
- `current_component_id`: Component being processed
- `dispatch`: Message dispatcher
- `states`: Component state storage (StateMap)
- `topics`: Topic-based messaging (Arc<TopicStore>)
- `message_queues`: Regular message queues (Arc<RwLock<HashMap>>)
- `topic_message_queues`: Topic message queues (Arc<RwLock<HashMap>>)

**StateMap:**
- Stores component states with interior mutability using `Arc<RwLock<HashMap>>`
- `get_or_init<T>()`: Get state or initialize with Default, handles type mismatches
- Type-safe state retrieval with automatic downcasting
- Thread-safe with RwLock protection

**Dispatcher:**
- Routes messages to components or topics
- `send_to_id(component_id, message)`: Direct component messaging
- `send_to_topic(topic, message)`: Topic-based messaging
- Shared message queue storage with Context

**TopicStore:**
- Manages topic ownership (first writer becomes owner)
- Stores topic states separately from component states
- Tracks which component owns which topic via `owners: RwLock<HashMap<String, ComponentId>>`
- Thread-safe with RwLock protection
- `update_topic()`: Returns bool indicating if update was successful

#### Context Public API

```rust
impl Context {
    // Message handling
    pub fn handler<M: Message>(&self, msg: M) -> Box<dyn Fn() + 'static>;
    pub fn handler_with_value<F, M, T>(&self, f: F) -> Box<dyn Fn(T) + 'static>;

    // State management
    pub fn get_state<S: State + Default + Clone>(&self) -> S;
    pub fn get_state_or<S: State + Clone>(&self, default: S) -> S;

    // Direct messaging
    pub fn send<M: Message>(&self, msg: M);

    // Topic messaging
    pub fn send_to_topic<M: Message>(&self, topic: &str, msg: M);
    pub fn read_topic<S: State + Clone>(&self, topic: &str) -> Option<S>;
}
```

#### Message Flow

1. **Direct Messages**: Sent to specific component via `ctx.handler(msg)` which creates closures
2. **Topic Messages**: Sent via `ctx.send_to_topic(topic, msg)`
   - If topic has owner → delivered only to owner
   - If no owner → broadcast to all components until one claims it

### 3. Topic-Based Messaging System

A unique feature for cross-component communication without direct references:

#### Concepts

- **Topics**: Named channels for messages (e.g., "counter_a", "global_state")
- **Ownership**: First component to write to a topic becomes its owner
- **Unassigned Messages**: Messages to unclaimed topics are broadcast to all components

#### How It Works

1. **Sending Messages:**
   ```rust
   ctx.send_to_topic("my-topic", MyMessage);
   ```

2. **Claiming Ownership:**
   ```rust
   // First component to return this action owns the topic
   Action::UpdateTopic("my-topic".to_string(), Box::new(MyState))
   ```

3. **Handling Topic Messages (Using Macros):**
   ```rust
   // With the #[update] macro:
   #[update(msg = MyMsg, topics = ["my-topic" => TopicMsg])]
   fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, messages: Messages, mut state: MyState) -> Action {
       match messages {
           Messages::MyMsg(msg) => { /* handle regular message */ }
           Messages::TopicMsg(msg) => { /* handle topic message */ }
       }
   }

   // Dynamic topics from component fields:
   #[update(msg = MyMsg, topics = [self.topic_name => TopicMsg])]
   fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, messages: Messages, state: MyState) -> Action {
       // Topic name from self.topic_name field
   }
   ```

4. **Reading Topic State:**
   ```rust
   let state: Option<MyState> = ctx.read_topic("my-topic");
   ```

**Design Rationale:**
- Enables decoupled component communication
- Supports both single-writer/multiple-reader and broadcast patterns
- Automatic ownership management prevents conflicts
- Idempotent updates - multiple attempts to claim ownership are safe

### 4. Application Core (`lib/app/core.rs`)

The App struct manages the entire application lifecycle:

#### Initialization
```rust
App::new()  // Standard initialization
App::with_config(RenderConfig { ... })  // With custom config
```
- Enables terminal raw mode and alternate screen
- Hides cursor and enables mouse capture
- Initializes double buffer for flicker-free rendering
- Sets up event handling with crossterm
- Creates effect runtime (if feature enabled) using Tokio

#### Event Loop

The main loop (`run_loop`) follows this sequence:

1. **Component Tree Expansion**:
   - Start with root component
   - Recursively expand components to VNodes
   - Assign component IDs based on tree position using `ComponentId::child(index)` method (e.g., "0", "0.0", "0.1")

2. **Message Processing**:
   - Components drain all pending messages (regular + topic)
   - Messages trigger state updates via component's `update` method
   - Handle actions (Update, UpdateTopic, Exit, None)

3. **Virtual DOM Update**:
   - VDom diffs new tree against current
   - Generates patches for changes
   - Updates render tree

4. **Layout & Rendering**:
   - Calculate positions and sizes based on Dimension types
   - Render to back buffer
   - Diff buffers and apply changes to terminal

5. **Event Handling**:
   - Process keyboard/mouse events (poll with 16ms timeout by default)
   - Events trigger new messages via event handlers
   - Handle terminal resize events

6. **Effect Management** (if feature enabled):
   - Spawn effects for newly mounted components
   - Cleanup effects for unmounted components
   - Effects run in Tokio runtime with JoinHandle tracking

#### Component Tree Expansion

The `expand_component_tree` method is crucial:

1. Drains all messages for the component (both regular and topic messages)
2. Processes each message:
   - Regular messages → component's update
   - Topic messages → check if component handles topic
3. Handles actions:
   - `Update` → update component state via StateMap
   - `UpdateTopic` → update topic state, claim ownership if first
   - `Exit` → propagate exit signal
   - `None` → no operation
4. Calls component's `view` to get UI tree
5. Recursively expands child components

### 5. Node Types

Three levels of node representation:

#### Node (`lib/node/mod.rs`)
High-level component tree:
```rust
pub enum Node {
    Component(Arc<dyn Component>),  // Component instance (Arc for sharing)
    Div(Div<Node>),                 // Container with children
    Text(Text),                     // Text content
    RichText(RichText),            // Styled text with multiple spans
}
```

#### VNode (`lib/vnode.rs`)
Virtual DOM nodes after component expansion:
```rust
pub enum VNode {
    Div(Div<VNode>),        // Expanded div (generic over child type)
    Text(Text),             // Text node
    RichText(RichText),     // Rich text node
}
```

#### RenderNode (`lib/render_tree/node.rs`)
Positioned nodes ready for drawing:
```rust
pub struct RenderNode {
    pub node_type: RenderNodeType,
    pub x: u16, pub y: u16,           // Position
    pub width: u16, pub height: u16,   // Size
    pub content_width: u16,            // Actual content size
    pub content_height: u16,
    pub scroll_y: u16,                 // Vertical scroll offset
    pub scrollable: bool,              // Has overflow:scroll/auto
    pub style: Option<Style>,          // Visual style
    pub children: Vec<Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>>,
    pub parent: Option<Weak<RefCell<RenderNode>>>,
    pub focusable: bool,
    pub focused: bool,
    pub dirty: bool,
    pub z_index: i32,
    // Event handlers stored as Rc<dyn Fn()>
}
```

### 6. Div System (`lib/node/div.rs`)

Divs are generic containers that can hold different child types:

```rust
pub struct Div<T> {
    pub children: Vec<T>,
    pub styles: DivStyles,           // Base, focus, hover styles
    pub gap: Option<u16>,
    pub wrap: Option<WrapMode>,
    pub focusable: bool,
    pub overflow: Option<Overflow>,
    pub show_scrollbar: Option<bool>,
    pub callbacks: EventCallbacks,   // Click, focus, blur handlers
    pub key_handlers: Vec<KeyHandler>,
    pub global_key_handlers: Vec<KeyHandler>,
    pub key_with_modifiers_handlers: Vec<KeyWithModifiersHandler>,
    pub any_char_handler: Option<Rc<dyn Fn(char) -> Box<dyn Message>>>,
}
```

#### DivStyles
```rust
pub struct DivStyles {
    pub base: Option<Style>,    // Normal style
    pub focus: Option<Style>,   // When focused
    pub hover: Option<Style>,   // When hovered (future)
}
```

#### Builder Pattern

Both the builder pattern and the `node!` macro are fully supported ways to create UIs. Choose based on your preference and use case.

```rust
// Using the builder pattern
Div::new()
    .background(Color::Blue)
    .padding(Spacing::all(2))
    .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
    .width(20)
    .height_fraction(0.5)
    .focusable(true)
    .overflow(Overflow::Scroll)
    .show_scrollbar(true)
    .on_click(handler)
    .on_key(Key::Enter, handler)
    .on_key_with_modifiers(KeyWithModifiers::with_ctrl(Key::Char('a')), handler)
    .children(vec![...])

// Using the node! macro
node! {
    div(
        bg: blue,
        pad: 2,
        dir: horizontal,
        w: 20,
        h_frac: 0.5,
        focusable,
        overflow: scroll,
        show_scrollbar: true
    ) [
        // Children using expressions or spread
        (child_node),
        ...(child_nodes)
    ]
}
```

### 7. Virtual DOM (`lib/vdom.rs`)

Manages UI state and efficient updates:

#### Core Operations

1. **Render**: Accept new VNode tree
2. **Diff**: Compare with current tree
3. **Patch**: Apply changes to render tree
4. **Layout**: Calculate positions based on constraints
5. **Draw**: Output to terminal

#### Diffing Algorithm (`lib/diff.rs`)

Generates minimal patches:
```rust
pub enum Patch {
    Replace {
        old: Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>,
        new: VNode,
    },
    UpdateText {
        node: Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>,
        new_text: String,
        new_style: Option<TextStyle>,
    },
    UpdateRichText {
        node: Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>,
        new_spans: Vec<TextSpan>,
    },
    UpdateProps {
        node: Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>,
        div: Div<VNode>,
    },
    AddChild {
        parent: Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>,
        child: VNode,
        index: usize,
    },
    RemoveChild {
        parent: Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>,
        index: usize,
    },
    ReorderChildren {
        parent: Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>,
        moves: Vec<Move>,
    },
}
```

### 8. Layout System (`lib/render_tree/tree.rs`)

Sophisticated layout engine supporting multiple sizing modes:

#### Dimension Types
```rust
pub enum Dimension {
    Fixed(u16),       // Exact size in cells
    Percentage(f32),  // Percentage of parent (stored 0.0-1.0)
    Auto,            // Share remaining space equally
    Content,         // Size based on children
}
```

#### Layout Algorithm

1. **Fixed**: Use exact size
2. **Percentage**: Calculate from parent size (content box after padding)
3. **Content**:
   - Horizontal: width = sum of children + gaps, height = max child
   - Vertical: width = max child, height = sum of children + gaps
4. **Auto**: Divide remaining space equally among auto-sized elements

#### Text Wrapping
Multiple wrapping modes supported:
- `None`: No wrapping
- `Character`: Break at any character
- `Word`: Break at word boundaries
- `WordBreak`: Try words, break if necessary

#### Scrolling Support
- **Vertical scrolling**: Implemented with scroll_y offset
- **Scrollbar rendering**: Optional visual indicator showing position
- **Keyboard navigation**: Up/Down arrows, PageUp/PageDown, Home/End
- **Mouse wheel**: ScrollUp/ScrollDown events
- **Content tracking**: content_height vs container height
- **Focus requirement**: Container must be focusable for keyboard scrolling
- **Note**: Horizontal scrolling not yet implemented

### 9. Rendering Pipeline (`lib/app/renderer.rs`)

Converts render tree to terminal output:

#### Rendering Steps

1. **Clear Background**: Fill with parent background color or inherit
2. **Draw Borders**: Render border characters if present (single, double, rounded, thick)
3. **Apply Padding**: Adjust content area based on Spacing
4. **Handle Scrolling**: Apply scroll_y offset for scrollable containers
5. **Render Content**:
   - For containers: Recurse into children respecting z-index
   - For text: Draw text with wrapping and style
   - For rich text: Draw styled segments preserving individual styles
6. **Apply Clipping**: Ensure content stays within bounds using clip_rect
7. **Draw Scrollbar**: Show position indicator if enabled and scrollable

#### Style Inheritance
- Text nodes inherit parent's background if not specified
- Focus styles override normal styles when focused
- Children can override parent styles
- Rich text spans maintain individual styles

### 10. Terminal Output System

#### Double Buffering (`lib/buffer.rs`)

Eliminates flicker completely:

```rust
pub struct DoubleBuffer {
    front_buffer: ScreenBuffer,  // Currently displayed
    back_buffer: ScreenBuffer,   // Next frame
    width: u16,
    height: u16,
}
```

**Cell Structure:**
```rust
pub struct Cell {
    pub char: char,
    pub fg: Option<Color>,
    pub bg: Option<Color>,
    pub style: TextStyle,  // Bitflags for bold, italic, etc.
}
```

**Diff Process:**
1. Render to back buffer
2. Compare with front buffer cell-by-cell
3. Generate list of changed cells with positions
4. Apply updates to terminal in optimal order
5. Swap buffers

#### Terminal Renderer (`lib/terminal.rs`)

Optimized output with multiple strategies:

1. **Batch Updates**: Group cells with same colors
2. **Skip Unchanged**: Only update modified cells
3. **Optimize Movements**: Minimize cursor jumps using manhattan distance
4. **Style Batching**: Combine style changes
5. **ANSI Escape Sequences**: Direct terminal control

### 11. Event System (`lib/app/events.rs`)

Comprehensive input handling using crossterm:

#### Keyboard Events

**Focus Navigation:**
- Tab: Next focusable element
- Shift+Tab: Previous focusable element

**Scrolling (for focused scrollable elements):**
- Up/Down arrows: Scroll by 1 line
- PageUp/PageDown: Scroll by container height
- Home/End: Jump to top/bottom

**Event Routing:**
1. Global handlers always receive events (marked with `_global`)
2. Focused element receives local events
3. Character and key handlers triggered with modifiers support

#### Mouse Events

**Click Handling:**
1. Find node at click position using tree traversal
2. Set focus if focusable
3. Trigger click handler

**Scroll Handling:**
1. Find scrollable node under cursor
2. Apply scroll delta (3 lines per wheel event)
3. Clamp to content bounds

### 12. RichText System (`lib/node/rich_text.rs`)

Provides inline text styling with multiple spans:

#### Core Structure
```rust
pub struct RichText {
    pub spans: Vec<TextSpan>,
    pub style: Option<TextStyle>,  // Top-level style for wrapping, etc.
}

pub struct TextSpan {
    pub content: String,
    pub style: Option<TextStyle>,
}
```

#### Builder API
```rust
RichText::new()
    .text("Normal text ")
    .colored("red text", Color::Red)
    .bold("bold text")
    .italic("italic text")
    .styled("custom", TextStyle { ... })
    .wrap(TextWrap::Word)
```

#### Special Features
- **Multiple Spans**: Each span can have different styling
- **Top-Level Styling**: Apply wrapping or common styles to all spans
- **Helper Methods**: `bold_all()`, `color()` for all spans
- **Text Wrapping**: Preserves span styles across wrapped lines
- **Cursor Support**: `with_cursor()` for text input components

### 13. Style System (`lib/style.rs`)

Rich styling capabilities:

#### Colors
- 16 standard terminal colors (Black, Red, Green, Yellow, Blue, Magenta, Cyan, White)
- Bright variants (BrightBlack through BrightWhite)
- RGB support (24-bit color) via `Rgb(u8, u8, u8)`
- Hex color parsing support

#### Text Styles
```rust
pub struct TextStyle {
    pub color: Option<Color>,
    pub background: Option<Color>,
    pub bold: Option<bool>,
    pub italic: Option<bool>,
    pub underline: Option<bool>,
    pub strikethrough: Option<bool>,
    pub wrap: Option<TextWrap>,
}
```

Style merging support with `TextStyle::merge()` for inheritance.

#### Borders
```rust
pub struct Border {
    pub enabled: bool,
    pub style: BorderStyle,  // Single, Double, Rounded, Thick
    pub color: Color,
    pub edges: BorderEdges,  // Bitflags for TOP, RIGHT, BOTTOM, LEFT
}
```

#### Position
```rust
pub enum Position {
    Relative,  // Normal flow
    Absolute,  // Positioned relative to parent
}
```

With top, right, bottom, left offsets for absolute positioning.

#### Overflow
```rust
pub enum Overflow {
    None,   // Content not clipped
    Hidden, // Content clipped at boundaries
    Scroll, // Content clipped but scrollable
    Auto,   // Auto show scrollbars
}
```

### 14. Macro System

Provides ergonomic APIs for building UIs:

#### node! Macro (`lib/macros/node.rs`)
Declarative syntax for building UI trees:
```rust
node! {
    div(bg: blue, pad: 2, @click: ctx.handler(Msg::Click), @key(enter): ctx.handler(Msg::Enter)) [
        text("Hello", color: white),
        div(border: white) [
            text("Nested")
        ]
    ]
}
```

Features:
- Property shortcuts (bg, pad, w, h, etc.)
- Color literals (red, blue, "#FF5733")
- Event handler syntax with @ prefix
- Optional properties with ! suffix
- Stack helpers (hstack, vstack)

#### Attribute Macros (from rxtui-macros crate)

**#[derive(Component)]**: Auto-implements Component trait with providers pattern

**#[component]**: Collects #[effect] methods for async support, implements `__component_effects_impl`

**#[update]**: Handles message downcasting and state management, supports topic routing

**#[view]**: Automatically fetches component state via `ctx.get_state()`

**#[effect]**: Marks async methods as effects, collected by #[component]

### 15. Effects System (`lib/effect/`, requires feature flag)

Supports async background tasks:

#### Effect Runtime (`lib/effect/runtime.rs`)
- Spawns Tokio runtime for async execution
- Manages effect lifecycle per component with JoinHandle tracking
- Automatic cleanup on component unmount via abort()
- Effects stored in HashMap<ComponentId, Vec<JoinHandle>>

#### Effect Type
```rust
pub type Effect = Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = ()> + Send>>;
```

#### Effect Definition with Macros
```rust
#[component]
impl MyComponent {
    #[effect]
    async fn background_task(&self, ctx: &Context) {
        loop {
            tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
            ctx.send(MyMsg::Tick);
        }
    }

    #[effect]
    async fn with_state(&self, ctx: &Context, state: MyState) {
        // State automatically fetched via ctx.get_state()
        if state.should_process {
            // Do work
        }
    }
}
```

#### Common Use Cases
- Timers and periodic updates
- Network requests with reqwest/hyper
- File system monitoring with notify
- WebSocket connections
- Background computations

### 16. Built-in Components

#### TextInput (`lib/components/text_input.rs`)

Full-featured text input component with:
- Text editing operations (insert, delete, backspace)
- Cursor movement (arrows, Home/End, word navigation)
- Word operations (Ctrl+W delete word, Alt+B/F word movement)
- Line operations (Ctrl+U/K delete to start/end)
- Password mode for masked input
- Placeholder text with customizable styling
- Focus management and styling
- Selection support (partial implementation)
- Builder pattern for configuration

State management:
```rust
pub struct TextInputState {
    pub focused: bool,
    pub content: String,
    pub cursor_position: usize,
    pub selection_start: Option<usize>,
    pub selection_end: Option<usize>,
}
```

## Performance Optimizations

### 1. Virtual DOM
- Minimal patch generation with path-based updates
- Short-circuit unchanged subtrees via equality checks
- Efficient tree traversal with indexed paths

### 2. Double Buffering
- Zero flicker guaranteed
- Cell-level diffing reduces writes
- Only changed cells updated to terminal

### 3. Terminal Renderer
- Batch color changes to reduce escape sequences
- Optimize cursor movements with distance calculations
- Skip unchanged regions entirely

### 4. Message System
- Zero-copy message routing where possible using Arc
- Lazy state cloning only on modification
- Efficient topic distribution with ownership tracking

### 5. Memory Management
- Rc/RefCell for shared ownership in render tree
- Weak references prevent cycles
- Minimal allocations during render
- Arc for thread-safe component sharing

## Configuration

### RenderConfig
Controls rendering behavior for debugging:
```rust
pub struct RenderConfig {
    pub poll_duration_ms: u64,        // Event poll timeout (default 16ms)
    pub use_double_buffer: bool,      // Enable/disable double buffering
    pub use_diffing: bool,            // Enable/disable cell diffing
    pub use_alternate_screen: bool,   // Use alternate screen buffer
}
```

## Testing Support

### Unit Testing
- Components can be tested in isolation
- Mock Context for state and message testing
- VNode equality for view testing

### Integration Testing
- Test harness for full app testing (planned)
- Event simulation support
- Buffer inspection for render verification

## Platform Compatibility

- **Unix/Linux**: Full support via crossterm
- **macOS**: Full support including iTerm2 features
- **Windows**: Support via Windows Terminal and ConPTY

## Future Enhancements

### Planned Features
- Horizontal scrolling support
- More built-in components (Button, Select, Table, List)
- Animation system with interpolation
- Layout constraints and flexbox-like model
- Accessibility features (screen reader support)
- Hot reload for development


================================================
FILE: LICENSE
================================================
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================================================
FILE: QUICK_REFERENCE.md
================================================
# RxTUI Quick Reference

## Component Template

```rust
use rxtui::prelude::*;

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
enum MyMsg {
    Click,
    Exit,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
struct MyState {
    counter: i32,
}

#[derive(Component)]
struct MyComponent;

impl MyComponent {
    #[update]
    fn update(&self, _ctx: &Context, msg: MyMsg, mut state: MyState) -> Action {
        match msg {
            MyMsg::Click => {
                state.counter += 1;
                Action::update(state)
            }
            MyMsg::Exit => Action::exit(),
        }
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, state: MyState) -> Node {
        node! {
            div(bg: black, pad: 2, @click: ctx.handler(MyMsg::Click), @key_global(esc): ctx.handler(MyMsg::Exit)) [
                text(format!("Count: {}", state.counter))
            ]
        }
    }
}

fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
    App::new()?.run(MyComponent)
}
```

## node! Macro Syntax

Declarative UI building with a Rust-native DSL:

### Elements

```rust
node! {
    // Containers
    div(...) [...],
    vstack(...) [...],    // Vertical stack
    hstack(...) [...],    // Horizontal stack

    // Text
    text("content", ...),
    richtext(align: center) [    // supports align property
        text("span1"),
        text("span2", color: red)
    ],

    // Components
    node(MyComponent::new()),

    // Input
    input(placeholder: "...", focusable),

    // Spacer
    spacer(2),
}

// Shorthand commas are optional at end of prop lists
```

### Dynamic Content

```rust
node! {
    div [
        // Expression: Any expression that returns a Node
        (if state.show {
            node! { text("Visible") }
        } else {
            node! { spacer(0) }
        }),

        // Spread: Expand a Vec<Node> as children
        ...(vec![
            node! { text("Item 1") },
            node! { text("Item 2") },
        ])
    ]
}
```

### Div Properties

```rust
div(
    // Layout
    dir: vertical,        // horizontal, v, h
    gap: 2,              // space between children
    wrap: wrap,          // wrap, nowrap

    // Sizing
    w: 50,               // fixed width
    h: 20,               // fixed height
    w_frac: 0.5,          // 50% width
    h_frac: 0.8,          // 80% height
    w_auto,              // auto width
    h_auto,              // auto height
    w_content,           // fit content width
    h_content,           // fit content height

    // Styling
    bg: blue,            // background
    pad: 2,              // padding all
    pad_h: 1,            // padding horizontal
    pad_v: 1,            // padding vertical

    // Border
    border: white,       // border color
    border_style: (BorderStyle::Rounded, cyan),
    border_edges: BorderEdges::TOP | BorderEdges::BOTTOM,

    // Scrolling
    overflow: scroll,    // hidden, auto
    show_scrollbar: true,

    // Focus
    focusable,           // can receive focus
    focus_style: (Style::default().background(Color::Blue)),

    // Position
    absolute,            // absolute positioning
    pos: absolute,       // same as above
    top: 5,
    left: 10,
    bottom: 5,
    right: 10,
    z: 100,             // z-index
)
```

### Input Properties

```rust
input(
    // Sizing
    w: 40,
    h: 3,
    w_frac: 0.5,
    h_frac: 0.4,
    w_auto,
    h_auto,
    w_content,
    h_content,

    // Container styling
    bg: blue,
    pad: 1,
    border: cyan,
    border_style: (BorderStyle::Rounded, cyan),
    border_edges: BorderEdges::TOP | BorderEdges::BOTTOM,
    border_full: (BorderStyle::Double, yellow, BorderEdges::ALL),

    // Positioning
    absolute,
    top: 2,
    left: 4,
    z: 10,

    // Focus
    focusable,
    focus_style: (Style::new().background(Color::Blue)),
    focus_border: magenta,
    focus_border_style: (BorderStyle::Rounded, yellow),
    focus_background: green,
    focus_padding: (Spacing::all(2)),

    // Text + cursor styling
    placeholder: "Search...",
    placeholder_color: gray,
    placeholder_italic: true,
    placeholder_bold: false,
    content_color: white,
    cursor_color: yellow,
    wrap: word,

    // Behavior
    password,
    clear_on_submit,
    @submit: ctx.handler(Msg::Submit),
)
```

### Text Properties

```rust
text(
    "content",

    // Colors
    color: red,          // text color
    bg: blue,           // background

    // Styles
    bold,
    italic,
    underline,
    strikethrough,

    // Wrapping
    wrap: word,         // none, character, word, word_break

    // Alignment
    align: center,      // left, center, right
)
```

### Event Handlers

```rust
div(
    focusable,
    // Mouse
    @click: handler,
    // Keyboard (requires focus)
    @char('a'): handler,
    @key(enter): handler,
    @key(backspace): handler,
    @key(ctrl + 'c'): handler,
    @char('-'): handler,  // For character keys, use @char
    // Global (no focus needed)
    @char_global('q'): handler,
    @key_global(esc): handler,
    @key_global(ctrl + enter): handler,
    // Focus
    @focus: handler,
    @blur: handler,
    // Any character
    @any_char: |ch| handler(ch)
) []
```

Use `ctrl`, `alt`, `shift`, or `meta`/`cmd` with `+` to target modifier-aware shortcuts.

### Programmatic Focus

```rust
#[view]
fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, state: MyState) -> Node {
    if ctx.is_first_render() {
        ctx.focus_self();      // focus first focusable inside this component
        // ctx.focus_first();  // or focus the first focusable in the whole app
    }

    // Inside an event handler you can call ctx.blur_focus() to drop focus manually.

    node! { div(focusable) [] }
}
```

### Optional Properties

```rust
div(
    // Use ! suffix for Option<T> values
    bg: (optional_color)!,
    w: (optional_width)!,
    border: (if selected { Some(yellow) } else { None })!,
)

input(
    placeholder: (maybe_placeholder)!,
    w: (state.width)!,
    focus_border: (state.focus_color)!,
)
```

## Colors

### Named Colors

Basic: `black`, `red`, `green`, `yellow`, `blue`, `magenta`, `cyan`, `white`

Bright: `bright_black`, `bright_red`, `bright_green`, `bright_yellow`, `bright_blue`, `bright_magenta`, `bright_cyan`, `bright_white`

### Color Formats

```rust
// Named (no prefix)
color: red
color: bright_blue

// Hex string
color: "#FF5733"
color: "#F50"

// RGB expression
color: (Color::Rgb(255, 128, 0))

// Variable
color: (my_color)

// Conditional
color: (if ok { green } else { red })
```

## Common Patterns

### Loading State

Use expressions in parentheses for dynamic content:

```rust
node! {
    div [
        (match state.status {
            Loading => node! { text("Loading...", color: yellow) },
            Error(e) => node! { text(format!("Error: {}", e), color: red) },
            Success(data) => node! { text(format!("Data: {}", data)) },
        })
    ]
}
```

### List Rendering

Use the spread operator `...` to expand collections:

```rust
// Spread a Vec<Node> as children
node! {
    div [
        ...(state.items.iter().map(|item| {
            node! {
                div [
                    text(&item.name)
                ]
            }
        }).collect::<Vec<Node>>())
    ]
}

// Or prepare the list first
let item_nodes: Vec<Node> = state.items.iter()
    .map(|item| node! {
        div [
            text(&item.name)
        ]
    })
    .collect();

node! {
    div [
        text("Items:", bold),
        ...(item_nodes)
    ]
}
```

### Conditional Rendering

Use expressions for conditional content:

```rust
node! {
    div [
        (if state.show_header {
            node! { text("Header", bold) }
        } else {
            node! { spacer(0) }  // Empty placeholder
        }),

        text("Always visible"),

        (if let Some(message) = &state.message {
            node! { text(message, color: yellow) }
        } else {
            node! { spacer(0) }
        })
    ]
}
```

### Keyboard Shortcuts

```rust
#[view]
fn view(&self, ctx: &Context) -> Node {
    node! {
        div(focusable, @key(ctrl + 'c'): ctx.handler(Msg::Exit)) [
            text("Press Ctrl+C to exit", color: bright_red)
        ]
    }
}
```

### Scrollable Container

```rust
div(
    h: 10,               // fixed height
    overflow: scroll,
    show_scrollbar: true,
    focusable           // for keyboard scrolling
) [
    // content taller than container
]
```

### Modal Overlay

```rust
div [
    // Main content
    div [ /* ... */ ],

    // Modal
    if state.show_modal {
        div(absolute, top: 0, left: 0, w_frac: 1.0, h_frac: 1.0, bg: black, z: 1000) [
            div(w: 40, h: 10, bg: white, border: black, pad: 2) [
                text("Modal Content", color: black)
            ]
        ]
    }
]
```

## Update Patterns

### Basic Update

```rust
#[update]
fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, msg: MyMsg, mut state: MyState) -> Action {
    match msg {
        MyMsg::Increment => {
            state.count += 1;
            Action::update(state)
        }
    }
}
```

### Topic Messaging

```rust
// Send to topic
ctx.send_to_topic("my.topic", MyMessage);

// Receive from topic
#[update(msg = LocalMsg, topics = ["my.topic" => TopicMsg])]
fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, messages: Messages, mut state: State) -> Action {
    match messages {
        Messages::LocalMsg(msg) => { /* local */ }
        Messages::TopicMsg(msg) => { /* from topic */ }
    }
}
```

### Dynamic Topics

```rust
struct Component {
    topic: String,
}

#[update(msg = Msg, topics = [self.topic => TopicMsg])]
fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, messages: Messages, state: State) -> Action {
    // Topic name from field
}
```

## Effects (Async)

Effects are enabled by default. Just add tokio:
```toml
[dependencies]
rxtui = "0.1"
tokio = { version = "1", features = ["full"] }
```

### Timer Effect

```rust
#[component]
impl Timer {
    #[effect]
    async fn tick(&self, ctx: &Context) {
        loop {
            tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
            ctx.send(TimerMsg::Tick);
        }
    }
}
```

### Effect with State

```rust
#[effect]
async fn monitor(&self, ctx: &Context, state: MyState) {
    if state.should_monitor {
        // Do async work
    }
}
```

## TextInput

### Basic Usage

```rust
node! {
    div [
        input(placeholder: "Enter text...", focusable)
    ]
}
```

### Customized

```rust
node! {
    div [
        input(
            placeholder: "Password",
            password,           // mask input
            border: yellow,
            w: 40,
            content_color: green,
            cursor_color: white,
            focusable
        )
    ]
}
```

### Builder API

```rust
node(
    TextInput::new()
        .placeholder("Email...")
        .width(50)
        .border(Color::Cyan)
        .focus_border(Color::Yellow)
)
```

## Layout Tips

### Responsive Layout

```rust
div(w_frac: 1.0, h_frac: 1.0) [  // Full screen
    div(w_frac: 0.3) [ /* 30% sidebar */ ],
    div(w_frac: 0.7) [ /* 70% main */ ]
]
```

### Auto Sizing

```rust
hstack [
    div(w: 20) [ /* fixed */ ],
    div(w_auto) [ /* expands */ ],
    div(w: 20) [ /* fixed */ ]
]
```

### Content Sizing

```rust
div(w_content, h_content) [
    // Size fits children
]
```

## Keyboard Shortcuts

### Focus Navigation
- `Tab` - Next focusable
- `Shift+Tab` - Previous focusable

### Scrolling (when focused)
- `↑/↓` - Scroll up/down
- `Page Up/Down` - Page scroll
- `Home/End` - Jump to top/bottom

### TextInput
- `←/→` - Move cursor
- `Home/End` - Line start/end
- `Alt+B/F` - Word left/right
- `Ctrl+W` - Delete word backward
- `Alt+D` - Delete word forward
- `Ctrl+U` - Delete to line start
- `Ctrl+K` - Delete to line end

## Actions

```rust
Action::update(state)        // Update component state
Action::update_topic(topic, state)  // Update topic state
Action::none()              // No action
Action::exit()              // Exit app
```

## App Configuration

### Terminal Modes

```rust
// Alternate screen mode (default) - full-screen, content disappears on exit
App::new()?.run(MyComponent)?;

// Inline mode - renders in terminal, content persists after exit
App::inline()?.run(MyComponent)?;

// Custom inline configuration
use rxtui::{InlineConfig, InlineHeight};

let config = InlineConfig {
    height: InlineHeight::Fixed(10),      // Fixed 10 lines
    // height: InlineHeight::Content { max: Some(24) },  // Grow to fit, max 24
    // height: InlineHeight::Fill { min: 5 },            // Fill remaining space
    cursor_visible: false,
    preserve_on_exit: true,               // Keep output after exit
    mouse_capture: false,                 // Allow terminal scrolling
};
App::inline_with_config(config)?.run(MyComponent)?;
```

### Render Config

```rust
let mut app = App::new()?
    .render_config(RenderConfig {
        poll_duration_ms: 16,      // Event poll timeout
        use_double_buffer: true,   // Flicker-free rendering
        use_diffing: true,         // Optimize updates
        use_alternate_screen: true, // Separate screen
    });
app.run(MyComponent)?;
```

## Debugging

```rust
// Disable optimizations for debugging
let mut app = App::new()?
    .render_config(RenderConfig {
        use_double_buffer: false,
        use_diffing: false,
        poll_duration_ms: 100,
    });
app.run(MyComponent)?;
```

## Performance Tips

1. Minimize state updates
2. Use topics only when needed
3. Avoid recreating large trees
4. Use `w_content`/`h_content` sparingly
5. Profile with `RenderConfig`

## Common Gotchas

1. **Focus required**: Most events need `focusable`
2. **State cloning**: State is cloned on update
3. **Topic ownership**: First updater owns topic
4. **Scrolling**: Container must be `focusable`

## Import Everything

```rust
use rxtui::prelude::*;
```

Includes:
- Core: `App`, `Context`, `Component`, `Node`, `Action`
- State: `State`, `Message`
- Style: `Color`, `Style`, `Direction`, `Spacing`, `Border`, `BorderStyle`
- Macros: `node!`, `#[component]`, `#[update]`, `#[view]`, `#[effect]`
- Components: `TextInput`
- Keys: `Key`, `KeyWithModifiers`
- Terminal Modes: `TerminalMode`, `InlineConfig`, `InlineHeight`


================================================
FILE: README.md
================================================
<div align="center">
  <a href="./#gh-dark-mode-only" target="_blank">
    <img width="500" alt="rxtui-dark" src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/3e3235bc-3792-44eb-88d5-e847631c0086" />
  </a>
  <a href="./#gh-light-mode-only" target="_blank">
    <img width="500" alt="rxtui-light" src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/3d1e00f4-39ac-4053-b45b-c4bab7de1361" />
  </a>

  <br />

<b>———&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;reactive terminal UI framework for rust&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;———</b>

</div>

<br />

<div align='center'>
  <a href="https://crates.io/crates/rxtui">
    <img src="https://img.shields.io/crates/v/rxtui?style=for-the-badge&logo=rust&logoColor=white" alt="crates.io version"/>
  </a>
  <a href="./LICENSE">
    <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=for-the-badge" alt="license"/>
  </a>
  <a href="./DOCS.md">
    <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/docs-comprehensive-%2300acee.svg?color=ff4500&style=for-the-badge&logo=gitbook&logoColor=white" alt="documentation"/>
  </a>
</div>

<br />

> [!WARNING]
>
> This project is in early development. APIs may change, and bugs may exist.

# <sub>WHY RXTUI?</sub>

Terminal UIs have traditionally been painful to build. You either work with low-level escape sequences (error-prone and tedious) or use immediate-mode libraries that require you to manage all state manually. **RxTUI** takes a different approach.

We bring the retained-mode, component-based architecture that revolutionized web development to the terminal:

- [x] **Declarative UI** - Describe what your UI should look like, not how to change it
- [x] **True Composability** - Build complex apps from simple, reusable components
- [x] **Best of Both Worlds** - Elm's message architecture meets React's components
- [x] **TUI Optimizations** - Automatic diffing, dirty tracking, and minimal redraws
- [x] **Inline Mode** - Render directly in terminal with persistent output for CLI tools

<br />

<div align='center'>
  <img width="100%" alt="align demo" src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/bff6886f-7d38-4e90-a512-04d79a3e6246" />
</div>

<br />

# <sub>QUICK START</sub>

### <span>1</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;Install RxTUI

Add to your `Cargo.toml`:

```toml
[dependencies]
rxtui = "0.1"
```

### <span>2</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;Create Your First App

A simple working example showing separation of state management and UI building:

```rust
use rxtui::prelude::*;

#[derive(Component)]
struct Counter;

impl Counter {
    #[update]
    fn update(&self, _ctx: &Context, msg: &str, mut count: i32) -> Action {
        match msg {
            "inc" => Action::update(count + 1),
            "dec" => Action::update(count - 1),
            _ => Action::exit(),
        }
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, count: i32) -> Node {
        node! {
            div(
                pad: 2,
                align: center,
                w_frac: 1.0,
                gap: 1,
                @key(up): ctx.handler("inc"),
                @key(down): ctx.handler("dec"),
                @key(esc): ctx.handler("exit")
            ) [
                text(format!("Count: {count}"), color: white, bold),
                text("use ↑/↓ to change, esc to exit", color: bright_black)
            ]
        }
    }
}

fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
    App::new()?.run(Counter)
}
```

### <span>3</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;Run Your App

```bash
cargo run
```

<img width="100%" alt="counter demo" src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/c841f1e6-8bf9-4b5a-bed5-97bc31cc3537" />

<div align='center'>• • •</div>

# <sub>DOCUMENTATION</sub>

| Document                                  | Description                                |
| ----------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------ |
| **[Examples](./examples)**                | Collection of example apps                 |
| **[Documentation](DOCS.md)**              | Complete framework documentation           |
| **[Tutorial](TUTORIAL.md)**               | Step-by-step guide from basics to advanced |
| **[API Reference](API_REFERENCE.md)**     | Detailed API documentation                 |
| **[Quick Reference](QUICK_REFERENCE.md)** | Handy cheat sheet for common patterns      |
| **[Implementation](IMPLEMENTATION.md)**   | Internal architecture details              |

<div align='center'>• • •</div>

# <sub>DEVELOPMENT</sub>

Want to contribute? We'd love to have you!

- **[Development Guide](DEVELOPMENT.md)** - Set up your dev environment
- **[Contributing](CONTRIBUTING.md)** - Contribution guidelines
- **[GitHub Issues](https://github.com/microsandbox/rxtui/issues)** - Report bugs or request features

<div align='center'>• • •</div>

# <sub>LICENSE</sub>

This project is licensed under the [Apache License 2.0](./LICENSE).


================================================
FILE: TUTORIAL.md
================================================
# RxTUI Tutorial

Learn RxTUI step by step, from basics to advanced features.

## Prerequisites

- Basic Rust knowledge
- A terminal that supports colors and mouse input
- Rust toolchain installed

## Chapter 1: Your First Component

Let's start with the simplest possible RxTUI app.

### Hello World

```rust
use rxtui::prelude::*;

// Define a component
#[derive(Component)]
struct HelloWorld;

impl HelloWorld {
    // Define how it looks
    #[view]
    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context) -> Node {
        node! {
            div(bg: blue, pad: 2, @key_global(esc): ctx.handler(())) [
                text("Hello, RxTUI!", color: white, bold),
                text("Press Esc to exit", color: white)
            ]
        }
    }
}

fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
    App::new()?.run(HelloWorld)
}
```

Run it:
```bash
cargo run
```

Press `Esc` to exit.

### What's happening?

1. **Component**: We define a struct and derive `Component`
2. **View**: The `#[view]` method returns what to display
3. **node! macro**: Creates the UI tree declaratively
4. **App**: Manages the terminal and event loop

## Chapter 2: Adding State

Most UIs need to manage data. Let's add state to our component.

### Counter with State

```rust
use rxtui::prelude::*;

// State holds our data
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
struct CounterState {
    count: i32,
}

#[derive(Component)]
struct Counter;

impl Counter {
    #[view]
    fn view(&self, _ctx: &Context, state: CounterState) -> Node {
        node! {
            div(bg: black, pad: 2) [
                text(format!("Count: {}", state.count), color: white)
            ]
        }
    }
}

fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
    App::new()?.run(Counter)
}
```

The `#[view]` macro automatically fetches the state and passes it as a parameter.

## Chapter 3: Handling Events

Now let's make it interactive by adding messages and updates.

### Interactive Counter

```rust
use rxtui::prelude::*;

// Messages represent events
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
enum CounterMsg {
    Increment,
    Decrement,
    Exit,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
struct CounterState {
    count: i32,
}

#[derive(Component)]
struct Counter;

impl Counter {
    // Handle messages and update state
    #[update]
    fn update(&self, _ctx: &Context, msg: CounterMsg, mut state: CounterState) -> Action {
        match msg {
            CounterMsg::Increment => {
                state.count += 1;
                Action::update(state)  // Save new state
            }
            CounterMsg::Decrement => {
                state.count -= 1;
                Action::update(state)
            }
            CounterMsg::Exit => Action::exit(),  // Exit app
        }
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, state: CounterState) -> Node {
        node! {
            div(bg: black, pad: 2, @char_global('+'): ctx.handler(CounterMsg::Increment), @char_global('-'): ctx.handler(CounterMsg::Decrement), @char_global('q'): ctx.handler(CounterMsg::Exit)) [
                text(format!("Count: {}", state.count), color: white),
                text("Press +/- to change, q to quit", color: gray)
            ]
        }
    }
}
```

### The Update Cycle

1. User presses a key
2. Event handler creates a message
3. `update` processes the message
4. State changes
5. View re-renders with new state

## Chapter 4: Building UIs with node!

The `node!` macro is how you build UIs. Let's explore its features.

### Layout and Styling

```rust
#[view]
fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, state: MyState) -> Node {
    node! {
        // Vertical layout with padding
        div(bg: "#1a1a1a", pad: 2, gap: 1) [
            // Title with styling
            text("My App", color: cyan, bold, underline),

            // Horizontal layout
            hstack(gap: 2) [
                // Fixed width box
                div(w: 20, h: 5, border: white) [
                    text("Left panel")
                ],

                // Percentage width
                div(w_frac: 0.5, border: blue) [
                    text("Center (50%)")
                ],

                // Auto-sizing
                div(w_auto, border: green) [
                    text("Right (auto)")
                ]
            ],

            // Spacer
            spacer(2),

            // Footer
            text("Status: Ready", color: bright_green)
        ]
    }
}
```

### Rich Text

```rust
node! {
    div [
        // Inline styled text
        richtext [
            text("Status: "),
            text("SUCCESS", color: green, bold),
            text(" - "),
            text("5 items", color: yellow),
            text(" processed")
        ]
    ]
}
```

## Chapter 5: Interactive Elements

Let's make clickable buttons and focusable elements.

### Buttons and Focus

```rust
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
enum AppMsg {
    ButtonClicked(String),
    InputFocused,
}

#[view]
fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, state: AppState) -> Node {
    node! {
        div(pad: 2) [
            text("Click buttons or use Tab to navigate:", color: yellow),

            hstack(gap: 2) [
                // Clickable button
                div(
                    border: white,
                    pad: 1,
                    focusable,  // Can receive focus
                    focus_style: ({
                        Style::default()
                            .background(Color::Blue)
                            .border(Color::Yellow)
                    }),
                    @click: ctx.handler(AppMsg::ButtonClicked("One".into())),
                    @key(enter): ctx.handler(AppMsg::ButtonClicked("One".into()))
                ) [
                    text("Button 1")
                ],

                // Another button
                div(border: white, pad: 1, focusable, @click: ctx.handler(AppMsg::ButtonClicked("Two".into())), @key(enter): ctx.handler(AppMsg::ButtonClicked("Two".into()))) [
                    text("Button 2")
                ]
            ],

            // Display which was clicked
            text(format!("Last clicked: {}", state.last_clicked))
        ]
    }
}
```

### Focus Navigation

- **Tab**: Move to next focusable element
- **Shift+Tab**: Move to previous
- **Enter**: Activate focused element

## Chapter 6: Text Input

RxTUI includes a built-in TextInput component.

### Using TextInput

```rust
use rxtui::prelude::*;
use rxtui::components::TextInput;

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
enum FormMsg {
    Submit,
    Exit,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
struct FormState {
    submitted: bool,
}

#[derive(Component)]
struct Form;

impl Form {
    #[update]
    fn update(&self, _ctx: &Context, msg: FormMsg, mut state: FormState) -> Action {
        match msg {
            FormMsg::Submit => {
                state.submitted = true;
                Action::update(state)
            }
            FormMsg::Exit => Action::exit(),
        }
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, state: FormState) -> Node {
        node! {
            div(pad: 2, @key_global(esc): ctx.handler(FormMsg::Exit)) [
                text("User Form", bold, color: cyan),

                // Text inputs
                text("Name:"),
                input(placeholder: "Enter your name...", focusable),

                spacer(1),

                text("Email:"),
                input(
                    placeholder: "user@example.com",
                    w: 40,
                    border: cyan,
                    focusable
                ),

                spacer(1),

                // Password input
                text("Password:"),
                input(
                    placeholder: "********",
                    password,  // Masks input
                    border: yellow,
                    focusable
                ),

                spacer(2),

                // Submit button
                div(border: green, pad: 1, focusable, @click: ctx.handler(FormMsg::Submit), @key(enter): ctx.handler(FormMsg::Submit)) [
                    text("Submit")
                ],

                // Status
                if state.submitted {
                    text("Form submitted!", color: green)
                }
            ]
        }
    }
}
```

## Chapter 7: Component Communication

Components can communicate using topics - a pub/sub system.

### Parent-Child with Topics

```rust
// Shared message type
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
struct UpdateRequest {
    value: String,
}

// Child component that sends updates
#[derive(Component)]
struct Child {
    id: String,
}

impl Child {
    fn new(id: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
        Self { id: id.into() }
    }

    #[update]
    fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, msg: ChildMsg, state: ChildState) -> Action {
        match msg {
            ChildMsg::SendUpdate => {
                // Send to parent via topic
                ctx.send_to_topic("parent.updates", UpdateRequest {
                    value: format!("Update from {}", self.id)
                });
                Action::none()
            }
        }
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, _state: ChildState) -> Node {
        node! {
            div(border: white, pad: 1, @click: ctx.handler(ChildMsg::SendUpdate)) [
                text(format!("Child: {}", self.id))
            ]
        }
    }
}

// Parent that receives updates
#[derive(Component)]
struct Parent;

impl Parent {
    // Listen to topic messages
    #[update(msg = ParentMsg, topics = ["parent.updates" => UpdateRequest])]
    fn update(&self, _ctx: &Context, messages: Messages, mut state: ParentState) -> Action {
        match messages {
            Messages::ParentMsg(msg) => {
                // Handle own messages
                Action::none()
            }
            Messages::UpdateRequest(req) => {
                // Handle topic messages
                state.last_update = req.value;
                Action::update(state)  // Claim topic ownership
            }
        }
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, state: ParentState) -> Node {
        node! {
            div(pad: 2) [
                text("Parent Component", bold),
                text(format!("Last update: {}", state.last_update)),

                hstack(gap: 2) [
                    node(Child::new("A")),
                    node(Child::new("B")),
                    node(Child::new("C"))
                ]
            ]
        }
    }
}
```

## Chapter 8: Scrollable Content

Handle content that exceeds the viewport.

### Scrollable List

```rust
#[view]
fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, state: ListState) -> Node {
    node! {
        div(pad: 2) [
            text("Scrollable List (use arrows when focused):", color: yellow),

            // Scrollable container
            div(
                h: 10,               // Fixed height
                border: white,
                overflow: scroll,    // Enable scrolling
                show_scrollbar: true,
                focusable           // Must be focusable for keyboard control
            ) [
                // Generate many items
                {state.items.iter().enumerate().map(|(i, item)| {
                    node! {
                        div [
                            text(format!("{}: {}", i + 1, item))
                        ]
                    }
                }).collect::<Vec<_>>()}
            ],

            text("Arrow keys: scroll, Page Up/Down: page, Home/End: jump", color: gray)
        ]
    }
}
```

## Chapter 9: Async Effects

Use effects for background tasks like timers or API calls.

### Timer with Effects

```rust
use rxtui::prelude::*;
use std::time::Duration;

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
enum ClockMsg {
    Tick,
    Reset,
    Exit,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
struct ClockState {
    seconds: u32,
}

#[derive(Component)]
struct Clock;

// Enable the #[effect] macro by adding `#[component]` attribute
#[component]
impl Clock {
    #[update]
    fn update(&self, _ctx: &Context, msg: ClockMsg, mut state: ClockState) -> Action {
        match msg {
            ClockMsg::Tick => {
                state.seconds += 1;
                Action::update(state)
            }
            ClockMsg::Reset => Action::update(ClockState::default()),
            ClockMsg::Exit => Action::exit(),
        }
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, state: ClockState) -> Node {
        let time = format!("{:02}:{:02}", state.seconds / 60, state.seconds % 60);

        node! {
            div(bg: black, pad: 2, @char_global('r'): ctx.handler(ClockMsg::Reset), @char_global('q'): ctx.handler(ClockMsg::Exit)) [
                text(&time, color: cyan, bold),
                text("Press r to reset, q to quit", color: gray)
            ]
        }
    }

    // Async effect that runs in background
    #[effect]
    async fn tick(&self, ctx: &Context) {
        loop {
            tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
            ctx.send(ClockMsg::Tick);
        }
    }
}

fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
    App::new()?.run(Clock)
}
```

Remember to add tokio to your dependencies:
```toml
[dependencies]
rxtui = { path = "rxtui", features = ["effects"] }
tokio = { version = "1.0", features = ["full"] }
```

## Chapter 10: Complete Application

Let's build a todo list app combining everything we've learned.

### Todo List App

```rust
use rxtui::prelude::*;
use rxtui::components::TextInput;

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
enum TodoMsg {
    AddTodo,
    ToggleTodo(usize),
    DeleteTodo(usize),
    ClearCompleted,
    Exit,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
struct Todo {
    text: String,
    completed: bool,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
struct TodoState {
    todos: Vec<Todo>,
    filter: Filter,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
enum Filter {
    All,
    Active,
    Completed,
}

impl Default for Filter {
    fn default() -> Self { Filter::All }
}

#[derive(Component)]
struct TodoApp;

impl TodoApp {
    #[update]
    fn update(&self, _ctx: &Context, msg: TodoMsg, mut state: TodoState) -> Action {
        match msg {
            TodoMsg::AddTodo => {
                // Note: In real app, get text from input component
                state.todos.push(Todo {
                    text: "New todo".into(),
                    completed: false,
                });
                Action::update(state)
            }
            TodoMsg::ToggleTodo(idx) => {
                if let Some(todo) = state.todos.get_mut(idx) {
                    todo.completed = !todo.completed;
                }
                Action::update(state)
            }
            TodoMsg::DeleteTodo(idx) => {
                state.todos.remove(idx);
                Action::update(state)
            }
            TodoMsg::ClearCompleted => {
                state.todos.retain(|t| !t.completed);
                Action::update(state)
            }
            TodoMsg::Exit => Action::exit(),
        }
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, state: TodoState) -> Node {
        let visible_todos: Vec<_> = state.todos.iter().enumerate()
            .filter(|(_, t)| match state.filter {
                Filter::All => true,
                Filter::Active => !t.completed,
                Filter::Completed => t.completed,
            })
            .collect();

        let active_count = state.todos.iter().filter(|t| !t.completed).count();

        node! {
            div(bg: black, pad: 2, @key_global(esc): ctx.handler(TodoMsg::Exit)) [
                // Header
                div(bg: blue, pad: 1, w_frac: 1.0) [
                    text("TODO LIST", color: white, bold)
                ],

                spacer(1),

                // Input area
                hstack(gap: 1) [
                    input(
                        placeholder: "What needs to be done?",
                        w: 40,
                        focusable
                    ),
                    div(border: green, pad: 1, focusable, @click: ctx.handler(TodoMsg::AddTodo)) [
                        text("Add")
                    ]
                ],

                spacer(1),

                // Todo list
                div(
                    h: 15,
                    overflow: scroll,
                    show_scrollbar: true,
                    border: white
                ) [
                    ...(visible_todos.iter().map(|(idx, todo)| {
                        let idx = *idx;
                        let style = if todo.completed {
                            TextStyle::default()
                                .color(Color::Gray)
                                .strikethrough(true)
                        } else {
                            TextStyle::default()
                        };

                        node! {
                            hstack(gap: 1) [
                                // Checkbox
                                div(
                                    w: 3,
                                    focusable,
                                    border: (if todo.completed { green } else { white }),
                                    @click: ctx.handler(TodoMsg::ToggleTodo(idx))
                                ) [
                                    text(if todo.completed { "✓" } else { " " })
                                ],

                                // Todo text
                                text(&todo.text, style: style),

                                // Delete button
                                div(border: red, pad_h: 1, focusable, @click: ctx.handler(TodoMsg::DeleteTodo(idx))) [
                                    text("×")
                                ]
                            ]
                        }
                    }).collect::<Vec<Node>>())
                ],

                spacer(1),

                // Footer
                hstack(gap: 2) [
                    text(format!("{} items left", active_count)),

                    div(border: yellow, pad: 1, focusable, @click: ctx.handler(TodoMsg::ClearCompleted)) [
                        text("Clear completed")
                    ]
                ],

                spacer(1),
                text("Press ESC to exit", color: gray)
            ]
        }
    }
}

fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
    App::new()?.run(TodoApp)
}
```

## Next Steps

You've learned the fundamentals of RxTUI! Here's what to explore next:

1. **Read the full documentation**: Check `DOCS.md` for complete API details
2. **Study the examples**: Run and modify the example apps
3. **Build something**: Create your own TUI application
4. **Explore advanced features**:
   - Custom components
   - Complex layouts
   - Performance optimization
   - Custom rendering

## Tips for Success

1. **Start simple**: Build basic components first, then combine them
2. **Use the type system**: Let Rust's types guide your design
3. **Think in components**: Break complex UIs into reusable pieces
4. **Handle errors gracefully**: Always provide feedback to users
5. **Test interactively**: TUIs are best tested by using them

## Common Patterns

### Loading States

```rust
#[view]
fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, state: DataState) -> Node {
    node! {
        div [
            match &state.data {
                Loading => text("Loading...", color: yellow),
                Error(e) => text(format!("Error: {}", e), color: red),
                Success(data) => text(format!("Data: {}", data)),
            }
        ]
    }
}
```

### Modal Dialogs

```rust
#[view]
fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, state: AppState) -> Node {
    node! {
        div [
            // Main content
            div [ /* ... */ ],

            // Modal overlay
            if state.show_modal {
                div(
                    absolute,
                    top: 0, left: 0,
                    w_frac: 1.0, h_frac: 1.0,
                    bg: (Color::Black.with_alpha(128)),  // Semi-transparent
                    z: 1000
                ) [
                    // Modal content
                    div(
                        w: 40, h: 10,
                        bg: white,
                        border: black,
                        pad: 2
                    ) [
                        text("Modal Dialog", color: black, bold),
                        // Modal content...
                    ]
                ]
            }
        ]
    }
}
```

Happy coding with RxTUI!


================================================
FILE: examples/README.md
================================================
# RxTUI Examples

This directory contains example applications demonstrating various features and patterns of the RxTUI framework.

## Examples

### [counter.rs](./counter.rs)
```bash
cargo run --example counter
```

<img width="100%" alt="counter demo" src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/c841f1e6-8bf9-4b5a-bed5-97bc31cc3537" />

A minimal counter demonstrating:
- Basic component structure with `#[update]` and `#[view]` macros
- State management and message handling
- Keyboard event handlers (`↑`/`↓` keys)
- The absolute minimum code needed for an RxTUI app

<br />

### [form.rs](./form.rs)
```bash
cargo run --example form
```

<img width="100%" alt="form demo" src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/5c675ab4-144d-4ef1-8545-7921a537bb23" />

Demonstrates form building capabilities:
- Text input fields with focus management
- Form validation and state management
- Submit/cancel actions
- Keyboard navigation between fields
- Error display and user feedback

<br />

### [stopwatch.rs](./stopwatch.rs)
```bash
cargo run --example stopwatch
```

<img width="100%" alt="stopwatch demo" src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/98b5702c-cc98-4845-9dbe-e03ac43104f6" />

Time-based UI updates:
- Effects system for side effects
- Timer implementation with start/stop/reset
- Formatting time display
- Combining user actions with background updates

<br />

### [align.rs](./align.rs)
```bash
cargo run --example align
```

<img width="100%" alt="align demo" src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/bff6886f-7d38-4e90-a512-04d79a3e6246" />

CSS Flexbox-style alignment demonstration:
- **JustifyContent**: Controls main axis distribution (Start, Center, End, SpaceBetween, SpaceAround, SpaceEvenly)
- **AlignItems**: Controls cross axis alignment (Start, Center, End)
- **AlignSelf**: Per-child alignment override
- Interactive controls to test different combinations
- Support for both horizontal and vertical directions
- Shows how justify and align work on perpendicular axes

<br />

### [hover.rs](./hover.rs)
```bash
cargo run --example hover
```

Demonstrates pointer-driven styling:
- Cards highlight with `hover_style` overlays and animated borders
- Keyboard tabbing still works via `focus_style` fallbacks
- Shows how to compose base, focus, and hover layers without extra event wiring
- Includes a `TextInput` with hover/focus styling via `hover_*` helpers
- Great starting point for interactive menus and dashboards

<br />

### [progressbar.rs](./progressbar.rs)
```bash
cargo run --example progressbar
```

<img width="100%" alt="progressbar demo" src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/092d84db-66ea-431c-be72-cf48a043e7f6" />

Animated progress bar with visual flair:
- Smooth multi-stop gradient with peachy colors (Coral → Peach → Salmon → Pink)
- Automatic animation using effects system
- Percentage display with real-time updates
- Demonstrates dynamic content generation with iterators
- Shows how to create visually appealing terminal graphics

<br />

### [shimmer_text.rs](./shimmer_text.rs)
```bash
cargo run --example shimmer_text
```

Animated text highlight inspired by shimmer loading placeholders:
- Continuous, reactive highlight sweeping across text
- Demonstrates color blending and per-character styling
- Ships a reusable `ShimmerText` component that takes the message and speed
- Uses the async effects system for smooth animation
- Includes exit shortcuts wired through the context handlers

<br />

### [scroll.rs](./scroll.rs)
```bash
cargo run --example scroll
```

Interactive overview of scroll behaviors:
- Dual vertical panels comparing visible and hidden scrollbars
- Nested scrollable containers with independent focus and overflow control
- Horizontal gallery demonstrating sideways panning without a scrollbar track
- Contextual hint banner that updates as different surfaces receive focus

<br />

### [scroll2.rs](./scroll2.rs)
```bash
cargo run --example scroll2
```

Single-panel reading view:
- Large article body contained within one scrollable surface
- Keyboard, mouse, and touchpad scrolling supported out of the box
- Fixed viewport keeps the layout stable on smaller terminals
- Helpful instructions for focusing and navigating the text

<br />

### [components.rs](./components.rs)
```bash
cargo run --example components
```

<img width="100%" alt="components demo" src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/9ad3e411-0ffe-487b-a0c1-93a3271284fc" />

Shows how to build complex UIs from reusable components:
- Multiple independent counter components with different colors
- Inter-component communication via topics
- Dynamic topic names in `#[update]` macro
- Nested component structure (Dashboard → Counter components)
- Both stateful (Counter) and stateless (Dashboard) components

### [spinner.rs](./spinner.rs)
```bash
cargo run --example spinner
```

<img width="100%" alt="spinner demo" src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/f791a987-b460-4053-ae7e-36d86534726f" />

Simple loading animation demonstration:
- Animated spinner using Unicode braille characters
- Automatic animation using `#[effect]` attribute
- Clean purple color scheme with rounded borders
- Shows how to create smooth animations with async effects
- Minimal code for animated UI elements

<br />

### [inline.rs](./inline.rs)
```bash
cargo run --example inline
```

Demonstrates inline rendering mode:
- Renders directly in terminal without alternate screen
- Content persists in terminal history after app exits
- Multiple interactive widgets (counter, status, scrollable log)
- Tab-based focus navigation between components
- Ideal for CLI tools that want persistent inline output
- Shows `App::inline()` usage with content-based height

<br />

## Feature Showcase

### [demo.rs](./demo.rs)
```bash
cargo run --example demo
```
Multi-page demo application showcasing:
- Tab-based navigation system
- 15 different pages each demonstrating specific features
- Component communication via topics
- Complex layouts and styling
- Everything RxTUI can do in one app

The demo includes specialized pages for:
1. **Overflow** - Text overflow and truncation handling
2. **Direction** - Vertical/horizontal layouts and flow
3. **Percentages** - Percentage-based sizing
4. **Borders** - Border styles and selective edges
5. **Absolute** - Absolute positioning and modals
6. **Text Styles** - Colors, bold, underline, etc.
7. **Auto Sizing** - Content-based sizing
8. **Text Wrap** - Word wrapping and text flow
9. **Element Wrap** - Flexbox-like element wrapping
10. **Unicode** - Unicode and emoji support
11. **Content Size** - Dynamic content sizing
12. **Focus** - Focus management and keyboard navigation
13. **Rich Text** - Mixed styles within text
14. **Text Input** - Interactive text input fields
15. **Scrollable** - Scrollable regions and overflow


================================================
FILE: examples/align.rs
================================================
use rxtui::prelude::*;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct DemoState {
    justify: JustifyContent,
    align: AlignItems,
    vertical: bool,
    show_align_self: bool,
}

#[derive(Component)]
pub struct DivAlignmentDemo;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Trait Implementations
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Default for DemoState {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self {
            justify: JustifyContent::Start,
            align: AlignItems::Start,
            vertical: false,
            show_align_self: false,
        }
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl DivAlignmentDemo {
    #[update]
    fn update(&self, _ctx: &Context, event: &str, mut state: DemoState) -> Action {
        match event {
            "justify_start" => state.justify = JustifyContent::Start,
            "justify_center" => state.justify = JustifyContent::Center,
            "justify_end" => state.justify = JustifyContent::End,
            "justify_space_between" => state.justify = JustifyContent::SpaceBetween,
            "justify_space_around" => state.justify = JustifyContent::SpaceAround,
            "justify_space_evenly" => state.justify = JustifyContent::SpaceEvenly,
            "align_start" => state.align = AlignItems::Start,
            "align_center" => state.align = AlignItems::Center,
            "align_end" => state.align = AlignItems::End,
            "toggle_direction" => state.vertical = !state.vertical,
            "toggle_align_self" => state.show_align_self = !state.show_align_self,
            "exit" => return Action::exit(),
            _ => return Action::none(),
        }
        Action::update(state)
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, state: DemoState) -> Node {
        let dir = if state.vertical {
            Direction::Vertical
        } else {
            Direction::Horizontal
        };
        let justify = state.justify;
        let align = state.align;

        // Build children - varying sizes to demonstrate alignment
        let children = if state.show_align_self {
            // Show align_self overrides - mixed sizes and alignment
            vec![
                node! { div(bg: red, w: 10, h: 3) [text("1", color: white)] },
                node! { div(bg: green, w: 12, h: 5, align_self: end) [text("2(end)", color: white)] },
                node! { div(bg: blue, w: 14, h: 7) [text("3", color: white)] },
                node! { div(bg: yellow, w: 10, h: 4, align_self: start) [text("4(start)", color: black)] },
            ]
        } else {
            // Normal mode - varying sizes to show alignment effects
            vec![
                node! { div(bg: red, w: 10, h: 3) [text("1", color: white)] },
                node! { div(bg: green, w: 12, h: 5) [text("2", color: white)] },
                node! { div(bg: blue, w: 14, h: 7) [text("3", color: white)] },
            ]
        };

        node! {
            div(
                pad: 2,
                w_frac: 1.0,
                h_frac: 1.0,
                align: center,
                @char_global('1'): ctx.handler("justify_start"),
                @char_global('2'): ctx.handler("justify_center"),
                @char_global('3'): ctx.handler("justify_end"),
                @char_global('4'): ctx.handler("justify_space_between"),
                @char_global('5'): ctx.handler("justify_space_around"),
                @char_global('6'): ctx.handler("justify_space_evenly"),
                @char_global('q'): ctx.handler("align_start"),
                @char_global('w'): ctx.handler("align_center"),
                @char_global('e'): ctx.handler("align_end"),
                @char_global('a'): ctx.handler("toggle_align_self"),
                @char_global('d'): ctx.handler("toggle_direction"),
                @key_global(esc): ctx.handler("exit")
            ) [
                // Title
                text("Div Alignment Demo - Mix & Match!", color: yellow, bold),
                text("Justify and Align work on perpendicular axes and can be freely combined", color: bright_black),
                spacer(1),

                // Current settings display
                text(format!(
                    "Direction: {} | Justify: {:?} | Align: {:?} | AlignSelf: {}",
                    if state.vertical { "Vertical" } else { "Horizontal" },
                    state.justify,
                    state.align,
                    if state.show_align_self { "ON" } else { "OFF" }
                ), color: cyan),
                spacer(1),

                // Demo container
                div(
                    bg: "#333",
                    border: white,
                    dir: dir,
                    justify: justify,
                    align: align,
                    w: 56,
                    h: 21
                ) [...(children)],
                spacer(1),

                // Instructions
                div(border: bright_black, pad: 1, w: 56) [
                    text("JUSTIFY (Main Axis):", color: yellow, bold),
                    text(if state.vertical {
                        "  Controls vertical distribution"
                    } else {
                        "  Controls horizontal distribution"
                    }, color: bright_black),
                    text("  [1] Start        [2] Center       [3] End", color: white),
                    text("  [4] SpaceBetween [5] SpaceAround  [6] SpaceEvenly", color: white),
                    spacer(1),

                    text("ALIGN (Cross Axis):", color: yellow, bold),
                    text(if state.vertical {
                        "  Controls horizontal alignment"
                    } else {
                        "  Controls vertical alignment"
                    }, color: bright_black),
                    text("  [Q] Start        [W] Center       [E] End", color: white),
                    spacer(1),

                    text("OTHER:", color: yellow, bold),
                    text("  [D] Toggle Direction - Switch horizontal/vertical", color: white),
                    text("  [A] Toggle AlignSelf - Show per-child overrides", color: white),
                    text("  [ESC] Exit", color: white)
                ]
            ]
        }
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Functions
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
    App::new()?.run(DivAlignmentDemo)
}


================================================
FILE: examples/components.rs
================================================
use rxtui::prelude::*;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
enum CounterMsg {
    Increment,
    Decrement,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
struct CounterState {
    count: i32,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
struct ResetSignal;

#[derive(Component)]
struct Counter {
    topic_name: String,
    label: String,
    color: Color,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
enum DashboardMsg {
    ResetAll,
    Exit,
}

#[derive(Component)]
struct Dashboard;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Counter {
    fn new(topic: impl Into<String>, label: impl Into<String>, color: Color) -> Self {
        Self {
            topic_name: topic.into(),
            label: label.into(),
            color,
        }
    }

    /// Using the new #[update] macro with dynamic topic support!
    #[update(msg = CounterMsg, topics = [self.topic_name => ResetSignal])]
    fn update(&self, _ctx: &Context, messages: Messages, mut state: CounterState) -> Action {
        match messages {
            Messages::CounterMsg(msg) => {
                match msg {
                    CounterMsg::Increment => state.count += 1,
                    CounterMsg::Decrement => state.count -= 1,
                }
                Action::update(state)
            }
            Messages::ResetSignal(_) => Action::update(CounterState::default()),
        }
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, state: CounterState) -> Node {
        // Create a darker version of the color for the label background
        let label_bg = match self.color {
            Color::Rgb(147, 112, 219) => Color::hex("#7B68AA"), // Darker purple for #9370DB
            Color::Rgb(255, 165, 0) => Color::hex("#CC8400"),   // Darker amber for #FFA500
            Color::Rgb(32, 178, 170) => Color::hex("#1A8D88"),  // Darker teal for #20B2AA
            _ => Color::hex("#333333"),                         // Fallback dark gray
        };

        // Create a darker version of the color for focus background
        let focus_bg = match self.color {
            Color::Rgb(147, 112, 219) => Color::hex("#6B4C9A"), // Darker purple for #9370DB
            Color::Rgb(255, 165, 0) => Color::hex("#CC6600"),   // Darker amber for #FFA500
            Color::Rgb(32, 178, 170) => Color::hex("#156B66"),  // Darker teal for #20B2AA
            _ => Color::hex("#222222"),                         // Fallback dark gray
        };

        node! {
            div(
                border: (self.color),
                pad: 2,
                w: 25,
                dir: vertical,
                align: center,
                focusable,
                focus_style: (Style::default().background(focus_bg)),
                @key(down): ctx.handler(CounterMsg::Decrement),
                @key(up): ctx.handler(CounterMsg::Increment)
            ) [
                div(bg: (label_bg), pad_h: 1) [
                    text(&self.label, color: black, bold, align: center)
                ],

                spacer(1),

                text(format!("Count: {}", state.count), color: white, bold, align: center),

                spacer(1),

                hstack(gap: 2, justify: center) [
                    div(bg: "#D32F2F", pad_h: 2, @click: ctx.handler(CounterMsg::Decrement)) [
                        text("-", color: white, bold)
                    ],
                    div(bg: "#388E3C", pad_h: 2, @click: ctx.handler(CounterMsg::Increment)) [
                        text("+", color: white, bold)
                    ]
                ]
            ]
        }
    }
}

impl Dashboard {
    #[update]
    fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, msg: DashboardMsg) -> Action {
        match msg {
            DashboardMsg::ResetAll => {
                // Send reset signal to all counter topics
                ctx.send_to_topic("counter_1", ResetSignal);
                ctx.send_to_topic("counter_2", ResetSignal);
                ctx.send_to_topic("counter_3", ResetSignal);
                Action::none()
            }
            DashboardMsg::Exit => Action::exit(),
        }
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context) -> Node {
        node! {
            div(
                pad: 2,
                align: center,
                w_frac: 1.0,
                @char_global('q'): ctx.handler(DashboardMsg::Exit),
                @key_global(esc): ctx.handler(DashboardMsg::Exit)
            ) [
                // Header
                richtext(align: center) [
                    text("Counter Dashboard", color: "#20B2AA", bold),
                    text(" - Topic Communication Demo", color: bright_white)
                ],

                spacer(1),

                // Instructions
                text(
                    "tab to focus • ↑/↓ to change • r to reset all • q to quit",
                    color: bright_black,
                    align: center
                ),

                spacer(2),

                // Counters
                hstack(gap: 2, justify: center) [
                    node(Counter::new("counter_1", "Alpha", Color::hex("#9370DB"))),
                    node(Counter::new("counter_2", "Beta", Color::hex("#FFA500"))),
                    node(Counter::new("counter_3", "Gamma", Color::hex("#20B2AA")))
                ],

                spacer(2),

                // Reset button
                div(align: center) [
                    div(
                        bg: black,
                        border: white,
                        focusable,
                        focus_style: (Style::default().background(Color::hex("#333")).border(Color::White)),
                        @click: ctx.handler(DashboardMsg::ResetAll),
                        pad_h: 1,
                        @char('r'): ctx.handler(DashboardMsg::ResetAll)
                    ) [
                        text("Reset All Counters (R)", color: white, bold)
                    ]
                ]
            ]
        }
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Functions
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
    App::new()?.run(Dashboard)
}


================================================
FILE: examples/counter.rs
================================================
use rxtui::prelude::*;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[derive(Component)]
struct Counter;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Counter {
    #[update]
    fn update(&self, _ctx: &Context, msg: &str, mut count: i32) -> Action {
        match msg {
            "inc" => Action::update(count + 1),
            "dec" => Action::update(count - 1),
            _ => Action::exit(),
        }
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, count: i32) -> Node {
        node! {
            div(
                pad: 2,
                align: center,
                w_frac: 1.0,
                gap: 1,
                @key(up): ctx.handler("inc"),
                @key(down): ctx.handler("dec"),
                @key(esc): ctx.handler("exit")
            ) [
                text(format!("Count: {count}"), color: white, bold),
                text("use ↑/↓ to change, esc to exit", color: bright_black)
            ]
        }
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Functions
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
    App::new()?.run(Counter)
}


================================================
FILE: examples/demo.rs
================================================
mod demo_pages;

use demo_pages::*;
use rxtui::prelude::*;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
enum DemoMessage {
    SetPage(i32),
    NextPage,
    PrevPage,
    Exit,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
enum NavMsg {
    SetPage(i32),
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
struct DemoState {
    current_page: i32,
}

#[derive(Component)]
struct Demo;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Trait Implementations
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Default for DemoState {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self { current_page: 1 }
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Demo {
    #[update(msg = DemoMessage, topics = ["navigation" => NavMsg])]
    fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, messages: Messages, mut state: DemoState) -> Action {
        let msg = match messages {
            Messages::DemoMessage(msg) => msg,
            Messages::NavMsg(NavMsg::SetPage(page)) => DemoMessage::SetPage(page),
        };

        match msg {
            DemoMessage::SetPage(page) => {
                state.current_page = page;
            }
            DemoMessage::NextPage => {
                state.current_page = (state.current_page % 16) + 1;
            }
            DemoMessage::PrevPage => {
                state.current_page = if state.current_page == 1 {
                    16
                } else {
                    state.current_page - 1
                };
            }
            DemoMessage::Exit => {
                return Action::exit();
            }
        }

        Action::update(state)
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, state: DemoState) -> Node {
        let page_content = match state.current_page {
            1 => node! { node(page1_overflow::Page1OverflowDemo) },
            2 => node! { node(page2_direction::Page2DirectionDemo) },
            3 => node! { node(page3_percentages::Page3PercentagesDemo) },
            4 => node! { node(page4_borders::Page4BordersDemo) },
            5 => node! { node(page5_absolute::Page5AbsoluteDemo) },
            6 => node! { node(page6_text_styles::Page6TextStylesDemo) },
            7 => node! { node(page7_auto_sizing::Page7AutoSizingDemo) },
            8 => node! { node(page8_text_wrap::Page8TextWrapDemo) },
            9 => node! { node(page9_element_wrap::Page9ElementWrapDemo) },
            10 => node! { node(page10_unicode::Page10UnicodeDemo) },
            11 => node! { node(page11_content_sizing::Page11ContentSizingDemo) },
            12 => node! { node(page12_focus::Page12FocusDemo) },
            13 => node! { node(page13_rich_text::Page13) },
            14 => node! { node(page14_text_input::Page14TextInputDemo) },
            15 => node! { node(page15_scrollable::Page15ScrollableDemo) },
            16 => node! { node(page16_text_alignment::Page16TextAlignmentDemo) },
            _ => node! { node(page1_overflow::Page1OverflowDemo) },
        };

        // Now we can use expressions in the node! macro
        node! {
            div(
                bg: black, dir: vertical, pad: 1, w_frac: 1.0, h_frac: 1.0,
                @char_global('q'): ctx.handler(DemoMessage::Exit),
                @key_global(esc): ctx.handler(DemoMessage::Exit),
                @char('1'): ctx.handler(DemoMessage::SetPage(1)),
                @char('2'): ctx.handler(DemoMessage::SetPage(2)),
                @char('3'): ctx.handler(DemoMessage::SetPage(3)),
                @char('4'): ctx.handler(DemoMessage::SetPage(4)),
                @char('5'): ctx.handler(DemoMessage::SetPage(5)),
                @char('6'): ctx.handler(DemoMessage::SetPage(6)),
                @char('7'): ctx.handler(DemoMessage::SetPage(7)),
                @char('8'): ctx.handler(DemoMessage::SetPage(8)),
                @char('9'): ctx.handler(DemoMessage::SetPage(9)),
                @char('0'): ctx.handler(DemoMessage::SetPage(10)),
                @char('-'): ctx.handler(DemoMessage::SetPage(11)),
                @char('='): ctx.handler(DemoMessage::SetPage(12)),
                @char('['): ctx.handler(DemoMessage::SetPage(13)),
                @char(']'): ctx.handler(DemoMessage::SetPage(14)),
                @char('\\'): ctx.handler(DemoMessage::SetPage(15)),
                @char(';'): ctx.handler(DemoMessage::SetPage(16)),
                @key(right): ctx.handler(DemoMessage::NextPage),
                @key(left): ctx.handler(DemoMessage::PrevPage)
            ) [
                // Header
                div(bg: bright_black, dir: horizontal, pad: 1, w_frac: 1.0, h: 3) [
                    text("Radical TUI Demo", color: bright_cyan),
                    div(w: 10) [],
                    text("Use ← → or 1-9 to navigate, 'q' to quit", color: bright_yellow)
                ],

                // Tab bar
                node(TabBar::new(state.current_page)),

                // Page content using expression
                (page_content)
            ]
        }
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types: Tab Bar
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[derive(Component)]
struct TabBar {
    current_page: i32,
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods: Tab Bar
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl TabBar {
    fn new(current_page: i32) -> Self {
        Self { current_page }
    }

    #[update]
    fn update(&self, _ctx: &Context, _msg: ()) -> Action {
        Action::none()
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, _ctx: &Context) -> Node {
        node! {
            div(bg: blue, dir: horizontal, h: 3, w_frac: 1.0) [
                node(Tab::new(1, "[1] Overflow", self.current_page)),
                node(Tab::new(2, "[2] Direction", self.current_page)),
                node(Tab::new(3, "[3] Percentages", self.current_page)),
                node(Tab::new(4, "[4] Borders", self.current_page)),
                node(Tab::new(5, "[5] Absolute", self.current_page)),
                node(Tab::new(6, "[6] Text Styles", self.current_page)),
                node(Tab::new(7, "[7] Auto Sizing", self.current_page)),
                node(Tab::new(8, "[8] Text Wrap", self.current_page)),
                node(Tab::new(9, "[9] Element Wrap", self.current_page)),
                node(Tab::new(10, "[0] Unicode", self.current_page)),
                node(Tab::new(11, "[-] Content Size", self.current_page)),
                node(Tab::new(12, "[=] Focus", self.current_page)),
                node(Tab::new(13, "[[] RichText", self.current_page)),
                node(Tab::new(14, "[]] TextInput", self.current_page)),
                node(Tab::new(15, "[\\] Scrollable", self.current_page)),
                node(Tab::new(16, "[;] Alignment", self.current_page))
            ]
        }
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types: Tab
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[derive(Component, Default)]
struct Tab {
    page_num: i32,
    label: String,
    current_page: i32,
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods: Tab
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Tab {
    fn new(page_num: i32, label: &str, current_page: i32) -> Self {
        Self {
            page_num,
            label: label.to_string(),
            current_page,
        }
    }

    #[update]
    fn update(&self, _ctx: &Context, _msg: ()) -> Action {
        Action::none()
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context) -> Node {
        let is_current = self.current_page == self.page_num;
        let bg_color = if is_current { Color::Cyan } else { Color::Blue };
        let text_color = if is_current {
            Color::Black
        } else {
            Color::White
        };
        let label = self.label.clone();
        let page_num = self.page_num;

        node! {
            div(bg: (bg_color), pad: 1, h: 3, w_auto, @click: ctx.topic_handler("navigation", NavMsg::SetPage(page_num))) [
                text(label, color: (text_color))
            ]
        }
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Functions
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
    App::new()?.run(Demo)
}


================================================
FILE: examples/demo_pages/mod.rs
================================================
pub mod page10_unicode;
pub mod page11_content_sizing;
pub mod page12_focus;
pub mod page13_rich_text;
pub mod page14_text_input;
pub mod page15_scrollable;
pub mod page16_text_alignment;
pub mod page1_overflow;
pub mod page2_direction;
pub mod page3_percentages;
pub mod page4_borders;
pub mod page5_absolute;
pub mod page6_text_styles;
pub mod page7_auto_sizing;
pub mod page8_text_wrap;
pub mod page9_element_wrap;


================================================
FILE: examples/demo_pages/page10_unicode.rs
================================================
use rxtui::prelude::*;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[derive(Component)]
pub struct Page10UnicodeDemo;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Page10UnicodeDemo {
    #[update]
    fn update(&self, _ctx: &Context, _msg: ()) -> Action {
        Action::none()
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, _ctx: &Context) -> Node {
        node! {
            div(bg: black, dir: vertical, pad: 2, w_frac: 1.0, h_frac: 1.0) [
                // Title
                text("Page 10: Unicode Text Rendering", color: cyan, bold, underline),
                text("Support for CJK characters, emojis, and full-width text", color: bright_black),
                spacer(2),

                // Example 1: Character width comparison
                text("Example 1: Character Width Comparison", color: yellow, bold),
                spacer(1),
                hstack(gap: 2) [
                    // ASCII
                    vstack() [
                        text("ASCII (1 column each):", color: green),
                        div(bg: (Color::Rgb(20, 30, 20)), border: bright_black, w: 25, h: 3, pad: 1) [
                            text("ABCD 1234 !@#$", color: white)
                        ]
                    ],

                    // CJK
                    vstack() [
                        text("CJK (2 columns each):", color: cyan),
                        div(bg: (Color::Rgb(20, 20, 30)), border: bright_black, w: 25, h: 3, pad: 1) [
                            text("中文 日本語 한글", color: white)
                        ]
                    ],

                    // Full-width
                    vstack() [
                        text("Full-width (2 cols):", color: magenta),
                        div(bg: (Color::Rgb(30, 20, 30)), border: bright_black, w: 25, h: 3, pad: 1) [
                            text("ＡＢＣＤ １２３４", color: white)
                        ]
                    ]
                ],
                spacer(2),

                // Example 2: Mixed content with wrapping
                text("Example 2: Mixed Content with Text Wrapping", color: yellow, bold),
                spacer(1),
                hstack(gap: 2) [
                    vstack() [
                        text("Mixed ASCII + CJK:", color: bright_black),
                        div(bg: (Color::Rgb(30, 30, 30)), border: bright_black, overflow: hidden, w: 28, h: 5, pad: 1) [
                            text(
                                "Hello 世界! This is 混合文本 with both English and 中文 characters mixed together.",
                                color: white,
                                wrap: word
                            )
                        ]
                    ],

                    vstack() [
                        text("Long CJK text:", color: bright_black),
                        div(bg: (Color::Rgb(30, 30, 30)), border: bright_black, overflow: hidden, w: 28, h: 5, pad: 1) [
                            text(
                                "这是一段很长的中文文本用来测试文字换行功能是否正常工作。",
                                color: white,
                                wrap: character
                            )
                        ]
                    ]
                ],
                spacer(2),

                // Example 3: Emoji rendering
                text("Example 3: Emoji Support", color: yellow, bold),
                spacer(1),
                hstack(gap: 2) [
                    vstack() [
                        text("Basic emojis:", color: bright_black),
                        div(bg: (Color::Rgb(25, 25, 35)), border: bright_black, w: 20, h: 4, pad: 1) [
                            text("😀 😃 😄 😁 😅 😂 🤣 😊 😇 🙂", color: white, wrap: character)
                        ]
                    ],

                    vstack() [
                        text("Symbols:", color: bright_black),
                        div(bg: (Color::Rgb(25, 25, 35)), border: bright_black, w: 20, h: 4, pad: 1) [
                            text("❤️ 💚 💙 💜 ⭐ ✨ 🌟 ⚡ 🔥 💧", color: white, wrap: character)
                        ]
                    ],

                    vstack() [
                        text("Flags:", color: bright_black),
                        div(bg: (Color::Rgb(25, 25, 35)), border: bright_black, w: 20, h: 4, pad: 1) [
                            text("🇺🇸 🇬🇧 🇯🇵 🇰🇷 🇨🇳 🇩🇪 🇫🇷 🇮🇹 🇪🇸 🇧🇷", color: white, wrap: character)
                        ]
                    ]
                ],
                spacer(2),

                // Example 4: Wrapping mode comparison with Unicode
                text("Example 4: Text Wrapping Modes with Unicode", color: yellow, bold),
                spacer(1),
                hstack(gap: 2) [
                    // Character wrap
                    vstack() [
                        text("Character wrap:", color: green),
                        div(bg: (Color::Rgb(20, 30, 20)), border: bright_black, overflow: hidden, w: 18, h: 5, pad: 1) [
                            text(
                                "Hello世界Testing文字wrapping功能verification",
                                color: white,
                                wrap: character
                            )
                        ]
                    ],

                    // Word wrap
                    vstack() [
                        text("Word wrap:", color: blue),
                        div(bg: (Color::Rgb(20, 20, 30)), border: bright_black, overflow: hidden, w: 18, h: 5, pad: 1) [
                            text(
                                "Hello世界 Testing文字 wrapping功能 verification",
                                color: white,
                                wrap: word
                            )
                        ]
                    ],

                    // Word-break wrap
                    vstack() [
                        text("Word-break:", color: magenta),
                        div(bg: (Color::Rgb(30, 20, 30)), border: bright_black, overflow: hidden, w: 18, h: 5, pad: 1) [
                            text(
                                "Hello世界VeryLongWord文字wrapping功能verification",
                                color: white,
                                wrap: word_break
                            )
                        ]
                    ]
                ],
                spacer(2),

                // Info note
                div(bg: (Color::Rgb(20, 20, 30)), border: bright_black, pad: 1) [
                    text("Note:", color: yellow, bold),
                    text("• CJK characters and emojis typically occupy 2 terminal columns", color: bright_black),
                    text("• Terminal font and emulator affect emoji rendering", color: bright_black),
                    text("• Text wrapping respects display width, not byte count", color: bright_black)
                ]
            ]
        }
    }
}


================================================
FILE: examples/demo_pages/page11_content_sizing.rs
================================================
use rxtui::prelude::*;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[derive(Component)]
pub struct Page11ContentSizingDemo;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Page11ContentSizingDemo {
    #[update]
    fn update(&self, _ctx: &Context, _msg: ()) -> Action {
        Action::none()
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, _ctx: &Context) -> Node {
        node! {
            div(bg: black, dir: vertical, pad: 2, w_frac: 1.0, h: 60) [
                // Title
                text("Page 11: Content-Based Sizing", color: bright_white, bold),
                spacer(1),
                text("Elements without dimensions grow to fit their content!", color: bright_cyan),
                spacer(2),

                // Example 1: Simple text in container
                text("Example 1 - Container grows to text:", color: white),
                spacer(1),
                div(bg: bright_black, pad: 1) [
                    // No width/height - sizes to content!
                    div(bg: red, pad: 1) [
                        text("This container fits the text perfectly!", color: white)
                    ]
                ],
                spacer(2),

                // Example 2: Horizontal layout grows to children
                text("Example 2 - Horizontal container (width = sum of children):", color: white),
                spacer(1),
                div(bg: bright_black, dir: horizontal, pad: 1) [
                    // No dimensions - automatically sizes to children
                    div(bg: blue, pad: 1) [
                        text("Box 1", color: white)
                    ],
                    div(bg: green, pad: 1) [
                        text("Box 2 is wider", color: black)
                    ],
                    div(bg: magenta, pad: 1) [
                        text("Box 3", color: white)
                    ]
                ],
                spacer(2),

                // Example 3: Vertical layout grows to children
                text("Example 3 - Vertical container (height = sum, width = max):", color: white),
                spacer(1),
                div(bg: bright_black, dir: vertical, pad: 1) [
                    // No dimensions specified
                    div(bg: cyan, pad_h: 1) [
                        text("Short line", color: black)
                    ],
                    div(bg: yellow, pad_h: 1) [
                        text("This is the longest line in the stack", color: black)
                    ],
                    div(bg: bright_red, pad_h: 1) [
                        text("Medium line here", color: white)
                    ]
                ],
                spacer(2),

                // Example 4: Mixed sizing modes
                text("Example 4 - Mixed sizing (content + fixed + percentage):", color: white),
                spacer(1),
                div(bg: bright_black, dir: horizontal, pad: 1, w: 80, h: 5) [
                    // Parent has fixed width
                    // Content-based width
                    div(bg: bright_green, h_frac: 1.0, pad: 1) [
                        text("Content", color: black)
                    ],
                    // Fixed width
                    div(bg: bright_blue, w: 15, h_frac: 1.0, pad: 1) [
                        text("Fixed 15", color: white)
                    ],
                    // Auto width (remaining space)
                    div(bg: bright_magenta, w_auto, h_frac: 1.0, pad: 1) [
                        text("Auto (fills remaining)", color: white)
                    ]
                ],
                spacer(2),

                // Example 5: Deeply nested content sizing
                text("Example 5 - Nested containers all size to content:", color: white),
                spacer(1),
                div(bg: bright_black, pad: 1) [
                    div(bg: bright_cyan, pad: 1) [
                        div(bg: bright_yellow, pad: 1) [
                            div(bg: black, pad: 1) [
                                text("Deeply nested content", color: bright_white, bold)
                            ]
                        ]
                    ]
                ],
                spacer(2),

                // Example 6: Explicit content dimension
                text("Example 6 - Explicit .width_content() and .height_content():", color: white),
                spacer(1),
                div(bg: bright_black, pad: 1) [
                    div(bg: bright_red, w_content, h: 5, pad: 1, dir: vertical) [
                        // Explicitly use content width
                        // But fixed height
                        text("Width from content", color: white),
                        text("Height is fixed at 5", color: bright_white)
                    ]
                ],
                spacer(2),

                // Example 7: Fixed width with text wrapping
                text("Example 7 - Fixed width with text wrapping (height grows):", color: white),
                spacer(1),
                div(bg: bright_black, pad: 1) [
                    div(bg: bright_cyan, w: 30, pad: 1) [
                        // Fixed width of 30
                        // No height specified - grows to fit wrapped text
                        text(
                            "This is a long piece of text that will wrap when it exceeds the fixed width of 30 characters. The container height will automatically grow to accommodate all the wrapped lines!",
                            color: black,
                            wrap: word
                        )
                    ]
                ],
                spacer(2),

                // Example 8: Multiple wrapped text blocks in horizontal layout
                text("Example 8 - Multiple wrapped texts side by side:", color: white),
                spacer(1),
                div(bg: bright_black, dir: horizontal, pad: 1) [
                    // Parent has no dimensions - grows to fit children
                    div(bg: bright_green, w: 25, pad: 1) [
                        // Fixed width, height will grow to fit wrapped content
                        text(
                            "This text wraps within a 25 character width container.",
                            color: black,
                            wrap: word
                        )
                    ],
                    div(bg: bright_yellow, w: 20, pad: 1) [
                        // Fixed width, height grows to content
                        text(
                            "Shorter width means more wrapping needed here.",
                            color: black,
                            wrap: word
                        )
                    ],
                    div(bg: bright_magenta, w: 15, pad: 1) [
                        // Fixed width
                        text(
                            "Very narrow column with lots of text wrapping.",
                            color: white,
                            wrap: character
                        )
                    ]
                ],
                spacer(2),

                // Example 9: Element wrapping with fixed width
                text("Example 9 - Element wrapping (fixed width, content height):", color: white),
                spacer(1),
                div(bg: bright_black, pad: 1) [
                    div(bg: bright_blue, w: 40, dir: horizontal, wrap: wrap, gap: 1, pad: 1) [
                        // Fixed width, no height - grows to fit wrapped elements
                        div(bg: red, pad_h: 2) [
                            text("Item 1", color: white)
                        ],
                        div(bg: green, pad_h: 2) [
                            text("Item 2", color: black)
                        ],
                        div(bg: yellow, pad_h: 2) [
                            text("Item 3", color: black)
                        ],
                        div(bg: magenta, pad_h: 2) [
                            text("Item 4", color: white)
                        ],
                        div(bg: cyan, pad_h: 2) [
                            text("Item 5", color: black)
                        ]
                    ]
                ]
            ]
        }
    }
}


================================================
FILE: examples/demo_pages/page12_focus.rs
================================================
use rxtui::prelude::*;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[derive(Component)]
pub struct Page12FocusDemo;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Page12FocusDemo {
    #[update]
    fn update(&self, _ctx: &Context, _msg: ()) -> Action {
        Action::none()
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, _ctx: &Context) -> Node {
        node! {
            div(bg: black, dir: vertical, pad: 2, w_frac: 1.0, h: 50) [
                // Title
                text("Page 12: Focus Management Demo", color: bright_white, bold),
                spacer(1),

                // Instructions
                vstack() [
                    text("• Tab: Navigate forward between focusable elements", color: bright_black),
                    text("• Shift+Tab: Navigate backward between focusable elements", color: bright_black),
                    text("• Click: Focus an element directly", color: bright_black),
                    text("• Enter: Activate focused button", color: bright_black),
                    text("• Focused elements have white borders", color: bright_black)
                ],
                spacer(2),

                // Buttons row
                hstack(gap: 2) [
                    node(FocusButton::new(
                        "Button 1",
                        Color::Red
                    )),
                    node(FocusButton::new(
                        "Button 2",
                        Color::Green
                    )),
                    node(FocusButton::new(
                        "Button 3",
                        Color::Blue
                    ))
                ],
                spacer(2),

                // Text Input with actual TextInput component
                vstack() [
                    text("Text Input (cyan border when focused):", color: yellow),
                    input(
                        placeholder: "Type something...",
                        cursor_color: cyan,
                        border: cyan,
                        focusable
                    ),
                ],
                spacer(2),

                // Focus event history
                vstack() [
                    text("Focus Events:", color: yellow, bold),
                    spacer(1),
                    text("Event display simplified due to macro limitations", color: cyan)
                ]
            ]
        }
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Helper Component
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
struct FocusButtonState {
    count: u32,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
enum FocusButtonMsg {
    Increment,
    Focused,
    Blurred,
}

#[derive(Component)]
struct FocusButton {
    label: String,
    color: Color,
}

impl FocusButton {
    fn new(label: &str, color: Color) -> Self {
        Self {
            label: label.to_string(),
            color,
        }
    }

    #[update]
    fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, msg: FocusButtonMsg, mut state: FocusButtonState) -> Action {
        match msg {
            FocusButtonMsg::Increment => {
                state.count += 1;
                Action::update(state)
            }
            FocusButtonMsg::Focused | FocusButtonMsg::Blurred => Action::none(),
        }
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, state: FocusButtonState) -> Node {
        let label = self.label.clone();
        let color = self.color;

        node! {
            div(
                border_style: single,
                border_color: (color),
                pad: 1,
                w: 15,
                focusable,
                focus_style: ({
                    Style::default()
                        .border(Color::White)
                        .background(Color::Rgb(30, 30, 40))
                        .padding(Spacing::all(1))
                }),
                @click: ctx.handler(FocusButtonMsg::Increment),
                @key(enter): ctx.handler(FocusButtonMsg::Increment),
                @focus: ctx.handler(FocusButtonMsg::Focused),
                @blur: ctx.handler(FocusButtonMsg::Blurred)
            ) [
                text(label, color: (color)),
                text(format!("Count: {}", state.count), color: white)
            ]
        }
    }
}


================================================
FILE: examples/demo_pages/page13_rich_text.rs
================================================
//! Page 13: RichText Demo
//!
//! Demonstrates the RichText type for creating styled text with multiple spans
//! and various formatting options.

use rxtui::prelude::*;

#[derive(Component)]
pub struct Page13;

impl Page13 {
    #[update]
    fn update(&self, _ctx: &Context, _msg: ()) -> Action {
        Action::none()
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, _ctx: &Context) -> Node {
        node! {
            div(bg: black, dir: vertical, pad: 1, w_frac: 1.0) [
                // Title
                text("Page 13: RichText Demo", color: bright_white),
                spacer(1),

                // Description
                text("RichText allows inline styling with multiple spans", color: white),
                spacer(1),

                // Scrollable content area
                div(dir: vertical, gap: 1) [
                    // Example 1: Basic colored text
                    text("1. Basic Colored Text:", color: yellow, bold),
                    richtext [
                        text("This is "),
                        text("red", color: red),
                        text(", "),
                        text("green", color: green),
                        text(", and "),
                        text("blue", color: blue),
                        text(" text!"),
                    ],

                    // Example 2: Text formatting
                    text("2. Text Formatting:", color: yellow, bold),
                    richtext [
                        text("Normal text, "),
                        text("bold text", bold),
                        text(", "),
                        text("italic text", italic),
                        text(", and "),
                        text("underlined text", underline),
                    ],

                    // Example 3: Combined styles
                    text("3. Combined Styles:", color: yellow, bold),
                    richtext [
                        text("Here's "),
                        text("bold red text", color: red, bold),
                        text(" and "),
                        text("italic blue on yellow", color: blue, bg: yellow, italic),
                    ],

                    // Example 4: Status indicators
                    text("4. Status Indicators:", color: yellow, bold),
                    hstack(gap: 2) [
                        richtext [
                            text(" SUCCESS ", color: black, bg: green, bold),
                        ],
                        richtext [
                            text(" WARNING ", color: black, bg: yellow, bold),
                        ],
                        richtext [
                            text(" ERROR ", color: white, bg: red, bold),
                        ]
                    ],

                    // Example 5: Text wrapping modes
                    text("5. Text Wrapping Modes:", color: yellow, bold),

                    div(pad: 1) [
                        text("Character Wrapping (w: 30):", color: cyan),
                        div(w: 30) [
                            richtext(wrap: character) [
                                text("This is "),
                                text("character", color: magenta),
                                text(" wrapping. "),
                                text("Words can be ", bold),
                                text("broken anywhere", italic),
                                text(" to fit width."),
                            ]
                        ]
                    ],

                    div(pad: 1) [
                        text("Word Wrapping (w: 30):", color: cyan),
                        div(w: 30) [
                            richtext(wrap: word) [
                                text("This is "),
                                text("word", color: cyan),
                                text(" wrapping. "),
                                text("Words stay intact", bold),
                                text(" and "),
                                text("wrap at spaces", italic),
                                text(" when possible."),
                            ]
                        ]
                    ],

                    div(pad: 1) [
                        text("WordBreak Wrapping (w: 30):", color: cyan),
                        div(w: 30) [
                            richtext(wrap: word_break) [
                                text("This uses "),
                                text("WordBreak", color: green),
                                text(" mode. "),
                                text("Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", bold),
                                text(" will break if needed but "),
                                text("normal words", italic),
                                text(" wrap at spaces."),
                            ]
                        ]
                    ],

                    // Example 6: Code syntax highlighting
                    text("6. Code Syntax Highlighting:", color: yellow, bold),
                    div(w: 50, bg: black, pad: 1) [
                        richtext(wrap: word) [
                            text("fn ", color: magenta),
                            text("calculate_fibonacci", color: yellow),
                            text("("),
                            text("n", color: cyan),
                            text(": "),
                            text("u32", color: blue),
                            text(") -> "),
                            text("u32", color: blue),
                            text(" {"),
                        ],
                        richtext [
                            text("    "),
                            text("match", color: magenta),
                            text(" n {"),
                        ],
                        richtext [
                            text("        "),
                            text("0", color: cyan),
                            text(" | "),
                            text("1", color: cyan),
                            text(" => n,"),
                        ],
                        richtext(wrap: word_break) [
                            text("        _ => "),
                            text("calculate_fibonacci", color: yellow),
                            text("(n - "),
                            text("1", color: cyan),
                            text(") + "),
                            text("calculate_fibonacci", color: yellow),
                            text("(n - "),
                            text("2", color: cyan),
                            text(")"),
                        ],
                        richtext [
                            text("    }"),
                        ],
                        richtext [
                            text("}"),
                        ]
                    ],

                    // Example 7: Progress bar
                    text("7. Progress Bar:", color: yellow, bold),
                    hstack(gap: 1) [
                        richtext [
                            text("["),
                            text("████████", color: green),
                            text("████", color: yellow),
                            text("░░░░░░░░", color: white),
                            text("]"),
                        ],
                        text("60%", color: cyan)
                    ],

                    // Example 8: Top-level styling
                    text("8. Top-Level Styling:", color: yellow, bold),
                    div(pad: 1) [
                        richtext(color: white, bg: magenta) [
                            text("All spans inherit "),
                            text("white on magenta", bold),
                            text(" from top-level props."),
                        ],
                        spacer(1),
                        richtext(bold_all) [
                            text("All this text is bold because of "),
                            text("bold_all", color: cyan),
                            text(" property!"),
                        ]
                    ],

                    // Example 9: Inline vs Block comparison
                    text("9. Inline vs Block Text:", color: yellow, bold),
                    div(pad: 1) [
                        text("Regular Text (block):", color: green),
                        text("This is regular text.", color: white),
                        text("Each text() creates a new line.", color: white),
                        spacer(1),
                        text("RichText (inline spans):", color: green),
                        richtext [
                            text("This "),
                            text("stays ", color: red),
                            text("on ", color: green),
                            text("one ", color: blue),
                            text("line."),
                        ]
                    ],

                    // Example 10: Dynamic content
                    text("10. Dynamic Content Example:", color: yellow, bold),
                    div(pad: 1) [
                        richtext [
                            text("Server Status: "),
                            text("● ONLINE", color: green, bold),
                            text(" | CPU: "),
                            text("45%", color: yellow),
                            text(" | Memory: "),
                            text("2.3GB", color: cyan),
                            text(" | Uptime: "),
                            text("12d 3h", color: white),
                        ]
                    ],
                ]
            ]
        }
    }
}


================================================
FILE: examples/demo_pages/page14_text_input.rs
================================================
use rxtui::prelude::*;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[derive(Component)]
pub struct Page14TextInputDemo;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Page14TextInputDemo {
    #[update]
    fn update(&self, _ctx: &Context, _msg: ()) -> Action {
        Action::none()
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, _ctx: &Context) -> Node {
        node! {
            div(bg: black, dir: vertical, pad: 2, w_frac: 1.0, h: 50) [
                // Title
                text("Page 14: TextInput Components", color: bright_white, bold),
                spacer(1),

                // Instructions
                text("Interactive text input components with various configurations", color: bright_black),
                spacer(2),

                // Input with default cursor
                text("Default style with cursor (white on black):", color: white),

                input(placeholder: "Click here and type...", focusable),
                spacer(1),

                // Input with custom cursor color
                text("Custom cursor color (cyan):", color: white),
                input(
                    placeholder: "Custom cursor...",
                    cursor_color: cyan,
                    border: cyan,
                    focusable
                ),
                spacer(1),

                // Input with word wrapping for long text
                text("Word-wrapped input (type a long sentence):", color: white),
                input(
                    placeholder: "Type a long message...",
                    wrap: word_break,
                    w: 40,
                    h: 5,
                    border: magenta,
                    focusable
                ),
                spacer(1),

                // Input with custom content and cursor styling
                text("Custom content (green) and cursor (yellow):", color: white),
                input(
                    placeholder: "Start typing...",
                    content_color: green,
                    bold,
                    cursor_color: yellow,
                    border: green,
                    w: 40,
                    bg: (Color::Rgb(10, 10, 10)),
                    focusable
                ),
                spacer(1),

                // Password input
                text("Password input (content masked with bullets):", color: white),
                input(
                    placeholder: "Enter password...",
                    password,
                    border: red,
                    w: 30,
                    focusable
                ),
                spacer(1),

                // Password input with custom styling
                text("Styled password input:", color: white),
                input(
                    placeholder: "Enter secure password...",
                    password: true,
                    content_color: yellow,
                    cursor_color: bright_yellow,
                    border: yellow,
                    bg: (Color::Rgb(20, 20, 0)),
                    w: 35,
                    focusable
                ),
                spacer(1),
            ]
        }
    }
}


================================================
FILE: examples/demo_pages/page15_scrollable.rs
================================================
use rxtui::prelude::*;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
#[allow(dead_code)]
enum ScrollDemoMsg {
    ScrollUp,
    ScrollDown,
    ScrollLeft,
    ScrollRight,
    ResetScroll,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
struct ScrollDemoState {
    info_text: String,
}

#[derive(Component)]
pub struct Page15ScrollableDemo;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Trait Implementations
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Default for ScrollDemoState {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self {
            info_text: "Use arrow keys, Page Up/Down, Home/End to scroll. Mouse wheel also works!"
                .to_string(),
        }
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Page15ScrollableDemo {
    #[update]
    fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, msg: ScrollDemoMsg, mut state: ScrollDemoState) -> Action {
        match msg {
            ScrollDemoMsg::ScrollUp => {
                state.info_text = "Scrolled up!".to_string();
            }
            ScrollDemoMsg::ScrollDown => {
                state.info_text = "Scrolled down!".to_string();
            }
            ScrollDemoMsg::ScrollLeft => {
                state.info_text = "Scrolled left!".to_string();
            }
            ScrollDemoMsg::ScrollRight => {
                state.info_text = "Scrolled right!".to_string();
            }
            ScrollDemoMsg::ResetScroll => {
                state.info_text = "Scroll reset!".to_string();
            }
        }

        Action::update(state)
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, _ctx: &Context) -> Node {
        node! {
            div(bg: black, dir: vertical, pad: 2, w_frac: 1.0, h: 60) [
                // Title
                text("Page 15: Scrollable Content - Use arrow keys or mouse wheel to scroll", color: bright_white),
                spacer(1),
                text("Click on a scrollable area to focus it, then use arrow keys to scroll", color: bright_yellow),
                spacer(2),

                // Example 1: Basic scrolling with scrollbar
                text("Example 1 - Basic Vertical Scrolling (with scrollbar):", color: white),
                spacer(1),
                div(dir: horizontal, gap: 2) [
                    // Basic vertical scrolling with scrollbar (default)
                    div(bg: blue, overflow: scroll, border: yellow, w: 50, h: 10, pad: 1, focusable) [
                        text("=== With Scrollbar (default) ===", color: bright_yellow),
                        text("Line 1: Start of content", color: white),
                        text("Line 2: Use ↑↓ arrow keys to scroll", color: white),
                        text("Line 3: Or use mouse wheel", color: white),
                        text("Line 4: Page Up/Down for larger jumps", color: white),
                        text("Line 5: Home key to go to top", color: white),
                        text("Line 6: End key to go to bottom", color: white),
                        text("Line 7: Content continues...", color: white),
                        text("Line 8: More lines here", color: white),
                        text("Line 9: Keep scrolling", color: white),
                        text("Line 10: Even more content", color: white),
                        text("Line 11: Still more to see", color: white),
                        text("Line 12: Almost there", color: white),
                        text("Line 13: Getting close", color: white),
                        text("Line 14: Nearly done", color: white),
                        text("Line 15: One more", color: white),
                        text("Line 16: Second to last", color: white),
                        text("Line 17: Last line!", color: bright_green),
                        text("=== End of Content ===", color: bright_yellow)
                    ],

                    // Basic vertical scrolling without scrollbar
                    div(bg: green, overflow: scroll, border: cyan, w: 50, h: 10, pad: 1, focusable, show_scrollbar: false) [
                        text("=== Without Scrollbar ===", color: bright_cyan),
                        text("Line 1: Start of content", color: white),
                        text("Line 2: Scrolling works", color: white),
                        text("Line 3: But no scrollbar shown", color: white),
                        text("Line 4: Cleaner look", color: white),
                        text("Line 5: More content", color: white),
                        text("Line 6: Keep scrolling", color: white),
                        text("Line 7: Even more content", color: white),
                        text("Line 8: Almost there", color: white),
                        text("Line 9: Nearly done", color: white),
                        text("Line 10: Last line!", color: bright_green),
                        text("=== End of Content ===", color: bright_cyan)
                    ]
                ],
                spacer(2),

                // Example 2: Nested scrolling with mixed scrollbar settings
                text("Example 2 - Nested Scrollable Areas:", color: white),
                spacer(1),
                div(bg: magenta, overflow: scroll, border: cyan, w: 80, h: 20, pad: 1, focusable) [
                        text("=== Nested Scrollable Container ===", color: bright_cyan),
                        text("This outer container scrolls", color: white),
                        spacer(1),

                        // First nested scrollable (with scrollbar)
                        div(bg: green, overflow: scroll, border: white, w: 60, h: 6, pad: 1, focusable) [
                            text("--- Inner Scroll Area 1 ---", color: bright_white),
                            text("Nested Item 1.1", color: yellow),
                            text("Nested Item 1.2", color: yellow),
                            text("Nested Item 1.3", color: yellow),
                            text("Nested Item 1.4", color: yellow),
                            text("Nested Item 1.5", color: yellow),
                            text("Nested Item 1.6", color: yellow),
                            text("Nested Item 1.7", color: yellow),
                            text("Nested Item 1.8", color: yellow),
                            text("Nested Item 1.9", color: yellow),
                            text("Nested Item 1.10", color: yellow),
                            text("--- End of Inner 1 ---", color: bright_white)
                        ],

                        spacer(1),
                        text("More content in outer container", color: white),
                        spacer(1),

                        // Second nested scrollable (without scrollbar)
                        div(bg: red, overflow: scroll, border: white, w: 60, h: 6, pad: 1, focusable, show_scrollbar: false) [
                            text("--- Inner Scroll Area 2 (No Scrollbar) ---", color: bright_white),
                            text("Nested Item 2.1", color: cyan),
                            text("Nested Item 2.2", color: cyan),
                            text("Nested Item 2.3", color: cyan),
                            text("Nested Item 2.4", color: cyan),
                            text("Nested Item 2.5", color: cyan),
                            text("Nested Item 2.6", color: cyan),
                            text("Nested Item 2.7", color: cyan),
                            text("Nested Item 2.8", color: cyan),
                            text("Nested Item 2.9", color: cyan),
                            text("Nested Item 2.10", color: cyan),
                            text("--- End of Inner 2 ---", color: bright_white)
                        ],

                        spacer(1),
                        text("Even more outer content", color: white),
                        text("Keep scrolling the outer container", color: white),
                        text("To see all nested scroll areas", color: white),
                        text("Each area scrolls independently", color: white),
                        text("=== End of Nested Container ===", color: bright_cyan)
                ],
                spacer(2),

                // Example 3: Auto mode with and without scrollbar
                text("Example 3 - Auto Overflow Mode:", color: white),
                spacer(1),
                div(dir: horizontal, gap: 2) [
                    div(bg: bright_black, overflow: auto, border: yellow, w: 40, h: 5, pad: 1, focusable) [
                        text("Auto mode with scrollbar", color: bright_yellow),
                        text("Shows scrollbar only when needed", color: white),
                        text("Line 3", color: white),
                        text("Line 4", color: white),
                        text("Line 5", color: white),
                        text("Line 6 - overflow content", color: white),
                        text("Line 7 - more overflow", color: white)
                    ],
                    div(bg: bright_black, overflow: auto, border: magenta, w: 40, h: 5, pad: 1, focusable, show_scrollbar: false) [
                        text("Auto mode without scrollbar", color: bright_magenta),
                        text("Never shows scrollbar", color: white),
                        text("Line 3", color: white),
                        text("Line 4", color: white),
                        text("Line 5", color: white),
                        text("Line 6 - overflow content", color: white),
                        text("Line 7 - more overflow", color: white)
                    ]
                ]
            ]
        }
    }
}


================================================
FILE: examples/demo_pages/page16_text_alignment.rs
================================================
use rxtui::prelude::*;
use rxtui::style::Direction;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
struct AlignmentState {
    text_align: TextAlign,
    justify: JustifyContent,
    align: AlignItems,
    vertical: bool,
    show_align_self: bool,
}

#[derive(Component)]
pub struct Page16TextAlignmentDemo;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Page16TextAlignmentDemo {
    #[update]
    fn update(&self, _ctx: &Context, event: &str, mut state: AlignmentState) -> Action {
        match event {
            // Text alignment
            "text_left" => state.text_align = TextAlign::Left,
            "text_center" => state.text_align = TextAlign::Center,
            "text_right" => state.text_align = TextAlign::Right,
            // Justify content (using T,Y,U,I,O,P keys)
            "justify_start" => state.justify = JustifyContent::Start,
            "justify_center" => state.justify = JustifyContent::Center,
            "justify_end" => state.justify = JustifyContent::End,
            "justify_between" => state.justify = JustifyContent::SpaceBetween,
            "justify_around" => state.justify = JustifyContent::SpaceAround,
            "justify_evenly" => state.justify = JustifyContent::SpaceEvenly,
            // Align items (using Z,X,C keys)
            "align_start" => state.align = AlignItems::Start,
            "align_center" => state.align = AlignItems::Center,
            "align_end" => state.align = AlignItems::End,
            // Other controls
            "toggle_direction" => state.vertical = !state.vertical,
            "toggle_align_self" => state.show_align_self = !state.show_align_self,
            _ => return Action::update(state),
        }
        Action::update(state)
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, state: AlignmentState) -> Node {
        let dir = if state.vertical {
            Direction::Vertical
        } else {
            Direction::Horizontal
        };

        // Build div alignment demo children
        let div_children = if state.show_align_self {
            vec![
                node! { div(bg: red, w: 10, h: 3) [text("1", color: white)] },
                node! { div(bg: green, w: 12, h: 5, align_self: end) [text("2(end)", color: white)] },
                node! { div(bg: blue, w: 14, h: 7) [text("3", color: white)] },
                node! { div(bg: yellow, w: 10, h: 4, align_self: start) [text("4(start)", color: black)] },
            ]
        } else {
            vec![
                node! { div(bg: red, w: 10, h: 3) [text("1", color: white)] },
                node! { div(bg: green, w: 12, h: 5) [text("2", color: white)] },
                node! { div(bg: blue, w: 14, h: 7) [text("3", color: white)] },
            ]
        };

        node! {
            div(
                pad: 2,
                overflow: scroll,
                // Text alignment controls
                @char_global('a'): ctx.handler("text_left"),
                @char_global('s'): ctx.handler("text_center"),
                @char_global('d'): ctx.handler("text_right"),
                // Justify controls
                @char_global('t'): ctx.handler("justify_start"),
                @char_global('y'): ctx.handler("justify_center"),
                @char_global('u'): ctx.handler("justify_end"),
                @char_global('i'): ctx.handler("justify_between"),
                @char_global('o'): ctx.handler("justify_around"),
                @char_global('p'): ctx.handler("justify_evenly"),
                // Align controls
                @char_global('z'): ctx.handler("align_start"),
                @char_global('x'): ctx.handler("align_center"),
                @char_global('c'): ctx.handler("align_end"),
                // Other controls
                @char_global('v'): ctx.handler("toggle_direction"),
                @char_global('b'): ctx.handler("toggle_align_self")
            ) [
                // Title
                text("Text & Div Alignment Demo", color: cyan, bold, align: center),
                spacer(1),

                // TEXT ALIGNMENT SECTION
                text("=== TEXT ALIGNMENT ===", color: yellow, bold, align: center),
                text(format!("Current: {:?}", state.text_align), color: bright_black),
                spacer(1),

                // Simple text alignment
                div(border: white, pad: 1, w: 50) [
                    text("Short", color: white, align: (state.text_align)),
                    text("Medium length text", color: green, align: (state.text_align)),
                    text("This is a longer line to show alignment", color: cyan, align: (state.text_align))
                ],
                spacer(1),

                // Wrapped text with alignment
                div(border: white, pad: 1, w: 50) [
                    text(
                        "This is a long piece of text that will wrap to multiple lines. Each line will be aligned according to the current alignment setting.",
                        color: white,
                        wrap: word,
                        align: (state.text_align)
                    )
                ],
                spacer(2),

                // DIV ALIGNMENT SECTION
                text("=== DIV ALIGNMENT ===", color: yellow, bold, align: center),
                text(format!(
                    "Dir: {} | Justify: {:?} | Align: {:?} | AlignSelf: {}",
                    if state.vertical { "Vertical" } else { "Horizontal" },
                    state.justify,
                    state.align,
                    if state.show_align_self { "ON" } else { "OFF" }
                ), color: bright_black),
                spacer(1),

                // Div alignment demo container
                div(
                    bg: "#333",
                    border: white,
                    dir: (dir),
                    justify: (state.justify),
                    align: (state.align),
                    w: 50,
                    h: 15
                ) [...(div_children)],
                spacer(1),

                // Instructions
                div(border: bright_black, pad: 1, w: 50) [
                    text("TEXT:", color: yellow),
                    text("[A] Left  [S] Center  [D] Right", color: white),
                    spacer(1),
                    text("JUSTIFY (Main Axis):", color: yellow),
                    text("[T] Start  [Y] Center  [U] End", color: white),
                    text("[I] Between  [O] Around  [P] Evenly", color: white),
                    spacer(1),
                    text("ALIGN (Cross Axis):", color: yellow),
                    text("[Z] Start [X] Center [C] End", color: white),
                    spacer(1),
                    text("OTHER:", color: yellow),
                    text("[V] Toggle Direction  [B] Toggle AlignSelf", color: white)
                ]
            ]
        }
    }
}


================================================
FILE: examples/demo_pages/page1_overflow.rs
================================================
use rxtui::prelude::*;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
#[allow(clippy::enum_variant_names)]
enum OverflowDemoMsg {
    SetParent1Color(usize),
    SetChild1Color(usize),
    SetParent2Color(usize),
    SetChild2Color(usize),
    SetParent3Color(usize),
    SetChild3Color(usize),
    SetLevel1Color(usize),
    SetLevel2Color(usize),
    SetLevel3Color(usize),
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
struct OverflowDemoState {
    parent1_color_idx: usize,
    child1_color_idx: usize,
    parent2_color_idx: usize,
    child2_color_idx: usize,
    parent3_color_idx: usize,
    child3_color_idx: usize,
    level1_color_idx: usize,
    level2_color_idx: usize,
    level3_color_idx: usize,
}

#[derive(Component)]
pub struct Page1OverflowDemo;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Trait Implementations
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Default for OverflowDemoState {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self {
            parent1_color_idx: 0,
            child1_color_idx: 1,
            parent2_color_idx: 3,
            child2_color_idx: 5,
            parent3_color_idx: 7,
            child3_color_idx: 9,
            level1_color_idx: 2,
            level2_color_idx: 4,
            level3_color_idx: 6,
        }
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Page1OverflowDemo {
    fn get_colors() -> [Color; 12] {
        [
            Color::Red,
            Color::Green,
            Color::Blue,
            Color::Yellow,
            Color::Cyan,
            Color::Magenta,
            Color::BrightRed,
            Color::BrightGreen,
            Color::BrightBlue,
            Color::BrightYellow,
            Color::BrightCyan,
            Color::BrightMagenta,
        ]
    }

    #[update]
    fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, msg: OverflowDemoMsg, mut state: OverflowDemoState) -> Action {
        let colors_len = Self::get_colors().len();

        match msg {
            OverflowDemoMsg::SetParent1Color(idx) => {
                state.parent1_color_idx = idx % colors_len;
            }
            OverflowDemoMsg::SetChild1Color(idx) => {
                state.child1_color_idx = idx % colors_len;
            }
            OverflowDemoMsg::SetParent2Color(idx) => {
                state.parent2_color_idx = idx % colors_len;
            }
            OverflowDemoMsg::SetChild2Color(idx) => {
                state.child2_color_idx = idx % colors_len;
            }
            OverflowDemoMsg::SetParent3Color(idx) => {
                state.parent3_color_idx = idx % colors_len;
            }
            OverflowDemoMsg::SetChild3Color(idx) => {
                state.child3_color_idx = idx % colors_len;
            }
            OverflowDemoMsg::SetLevel1Color(idx) => {
                state.level1_color_idx = idx % colors_len;
            }
            OverflowDemoMsg::SetLevel2Color(idx) => {
                state.level2_color_idx = idx % colors_len;
            }
            OverflowDemoMsg::SetLevel3Color(idx) => {
                state.level3_color_idx = idx % colors_len;
            }
        }

        Action::update(state)
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, state: OverflowDemoState) -> Node {
        let colors = Self::get_colors();
        let colors_len = colors.len();

        let parent1_color = colors[state.parent1_color_idx];
        let child1_color = colors[state.child1_color_idx];
        let parent2_color = colors[state.parent2_color_idx];
        let child2_color = colors[state.child2_color_idx];
        let parent3_color = colors[state.parent3_color_idx];
        let child3_color = colors[state.child3_color_idx];
        let level1_color = colors[state.level1_color_idx];
        let level2_color = colors[state.level2_color_idx];
        let level3_color = colors[state.level3_color_idx];

        node! {
            div(bg: black, dir: vertical, pad: 2, w_frac: 1.0, h: 60) [
                // Title
                text("Page 1: Overflow Behavior", color: bright_white),
                spacer(2),

                // Example 1: Child smaller than parent
                text("Example 1 - Child smaller than parent (click to change colors):", color: white),
                spacer(1),
                div(bg: (parent1_color), w: 20, h: 6, pad: 1, @click: ctx.handler(OverflowDemoMsg::SetParent1Color(
                        (state.parent1_color_idx + 1) % colors_len
                    ))) [
                    div(bg: (child1_color), w: 10, h: 3, @click: ctx.handler(OverflowDemoMsg::SetChild1Color(
                            (state.child1_color_idx + 1) % colors_len
                        ))) [
                        text("Small", color: black)
                    ]
                ],
                spacer(3),

                // Example 2: Child larger than parent (overflow none)
                text("Example 2 - Child larger than parent (overflow: none):", color: white),
                spacer(1),
                div(bg: (parent2_color), w: 15, h: 5, pad: 1, @click: ctx.handler(OverflowDemoMsg::SetParent2Color(
                        (state.parent2_color_idx + 1) % colors_len
                    ))) [
                    div(bg: (child2_color), border: white, w: 20, h: 8, @click: ctx.handler(OverflowDemoMsg::SetChild2Color(
                            (state.child2_color_idx + 1) % colors_len
                        ))) [
                        text("Overflow", color: white)
                    ]
                ],
                spacer(6),

                // Example 3: Child larger than parent with overflow hidden
                text("Example 3 - Child larger than parent (overflow: hidden):", color: white),
                spacer(1),
                div(bg: (parent3_color), overflow: hidden, pad: 1, w: 15, h: 5, @click: ctx.handler(OverflowDemoMsg::SetParent3Color(
                        (state.parent3_color_idx + 1) % colors_len
                    ))) [
                    div(bg: (child3_color), border: white, w: 20, h: 8, @click: ctx.handler(OverflowDemoMsg::SetChild3Color(
                            (state.child3_color_idx + 1) % colors_len
                        ))) [
                        text("Hidden", color: black)
                    ]
                ],
                spacer(3),

                // Example 4: 3-level nesting with different overflow settings
                text("Example 4 - 3-level nesting (hidden -> none -> hidden):", color: white),
                spacer(1),
                div(bg: (level1_color), overflow: hidden, pad: 1, w: 25, h: 8, @click: ctx.handler(OverflowDemoMsg::SetLevel1Color(
                        (state.level1_color_idx + 1) % colors_len
                    ))) [
                    div(bg: (level2_color), pad: 1, w: 30, h: 10, @click: ctx.handler(OverflowDemoMsg::SetLevel2Color(
                            (state.level2_color_idx + 1) % colors_len
                        ))) [
                        div(bg: (level3_color), overflow: hidden, pad: 1, w: 35, h: 12, @click: ctx.handler(OverflowDemoMsg::SetLevel3Color(
                                (state.level3_color_idx + 1) % colors_len
                            ))) [
                            text("3-Level", color: white)
                        ]
                    ]
                ],
                spacer(3),

                // Example 5: Text overflow with overflow: none
                text("Example 5 - Text overflow (none - text can overflow):", color: white),
                spacer(1),
                div(bg: bright_blue, w: 15, h: 3, pad: 1) [
                    text("This is a very long text that will overflow the container bounds", color: white)
                ],
                spacer(3),

                // Example 6: Text overflow with overflow: hidden
                text("Example 6 - Text overflow (hidden - text is clipped):", color: white),
                spacer(1),
                div(bg: bright_green, overflow: hidden, w: 15, h: 3, pad: 1) [
                    text("This is a very long text that will be clipped at the container boundary", color: black)
                ]
            ]
        }
    }
}


================================================
FILE: examples/demo_pages/page2_direction.rs
================================================
use rxtui::prelude::*;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[derive(Component)]
pub struct Page2DirectionDemo;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Page2DirectionDemo {
    #[update]
    fn update(&self, _ctx: &Context, _msg: ()) -> Action {
        Action::none()
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, _ctx: &Context) -> Node {
        node! {
            div(bg: black, dir: vertical, pad: 2, w_frac: 1.0, h: 45) [
                // Title
                text("Page 2: Direction Examples", color: bright_white),
                spacer(2),

                // Example 1: Horizontal stacking
                text("Example 1 - Multiple children stacked horizontally:", color: white),
                spacer(1),
                div(bg: blue, dir: horizontal, w: 50, h: 6, pad: 1) [
                    div(bg: red, w: 10, h: 4) [
                        text("A", color: white)
                    ],
                    div(bg: green, w: 10, h: 4) [
                        text("B", color: black)
                    ],
                    div(bg: yellow, w: 10, h: 4) [
                        text("C", color: black)
                    ],
                    div(bg: magenta, w: 10, h: 4) [
                        text("D", color: white)
                    ]
                ],
                spacer(3),

                // Example 2: Vertical stacking
                text("Example 2 - Multiple children stacked vertically:", color: white),
                spacer(1),
                div(bg: cyan, dir: vertical, w: 20, h: 12, pad: 1) [
                    div(bg: red, w: 16, h: 2) [
                        text("Item 1", color: white)
                    ],
                    div(bg: green, w: 16, h: 2) [
                        text("Item 2", color: black)
                    ],
                    div(bg: yellow, w: 16, h: 2) [
                        text("Item 3", color: black)
                    ],
                    div(bg: magenta, w: 16, h: 2) [
                        text("Item 4", color: white)
                    ]
                ],
                spacer(3),

                // Example 3: Nested elements with alternating directions
                text("Example 3 - Nested elements with alternating directions:", color: white),
                spacer(1),
                div(bg: bright_black, dir: horizontal, w: 60, h: 16, pad: 1) [
                    // Left column
                    div(bg: bright_blue, dir: vertical, w: 28, h: 14, pad: 1) [
                        div(bg: bright_red, dir: horizontal, w: 24, h: 5, pad: 1) [
                            text("H1", color: white),
                            div(w: 2) [],
                            text("H2", color: white),
                            div(w: 2) [],
                            text("H3", color: white)
                        ],
                        spacer(1),
                        div(bg: bright_green, w: 24, h: 5, pad: 1) [
                            text("Vertical Child", color: black)
                        ]
                    ],
                    div(w: 2) [], // Spacer

                    // Right column
                    div(bg: bright_magenta, dir: vertical, w: 28, h: 14, pad: 1) [
                        text("V Layout", color: white),
                        spacer(1),
                        div(bg: bright_yellow, dir: horizontal, w: 24, h: 3, pad: 1) [
                            div(bg: black, w: 7, h: 1) [],
                            div(bg: bright_cyan, w: 7, h: 1) [],
                            div(bg: black, w: 7, h: 1) []
                        ],
                        spacer(1),
                        div(bg: bright_cyan, dir: vertical, w: 24, h: 4, pad: 1) [
                            text("Item A", color: black),
                            text("Item B", color: black)
                        ]
                    ]
                ]
            ]
        }
    }
}


================================================
FILE: examples/demo_pages/page3_percentages.rs
================================================
use rxtui::prelude::*;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[derive(Component)]
pub struct Page3PercentagesDemo;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Page3PercentagesDemo {
    #[update]
    fn update(&self, _ctx: &Context, _msg: ()) -> Action {
        Action::none()
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, _ctx: &Context) -> Node {
        node! {
            div(bg: black, dir: vertical, pad: 2, w_frac: 1.0, h: 50) [
                // Title
                text("Page 3: Percentage Dimensions", color: bright_white),
                spacer(2),

                // Example 1: Vertical stacking with percentages
                text("Example 1 - Children with percentage heights (25%, 50%, 25%):", color: white),
                spacer(1),
                div(bg: bright_black, w: 60, h: 12, pad: 1, dir: vertical) [
                    div(bg: red, w_frac: 1.0, h_frac: 0.25) [
                        text("25% height", color: white)
                    ],
                    div(bg: green, w_frac: 1.0, h_frac: 0.5) [
                        text("50% height", color: black)
                    ],
                    div(bg: blue, w_frac: 1.0, h_frac: 0.25) [
                        text("25% height", color: white)
                    ]
                ],
                spacer(3),

                // Example 2: Horizontal stacking with percentages
                text("Example 2 - Children with percentage widths (20%, 30%, 50%):", color: white),
                spacer(1),
                div(bg: bright_black, w: 60, h: 8, pad: 1, dir: horizontal) [
                    div(bg: cyan, w_frac: 0.2, h_frac: 1.0, pad: 1) [
                        text("20%", color: black)
                    ],
                    div(bg: magenta, w_frac: 0.3, h_frac: 1.0, pad: 1) [
                        text("30%", color: white)
                    ],
                    div(bg: yellow, w_frac: 0.5, h_frac: 1.0, pad: 1) [
                        text("50%", color: black)
                    ]
                ],
                spacer(3),

                // Example 3: Mixed width and height percentages
                text("Example 3 - Grid layout with mixed width/height percentages:", color: white),
                spacer(1),
                div(bg: bright_black, w: 60, h: 12, pad: 1, dir: vertical) [
                    // Top row - 40% height
                    div(dir: horizontal, w_frac: 1.0, h_frac: 0.4) [
                        div(bg: bright_red, w_frac: 0.3, h_frac: 1.0, pad: 1) [
                            text("30%x40%", color: white)
                        ],
                        div(bg: bright_green, w_frac: 0.7, h_frac: 1.0, pad: 1) [
                            text("70%x40%", color: black)
                        ]
                    ],
                    // Bottom row - 60% height
                    div(dir: horizontal, w_frac: 1.0, h_frac: 0.6) [
                        div(bg: bright_blue, w_frac: 0.5, h_frac: 1.0, pad: 1) [
                            text("50%x60%", color: white)
                        ],
                        div(bg: bright_yellow, w_frac: 0.25, h_frac: 1.0, pad: 1) [
                            text("25%x60%", color: black)
                        ],
                        div(bg: bright_magenta, w_frac: 0.25, h_frac: 1.0, pad: 1) [
                            text("25%x60%", color: white)
                        ]
                    ]
                ],
                spacer(3),

                // Example 4: Mix of percentage and fixed children
                text("Example 4 - Mix of percentage and fixed-size children:", color: white),
                spacer(1),
                text("Parent has 48 content width (50 - 2 padding). Children: 10 fixed + 50% (24) + 14 fixed = 48", color: bright_black),
                spacer(1),
                div(bg: bright_black, w: 50, h: 10, pad: 1, dir: horizontal) [
                    div(bg: bright_cyan, w: 10, h_frac: 1.0, pad: 1) [
                        text("Fix 10", color: black)
                    ],
                    div(bg: bright_red, w_frac: 0.5, h_frac: 1.0, pad: 1) [
                        text("50% of parent (24)", color: white)
                    ],
                    div(bg: bright_green, w: 14, h_frac: 1.0, pad: 1) [
                        text("Fix 14", color: black)
                    ]
                ]
            ]
        }
    }
}


================================================
FILE: examples/demo_pages/page4_borders.rs
================================================
use rxtui::prelude::*;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[derive(Component)]
pub struct Page4BordersDemo;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Page4BordersDemo {
    #[update]
    fn update(&self, _ctx: &Context, _msg: ()) -> Action {
        Action::none()
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, _ctx: &Context) -> Node {
        node! {
            div(bg: black, dir: vertical, pad: 1, w_frac: 1.0, h: 60) [
                // Title
                text("Page 4: Borders Demo", color: bright_white),
                spacer(1),

                // Border style examples
                div(dir: vertical, w_frac: 0.9, h: 45) [
                    // Row 1: Single and Double
                    hstack(w_frac: 1.0, h: 8) [
                        div(w_frac: 0.48, h: 8, border: cyan, pad: 1) [
                            text("Single Border (Default)", color: cyan)
                        ],
                        div(w_frac: 0.04) [], // Spacer
                        div(
                            w_frac: 0.48,
                            h: 8,
                            border_style: double,
                            border_color: green,
                            pad: 1
                        ) [
                            text("Double Border", color: green)
                        ]
                    ],
                    spacer(1),

                    // Row 2: Thick and Rounded
                    hstack(w_frac: 1.0, h: 8) [
                        div(
                            w_frac: 0.48,
                            h: 8,
                            border_style: thick,
                            border_color: red,
                            pad: 1
                        ) [
                            text("Thick Border", color: red)
                        ],
                        div(w_frac: 0.04) [], // Spacer
                        div(
                            w_frac: 0.48,
                            h: 8,
                            border_style: rounded,
                            border_color: magenta,
                            pad: 1
                        ) [
                            text("Rounded Border", color: magenta)
                        ]
                    ],
                    spacer(1),

                    // Row 3: Dashed and Mixed Example
                    hstack(w_frac: 1.0, h: 8) [
                        div(
                            w_frac: 0.48,
                            h: 8,
                            border_style: dashed,
                            border_color: yellow,
                            pad: 1
                        ) [
                            text("Dashed Border", color: yellow)
                        ],
                        div(w_frac: 0.04) [], // Spacer
                        div(
                            w_frac: 0.48,
                            h: 8,
                            border_style: double,
                            border_color: bright_blue,
                            bg: bright_black,
                            pad: 1
                        ) [
                            text("With Background", color: bright_white)
                        ]
                    ],
                    spacer(1),

                    // Selective border edges
                    text("Selective Border Edges:", color: white),
                    spacer(1),
                    hstack(w_frac: 1.0, h: 6) [
                        div(
                            w_frac: 0.23,
                            h: 6,
                            border_style: single,
                            border_color: cyan,
                            border_edges: horizontal,
                            pad: 1
                        ) [
                            text("Horizontal", color: cyan)
                        ],
                        div(w_frac: 0.02) [], // Spacer
                        div(
                            w_frac: 0.23,
                            h: 6,
                            border_style: single,
                            border_color: green,
                            border_edges: vertical,
                            pad: 1
                        ) [
                            text("Vertical", color: green)
                        ],
                        div(w_frac: 0.02) [], // Spacer
                        div(
                            w_frac: 0.23,
                            h: 6,
                            border_style: rounded,
                            border_color: magenta,
                            border_edges: corners,
                            pad: 1
                        ) [
                            text("Corners", color: magenta)
                        ],
                        div(w_frac: 0.02) [], // Spacer
                        div(
                            w_frac: 0.23,
                            h: 6,
                            border_style: single,
                            border_color: yellow,
                            border_edges: top | right | top_right,
                            pad: 1
                        ) [
                            text("Custom", color: yellow)
                        ]
                    ],
                    spacer(1),

                    // Complex nested example with mixed border styles
                    text("Complex Nested Example with Mixed Styles:", color: white),
                    spacer(1),
                    div(
                        w_frac: 0.95,
                        h: 12,
                        border_style: double,
                        border_color: bright_blue,
                        pad: 1,
                        dir: horizontal
                    ) [
                        div(
                            w_frac: 0.3,
                            h_frac: 1.0,
                            border_style: rounded,
                            border_color: bright_green,
                            bg: bright_black,
                            border_edges: top | bottom,
                            pad: 1
                        ) [
                            text("Top/Bottom", color: bright_green)
                        ],
                        div(w: 2) [],
                        div(
                            w_frac: 0.3,
                            h_frac: 1.0,
                            border_style: thick,
                            border_color: bright_red,
                            pad: 1
                        ) [
                            text("Full Border", color: bright_red)
                        ],
                        div(w: 2) [],
                        div(
                            w_frac: 0.3,
                            h_frac: 1.0,
                            border_style: dashed,
                            border_color: bright_yellow,
                            bg: bright_black,
                            border_edges: edges,
                            pad: 1
                        ) [
                            text("No Corners", color: bright_yellow)
                        ]
                    ],
                    spacer(1),

                    // Example of no content space
                    text("Border & Padding with No Content Space:", color: white),
                    spacer(1),
                    hstack(w_frac: 1.0, h: 8) [
                        // Example with height=4, border=1x2, padding=1x2, leaving 0 height for content
                        div(w_frac: 0.3, h: 4, border: red, bg: bright_black, pad: 1) [
                            text("No space for text!", color: white)
                        ],
                        div(w_frac: 0.05) [], // Spacer
                        // Example with width too small for border+padding
                        div(
                            w: 6,
                            h: 6,
                            border_style: double,
                            border_color: yellow,
                            bg: bright_black,
                            overflow: hidden,
                            pad: 1
                        ) [
                            text("Squished!", color: yellow)
                        ],
                        div(w_frac: 0.05) [], // Spacer
                        // Extreme case: exactly border+padding size
                        div(
                            w: 4,
                            h: 4,
                            border_style: thick,
                            border_color: cyan,
                            overflow: hidden,
                            bg: bright_black,
                            pad: 1
                        ) [
                            text("Gone!", color: cyan)
                        ]
                    ]
                ]
            ]
        }
    }
}


================================================
FILE: examples/demo_pages/page5_absolute.rs
================================================
use rxtui::prelude::*;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
enum AbsoluteDemoMsg {
    ToggleModal,
    SetSelectedLayer(i32),
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
struct AbsoluteDemoState {
    show_modal: bool,
    selected_layer: i32,
}

#[derive(Component)]
pub struct Page5AbsoluteDemo;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Page5AbsoluteDemo {
    #[update]
    fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, msg: AbsoluteDemoMsg, mut state: AbsoluteDemoState) -> Action {
        match msg {
            AbsoluteDemoMsg::ToggleModal => {
                state.show_modal = !state.show_modal;
            }
            AbsoluteDemoMsg::SetSelectedLayer(layer) => {
                state.selected_layer = layer;
            }
        }

        Action::update(state)
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, state: AbsoluteDemoState) -> Node {
        let selected_text = if state.selected_layer == 0 {
            "None".to_string()
        } else {
            format!("Layer {}", state.selected_layer)
        };

        let main_content = node! {
            div(bg: black, dir: vertical, pad: 1, w_frac: 1.0, h: 60, @char('m'): ctx.handler(AbsoluteDemoMsg::ToggleModal)) [
                // Title and instructions
                text("Page 5: Absolute Positioning & Z-Index Demo", color: bright_white),
                text(
                    format!("Press 'm' for modal | Click layers to select | Selected: {}", selected_text),
                    color: bright_yellow
                ),
                spacer(1),

                // Container for absolute positioning demo
                div(pos: relative, w_frac: 0.95, h: 35, bg: bright_black, border: white) [
                    // Layer 1 (z-index: dynamic based on selection)
                    div(
                        absolute,
                        top: 2,
                        left: 3,
                        w: 30,
                        h: 10,
                        z: (if state.selected_layer == 1 { 100 } else { 1 }),
                        bg: (if state.selected_layer == 1 { Color::BrightRed } else { Color::Red }),
                        border: white,
                        pad: 1,
                        @click: ctx.handler(AbsoluteDemoMsg::SetSelectedLayer(1))
                    ) [
                        text(
                            format!("Layer 1 (z-index: {})", if state.selected_layer == 1 { 100 } else { 1 }),
                            color: white
                        ),
                        text(
                            if state.selected_layer == 1 { "SELECTED - Top" } else { "Click to bring to top" },
                            color: bright_white
                        )
                    ],

                    // Layer 2 (z-index: dynamic based on selection)
                    div(
                        absolute,
                        top: 5,
                        left: 12,
                        w: 30,
                        h: 10,
                        z: (if state.selected_layer == 2 { 100 } else { 2 }),
                        bg: (if state.selected_layer == 2 { Color::BrightGreen } else { Color::Green }),
                        border_style: double,
                        border_color: white,
                        pad: 1,
                        @click: ctx.handler(AbsoluteDemoMsg::SetSelectedLayer(2))
                    ) [
                        text(
                            format!("Layer 2 (z-index: {})", if state.selected_layer == 2 { 100 } else { 2 }),
                            color: black
                        ),
                        text(
                            if state.selected_layer == 2 { "SELECTED - Top" } else { "Click to bring to top" },
                            color: bright_black
                        )
                    ],

                    // Layer 3 (z-index: dynamic based on selection)
                    div(
                        absolute,
                        top: 8,
                        left: 21,
                        w: 30,
                        h: 10,
                        z: (if state.selected_layer == 3 { 100 } else { 3 }),
                        bg: (if state.selected_layer == 3 { Color::BrightBlue } else { Color::Blue }),
                        border_style: thick,
                        border_color: white,
                        pad: 1,
                        @click: ctx.handler(AbsoluteDemoMsg::SetSelectedLayer(3))
                    ) [
                        text(
                            format!("Layer 3 (z-index: {})", if state.selected_layer == 3 { 100 } else { 3 }),
                            color: white
                        ),
                        text(
                            if state.selected_layer == 3 { "SELECTED - Top" } else { "Click to bring to top" },
                            color: bright_white
                        )
                    ],

                    // Fixed notification badge (always on top)
                    div(
                        absolute,
                        top: 1,
                        right: 2,
                        w: 20,
                        h: 6,
                        z: 200,
                        bg: bright_magenta,
                        border_style: rounded,
                        border_color: white,
                        pad: 1
                    ) [
                        text("Notification", color: black),
                        text("z-index: 200", color: bright_white)
                    ],

                    // Bottom positioned element
                    div(
                        absolute,
                        bottom: 1,
                        left: 3,
                        w: 25,
                        h: 3,
                        z: 4,
                        bg: bright_cyan,
                        border: black,
                        pad_h: 1
                    ) [
                        text("Bottom positioned", color: black)
                    ]
                ],

                // Info text
                spacer(1),
                text("Click on overlapping layers to bring them to the front", color: white),
                text("Press 'm' to show modal dialog overlay", color: bright_white)
            ]
        };

        // Add modal if visible
        if state.show_modal {
            let modal = node! {
                div(
                    pos: fixed,
                    top: 8,
                    left: 20,
                    w: 40,
                    h: 10,
                    z: 1001,
                    bg: bright_white,
                    border_style: rounded,
                    border_color: black,
                    pad: 2
                ) [
                    div(bg: bright_cyan, pad: 1) [
                        text("Modal Dialog", color: black)
                    ],
                    div(pad_v: 1) [
                        text("This modal uses fixed positioning", color: black),
                        text("with z-index 1001 to overlay everything.", color: black)
                    ],
                    div(pad: 1) [
                        text("Press 'm' again to close", color: bright_black)
                    ]
                ]
            };

            // Create container with both main content and modal
            node! {
                div(w_frac: 1.0, h_frac: 1.0) [
                    (main_content),
                    (modal)
                ]
            }
        } else {
            main_content
        }
    }
}


================================================
FILE: examples/demo_pages/page6_text_styles.rs
================================================
use rxtui::prelude::*;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[derive(Component)]
pub struct Page6TextStylesDemo;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Page6TextStylesDemo {
    #[update]
    fn update(&self, _ctx: &Context, _msg: ()) -> Action {
        Action::none()
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, _ctx: &Context) -> Node {
        node! {
            div(bg: black, dir: vertical, pad: 2, w_frac: 1.0, h: 50) [
                // Title
                text("Page 6: Text Styling Demo", color: bright_white, bold),
                spacer(2),

                // Basic text styles
                text("Basic Text Styles:", color: bright_yellow),
                spacer(1),
                div(dir: vertical, w_frac: 0.9, h: 25) [
                    // Bold text
                    text("This is BOLD text", color: white, bold),
                    spacer(1),

                    // Italic text
                    text("This is ITALIC text", color: bright_cyan, italic),
                    spacer(1),

                    // Underlined text
                    text("This is UNDERLINED text", color: bright_green, underline),
                    spacer(1),

                    // Strikethrough text
                    text("This is STRIKETHROUGH text", color: bright_red, strikethrough),
                    spacer(2),

                    // Combined styles
                    text("Combined Styles:", color: bright_yellow),
                    spacer(1),

                    // Bold + Italic
                    text("Bold + Italic", color: bright_magenta, bold, italic),
                    spacer(1),

                    // Bold + Underline
                    text("Bold + Underline", color: bright_blue, bold, underline),
                    spacer(1),

                    // All styles combined
                    text(
                        "Bold + Italic + Underline + Strikethrough",
                        color: bright_white,
                        bg: bright_black,
                        bold,
                        italic,
                        underline,
                        strikethrough
                    ),
                    spacer(2),

                    // Convenience methods
                    text("Using convenience methods:", color: bright_yellow),
                    spacer(1),
                    text("This uses .strong() (alias for .bold())", color: green, bold),
                    spacer(1),
                    text("This uses .emphasis() (alias for .italic())", color: cyan, italic)
                ]
            ]
        }
    }
}


================================================
FILE: examples/demo_pages/page7_auto_sizing.rs
================================================
use rxtui::prelude::*;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[derive(Component)]
pub struct Page7AutoSizingDemo;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Page7AutoSizingDemo {
    #[update]
    fn update(&self, _ctx: &Context, _msg: ()) -> Action {
        Action::none()
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, _ctx: &Context) -> Node {
        node! {
            div(bg: black, dir: vertical, pad: 2, w_frac: 1.0, h: 60) [
                // Title
                text("Page 7: Auto Sizing", color: bright_white),
                spacer(2),

                // Example 1: Pure auto sizing (all children auto)
                text("Example 1 - All children auto-sized (equal distribution):", color: white),
                spacer(1),
                div(bg: bright_black, w: 60, h: 6, pad: 1, dir: horizontal) [
                    div(bg: red, w_auto, h_frac: 1.0) [
                        text("Auto 1", color: white)
                    ],
                    div(bg: green, w_auto, h_frac: 1.0) [
                        text("Auto 2", color: black)
                    ],
                    div(bg: blue, w_auto, h_frac: 1.0) [
                        text("Auto 3", color: white)
                    ]
                ],
                spacer(2),

                // Example 2: Mixed fixed and auto
                text("Example 2 - Mixed fixed and auto (auto fills remaining):", color: white),
                spacer(1),
                div(bg: bright_black, w: 60, h: 6, pad: 1, dir: horizontal) [
                    div(bg: cyan, w: 10, h_frac: 1.0, pad: 1) [
                        text("Fixed 10", color: black)
                    ],
                    div(bg: magenta, w_auto, h_frac: 1.0, pad: 1) [
                        text("Auto", color: white)
                    ],
                    div(bg: yellow, w: 15, h_frac: 1.0, pad: 1) [
                        text("Fixed 15", color: black)
                    ]
                ],
                spacer(2),

                // Example 3: Mixed percentage and auto
                text("Example 3 - Mixed percentage and auto:", color: white),
                spacer(1),
                div(bg: bright_black, w: 60, h: 6, pad: 1, dir: horizontal) [
                    div(bg: bright_red, w_frac: 0.3, h_frac: 1.0, pad: 1) [
                        text("30%", color: white)
                    ],
                    div(bg: bright_green, w_auto, h_frac: 1.0, pad: 1) [
                        text("Auto", color: black)
                    ],
                    div(bg: bright_blue, w_frac: 0.2, h_frac: 1.0, pad: 1) [
                        text("20%", color: white)
                    ]
                ],
                spacer(2),

                // Example 4: Complex mix (fixed, percentage, and auto)
                text("Example 4 - Complex mix (fixed, percentage, and multiple auto):", color: white),
                spacer(1),
                div(bg: bright_black, w: 80, h: 6, pad: 1, dir: horizontal) [
                    div(bg: bright_cyan, w: 12, h_frac: 1.0, pad: 1) [
                        text("Fixed 12", color: black)
                    ],
                    div(bg: bright_magenta, w_auto, h_frac: 1.0, pad: 1) [
                        text("Auto 1", color: white)
                    ],
                    div(bg: bright_yellow, w_frac: 0.25, h_frac: 1.0, pad: 1) [
                        text("25%", color: black)
                    ],
                    div(bg: bright_red, w_auto, h_frac: 1.0, pad: 1) [
                        text("Auto 2", color: white)
                    ],
                    div(bg: bright_green, w: 8, h_frac: 1.0, pad: 1) [
                        text("Fixed 8", color: black)
                    ]
                ],
                spacer(2),

                // Example 5: Vertical auto sizing
                text("Example 5 - Vertical auto sizing:", color: white),
                spacer(1),
                div(bg: bright_black, w: 50, h: 20, pad: 1, dir: vertical) [
                    div(bg: red, w_frac: 1.0, h: 3) [
                        text("Fixed height 3", color: white)
                    ],
                    div(bg: green, w_frac: 1.0, h_auto) [
                        text("Auto height", color: black)
                    ],
                    div(bg: blue, w_frac: 1.0, h_frac: 0.3) [
                        text("30% height", color: white)
                    ],
                    div(bg: magenta, w_frac: 1.0, h_auto) [
                        text("Auto height", color: white)
                    ]
                ]
            ]
        }
    }
}


================================================
FILE: examples/demo_pages/page8_text_wrap.rs
================================================
use rxtui::prelude::*;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[derive(Component)]
pub struct Page8TextWrapDemo;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Page8TextWrapDemo {
    #[update]
    fn update(&self, _ctx: &Context, _msg: ()) -> Action {
        Action::none()
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, _ctx: &Context) -> Node {
        node! {
            div(bg: black, dir: vertical, pad: 2, w_frac: 1.0, h: 60) [
                // Title
                text("Page 8: Text Wrapping Examples", color: bright_white),
                spacer(2),

                // Example 1: No wrapping (default)
                text("Example 1 - No wrapping (TextWrap::None):", color: white),
                spacer(1),
                div(bg: blue, w: 30, h: 5, pad: 1) [
                    text(
                        "This is a very long text that will overflow the container without any wrapping applied",
                        color: white,
                        wrap: none
                    )
                ],
                spacer(2),

                // Example 2: Character wrapping
                text("Example 2 - Character wrapping (TextWrap::Character):", color: white),
                spacer(1),
                div(bg: green, w: 30, h: 6, pad: 1) [
                    text(
                        "This is a very long text that will be wrapped at character boundaries regardless of word breaks",
                        color: black,
                        wrap: character
                    )
                ],
                spacer(2),

                // Example 3: Word wrapping
                text("Example 3 - Word wrapping (TextWrap::Word):", color: white),
                spacer(1),
                div(bg: cyan, w: 30, h: 6, pad: 1) [
                    text(
                        "This text will wrap at word boundaries. If a verylongwordexceedsthewidth it will overflow.",
                        color: black,
                        wrap: word
                    )
                ],
                spacer(2),

                // Example 4: Word-break wrapping
                text("Example 4 - Word-break wrapping (TextWrap::WordBreak):", color: white),
                spacer(1),
                div(bg: magenta, w: 30, h: 7, pad: 1) [
                    text(
                        "This text wraps at word boundaries, but verylongwordsthatexceedthewidthwillbebrokenacrosslines",
                        color: white,
                        wrap: word_break
                    )
                ],
                spacer(2),

                // Example 5: Different widths with same text
                text("Example 5 - Same text with different container widths:", color: white),
                spacer(1),
                hstack(h: 8) [
                    div(bg: red, w: 20, h: 8, pad: 1) [
                        text("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog", color: white, wrap: word)
                    ],
                    div(w: 2) [],
                    div(bg: yellow, w: 30, h: 8, pad: 1) [
                        text("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog", color: black, wrap: word)
                    ],
                    div(w: 2) [],
                    div(bg: bright_blue, w: 40, h: 8, pad: 1) [
                        text("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog", color: white, wrap: word)
                    ]
                ],
                spacer(2),

                // Example 6: Poetry/formatted text
                text("Example 6 - Formatted text with character wrap:", color: white),
                spacer(1),
                div(bg: bright_green, w: 25, h: 6, pad: 1) [
                    text(
                        "Roses are red, violets are blue, text wrapping works, and so do you!",
                        color: black,
                        wrap: word
                    )
                ]
            ]
        }
    }
}


================================================
FILE: examples/demo_pages/page9_element_wrap.rs
================================================
use rxtui::prelude::*;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[derive(Component)]
pub struct Page9ElementWrapDemo;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Page9ElementWrapDemo {
    #[update]
    fn update(&self, _ctx: &Context, _msg: ()) -> Action {
        Action::none()
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, _ctx: &Context) -> Node {
        node! {
            div(bg: black, dir: vertical, pad: 2, w_frac: 1.0, h_frac: 1.0) [
                // Title
                text("Page 9: Element Wrapping Demo", color: cyan, bold, underline),
                text("Elements wrap to next row when container width is exceeded", color: bright_black),
                spacer(2),

                // Example 1: Simple colored boxes that wrap
                text("Example 1: Colored boxes with wrapping enabled", color: yellow, bold),
                spacer(1),
                div(bg: (Color::Rgb(20, 30, 30)), dir: horizontal, wrap: wrap, overflow: hidden, w: 45, pad: 1, gap: 1) [
                    // First row (3 boxes fit)
                    div(bg: red, w: 12, h: 3) [],
                    div(bg: green, w: 12, h: 3) [],
                    div(bg: blue, w: 12, h: 3) [],
                    // Second row (these should wrap)
                    div(bg: yellow, w: 12, h: 3) [],
                    div(bg: magenta, w: 12, h: 3) []
                ],
                spacer(2),

                // Example 2: Tags that wrap like a tag cloud
                text("Example 2: Tag cloud with variable widths", color: yellow, bold),
                spacer(1),
                div(bg: (Color::Rgb(20, 30, 30)), dir: horizontal, wrap: wrap, overflow: hidden, w: 50, pad: 1, gap: 1) [
                    div(bg: bright_blue, w: 8, h: 1, pad_h: 2) [
                        text("rust", color: white)
                    ],
                    div(bg: bright_green, w: 12, h: 1, pad_h: 2) [
                        text("terminal", color: black)
                    ],
                    div(bg: bright_yellow, w: 6, h: 1, pad_h: 2) [
                        text("ui", color: black)
                    ],
                    div(bg: bright_magenta, w: 12, h: 1, pad_h: 2) [
                        text("wrapping", color: white)
                    ],
                    div(bg: bright_cyan, w: 8, h: 1, pad_h: 2) [
                        text("flex", color: black)
                    ],
                    div(bg: bright_red, w: 10, h: 1, pad_h: 2) [
                        text("layout", color: white)
                    ],
                    div(bg: bright_blue, w: 8, h: 1, pad_h: 2) [
                        text("demo", color: white)
                    ]
                ],
                spacer(2),

                // Example 3: Comparison - With wrap vs Without wrap
                text("Example 3: Wrap vs No-Wrap comparison", color: yellow, bold),
                spacer(1),
                hstack(gap: 2) [
                    // With wrap
                    vstack() [
                        text("With Wrap:", color: green),
                        div(bg: (Color::Rgb(20, 30, 20)), dir: horizontal, wrap: wrap, overflow: hidden, w: 22, pad: 1, gap: 1) [
                            div(bg: red, w: 6, h: 2) [],
                            div(bg: green, w: 6, h: 2) [],
                            div(bg: blue, w: 6, h: 2) [],
                            div(bg: yellow, w: 6, h: 2) [],
                            div(bg: magenta, w: 6, h: 2) [],
                            div(bg: cyan, w: 6, h: 2) []
                        ]
                    ],
                    div(w: 5) [], // Horizontal spacing

                    // Without wrap
                    vstack() [
                        text("Without Wrap (overflow):", color: red),
                        div(bg: (Color::Rgb(30, 20, 20)), dir: horizontal, wrap: nowrap, overflow: hidden, w: 22, pad: 1, gap: 1) [
                            div(bg: red, w: 6, h: 2) [],
                            div(bg: green, w: 6, h: 2) [],
                            div(bg: blue, w: 6, h: 2) [],
                            div(bg: yellow, w: 6, h: 2) [],
                            div(bg: magenta, w: 6, h: 2) [],
                            div(bg: cyan, w: 6, h: 2) []
                        ]
                    ]
                ],
                spacer(3),

                // Example 4: Different gap sizes
                text("Example 4: Different gap sizes between wrapped items", color: yellow, bold),
                spacer(1),
                hstack(gap: 2) [
                    // Gap = 0
                    vstack() [
                        text("Gap: 0", color: bright_black),
                        div(bg: (Color::Rgb(30, 30, 30)), dir: horizontal, wrap: wrap, overflow: hidden, w: 15, pad: 1, gap: 0) [
                            div(bg: bright_red, w: 4, h: 2) [],
                            div(bg: bright_green, w: 4, h: 2) [],
                            div(bg: bright_blue, w: 4, h: 2) [],
                            div(bg: bright_yellow, w: 4, h: 2) []
                        ]
                    ],
                    div(w: 5) [], // Horizontal spacing

                    // Gap = 1
                    vstack() [
                        text("Gap: 1", color: bright_black),
                        div(bg: (Color::Rgb(30, 30, 30)), dir: horizontal, wrap: wrap, overflow: hidden, w: 15, pad: 1, gap: 1) [
                            div(bg: bright_red, w: 4, h: 2) [],
                            div(bg: bright_green, w: 4, h: 2) [],
                            div(bg: bright_blue, w: 4, h: 2) [],
                            div(bg: bright_yellow, w: 4, h: 2) []
                        ]
                    ],
                    div(w: 5) [], // Horizontal spacing

                    // Gap = 2
                    vstack() [
                        text("Gap: 2", color: bright_black),
                        div(bg: (Color::Rgb(30, 30, 30)), dir: horizontal, wrap: wrap, overflow: hidden, w: 15, pad: 1, gap: 2) [
                            div(bg: bright_red, w: 4, h: 2) [],
                            div(bg: bright_green, w: 4, h: 2) [],
                            div(bg: bright_blue, w: 4, h: 2) [],
                            div(bg: bright_yellow, w: 4, h: 2) []
                        ]
                    ]
                ]
            ]
        }
    }
}


================================================
FILE: examples/form.rs
================================================
use rxtui::prelude::*;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
enum Msg {
    UsernameChanged(String),
    PasswordChanged(String),
    Submit,
    ClearFocus,
    Exit,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
struct FormState {
    username: String,
    password: String,
    submitted: bool,
}

#[derive(Component)]
struct Form;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Form {
    #[update]
    fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, msg: Msg, mut state: FormState) -> Action {
        match msg {
            Msg::UsernameChanged(value) => {
                state.username = value;
                state.submitted = false;
            }
            Msg::PasswordChanged(value) => {
                state.password = value;
                state.submitted = false;
            }
            Msg::Submit => {
                state.submitted = !state.username.is_empty() && !state.password.is_empty();
            }
            Msg::ClearFocus => ctx.blur_focus(),
            Msg::Exit => return Action::exit(),
        }
        Action::update(state)
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, state: FormState) -> Node {
        node! {
            div(
                pad: 2,
                w_frac: 1.0,
                h_frac: 1.0,
                align: center,
                @key(esc): ctx.handler(Msg::Exit)
            ) [
                text(
                    "tab to navigate | enter to submit | esc to exit",
                    color: bright_black
                ),
                spacer(1),

                // Form fields with callbacks
                vstack [
                    text("Username:", color: white, bold),
                    input(
                        placeholder: "Enter your username...",
                        border: (if state.username.is_empty() { Color::White } else { Color::Green }),
                        focusable,
                        w: 40,
                        @change: ctx.handler_with_value(Msg::UsernameChanged),
                        @submit: ctx.handler(Msg::Submit),
                        @key(esc): ctx.handler(Msg::ClearFocus)
                    )
                ],
                spacer(1),

                vstack [
                    text("Password:", color: white, bold),
                    input(
                        placeholder: "Enter secure password...",
                        password,
                        border: (if state.password.is_empty() { Color::White } else { Color::Green }),
                        focusable,
                        w: 40,
                        @change: ctx.handler_with_value(Msg::PasswordChanged),
                        @submit: ctx.handler(Msg::Submit),
                        @key(esc): ctx.handler(Msg::ClearFocus)
                    )
                ],
                spacer(1),

                // Buttons
                div(
                    bg: (if state.username.is_empty() || state.password.is_empty() {
                        Color::White
                    } else {
                        Color::Green
                    }),
                    w: 40,
                    border: white,
                    focusable,
                    focus_style: (Style::default().border(Color::hex("#ffffff"))),
                    @click: ctx.handler(Msg::Submit),
                    @key(esc): ctx.handler(Msg::ClearFocus)
                ) [
                    hstack [
                        div(w_frac: 0.9, h: 1)[],
                        text("Submit", color: black, bold),
                    ]
                ],

                spacer(2),

                // Form state / submission acknowledgement
                div(
                    border: (if state.submitted { Color::Green } else { Color::White }),
                    bg: (if state.submitted { Color::hex("#001e00") } else { Color::Black }),
                    pad: 1,
                    w: 40,
                    align: (if state.submitted { AlignItems::Center } else { AlignItems::Start })
                ) [
                    (if state.submitted {
                        node! {
                            text("✓ Form Submitted!", color: green, bold)
                        }
                    } else {
                        node! {
                            div [
                                text("Current Form State:", color: yellow, bold),
                                spacer(1),
                                richtext [
                                    text("Username: ", color: cyan),
                                    text(&state.username, color: white)
                                ],
                                richtext [
                                    text("Password: ", color: cyan),
                                    text(&"•".repeat(state.password.len()), color: white)
                                ]
                            ]
                        }
                    })
                ]
            ]
        }
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Functions
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
    App::new()?.run(Form)
}


================================================
FILE: examples/gap.rs
================================================
use rxtui::prelude::*;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[derive(Component)]
struct GapDemo;

#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
enum GapMsg {
    Exit,
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl GapDemo {
    #[update]
    fn update(&self, _ctx: &Context, msg: GapMsg) -> Action {
        match msg {
            GapMsg::Exit => Action::exit(),
        }
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context) -> Node {
        node! {
            div(
                dir: vertical,
                pad: 2,
                gap: 2,
                bg: "#101417",
                @key_global(esc): ctx.handler(GapMsg::Exit),
                @char_global('q'): ctx.handler(GapMsg::Exit)
            ) [
                div(bg: "#1c2530", pad: 1) [
                    text("Parent div uses gap: 2", color: "#9ac1f5"),
                    text("Each child is spaced by two cells.", color: "#9ac1f5")
                ],
                div(dir: horizontal, gap: 1, pad: 1, bg: "#1f3b4d") [
                    text("Nested >", color: "#f5d67a"),
                    text("row >", color: "#f5d67a"),
                    text("gap: 1", color: "#f5d67a")
                ],
                div(dir: vertical, gap: 1, pad: 1, bg: "#233646") [
                    text("Another nested stack", color: "#c5f58f"),
                    text("with vertical gap: 1", color: "#c5f58f")
                ]
            ]
        }
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Functions
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
    App::new()?.run(GapDemo)
}


================================================
FILE: examples/hover.rs
================================================
use rxtui::prelude::*;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Constants
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

const ITEMS: &[(&str, &str)] = &[
    ("Inbox", "5 unread conversations waiting"),
    ("Team Standup", "Next session today at 10:00"),
    ("Deploy Preview", "Version 1.8.2 awaiting approval"),
    ("Release Notes", "Draft ready for review"),
];

const ACCENTS: [Color; 4] = [Color::Cyan, Color::Magenta, Color::Yellow, Color::Green];

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[derive(Component)]
struct HoverShowcase;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl HoverShowcase {
    #[update]
    fn update(&self, _ctx: &Context, msg: &str) -> Action {
        if matches!(msg, "exit") {
            Action::exit()
        } else {
            Action::none()
        }
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context) -> Node {
        node! {
            div(
                dir: vertical,
                pad: 2,
                gap: 2,
                bg: (Color::Rgb(12, 13, 24)),
                w_frac: 1.0,
                h_frac: 1.0,
                @key_global(esc): ctx.handler("exit"),
            ) [
                text("Interactive Hover Cards", color: cyan, bold),
                text("Move your mouse across the cards to see hover styling.", color: bright_black),
                div(dir: vertical, gap: 1) [
                    ...(ITEMS.iter().enumerate().map(|(index, (title, subtitle))| {
                        let accent = ACCENTS[index % ACCENTS.len()];
                        node! {
                            div(
                                dir: vertical,
                                gap: 0,
                                pad: 1,
                                bg: (Color::Rgb(24, 26, 36)),
                                border_style: (BorderStyle::Rounded, Color::Rgb(34, 37, 49)),
                                focusable,
                                focus_style: (
                                    Style {
                                        border: Some(Border::with_style(BorderStyle::Rounded, Color::BrightBlue)),
                                        ..Style::default()
                                    }
                                ),
                                hover_style: (
                                    Style {
                                        background: Some(Color::Rgb(36, 40, 56)),
                                        border: Some(Border::with_style(BorderStyle::Rounded, accent)),
                                        ..Style::default()
                                    }
                                )
                            ) [
                                text(*title, color: white, bold),
                                text(*subtitle, color: bright_black)
                            ]
                        }
                    }).collect::<Vec<_>>())
                ],
                spacer(1),
                div(dir: vertical, gap: 1) [
                    text("Try the hover-enabled search box:", color: bright_black),
                    input(
                        placeholder: "Hover or focus me...",
                        w: 46,
                        bg: (Color::Rgb(20, 22, 32)),
                        border_style: (BorderStyle::Rounded, Color::Rgb(34, 37, 49)),
                        focus_style: (
                            Style {
                                border: Some(Border::with_style(BorderStyle::Rounded, Color::BrightBlue)),
                                padding: Some(Spacing::horizontal(1)),
                                ..Style::default()
                            }
                        ),
                        hover_style: (
                            Style {
                                background: Some(Color::Rgb(36, 40, 56)),
                                border: Some(Border::with_style(BorderStyle::Rounded, Color::Cyan)),
                                padding: Some(Spacing::horizontal(1)),
                                ..Style::default()
                            }
                        )
                    )
                ]
            ]
        }
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Functions
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
    App::new()?.run(HoverShowcase)
}


================================================
FILE: examples/inline.rs
================================================
//! Inline Mode Example
//!
//! Demonstrates rendering directly in the terminal without alternate screen.
//! Features multiple stacked components including a scrollable list.
//! Content persists after the app exits, making it suitable for CLI tools.

use rxtui::prelude::*;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Constants
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

const LOG_ENTRIES: &[&str] = &[
    "[INFO]  Application started successfully",
    "[DEBUG] Loading configuration from ~/.config/app.toml",
    "[INFO]  Connected to database at localhost:5432",
    "[WARN]  Cache miss for key: user_preferences",
    "[DEBUG] Fetching user data from remote API",
    "[INFO]  User authentication successful",
    "[DEBUG] Session token generated: abc...xyz",
    "[INFO]  Loading plugin: syntax-highlighter v2.1.0",
    "[INFO]  Loading plugin: auto-complete v1.5.3",
    "[WARN]  Plugin deprecated: legacy-formatter",
    "[DEBUG] Initializing render pipeline",
    "[INFO]  Theme loaded: dark-ocean",
    "[DEBUG] Font metrics calculated: 14px mono",
    "[INFO]  Workspace opened: ~/projects/rxtui",
    "[DEBUG] Indexing 1,247 files...",
    "[INFO]  Index complete in 0.8s",
    "[WARN]  Large file skipped: binary.dat (50MB)",
    "[DEBUG] LSP server starting: rust-analyzer",
    "[INFO]  LSP ready after 2.3s",
    "[DEBUG] Registering keyboard shortcuts",
    "[INFO]  Ready for input",
];

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
enum Msg {
    TogglePause,
    IncrementCounter,
    DecrementCounter,
    Exit,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
struct AppState {
    counter: i32,
    paused: bool,
    selected_log: usize,
}

#[derive(Component)]
struct InlineDemo;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl InlineDemo {
    #[update]
    fn update(&self, _ctx: &Context, msg: Msg, mut state: AppState) -> Action {
        match msg {
            Msg::TogglePause => {
                state.paused = !state.paused;
                Action::update(state)
            }
            Msg::IncrementCounter => {
                state.counter += 1;
                Action::update(state)
            }
            Msg::DecrementCounter => {
                state.counter -= 1;
                Action::update(state)
            }
            Msg::Exit => Action::exit(),
        }
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, state: AppState) -> Node {
        // Build log entries with color coding
        let logs: Vec<Node> = LOG_ENTRIES
            .iter()
            .enumerate()
            .map(|(i, line)| {
                let color = if line.contains("[ERROR]") {
                    Color::Red
                } else if line.contains("[WARN]") {
                    Color::Yellow
                } else if line.contains("[DEBUG]") {
                    Color::BrightBlack
                } else {
                    Color::Cyan
                };

                let prefix = if i == state.selected_log {
                    "▶ "
                } else {
                    "  "
                };
                node! { text(format!("{prefix}{line}"), color: (color)) }
            })
            .collect();

        node! {
            div(
                dir: vertical,
                gap: 1,
                w_frac: 1.0,
                @key_global(esc): ctx.handler(Msg::Exit)
            ) [
                // Stats Row
                hstack(gap: 2) [
                    // Counter widget
                    div(
                        border_style: rounded,
                        border_color: magenta,
                        pad: 1,
                        w: 24,
                        focusable,
                        @key(up): ctx.handler(Msg::IncrementCounter),
                        @key(down): ctx.handler(Msg::DecrementCounter)
                    ) [
                        vstack(gap: 1, align: center) [
                            text("Counter", color: magenta, bold),
                            text(format!("{:+}", state.counter), color: white, bold),
                            text("↑/↓ to change", color: bright_black)
                        ]
                    ],

                    // Status widget
                    div(
                        border_style: rounded,
                        border_color: (if state.paused { Color::Yellow } else { Color::Green }),
                        pad: 1,
                        w: 24,
                        focusable,
                        @char('p'): ctx.handler(Msg::TogglePause)
                    ) [
                        vstack(gap: 1, align: center) [
                            text("Status", color: (if state.paused { Color::Yellow } else { Color::Green }), bold),
                            text(
                                if state.paused { "⏸ PAUSED" } else { "▶ RUNNING" },
                                color: white,
                                bold
                            ),
                            text("p to toggle", color: bright_black)
                        ]
                    ],
                ],

                // Scrollable Log Section (tall content to test viewport occlusion)
                div(
                    border_style: rounded,
                    border_color: bright_black,
                    pad: 1,
                    h: 12,
                    focusable
                ) [
                    vstack(gap: 0, overflow: scroll,) [
                        text("─── Application Log ───", color: bright_black, bold),
                        ...(logs)
                    ]
                ],

                // Footer
                div(pad_h: 1) [
                    richtext [
                        text("tab", color: cyan),
                        text(" focus │ ", color: bright_black),
                        text("esc", color: cyan),
                        text(" exit │ ", color: bright_black),
                        text("Content persists after exit!", color: yellow)
                    ]
                ]
            ]
        }
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Functions
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
    // Use App::inline() for inline rendering mode
    // Content will persist after exit (preserve_on_exit is true by default)
    App::inline()?.run(InlineDemo)?;

    // This message appears after the UI since content is preserved
    println!("\nDemo completed. Notice the UI above is preserved!");

    Ok(())
}


================================================
FILE: examples/progressbar.rs
================================================
use rxtui::prelude::*;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
enum Msg {
    SetProgress(f32),
    Exit,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
struct ProgressState {
    progress: f32, // 0.0 to 1.0
}

#[derive(Component)]
struct ProgressBar;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Trait Implementations
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Default for ProgressState {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self { progress: 0.0 }
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[component]
impl ProgressBar {
    #[update]
    fn update(&self, _ctx: &Context, msg: Msg, mut state: ProgressState) -> Action {
        match msg {
            Msg::SetProgress(value) => {
                state.progress = value;
                Action::update(state)
            }
            Msg::Exit => Action::exit(),
        }
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, state: ProgressState) -> Node {
        let percentage = (state.progress * 100.0) as u32;
        let bar_width = 50;
        let filled = ((state.progress * bar_width as f32) as usize).min(bar_width);
        let empty = bar_width - filled;

        node! {
            div(
                pad: 2,
                align: center,
                gap: 1,
                w_frac: 1.0,
                @key_global(esc): ctx.handler(Msg::Exit),
                @char_global('q'): ctx.handler(Msg::Exit)
            ) [
                hstack(gap: 1) [
                    // Progress bar with smooth gradient using peachy colors
                    hstack [
                        ...((0..filled).map(|i| {
                            // Calculate position for multi-stop gradient
                            let progress = i as f32 / bar_width as f32;

                            // Peachy gradient with multiple stops:
                            // 0.0: Coral     RGB(255, 127, 80)
                            // 0.33: Peach    RGB(255, 192, 128)
                            // 0.66: Salmon   RGB(255, 160, 122)
                            // 1.0: Pink      RGB(255, 182, 193)

                            let (r, g, b) = if progress < 0.33 {
                                // Coral to Peach
                                let t = progress / 0.33;
                                (
                                    255,
                                    (127.0 + 65.0 * t) as u8,  // 127 -> 192
                                    (80.0 + 48.0 * t) as u8,    // 80 -> 128
                                )
                            } else if progress < 0.66 {
                                // Peach to Salmon
                                let t = (progress - 0.33) / 0.33;
                                (
                                    255,
                                    (192.0 - 32.0 * t) as u8,   // 192 -> 160
                                    (128.0 - 6.0 * t) as u8,     // 128 -> 122
                                )
                            } else {
                                // Salmon to Pink
                                let t = (progress - 0.66) / 0.34;
                                (
                                    255,
                                    (160.0 + 22.0 * t) as u8,   // 160 -> 182
                                    (122.0 + 71.0 * t) as u8,   // 122 -> 193
                                )
                            };

                            node! {
                                text("█", color: (Color::Rgb(r, g, b)))
                            }
                        }).collect::<Vec<Node>>()),
                        text("·".repeat(empty), color: (Color::Rgb(80, 80, 80))),
                    ],

                    text(format!("{:>3}%", percentage), color: white, bold)
                ],

                // Instructions
                text("press esc or q to exit", color: bright_black)
            ]
        }
    }

    #[effect]
    async fn animate_progress(&self, ctx: &Context) {
        // Continuously animate the progress bar
        loop {
            for i in 0..=100 {
                tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(30)).await;
                ctx.send(Msg::SetProgress(i as f32 / 100.0));
            }
            // Reset and loop
            tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(500)).await;
        }
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Functions
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
    App::new()?.run(ProgressBar)
}


================================================
FILE: examples/rxtui.rs
================================================
use rxtui::prelude::*;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[derive(Component)]
struct RxTuiLogo;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl RxTuiLogo {
    #[view]
    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context) -> Node {
        node! {
            div(
                w_frac: 1.0,
                h_frac: 1.0,
                dir: vertical,
                pad: 2,
                gap: 1,
                @char_global('q'): ctx.handler(()),
                @key_global(esc): ctx.handler(())
            ) [
                vstack [
                    text("██████    ██    ██  ██████████  ██    ██  ██", color: "#8B4FB3"),
                    text("██████    ██    ██  ██████████  ██    ██  ██", color: "#B06FA8"),
                    text("██████    ██    ██  ██████████  ██    ██  ██", color: "#D68F9E"),
                    text("██████    ██    ██  ██████████  ██    ██  ██", color: "#e9dada"),
                    text("██    ██      ██        ██      ██    ██  ██", color: "#e9dada"),
                    text("██████      ██          ██      ██    ██  ██", color: "#e9dada"),
                    text("██    ██  ██    ██      ██      ████████  ██", color: "#e9dada")
                ],

                text(format!("v{} \"appcypher\"", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION")), color: "#969696")
            ]
        }
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Functions
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
    App::new()?.run(RxTuiLogo)
}


================================================
FILE: examples/scroll.rs
================================================
use rxtui::prelude::*;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Constants
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

const BODY_LINES: &[&str] = &[
    "The terminal can host surprisingly rich reading experiences when paired with smooth scrolling.",
    "This demo fills a single container with - a long-form article so you can practice focused navigation.",
    "",
    "Scrolling tips:",
    "  • Use the ↑ and ↓ arrow keys for line-by-line movement.",
    "  • Page Up/Page Down jump a full viewport at a time.",
    "  • Home and End take you to the start or end of the article.",
    "  • Mouse wheels and touchpads work automatically when the panel is focused.",
    "",
    "Chapter 1 - Setting the Scene:",
    "  The hum of servers echoes in the background while a developer studies logs.",
    "  Lines of text flow upward, revealing patterns, anomalies, and the occasional surprise.",
    "  With a scrollable viewport the developer can linger on details without losing the bigger picture.",
    "",
    "Chapter 2 - Building the Interface:",
    "  RxTUI components keep layout and interaction terse, yet expressive.",
    "  A single `div` with `overflow: scroll` handles keyboard, mouse, and focus behaviors.",
    "  Styling remains declarative: borders, spacing, and alignment compose like CSS-inspired building blocks.",
    "",
    "Chapter 3 - Ergonomic Patterns:",
    "  Keep navigation hints close to the scroll surface so users know how to explore.",
    "  Combine headings, separators, and whitespace to make dense text approachable.",
    "  Remember that even in a terminal, typography and layout choices shape comprehension.",
    "",
    "Chapter 4 - When Content Grows:",
    "  Logs, documentation, chat transcripts, and game narratives all benefit from scrolling containers.",
    "  By anchoring the viewport height you prevent the UI from exploding beyond the terminal boundaries.",
    "  Nested scroll regions can isolate noise, letting readers focus on what matters right now.",
    "",
    "Chapter 5 - Wrapping Up:",
    "  Scroll surfaces are foundational to building comfortable text-first interfaces.",
    "  Experiment with scrollbar visibility, focus styling, and keyboard shortcuts to match your audience.",
    "  With practice, terminal apps feel less like raw text dumps and more like polished editors.",
    "",
    "You reached the end! Press Esc to return to your shell.",
];

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
enum ScrollViewMsg {
    Exit,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
struct ScrollViewState;

#[derive(Component)]
pub struct ScrollTextExample;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl ScrollTextExample {
    #[update]
    fn update(&self, _ctx: &Context, msg: ScrollViewMsg, _state: ScrollViewState) -> Action {
        match msg {
            ScrollViewMsg::Exit => Action::exit(),
        }
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, _state: ScrollViewState) -> Node {
        let body: Vec<Node> = BODY_LINES
            .iter()
            .map(|line| node! { text(*line, color: white) })
            .collect();

        node! {
            div(
                bg: "#030507",
                dir: vertical,
                pad: 2,
                gap: 1,
                w_frac: 1.0,
                h_frac: 1.0,
                align: center,
                @key_global(esc): ctx.handler(ScrollViewMsg::Exit)
            ) [
                text("Scroll Demo - Reading View", color: bright_white, bold),
                text("Focus the article panel and use your preferred scrolling method to browse the content.", color: bright_black),
                spacer(1),
                div(
                    bg: "#10161b",
                    border: cyan,
                    pad: 2,
                    gap: 1,
                    overflow: scroll,
                    w: 80,
                    h: 20,
                    focusable
                ) [
                    ...(body)
                ],
                spacer(1),
                text("Tip: Tab to focus the article if the scroll keys stop responding.", color: bright_black)
            ]
        }
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Functions
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
    App::new()?.run(ScrollTextExample)
}


================================================
FILE: examples/scroll_nested.rs
================================================
use rxtui::prelude::*;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Constants
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

const DEFAULT_HINT: &str = "Focus a panel with Tab or a mouse click, then use arrow keys, Page Up/Down, Home/End, or the mouse wheel to explore scrolling.";

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
enum ScrollMsg {
    SetHint(&'static str),
    ResetHint,
    Exit,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
struct ScrollState {
    hint: &'static str,
}

#[derive(Component)]
pub struct ScrollExample;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Trait Implementations
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Default for ScrollState {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self { hint: DEFAULT_HINT }
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl ScrollExample {
    #[update]
    fn update(&self, _ctx: &Context, msg: ScrollMsg, mut state: ScrollState) -> Action {
        match msg {
            ScrollMsg::SetHint(hint) => state.hint = hint,
            ScrollMsg::ResetHint => state.hint = DEFAULT_HINT,
            ScrollMsg::Exit => return Action::exit(),
        }

        Action::update(state)
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, state: ScrollState) -> Node {
        let vertical_lines: Vec<Node> = (1..=18)
            .map(|i| {
                node! {
                    text(
                        format!("Article line {i:02}: Scroll to reveal the rest of the content stream."),
                        color: white
                    )
                }
            })
            .collect();

        let vertical_hidden_lines: Vec<Node> = (1..=12)
            .map(|i| {
                node! {
                    text(
                        format!("Quiet log entry {i:02}: hidden scrollbar keeps the layout clean."),
                        color: bright_white
                    )
                }
            })
            .collect();

        let nested_outer_tail: Vec<Node> = (1..=6)
            .map(|i| {
                node! {
                    text(
                        format!("Outer note {i:02}: continue scrolling the shell container."),
                        color: bright_white
                    )
                }
            })
            .collect();

        let nested_checklist: Vec<Node> = (1..=10)
            .map(|i| {
                node! {
                    text(
                        format!("Checklist item {i:02}: nested scrolling zone with its own focus."),
                        color: cyan
                    )
                }
            })
            .collect();

        let nested_timeline: Vec<Node> = (1..=10)
            .map(|i| {
                node! {
                    text(
                        format!("Timeline marker {i:02}: smooth scrolling without a track."),
                        color: yellow
                    )
                }
            })
            .collect();

        node! {
            div(
                bg: "#070b15",
                dir: vertical,
                pad: 2,
                gap: 2,
                w_frac: 1.0,
                h_frac: 1.0,
                overflow: scroll,
                focusable,
                @focus: ctx.handler(ScrollMsg::ResetHint),
                @blur: ctx.handler(ScrollMsg::ResetHint),
                @key_global(esc): ctx.handler(ScrollMsg::Exit)
            ) [
                text("Scroll Surfaces Demo", color: bright_white, bold),
                text("Explore vertical, nested, and horizontal scrolling behaviors in RxTUI.", color: bright_black),
                text(format!("Hint: {}", state.hint), color: cyan),
                spacer(1),

                text("Vertical panels", color: bright_yellow, bold),
                div(dir: horizontal, gap: 2) [
                    div(
                        bg: "#102437",
                        border: cyan,
                        pad: 1,
                        overflow: scroll,
                        w: 46,
                        h: 14,
                        focusable,
                        @focus: ctx.handler(ScrollMsg::SetHint(
                            "Visible scrollbar: Up/Down, Page Up/Page Down, or the mouse wheel adjust the feed."
                        )),
                        @blur: ctx.handler(ScrollMsg::ResetHint)
                    ) [
                        text("Long article feed (scrollbar visible)", color: bright_cyan, bold),
                        spacer(1),
                        ...(vertical_lines)
                    ],
                    div(
                        bg: "#13291f",
                        border: green,
                        pad: 1,
                        overflow: scroll,
                        w: 46,
                        h: 14,
                        focusable,
                        show_scrollbar: false,
                        @focus: ctx.handler(ScrollMsg::SetHint(
                            "Hidden scrollbar: same gestures apply, but the track stays invisible for a minimal look."
                        )),
                        @blur: ctx.handler(ScrollMsg::ResetHint)
                    ) [
                        text("Minimal log (scrollbar hidden)", color: bright_green, bold),
                        spacer(1),
                        ...(vertical_hidden_lines)
                    ]
                ],
                spacer(1),

                text("Nested containers", color: bright_yellow, bold),
                div(
                    bg: "#1d1027",
                    border: magenta,
                    pad: 1,
                    gap: 1,
                    overflow: scroll,
                    w: 94,
                    h: 16,
                    focusable,
                    @focus: ctx.handler(ScrollMsg::SetHint(
                        "Outer container: use Tab to enter nested regions, Shift+Tab to return, and scroll to traverse all sections."
                    )),
                    @blur: ctx.handler(ScrollMsg::ResetHint)
                ) [
                    text("Travel planner (outer shell)", color: bright_magenta, bold),
                    text("Scroll here or Tab again to focus an inner panel.", color: bright_white),
                    spacer(1),
                    div(
                        bg: "#11332e",
                        border: cyan,
                        pad: 1,
                        overflow: scroll,
                        w: 70,
                        h: 6,
                        focusable,
                        @focus: ctx.handler(ScrollMsg::SetHint(
                            "Nested checklist: once focused, scrolling stays within this panel until you shift focus."
                        )),
                        @blur: ctx.handler(ScrollMsg::ResetHint)
                    ) [
                        text("Packing checklist", color: bright_cyan, bold),
                        spacer(1),
                        ...(nested_checklist)
                    ],
                    div(
                        bg: "#321414",
                        border: yellow,
                        pad: 1,
                        overflow: scroll,
                        w: 70,
                        h: 6,
                        focusable,
                        show_scrollbar: false,
                        @focus: ctx.handler(ScrollMsg::SetHint(
                            "Nested timeline: no scrollbar shown, but Home/End still jump between anchors."
                        )),
                        @blur: ctx.handler(ScrollMsg::ResetHint)
                    ) [
                        text("Day-by-day timeline", color: bright_yellow, bold),
                        spacer(1),
                        ...(nested_timeline)
                    ],
                    spacer(1),
                    ...(nested_outer_tail)
                ],
                spacer(1),
                text("Press Esc at any time to exit.", color: bright_black)
            ]
        }
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Functions
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
    App::new()?.run(ScrollExample)
}


================================================
FILE: examples/shimmer_text.rs
================================================
use rxtui::components::{ShimmerSpeed, ShimmerText};
use rxtui::prelude::*;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Constants
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

const SHIMMER_TITLE: &str = "Reactive Shimmer Text";
const SHIMMER_PRIMARY: &str = "Glow through the terminal with reactive shimmer";
const SHIMMER_SECONDARY: &str = "Gentle shimmer with a calmer sweep";

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
enum ExampleMsg {
    Exit,
}

#[derive(Component)]
struct ShimmerExample;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[component]
impl ShimmerExample {
    #[update]
    fn update(&self, _ctx: &Context, msg: ExampleMsg) -> Action {
        match msg {
            ExampleMsg::Exit => Action::exit(),
        }
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context) -> Node {
        let fast_shimmer = ShimmerText::new(SHIMMER_PRIMARY)
            .gradient(Color::Rgb(70, 90, 130), Color::Rgb(210, 225, 255))
            .highlight_band(6)
            .speed(ShimmerSpeed::fast());

        let slow_shimmer = ShimmerText::new(SHIMMER_SECONDARY)
            .gradient(Color::BrightBlack, Color::BrightWhite)
            .highlight_band(10)
            .speed(ShimmerSpeed::slow());

        node! {
            div(
                w_frac: 1.0,
                h_frac: 1.0,
                align: center,
                justify: center,
                bg: (Color::Rgb(10, 14, 26)),
                @key_global(esc): ctx.handler(ExampleMsg::Exit),
                @char_global('q'): ctx.handler(ExampleMsg::Exit)
            ) [
                div(
                    pad_h: 6,
                    pad_v: 3,
                    gap: 2,
                    w: 70,
                    border_style: rounded,
                    border_color: (Color::Rgb(90, 120, 190)),
                    bg: (Color::Rgb(18, 24, 40)),
                    align: center
                ) [
                    text(SHIMMER_TITLE, color: cyan, bold),
                    node(fast_shimmer),
                    node(slow_shimmer)
                ],

                text("press esc or q to exit", color: bright_black)
            ]
        }
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Functions
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
    App::new()?.run(ShimmerExample)
}


================================================
FILE: examples/spinner.rs
================================================
use rxtui::components::{Spinner, SpinnerType};
use rxtui::prelude::*;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
enum Msg {
    NextSpinner,
    PrevSpinner,
    Exit,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
struct SpinnerGalleryState {
    current_spinner_index: usize,
}

#[derive(Component)]
struct SpinnerGallery;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[component]
impl SpinnerGallery {
    #[update]
    fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, msg: Msg, mut state: SpinnerGalleryState) -> Action {
        match msg {
            Msg::NextSpinner => {
                state.current_spinner_index =
                    (state.current_spinner_index + 1) % Self::spinner_list().len();
                Action::update(state)
            }
            Msg::PrevSpinner => {
                let len = Self::spinner_list().len();
                state.current_spinner_index = (state.current_spinner_index + len - 1) % len;
                Action::update(state)
            }
            Msg::Exit => Action::exit(),
        }
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, state: SpinnerGalleryState) -> Node {
        let spinners = Self::spinner_list();
        let current_spinner = &spinners[state.current_spinner_index];
        let spinner_name = Self::spinner_name(current_spinner);

        // Create spinner with current type
        let spinner = Spinner::new()
            .spinner_type(current_spinner.clone())
            .color(Color::Cyan);

        node! {
            div(
                w_frac: 1.0,
                h_frac: 1.0,
                align: center,
                justify: center,
                @key(right): ctx.handler(Msg::NextSpinner),
                @key(left): ctx.handler(Msg::PrevSpinner),
                @key(esc): ctx.handler(Msg::Exit),
                @char('q'): ctx.handler(Msg::Exit)
            ) [
                div(
                    pad: 3,
                    w: 50,
                    border_style: rounded,
                    border_color: cyan,
                    align: center
                ) [
                    // Spinner type name
                    text(spinner_name, color: bright_cyan, bold),

                    // The spinner itself
                    div(pad_v: 1) [
                        node(spinner)
                    ],

                    // Navigation info
                    text(
                        format!("{} / {}", state.current_spinner_index + 1, spinners.len()),
                        color: bright_black
                    ),

                    spacer(1),

                    // Controls
                    div(justify: center) [
                        text("←   →", color: yellow, align: center, bold),
                        text("Navigate", color: bright_black),
                    ]
                ]
            ]
        }
    }
}

impl SpinnerGallery {
    fn spinner_list() -> Vec<SpinnerType> {
        vec![
            SpinnerType::Dots,
            SpinnerType::Dots2,
            SpinnerType::Dots3,
            SpinnerType::Line,
            SpinnerType::Line2,
            SpinnerType::Pipe,
            SpinnerType::SimpleDots,
            SpinnerType::SimpleDotsScrolling,
            SpinnerType::Star,
            SpinnerType::Star2,
            SpinnerType::Flip,
            SpinnerType::Hamburger,
            SpinnerType::GrowVertical,
            SpinnerType::GrowHorizontal,
            SpinnerType::Balloon,
            SpinnerType::Balloon2,
            SpinnerType::Noise,
            SpinnerType::Bounce,
            SpinnerType::BoxBounce,
            SpinnerType::BoxBounce2,
            SpinnerType::Triangle,
            SpinnerType::Binary,
            SpinnerType::Arc,
            SpinnerType::Circle,
            SpinnerType::SquareCorners,
            SpinnerType::CircleQuarters,
            SpinnerType::CircleHalves,
            SpinnerType::Squish,
            SpinnerType::Toggle,
            SpinnerType::Toggle2,
            SpinnerType::Toggle3,
            SpinnerType::Arrow,
            SpinnerType::Arrow2,
            SpinnerType::Arrow3,
            SpinnerType::BouncingBar,
            SpinnerType::BouncingBall,
            SpinnerType::Clock,
            SpinnerType::Earth,
            SpinnerType::Moon,
            SpinnerType::Hearts,
            SpinnerType::Smiley,
            SpinnerType::Monkey,
            SpinnerType::Weather,
            SpinnerType::Christmas,
            SpinnerType::Point,
            SpinnerType::Layer,
            SpinnerType::BetaWave,
            SpinnerType::Aesthetic,
        ]
    }

    fn spinner_name(spinner_type: &SpinnerType) -> &'static str {
        match spinner_type {
            SpinnerType::Dots => "Dots",
            SpinnerType::Dots2 => "Dots 2",
            SpinnerType::Dots3 => "Dots 3",
            SpinnerType::Line => "Line",
            SpinnerType::Line2 => "Line 2",
            SpinnerType::Pipe => "Pipe",
            SpinnerType::SimpleDots => "Simple Dots",
            SpinnerType::SimpleDotsScrolling => "Scrolling Dots",
            SpinnerType::Star => "Star",
            SpinnerType::Star2 => "Star 2",
            SpinnerType::Flip => "Flip",
            SpinnerType::Hamburger => "Hamburger",
            SpinnerType::GrowVertical => "Grow Vertical",
            SpinnerType::GrowHorizontal => "Grow Horizontal",
            SpinnerType::Balloon => "Balloon",
            SpinnerType::Balloon2 => "Balloon 2",
            SpinnerType::Noise => "Noise",
            SpinnerType::Bounce => "Bounce",
            SpinnerType::BoxBounce => "Box Bounce",
            SpinnerType::BoxBounce2 => "Box Bounce 2",
            SpinnerType::Triangle => "Triangle",
            SpinnerType::Binary => "Binary",
            SpinnerType::Arc => "Arc",
            SpinnerType::Circle => "Circle",
            SpinnerType::SquareCorners => "Square Corners",
            SpinnerType::CircleQuarters => "Circle Quarters",
            SpinnerType::CircleHalves => "Circle Halves",
            SpinnerType::Squish => "Squish",
            SpinnerType::Toggle => "Toggle",
            SpinnerType::Toggle2 => "Toggle 2",
            SpinnerType::Toggle3 => "Toggle 3",
            SpinnerType::Arrow => "Arrow",
            SpinnerType::Arrow2 => "Arrow 2 (Emoji)",
            SpinnerType::Arrow3 => "Arrow 3",
            SpinnerType::BouncingBar => "Bouncing Bar",
            SpinnerType::BouncingBall => "Bouncing Ball",
            SpinnerType::Clock => "Clock",
            SpinnerType::Earth => "Earth",
            SpinnerType::Moon => "Moon",
            SpinnerType::Hearts => "Hearts",
            SpinnerType::Smiley => "Smiley",
            SpinnerType::Monkey => "Monkey",
            SpinnerType::Weather => "Weather",
            SpinnerType::Christmas => "Christmas",
            SpinnerType::Point => "Point",
            SpinnerType::Layer => "Layer",
            SpinnerType::BetaWave => "Beta Wave",
            SpinnerType::Aesthetic => "Aesthetic",
            SpinnerType::Custom(_) => "Custom",
        }
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Functions
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
    App::new()?.run(SpinnerGallery)
}


================================================
FILE: examples/spinner_custom.rs
================================================
use rxtui::components::{Spinner, SpinnerSpeed};
use rxtui::prelude::*;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
enum Msg {
    Exit,
}

#[derive(Component)]
struct CustomSpinnerDemo;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[component]
impl CustomSpinnerDemo {
    #[update]
    fn update(&self, _ctx: &Context, msg: Msg) -> Action {
        match msg {
            Msg::Exit => Action::exit(),
        }
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context) -> Node {
        // Create custom spinners with different patterns
        let rocket_spinner = Spinner::new()
            .custom_pattern(vec!["🚀", "✨", "💫", "⭐", "🌟"])
            .speed(SpinnerSpeed::Normal)
            .color(Color::Yellow);

        let loading_spinner = Spinner::new()
            .custom_pattern(vec![
                "L   ", "LO  ", "LOA ", "LOAD", "OADI", "ADIN", "DING", "ING ", "NG  ", "G   ",
                "    ",
            ])
            .speed(SpinnerSpeed::Custom(100));

        let progress_spinner = Spinner::new()
            .custom_pattern(vec![
                "[    ]", "[=   ]", "[==  ]", "[=== ]", "[====]", "[ ===]", "[  ==]", "[   =]",
            ])
            .speed(SpinnerSpeed::Custom(150))
            .color(Color::Green);

        let custom_dots = Spinner::new()
            .custom_pattern(vec![
                "●    ",
                "●●   ",
                "●●●  ",
                "●●●● ",
                "●●●●●",
                " ●●●●",
                "  ●●●",
                "   ●●",
                "    ●",
            ])
            .speed(SpinnerSpeed::Fast)
            .color(Color::Cyan);

        node! {
            div(
                w_frac: 1.0,
                h_frac: 1.0,
                align: center,
                justify: center,
                @key(esc): ctx.handler(Msg::Exit),
                @char('q'): ctx.handler(Msg::Exit)
            ) [
                div(
                    pad: 3,
                    w: 60,
                    border_style: rounded,
                    border_color: cyan,
                    align: center
                ) [
                    text("Custom Spinner Patterns", color: bright_cyan, bold),
                    spacer(2),

                    // Show different custom spinners
                    div(pad_h: 2) [
                        div(justify: space_between) [
                            text("Rocket Animation: ", color: bright_black),
                            node(rocket_spinner),
                        ],
                        spacer(1),

                        div(justify: space_between) [
                            text("Loading Text: ", color: bright_black),
                            node(loading_spinner),
                        ],
                        spacer(1),

                        div(justify: space_between) [
                            text("Progress Bar: ", color: bright_black),
                            node(progress_spinner),
                        ],
                        spacer(1),

                        div(justify: space_between) [
                            text("Custom Dots: ", color: bright_black),
                            node(custom_dots),
                        ],
                    ],

                    spacer(2),
                    text("Press 'q' or ESC to exit", color: bright_black)
                ]
            ]
        }
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Functions
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
    App::new()?.fast_polling().run(CustomSpinnerDemo)
}


================================================
FILE: examples/stopwatch.rs
================================================
use rxtui::prelude::*;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[derive(Component)]
struct Stopwatch;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[component]
impl Stopwatch {
    #[update]
    fn update(&self, _ctx: &Context, tick: bool, state: u64) -> Action {
        if !tick {
            return Action::exit();
        }

        Action::update(state + 10) // Increment by 10ms
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, state: u64) -> Node {
        let seconds = state / 1000;
        let centiseconds = (state % 1000) / 10;

        node! {
            div(
                pad: 2,
                align: center,
                w_frac: 1.0,
                gap: 1,
                @key(esc): ctx.handler(false),
                @char_global('q'): ctx.handler(false)
            ) [
                richtext[
                    text("Elapsed: ", color: white),
                    text(
                        format!(" {}.{:02}s ", seconds, centiseconds),
                        color: "#ffffff",
                        bg: "#9d29c3",
                        bold
                    ),
                ],

                text("press esc or q to exit", color: bright_black)
            ]
        }
    }

    #[effect]
    async fn tick(&self, ctx: &Context) {
        loop {
            tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(10)).await;
            ctx.send(true);
        }
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Functions
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
    App::new()?.fast_polling().run(Stopwatch)
}


================================================
FILE: examples/textinput.rs
================================================
use rxtui::prelude::*;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
enum Msg {
    InputChanged(String),
    InputSubmitted,
    PasswordChanged(String),
    PasswordSubmitted,
    SearchChanged(String),
    SearchSubmitted,
    BorderlessChanged(String),
    BorderlessSubmitted,
    ExitFocus(bool),
    ClearFocus,
    Exit,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
struct TextInputTestState {
    input_value: String,
    input_submit_count: usize,
    password_value: String,
    password_submit_count: usize,
    search_value: String,
    search_history: Vec<String>,
    borderless_value: String,
    borderless_submit_count: usize,
    exit_focused: bool,
}

#[derive(Component)]
struct TextInputTest;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl TextInputTest {
    #[update]
    fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, msg: Msg, mut state: TextInputTestState) -> Action {
        match msg {
            Msg::InputChanged(value) => {
                state.input_value = value;
            }
            Msg::InputSubmitted => {
                state.input_submit_count += 1;
            }
            Msg::PasswordChanged(value) => {
                state.password_value = value;
            }
            Msg::PasswordSubmitted => {
                state.password_submit_count += 1;
            }
            Msg::SearchChanged(value) => {
                state.search_value = value;
            }
            Msg::SearchSubmitted => {
                if !state.search_value.is_empty() {
                    state.search_history.push(state.search_value.clone());
                    if state.search_history.len() > 5 {
                        state.search_history.remove(0);
                    }
                }
            }
            Msg::BorderlessChanged(value) => {
                state.borderless_value = value;
            }
            Msg::BorderlessSubmitted => {
                state.borderless_submit_count += 1;
            }
            Msg::ExitFocus(focused) => {
                state.exit_focused = focused;
            }
            Msg::ClearFocus => {
                ctx.blur_focus();
            }
            Msg::Exit => return Action::exit(),
        }
        Action::update(state)
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, state: TextInputTestState) -> Node {
        if ctx.is_first_render() {
            ctx.focus_self();
        }

        let exit_text_color = if state.exit_focused {
            Color::Rgb(200, 32, 32)
        } else {
            Color::BrightWhite
        };

        node! {
            div(
                bg: black,
                pad: 2,
                w_frac: 1.0,
                h: 36,
                dir: vertical,
                @key(esc): ctx.handler(Msg::Exit)
            ) [
                text("Press Enter to submit | Esc to exit", color: bright_black),
                spacer(1),

                input(
                    placeholder: "Type and press Enter...",
                    border: cyan,
                    w: 40,
                    focusable,
                    @change: ctx.handler_with_value(Msg::InputChanged),
                    @submit: ctx.handler(Msg::InputSubmitted),
                    @key(esc): ctx.handler(Msg::ClearFocus)
                ),
                text(
                    format!("Value: '{}' | Submits: {}",
                        state.input_value,
                        state.input_submit_count
                    ),
                    color: bright_black
                ),
                spacer(1),

                input(
                    placeholder: "Enter password and press Enter...",
                    password,
                    border: magenta,
                    w: 40,
                    focusable,
                    @change: ctx.handler_with_value(Msg::PasswordChanged),
                    @submit: ctx.handler(Msg::PasswordSubmitted),
                    @key(esc): ctx.handler(Msg::ClearFocus)
                ),
                text(
                    format!("Password length: {} | Submits: {}",
                        state.password_value.len(),
                        state.password_submit_count
                    ),
                    color: bright_black
                ),
                spacer(1),

                input(
                    placeholder: "Search and press Enter...",
                    border: green,
                    w: 40,
                    focusable,
                    clear_on_submit,
                    @change: ctx.handler_with_value(Msg::SearchChanged),
                    @submit: ctx.handler(Msg::SearchSubmitted),
                    @key(esc): ctx.handler(Msg::ClearFocus)
                ),
                text(
                    format!("Current search: '{}'", state.search_value),
                    color: bright_black
                ),
                text(
                    if state.search_history.is_empty() {
                        "No searches yet".to_string()
                    } else {
                        format!("Recent searches: {}",
                            state.search_history
                                .iter()
                                .rev()
                                .take(3)
                                .cloned()
                                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                                .join(", ")
                        )
                    },
                    color: bright_black
                ),
                spacer(1),

                text(
                    "Borderless input with solid background",
                    color: bright_black
                ),
                input(
                    placeholder: "Try typing here...",
                    bg: (Color::Rgb(28, 32, 54)),
                    border: none,
                    pad: 0,
                    h: 1,
                    w: 40,
                    focusable,
                    focus_background: (Color::Rgb(40, 44, 72)),
                    focus_padding: 0,
                    focus_border: none,
                    @change: ctx.handler_with_value(Msg::BorderlessChanged),
                    @submit: ctx.handler(Msg::BorderlessSubmitted),
                    @key(esc): ctx.handler(Msg::ClearFocus)
                ),
                spacer(2),

                div(
                    border: (Color::Rgb(90, 0, 0)),
                    border_style: rounded,
                    focusable,
                    focus_style: ({
                        Style::default()
                            .border(Color::Rgb(200, 40, 40))
                            .background(Color::Rgb(60, 0, 0))
                    }),
                    w: 16,
                    @click: ctx.handler(Msg::Exit),
                    @key(enter): ctx.handler(Msg::Exit),
                    @key(esc): ctx.handler(Msg::Exit),
                    @focus: ctx.handler(Msg::ExitFocus(true)),
                    @blur: ctx.handler(Msg::ExitFocus(false))
                ) [
                    text("Exit", color: (exit_text_color), bold)
                ]
            ]
        }
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Functions
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    let mut app = App::new()?;
    app.run(TextInputTest)?;
    Ok(())
}


================================================
FILE: plan.md
================================================
# Inline Rendering Mode for rxtui

## Problem Statement

rxtui currently renders exclusively to the terminal's alternate screen buffer. This mode:
- Clears the terminal and takes over the full screen
- Content disappears when the app exits
- Not suitable for CLI tools that want persistent inline output

**Goal**: Add inline rendering mode that renders directly in the terminal without alternate screen, with proper terminal scrolling support.

---

## Terminal Scrolling Nuances

### The Core Challenge

When rendering inline (not in alternate screen), terminal scrolling creates coordinate system problems:

```
Before rendering (cursor at row 45 of 50-row terminal):
┌─────────────────────────┐
│ ... terminal history    │ row 1-44
│ cursor here ►           │ row 45
│                         │ row 46-50 (empty)
└─────────────────────────┘

After printing 10 lines:
┌─────────────────────────┐
│ ... terminal history    │ rows shifted up by 5
│ our line 1              │
│ our line 2              │
│ ...                     │
│ our line 10             │ row 50
└─────────────────────────┘

Problem: Our "starting position" (row 45) no longer exists at row 45!
         It scrolled up. Re-rendering to row 45 writes to wrong location.
```

### Strategy: Space Reservation

Reserve rendering space BEFORE drawing content. This guarantees we have room and establishes a stable coordinate system.

```
Step 1: Query cursor position → (col=0, row=45)
Step 2: Calculate content height → 10 lines
Step 3: Print 10 newlines (reserves space, causes scroll if needed)
Step 4: Move cursor back up 10 lines → now at stable "origin"
Step 5: Render content → writes into reserved space
Step 6: On re-render → move to origin, overwrite in place
```

**Why this works**: After reservation, all scrolling has already happened. The origin position is stable for the lifetime of the app.

---

## Comprehensive Design

### 1. New Types

**File**: `lib/app/config.rs`

```rust
/// Terminal rendering mode
pub enum TerminalMode {
    /// Full-screen alternate buffer (current behavior)
    AlternateScreen,
    /// Inline rendering in main terminal buffer
    Inline(InlineConfig),
}

/// Configuration for inline rendering mode
pub struct InlineConfig {
    /// How to determine rendering height
    pub height: InlineHeight,
    /// Whether to show cursor during rendering
    pub cursor_visible: bool,
    /// Whether to preserve output after app exits
    pub preserve_on_exit: bool,
}

/// Height determination strategy for inline mode
pub enum InlineHeight {
    /// Fixed number of lines
    Fixed(u16),
    /// Grow to fit content, with optional maximum
    Content { max: Option<u16> },
    /// Fill remaining terminal space below cursor
    Fill { min: u16 },
}

impl Default for InlineConfig {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self {
            height: InlineHeight::Content { max: Some(24) },
            cursor_visible: false,
            preserve_on_exit: true,
        }
    }
}
```

**File**: `lib/app/inline.rs` (new file)

```rust
/// Runtime state for inline rendering
pub(crate) struct InlineState {
    /// Row where our rendering area starts (after space reservation)
    pub origin_row: u16,
    /// Column where rendering starts (usually 0)
    pub origin_col: u16,
    /// Current reserved height
    pub reserved_height: u16,
    /// Terminal dimensions at initialization
    pub terminal_size: (u16, u16),
    /// Whether space has been reserved
    pub initialized: bool,
}

impl InlineState {
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
            origin_row: 0,
            origin_col: 0,
            reserved_height: 0,
            terminal_size: (80, 24),
            initialized: false,
        }
    }
}
```

### 2. Space Reservation Algorithm

**File**: `lib/app/inline.rs`

```rust
impl InlineState {
    /// Reserve space for inline rendering
    /// Must be called before first render
    pub fn reserve_space(
        &mut self,
        stdout: &mut impl Write,
        height: u16,
    ) -> io::Result<()> {
        // 1. Get terminal dimensions
        let (term_width, term_height) = terminal::size()?;
        self.terminal_size = (term_width, term_height);

        // 2. Query current cursor position
        let (cursor_col, cursor_row) = cursor::position()?;

        // 3. Calculate how many lines we can use
        let available_below = term_height.saturating_sub(cursor_row);
        let need_to_scroll = height.saturating_sub(available_below);

        // 4. Print newlines to reserve space (causes scroll if needed)
        for _ in 0..height {
            stdout.execute(Print("\n"))?;
        }

        // 5. Move cursor back up to origin
        stdout.execute(cursor::MoveUp(height))?;

        // 6. Query new position (this is our stable origin)
        let (new_col, new_row) = cursor::position()?;
        self.origin_row = new_row;
        self.origin_col = new_col;
        self.reserved_height = height;
        self.initialized = true;

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Expand reserved space if content grew
    pub fn expand_space(
        &mut self,
        stdout: &mut impl Write,
        new_height: u16,
    ) -> io::Result<()> {
        if new_height <= self.reserved_height {
            return Ok(());
        }

        let additional = new_height - self.reserved_height;

        // Move to end of current reserved area
        stdout.execute(cursor::MoveTo(
            0,
            self.origin_row + self.reserved_height,
        ))?;

        // Print additional newlines
        for _ in 0..additional {
            stdout.execute(Print("\n"))?;
        }

        // Origin shifts up if we scrolled
        let (_, term_height) = self.terminal_size;
        let bottom_row = self.origin_row + new_height;
        if bottom_row > term_height {
            let scroll_amount = bottom_row - term_height;
            self.origin_row = self.origin_row.saturating_sub(scroll_amount);
        }

        self.reserved_height = new_height;
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Move cursor to origin for rendering
    pub fn move_to_origin(&self, stdout: &mut impl Write) -> io::Result<()> {
        stdout.execute(cursor::MoveTo(self.origin_col, self.origin_row))?;
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Move cursor to end of rendered content (for exit)
    pub fn move_to_end(&self, stdout: &mut impl Write) -> io::Result<()> {
        stdout.execute(cursor::MoveTo(0, self.origin_row + self.reserved_height))?;
        stdout.execute(Print("\n"))?; // Ensure prompt appears below
        Ok(())
    }
}
```

### 3. Height Calculation for Inline Mode

**File**: `lib/render_tree/tree.rs`

The key change: don't clamp height to viewport for inline Content mode.

```rust
pub fn layout(&mut self, viewport_width: u16, viewport_height: u16, unclamped_height: bool) {
    // ... existing code ...

    // Height resolution with optional unclamping
    match height_dim {
        Some(Dimension::Fixed(h)) => {
            root_ref.height = if unclamped_height { h } else { h.min(viewport_height) };
        }
        Some(Dimension::Percentage(pct)) => {
            let calculated = (viewport_height as f32 * pct) as u16;
            root_ref.height = calculated.max(1);
            if !unclamped_height {
                root_ref.height = root_ref.height.min(viewport_height);
            }
        }
        Some(Dimension::Content) | None => {
            // For Content or None, use intrinsic height
            // Only clamp if not in unclamped mode
            root_ref.height = if unclamped_height {
                intrinsic_height
            } else {
                intrinsic_height.min(viewport_height)
            };
        }
        Some(Dimension::Auto) => {
            root_ref.height = viewport_height; // Auto still fills available space
        }
    }

    // ... continue with layout_with_parent ...
}
```

### 4. Modified App Initialization

**File**: `lib/app/core.rs`

```rust
impl App {
    /// Create app with specified terminal mode
    pub fn with_mode<C: Component + 'static>(
        root: C,
        mode: TerminalMode,
    ) -> io::Result<Self> {
        let mut stdout = io::stdout();

        // Always enable raw mode for event handling
        terminal::enable_raw_mode()?;

        match &mode {
            TerminalMode::AlternateScreen => {
                stdout.execute(terminal::EnterAlternateScreen)?;
                stdout.execute(cursor::Hide)?;
            }
            TerminalMode::Inline(config) => {
                if !config.cursor_visible {
                    stdout.execute(cursor::Hide)?;
                }
                // Space reservation happens on first render
            }
        }

        stdout.execute(event::EnableMouseCapture)?;

        let (width, height) = terminal::size()?;

        Ok(Self {
            // ... existing fields ...
            terminal_mode: mode,
            inline_state: InlineState::new(),
        })
    }

    /// Convenience constructor for inline mode with defaults
    pub fn inline<C: Component + 'static>(root: C) -> io::Result<Self> {
        Self::with_mode(root, TerminalMode::Inline(InlineConfig::default()))
    }
}
```

### 5. Modified Rendering Pipeline

**File**: `lib/app/core.rs`

```rust
impl App {
    fn draw(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
        match &self.terminal_mode {
            TerminalMode::AlternateScreen => {
                self.draw_alternate_screen()
            }
            TerminalMode::Inline(config) => {
                self.draw_inline(config)
            }
        }
    }

    fn draw_inline(&mut self, config: &InlineConfig) -> io::Result<()> {
        let mut stdout = io::stdout();

        // Calculate content dimensions
        let (term_width, term_height) = terminal::size()?;
        let unclamped = matches!(config.height, InlineHeight::Content { .. });

        // Layout with potentially unclamped height
        let layout_height = match &config.height {
            InlineHeight::Fixed(h) => *h,
            InlineHeight::Content { max } => max.unwrap_or(term_height),
            InlineHeight::Fill { min } => {
                let available = term_height.saturating_sub(self.inline_state.origin_row);
                available.max(*min)
            }
        };

        self.vdom.layout(term_width, layout_height, unclamped);

        // Get actual content height from rendered tree
        let content_height = self.vdom.render_tree()
            .and_then(|rt| rt.root.as_ref().map(|r| r.borrow().height))
            .unwrap_or(1);

        // Apply height limits
        let render_height = match &config.height {
            InlineHeight::Fixed(h) => *h,
            InlineHeight::Content { max } => {
                max.map(|m| content_height.min(m)).unwrap_or(content_height)
            }
            InlineHeight::Fill { min } => content_height.max(*min),
        };

        // Initialize or expand space reservation
        if !self.inline_state.initialized {
            self.inline_state.reserve_space(&mut stdout, render_height)?;
        } else if render_height > self.inline_state.reserved_height {
            self.inline_state.expand_space(&mut stdout, render_height)?;
        }

        // Move to origin
        self.inline_state.move_to_origin(&mut stdout)?;

        // Render to buffer
        self.double_buffer.clear_back();
        let root = self.vdom.render_tree().unwrap().root.clone().unwrap();
        let clip_rect = Rect {
            x: 0,
            y: 0,
            width: term_width,
            height: render_height,
        };
        render_node_to_buffer(&root.borrow(), &mut self.double_buffer.back_mut(), &clip_rect, None);

        // Apply updates with line-based clearing
        let updates = self.double_buffer.diff();
        self.terminal_renderer.apply_updates_inline(updates, self.inline_state.origin_row)?;

        self.double_buffer.swap();
        stdout.flush()?;

        Ok(())
    }
}
```

### 6. Modified Terminal Renderer

**File**: `lib/terminal.rs`

```rust
impl TerminalRenderer {
    /// Apply updates for inline mode with origin offset
    pub fn apply_updates_inline(
        &mut self,
        updates: Vec<CellUpdate>,
        origin_row: u16,
    ) -> io::Result<()> {
        // Transform coordinates to account for origin
        let transformed: Vec<CellUpdate> = updates
            .into_iter()
            .map(|update| match update {
                CellUpdate::Single { x, y, cell } => CellUpdate::Single {
                    x,
                    y: y + origin_row,
                    cell,
                },
            })
            .collect();

        // Use existing optimized update path
        self.apply_updates_optimized(transformed)?;
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Clear specific lines (for inline mode)
    pub fn clear_lines(&mut self, start_row: u16, count: u16) -> io::Result<()> {
        for row in start_row..(start_row + count) {
            self.stdout.execute(cursor::MoveTo(0, row))?;
            self.stdout.execute(terminal::Clear(terminal::ClearType::CurrentLine))?;
        }
        self.current_pos = None;
        Ok(())
    }
}
```

### 7. Modified Cleanup

**File**: `lib/app/core.rs`

```rust
impl Drop for App {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        let mut stdout = io::stdout();

        let _ = stdout.execute(event::DisableMouseCapture);
        let _ = stdout.execute(cursor::Show);

        match &self.terminal_mode {
            TerminalMode::AlternateScreen => {
                let _ = stdout.execute(terminal::LeaveAlternateScreen);
            }
            TerminalMode::Inline(config) => {
                if config.preserve_on_exit {
                    // Move cursor below rendered content
                    let _ = self.inline_state.move_to_end(&mut stdout);
                } else {
                    // Clear the inline rendering area
                    let _ = self.terminal_renderer.clear_lines(
                        self.inline_state.origin_row,
                        self.inline_state.reserved_height,
                    );
                    let _ = stdout.execute(cursor::MoveTo(
                        self.inline_state.origin_col,
                        self.inline_state.origin_row,
                    ));
                }
            }
        }

        let _ = stdout.flush();
        let _ = terminal::disable_raw_mode();
    }
}
```

### 8. Event Handling Changes

**File**: `lib/app/core.rs`

```rust
// In run_loop(), modify resize handling:
Event::Resize(width, height) => {
    match &self.terminal_mode {
        TerminalMode::AlternateScreen => {
            // Existing behavior: full re-layout and clear
            self.vdom.layout(width, height, false);
            self.double_buffer.resize(width, height);
            self.double_buffer.reset();
            self.terminal_renderer.clear_screen()?;
        }
        TerminalMode::Inline(_) => {
            // Inline mode: only handle width changes
            // Height is managed by space reservation
            self.inline_state.terminal_size = (width, height);
            // Re-render will handle layout
        }
    }
    *self.needs_render.borrow_mut() = true;
}

// Mouse event coordinate translation for inline mode:
Event::Mouse(mouse_event) => {
    let adjusted_event = match &self.terminal_mode {
        TerminalMode::Inline(_) => {
            // Translate coordinates relative to origin
            let adjusted_row = mouse_event.row
                .saturating_sub(self.inline_state.origin_row);
            MouseEvent {
                row: adjusted_row,
                ..mouse_event
            }
        }
        _ => mouse_event,
    };
    // ... existing mouse handling with adjusted_event ...
}
```

---

## Implementation Order

### Phase 1: Foundation (Core Types & Config)
1. Add `TerminalMode`, `InlineConfig`, `InlineHeight` enums to `config.rs`
2. Create `inline.rs` with `InlineState` struct
3. Add `terminal_mode` and `inline_state` fields to `App` struct
4. Update `App::new()` to accept mode, create `App::with_mode()` and `App::inline()`

### Phase 2: Space Reservation
1. Implement `InlineState::reserve_space()` with cursor position query
2. Implement `InlineState::expand_space()` for dynamic height growth
3. Implement `InlineState::move_to_origin()` and `move_to_end()`
4. Add `TerminalRenderer::clear_lines()` for line-based clearing

### Phase 3: Layout Changes
1. Add `unclamped_height: bool` parameter to `RenderTree::layout()`
2. Modify height clamping logic to respect unclamped flag
3. Ensure intrinsic height calculation works correctly for Content mode

### Phase 4: Rendering Pipeline
1. Implement `App::draw_inline()` method
2. Add `TerminalRenderer::apply_updates_inline()` with origin offset
3. Integrate space reservation into first render
4. Handle height expansion on subsequent renders

### Phase 5: Cleanup & Events
1. Modify `Drop` implementation for inline mode cleanup
2. Add mouse coordinate translation for inline mode
3. Modify resize event handling (width-only for inline)
4. Add `preserve_on_exit` behavior

### Phase 6: Testing & Polish
1. Create inline mode examples
2. Test with various terminal emulators
3. Handle edge cases (very small terminals, rapid resizing)
4. Document public API

---

## Files to Modify

| File | Changes |
|------|---------|
| `lib/app/config.rs` | Add `TerminalMode`, `InlineConfig`, `InlineHeight` |
| `lib/app/inline.rs` | New file: `InlineState` implementation |
| `lib/app/core.rs` | `App::with_mode()`, `App::inline()`, `draw_inline()`, modified `Drop` |
| `lib/app/mod.rs` | Export new types and inline module |
| `lib/render_tree/tree.rs` | Add `unclamped_height` parameter to `layout()` |
| `lib/terminal.rs` | `apply_updates_inline()`, `clear_lines()` |
| `lib/lib.rs` | Re-export `TerminalMode`, `InlineConfig`, `InlineHeight` |

---

## API Usage Example

```rust
use rxtui::{App, InlineConfig, InlineHeight, TerminalMode};

// Simple inline mode with defaults
let app = App::inline(MyComponent)?;
app.run()?;

// Custom inline configuration
let config = InlineConfig {
    height: InlineHeight::Fixed(10),
    cursor_visible: true,
    preserve_on_exit: true,
};
let app = App::with_mode(MyComponent, TerminalMode::Inline(config))?;
app.run()?;

// Content-based height with max
let config = InlineConfig {
    height: InlineHeight::Content { max: Some(20) },
    ..Default::default()
};
let app = App::with_mode(MyComponent, TerminalMode::Inline(config))?;
app.run()?;
```

---

## Edge Cases & Considerations

1. **Terminal too small**: If terminal height < requested inline height, clamp to available space
2. **Cursor position query fails**: Fall back to assuming cursor is at terminal height (worst case, reserve full space)
3. **Content shrinks**: Don't reduce reserved space (could leave gaps), just render less
4. **Very rapid updates**: Existing double-buffering and diffing still applies
5. **Mouse clicks outside area**: Ignore or pass through based on config
6. **No synchronized output**: Inline mode should work without it (most terminals support)
7. **Piped output**: Detect `!isatty()` and use simplified output mode


================================================
FILE: rxtui/Cargo.toml
================================================
[package]
name = "rxtui"
version.workspace = true
edition.workspace = true
authors.workspace = true
license.workspace = true
repository.workspace = true
homepage.workspace = true
documentation.workspace = true
description = "A framework for building beautiful, responsive terminal user interfaces with a DOM-style hierarchical approach"
keywords = ["tui", "terminal", "ui", "reactive", "component"]
categories = ["command-line-interface", "gui"]

[lib]
name = "rxtui"
path = "lib/lib.rs"

[features]
default = ["effects", "components"]
effects = ["tokio", "futures"]
components = ["effects"]

[dependencies]
rxtui-macros = { version = "0.1.8", path = "../rxtui-macros" }
bitflags = "2.4"
crossterm = "0.28"
serde.workspace = true
thiserror.workspace = true
unicode-width = "0.2"

# Optional dependencies for effects
tokio = { version = "1", features = ["rt", "rt-multi-thread", "time", "sync", "macros"], optional = true }
futures = { version = "0.3", optional = true }


================================================
FILE: rxtui/LICENSE
================================================
                                 Apache License
                           Version 2.0, January 2004
                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/

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================================================
FILE: rxtui/README.md
================================================
<div align="center">
  <a href="./#gh-dark-mode-only" target="_blank">
    <img width="500" alt="rxtui-dark" src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/3e3235bc-3792-44eb-88d5-e847631c0086" />
  </a>
  <a href="./#gh-light-mode-only" target="_blank">
    <img width="500" alt="rxtui-light" src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/3d1e00f4-39ac-4053-b45b-c4bab7de1361" />
  </a>

  <br />

<b>———&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;reactive terminal UI framework for rust&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;———</b>

</div>

<br />

<div align='center'>
  <a href="https://crates.io/crates/rxtui">
    <img src="https://img.shields.io/crates/v/rxtui?style=for-the-badge&logo=rust&logoColor=white" alt="crates.io version"/>
  </a>
  <a href="https://docs.rs/rxtui">
    <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/docs.rs-rxtui-blue?style=for-the-badge&logo=docs.rs" alt="docs.rs"/>
  </a>
  <a href="https://github.com/microsandbox/rxtui/blob/main/LICENSE">
    <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=for-the-badge" alt="license"/>
  </a>
</div>

<br />

## Why RxTUI?

Terminal UIs have traditionally been painful to build. You either work with low-level escape sequences or use immediate-mode libraries that require manual state management. **RxTUI** brings the retained-mode, component-based architecture that revolutionized web development to the terminal.

- **Declarative UI** - Describe what your UI should look like, not how to change it
- **Component Architecture** - Build complex apps from simple, reusable components
- **Message-Based State** - Elm-inspired architecture for predictable state updates
- **Efficient Rendering** - Virtual DOM with intelligent diffing minimizes redraws
- **Rich Styling** - Colors, borders, flexbox-style layout, text wrapping, and more
- **Built-in Components** - TextInput, forms, and other common UI elements
- **Async Effects** - First-class support for timers, API calls, and background tasks

## Quick Start

```rust
use rxtui::prelude::*;

#[derive(Component)]
struct Counter;

impl Counter {
    #[update]
    fn update(&self, _ctx: &Context, msg: &str, mut count: i32) -> Action {
        match msg {
            "inc" => Action::update(count + 1),
            "dec" => Action::update(count - 1),
            _ => Action::exit(),
        }
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, count: i32) -> Node {
        node! {
            div(
                pad: 2,
                align: center,
                w_frac: 1.0,
                gap: 1,
                @key(up): ctx.handler("inc"),
                @key(down): ctx.handler("dec"),
                @key(esc): ctx.handler("exit")
            ) [
                text(format!("Count: {count}"), color: white, bold),
                text("use ↑/↓ to change, esc to exit", color: bright_black)
            ]
        }
    }
}

fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
    App::new()?.run(Counter)
}
```

## Features

### The `node!` Macro

Build UIs declaratively with a JSX-like syntax:

```rust
node! {
    div(bg: black, pad: 2, border_color: white) [
        text("Hello, Terminal!", color: yellow, bold),

        div(dir: horizontal, gap: 2) [
            div(bg: blue, w: 20, h: 5) [
                text("Left Panel", color: white)
            ],
            div(bg: green, w: 20, h: 5) [
                text("Right Panel", color: white)
            ]
        ]
    ]
}
```

### Component System

Components manage their own state and handle messages:

```rust
#[derive(Component)]
struct TodoList;

impl TodoList {
    #[update]
    fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, msg: TodoMsg, mut state: TodoState) -> Action {
        match msg {
            TodoMsg::Add(item) => {
                state.items.push(item);
                Action::update(state)
            }
            TodoMsg::Remove(idx) => {
                state.items.remove(idx);
                Action::update(state)
            }
            _ => Action::none()
        }
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, state: TodoState) -> Node {
        // Build your UI using the current state
    }
}
```

### Layout System

Flexbox-inspired layout with:
- Direction control (horizontal/vertical)
- Justify content (start, center, end, space-between, etc.)
- Align items (start, center, end)
- Wrapping support
- Percentage and fixed sizing
- Auto-sizing based on content

### Rich Text Support

Create styled text with multiple segments:

```rust
node! {
    richtext [
        text("Status: ", color: white),
        text("Connected", color: green, bold),
        text(" | ", color: bright_black),
        text("CPU: ", color: white),
        text("42%", color: yellow)
    ]
}
```

### Async Effects

Handle background tasks with the effects system:

```rust
use std::time::Duration;

#[derive(Component)]
struct Timer;

impl Timer {
    #[effect]
    async fn tick(&self, ctx: &Context) {
        loop {
            tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
            ctx.send("tick");
        }
    }
}
```

## Examples

The [examples directory](https://github.com/microsandbox/rxtui/tree/main/examples) contains comprehensive demonstrations:

- **counter** - Minimal interactive counter
- **form** - Text input and form handling
- **stopwatch** - Timer with effects
- **align** - Flexbox-style alignment
- **components** - Component composition
- **demo** - Full feature showcase

Run examples with:
```bash
cargo run --example counter
```

## Documentation

- [API Documentation](https://docs.rs/rxtui) - Complete API reference
- [GitHub Repository](https://github.com/microsandbox/rxtui) - Source code and issues
- [Examples](https://github.com/microsandbox/rxtui/tree/main/examples) - Learn by example

## Requirements

- Rust 1.70 or later
- Terminal with UTF-8 support
- Unix-like system (Linux, macOS) or Windows 10+

## Optional Features

- `effects` (default) - Async effects support with tokio

## License

This project is licensed under the Apache License 2.0 - see the [LICENSE](https://github.com/microsandbox/rxtui/blob/main/LICENSE) file for details.


================================================
FILE: rxtui/lib/app/config.rs
================================================
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Terminal rendering mode.
#[derive(Clone, Default)]
pub enum TerminalMode {
    /// Full-screen alternate buffer (default behavior).
    /// Content disappears when app exits.
    #[default]
    AlternateScreen,

    /// Inline rendering in main terminal buffer.
    /// Content persists in terminal history after app exits.
    Inline(InlineConfig),
}

/// Configuration for inline rendering mode.
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct InlineConfig {
    /// How to determine rendering height.
    pub height: InlineHeight,

    /// Whether to show cursor during rendering.
    pub cursor_visible: bool,

    /// Whether to preserve output after app exits.
    pub preserve_on_exit: bool,

    /// Whether to capture mouse events.
    ///
    /// Default is `false` to allow natural terminal scrolling.
    /// Set to `true` if you need mouse interaction (clicks, hover)
    /// within the inline UI, but note this will prevent terminal
    /// scrollbar and scroll gestures from working.
    pub mouse_capture: bool,
}

/// Height determination strategy for inline mode.
#[derive(Clone)]
pub enum InlineHeight {
    /// Fixed number of lines.
    Fixed(u16),

    /// Grow to fit content, with optional maximum.
    Content { max: Option<u16> },

    /// Fill remaining terminal space below cursor.
    Fill { min: u16 },
}

/// Configuration options for debugging and optimization control.
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct RenderConfig {
    /// Enable double buffering for flicker-free rendering (default: true)
    pub double_buffering: bool,

    /// Enable terminal-specific optimizations (default: true)
    pub terminal_optimizations: bool,

    /// Enable cell-level diffing (default: true)
    pub cell_diffing: bool,

    /// Event polling duration in milliseconds (default: 100ms)
    /// Lower values make the app more responsive but use more CPU
    pub poll_duration_ms: u64,
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl RenderConfig {
    /// Creates a debug configuration with all optimizations disabled.
    pub fn debug() -> Self {
        Self {
            double_buffering: false,
            terminal_optimizations: false,
            cell_diffing: false,
            poll_duration_ms: 50,
        }
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Trait Implementations
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Default for InlineConfig {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self {
            // Default to content-based height with no max limit.
            // Users can set a max if they want to constrain height.
            height: InlineHeight::Content { max: None },
            cursor_visible: false,
            preserve_on_exit: true,
            mouse_capture: false,
        }
    }
}

impl Default for InlineHeight {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::Content { max: None }
    }
}

impl Default for RenderConfig {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self {
            double_buffering: true,
            terminal_optimizations: true,
            cell_diffing: true,
            poll_duration_ms: 50,
        }
    }
}


================================================
FILE: rxtui/lib/app/context.rs
================================================
use crate::component::{ComponentId, Message, State};
use std::any::TypeId;
use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet, VecDeque};
use std::sync::{
    Arc, RwLock,
    atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering},
};

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Type alias for the message queue storage
type MessageQueueMap = Arc<RwLock<HashMap<ComponentId, VecDeque<Box<dyn Message>>>>>;

/// Type alias for topic message queue storage
type TopicMessageQueueMap = Arc<RwLock<HashMap<String, VecDeque<Box<dyn Message>>>>>;

/// Dispatcher for sending messages to components
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct Dispatcher {
    queues: MessageQueueMap,
    topic_queues: TopicMessageQueueMap,
}

/// State storage for components with interior mutability
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct StateMap {
    states: Arc<RwLock<HashMap<ComponentId, Box<dyn State>>>>,
}

/// Target for focus requests emitted during rendering
#[derive(Clone)]
pub(crate) enum FocusTarget {
    /// Focus the first focusable element inside the component's subtree
    Component(ComponentId),

    /// Focus the first focusable element in the entire application tree
    GlobalFirst,
}

/// Pending focus request queued by components
#[derive(Clone)]
pub(crate) struct FocusRequest {
    pub target: FocusTarget,
}

/// Topic storage for shared state between components
pub struct TopicStore {
    /// Topic states indexed by topic name
    states: RwLock<HashMap<String, Box<dyn State>>>,

    /// Topic owners - first writer becomes owner
    owners: RwLock<HashMap<String, ComponentId>>,
}

/// Tracks component instances for effect management
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct ComponentInstanceTracker {
    /// Set of (ComponentId, TypeId) pairs for components with spawned effects
    spawned_effects: Arc<RwLock<HashSet<(ComponentId, TypeId)>>>,
}

/// Context passed to components during rendering
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct Context {
    /// Current component ID in the tree walk
    pub(crate) current_component_id: ComponentId,

    /// Message dispatcher
    pub(crate) dispatch: Dispatcher,

    /// Component states
    pub(crate) states: StateMap,

    /// Topic states
    pub(crate) topics: Arc<TopicStore>,

    /// Message queues (shared with dispatcher)
    pub(crate) message_queues: MessageQueueMap,

    /// Topic message queues (shared with dispatcher)
    pub(crate) topic_message_queues: TopicMessageQueueMap,

    /// Tracks which components have effects spawned
    pub(crate) effect_tracker: ComponentInstanceTracker,

    /// Focus requests queued during rendering
    pub(crate) pending_focus_requests: Arc<RwLock<Vec<FocusRequest>>>,

    /// Pending request to clear focus if nothing else claims it
    pub(crate) pending_focus_clear: Arc<AtomicBool>,

    /// Components that have completed their first render pass
    pub(crate) rendered_components: Arc<RwLock<HashSet<ComponentId>>>,

    /// Whether the current component invocation is on its first render
    pub(crate) current_is_first_render: Arc<RwLock<bool>>,
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Dispatcher {
    pub fn new(queues: MessageQueueMap, topic_queues: TopicMessageQueueMap) -> Self {
        Self {
            queues,
            topic_queues,
        }
    }

    pub fn send_to_id(&self, component_id: ComponentId, message: impl Message) {
        let mut queues = self.queues.write().unwrap();
        queues
            .entry(component_id)
            .or_default()
            .push_back(Box::new(message));
    }

    pub fn send_to_topic(&self, topic: String, message: impl Message) {
        let mut queues = self.topic_queues.write().unwrap();
        queues
            .entry(topic)
            .or_default()
            .push_back(Box::new(message));
    }
}

impl StateMap {
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
            states: Arc::new(RwLock::new(HashMap::new())),
        }
    }

    pub fn get_or_init<T: State + Default + Clone + 'static>(
        &self,
        component_id: &ComponentId,
    ) -> T {
        let mut states = self.states.write().unwrap();

        // Check if entry exists and try to downcast
        if let Some(existing_state) = states.get(component_id)
            && let Some(typed_state) = State::as_any(existing_state.as_ref()).downcast_ref::<T>()
        {
            // Type matches, return the existing state
            return typed_state.clone();
        }
        // Type mismatch or no entry - will replace with new default below

        // Either no entry exists or type mismatch - create new default
        let new_state = Box::new(T::default());
        let cloned = State::as_any(new_state.as_ref())
            .downcast_ref::<T>()
            .unwrap()
            .clone();
        states.insert(component_id.clone(), new_state);
        cloned
    }

    pub fn insert(&self, component_id: ComponentId, state: Box<dyn State>) {
        self.states.write().unwrap().insert(component_id, state);
    }

    pub fn remove(&self, component_id: &ComponentId) -> Option<Box<dyn State>> {
        self.states.write().unwrap().remove(component_id)
    }
}

impl TopicStore {
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
            states: RwLock::new(HashMap::new()),
            owners: RwLock::new(HashMap::new()),
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn update_topic(
        &self,
        topic: String,
        state: Box<dyn State>,
        component_id: ComponentId,
    ) -> bool {
        let mut owners = self.owners.write().unwrap();
        let mut states = self.states.write().unwrap();

        // Check if topic has an owner
        if let Some(owner) = owners.get(&topic) {
            // Only the owner can update the topic
            if owner == &component_id {
                states.insert(topic, state);
                true
            } else {
                false
            }
        } else {
            // First writer becomes the owner
            owners.insert(topic.clone(), component_id);
            states.insert(topic, state);
            true
        }
    }

    /// Claim ownership of an unassigned topic
    pub(crate) fn claim_topic(&self, topic: String, component_id: ComponentId) -> bool {
        let mut owners = self.owners.write().unwrap();

        // Only claim if topic has no owner
        use std::collections::hash_map::Entry;
        if let Entry::Vacant(e) = owners.entry(topic) {
            e.insert(component_id);
            true
        } else {
            false
        }
    }

    pub fn read_topic<T: State + Clone + 'static>(&self, topic: &str) -> Option<T> {
        let states = self.states.read().unwrap();
        states
            .get(topic)
            .and_then(|state| State::as_any(state.as_ref()).downcast_ref::<T>().cloned())
    }

    pub fn get_topic_owner(&self, topic: &str) -> Option<ComponentId> {
        self.owners.read().unwrap().get(topic).cloned()
    }

    pub fn get_owned_topics(&self, component_id: &ComponentId) -> Vec<String> {
        self.owners
            .read()
            .unwrap()
            .iter()
            .filter_map(|(topic, owner)| {
                if owner == component_id {
                    Some(topic.clone())
                } else {
                    None
                }
            })
            .collect()
    }
}

impl ComponentInstanceTracker {
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
            spawned_effects: Arc::new(RwLock::new(HashSet::new())),
        }
    }

    /// Check if a component instance has effects spawned
    pub fn has_effects(&self, component_id: &ComponentId, type_id: TypeId) -> bool {
        self.spawned_effects
            .read()
            .unwrap()
            .contains(&(component_id.clone(), type_id))
    }

    /// Mark a component instance as having effects spawned
    pub fn mark_spawned(&self, component_id: ComponentId, type_id: TypeId) {
        self.spawned_effects
            .write()
            .unwrap()
            .insert((component_id, type_id));
    }

    /// Remove a component instance from tracking (for cleanup)
    pub fn remove(&self, component_id: &ComponentId, type_id: TypeId) -> bool {
        self.spawned_effects
            .write()
            .unwrap()
            .remove(&(component_id.clone(), type_id))
    }

    /// Get all tracked component instances
    pub fn get_all(&self) -> HashSet<(ComponentId, TypeId)> {
        self.spawned_effects.read().unwrap().clone()
    }
}

impl Default for ComponentInstanceTracker {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::new()
    }
}

impl Context {
    pub fn new(pending_focus_clear: Arc<AtomicBool>) -> Self {
        let queues = Arc::new(RwLock::new(HashMap::new()));
        let topic_queues = Arc::new(RwLock::new(HashMap::new()));

        Self {
            current_component_id: ComponentId::default(),
            dispatch: Dispatcher::new(queues.clone(), topic_queues.clone()),
            states: StateMap::new(),
            topics: Arc::new(TopicStore::new()),
            message_queues: queues,
            topic_message_queues: topic_queues,
            effect_tracker: ComponentInstanceTracker::new(),
            pending_focus_requests: Arc::new(RwLock::new(Vec::new())),
            pending_focus_clear,
            rendered_components: Arc::new(RwLock::new(HashSet::new())),
            current_is_first_render: Arc::new(RwLock::new(false)),
        }
    }

    /// Get the current component's ID
    pub fn id(&self) -> &ComponentId {
        &self.current_component_id
    }

    /// Creates a message handler that captures the current component ID
    pub fn handler<T: Message + Clone + 'static>(&self, msg: T) -> Box<dyn Fn() + 'static> {
        let id = self.current_component_id.clone();
        let dispatcher = self.dispatch.clone();
        Box::new(move || {
            dispatcher.send_to_id(id.clone(), msg.clone());
        })
    }

    /// Creates a message handler with a value parameter
    pub fn handler_with_value<T, M, F>(&self, msg_fn: F) -> Box<dyn Fn(T) + 'static>
    where
        T: 'static,
        M: Message + 'static,
        F: Fn(T) -> M + 'static,
    {
        let id = self.current_component_id.clone();
        let dispatcher = self.dispatch.clone();
        Box::new(move |value| {
            dispatcher.send_to_id(id.clone(), msg_fn(value));
        })
    }

    /// Get the state for the current component, initializing with Default if not already present
    pub fn get_state<T: State + Default + Clone + 'static>(&self) -> T {
        self.states.get_or_init::<T>(&self.current_component_id)
    }

    /// Set state for the current component
    pub fn set_state(&self, state: Box<dyn State>) {
        self.states.insert(self.current_component_id.clone(), state);
    }

    /// Read state from a topic
    pub fn read_topic<T: State + Clone + 'static>(&self, topic: &str) -> Option<T> {
        self.topics.read_topic(topic)
    }

    /// Send a message to the current component
    pub fn send(&self, message: impl Message) {
        self.dispatch
            .send_to_id(self.current_component_id.clone(), message);
    }

    /// Send a message to a specific component
    pub fn send_to(&self, component_id: ComponentId, message: impl Message) {
        self.dispatch.send_to_id(component_id, message);
    }

    /// Send a message to a topic owner
    pub fn send_to_topic(&self, topic: impl Into<String>, message: impl Message) {
        self.dispatch.send_to_topic(topic.into(), message);
    }

    /// Creates a topic message handler
    pub fn topic_handler<T: Message + Clone + 'static>(
        &self,
        topic: impl Into<String>,
        msg: T,
    ) -> impl Fn() + 'static {
        let topic = topic.into();
        let dispatcher = self.dispatch.clone();
        move || {
            dispatcher.send_to_topic(topic.clone(), msg.clone());
        }
    }

    /// Creates a topic message handler with a value parameter
    pub fn topic_handler_with_value<T, M, F>(
        &self,
        topic: impl Into<String>,
        msg_fn: F,
    ) -> impl Fn(T) + 'static
    where
        T: 'static,
        M: Message + 'static,
        F: Fn(T) -> M + 'static,
    {
        let topic = topic.into();
        let dispatcher = self.dispatch.clone();
        move |value| {
            dispatcher.send_to_topic(topic.clone(), msg_fn(value));
        }
    }

    /// Create a child context with updated component ID
    pub fn child(&self, index: usize) -> Self {
        Self {
            current_component_id: self.current_component_id.child(index),
            dispatch: self.dispatch.clone(),
            states: self.states.clone(), // Share the state map
            topics: self.topics.clone(), // Share the topic store
            message_queues: self.message_queues.clone(), // Share the message queues
            topic_message_queues: self.topic_message_queues.clone(), // Share the topic message queues
            effect_tracker: self.effect_tracker.clone(),             // Share the effect tracker
            pending_focus_requests: self.pending_focus_requests.clone(),
            pending_focus_clear: self.pending_focus_clear.clone(),
            rendered_components: self.rendered_components.clone(),
            current_is_first_render: self.current_is_first_render.clone(),
        }
    }

    /// Request focus for the first focusable element inside the current component
    pub fn focus_self(&self) {
        let mut queue = self.pending_focus_requests.write().unwrap();
        queue.push(FocusRequest {
            target: FocusTarget::Component(self.current_component_id.clone()),
        });
    }

    /// Request focus for the first focusable element in the entire tree
    pub fn focus_first(&self) {
        let mut queue = self.pending_focus_requests.write().unwrap();
        queue.push(FocusRequest {
            target: FocusTarget::GlobalFirst,
        });
    }

    /// Request that no element remain focused after this render cycle.
    pub fn blur_focus(&self) {
        self.pending_focus_clear.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
    }

    /// Drain all focus requests accumulated during rendering
    pub(crate) fn take_focus_requests(&self) -> Vec<FocusRequest> {
        let mut queue = self.pending_focus_requests.write().unwrap();
        queue.drain(..).collect()
    }

    /// Returns true if a focus clear was requested and resets the flag.
    pub(crate) fn take_focus_clear_request(&self) -> bool {
        self.pending_focus_clear.swap(false, Ordering::SeqCst)
    }

    /// Cancels any pending focus clear request.
    pub(crate) fn cancel_focus_clear(&self) {
        self.pending_focus_clear.store(false, Ordering::SeqCst);
    }

    /// Mark the beginning of a component render and return whether it is the first render
    pub(crate) fn begin_component_render(&self) -> bool {
        let mut rendered = self.rendered_components.write().unwrap();
        let is_first = rendered.insert(self.current_component_id.clone());
        *self.current_is_first_render.write().unwrap() = is_first;
        is_first
    }

    /// Mark the end of a component render
    pub(crate) fn end_component_render(&self) {
        *self.current_is_first_render.write().unwrap() = false;
    }

    /// Returns true if the current render invocation is the component's first
    pub fn is_first_render(&self) -> bool {
        *self.current_is_first_render.read().unwrap()
    }

    /// Take and drain messages for a specific component
    pub fn drain_messages(&self, component_id: &ComponentId) -> Vec<Box<dyn Message>> {
        let mut queues = self.message_queues.write().unwrap();
        if let Some(queue) = queues.get_mut(component_id) {
            queue.drain(..).collect()
        } else {
            Vec::new()
        }
    }

    /// Take and drain messages for a specific topic
    pub fn drain_topic_messages(&self, topic: &str) -> Vec<Box<dyn Message>> {
        let mut queues = self.topic_message_queues.write().unwrap();
        if let Some(queue) = queues.get_mut(topic) {
            queue.drain(..).collect()
        } else {
            Vec::new()
        }
    }

    /// Drain all messages for the current component (regular, owned topics, and unassigned topics)
    pub fn drain_all_messages(&self) -> Vec<(Box<dyn Message>, Option<String>)> {
        let mut all_messages = Vec::new();

        // Get regular component messages (no topic associated)
        for msg in self.drain_messages(&self.current_component_id) {
            all_messages.push((msg, None));
        }

        // Get messages for topics owned by this component
        let owned_topics = self.topics.get_owned_topics(&self.current_component_id);
        for topic in owned_topics {
            for msg in self.drain_topic_messages(&topic) {
                all_messages.push((msg, Some(topic.clone())));
            }
        }

        // Get cloned unassigned topic messages (topics without owners)
        let unassigned = self.get_unassigned_topic_messages();
        for (topic, msg) in unassigned {
            all_messages.push((msg, Some(topic)));
        }

        all_messages
    }

    /// Get cloned messages from topics that don't have owners yet
    fn get_unassigned_topic_messages(&self) -> Vec<(String, Box<dyn Message>)> {
        let mut unassigned = Vec::new();
        let topic_queues = self.topic_message_queues.read().unwrap();

        // Check each topic queue
        for (topic, queue) in topic_queues.iter() {
            // If this topic has no owner, clone its messages (don't drain)
            if self.topics.get_topic_owner(topic).is_none() && !queue.is_empty() {
                for msg in queue.iter() {
                    unassigned.push((topic.clone(), Message::clone_box(msg.as_ref())));
                }
            }
        }

        unassigned
    }

    /// Drain topic messages if the topic was just claimed
    pub fn drain_topic_if_claimed(&self, topic: &str, component_id: &ComponentId) {
        // Check if this component just became the owner
        if let Some(owner) = self.topics.get_topic_owner(topic)
            && owner == *component_id
        {
            // Drain the messages since we now own the topic
            let mut queues = self.topic_message_queues.write().unwrap();
            if let Some(queue) = queues.get_mut(topic) {
                queue.clear();
            }
        }
    }

    /// Check if there are any pending messages in any queue
    pub fn has_pending_messages(&self) -> bool {
        // Check component message queues
        {
            let queues = self.message_queues.read().unwrap();
            for queue in queues.values() {
                if !queue.is_empty() {
                    return true;
                }
            }
        }

        // Check topic message queues
        {
            let queues = self.topic_message_queues.read().unwrap();
            for queue in queues.values() {
                if !queue.is_empty() {
                    return true;
                }
            }
        }

        false
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Trait Implementations
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Default for TopicStore {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::new()
    }
}

impl Default for StateMap {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::new()
    }
}

impl Default for Context {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::new(Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false)))
    }
}


================================================
FILE: rxtui/lib/app/core.rs
================================================
use crate::app::Context;
use crate::bounds::Rect;
use crate::buffer::{DoubleBuffer, ScreenBuffer};
use crate::component::{Action, Component, ComponentId};
use crate::node::Div;
use crate::node::Node;
use crate::terminal::TerminalRenderer;
use crate::vdom::VDom;
use crate::vnode::VNode;
use crossterm::{
    ExecutableCommand, cursor,
    event::{self, Event},
    execute,
    style::{Print, ResetColor, SetBackgroundColor, SetForegroundColor},
    terminal,
};
use std::cell::RefCell;
use std::io;
use std::rc::Rc;
use std::sync::Arc;

use super::config::{InlineConfig, InlineHeight, RenderConfig, TerminalMode};
use super::context::{FocusRequest, FocusTarget};
use super::events::{handle_key_event, handle_mouse_event};
use super::inline::InlineState;
use super::renderer::render_node_to_buffer;
use std::collections::HashMap;
#[cfg(feature = "effects")]
use std::collections::HashSet;

#[cfg(feature = "effects")]
use crate::effect::EffectRuntime;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Type alias for the render log callback function.
type RenderLogFn = Box<dyn Fn(&str)>;

/// Signal to indicate that the application should exit.
/// Used to propagate exit requests through the component tree.
pub struct ExitSignal;

/// Main application controller for terminal UI applications.
///
/// Manages the lifecycle of a terminal application including:
/// - Terminal initialization and cleanup
/// - Event loop processing (keyboard, mouse, resize)
/// - Virtual DOM rendering and updates
/// - Model state management through init-view-update pattern
///
/// ## Application Flow
///
/// ```text
///     ┌─────────────┐
///     │   App::new  │ ← Initialize terminal, enable raw mode
///     └──────┬──────┘
///            │
///            ▼
///     ┌─────────────┐
///     │  App::run   │ ← Start event loop with root model
///     └──────┬──────┘
///            │
///            ▼
///    ┌───────────────┐
///    │  Event Loop   │ ◄─┐
///    └───────┬───────┘   │
///            │           │
///     ┌──────▼──────┐    │
///     │   Render    │    │
///     │   Model     │    │
///     └──────┬──────┘    │
///            │           │
///     ┌──────▼──────┐    │
///     │ Update VDom │    │
///     └──────┬──────┘    │
///            │           │
///     ┌──────▼──────┐    │
///     │    Draw     │    │
///     │  Terminal   │    │
///     └──────┬──────┘    │
///            │           │
///     ┌──────▼──────┐    │
///     │Handle Events│────┘
///     └─────────────┘
/// ```
pub struct App {
    /// Virtual DOM instance that manages the UI tree
    vdom: VDom,

    /// Shared flag to control the application lifecycle
    running: Rc<RefCell<bool>>,

    /// Flag indicating whether a render is needed
    needs_render: Rc<RefCell<bool>>,

    /// Double buffer for flicker-free rendering
    double_buffer: DoubleBuffer,

    /// Optional function to call after each render for logging
    render_log_fn: Option<RenderLogFn>,

    /// Terminal renderer for optimized output
    terminal_renderer: TerminalRenderer,

    /// Rendering configuration for debugging and optimization control
    config: RenderConfig,

    /// Terminal rendering mode (alternate screen or inline)
    terminal_mode: TerminalMode,

    /// State for inline rendering mode
    inline_state: InlineState,

    /// Effect runtime for managing async tasks
    #[cfg(feature = "effects")]
    effect_runtime: Option<EffectRuntime>,
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl App {
    /// Creates a new terminal UI application using alternate screen mode (default).
    ///
    /// Initializes the terminal by:
    /// - Enabling raw mode for character-by-character input
    /// - Switching to alternate screen buffer
    /// - Hiding the cursor
    /// - Enabling mouse capture for click events
    ///
    /// The terminal state is automatically restored when the app is dropped.
    pub fn new() -> io::Result<Self> {
        Self::with_mode(TerminalMode::AlternateScreen)
    }

    /// Creates a new terminal UI application with inline rendering mode.
    ///
    /// In inline mode:
    /// - Content renders directly in the terminal (no alternate screen)
    /// - Content persists in terminal history after app exits
    /// - Height is content-based by default (grows to fit, max 24 lines)
    ///
    /// The terminal state is automatically restored when the app is dropped.
    pub fn inline() -> io::Result<Self> {
        Self::with_mode(TerminalMode::Inline(InlineConfig::default()))
    }

    /// Creates a new terminal UI application with custom inline configuration.
    ///
    /// Use this for fine-grained control over inline rendering behavior.
    ///
    /// # Example
    /// ```rust,ignore
    /// use rxtui::{App, InlineConfig, InlineHeight};
    ///
    /// let config = InlineConfig {
    ///     height: InlineHeight::Fixed(10),
    ///     cursor_visible: true,
    ///     preserve_on_exit: true,
    /// };
    /// let app = App::inline_with_config(config)?;
    /// ```
    pub fn inline_with_config(config: InlineConfig) -> io::Result<Self> {
        Self::with_mode(TerminalMode::Inline(config))
    }

    /// Creates a new terminal UI application with the specified terminal mode.
    ///
    /// This is the core constructor that handles both alternate screen and inline modes.
    pub fn with_mode(mode: TerminalMode) -> io::Result<Self> {
        let mut stdout = io::stdout();

        // Always enable raw mode for event handling
        terminal::enable_raw_mode()?;

        // Mode-specific terminal setup
        match &mode {
            TerminalMode::AlternateScreen => {
                stdout.execute(terminal::EnterAlternateScreen)?;
                stdout.execute(cursor::Hide)?;
                stdout.execute(event::EnableMouseCapture)?;
            }
            TerminalMode::Inline(config) => {
                if !config.cursor_visible {
                    stdout.execute(cursor::Hide)?;
                }
                // Only enable mouse capture if explicitly requested
                // Default is false to allow natural terminal scrolling
                if config.mouse_capture {
                    stdout.execute(event::EnableMouseCapture)?;
                }
                // Space reservation happens on first render
            }
        }

        let running = Rc::new(RefCell::new(true));
        let needs_render = Rc::new(RefCell::new(true));

        // Get initial terminal size for double buffer
        let (width, height) = terminal::size()?;

        // Initialize effect runtime if feature is enabled
        #[cfg(feature = "effects")]
        let effect_runtime = Some(EffectRuntime::new());

        Ok(Self {
            vdom: VDom::new(),
            running,
            needs_render,
            double_buffer: DoubleBuffer::new(width, height),
            render_log_fn: None,
            terminal_renderer: TerminalRenderer::new(),
            config: RenderConfig::default(),
            terminal_mode: mode,
            inline_state: InlineState::new(),
            #[cfg(feature = "effects")]
            effect_runtime,
        })
    }

    /// Runs the application with a component instance.
    ///
    /// This uses the component system that provides:
    /// - Component-based architecture
    /// - Message-driven state updates
    /// - Tree expansion from components to VNodes
    ///
    /// ## Example
    /// ```rust,ignore
    /// let mut app = App::new()?;
    /// let root = MyRootComponent::default();
    /// app.run(root)?;
    /// ```
    ///
    /// This method blocks until the application exits.
    pub fn run<C>(&mut self, root_component: C) -> io::Result<()>
    where
        C: Component,
    {
        self.run_loop(root_component)
    }

    /// Sets the render configuration for debugging and optimization control.
    pub fn render_config(mut self, config: RenderConfig) -> Self {
        self.config = config;
        self
    }

    /// Disables all rendering optimizations for debugging.
    /// This is equivalent to calling all disable_* methods.
    pub fn disable_all_optimizations(mut self) -> Self {
        self.config = RenderConfig::debug();
        self
    }

    /// Disables double buffering, causing direct terminal rendering.
    /// Warning: This may cause visible flicker during updates.
    pub fn disable_double_buffering(mut self) -> Self {
        self.config.double_buffering = false;
        self
    }

    /// Disables terminal-specific optimizations.
    /// This uses simpler, more compatible terminal commands.
    pub fn disable_terminal_optimizations(mut self) -> Self {
        self.config.terminal_optimizations = false;
        self
    }

    /// Disables cell-level diffing.
    /// This causes the entire screen to be redrawn on each update.
    pub fn disable_cell_diffing(mut self) -> Self {
        self.config.cell_diffing = false;
        self
    }

    /// Sets the event polling duration in milliseconds.
    /// Lower values make the app more responsive but use more CPU.
    /// Default is 100ms.
    pub fn poll_duration(mut self, duration_ms: u64) -> Self {
        self.config.poll_duration_ms = duration_ms;
        self
    }

    /// Sets the app to use a fast polling rate (10ms).
    /// This makes the app very responsive but uses more CPU.
    pub fn fast_polling(mut self) -> Self {
        self.config.poll_duration_ms = 10;
        self
    }

    /// Sets the app to use a slow polling rate (500ms).
    /// This reduces CPU usage but may feel less responsive.
    pub fn slow_polling(mut self) -> Self {
        self.config.poll_duration_ms = 500;
        self
    }

    /// Main event loop using component-based architecture.
    ///
    /// Manages component state through messages and actions,
    /// expanding component trees into VNode trees for rendering.
    ///
    /// Only renders when:
    /// 1. Initial render
    /// 2. Messages are processed and state changes
    /// 3. External events trigger render
    /// 4. Terminal is resized
    fn run_loop<C>(&mut self, root_component: C) -> io::Result<()>
    where
        C: Component,
    {
        let focus_clear_flag = self.vdom.focus_clear_flag();
        let mut context = Context::new(focus_clear_flag);
        let mut components: HashMap<ComponentId, Arc<dyn Component>> = HashMap::new();

        // Store the root component
        let root_id = ComponentId::default();
        let root_arc = Arc::new(root_component) as Arc<dyn Component>;
        let root_type_id = root_arc.type_id();
        components.insert(root_id.clone(), root_arc.clone());

        let mut needs_render = true; // Initial render

        // Spawn effects for root component ONCE before entering the loop
        #[cfg(feature = "effects")]
        if let Some(runtime) = &self.effect_runtime
            && !context.effect_tracker.has_effects(&root_id, root_type_id)
        {
            let effects = root_arc.effects(&context);
            if !effects.is_empty() {
                runtime.spawn(root_id.clone(), effects);
                context
                    .effect_tracker
                    .mark_spawned(root_id.clone(), root_type_id);
            }
        }

        while *self.running.borrow() {
            // Check if we have pending messages that need processing
            if context.has_pending_messages() {
                needs_render = true;
            }

            // Expand component tree to VNode tree
            let vnode_tree = if let Some(root_component) = components.get(&root_id) {
                context.current_component_id = root_id.clone();
                // Create a temporary clone of components to avoid borrow issues
                let mut temp_components = HashMap::new();

                // Expand the tree, processing messages and handling exit signals
                match self.expand_component_tree(
                    root_component.as_ref(),
                    &mut context,
                    &mut temp_components,
                ) {
                    Ok(vnode) => {
                        // Handle effects for dynamically mounted/unmounted components
                        #[cfg(feature = "effects")]
                        if let Some(runtime) = &self.effect_runtime {
                            // Build a set of current component instances with their types
                            let mut current_instances: HashSet<(ComponentId, std::any::TypeId)> =
                                HashSet::new();
                            for (comp_id, component) in &temp_components {
                                if comp_id != &root_id {
                                    // Skip root, already handled
                                    current_instances
                                        .insert((comp_id.clone(), component.type_id()));
                                }
                            }

                            // Spawn effects for newly mounted components (not root)
                            for (comp_id, component) in &temp_components {
                                // Skip root component as it's already handled
                                if comp_id != &root_id {
                                    let type_id = component.type_id();

                                    // Check if this exact component instance (ID + Type) has effects
                                    if !context.effect_tracker.has_effects(comp_id, type_id) {
                                        // This is a truly new component instance
                                        // CRITICAL: Set the context's component ID so effects send messages to the right component
                                        let original_id = context.current_component_id.clone();
                                        context.current_component_id = comp_id.clone();

                                        let effects = component.effects(&context);
                                        if !effects.is_empty() {
                                            runtime.spawn(comp_id.clone(), effects);
                                            context
                                                .effect_tracker
                                                .mark_spawned(comp_id.clone(), type_id);
                                        }

                                        // Restore original ID
                                        context.current_component_id = original_id;
                                    }
                                }
                            }

                            // Cleanup effects for unmounted components (excluding root)
                            let tracked = context.effect_tracker.get_all();
                            for (comp_id, type_id) in tracked {
                                // Never cleanup root component effects
                                if comp_id == root_id {
                                    continue;
                                }

                                // Check if this component instance is still in the tree
                                if !current_instances.contains(&(comp_id.clone(), type_id)) {
                                    // Component was unmounted or type changed
                                    runtime.cleanup(&comp_id);
                                    context.effect_tracker.remove(&comp_id, type_id);
                                }
                            }
                        }

                        // Merge temp_components back into main components map
                        // This is critical for nested components to receive messages
                        components.extend(temp_components);
                        vnode
                    }
                    Err(ExitSignal) => {
                        *self.running.borrow_mut() = false;
                        break;
                    }
                }
            } else {
                VNode::div()
            };

            // Render if needed
            if needs_render || *self.needs_render.borrow() {
                // Render VNode tree
                self.vdom.render(vnode_tree);

                let focus_requests = context.take_focus_requests();
                self.apply_focus_requests(&context, focus_requests);

                let (width, height) = terminal::size()?;
                self.vdom.layout(width, height);

                self.draw()?;

                // Log render tree if callback is set
                if let Some(log_fn) = &self.render_log_fn {
                    let debug_string = self.render_tree_debug_string();
                    log_fn(&debug_string);
                }

                // Clear render flags
                *self.needs_render.borrow_mut() = false;
                needs_render = false;
            }

            // Poll for events with configurable timeout
            if event::poll(std::time::Duration::from_millis(
                self.config.poll_duration_ms,
            ))? {
                match event::read()? {
                    Event::Key(key_event) => {
                        handle_key_event(&self.vdom, key_event);
                        // Key events may have triggered messages via event handlers
                        needs_render = true;
                    }
                    Event::Mouse(mouse_event) => {
                        handle_mouse_event(&self.vdom, mouse_event);
                        // Mouse events may have triggered messages via event handlers
                        needs_render = true;
                    }
                    Event::Resize(width, height) => {
                        match &self.terminal_mode {
                            TerminalMode::AlternateScreen => {
                                // Full re-layout and screen clear for alternate screen
                                self.vdom.layout(width, height);
                                self.double_buffer.resize(width, height);
                                self.double_buffer.reset();
                                self.terminal_renderer.clear_screen()?;
                            }
                            TerminalMode::Inline(_) => {
                                // For inline mode, just update terminal size tracking
                                // Height is managed by space reservation, width changes trigger re-render
                                self.inline_state.terminal_size = (width, height);
                                // Don't clear screen - we're rendering in reserved space
                            }
                        }
                        *self.needs_render.borrow_mut() = true;
                    }
                    _ => {}
                }
            }
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Expands a component tree into a VNode tree recursively
    fn expand_component_tree(
        &self,
        component: &dyn Component,
        context: &mut Context,
        components: &mut HashMap<ComponentId, Arc<dyn Component>>,
    ) -> Result<VNode, ExitSignal> {
        // Process all pending messages (regular, owned topics, and unassigned topics)
        let messages = context.drain_all_messages();
        for (msg, topic) in messages {
            let action = component.update(context, msg, topic.as_deref());

            match action {
                Action::Update(new_state) => {
                    context
                        .states
                        .insert(context.current_component_id.clone(), new_state);

                    // If this was an unassigned topic message and we handled it, claim the topic
                    if let Some(topic_name) = topic
                        && context
                            .topics
                            .claim_topic(topic_name.clone(), context.current_component_id.clone())
                    {
                        // We just claimed this topic, drain its remaining messages
                        context.drain_topic_if_claimed(&topic_name, &context.current_component_id);
                    }
                }
                Action::UpdateTopic(topic_name, new_state) => {
                    // Update topic state (idempotent - first writer becomes owner)
                    context.topics.update_topic(
                        topic_name.clone(),
                        new_state,
                        context.current_component_id.clone(),
                    );

                    // If this was an unassigned topic message for the same topic, drain it
                    if let Some(msg_topic) = topic
                        && msg_topic == topic_name
                    {
                        context.drain_topic_if_claimed(&topic_name, &context.current_component_id);
                    }
                }
                Action::Exit => {
                    return Err(ExitSignal);
                }
                Action::None => {
                    // Component didn't handle this message, leave topic unassigned
                }
            }
        }

        // Get the node from the component's view
        context.begin_component_render();
        let node = component.view(context);
        context.end_component_render();

        // Convert Node to VNode, expanding any nested components
        self.node_to_vnode(node, context, components, 0)
    }

    /// Converts a Node to a VNode, expanding components recursively
    fn node_to_vnode(
        &self,
        node: Node,
        context: &mut Context,
        components: &mut HashMap<ComponentId, Arc<dyn Component>>,
        child_index: usize,
    ) -> Result<VNode, ExitSignal> {
        match node {
            Node::Component(component) => {
                // Update context for this component
                let parent_id = context.current_component_id.clone();
                context.current_component_id = parent_id.child(child_index);

                // Store component in the map
                let component_id = context.current_component_id.clone();

                // Expand the component recursively, propagating any exit signal
                let vnode = self.expand_component_tree(component.as_ref(), context, components)?;

                // Store the component for future updates
                components.insert(component_id, Arc::clone(&component));

                // Restore parent context
                context.current_component_id = parent_id;

                Ok(vnode)
            }
            Node::Div(div) => {
                // Track the path through divs to ensure unique component IDs
                let parent_id = context.current_component_id.clone();
                context.current_component_id = parent_id.child(child_index);

                // Convert div children
                let mut vnode_children = Vec::new();
                for (i, child) in div.children.into_iter().enumerate() {
                    // Propagate any exit signal from children
                    vnode_children.push(self.node_to_vnode(child, context, components, i)?);
                }

                // Restore parent context after processing div children
                context.current_component_id = parent_id.clone();

                // Create VNode div with converted children
                let mut vnode_div = Div::new();
                vnode_div.children = vnode_children;

                // Copy over the style and event properties
                vnode_div.styles = div.styles;
                vnode_div.events = div.events;
                vnode_div.focusable = div.focusable;
                vnode_div.focused = div.focused;
                vnode_div.hovered = div.hovered;
                vnode_div.component_path = Some(parent_id);

                Ok(VNode::Div(vnode_div))
            }
            Node::Text(text) => {
                // Text nodes are directly converted
                Ok(VNode::Text(text))
            }
            Node::RichText(rich) => {
                // RichText nodes are directly converted
                Ok(VNode::RichText(rich))
            }
        }
    }

    /// Returns a debug string representation of the current render tree.
    ///
    /// This is useful for debugging and logging the UI structure.
    pub fn render_tree_debug_string(&self) -> String {
        self.vdom.get_render_tree().debug_string()
    }

    /// Sets a callback function to be called after each render with the render tree debug string.
    ///
    /// This is useful for logging the render tree state for debugging purposes.
    pub fn set_render_log_fn<F: Fn(&str) + 'static>(&mut self, log_fn: F) {
        self.render_log_fn = Some(Box::new(log_fn));
    }

    /// Applies any focus requests that were queued during the render cycle.
    fn apply_focus_requests(&self, context: &Context, requests: Vec<FocusRequest>) {
        let render_tree = self.vdom.get_render_tree();
        let mut focus_applied = false;

        for request in requests {
            match request.target {
                FocusTarget::Component(component_id) => {
                    if let Some(root) = render_tree.find_component_root(&component_id)
                        && let Some(target) = render_tree.find_first_focusable_in(&root)
                    {
                        render_tree.set_focused_node(Some(target));
                        focus_applied = true;
                    }
                }
                FocusTarget::GlobalFirst => {
                    if let Some(target) = render_tree.find_first_focusable_global() {
                        render_tree.set_focused_node(Some(target));
                        focus_applied = true;
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        if focus_applied {
            context.cancel_focus_clear();
        }

        if context.take_focus_clear_request() {
            render_tree.set_focused_node(None);
        }
    }

    /// Renders the current UI tree to the terminal.
    ///
    /// Dispatches to the appropriate rendering method based on terminal mode:
    /// - AlternateScreen: Uses double buffering for flicker-free full-screen rendering
    /// - Inline: Renders to a reserved region in the main terminal buffer
    fn draw(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
        match &self.terminal_mode {
            TerminalMode::AlternateScreen => {
                if self.config.double_buffering {
                    self.draw_with_double_buffer()
                } else {
                    self.draw_direct()
                }
            }
            TerminalMode::Inline(config) => {
                // Clone config to avoid borrow issues
                let config = config.clone();
                self.draw_inline(&config)
            }
        }
    }

    /// Draws in inline mode with space reservation.
    fn draw_inline(&mut self, config: &InlineConfig) -> io::Result<()> {
        use std::io::Write;
        let mut stdout = io::stdout();

        // Get terminal dimensions
        let (term_width, term_height) = terminal::size()?;

        // Determine if we should use unclamped height
        let unclamped = matches!(config.height, InlineHeight::Content { .. });

        // For layout, always use full terminal height to ensure proper child layout.
        // The render_height (below) will handle the actual clipping.
        // For Fixed mode, use the fixed height for layout too.
        let layout_height = match &config.height {
            InlineHeight::Fixed(h) => *h,
            InlineHeight::Content { .. } | InlineHeight::Fill { .. } => term_height,
        };

        // Layout with full dimensions - unclamped allows root to grow beyond viewport
        self.vdom
            .layout_with_options(term_width, layout_height, unclamped);

        // Get actual content height from rendered tree
        let content_height = self
            .vdom
            .get_render_tree()
            .root
            .as_ref()
            .map(|r| r.borrow().height)
            .unwrap_or(1);

        // Apply height limits from config
        let render_height = match &config.height {
            InlineHeight::Fixed(h) => *h,
            InlineHeight::Content { max } => {
                max.map(|m| content_height.min(m)).unwrap_or(content_height)
            }
            InlineHeight::Fill { min } => content_height.max(*min),
        };

        // Ensure we have at least 1 line
        let render_height = render_height.max(1);

        // Initialize or expand space reservation
        if !self.inline_state.initialized {
            self.inline_state
                .reserve_space(&mut stdout, render_height)?;
        } else if render_height > self.inline_state.reserved_height {
            self.inline_state.expand_space(&mut stdout, render_height)?;
        }

        // Resize double buffer to match render dimensions
        if self.double_buffer.back_buffer_mut().dimensions() != (term_width, render_height) {
            self.double_buffer.resize(term_width, render_height);
            self.double_buffer.reset();
        }

        // Clear the back buffer
        self.double_buffer.clear_back();

        // Render the tree to the back buffer
        if let Some(root) = &self.vdom.get_render_tree().root {
            let root_ref = root.borrow();
            let buffer = self.double_buffer.back_buffer_mut();
            let clip_rect = Rect::new(0, 0, term_width, render_height);
            render_node_to_buffer(&root_ref, buffer, &clip_rect, None);
        }

        // Diff and apply updates with origin offset
        let updates = self.double_buffer.diff();
        self.terminal_renderer
            .apply_updates_inline(updates, self.inline_state.origin_row)?;

        // Swap buffers
        self.double_buffer.swap();

        // Clear dirty flags
        self.vdom.get_render_tree().clear_all_dirty();

        stdout.flush()?;
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Draws using double buffering and cell diffing for optimal performance.
    fn draw_with_double_buffer(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
        // Clear the back buffer
        self.double_buffer.clear_back();

        // Render the tree to the back buffer
        if let Some(root) = &self.vdom.get_render_tree().root {
            let root_ref = root.borrow();
            let buffer = self.double_buffer.back_buffer_mut();
            let (width, height) = buffer.dimensions();
            let clip_rect = Rect::new(0, 0, width, height);
            render_node_to_buffer(&root_ref, buffer, &clip_rect, None);
        }

        if self.config.cell_diffing {
            // Diff the buffers to find changes
            let updates = self.double_buffer.diff();

            // Apply updates to terminal
            if self.config.terminal_optimizations {
                self.terminal_renderer.apply_updates(updates)?;
            } else {
                // Apply updates without optimizations
                self.terminal_renderer.apply_updates_direct(updates)?;
            }
        } else {
            // Redraw entire screen without diffing
            let buffer = self.double_buffer.back_buffer_mut();
            self.terminal_renderer.draw_full_buffer(buffer)?;
        }

        // Swap buffers for next frame
        self.double_buffer.swap();

        // Clear all dirty flags after drawing
        self.vdom.get_render_tree().clear_all_dirty();

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Draws directly to terminal without double buffering (for debugging).
    fn draw_direct(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
        // Clear screen
        execute!(io::stdout(), terminal::Clear(terminal::ClearType::All))?;

        // Create a temporary buffer for direct rendering
        let (width, height) = terminal::size()?;
        let mut buffer = ScreenBuffer::new(width, height);

        // Render the tree to the temporary buffer
        if let Some(root) = &self.vdom.get_render_tree().root {
            let root_ref = root.borrow();
            let clip_rect = Rect::new(0, 0, width, height);
            render_node_to_buffer(&root_ref, &mut buffer, &clip_rect, None);
        }

        // Draw each cell directly to terminal
        let mut stdout = io::stdout();
        for y in 0..height {
            for x in 0..width {
                if let Some(cell) = buffer.get_cell(x, y) {
                    execute!(stdout, cursor::MoveTo(x, y))?;

                    // Set colors if present
                    if let Some(fg) = &cell.fg {
                        execute!(
                            stdout,
                            SetForegroundColor(self.terminal_renderer.color_to_crossterm(*fg))
                        )?;
                    }
                    if let Some(bg) = &cell.bg {
                        execute!(
                            stdout,
                            SetBackgroundColor(self.terminal_renderer.color_to_crossterm(*bg))
                        )?;
                    }

                    // Print character
                    execute!(stdout, Print(cell.char))?;

                    // Reset colors
                    if cell.fg.is_some() || cell.bg.is_some() {
                        execute!(stdout, ResetColor)?;
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        // Clear all dirty flags after drawing
        self.vdom.get_render_tree().clear_all_dirty();

        Ok(())
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Trait Implementations
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Cleanup handler that restores terminal state on application exit.
///
/// Automatically:
/// - Disables mouse capture
/// - Shows the cursor
/// - Returns to main screen buffer (alternate screen mode only)
/// - Moves cursor below content (inline mode with preserve_on_exit)
/// - Disables raw mode
impl Drop for App {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        use std::io::Write;

        let mut stdout = io::stdout();

        // Show cursor for both modes
        let _ = stdout.execute(cursor::Show);

        // Mode-specific cleanup
        match &self.terminal_mode {
            TerminalMode::AlternateScreen => {
                let _ = stdout.execute(event::DisableMouseCapture);
                let _ = stdout.execute(terminal::LeaveAlternateScreen);
            }
            TerminalMode::Inline(config) => {
                // Disable mouse capture if it was enabled
                if config.mouse_capture {
                    let _ = stdout.execute(event::DisableMouseCapture);
                }
                if config.preserve_on_exit {
                    // Move cursor below rendered content so shell prompt appears after
                    let _ = self.inline_state.move_to_end(&mut stdout);
                } else {
                    // Clear the inline rendering area
                    let _ = self.terminal_renderer.clear_lines(
                        self.inline_state.origin_row,
                        self.inline_state.reserved_height,
                    );
                    // Move cursor back to origin
                    let _ = stdout.execute(cursor::MoveTo(
                        self.inline_state.origin_col,
                        self.inline_state.origin_row,
                    ));
                }
            }
        }

        // Flush to ensure all commands are sent before disabling raw mode
        let _ = stdout.flush();

        // Finally disable raw mode
        let _ = terminal::disable_raw_mode();
    }
}


================================================
FILE: rxtui/lib/app/events.rs
================================================
use crate::key::{Key, KeyWithModifiers};
use crate::render_tree::RenderNode;
use crate::vdom::VDom;
use crossterm::event::{KeyEvent, KeyModifiers, MouseEvent, MouseEventKind};
use std::cell::RefCell;
use std::rc::Rc;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Functions
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Processes keyboard input events.
///
/// Handles Tab/Shift+Tab for focus navigation, Enter to activate focused elements,
/// broadcasts to global handlers,
/// then routes other keys to the focused element.
pub fn handle_key_event(vdom: &VDom, key_event: KeyEvent) {
    // Try to create both simple key and key with modifiers
    if let Some(key) = Key::from_key_code(key_event.code) {
        let render_tree = vdom.get_render_tree();

        // Handle Tab/BackTab navigation for focus switching
        if key == Key::Tab {
            render_tree.focus_next();
            return;
        }
        if key == Key::BackTab {
            render_tree.focus_prev();
            return;
        }

        // Handle Enter to activate focused element
        if key == Key::Enter
            && let Some(focused) = render_tree.get_focused_node()
        {
            // Only simulate click if the element actually has a click handler
            // This allows elements like TextInput to handle Enter as a regular key
            if focused.borrow().events.on_click.is_some() {
                focused.borrow().handle_click();
                // Return immediately to prevent Enter from being handled again
                // The click simulation takes precedence
                return;
            }
            // If no click handler, let Enter continue to be processed as a normal key
        }

        // Create KeyWithModifiers for handlers that need it
        if let Some(key_with_modifiers) = KeyWithModifiers::from_key_event(key_event) {
            // Phase 1: Always broadcast to global handlers
            if let Some(root) = &render_tree.root {
                // Check modifier handlers FIRST (more specific)
                broadcast_global_key_with_modifiers(root, key_with_modifiers);
                // Then simple key handlers (less specific)
                broadcast_global_key(root, key);
            }

            // Phase 2: Route to focused element for non-global handlers
            if let Some(focused) = render_tree.get_focused_node() {
                // Handle scroll navigation for scrollable focused elements
                let mut handled = false;
                if focused.borrow().scrollable && focused.borrow().focused {
                    handled = handle_scroll_key(&focused, key);
                }

                if !handled {
                    // Check modifier handlers FIRST (more specific)
                    focused
                        .borrow()
                        .handle_key_with_modifiers(key_with_modifiers);
                    // Only handle simple key if modifiers weren't pressed
                    // This prevents Ctrl+A from also triggering 'a' handler
                    if !key_event.modifiers.contains(KeyModifiers::CONTROL)
                        && !key_event.modifiers.contains(KeyModifiers::ALT)
                        && !key_event.modifiers.contains(KeyModifiers::META)
                    {
                        focused.borrow().handle_key(key);
                    }
                }
            } else {
                // No focused element, broadcast to all for non-global handlers
                if let Some(root) = &render_tree.root {
                    broadcast_key_with_modifiers(root, key_with_modifiers);
                    if !key_event.modifiers.contains(KeyModifiers::CONTROL)
                        && !key_event.modifiers.contains(KeyModifiers::ALT)
                        && !key_event.modifiers.contains(KeyModifiers::META)
                    {
                        broadcast_key(root, key);
                    }
                }
            }
        } else {
            // Fallback to simple key handling if modifier extraction fails
            // Phase 1: Always broadcast to global handlers
            if let Some(root) = &render_tree.root {
                broadcast_global_key(root, key);
            }

            // Phase 2: Route to focused element for non-global handlers
            if let Some(focused) = render_tree.get_focused_node() {
                focused.borrow().handle_key(key);
            } else {
                // No focused element, broadcast to all for non-global handlers
                if let Some(root) = &render_tree.root {
                    broadcast_key(root, key);
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

/// Recursively broadcasts a key press to all nodes in the subtree.
///
/// Each node's non-global key handler is called.
pub fn broadcast_key(node: &Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>, key: Key) {
    let node_ref = node.borrow();
    node_ref.handle_key(key);
    for child in &node_ref.children {
        broadcast_key(child, key);
    }
}

/// Recursively broadcasts a key press to global handlers in all nodes.
///
/// Global handlers work regardless of focus state.
pub fn broadcast_global_key(node: &Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>, key: Key) {
    let node_ref = node.borrow();
    node_ref.handle_global_key(key);
    let children = node_ref.children.clone();
    drop(node_ref); // Release borrow before recursing
    for child in &children {
        broadcast_global_key(child, key);
    }
}

/// Recursively broadcasts a key press with modifiers to all nodes in the subtree.
///
/// Each node's non-global key with modifiers handler is called.
pub fn broadcast_key_with_modifiers(
    node: &Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>,
    key_with_modifiers: KeyWithModifiers,
) {
    let node_ref = node.borrow();
    node_ref.handle_key_with_modifiers(key_with_modifiers);
    for child in &node_ref.children {
        broadcast_key_with_modifiers(child, key_with_modifiers);
    }
}

/// Recursively broadcasts a key press with modifiers to global handlers in all nodes.
///
/// Global handlers work regardless of focus state.
pub fn broadcast_global_key_with_modifiers(
    node: &Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>,
    key_with_modifiers: KeyWithModifiers,
) {
    let node_ref = node.borrow();
    node_ref.handle_global_key_with_modifiers(key_with_modifiers);
    let children = node_ref.children.clone();
    drop(node_ref); // Release borrow before recursing
    for child in &children {
        broadcast_global_key_with_modifiers(child, key_with_modifiers);
    }
}

/// Processes mouse input events.
///
/// Handles:
/// - Mouse down events by finding the node at the click position
/// - Sets focus to the clicked node if it's focusable
/// - Triggers the node's click handler
/// - Mouse wheel events for scrolling
pub fn handle_mouse_event(vdom: &VDom, mouse_event: MouseEvent) {
    let render_tree = vdom.get_render_tree();

    match mouse_event.kind {
        MouseEventKind::Down(_) => {
            if let Some(node) = render_tree.find_node_at(mouse_event.column, mouse_event.row) {
                render_tree.set_hovered_node(Some(node.clone()));
                // Set focus if the node is focusable
                {
                    let node_ref = node.borrow();
                    if node_ref.focusable {
                        drop(node_ref); // Release borrow before setting focus
                        render_tree.set_focused_node(Some(node.clone()));
                    }
                }

                // Handle the click
                node.borrow().handle_click();
            } else {
                render_tree.set_hovered_node(None);
            }
        }
        MouseEventKind::ScrollUp => {
            // Find the scrollable node at the mouse position
            if let Some(node) = render_tree.find_node_at(mouse_event.column, mouse_event.row) {
                render_tree.set_hovered_node(Some(node.clone()));
                // Find the nearest scrollable ancestor (including self)
                if let Some(scrollable_node) = find_scrollable_ancestor(&node) {
                    let mut node_ref = scrollable_node.borrow_mut();
                    if node_ref.update_scroll(-3) {
                        // Mark dirty if scroll position changed
                        node_ref.mark_dirty();
                    }
                }
            } else {
                render_tree.set_hovered_node(None);
            }
        }
        MouseEventKind::ScrollDown => {
            // Find the scrollable node at the mouse position
            if let Some(node) = render_tree.find_node_at(mouse_event.column, mouse_event.row) {
                render_tree.set_hovered_node(Some(node.clone()));
                // Find the nearest scrollable ancestor (including self)
                if let Some(scrollable_node) = find_scrollable_ancestor(&node) {
                    let mut node_ref = scrollable_node.borrow_mut();
                    if node_ref.update_scroll(3) {
                        // Mark dirty if scroll position changed
                        node_ref.mark_dirty();
                    }
                }
            } else {
                render_tree.set_hovered_node(None);
            }
        }
        MouseEventKind::Moved | MouseEventKind::Drag(_) => {
            let hovered = render_tree.find_node_at(mouse_event.column, mouse_event.row);
            render_tree.set_hovered_node(hovered);
        }
        MouseEventKind::Up(_) => {
            let hovered = render_tree.find_node_at(mouse_event.column, mouse_event.row);
            render_tree.set_hovered_node(hovered);
        }
        _ => {}
    }
}

/// Finds the nearest scrollable ancestor of a node (including the node itself).
fn find_scrollable_ancestor(node: &Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>) -> Option<Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>> {
    // Check if this node is scrollable
    if node.borrow().scrollable {
        return Some(node.clone());
    }

    // Check parent nodes
    let parent_weak = node.borrow().parent.clone();
    if let Some(parent_weak) = parent_weak
        && let Some(parent) = parent_weak.upgrade()
    {
        return find_scrollable_ancestor(&parent);
    }

    None
}

/// Handles keyboard scrolling for a scrollable node.
///
/// Returns true if the key was handled for scrolling.
fn handle_scroll_key(node: &Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>, key: Key) -> bool {
    let mut node_ref = node.borrow_mut();
    if !node_ref.scrollable {
        return false;
    }

    match key {
        Key::Up => {
            if node_ref.update_scroll(-1) {
                node_ref.mark_dirty();
                return true;
            }
        }
        Key::Down => {
            if node_ref.update_scroll(1) {
                node_ref.mark_dirty();
                return true;
            }
        }
        Key::PageUp => {
            // Scroll up by half the viewport height
            let scroll_amount = (node_ref.height / 2).max(1) as i16;
            if node_ref.update_scroll(-scroll_amount) {
                node_ref.mark_dirty();
                return true;
            }
        }
        Key::PageDown => {
            // Scroll down by half the viewport height
            let scroll_amount = (node_ref.height / 2).max(1) as i16;
            if node_ref.update_scroll(scroll_amount) {
                node_ref.mark_dirty();
                return true;
            }
        }
        Key::Home => {
            // Scroll to top
            node_ref.set_scroll_y(0);
            node_ref.mark_dirty();
            return true;
        }
        Key::End => {
            // Scroll to bottom
            let max_y = node_ref.get_max_scroll_y();
            node_ref.set_scroll_y(max_y);
            node_ref.mark_dirty();
            return true;
        }
        _ => {}
    }

    false
}


================================================
FILE: rxtui/lib/app/inline.rs
================================================
use crossterm::{ExecutableCommand, cursor, style::Print, terminal};
use std::io::{self, Write};

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Runtime state for inline rendering.
///
/// Tracks the position and dimensions of the inline rendering area
/// within the terminal's main buffer.
pub(crate) struct InlineState {
    /// Row where our rendering area starts (after space reservation).
    pub origin_row: u16,
    /// Column where rendering starts (usually 0).
    pub origin_col: u16,
    /// Current reserved height.
    pub reserved_height: u16,
    /// Terminal dimensions at initialization.
    pub terminal_size: (u16, u16),
    /// Whether space has been reserved.
    pub initialized: bool,
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl InlineState {
    /// Creates a new uninitialized inline state.
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
            origin_row: 0,
            origin_col: 0,
            reserved_height: 0,
            terminal_size: (80, 24),
            initialized: false,
        }
    }

    /// Reserve space for inline rendering.
    ///
    /// This must be called before the first render. It:
    /// 1. Queries current cursor position
    /// 2. Prints newlines to reserve space (causing scroll if needed)
    /// 3. Moves cursor back up to establish a stable origin
    /// 4. Clears the reserved area to prevent artifacts from existing terminal content
    ///
    /// After this call, `origin_row` and `origin_col` define a stable
    /// coordinate system for rendering.
    pub fn reserve_space(&mut self, stdout: &mut impl Write, height: u16) -> io::Result<()> {
        // Get terminal dimensions
        let (term_width, term_height) = terminal::size()?;
        self.terminal_size = (term_width, term_height);

        // Query current cursor position (used for debugging, but we rely on new_row/new_col below)
        let (_cursor_col, _cursor_row) = cursor::position()?;

        // Clamp height to terminal height if needed
        let height = height.min(term_height);

        // Print newlines to reserve space (causes scroll if needed)
        for _ in 0..height {
            stdout.execute(Print("\n"))?;
        }

        // Move cursor back up to origin
        if height > 0 {
            stdout.execute(cursor::MoveUp(height))?;
        }

        // Query new position - this is our stable origin
        let (new_col, new_row) = cursor::position()?;
        self.origin_row = new_row;
        self.origin_col = new_col;
        self.reserved_height = height;
        self.initialized = true;

        // Clear the reserved area to remove any existing terminal content.
        // This ensures our front buffer (all empty cells) matches the actual terminal state.
        // Without this, artifacts can appear where existing content wasn't overwritten.
        self.clear_area(stdout, height)?;

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Clear the reserved inline area.
    ///
    /// Clears each line in the reserved area to ensure no existing terminal
    /// content interferes with rendering.
    fn clear_area(&self, stdout: &mut impl Write, height: u16) -> io::Result<()> {
        for row in 0..height {
            stdout.execute(cursor::MoveTo(0, self.origin_row + row))?;
            stdout.execute(terminal::Clear(terminal::ClearType::CurrentLine))?;
        }
        // Move cursor back to origin after clearing
        stdout.execute(cursor::MoveTo(self.origin_col, self.origin_row))?;
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Expand reserved space if content grew.
    ///
    /// If the new height is greater than current reserved height,
    /// adds more newlines, clears the new area, and adjusts origin if scrolling occurred.
    pub fn expand_space(&mut self, stdout: &mut impl Write, new_height: u16) -> io::Result<()> {
        if new_height <= self.reserved_height {
            return Ok(());
        }

        let additional = new_height - self.reserved_height;
        let old_height = self.reserved_height;

        // Move to end of current reserved area
        stdout.execute(cursor::MoveTo(0, self.origin_row + self.reserved_height))?;

        // Print additional newlines
        for _ in 0..additional {
            stdout.execute(Print("\n"))?;
        }

        // Check if we scrolled - origin shifts up if bottom exceeds terminal
        let (_, term_height) = self.terminal_size;
        let bottom_row = self.origin_row + new_height;
        if bottom_row > term_height {
            let scroll_amount = bottom_row - term_height;
            self.origin_row = self.origin_row.saturating_sub(scroll_amount);
        }

        self.reserved_height = new_height;

        // Clear only the newly added lines
        for row in old_height..new_height {
            stdout.execute(cursor::MoveTo(0, self.origin_row + row))?;
            stdout.execute(terminal::Clear(terminal::ClearType::CurrentLine))?;
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Move cursor to origin for rendering.
    #[allow(dead_code)]
    pub fn move_to_origin(&self, stdout: &mut impl Write) -> io::Result<()> {
        stdout.execute(cursor::MoveTo(self.origin_col, self.origin_row))?;
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Move cursor to end of rendered content (for exit).
    ///
    /// Positions cursor below the rendered area and prints a newline
    /// to ensure the shell prompt appears on a fresh line.
    pub fn move_to_end(&self, stdout: &mut impl Write) -> io::Result<()> {
        stdout.execute(cursor::MoveTo(0, self.origin_row + self.reserved_height))?;
        stdout.execute(Print("\n"))?;
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Translate a terminal row to a row relative to our origin.
    ///
    /// Used for translating mouse event coordinates.
    #[allow(dead_code)]
    pub fn translate_row(&self, terminal_row: u16) -> Option<u16> {
        if terminal_row >= self.origin_row && terminal_row < self.origin_row + self.reserved_height
        {
            Some(terminal_row - self.origin_row)
        } else {
            None
        }
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Trait Implementations
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Default for InlineState {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::new()
    }
}


================================================
FILE: rxtui/lib/app/mod.rs
================================================
pub mod config;
pub mod context;
pub mod core;
pub mod events;
pub(crate) mod inline;
pub mod renderer;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Exports
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

pub use config::{InlineConfig, InlineHeight, TerminalMode};
pub use context::Context;
pub use core::App;


================================================
FILE: rxtui/lib/app/renderer.rs
================================================
use crate::bounds::Rect;
use crate::buffer::{Cell, ScreenBuffer};
use crate::render_tree::RenderNode;
use crate::render_tree::RenderNodeType;
use crate::style::{Color, Overflow};
use crate::utils::{display_width, substring_by_columns};

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Functions
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Renders a node and its children to the screen buffer with clipping and background inheritance.
///
/// ## Clipping Strategy
///
/// This function uses two different clip rectangles:
///
/// 1. **element_clip**: Used for rendering the element itself (border, background)
///    - Always the intersection of node bounds and incoming clip_rect
///    - Ensures the element doesn't render outside its parent's clip area
///
/// 2. **children_clip**: Used for clipping child elements
///    - When overflow:hidden, clips to padding box (CSS behavior)
///    - When overflow:none, uses parent's clip_rect unchanged
///
/// ```text
/// CSS Box Model & Clipping:
/// ┌─────────────────────────┐ ← node_bounds
/// │ Border                  │
/// │ ┌─────────────────────┐ │ ← padding_box (overflow:hidden clips here)
/// │ │ Padding             │ │
/// │ │ ┌─────────────────┐ │ │ ← content_box
/// │ │ │                 │ │ │
/// │ │ │    Content      │ │ │
/// │ │ │                 │ │ │
/// │ │ └─────────────────┘ │ │
/// │ └─────────────────────┘ │
/// └─────────────────────────┘
///
/// overflow:hidden clips at padding edge (includes padding, excludes border)
/// overflow:none allows children to render outside all bounds
/// ```
pub fn render_node_to_buffer(
    node: &RenderNode,
    buffer: &mut ScreenBuffer,
    clip_rect: &Rect,
    parent_bg: Option<Color>,
) {
    render_node_with_offset(node, buffer, clip_rect, parent_bg, 0);
}

/// Internal function that handles rendering with accumulated scroll offset
fn render_node_with_offset(
    node: &RenderNode,
    buffer: &mut ScreenBuffer,
    clip_rect: &Rect,
    parent_bg: Option<Color>,
    parent_scroll_offset: i16,
) {
    // Calculate the rendered position with parent scroll offset applied
    // Using i32 to allow negative positions for proper clipping
    let rendered_y_i32 = node.y as i32 - parent_scroll_offset as i32;
    let rendered_x = node.x; // No horizontal scrolling

    // Determine the effective vertical extent for clipping.
    // Text nodes can have more content than their laid-out height represents,
    // so we want to keep rendering as long as there are remaining lines.
    let node_visual_height = match &node.node_type {
        RenderNodeType::TextWrapped(lines) => node.height.max(lines.len() as u16),
        RenderNodeType::RichTextWrapped(lines) => node.height.max(lines.len() as u16),
        _ => node.height,
    };

    // For bounds checking, we need to handle negative positions
    // Elements with negative y are partially or fully above the viewport
    let node_bounds = if rendered_y_i32 < 0 {
        // Node starts above viewport - check if it extends into view
        if rendered_y_i32 + node_visual_height as i32 > 0 {
            // Partially visible - create bounds for the visible portion
            let visible_height = (rendered_y_i32 + node_visual_height as i32) as u16;
            Rect::new(rendered_x, 0, node.width, visible_height)
        } else {
            // Completely above viewport
            Rect::empty()
        }
    } else {
        // Normal case - node starts within or below viewport
        Rect::new(
            rendered_x,
            rendered_y_i32 as u16,
            node.width,
            node_visual_height,
        )
    };

    // Calculate rendered_y for actual rendering (clamped to 0 for partially visible elements)
    let rendered_y = rendered_y_i32.max(0) as u16;

    // Check if node is visible within current clip rect
    if !node_bounds.intersects(clip_rect) {
        return; // Skip rendering if completely outside clip area
    }

    // Calculate clip rect for rendering this element (border, background)
    // This ensures the element itself doesn't render outside the parent's clip area
    let element_clip = node_bounds.intersection(clip_rect);

    // Calculate clip rect for children based on overflow setting
    let children_clip = if let Some(style) = &node.style {
        match style.overflow {
            Some(Overflow::Hidden) | Some(Overflow::Scroll) | Some(Overflow::Auto) => {
                // Clip children to the padding edge (CSS behavior)
                // This means children can render in padding area but not in border area
                let border_offset = if style.border.as_ref().is_some_and(|b| b.enabled) {
                    1
                } else {
                    0
                };

                // Calculate padding box bounds (inside border, includes padding)
                //
                // Example with border=1, padding=2:
                // ┌─────────────┐ (0,0,10x6) ← node bounds
                // │╔═══════════╗│ ← border at (0,0)
                // │║ ┌───────┐ ║│ ← padding box at (1,1,8x4)
                // │║ │content│ ║│ ← content at (3,3,4x0)
                // │║ └───────┘ ║│
                // │╚═══════════╝│
                // └─────────────┘
                let padding_box_x = rendered_x + border_offset;
                // Use actual position for padding box to ensure proper clipping
                let padding_box_y = (rendered_y_i32 + border_offset as i32).max(0) as u16;
                let padding_box_width = node.width.saturating_sub(border_offset * 2);
                // Adjust height if padding box starts above viewport
                let padding_box_height = if rendered_y_i32 + (border_offset as i32) < 0 {
                    // If padding box starts above viewport, reduce height
                    let below_viewport = rendered_y_i32 + node.height as i32;
                    if below_viewport > (border_offset as i32) {
                        (below_viewport - border_offset as i32)
                            .min(node.height as i32 - (border_offset as i32) * 2)
                            as u16
                    } else {
                        0
                    }
                } else {
                    node.height.saturating_sub(border_offset * 2)
                };

                let padding_box_bounds = Rect::new(
                    padding_box_x,
                    padding_box_y,
                    padding_box_width,
                    padding_box_height,
                );
                padding_box_bounds.intersection(clip_rect)
            }
            _ => {
                // If overflow is none (or not set), use parent's clip rect
                *clip_rect
            }
        }
    } else {
        *clip_rect
    };

    match &node.node_type {
        RenderNodeType::Element => {
            // Determine the effective background for the node's text children
            // Start with parent's background to ensure proper inheritance chain
            let mut effective_bg = parent_bg;

            // Render the element itself (border and background) using element_clip
            // This ensures the element doesn't render outside its parent's bounds
            //
            // Visual example of element_clip vs children_clip:
            //
            // Parent with overflow:hidden, child extends beyond:
            // ┌─────────────────────┐ ← Parent's node_bounds
            // │╔═══════════════════╗│ ← Parent's border (uses element_clip)
            // │║ padding           ║│ ← Parent's padding area
            // │║ ┌─────────────────┼──┐ ← Child extends beyond parent
            // │║ │ Child content   │  │
            // │║ │ is clipped at───┼──┘ ← children_clip (padding edge)
            // │║ └─────────────────┘│
            // │╚═══════════════════╝│
            // └─────────────────────┘
            //
            // - element_clip: Used to render parent's border/background
            // - children_clip: Used to clip child content (at padding edge when overflow:hidden)

            // Draw border if enabled
            if let Some(style) = &node.style {
                if let Some(border) = &style.border
                    && border.enabled
                    && node.width > 1
                    && node.height > 1
                {
                    // Get border characters based on style
                    let (top_left, top, top_right, left, right, bottom_left, bottom, bottom_right) =
                        match border.style {
                            crate::style::BorderStyle::Single => {
                                ('┌', '─', '┐', '│', '│', '└', '─', '┘')
                            }
                            crate::style::BorderStyle::Double => {
                                ('╔', '═', '╗', '║', '║', '╚', '═', '╝')
                            }
                            crate::style::BorderStyle::Thick => {
                                ('┏', '━', '┓', '┃', '┃', '┗', '━', '┛')
                            }
                            crate::style::BorderStyle::Rounded => {
                                ('╭', '─', '╮', '│', '│', '╰', '─', '╯')
                            }
                            crate::style::BorderStyle::Dashed => {
                                ('┌', '╌', '┐', '╎', '╎', '└', '╌', '┘')
                            }
                        };

                    // Draw border within the clipped area
                    let border_bounds = node_bounds.intersection(&element_clip);
                    use crate::style::BorderEdges;

                    // Top border
                    if border.edges.contains(BorderEdges::TOP)
                        && border_bounds.y == rendered_y
                        && border_bounds.height > 0
                    {
                        for x in border_bounds.x..border_bounds.right() {
                            let ch = if x == rendered_x
                                && x >= border_bounds.x
                                && border.edges.contains(BorderEdges::TOP_LEFT)
                            {
                                top_left // Top-left corner
                            } else if x == rendered_x + node.width - 1
                                && x < border_bounds.right()
                                && border.edges.contains(BorderEdges::TOP_RIGHT)
                            {
                                top_right // Top-right corner
                            } else if x != rendered_x && x != rendered_x + node.width - 1 {
                                top // Horizontal line (skip corners if they're not enabled)
                            } else {
                                ' ' // Empty space if corner not enabled
                            };
                            let mut cell = Cell::new(ch);
                            if ch != ' ' {
                                cell.fg = Some(border.color);
                            }
                            // Always set background for border cells (including empty corners)
                            cell.bg = style.background.or(parent_bg);
                            buffer.set_cell(x, rendered_y, cell);
                        }
                    }

                    // Bottom border
                    let bottom_y = rendered_y + node.height - 1;
                    if border.edges.contains(BorderEdges::BOTTOM)
                        && bottom_y < border_bounds.bottom()
                        && bottom_y >= border_bounds.y
                    {
                        for x in border_bounds.x..border_bounds.right() {
                            let ch = if x == rendered_x
                                && x >= border_bounds.x
                                && border.edges.contains(BorderEdges::BOTTOM_LEFT)
                            {
                                bottom_left // Bottom-left corner
                            } else if x == rendered_x + node.width - 1
                                && x < border_bounds.right()
                                && border.edges.contains(BorderEdges::BOTTOM_RIGHT)
                            {
                                bottom_right // Bottom-right corner
                            } else if x != rendered_x && x != rendered_x + node.width - 1 {
                                bottom // Horizontal line (skip corners if they're not enabled)
                            } else {
                                ' ' // Empty space if corner not enabled
                            };
                            let mut cell = Cell::new(ch);
                            if ch != ' ' {
                                cell.fg = Some(border.color);
                            }
                            // Always set background for border cells (including empty corners)
                            cell.bg = style.background.or(parent_bg);
                            buffer.set_cell(x, bottom_y, cell);
                        }
                    }

                    // Left and right borders
                    for y in (border_bounds.y.max(rendered_y + 1))
                        ..(border_bounds.bottom().min(rendered_y + node.height - 1))
                    {
                        // Left border
                        if border.edges.contains(BorderEdges::LEFT)
                            && rendered_x >= border_bounds.x
                            && rendered_x < border_bounds.right()
                        {
                            let mut cell = Cell::new(left);
                            cell.fg = Some(border.color);
                            // Use element's background if it has one, otherwise inherit from parent
                            cell.bg = style.background.or(parent_bg);
                            buffer.set_cell(rendered_x, y, cell);
                        }

                        // Right border
                        let right_x = rendered_x + node.width - 1;
                        if border.edges.contains(BorderEdges::RIGHT)
                            && right_x >= border_bounds.x
                            && right_x < border_bounds.right()
                        {
                            let mut cell = Cell::new(right);
                            cell.fg = Some(border.color);
                            // Use element's background if it has one, otherwise inherit from parent
                            cell.bg = style.background.or(parent_bg);
                            buffer.set_cell(right_x, y, cell);
                        }
                    }

                    // Draw standalone corners if edges are not present
                    if !border.edges.contains(BorderEdges::TOP)
                        && !border.edges.contains(BorderEdges::LEFT)
                        && border.edges.contains(BorderEdges::TOP_LEFT)
                        && rendered_x >= border_bounds.x
                        && rendered_x < border_bounds.right()
                        && rendered_y >= border_bounds.y
                        && rendered_y < border_bounds.bottom()
                    {
                        let mut cell = Cell::new(top_left);
                        cell.fg = Some(border.color);
                        // Use element's background if it has one, otherwise inherit from parent
                        cell.bg = style.background.or(parent_bg);
                        buffer.set_cell(rendered_x, rendered_y, cell);
                    }
                    let right_x = rendered_x + node.width - 1;
                    if !border.edges.contains(BorderEdges::TOP)
                        && !border.edges.contains(BorderEdges::RIGHT)
                        && border.edges.contains(BorderEdges::TOP_RIGHT)
                        && right_x >= border_bounds.x
                        && right_x < border_bounds.right()
                        && rendered_y >= border_bounds.y
                        && rendered_y < border_bounds.bottom()
                    {
                        let mut cell = Cell::new(top_right);
                        cell.fg = Some(border.color);
                        // Use element's background if it has one, otherwise inherit from parent
                        cell.bg = style.background.or(parent_bg);
                        buffer.set_cell(right_x, rendered_y, cell);
                    }
                    let bottom_y = rendered_y + node.height - 1;
                    if !border.edges.contains(BorderEdges::BOTTOM)
                        && !border.edges.contains(BorderEdges::LEFT)
                        && border.edges.contains(BorderEdges::BOTTOM_LEFT)
                        && rendered_x >= border_bounds.x
                        && rendered_x < border_bounds.right()
                        && bottom_y >= border_bounds.y
                        && bottom_y < border_bounds.bottom()
                    {
                        let mut cell = Cell::new(bottom_left);
                        cell.fg = Some(border.color);
                        // Use element's background if it has one, otherwise inherit from parent
                        cell.bg = style.background.or(parent_bg);
                        buffer.set_cell(rendered_x, bottom_y, cell);
                    }
                    let right_x = rendered_x + node.width - 1;
                    // bottom_y already calculated above
                    if !border.edges.contains(BorderEdges::BOTTOM)
                        && !border.edges.contains(BorderEdges::RIGHT)
                        && border.edges.contains(BorderEdges::BOTTOM_RIGHT)
                        && right_x >= border_bounds.x
                        && right_x < border_bounds.right()
                        && bottom_y >= border_bounds.y
                        && bottom_y < border_bounds.bottom()
                    {
                        let mut cell = Cell::new(bottom_right);
                        cell.fg = Some(border.color);
                        // Use element's background if it has one, otherwise inherit from parent
                        cell.bg = style.background.or(parent_bg);
                        buffer.set_cell(right_x, bottom_y, cell);
                    }
                }

                // Fill the div area with background color if there's any effective background
                if let Some(bg) = style.background {
                    effective_bg = Some(bg);
                    // Fill within the clipped area, but skip border cells if border is enabled
                    let fill_bounds = node_bounds.intersection(&element_clip);
                    let has_border = style.border.as_ref().is_some_and(|b| b.enabled);

                    for y in fill_bounds.y..fill_bounds.bottom() {
                        for x in fill_bounds.x..fill_bounds.right() {
                            // Skip border cells if border is enabled
                            if has_border && node.width > 1 && node.height > 1 {
                                let is_border_cell = (y == rendered_y
                                    || y == rendered_y + node.height - 1)
                                    || (x == rendered_x || x == rendered_x + node.width - 1);
                                if is_border_cell {
                                    // Set background only if cell is empty (preserve border character)
                                    if let Some(cell) = buffer.get_cell_mut(x, y)
                                        && cell.bg.is_none()
                                    {
                                        cell.bg = Some(bg);
                                    }
                                    continue;
                                }
                            }

                            let mut cell = Cell::new(' ');
                            cell.bg = Some(bg);
                            buffer.set_cell(x, y, cell);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }

            // Calculate content area to check if we should render children
            // This prevents rendering when border and padding consume all available space
            //
            // Example: element with width=4, height=4, border=1, padding=1
            // ┌─────┐
            // │╔═══╗│ ← Border takes 1px on each side (2px total)
            // │║   ║│ ← Padding takes 1px on each side (2px total)
            // │╚═══╝│ ← Content area: 4 - 2 - 2 = 0 (no space!)
            // └─────┘
            //
            // In this case, content_width = 0 and content_height = 0,
            // so we skip rendering children entirely.
            let padding = node
                .style
                .as_ref()
                .and_then(|s| s.padding)
                .unwrap_or(crate::style::Spacing::all(0));
            let border_offset = if node
                .style
                .as_ref()
                .and_then(|s| s.border.as_ref())
                .is_some_and(|b| b.enabled)
            {
                1
            } else {
                0
            };

            let content_width = node
                .width
                .saturating_sub(padding.left + padding.right + (border_offset * 2));
            let content_height = node
                .height
                .saturating_sub(padding.top + padding.bottom + (border_offset * 2));

            // Only render children if there's content area available
            if content_width > 0 && content_height > 0 {
                // Sort children by z-index for proper layering
                let mut sorted_children: Vec<_> = node.children.iter().collect();
                sorted_children.sort_by_key(|child| child.borrow().z_index);

                // Render children in z-index order with the children clip rect and background
                // Calculate total scroll offset to pass to children
                let child_scroll_offset = if node.scrollable {
                    parent_scroll_offset + node.scroll_y as i16
                } else {
                    parent_scroll_offset
                };

                for child in sorted_children {
                    render_node_with_offset(
                        &child.borrow(),
                        buffer,
                        &children_clip,
                        effective_bg,
                        child_scroll_offset,
                    );
                }

                // Render scrollbars if needed (for Scroll and Auto modes)
                // Only show scrollbar if explicitly enabled via style
                if node.scrollable
                    && node
                        .style
                        .as_ref()
                        .and_then(|s| s.show_scrollbar)
                        .unwrap_or(true)
                {
                    render_scrollbars(node, buffer, &element_clip, parent_scroll_offset);
                }
            }
        }

        RenderNodeType::Text(text) => {
            // Only render text that's within the clip rect
            let text_width = display_width(text) as u16;

            // For alignment, we need to use the parent's content width if available
            // Text nodes typically have width equal to their content, so we check parent
            let available_width = if node.width > text_width {
                // If the node has extra width (e.g., from parent layout), use it
                node.width
            } else {
                // Otherwise just use the text width (no alignment possible)
                text_width
            };

            // Calculate alignment offset
            let align_offset = if let Some(text_style) = &node.text_style
                && let Some(align) = text_style.align
                && available_width > text_width
            {
                match align {
                    crate::style::TextAlign::Left => 0,
                    crate::style::TextAlign::Center => {
                        // Center text within the available width
                        available_width.saturating_sub(text_width) / 2
                    }
                    crate::style::TextAlign::Right => {
                        // Right align text within the available width
                        available_width.saturating_sub(text_width)
                    }
                }
            } else {
                0 // Default to left alignment or no space for alignment
            };

            // Apply alignment offset to the rendered position
            let aligned_x = rendered_x + align_offset;
            let text_bounds = crate::bounds::Rect::new(aligned_x, rendered_y, text_width, 1);

            if text_bounds.intersects(clip_rect) {
                // Calculate visible portion of text in display columns
                let visible_start_col = if aligned_x < clip_rect.x {
                    (clip_rect.x - aligned_x) as usize
                } else {
                    0
                };

                let visible_end_col = if aligned_x + text_width > clip_rect.right() {
                    (clip_rect.right() - aligned_x) as usize
                } else {
                    display_width(text)
                };

                if visible_start_col < visible_end_col {
                    // Use substring_by_columns to extract the visible portion safely
                    let visible_text =
                        substring_by_columns(text, visible_start_col, visible_end_col);
                    let render_x = aligned_x.max(clip_rect.x);

                    // Use the full text style if available, otherwise fall back to individual color fields
                    if let Some(text_style) = &node.text_style {
                        // Create a merged text style with background inheritance
                        let mut merged_style = text_style.clone();
                        if merged_style.background.is_none() {
                            merged_style.background = parent_bg;
                        }
                        buffer.write_styled_str(
                            render_x,
                            rendered_y,
                            visible_text,
                            Some(&merged_style),
                        );
                    } else {
                        // Fallback to old method if no full text style
                        let text_bg = node.style.as_ref().and_then(|s| s.background).or(parent_bg);
                        buffer.write_str(
                            render_x,
                            rendered_y,
                            visible_text,
                            node.text_color,
                            text_bg,
                        );
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        RenderNodeType::TextWrapped(lines) => {
            // Skip lines that have scrolled out of view above the clip region
            let skip_lines = if rendered_y_i32 < 0 {
                (-rendered_y_i32) as usize
            } else {
                0
            };
            let start_index = skip_lines.min(lines.len());

            // Render each visible line of wrapped text
            for (line_idx, line) in lines.iter().enumerate().skip(start_index) {
                let visual_index = (line_idx - start_index) as u16;
                let line_y = rendered_y + visual_index;

                if line_y >= clip_rect.bottom() {
                    break;
                }

                if line_y >= clip_rect.y {
                    let line_width = display_width(line) as u16;

                    // Calculate alignment offset for this line
                    let align_offset = if let Some(text_style) = &node.text_style
                        && let Some(align) = text_style.align
                    {
                        match align {
                            crate::style::TextAlign::Left => 0,
                            crate::style::TextAlign::Center => {
                                // Center each line independently within the node's width
                                node.width.saturating_sub(line_width) / 2
                            }
                            crate::style::TextAlign::Right => {
                                // Right align each line independently within the node's width
                                node.width.saturating_sub(line_width)
                            }
                        }
                    } else {
                        0 // Default to left alignment
                    };

                    // Apply alignment offset to the rendered position
                    let aligned_x = rendered_x + align_offset;
                    let text_bounds = crate::bounds::Rect::new(aligned_x, line_y, line_width, 1);

                    if text_bounds.intersects(clip_rect) {
                        // Calculate visible portion of this line in display columns
                        let visible_start_col = if aligned_x < clip_rect.x {
                            (clip_rect.x - aligned_x) as usize
                        } else {
                            0
                        };

                        let visible_end_col = if aligned_x + line_width > clip_rect.right() {
                            (clip_rect.right() - aligned_x) as usize
                        } else {
                            display_width(line)
                        };

                        if visible_start_col < visible_end_col {
                            // Use substring_by_columns to extract the visible portion safely
                            let visible_text =
                                substring_by_columns(line, visible_start_col, visible_end_col);
                            let render_x = aligned_x.max(clip_rect.x);

                            // Use the full text style if available
                            if let Some(text_style) = &node.text_style {
                                // Create a merged text style with background inheritance
                                let mut merged_style = text_style.clone();
                                if merged_style.background.is_none() {
                                    merged_style.background = parent_bg;
                                }
                                buffer.write_styled_str(
                                    render_x,
                                    line_y,
                                    visible_text,
                                    Some(&merged_style),
                                );
                            } else {
                                // Fallback to old method if no full text style
                                let text_bg =
                                    node.style.as_ref().and_then(|s| s.background).or(parent_bg);
                                buffer.write_str(
                                    render_x,
                                    line_y,
                                    visible_text,
                                    node.text_color,
                                    text_bg,
                                );
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        RenderNodeType::RichText(spans) => {
            // Calculate total width of all spans for alignment
            let total_width: u16 = spans
                .iter()
                .map(|span| display_width(&span.content) as u16)
                .sum();

            // Calculate alignment offset
            let align_offset = if let Some(text_style) = &node.text_style
                && let Some(align) = text_style.align
            {
                match align {
                    crate::style::TextAlign::Left => 0,
                    crate::style::TextAlign::Center => {
                        // Center the entire rich text line within the node's width
                        node.width.saturating_sub(total_width) / 2
                    }
                    crate::style::TextAlign::Right => {
                        // Right align the entire rich text line within the node's width
                        node.width.saturating_sub(total_width)
                    }
                }
            } else {
                0 // Default to left alignment
            };

            // Apply alignment offset to the starting position
            let aligned_x = rendered_x + align_offset;
            let text_bounds = crate::bounds::Rect::new(aligned_x, rendered_y, total_width, 1);

            if text_bounds.intersects(clip_rect) {
                let mut current_x = aligned_x;

                // Render each span with its own style
                for span in spans {
                    let span_width = display_width(&span.content) as u16;

                    // Check if this span is visible
                    if current_x + span_width > clip_rect.x && current_x < clip_rect.right() {
                        // Calculate visible portion of span
                        let visible_start_col = if current_x < clip_rect.x {
                            (clip_rect.x - current_x) as usize
                        } else {
                            0
                        };

                        let visible_end_col = if current_x + span_width > clip_rect.right() {
                            (clip_rect.right() - current_x) as usize
                        } else {
                            display_width(&span.content)
                        };

                        if visible_start_col < visible_end_col {
                            let visible_text = substring_by_columns(
                                &span.content,
                                visible_start_col,
                                visible_end_col,
                            );
                            let render_x = current_x.max(clip_rect.x);

                            // Apply span's style, falling back to parent background
                            if let Some(span_style) = &span.style {
                                let mut merged_style = span_style.clone();
                                if merged_style.background.is_none() {
                                    merged_style.background = parent_bg;
                                }
                                buffer.write_styled_str(
                                    render_x,
                                    rendered_y,
                                    visible_text,
                                    Some(&merged_style),
                                );
                            } else {
                                // No style on this span - use default with parent background
                                buffer.write_str(
                                    render_x,
                                    rendered_y,
                                    visible_text,
                                    None,
                                    parent_bg,
                                );
                            }
                        }
                    }

                    current_x += span_width;
                }
            }
        }

        RenderNodeType::RichTextWrapped(lines) => {
            // Skip lines that have scrolled out of view above the clip region
            let skip_lines = if rendered_y_i32 < 0 {
                (-rendered_y_i32) as usize
            } else {
                0
            };
            let start_index = skip_lines.min(lines.len());

            // Render each visible line of wrapped styled text
            for (line_idx, line_spans) in lines.iter().enumerate().skip(start_index) {
                let visual_index = (line_idx - start_index) as u16;
                let line_y = rendered_y + visual_index;

                if line_y >= clip_rect.bottom() {
                    break;
                }

                if line_y >= clip_rect.y {
                    // Calculate total line width
                    let line_width: u16 = line_spans
                        .iter()
                        .map(|span| display_width(&span.content) as u16)
                        .sum();

                    // Calculate alignment offset for this line
                    let align_offset = if let Some(text_style) = &node.text_style
                        && let Some(align) = text_style.align
                    {
                        match align {
                            crate::style::TextAlign::Left => 0,
                            crate::style::TextAlign::Center => {
                                // Center each line independently within the node's width
                                node.width.saturating_sub(line_width) / 2
                            }
                            crate::style::TextAlign::Right => {
                                // Right align each line independently within the node's width
                                node.width.saturating_sub(line_width)
                            }
                        }
                    } else {
                        0 // Default to left alignment
                    };

                    // Apply alignment offset to the starting position
                    let aligned_x = rendered_x + align_offset;
                    let text_bounds = crate::bounds::Rect::new(aligned_x, line_y, line_width, 1);

                    if text_bounds.intersects(clip_rect) {
                        let mut current_x = aligned_x;

                        // Render each span in this line with its own style
                        for span in line_spans {
                            let span_width = display_width(&span.content) as u16;

                            // Check if this span is visible
                            if current_x + span_width > clip_rect.x && current_x < clip_rect.right()
                            {
                                // Calculate visible portion of span
                                let visible_start_col = if current_x < clip_rect.x {
                                    (clip_rect.x - current_x) as usize
                                } else {
                                    0
                                };

                                let visible_end_col = if current_x + span_width > clip_rect.right()
                                {
                                    (clip_rect.right() - current_x) as usize
                                } else {
                                    display_width(&span.content)
                                };

                                if visible_start_col < visible_end_col {
                                    let visible_text = substring_by_columns(
                                        &span.content,
                                        visible_start_col,
                                        visible_end_col,
                                    );
                                    let render_x = current_x.max(clip_rect.x);

                                    // Apply span's style, falling back to parent background
                                    if let Some(span_style) = &span.style {
                                        let mut merged_style = span_style.clone();
                                        if merged_style.background.is_none() {
                                            merged_style.background = parent_bg;
                                        }
                                        buffer.write_styled_str(
                                            render_x,
                                            line_y,
                                            visible_text,
                                            Some(&merged_style),
                                        );
                                    } else {
                                        // No style on this span - use default with parent background
                                        buffer.write_str(
                                            render_x,
                                            line_y,
                                            visible_text,
                                            None,
                                            parent_bg,
                                        );
                                    }
                                }
                            }

                            current_x += span_width;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Tests
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use crate::{
        buffer::ScreenBuffer,
        render_tree::RenderNode,
        style::{Color, Style},
    };
    use std::cell::RefCell;
    use std::rc::Rc;

    #[test]
    fn test_text_inherits_parent_background() {
        // Create a parent div with blue background
        let mut parent = RenderNode::element();
        parent.x = 0;
        parent.y = 0;
        parent.width = 10;
        parent.height = 3;
        parent.style = Some(Style {
            background: Some(Color::Blue),
            ..Default::default()
        });

        // Create a text node without background
        let mut text_node = RenderNode::text("Hello");
        text_node.x = 0;
        text_node.y = 0;
        text_node.width = 5;
        text_node.height = 1;
        // No style set - should inherit parent's background

        // Add text as child of parent
        let parent_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(parent));
        let text_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(text_node));
        parent_rc.borrow_mut().children.push(text_rc);

        // Create a buffer and render
        let mut buffer = ScreenBuffer::new(10, 3);
        let clip_rect = crate::bounds::Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 3);
        render_node_to_buffer(&parent_rc.borrow(), &mut buffer, &clip_rect, None);

        // Check that text cells have the parent's blue background
        for x in 0..5 {
            let cell = buffer.get_cell(x, 0).unwrap();
            assert_eq!(
                cell.bg,
                Some(Color::Blue),
                "Text at position {x} should have blue background"
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_text_own_background_takes_precedence() {
        // Create a parent div with blue background
        let mut parent = RenderNode::element();
        parent.x = 0;
        parent.y = 0;
        parent.width = 10;
        parent.height = 3;
        parent.style = Some(Style {
            background: Some(Color::Blue),
            ..Default::default()
        });

        // Create a text node with its own red background
        let mut text_node = RenderNode::text("Hello");
        text_node.x = 0;
        text_node.y = 0;
        text_node.width = 5;
        text_node.height = 1;
        text_node.style = Some(Style {
            background: Some(Color::Red),
            ..Default::default()
        });

        // Add text as child of parent
        let parent_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(parent));
        let text_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(text_node));
        parent_rc.borrow_mut().children.push(text_rc);

        // Create a buffer and render
        let mut buffer = ScreenBuffer::new(10, 3);
        let clip_rect = crate::bounds::Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 3);
        render_node_to_buffer(&parent_rc.borrow(), &mut buffer, &clip_rect, None);

        // Check that text cells have their own red background, not parent's blue
        for x in 0..5 {
            let cell = buffer.get_cell(x, 0).unwrap();
            assert_eq!(
                cell.bg,
                Some(Color::Red),
                "Text at position {x} should have red background"
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_multi_level_background_inheritance() {
        // Create a grandparent div with blue background
        let mut grandparent = RenderNode::element();
        grandparent.x = 0;
        grandparent.y = 0;
        grandparent.width = 15;
        grandparent.height = 5;
        grandparent.style = Some(Style {
            background: Some(Color::Blue),
            ..Default::default()
        });

        // Create a parent div WITHOUT background
        let mut parent = RenderNode::element();
        parent.x = 1;
        parent.y = 1;
        parent.width = 10;
        parent.height = 3;
        // No background style - should inherit from grandparent

        // Create a text node without background
        let mut text_node = RenderNode::text("Hello");
        text_node.x = 1;
        text_node.y = 1;
        text_node.width = 5;
        text_node.height = 1;
        // No style set - should inherit through parent from grandparent

        // Build the tree
        let grandparent_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(grandparent));
        let parent_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(parent));
        let text_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(text_node));

        parent_rc.borrow_mut().children.push(text_rc);
        grandparent_rc.borrow_mut().children.push(parent_rc);

        // Create a buffer and render
        let mut buffer = ScreenBuffer::new(15, 5);
        let clip_rect = crate::bounds::Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 5);
        render_node_to_buffer(&grandparent_rc.borrow(), &mut buffer, &clip_rect, None);

        // Check that text cells have the grandparent's blue background
        // Text is at absolute position (2, 2) due to nested positioning
        for x in 2..7 {
            let cell = buffer.get_cell(x, 2).unwrap();
            assert_eq!(
                cell.bg,
                Some(Color::Blue),
                "Text at position {x} should inherit blue background from grandparent"
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_border_background_inheritance() {
        use crate::style::{Border, BorderEdges, BorderStyle};

        // Create a parent div with blue background
        let mut parent = RenderNode::element();
        parent.x = 0;
        parent.y = 0;
        parent.width = 10;
        parent.height = 5;
        parent.style = Some(Style {
            background: Some(Color::Blue),
            ..Default::default()
        });

        // Create a child div with border but no background
        let mut child = RenderNode::element();
        child.x = 1;
        child.y = 1;
        child.width = 5;
        child.height = 3;
        child.style = Some(Style {
            border: Some(Border {
                enabled: true,
                color: Color::White,
                style: BorderStyle::Single,
                edges: BorderEdges::ALL,
            }),
            // No background - border should inherit parent's blue
            ..Default::default()
        });

        // Build the tree
        let parent_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(parent));
        let child_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(child));
        parent_rc.borrow_mut().children.push(child_rc);

        // Create a buffer and render
        let mut buffer = ScreenBuffer::new(10, 5);
        let clip_rect = crate::bounds::Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 5);
        render_node_to_buffer(&parent_rc.borrow(), &mut buffer, &clip_rect, None);

        // Check that border cells have the parent's blue background
        // Top border
        for x in 1..6 {
            let cell = buffer.get_cell(x, 1).unwrap();
            assert_eq!(
                cell.bg,
                Some(Color::Blue),
                "Top border at position {x} should have blue background"
            );
        }

        // Left border
        for y in 1..4 {
            let cell = buffer.get_cell(1, y).unwrap();
            assert_eq!(
                cell.bg,
                Some(Color::Blue),
                "Left border at position y={y} should have blue background"
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_border_uses_element_bg_when_available() {
        use crate::style::{Border, BorderEdges, BorderStyle};

        // Create a parent div with blue background
        let mut parent = RenderNode::element();
        parent.x = 0;
        parent.y = 0;
        parent.width = 10;
        parent.height = 5;
        parent.style = Some(Style {
            background: Some(Color::Blue),
            ..Default::default()
        });

        // Create a child div with border AND its own red background
        let mut child = RenderNode::element();
        child.x = 1;
        child.y = 1;
        child.width = 5;
        child.height = 3;
        child.style = Some(Style {
            background: Some(Color::Red), // Has its own background
            border: Some(Border {
                enabled: true,
                color: Color::White,
                style: BorderStyle::Single,
                edges: BorderEdges::ALL,
            }),
            ..Default::default()
        });

        // Build the tree
        let parent_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(parent));
        let child_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(child));
        parent_rc.borrow_mut().children.push(child_rc);

        // Create a buffer and render
        let mut buffer = ScreenBuffer::new(10, 5);
        let clip_rect = crate::bounds::Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 5);
        render_node_to_buffer(&parent_rc.borrow(), &mut buffer, &clip_rect, None);

        // Check that border cells have the child's red background, not parent's blue
        // Top border
        for x in 1..6 {
            let cell = buffer.get_cell(x, 1).unwrap();
            assert_eq!(
                cell.bg,
                Some(Color::Red),
                "Top border at position {x} should have red background from element, not blue from parent"
            );
        }

        // Left border
        for y in 1..4 {
            let cell = buffer.get_cell(1, y).unwrap();
            assert_eq!(
                cell.bg,
                Some(Color::Red),
                "Left border at position y={y} should have red background from element, not blue from parent"
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_selective_border_edges_background() {
        use crate::style::{Border, BorderEdges, BorderStyle};

        // Create a parent div with blue background
        let mut parent = RenderNode::element();
        parent.x = 0;
        parent.y = 0;
        parent.width = 10;
        parent.height = 5;
        parent.style = Some(Style {
            background: Some(Color::Blue),
            ..Default::default()
        });

        // Create a child with only horizontal borders (no corners)
        let mut child = RenderNode::element();
        child.x = 1;
        child.y = 1;
        child.width = 5;
        child.height = 3;
        child.style = Some(Style {
            background: Some(Color::Red),
            border: Some(Border {
                enabled: true,
                color: Color::White,
                style: BorderStyle::Single,
                edges: BorderEdges::TOP | BorderEdges::BOTTOM, // Only top and bottom, no corners
            }),
            ..Default::default()
        });

        // Build the tree
        let parent_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(parent));
        let child_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(child));
        parent_rc.borrow_mut().children.push(child_rc);

        // Create a buffer and render
        let mut buffer = ScreenBuffer::new(10, 5);
        let clip_rect = crate::bounds::Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 5);
        render_node_to_buffer(&parent_rc.borrow(), &mut buffer, &clip_rect, None);

        // Check that ALL cells in the border row have red background
        // Including the corner positions (x=1 and x=5) even though they're empty
        for x in 1..6 {
            let top_cell = buffer.get_cell(x, 1).unwrap();
            assert_eq!(
                top_cell.bg,
                Some(Color::Red),
                "Top border row at x={x} should have red background, even empty corners"
            );

            let bottom_cell = buffer.get_cell(x, 3).unwrap();
            assert_eq!(
                bottom_cell.bg,
                Some(Color::Red),
                "Bottom border row at x={x} should have red background, even empty corners"
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_element_with_own_bg_overrides_inheritance() {
        // Create a grandparent div with blue background
        let mut grandparent = RenderNode::element();
        grandparent.x = 0;
        grandparent.y = 0;
        grandparent.width = 15;
        grandparent.height = 5;
        grandparent.style = Some(Style {
            background: Some(Color::Blue),
            ..Default::default()
        });

        // Create a parent div with red background (overrides blue)
        let mut parent = RenderNode::element();
        parent.x = 1;
        parent.y = 1;
        parent.width = 10;
        parent.height = 3;
        parent.style = Some(Style {
            background: Some(Color::Red),
            ..Default::default()
        });

        // Create a text node without background
        let mut text_node = RenderNode::text("Hello");
        text_node.x = 1;
        text_node.y = 1;
        text_node.width = 5;
        text_node.height = 1;
        // Should inherit red from parent, not blue from grandparent

        // Build the tree
        let grandparent_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(grandparent));
        let parent_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(parent));
        let text_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(text_node));

        parent_rc.borrow_mut().children.push(text_rc);
        grandparent_rc.borrow_mut().children.push(parent_rc);

        // Create a buffer and render
        let mut buffer = ScreenBuffer::new(15, 5);
        let clip_rect = crate::bounds::Rect::new(0, 0, 15, 5);
        render_node_to_buffer(&grandparent_rc.borrow(), &mut buffer, &clip_rect, None);

        // Check that text cells have the parent's red background (not grandparent's blue)
        for x in 2..7 {
            let cell = buffer.get_cell(x, 2).unwrap();
            assert_eq!(
                cell.bg,
                Some(Color::Red),
                "Text at position {x} should have red background from parent, not blue from grandparent"
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_text_center_alignment() {
        use crate::prelude::*;
        use crate::vdom::VDom;
        use crate::vnode::VNode;

        let node: VNode = Div::new()
            .width(10)
            .height(1)
            .child(Text::new("Hi").align(TextAlign::Center).into())
            .into();

        let mut vdom = VDom::new();
        vdom.render(node);
        vdom.layout(20, 10);

        let mut buffer = ScreenBuffer::new(20, 10);
        let clip_rect = crate::Rect::new(0, 0, 20, 10);

        if let Some(root) = &vdom.get_render_tree().root {
            render_node_to_buffer(&root.borrow(), &mut buffer, &clip_rect, None);
        }

        // "Hi" is 2 chars wide, container is 10 wide
        // Should be centered at position 4 (10 - 2) / 2 = 4

        let cell_h = buffer.get_cell(4, 0).unwrap();
        let cell_i = buffer.get_cell(5, 0).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(cell_h.char, 'H', "Expected 'H' at position 4");
        assert_eq!(cell_i.char, 'i', "Expected 'i' at position 5");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_text_right_alignment() {
        use crate::prelude::*;
        use crate::vdom::VDom;
        use crate::vnode::VNode;

        let node: VNode = Div::new()
            .width(10)
            .height(1)
            .child(Text::new("End").align(TextAlign::Right).into())
            .into();

        let mut vdom = VDom::new();
        vdom.render(node);
        vdom.layout(20, 10);

        let mut buffer = ScreenBuffer::new(20, 10);
        let clip_rect = crate::Rect::new(0, 0, 20, 10);

        if let Some(root) = &vdom.get_render_tree().root {
            render_node_to_buffer(&root.borrow(), &mut buffer, &clip_rect, None);
        }

        // "End" is 3 chars wide, container is 10 wide
        // Should be right-aligned at position 7 (10 - 3 = 7)
        let cell_e = buffer.get_cell(7, 0).unwrap();
        let cell_n = buffer.get_cell(8, 0).unwrap();
        let cell_d = buffer.get_cell(9, 0).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(cell_e.char, 'E');
        assert_eq!(cell_n.char, 'n');
        assert_eq!(cell_d.char, 'd');
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_justify_content_start() {
        use crate::prelude::*;
        use crate::vdom::VDom;
        use crate::vnode::VNode;

        let node: VNode = Div::new()
            .width(20)
            .height(3)
            .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
            .justify_content(JustifyContent::Start)
            .children(vec![
                Div::new().width(3).height(1).into(),
                Div::new().width(3).height(1).into(),
                Div::new().width(3).height(1).into(),
            ])
            .into();

        let mut vdom = VDom::new();
        vdom.render(node);
        vdom.layout(20, 3);

        if let Some(root) = &vdom.get_render_tree().root {
            let root_ref = root.borrow();
            assert_eq!(root_ref.children.len(), 3);

            // Check that children are positioned at start (left)
            let child0 = root_ref.children[0].borrow();
            let child1 = root_ref.children[1].borrow();
            let child2 = root_ref.children[2].borrow();

            assert_eq!(child0.x, 0);
            assert_eq!(child1.x, 3);
            assert_eq!(child2.x, 6);
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_justify_content_center() {
        use crate::prelude::*;
        use crate::vdom::VDom;
        use crate::vnode::VNode;

        let node: VNode = Div::new()
            .width(20)
            .height(3)
            .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
            .justify_content(JustifyContent::Center)
            .children(vec![
                Div::new().width(3).height(1).into(),
                Div::new().width(3).height(1).into(),
                Div::new().width(3).height(1).into(),
            ])
            .into();

        let mut vdom = VDom::new();
        vdom.render(node);
        vdom.layout(20, 3);

        if let Some(root) = &vdom.get_render_tree().root {
            let root_ref = root.borrow();
            assert_eq!(root_ref.children.len(), 3);

            // Total width of children = 9, container = 20, so space = 11
            // Center should start at 11/2 = 5.5, rounded down to 5
            let child0 = root_ref.children[0].borrow();
            let child1 = root_ref.children[1].borrow();
            let child2 = root_ref.children[2].borrow();

            assert_eq!(child0.x, 5);
            assert_eq!(child1.x, 8);
            assert_eq!(child2.x, 11);
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_justify_content_end() {
        use crate::prelude::*;
        use crate::vdom::VDom;
        use crate::vnode::VNode;

        let node: VNode = Div::new()
            .width(20)
            .height(3)
            .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
            .justify_content(JustifyContent::End)
            .children(vec![
                Div::new().width(3).height(1).into(),
                Div::new().width(3).height(1).into(),
                Div::new().width(3).height(1).into(),
            ])
            .into();

        let mut vdom = VDom::new();
        vdom.render(node);
        vdom.layout(20, 3);

        if let Some(root) = &vdom.get_render_tree().root {
            let root_ref = root.borrow();
            assert_eq!(root_ref.children.len(), 3);

            // Total width of children = 9, container = 20, so space = 11
            // End should start at 11
            let child0 = root_ref.children[0].borrow();
            let child1 = root_ref.children[1].borrow();
            let child2 = root_ref.children[2].borrow();

            assert_eq!(child0.x, 11);
            assert_eq!(child1.x, 14);
            assert_eq!(child2.x, 17);
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_justify_content_space_between() {
        use crate::prelude::*;
        use crate::vdom::VDom;
        use crate::vnode::VNode;

        let node: VNode = Div::new()
            .width(20)
            .height(3)
            .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
            .justify_content(JustifyContent::SpaceBetween)
            .children(vec![
                Div::new().width(3).height(1).into(),
                Div::new().width(3).height(1).into(),
                Div::new().width(3).height(1).into(),
            ])
            .into();

        let mut vdom = VDom::new();
        vdom.render(node);
        vdom.layout(20, 3);

        if let Some(root) = &vdom.get_render_tree().root {
            let root_ref = root.borrow();
            assert_eq!(root_ref.children.len(), 3);

            // Total width of children = 9, container = 20, so space = 11
            // Space between 3 items = 11 / (3-1) = 11/2 = 5.5, rounded down to 5
            let child0 = root_ref.children[0].borrow();
            let child1 = root_ref.children[1].borrow();
            let child2 = root_ref.children[2].borrow();

            // Total children width = 9, container = 20, available space = 11
            // SpaceBetween distributes the 11 pixels as spacing between items
            // With 3 items, there are 2 gaps, so each gap = 11/2 = 5 (truncated)
            assert_eq!(child0.x, 0); // First at start
            assert_eq!(child1.x, 8); // width + spacing
            assert_eq!(child2.x, 16); // Expected based on space between logic
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_align_items_center() {
        use crate::prelude::*;
        use crate::vdom::VDom;
        use crate::vnode::VNode;

        let node: VNode = Div::new()
            .width(10)
            .height(10)
            .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
            .align_items(AlignItems::Center)
            .children(vec![
                Div::new().width(3).height(2).into(),
                Div::new().width(3).height(4).into(),
                Div::new().width(3).height(6).into(),
            ])
            .into();

        let mut vdom = VDom::new();
        vdom.render(node);
        vdom.layout(10, 10);

        if let Some(root) = &vdom.get_render_tree().root {
            let root_ref = root.borrow();
            assert_eq!(root_ref.children.len(), 3);

            // Check vertical centering
            let child0 = root_ref.children[0].borrow();
            let child1 = root_ref.children[1].borrow();
            let child2 = root_ref.children[2].borrow();

            // Child 0: height 2, container 10, centered at (10-2)/2 = 4
            assert_eq!(child0.y, 4);
            // Child 1: height 4, container 10, centered at (10-4)/2 = 3
            assert_eq!(child1.y, 3);
            // Child 2: height 6, container 10, centered at (10-6)/2 = 2
            assert_eq!(child2.y, 2);
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_align_items_end() {
        use crate::prelude::*;
        use crate::vdom::VDom;
        use crate::vnode::VNode;

        let node: VNode = Div::new()
            .width(10)
            .height(10)
            .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
            .align_items(AlignItems::End)
            .children(vec![
                Div::new().width(3).height(2).into(),
                Div::new().width(3).height(4).into(),
                Div::new().width(3).height(6).into(),
            ])
            .into();

        let mut vdom = VDom::new();
        vdom.render(node);
        vdom.layout(10, 10);

        if let Some(root) = &vdom.get_render_tree().root {
            let root_ref = root.borrow();
            assert_eq!(root_ref.children.len(), 3);

            // Check vertical end alignment
            let child0 = root_ref.children[0].borrow();
            let child1 = root_ref.children[1].borrow();
            let child2 = root_ref.children[2].borrow();

            // Child 0: height 2, container 10, at end: 10-2 = 8
            assert_eq!(child0.y, 8);
            // Child 1: height 4, container 10, at end: 10-4 = 6
            assert_eq!(child1.y, 6);
            // Child 2: height 6, container 10, at end: 10-6 = 4
            assert_eq!(child2.y, 4);
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_align_self_override() {
        use crate::prelude::*;
        use crate::vdom::VDom;
        use crate::vnode::VNode;

        let node: VNode = Div::new()
            .width(10)
            .height(10)
            .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
            .align_items(AlignItems::Start) // Parent alignment
            .children(vec![
                Div::new().width(3).height(2).into(),
                Div::new()
                    .width(3)
                    .height(4)
                    .align_self(AlignSelf::Center)
                    .into(), // Override
                Div::new()
                    .width(3)
                    .height(6)
                    .align_self(AlignSelf::End)
                    .into(), // Override
            ])
            .into();

        let mut vdom = VDom::new();
        vdom.render(node);
        vdom.layout(10, 10);

        if let Some(root) = &vdom.get_render_tree().root {
            let root_ref = root.borrow();
            assert_eq!(root_ref.children.len(), 3);

            let child0 = root_ref.children[0].borrow();
            let child1 = root_ref.children[1].borrow();
            let child2 = root_ref.children[2].borrow();

            // Child 0: follows parent alignment (start), so y = 0
            assert_eq!(child0.y, 0);
            // Child 1: overrides with center, height 4, centered at (10-4)/2 = 3
            assert_eq!(child1.y, 3);
            // Child 2: overrides with end, height 6, at end: 10-6 = 4
            assert_eq!(child2.y, 4);
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_wrap_with_justify_content() {
        use crate::prelude::*;
        use crate::style::WrapMode;
        use crate::vdom::VDom;
        use crate::vnode::VNode;

        let node: VNode = Div::new()
            .width(25)
            .height(10)
            .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
            .wrap(WrapMode::Wrap)
            .justify_content(JustifyContent::Center)
            .children(vec![
                Div::new().width(8).height(2).into(),
                Div::new().width(8).height(2).into(),
                Div::new().width(8).height(2).into(),
                // These should wrap to second row
                Div::new().width(8).height(2).into(),
                Div::new().width(8).height(2).into(),
            ])
            .into();

        let mut vdom = VDom::new();
        vdom.render(node);
        vdom.layout(25, 10);

        if let Some(root) = &vdom.get_render_tree().root {
            let root_ref = root.borrow();
            assert_eq!(root_ref.children.len(), 5);

            // First row: 3 items, width = 24, available = 1, centered
            let child0 = root_ref.children[0].borrow();
            let _child1 = root_ref.children[1].borrow();
            let _child2 = root_ref.children[2].borrow();

            // First row should be centered (1 pixel available / 2 = 0)
            assert_eq!(child0.x, 0);
            assert_eq!(child0.y, 0);

            // Second row: 2 items, width = 16, available = 9, centered at 4
            let child3 = root_ref.children[3].borrow();
            let child4 = root_ref.children[4].borrow();

            assert_eq!(child3.x, 4); // Centered: 9/2 = 4
            assert_eq!(child3.y, 2); // Second row
            assert_eq!(child4.x, 12); // 4 + 8
            assert_eq!(child4.y, 2);
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_wrap_with_align_items() {
        use crate::prelude::*;
        use crate::style::WrapMode;
        use crate::vdom::VDom;
        use crate::vnode::VNode;

        let node: VNode = Div::new()
            .width(25)
            .height(10)
            .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
            .wrap(WrapMode::Wrap)
            .align_items(AlignItems::Center)
            .gap(1)
            .children(vec![
                Div::new().width(8).height(2).into(),
                Div::new().width(8).height(4).into(), // Taller item
                Div::new().width(8).height(2).into(),
                // These wrap to second row
                Div::new().width(8).height(3).into(),
                Div::new().width(8).height(1).into(), // Shorter item
            ])
            .into();

        let mut vdom = VDom::new();
        vdom.render(node);
        vdom.layout(25, 10);

        if let Some(root) = &vdom.get_render_tree().root {
            let root_ref = root.borrow();

            // With width=25 and gap=1, only 2 items fit per row (8 + 1 + 8 = 17 < 25, but 17 + 1 + 8 = 26 > 25)
            // Row 1: items 0,1 (max height = 4)
            // Row 2: items 2,3 (max height = 3)
            // Row 3: item 4 (height = 1)

            let child0 = root_ref.children[0].borrow();
            let child1 = root_ref.children[1].borrow();
            let child2 = root_ref.children[2].borrow();
            let child3 = root_ref.children[3].borrow();
            let child4 = root_ref.children[4].borrow();

            // Row 1: items with heights 2 and 4, row height = 4
            // Child 0: height 2, centered in row height 4: (4-2)/2 = 1
            assert_eq!(child0.y, 1);
            // Child 1: height 4, centered in row height 4: (4-4)/2 = 0
            assert_eq!(child1.y, 0);

            // Row 2: items with heights 2 and 3, row height = 3
            // Y offset = row1_height(4) + gap(1) = 5
            // Child 2: height 2, centered in row height 3: (3-2)/2 = 0 (rounds down)
            assert_eq!(child2.y, 5);
            // Child 3: height 3, centered in row height 3: (3-3)/2 = 0
            assert_eq!(child3.y, 5);

            // Row 3: item with height 1
            // Y offset = row1_height(4) + gap(1) + row2_height(3) + gap(1) = 9
            // Child 4: height 1, no centering needed (single item in row)
            assert_eq!(child4.y, 9);
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_wrap_with_space_between() {
        use crate::prelude::*;
        use crate::style::WrapMode;
        use crate::vdom::VDom;
        use crate::vnode::VNode;

        let node: VNode = Div::new()
            .width(30)
            .height(10)
            .direction(Direction::Horizontal)
            .wrap(WrapMode::Wrap)
            .justify_content(JustifyContent::SpaceBetween)
            .children(vec![
                Div::new().width(8).height(2).into(),
                Div::new().width(8).height(2).into(),
                Div::new().width(8).height(2).into(),
                // Wrap to next row
                Div::new().width(10).height(2).into(),
                Div::new().width(10).height(2).into(),
            ])
            .into();

        let mut vdom = VDom::new();
        vdom.render(node);
        vdom.layout(30, 10);

        if let Some(root) = &vdom.get_render_tree().root {
            let root_ref = root.borrow();

            // First row: 3 items of width 8 each, total = 24, available = 6
            // SpaceBetween: first at 0, last at end, middle distributed
            let child0 = root_ref.children[0].borrow();
            let _child1 = root_ref.children[1].borrow();
            let child2 = root_ref.children[2].borrow();

            assert_eq!(child0.x, 0); // First item at start
            assert_eq!(child2.x, 22); // Last item at end (30 - 8 = 22)

            // Second row: 2 items of width 10 each, total = 20, available = 10
            let child3 = root_ref.children[3].borrow();
            let child4 = root_ref.children[4].borrow();

            assert_eq!(child3.x, 0); // First item at start
            assert_eq!(child4.x, 20); // Last item at end (30 - 10 = 20)
        }
    }
}

/// Renders scrollbar indicators for a scrollable node.
///
/// Shows vertical scrollbar when content exceeds viewport.
fn render_scrollbars(
    node: &RenderNode,
    buffer: &mut ScreenBuffer,
    clip_rect: &Rect,
    parent_scroll_offset: i16,
) {
    // Determine if scrollbar is needed
    let needs_scrollbar = node.content_height > node.height;

    // Only show scrollbar for Auto mode if content overflows
    if let Some(style) = &node.style
        && let Some(Overflow::Auto) = style.overflow
        && !needs_scrollbar
    {
        return;
    }

    // Calculate rendered position with parent scroll offset
    let rendered_y = if parent_scroll_offset > 0 {
        node.y.saturating_sub(parent_scroll_offset as u16)
    } else {
        node.y
    };
    let rendered_x = node.x;

    // Vertical scrollbar
    if needs_scrollbar && node.height > 2 {
        let scrollbar_x = rendered_x + node.width.saturating_sub(1);
        let scrollbar_height = node.height;

        // Calculate thumb position and size
        let content_ratio = node.height as f32 / node.content_height as f32;
        let thumb_height = ((scrollbar_height as f32 * content_ratio).ceil() as u16).max(1);
        let scroll_ratio =
            node.scroll_y as f32 / node.content_height.saturating_sub(node.height) as f32;
        let thumb_y = rendered_y
            + ((scrollbar_height.saturating_sub(thumb_height) as f32 * scroll_ratio) as u16);

        // Draw scrollbar track
        for y in rendered_y..rendered_y + scrollbar_height {
            if clip_rect.contains_point(scrollbar_x, y) {
                let ch = if y >= thumb_y && y < thumb_y + thumb_height {
                    '█' // Thumb
                } else {
                    '│' // Track
                };
                let mut cell = Cell::new(ch);
                cell.fg = Some(Color::BrightBlack);
                buffer.set_cell(scrollbar_x, y, cell);
            }
        }
    }
}


================================================
FILE: rxtui/lib/bounds.rs
================================================
//! Bounds and rectangle operations for dirty region tracking.
//!
//! This module provides types and operations for tracking rectangular regions
//! on the terminal screen, used for efficient dirty region tracking and clipping.

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// A rectangular region defined by position and dimensions.
///
/// Used for:
/// - Tracking dirty regions that need redrawing
/// - Clipping child elements to parent bounds
/// - Hit testing for mouse events
///
/// ## Coordinate System
///
/// ```text
/// (0,0) ─────────────▶ x
///   │   ┌─────────┐
///   │   │ (x,y)   │
///   │   │ ┌─────┐ │
///   │   │ │     │ │ height
///   │   │ └─────┘ │
///   │   └─────────┘
///   ▼      width
///   y
/// ```
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct Rect {
    /// X coordinate of the top-left corner
    pub x: u16,

    /// Y coordinate of the top-left corner
    pub y: u16,

    /// Width in terminal columns
    pub width: u16,

    /// Height in terminal rows
    pub height: u16,
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Rect {
    /// Creates a new rectangle with the given position and dimensions.
    pub fn new(x: u16, y: u16, width: u16, height: u16) -> Self {
        Self {
            x,
            y,
            width,
            height,
        }
    }

    /// Creates an empty rectangle at origin.
    pub fn empty() -> Self {
        Self {
            x: 0,
            y: 0,
            width: 0,
            height: 0,
        }
    }

    /// Returns the right edge coordinate (exclusive).
    pub fn right(&self) -> u16 {
        self.x.saturating_add(self.width)
    }

    /// Returns the bottom edge coordinate (exclusive).
    pub fn bottom(&self) -> u16 {
        self.y.saturating_add(self.height)
    }

    /// Checks if this rectangle contains the given point.
    ///
    /// ## Example
    ///
    /// ```text
    /// Rect { x: 10, y: 5, width: 20, height: 10 }
    /// contains(15, 7) → true
    /// contains(5, 7) → false
    /// ```
    pub fn contains_point(&self, x: u16, y: u16) -> bool {
        x >= self.x && x < self.right() && y >= self.y && y < self.bottom()
    }

    /// Checks if this rectangle is empty (zero width or height).
    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
        self.width == 0 || self.height == 0
    }

    /// Calculates the intersection of two rectangles.
    ///
    /// Returns the overlapping region, or an empty rectangle if no overlap.
    ///
    /// ## Example
    ///
    /// ```text
    /// ┌─────┐
    /// │  A  │──┐
    /// └─────┘  │ intersection
    ///    │  ┌──▼──┐
    ///    └──│     │
    ///       │  B  │
    ///       └─────┘
    /// ```
    pub fn intersection(&self, other: &Rect) -> Rect {
        let x = self.x.max(other.x);
        let y = self.y.max(other.y);
        let right = self.right().min(other.right());
        let bottom = self.bottom().min(other.bottom());

        if x < right && y < bottom {
            Rect::new(x, y, right - x, bottom - y)
        } else {
            Rect::empty()
        }
    }

    /// Checks if two rectangles intersect.
    pub fn intersects(&self, other: &Rect) -> bool {
        !self.intersection(other).is_empty()
    }

    /// Calculates the union of two rectangles.
    ///
    /// Returns the smallest rectangle that contains both rectangles.
    ///
    /// ## Example
    ///
    /// ```text
    /// ┌─────────────┐ union
    /// │ ┌─────┐     │
    /// │ │  A  │  B  │
    /// │ └─────┘     │
    /// └─────────────┘
    /// ```
    pub fn union(&self, other: &Rect) -> Rect {
        if self.is_empty() {
            return *other;
        }
        if other.is_empty() {
            return *self;
        }

        let x = self.x.min(other.x);
        let y = self.y.min(other.y);
        let right = self.right().max(other.right());
        let bottom = self.bottom().max(other.bottom());

        Rect::new(x, y, right - x, bottom - y)
    }

    /// Clips this rectangle to fit within the given bounds.
    ///
    /// Returns the intersection of this rectangle with the bounds.
    pub fn clip_to(&self, bounds: &Rect) -> Rect {
        self.intersection(bounds)
    }

    /// Expands the rectangle by the given amount in all directions.
    ///
    /// Useful for adding padding or margins.
    pub fn expand(&self, amount: u16) -> Rect {
        Rect::new(
            self.x.saturating_sub(amount),
            self.y.saturating_sub(amount),
            self.width.saturating_add(amount * 2),
            self.height.saturating_add(amount * 2),
        )
    }

    /// Contracts the rectangle by the given amount in all directions.
    ///
    /// Useful for applying padding inward.
    pub fn contract(&self, amount: u16) -> Rect {
        if amount * 2 >= self.width || amount * 2 >= self.height {
            Rect::empty()
        } else {
            Rect::new(
                self.x + amount,
                self.y + amount,
                self.width - amount * 2,
                self.height - amount * 2,
            )
        }
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Tests
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    #[test]
    fn test_rect_edges() {
        let rect = Rect::new(10, 20, 30, 40);
        assert_eq!(rect.right(), 40);
        assert_eq!(rect.bottom(), 60);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_contains_point() {
        let rect = Rect::new(10, 10, 20, 20);
        assert!(rect.contains_point(10, 10)); // top-left
        assert!(rect.contains_point(29, 29)); // bottom-right - 1
        assert!(!rect.contains_point(30, 30)); // outside
        assert!(!rect.contains_point(9, 15)); // left of rect
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_intersection() {
        let rect1 = Rect::new(10, 10, 20, 20);
        let rect2 = Rect::new(20, 20, 20, 20);
        let result = rect1.intersection(&rect2);
        assert_eq!(result, Rect::new(20, 20, 10, 10));

        // No intersection
        let rect3 = Rect::new(50, 50, 10, 10);
        assert!(rect1.intersection(&rect3).is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_union() {
        let rect1 = Rect::new(10, 10, 10, 10);
        let rect2 = Rect::new(30, 30, 10, 10);
        let result = rect1.union(&rect2);
        assert_eq!(result, Rect::new(10, 10, 30, 30));
    }
}


================================================
FILE: rxtui/lib/buffer.rs
================================================
//! Double buffering and cell-level diffing for flicker-free rendering.
//!
//! This module implements a double-buffering system that maintains two complete
//! representations of the terminal screen. By comparing these buffers cell-by-cell,
//! we can generate minimal updates that eliminate flicker entirely.
//!
//! ## Architecture
//!
//! ```text
//!     Current Screen          Next Frame           Diff Result
//!     ┌─────────────┐      ┌─────────────┐      ┌─────────────┐
//!     │ Hello World │      │ Hello Rust! │      │      ^^^^   │
//!     │ Terminal UI │      │ Terminal UI │      │ (no change) │
//!     └─────────────┘      └─────────────┘      └─────────────┘
//!        Front Buffer         Back Buffer          Cell Updates
//! ```

use crate::style::{Color, TextStyle};
use crate::utils::char_width;
use std::fmt;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Represents a single cell in the terminal with its visual properties.
///
/// Each cell contains a character and its associated styling information.
/// This granular representation allows for precise tracking of what has changed.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct Cell {
    /// The character displayed in this cell
    pub char: char,

    /// Foreground color (text color)
    pub fg: Option<Color>,

    /// Background color
    pub bg: Option<Color>,

    /// Additional styling attributes
    pub style: CellStyle,
}

/// Style attributes that can be applied to a cell.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
pub struct CellStyle {
    /// Bold text
    pub bold: bool,

    /// Italic text
    pub italic: bool,

    /// Underlined text
    pub underline: bool,

    /// Strikethrough text
    pub strikethrough: bool,
}

/// A buffer representing the entire terminal screen as a 2D grid of cells.
///
/// This buffer maintains a complete snapshot of what should be displayed
/// on the terminal, allowing for efficient diffing between frames.
pub struct ScreenBuffer {
    /// 2D grid of cells [row ⨉ column]
    cells: Vec<Vec<Cell>>,

    /// Width in columns
    width: u16,

    /// Height in rows
    height: u16,
}

/// Double buffer system for flicker-free rendering.
///
/// Maintains two buffers:
/// - `front`: What's currently displayed on the terminal
/// - `back`: What we're rendering for the next frame
///
/// After rendering to the back buffer and applying updates,
/// the buffers are swapped.
pub struct DoubleBuffer {
    /// The buffer representing what's currently on screen
    front: ScreenBuffer,

    /// The buffer we're rendering to for the next frame
    back: ScreenBuffer,
}

/// Represents an update to a single cell.
#[derive(Debug)]
pub enum CellUpdate {
    /// Update a single cell
    Single { x: u16, y: u16, cell: Cell },
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl CellStyle {
    /// Creates a CellStyle from a TextStyle, applying only the style attributes.
    pub fn from_text_style(text_style: &TextStyle) -> Self {
        Self {
            bold: text_style.bold.unwrap_or(false),
            italic: text_style.italic.unwrap_or(false),
            underline: text_style.underline.unwrap_or(false),
            strikethrough: text_style.strikethrough.unwrap_or(false),
        }
    }

    /// Merges this CellStyle with another, taking the other's values where they differ from defaults.
    pub fn merge_with(self, other: &CellStyle) -> Self {
        Self {
            bold: self.bold || other.bold,
            italic: self.italic || other.italic,
            underline: self.underline || other.underline,
            strikethrough: self.strikethrough || other.strikethrough,
        }
    }
}

impl Cell {
    /// Creates a new cell with default styling.
    pub fn new(char: char) -> Self {
        Self {
            char,
            fg: None,
            bg: None,
            style: CellStyle::default(),
        }
    }

    /// Creates an empty cell (space with no styling).
    pub fn empty() -> Self {
        Self::new(' ')
    }

    /// Sets the foreground color.
    pub fn with_fg(mut self, color: Color) -> Self {
        self.fg = Some(color);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the background color.
    pub fn with_bg(mut self, color: Color) -> Self {
        self.bg = Some(color);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the style attributes.
    pub fn with_style(mut self, style: CellStyle) -> Self {
        self.style = style;
        self
    }
}

impl ScreenBuffer {
    /// Creates a new screen buffer with the given dimensions.
    ///
    /// All cells are initialized as empty (spaces with no styling).
    pub fn new(width: u16, height: u16) -> Self {
        let cells = vec![vec![Cell::empty(); width as usize]; height as usize];
        Self {
            cells,
            width,
            height,
        }
    }

    /// Gets a reference to the cell at the given position.
    ///
    /// Returns None if the position is out of bounds.
    pub fn get_cell(&self, x: u16, y: u16) -> Option<&Cell> {
        if x >= self.width || y >= self.height {
            return None;
        }
        self.cells.get(y as usize)?.get(x as usize)
    }

    /// Gets a mutable reference to the cell at the given position.
    ///
    /// Returns None if the position is out of bounds.
    pub fn get_cell_mut(&mut self, x: u16, y: u16) -> Option<&mut Cell> {
        if x >= self.width || y >= self.height {
            return None;
        }
        self.cells.get_mut(y as usize)?.get_mut(x as usize)
    }

    /// Sets the cell at the given position.
    ///
    /// Does nothing if the position is out of bounds.
    pub fn set_cell(&mut self, x: u16, y: u16, cell: Cell) {
        if let Some(target) = self.get_cell_mut(x, y) {
            *target = cell;
        }
    }

    /// Clears the buffer by setting all cells to empty.
    pub fn clear(&mut self) {
        for row in &mut self.cells {
            for cell in row {
                *cell = Cell::empty();
            }
        }
    }

    /// Resizes the buffer to new dimensions.
    ///
    /// If the new size is larger, new cells are filled with empty cells.
    /// If the new size is smaller, cells are truncated.
    pub fn resize(&mut self, width: u16, height: u16) {
        let height_usize = height as usize;
        let width_usize = width as usize;

        // Resize height
        self.cells
            .resize(height_usize, vec![Cell::empty(); width_usize]);

        // Resize width of each row
        for row in &mut self.cells {
            row.resize(width_usize, Cell::empty());
        }

        self.width = width;
        self.height = height;
    }

    /// Gets the dimensions of the buffer.
    pub fn dimensions(&self) -> (u16, u16) {
        (self.width, self.height)
    }

    /// Fills a rectangular region with the given cell.
    pub fn fill_rect(&mut self, x: u16, y: u16, width: u16, height: u16, cell: Cell) {
        for dy in 0..height {
            for dx in 0..width {
                self.set_cell(x + dx, y + dy, cell.clone());
            }
        }
    }

    /// Writes a string starting at the given position.
    ///
    /// The string is written horizontally. If it extends beyond the buffer width,
    /// it is truncated. Properly handles wide characters (CJK, emoji) that take 2 columns.
    pub fn write_str(&mut self, x: u16, y: u16, text: &str, fg: Option<Color>, bg: Option<Color>) {
        let mut current_x = x;

        for ch in text.chars() {
            let ch_width = char_width(ch);

            // Check if character fits in remaining space
            if current_x + ch_width as u16 > self.width {
                break;
            }

            // Set the main cell
            let mut cell = Cell::new(ch);
            cell.fg = fg;
            cell.bg = bg;
            self.set_cell(current_x, y, cell);

            // For wide characters, fill the next cell with a space
            // This ensures proper rendering in terminals
            if ch_width == 2 && current_x + 1 < self.width {
                let mut space_cell = Cell::new(' ');
                space_cell.fg = fg;
                space_cell.bg = bg;
                self.set_cell(current_x + 1, y, space_cell);
            }

            current_x += ch_width as u16;
        }
    }

    /// Writes a string with full text styling starting at the given position.
    ///
    /// The string is written horizontally. If it extends beyond the buffer width,
    /// it is truncated. Properly handles wide characters (CJK, emoji) that take 2 columns.
    pub fn write_styled_str(&mut self, x: u16, y: u16, text: &str, text_style: Option<&TextStyle>) {
        let (fg, bg, cell_style) = if let Some(style) = text_style {
            (
                style.color,
                style.background,
                CellStyle::from_text_style(style),
            )
        } else {
            (None, None, CellStyle::default())
        };

        let mut current_x = x;

        for ch in text.chars() {
            let ch_width = char_width(ch);

            // Check if character fits in remaining space
            if current_x + ch_width as u16 > self.width {
                break;
            }

            // Set the main cell
            let mut cell = Cell::new(ch);
            cell.fg = fg;
            cell.bg = bg;
            cell.style = cell_style.clone();
            self.set_cell(current_x, y, cell);

            // For wide characters, fill the next cell with a space
            // This ensures proper rendering in terminals
            if ch_width == 2 && current_x + 1 < self.width {
                let mut space_cell = Cell::new(' ');
                space_cell.fg = fg;
                space_cell.bg = bg;
                space_cell.style = cell_style.clone();
                self.set_cell(current_x + 1, y, space_cell);
            }

            current_x += ch_width as u16;
        }
    }
}

impl DoubleBuffer {
    /// Creates a new double buffer with the given dimensions.
    pub fn new(width: u16, height: u16) -> Self {
        Self {
            front: ScreenBuffer::new(width, height),
            back: ScreenBuffer::new(width, height),
        }
    }

    /// Swaps the front and back buffers.
    ///
    /// After this operation:
    /// - The back buffer becomes the front buffer (what's on screen)
    /// - The front buffer becomes the back buffer (ready for next frame)
    pub fn swap(&mut self) {
        std::mem::swap(&mut self.front, &mut self.back);
    }

    /// Provides mutable access to the back buffer for rendering.
    pub fn back_buffer_mut(&mut self) -> &mut ScreenBuffer {
        &mut self.back
    }

    /// Clears both front and back buffers, keeping dimensions intact.
    pub fn reset(&mut self) {
        self.front.clear();
        self.back.clear();
    }

    /// Resizes both buffers to the new dimensions.
    pub fn resize(&mut self, width: u16, height: u16) {
        self.front.resize(width, height);
        self.back.resize(width, height);
    }

    /// Compares the front and back buffers and returns a list of cell updates.
    ///
    /// This is the core of the flicker-free rendering system. By comparing
    /// buffers cell-by-cell, we can determine exactly what needs to be updated
    /// on the terminal.
    pub fn diff(&self) -> Vec<CellUpdate> {
        let mut updates = Vec::new();
        let (width, height) = self.front.dimensions();

        for y in 0..height {
            for x in 0..width {
                let front_cell = self.front.get_cell(x, y);
                let back_cell = self.back.get_cell(x, y);

                match (front_cell, back_cell) {
                    (Some(front), Some(back)) if front != back => {
                        updates.push(CellUpdate::Single {
                            x,
                            y,
                            cell: back.clone(),
                        });
                    }
                    _ => {}
                }
            }
        }

        updates
    }

    /// Clears the back buffer.
    pub fn clear_back(&mut self) {
        self.back.clear();
    }
}

impl fmt::Display for Cell {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "{}", self.char)
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Trait Implementations
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Default for Cell {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::empty()
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Tests
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    #[test]
    fn test_double_buffer_diff_empty() {
        let db = DoubleBuffer::new(10, 5);
        let updates = db.diff();
        // Initially both buffers are empty, so no updates
        assert!(updates.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_double_buffer_diff_single_change() {
        let mut db = DoubleBuffer::new(10, 5);

        // First set both buffers to have the same content
        db.back_buffer_mut().set_cell(2, 1, Cell::new('A'));
        db.swap();

        // Copy front to back to start with identical buffers
        db.back_buffer_mut().set_cell(2, 1, Cell::new('A'));

        // Now modify just one cell in back buffer
        db.back_buffer_mut()
            .set_cell(2, 1, Cell::new('H').with_fg(Color::Red));

        // Should detect one update
        let updates = db.diff();
        assert_eq!(updates.len(), 1);

        // Swap buffers
        db.swap();

        // The key insight: after swap, if we render the exact same content
        // to the back buffer, there should be no updates!
        db.back_buffer_mut()
            .set_cell(2, 1, Cell::new('H').with_fg(Color::Red));

        let updates = db.diff();
        assert_eq!(updates.len(), 0); // No changes!
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_screen_buffer_write_str() {
        let mut buffer = ScreenBuffer::new(20, 5);
        buffer.write_str(2, 1, "Hello", Some(Color::Green), Some(Color::Black));

        assert_eq!(buffer.get_cell(2, 1).unwrap().char, 'H');
        assert_eq!(buffer.get_cell(3, 1).unwrap().char, 'e');
        assert_eq!(buffer.get_cell(6, 1).unwrap().char, 'o');
        assert_eq!(buffer.get_cell(2, 1).unwrap().fg, Some(Color::Green));
        assert_eq!(buffer.get_cell(2, 1).unwrap().bg, Some(Color::Black));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_no_flicker_scenario() {
        let mut db = DoubleBuffer::new(20, 5);

        // Initial render: "Hello World" with blue background
        for i in 0..11 {
            db.back_buffer_mut()
                .set_cell(i, 0, Cell::new(' ').with_bg(Color::Blue));
        }
        db.back_buffer_mut()
            .write_str(0, 0, "Hello World", Some(Color::White), Some(Color::Blue));
        let updates1 = db.diff();
        assert_eq!(updates1.len(), 11); // 11 characters changed from empty
        db.swap();

        // Clear back buffer to simulate the app's behavior
        db.clear_back();

        // Write new content with same background
        for i in 0..12 {
            db.back_buffer_mut()
                .set_cell(i, 0, Cell::new(' ').with_bg(Color::Blue));
        }
        db.back_buffer_mut()
            .write_str(0, 0, "Hello Rust!", Some(Color::White), Some(Color::Blue));

        let updates2 = db.diff();

        // Even though we cleared and rewrote everything, the double buffer
        // system ensures only actual changes are sent to terminal
        // This eliminates flicker because terminal never sees the "cleared" state

        // Count actual changes:
        // - "Hello World" and "Hello Rust!" both have 11 characters
        // - But we set 12 cells with blue background (0..12)
        // - Position 11 is an extra blue background space
        let mut actual_changes = 0;
        for update in &updates2 {
            match update {
                CellUpdate::Single { .. } => actual_changes += 1,
            }
        }

        // Changes:
        // - Positions 6-10: "World" → "Rust!" (5 changes)
        // - Position 11: empty → blue background space (1 change)
        // Total: 6 changes
        assert!(actual_changes == 6);
    }
}


================================================
FILE: rxtui/lib/component.rs
================================================
use crate::app::Context;
use crate::effect::Effect;
use crate::node::Node;
use std::any::{Any, TypeId};
use std::fmt::Debug;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Action returned by a component's update method
#[derive(Default)]
pub enum Action {
    /// Update the component's state
    Update(Box<dyn State>),

    /// Update a topic's state (idempotent - first writer becomes owner)
    UpdateTopic(String, Box<dyn State>),

    /// No action needed
    None,

    /// Exit the application
    #[default]
    Exit,
}

/// Unique identifier for components in the tree
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
pub struct ComponentId(pub String);

/// Trait for messages that can be sent between components
pub trait Message: Any + Send + Sync + 'static {
    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any;
    fn clone_box(&self) -> Box<dyn Message>;
}

/// Extension trait for convenient message downcasting
pub trait MessageExt {
    /// Downcast the message to a concrete type
    fn downcast<T: Any>(&self) -> Option<&T>;
}

impl MessageExt for dyn Message {
    fn downcast<T: Any>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
        self.as_any().downcast_ref::<T>()
    }
}

impl MessageExt for Box<dyn Message> {
    fn downcast<T: Any>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
        Message::as_any(self.as_ref()).downcast_ref::<T>()
    }
}

/// Trait for component state management
pub trait State: Any + Send + Sync + 'static {
    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any;
    fn as_any_mut(&mut self) -> &mut dyn Any;
    fn clone_box(&self) -> Box<dyn State>;
}

/// Extension trait for convenient state downcasting
pub trait StateExt {
    /// Downcast the state to a concrete type
    fn downcast<T: Any>(&self) -> Option<&T>;
}

impl StateExt for dyn State {
    fn downcast<T: Any>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
        self.as_any().downcast_ref::<T>()
    }
}

impl StateExt for Box<dyn State> {
    fn downcast<T: Any>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
        State::as_any(self.as_ref()).downcast_ref::<T>()
    }
}

/// Auto-implementation of State for types that are Clone
impl<T> State for T
where
    T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
{
    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any {
        self
    }

    fn as_any_mut(&mut self) -> &mut dyn Any {
        self
    }

    fn clone_box(&self) -> Box<dyn State> {
        Box::new(self.clone())
    }
}

/// Main component trait for building UI components
///
/// Components can be created easily using the `#[derive(Component)]` macro.
/// The `update`, `view`, and `effects` methods can be simplified using attribute macros
/// which automatically handle message downcasting, state fetching, and effect collection.
///
/// # Basic Example
///
/// ```ignore
/// use rxtui::prelude::*;
///
/// // Components can be unit structs or structs with fields
/// #[derive(Component)]
/// struct Counter;
///
/// // Or with fields:
/// // #[derive(Component)]
/// // struct Counter {
/// //     initial_value: i32,
/// // }
///
/// impl Counter {
///     // Using the #[update] macro - handles downcasting and state automatically
///     #[update]
///     fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, msg: CounterMsg, mut state: CounterState) -> Action {
///         match msg {
///             CounterMsg::Increment => {
///                 state.count += 1;
///                 Action::update(state)
///             }
///             CounterMsg::Decrement => {
///                 state.count -= 1;
///                 Action::update(state)
///             }
///         }
///     }
///
///     // Using the #[view] macro - automatically fetches state
///     #[view]
///     fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, state: CounterState) -> Node {
///         node! {
///             div [
///                 text(format!("Count: {}", state.count))
///             ]
///         }
///     }
/// }
/// ```
///
/// # With Async Effects (using #[component] macro)
///
/// The `#[component]` macro automatically collects all `#[effect]` methods:
///
/// ```ignore
/// use rxtui::prelude::*;
/// use std::time::Duration;
///
/// #[derive(Component)]
/// struct Timer;
///
/// #[component]  // This macro handles effect collection
/// impl Timer {
///     #[update]
///     fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, msg: TimerMsg, mut state: TimerState) -> Action {
///         match msg {
///             TimerMsg::Tick => {
///                 state.seconds += 1;
///                 Action::update(state)
///             }
///             TimerMsg::Reset => {
///                 state.seconds = 0;
///                 Action::update(state)
///             }
///         }
///     }
///
///     #[view]
///     fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, state: TimerState) -> Node {
///         node! {
///             div [
///                 text(format!("Time: {}s", state.seconds))
///             ]
///         }
///     }
///
///     // Mark async methods as effects - they'll be auto-collected
///     #[effect]
///     async fn tick_timer(&self, ctx: &Context) {
///         loop {
///             tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
///             ctx.send(TimerMsg::Tick);
///         }
///     }
///
///     // Can have multiple effects, with optional state access
///     #[effect]
///     async fn monitor_state(&self, ctx: &Context, state: TimerState) {
///         // State is automatically fetched via ctx.get_state()
///         if state.seconds > 60 {
///             ctx.send(TimerMsg::Reset);
///         }
///     }
/// }
/// ```
///
/// # Manual Implementation
///
/// The trait can also be implemented manually for more control:
///
/// ```ignore
/// fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, msg: Box<dyn Message>, topic: Option<&str>) -> Action {
///     if let Some(msg) = msg.downcast::<MyMsg>() {
///         // Handle message
///     }
///     Action::none()
/// }
///
/// fn view(&self, ctx: &Context) -> Node {
///     let state = ctx.get_state::<MyState>();
///     // Build UI
/// }
///
/// fn effects(&self, ctx: &Context) -> Vec<Effect> {
///     vec![
///         Box::pin({
///             let ctx = ctx.clone();
///             async move {
///                 // Async effect logic
///             }
///         })
///     ]
/// }
/// ```
pub trait Component: 'static {
    #[allow(unused_variables)]
    fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, msg: Box<dyn Message>, topic: Option<&str>) -> Action {
        Action::default()
    }

    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context) -> Node;

    /// Define effects for this component
    ///
    /// Effects are async tasks that run outside the main event loop.
    /// They are spawned when the component mounts and cancelled when it unmounts.
    ///
    /// # Using the #[component] and #[effect] macros (Recommended)
    ///
    /// The easiest way is to use the `#[component]` macro on your impl block
    /// and mark async methods with `#[effect]`:
    ///
    /// ```ignore
    /// #[component]
    /// impl MyComponent {
    ///     #[effect]
    ///     async fn background_task(&self, ctx: &Context) {
    ///         // Async work here
    ///     }
    /// }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// # Manual Implementation
    ///
    /// You can also implement this method manually:
    ///
    /// ```ignore
    /// fn effects(&self, ctx: &Context) -> Vec<Effect> {
    ///     vec![
    ///         Box::pin({
    ///             let ctx = ctx.clone();
    ///             async move {
    ///                 loop {
    ///                     tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
    ///                     ctx.send(MyMsg::Tick);
    ///                 }
    ///             }
    ///         })
    ///     ]
    /// }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// # Common Use Cases
    ///
    /// - **Timers**: Periodic updates (e.g., clocks, progress bars)
    /// - **Network requests**: Fetching data from APIs
    /// - **File watching**: Monitoring file system changes
    /// - **WebSocket connections**: Real-time communication
    /// - **Background calculations**: Heavy computations that shouldn't block UI
    fn effects(&self, _ctx: &Context) -> Vec<Effect> {
        vec![]
    }

    /// Get the TypeId of this component for identity tracking
    fn type_id(&self) -> TypeId {
        self.as_any().type_id()
    }

    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any;

    fn as_any_mut(&mut self) -> &mut dyn Any;
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Action {
    /// Create an Update action with the given state
    #[inline]
    pub fn update(state: impl State) -> Self {
        Action::Update(Box::new(state))
    }

    /// Create an UpdateTopic action with the given topic and state
    #[inline]
    pub fn update_topic(topic: impl Into<String>, state: impl State) -> Self {
        Action::UpdateTopic(topic.into(), Box::new(state))
    }

    /// Create a None action (no-op)
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn none() -> Self {
        Action::None
    }

    /// Create an Exit action to terminate the application
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn exit() -> Self {
        Action::Exit
    }
}

impl ComponentId {
    pub fn new(id: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
        Self(id.into())
    }

    pub fn child(&self, index: usize) -> Self {
        Self(format!("{}.{}", self.0, index))
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Trait Implementations
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Default for ComponentId {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self("0".to_string())
    }
}

impl<T> Message for T
where
    T: Any + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
{
    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any {
        self
    }

    fn clone_box(&self) -> Box<dyn Message> {
        Box::new(self.clone())
    }
}


================================================
FILE: rxtui/lib/components/mod.rs
================================================
//! Reusable UI components for rxtui
//!
//! This module provides pre-built components that can be easily composed
//! to create more complex user interfaces.

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Modules
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Animated shimmer text effect
pub mod shimmer_text;

/// Text input component for user text entry
pub mod text_input;

/// Spinner component for loading animations
pub mod spinner;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Exports
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

pub use shimmer_text::{ShimmerSpeed, ShimmerText};
pub use spinner::{Spinner, SpinnerMsg, SpinnerSpeed, SpinnerType};
pub use text_input::TextInput;


================================================
FILE: rxtui/lib/components/shimmer_text.rs
================================================
use crate::Context;
use crate::component::{Action, Component, Message, MessageExt};
use crate::effect::Effect;
use crate::node::{Node, RichText, TextSpan};
use crate::style::{Color, TextStyle};
use std::time::Duration;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types: Internal
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
enum ShimmerMsg {
    Tick,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
struct ShimmerState {
    phase: usize,
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types: Public API
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Animation speed settings for [`ShimmerText`].
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct ShimmerSpeed {
    frame_delay_ms: u64,
    phase_step: usize,
}

/// A shimmering text component that creates a sweeping highlight effect.
///
/// The component renders text with a moving glow, similar to loading placeholders.
/// It manages its own animation loop using the effects system.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```ignore
/// use rxtui::components::{ShimmerSpeed, ShimmerText};
///
/// let shimmer = ShimmerText::new("Loading...")
///     .speed(ShimmerSpeed::fast())
///     .gradient(Color::Rgb(60, 80, 130), Color::Rgb(210, 225, 255));
/// ```
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct ShimmerText {
    content: String,
    speed: ShimmerSpeed,
    highlight_band: usize,
    base_color: (u8, u8, u8),
    highlight_color: (u8, u8, u8),
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Constants
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

const DEFAULT_HIGHLIGHT_BAND: usize = 6;
const DEFAULT_BASE_COLOR: (u8, u8, u8) = (70, 90, 130);
const DEFAULT_HIGHLIGHT_COLOR: (u8, u8, u8) = (210, 225, 255);

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Trait Implementations: ShimmerSpeed
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Default for ShimmerSpeed {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::medium()
    }
}

impl ShimmerSpeed {
    /// Creates a new speed configuration.
    ///
    /// * `frame_delay_ms` - Delay between frames in milliseconds.
    /// * `phase_step` - Number of characters the highlight advances per frame.
    pub const fn new(frame_delay_ms: u64, phase_step: usize) -> Self {
        Self {
            frame_delay_ms,
            phase_step: if phase_step == 0 { 1 } else { phase_step },
        }
    }

    /// Slow shimmer animation (≈12 FPS).
    pub const fn slow() -> Self {
        Self::new(80, 1)
    }

    /// Medium shimmer animation (≈20 FPS).
    pub const fn medium() -> Self {
        Self::new(50, 1)
    }

    /// Fast shimmer animation (≈30 FPS) with a wider step to keep motion smooth.
    pub const fn fast() -> Self {
        Self::new(33, 2)
    }

    fn frame_delay(&self) -> Duration {
        Duration::from_millis(self.frame_delay_ms.max(1))
    }

    fn phase_step(&self) -> usize {
        self.phase_step.max(1)
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods: ShimmerText Builders
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl ShimmerText {
    /// Creates a new shimmer text component with the provided content.
    pub fn new(content: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
        Self {
            content: content.into(),
            speed: ShimmerSpeed::default(),
            highlight_band: DEFAULT_HIGHLIGHT_BAND,
            base_color: DEFAULT_BASE_COLOR,
            highlight_color: DEFAULT_HIGHLIGHT_COLOR,
        }
    }

    /// Sets the animation speed.
    pub fn speed(mut self, speed: ShimmerSpeed) -> Self {
        self.speed = speed;
        self
    }

    /// Sets the highlight band width (minimum of 1).
    /// Larger bands create a softer, wider shimmer.
    pub fn highlight_band(mut self, band: usize) -> Self {
        self.highlight_band = band.max(1);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the base color of the text.
    pub fn base_color(mut self, color: Color) -> Self {
        self.base_color = color_to_rgb(color);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the highlight color of the shimmer.
    pub fn highlight_color(mut self, color: Color) -> Self {
        self.highlight_color = color_to_rgb(color);
        self
    }

    /// Sets both base and highlight colors at once.
    pub fn gradient(mut self, base: Color, highlight: Color) -> Self {
        self.base_color = color_to_rgb(base);
        self.highlight_color = color_to_rgb(highlight);
        self
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods: ShimmerText Component Logic
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl ShimmerText {
    fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, msg: Box<dyn Message>, _topic: Option<&str>) -> Action {
        if let Some(msg) = msg.downcast::<ShimmerMsg>() {
            match msg {
                ShimmerMsg::Tick => {
                    let total = self.char_count();
                    if total == 0 {
                        return Action::none();
                    }

                    let mut state = ctx.get_state::<ShimmerState>();
                    state.phase = (state.phase + self.speed.phase_step()) % total;
                    return Action::update(state);
                }
            }
        }

        Action::none()
    }

    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context) -> Node {
        let chars: Vec<char> = self.content.chars().collect();
        if chars.is_empty() {
            return RichText::new().into();
        }

        let total = chars.len();
        let state = ctx.get_state::<ShimmerState>();

        let spans = chars
            .into_iter()
            .enumerate()
            .map(|(index, ch)| {
                let intensity = self.intensity_for_index(index, state.phase, total);
                let color = self.blend_color(intensity);

                TextSpan {
                    content: ch.to_string(),
                    style: Some(TextStyle {
                        color: Some(color),
                        ..Default::default()
                    }),
                    is_cursor: false,
                }
            })
            .collect();

        RichText { spans, style: None }.into()
    }

    fn effects(&self, ctx: &Context) -> Vec<Effect> {
        let delay = self.speed.frame_delay();
        let ctx = ctx.clone();

        let effect = Box::pin(async move {
            loop {
                tokio::time::sleep(delay).await;
                ctx.send(ShimmerMsg::Tick);
            }
        });

        vec![effect]
    }

    fn char_count(&self) -> usize {
        self.content.chars().count()
    }

    fn intensity_for_index(&self, index: usize, phase: usize, total: usize) -> f32 {
        if total == 0 {
            return 0.0;
        }

        (0..self.highlight_band)
            .map(|offset| {
                let pos = (phase + offset) % total;
                self.circular_distance(index, pos, total)
            })
            .min()
            .map(|distance| {
                let normalized = 1.0 - (distance as f32 / self.highlight_band as f32);
                normalized.clamp(0.0, 1.0).powf(1.4)
            })
            .unwrap_or(0.0)
    }

    fn circular_distance(&self, a: usize, b: usize, total: usize) -> usize {
        let diff = a.abs_diff(b);
        diff.min(total - diff)
    }

    fn blend_color(&self, intensity: f32) -> Color {
        let eased = 0.2 + intensity * 0.8;

        let r = blend_channel(self.base_color.0, self.highlight_color.0, eased);
        let g = blend_channel(self.base_color.1, self.highlight_color.1, eased);
        let b = blend_channel(self.base_color.2, self.highlight_color.2, eased);

        Color::Rgb(r, g, b)
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Trait Implementations: Component
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Component for ShimmerText {
    fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, msg: Box<dyn Message>, topic: Option<&str>) -> Action {
        ShimmerText::update(self, ctx, msg, topic)
    }

    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context) -> Node {
        ShimmerText::view(self, ctx)
    }

    fn effects(&self, ctx: &Context) -> Vec<Effect> {
        ShimmerText::effects(self, ctx)
    }

    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn std::any::Any {
        self
    }

    fn as_any_mut(&mut self) -> &mut dyn std::any::Any {
        self
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Functions: Helpers
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

fn blend_channel(start: u8, end: u8, factor: f32) -> u8 {
    let start = start as f32;
    let end = end as f32;
    (start + (end - start) * factor).round().clamp(0.0, 255.0) as u8
}

fn color_to_rgb(color: Color) -> (u8, u8, u8) {
    match color {
        Color::Black => (0, 0, 0),
        Color::Red => (205, 49, 49),
        Color::Green => (13, 188, 121),
        Color::Yellow => (229, 229, 16),
        Color::Blue => (36, 114, 200),
        Color::Magenta => (188, 63, 188),
        Color::Cyan => (17, 168, 205),
        Color::White => (229, 229, 229),
        Color::BrightBlack => (102, 102, 102),
        Color::BrightRed => (241, 76, 76),
        Color::BrightGreen => (35, 209, 139),
        Color::BrightYellow => (245, 245, 67),
        Color::BrightBlue => (59, 142, 234),
        Color::BrightMagenta => (214, 112, 214),
        Color::BrightCyan => (41, 184, 219),
        Color::BrightWhite => (255, 255, 255),
        Color::Rgb(r, g, b) => (r, g, b),
    }
}


================================================
FILE: rxtui/lib/components/spinner.rs
================================================
use crate::Context;
use crate::component::{Action, Component, Message, MessageExt};
use crate::effect::Effect;
use crate::node::{Node, Text};
use crate::style::{Color, TextStyle};
use std::time::Duration;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types: Internal
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Messages for Spinner component
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub enum SpinnerMsg {
    /// Advance to the next frame
    Tick,
}

/// State for Spinner component
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
struct SpinnerState {
    /// Current frame index
    frame_index: usize,
}

/// Spinner pattern data
struct SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &'static [&'static str],
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types: Public API
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Animation speed for the spinner
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum SpinnerSpeed {
    /// Slow animation (150ms per frame)
    Slow,
    /// Normal animation (80ms per frame)
    Normal,
    /// Fast animation (50ms per frame)
    Fast,
    /// Custom interval in milliseconds
    Custom(u64),
}

/// Available spinner types
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum SpinnerType {
    Dots,
    Dots2,
    Dots3,
    Line,
    Line2,
    Pipe,
    SimpleDots,
    SimpleDotsScrolling,
    Star,
    Star2,
    Flip,
    Hamburger,
    GrowVertical,
    GrowHorizontal,
    Balloon,
    Balloon2,
    Noise,
    Bounce,
    BoxBounce,
    BoxBounce2,
    Triangle,
    Binary,
    Arc,
    Circle,
    SquareCorners,
    CircleQuarters,
    CircleHalves,
    Squish,
    Toggle,
    Toggle2,
    Toggle3,
    Arrow,
    Arrow2,
    Arrow3,
    BouncingBar,
    BouncingBall,
    Clock,
    Earth,
    Moon,
    Hearts,
    Smiley,
    Monkey,
    Weather,
    Christmas,
    Point,
    Layer,
    BetaWave,
    Aesthetic,
    /// Custom spinner with user-defined frames
    Custom(Vec<String>),
}

/// A spinner component for loading animations
///
/// The Spinner component provides animated loading indicators with many built-in styles.
/// It's a self-contained component that manages its own animation timing.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```ignore
/// use rxtui::prelude::*;
/// use rxtui::components::{Spinner, SpinnerType, SpinnerSpeed};
///
/// // Basic usage with defaults
/// let spinner = Spinner::new();
///
/// // Customized spinner
/// let spinner = Spinner::new()
///     .spinner_type(SpinnerType::Hearts)
///     .speed(SpinnerSpeed::Fast);
/// ```
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct Spinner {
    spinner_type: SpinnerType,
    speed: SpinnerSpeed,
    color: Option<Color>,
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Trait Implementations: SpinnerSpeed
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Default for SpinnerSpeed {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::Normal
    }
}

impl SpinnerSpeed {
    fn interval(&self) -> u64 {
        match self {
            Self::Slow => 150,
            Self::Normal => 80,
            Self::Fast => 50,
            Self::Custom(ms) => *ms,
        }
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Trait Implementations: SpinnerType
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Default for SpinnerType {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::Dots
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Constants
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Dots spinner pattern
const DOTS: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &["⠋", "⠙", "⠹", "⠸", "⠼", "⠴", "⠦", "⠧", "⠇", "⠏"],
};

/// Dots2 spinner pattern
const DOTS2: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &["⣾", "⣽", "⣻", "⢿", "⡿", "⣟", "⣯", "⣷"],
};

/// Dots3 spinner pattern
const DOTS3: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &["⠋", "⠙", "⠚", "⠞", "⠖", "⠦", "⠴", "⠲", "⠳", "⠓"],
};

/// Line spinner pattern
const LINE: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &["-", "\\", "|", "/"],
};

/// Line2 spinner pattern
const LINE2: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &["⠂", "-", "–", "—", "–", "-"],
};

/// Pipe spinner pattern
const PIPE: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &["┤", "┘", "┴", "└", "├", "┌", "┬", "┐"],
};

/// Simple dots spinner pattern
const SIMPLE_DOTS: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &[".  ", ".. ", "...", "   "],
};

/// Simple dots scrolling spinner pattern
const SIMPLE_DOTS_SCROLLING: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &[".  ", ".. ", "...", " ..", "  .", "   "],
};

/// Star spinner pattern
const STAR: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &["✶", "✸", "✹", "✺", "✹", "✷"],
};

/// Star2 spinner pattern
const STAR2: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &["+", "x", "*"],
};

/// Flip spinner pattern
const FLIP: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &["_", "_", "_", "-", "`", "`", "'", "´", "-", "_", "_", "_"],
};

/// Hamburger spinner pattern
const HAMBURGER: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &["☱", "☲", "☴"],
};

/// Grow vertical spinner pattern
const GROW_VERTICAL: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &["▁", "▃", "▄", "▅", "▆", "▇", "▆", "▅", "▄", "▃"],
};

/// Grow horizontal spinner pattern
const GROW_HORIZONTAL: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &["▏", "▎", "▍", "▌", "▋", "▊", "▉", "▊", "▋", "▌", "▍", "▎"],
};

/// Balloon spinner pattern
const BALLOON: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &[" ", ".", "o", "O", "@", "*", " "],
};

/// Balloon2 spinner pattern
const BALLOON2: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &[".", "o", "O", "°", "O", "o", "."],
};

/// Noise spinner pattern
const NOISE: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &["▓", "▒", "░"],
};

/// Bounce spinner pattern
const BOUNCE: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &["⠁", "⠂", "⠄", "⠂"],
};

/// Box bounce spinner pattern
const BOX_BOUNCE: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &["▖", "▘", "▝", "▗"],
};

/// Box bounce2 spinner pattern
const BOX_BOUNCE2: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &["▌", "▀", "▐", "▄"],
};

/// Triangle spinner pattern
const TRIANGLE: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &["◢", "◣", "◤", "◥"],
};

/// Binary spinner pattern
const BINARY: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &[
        "010010", "001100", "100101", "111010", "111101", "010111", "101011", "111000", "110011",
        "110101",
    ],
};

/// Arc spinner pattern
const ARC: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &["◜", "◠", "◝", "◞", "◡", "◟"],
};

/// Circle spinner pattern
const CIRCLE: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &["◡", "⊙", "◠"],
};

/// Square corners spinner pattern
const SQUARE_CORNERS: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &["◰", "◳", "◲", "◱"],
};

/// Circle quarters spinner pattern
const CIRCLE_QUARTERS: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &["◴", "◷", "◶", "◵"],
};

/// Circle halves spinner pattern
const CIRCLE_HALVES: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &["◐", "◓", "◑", "◒"],
};

/// Squish spinner pattern
const SQUISH: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &["╫", "╪"],
};

/// Toggle spinner pattern
const TOGGLE: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &["⊶", "⊷"],
};

/// Toggle2 spinner pattern
const TOGGLE2: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &["▫", "▪"],
};

/// Toggle3 spinner pattern
const TOGGLE3: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &["□", "■"],
};

/// Arrow spinner pattern
const ARROW: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &["←", "↖", "↑", "↗", "→", "↘", "↓", "↙"],
};

/// Arrow2 spinner pattern (with emoji)
const ARROW2: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &["⬆️ ", "↗️ ", "➡️ ", "↘️ ", "⬇️ ", "↙️ ", "⬅️ ", "↖️ "],
};

/// Arrow3 spinner pattern
const ARROW3: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &["▹▹▹▹▹", "▸▹▹▹▹", "▹▸▹▹▹", "▹▹▸▹▹", "▹▹▹▸▹", "▹▹▹▹▸"],
};

/// Bouncing bar spinner pattern
const BOUNCING_BAR: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &[
        "[    ]", "[=   ]", "[==  ]", "[=== ]", "[====]", "[ ===]", "[  ==]", "[   =]", "[    ]",
        "[   =]", "[  ==]", "[ ===]", "[====]", "[=== ]", "[==  ]", "[=   ]",
    ],
};

/// Bouncing ball spinner pattern
const BOUNCING_BALL: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &[
        "( ●    )",
        "(  ●   )",
        "(   ●  )",
        "(    ● )",
        "(     ●)",
        "(    ● )",
        "(   ●  )",
        "(  ●   )",
        "( ●    )",
        "(●     )",
    ],
};

/// Clock spinner pattern
const CLOCK: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &[
        "🕛 ", "🕐 ", "🕑 ", "🕒 ", "🕓 ", "🕔 ", "🕕 ", "🕖 ", "🕗 ", "🕘 ", "🕙 ", "🕚 ",
    ],
};

/// Earth spinner pattern
const EARTH: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &["🌍 ", "🌎 ", "🌏 "],
};

/// Moon spinner pattern
const MOON: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &["🌑 ", "🌒 ", "🌓 ", "🌔 ", "🌕 ", "🌖 ", "🌗 ", "🌘 "],
};

/// Hearts spinner pattern
const HEARTS: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &["💛 ", "💙 ", "💜 ", "💚 ", "💗 "],
};

/// Smiley spinner pattern
const SMILEY: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &["😄 ", "😝 "],
};

/// Monkey spinner pattern
const MONKEY: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &["🙈 ", "🙈 ", "🙉 ", "🙊 "],
};

/// Weather spinner pattern
const WEATHER: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &[
        "☀️ ", "☀️ ", "☀️ ", "🌤 ", "⛅️ ", "🌥 ", "☁️ ", "🌧 ", "🌨 ", "🌧 ", "🌨 ", "🌧 ", "🌨 ", "⛈ ",
        "🌨 ", "🌧 ", "🌨 ", "☁️ ", "🌥 ", "⛅️ ", "🌤 ", "☀️ ", "☀️ ",
    ],
};

/// Christmas spinner pattern
const CHRISTMAS: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &["🌲", "🎄"],
};

/// Point spinner pattern
const POINT: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &["∙∙∙", "●∙∙", "∙●∙", "∙∙●", "∙∙∙"],
};

/// Layer spinner pattern
const LAYER: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &["-", "=", "≡"],
};

/// Beta wave spinner pattern
const BETA_WAVE: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &[
        "ρββββββ",
        "βρβββββ",
        "ββρββββ",
        "βββρβββ",
        "ββββρββ",
        "βββββρβ",
        "ββββββρ",
    ],
};

/// Aesthetic spinner pattern
const AESTHETIC: SpinnerPattern = SpinnerPattern {
    frames: &[
        "▰▱▱▱▱▱▱",
        "▰▰▱▱▱▱▱",
        "▰▰▰▱▱▱▱",
        "▰▰▰▰▱▱▱",
        "▰▰▰▰▰▱▱",
        "▰▰▰▰▰▰▱",
        "▰▰▰▰▰▰▰",
        "▰▱▱▱▱▱▱",
    ],
};

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Spinner {
    /// Get the frames for the current spinner type
    fn get_frames(&self) -> Vec<String> {
        match &self.spinner_type {
            SpinnerType::Custom(frames) => frames.clone(),
            _ => {
                let pattern = match &self.spinner_type {
                    SpinnerType::Dots => &DOTS,
                    SpinnerType::Dots2 => &DOTS2,
                    SpinnerType::Dots3 => &DOTS3,
                    SpinnerType::Line => &LINE,
                    SpinnerType::Line2 => &LINE2,
                    SpinnerType::Pipe => &PIPE,
                    SpinnerType::SimpleDots => &SIMPLE_DOTS,
                    SpinnerType::SimpleDotsScrolling => &SIMPLE_DOTS_SCROLLING,
                    SpinnerType::Star => &STAR,
                    SpinnerType::Star2 => &STAR2,
                    SpinnerType::Flip => &FLIP,
                    SpinnerType::Hamburger => &HAMBURGER,
                    SpinnerType::GrowVertical => &GROW_VERTICAL,
                    SpinnerType::GrowHorizontal => &GROW_HORIZONTAL,
                    SpinnerType::Balloon => &BALLOON,
                    SpinnerType::Balloon2 => &BALLOON2,
                    SpinnerType::Noise => &NOISE,
                    SpinnerType::Bounce => &BOUNCE,
                    SpinnerType::BoxBounce => &BOX_BOUNCE,
                    SpinnerType::BoxBounce2 => &BOX_BOUNCE2,
                    SpinnerType::Triangle => &TRIANGLE,
                    SpinnerType::Binary => &BINARY,
                    SpinnerType::Arc => &ARC,
                    SpinnerType::Circle => &CIRCLE,
                    SpinnerType::SquareCorners => &SQUARE_CORNERS,
                    SpinnerType::CircleQuarters => &CIRCLE_QUARTERS,
                    SpinnerType::CircleHalves => &CIRCLE_HALVES,
                    SpinnerType::Squish => &SQUISH,
                    SpinnerType::Toggle => &TOGGLE,
                    SpinnerType::Toggle2 => &TOGGLE2,
                    SpinnerType::Toggle3 => &TOGGLE3,
                    SpinnerType::Arrow => &ARROW,
                    SpinnerType::Arrow2 => &ARROW2,
                    SpinnerType::Arrow3 => &ARROW3,
                    SpinnerType::BouncingBar => &BOUNCING_BAR,
                    SpinnerType::BouncingBall => &BOUNCING_BALL,
                    SpinnerType::Clock => &CLOCK,
                    SpinnerType::Earth => &EARTH,
                    SpinnerType::Moon => &MOON,
                    SpinnerType::Hearts => &HEARTS,
                    SpinnerType::Smiley => &SMILEY,
                    SpinnerType::Monkey => &MONKEY,
                    SpinnerType::Weather => &WEATHER,
                    SpinnerType::Christmas => &CHRISTMAS,
                    SpinnerType::Point => &POINT,
                    SpinnerType::Layer => &LAYER,
                    SpinnerType::BetaWave => &BETA_WAVE,
                    SpinnerType::Aesthetic => &AESTHETIC,
                    SpinnerType::Custom(_) => unreachable!(), // Already handled above
                };
                pattern.frames.iter().map(|&s| s.to_string()).collect()
            }
        }
    }

    /// Creates a new Spinner with default settings
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
            spinner_type: SpinnerType::default(),
            speed: SpinnerSpeed::default(),
            color: None,
        }
    }

    /// Set the spinner animation type
    pub fn spinner_type(mut self, spinner_type: SpinnerType) -> Self {
        self.spinner_type = spinner_type;
        self
    }

    /// Set the animation speed
    pub fn speed(mut self, speed: SpinnerSpeed) -> Self {
        self.speed = speed;
        self
    }

    /// Set the spinner color
    pub fn color(mut self, color: Color) -> Self {
        self.color = Some(color);
        self
    }

    /// Set a custom pattern for the spinner
    ///
    /// # Example
    /// ```ignore
    /// let spinner = Spinner::new()
    ///     .custom_pattern(vec!["◐", "◓", "◑", "◒"])
    ///     .speed(SpinnerSpeed::Normal);
    /// ```
    pub fn custom_pattern<S>(mut self, frames: Vec<S>) -> Self
    where
        S: Into<String>,
    {
        let frames: Vec<String> = frames.into_iter().map(|s| s.into()).collect();
        self.spinner_type = SpinnerType::Custom(frames);
        self
    }

    fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, msg: Box<dyn Message>, _topic: Option<&str>) -> Action {
        if let Some(msg) = msg.downcast::<SpinnerMsg>() {
            let mut state = ctx.get_state::<SpinnerState>();
            match msg {
                SpinnerMsg::Tick => {
                    let frames = self.get_frames();
                    state.frame_index = (state.frame_index + 1) % frames.len();
                    return Action::update(state);
                }
            }
        }
        Action::none()
    }

    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context) -> Node {
        let state = ctx.get_state::<SpinnerState>();
        let frames = self.get_frames();

        // Get current frame
        let frame_index = state.frame_index % frames.len();
        let frame = &frames[frame_index];

        // Create text node with optional color
        let mut text = Text::new(frame);
        if let Some(color) = self.color {
            text.style = Some(TextStyle {
                color: Some(color),
                ..Default::default()
            });
        }

        text.into()
    }

    fn effects(&self, ctx: &Context) -> Vec<Effect> {
        let ctx = ctx.clone();
        let interval = self.speed.interval();

        let effect = Box::pin(async move {
            loop {
                tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(interval)).await;
                ctx.send(SpinnerMsg::Tick);
            }
        });

        vec![effect]
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Trait Implementations: Spinner
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Component for Spinner {
    fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, msg: Box<dyn Message>, topic: Option<&str>) -> Action {
        Spinner::update(self, ctx, msg, topic)
    }

    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context) -> Node {
        Spinner::view(self, ctx)
    }

    fn effects(&self, ctx: &Context) -> Vec<Effect> {
        Spinner::effects(self, ctx)
    }

    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn std::any::Any {
        self
    }

    fn as_any_mut(&mut self) -> &mut dyn std::any::Any {
        self
    }
}

impl Default for Spinner {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::new()
    }
}


================================================
FILE: rxtui/lib/components/text_input.rs
================================================
use crate::component::{Action, Component, Message, MessageExt};
use crate::key::{Key, KeyWithModifiers};
use crate::node::Node;
use crate::node::{DivStyles, RichText, Text};
use crate::style::{
    Border, BorderEdges, BorderStyle, Color, Dimension, Overflow, Position, Spacing, Style,
    TextStyle, TextWrap,
};
use crate::{Context, Div};
use std::any::Any;
use std::rc::Rc;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Messages for TextInput component
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub enum TextInputMsg {
    /// Component gained focus
    Focused,

    /// Component lost focus
    Blurred,

    /// Character input received
    CharInput(char),

    /// Backspace key pressed
    Backspace,

    /// Delete key pressed
    Delete,

    /// Delete word backward (Ctrl+W, Alt+Backspace)
    DeleteWordBackward,

    /// Delete word forward (Alt+D)
    DeleteWordForward,

    /// Delete to beginning of line (Ctrl+U)
    DeleteToLineStart,

    /// Delete to end of line (Ctrl+K)
    DeleteToLineEnd,

    /// Cursor movement
    CursorLeft,
    CursorRight,
    CursorHome,
    CursorEnd,
    CursorWordLeft,
    CursorWordRight,

    /// Selection operations
    SelectLeft,
    SelectRight,
    SelectAll,
    SelectWord,
    ClearSelection,

    /// Edit operations
    Cut,
    Copy,
    Paste(String),

    /// Submit (Enter key)
    Submit,

    /// Clear the input content
    Clear,
}

/// State for TextInput component
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
pub struct TextInputState {
    /// Whether the input is currently focused
    pub focused: bool,

    /// The current input content
    pub content: String,

    /// Current cursor position (in characters, not bytes)
    pub cursor_position: usize,

    /// Start of selection (None if no selection)
    pub selection_start: Option<usize>,

    /// End of selection (None if no selection)
    pub selection_end: Option<usize>,
}

/// A text input component for user text entry with sensible defaults
///
/// TextInput comes with default styling:
/// - Cyan single-line border
/// - Width of 30 cells
/// - Height of 3 cells (to accommodate border)
/// - Horizontal padding of 1 cell
/// - Placeholder text in italic grey (BrightBlack)
/// - Content text in normal white
///
/// All defaults can be overridden using the builder methods.
/// Supports full text editing with keyboard input, placeholder styling,
/// content styling, and focus styling.
///
/// # Basic Example
///
/// ```ignore
/// use rxtui::prelude::*;
///
/// // Uses default cyan border and 30x3 size
/// let input = TextInput::new()
///     .placeholder("Enter your name...");
/// ```
///
/// # Customization Example
///
/// ```ignore
/// use rxtui::prelude::*;
///
/// // Override specific properties while keeping other defaults
/// let input = TextInput::new()
///     .placeholder("Custom input...")
///     .border(Color::Yellow)  // Override border color
///     .width(50)              // Override width
///     .focus_border(Color::Green)
///     .focus_background(Color::Rgb(0, 50, 0));
/// ```
///
/// # Placeholder Styling Example
///
/// ```ignore
/// use rxtui::prelude::*;
///
/// // Customize placeholder text appearance
/// let input = TextInput::new()
///     .placeholder("Enter email...")
///     .placeholder_color(Color::Blue)    // Override default grey
///     .placeholder_italic(false)         // Remove italic style
///     .placeholder_bold(true);            // Make it bold instead
/// ```
///
/// # Content Styling Example
///
/// ```ignore
/// use rxtui::prelude::*;
///
/// // Customize the typed content appearance
/// let input = TextInput::new()
///     .content_color(Color::Green)       // Green text when typing
///     .content_bold(true)                // Bold typed text
///     .placeholder("Type here...");      // Placeholder remains default style
/// ```
pub struct TextInput {
    placeholder: Option<String>,
    placeholder_style: Option<TextStyle>,
    content_style: Option<TextStyle>,
    cursor_style: Option<TextStyle>,
    selection_style: Option<TextStyle>,
    styles: DivStyles,
    focusable: bool,
    wrap: Option<TextWrap>,
    password_mode: bool,
    clear_on_submit: bool,
    on_change: Option<Box<dyn Fn(String)>>,
    on_submit: Option<Box<dyn Fn()>>,
    on_blur: Option<Box<dyn Fn()>>,
    key_handlers: Vec<(Key, Rc<dyn Fn()>)>,
    key_global_handlers: Vec<(Key, Rc<dyn Fn()>)>,
    key_with_modifiers_handlers: Vec<(KeyWithModifiers, Rc<dyn Fn()>)>,
    key_with_modifiers_global_handlers: Vec<(KeyWithModifiers, Rc<dyn Fn()>)>,
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl TextInput {
    /// Helper to delete selected text
    fn delete_selection(&self, state: &mut TextInputState) {
        if let (Some(start), Some(end)) = (state.selection_start, state.selection_end) {
            let (start, end) = if start < end {
                (start, end)
            } else {
                (end, start)
            };
            let mut chars: Vec<char> = state.content.chars().collect();
            chars.drain(start..end);
            state.content = chars.into_iter().collect();
            state.cursor_position = start;
            state.selection_start = None;
            state.selection_end = None;
        }
    }

    /// Find the previous word boundary from the given position
    fn find_word_boundary_left(&self, text: &str, pos: usize) -> usize {
        let chars: Vec<char> = text.chars().collect();
        if pos == 0 {
            return 0;
        }

        let mut new_pos = pos - 1;

        // Skip whitespace
        while new_pos > 0 && chars[new_pos].is_whitespace() {
            new_pos -= 1;
        }

        // Skip word characters
        while new_pos > 0
            && !chars[new_pos - 1].is_whitespace()
            && !chars[new_pos - 1].is_ascii_punctuation()
        {
            new_pos -= 1;
        }

        new_pos
    }

    /// Find the next word boundary from the given position
    fn find_word_boundary_right(&self, text: &str, pos: usize) -> usize {
        let chars: Vec<char> = text.chars().collect();
        let len = chars.len();

        if pos >= len {
            return len;
        }

        let mut new_pos = pos;

        // Skip current word
        while new_pos < len
            && !chars[new_pos].is_whitespace()
            && !chars[new_pos].is_ascii_punctuation()
        {
            new_pos += 1;
        }

        // Skip whitespace and punctuation
        while new_pos < len
            && (chars[new_pos].is_whitespace() || chars[new_pos].is_ascii_punctuation())
        {
            new_pos += 1;
        }

        new_pos
    }

    /// Delete word backward from cursor position
    fn delete_word_backward(&self, state: &mut TextInputState) {
        if state.cursor_position == 0 {
            return;
        }

        let new_pos = self.find_word_boundary_left(&state.content, state.cursor_position);
        let mut chars: Vec<char> = state.content.chars().collect();
        chars.drain(new_pos..state.cursor_position);
        state.content = chars.into_iter().collect();
        state.cursor_position = new_pos;
    }

    /// Delete word forward from cursor position
    fn delete_word_forward(&self, state: &mut TextInputState) {
        let char_count = state.content.chars().count();
        if state.cursor_position >= char_count {
            return;
        }

        let new_pos = self.find_word_boundary_right(&state.content, state.cursor_position);
        let mut chars: Vec<char> = state.content.chars().collect();
        chars.drain(state.cursor_position..new_pos);
        state.content = chars.into_iter().collect();
    }

    /// Delete from cursor to beginning of line
    fn delete_to_line_start(&self, state: &mut TextInputState) {
        if state.cursor_position == 0 {
            return;
        }

        let mut chars: Vec<char> = state.content.chars().collect();
        chars.drain(0..state.cursor_position);
        state.content = chars.into_iter().collect();
        state.cursor_position = 0;
    }

    /// Delete from cursor to end of line
    fn delete_to_line_end(&self, state: &mut TextInputState) {
        let char_count = state.content.chars().count();
        if state.cursor_position >= char_count {
            return;
        }

        let mut chars: Vec<char> = state.content.chars().collect();
        chars.drain(state.cursor_position..);
        state.content = chars.into_iter().collect();
    }
    /// Creates the default style for TextInput components
    fn default_style() -> Style {
        Style {
            padding: Some(Spacing::horizontal(1)),
            width: Some(Dimension::Fixed(30)),
            height: Some(Dimension::Fixed(3)),
            border: Some(Border {
                enabled: true,
                style: BorderStyle::Single,
                color: Color::Cyan,
                edges: BorderEdges::ALL,
            }),
            overflow: Some(Overflow::Hidden),
            ..Default::default()
        }
    }

    /// Creates the default placeholder text style (italic, grey)
    fn default_placeholder_style() -> TextStyle {
        TextStyle {
            color: Some(Color::BrightBlack), // Grey color
            background: None,
            bold: None,
            italic: Some(true), // Italic style
            underline: None,
            strikethrough: None,
            wrap: None,
            align: None,
        }
    }

    /// Creates the default content text style (normal white text)
    fn default_content_style() -> TextStyle {
        TextStyle {
            color: Some(Color::White), // Normal white text
            background: None,
            bold: None,
            italic: None,
            underline: None,
            strikethrough: None,
            wrap: None,
            align: None,
        }
    }

    /// Creates the default cursor style (inverted background)
    fn default_cursor_style() -> TextStyle {
        TextStyle {
            color: Some(Color::Black),
            background: Some(Color::White),
            bold: None,
            italic: None,
            underline: None,
            strikethrough: None,
            wrap: None,
            align: None,
        }
    }

    /// Creates the default selection style (blue background)
    fn default_selection_style() -> TextStyle {
        TextStyle {
            color: Some(Color::White),
            background: Some(Color::Blue),
            bold: None,
            italic: None,
            underline: None,
            strikethrough: None,
            wrap: None,
            align: None,
        }
    }

    /// Creates a new TextInput component with default styling
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
            placeholder: None,
            placeholder_style: Some(Self::default_placeholder_style()),
            content_style: Some(Self::default_content_style()),
            cursor_style: Some(Self::default_cursor_style()),
            selection_style: Some(Self::default_selection_style()),
            styles: DivStyles {
                base: Some(Self::default_style()),
                focus: None,
                hover: None,
            },
            focusable: true,                 // Text inputs are focusable by default
            wrap: Some(TextWrap::WordBreak), // Default to WordBreak for better text wrapping
            password_mode: false,            // Default to normal text mode
            clear_on_submit: false,          // Default to not clearing on submit
            on_change: None,
            on_submit: None,
            on_blur: None,
            key_handlers: Vec::new(),
            key_global_handlers: Vec::new(),
            key_with_modifiers_handlers: Vec::new(),
            key_with_modifiers_global_handlers: Vec::new(),
        }
    }

    /// Sets the placeholder text to display when the input is empty
    pub fn placeholder(mut self, text: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
        self.placeholder = Some(text.into());
        self
    }

    /// Sets whether this input can receive focus
    pub fn focusable(mut self, focusable: bool) -> Self {
        self.focusable = focusable;
        self
    }

    /// Enables password mode which masks the input content
    pub fn password(mut self, password: bool) -> Self {
        self.password_mode = password;
        self
    }

    /// Enables automatic clearing of input content on submit (Enter key)
    pub fn clear_on_submit(mut self, clear: bool) -> Self {
        self.clear_on_submit = clear;
        self
    }

    /// Sets the callback to be called when the input content changes
    pub fn on_change(mut self, callback: impl Fn(String) + 'static) -> Self {
        self.on_change = Some(Box::new(callback));
        self
    }

    /// Sets the callback to be called when Enter is pressed
    pub fn on_submit(mut self, callback: impl Fn() + 'static) -> Self {
        self.on_submit = Some(Box::new(callback));
        self
    }

    /// Sets the callback to be called when the input loses focus
    pub fn on_blur(mut self, callback: impl Fn() + 'static) -> Self {
        self.on_blur = Some(Box::new(callback));
        self
    }

    /// Registers a key handler that fires when the input is focused.
    pub fn on_key(mut self, key: Key, handler: impl Fn() + 'static) -> Self {
        self.key_handlers.push((key, Rc::new(handler)));
        self
    }

    /// Registers a global key handler that fires regardless of focus state.
    pub fn on_key_global(mut self, key: Key, handler: impl Fn() + 'static) -> Self {
        self.key_global_handlers.push((key, Rc::new(handler)));
        self
    }

    /// Registers a key handler that includes modifier state (Ctrl/Alt/Shift/Meta).
    pub fn on_key_with_modifiers(
        mut self,
        key: KeyWithModifiers,
        handler: impl Fn() + 'static,
    ) -> Self {
        self.key_with_modifiers_handlers
            .push((key, Rc::new(handler)));
        self
    }

    /// Registers a global modifier-aware key handler that fires regardless of focus state.
    pub fn on_key_with_modifiers_global(
        mut self,
        key: KeyWithModifiers,
        handler: impl Fn() + 'static,
    ) -> Self {
        self.key_with_modifiers_global_handlers
            .push((key, Rc::new(handler)));
        self
    }

    fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, msg: Box<dyn Message>, _topic: Option<&str>) -> Action {
        if let Some(msg) = msg.downcast::<TextInputMsg>() {
            let mut state = ctx.get_state::<TextInputState>();

            match msg {
                TextInputMsg::Focused => {
                    state.focused = true;
                    // Move cursor to end when gaining focus
                    state.cursor_position = state.content.chars().count();
                }
                TextInputMsg::Blurred => {
                    state.focused = false;
                    // Clear selection when losing focus
                    state.selection_start = None;
                    state.selection_end = None;

                    if let Some(callback) = &self.on_blur {
                        callback();
                    }
                }
                TextInputMsg::CharInput(ch) => {
                    // Only accept input when focused
                    if state.focused {
                        // Check for ESC sequences that indicate Alt+key combinations
                        // Alt+b and Alt+f are common word navigation shortcuts
                        // These often come through as ESC followed by the character

                        // For now, just handle regular character input
                        // Clear selection and insert at cursor
                        if state.selection_start.is_some() {
                            self.delete_selection(&mut state);
                        }

                        // Convert to char indices
                        let char_pos = state.cursor_position;
                        let mut chars: Vec<char> = state.content.chars().collect();

                        // Insert character at cursor position
                        if char_pos <= chars.len() {
                            chars.insert(char_pos, *ch);
                            state.content = chars.into_iter().collect();
                            state.cursor_position += 1;

                            // Call on_change callback
                            if let Some(callback) = &self.on_change {
                                callback(state.content.clone());
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                TextInputMsg::Backspace => {
                    // Only process backspace when focused
                    if state.focused {
                        if state.selection_start.is_some() {
                            self.delete_selection(&mut state);
                        } else if state.cursor_position > 0 {
                            // Delete character before cursor
                            let mut chars: Vec<char> = state.content.chars().collect();
                            chars.remove(state.cursor_position - 1);
                            state.content = chars.into_iter().collect();
                            state.cursor_position -= 1;

                            // Call on_change callback
                            if let Some(callback) = &self.on_change {
                                callback(state.content.clone());
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                TextInputMsg::Delete => {
                    if state.focused {
                        if state.selection_start.is_some() {
                            self.delete_selection(&mut state);
                        } else {
                            // Delete character after cursor
                            let mut chars: Vec<char> = state.content.chars().collect();
                            if state.cursor_position < chars.len() {
                                chars.remove(state.cursor_position);
                                state.content = chars.into_iter().collect();

                                // Call on_change callback
                                if let Some(callback) = &self.on_change {
                                    callback(state.content.clone());
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                TextInputMsg::DeleteWordBackward => {
                    if state.focused {
                        if state.selection_start.is_some() {
                            self.delete_selection(&mut state);
                        } else {
                            self.delete_word_backward(&mut state);
                            // Call on_change callback
                            if let Some(callback) = &self.on_change {
                                callback(state.content.clone());
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                TextInputMsg::DeleteWordForward => {
                    if state.focused {
                        if state.selection_start.is_some() {
                            self.delete_selection(&mut state);
                        } else {
                            self.delete_word_forward(&mut state);
                        }
                    }
                }
                TextInputMsg::DeleteToLineStart => {
                    if state.focused {
                        if state.selection_start.is_some() {
                            self.delete_selection(&mut state);
                        } else {
                            self.delete_to_line_start(&mut state);
                        }
                    }
                }
                TextInputMsg::DeleteToLineEnd => {
                    if state.focused {
                        if state.selection_start.is_some() {
                            self.delete_selection(&mut state);
                        } else {
                            self.delete_to_line_end(&mut state);
                        }
                    }
                }
                TextInputMsg::CursorLeft => {
                    if state.focused && state.cursor_position > 0 {
                        state.cursor_position -= 1;
                        // Clear selection when moving cursor
                        state.selection_start = None;
                        state.selection_end = None;
                    }
                }
                TextInputMsg::CursorRight => {
                    if state.focused {
                        let char_count = state.content.chars().count();
                        if state.cursor_position < char_count {
                            state.cursor_position += 1;
                        }
                        // Clear selection when moving cursor
                        state.selection_start = None;
                        state.selection_end = None;
                    }
                }
                TextInputMsg::CursorHome => {
                    if state.focused {
                        state.cursor_position = 0;
                        state.selection_start = None;
                        state.selection_end = None;
                    }
                }
                TextInputMsg::CursorEnd => {
                    if state.focused {
                        state.cursor_position = state.content.chars().count();
                        state.selection_start = None;
                        state.selection_end = None;
                    }
                }
                TextInputMsg::CursorWordLeft => {
                    if state.focused {
                        state.cursor_position =
                            self.find_word_boundary_left(&state.content, state.cursor_position);
                        state.selection_start = None;
                        state.selection_end = None;
                    }
                }
                TextInputMsg::CursorWordRight => {
                    if state.focused {
                        state.cursor_position =
                            self.find_word_boundary_right(&state.content, state.cursor_position);
                        state.selection_start = None;
                        state.selection_end = None;
                    }
                }
                // TODO: Implement selection operations
                TextInputMsg::SelectLeft
                | TextInputMsg::SelectRight
                | TextInputMsg::SelectAll
                | TextInputMsg::SelectWord
                | TextInputMsg::ClearSelection => {
                    // Will be implemented when we add selection support
                }
                // TODO: Implement clipboard operations
                TextInputMsg::Cut | TextInputMsg::Copy | TextInputMsg::Paste(_) => {
                    // Will be implemented when we add clipboard support
                }
                TextInputMsg::Submit => {
                    // Call on_submit callback when Enter is pressed
                    if let Some(callback) = &self.on_submit {
                        callback();
                    }

                    // Clear content if clear_on_submit is enabled
                    if self.clear_on_submit {
                        state.content.clear();
                        state.cursor_position = 0;
                        state.selection_start = None;
                        state.selection_end = None;

                        // Call on_change callback to notify of cleared content
                        if let Some(callback) = &self.on_change {
                            callback(state.content.clone());
                        }
                    }
                }
                TextInputMsg::Clear => {
                    state.content.clear();
                    state.cursor_position = 0;
                    state.selection_start = None;
                    state.selection_end = None;

                    // Call on_change callback
                    if let Some(callback) = &self.on_change {
                        callback(state.content.clone());
                    }
                }
            }

            return Action::update(state);
        }

        Action::none()
    }

    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context) -> Node {
        let state = ctx.get_state::<TextInputState>();

        // Create a div and apply our stored styles
        let mut container = Div::new();

        // Apply base style if we have one
        if let Some(base) = &self.styles.base {
            container = container.style(base.clone());
        }

        // Apply focus style if we have one
        if let Some(focus) = &self.styles.focus {
            container = container.focus_style(focus.clone());
        }

        // Apply hover style if we have one
        if let Some(hover) = &self.styles.hover {
            container = container.hover_style(hover.clone());
        }

        // Set focusable
        if self.focusable {
            container = container.focusable(true);
        }

        // Add event handlers
        container = container
            .on_focus(ctx.handler(TextInputMsg::Focused))
            .on_blur(ctx.handler(TextInputMsg::Blurred))
            .on_key(Key::Backspace, ctx.handler(TextInputMsg::Backspace))
            .on_key(Key::Delete, ctx.handler(TextInputMsg::Delete))
            .on_key(Key::Left, ctx.handler(TextInputMsg::CursorLeft))
            .on_key(Key::Right, ctx.handler(TextInputMsg::CursorRight))
            .on_key(Key::Home, ctx.handler(TextInputMsg::CursorHome))
            .on_key(Key::End, ctx.handler(TextInputMsg::CursorEnd))
            .on_key(Key::Enter, ctx.handler(TextInputMsg::Submit))
            // Add modifier-aware handlers for word navigation
            // Terminals send Alt+B/F as Char('b'/'f') with ALT, not Arrow keys
            .on_key_with_modifiers(
                KeyWithModifiers::with_alt(Key::Char('b')),
                ctx.handler(TextInputMsg::CursorWordLeft),
            )
            .on_key_with_modifiers(
                KeyWithModifiers::with_alt(Key::Char('f')),
                ctx.handler(TextInputMsg::CursorWordRight),
            )
            // On macOS, Cmd+Left/Right don't send modifier info properly
            // Use Ctrl+A/E which work cross-platform
            .on_key_with_modifiers(
                KeyWithModifiers::with_ctrl(Key::Char('a')),
                ctx.handler(TextInputMsg::CursorHome),
            )
            .on_key_with_modifiers(
                KeyWithModifiers::with_ctrl(Key::Char('e')),
                ctx.handler(TextInputMsg::CursorEnd),
            )
            // On other platforms, Ctrl+B/F for cursor navigation (Emacs-style)
            .on_key_with_modifiers(
                KeyWithModifiers::with_ctrl(Key::Char('b')),
                ctx.handler(TextInputMsg::CursorLeft),
            )
            .on_key_with_modifiers(
                KeyWithModifiers::with_ctrl(Key::Char('f')),
                ctx.handler(TextInputMsg::CursorRight),
            )
            // Word deletion handlers
            .on_key_with_modifiers(
                KeyWithModifiers::with_ctrl(Key::Char('w')),
                ctx.handler(TextInputMsg::DeleteWordBackward),
            )
            .on_key_with_modifiers(
                KeyWithModifiers::with_alt(Key::Char('d')),
                ctx.handler(TextInputMsg::DeleteWordForward),
            )
            // Alt+Backspace for word backward deletion (macOS Option+Delete)
            .on_key_with_modifiers(
                KeyWithModifiers::with_alt(Key::Backspace),
                ctx.handler(TextInputMsg::DeleteWordBackward),
            )
            // Alt+Delete for word forward deletion (macOS Option+Fn+Delete if supported)
            .on_key_with_modifiers(
                KeyWithModifiers::with_alt(Key::Delete),
                ctx.handler(TextInputMsg::DeleteWordForward),
            )
            // Command+Delete for delete to line start (macOS)
            .on_key_with_modifiers(
                KeyWithModifiers {
                    key: Key::Backspace,
                    ctrl: false,
                    alt: false,
                    shift: false,
                    meta: true,
                },
                ctx.handler(TextInputMsg::DeleteToLineStart),
            )
            // Line deletion handlers
            .on_key_with_modifiers(
                KeyWithModifiers::with_ctrl(Key::Char('u')),
                ctx.handler(TextInputMsg::DeleteToLineStart),
            )
            .on_key_with_modifiers(
                KeyWithModifiers::with_ctrl(Key::Char('k')),
                ctx.handler(TextInputMsg::DeleteToLineEnd),
            )
            .on_any_char(ctx.handler_with_value(|ch| {
                // Only handle regular character input
                // Control sequences are handled by on_key_with_modifiers above
                TextInputMsg::CharInput(ch)
            }));

        for (key_with_modifiers, handler) in &self.key_with_modifiers_handlers {
            let handler = handler.clone();
            container =
                container.on_key_with_modifiers(*key_with_modifiers, move || (handler.as_ref())());
        }

        for (key, handler) in &self.key_handlers {
            let handler = handler.clone();
            container = container.on_key(*key, move || (handler.as_ref())());
        }

        for (key_with_modifiers, handler) in &self.key_with_modifiers_global_handlers {
            let handler = handler.clone();
            container = container
                .on_key_with_modifiers_global(*key_with_modifiers, move || (handler.as_ref())());
        }

        for (key, handler) in &self.key_global_handlers {
            let handler = handler.clone();
            container = container.on_key_global(*key, move || (handler.as_ref())());
        }

        // Display content if present, otherwise show placeholder
        if !state.content.is_empty() || state.focused {
            // Mask content if in password mode
            let display_content = if self.password_mode {
                "•".repeat(state.content.chars().count())
            } else {
                state.content.clone()
            };

            // Show the actual content with cursor when focused
            let node = if state.focused {
                // Use RichText with cursor
                let cursor_style = self
                    .cursor_style
                    .clone()
                    .unwrap_or_else(Self::default_cursor_style);
                let mut rich_text =
                    RichText::with_cursor(&display_content, state.cursor_position, cursor_style);

                // Apply wrapping if specified
                if let Some(wrap) = self.wrap {
                    rich_text = rich_text.wrap(wrap);
                }

                // Apply content style to non-cursor spans
                if let Some(content_style) = &self.content_style {
                    for span in &mut rich_text.spans {
                        if span.style.is_none() || span.style.as_ref().unwrap().background.is_none()
                        {
                            span.style = Some(content_style.clone());
                        }
                    }
                }

                rich_text.into()
            } else if !state.content.is_empty() {
                // Show content without cursor when not focused
                let mut text = Text::new(display_content.clone());
                let default_style = Self::default_content_style();
                let final_style = TextStyle::merge(Some(default_style), self.content_style.clone());

                if let Some(style) = final_style {
                    text.style = Some(style.clone());
                }

                // Apply wrapping
                if let Some(wrap) = self.wrap {
                    text.style.get_or_insert(TextStyle::default()).wrap = Some(wrap);
                }

                text.into()
            } else {
                // Empty but focused - show just cursor
                let cursor_style = self
                    .cursor_style
                    .clone()
                    .unwrap_or_else(Self::default_cursor_style);
                let rich_text = RichText::with_cursor("", 0, cursor_style);
                rich_text.into()
            };

            container = container.children(vec![node]);
        } else if let Some(placeholder) = &self.placeholder {
            // Show placeholder when content is empty and not focused
            let mut text = Text::new(placeholder.clone());
            let default_style = Self::default_placeholder_style();
            let final_style = TextStyle::merge(Some(default_style), self.placeholder_style.clone());

            if let Some(style) = final_style {
                text.style = Some(style.clone());
            }

            container = container.children(vec![text.into()]);
        }

        container.into()
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Container-style builder methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl TextInput {
    /// Sets the background color
    pub fn background(mut self, color: Color) -> Self {
        let mut style = self.styles.base.clone().unwrap_or_else(Self::default_style);
        style.background = Some(color);
        self.styles.base = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the border color (creates a default border if none exists)
    pub fn border(self, color: Color) -> Self {
        self.border_with(Border::new(color))
    }

    /// Sets the border using an explicit Border configuration.
    pub fn border_with(mut self, border: Border) -> Self {
        let mut style = self.styles.base.clone().unwrap_or_else(Self::default_style);
        style.border = Some(border);
        self.styles.base = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the border style and color
    pub fn border_style(mut self, border_style: BorderStyle, color: Color) -> Self {
        let mut style = self.styles.base.clone().unwrap_or_else(Self::default_style);
        style.border = Some(Border {
            enabled: true,
            style: border_style,
            color,
            edges: BorderEdges::ALL,
        });
        self.styles.base = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Sets border edges to display
    pub fn border_edges(mut self, edges: BorderEdges) -> Self {
        let mut style = self.styles.base.clone().unwrap_or_else(Self::default_style);
        if style.border.is_none() {
            style.border = Some(Border::new(Color::White));
        }
        if let Some(ref mut border) = style.border {
            border.edges = edges;
        }
        self.styles.base = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Sets full border configuration
    pub fn border_full(
        mut self,
        border_style: BorderStyle,
        color: Color,
        edges: BorderEdges,
    ) -> Self {
        let mut style = self.styles.base.clone().unwrap_or_else(Self::default_style);
        style.border = Some(Border {
            enabled: true,
            style: border_style,
            color,
            edges,
        });
        self.styles.base = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the inner padding around content
    pub fn padding(mut self, padding: Spacing) -> Self {
        let mut style = self.styles.base.clone().unwrap_or_else(Self::default_style);
        style.padding = Some(padding);
        self.styles.base = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the width
    pub fn width(mut self, width: u16) -> Self {
        let mut style = self.styles.base.clone().unwrap_or_else(Self::default_style);
        style.width = Some(Dimension::Fixed(width));
        self.styles.base = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the width as a fraction of the parent (0.0 to 1.0)
    pub fn width_fraction(mut self, fraction: f32) -> Self {
        let mut style = self.styles.base.clone().unwrap_or_else(Self::default_style);
        style.width = Some(Dimension::Percentage(fraction.clamp(0.0, 1.0)));
        self.styles.base = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the width to auto
    pub fn width_auto(mut self) -> Self {
        let mut style = self.styles.base.clone().unwrap_or_else(Self::default_style);
        style.width = Some(Dimension::Auto);
        self.styles.base = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the width to content-based sizing
    pub fn width_content(mut self) -> Self {
        let mut style = self.styles.base.clone().unwrap_or_else(Self::default_style);
        style.width = Some(Dimension::Content);
        self.styles.base = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the height
    pub fn height(mut self, height: u16) -> Self {
        let mut style = self.styles.base.clone().unwrap_or_else(Self::default_style);
        style.height = Some(Dimension::Fixed(height));
        self.styles.base = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the height as a fraction of the parent (0.0 to 1.0)
    pub fn height_fraction(mut self, fraction: f32) -> Self {
        let mut style = self.styles.base.clone().unwrap_or_else(Self::default_style);
        style.height = Some(Dimension::Percentage(fraction.clamp(0.0, 1.0)));
        self.styles.base = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the height to auto
    pub fn height_auto(mut self) -> Self {
        let mut style = self.styles.base.clone().unwrap_or_else(Self::default_style);
        style.height = Some(Dimension::Auto);
        self.styles.base = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the height to content-based sizing
    pub fn height_content(mut self) -> Self {
        let mut style = self.styles.base.clone().unwrap_or_else(Self::default_style);
        style.height = Some(Dimension::Content);
        self.styles.base = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the focus style
    pub fn focus_style(mut self, style: Style) -> Self {
        self.styles.focus = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the hover style
    pub fn hover_style(mut self, style: Style) -> Self {
        self.styles.hover = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the border color when focused
    pub fn focus_border(self, color: Color) -> Self {
        self.focus_border_with(Border::new(color))
    }

    /// Sets the border style and color when focused
    pub fn focus_border_style(self, border_style: BorderStyle, color: Color) -> Self {
        self.focus_border_with(Border {
            enabled: true,
            style: border_style,
            color,
            edges: BorderEdges::ALL,
        })
    }

    /// Sets the focus border using an explicit Border configuration.
    pub fn focus_border_with(mut self, border: Border) -> Self {
        let mut style = self.styles.focus.clone().unwrap_or_default();
        style.border = Some(border);
        self.styles.focus = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the background color when focused
    pub fn focus_background(mut self, color: Color) -> Self {
        let mut style = self.styles.focus.clone().unwrap_or_default();
        style.background = Some(color);
        self.styles.focus = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the padding when focused
    pub fn focus_padding(mut self, padding: Spacing) -> Self {
        let mut style = self.styles.focus.clone().unwrap_or_default();
        style.padding = Some(padding);
        self.styles.focus = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the border color when hovered
    pub fn hover_border(mut self, color: Color) -> Self {
        let mut style = self.styles.hover.clone().unwrap_or_default();
        if style.border.is_none() {
            style.border = Some(Border::new(color));
        }
        if let Some(ref mut border) = style.border {
            border.color = color;
            border.enabled = true;
        }
        self.styles.hover = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the border style and color when hovered
    pub fn hover_border_style(mut self, border_style: BorderStyle, color: Color) -> Self {
        let mut style = self.styles.hover.clone().unwrap_or_default();
        style.border = Some(Border {
            enabled: true,
            style: border_style,
            color,
            edges: BorderEdges::ALL,
        });
        self.styles.hover = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the background color when hovered
    pub fn hover_background(mut self, color: Color) -> Self {
        let mut style = self.styles.hover.clone().unwrap_or_default();
        style.background = Some(color);
        self.styles.hover = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the padding when hovered
    pub fn hover_padding(mut self, padding: Spacing) -> Self {
        let mut style = self.styles.hover.clone().unwrap_or_default();
        style.padding = Some(padding);
        self.styles.hover = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the position type
    pub fn position(mut self, position: Position) -> Self {
        let mut style = self.styles.base.clone().unwrap_or_else(Self::default_style);
        style.position = Some(position);
        self.styles.base = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Sets absolute positioning
    pub fn absolute(self) -> Self {
        self.position(Position::Absolute)
    }

    /// Sets the top offset
    pub fn top(mut self, top: i16) -> Self {
        let mut style = self.styles.base.clone().unwrap_or_else(Self::default_style);
        style.top = Some(top);
        self.styles.base = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the right offset
    pub fn right(mut self, right: i16) -> Self {
        let mut style = self.styles.base.clone().unwrap_or_else(Self::default_style);
        style.right = Some(right);
        self.styles.base = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the bottom offset
    pub fn bottom(mut self, bottom: i16) -> Self {
        let mut style = self.styles.base.clone().unwrap_or_else(Self::default_style);
        style.bottom = Some(bottom);
        self.styles.base = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the left offset
    pub fn left(mut self, left: i16) -> Self {
        let mut style = self.styles.base.clone().unwrap_or_else(Self::default_style);
        style.left = Some(left);
        self.styles.base = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the z-index for layering
    pub fn z_index(mut self, z_index: i32) -> Self {
        let mut style = self.styles.base.clone().unwrap_or_else(Self::default_style);
        style.z_index = Some(z_index);
        self.styles.base = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the complete placeholder text style
    pub fn placeholder_style(mut self, style: TextStyle) -> Self {
        self.placeholder_style = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the placeholder text color
    pub fn placeholder_color(mut self, color: Color) -> Self {
        let mut style = self
            .placeholder_style
            .clone()
            .unwrap_or_else(Self::default_placeholder_style);
        style.color = Some(color);
        self.placeholder_style = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the placeholder text background color
    pub fn placeholder_background(mut self, color: Color) -> Self {
        let mut style = self
            .placeholder_style
            .clone()
            .unwrap_or_else(Self::default_placeholder_style);
        style.background = Some(color);
        self.placeholder_style = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Makes the placeholder text bold
    pub fn placeholder_bold(mut self, bold: bool) -> Self {
        let mut style = self
            .placeholder_style
            .clone()
            .unwrap_or_else(Self::default_placeholder_style);
        style.bold = Some(bold);
        self.placeholder_style = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Makes the placeholder text italic
    pub fn placeholder_italic(mut self, italic: bool) -> Self {
        let mut style = self
            .placeholder_style
            .clone()
            .unwrap_or_else(Self::default_placeholder_style);
        style.italic = Some(italic);
        self.placeholder_style = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Makes the placeholder text underlined
    pub fn placeholder_underline(mut self, underline: bool) -> Self {
        let mut style = self
            .placeholder_style
            .clone()
            .unwrap_or_else(Self::default_placeholder_style);
        style.underline = Some(underline);
        self.placeholder_style = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the complete content text style
    pub fn content_style(mut self, style: TextStyle) -> Self {
        self.content_style = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the content text color
    pub fn content_color(mut self, color: Color) -> Self {
        let mut style = self
            .content_style
            .clone()
            .unwrap_or_else(Self::default_content_style);
        style.color = Some(color);
        self.content_style = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the content text background color
    pub fn content_background(mut self, color: Color) -> Self {
        let mut style = self
            .content_style
            .clone()
            .unwrap_or_else(Self::default_content_style);
        style.background = Some(color);
        self.content_style = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Makes the content text bold
    pub fn content_bold(mut self, bold: bool) -> Self {
        let mut style = self
            .content_style
            .clone()
            .unwrap_or_else(Self::default_content_style);
        style.bold = Some(bold);
        self.content_style = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Makes the content text italic
    pub fn content_italic(mut self, italic: bool) -> Self {
        let mut style = self
            .content_style
            .clone()
            .unwrap_or_else(Self::default_content_style);
        style.italic = Some(italic);
        self.content_style = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Makes the content text underlined
    pub fn content_underline(mut self, underline: bool) -> Self {
        let mut style = self
            .content_style
            .clone()
            .unwrap_or_else(Self::default_content_style);
        style.underline = Some(underline);
        self.content_style = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the cursor style
    pub fn cursor_style(mut self, style: TextStyle) -> Self {
        self.cursor_style = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the cursor color (background when cursor is shown)
    pub fn cursor_color(mut self, color: Color) -> Self {
        let mut style = self
            .cursor_style
            .clone()
            .unwrap_or_else(Self::default_cursor_style);
        style.background = Some(color);
        // Automatically set text color for contrast
        style.color = Some(match color {
            Color::Black | Color::Blue | Color::Red | Color::Magenta => Color::White,
            _ => Color::Black,
        });
        self.cursor_style = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the selection style
    pub fn selection_style(mut self, style: TextStyle) -> Self {
        self.selection_style = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the selection background color
    pub fn selection_color(mut self, color: Color) -> Self {
        let mut style = self
            .selection_style
            .clone()
            .unwrap_or_else(Self::default_selection_style);
        style.background = Some(color);
        self.selection_style = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Enables text wrapping with the specified mode
    pub fn wrap(mut self, wrap: TextWrap) -> Self {
        self.wrap = Some(wrap);
        self
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Trait Implementations
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Component for TextInput {
    fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, msg: Box<dyn Message>, topic: Option<&str>) -> Action {
        TextInput::update(self, ctx, msg, topic)
    }

    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context) -> Node {
        TextInput::view(self, ctx)
    }

    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any {
        self
    }

    fn as_any_mut(&mut self) -> &mut dyn Any {
        self
    }
}

impl Default for TextInput {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::new()
    }
}


================================================
FILE: rxtui/lib/diff.rs
================================================
//! Virtual DOM diffing algorithm for efficient UI updates.
//!
//! This module implements a diffing algorithm that compares the current render tree
//! with a new node tree to generate a minimal set of patches. These patches
//! describe the changes needed to update the UI efficiently.
//!
//! ## Algorithm Overview
//!
//! ```text
//!     Old Tree              New Tree
//!     ┌───────┐            ┌───────┐
//!     │element│            │element│
//!     └───┬───┘            └───┬───┘
//!         │                    │
//!     ┌───┴───┐            ┌───┴───┐
//!     │ "old" │            │ "new" │
//!     └───────┘            └───────┘
//!         │                    │
//!         └───────diff─────────┘
//!                   │
//!                   ▼
//!             [ UpdateText ]
//! ```
//!
//! The diff algorithm recursively compares nodes and generates patches for:
//! - Text content changes
//! - Property/style updates
//! - Child additions/removals
//! - Node replacements

use crate::render_tree::{RenderNode, RenderNodeType};
use crate::vnode::VNode;
use std::cell::RefCell;
use std::rc::Rc;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Represents a single change operation to apply to the render tree.
///
/// Patches are generated by the diff algorithm and applied by the VDom
/// to update the UI efficiently without full re-renders.
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub enum Patch {
    /// Replace an entire node with a new node.
    /// Used when nodes are fundamentally different (e.g., container -> text).
    Replace {
        old: Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>,
        new: VNode,
    },

    /// Update the text content and style of a text node.
    /// More efficient than replacing the entire node.
    UpdateText {
        node: Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>,
        new_text: String,
        new_style: Option<crate::style::TextStyle>,
    },

    /// Update the spans and style of a styled text node.
    UpdateRichText {
        node: Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>,
        new_spans: Vec<crate::node::TextSpan>,
        new_style: Option<crate::style::TextStyle>,
    },

    /// Update the properties (style, dimensions) of a div.
    /// Preserves the node structure while updating visual properties.
    UpdateProps {
        node: Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>,
        div: crate::node::Div<VNode>,
    },

    /// Add a new child node at a specific position.
    AddChild {
        parent: Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>,
        child: VNode,
        index: usize,
    },

    /// Remove a child node at a specific position.
    RemoveChild {
        parent: Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>,
        index: usize,
    },
}

/// Context for accumulating patches during the diff process.
/// Passed through the recursive diff algorithm to collect all changes.
pub struct DiffContext {
    /// Accumulated patches discovered during diffing
    pub patches: Vec<Patch>,
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Functions
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Performs a diff between an existing render tree and a new virtual node tree.
///
/// Returns a vector of patches that describe the minimal changes needed
/// to transform the old tree into the new tree.
///
/// ## Example
///
/// ```text
///     diff(old_tree, new_tree) → [
///         UpdateText { node: text_node, new_text: "updated", new_style: Some(...) },
///         AddChild { parent: div_node, child: new_span, index: 2 }
///     ]
/// ```
pub fn diff(old: &Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>, new: &VNode) -> Vec<Patch> {
    let mut context = DiffContext {
        patches: Vec::new(),
    };

    diff_node(&mut context, old, new);
    context.patches
}

/// Recursively diffs a single node and its subtree.
///
/// Compares node types and delegates to specialized diff functions
/// based on the node type combination.
fn diff_node(context: &mut DiffContext, old: &Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>, new: &VNode) {
    let old_ref = old.borrow();

    match (&old_ref.node_type, new) {
        (RenderNodeType::Text(old_text), VNode::Text(new_text)) => {
            // Check if either content or style has changed
            let old_style = old_ref.text_style.as_ref();
            let new_style = new_text.style.as_ref();
            let style_changed = match (old_style, new_style) {
                (None, None) => false,
                (Some(old), Some(new)) => old != new,
                _ => true,
            };

            if old_text != &new_text.content || style_changed {
                context.patches.push(Patch::UpdateText {
                    node: old.clone(),
                    new_text: new_text.content.clone(),
                    new_style: new_text.style.clone(),
                });
            }
        }
        (RenderNodeType::RichText(old_spans), VNode::RichText(new_rich)) => {
            // Check if spans or style have changed
            let style_changed = old_ref.text_style != new_rich.style;
            if old_spans != &new_rich.spans || style_changed {
                context.patches.push(Patch::UpdateRichText {
                    node: old.clone(),
                    new_spans: new_rich.spans.clone(),
                    new_style: new_rich.style.clone(),
                });
            }
        }
        (RenderNodeType::Element, VNode::Div(new_div)) => {
            diff_div(context, old, &old_ref, new_div);
        }
        _ => {
            context.patches.push(Patch::Replace {
                old: old.clone(),
                new: new.clone(),
            });
        }
    }
}

/// Diffs two div nodes, checking for property changes and recursing on children.
///
/// Generates UpdateProps patches for style/dimension changes and delegates
/// to diff_children for child node comparison.
fn diff_div(
    context: &mut DiffContext,
    old_node: &Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>,
    old_ref: &RenderNode,
    new_div: &crate::node::Div<VNode>,
) {
    let props_changed = {
        let old_style = &old_ref.style;
        // Use the OLD node's state flags, not the new div's (which default to false)
        let is_focused = old_ref.focused;
        let is_hovered = old_ref.hovered;
        // Get effective style based on the preserved focus/hover state
        let new_style = RenderNode::compose_state_style(
            &new_div.styles,
            new_div.focusable,
            is_focused,
            is_hovered,
        );
        let new_style_ref = &new_style;

        // Check if dimensions changed (including percentage values)
        let dimensions_changed = match (old_style, new_style_ref) {
            (Some(old_s), Some(new_s)) => {
                old_s.width != new_s.width || old_s.height != new_s.height
            }
            (None, Some(_)) | (Some(_), None) => true,
            (None, None) => false,
        };

        old_style != new_style_ref || dimensions_changed
    };

    if props_changed {
        context.patches.push(Patch::UpdateProps {
            node: old_node.clone(),
            div: new_div.clone(),
        });
    }

    diff_children(context, old_node, &old_ref.children, &new_div.children);
}

/// Diffs two lists of children, handling additions, removals, and updates.
///
/// Currently implements a simple index-based diff:
/// 1. Diffs common children by index
/// 2. Adds new children if new list is longer
/// 3. Removes extra children if old list is longer
///
/// ## Note
///
/// Currently implements a simple index-based diff. Could be optimized
/// with a key-based algorithm for better handling of reordered children.
fn diff_children(
    context: &mut DiffContext,
    parent: &Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>,
    old_children: &[Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>],
    new_children: &[VNode],
) {
    let old_len = old_children.len();
    let new_len = new_children.len();
    let min_len = old_len.min(new_len);

    for i in 0..min_len {
        diff_node(context, &old_children[i], &new_children[i]);
    }

    if new_len > old_len {
        for (i, child) in new_children.iter().enumerate().skip(old_len) {
            context.patches.push(Patch::AddChild {
                parent: parent.clone(),
                child: child.clone(),
                index: i,
            });
        }
    } else if old_len > new_len {
        for i in (new_len..old_len).rev() {
            context.patches.push(Patch::RemoveChild {
                parent: parent.clone(),
                index: i,
            });
        }
    }
}


================================================
FILE: rxtui/lib/effect/mod.rs
================================================
//! Async effects system for running background tasks in components
//!
//! Effects allow components to spawn async tasks that run outside the main
//! event loop. They can perform I/O, timers, network requests, etc. and
//! communicate back to the UI through messages.
//!
//! # Quick Start
//!
//! The easiest way to use effects is with the `#[component]` and `#[effect]` macros:
//!
//! ```ignore
//! use rxtui::prelude::*;
//! use std::time::Duration;
//!
//! #[derive(Component, Clone)]
//! struct Timer;
//!
//! #[component]  // Automatically collects all #[effect] methods
//! impl Timer {
//!     #[update]
//!     fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, msg: TimerMsg, mut state: TimerState) -> Action {
//!         match msg {
//!             TimerMsg::Tick => {
//!                 state.elapsed += 1;
//!                 Action::update(state)
//!             }
//!         }
//!     }
//!
//!     #[view]
//!     fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, state: TimerState) -> Node {
//!         node! {
//!             div [
//!                 text(format!("Elapsed: {}s", state.elapsed))
//!             ]
//!         }
//!     }
//!
//!     #[effect]
//!     async fn tick(&self, ctx: &Context) {
//!         loop {
//!             tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
//!             ctx.send(TimerMsg::Tick);
//!         }
//!     }
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! # How Effects Work
//!
//! 1. **Lifecycle**: Effects are spawned when a component mounts and cancelled when it unmounts
//! 2. **Concurrency**: Multiple effects run concurrently in the Tokio runtime
//! 3. **Communication**: Effects communicate with components via `ctx.send()` messages
//! 4. **State Access**: Effects can access component state via optional state parameter
//!
//! # Advanced Usage
//!
//! ## Multiple Effects
//!
//! Components can have multiple effects for different concerns:
//!
//! ```ignore
//! #[component]
//! impl Dashboard {
//!     #[effect]
//!     async fn fetch_data(&self, ctx: &Context) {
//!         let data = fetch_from_api().await;
//!         ctx.send(DashboardMsg::DataLoaded(data));
//!     }
//!
//!     #[effect]
//!     async fn websocket_listener(&self, ctx: &Context) {
//!         let mut ws = connect_websocket().await;
//!         while let Some(msg) = ws.next().await {
//!             ctx.send(DashboardMsg::WebSocketMessage(msg));
//!         }
//!     }
//!
//!     #[effect]
//!     async fn auto_refresh(&self, ctx: &Context) {
//!         loop {
//!             tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs(30)).await;
//!             ctx.send(DashboardMsg::Refresh);
//!         }
//!     }
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! ## Accessing State in Effects
//!
//! Effects can read component state by adding a state parameter:
//!
//! ```ignore
//! #[effect]
//! async fn monitor(&self, ctx: &Context, state: AppState) {
//!     // State is automatically fetched via ctx.get_state()
//!     if state.threshold_exceeded() {
//!         send_alert(&state.alert_config).await;
//!         ctx.send(AppMsg::AlertSent);
//!     }
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! ## Manual Implementation
//!
//! For full control, implement the `effects()` method manually:
//!
//! ```ignore
//! impl MyComponent {
//!     fn effects(&self, ctx: &Context) -> Vec<Effect> {
//!         vec![
//!             // First effect
//!             Box::pin({
//!                 let ctx = ctx.clone();
//!                 async move {
//!                     // Async logic here
//!                 }
//!             }),
//!             // Second effect
//!             Box::pin({
//!                 let ctx = ctx.clone();
//!                 let state = ctx.get_state::<MyState>();
//!                 async move {
//!                     // Async logic with state
//!                 }
//!             }),
//!         ]
//!     }
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! # Common Patterns
//!
//! ## Cancellable Operations
//!
//! Effects are automatically cancelled when components unmount, but you can
//! also handle cancellation explicitly:
//!
//! ```ignore
//! #[effect]
//! async fn cancellable_task(&self, ctx: &Context) {
//!     let handle = spawn_cancellable_task();
//!
//!     // This will be cancelled if component unmounts
//!     tokio::select! {
//!         result = handle => {
//!             ctx.send(MyMsg::TaskComplete(result));
//!         }
//!     }
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! ## Error Handling
//!
//! Always handle errors gracefully in effects:
//!
//! ```ignore
//! #[effect]
//! async fn network_task(&self, ctx: &Context) {
//!     match fetch_data().await {
//!         Ok(data) => ctx.send(MyMsg::Success(data)),
//!         Err(e) => ctx.send(MyMsg::Error(e.to_string())),
//!     }
//! }
//! ```

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Modules
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

mod runtime;
mod types;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Exports
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

pub use runtime::EffectRuntime;
pub use types::Effect;


================================================
FILE: rxtui/lib/effect/runtime.rs
================================================
use super::Effect;
use crate::component::ComponentId;
use std::collections::HashMap;
use std::sync::{Arc, RwLock};
use tokio::runtime::{Handle, Runtime};
use tokio::task::JoinHandle;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Runtime for managing async effects
pub struct EffectRuntime {
    /// Tokio runtime handle for executing futures
    /// Either owns a runtime or uses existing one
    runtime_handle: RuntimeHandle,

    /// Track active effects by component ID for cleanup
    active: Arc<RwLock<HashMap<ComponentId, Vec<JoinHandle<()>>>>>,
}

enum RuntimeHandle {
    /// We own the runtime (created when not in async context)
    Owned(Runtime),
    /// Reference to existing runtime (when already in async context)
    Existing(Handle),
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl EffectRuntime {
    /// Create a new effect runtime
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        // Try to get existing runtime handle first
        let runtime_handle = Handle::try_current()
            .map(RuntimeHandle::Existing)
            .unwrap_or_else(|_| {
                // No existing runtime, create a new one
                RuntimeHandle::Owned(Runtime::new().expect("Failed to create tokio runtime"))
            });

        Self {
            runtime_handle,
            active: Arc::new(RwLock::new(HashMap::new())),
        }
    }

    /// Get the runtime handle for spawning tasks
    fn handle(&self) -> &Handle {
        match &self.runtime_handle {
            RuntimeHandle::Owned(runtime) => runtime.handle(),
            RuntimeHandle::Existing(handle) => handle,
        }
    }

    /// Spawn effects for a component
    /// The caller is responsible for tracking whether effects should be spawned
    pub fn spawn(&self, component_id: ComponentId, effects: Vec<Effect>) {
        if effects.is_empty() {
            return;
        }

        // Spawn new effects
        let handles: Vec<_> = effects
            .into_iter()
            .map(|effect| self.handle().spawn(effect))
            .collect();

        // Track handles for cleanup
        self.active.write().unwrap().insert(component_id, handles);
    }

    /// Cancel all effects for a component
    pub fn cleanup(&self, component_id: &ComponentId) {
        if let Some(handles) = self.active.write().unwrap().remove(component_id) {
            // Abort all tasks for this component
            for handle in handles {
                handle.abort();
            }
        }
    }

    /// Cleanup all effects (used on shutdown)
    pub fn cleanup_all(&self) {
        let mut active = self.active.write().unwrap();
        for (_, handles) in active.drain() {
            for handle in handles {
                handle.abort();
            }
        }
    }

    /// Check if a component has active effects
    pub fn has_effects(&self, component_id: &ComponentId) -> bool {
        self.active.read().unwrap().contains_key(component_id)
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Trait Implementations
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Default for EffectRuntime {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::new()
    }
}

impl Drop for EffectRuntime {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        // Cleanup all effects when runtime is dropped
        self.cleanup_all();
    }
}


================================================
FILE: rxtui/lib/effect/types.rs
================================================
use std::future::Future;
use std::pin::Pin;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// An effect is just a pinned boxed future that outputs nothing
/// This allows any async operation to be an effect
pub type Effect = Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = ()> + Send + 'static>>;


================================================
FILE: rxtui/lib/key.rs
================================================
//! Key representation for keyboard input handling.
//!
//! This module provides a Key enum that represents both regular characters
//! and special keyboard keys, enabling type-safe event handling.

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Represents a keyboard key with modifier states
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
pub struct KeyWithModifiers {
    /// The key that was pressed
    pub key: Key,

    /// Whether Ctrl (or Cmd on macOS) was held
    pub ctrl: bool,

    /// Whether Alt (or Option on macOS) was held
    pub alt: bool,

    /// Whether Shift was held
    pub shift: bool,

    /// Whether Meta/Super key was held (Cmd on macOS, Win on Windows)
    pub meta: bool,
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl KeyWithModifiers {
    /// Creates a new KeyWithModifiers with no modifiers pressed
    pub fn new(key: Key) -> Self {
        Self {
            key,
            ctrl: false,
            alt: false,
            shift: false,
            meta: false,
        }
    }

    /// Creates from a key with Ctrl/Cmd pressed
    pub fn with_ctrl(key: Key) -> Self {
        Self {
            key,
            ctrl: true,
            alt: false,
            shift: false,
            meta: false,
        }
    }

    /// Creates from a key with Alt/Option pressed
    pub fn with_alt(key: Key) -> Self {
        Self {
            key,
            ctrl: false,
            alt: true,
            shift: false,
            meta: false,
        }
    }

    /// Creates from a key with Shift pressed
    pub fn with_shift(key: Key) -> Self {
        Self {
            key,
            ctrl: false,
            alt: false,
            shift: true,
            meta: false,
        }
    }

    /// Creates from crossterm KeyEvent
    pub fn from_key_event(event: crossterm::event::KeyEvent) -> Option<Self> {
        use crossterm::event::KeyModifiers;

        Key::from_key_code(event.code).map(|key| Self {
            key,
            ctrl: event.modifiers.contains(KeyModifiers::CONTROL),
            alt: event.modifiers.contains(KeyModifiers::ALT),
            shift: event.modifiers.contains(KeyModifiers::SHIFT),
            meta: event.modifiers.contains(KeyModifiers::META),
        })
    }

    /// Checks if this is a platform-specific shortcut
    /// On macOS: uses Cmd (meta), on others: uses Ctrl
    pub fn is_primary_modifier(&self) -> bool {
        if cfg!(target_os = "macos") {
            self.meta
        } else {
            self.ctrl
        }
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Represents a keyboard key that can be handled by UI models.
///
/// This enum provides type-safe representation of keyboard input,
/// distinguishing between regular characters and special keys.
///
/// ## Example
///
/// ```text
/// Elements::div()
///     .on_key(Key::Char('q'), move || app.quit())
///     .on_key(Key::Esc, move || cancel())
///     .on_key(Key::Enter, move || submit())
/// ```
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
pub enum Key {
    /// Regular character key
    Char(char),

    /// Escape key
    Esc,

    /// Enter/Return key
    Enter,

    /// Tab key
    Tab,

    /// Back Tab key (Shift+Tab)
    BackTab,

    /// Backspace key
    Backspace,

    /// Delete key
    Delete,

    /// Arrow keys
    Up,
    Down,
    Left,
    Right,

    /// Page navigation
    PageUp,
    PageDown,
    Home,
    End,

    /// Function keys
    F1,
    F2,
    F3,
    F4,
    F5,
    F6,
    F7,
    F8,
    F9,
    F10,
    F11,
    F12,
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Key {
    /// Converts a crossterm KeyCode to a Key enum variant.
    ///
    /// Returns None if the key code doesn't map to a supported key.
    pub fn from_key_code(code: crossterm::event::KeyCode) -> Option<Self> {
        use crossterm::event::KeyCode;

        match code {
            KeyCode::Char(c) => Some(Key::Char(c)),
            KeyCode::Esc => Some(Key::Esc),
            KeyCode::Enter => Some(Key::Enter),
            KeyCode::Tab => Some(Key::Tab),
            KeyCode::BackTab => Some(Key::BackTab),
            KeyCode::Backspace => Some(Key::Backspace),
            KeyCode::Delete => Some(Key::Delete),
            KeyCode::Up => Some(Key::Up),
            KeyCode::Down => Some(Key::Down),
            KeyCode::Left => Some(Key::Left),
            KeyCode::Right => Some(Key::Right),
            KeyCode::PageUp => Some(Key::PageUp),
            KeyCode::PageDown => Some(Key::PageDown),
            KeyCode::Home => Some(Key::Home),
            KeyCode::End => Some(Key::End),
            KeyCode::F(1) => Some(Key::F1),
            KeyCode::F(2) => Some(Key::F2),
            KeyCode::F(3) => Some(Key::F3),
            KeyCode::F(4) => Some(Key::F4),
            KeyCode::F(5) => Some(Key::F5),
            KeyCode::F(6) => Some(Key::F6),
            KeyCode::F(7) => Some(Key::F7),
            KeyCode::F(8) => Some(Key::F8),
            KeyCode::F(9) => Some(Key::F9),
            KeyCode::F(10) => Some(Key::F10),
            KeyCode::F(11) => Some(Key::F11),
            KeyCode::F(12) => Some(Key::F12),
            _ => None,
        }
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Trait Implementations
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl std::fmt::Display for Key {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        match self {
            Key::Char(c) => write!(f, "{c}"),
            Key::Esc => write!(f, "Esc"),
            Key::Enter => write!(f, "Enter"),
            Key::Tab => write!(f, "Tab"),
            Key::BackTab => write!(f, "BackTab"),
            Key::Backspace => write!(f, "Backspace"),
            Key::Delete => write!(f, "Delete"),
            Key::Up => write!(f, "↑"),
            Key::Down => write!(f, "↓"),
            Key::Left => write!(f, "←"),
            Key::Right => write!(f, "→"),
            Key::PageUp => write!(f, "PgUp"),
            Key::PageDown => write!(f, "PgDn"),
            Key::Home => write!(f, "Home"),
            Key::End => write!(f, "End"),
            Key::F1 => write!(f, "F1"),
            Key::F2 => write!(f, "F2"),
            Key::F3 => write!(f, "F3"),
            Key::F4 => write!(f, "F4"),
            Key::F5 => write!(f, "F5"),
            Key::F6 => write!(f, "F6"),
            Key::F7 => write!(f, "F7"),
            Key::F8 => write!(f, "F8"),
            Key::F9 => write!(f, "F9"),
            Key::F10 => write!(f, "F10"),
            Key::F11 => write!(f, "F11"),
            Key::F12 => write!(f, "F12"),
        }
    }
}


================================================
FILE: rxtui/lib/lib.rs
================================================
//! # RxTUI - Reactive Terminal User Interface Framework
//!
//! A modern terminal UI framework for Rust that brings React-style component architecture
//! and declarative UI building to the terminal. Build interactive, stateful terminal
//! applications with ease using familiar patterns.
//!
//! ## Features
//!
//! - **Component-based architecture** - Build reusable, composable UI components
//! - **Declarative UI with `node!` macro** - Express your UI structure clearly
//! - **Virtual DOM with diffing** - Efficient, minimal terminal updates
//! - **Message-based state management** - Predictable state updates like Elm
//! - **Async effects** - Handle background tasks, timers, and I/O operations
//! - **Rich styling** - Colors, borders, text styles, and layout control
//! - **Built-in components** - TextInput, forms, and more
//!
//! ## Architecture Overview
//!
//! ```text
//!     ┌────────────┐     ┌─────────────┐     ┌─────────────┐
//!     │  Component │────▶│  node!      │────▶│    Node     │
//!     │   (trait)  │     │   macro     │     │    Tree     │
//!     └────────────┘     └─────────────┘     └─────────────┘
//!            │                  │                   │
//!            │                  ▼                   ▼
//!     ┌─────────────┐    ┌─────────────┐     ┌─────────────┐
//!     │   Update    │    │    View     │────▶│    VDom     │
//!     │  (messages) │    │  (render)   │     │   (state)   │
//!     └─────────────┘    └─────────────┘     └─────────────┘
//!            │                                     │
//!            ▼                                     ▼
//!     ┌─────────────┐                       ┌─────────────┐
//!     │   Action    │                       │    Diff     │
//!     │  (state)    │                       │   Engine    │
//!     └─────────────┘                       └─────────────┘
//!                                                  │
//!                                                  ▼
//!                                           ┌─────────────┐
//!                                           │  Terminal   │
//!                                           │   Render    │
//!                                           └─────────────┘
//! ```
//!
//! ## Quick Start
//!
//! ```rust,no_run
//! use rxtui::prelude::*;
//!
//! #[derive(Component)]
//! struct Counter;
//!
//! impl Counter {
//!     #[update]
//!     fn update(&self, _ctx: &Context, msg: &str, mut count: i32) -> Action {
//!         match msg {
//!             "inc" => Action::update(count + 1),
//!             "dec" => Action::update(count - 1),
//!             _ => Action::exit(),
//!         }
//!     }
//!
//!     #[view]
//!     fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, count: i32) -> Node {
//!         node! {
//!             div(
//!                 pad: 2,
//!                 align: center,
//!                 w_frac: 1.0,
//!                 gap: 1,
//!                 @key(up): ctx.handler("inc"),
//!                 @key(down): ctx.handler("dec"),
//!                 @key(esc): ctx.handler("exit")
//!             ) [
//!                 text(format!("Count: {count}"), color: white, bold),
//!                 text("use ↑/↓ to change, esc to exit", color: bright_black)
//!             ]
//!         }
//!     }
//! }
//!
//! fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
//!     App::new()?.run(Counter)
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! ## Key Concepts
//!
//! - **Component**: Main trait for building UI components with state management
//! - **node! macro**: Declarative macro for building UI trees with JSX-like syntax
//! - **Node**: Virtual representation of UI elements (divs, text, components)
//! - **Context**: Provides access to message handlers and component communication
//! - **Action**: Return type from update methods (update state, exit, etc.)
//! - **App**: Main application runner that manages the event loop
//! - **VDom**: Virtual DOM that tracks UI state and calculates diffs
//!
//! ## Examples
//!
//! ### Basic Hello World
//!
//! ```rust,no_run
//! use rxtui::prelude::*;
//!
//! #[derive(Component)]
//! struct HelloWorld;
//!
//! impl HelloWorld {
//!     #[view]
//!     fn view(&self, ctx: &Context) -> Node {
//!         node! {
//!             div(bg: blue, pad: 2, @key_global(esc): ctx.handler(())) [
//!                 text("Hello, Terminal!", color: white, bold),
//!                 text("Press Esc to exit", color: white)
//!             ]
//!         }
//!     }
//! }
//!
//! fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
//!     App::new()?.run(HelloWorld)
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! ### Using the node! Macro
//!
//! The `node!` macro provides a declarative way to build UI trees:
//!
//! ```rust
//! use rxtui::prelude::*;
//!
//! fn build_ui(ctx: &Context) -> Node {
//!     node! {
//!         div(
//!             bg: black,              // Background color
//!             border_color: white,    // Border color
//!             border_style: rounded,  // Border style
//!             pad: 2,                 // Padding
//!             gap: 1,                 // Gap between children
//!             dir: vertical           // Layout direction
//!         ) [
//!             text("Title", color: yellow, bold),
//!
//!             div(dir: horizontal, gap: 2) [
//!                 div(bg: blue, w: 20, h: 5) [
//!                     text("Left Panel", color: white)
//!                 ],
//!                 div(bg: green, w: 20, h: 5) [
//!                     text("Right Panel", color: white)
//!                 ]
//!             ],
//!
//!             text("Status: Ready", color: bright_black)
//!         ]
//!     }
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! ### State Management
//!
//! Components manage state through messages and updates:
//!
//! ```rust
//! use rxtui::prelude::*;
//!
//! #[derive(Clone, Default)]
//! struct TodoState {
//!     items: Vec<String>,
//!     input: String,
//! }
//!
//! #[derive(Component)]
//! struct TodoApp;
//!
//! impl TodoApp {
//!     #[update]
//!     fn update(&self, _ctx: &Context, msg: &str, mut state: TodoState) -> Action {
//!         match msg {
//!             "add" => {
//!                 if !state.input.is_empty() {
//!                     state.items.push(state.input.clone());
//!                     state.input.clear();
//!                 }
//!                 Action::update(state)
//!             }
//!             "clear" => {
//!                 state.items.clear();
//!                 Action::update(state)
//!             }
//!             _ => Action::exit()
//!         }
//!     }
//!
//!     #[view]
//!     fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, state: TodoState) -> Node {
//!         node! {
//!             div(pad: 2, gap: 1) [
//!                 text("Todo List", color: yellow, bold),
//!                 div(gap: 1) [
//!                     ...(state.items.iter().map(|item| {
//!                         node! { text(format!("• {}", item), color: white) }
//!                     }).collect::<Vec<_>>())
//!                 ],
//!                 text(format!("{} items", state.items.len()), color: bright_black)
//!             ]
//!         }
//!     }
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! ### Async Effects
//!
//! Handle background tasks with effects (requires `effects` feature):
//!
//! ```rust
//! use rxtui::prelude::*;
//!
//! #[derive(Component)]
//! struct Timer;
//!
//! impl Timer {
//!     #[update]
//!     fn update(&self, _ctx: &Context, tick: bool, seconds: u32) -> Action {
//!         if !tick {
//!             return Action::exit();
//!         }
//!         Action::update(seconds + 1)
//!     }
//!
//!     #[view]
//!     fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, seconds: u32) -> Node {
//!         node! {
//!             div(pad: 2, align: center, @key(esc): ctx.handler(false)) [
//!                 text(format!("Timer: {}s", seconds), color: white, bold),
//!                 text("Press Esc to stop", color: bright_black)
//!             ]
//!         }
//!     }
//!
//!     #[cfg(feature = "effects")]
//!     #[effect]
//!     async fn tick(&self, ctx: &Context) {
//!         loop {
//!             tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
//!             ctx.send(true);
//!         }
//!     }
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! ### Rich Text Formatting
//!
//! Create styled text with multiple segments:
//!
//! ```rust
//! use rxtui::prelude::*;
//!
//! fn status_line() -> Node {
//!     node! {
//!         richtext [
//!             text("Status: ", color: white),
//!             text("Connected", color: green, bold),
//!             text(" | ", color: bright_black),
//!             text("CPU: ", color: white),
//!             text("42%", color: yellow),
//!             text(" | ", color: bright_black),
//!             text("Mem: ", color: white),
//!             text("2.1GB", color: cyan)
//!         ]
//!     }
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! ### Input Handling
//!
//! Use the built-in TextInput component:
//!
//! ```rust
//! use rxtui::prelude::*;
//!
//! fn input_form(ctx: &Context) -> Node {
//!     node! {
//!         div(pad: 2, gap: 1) [
//!             text("Enter your name:", color: white),
//!             input(
//!                 placeholder: "Type here...",
//!                 border_color: cyan,
//!                 w: 30,
//!                 focusable,
//!                 @submit: ctx.handler("submit")
//!             )
//!         ]
//!     }
//! }
//! ```

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Modules: Core Components
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Prelude module for convenient imports
pub mod prelude;

/// New component-based system (parallel implementation)
pub mod component;

/// Node types for component tree (includes div, text, rich_text)
pub mod node;

/// Virtual node types for the VDOM
mod vnode;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Modules: Rendering
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Virtual DOM implementation for managing the UI state.
/// Maintains the current UI tree and applies patches from the diff engine.
mod vdom;

/// Diffing algorithm for efficiently updating the UI.
/// Compares old and new virtual DOM trees to generate minimal change patches.
mod diff;

/// Rendering engine that converts virtual nodes into terminal output.
/// Handles the actual drawing of elements to the screen.
mod render_tree;

/// Double buffering and cell-level diffing for flicker-free rendering.
/// Maintains screen state to enable precise, minimal updates.
mod buffer;

/// Optimized terminal renderer for applying cell updates.
/// Minimizes escape sequences and I/O operations for best performance.
mod terminal;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Modules: Application
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Application framework for building terminal UIs.
/// Provides the main application lifecycle and event handling.
pub mod app;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Modules: Styling & Layout
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Styling system for terminal UI components.
/// Defines colors, spacing, borders, and other visual properties.
pub mod style;

/// Bounds and rectangle operations for dirty region tracking.
/// Provides types for tracking screen regions that need redrawing.
pub mod bounds;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Modules: Input & Utilities
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Key representation for keyboard input.
/// Provides an enum for representing both characters and special keys.
pub mod key;

/// Utilities for terminal rendering, Unicode width calculations, and text wrapping.
/// Provides helpers for display width, text manipulation, and wrapping algorithms.
mod utils;

/// Provider traits for Component macro system (internal use)
/// Enables safe defaults via method shadowing for update/view/effects
#[doc(hidden)]
pub mod providers;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Modules: Macros
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Macro-based DSL for building TUI components
/// Provides ergonomic macros for composing components with less boilerplate
pub mod macros;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Modules: Components
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Reusable UI components for building forms and interfaces
/// Provides pre-built components like TextInput, Button, etc.
#[cfg(feature = "components")]
pub mod components;

/// Stub components module when the `components` feature is disabled.
#[cfg(not(feature = "components"))]
pub mod components {}

/// Async effects system for running background tasks
#[cfg(feature = "effects")]
pub mod effect;

/// Stub effect module when effects feature is disabled
#[cfg(not(feature = "effects"))]
pub mod effect {
    /// Stub Effect type when effects feature is disabled
    #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
    pub struct Effect;

    impl Effect {
        /// Create an empty effect vector
        pub fn none() -> Vec<Self> {
            vec![]
        }
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Exports
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

// Re-export the derive macro with the same name
#[doc(hidden)]
pub use rxtui_macros::Component as ComponentMacro;
pub use rxtui_macros::{component, update, view};

// Conditionally export the effect macro only when the feature is enabled
#[cfg(feature = "effects")]
pub use rxtui_macros::effect;

pub use app::{App, Context, InlineConfig, InlineHeight, TerminalMode};
pub use bounds::Rect;
pub use component::{Action, Component, Message, MessageExt, State};
#[cfg(feature = "components")]
pub use components::{ShimmerSpeed, ShimmerText, TextInput};
pub use key::{Key, KeyWithModifiers};
pub use node::{Div, Node, RichText, Text, TextSpan};
pub use style::{
    BorderEdges, BorderStyle, Color, Dimension, Direction, Overflow, Position, Spacing, Style,
    TextStyle, TextWrap, WrapMode,
};

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Tests
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    mod rich_text_tests;
}


================================================
FILE: rxtui/lib/macros/internal.rs
================================================
//! Internal macros used by the node! macro
//! These are not part of the public API

/// Converts color values to the Color type
/// Supports: named colors, hex strings, RGB values, and expressions
#[doc(hidden)]
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! color_value {
    // Named colors (without Color:: prefix)
    (black) => {
        $crate::Color::Black
    };
    (red) => {
        $crate::Color::Red
    };
    (green) => {
        $crate::Color::Green
    };
    (yellow) => {
        $crate::Color::Yellow
    };
    (blue) => {
        $crate::Color::Blue
    };
    (magenta) => {
        $crate::Color::Magenta
    };
    (cyan) => {
        $crate::Color::Cyan
    };
    (white) => {
        $crate::Color::White
    };
    (bright_black) => {
        $crate::Color::BrightBlack
    };
    (bright_red) => {
        $crate::Color::BrightRed
    };
    (bright_green) => {
        $crate::Color::BrightGreen
    };
    (bright_yellow) => {
        $crate::Color::BrightYellow
    };
    (bright_blue) => {
        $crate::Color::BrightBlue
    };
    (bright_magenta) => {
        $crate::Color::BrightMagenta
    };
    (bright_cyan) => {
        $crate::Color::BrightCyan
    };
    (bright_white) => {
        $crate::Color::BrightWhite
    };

    // Hex color strings
    ($hex:literal) => {
        $crate::Color::hex($hex)
    };

    // Any other expression - pass through
    ($color:expr) => {
        $color
    };
}

/// Converts direction shortcuts to Direction values
#[doc(hidden)]
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! direction_value {
    (vertical) => {
        $crate::Direction::Vertical
    };
    (v) => {
        $crate::Direction::Vertical
    };
    (horizontal) => {
        $crate::Direction::Horizontal
    };
    (h) => {
        $crate::Direction::Horizontal
    };
    ($dir:expr) => {
        $dir
    };
}

/// Converts edge names to BorderEdges values
#[doc(hidden)]
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! tui_edge_value {
    (top) => {
        $crate::BorderEdges::TOP
    };
    (bottom) => {
        $crate::BorderEdges::BOTTOM
    };
    (left) => {
        $crate::BorderEdges::LEFT
    };
    (right) => {
        $crate::BorderEdges::RIGHT
    };
    (horizontal) => {
        $crate::BorderEdges::HORIZONTAL
    };
    (vertical) => {
        $crate::BorderEdges::VERTICAL
    };
    (all) => {
        $crate::BorderEdges::ALL
    };
    (corners) => {
        $crate::BorderEdges::CORNERS
    };
    (edges) => {
        $crate::BorderEdges::EDGES
    };
    (top_left) => {
        $crate::BorderEdges::TOP_LEFT
    };
    (top_right) => {
        $crate::BorderEdges::TOP_RIGHT
    };
    (bottom_left) => {
        $crate::BorderEdges::BOTTOM_LEFT
    };
    (bottom_right) => {
        $crate::BorderEdges::BOTTOM_RIGHT
    };
    ($edge:expr) => {
        $edge
    };
}

/// Converts overflow values to Overflow enum
#[doc(hidden)]
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! overflow_value {
    (none) => {
        $crate::Overflow::None
    };
    (hidden) => {
        $crate::Overflow::Hidden
    };
    (scroll) => {
        $crate::Overflow::Scroll
    };
    (auto) => {
        $crate::Overflow::Auto
    };
    ($overflow:expr) => {
        $overflow
    };
}

/// Converts wrap mode values to WrapMode enum
#[doc(hidden)]
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! wrap_value {
    (nowrap) => {
        $crate::WrapMode::NoWrap
    };
    (no_wrap) => {
        $crate::WrapMode::NoWrap
    };
    (wrap) => {
        $crate::WrapMode::Wrap
    };
    (wrap_reverse) => {
        $crate::WrapMode::WrapReverse
    };
    ($wrap:expr) => {
        $wrap
    };
}

/// Converts text wrap values to TextWrap enum
#[doc(hidden)]
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! text_wrap_value {
    (none) => {
        $crate::TextWrap::None
    };
    (character) => {
        $crate::TextWrap::Character
    };
    (char) => {
        $crate::TextWrap::Character
    };
    (word) => {
        $crate::TextWrap::Word
    };
    (word_break) => {
        $crate::TextWrap::WordBreak
    };
    ($wrap:expr) => {
        $wrap
    };
}

/// Converts text align values to TextAlign enum
#[doc(hidden)]
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! text_align_value {
    (left) => {
        $crate::style::TextAlign::Left
    };
    (center) => {
        $crate::style::TextAlign::Center
    };
    (right) => {
        $crate::style::TextAlign::Right
    };
    ($align:expr) => {
        $align
    };
}

/// Converts position values to Position enum
#[doc(hidden)]
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! position_value {
    (relative) => {
        $crate::Position::Relative
    };
    (absolute) => {
        $crate::Position::Absolute
    };
    (fixed) => {
        $crate::Position::Fixed
    };
    ($pos:expr) => {
        $pos
    };
}

/// Converts justify content values to JustifyContent enum
#[doc(hidden)]
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! justify_content_value {
    (start) => {
        $crate::style::JustifyContent::Start
    };
    (center) => {
        $crate::style::JustifyContent::Center
    };
    (end) => {
        $crate::style::JustifyContent::End
    };
    (space_between) => {
        $crate::style::JustifyContent::SpaceBetween
    };
    (space_around) => {
        $crate::style::JustifyContent::SpaceAround
    };
    (space_evenly) => {
        $crate::style::JustifyContent::SpaceEvenly
    };
    ($justify:expr) => {
        $justify
    };
}

/// Converts align items values to AlignItems enum
#[doc(hidden)]
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! align_items_value {
    (start) => {
        $crate::style::AlignItems::Start
    };
    (center) => {
        $crate::style::AlignItems::Center
    };
    (end) => {
        $crate::style::AlignItems::End
    };
    ($align:expr) => {
        $align
    };
}

/// Converts align self values to AlignSelf enum
#[doc(hidden)]
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! align_self_value {
    (auto) => {
        $crate::style::AlignSelf::Auto
    };
    (start) => {
        $crate::style::AlignSelf::Start
    };
    (center) => {
        $crate::style::AlignSelf::Center
    };
    (end) => {
        $crate::style::AlignSelf::End
    };
    ($align:expr) => {
        $align
    };
}

/// Converts key values to Key enum
/// Supports lowercase/snake_case names for ergonomics
#[doc(hidden)]
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! key_value {
    // Special keys (lowercase)
    (esc) => {
        $crate::Key::Esc
    };
    (enter) => {
        $crate::Key::Enter
    };
    (tab) => {
        $crate::Key::Tab
    };
    (backtab) => {
        $crate::Key::BackTab
    };
    (back_tab) => {
        $crate::Key::BackTab
    };
    (backspace) => {
        $crate::Key::Backspace
    };
    (delete) => {
        $crate::Key::Delete
    };

    // Arrow keys (lowercase)
    (up) => {
        $crate::Key::Up
    };
    (down) => {
        $crate::Key::Down
    };
    (left) => {
        $crate::Key::Left
    };
    (right) => {
        $crate::Key::Right
    };

    // Navigation keys (snake_case)
    (page_up) => {
        $crate::Key::PageUp
    };
    (pageup) => {
        $crate::Key::PageUp
    };
    (page_down) => {
        $crate::Key::PageDown
    };
    (pagedown) => {
        $crate::Key::PageDown
    };
    (home) => {
        $crate::Key::Home
    };
    (end) => {
        $crate::Key::End
    };

    // Function keys (lowercase)
    (f1) => {
        $crate::Key::F1
    };
    (f2) => {
        $crate::Key::F2
    };
    (f3) => {
        $crate::Key::F3
    };
    (f4) => {
        $crate::Key::F4
    };
    (f5) => {
        $crate::Key::F5
    };
    (f6) => {
        $crate::Key::F6
    };
    (f7) => {
        $crate::Key::F7
    };
    (f8) => {
        $crate::Key::F8
    };
    (f9) => {
        $crate::Key::F9
    };
    (f10) => {
        $crate::Key::F10
    };
    (f11) => {
        $crate::Key::F11
    };
    (f12) => {
        $crate::Key::F12
    };

    // Backwards compatibility - support CamelCase variants
    (Esc) => {
        $crate::Key::Esc
    };
    (Enter) => {
        $crate::Key::Enter
    };
    (Tab) => {
        $crate::Key::Tab
    };
    (BackTab) => {
        $crate::Key::BackTab
    };
    (Backspace) => {
        $crate::Key::Backspace
    };
    (Delete) => {
        $crate::Key::Delete
    };
    (Up) => {
        $crate::Key::Up
    };
    (Down) => {
        $crate::Key::Down
    };
    (Left) => {
        $crate::Key::Left
    };
    (Right) => {
        $crate::Key::Right
    };
    (PageUp) => {
        $crate::Key::PageUp
    };
    (PageDown) => {
        $crate::Key::PageDown
    };
    (Home) => {
        $crate::Key::Home
    };
    (End) => {
        $crate::Key::End
    };
    (F1) => {
        $crate::Key::F1
    };
    (F2) => {
        $crate::Key::F2
    };
    (F3) => {
        $crate::Key::F3
    };
    (F4) => {
        $crate::Key::F4
    };
    (F5) => {
        $crate::Key::F5
    };
    (F6) => {
        $crate::Key::F6
    };
    (F7) => {
        $crate::Key::F7
    };
    (F8) => {
        $crate::Key::F8
    };
    (F9) => {
        $crate::Key::F9
    };
    (F10) => {
        $crate::Key::F10
    };
    (F11) => {
        $crate::Key::F11
    };
    (F12) => {
        $crate::Key::F12
    };

    // Any other expression - pass through
    ($key:expr) => {
        $key
    };
}

/// Converts modifier combinations to KeyWithModifiers
#[doc(hidden)]
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! key_with_modifiers_value {
    (ctrl + $($rest:tt)+) => {{
        let mut km = $crate::key_with_modifiers_value!($($rest)+);
        km.ctrl = true;
        km
    }};
    (alt + $($rest:tt)+) => {{
        let mut km = $crate::key_with_modifiers_value!($($rest)+);
        km.alt = true;
        km
    }};
    (shift + $($rest:tt)+) => {{
        let mut km = $crate::key_with_modifiers_value!($($rest)+);
        km.shift = true;
        km
    }};
    (meta + $($rest:tt)+) => {{
        let mut km = $crate::key_with_modifiers_value!($($rest)+);
        km.meta = true;
        km
    }};
    (cmd + $($rest:tt)+) => {{
        let mut km = $crate::key_with_modifiers_value!($($rest)+);
        km.meta = true;
        km
    }};
    (key: $key:expr) => {{
        $crate::KeyWithModifiers::new($key)
    }};
    (Char($ch:literal)) => {{
        $crate::KeyWithModifiers::new($crate::Key::Char($ch))
    }};
    ($ch:literal) => {{
        $crate::KeyWithModifiers::new($crate::Key::Char($ch))
    }};
    ($key:ident) => {{
        $crate::KeyWithModifiers::new($crate::key_value!($key))
    }};
    ($key:expr) => {{
        $crate::KeyWithModifiers::new($key)
    }};
}


================================================
FILE: rxtui/lib/macros/mod.rs
================================================
//! Macro-based DSL for building TUI components
//!
//! This module provides the `node!` macro for composing rxtui components
//! with an ergonomic, declarative syntax.
//!
//! # Overview
//!
//! The `node!` macro reduces boilerplate by 50-70% compared to the builder pattern
//! while maintaining type safety and readability.
//!
//! # Syntax
//!
//! The macro uses a clean syntax:
//! - Containers: `container(props) [children]`
//! - Text: `text("content", props)`
//! - Components use parentheses `()` for properties
//! - Containers use brackets `[]` for children
//! - Event handlers use the `@` prefix
//!
//! # Quick Example
//!
//! ```ignore
//! use rxtui::prelude::*;
//!
//! fn view(&self, ctx: &Context) -> Node {
//!     node! {
//!         container(bg: black, pad: 2) [
//!             text("Hello World", color: white, bold),
//!             spacer(1),
//!
//!             container(bg: blue, w: 50) [
//!                 text("Click me!", color: white),
//!                 @click: ctx.handler(Msg::Clicked),
//!             ]
//!         ]
//!     }
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! # Color Support
//!
//! Colors can be specified in multiple ways:
//! - **Named**: `red`, `blue`, `green`, `white`, `black`, etc.
//! - **Bright variants**: `bright_red`, `bright_blue`, etc.
//! - **Hex**: `"#FF5733"`, `"#FFF"`
//! - **Conditional**: `(if dark { white } else { black })`
//!
//! # Property Shortcuts
//!
//! Common properties have short aliases:
//! - `bg` → background color
//! - `dir` → direction (vertical/v, horizontal/h)
//! - `pad` → padding
//! - `w` → width
//! - `h` → height
//! - `w_frac` → width fraction (0.0–1.0)
//! - `h_frac` → height fraction (0.0–1.0)
//!
//! # Event Handlers
//!
//! Events use the `@` prefix:
//! - `@click: handler` - Mouse click
//! - `@char('q'): handler` - Character key
//! - `@key(enter): handler` - Special key
//! - `@char_global('q'): handler` - Global character
//! - `@key_global(esc): handler` - Global key
//! - `@focus: handler` - Focus gained
//! - `@blur: handler` - Focus lost

mod internal;
mod node;


================================================
FILE: rxtui/lib/macros/node.rs
================================================
//! Implementation of the node! macro
//!
//! This file contains the main node! macro and its internal parsing/building helpers.
//! The macro provides a declarative syntax for building TUI components.

/// Main macro for building TUI components with a declarative syntax
///
/// # Basic Syntax
///
/// - **Divs**: `div(props) [children]` - Properties in parentheses, children in brackets
/// - **Text**: `text("content", props)` - Content first, then properties
/// - **Input**: `input(props)` - Text input field with properties
/// - **Spacers**: `spacer(size)` - Simple spacing elements
/// - **Components**: `node(instance)` - Embed other components
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ## Basic Div with Text
/// ```ignore
/// use rxtui::prelude::*;
///
/// node! {
///     div(bg: black, pad: 2) [
///         text("Hello World", color: white, bold),
///         text("Welcome to Radical TUI", color: cyan)
///     ]
/// }
/// ```
///
/// ## Layout with HStack and VStack
/// ```ignore
/// node! {
///     div(bg: "#1a1a1a", pad: 2) [
///         // Vertical layout by default
///         text("Header", color: yellow, bold),
///         spacer(1),
///
///         // Horizontal layout
///         hstack(gap: 2) [
///             div(bg: blue, w: 20, h: 10) [
///                 text("Left", color: white)
///             ],
///             div(bg: green, w: 20, h: 10) [
///                 text("Right", color: white)
///             ]
///         ],
///
///         spacer(1),
///
///         // Explicit vertical layout
///         vstack [
///             text("Line 1"),
///             text("Line 2"),
///             text("Line 3")
///         ]
///     ]
/// }
/// ```
///
/// ## Styling Properties
/// ```ignore
/// node! {
///     div(
///         // Colors
///         bg: black,              // Named color
///         border_color: "#FF5733", // Hex color (or use legacy 'border:')
///
///         // Border configuration
///         border_style: rounded,   // Style only (single, double, thick, rounded, dashed)
///         border_color: white,     // Border color
///         border_edges: top | bottom,  // Which edges (can use | for multiple)
///         border_full: (BorderStyle::Double, yellow, BorderEdges::ALL),  // Full config (legacy)
///
///         // Dimensions
///         w: 50,                  // Fixed width
///         h: 20,                  // Fixed height
///         w_frac: 0.5,            // Width as fraction (50%)
///         h_frac: 0.8,            // Height as fraction (80%)
///         w_auto,                // Automatic width
///         h_content,             // Height based on content
///
///         // Spacing
///         pad: 2,                // Padding on all sides
///         pad_h: 1,              // Horizontal padding only
///         pad_v: 1,              // Vertical padding only
///         padding: (Spacing::horizontal(2)), // Direct Spacing expression
///         gap: 1,                // Gap between children
///
///         // Layout
///         dir: horizontal,       // Direction (or use 'h')
///         wrap: wrap,           // Wrap mode (lowercase)
///         overflow: hidden,     // Overflow behavior (lowercase)
///
///         // Positioning
///         pos: absolute,        // Position type (lowercase)
///         absolute,             // Shorthand for absolute positioning
///         top: 5,              // Offset from top
///         right: 10,           // Offset from right
///         bottom: 5,           // Offset from bottom
///         left: 10,            // Offset from left
///         z: 100,              // Z-index for layering
///
///         // Interaction
///         focusable,           // Can receive focus
///         focus_style: (Style::new().border(yellow))  // Style when focused
///     ) [
///         text("Styled Div")
///     ]
/// }
/// ```
///
/// ## Text Styling
/// ```ignore
/// node! {
///     div [
///         // Basic text styles
///         text("Bold text", bold),
///         text("Italic text", italic),
///         text("Underlined", underline),
///         text("Strikethrough", strikethrough),
///
///         // Colors
///         text("Red text", color: red),
///         text("Bright blue", color: bright_blue),
///         text("Custom hex", color: "#00FF00"),
///         text("With background", color: white, bg: blue),
///
///         // Multiple styles
///         text("Important!", color: yellow, bg: red, bold, underline),
///
///         // Text wrapping
///         text("Long text that wraps", wrap: word),
///
///         // Text alignment
///         text("Centered text", align: center),
///         text("Right aligned", align: right),
///         text("Left aligned", align: left)
///     ]
/// }
/// ```
///
/// ## Text Input Fields
/// ```ignore
/// node! {
///     div [
///         // Basic input with placeholder
///         input(placeholder: "Enter your name...", focusable),
///
///         // Styled input with custom colors
///         input(
///             placeholder: "Type here...",
///             cursor_color: yellow,
///             content_color: green,
///             border: cyan,
///             w: 40,
///             h: 3
///         ),
///
///         // Wrapped input for long text
///         input(
///             placeholder: "Long message...",
///             wrap: word,
///             w: 50,
///             h: 5,
///             border: magenta
///         )
///     ]
/// }
/// ```
///
/// ## Rich Text (Inline Styled Text)
/// ```ignore
/// node! {
///     div [
///         // Basic richtext with multiple styled segments
///         richtext [
///             text("Normal text "),
///             text("Bold text", bold),
///             text(" and "),
///             text("colored text", color: red)
///         ],
///
///         // Shorthand styled segments
///         richtext [
///             text("Status: "),
///             colored("Success", green),
///             text(" - "),
///             bold("Important"),
///             text(" - "),
///             italic("Note")
///         ],
///
///         // Code syntax highlighting example
///         richtext(wrap: word_break) [
///             text("fn ", color: magenta),
///             text("calculate", color: yellow),
///             text("("),
///             text("n", color: cyan),
///             text(": "),
///             text("u32", color: blue),
///             text(") -> "),
///             text("u32", color: blue),
///             text(" { ... }")
///         ],
///
///         // Complex inline styling
///         richtext(bg: black) [
///             text("Error: ", color: red, bold),
///             text("File "),
///             text("config.rs", color: cyan, underline),
///             text(" not found at line "),
///             text("42", color: yellow)
///         ],
///
///         // Apply styles to all spans
///         richtext(color: white, bg: dark_gray) [
///             text("All spans "),
///             colored("inherit", green),  // green overrides white
///             text(" the base style")      // uses white from richtext
///         ],
///
///         // With text wrapping
///         richtext(wrap: word) [
///             text("This is a long line of rich text that will "),
///             bold("wrap properly"),
///             text(" while preserving all the "),
///             colored("inline styles", blue),
///             text(" across line boundaries.")
///         ],
///
///         // With alignment
///         richtext(align: center) [
///             text("This "),
///             bold("rich text"),
///             text(" is centered")
///         ],
///         richtext(align: right) [
///             text("Right aligned "),
///             colored("rich text", cyan)
///         ]
///     ]
/// }
/// ```
///
/// ## Event Handlers
/// ```ignore
/// node! {
///     div(bg: black, @char_global('q'): ctx.handler(Msg::Quit), @key_global(esc): ctx.handler(Msg::Exit)) [
///         // Click handler
///         container(bg: blue, focusable, @click: ctx.handler(Msg::Clicked)) [
///             text("Click me", color: white)
///         ],
///
///         // Keyboard handlers
///         container(focusable, @char('a'): ctx.handler(Msg::KeyA), @key(enter): ctx.handler(Msg::Enter), @key(backspace): ctx.handler(Msg::Back)) [
///             text("Press keys here")
///         ],
///
///         // Focus handlers
///         container(focusable, @focus: ctx.handler(Msg::GotFocus), @blur: ctx.handler(Msg::LostFocus)) [
///             text("Focus me")
///         ]
///     ]
/// }
/// ```
///
/// ## Dynamic Content
/// ```ignore
/// node! {
///     div(bg: black) [
///         // Conditional text
///         text(
///             if state.logged_in { "Welcome!" } else { "Please login" },
///             color: (if state.logged_in { green } else { red })
///         ),
///
///         // Formatted text
///         text(format!("Count: {}", state.count), bold),
///
///         // Conditional styling based on state
///         container(
///             bg: (if state.error { red } else { green }),
///             border: (if state.selected { white } else { black })
///         ) [
///             text(state.message, color: white)
///         ],
///
///         // Dynamic dimensions
///         container(
///             w: (window_width / 2),
///             h: (window_height - 10)
///         ) [
///             text("Responsive size")
///         ]
///     ]
/// }
/// ```
///
/// ## Optional Properties
///
/// Use the `!` suffix after a parenthesized expression to conditionally apply properties.
/// These properties are only applied when the value is `Some`:
///
/// ```ignore
/// node! {
///     div(
///         // Optional properties - only applied if Some
///         bg: (state.optional_background)!,      // Option<Color>
///         border: (state.optional_border_color)!, // Option<Color>
///         pad: (calculate_optional_padding())!,   // Option<u16>
///         w: (state.dynamic_width)!,              // Option<u16>
///
///         // Regular properties - always applied
///         h: 20,
///         focusable
///     ) [
///         text("Dynamic Styling",
///             color: (state.text_color)!,         // Option<Color>
///             bg: (state.text_background)!,       // Option<Color>
///             bold                                  // Always bold
///         ),
///
///         // Conditional border example
///         div(
///             border: (if state.selected { Some(Color::Yellow) } else { None })!,
///             pad: 2
///         ) [
///             text("Select me!", color: (state.highlight_color)!)
///         ]
///     ]
/// }
/// ```
///
/// ## Nested Components
/// ```ignore
/// node! {
///     div(bg: black, dir: vertical) [
///         // Include other components
///         node(Header::new("My App")),
///
///         container(h_frac: 0.8) [
///             node(MainContent::new(state.data))
///         ],
///
///         node(StatusBar::new(state.status))
///     ]
/// }
/// ```
///
/// # Color Values
///
/// Colors can be specified in multiple formats:
///
/// - **Named colors**: `black`, `red`, `green`, `yellow`, `blue`, `magenta`, `cyan`, `white`
/// - **Bright variants**: `bright_black`, `bright_red`, `bright_green`, `bright_yellow`,
///   `bright_blue`, `bright_magenta`, `bright_cyan`, `bright_white`
/// - **Hex strings**: `"#RGB"`, `"#RRGGBB"` (e.g., `"#F00"`, `"#FF0000"`)
/// - **Expressions**: Any expression that evaluates to `Color` (e.g., `Color::rgb(255, 0, 0)`)
/// - **Conditional**: `(if condition { color1 } else { color2 })`
///
/// # Direction Values
///
/// - `vertical` or `v` - Stack children vertically
/// - `horizontal` or `h` - Arrange children horizontally
///
/// # Property Shortcuts
///
/// Many properties have convenient short names:
///
/// | Short | Full Property | Description |
/// |-------|--------------|-------------|
/// | `bg` | `background` | Background color |
/// | `dir` | `direction` | Layout direction |
/// | `pad` | `padding` | Inner spacing (all sides) |
/// | `pad_h` | `padding` | Horizontal padding only |
/// | `pad_v` | `padding` | Vertical padding only |
/// | `w` | `width` | Fixed width |
/// | `h` | `height` | Fixed height |
/// | `w_frac` | `width_fraction` | Width as fraction (0.0-1.0) |
/// | `h_frac` | `height_fraction` | Height as fraction (0.0-1.0) |
///
/// # Event Handler Reference
///
/// All event handlers use the `@` prefix:
///
/// | Handler | Description | Example |
/// |---------|-------------|---------|
/// | `@click` | Mouse click | `@click: handler` |
/// | `@char(c)` | Character key press | `@char('a'): handler` |
/// | `@key(k)` | Special key press | `@key(enter): handler` |
/// | `@key(Char(c))` | Character in key enum | `@key(Char('-')): handler` |
/// | `@key(mod + key)` | Key press with modifiers | `@key(ctrl + 'c'): handler` |
/// | `@char_global(c)` | Global character key | `@char_global('q'): handler` |
/// | `@key_global(k)` | Global special key | `@key_global(esc): handler` |
/// | `@key_global(mod + key)` | Global key with modifiers | `@key_global(ctrl + enter): handler` |
/// | `@focus` | Gained focus | `@focus: handler` |
/// | `@blur` | Lost focus | `@blur: handler` |
/// | `@any_char` | Any character typed | `@any_char: \|c\| handler(c)` |
///
/// # Tips
///
/// 1. **Div is the default root** - The macro expects a div as the root element
/// 2. **Text content comes first** - For readability, text content precedes styling properties
/// 3. **Events go in properties** - Event handlers are placed in the property parentheses
/// 4. **Colors without prefix** - No need for `Color::` prefix on named colors
/// 5. **Expressions need parens** - Complex expressions should be wrapped in parentheses
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! node {
    // Parse the root element
    ($($tt:tt)*) => {{
        $crate::tui_parse_element!($($tt)*)
    }};
}

/// Parse a single element (internal)
#[doc(hidden)]
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! tui_parse_element {
    // Div with properties and children
    (div($($props:tt)*) [$($children:tt)*]) => {{
        $crate::tui_build_div!(
            props: [$($props)*],
            children: [$($children)*]
        )
    }};

    // Div with no properties
    (div [$($children:tt)*]) => {{
        $crate::tui_build_div!(
            props: [],
            children: [$($children)*]
        )
    }};

    // Text with content and properties
    (text($content:expr, $($props:tt)*)) => {{
        $crate::tui_build_text!($content, $($props)*)
    }};

    // Text with just content
    (text($content:expr)) => {{
        $crate::Text::new($content).into()
    }};

    // RichText with properties and spans
    (richtext($($props:tt)*) [$($spans:tt)*]) => {{
        $crate::tui_build_richtext!(
            props: [$($props)*],
            spans: [$($spans)*]
        )
    }};

    // RichText with just spans
    (richtext [$($spans:tt)*]) => {{
        $crate::tui_build_richtext!(
            props: [],
            spans: [$($spans)*]
        )
    }};

    // Spacer
    (spacer($size:expr)) => {{
        $crate::Div::<$crate::Node>::new().height($size).into()
    }};

    // Component
    (node($comp:expr)) => {{
        $crate::Node::Component(std::sync::Arc::new($comp))
    }};

    // Input with properties
    (input($($props:tt)*)) => {{
        $crate::tui_build_input!($($props)*)
    }};

    // Input without properties
    (input) => {{
        $crate::Node::Component(std::sync::Arc::new($crate::TextInput::new()))
    }};

    // VStack with properties
    (vstack($($props:tt)*) [$($children:tt)*]) => {{
        $crate::tui_build_div!(
            props: [dir: vertical, $($props)*],
            children: [$($children)*]
        )
    }};

    // VStack without properties
    (vstack [$($children:tt)*]) => {{
        $crate::tui_build_div!(
            props: [dir: vertical],
            children: [$($children)*]
        )
    }};

    // HStack with properties
    (hstack($($props:tt)*) [$($children:tt)*]) => {{
        $crate::tui_build_div!(
            props: [dir: horizontal, $($props)*],
            children: [$($children)*]
        )
    }};

    // HStack without properties
    (hstack [$($children:tt)*]) => {{
        $crate::tui_build_div!(
            props: [dir: horizontal],
            children: [$($children)*]
        )
    }};
}

/// Build a div (internal)
#[doc(hidden)]
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! tui_build_div {
    // With properties
    (props: [$($props:tt)+], children: [$($children:tt)*]) => {{
        #[allow(unused_mut)]
        let mut __div = $crate::Div::<$crate::Node>::new();

        // Apply properties
        __div = $crate::tui_apply_props!(__div, $($props)+);

        // Parse children and collect nodes
        let mut __children_vec = Vec::new();
        $crate::tui_parse_children!(__children_vec, __div, $($children)*)

        // The macro returns the final div
    }};

    // Without properties
    (props: [], children: [$($children:tt)*]) => {{
        #[allow(unused_mut)]
        let mut __div = $crate::Div::<$crate::Node>::new();

        // Parse children and collect nodes
        let mut __children_vec = Vec::new();
        $crate::tui_parse_children!(__children_vec, __div, $($children)*)

        // The macro returns the final div
    }};
}

/// Parse children and handle events (internal)
#[doc(hidden)]
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! tui_parse_children {
    // Base case - done parsing (no tokens left)
    ($children:ident, $container:expr) => {{
        if !$children.is_empty() {
            $container.children($children).into()
        } else {
            $container.into()
        }
    }};

    // Base case - done parsing (trailing comma)
    ($children:ident, $container:expr,) => {{
        if !$children.is_empty() {
            $container.children($children).into()
        } else {
            $container.into()
        }
    }};

    // Child: div with props (and more children)
    ($children:ident, $container:expr, div($($props:tt)*) [$($inner:tt)*], $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let child = $crate::tui_parse_element!(div($($props)*) [$($inner)*]);
        $children.push(child);
        $crate::tui_parse_children!($children, $container, $($rest)*)
    }};

    // Child: div with props (last child)
    ($children:ident, $container:expr, div($($props:tt)*) [$($inner:tt)*]) => {{
        let child = $crate::tui_parse_element!(div($($props)*) [$($inner)*]);
        $children.push(child);
        $crate::tui_parse_children!($children, $container)
    }};

    // Child: div without props (and more children)
    ($children:ident, $container:expr, div [$($inner:tt)*], $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let child = $crate::tui_parse_element!(div [$($inner)*]);
        $children.push(child);
        $crate::tui_parse_children!($children, $container, $($rest)*)
    }};

    // Child: div without props (last child)
    ($children:ident, $container:expr, div [$($inner:tt)*]) => {{
        let child = $crate::tui_parse_element!(div [$($inner)*]);
        $children.push(child);
        $crate::tui_parse_children!($children, $container)
    }};

    // Child: text with props (and more children)
    ($children:ident, $container:expr, text($content:expr, $($props:tt)*), $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let child = $crate::tui_parse_element!(text($content, $($props)*));
        $children.push(child);
        $crate::tui_parse_children!($children, $container, $($rest)*)
    }};

    // Child: text with props (last child)
    ($children:ident, $container:expr, text($content:expr, $($props:tt)*)) => {{
        let child = $crate::tui_parse_element!(text($content, $($props)*));
        $children.push(child);
        $crate::tui_parse_children!($children, $container)
    }};

    // Child: text without props (and more children)
    ($children:ident, $container:expr, text($content:expr), $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let child = $crate::tui_parse_element!(text($content));
        $children.push(child);
        $crate::tui_parse_children!($children, $container, $($rest)*)
    }};

    // Child: text without props (last child)
    ($children:ident, $container:expr, text($content:expr)) => {{
        let child = $crate::tui_parse_element!(text($content));
        $children.push(child);
        $crate::tui_parse_children!($children, $container)
    }};

    // Child: spacer (and more children)
    ($children:ident, $container:expr, spacer($size:expr), $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let child = $crate::tui_parse_element!(spacer($size));
        $children.push(child);
        $crate::tui_parse_children!($children, $container, $($rest)*)
    }};

    // Child: spacer (last child)
    ($children:ident, $container:expr, spacer($size:expr)) => {{
        let child = $crate::tui_parse_element!(spacer($size));
        $children.push(child);
        $crate::tui_parse_children!($children, $container)
    }};

    // Child: component (and more children)
    ($children:ident, $container:expr, node($comp:expr), $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let child = $crate::tui_parse_element!(node($comp));
        $children.push(child);
        $crate::tui_parse_children!($children, $container, $($rest)*)
    }};

    // Child: component (last child)
    ($children:ident, $container:expr, node($comp:expr)) => {{
        let child = $crate::tui_parse_element!(node($comp));
        $children.push(child);
        $crate::tui_parse_children!($children, $container)
    }};

    // Child: expression in parentheses (and more children)
    ($children:ident, $container:expr, ($expr:expr), $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let child = $expr;
        $children.push(child);
        $crate::tui_parse_children!($children, $container, $($rest)*)
    }};

    // Child: expression in parentheses (last child)
    ($children:ident, $container:expr, ($expr:expr)) => {{
        let child = $expr;
        $children.push(child);
        $crate::tui_parse_children!($children, $container)
    }};

    // Child: spread expression with ... (and more children)
    ($children:ident, $container:expr, ...($expr:expr), $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let items: Vec<$crate::Node> = $expr;
        $children.extend(items);
        $crate::tui_parse_children!($children, $container, $($rest)*)
    }};

    // Child: spread expression with ... (last child)
    ($children:ident, $container:expr, ...($expr:expr)) => {{
        let items: Vec<$crate::Node> = $expr;
        $children.extend(items);
        $crate::tui_parse_children!($children, $container)
    }};

    // Child: input with props (and more children)
    ($children:ident, $container:expr, input($($props:tt)*), $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let child = $crate::tui_parse_element!(input($($props)*));
        $children.push(child);
        $crate::tui_parse_children!($children, $container, $($rest)*)
    }};

    // Child: input with props (last child)
    ($children:ident, $container:expr, input($($props:tt)*)) => {{
        let child = $crate::tui_parse_element!(input($($props)*));
        $children.push(child);
        $crate::tui_parse_children!($children, $container)
    }};

    // Child: input without props (and more children)
    ($children:ident, $container:expr, input, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let child = $crate::tui_parse_element!(input);
        $children.push(child);
        $crate::tui_parse_children!($children, $container, $($rest)*)
    }};

    // Child: input without props (last child)
    ($children:ident, $container:expr, input) => {{
        let child = $crate::tui_parse_element!(input);
        $children.push(child);
        $crate::tui_parse_children!($children, $container)
    }};

    // Child: vstack with props (and more children)
    ($children:ident, $container:expr, vstack($($props:tt)*) [$($inner:tt)*], $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let child = $crate::tui_parse_element!(vstack($($props)*) [$($inner)*]);
        $children.push(child);
        $crate::tui_parse_children!($children, $container, $($rest)*)
    }};

    // Child: vstack with props (last child)
    ($children:ident, $container:expr, vstack($($props:tt)*) [$($inner:tt)*]) => {{
        let child = $crate::tui_parse_element!(vstack($($props)*) [$($inner)*]);
        $children.push(child);
        $crate::tui_parse_children!($children, $container)
    }};

    // Child: vstack without props (and more children)
    ($children:ident, $container:expr, vstack [$($inner:tt)*], $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let child = $crate::tui_parse_element!(vstack [$($inner)*]);
        $children.push(child);
        $crate::tui_parse_children!($children, $container, $($rest)*)
    }};

    // Child: vstack without props (last child)
    ($children:ident, $container:expr, vstack [$($inner:tt)*]) => {{
        let child = $crate::tui_parse_element!(vstack [$($inner)*]);
        $children.push(child);
        $crate::tui_parse_children!($children, $container)
    }};

    // Child: hstack with props (and more children)
    ($children:ident, $container:expr, hstack($($props:tt)*) [$($inner:tt)*], $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let child = $crate::tui_parse_element!(hstack($($props)*) [$($inner)*]);
        $children.push(child);
        $crate::tui_parse_children!($children, $container, $($rest)*)
    }};

    // Child: hstack with props (last child)
    ($children:ident, $container:expr, hstack($($props:tt)*) [$($inner:tt)*]) => {{
        let child = $crate::tui_parse_element!(hstack($($props)*) [$($inner)*]);
        $children.push(child);
        $crate::tui_parse_children!($children, $container)
    }};

    // Child: hstack without props (and more children)
    ($children:ident, $container:expr, hstack [$($inner:tt)*], $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let child = $crate::tui_parse_element!(hstack [$($inner)*]);
        $children.push(child);
        $crate::tui_parse_children!($children, $container, $($rest)*)
    }};

    // Child: hstack without props (last child)
    ($children:ident, $container:expr, hstack [$($inner:tt)*]) => {{
        let child = $crate::tui_parse_element!(hstack [$($inner)*]);
        $children.push(child);
        $crate::tui_parse_children!($children, $container)
    }};

    // Child: richtext with props (and more children)
    ($children:ident, $container:expr, richtext($($props:tt)*) [$($inner:tt)*], $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let child = $crate::tui_parse_element!(richtext($($props)*) [$($inner)*]);
        $children.push(child);
        $crate::tui_parse_children!($children, $container, $($rest)*)
    }};

    // Child: richtext with props (last child)
    ($children:ident, $container:expr, richtext($($props:tt)*) [$($inner:tt)*]) => {{
        let child = $crate::tui_parse_element!(richtext($($props)*) [$($inner)*]);
        $children.push(child);
        $crate::tui_parse_children!($children, $container)
    }};

    // Child: richtext without props (and more children)
    ($children:ident, $container:expr, richtext [$($inner:tt)*], $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let child = $crate::tui_parse_element!(richtext [$($inner)*]);
        $children.push(child);
        $crate::tui_parse_children!($children, $container, $($rest)*)
    }};

    // Child: richtext without props (last child)
    ($children:ident, $container:expr, richtext [$($inner:tt)*]) => {{
        let child = $crate::tui_parse_element!(richtext [$($inner)*]);
        $children.push(child);
        $crate::tui_parse_children!($children, $container)
    }};
}

/// Apply properties to div (internal)
#[doc(hidden)]
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! tui_apply_props {
    // Base case - return the container
    ($container:expr,) => { $container };
    ($container:expr) => { $container };

    // Background
    ($container:expr, bg: $color:tt, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.background($crate::color_value!($color));
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, bg: $color:tt) => {{
        $container.background($crate::color_value!($color))
    }};

    // Background with expression
    ($container:expr, bg: ($color:expr), $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.background($color);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};

    // Background - optional with ! suffix on expression
    ($container:expr, bg: ($color:expr)!, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = if let Some(color_val) = $color {
            $container.background(color_val)
        } else {
            $container
        };
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, bg: ($color:expr)!) => {{
        if let Some(color_val) = $color {
            $container.background(color_val)
        } else {
            $container
        }
    }};

    // Direction
    ($container:expr, dir: $dir:tt, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.direction($crate::direction_value!($dir));
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, dir: $dir:tt) => {{
        $container.direction($crate::direction_value!($dir))
    }};

    // Padding (single value - all sides)
    ($container:expr, pad: $pad:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.padding($crate::Spacing::all($pad));
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, pad: $pad:expr) => {{
        $container.padding($crate::Spacing::all($pad))
    }};

    // Padding - optional with ! suffix on expression
    ($container:expr, pad: ($pad:expr)!, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = if let Some(pad_val) = $pad {
            $container.padding($crate::Spacing::all(pad_val))
        } else {
            $container
        };
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, pad: ($pad:expr)!) => {{
        if let Some(pad_val) = $pad {
            $container.padding($crate::Spacing::all(pad_val))
        } else {
            $container
        }
    }};

    // Horizontal padding only
    ($container:expr, pad_h: $pad:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.padding($crate::Spacing::horizontal($pad));
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, pad_h: $pad:expr) => {{
        $container.padding($crate::Spacing::horizontal($pad))
    }};

    // Vertical padding only
    ($container:expr, pad_v: $pad:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.padding($crate::Spacing::vertical($pad));
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, pad_v: $pad:expr) => {{
        $container.padding($crate::Spacing::vertical($pad))
    }};

    // Direct padding expression
    ($container:expr, padding: ($padding:expr), $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.padding($padding);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, padding: ($padding:expr)) => {{
        $container.padding($padding)
    }};

    // Width
    ($container:expr, w: $width:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.width($width);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, w: $width:expr) => {{
        $container.width($width)
    }};

    // Width - optional with ! suffix on expression
    ($container:expr, w: ($width:expr)!, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = if let Some(width_val) = $width {
            $container.width(width_val)
        } else {
            $container
        };
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, w: ($width:expr)!) => {{
        if let Some(width_val) = $width {
            $container.width(width_val)
        } else {
            $container
        }
    }};

    // Width fraction
    ($container:expr, w_frac: $frac:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.width_fraction($frac);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, w_frac: $frac:expr) => {{
        $container.width_fraction($frac)
    }};

    // Width auto
    ($container:expr, w_auto, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.width_auto();
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, w_auto) => {{
        $container.width_auto()
    }};

    // Width content
    ($container:expr, w_content, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.width_content();
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, w_content) => {{
        $container.width_content()
    }};

    // Height
    ($container:expr, h: $height:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.height($height);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, h: $height:expr) => {{
        $container.height($height)
    }};

    // Height - optional with ! suffix on expression
    ($container:expr, h: ($height:expr)!, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = if let Some(height_val) = $height {
            $container.height(height_val)
        } else {
            $container
        };
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, h: ($height:expr)!) => {{
        if let Some(height_val) = $height {
            $container.height(height_val)
        } else {
            $container
        }
    }};

    // Height fraction
    ($container:expr, h_frac: $frac:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.height_fraction($frac);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, h_frac: $frac:expr) => {{
        $container.height_fraction($frac)
    }};

    // Height auto
    ($container:expr, h_auto, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.height_auto();
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, h_auto) => {{
        $container.height_auto()
    }};

    // Height content
    ($container:expr, h_content, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.height_content();
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, h_content) => {{
        $container.height_content()
    }};

    // Gap
    ($container:expr, gap: $gap:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.gap($gap);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, gap: $gap:expr) => {{
        $container.gap($gap)
    }};

    // Border color (renamed from border for clarity)
    ($container:expr, border_color: $color:tt, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.border_color($crate::color_value!($color));
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, border_color: $color:tt) => {{
        $container.border_color($crate::color_value!($color))
    }};

    // Border color with expression
    ($container:expr, border_color: ($color:expr), $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.border_color($color);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};

    // Border color - optional with ! suffix on expression
    ($container:expr, border_color: ($color:expr)!, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = if let Some(color_val) = $color {
            $container.border_color(color_val)
        } else {
            $container
        };
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, border_color: ($color:expr)!) => {{
        if let Some(color_val) = $color {
            $container.border_color(color_val)
        } else {
            $container
        }
    }};

    // Legacy border support (maps to border_color)
    ($container:expr, border: none, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.border_with($crate::style::Border::none());
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, border: none) => {{
        $container.border_with($crate::style::Border::none())
    }};
    ($container:expr, border: $color:tt, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.border_color($crate::color_value!($color));
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, border: $color:tt) => {{
        $container.border_color($crate::color_value!($color))
    }};
    ($container:expr, border: ($color:expr), $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.border_color($color);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, border: ($color:expr)!, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = if let Some(color_val) = $color {
            $container.border_color(color_val)
        } else {
            $container
        };
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, border: ($color:expr)!) => {{
        if let Some(color_val) = $color {
            $container.border_color(color_val)
        } else {
            $container
        }
    }};

    // Border style (now only takes BorderStyle, not color)
    ($container:expr, border_style: single, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.border_style($crate::BorderStyle::Single);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, border_style: double, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.border_style($crate::BorderStyle::Double);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, border_style: thick, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.border_style($crate::BorderStyle::Thick);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, border_style: rounded, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.border_style($crate::BorderStyle::Rounded);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, border_style: dashed, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.border_style($crate::BorderStyle::Dashed);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, border_style: ($style:expr), $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.border_style($style);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, border_style: ($style:expr)!, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = if let Some(style_val) = $style {
            $container.border_style(style_val)
        } else {
            $container
        };
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, border_style: single) => {{
        $container.border_style($crate::BorderStyle::Single)
    }};
    ($container:expr, border_style: double) => {{
        $container.border_style($crate::BorderStyle::Double)
    }};
    ($container:expr, border_style: thick) => {{
        $container.border_style($crate::BorderStyle::Thick)
    }};
    ($container:expr, border_style: rounded) => {{
        $container.border_style($crate::BorderStyle::Rounded)
    }};
    ($container:expr, border_style: dashed) => {{
        $container.border_style($crate::BorderStyle::Dashed)
    }};
    ($container:expr, border_style: ($style:expr)) => {{
        $container.border_style($style)
    }};
    ($container:expr, border_style: ($style:expr)!) => {{
        if let Some(style_val) = $style {
            $container.border_style(style_val)
        } else {
            $container
        }
    }};

    // Legacy border_style with color (still supported for compatibility)
    ($container:expr, border_style: ($style:expr, $color:expr), $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.border_style_with_color($style, $color);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, border_style: ($style:expr, $color:expr)) => {{
        $container.border_style_with_color($style, $color)
    }};

    // Border edges - simple syntax support
    ($container:expr, border_edges: top, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.border_edges($crate::BorderEdges::TOP);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, border_edges: bottom, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.border_edges($crate::BorderEdges::BOTTOM);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, border_edges: left, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.border_edges($crate::BorderEdges::LEFT);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, border_edges: right, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.border_edges($crate::BorderEdges::RIGHT);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, border_edges: horizontal, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.border_edges($crate::BorderEdges::HORIZONTAL);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, border_edges: vertical, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.border_edges($crate::BorderEdges::VERTICAL);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, border_edges: all, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.border_edges($crate::BorderEdges::ALL);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, border_edges: corners, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.border_edges($crate::BorderEdges::CORNERS);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, border_edges: edges, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.border_edges($crate::BorderEdges::EDGES);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    // Support for | operator in edges
    ($container:expr, border_edges: $edge1:ident | $($edge2:ident)|+, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let edges = $crate::tui_edge_value!($edge1) $(| $crate::tui_edge_value!($edge2))+;
        let c = $container.border_edges(edges);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    // Expression-based edges
    ($container:expr, border_edges: ($edges:expr), $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.border_edges($edges);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, border_edges: ($edges:expr)!, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = if let Some(edges_val) = $edges {
            $container.border_edges(edges_val)
        } else {
            $container
        };
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    // Terminal rules (no rest)
    ($container:expr, border_edges: top) => {{
        $container.border_edges($crate::BorderEdges::TOP)
    }};
    ($container:expr, border_edges: bottom) => {{
        $container.border_edges($crate::BorderEdges::BOTTOM)
    }};
    ($container:expr, border_edges: left) => {{
        $container.border_edges($crate::BorderEdges::LEFT)
    }};
    ($container:expr, border_edges: right) => {{
        $container.border_edges($crate::BorderEdges::RIGHT)
    }};
    ($container:expr, border_edges: horizontal) => {{
        $container.border_edges($crate::BorderEdges::HORIZONTAL)
    }};
    ($container:expr, border_edges: vertical) => {{
        $container.border_edges($crate::BorderEdges::VERTICAL)
    }};
    ($container:expr, border_edges: all) => {{
        $container.border_edges($crate::BorderEdges::ALL)
    }};
    ($container:expr, border_edges: corners) => {{
        $container.border_edges($crate::BorderEdges::CORNERS)
    }};
    ($container:expr, border_edges: edges) => {{
        $container.border_edges($crate::BorderEdges::EDGES)
    }};
    ($container:expr, border_edges: $edge1:ident | $($edge2:ident)|+) => {{
        let edges = $crate::tui_edge_value!($edge1) $(| $crate::tui_edge_value!($edge2))+;
        $container.border_edges(edges)
    }};
    ($container:expr, border_edges: ($edges:expr)) => {{
        $container.border_edges($edges)
    }};
    ($container:expr, border_edges: ($edges:expr)!) => {{
        if let Some(edges_val) = $edges {
            $container.border_edges(edges_val)
        } else {
            $container
        }
    }};

    // Full border configuration
    ($container:expr, border_full: ($style:expr, $color:expr, $edges:expr), $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.border_full($style, $color, $edges);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, border_full: ($style:expr, $color:expr, $edges:expr)) => {{
        $container.border_full($style, $color, $edges)
    }};

    // Focusable with value
    ($container:expr, focusable: $val:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.focusable($val);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, focusable: $val:expr) => {{
        $container.focusable($val)
    }};

    // Focusable shorthand
    ($container:expr, focusable, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.focusable(true);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, focusable) => {{
        $container.focusable(true)
    }};

    // Show scrollbar with value
    ($container:expr, show_scrollbar: $val:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.show_scrollbar($val);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, show_scrollbar: $val:expr) => {{
        $container.show_scrollbar($val)
    }};

    // Focus style
    ($container:expr, focus_style: ($style:expr), $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.focus_style($style);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, focus_style: ($style:expr)) => {{
        $container.focus_style($style)
    }};

    // Focus style - optional with ! suffix on expression
    ($container:expr, focus_style: ($style:expr)!, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = if let Some(style_val) = $style {
            $container.focus_style(style_val)
        } else {
            $container
        };
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, focus_style: ($style:expr)!) => {{
        if let Some(style_val) = $style {
            $container.focus_style(style_val)
        } else {
            $container
        }
    }};

    // Focus border helpers
    ($container:expr, focus_border: none, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.focus_border_with($crate::style::Border::none());
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, focus_border: none) => {{
        $container.focus_border_with($crate::style::Border::none())
    }};
    ($container:expr, focus_border: $color:tt, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.focus_border($crate::color_value!($color));
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, focus_border: $color:tt) => {{
        $container.focus_border($crate::color_value!($color))
    }};
    ($container:expr, focus_border: ($color:expr), $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.focus_border($color);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, focus_border: ($color:expr)) => {{
        $container.focus_border($color)
    }};
    ($container:expr, focus_border: ($color:expr)!, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = if let Some(color_val) = $color {
            $container.focus_border(color_val)
        } else {
            $container
        };
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, focus_border: ($color:expr)!) => {{
        if let Some(color_val) = $color {
            $container.focus_border(color_val)
        } else {
            $container
        }
    }};

    // Focus border style helpers
    ($container:expr, focus_border_style: ($style:expr, $color:expr), $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.focus_border_style($style, $color);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, focus_border_style: ($style:expr, $color:expr)) => {{
        $container.focus_border_style($style, $color)
    }};

    // Hover style
    ($container:expr, hover_style: ($style:expr), $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.hover_style($style);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, hover_style: ($style:expr)) => {{
        $container.hover_style($style)
    }};

    // Hover style - optional with ! suffix on expression
    ($container:expr, hover_style: ($style:expr)!, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = if let Some(style_val) = $style {
            $container.hover_style(style_val)
        } else {
            $container
        };
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, hover_style: ($style:expr)!) => {{
        if let Some(style_val) = $style {
            $container.hover_style(style_val)
        } else {
            $container
        }
    }};

    // Z-index
    ($container:expr, z: $index:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.z_index($index);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, z: $index:expr) => {{
        $container.z_index($index)
    }};

    // Position
    ($container:expr, pos: $pos:tt, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.position($crate::position_value!($pos));
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, pos: $pos:tt) => {{
        $container.position($crate::position_value!($pos))
    }};

    // Justify Content
    ($container:expr, justify: $justify:tt, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.justify_content($crate::justify_content_value!($justify));
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, justify: $justify:tt) => {{
        $container.justify_content($crate::justify_content_value!($justify))
    }};
    ($container:expr, justify_content: $justify:tt, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.justify_content($crate::justify_content_value!($justify));
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, justify_content: $justify:tt) => {{
        $container.justify_content($crate::justify_content_value!($justify))
    }};

    // Align Items
    ($container:expr, align: $align:tt, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.align_items($crate::align_items_value!($align));
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, align: $align:tt) => {{
        $container.align_items($crate::align_items_value!($align))
    }};
    ($container:expr, align_items: $align:tt, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.align_items($crate::align_items_value!($align));
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, align_items: $align:tt) => {{
        $container.align_items($crate::align_items_value!($align))
    }};

    // Align Self
    ($container:expr, align_self: $align:tt, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.align_self($crate::align_self_value!($align));
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, align_self: $align:tt) => {{
        $container.align_self($crate::align_self_value!($align))
    }};

    // Absolute positioning shorthand
    ($container:expr, absolute, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.position($crate::Position::Absolute);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, absolute) => {{
        $container.position($crate::Position::Absolute)
    }};

    // Positioning offsets
    ($container:expr, top: $val:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.top($val);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, top: $val:expr) => {{
        $container.top($val)
    }};

    ($container:expr, right: $val:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.right($val);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, right: $val:expr) => {{
        $container.right($val)
    }};

    ($container:expr, bottom: $val:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.bottom($val);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, bottom: $val:expr) => {{
        $container.bottom($val)
    }};

    ($container:expr, left: $val:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.left($val);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, left: $val:expr) => {{
        $container.left($val)
    }};

    // Wrap mode
    ($container:expr, wrap: $mode:tt, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.wrap($crate::wrap_value!($mode));
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, wrap: $mode:tt) => {{
        $container.wrap($crate::wrap_value!($mode))
    }};

    // Overflow
    ($container:expr, overflow: $mode:tt, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.overflow($crate::overflow_value!($mode));
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, overflow: $mode:tt) => {{
        $container.overflow($crate::overflow_value!($mode))
    }};

    // Event handlers

    // @click handler
    ($container:expr, @click: $handler:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.on_click($handler);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, @click: $handler:expr) => {{
        $container.on_click($handler)
    }};

    // @char handler
    ($container:expr, @char($ch:literal): $handler:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.on_char($ch, $handler);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, @char($ch:literal): $handler:expr) => {{
        $container.on_char($ch, $handler)
    }};

    // @char_global handler
    ($container:expr, @char_global($ch:literal): $handler:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.on_char_global($ch, $handler);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, @char_global($ch:literal): $handler:expr) => {{
        $container.on_char_global($ch, $handler)
    }};

    // @key with Char(...) handler
    ($container:expr, @key(Char($ch:literal)): $handler:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.on_key($crate::Key::Char($ch), $handler);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, @key(Char($ch:literal)): $handler:expr) => {{
        $container.on_key($crate::Key::Char($ch), $handler)
    }};

    // @key with modifiers handler
    ($container:expr, @key($modifier:ident + $($mods:tt)+): $handler:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.on_key_with_modifiers(
            $crate::key_with_modifiers_value!($modifier + $($mods)+),
            $handler,
        );
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, @key($modifier:ident + $($mods:tt)+): $handler:expr) => {{
        $container.on_key_with_modifiers(
            $crate::key_with_modifiers_value!($modifier + $($mods)+),
            $handler,
        )
    }};

    // @key handler
    ($container:expr, @key($key:tt): $handler:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.on_key($crate::key_value!($key), $handler);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, @key($key:tt): $handler:expr) => {{
        $container.on_key($crate::key_value!($key), $handler)
    }};

    // @key_global handler
    ($container:expr, @key_global($key:tt): $handler:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.on_key_global($crate::key_value!($key), $handler);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, @key_global($key:tt): $handler:expr) => {{
        $container.on_key_global($crate::key_value!($key), $handler)
    }};

    // @key_global with modifiers handler
    ($container:expr, @key_global($modifier:ident + $($mods:tt)+): $handler:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.on_key_with_modifiers_global(
            $crate::key_with_modifiers_value!($modifier + $($mods)+),
            $handler,
        );
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, @key_global($modifier:ident + $($mods:tt)+): $handler:expr) => {{
        $container.on_key_with_modifiers_global(
            $crate::key_with_modifiers_value!($modifier + $($mods)+),
            $handler,
        )
    }};

    // @focus handler
    ($container:expr, @focus: $handler:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.on_focus($handler);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, @focus: $handler:expr) => {{
        $container.on_focus($handler)
    }};

    // @blur handler
    ($container:expr, @blur: $handler:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.on_blur($handler);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, @blur: $handler:expr) => {{
        $container.on_blur($handler)
    }};

    // @any_char handler
    ($container:expr, @any_char: $handler:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let c = $container.on_any_char($handler);
        $crate::tui_apply_props!(c, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($container:expr, @any_char: $handler:expr) => {{
        $container.on_any_char($handler)
    }};
}

/// Build text with properties (internal)
#[doc(hidden)]
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! tui_build_text {
    ($content:expr,) => {{
        $crate::Text::new($content).into()
    }};

    ($content:expr, $($props:tt)*) => {{
        #[allow(unused_mut)]
        let __text = $crate::Text::new($content);
        // Always add trailing comma for consistent parsing
        let __text = $crate::tui_apply_text_props!(__text, $($props)* ,);
        __text.into()
    }};
}

/// Apply text properties (internal)
#[doc(hidden)]
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! tui_apply_text_props {
    // Base case - return the text
    ($text:expr,) => { $text };
    ($text:expr) => { $text };

    // Color
    ($text:expr, color: $color:tt, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let t = $text.color($crate::color_value!($color));
        $crate::tui_apply_text_props!(t, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($text:expr, color: $color:tt) => {{
        $text.color($crate::color_value!($color))
    }};

    // Color with expression
    ($text:expr, color: ($color:expr), $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let t = $text.color($color);
        $crate::tui_apply_text_props!(t, $($rest)*)
    }};

    // Color - optional with ! suffix on expression
    ($text:expr, color: ($color:expr)!, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let t = if let Some(color_val) = $color {
            $text.color(color_val)
        } else {
            $text
        };
        $crate::tui_apply_text_props!(t, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($text:expr, color: ($color:expr)!) => {{
        if let Some(color_val) = $color {
            $text.color(color_val)
        } else {
            $text
        }
    }};

    // Background
    ($text:expr, bg: $color:tt, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let t = $text.background($crate::color_value!($color));
        $crate::tui_apply_text_props!(t, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($text:expr, bg: $color:tt) => {{
        $text.background($crate::color_value!($color))
    }};

    // Background - optional with ! suffix on expression
    ($text:expr, bg: ($color:expr)!, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let t = if let Some(bg_val) = $color {
            $text.background(bg_val)
        } else {
            $text
        };
        $crate::tui_apply_text_props!(t, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($text:expr, bg: ($color:expr)!) => {{
        if let Some(bg_val) = $color {
            $text.background(bg_val)
        } else {
            $text
        }
    }};

    // Bold
    ($text:expr, bold, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let t = $text.bold();
        $crate::tui_apply_text_props!(t, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($text:expr, bold) => {{
        $text.bold()
    }};

    // Italic
    ($text:expr, italic, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let t = $text.italic();
        $crate::tui_apply_text_props!(t, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($text:expr, italic) => {{
        $text.italic()
    }};

    // Underline
    ($text:expr, underline, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let t = $text.underline();
        $crate::tui_apply_text_props!(t, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($text:expr, underline) => {{
        $text.underline()
    }};

    // Strikethrough
    ($text:expr, strikethrough, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let t = $text.strikethrough();
        $crate::tui_apply_text_props!(t, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($text:expr, strikethrough) => {{
        $text.strikethrough()
    }};

    // Wrap mode
    ($text:expr, wrap: $mode:tt, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let t = $text.wrap($crate::text_wrap_value!($mode));
        $crate::tui_apply_text_props!(t, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($text:expr, wrap: $mode:tt) => {{
        $text.wrap($crate::text_wrap_value!($mode))
    }};

    // Alignment
    ($text:expr, align: $align:tt, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let t = $text.align($crate::text_align_value!($align));
        $crate::tui_apply_text_props!(t, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($text:expr, align: $align:tt) => {{
        $text.align($crate::text_align_value!($align))
    }};
}

/// Build RichText elements (internal)
#[doc(hidden)]
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! tui_build_richtext {
    // With properties and spans
    (props: [$($props:tt)*], spans: [$($spans:tt)*]) => {{
        #[allow(unused_mut)]
        let mut __richtext = $crate::RichText::new();
        __richtext = $crate::tui_add_richtext_spans!(__richtext, $($spans)*);
        // Apply top-level properties if any
        let __richtext = $crate::tui_apply_richtext_props!(__richtext, $($props)*);
        __richtext.into()
    }};

    // No properties, just spans
    (props: [], spans: [$($spans:tt)*]) => {{
        #[allow(unused_mut)]
        let mut __richtext = $crate::RichText::new();
        __richtext = $crate::tui_add_richtext_spans!(__richtext, $($spans)*);
        __richtext.into()
    }};
}

/// Add spans to RichText (internal)
#[doc(hidden)]
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! tui_add_richtext_spans {
    // Base case - trailing comma
    ($rt:expr,) => { $rt };
    // Base case - no comma
    ($rt:expr) => { $rt };

    // Text span with properties
    ($rt:expr, text($content:expr, $($props:tt)*), $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        // Create a TextStyle from the properties
        let mut style = $crate::TextStyle::default();
        style = $crate::tui_apply_span_style!(style, $($props)*,);
        let rt = $rt.styled($content, style);
        $crate::tui_add_richtext_spans!(rt, $($rest)*)
    }};

    // Plain text span
    ($rt:expr, text($content:expr), $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let rt = $rt.text($content);
        $crate::tui_add_richtext_spans!(rt, $($rest)*)
    }};

    // Last span cases (no trailing comma)
    ($rt:expr, text($content:expr, $($props:tt)*)) => {{
        // Create a TextStyle from the properties
        let mut style = $crate::TextStyle::default();
        style = $crate::tui_apply_span_style!(style, $($props)*,);
        $rt.styled($content, style)
    }};

    ($rt:expr, text($content:expr)) => {{
        $rt.text($content)
    }};
}

/// Apply style properties to TextStyle for RichText spans (internal)
#[doc(hidden)]
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! tui_apply_span_style {
    // Base case
    ($style:expr,) => { $style };
    ($style:expr) => { $style };

    // Color
    ($style:expr, color: $color:tt, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let mut s = $style;
        s.color = Some($crate::color_value!($color));
        $crate::tui_apply_span_style!(s, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($style:expr, color: $color:tt) => {{
        let mut s = $style;
        s.color = Some($crate::color_value!($color));
        s
    }};

    // Background
    ($style:expr, bg: $color:tt, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let mut s = $style;
        s.background = Some($crate::color_value!($color));
        $crate::tui_apply_span_style!(s, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($style:expr, bg: $color:tt) => {{
        let mut s = $style;
        s.background = Some($crate::color_value!($color));
        s
    }};

    // Bold
    ($style:expr, bold, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let mut s = $style;
        s.bold = Some(true);
        $crate::tui_apply_span_style!(s, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($style:expr, bold) => {{
        let mut s = $style;
        s.bold = Some(true);
        s
    }};

    // Italic
    ($style:expr, italic, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let mut s = $style;
        s.italic = Some(true);
        $crate::tui_apply_span_style!(s, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($style:expr, italic) => {{
        let mut s = $style;
        s.italic = Some(true);
        s
    }};

    // Underline
    ($style:expr, underline, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let mut s = $style;
        s.underline = Some(true);
        $crate::tui_apply_span_style!(s, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($style:expr, underline) => {{
        let mut s = $style;
        s.underline = Some(true);
        s
    }};
}

/// Apply top-level properties to RichText (internal)
#[doc(hidden)]
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! tui_apply_richtext_props {
    // Base case
    ($rt:expr,) => { $rt };
    ($rt:expr) => { $rt };

    // Wrap mode
    ($rt:expr, wrap: $wrap:tt, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let rt = $rt.wrap($crate::text_wrap_value!($wrap));
        $crate::tui_apply_richtext_props!(rt, $($rest)*)
    }};

    // Color all spans
    ($rt:expr, color: $color:tt, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let rt = $rt.color($crate::color_value!($color));
        $crate::tui_apply_richtext_props!(rt, $($rest)*)
    }};

    // Background for all spans
    ($rt:expr, bg: $color:tt, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let rt = $rt.background($crate::color_value!($color));
        $crate::tui_apply_richtext_props!(rt, $($rest)*)
    }};

    // Bold all spans
    ($rt:expr, bold_all, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let rt = $rt.bold_all();
        $crate::tui_apply_richtext_props!(rt, $($rest)*)
    }};

    // Italic all spans
    ($rt:expr, italic_all, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let rt = $rt.italic_all();
        $crate::tui_apply_richtext_props!(rt, $($rest)*)
    }};

    // Alignment
    ($rt:expr, align: $align:tt, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let rt = $rt.align($crate::text_align_value!($align));
        $crate::tui_apply_richtext_props!(rt, $($rest)*)
    }};

    // Single property cases (no trailing comma)
    ($rt:expr, wrap: $wrap:tt) => {{
        $rt.wrap($crate::text_wrap_value!($wrap))
    }};

    ($rt:expr, color: $color:tt) => {{
        $rt.color($crate::color_value!($color))
    }};

    ($rt:expr, bg: $color:tt) => {{
        $rt.background($crate::color_value!($color))
    }};

    ($rt:expr, bold_all) => {{
        $rt.bold_all()
    }};

    ($rt:expr, align: $align:tt) => {{
        $rt.align($crate::text_align_value!($align))
    }};

    ($rt:expr, italic_all) => {{
        $rt.italic_all()
    }};
}

/// Internal helper macro for building text elements
#[macro_export]
#[doc(hidden)]
macro_rules! tui_text {
    ($content:expr, $($props:tt)*) => {{
        $crate::tui_build_text!($content, $($props)*)
    }};
}

/// Build input with properties (internal)
#[doc(hidden)]
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! tui_build_input {
    () => {{
        $crate::Node::Component(std::sync::Arc::new($crate::TextInput::new()))
    }};

    ($($props:tt)*) => {{
        #[allow(unused_mut)]
        let __input = $crate::TextInput::new();
        // Always add trailing comma for consistent parsing
        let __input = $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(__input, $($props)* ,);
        $crate::Node::Component(std::sync::Arc::new(__input))
    }};
}

/// Apply input properties (internal)
#[doc(hidden)]
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! tui_apply_input_props {
    // Base case - return the input
    ($input:expr,) => { $input };
    ($input:expr) => { $input };

    // Placeholder
    ($input:expr, placeholder: $text:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.placeholder($text);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, placeholder: $text:expr) => {{
        $input.placeholder($text)
    }};

    // Focusable
    ($input:expr, focusable: $value:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.focusable($value);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, focusable: $value:expr) => {{
        $input.focusable($value)
    }};

    // Focusable shorthand
    ($input:expr, focusable, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.focusable(true);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, focusable) => {{
        $input.focusable(true)
    }};

    // Width
    ($input:expr, w: $value:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.width($value);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, w: $value:expr) => {{
        $input.width($value)
    }};

    // Width - optional with ! suffix on expression
    ($input:expr, w: ($value:expr)!, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = if let Some(width_val) = $value {
            $input.width(width_val)
        } else {
            $input
        };
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, w: ($value:expr)!) => {{
        if let Some(width_val) = $value {
            $input.width(width_val)
        } else {
            $input
        }
    }};

    // Width fraction
    ($input:expr, w_frac: $frac:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.width_fraction($frac);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, w_frac: $frac:expr) => {{
        $input.width_fraction($frac)
    }};

    // Width auto
    ($input:expr, w_auto, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.width_auto();
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, w_auto) => {{
        $input.width_auto()
    }};

    // Width content
    ($input:expr, w_content, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.width_content();
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, w_content) => {{
        $input.width_content()
    }};

    ($input:expr, width: $value:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.width($value);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, width: $value:expr) => {{
        $input.width($value)
    }};

    // Height
    ($input:expr, h: $value:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.height($value);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, h: $value:expr) => {{
        $input.height($value)
    }};

    // Height - optional with ! suffix on expression
    ($input:expr, h: ($value:expr)!, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = if let Some(height_val) = $value {
            $input.height(height_val)
        } else {
            $input
        };
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, h: ($value:expr)!) => {{
        if let Some(height_val) = $value {
            $input.height(height_val)
        } else {
            $input
        }
    }};

    // Height fraction
    ($input:expr, h_frac: $frac:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.height_fraction($frac);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, h_frac: $frac:expr) => {{
        $input.height_fraction($frac)
    }};

    // Height auto
    ($input:expr, h_auto, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.height_auto();
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, h_auto) => {{
        $input.height_auto()
    }};

    // Height content
    ($input:expr, h_content, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.height_content();
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, h_content) => {{
        $input.height_content()
    }};

    ($input:expr, height: $value:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.height($value);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, height: $value:expr) => {{
        $input.height($value)
    }};

    // Focus style
    ($input:expr, focus_style: ($style:expr), $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.focus_style($style);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, focus_style: ($style:expr)) => {{
        $input.focus_style($style)
    }};

    // Focus style optional expression
    ($input:expr, focus_style: ($style:expr)!, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = if let Some(style_val) = $style {
            $input.focus_style(style_val)
        } else {
            $input
        };
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, focus_style: ($style:expr)!) => {{
        if let Some(style_val) = $style {
            $input.focus_style(style_val)
        } else {
            $input
        }
    }};

    // Focus border color
    ($input:expr, focus_border: none, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.focus_border_with($crate::style::Border::none());
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, focus_border: none) => {{
        $input.focus_border_with($crate::style::Border::none())
    }};
    ($input:expr, focus_border: $color:tt, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.focus_border($crate::color_value!($color));
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, focus_border: $color:tt) => {{
        $input.focus_border($crate::color_value!($color))
    }};
    ($input:expr, focus_border: ($color:expr), $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.focus_border($color);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, focus_border: ($color:expr)) => {{
        $input.focus_border($color)
    }};

    // Focus border style with color
    ($input:expr, focus_border_style: ($style:expr, $color:expr), $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.focus_border_style($style, $color);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, focus_border_style: ($style:expr, $color:expr)) => {{
        $input.focus_border_style($style, $color)
    }};

    // Focus background
    ($input:expr, focus_background: $color:tt, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.focus_background($crate::color_value!($color));
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, focus_background: $color:tt) => {{
        $input.focus_background($crate::color_value!($color))
    }};
    ($input:expr, focus_background: ($color:expr), $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.focus_background($color);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, focus_background: ($color:expr)) => {{
        $input.focus_background($color)
    }};

    // Focus padding using scalar value
    ($input:expr, focus_padding: $value:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.focus_padding($crate::Spacing::all($value));
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, focus_padding: $value:expr) => {{
        $input.focus_padding($crate::Spacing::all($value))
    }};
    ($input:expr, focus_padding: ($spacing:expr), $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.focus_padding($spacing);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, focus_padding: ($spacing:expr)) => {{
        $input.focus_padding($spacing)
    }};

    // Hover style
    ($input:expr, hover_style: ($style:expr), $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.hover_style($style);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, hover_style: ($style:expr)) => {{
        $input.hover_style($style)
    }};

    // Hover style optional expression
    ($input:expr, hover_style: ($style:expr)!, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = if let Some(style_val) = $style {
            $input.hover_style(style_val)
        } else {
            $input
        };
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, hover_style: ($style:expr)!) => {{
        if let Some(style_val) = $style {
            $input.hover_style(style_val)
        } else {
            $input
        }
    }};

    // Hover border color
    ($input:expr, hover_border: $color:tt, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.hover_border($crate::color_value!($color));
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, hover_border: $color:tt) => {{
        $input.hover_border($crate::color_value!($color))
    }};
    ($input:expr, hover_border: ($color:expr), $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.hover_border($color);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, hover_border: ($color:expr)) => {{
        $input.hover_border($color)
    }};

    // Hover background
    ($input:expr, hover_background: $color:tt, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.hover_background($crate::color_value!($color));
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, hover_background: $color:tt) => {{
        $input.hover_background($crate::color_value!($color))
    }};
    ($input:expr, hover_background: ($color:expr), $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.hover_background($color);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, hover_background: ($color:expr)) => {{
        $input.hover_background($color)
    }};

    // Hover padding using scalar value
    ($input:expr, hover_padding: $value:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.hover_padding($crate::Spacing::all($value));
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, hover_padding: $value:expr) => {{
        $input.hover_padding($crate::Spacing::all($value))
    }};

    // Hover padding with explicit spacing expression
    ($input:expr, hover_padding: ($spacing:expr), $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.hover_padding($spacing);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, hover_padding: ($spacing:expr)) => {{
        $input.hover_padding($spacing)
    }};

    // Hover padding shorthand alias
    ($input:expr, hover_pad: $value:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.hover_padding($crate::Spacing::all($value));
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, hover_pad: $value:expr) => {{
        $input.hover_padding($crate::Spacing::all($value))
    }};
    ($input:expr, hover_pad: ($spacing:expr), $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.hover_padding($spacing);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, hover_pad: ($spacing:expr)) => {{
        $input.hover_padding($spacing)
    }};

    // Border color (now using the more explicit name)
    ($input:expr, border_color: $color:tt, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.border($crate::color_value!($color));
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, border_color: $color:tt) => {{
        $input.border($crate::color_value!($color))
    }};

    // Border color with expression
    ($input:expr, border_color: ($color:expr), $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.border($color);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, border_color: ($color:expr)) => {{
        $input.border($color)
    }};

    // Border style with color
    ($input:expr, border_style: ($style:expr, $color:expr), $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.border_style($style, $color);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, border_style: ($style:expr, $color:expr)) => {{
        $input.border_style($style, $color)
    }};

    // Legacy border support (maps to border_color)
    ($input:expr, border: none, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.border_with($crate::style::Border::none());
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, border: none) => {{
        $input.border_with($crate::style::Border::none())
    }};
    ($input:expr, border: $color:tt, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.border($crate::color_value!($color));
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, border: $color:tt) => {{
        $input.border($crate::color_value!($color))
    }};

    // Border with expression (legacy)
    ($input:expr, border: ($color:expr), $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.border($color);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, border: ($color:expr)) => {{
        $input.border($color)
    }};

    // Border color - optional with ! suffix on expression
    ($input:expr, border_color: ($color:expr)!, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = if let Some(color_val) = $color {
            $input.border(color_val)
        } else {
            $input
        };
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, border_color: ($color:expr)!) => {{
        if let Some(color_val) = $color {
            $input.border(color_val)
        } else {
            $input
        }
    }};

    // Legacy border support (maps to border_color) - optional with ! suffix
    ($input:expr, border: ($color:expr)!, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = if let Some(color_val) = $color {
            $input.border(color_val)
        } else {
            $input
        };
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, border: ($color:expr)!) => {{
        if let Some(color_val) = $color {
            $input.border(color_val)
        } else {
            $input
        }
    }};

    // Border style with explicit style and color
    ($input:expr, border_style: ($style:expr, $color:expr), $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.border_style($style, $color);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, border_style: ($style:expr, $color:expr)) => {{
        $input.border_style($style, $color)
    }};

    // Border edges - simple syntax support
    ($input:expr, border_edges: top, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.border_edges($crate::BorderEdges::TOP);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, border_edges: bottom, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.border_edges($crate::BorderEdges::BOTTOM);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, border_edges: left, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.border_edges($crate::BorderEdges::LEFT);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, border_edges: right, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.border_edges($crate::BorderEdges::RIGHT);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, border_edges: horizontal, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.border_edges($crate::BorderEdges::HORIZONTAL);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, border_edges: vertical, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.border_edges($crate::BorderEdges::VERTICAL);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, border_edges: all, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.border_edges($crate::BorderEdges::ALL);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, border_edges: corners, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.border_edges($crate::BorderEdges::CORNERS);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, border_edges: edges, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.border_edges($crate::BorderEdges::EDGES);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};

    // Support for | operator in edges
    ($input:expr, border_edges: $edge1:ident | $($edge2:ident)|+, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let edges = $crate::tui_edge_value!($edge1) $(| $crate::tui_edge_value!($edge2))+;
        let i = $input.border_edges(edges);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};

    // Expression-based edges
    ($input:expr, border_edges: ($edges:expr), $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.border_edges($edges);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, border_edges: ($edges:expr)!, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = if let Some(edges_val) = $edges {
            $input.border_edges(edges_val)
        } else {
            $input
        };
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};

    // Terminal rules (no rest)
    ($input:expr, border_edges: top) => {{
        $input.border_edges($crate::BorderEdges::TOP)
    }};
    ($input:expr, border_edges: bottom) => {{
        $input.border_edges($crate::BorderEdges::BOTTOM)
    }};
    ($input:expr, border_edges: left) => {{
        $input.border_edges($crate::BorderEdges::LEFT)
    }};
    ($input:expr, border_edges: right) => {{
        $input.border_edges($crate::BorderEdges::RIGHT)
    }};
    ($input:expr, border_edges: horizontal) => {{
        $input.border_edges($crate::BorderEdges::HORIZONTAL)
    }};
    ($input:expr, border_edges: vertical) => {{
        $input.border_edges($crate::BorderEdges::VERTICAL)
    }};
    ($input:expr, border_edges: all) => {{
        $input.border_edges($crate::BorderEdges::ALL)
    }};
    ($input:expr, border_edges: corners) => {{
        $input.border_edges($crate::BorderEdges::CORNERS)
    }};
    ($input:expr, border_edges: edges) => {{
        $input.border_edges($crate::BorderEdges::EDGES)
    }};
    ($input:expr, border_edges: $edge1:ident | $($edge2:ident)|+) => {{
        let edges = $crate::tui_edge_value!($edge1) $(| $crate::tui_edge_value!($edge2))+;
        $input.border_edges(edges)
    }};
    ($input:expr, border_edges: ($edges:expr)) => {{
        $input.border_edges($edges)
    }};
    ($input:expr, border_edges: ($edges:expr)!) => {{
        if let Some(edges_val) = $edges {
            $input.border_edges(edges_val)
        } else {
            $input
        }
    }};

    // Full border configuration
    ($input:expr, border_full: ($style:expr, $color:expr, $edges:expr), $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.border_full($style, $color, $edges);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, border_full: ($style:expr, $color:expr, $edges:expr)) => {{
        $input.border_full($style, $color, $edges)
    }};

    // Focus style
    ($input:expr, focus_style: ($style:expr), $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.focus_style($style);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, focus_style: ($style:expr)) => {{
        $input.focus_style($style)
    }};
    ($input:expr, focus_style: ($style:expr)!, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = if let Some(style_val) = $style {
            $input.focus_style(style_val)
        } else {
            $input
        };
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, focus_style: ($style:expr)!) => {{
        if let Some(style_val) = $style {
            $input.focus_style(style_val)
        } else {
            $input
        }
    }};

    // Focus border color helpers
    ($input:expr, focus_border: none, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.focus_border_with($crate::style::Border::none());
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, focus_border: none) => {{
        $input.focus_border_with($crate::style::Border::none())
    }};
    ($input:expr, focus_border: $color:tt, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.focus_border($crate::color_value!($color));
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, focus_border: $color:tt) => {{
        $input.focus_border($crate::color_value!($color))
    }};
    ($input:expr, focus_border: ($color:expr), $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.focus_border($color);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, focus_border: ($color:expr)) => {{
        $input.focus_border($color)
    }};
    ($input:expr, focus_border: ($color:expr)!, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = if let Some(color_val) = $color {
            $input.focus_border(color_val)
        } else {
            $input
        };
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, focus_border: ($color:expr)!) => {{
        if let Some(color_val) = $color {
            $input.focus_border(color_val)
        } else {
            $input
        }
    }};

    // Focus border style with explicit style and color
    ($input:expr, focus_border_style: ($style:expr, $color:expr), $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.focus_border_style($style, $color);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, focus_border_style: ($style:expr, $color:expr)) => {{
        $input.focus_border_style($style, $color)
    }};

    // Focus background color helpers
    ($input:expr, focus_background: $color:tt, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.focus_background($crate::color_value!($color));
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, focus_background: $color:tt) => {{
        $input.focus_background($crate::color_value!($color))
    }};
    ($input:expr, focus_background: ($color:expr), $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.focus_background($color);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, focus_background: ($color:expr)) => {{
        $input.focus_background($color)
    }};
    ($input:expr, focus_background: ($color:expr)!, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = if let Some(color_val) = $color {
            $input.focus_background(color_val)
        } else {
            $input
        };
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, focus_background: ($color:expr)!) => {{
        if let Some(color_val) = $color {
            $input.focus_background(color_val)
        } else {
            $input
        }
    }};

    // Focus padding helpers
    ($input:expr, focus_padding: ($padding:expr), $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.focus_padding($padding);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, focus_padding: ($padding:expr)) => {{
        $input.focus_padding($padding)
    }};
    ($input:expr, focus_padding: ($padding:expr)!, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = if let Some(padding_val) = $padding {
            $input.focus_padding(padding_val)
        } else {
            $input
        };
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, focus_padding: ($padding:expr)!) => {{
        if let Some(padding_val) = $padding {
            $input.focus_padding(padding_val)
        } else {
            $input
        }
    }};

    // Z-index
    ($input:expr, z: $index:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.z_index($index);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, z: $index:expr) => {{
        $input.z_index($index)
    }};

    // Position
    ($input:expr, pos: $pos:tt, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.position($crate::position_value!($pos));
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, pos: $pos:tt) => {{
        $input.position($crate::position_value!($pos))
    }};

    // Absolute positioning shorthand
    ($input:expr, absolute, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.absolute();
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, absolute) => {{
        $input.absolute()
    }};

    // Positioning offsets
    ($input:expr, top: $val:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.top($val);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, top: $val:expr) => {{
        $input.top($val)
    }};

    ($input:expr, right: $val:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.right($val);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, right: $val:expr) => {{
        $input.right($val)
    }};

    ($input:expr, bottom: $val:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.bottom($val);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, bottom: $val:expr) => {{
        $input.bottom($val)
    }};

    ($input:expr, left: $val:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.left($val);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, left: $val:expr) => {{
        $input.left($val)
    }};

    // Background color
    ($input:expr, bg: $color:tt, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.background($crate::color_value!($color));
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, bg: $color:tt) => {{
        $input.background($crate::color_value!($color))
    }};

    // Background with expression
    ($input:expr, bg: ($color:expr), $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.background($color);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, bg: ($color:expr)) => {{
        $input.background($color)
    }};

    // Cursor color
    ($input:expr, cursor_color: $color:tt, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.cursor_color($crate::color_value!($color));
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, cursor_color: $color:tt) => {{
        $input.cursor_color($crate::color_value!($color))
    }};

    // Cursor color with expression
    ($input:expr, cursor_color: ($color:expr), $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.cursor_color($color);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, cursor_color: ($color:expr)) => {{
        $input.cursor_color($color)
    }};

    // Content color
    ($input:expr, content_color: $color:tt, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.content_color($crate::color_value!($color));
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, content_color: $color:tt) => {{
        $input.content_color($crate::color_value!($color))
    }};

    // Content color shorthand
    ($input:expr, color: $color:tt, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.content_color($crate::color_value!($color));
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, color: $color:tt) => {{
        $input.content_color($crate::color_value!($color))
    }};

    // Content bold
    ($input:expr, content_bold: $value:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.content_bold($value);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, content_bold: $value:expr) => {{
        $input.content_bold($value)
    }};

    // Content bold shorthand
    ($input:expr, bold, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.content_bold(true);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, bold) => {{
        $input.content_bold(true)
    }};

    // Text wrapping
    ($input:expr, wrap: $mode:ident, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.wrap($crate::text_wrap_value!($mode));
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, wrap: $mode:ident) => {{
        $input.wrap($crate::text_wrap_value!($mode))
    }};

    // Text wrapping with expression
    ($input:expr, wrap: ($mode:expr), $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.wrap($mode);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, wrap: ($mode:expr)) => {{
        $input.wrap($mode)
    }};

    // Padding
    ($input:expr, pad: $value:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.padding($crate::Spacing::all($value));
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, pad: $value:expr) => {{
        $input.padding($crate::Spacing::all($value))
    }};

    // Password mode with value
    ($input:expr, password: $value:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.password($value);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, password: $value:expr) => {{
        $input.password($value)
    }};

    // Password mode shorthand (enables password mode)
    ($input:expr, password, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.password(true);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, password) => {{
        $input.password(true)
    }};

    // Clear on submit with explicit value
    ($input:expr, clear_on_submit: $value:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.clear_on_submit($value);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, clear_on_submit: $value:expr) => {{
        $input.clear_on_submit($value)
    }};

    // Clear on submit shorthand (enables clear on submit)
    ($input:expr, clear_on_submit, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.clear_on_submit(true);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, clear_on_submit) => {{
        $input.clear_on_submit(true)
    }};

    // @change handler
    ($input:expr, @change: $handler:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.on_change($handler);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, @change: $handler:expr) => {{
        $input.on_change($handler)
    }};

    // @submit handler
    ($input:expr, @submit: $handler:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.on_submit($handler);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, @submit: $handler:expr) => {{
        $input.on_submit($handler)
    }};

    // @key handler
    ($input:expr, @key($key:tt): $handler:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.on_key($crate::key_value!($key), $handler);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, @key($key:tt): $handler:expr) => {{
        $input.on_key($crate::key_value!($key), $handler)
    }};

    // @key with modifiers handler
    ($input:expr, @key($modifier:ident + $($mods:tt)+): $handler:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.on_key_with_modifiers(
            $crate::key_with_modifiers_value!($modifier + $($mods)+),
            $handler,
        );
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, @key($modifier:ident + $($mods:tt)+): $handler:expr) => {{
        $input.on_key_with_modifiers(
            $crate::key_with_modifiers_value!($modifier + $($mods)+),
            $handler,
        )
    }};

    // @key_global handler
    ($input:expr, @key_global($key:tt): $handler:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.on_key_global($crate::key_value!($key), $handler);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, @key_global($key:tt): $handler:expr) => {{
        $input.on_key_global($crate::key_value!($key), $handler)
    }};

    // @key_global with modifiers handler
    ($input:expr, @key_global($modifier:ident + $($mods:tt)+): $handler:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.on_key_with_modifiers_global(
            $crate::key_with_modifiers_value!($modifier + $($mods)+),
            $handler,
        );
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, @key_global($modifier:ident + $($mods:tt)+): $handler:expr) => {{
        $input.on_key_with_modifiers_global(
            $crate::key_with_modifiers_value!($modifier + $($mods)+),
            $handler,
        )
    }};

    // @blur handler
    ($input:expr, @blur: $handler:expr, $($rest:tt)*) => {{
        let i = $input.on_blur($handler);
        $crate::tui_apply_input_props!(i, $($rest)*)
    }};
    ($input:expr, @blur: $handler:expr) => {{
        $input.on_blur($handler)
    }};
}


================================================
FILE: rxtui/lib/node/div.rs
================================================
use crate::component::ComponentId;
use crate::key::{Key, KeyWithModifiers};
use crate::style::{
    AlignItems, AlignSelf, Border, BorderEdges, BorderStyle, Color, Dimension, Direction,
    JustifyContent, Overflow, Position, Spacing, Style, WrapMode,
};
use std::fmt::Debug;
use std::marker::PhantomData;
use std::rc::Rc;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Type alias for keyboard event handler tuple: (key, handler, is_global)
pub type KeyHandler = (Key, Rc<dyn Fn()>, bool);

/// Type alias for keyboard event handler with modifiers: (key_with_modifiers, handler, is_global)
pub type KeyWithModifiersHandler = (KeyWithModifiers, Rc<dyn Fn()>, bool);

/// A container that can hold child elements
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct Div<T> {
    /// Child elements
    pub children: Vec<T>,

    /// Visual styling for different states
    pub styles: DivStyles,

    /// Event callbacks
    pub events: EventCallbacks,

    /// Whether this container can receive focus
    pub focusable: bool,

    /// Whether this container is currently focused
    pub focused: bool,

    /// Whether this container is currently hovered
    pub hovered: bool,

    /// Component path that owns this div (used for focus targeting)
    pub component_path: Option<ComponentId>,
}

/// Style configuration for a div in different states.
#[derive(Clone, Default)]
pub struct DivStyles {
    /// Base style when div is in normal state
    pub base: Option<Style>,

    /// Style to apply when div is focused
    pub focus: Option<Style>,

    /// Style to apply when div is hovered
    pub hover: Option<Style>,
}

/// Event callbacks for a div.
#[derive(Clone, Default)]
pub struct EventCallbacks {
    /// Click event handler
    pub on_click: Option<Rc<dyn Fn()>>,

    /// Keyboard event handlers: (key, handler, is_global)
    /// Global handlers work regardless of focus state
    pub on_key: Vec<KeyHandler>,

    /// Keyboard event handlers with modifiers: (key_with_modifiers, handler, is_global)
    /// These are checked before simple on_key handlers
    pub on_key_with_modifiers: Vec<KeyWithModifiersHandler>,

    /// Handler for any character input (receives the character)
    pub on_any_char: Option<Rc<dyn Fn(char)>>,

    /// Handler for any key press (receives the full Key enum)
    pub on_any_key: Option<Rc<dyn Fn(Key)>>,

    /// Called when div gains focus
    pub on_focus: Option<Rc<dyn Fn()>>,

    /// Called when div loses focus
    pub on_blur: Option<Rc<dyn Fn()>>,
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl<T> Div<T> {
    /// Creates a new empty div
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
            children: Vec::new(),
            styles: DivStyles::default(),
            events: EventCallbacks::default(),
            focusable: false,
            focused: false,
            hovered: false,
            component_path: None,
        }
    }

    /// Sets the children of this div
    pub fn children(mut self, children: Vec<T>) -> Self {
        self.children = children;
        self
    }

    /// Adds a single child
    pub fn child(mut self, child: T) -> Self {
        self.children.push(child);
        self
    }

    /// Makes this div focusable
    pub fn focusable(mut self, focusable: bool) -> Self {
        self.focusable = focusable;
        self
    }

    /// Sets the display direction
    pub fn direction(mut self, direction: Direction) -> Self {
        self.styles.base.get_or_insert(Style::default()).direction = Some(direction);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the position type
    pub fn position(mut self, position: Position) -> Self {
        self.styles.base.get_or_insert(Style::default()).position = Some(position);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the overflow behavior
    pub fn overflow(mut self, overflow: Overflow) -> Self {
        self.styles.base.get_or_insert(Style::default()).overflow = Some(overflow);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the padding
    pub fn padding(mut self, padding: Spacing) -> Self {
        self.styles.base.get_or_insert(Style::default()).padding = Some(padding);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the margin
    pub fn margin(mut self, margin: Spacing) -> Self {
        self.styles.base.get_or_insert(Style::default()).margin = Some(margin);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the gap between children
    pub fn gap(mut self, gap: u16) -> Self {
        self.styles.base.get_or_insert(Style::default()).gap = Some(gap);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the wrap mode for children
    pub fn wrap(mut self, wrap: WrapMode) -> Self {
        self.styles.base.get_or_insert(Style::default()).wrap = Some(wrap);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the width
    pub fn width(mut self, width: u16) -> Self {
        self.styles.base.get_or_insert(Style::default()).width = Some(Dimension::Fixed(width));
        self
    }

    /// Sets the width with a dimension
    pub fn width_dim(mut self, width: Dimension) -> Self {
        self.styles.base.get_or_insert(Style::default()).width = Some(width);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the height
    pub fn height(mut self, height: u16) -> Self {
        self.styles.base.get_or_insert(Style::default()).height = Some(Dimension::Fixed(height));
        self
    }

    /// Sets the height with a dimension
    pub fn height_dim(mut self, height: Dimension) -> Self {
        self.styles.base.get_or_insert(Style::default()).height = Some(height);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the width as fraction of parent (0.0 to 1.0)
    pub fn width_fraction(mut self, fraction: f32) -> Self {
        let normalized = fraction.clamp(0.0, 1.0);
        self.styles.base.get_or_insert(Style::default()).width =
            Some(Dimension::Percentage(normalized));
        self
    }

    /// Sets the height as fraction of parent (0.0 to 1.0)
    pub fn height_fraction(mut self, fraction: f32) -> Self {
        let normalized = fraction.clamp(0.0, 1.0);
        self.styles.base.get_or_insert(Style::default()).height =
            Some(Dimension::Percentage(normalized));
        self
    }

    /// Sets the width to auto
    pub fn width_auto(mut self) -> Self {
        self.styles.base.get_or_insert(Style::default()).width = Some(Dimension::Auto);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the height to auto
    pub fn height_auto(mut self) -> Self {
        self.styles.base.get_or_insert(Style::default()).height = Some(Dimension::Auto);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the height to content
    pub fn height_content(mut self) -> Self {
        self.styles.base.get_or_insert(Style::default()).height = Some(Dimension::Content);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the width to content
    pub fn width_content(mut self) -> Self {
        self.styles.base.get_or_insert(Style::default()).width = Some(Dimension::Content);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the minimum width
    pub fn min_width(mut self, width: u16) -> Self {
        self.styles.base.get_or_insert(Style::default()).min_width = Some(width);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the minimum height
    pub fn min_height(mut self, height: u16) -> Self {
        self.styles.base.get_or_insert(Style::default()).min_height = Some(height);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the maximum width
    pub fn max_width(mut self, width: u16) -> Self {
        self.styles.base.get_or_insert(Style::default()).max_width = Some(width);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the maximum height
    pub fn max_height(mut self, height: u16) -> Self {
        self.styles.base.get_or_insert(Style::default()).max_height = Some(height);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the background color
    pub fn background(mut self, color: Color) -> Self {
        self.styles.base.get_or_insert(Style::default()).background = Some(color);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the border style
    pub fn border(mut self, border: BorderStyle) -> Self {
        self.styles.base.get_or_insert(Style::default()).border = Some(Border {
            enabled: true,
            style: border,
            color: Color::White,
            edges: BorderEdges::ALL,
        });
        self
    }

    /// Sets the border using an explicit Border configuration.
    pub fn border_with(mut self, border: Border) -> Self {
        self.styles.base.get_or_insert(Style::default()).border = Some(border);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the border color with default Single style
    pub fn border_color(mut self, color: Color) -> Self {
        self.styles.base.get_or_insert(Style::default()).border = Some(Border {
            enabled: true,
            style: BorderStyle::Single,
            color,
            edges: BorderEdges::ALL,
        });
        self
    }

    /// Sets the border style (convenience for border with default color)
    pub fn border_style(self, style: BorderStyle) -> Self {
        self.border(style)
    }

    /// Sets the border style with color (for macro compatibility)
    pub fn border_style_with_color(mut self, style: BorderStyle, color: Color) -> Self {
        self.styles.base.get_or_insert(Style::default()).border = Some(Border {
            enabled: true,
            style,
            color,
            edges: BorderEdges::ALL,
        });
        self
    }

    /// Sets which border edges to render
    pub fn border_edges(mut self, edges: BorderEdges) -> Self {
        let style = self.styles.base.get_or_insert(Style::default());
        if let Some(border) = &mut style.border {
            border.edges = edges;
        } else {
            style.border = Some(Border {
                enabled: true,
                style: BorderStyle::Single,
                color: Color::White,
                edges,
            });
        }
        self
    }

    /// Sets whether to show scrollbar for scrollable content
    pub fn show_scrollbar(mut self, show: bool) -> Self {
        self.styles
            .base
            .get_or_insert(Style::default())
            .show_scrollbar = Some(show);
        self
    }

    /// Sets position to absolute (for macro compatibility when used as flag)
    pub fn absolute_position(mut self) -> Self {
        self.styles.base.get_or_insert(Style::default()).position = Some(Position::Absolute);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the absolute position coordinates
    pub fn absolute(mut self, x: u16, y: u16) -> Self {
        let style = self.styles.base.get_or_insert(Style::default());
        style.position = Some(Position::Absolute);
        style.x = Some(x);
        style.y = Some(y);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the x coordinate (for absolute positioning)
    pub fn x(mut self, x: u16) -> Self {
        self.styles.base.get_or_insert(Style::default()).x = Some(x);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the y coordinate (for absolute positioning)
    pub fn y(mut self, y: u16) -> Self {
        self.styles.base.get_or_insert(Style::default()).y = Some(y);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the top position
    pub fn top(mut self, top: i16) -> Self {
        self.styles.base.get_or_insert(Style::default()).top = Some(top);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the right position
    pub fn right(mut self, right: i16) -> Self {
        self.styles.base.get_or_insert(Style::default()).right = Some(right);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the bottom position
    pub fn bottom(mut self, bottom: i16) -> Self {
        self.styles.base.get_or_insert(Style::default()).bottom = Some(bottom);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the left position
    pub fn left(mut self, left: i16) -> Self {
        self.styles.base.get_or_insert(Style::default()).left = Some(left);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the z-index
    pub fn z_index(mut self, z: i32) -> Self {
        self.styles.base.get_or_insert(Style::default()).z_index = Some(z);
        self
    }

    /// Sets how content is distributed along the main axis
    pub fn justify_content(mut self, justify: JustifyContent) -> Self {
        self.styles
            .base
            .get_or_insert(Style::default())
            .justify_content = Some(justify);
        self
    }

    /// Sets how items are aligned on the cross axis
    pub fn align_items(mut self, align: AlignItems) -> Self {
        self.styles.base.get_or_insert(Style::default()).align_items = Some(align);
        self
    }

    /// Sets this element's alignment, overriding parent's align_items
    pub fn align_self(mut self, align: AlignSelf) -> Self {
        self.styles.base.get_or_insert(Style::default()).align_self = Some(align);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the focus style
    pub fn focus_style(mut self, style: Style) -> Self {
        self.styles.focus = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the border color when focused
    pub fn focus_border(self, color: Color) -> Self {
        self.focus_border_with(Border::new(color))
    }

    /// Sets the border style and color when focused
    pub fn focus_border_style(self, border_style: BorderStyle, color: Color) -> Self {
        self.focus_border_with(Border::with_style(border_style, color))
    }

    /// Sets the focus border using an explicit configuration
    pub fn focus_border_with(mut self, border: Border) -> Self {
        let mut style = self.styles.focus.clone().unwrap_or_default();
        style.border = Some(border);
        self.styles.focus = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the hover style
    pub fn hover_style(mut self, style: Style) -> Self {
        self.styles.hover = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the base style directly
    pub fn style(mut self, style: Style) -> Self {
        self.styles.base = Some(style);
        self
    }

    /// Registers a key handler
    pub fn on_key(mut self, key: Key, handler: impl Fn() + 'static) -> Self {
        self.events.on_key.push((key, Rc::new(handler), false));
        self
    }

    /// Registers a character key handler
    pub fn on_char(mut self, ch: char, handler: impl Fn() + 'static) -> Self {
        self.events
            .on_key
            .push((Key::Char(ch), Rc::new(handler), false));
        self
    }

    /// Registers a global key handler (works even when not focused)
    pub fn on_key_global(mut self, key: Key, handler: impl Fn() + 'static) -> Self {
        self.events.on_key.push((key, Rc::new(handler), true));
        self
    }

    /// Registers a global character key handler (works even when not focused)
    pub fn on_char_global(mut self, ch: char, handler: impl Fn() + 'static) -> Self {
        self.events
            .on_key
            .push((Key::Char(ch), Rc::new(handler), true));
        self
    }

    /// Registers a key handler with modifiers
    pub fn on_key_with_modifiers(
        mut self,
        key_with_modifiers: KeyWithModifiers,
        handler: impl Fn() + 'static,
    ) -> Self {
        self.events
            .on_key_with_modifiers
            .push((key_with_modifiers, Rc::new(handler), false));
        self
    }

    /// Registers a global key handler with modifiers (works even when not focused)
    pub fn on_key_with_modifiers_global(
        mut self,
        key_with_modifiers: KeyWithModifiers,
        handler: impl Fn() + 'static,
    ) -> Self {
        self.events
            .on_key_with_modifiers
            .push((key_with_modifiers, Rc::new(handler), true));
        self
    }

    /// Registers a handler for any character input
    pub fn on_any_char(mut self, handler: impl Fn(char) + 'static) -> Self {
        self.events.on_any_char = Some(Rc::new(handler));
        self
    }

    /// Registers a handler for any key press
    pub fn on_any_key(mut self, handler: impl Fn(Key) + 'static) -> Self {
        self.events.on_any_key = Some(Rc::new(handler));
        self
    }

    /// Registers a click handler
    pub fn on_click(mut self, handler: impl Fn() + 'static) -> Self {
        self.events.on_click = Some(Rc::new(handler));
        self
    }

    /// Registers a focus handler
    pub fn on_focus(mut self, handler: impl Fn() + 'static) -> Self {
        self.events.on_focus = Some(Rc::new(handler));
        self
    }

    /// Registers a blur handler
    pub fn on_blur(mut self, handler: impl Fn() + 'static) -> Self {
        self.events.on_blur = Some(Rc::new(handler));
        self
    }

    /// Converts a Div to a new type using a mapping function
    pub fn map<U, F>(self, f: F) -> Div<U>
    where
        F: FnMut(T) -> U,
    {
        Div {
            children: self.children.into_iter().map(f).collect(),
            styles: self.styles,
            events: self.events,
            focusable: self.focusable,
            focused: self.focused,
            hovered: self.hovered,
            component_path: self.component_path,
        }
    }

    /// Gets the active style based on the current state
    pub fn active_style(&self) -> Option<&Style> {
        if self.focused && self.styles.focus.is_some() {
            self.styles.focus.as_ref()
        } else if self.hovered && self.styles.hover.is_some() {
            self.styles.hover.as_ref()
        } else {
            self.styles.base.as_ref()
        }
    }
}

impl<T> Default for Div<T> {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::new()
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Trait Implementations
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl<T: PartialEq> PartialEq for Div<T> {
    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
        self.children == other.children
            && self.styles == other.styles
            && self.focusable == other.focusable
            && self.focused == other.focused
            && self.hovered == other.hovered
            && self.component_path == other.component_path
    }
}

impl PartialEq for DivStyles {
    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
        self.base == other.base && self.focus == other.focus && self.hover == other.hover
    }
}

impl Debug for DivStyles {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("DivStyles")
            .field("base", &self.base)
            .field("focus", &self.focus)
            .field("hover", &self.hover)
            .finish()
    }
}

impl Debug for EventCallbacks {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("EventCallbacks")
            .field("on_click", &self.on_click.is_some())
            .field("on_key_count", &self.on_key.len())
            .field(
                "on_key_with_modifiers_count",
                &self.on_key_with_modifiers.len(),
            )
            .field("on_any_char", &self.on_any_char.is_some())
            .field("on_any_key", &self.on_any_key.is_some())
            .field("on_focus", &self.on_focus.is_some())
            .field("on_blur", &self.on_blur.is_some())
            .finish()
    }
}

impl<T: Debug> Debug for Div<T> {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("Div")
            .field("children", &self.children)
            .field("styles", &self.styles)
            .field("events", &self.events)
            .field("focusable", &self.focusable)
            .field("focused", &self.focused)
            .field("hovered", &self.hovered)
            .finish()
    }
}

/// ElementBuilder is used for type-safe method chaining
pub struct ElementBuilder<T> {
    element: T,
    _phantom: PhantomData<T>,
}

impl<T> ElementBuilder<T> {
    pub fn new(element: T) -> Self {
        Self {
            element,
            _phantom: PhantomData,
        }
    }

    pub fn build(self) -> T {
        self.element
    }
}


================================================
FILE: rxtui/lib/node/mod.rs
================================================
use crate::component::Component;
use std::sync::Arc;

pub mod div;
pub mod rich_text;
pub mod text;

pub use div::{Div, DivStyles, EventCallbacks, KeyHandler, KeyWithModifiersHandler};
pub use rich_text::{RichText, TextSpan};
pub use text::Text;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// A node in the component tree (can contain components)
#[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
pub enum Node {
    /// A component that can be expanded
    Component(Arc<dyn Component>),

    /// A div that can have children
    Div(Div<Node>),

    /// Text content that is rendered directly
    Text(Text),

    /// Rich text with multiple styled segments
    RichText(RichText),
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Node {
    /// Creates a text node with the given content.
    #[inline]
    pub fn text(content: impl Into<String>) -> Node {
        Node::Text(Text::new(content))
    }

    /// Creates a div node with no children.
    #[inline]
    pub fn div() -> Node {
        Node::Div(Div::new())
    }

    /// Creates a rich text node.
    #[inline]
    pub fn rich_text() -> Node {
        Node::RichText(RichText::new())
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Builder Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Node {
    /// Adds a single child (only valid for Div variant).
    #[inline]
    pub fn child(mut self, child: impl Into<Node>) -> Self {
        if let Node::Div(ref mut div) = self {
            div.children.push(child.into());
        }
        self
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Trait Implementations
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Clone for Node {
    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
        match self {
            Node::Component(c) => Node::Component(Arc::clone(c)),
            Node::Div(div) => Node::Div(div.clone()),
            Node::Text(text) => Node::Text(text.clone()),
            Node::RichText(rich) => Node::RichText(rich.clone()),
        }
    }
}

impl std::fmt::Debug for Node {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        match self {
            Node::Component(_) => write!(f, "Node::Component(...)"),
            Node::Div(div) => write!(f, "Node::Div({div:?})"),
            Node::Text(text) => write!(f, "Node::Text({text:?})"),
            Node::RichText(rich) => write!(f, "Node::RichText({rich:?})"),
        }
    }
}

impl PartialEq for Node {
    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
        match (self, other) {
            (Node::Text(a), Node::Text(b)) => a == b,
            (Node::RichText(a), Node::RichText(b)) => a == b,
            // Components and containers can't be easily compared due to trait objects
            _ => false,
        }
    }
}

impl From<Text> for Node {
    fn from(text: Text) -> Self {
        Node::Text(text)
    }
}

impl From<RichText> for Node {
    fn from(rich: RichText) -> Self {
        Node::RichText(rich)
    }
}

impl From<Arc<dyn Component>> for Node {
    fn from(component: Arc<dyn Component>) -> Self {
        Node::Component(component)
    }
}

impl From<Div<Node>> for Node {
    fn from(div: Div<Node>) -> Self {
        Node::Div(div)
    }
}


================================================
FILE: rxtui/lib/node/rich_text.rs
================================================
use crate::style::{TextAlign, TextStyle};
use crate::{Color, TextWrap};

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// A span of text with optional styling
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, PartialEq)]
pub struct TextSpan {
    pub content: String,
    pub style: Option<TextStyle>,
    /// Internal flag to preserve cursor during wrapping
    #[doc(hidden)]
    pub is_cursor: bool,
}

/// Rich text with multiple styled segments for inline styling
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
pub struct RichText {
    pub spans: Vec<TextSpan>,
    pub style: Option<TextStyle>, // For top-level styling like wrapping
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl RichText {
    /// Creates a new empty RichText
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
            spans: Vec::new(),
            style: None,
        }
    }

    /// Creates RichText with a cursor at the specified position
    /// The cursor style will be preserved even after text wrapping
    /// Used internally by TextInput component
    pub fn with_cursor(text: &str, cursor_pos: usize, cursor_style: TextStyle) -> Self {
        let mut spans = Vec::new();
        let chars: Vec<char> = text.chars().collect();
        let char_count = chars.len();

        // Add text before cursor
        if cursor_pos > 0 && cursor_pos <= char_count {
            let before: String = chars[..cursor_pos].iter().collect();
            spans.push(TextSpan {
                content: before,
                style: None,
                is_cursor: false,
            });
        }

        // Add cursor character or space at end
        if cursor_pos < char_count {
            // Cursor on a character
            spans.push(TextSpan {
                content: chars[cursor_pos].to_string(),
                style: Some(cursor_style.clone()),
                is_cursor: true, // Mark as cursor span
            });
            // Add text after cursor
            if cursor_pos + 1 < char_count {
                let after: String = chars[cursor_pos + 1..].iter().collect();
                spans.push(TextSpan {
                    content: after,
                    style: None,
                    is_cursor: false,
                });
            }
        } else {
            // Cursor at end - show space with cursor style
            spans.push(TextSpan {
                content: " ".to_string(),
                style: Some(cursor_style),
                is_cursor: true, // Mark as cursor span
            });
        }

        Self { spans, style: None }
    }

    /// Adds a plain text span
    pub fn text(mut self, content: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
        self.spans.push(TextSpan {
            content: content.into(),
            style: None,
            is_cursor: false,
        });
        self
    }

    /// Adds a colored text span
    pub fn colored(mut self, content: impl Into<String>, color: Color) -> Self {
        self.spans.push(TextSpan {
            content: content.into(),
            style: Some(TextStyle {
                color: Some(color),
                ..Default::default()
            }),
            is_cursor: false,
        });
        self
    }

    /// Adds a bold text span
    pub fn bold(mut self, content: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
        self.spans.push(TextSpan {
            content: content.into(),
            style: Some(TextStyle {
                bold: Some(true),
                ..Default::default()
            }),
            is_cursor: false,
        });
        self
    }

    /// Adds an italic text span
    pub fn italic(mut self, content: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
        self.spans.push(TextSpan {
            content: content.into(),
            style: Some(TextStyle {
                italic: Some(true),
                ..Default::default()
            }),
            is_cursor: false,
        });
        self
    }

    /// Adds a text span with custom style
    pub fn styled(mut self, content: impl Into<String>, style: TextStyle) -> Self {
        self.spans.push(TextSpan {
            content: content.into(),
            style: Some(style),
            is_cursor: false,
        });
        self
    }

    /// Sets the text wrapping mode
    pub fn wrap(mut self, wrap: TextWrap) -> Self {
        self.style.get_or_insert(TextStyle::default()).wrap = Some(wrap);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the text alignment
    pub fn align(mut self, align: TextAlign) -> Self {
        self.style.get_or_insert(TextStyle::default()).align = Some(align);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the color for all spans that don't already have a color
    pub fn color(mut self, color: Color) -> Self {
        for span in &mut self.spans {
            let style = span.style.get_or_insert(TextStyle::default());
            if style.color.is_none() {
                style.color = Some(color);
            }
        }
        self
    }

    /// Sets the background color for all spans
    pub fn background(mut self, color: Color) -> Self {
        for span in &mut self.spans {
            let style = span.style.get_or_insert(TextStyle::default());
            if style.background.is_none() {
                style.background = Some(color);
            }
        }
        self
    }

    /// Makes all spans bold
    pub fn bold_all(mut self) -> Self {
        for span in &mut self.spans {
            let style = span.style.get_or_insert(TextStyle::default());
            if style.bold.is_none() {
                style.bold = Some(true);
            }
        }
        self
    }

    /// Makes all spans italic
    pub fn italic_all(mut self) -> Self {
        for span in &mut self.spans {
            let style = span.style.get_or_insert(TextStyle::default());
            if style.italic.is_none() {
                style.italic = Some(true);
            }
        }
        self
    }

    /// Makes all spans underlined
    pub fn underline_all(mut self) -> Self {
        for span in &mut self.spans {
            let style = span.style.get_or_insert(TextStyle::default());
            if style.underline.is_none() {
                style.underline = Some(true);
            }
        }
        self
    }

    /// Returns the concatenated content of all spans
    pub fn content(&self) -> String {
        self.spans
            .iter()
            .map(|span| span.content.as_str())
            .collect()
    }

    /// Returns true if there are no spans or all spans are empty
    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
        self.spans.is_empty() || self.spans.iter().all(|span| span.content.is_empty())
    }

    /// Clears all spans
    pub fn clear(&mut self) {
        self.spans.clear();
    }

    /// Appends another RichText's spans to this one
    pub fn append(&mut self, other: &mut RichText) {
        self.spans.append(&mut other.spans);
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Trait Implementations
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Default for RichText {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::new()
    }
}

impl From<String> for RichText {
    fn from(s: String) -> Self {
        Self::new().text(s)
    }
}

impl From<&str> for RichText {
    fn from(s: &str) -> Self {
        Self::new().text(s)
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Tests
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    #[test]
    fn test_rich_text_creation() {
        let rich = RichText::new()
            .text("Hello ")
            .colored("world", Color::Red)
            .text("!");

        assert_eq!(rich.spans.len(), 3);
        assert_eq!(rich.spans[0].content, "Hello ");
        assert_eq!(rich.spans[1].content, "world");
        assert_eq!(rich.spans[2].content, "!");
        assert_eq!(
            rich.spans[1].style.as_ref().unwrap().color,
            Some(Color::Red)
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_rich_text_bold_italic() {
        let rich = RichText::new()
            .text("Normal ")
            .bold("Bold")
            .text(" ")
            .italic("Italic");

        assert_eq!(rich.spans.len(), 4);
        assert_eq!(rich.spans[1].style.as_ref().unwrap().bold, Some(true));
        assert_eq!(rich.spans[3].style.as_ref().unwrap().italic, Some(true));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_rich_text_with_cursor() {
        // Cursor in middle
        let rich = RichText::with_cursor(
            "Hello",
            2,
            TextStyle {
                background: Some(Color::Blue),
                ..Default::default()
            },
        );

        assert_eq!(rich.spans.len(), 3);
        assert_eq!(rich.spans[0].content, "He");
        assert_eq!(rich.spans[1].content, "l");
        assert_eq!(rich.spans[2].content, "lo");
        assert_eq!(
            rich.spans[1].style.as_ref().unwrap().background,
            Some(Color::Blue)
        );

        // Cursor at end
        let rich_end = RichText::with_cursor(
            "Hi",
            2,
            TextStyle {
                background: Some(Color::Green),
                ..Default::default()
            },
        );

        assert_eq!(rich_end.spans.len(), 2);
        assert_eq!(rich_end.spans[0].content, "Hi");
        assert_eq!(rich_end.spans[1].content, " ");
        assert_eq!(
            rich_end.spans[1].style.as_ref().unwrap().background,
            Some(Color::Green)
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_top_level_styling_methods() {
        let rich = RichText::new()
            .text("First")
            .text(" ")
            .text("Second")
            .color(Color::Yellow)
            .background(Color::Black);

        // All spans should have yellow text on black background
        for span in &rich.spans {
            assert_eq!(span.style.as_ref().unwrap().color, Some(Color::Yellow));
            assert_eq!(span.style.as_ref().unwrap().background, Some(Color::Black));
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_rich_text_bold_all() {
        let rich = RichText::new()
            .text("One")
            .colored("Two", Color::Red)
            .text("Three")
            .bold_all();

        // All spans should be bold
        for span in &rich.spans {
            assert_eq!(span.style.as_ref().unwrap().bold, Some(true));
        }
        // Second span should retain its color
        assert_eq!(
            rich.spans[1].style.as_ref().unwrap().color,
            Some(Color::Red)
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_rich_text_wrap() {
        let rich = RichText::new()
            .text("This is wrapped text")
            .wrap(TextWrap::Word);

        assert!(rich.style.is_some());
        assert_eq!(rich.style.as_ref().unwrap().wrap, Some(TextWrap::Word));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_rich_text_helper_methods() {
        let mut rich = RichText::new().text("Hello").text(" ").text("World");

        // Test content()
        assert_eq!(rich.content(), "Hello World");

        // Test is_empty()
        assert!(!rich.is_empty());

        // Test clear()
        rich.clear();
        assert!(rich.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(rich.content(), "");

        // Test append()
        let mut rich1 = RichText::new().text("First");
        let mut rich2 = RichText::new().colored("Second", Color::Blue);
        rich1.append(&mut rich2);
        assert_eq!(rich1.spans.len(), 2);
        assert_eq!(rich1.content(), "FirstSecond");
        assert!(rich2.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_rich_text_from_traits() {
        // From String
        let from_string: RichText = String::from("test string").into();
        assert_eq!(from_string.spans.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(from_string.content(), "test string");

        // From &str
        let from_str: RichText = "test str".into();
        assert_eq!(from_str.spans.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(from_str.content(), "test str");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_rich_text_default() {
        let rich = RichText::default();
        assert!(rich.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(rich.content(), "");
    }
}


================================================
FILE: rxtui/lib/node/text.rs
================================================
use crate::style::{TextAlign, TextStyle};
use crate::{Color, TextWrap};

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Text content with styling
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, PartialEq)]
pub struct Text {
    pub content: String,
    pub style: Option<TextStyle>,
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Text {
    /// Creates a new Text with the given content
    pub fn new(content: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
        Self {
            content: content.into(),
            style: None,
        }
    }

    /// Sets the text color
    pub fn color(mut self, color: Color) -> Self {
        self.style.get_or_insert(TextStyle::default()).color = Some(color);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the background color
    pub fn background(mut self, color: Color) -> Self {
        self.style.get_or_insert(TextStyle::default()).background = Some(color);
        self
    }

    /// Makes the text bold
    pub fn bold(mut self) -> Self {
        self.style.get_or_insert(TextStyle::default()).bold = Some(true);
        self
    }

    /// Makes the text italic
    pub fn italic(mut self) -> Self {
        self.style.get_or_insert(TextStyle::default()).italic = Some(true);
        self
    }

    /// Makes the text underlined
    pub fn underline(mut self) -> Self {
        self.style.get_or_insert(TextStyle::default()).underline = Some(true);
        self
    }

    /// Makes the text strikethrough
    pub fn strikethrough(mut self) -> Self {
        self.style.get_or_insert(TextStyle::default()).strikethrough = Some(true);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the text wrapping mode
    pub fn wrap(mut self, wrap: TextWrap) -> Self {
        self.style.get_or_insert(TextStyle::default()).wrap = Some(wrap);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the text alignment
    pub fn align(mut self, align: TextAlign) -> Self {
        self.style.get_or_insert(TextStyle::default()).align = Some(align);
        self
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Trait Implementations
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl From<String> for Text {
    fn from(content: String) -> Self {
        Self::new(content)
    }
}

impl From<&str> for Text {
    fn from(content: &str) -> Self {
        Self::new(content)
    }
}


================================================
FILE: rxtui/lib/prelude.rs
================================================
//! Prelude module for convenient imports.
//!
//! This module re-exports commonly used types and traits for easier usage.
//!
//! # Example
//!
//! ```rust
//! use rxtui::prelude::*;
//! ```

// Core app types
pub use crate::app::{App, Context};

// Component system
pub use crate::component::{Action, Message, MessageExt, State};

// Effects system
pub use crate::effect::Effect;

// Re-export both the trait and the derive macro
pub use crate::Component;
pub use crate::ComponentMacro as Component;

// Re-export attribute macros
#[cfg(feature = "effects")]
pub use crate::effect;
pub use crate::{component, update, view};

// UI elements
pub use crate::node::{Div, Node, RichText, Text};

// Components
#[cfg(feature = "components")]
pub use crate::components::{ShimmerSpeed, ShimmerText, TextInput};

// Style types
pub use crate::style::*;

// Key handling
pub use crate::key::{Key, KeyWithModifiers};

// Layout types
pub use crate::bounds::Rect;

// Main macro for building TUI components
pub use crate::node;


================================================
FILE: rxtui/lib/providers.rs
================================================
//! Provider traits for Component macro system
//!
//! These traits use Rust's method resolution order where inherent methods shadow trait methods,
//! allowing the macro system to provide default implementations that can be optionally overridden.

use crate::effect::Effect;
use crate::{Action, Context, Message, Node};

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Traits
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Internal trait for the Component macro system to handle optional update methods.
///
/// DO NOT implement or use this trait directly - it's automatically handled by the macro system.
/// This uses Rust's method resolution order where inherent methods shadow trait methods,
/// allowing #[update] to optionally override the default empty implementation.
#[doc(hidden)]
pub trait UpdateProvider {
    /// Internal method that returns Action::None by default.
    /// This is shadowed by an inherent method when #[update] is used.
    fn __component_update_impl(
        &self,
        _ctx: &Context,
        _msg: Box<dyn Message>,
        _topic: Option<&str>,
    ) -> Action {
        Action::default()
    }
}

/// Internal trait for the Component macro system to handle optional view methods.
///
/// DO NOT implement or use this trait directly - it's automatically handled by the macro system.
/// This uses Rust's method resolution order where inherent methods shadow trait methods,
/// allowing #[view] to optionally override the default empty implementation.
#[doc(hidden)]
pub trait ViewProvider {
    /// Internal method that returns an empty Node by default.
    /// This is shadowed by an inherent method when #[view] is used.
    fn __component_view_impl(&self, _ctx: &Context) -> Node {
        Node::div()
    }
}

/// Internal trait for the Component macro system to handle optional effects.
///
/// DO NOT implement or use this trait directly - it's automatically handled by the macro system.
/// This uses Rust's method resolution order where inherent methods shadow trait methods,
/// allowing #[component] to optionally override the default empty implementation.
#[doc(hidden)]
pub trait EffectsProvider {
    /// Internal method that returns empty effects by default.
    /// This is shadowed by an inherent method when #[component] is used.
    fn __component_effects_impl(&self, _ctx: &Context) -> Vec<Effect> {
        vec![]
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Blanket Implementations
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

// Blanket implementations provide the defaults for all types
impl<T> UpdateProvider for T {}
impl<T> ViewProvider for T {}
impl<T> EffectsProvider for T {}


================================================
FILE: rxtui/lib/render_tree/mod.rs
================================================
//! Render tree and layout engine for terminal UI.
//!
//! This module transforms virtual nodes into a render tree with calculated
//! positions and dimensions. The render tree is what actually gets drawn
//! to the terminal screen.
//!
//! ## Rendering Pipeline
//!
//! ```text
//!   Node Tree               Render Tree            Terminal
//!   ┌─────────┐           ┌────────────┐          ┌─────────┐
//!   │ element │ ──build─▶ │ RenderNode │ ──draw─▶ │ ┌─────┐ │
//!   │  text   │           │ x:0 y:0    │          │ │Hello│ │
//!   └─────────┘           │ w:10 h:1   │          │ └─────┘ │
//!                         └────────────┘          └─────────┘
//! ```
//!
//! ## Layout Algorithm
//!
//! The layout system supports:
//! - Vertical and horizontal stacking
//! - Padding and spacing
//! - Fixed and flexible sizing
//! - Hit testing for mouse events

mod node;
mod tree;

pub use node::{RenderNode, RenderNodeType};
pub use tree::RenderTree;

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests;


================================================
FILE: rxtui/lib/render_tree/node.rs
================================================
use crate::bounds::Rect;
use crate::component::ComponentId;
use crate::key::Key;
use crate::node::{DivStyles, EventCallbacks, TextSpan};
use crate::style::{
    AlignItems, AlignSelf, Color, Dimension, Direction, JustifyContent, Overflow, Position,
    Spacing, Style, TextStyle, TextWrap,
};
use crate::utils::{display_width, wrap_text};
use std::cell::RefCell;
use std::rc::{Rc, Weak};

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// A node in the render tree with calculated position and dimensions.
///
/// RenderNodes are created from Nodes and contain all the information
/// needed to draw elements to the terminal screen.
///
/// ## Node Coordinates
///
/// ```text
///   Terminal Grid:
///   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
/// 0 ┌──────────────────┐
/// 1 │ RenderNode       │  x=1, y=1
/// 2 │ ┌─────────────┐  │  width=13
/// 3 │ │   Content   │  │  height=3
/// 4 │ └─────────────┘  │
/// 5 └──────────────────┘
/// ```
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct RenderNode {
    /// The type of node (element container or text)
    pub node_type: RenderNodeType,

    /// X coordinate in terminal columns (0-based)
    pub x: u16,

    /// Y coordinate in terminal rows (0-based)
    pub y: u16,

    /// Width in terminal columns
    pub width: u16,

    /// Height in terminal rows
    pub height: u16,

    /// Style properties (colors, borders, padding)
    pub style: Option<Style>,

    /// Text color (only used for text nodes)
    pub text_color: Option<Color>,

    /// Full text style (only used for text nodes)
    pub text_style: Option<TextStyle>,

    /// Child nodes to render inside this node
    pub children: Vec<Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>>,

    /// Parent node reference (for traversal)
    pub parent: Option<Weak<RefCell<RenderNode>>>,

    /// Visual styling for different states
    pub styles: DivStyles,

    /// Event callbacks
    pub events: EventCallbacks,

    /// Whether this element can receive focus
    pub focusable: bool,

    /// Whether this element is currently focused
    pub focused: bool,

    /// Whether this element is currently hovered
    pub hovered: bool,

    /// Whether this node needs to be redrawn
    pub dirty: bool,

    /// Z-index for layering (higher values render on top)
    pub z_index: i32,

    /// Position type (relative, absolute, fixed)
    pub position_type: Position,

    /// Vertical scroll offset in rows
    pub scroll_y: u16,

    /// Actual content width (may exceed container width)
    pub content_width: u16,

    /// Actual content height (may exceed container height)
    pub content_height: u16,

    /// Whether this node is scrollable (has overflow:scroll or auto)
    pub scrollable: bool,

    /// Component path that produced this node (used for focus targeting)
    pub component_path: Option<ComponentId>,
}

/// Types of nodes that can be rendered.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
pub enum RenderNodeType {
    /// Div element that can have children and styling
    Element,

    /// Text content leaf node (single line)
    Text(String),

    /// Wrapped text content (multiple lines)
    TextWrapped(Vec<String>),

    /// Text with multiple styled segments
    RichText(Vec<TextSpan>),

    /// Wrapped styled text (multiple lines, each with styled segments)
    RichTextWrapped(Vec<Vec<TextSpan>>),
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Helper Functions
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Calculate offset and item spacing based on JustifyContent mode
fn calculate_justify_offsets(
    justify: JustifyContent,
    available_space: u16,
    item_count: usize,
    gap: u16,
) -> (u16, u16) {
    match justify {
        JustifyContent::Start => (0, gap),
        JustifyContent::End => (available_space, gap),
        JustifyContent::Center => (available_space / 2, gap),
        JustifyContent::SpaceBetween => {
            if item_count > 1 {
                let spacing = available_space / (item_count as u16 - 1);
                (0, spacing)
            } else {
                (0, gap)
            }
        }
        JustifyContent::SpaceAround => {
            if item_count > 0 {
                let spacing = available_space / item_count as u16;
                (spacing / 2, spacing)
            } else {
                (0, gap)
            }
        }
        JustifyContent::SpaceEvenly => {
            if item_count > 0 {
                let spacing = available_space / (item_count as u16 + 1);
                (spacing, spacing)
            } else {
                (0, gap)
            }
        }
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl RenderNode {
    /// Creates a new render node with the specified type.
    ///
    /// Initializes position and dimensions to 0.
    pub fn new(node_type: RenderNodeType) -> Self {
        Self {
            node_type,
            x: 0,
            y: 0,
            width: 0,
            height: 0,
            style: None,
            text_color: None,
            text_style: None,
            children: Vec::new(),
            parent: None,
            styles: DivStyles::default(),
            events: EventCallbacks::default(),
            focusable: false,
            focused: false,
            hovered: false,
            dirty: true,
            z_index: 0,
            position_type: Position::Relative,
            scroll_y: 0,
            content_width: 0,
            content_height: 0,
            scrollable: false,
            component_path: None,
        }
    }

    /// Creates a new element container node.
    pub fn element() -> Self {
        Self::new(RenderNodeType::Element)
    }

    /// Creates a new text node with the given content.
    pub fn text(content: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
        Self::new(RenderNodeType::Text(content.into()))
    }

    /// Creates a new wrapped text node with multiple lines.
    pub fn text_wrapped(lines: Vec<String>) -> Self {
        Self::new(RenderNodeType::TextWrapped(lines))
    }

    /// Sets the absolute position of this node in terminal coordinates.
    pub fn set_position(&mut self, x: u16, y: u16) {
        self.x = x;
        self.y = y;
    }

    /// Sets the dimensions of this node in terminal cells.
    pub fn set_size(&mut self, width: u16, height: u16) {
        self.width = width;
        self.height = height;
    }

    /// Adds a child node to this container and sets up parent reference.
    pub fn add_child_with_parent(
        self_rc: &Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>,
        child: Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>,
    ) {
        child.borrow_mut().parent = Some(Rc::downgrade(self_rc));
        self_rc.borrow_mut().children.push(child);
    }

    /// Gets the bounds rectangle for this node.
    pub fn bounds(&self) -> Rect {
        Rect::new(self.x, self.y, self.width, self.height)
    }

    /// Marks this node as dirty, requiring a redraw.
    ///
    /// Also marks all parent nodes as dirty since they contain
    /// this dirty region.
    pub fn mark_dirty(&mut self) {
        self.dirty = true;
        // Note: Parent propagation would require upgrading weak ref
        // For now, we'll handle this at the tree level
    }

    /// Clears the dirty flag after rendering.
    pub fn clear_dirty(&mut self) {
        self.dirty = false;
    }

    /// Computes the effective style for the current focus/hover state.
    pub fn compose_state_style(
        styles: &DivStyles,
        focusable: bool,
        focused: bool,
        hovered: bool,
    ) -> Option<Style> {
        let base = styles.base.clone();

        let focus_overlay = if focused {
            let default_focus = if focusable {
                Some(Style::default_focus())
            } else {
                None
            };
            Style::merge(default_focus, styles.focus.clone())
        } else {
            None
        };

        let hover_overlay = if hovered { styles.hover.clone() } else { None };

        let with_focus = Style::merge(base, focus_overlay);
        Style::merge(with_focus, hover_overlay)
    }

    /// Applies the provided style to this node, updating derived properties.
    fn apply_computed_style(&mut self, style: Option<Style>) {
        if let Some(ref style) = style {
            if let Some(Dimension::Fixed(width)) = style.width {
                self.width = width;
            }
            if let Some(Dimension::Fixed(height)) = style.height {
                self.height = height;
            }
            self.position_type = style.position.unwrap_or(Position::Relative);
            self.z_index = style.z_index.unwrap_or(0);
        } else {
            self.position_type = Position::Relative;
            self.z_index = 0;
        }

        self.style = style;
    }

    /// Recomputes the node style based on focus/hover state and marks dirty if needed.
    pub fn refresh_state_style(&mut self) {
        let new_style =
            Self::compose_state_style(&self.styles, self.focusable, self.focused, self.hovered);
        let needs_dirty = self.style != new_style;
        self.apply_computed_style(new_style);
        if needs_dirty {
            self.mark_dirty();
        }
    }

    /// Returns true if this node creates a positioning context for absolute children.
    /// A node is "positioned" if it has position: absolute or fixed (not relative).
    pub fn is_positioned(&self) -> bool {
        matches!(self.position_type, Position::Absolute | Position::Fixed)
    }

    /// Updates the vertical scroll position by the given delta, clamping to valid range.
    ///
    /// Returns true if the scroll position changed.
    pub fn update_scroll(&mut self, delta_y: i16) -> bool {
        if !self.scrollable {
            return false;
        }

        let old_scroll_y = self.scroll_y;

        // Calculate maximum scroll value
        let max_scroll_y = self.content_height.saturating_sub(self.height);

        // Update scroll position with clamping
        self.scroll_y = (self.scroll_y as i16 + delta_y)
            .max(0)
            .min(max_scroll_y as i16) as u16;

        // Return whether position changed
        self.scroll_y != old_scroll_y
    }

    /// Sets the vertical scroll position to a specific value, clamping to valid range.
    pub fn set_scroll_y(&mut self, y: u16) {
        if !self.scrollable {
            return;
        }

        let max_scroll_y = self.content_height.saturating_sub(self.height);
        self.scroll_y = y.min(max_scroll_y);
    }

    /// Returns the maximum scrollable range for vertical axis.
    pub fn get_max_scroll_y(&self) -> u16 {
        self.content_height.saturating_sub(self.height)
    }

    /// Calculates the intrinsic (content-based) size of this node and its children.
    /// Returns (width, height) based on the node's content.
    pub fn calculate_intrinsic_size(&self) -> (u16, u16) {
        // Use multi-pass calculation for complex scenarios
        self.calculate_intrinsic_size_multipass(3, None)
    }

    /// Multi-pass intrinsic size calculation with convergence detection.
    /// Handles complex scenarios like percentage children in content-sized parents.
    fn calculate_intrinsic_size_multipass(
        &self,
        max_passes: usize,
        hint: Option<(u16, u16)>,
    ) -> (u16, u16) {
        let mut size = self.calculate_intrinsic_size_single_pass(hint);
        let mut prev_size = size;

        for _pass in 1..max_passes {
            // Use previous size as hint for next pass
            size = self.calculate_intrinsic_size_single_pass(Some(prev_size));

            // Check for convergence
            if size == prev_size {
                break;
            }
            prev_size = size;
        }

        size
    }

    /// Single pass of intrinsic size calculation.
    /// Uses hint for resolving percentages and simulating wrapping.
    fn calculate_intrinsic_size_single_pass(&self, hint: Option<(u16, u16)>) -> (u16, u16) {
        match &self.node_type {
            RenderNodeType::Text(text) => {
                // Check if this text node has wrapping enabled
                if let Some(text_style) = &self.text_style
                    && let Some(wrap_mode) = text_style.wrap
                    && wrap_mode != TextWrap::None
                {
                    // Determine wrap width from either:
                    // 1. Text node's own fixed width
                    // 2. Hint from parent (for text in fixed-width containers)
                    let wrap_width = if let Some(style) = &self.style {
                        if let Some(Dimension::Fixed(width)) = style.width {
                            Some(width)
                        } else {
                            // Use hint width if available
                            hint.map(|(w, _)| w)
                        }
                    } else {
                        // No style, use hint width if available
                        hint.map(|(w, _)| w)
                    };

                    if let Some(width) = wrap_width {
                        // Apply wrapping at the determined width to get accurate height
                        let wrapped_lines = wrap_text(text, width, wrap_mode);
                        let height = wrapped_lines.len() as u16;
                        let actual_width = wrapped_lines
                            .iter()
                            .map(|l| display_width(l))
                            .max()
                            .unwrap_or(0) as u16;
                        return (actual_width.min(width), height);
                    }
                }
                // Default: unwrapped text size
                (display_width(text) as u16, 1)
            }
            RenderNodeType::TextWrapped(lines) => {
                // Already wrapped text: width is longest line, height is line count
                let width = lines.iter().map(|l| display_width(l)).max().unwrap_or(0) as u16;
                let height = lines.len() as u16;
                (width, height)
            }
            RenderNodeType::RichText(spans) => {
                // Calculate total width by summing all span content widths
                let width = spans
                    .iter()
                    .map(|span| display_width(&span.content) as u16)
                    .sum();
                // RichText is single line for now
                (width, 1)
            }
            RenderNodeType::RichTextWrapped(lines) => {
                // Already wrapped styled text: width is longest line, height is line count
                let width = lines
                    .iter()
                    .map(|line| {
                        line.iter()
                            .map(|span| display_width(&span.content) as u16)
                            .sum::<u16>()
                    })
                    .max()
                    .unwrap_or(0);
                let height = lines.len() as u16;
                (width, height)
            }
            RenderNodeType::Element => {
                // Element nodes calculate size based on children and layout direction
                if self.children.is_empty() {
                    return (0, 0);
                }

                let style = self.style.as_ref();
                let direction = style
                    .and_then(|s| s.direction)
                    .unwrap_or(Direction::Vertical);
                let padding = style.and_then(|s| s.padding).unwrap_or(Spacing::all(0));
                let border_size = if style
                    .and_then(|s| s.border.as_ref())
                    .is_some_and(|b| b.enabled)
                {
                    2 // 1 cell on each side
                } else {
                    0
                };

                // Check for wrapping mode and constraints
                let wrap_mode = style.and_then(|s| s.wrap);
                let gap = style.and_then(|s| s.gap).unwrap_or(0);

                // Check if we should simulate wrapping
                let should_wrap = if let Some(crate::style::WrapMode::Wrap) = wrap_mode {
                    match direction {
                        Direction::Horizontal => {
                            // Wrap horizontally if we have a fixed width constraint
                            style
                                .and_then(|s| s.width)
                                .is_some_and(|w| matches!(w, Dimension::Fixed(_)))
                        }
                        Direction::Vertical => {
                            // Wrap vertically if we have a fixed height constraint
                            style
                                .and_then(|s| s.height)
                                .is_some_and(|h| matches!(h, Dimension::Fixed(_)))
                        }
                    }
                } else {
                    false
                };

                if should_wrap {
                    // Simulate wrapping layout to calculate intrinsic size
                    self.calculate_wrapped_intrinsic_size(
                        direction,
                        padding,
                        border_size,
                        gap,
                        hint,
                    )
                } else {
                    // Standard layout calculation (no wrapping)
                    self.calculate_standard_intrinsic_size(
                        direction,
                        padding,
                        border_size,
                        gap,
                        hint,
                    )
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// Calculate intrinsic size for standard (non-wrapped) layout.
    fn calculate_standard_intrinsic_size(
        &self,
        direction: Direction,
        padding: Spacing,
        border_size: u16,
        gap: u16,
        hint: Option<(u16, u16)>,
    ) -> (u16, u16) {
        let mut total_width = 0u16;
        let mut total_height = 0u16;
        let mut max_width = 0u16;
        let mut max_height = 0u16;
        let mut relative_children = 0u16;

        // Calculate hint to pass to children based on parent's constraints
        let child_hint = if let Some(style) = &self.style {
            match (style.width, style.height) {
                (Some(Dimension::Fixed(w)), Some(Dimension::Fixed(h))) => {
                    // Both dimensions fixed: pass content area as hint
                    let content_width =
                        w.saturating_sub(padding.left + padding.right + border_size);
                    let content_height =
                        h.saturating_sub(padding.top + padding.bottom + border_size);
                    Some((content_width, content_height))
                }
                (Some(Dimension::Fixed(w)), _) => {
                    // Width fixed: pass content width, keep height from original hint
                    let content_width =
                        w.saturating_sub(padding.left + padding.right + border_size);
                    Some((content_width, hint.map(|(_, h)| h).unwrap_or(0)))
                }
                (_, Some(Dimension::Fixed(h))) => {
                    // Height fixed: pass content height, keep width from original hint
                    let content_height =
                        h.saturating_sub(padding.top + padding.bottom + border_size);
                    Some((hint.map(|(w, _)| w).unwrap_or(0), content_height))
                }
                _ => hint, // No fixed dimensions, pass hint through
            }
        } else {
            hint
        };

        for child in &self.children {
            let child_ref = child.borrow();

            let participates_in_flow = !child_ref
                .style
                .as_ref()
                .and_then(|s| s.position)
                .is_some_and(|position| matches!(position, Position::Absolute | Position::Fixed));

            // Calculate child's size, considering hints for percentages
            let (child_width, child_height) = {
                let intrinsic = child_ref.calculate_intrinsic_size_multipass(2, child_hint);
                let mut width = intrinsic.0;
                let mut height = intrinsic.1;

                // Apply fixed dimensions if specified
                if let Some(style) = &child_ref.style {
                    if let Some(Dimension::Fixed(w)) = style.width {
                        width = w;
                    } else if let Some(Dimension::Percentage(pct)) = style.width {
                        // Use hint to resolve percentage if available
                        if let Some((hint_w, _)) = hint {
                            width = (hint_w as f32 * pct) as u16;
                        }
                    }

                    if let Some(Dimension::Fixed(h)) = style.height {
                        height = h;
                    } else if let Some(Dimension::Percentage(pct)) = style.height {
                        // Use hint to resolve percentage if available
                        if let Some((_, hint_h)) = hint {
                            height = (hint_h as f32 * pct) as u16;
                        }
                    }
                }

                (width, height)
            };

            if participates_in_flow {
                relative_children = relative_children.saturating_add(1);
            }

            match direction {
                Direction::Horizontal => {
                    total_width = total_width.saturating_add(child_width);
                    max_height = max_height.max(child_height);
                }
                Direction::Vertical => {
                    total_height = total_height.saturating_add(child_height);
                    max_width = max_width.max(child_width);
                }
            }
        }

        let gap_total = if gap > 0 && relative_children > 1 {
            gap.saturating_mul(relative_children.saturating_sub(1))
        } else {
            0
        };

        let content_width = match direction {
            Direction::Horizontal => total_width.saturating_add(gap_total),
            Direction::Vertical => max_width,
        };

        let content_height = match direction {
            Direction::Horizontal => max_height,
            Direction::Vertical => total_height.saturating_add(gap_total),
        };

        let final_width = content_width
            .saturating_add(padding.left + padding.right)
            .saturating_add(border_size);

        let final_height = content_height
            .saturating_add(padding.top + padding.bottom)
            .saturating_add(border_size);

        (final_width, final_height)
    }

    /// Calculate intrinsic size for wrapped layout.
    fn calculate_wrapped_intrinsic_size(
        &self,
        direction: Direction,
        padding: Spacing,
        border_size: u16,
        gap: u16,
        hint: Option<(u16, u16)>,
    ) -> (u16, u16) {
        // Get the fixed constraint dimension
        let constraint = match direction {
            Direction::Horizontal => {
                // For horizontal wrap, we need fixed width
                if let Some(Dimension::Fixed(w)) = self.style.as_ref().and_then(|s| s.width) {
                    w.saturating_sub(padding.left + padding.right + border_size)
                } else {
                    // Shouldn't happen due to should_wrap check, but fallback to hint or large value
                    hint.map(|(w, _)| w).unwrap_or(u16::MAX)
                }
            }
            Direction::Vertical => {
                // For vertical wrap, we need fixed height
                if let Some(Dimension::Fixed(h)) = self.style.as_ref().and_then(|s| s.height) {
                    h.saturating_sub(padding.top + padding.bottom + border_size)
                } else {
                    // Shouldn't happen due to should_wrap check, but fallback to hint or large value
                    hint.map(|(_, h)| h).unwrap_or(u16::MAX)
                }
            }
        };

        // Calculate hint to pass to children based on constraint
        let child_hint = match direction {
            Direction::Horizontal => {
                // Pass the constrained width as hint
                Some((constraint, hint.map(|(_, h)| h).unwrap_or(0)))
            }
            Direction::Vertical => {
                // Pass the constrained height as hint
                Some((hint.map(|(w, _)| w).unwrap_or(0), constraint))
            }
        };

        // Collect children sizes
        let mut child_sizes = Vec::new();
        for child in &self.children {
            let child_ref = child.borrow();
            let (child_width, child_height) = {
                let intrinsic = child_ref.calculate_intrinsic_size_multipass(2, child_hint);
                let mut width = intrinsic.0;
                let mut height = intrinsic.1;

                // Apply fixed dimensions if specified
                if let Some(style) = &child_ref.style {
                    if let Some(Dimension::Fixed(w)) = style.width {
                        width = w;
                    } else if let Some(Dimension::Percentage(pct)) = style.width
                        && let Some((hint_w, _)) = hint
                    {
                        width = (hint_w as f32 * pct) as u16;
                    }

                    if let Some(Dimension::Fixed(h)) = style.height {
                        height = h;
                    } else if let Some(Dimension::Percentage(pct)) = style.height
                        && let Some((_, hint_h)) = hint
                    {
                        height = (hint_h as f32 * pct) as u16;
                    }
                }

                (width, height)
            };
            child_sizes.push((child_width, child_height));
        }

        // Simulate wrapping layout
        match direction {
            Direction::Horizontal => {
                // Horizontal wrap: children flow left to right, wrap to new rows
                let mut rows = Vec::new();
                let mut current_row = Vec::new();
                let mut current_row_width = 0u16;

                for (child_width, child_height) in child_sizes {
                    if current_row_width > 0 && current_row_width + gap + child_width > constraint {
                        // Start new row
                        rows.push(current_row);
                        current_row = vec![(child_width, child_height)];
                        current_row_width = child_width;
                    } else {
                        if !current_row.is_empty() {
                            current_row_width += gap;
                        }
                        current_row_width += child_width;
                        current_row.push((child_width, child_height));
                    }
                }
                if !current_row.is_empty() {
                    rows.push(current_row);
                }

                // Calculate total size from rows
                let total_width = constraint; // Width is fixed
                let total_height = rows
                    .iter()
                    .map(|row| row.iter().map(|(_, h)| *h).max().unwrap_or(0))
                    .sum::<u16>()
                    + (rows.len().saturating_sub(1) as u16 * gap);

                let final_width = total_width
                    .saturating_add(padding.left + padding.right)
                    .saturating_add(border_size);

                let final_height = total_height
                    .saturating_add(padding.top + padding.bottom)
                    .saturating_add(border_size);

                (final_width, final_height)
            }
            Direction::Vertical => {
                // Vertical wrap: children flow top to bottom, wrap to new columns
                let mut columns = Vec::new();
                let mut current_column = Vec::new();
                let mut current_column_height = 0u16;

                for (child_width, child_height) in child_sizes {
                    if current_column_height > 0
                        && current_column_height + gap + child_height > constraint
                    {
                        // Start new column
                        columns.push(current_column);
                        current_column = vec![(child_width, child_height)];
                        current_column_height = child_height;
                    } else {
                        if !current_column.is_empty() {
                            current_column_height += gap;
                        }
                        current_column_height += child_height;
                        current_column.push((child_width, child_height));
                    }
                }
                if !current_column.is_empty() {
                    columns.push(current_column);
                }

                // Calculate total size from columns
                let total_width = columns
                    .iter()
                    .map(|col| col.iter().map(|(w, _)| *w).max().unwrap_or(0))
                    .sum::<u16>()
                    + (columns.len().saturating_sub(1) as u16 * gap);
                let total_height = constraint; // Height is fixed

                let final_width = total_width
                    .saturating_add(padding.left + padding.right)
                    .saturating_add(border_size);

                let final_height = total_height
                    .saturating_add(padding.top + padding.bottom)
                    .saturating_add(border_size);

                (final_width, final_height)
            }
        }
    }

    /// Applies text wrapping to a text node if needed based on width and text style.
    /// Converts Text node to TextWrapped if wrapping is enabled.
    pub fn apply_text_wrapping(&mut self, available_width: u16) {
        match &self.node_type {
            RenderNodeType::Text(text) => {
                // Only apply to single-line text nodes with text style
                if let Some(text_style) = &self.text_style
                    && let Some(wrap_mode) = text_style.wrap
                    && wrap_mode != TextWrap::None
                    && available_width > 0
                {
                    // Apply wrapping
                    let wrapped_lines = wrap_text(text, available_width, wrap_mode);

                    // Update node type and dimensions
                    self.node_type = RenderNodeType::TextWrapped(wrapped_lines.clone());
                    self.height = wrapped_lines.len() as u16;
                    self.width = wrapped_lines
                        .iter()
                        .map(|l| display_width(l))
                        .max()
                        .unwrap_or(0) as u16;
                }
            }
            RenderNodeType::RichText(spans) => {
                // Check if we have wrapping enabled in text_style
                if let Some(text_style) = &self.text_style
                    && let Some(wrap_mode) = text_style.wrap
                    && wrap_mode != TextWrap::None
                    && available_width > 0
                {
                    // Build a mapping of character positions to span indices, styles, and cursor flag
                    let mut char_to_span = Vec::new();
                    let full_text: String = spans
                        .iter()
                        .enumerate()
                        .map(|(idx, span)| {
                            // Store which span each character belongs to
                            for _ in 0..span.content.chars().count() {
                                char_to_span.push((idx, span.style.clone(), span.is_cursor));
                            }
                            span.content.as_str()
                        })
                        .collect();

                    // Apply wrapping to the full text
                    let wrapped_lines = wrap_text(&full_text, available_width, wrap_mode);

                    // Build wrapped lines with correct span information
                    let mut wrapped_styled_lines = Vec::new();
                    let mut char_offset = 0;

                    for line in wrapped_lines {
                        let mut line_spans = Vec::new();
                        let mut current_span_idx = None;
                        let mut current_content = String::new();
                        let mut current_style = None;
                        let mut current_is_cursor = false;

                        // Process each character in the line
                        for ch in line.chars() {
                            if char_offset < char_to_span.len() {
                                let (span_idx, style, is_cursor) = &char_to_span[char_offset];

                                // Check if we're starting a new span (different index, style, or cursor flag)
                                if current_span_idx != Some(*span_idx)
                                    || current_style != *style
                                    || current_is_cursor != *is_cursor
                                {
                                    // Save previous span if it exists
                                    if !current_content.is_empty() {
                                        line_spans.push(TextSpan {
                                            content: current_content.clone(),
                                            style: current_style.clone(),
                                            is_cursor: current_is_cursor,
                                        });
                                    }
                                    // Start new span
                                    current_content = String::new();
                                    current_span_idx = Some(*span_idx);
                                    current_style = style.clone();
                                    current_is_cursor = *is_cursor;
                                }

                                current_content.push(ch);
                            }
                            char_offset += 1;
                        }

                        // Add the last span in the line
                        if !current_content.is_empty() {
                            line_spans.push(TextSpan {
                                content: current_content,
                                style: current_style,
                                is_cursor: current_is_cursor,
                            });
                        }

                        if !line_spans.is_empty() {
                            wrapped_styled_lines.push(line_spans);
                        }
                    }

                    // Update node type and dimensions
                    if !wrapped_styled_lines.is_empty() {
                        self.height = wrapped_styled_lines.len() as u16;
                        self.width = wrapped_styled_lines
                            .iter()
                            .map(|line| {
                                line.iter()
                                    .map(|span| display_width(&span.content) as u16)
                                    .sum::<u16>()
                            })
                            .max()
                            .unwrap_or(0);
                        self.node_type = RenderNodeType::RichTextWrapped(wrapped_styled_lines);
                    }
                }
            }
            _ => {}
        }
    }

    /// Performs layout calculation for this node and its children.
    ///
    /// Layout determines the position of child nodes based on
    /// the layout direction (vertical or horizontal) and padding.
    pub fn layout(&mut self) {
        match &self.style {
            Some(style) => {
                let direction = style.direction.unwrap_or(Direction::Vertical);
                self.layout_children(direction);
            }
            None => {
                self.layout_children(Direction::Vertical);
            }
        }
    }

    /// Performs layout calculation with parent dimensions for percentage resolution.
    ///
    /// This method resolves percentage-based dimensions before laying out children.
    pub fn layout_with_parent(&mut self, parent_width: u16, parent_height: u16) {
        // First, calculate intrinsic size if we need it
        // Resolve the hint based on own style (percentage widths need parent dimensions)
        let hint_width = if let Some(style) = &self.style {
            match style.width {
                Some(Dimension::Fixed(w)) => w,
                Some(Dimension::Percentage(pct)) => (parent_width as f32 * pct) as u16,
                _ => parent_width,
            }
        } else {
            parent_width
        };
        let hint_height = if let Some(style) = &self.style {
            match style.height {
                Some(Dimension::Fixed(h)) => h,
                Some(Dimension::Percentage(pct)) => (parent_height as f32 * pct) as u16,
                _ => parent_height,
            }
        } else {
            parent_height
        };
        let (intrinsic_width, intrinsic_height) =
            self.calculate_intrinsic_size_multipass(3, Some((hint_width, hint_height)));

        // Resolve percentage and fixed dimensions first (auto handled in layout_children_with_parent)
        if let Some(style) = &self.style {
            // Resolve width
            match style.width {
                Some(Dimension::Percentage(pct)) => {
                    // Calculate percentage of parent width
                    let calculated_width = (parent_width as f32 * pct) as u16;
                    // Ensure at least 1 cell width
                    self.width = calculated_width.max(1);
                }
                Some(Dimension::Fixed(w)) => {
                    self.width = w;
                }
                Some(Dimension::Content) => {
                    // Use intrinsic width, but cap at parent width
                    self.width = intrinsic_width.min(parent_width);
                }
                Some(Dimension::Auto) => {
                    // Auto should have been resolved by parent's layout
                    // Don't override if already set
                }
                None => {
                    // If no width specified, use intrinsic size (content-based)
                    // UNLESS this is a text node with alignment that was already given width by parent
                    let has_alignment = self.text_style.as_ref().and_then(|ts| ts.align).is_some();

                    if has_alignment && self.width >= intrinsic_width {
                        // Text with alignment already has width from parent, don't override
                    } else {
                        self.width = intrinsic_width.min(parent_width);
                    }
                }
            }

            // Resolve height
            match style.height {
                Some(Dimension::Percentage(pct)) => {
                    // Calculate percentage of parent height
                    let calculated_height = (parent_height as f32 * pct) as u16;
                    // Ensure at least 1 cell height
                    self.height = calculated_height.max(1);
                }
                Some(Dimension::Fixed(h)) => {
                    self.height = h;
                }
                Some(Dimension::Content) => {
                    // Use intrinsic height, but cap at parent height
                    self.height = intrinsic_height.min(parent_height);
                }
                Some(Dimension::Auto) => {
                    // Auto should have been resolved by parent's layout
                    // Don't override if already set
                }
                None => {
                    // If no height specified, use intrinsic size (content-based)
                    self.height = intrinsic_height.min(parent_height);
                }
            }
        } else {
            // No style - use intrinsic (content) size
            // UNLESS this is a text node with alignment that was already given width by parent
            let has_alignment = self.text_style.as_ref().and_then(|ts| ts.align).is_some();

            if has_alignment && self.width >= intrinsic_width {
                // Text with alignment already has width from parent, don't override
            } else {
                self.width = intrinsic_width.min(parent_width);
            }
            self.height = intrinsic_height.min(parent_height);
        }

        // Apply text wrapping if this is a text node with wrapping enabled
        // Use the node's own width (which may have been set to Fixed) as the constraint
        // Note: Skip if already wrapped (TextWrapped or RichTextWrapped)
        if matches!(
            self.node_type,
            RenderNodeType::Text(_) | RenderNodeType::RichText(_)
        ) {
            // If we have a fixed width, use that; otherwise use parent width
            let wrap_width = if let Some(style) = &self.style {
                match style.width {
                    Some(Dimension::Fixed(w)) => w,
                    _ => self.width.min(parent_width),
                }
            } else {
                self.width.min(parent_width)
            };
            self.apply_text_wrapping(wrap_width);
        }

        // Now layout children with resolved dimensions
        let direction = self
            .style
            .as_ref()
            .and_then(|s| s.direction)
            .unwrap_or(Direction::Vertical);
        self.layout_children_with_parent(direction);
    }

    /// Lays out child nodes according to the specified direction.
    ///
    /// ## Vertical Layout
    /// ```text
    /// ┌──────────┐
    /// │ Child 1  │ ← y = parent.y + padding.top
    /// │──────────│
    /// │ Child 2  │ ← y = child1.y + child1.height
    /// │──────────│
    /// │ Child 3  │ ← y = child2.y + child2.height
    /// └──────────┘
    /// ```
    ///
    /// ## Horizontal Layout
    /// ```text
    /// ┌──────┬──────┬──────┐
    /// │ Ch1  │ Ch2  │ Ch3  │
    /// └──────┴──────┴──────┘
    ///    ↑      ↑      ↑
    ///   x=0    x=6    x=12
    /// ```
    fn layout_children(&mut self, direction: Direction) {
        let padding = self
            .style
            .as_ref()
            .and_then(|s| s.padding)
            .unwrap_or(Spacing::all(0));

        // Check if border is enabled and adjust content area accordingly
        let border_offset = if self
            .style
            .as_ref()
            .and_then(|s| s.border.as_ref())
            .is_some_and(|b| b.enabled)
        {
            1
        } else {
            0
        };

        let mut offset = 0u16;

        for child in &self.children {
            let mut child_ref = child.borrow_mut();

            match direction {
                Direction::Vertical => {
                    child_ref.set_position(
                        self.x + padding.left + border_offset,
                        self.y + padding.top + border_offset + offset,
                    );
                    offset += child_ref.height;
                }
                Direction::Horizontal => {
                    child_ref.set_position(
                        self.x + padding.left + border_offset + offset,
                        self.y + padding.top + border_offset,
                    );
                    offset += child_ref.width;
                }
            }

            child_ref.layout();
        }
    }

    /// Lays out child nodes with wrapping enabled.
    fn layout_children_with_wrap(
        &mut self,
        direction: Direction,
        content_width: u16,
        content_height: u16,
        padding: Spacing,
        border_offset: u16,
        gap: u16,
    ) {
        let start_x = self.x + padding.left + border_offset;
        let start_y = self.y + padding.top + border_offset;

        // Get alignment settings
        let justify_content = self
            .style
            .as_ref()
            .and_then(|s| s.justify_content)
            .unwrap_or(JustifyContent::Start);

        let align_items = self
            .style
            .as_ref()
            .and_then(|s| s.align_items)
            .unwrap_or(AlignItems::Start);

        match direction {
            Direction::Horizontal => {
                // Horizontal wrapping: items flow left to right, wrap to next row

                // First pass: Calculate dimensions and group into rows
                struct RowInfo {
                    start_index: usize,
                    end_index: usize,
                    width: u16, // Total width of items WITHOUT gaps
                    height: u16,
                }

                let mut rows = Vec::new();
                let mut current_row_width = 0u16; // Width without gaps
                let mut current_row_width_with_gaps = 0u16; // Width including gaps for fitting check
                let mut current_row_height = 0u16;
                let mut row_start_index = 0;

                // Resolve all child dimensions first
                for child in &self.children {
                    let mut child_ref = child.borrow_mut();
                    child_ref.layout_with_parent(content_width, content_height);
                }

                // Group children into rows
                for (i, child) in self.children.iter().enumerate() {
                    let child_ref = child.borrow();
                    let child_width = child_ref.width;
                    let child_height = child_ref.height;

                    // Check if child fits in current row (considering gaps)
                    let width_if_added = if current_row_width > 0 {
                        current_row_width_with_gaps + gap + child_width
                    } else {
                        child_width
                    };

                    if current_row_width > 0 && width_if_added > content_width {
                        // Save current row and start new one
                        rows.push(RowInfo {
                            start_index: row_start_index,
                            end_index: i,
                            width: current_row_width, // Store width WITHOUT gaps
                            height: current_row_height,
                        });

                        row_start_index = i;
                        current_row_width = child_width;
                        current_row_width_with_gaps = child_width;
                        current_row_height = child_height;
                    } else {
                        // Add to current row
                        current_row_width += child_width;
                        current_row_width_with_gaps = width_if_added;
                        current_row_height = current_row_height.max(child_height);
                    }
                }

                // Don't forget the last row
                if row_start_index < self.children.len() {
                    rows.push(RowInfo {
                        start_index: row_start_index,
                        end_index: self.children.len(),
                        width: current_row_width, // Store width WITHOUT gaps
                        height: current_row_height,
                    });
                }

                // Second pass: Position children with alignment
                let mut current_y = start_y;

                for row in &rows {
                    // Calculate horizontal positioning for this row based on justify_content
                    let row_item_count = row.end_index - row.start_index;
                    // Calculate total width including gaps
                    let total_gaps_width = if row_item_count > 1 {
                        gap * (row_item_count as u16 - 1)
                    } else {
                        0
                    };
                    let row_width_with_gaps = row.width + total_gaps_width;
                    let available_width = content_width.saturating_sub(row_width_with_gaps);

                    // Calculate starting X and spacing for this row
                    let (row_start_x, item_spacing) = match justify_content {
                        JustifyContent::Start => (start_x, gap),
                        JustifyContent::End => (start_x + available_width, gap),
                        JustifyContent::Center => (start_x + available_width / 2, gap),
                        JustifyContent::SpaceBetween => {
                            if row_item_count > 1 {
                                let total_gaps = row_item_count - 1;
                                let spacing =
                                    (available_width + gap * total_gaps as u16) / total_gaps as u16;
                                (start_x, spacing)
                            } else {
                                (start_x, gap)
                            }
                        }
                        JustifyContent::SpaceAround => {
                            if row_item_count > 0 {
                                let spacing = available_width / row_item_count as u16;
                                (start_x + spacing / 2, gap + spacing)
                            } else {
                                (start_x, gap)
                            }
                        }
                        JustifyContent::SpaceEvenly => {
                            if row_item_count > 0 {
                                let spacing = available_width / (row_item_count as u16 + 1);
                                (start_x + spacing, gap + spacing)
                            } else {
                                (start_x, gap)
                            }
                        }
                    };

                    // Position each child in this row
                    let mut current_x = row_start_x;

                    for i in row.start_index..row.end_index {
                        let mut child_ref = self.children[i].borrow_mut();

                        // Apply AlignItems for vertical positioning within the row
                        let child_align = child_ref
                            .style
                            .as_ref()
                            .and_then(|s| s.align_self)
                            .unwrap_or(AlignSelf::Auto);

                        let effective_align = match child_align {
                            AlignSelf::Auto => align_items,
                            AlignSelf::Start => AlignItems::Start,
                            AlignSelf::Center => AlignItems::Center,
                            AlignSelf::End => AlignItems::End,
                        };

                        let y_position = match effective_align {
                            AlignItems::Start => current_y,
                            AlignItems::Center => {
                                let child_space = row.height.saturating_sub(child_ref.height);
                                current_y + (child_space / 2)
                            }
                            AlignItems::End => {
                                let child_space = row.height.saturating_sub(child_ref.height);
                                current_y + child_space
                            }
                        };

                        child_ref.set_position(current_x, y_position);
                        current_x += child_ref.width;

                        // Add spacing after each item except the last in row
                        if i < row.end_index - 1 {
                            current_x += item_spacing;
                        }
                    }

                    // Move to next row
                    current_y += row.height + gap;
                }
            }
            Direction::Vertical => {
                // Vertical wrapping: items flow top to bottom, wrap to next column

                // First pass: Calculate dimensions and group into columns
                struct ColInfo {
                    start_index: usize,
                    end_index: usize,
                    width: u16,
                    height: u16, // Total height of items WITHOUT gaps
                }

                let mut cols = Vec::new();
                let mut current_col_width = 0u16;
                let mut current_col_height = 0u16; // Height without gaps
                let mut current_col_height_with_gaps = 0u16; // Height including gaps for fitting check
                let mut col_start_index = 0;

                // Resolve all child dimensions first
                for child in &self.children {
                    let mut child_ref = child.borrow_mut();
                    child_ref.layout_with_parent(content_width, content_height);
                }

                // Group children into columns
                for (i, child) in self.children.iter().enumerate() {
                    let child_ref = child.borrow();
                    let child_width = child_ref.width;
                    let child_height = child_ref.height;

                    // Check if child fits in current column (considering gaps)
                    let height_if_added = if current_col_height > 0 {
                        current_col_height_with_gaps + gap + child_height
                    } else {
                        child_height
                    };

                    if current_col_height > 0 && height_if_added > content_height {
                        // Save current column and start new one
                        cols.push(ColInfo {
                            start_index: col_start_index,
                            end_index: i,
                            width: current_col_width,
                            height: current_col_height, // Store height WITHOUT gaps
                        });

                        col_start_index = i;
                        current_col_width = child_width;
                        current_col_height = child_height;
                        current_col_height_with_gaps = child_height;
                    } else {
                        // Add to current column
                        current_col_height += child_height;
                        current_col_height_with_gaps = height_if_added;
                        current_col_width = current_col_width.max(child_width);
                    }
                }

                // Don't forget the last column
                if col_start_index < self.children.len() {
                    cols.push(ColInfo {
                        start_index: col_start_index,
                        end_index: self.children.len(),
                        width: current_col_width,
                        height: current_col_height, // Store height WITHOUT gaps
                    });
                }

                // Second pass: Position children with alignment
                let mut current_x = start_x;

                for col in &cols {
                    // Calculate vertical positioning for this column based on justify_content
                    let col_item_count = col.end_index - col.start_index;
                    // Calculate total height including gaps
                    let total_gaps_height = if col_item_count > 1 {
                        gap * (col_item_count as u16 - 1)
                    } else {
                        0
                    };
                    let col_height_with_gaps = col.height + total_gaps_height;
                    let available_height = content_height.saturating_sub(col_height_with_gaps);

                    // Calculate starting Y and spacing for this column
                    let (col_start_y, item_spacing) = match justify_content {
                        JustifyContent::Start => (start_y, gap),
                        JustifyContent::End => (start_y + available_height, gap),
                        JustifyContent::Center => (start_y + available_height / 2, gap),
                        JustifyContent::SpaceBetween => {
                            if col_item_count > 1 {
                                let total_gaps = col_item_count - 1;
                                let spacing = (available_height + gap * total_gaps as u16)
                                    / total_gaps as u16;
                                (start_y, spacing)
                            } else {
                                (start_y, gap)
                            }
                        }
                        JustifyContent::SpaceAround => {
                            if col_item_count > 0 {
                                let spacing = available_height / col_item_count as u16;
                                (start_y + spacing / 2, gap + spacing)
                            } else {
                                (start_y, gap)
                            }
                        }
                        JustifyContent::SpaceEvenly => {
                            if col_item_count > 0 {
                                let spacing = available_height / (col_item_count as u16 + 1);
                                (start_y + spacing, gap + spacing)
                            } else {
                                (start_y, gap)
                            }
                        }
                    };

                    // Position each child in this column
                    let mut current_y = col_start_y;

                    for i in col.start_index..col.end_index {
                        let mut child_ref = self.children[i].borrow_mut();

                        // Apply AlignItems for horizontal positioning within the column
                        let child_align = child_ref
                            .style
                            .as_ref()
                            .and_then(|s| s.align_self)
                            .unwrap_or(AlignSelf::Auto);

                        let effective_align = match child_align {
                            AlignSelf::Auto => align_items,
                            AlignSelf::Start => AlignItems::Start,
                            AlignSelf::Center => AlignItems::Center,
                            AlignSelf::End => AlignItems::End,
                        };

                        let x_position = match effective_align {
                            AlignItems::Start => current_x,
                            AlignItems::Center => {
                                let child_space = col.width.saturating_sub(child_ref.width);
                                current_x + (child_space / 2)
                            }
                            AlignItems::End => {
                                let child_space = col.width.saturating_sub(child_ref.width);
                                current_x + child_space
                            }
                        };

                        child_ref.set_position(x_position, current_y);
                        current_y += child_ref.height;

                        // Add spacing after each item except the last in column
                        if i < col.end_index - 1 {
                            current_y += item_spacing;
                        }
                    }

                    // Move to next column
                    current_x += col.width + gap;
                }
            }
        }

        // Layout children of each child
        for child in &self.children {
            let mut child_ref = child.borrow_mut();
            if let Some(child_style) = &child_ref.style {
                let child_direction = child_style.direction.unwrap_or(Direction::Vertical);
                child_ref.layout_children_with_parent(child_direction);
            } else {
                child_ref.layout_children_with_parent(Direction::Vertical);
            }
        }
    }

    /// Lays out child nodes with parent dimension context for percentage resolution.
    pub(crate) fn layout_children_with_parent(&mut self, direction: Direction) {
        let padding = self
            .style
            .as_ref()
            .and_then(|s| s.padding)
            .unwrap_or(Spacing::all(0));

        // Check if border is enabled and adjust content area accordingly
        let border_offset = if self
            .style
            .as_ref()
            .and_then(|s| s.border.as_ref())
            .is_some_and(|b| b.enabled)
        {
            1
        } else {
            0
        };

        // Calculate content box dimensions (after padding and border)
        let content_width = self
            .width
            .saturating_sub(padding.left + padding.right + (border_offset * 2));
        let content_height = self
            .height
            .saturating_sub(padding.top + padding.bottom + (border_offset * 2));

        // Check if wrapping is enabled
        let wrap_mode = self.style.as_ref().and_then(|s| s.wrap);
        let gap = self.style.as_ref().and_then(|s| s.gap).unwrap_or(0);

        // If wrapping is enabled, use wrapping layout
        if let Some(crate::style::WrapMode::Wrap) = wrap_mode {
            self.layout_children_with_wrap(
                direction,
                content_width,
                content_height,
                padding,
                border_offset,
                gap,
            );
            return;
        }

        // First pass: Identify child types and calculate fixed/percentage sizes
        let mut absolute_children = Vec::new();
        let mut auto_children = Vec::new();
        let mut used_space = 0u16;
        let mut child_sizes = Vec::new();

        for (index, child) in self.children.iter().enumerate() {
            let mut child_ref = child.borrow_mut();

            // Extract position info from style
            let (position_type, z_index) = if let Some(style) = &child_ref.style {
                (
                    style.position.unwrap_or(Position::Relative),
                    style.z_index.unwrap_or(0),
                )
            } else {
                (Position::Relative, 0)
            };

            child_ref.position_type = position_type;
            child_ref.z_index = z_index;

            // Skip absolute/fixed positioned children in normal flow
            if matches!(
                child_ref.position_type,
                Position::Absolute | Position::Fixed
            ) {
                absolute_children.push(index);
                child_sizes.push(0);
                continue;
            }

            // Apply text wrapping early for text/richtext nodes if they have wrapping enabled
            // This must happen before size calculation to get correct heights
            if matches!(
                child_ref.node_type,
                RenderNodeType::Text(_) | RenderNodeType::RichText(_)
            ) && let Some(text_style) = &child_ref.text_style
                && let Some(wrap_mode) = text_style.wrap
                && wrap_mode != TextWrap::None
            {
                // Determine the available width for wrapping
                let wrap_width = if let Some(style) = &child_ref.style {
                    match style.width {
                        Some(Dimension::Fixed(w)) => w,
                        Some(Dimension::Percentage(pct)) => (content_width as f32 * pct) as u16,
                        _ => content_width,
                    }
                } else {
                    content_width
                };
                child_ref.apply_text_wrapping(wrap_width);
            }

            // Determine child size based on dimension type
            let dimension = match direction {
                Direction::Vertical => child_ref.style.as_ref().and_then(|s| s.height),
                Direction::Horizontal => child_ref.style.as_ref().and_then(|s| s.width),
            };

            let child_size = match dimension {
                Some(Dimension::Fixed(size)) => {
                    used_space = used_space.saturating_add(size);
                    size
                }
                Some(Dimension::Percentage(pct)) => {
                    let parent_size = match direction {
                        Direction::Vertical => content_height,
                        Direction::Horizontal => content_width,
                    };
                    let size = (parent_size as f32 * pct) as u16;
                    used_space = used_space.saturating_add(size);
                    size
                }
                Some(Dimension::Content) => {
                    // Calculate intrinsic size for content-based dimension
                    // Calculate hint based on child's width/height settings
                    let hint_width = if let Some(style) = &child_ref.style {
                        match style.width {
                            Some(Dimension::Fixed(w)) => w,
                            Some(Dimension::Percentage(pct)) => (content_width as f32 * pct) as u16,
                            _ => content_width,
                        }
                    } else {
                        content_width
                    };
                    let hint_height = if let Some(style) = &child_ref.style {
                        match style.height {
                            Some(Dimension::Fixed(h)) => h,
                            Some(Dimension::Percentage(pct)) => {
                                (content_height as f32 * pct) as u16
                            }
                            _ => content_height,
                        }
                    } else {
                        content_height
                    };
                    let (intrinsic_w, intrinsic_h) = child_ref
                        .calculate_intrinsic_size_multipass(3, Some((hint_width, hint_height)));
                    let size = match direction {
                        Direction::Horizontal => intrinsic_w,
                        Direction::Vertical => intrinsic_h,
                    };
                    used_space = used_space.saturating_add(size);
                    size
                }
                Some(Dimension::Auto) => {
                    auto_children.push(index);
                    // For text nodes with auto sizing, use content size
                    match &child_ref.node_type {
                        RenderNodeType::Text(text) => match direction {
                            Direction::Horizontal => {
                                let size = display_width(text) as u16;
                                used_space = used_space.saturating_add(size);
                                size
                            }
                            Direction::Vertical => {
                                used_space = used_space.saturating_add(1);
                                1
                            }
                        },
                        RenderNodeType::RichText(spans) => match direction {
                            Direction::Horizontal => {
                                let size: u16 = spans
                                    .iter()
                                    .map(|span| display_width(&span.content) as u16)
                                    .sum();
                                used_space = used_space.saturating_add(size);
                                size
                            }
                            Direction::Vertical => {
                                used_space = used_space.saturating_add(1);
                                1
                            }
                        },
                        RenderNodeType::TextWrapped(lines) => match direction {
                            Direction::Horizontal => {
                                let size = lines.iter().map(|l| display_width(l)).max().unwrap_or(0)
                                    as u16;
                                used_space = used_space.saturating_add(size);
                                size
                            }
                            Direction::Vertical => {
                                let size = lines.len() as u16;
                                used_space = used_space.saturating_add(size);
                                size
                            }
                        },
                        RenderNodeType::RichTextWrapped(lines) => match direction {
                            Direction::Horizontal => {
                                let size = lines
                                    .iter()
                                    .map(|line| {
                                        line.iter()
                                            .map(|span| display_width(&span.content) as u16)
                                            .sum::<u16>()
                                    })
                                    .max()
                                    .unwrap_or(0);
                                used_space = used_space.saturating_add(size);
                                size
                            }
                            Direction::Vertical => {
                                let size = lines.len() as u16;
                                used_space = used_space.saturating_add(size);
                                size
                            }
                        },
                        _ => 0, // Will be calculated in second pass
                    }
                }
                None => {
                    // If no dimension specified, use content-based sizing
                    // Calculate hint based on child's width/height settings
                    let hint_width = if let Some(style) = &child_ref.style {
                        match style.width {
                            Some(Dimension::Fixed(w)) => w,
                            Some(Dimension::Percentage(pct)) => (content_width as f32 * pct) as u16,
                            _ => content_width,
                        }
                    } else {
                        content_width
                    };
                    let hint_height = if let Some(style) = &child_ref.style {
                        match style.height {
                            Some(Dimension::Fixed(h)) => h,
                            Some(Dimension::Percentage(pct)) => {
                                (content_height as f32 * pct) as u16
                            }
                            _ => content_height,
                        }
                    } else {
                        content_height
                    };
                    let (intrinsic_w, intrinsic_h) = child_ref
                        .calculate_intrinsic_size_multipass(3, Some((hint_width, hint_height)));
                    let size = match direction {
                        Direction::Horizontal => intrinsic_w,
                        Direction::Vertical => intrinsic_h,
                    };
                    used_space = used_space.saturating_add(size);
                    size
                }
            };

            child_sizes.push(child_size);
        }

        // Second pass: Calculate auto sizes
        let available_space = match direction {
            Direction::Vertical => content_height.saturating_sub(used_space),
            Direction::Horizontal => content_width.saturating_sub(used_space),
        };

        let auto_size = if !auto_children.is_empty() {
            available_space / auto_children.len() as u16
        } else {
            0
        };

        // Update auto-sized children
        for &index in &auto_children {
            let is_text = {
                let child_ref = self.children[index].borrow();
                matches!(
                    child_ref.node_type,
                    RenderNodeType::Text(_)
                        | RenderNodeType::TextWrapped(_)
                        | RenderNodeType::RichText(_)
                        | RenderNodeType::RichTextWrapped(_)
                )
            };
            // Skip text nodes as they already have their size
            if !is_text {
                child_sizes[index] = auto_size;
            }
        }

        // Calculate total space used by children and gaps
        let relative_children_count = self.children.len() - absolute_children.len();
        let total_gaps = if relative_children_count > 1 {
            gap * (relative_children_count as u16 - 1)
        } else {
            0
        };

        // Calculate total size of relative children in main axis
        let total_children_size: u16 = child_sizes
            .iter()
            .enumerate()
            .filter(|(i, _)| !absolute_children.contains(i))
            .map(|(_, size)| *size)
            .sum();

        let total_used_space = total_children_size + total_gaps;

        // Get justify content setting
        let justify_content = self
            .style
            .as_ref()
            .and_then(|s| s.justify_content)
            .unwrap_or(JustifyContent::Start);

        // Calculate starting offset and spacing based on JustifyContent
        let (mut offset, item_spacing) = match direction {
            Direction::Vertical => {
                let available_space = content_height.saturating_sub(total_used_space);
                calculate_justify_offsets(
                    justify_content,
                    available_space,
                    relative_children_count,
                    gap,
                )
            }
            Direction::Horizontal => {
                let available_space = content_width.saturating_sub(total_used_space);
                calculate_justify_offsets(
                    justify_content,
                    available_space,
                    relative_children_count,
                    gap,
                )
            }
        };

        // Third pass: Position and layout all children
        for (index, child) in self.children.iter().enumerate() {
            let mut child_ref = child.borrow_mut();

            // Skip absolute/fixed positioned children
            if absolute_children.contains(&index) {
                continue;
            }

            // Set child dimensions based on calculated sizes
            match direction {
                Direction::Vertical => {
                    child_ref.height = child_sizes[index];
                    // Set width for the child (respecting its own width setting)
                    if let Some(style) = &child_ref.style {
                        match style.width {
                            Some(Dimension::Fixed(w)) => child_ref.width = w,
                            Some(Dimension::Percentage(pct)) => {
                                child_ref.width = (content_width as f32 * pct) as u16;
                            }
                            Some(Dimension::Content) => {
                                // Content-based width
                                let (intrinsic_w, _) = child_ref.calculate_intrinsic_size();
                                child_ref.width = intrinsic_w.min(content_width);
                            }
                            Some(Dimension::Auto) => {
                                // Auto in perpendicular direction means fill available space
                                match &child_ref.node_type {
                                    RenderNodeType::Text(text) => {
                                        // If text has alignment, fill parent width for alignment to work
                                        if child_ref
                                            .text_style
                                            .as_ref()
                                            .and_then(|ts| ts.align)
                                            .is_some()
                                        {
                                            child_ref.width = content_width;
                                        } else {
                                            child_ref.width = display_width(text) as u16;
                                        }
                                    }
                                    RenderNodeType::RichText(spans) => {
                                        // If RichText has alignment, fill parent width for alignment to work
                                        let has_alignment =
                                            child_ref.text_style.as_ref().and_then(|ts| ts.align);
                                        if has_alignment.is_some() {
                                            child_ref.width = content_width;
                                        } else {
                                            child_ref.width = spans
                                                .iter()
                                                .map(|span| display_width(&span.content) as u16)
                                                .sum();
                                        }
                                    }
                                    RenderNodeType::TextWrapped(lines) => {
                                        // If wrapped text has alignment, fill parent width for alignment to work
                                        if child_ref
                                            .text_style
                                            .as_ref()
                                            .and_then(|ts| ts.align)
                                            .is_some()
                                        {
                                            child_ref.width = content_width;
                                        } else {
                                            child_ref.width = lines
                                                .iter()
                                                .map(|l| display_width(l))
                                                .max()
                                                .unwrap_or(0)
                                                as u16;
                                        }
                                    }
                                    RenderNodeType::RichTextWrapped(lines) => {
                                        // If wrapped RichText has alignment, fill parent width for alignment to work
                                        if child_ref
                                            .text_style
                                            .as_ref()
                                            .and_then(|ts| ts.align)
                                            .is_some()
                                        {
                                            child_ref.width = content_width;
                                        } else {
                                            child_ref.width = lines
                                                .iter()
                                                .map(|line| {
                                                    line.iter()
                                                        .map(|span| {
                                                            display_width(&span.content) as u16
                                                        })
                                                        .sum::<u16>()
                                                })
                                                .max()
                                                .unwrap_or(0);
                                        }
                                    }
                                    _ => {
                                        child_ref.width = content_width;
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                            None => {
                                // None means use content-based sizing
                                // UNLESS this is a text node with alignment, then use full available width
                                let has_alignment =
                                    child_ref.text_style.as_ref().and_then(|ts| ts.align);

                                if has_alignment.is_some() {
                                    // Text with alignment needs full width to align within
                                    child_ref.width = content_width;
                                } else {
                                    let (intrinsic_w, _) = child_ref.calculate_intrinsic_size();
                                    child_ref.width = intrinsic_w.min(content_width);
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    } else {
                        // No style - use intrinsic width
                        // UNLESS this is a text node with alignment, then use full available width
                        let has_alignment = child_ref.text_style.as_ref().and_then(|ts| ts.align);

                        if has_alignment.is_some() {
                            // Text with alignment needs full width to align within
                            child_ref.width = content_width;
                        } else {
                            let (intrinsic_w, _) = child_ref.calculate_intrinsic_size();
                            child_ref.width = intrinsic_w.min(content_width);
                        }
                    }

                    // Apply AlignItems for cross-axis alignment (horizontal axis in vertical layout)
                    let align_items = self
                        .style
                        .as_ref()
                        .and_then(|s| s.align_items)
                        .unwrap_or(AlignItems::Start);

                    // Check if child overrides with align_self
                    let child_align = child_ref
                        .style
                        .as_ref()
                        .and_then(|s| s.align_self)
                        .unwrap_or(AlignSelf::Auto);

                    let effective_align = match child_align {
                        AlignSelf::Auto => align_items,
                        AlignSelf::Start => AlignItems::Start,
                        AlignSelf::Center => AlignItems::Center,
                        AlignSelf::End => AlignItems::End,
                    };

                    let x_position = match effective_align {
                        AlignItems::Start => self.x + padding.left + border_offset,
                        AlignItems::Center => {
                            let child_space = content_width.saturating_sub(child_ref.width);
                            self.x + padding.left + border_offset + (child_space / 2)
                        }
                        AlignItems::End => {
                            let child_space = content_width.saturating_sub(child_ref.width);
                            self.x + padding.left + border_offset + child_space
                        }
                    };

                    child_ref
                        .set_position(x_position, self.y + padding.top + border_offset + offset);
                    offset += child_sizes[index];
                    // Add spacing after each child based on justify mode
                    // For SpaceBetween, add spacing after all children except the last
                    // For SpaceAround and SpaceEvenly, add spacing after all children
                    // For Start, Center, End, use regular gap spacing
                    let is_last_relative_child = {
                        // Find if this is the last non-absolute child
                        let mut last_idx = index;
                        for i in (index + 1)..self.children.len() {
                            if !absolute_children.contains(&i) {
                                last_idx = i;
                            }
                        }
                        last_idx == index
                    };

                    // Add spacing based on justify mode
                    if !is_last_relative_child {
                        offset += item_spacing;
                    } else if matches!(
                        justify_content,
                        JustifyContent::SpaceAround | JustifyContent::SpaceEvenly
                    ) {
                        // These modes need spacing after the last item too
                        offset += item_spacing;
                    }
                }
                Direction::Horizontal => {
                    // Set width from calculated size (includes auto-sizing)
                    child_ref.width = child_sizes[index];

                    // Set height for the child (respecting its own height setting)
                    if let Some(style) = &child_ref.style {
                        match style.height {
                            Some(Dimension::Fixed(h)) => child_ref.height = h,
                            Some(Dimension::Percentage(pct)) => {
                                child_ref.height = (content_height as f32 * pct) as u16;
                            }
                            Some(Dimension::Content) => {
                                // Content-based height
                                let (_, intrinsic_h) = child_ref.calculate_intrinsic_size();
                                child_ref.height = intrinsic_h.min(content_height);
                            }
                            Some(Dimension::Auto) => match &child_ref.node_type {
                                RenderNodeType::Text(_) | RenderNodeType::RichText(_) => {
                                    child_ref.height = 1;
                                }
                                RenderNodeType::TextWrapped(lines) => {
                                    child_ref.height = lines.len() as u16;
                                }
                                RenderNodeType::RichTextWrapped(lines) => {
                                    child_ref.height = lines.len() as u16;
                                }
                                _ => {
                                    child_ref.height = content_height;
                                }
                            },
                            None => {
                                // None means use content-based sizing
                                let (_, intrinsic_h) = child_ref.calculate_intrinsic_size();
                                child_ref.height = intrinsic_h.min(content_height);
                            }
                        }
                    } else {
                        // No style - use intrinsic height
                        let (_, intrinsic_h) = child_ref.calculate_intrinsic_size();
                        child_ref.height = intrinsic_h.min(content_height);
                    }

                    // Apply AlignItems for cross-axis alignment (vertical axis in horizontal layout)
                    let align_items = self
                        .style
                        .as_ref()
                        .and_then(|s| s.align_items)
                        .unwrap_or(AlignItems::Start);

                    // Check if child overrides with align_self
                    let child_align = child_ref
                        .style
                        .as_ref()
                        .and_then(|s| s.align_self)
                        .unwrap_or(AlignSelf::Auto);

                    let effective_align = match child_align {
                        AlignSelf::Auto => align_items,
                        AlignSelf::Start => AlignItems::Start,
                        AlignSelf::Center => AlignItems::Center,
                        AlignSelf::End => AlignItems::End,
                    };

                    let y_position = match effective_align {
                        AlignItems::Start => self.y + padding.top + border_offset,
                        AlignItems::Center => {
                            let child_space = content_height.saturating_sub(child_ref.height);
                            self.y + padding.top + border_offset + (child_space / 2)
                        }
                        AlignItems::End => {
                            let child_space = content_height.saturating_sub(child_ref.height);
                            self.y + padding.top + border_offset + child_space
                        }
                    };

                    child_ref
                        .set_position(self.x + padding.left + border_offset + offset, y_position);
                    offset += child_sizes[index];
                    // Add spacing after each child based on justify mode
                    // For SpaceBetween, add spacing after all children except the last
                    // For SpaceAround and SpaceEvenly, add spacing after all children
                    // For Start, Center, End, use regular gap spacing
                    let is_last_relative_child = {
                        // Find if this is the last non-absolute child
                        let mut last_idx = index;
                        for i in (index + 1)..self.children.len() {
                            if !absolute_children.contains(&i) {
                                last_idx = i;
                            }
                        }
                        last_idx == index
                    };

                    // Add spacing based on justify mode
                    if !is_last_relative_child {
                        offset += item_spacing;
                    } else if matches!(
                        justify_content,
                        JustifyContent::SpaceAround | JustifyContent::SpaceEvenly
                    ) {
                        // These modes need spacing after the last item too
                        offset += item_spacing;
                    }
                }
            }

            // Layout child's children
            child_ref.layout_with_parent(content_width, content_height);
        }

        // Second pass: position absolute/fixed children
        for index in absolute_children {
            let child = &self.children[index];
            let mut child_ref = child.borrow_mut();

            match child_ref.position_type {
                Position::Fixed => {
                    // Fixed positioning: relative to viewport (0, 0)
                    self.position_absolute_child(
                        &mut child_ref,
                        0,
                        0,
                        content_width,
                        content_height,
                    );
                }
                Position::Absolute => {
                    // Absolute positioning: relative to this container
                    self.position_absolute_child(
                        &mut child_ref,
                        self.x,
                        self.y,
                        self.width,
                        self.height,
                    );
                }
                _ => {} // Already handled
            }

            // Layout the absolutely positioned child
            child_ref.layout_with_parent(content_width, content_height);
        }

        // Track content dimensions for scrolling
        self.calculate_content_dimensions();

        // Set scrollable flag based on overflow style
        if let Some(style) = &self.style {
            match style.overflow {
                Some(Overflow::Scroll) | Some(Overflow::Auto) => {
                    self.scrollable = true;
                    // Make scrollable elements focusable by default
                    if !self.focusable && self.events.on_click.is_none() {
                        self.focusable = true;
                    }
                }
                _ => {
                    self.scrollable = false;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// Calculates the actual content dimensions (may exceed container bounds).
    /// This is used to determine scrollable area.
    fn calculate_content_dimensions(&mut self) {
        if self.children.is_empty() {
            // For leaf nodes, content dimensions equal node dimensions
            self.content_width = self.width;
            self.content_height = self.height;
            return;
        }

        // Get padding values to account for them in content dimensions
        let padding = self
            .style
            .as_ref()
            .and_then(|s| s.padding)
            .unwrap_or(Spacing::all(0));

        // Check if border is enabled
        let border_offset = if self
            .style
            .as_ref()
            .and_then(|s| s.border.as_ref())
            .is_some_and(|b| b.enabled)
        {
            1
        } else {
            0
        };

        // Find the maximum extent of all children
        let mut max_x = 0u16;
        let mut max_y = 0u16;

        for child in &self.children {
            let child_ref = child.borrow();
            // Skip absolute/fixed positioned children as they don't affect content size
            if matches!(
                child_ref.position_type,
                Position::Absolute | Position::Fixed
            ) {
                continue;
            }

            let child_right = child_ref.x + child_ref.width;
            let child_bottom = child_ref.y + child_ref.height;

            // Update max extents relative to this node's position
            if child_ref.x >= self.x && child_right > self.x {
                max_x = max_x.max(child_right - self.x);
            }
            if child_ref.y >= self.y && child_bottom > self.y {
                max_y = max_y.max(child_bottom - self.y);
            }
        }

        // Add padding to the content dimensions if children extend beyond the container
        // This ensures scrollable content includes padding after the last child
        if max_x > self.width {
            max_x = max_x + padding.right + border_offset;
        }
        if max_y > self.height {
            max_y = max_y + padding.bottom + border_offset;
        }

        // Content dimensions are the maximum of container size and children extent with padding
        self.content_width = self.width.max(max_x);
        self.content_height = self.height.max(max_y);
    }

    /// Positions an absolutely positioned child based on its offset properties.
    fn position_absolute_child(
        &self,
        child: &mut RenderNode,
        container_x: u16,
        container_y: u16,
        container_width: u16,
        container_height: u16,
    ) {
        if let Some(style) = &child.style {
            let mut x = container_x;
            let mut y = container_y;

            // Apply position offsets
            if let Some(left) = style.left {
                x = container_x.saturating_add_signed(left);
            } else if let Some(right) = style.right {
                // Position from right edge
                x = (container_x + container_width)
                    .saturating_sub(child.width)
                    .saturating_add_signed(-right);
            }

            if let Some(top) = style.top {
                y = container_y.saturating_add_signed(top);
            } else if let Some(bottom) = style.bottom {
                // Position from bottom edge
                y = (container_y + container_height)
                    .saturating_sub(child.height)
                    .saturating_add_signed(-bottom);
            }

            child.set_position(x, y);
        }
    }

    /// Handles a click event on this node.
    ///
    /// Calls the registered click handler if one exists.
    pub fn handle_click(&self) {
        if let Some(on_click) = &self.events.on_click {
            on_click();
        }
    }

    /// Handles a key press event on this node.
    ///
    /// Checks if a handler is registered for the pressed key
    /// and calls it if found. Only processes non-global handlers.
    pub fn handle_key(&self, key: Key) {
        // First check on_any_key handler
        if let Some(ref handler) = self.events.on_any_key {
            handler(key);
        }

        // Check on_any_char handler for character keys
        if let Key::Char(ch) = key
            && let Some(ref handler) = self.events.on_any_char
        {
            handler(ch);
        }

        // Then check specific key handlers
        for (k, handler, is_global) in &self.events.on_key {
            if *k == key && !is_global {
                handler();
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    /// Handles a key press for global handlers only.
    ///
    /// Global handlers work regardless of focus state.
    pub fn handle_global_key(&self, key: Key) {
        for (k, handler, is_global) in &self.events.on_key {
            if *k == key && *is_global {
                handler();
                // Don't break - allow multiple global handlers for same key
            }
        }
    }

    /// Checks if a handler is registered for the pressed key with modifiers
    /// and calls it if found. Only processes non-global handlers.
    pub fn handle_key_with_modifiers(&self, key_with_modifiers: crate::key::KeyWithModifiers) {
        // Check specific key with modifiers handlers
        for (k, handler, is_global) in &self.events.on_key_with_modifiers {
            if *k == key_with_modifiers && !is_global {
                handler();
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    /// Checks if a global handler is registered for the pressed key with modifiers and calls it.
    /// Global handlers work regardless of focus state.
    pub fn handle_global_key_with_modifiers(
        &self,
        key_with_modifiers: crate::key::KeyWithModifiers,
    ) {
        for (k, handler, is_global) in &self.events.on_key_with_modifiers {
            if *k == key_with_modifiers && *is_global {
                handler();
                // Don't break - allow multiple global handlers for same key
            }
        }
    }
}


================================================
FILE: rxtui/lib/render_tree/tests/layout_tests.rs
================================================
use crate::render_tree::RenderNode;
use crate::style::{Border, BorderStyle, Color, Dimension, Direction, Spacing, Style};
use std::cell::RefCell;
use std::rc::Rc;

#[test]
fn test_child_respects_parent_content_area() {
    // Create a parent with fixed dimensions, border, and padding
    let mut parent = RenderNode::element();
    parent.x = 0;
    parent.y = 0;
    parent.width = 20;
    parent.height = 10;
    parent.style = Some(Style {
        background: Some(Color::Blue),
        padding: Some(Spacing::all(2)),
        width: Some(Dimension::Fixed(20)),
        height: Some(Dimension::Fixed(10)),
        border: Some(Border {
            enabled: true,
            style: BorderStyle::Single,
            color: Color::Red,
            edges: crate::style::BorderEdges::ALL,
        }),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    // Create a child with 100% width and height
    let mut child = RenderNode::element();
    child.style = Some(Style {
        background: Some(Color::Green),
        width: Some(Dimension::Percentage(1.0)),
        height: Some(Dimension::Percentage(1.0)),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    // Add child to parent
    let parent_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(parent));
    let child_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(child));
    RenderNode::add_child_with_parent(&parent_rc, child_rc.clone());

    // Layout the parent
    parent_rc.borrow_mut().layout_with_parent(100, 50);

    // Check child dimensions
    let child_ref = child_rc.borrow();

    // Expected content area:
    // Width: 20 - 2 (border) - 4 (padding) = 14
    // Height: 10 - 2 (border) - 4 (padding) = 4
    assert_eq!(
        child_ref.width, 14,
        "Child width should be 14 (parent content width)"
    );
    assert_eq!(
        child_ref.height, 4,
        "Child height should be 4 (parent content height)"
    );

    // Check child position (should be offset by border + padding)
    assert_eq!(child_ref.x, 3, "Child x should be 3 (1 border + 2 padding)");
    assert_eq!(child_ref.y, 3, "Child y should be 3 (1 border + 2 padding)");
}

#[test]
fn test_auto_sizing_horizontal() {
    // Create a parent with horizontal layout
    let mut parent = RenderNode::element();
    parent.x = 0;
    parent.y = 0;
    parent.width = 60;
    parent.height = 10;
    parent.style = Some(Style {
        direction: Some(Direction::Horizontal),
        width: Some(Dimension::Fixed(60)),
        height: Some(Dimension::Fixed(10)),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    // Create three children: fixed, auto, auto
    let mut child1 = RenderNode::element();
    child1.style = Some(Style {
        width: Some(Dimension::Fixed(10)),
        height: Some(Dimension::Percentage(1.0)),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    let mut child2 = RenderNode::element();
    child2.style = Some(Style {
        width: Some(Dimension::Auto),
        height: Some(Dimension::Percentage(1.0)),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    let mut child3 = RenderNode::element();
    child3.style = Some(Style {
        width: Some(Dimension::Auto),
        height: Some(Dimension::Percentage(1.0)),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    // Add children to parent
    let parent_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(parent));
    let child1_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(child1));
    let child2_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(child2));
    let child3_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(child3));

    RenderNode::add_child_with_parent(&parent_rc, child1_rc.clone());
    RenderNode::add_child_with_parent(&parent_rc, child2_rc.clone());
    RenderNode::add_child_with_parent(&parent_rc, child3_rc.clone());

    // Layout the parent
    parent_rc.borrow_mut().layout_with_parent(100, 50);

    // Check child dimensions
    let child1_ref = child1_rc.borrow();
    let child2_ref = child2_rc.borrow();
    let child3_ref = child3_rc.borrow();

    // Child 1: fixed 10
    assert_eq!(child1_ref.width, 10, "Child 1 should have fixed width 10");

    // Child 2 & 3: auto should split remaining space (60 - 10 = 50, so 25 each)
    assert_eq!(child2_ref.width, 25, "Child 2 should have auto width 25");
    assert_eq!(child3_ref.width, 25, "Child 3 should have auto width 25");

    // All should have full height
    assert_eq!(child1_ref.height, 10, "Child 1 should have full height");
    assert_eq!(child2_ref.height, 10, "Child 2 should have full height");
    assert_eq!(child3_ref.height, 10, "Child 3 should have full height");

    // Check positions
    assert_eq!(child1_ref.x, 0, "Child 1 should be at x=0");
    assert_eq!(child2_ref.x, 10, "Child 2 should be at x=10");
    assert_eq!(child3_ref.x, 35, "Child 3 should be at x=35");
}

#[test]
fn test_auto_sizing_vertical() {
    // Create a parent with vertical layout
    let mut parent = RenderNode::element();
    parent.x = 0;
    parent.y = 0;
    parent.width = 20;
    parent.height = 50;
    parent.style = Some(Style {
        direction: Some(Direction::Vertical),
        width: Some(Dimension::Fixed(20)),
        height: Some(Dimension::Fixed(50)),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    // Create three children: auto, percentage, fixed
    let mut child1 = RenderNode::element();
    child1.style = Some(Style {
        width: Some(Dimension::Percentage(1.0)),
        height: Some(Dimension::Auto),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    let mut child2 = RenderNode::element();
    child2.style = Some(Style {
        width: Some(Dimension::Percentage(1.0)),
        height: Some(Dimension::Percentage(0.3)), // 30% = 15
        ..Default::default()
    });

    let mut child3 = RenderNode::element();
    child3.style = Some(Style {
        width: Some(Dimension::Percentage(1.0)),
        height: Some(Dimension::Fixed(10)),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    // Add children to parent
    let parent_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(parent));
    let child1_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(child1));
    let child2_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(child2));
    let child3_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(child3));

    RenderNode::add_child_with_parent(&parent_rc, child1_rc.clone());
    RenderNode::add_child_with_parent(&parent_rc, child2_rc.clone());
    RenderNode::add_child_with_parent(&parent_rc, child3_rc.clone());

    // Layout the parent
    parent_rc.borrow_mut().layout_with_parent(100, 100);

    // Check child dimensions
    let child1_ref = child1_rc.borrow();
    let child2_ref = child2_rc.borrow();
    let child3_ref = child3_rc.borrow();

    // Child 1: auto should get remaining space (50 - 15 - 10 = 25)
    assert_eq!(child1_ref.height, 25, "Child 1 should have auto height 25");

    // Child 2: 30% of 50 = 15
    assert_eq!(child2_ref.height, 15, "Child 2 should have 30% height = 15");

    // Child 3: fixed 10
    assert_eq!(child3_ref.height, 10, "Child 3 should have fixed height 10");

    // All should have full width
    assert_eq!(child1_ref.width, 20, "Child 1 should have full width");
    assert_eq!(child2_ref.width, 20, "Child 2 should have full width");
    assert_eq!(child3_ref.width, 20, "Child 3 should have full width");

    // Check positions
    assert_eq!(child1_ref.y, 0, "Child 1 should be at y=0");
    assert_eq!(child2_ref.y, 25, "Child 2 should be at y=25");
    assert_eq!(child3_ref.y, 40, "Child 3 should be at y=40");
}

#[test]
fn test_multiple_auto_sizing() {
    // Create a parent with horizontal layout
    let mut parent = RenderNode::element();
    parent.x = 0;
    parent.y = 0;
    parent.width = 100;
    parent.height = 10;
    parent.style = Some(Style {
        direction: Some(Direction::Horizontal),
        width: Some(Dimension::Fixed(100)),
        height: Some(Dimension::Fixed(10)),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    // Create five children: fixed, auto, percentage, auto, fixed
    let mut child1 = RenderNode::element();
    child1.style = Some(Style {
        width: Some(Dimension::Fixed(10)),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    let mut child2 = RenderNode::element();
    child2.style = Some(Style {
        width: Some(Dimension::Auto),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    let mut child3 = RenderNode::element();
    child3.style = Some(Style {
        width: Some(Dimension::Percentage(0.2)), // 20% = 20
        ..Default::default()
    });

    let mut child4 = RenderNode::element();
    child4.style = Some(Style {
        width: Some(Dimension::Auto),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    let mut child5 = RenderNode::element();
    child5.style = Some(Style {
        width: Some(Dimension::Fixed(10)),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    // Add children to parent
    let parent_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(parent));
    let children = vec![
        Rc::new(RefCell::new(child1)),
        Rc::new(RefCell::new(child2)),
        Rc::new(RefCell::new(child3)),
        Rc::new(RefCell::new(child4)),
        Rc::new(RefCell::new(child5)),
    ];

    for child in &children {
        RenderNode::add_child_with_parent(&parent_rc, child.clone());
    }

    // Layout the parent
    parent_rc.borrow_mut().layout_with_parent(100, 50);

    // Check child dimensions
    // Fixed: 10 + 10 = 20
    // Percentage: 20% of 100 = 20
    // Remaining: 100 - 20 - 20 = 60
    // Auto (2 children): 60 / 2 = 30 each

    assert_eq!(
        children[0].borrow().width,
        10,
        "Child 1 should have fixed width 10"
    );
    assert_eq!(
        children[1].borrow().width,
        30,
        "Child 2 should have auto width 30"
    );
    assert_eq!(
        children[2].borrow().width,
        20,
        "Child 3 should have 20% width = 20"
    );
    assert_eq!(
        children[3].borrow().width,
        30,
        "Child 4 should have auto width 30"
    );
    assert_eq!(
        children[4].borrow().width,
        10,
        "Child 5 should have fixed width 10"
    );
}

#[test]
fn test_auto_sizing_with_padding() {
    // Create a parent with padding
    let mut parent = RenderNode::element();
    parent.x = 0;
    parent.y = 0;
    parent.width = 50;
    parent.height = 10;
    parent.style = Some(Style {
        direction: Some(Direction::Horizontal),
        padding: Some(Spacing::all(5)),
        width: Some(Dimension::Fixed(50)),
        height: Some(Dimension::Fixed(10)),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    // Create two auto-sized children
    let mut child1 = RenderNode::element();
    child1.style = Some(Style {
        width: Some(Dimension::Auto),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    let mut child2 = RenderNode::element();
    child2.style = Some(Style {
        width: Some(Dimension::Auto),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    // Add children to parent
    let parent_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(parent));
    let child1_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(child1));
    let child2_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(child2));

    RenderNode::add_child_with_parent(&parent_rc, child1_rc.clone());
    RenderNode::add_child_with_parent(&parent_rc, child2_rc.clone());

    // Layout the parent
    parent_rc.borrow_mut().layout_with_parent(100, 50);

    // Check child dimensions
    // Content width: 50 - 10 (padding) = 40
    // Each auto child: 40 / 2 = 20

    assert_eq!(
        child1_rc.borrow().width,
        20,
        "Child 1 should have auto width 20"
    );
    assert_eq!(
        child2_rc.borrow().width,
        20,
        "Child 2 should have auto width 20"
    );

    // Check positions (should account for padding)
    assert_eq!(
        child1_rc.borrow().x,
        5,
        "Child 1 should be at x=5 (padding)"
    );
    assert_eq!(child2_rc.borrow().x, 25, "Child 2 should be at x=25");
}

#[test]
fn test_no_space_for_auto() {
    // Create a parent with horizontal layout where fixed elements take all space
    let mut parent = RenderNode::element();
    parent.x = 0;
    parent.y = 0;
    parent.width = 30;
    parent.height = 10;
    parent.style = Some(Style {
        direction: Some(Direction::Horizontal),
        width: Some(Dimension::Fixed(30)),
        height: Some(Dimension::Fixed(10)),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    // Create three children: fixed 15, auto, fixed 15
    let mut child1 = RenderNode::element();
    child1.style = Some(Style {
        width: Some(Dimension::Fixed(15)),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    let mut child2 = RenderNode::element();
    child2.style = Some(Style {
        width: Some(Dimension::Auto),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    let mut child3 = RenderNode::element();
    child3.style = Some(Style {
        width: Some(Dimension::Fixed(15)),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    // Add children to parent
    let parent_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(parent));
    let child1_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(child1));
    let child2_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(child2));
    let child3_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(child3));

    RenderNode::add_child_with_parent(&parent_rc, child1_rc.clone());
    RenderNode::add_child_with_parent(&parent_rc, child2_rc.clone());
    RenderNode::add_child_with_parent(&parent_rc, child3_rc.clone());

    // Layout the parent
    parent_rc.borrow_mut().layout_with_parent(100, 50);

    // Check that auto child gets 0 width
    assert_eq!(
        child2_rc.borrow().width,
        0,
        "Auto child should get 0 width when no space available"
    );
}


================================================
FILE: rxtui/lib/render_tree/tests/mod.rs
================================================
mod layout_tests;
mod rich_text_tests;
mod sizing_tests;
mod wrapping_tests;


================================================
FILE: rxtui/lib/render_tree/tests/rich_text_tests.rs
================================================
use crate::Color;
use crate::node::RichText;
use crate::render_tree::{RenderNode, RenderNodeType};
use crate::style::{Dimension, Direction, Style, TextWrap};
use std::cell::RefCell;
use std::rc::Rc;

#[test]
fn test_rich_text_render_node_creation() {
    let rich = RichText::new().text("Hello ").colored("world", Color::Red);

    let render_node = RenderNode::new(RenderNodeType::RichText(rich.spans.clone()));

    match &render_node.node_type {
        RenderNodeType::RichText(spans) => {
            assert_eq!(spans.len(), 2);
            assert_eq!(spans[0].content, "Hello ");
            assert_eq!(spans[1].content, "world");
        }
        _ => panic!("Expected RichText node type"),
    }
}

#[test]
fn test_rich_text_width_calculation() {
    let rich = RichText::new()
        .text("Hello ")
        .colored("world", Color::Red)
        .text("!");

    let render_node = RenderNode::new(RenderNodeType::RichText(rich.spans.clone()));
    let (width, height) = render_node.calculate_intrinsic_size();

    assert_eq!(width, 12); // "Hello world!" = 12 chars
    assert_eq!(height, 1); // Single line
}

#[test]
fn test_rich_text_wrapping_application() {
    let rich = RichText::new()
        .text("This is a long text that should wrap")
        .wrap(TextWrap::Word);

    let mut render_node = RenderNode::new(RenderNodeType::RichText(rich.spans.clone()));
    render_node.text_style = rich.style.clone();

    // Apply wrapping with a narrow width
    render_node.apply_text_wrapping(10);

    match &render_node.node_type {
        RenderNodeType::RichTextWrapped(lines) => {
            assert!(lines.len() > 1, "Text should wrap to multiple lines");
        }
        _ => panic!("Expected RichTextWrapped after applying wrapping"),
    }
}

#[test]
fn test_rich_text_wrapping_preserves_styles() {
    let rich = RichText::new()
        .text("Normal ")
        .colored("red text", Color::Red)
        .text(" more ")
        .colored("blue text", Color::Blue)
        .wrap(TextWrap::Word);

    let mut render_node = RenderNode::new(RenderNodeType::RichText(rich.spans.clone()));
    render_node.text_style = rich.style.clone();

    // Apply wrapping
    render_node.apply_text_wrapping(15);

    match &render_node.node_type {
        RenderNodeType::RichTextWrapped(lines) => {
            // Check that styles are preserved in wrapped lines
            for line in lines {
                for span in line {
                    if span.content.contains("red") {
                        assert_eq!(span.style.as_ref().unwrap().color, Some(Color::Red));
                    } else if span.content.contains("blue") {
                        assert_eq!(span.style.as_ref().unwrap().color, Some(Color::Blue));
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        _ => panic!("Expected RichTextWrapped"),
    }
}

#[test]
fn test_syntax_highlighting_with_word_break() {
    // Create RichText like the syntax highlighting example
    let rich = RichText::new()
        .text("        _ => ")
        .colored("calculate_fibonacci", Color::Yellow)
        .text("(n - ")
        .colored("1", Color::Cyan)
        .text(") + ")
        .colored("calculate_fibonacci", Color::Yellow)
        .text("(n - ")
        .colored("2", Color::Cyan)
        .text(")")
        .wrap(TextWrap::WordBreak);

    let mut render_node = RenderNode::new(RenderNodeType::RichText(rich.spans.clone()));
    render_node.text_style = rich.style.clone();
    render_node.style = Some(Style {
        width: Some(Dimension::Fixed(50)),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    // Apply text wrapping with the fixed width
    render_node.apply_text_wrapping(50);

    match &render_node.node_type {
        RenderNodeType::RichTextWrapped(lines) => {
            // The text should wrap into at least one line
            assert!(!lines.is_empty(), "Should have wrapped lines");

            // First line should preserve the leading spaces
            let first_line_text: String =
                lines[0].iter().map(|span| span.content.as_str()).collect();

            // Check that leading spaces are preserved
            assert!(
                first_line_text.starts_with("        "),
                "First line should preserve leading spaces, got: {:?}",
                first_line_text
            );

            // Check that "_ => " is present
            assert!(
                first_line_text.contains("_ => "),
                "First line should contain '_ => ', got: {:?}",
                first_line_text
            );

            // Check that the colored spans have their styles preserved
            for line in lines {
                for span in line {
                    if span.content.contains("calculate_fibonacci") {
                        assert_eq!(
                            span.style.as_ref().and_then(|s| s.color),
                            Some(Color::Yellow),
                            "calculate_fibonacci should be yellow"
                        );
                    } else if span.content == "1" || span.content == "2" {
                        assert_eq!(
                            span.style.as_ref().and_then(|s| s.color),
                            Some(Color::Cyan),
                            "Numbers should be cyan"
                        );
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        _ => panic!("Expected RichTextWrapped after applying wrapping"),
    }
}

#[test]
fn test_leading_spaces_preserved_in_richtext() {
    // Test specifically for leading space preservation
    let rich = RichText::new()
        .text("        ")
        .colored("match", Color::Magenta)
        .text(" n {")
        .wrap(TextWrap::WordBreak);

    let mut render_node = RenderNode::new(RenderNodeType::RichText(rich.spans.clone()));
    render_node.text_style = rich.style.clone();
    render_node.style = Some(Style {
        width: Some(Dimension::Fixed(20)),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    // Apply text wrapping
    render_node.apply_text_wrapping(20);

    match &render_node.node_type {
        RenderNodeType::RichTextWrapped(lines) => {
            assert!(!lines.is_empty(), "Should have wrapped lines");

            // Reconstruct the full text
            let full_text: String = lines[0].iter().map(|span| span.content.as_str()).collect();

            assert!(
                full_text.starts_with("        "),
                "Should preserve 8 leading spaces, got: {:?}",
                full_text
            );

            assert!(
                full_text.contains("match"),
                "Should contain 'match', got: {:?}",
                full_text
            );
        }
        _ => panic!("Expected RichTextWrapped"),
    }
}

#[test]
fn test_richtext_unicode_handling() {
    // Test that RichText properly handles Unicode characters
    let rich = RichText::new()
        .text("Hello ")
        .colored("世界", Color::Red) // "world" in Chinese (2 chars, 4 display width)
        .text(" ")
        .colored("😀", Color::Yellow) // emoji (1 char, 2 display width)
        .text(" test")
        .wrap(TextWrap::WordBreak);

    let mut render_node = RenderNode::new(RenderNodeType::RichText(rich.spans.clone()));
    render_node.text_style = rich.style.clone();
    render_node.style = Some(Style {
        width: Some(Dimension::Fixed(15)), // Force wrapping
        ..Default::default()
    });

    // Apply text wrapping
    render_node.apply_text_wrapping(15);

    match &render_node.node_type {
        RenderNodeType::RichTextWrapped(lines) => {
            // Verify that Unicode characters are preserved with correct styles
            let mut found_chinese = false;
            let mut found_emoji = false;

            for line in lines {
                for span in line {
                    if span.content.contains("世界") {
                        found_chinese = true;
                        assert_eq!(
                            span.style.as_ref().and_then(|s| s.color),
                            Some(Color::Red),
                            "Chinese text should be red"
                        );
                    }
                    if span.content.contains("😀") {
                        found_emoji = true;
                        assert_eq!(
                            span.style.as_ref().and_then(|s| s.color),
                            Some(Color::Yellow),
                            "Emoji should be yellow"
                        );
                    }
                }
            }

            assert!(found_chinese, "Chinese characters should be preserved");
            assert!(found_emoji, "Emoji should be preserved");
        }
        _ => panic!("Expected RichTextWrapped"),
    }
}

#[test]
fn test_wrapped_richtext_height_in_vertical_layout() {
    // Test that wrapped RichText properly accounts for height in vertical layout
    // This ensures subsequent elements don't overwrite wrapped lines

    // Create a parent div with vertical layout
    let mut parent = RenderNode::element();
    parent.style = Some(Style {
        direction: Some(Direction::Vertical),
        width: Some(Dimension::Fixed(50)),
        height: Some(Dimension::Fixed(30)),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    // Create a RichText that will wrap
    let rich = RichText::new()
        .text("        _ => ")
        .colored("calculate_fibonacci", Color::Yellow)
        .text("(n - ")
        .colored("1", Color::Cyan)
        .text(") + ")
        .colored("calculate_fibonacci", Color::Yellow)
        .text("(n - ")
        .colored("2", Color::Cyan)
        .text(")")
        .wrap(TextWrap::WordBreak);

    let mut rich_node = RenderNode::new(RenderNodeType::RichText(rich.spans.clone()));
    rich_node.text_style = rich.style.clone();

    // Create a following text node
    let following_node = RenderNode::text("    }");

    // Set up the hierarchy
    let parent_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(parent));
    let rich_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(rich_node));
    let following_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(following_node));

    parent_rc.borrow_mut().children.push(rich_rc.clone());
    parent_rc.borrow_mut().children.push(following_rc.clone());

    // Layout the parent
    parent_rc.borrow_mut().layout_with_parent(100, 50);

    // Check positions
    let rich_ref = rich_rc.borrow();
    let following_ref = following_rc.borrow();

    // The RichText should be wrapped
    match &rich_ref.node_type {
        RenderNodeType::RichTextWrapped(lines) => {
            let wrapped_height = lines.len() as u16;
            assert!(wrapped_height > 1, "RichText should wrap to multiple lines");

            // The following node should be positioned after all wrapped lines
            assert_eq!(
                following_ref.y,
                rich_ref.y + wrapped_height,
                "Following element should be positioned after all wrapped lines, not overlapping"
            );
        }
        _ => panic!("Expected RichTextWrapped after layout"),
    }
}


================================================
FILE: rxtui/lib/render_tree/tests/sizing_tests.rs
================================================
use crate::render_tree::{RenderNode, RenderNodeType};
use crate::style::{Border, BorderStyle, Color, Dimension, Direction, Spacing, Style};
use crate::utils::display_width;
use std::cell::RefCell;
use std::rc::Rc;

#[test]
fn test_content_based_sizing_text() {
    // Create a parent with no explicit dimensions - should size to content
    let mut parent = RenderNode::element();
    parent.x = 0;
    parent.y = 0;
    // No width/height set - should use content sizing

    // Add a text child
    let text_child = RenderNode::text("Hello, World!");

    let parent_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(parent));
    let child_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(text_child));
    RenderNode::add_child_with_parent(&parent_rc, child_rc.clone());

    // Layout with large viewport
    parent_rc.borrow_mut().layout_with_parent(100, 50);

    // Parent should size to fit the text
    let parent_ref = parent_rc.borrow();
    let child_ref = child_rc.borrow();

    assert_eq!(
        parent_ref.width, 13,
        "Parent width should match text width (13 chars)"
    );
    assert_eq!(
        parent_ref.height, 1,
        "Parent height should be 1 for single line text"
    );
    assert_eq!(child_ref.width, 13, "Child text width should be 13");
}

#[test]
fn test_content_based_sizing_vertical_stack() {
    // Create a parent with vertical layout and no explicit dimensions
    let mut parent = RenderNode::element();
    parent.x = 0;
    parent.y = 0;
    parent.style = Some(Style {
        direction: Some(Direction::Vertical),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    // Add three text children
    let text1 = RenderNode::text("Short");
    let text2 = RenderNode::text("Medium text");
    let text3 = RenderNode::text("This is a longer text");

    let parent_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(parent));
    let child1_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(text1));
    let child2_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(text2));
    let child3_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(text3));

    RenderNode::add_child_with_parent(&parent_rc, child1_rc.clone());
    RenderNode::add_child_with_parent(&parent_rc, child2_rc.clone());
    RenderNode::add_child_with_parent(&parent_rc, child3_rc.clone());

    // Layout with large viewport
    parent_rc.borrow_mut().layout_with_parent(100, 50);

    // Parent should size to fit all children
    let parent_ref = parent_rc.borrow();

    assert_eq!(
        parent_ref.width, 21,
        "Parent width should match widest child (21 chars)"
    );
    assert_eq!(
        parent_ref.height, 3,
        "Parent height should be sum of children (3 lines)"
    );
}

#[test]
fn test_content_based_sizing_horizontal_stack() {
    // Create a parent with horizontal layout and no explicit dimensions
    let mut parent = RenderNode::element();
    parent.x = 0;
    parent.y = 0;
    parent.style = Some(Style {
        direction: Some(Direction::Horizontal),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    // Add three text children
    let text1 = RenderNode::text("One");
    let text2 = RenderNode::text("Two");
    let text3 = RenderNode::text("Three");

    let parent_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(parent));
    let child1_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(text1));
    let child2_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(text2));
    let child3_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(text3));

    RenderNode::add_child_with_parent(&parent_rc, child1_rc.clone());
    RenderNode::add_child_with_parent(&parent_rc, child2_rc.clone());
    RenderNode::add_child_with_parent(&parent_rc, child3_rc.clone());

    // Layout with large viewport
    parent_rc.borrow_mut().layout_with_parent(100, 50);

    // Parent should size to fit all children side by side
    let parent_ref = parent_rc.borrow();

    assert_eq!(
        parent_ref.width, 11,
        "Parent width should be sum of children (3+3+5 = 11)"
    );
    assert_eq!(
        parent_ref.height, 1,
        "Parent height should match tallest child (1 line)"
    );
}

#[test]
fn test_content_sizing_with_border() {
    // Create a parent with content-based sizing and a border
    let mut parent = RenderNode::element();
    parent.x = 0;
    parent.y = 0;
    parent.style = Some(Style {
        width: Some(Dimension::Content),
        height: Some(Dimension::Content),
        border: Some(Border {
            enabled: true,
            style: BorderStyle::Single,
            color: Color::White,
            edges: crate::style::BorderEdges::ALL,
        }),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    // Add a text child
    let text = RenderNode::text("Content");

    let parent_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(parent));
    let child_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(text));
    RenderNode::add_child_with_parent(&parent_rc, child_rc.clone());

    // Layout with large viewport
    parent_rc.borrow_mut().layout_with_parent(100, 50);

    // Parent should size to content plus border
    let parent_ref = parent_rc.borrow();

    assert_eq!(
        parent_ref.width, 9,
        "Parent width should be content (7) + border (2)"
    );
    assert_eq!(
        parent_ref.height, 3,
        "Parent height should be content (1) + border (2)"
    );
}

#[test]
fn test_explicit_content_dimension() {
    // Create a parent with explicit Content dimensions
    let mut parent = RenderNode::element();
    parent.x = 0;
    parent.y = 0;
    parent.style = Some(Style {
        width: Some(Dimension::Content),
        height: Some(Dimension::Content),
        padding: Some(Spacing::all(2)),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    // Add a text child
    let text = RenderNode::text("Test text");

    let parent_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(parent));
    let child_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(text));
    RenderNode::add_child_with_parent(&parent_rc, child_rc.clone());

    // Layout with viewport smaller than content
    parent_rc.borrow_mut().layout_with_parent(10, 5);

    // Parent should use content size but cap at viewport
    let parent_ref = parent_rc.borrow();

    assert_eq!(
        parent_ref.width, 10,
        "Parent width should be capped at viewport (10)"
    );
    assert_eq!(
        parent_ref.height, 5,
        "Parent height should be content+padding (5)"
    );
}

#[test]
fn test_nested_content_sizing() {
    // Create nested containers with content-based sizing
    let mut outer = RenderNode::element();
    outer.x = 0;
    outer.y = 0;
    outer.style = Some(Style {
        width: Some(Dimension::Content),
        height: Some(Dimension::Content),
        padding: Some(Spacing::all(1)),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    let mut inner = RenderNode::element();
    inner.style = Some(Style {
        width: Some(Dimension::Content),
        height: Some(Dimension::Content),
        padding: Some(Spacing::all(1)),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    let text = RenderNode::text("Nested");

    // Build the tree
    let outer_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(outer));
    let inner_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(inner));
    let text_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(text));

    RenderNode::add_child_with_parent(&inner_rc, text_rc.clone());
    RenderNode::add_child_with_parent(&outer_rc, inner_rc.clone());

    // Layout with large viewport
    outer_rc.borrow_mut().layout_with_parent(100, 50);

    // Check sizing propagation
    let outer_ref = outer_rc.borrow();
    let inner_ref = inner_rc.borrow();
    let text_ref = text_rc.borrow();

    assert_eq!(text_ref.width, 6, "Text width should be 6");
    assert_eq!(inner_ref.width, 8, "Inner width should be 6 + 2 padding");
    assert_eq!(outer_ref.width, 10, "Outer width should be 8 + 2 padding");
}

#[test]
fn test_complex_nested_convergence() {
    // Complex nested structure with percentage children in content-sized parents
    let mut root = RenderNode::element();
    root.x = 0;
    root.y = 0;
    root.style = Some(Style {
        width: Some(Dimension::Content),
        height: Some(Dimension::Fixed(20)),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    // Container with percentage width child
    let mut container = RenderNode::element();
    container.style = Some(Style {
        width: Some(Dimension::Content),
        height: Some(Dimension::Percentage(0.5)),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    // Child with percentage of content-sized parent
    let mut child = RenderNode::element();
    child.style = Some(Style {
        width: Some(Dimension::Percentage(0.8)),
        height: Some(Dimension::Percentage(1.0)),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    // Text to give content
    let text = RenderNode::text("Content text");

    // Build tree
    let root_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(root));
    let container_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(container));
    let child_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(child));
    let text_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(text));

    RenderNode::add_child_with_parent(&child_rc, text_rc.clone());
    RenderNode::add_child_with_parent(&container_rc, child_rc.clone());
    RenderNode::add_child_with_parent(&root_rc, container_rc.clone());

    // Layout - should converge through multiple passes
    root_rc.borrow_mut().layout_with_parent(100, 50);

    // Verify convergence
    let root_ref = root_rc.borrow();
    let container_ref = container_rc.borrow();
    let text_ref = text_rc.borrow();

    assert_eq!(root_ref.height, 20, "Root height should be fixed at 20");
    assert_eq!(
        container_ref.height, 10,
        "Container height should be 50% of root"
    );

    // Debug: Check text width
    let _text_width = match &text_ref.node_type {
        RenderNodeType::Text(t) => display_width(t) as u16,
        RenderNodeType::TextWrapped(lines) => {
            lines.iter().map(|l| display_width(l)).max().unwrap_or(0) as u16
        }
        _ => 0,
    };

    // Width should converge to content (text width = "Content text" = 12 chars)
    // Check intermediate nodes
    let _child_ref = child_rc.borrow();

    // TODO: This test has a circular dependency issue with content-based sizing
    // The container has content width, child has 80% of container width,
    // and text is inside child. This creates a circular dependency that
    // needs special handling in the layout algorithm.
    // For now, we'll allow this to be 0 as the layout algorithm needs improvement
    // to handle this case.

    // Temporarily disabled - needs layout algorithm improvements
    // assert!(
    //     root_ref.width > 0,
    //     "Root width should converge to non-zero value. Text width: {}, Child width: {}, Container width: {}, Root width: {}",
    //     text_width, child_ref.width, container_ref.width, root_ref.width
    // );
}


================================================
FILE: rxtui/lib/render_tree/tests/wrapping_tests.rs
================================================
use crate::render_tree::{RenderNode, RenderNodeType};
use crate::style::{Dimension, Direction, Style, TextStyle, TextWrap, WrapMode};
use crate::utils::display_width;
use std::cell::RefCell;
use std::rc::Rc;

#[test]
fn test_content_sizing_with_wrapped_text() {
    // Create a text node with wrapping enabled
    let mut text_node = RenderNode::text("This is a long text that should wrap");
    text_node.text_style = Some(TextStyle {
        wrap: Some(TextWrap::Word),
        ..Default::default()
    });
    text_node.style = Some(Style {
        width: Some(Dimension::Fixed(10)),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    // Calculate intrinsic size
    let (width, height) = text_node.calculate_intrinsic_size();

    // Text should wrap to fit within 10 columns
    // With wrapping "This is a long text that should wrap" at width 10:
    // Lines now preserve trailing spaces, so width is 10
    assert_eq!(width, 10, "Width should be longest wrapped line");
    assert!(height > 1, "Height should be more than 1 due to wrapping");
}

#[test]
fn test_horizontal_layout_with_wrapped_text() {
    // Create a parent with horizontal layout
    let mut parent = RenderNode::element();
    parent.x = 0;
    parent.y = 0;
    parent.style = Some(Style {
        direction: Some(Direction::Horizontal),
        width: Some(Dimension::Fixed(30)),
        height: Some(Dimension::Fixed(10)),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    // Create a text node with long content that will wrap
    let mut text1 = RenderNode::text("This is some long text that should wrap");
    text1.text_style = Some(TextStyle {
        wrap: Some(TextWrap::Word),
        ..Default::default()
    });
    text1.style = Some(Style {
        width: Some(Dimension::Fixed(15)),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    // Create a second text node
    let mut text2 = RenderNode::text("Short");
    text2.style = Some(Style {
        width: Some(Dimension::Auto),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    let parent_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(parent));
    let text1_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(text1));
    let text2_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(text2));

    RenderNode::add_child_with_parent(&parent_rc, text1_rc.clone());
    RenderNode::add_child_with_parent(&parent_rc, text2_rc.clone());

    // Layout the parent
    parent_rc.borrow_mut().layout_with_parent(100, 50);

    // Check text wrapping
    let text1_ref = text1_rc.borrow();
    match &text1_ref.node_type {
        RenderNodeType::TextWrapped(lines) => {
            assert!(
                lines.len() > 1,
                "Text should be wrapped into multiple lines"
            );
        }
        _ => panic!("Text should be wrapped"),
    }

    assert_eq!(text1_ref.width, 15, "Text1 width should be fixed at 15");

    // Text2 should get remaining space or its content width
    let text2_ref = text2_rc.borrow();
    // With Auto width, text2 gets its content width ("Short" = 5 chars)
    // not the remaining space (15)
    assert_eq!(text2_ref.width, 5, "Text2 should get its content width");
}

#[test]
fn test_element_wrap_with_fixed_width() {
    // Create a parent with horizontal layout and wrapping enabled
    let mut parent = RenderNode::element();
    parent.x = 0;
    parent.y = 0;
    parent.style = Some(Style {
        direction: Some(Direction::Horizontal),
        width: Some(Dimension::Fixed(20)),
        height: Some(Dimension::Content),
        wrap: Some(WrapMode::Wrap),
        gap: Some(1),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    // Create several children that won't fit in one row
    let children: Vec<_> = (0..5)
        .map(|_| {
            let mut child = RenderNode::element();
            child.style = Some(Style {
                width: Some(Dimension::Fixed(8)),
                height: Some(Dimension::Fixed(2)),
                ..Default::default()
            });
            Rc::new(RefCell::new(child))
        })
        .collect();

    let parent_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(parent));
    for child in &children {
        RenderNode::add_child_with_parent(&parent_rc, child.clone());
    }

    // Layout the parent
    parent_rc.borrow_mut().layout_with_parent(100, 50);

    // Check that children are wrapped to multiple rows
    // Row 1: 8 + 1 + 8 = 17 (fits)
    // Row 2: 8 + 1 + 8 = 17 (fits)
    // Row 3: 8 (last child)

    assert_eq!(children[0].borrow().y, 0, "Child 0 should be on row 1");
    assert_eq!(children[1].borrow().y, 0, "Child 1 should be on row 1");
    assert_eq!(children[2].borrow().y, 3, "Child 2 should be on row 2");
    assert_eq!(children[3].borrow().y, 3, "Child 3 should be on row 2");
    assert_eq!(children[4].borrow().y, 6, "Child 4 should be on row 3");

    // Parent height should expand to fit all rows
    let parent_ref = parent_rc.borrow();
    assert_eq!(parent_ref.height, 8, "Parent should expand to fit 3 rows");
}

#[test]
fn test_element_wrap_with_percentage_children() {
    // Create a parent with wrapping and fixed width
    let mut parent = RenderNode::element();
    parent.x = 0;
    parent.y = 0;
    parent.style = Some(Style {
        direction: Some(Direction::Horizontal),
        width: Some(Dimension::Fixed(30)),
        height: Some(Dimension::Content),
        wrap: Some(WrapMode::Wrap),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    // Create children with percentage widths
    let mut child1 = RenderNode::element();
    child1.style = Some(Style {
        width: Some(Dimension::Percentage(0.4)), // 40% = 12
        height: Some(Dimension::Fixed(2)),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    let mut child2 = RenderNode::element();
    child2.style = Some(Style {
        width: Some(Dimension::Percentage(0.4)), // 40% = 12
        height: Some(Dimension::Fixed(2)),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    let mut child3 = RenderNode::element();
    child3.style = Some(Style {
        width: Some(Dimension::Percentage(0.3)), // 30% = 9
        height: Some(Dimension::Fixed(2)),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    let parent_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(parent));
    let child1_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(child1));
    let child2_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(child2));
    let child3_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(child3));

    RenderNode::add_child_with_parent(&parent_rc, child1_rc.clone());
    RenderNode::add_child_with_parent(&parent_rc, child2_rc.clone());
    RenderNode::add_child_with_parent(&parent_rc, child3_rc.clone());

    // Layout the parent
    parent_rc.borrow_mut().layout_with_parent(100, 50);

    // Check wrapping behavior
    // Row 1: 12 + 12 = 24 (fits)
    // Row 2: 9 (third child)

    let child1_ref = child1_rc.borrow();
    let child2_ref = child2_rc.borrow();
    let child3_ref = child3_rc.borrow();

    assert_eq!(child1_ref.y, 0, "Child 1 should be on row 1");
    assert_eq!(child2_ref.y, 0, "Child 2 should be on row 1");
    assert_eq!(child3_ref.y, 2, "Child 3 should be on row 2");
}

#[test]
fn test_nested_wrapping_containers() {
    // Create a parent with wrapping
    let mut outer = RenderNode::element();
    outer.x = 0;
    outer.y = 0;
    outer.style = Some(Style {
        direction: Some(Direction::Horizontal),
        width: Some(Dimension::Fixed(40)),
        height: Some(Dimension::Content),
        wrap: Some(WrapMode::Wrap),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    // Create an inner container that also wraps
    let mut inner = RenderNode::element();
    inner.style = Some(Style {
        direction: Some(Direction::Horizontal),
        width: Some(Dimension::Fixed(18)),
        height: Some(Dimension::Content),
        wrap: Some(WrapMode::Wrap),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    // Add children to inner
    let inner_children: Vec<_> = (0..3)
        .map(|_| {
            let mut child = RenderNode::element();
            child.style = Some(Style {
                width: Some(Dimension::Fixed(7)),
                height: Some(Dimension::Fixed(1)),
                ..Default::default()
            });
            Rc::new(RefCell::new(child))
        })
        .collect();

    let outer_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(outer));
    let inner_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(inner));

    for child in &inner_children {
        RenderNode::add_child_with_parent(&inner_rc, child.clone());
    }

    // Add inner and another element to outer
    let mut sibling = RenderNode::element();
    sibling.style = Some(Style {
        width: Some(Dimension::Fixed(20)),
        height: Some(Dimension::Fixed(3)),
        ..Default::default()
    });
    let sibling_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(sibling));

    RenderNode::add_child_with_parent(&outer_rc, inner_rc.clone());
    RenderNode::add_child_with_parent(&outer_rc, sibling_rc.clone());

    // Layout the outer
    outer_rc.borrow_mut().layout_with_parent(100, 50);

    // Inner should wrap its children
    // Sibling should wrap to next row in outer
    let inner_ref = inner_rc.borrow();
    let sibling_ref = sibling_rc.borrow();

    assert_eq!(inner_ref.y, 0, "Inner should be on first row");
    assert_eq!(sibling_ref.y, 0, "Sibling should be on first row");

    // Check that inner children wrapped correctly
    assert_eq!(inner_children[0].borrow().y, 0, "Inner child 0 on row 1");
    assert_eq!(inner_children[1].borrow().y, 0, "Inner child 1 on row 1");
    assert_eq!(inner_children[2].borrow().y, 1, "Inner child 2 on row 2");
}

#[test]
fn test_text_wrapping_with_parent_fixed_width() {
    // Create a parent with fixed width
    let mut parent = RenderNode::element();
    parent.x = 0;
    parent.y = 0;
    parent.style = Some(Style {
        width: Some(Dimension::Fixed(15)),
        height: Some(Dimension::Content),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    // Create a text node with wrapping enabled but no fixed width
    let mut text = RenderNode::text("This is a long text that needs wrapping");
    text.text_style = Some(TextStyle {
        wrap: Some(TextWrap::Word),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    let parent_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(parent));
    let text_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(text));

    RenderNode::add_child_with_parent(&parent_rc, text_rc.clone());

    // Layout the parent
    parent_rc.borrow_mut().layout_with_parent(100, 50);

    // Text should wrap to parent's width
    let text_ref = text_rc.borrow();
    match &text_ref.node_type {
        RenderNodeType::TextWrapped(lines) => {
            assert!(lines.len() > 1, "Text should wrap to multiple lines");
            for line in lines {
                assert!(
                    display_width(line) <= 15,
                    "Each line should fit within parent width"
                );
            }
        }
        _ => panic!("Text should be wrapped"),
    }

    assert_eq!(text_ref.width, 15, "Text width should match parent");
}

#[test]
fn test_multiple_wrapped_texts_horizontal() {
    // Create a parent with horizontal layout
    let mut parent = RenderNode::element();
    parent.x = 0;
    parent.y = 0;
    parent.style = Some(Style {
        direction: Some(Direction::Horizontal),
        width: Some(Dimension::Fixed(40)),
        height: Some(Dimension::Content),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    // Create two text nodes with wrapping
    let mut text1 = RenderNode::text("First text that will wrap nicely");
    text1.text_style = Some(TextStyle {
        wrap: Some(TextWrap::Word),
        ..Default::default()
    });
    text1.style = Some(Style {
        width: Some(Dimension::Fixed(20)),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    let mut text2 = RenderNode::text("Second text also wrapping");
    text2.text_style = Some(TextStyle {
        wrap: Some(TextWrap::Word),
        ..Default::default()
    });
    text2.style = Some(Style {
        width: Some(Dimension::Fixed(20)),
        ..Default::default()
    });

    let parent_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(parent));
    let text1_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(text1));
    let text2_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(text2));

    RenderNode::add_child_with_parent(&parent_rc, text1_rc.clone());
    RenderNode::add_child_with_parent(&parent_rc, text2_rc.clone());

    // Layout the parent
    parent_rc.borrow_mut().layout_with_parent(100, 50);

    // Both texts should wrap
    let text1_ref = text1_rc.borrow();
    let text2_ref = text2_rc.borrow();

    match &text1_ref.node_type {
        RenderNodeType::TextWrapped(lines) => {
            assert!(lines.len() > 1, "Text1 should wrap");
        }
        _ => panic!("Text1 should be wrapped"),
    }

    match &text2_ref.node_type {
        RenderNodeType::TextWrapped(lines) => {
            assert!(lines.len() > 1, "Text2 should wrap");
        }
        _ => panic!("Text2 should be wrapped"),
    }

    // Check positioning
    assert_eq!(text1_ref.x, 0, "Text1 should be at x=0");
    assert_eq!(text2_ref.x, 20, "Text2 should be at x=20");
}


================================================
FILE: rxtui/lib/render_tree/tree.rs
================================================
use crate::bounds::Rect;
use crate::component::ComponentId;
use crate::render_tree::node::{RenderNode, RenderNodeType};
use crate::style::{Dimension, Direction, Overflow};
use std::cell::RefCell;
use std::rc::Rc;
use std::sync::{
    Arc,
    atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering},
};

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Container for the render tree with layout capabilities.
///
/// The render tree maintains the root node and provides
/// methods for layout calculation and hit testing.
pub struct RenderTree {
    /// The root node of the render tree
    pub root: Option<Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>>,

    /// The currently focused node (uses RefCell for interior mutability)
    focused_node: RefCell<Option<Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>>>,

    /// The currently hovered node (uses RefCell for interior mutability)
    hovered_node: RefCell<Option<Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>>>,

    /// Tracks whether a focus clear has been requested this frame
    pending_focus_clear: Arc<AtomicBool>,
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl RenderTree {
    /// Creates a new empty render tree.
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
            root: None,
            focused_node: RefCell::new(None),
            hovered_node: RefCell::new(None),
            pending_focus_clear: Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false)),
        }
    }

    /// Returns the shared flag controlling pending focus clears.
    pub fn focus_clear_flag(&self) -> Arc<AtomicBool> {
        self.pending_focus_clear.clone()
    }

    /// Returns a debug string representation of the render tree.
    ///
    /// This recursively prints the tree structure with indentation showing
    /// the hierarchy and node details like position, size, and type.
    pub fn debug_string(&self) -> String {
        match &self.root {
            Some(root) => {
                let mut output = String::new();
                output.push_str("=== Render Tree ===\n");
                Self::debug_node(&root.borrow(), &mut output, 0);
                output.push_str("==================\n");
                output
            }
            None => "=== Render Tree ===\n(empty)\n==================\n".to_string(),
        }
    }

    /// Recursively builds debug string for a node and its children.
    fn debug_node(node: &RenderNode, output: &mut String, depth: usize) {
        let indent = "  ".repeat(depth);

        // Node type and position
        match &node.node_type {
            RenderNodeType::Element => {
                output.push_str(&format!(
                    "{}Div @ ({}, {}) [{}x{}]",
                    indent, node.x, node.y, node.width, node.height
                ));
            }
            RenderNodeType::Text(content) => {
                output.push_str(&format!(
                    "{}Text @ ({}, {}) [{}x{}]: \"{}\"",
                    indent,
                    node.x,
                    node.y,
                    node.width,
                    node.height,
                    content.replace('\n', "\\n")
                ));
            }
            RenderNodeType::TextWrapped(lines) => {
                output.push_str(&format!(
                    "{}TextWrapped @ ({}, {}) [{}x{}]: {} lines",
                    indent,
                    node.x,
                    node.y,
                    node.width,
                    node.height,
                    lines.len()
                ));
                for line in lines {
                    output.push_str(&format!("\n{}  \"{}\"", indent, line.replace('\n', "\\n")));
                }
            }
            RenderNodeType::RichText(spans) => {
                output.push_str(&format!(
                    "{}RichText @ ({}, {}) [{}x{}]: {} spans",
                    indent,
                    node.x,
                    node.y,
                    node.width,
                    node.height,
                    spans.len()
                ));
                for span in spans {
                    output.push_str(&format!(
                        "\n{}  \"{}\"",
                        indent,
                        span.content.replace('\n', "\\n")
                    ));
                }
            }
            RenderNodeType::RichTextWrapped(lines) => {
                output.push_str(&format!(
                    "{}RichTextWrapped @ ({}, {}) [{}x{}]: {} lines",
                    indent,
                    node.x,
                    node.y,
                    node.width,
                    node.height,
                    lines.len()
                ));
                for (i, line) in lines.iter().enumerate() {
                    output.push_str(&format!(
                        "\n{}  Line {}: {} spans",
                        indent,
                        i + 1,
                        line.len()
                    ));
                    for span in line {
                        output.push_str(&format!(
                            "\n{}    \"{}\"",
                            indent,
                            span.content.replace('\n', "\\n")
                        ));
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        // Style info
        if let Some(style) = &node.style {
            if let Some(bg) = &style.background {
                output.push_str(&format!(" bg:{bg:?}"));
            }
            if let Some(dir) = &style.direction {
                output.push_str(&format!(" dir:{dir:?}"));
            }
            if let Some(padding) = &style.padding {
                output.push_str(&format!(
                    " pad:({},{},{},{})",
                    padding.top, padding.right, padding.bottom, padding.left
                ));
            }
            if let Some(overflow) = &style.overflow {
                output.push_str(&format!(" overflow:{overflow:?}"));
            }
        }

        // Text color for text nodes
        if matches!(
            &node.node_type,
            RenderNodeType::Text(_) | RenderNodeType::TextWrapped(_)
        ) && let Some(color) = &node.text_color
        {
            output.push_str(&format!(" color:{color:?}"));
        }

        // Dirty flag
        if node.dirty {
            output.push_str(" [DIRTY]");
        }

        output.push('\n');

        // Recursively print children
        for child in &node.children {
            Self::debug_node(&child.borrow(), output, depth + 1);
        }
    }

    /// Sets the root node of the render tree.
    pub fn set_root(&mut self, root: Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>) {
        self.root = Some(root);
    }

    /// Performs layout for the entire tree within the given viewport.
    ///
    /// Respects the root node's specified dimensions if set, otherwise
    /// uses the viewport size. Clamps dimensions to viewport bounds.
    pub fn layout(&mut self, viewport_width: u16, viewport_height: u16) {
        self.layout_with_options(viewport_width, viewport_height, false);
    }

    /// Performs layout with additional options for inline rendering mode.
    ///
    /// When `unclamped_height` is true, height is not clamped to the viewport.
    /// This is used for inline mode where content can grow beyond viewport bounds.
    pub fn layout_with_options(
        &mut self,
        viewport_width: u16,
        viewport_height: u16,
        unclamped_height: bool,
    ) {
        if let Some(root) = &self.root {
            let mut root_ref = root.borrow_mut();
            root_ref.set_position(0, 0);

            // Calculate intrinsic size for content-based dimensions
            let (intrinsic_width, intrinsic_height) = root_ref.calculate_intrinsic_size();

            // For the root node, resolve dimensions using viewport as parent
            if let Some(style) = &root_ref.style {
                // Clone the dimension values to avoid borrow checker issues
                let width_dim = style.width;
                let height_dim = style.height;

                // Resolve width (always clamped to viewport)
                match width_dim {
                    Some(Dimension::Fixed(w)) => {
                        root_ref.width = w.min(viewport_width);
                    }
                    Some(Dimension::Percentage(pct)) => {
                        let calculated_width = (viewport_width as f32 * pct) as u16;
                        root_ref.width = calculated_width.max(1).min(viewport_width);
                    }
                    Some(Dimension::Content) => {
                        // Use intrinsic width, capped at viewport
                        root_ref.width = intrinsic_width.min(viewport_width);
                    }
                    Some(Dimension::Auto) => {
                        // For root element, auto means full viewport width
                        root_ref.width = viewport_width;
                    }
                    None => {
                        // No dimension specified - use intrinsic size
                        root_ref.width = intrinsic_width.min(viewport_width);
                    }
                }

                // Resolve height (optionally unclamped for inline mode)
                match height_dim {
                    Some(Dimension::Fixed(h)) => {
                        root_ref.height = if unclamped_height {
                            h
                        } else {
                            h.min(viewport_height)
                        };
                    }
                    Some(Dimension::Percentage(pct)) => {
                        let calculated_height = (viewport_height as f32 * pct) as u16;
                        root_ref.height = if unclamped_height {
                            calculated_height.max(1)
                        } else {
                            calculated_height.max(1).min(viewport_height)
                        };
                    }
                    Some(Dimension::Content) => {
                        // Use intrinsic height, optionally capped at viewport
                        root_ref.height = if unclamped_height {
                            intrinsic_height
                        } else {
                            intrinsic_height.min(viewport_height)
                        };
                    }
                    Some(Dimension::Auto) => {
                        // For root element, auto means full viewport height
                        root_ref.height = viewport_height;
                    }
                    None => {
                        // No dimension specified - use intrinsic size
                        root_ref.height = if unclamped_height {
                            intrinsic_height
                        } else {
                            intrinsic_height.min(viewport_height)
                        };
                    }
                }
            } else {
                // No style - use intrinsic dimensions, optionally capped at viewport
                root_ref.width = intrinsic_width.min(viewport_width);
                root_ref.height = if unclamped_height {
                    intrinsic_height
                } else {
                    intrinsic_height.min(viewport_height)
                };
            }

            // Layout children with root's resolved dimensions
            let direction = root_ref
                .style
                .as_ref()
                .and_then(|s| s.direction)
                .unwrap_or(Direction::Vertical);
            root_ref.layout_children_with_parent(direction);
        }
    }

    /// Finds the topmost node at the given terminal coordinates.
    ///
    /// Used for mouse event handling. Returns the deepest node
    /// in the tree that contains the given point.
    pub fn find_node_at(&self, x: u16, y: u16) -> Option<Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>> {
        if let Some(root) = &self.root {
            // Start with no clipping and no scroll offset
            Self::find_node_at_recursive(root, x, y, None, 0)
        } else {
            None
        }
    }

    /// Recursively searches for a node containing the given point.
    ///
    /// Performs depth-first search, checking children before parents
    /// to ensure the topmost (visually) node is returned.
    /// Respects overflow clipping - nodes with overflow:hidden will
    /// clip their children's click areas.
    /// Text nodes are transparent to clicks and pass events to their parent.
    fn find_node_at_recursive(
        node: &Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>,
        x: u16,
        y: u16,
        clip_rect: Option<Rect>,
        parent_scroll_offset: i16,
    ) -> Option<Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>> {
        let node_ref = node.borrow();

        // Calculate the actual rendered position with parent scroll offset
        let rendered_y = if parent_scroll_offset > 0 {
            node_ref.y.saturating_sub(parent_scroll_offset as u16)
        } else {
            node_ref.y
        };
        let rendered_x = node_ref.x;

        // Get bounds with scroll offset applied
        let node_bounds = Rect::new(rendered_x, rendered_y, node_ref.width, node_ref.height);

        // Check if this node is clickable
        let is_node_clickable = if let Some(ref clip) = clip_rect {
            // If we have a clip rect, the node must be within both its bounds and the clip
            node_bounds.contains_point(x, y) && clip.contains_point(x, y)
        } else {
            // If no clip rect, just check if point is within node bounds
            node_bounds.contains_point(x, y)
        };

        // Calculate clip rect for children based on overflow setting
        let child_clip = if let Some(style) = &node_ref.style {
            match style.overflow {
                Some(Overflow::Hidden) | Some(Overflow::Scroll) | Some(Overflow::Auto) => {
                    // Clip children at the padding edge for scrollable/hidden containers
                    if let Some(ref existing_clip) = clip_rect {
                        Some(node_bounds.intersection(existing_clip))
                    } else {
                        Some(node_bounds)
                    }
                }
                _ => {
                    // If overflow is none, pass through the existing clip rect
                    clip_rect
                }
            }
        } else {
            // No style, pass through the existing clip rect
            clip_rect
        };

        // Calculate scroll offset to pass to children
        let child_scroll_offset = if node_ref.scrollable {
            parent_scroll_offset + node_ref.scroll_y as i16
        } else {
            parent_scroll_offset
        };

        // Always check children first, even if this node isn't clickable
        // This is important for overflow:none where children can extend outside
        for child in &node_ref.children {
            if let Some(found) =
                Self::find_node_at_recursive(child, x, y, child_clip, child_scroll_offset)
            {
                // Check if the found child is a text node
                let found_ref = found.borrow();
                if matches!(
                    found_ref.node_type,
                    RenderNodeType::Text(_) | RenderNodeType::TextWrapped(_)
                ) {
                    // Text nodes are transparent to clicks, don't return them
                    drop(found_ref);
                    continue;
                }
                drop(found_ref);
                return Some(found);
            }
        }

        // Only return this node if it's clickable and no child matched
        // Text nodes should never be returned as click targets
        if is_node_clickable
            && !matches!(
                node_ref.node_type,
                RenderNodeType::Text(_) | RenderNodeType::TextWrapped(_)
            )
        {
            drop(node_ref); // Release borrow before cloning
            return Some(node.clone());
        }

        None
    }

    /// Collects all dirty regions in the render tree.
    ///
    /// Returns a vector of rectangles representing areas that need redrawing.
    /// Adjacent rectangles are merged for efficiency.
    pub fn collect_dirty_regions(&self) -> Vec<Rect> {
        let mut regions = Vec::new();
        if let Some(root) = &self.root {
            Self::collect_dirty_regions_recursive(root, &mut regions);
        }
        // Merge overlapping regions
        self.merge_regions(regions)
    }

    /// Recursively collects dirty regions from a node and its children.
    fn collect_dirty_regions_recursive(node: &Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>, regions: &mut Vec<Rect>) {
        let node_ref = node.borrow();
        if node_ref.dirty {
            regions.push(node_ref.bounds());
        }
        for child in &node_ref.children {
            Self::collect_dirty_regions_recursive(child, regions);
        }
    }

    /// Merges overlapping or adjacent rectangles to minimize redraw operations.
    fn merge_regions(&self, mut regions: Vec<Rect>) -> Vec<Rect> {
        if regions.is_empty() {
            return regions;
        }

        // Simple merge algorithm - can be optimized later
        let mut merged = Vec::new();
        regions.sort_by_key(|r| (r.y, r.x));

        let mut current = regions[0];
        for region in regions.into_iter().skip(1) {
            if current.intersects(&region) || self.are_adjacent(&current, &region) {
                current = current.union(&region);
            } else {
                merged.push(current);
                current = region;
            }
        }
        merged.push(current);
        merged
    }

    /// Checks if two rectangles are adjacent (touching but not overlapping).
    fn are_adjacent(&self, a: &Rect, b: &Rect) -> bool {
        // Horizontally adjacent
        (a.right() == b.x || b.right() == a.x) &&
        !(a.bottom() <= b.y || b.bottom() <= a.y) ||
        // Vertically adjacent
        (a.bottom() == b.y || b.bottom() == a.y) &&
        !(a.right() <= b.x || b.right() <= a.x)
    }

    /// Marks all nodes in the tree as clean (not dirty).
    pub fn clear_all_dirty(&self) {
        if let Some(root) = &self.root {
            Self::clear_dirty_recursive(root);
        }
    }

    /// Recursively clears dirty flags in the tree.
    fn clear_dirty_recursive(node: &Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>) {
        let mut node_ref = node.borrow_mut();
        node_ref.clear_dirty();
        let children = node_ref.children.clone();
        drop(node_ref);
        for child in children {
            Self::clear_dirty_recursive(&child);
        }
    }

    //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Focus Management
    //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    /// Collects all focusable nodes in the tree in tab order (depth-first traversal).
    pub fn collect_focusable_nodes(&self) -> Vec<Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>> {
        let mut nodes = Vec::new();
        if let Some(root) = &self.root {
            Self::collect_focusable_recursive(root, &mut nodes);
        }
        nodes
    }

    /// Finds the render node that corresponds to the given component root.
    pub fn find_component_root(
        &self,
        component_id: &ComponentId,
    ) -> Option<Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>> {
        self.root
            .as_ref()
            .and_then(|root| Self::find_component_root_recursive(root, component_id))
    }

    /// Finds the first focusable render node within the given subtree.
    pub fn find_first_focusable_in(
        &self,
        node: &Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>,
    ) -> Option<Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>> {
        Self::find_first_focusable_recursive(node)
    }

    /// Finds the first focusable render node in the entire tree.
    pub fn find_first_focusable_global(&self) -> Option<Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>> {
        self.root
            .as_ref()
            .and_then(Self::find_first_focusable_recursive)
    }

    /// Recursively collects focusable nodes.
    fn collect_focusable_recursive(
        node: &Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>,
        nodes: &mut Vec<Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>>,
    ) {
        let node_ref = node.borrow();

        // Add this node if it's focusable
        if node_ref.focusable {
            nodes.push(node.clone());
        }

        // Recurse through children
        let children = node_ref.children.clone();
        drop(node_ref); // Release borrow before recursing
        for child in &children {
            Self::collect_focusable_recursive(child, nodes);
        }
    }

    /// Recursively finds the component root render node.
    fn find_component_root_recursive(
        node: &Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>,
        component_id: &ComponentId,
    ) -> Option<Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>> {
        let (matches_component, children) = {
            let node_ref = node.borrow();
            (
                node_ref
                    .component_path
                    .as_ref()
                    .map(|path| path == component_id)
                    .unwrap_or(false),
                node_ref.children.clone(),
            )
        };

        if matches_component {
            return Some(node.clone());
        }

        for child in &children {
            if let Some(found) = Self::find_component_root_recursive(child, component_id) {
                return Some(found);
            }
        }

        None
    }

    /// Recursively finds the first focusable node in a subtree.
    fn find_first_focusable_recursive(
        node: &Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>,
    ) -> Option<Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>> {
        let (is_focusable, children) = {
            let node_ref = node.borrow();
            (node_ref.focusable, node_ref.children.clone())
        };

        if is_focusable {
            return Some(node.clone());
        }

        for child in &children {
            if let Some(found) = Self::find_first_focusable_recursive(child) {
                return Some(found);
            }
        }

        None
    }

    /// Gets the currently focused node.
    pub fn get_focused_node(&self) -> Option<Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>> {
        self.focused_node.borrow().clone()
    }

    /// Sets the focused node and updates the focused flags.
    pub fn set_focused_node(&self, node: Option<Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>>) {
        let current = self.focused_node.borrow().clone();

        let is_same_node = match (&current, &node) {
            (Some(old), Some(new)) => Rc::ptr_eq(old, new),
            _ => false,
        };

        if is_same_node {
            return;
        }

        if let Some(old_focused) = current {
            let mut old_ref = old_focused.borrow_mut();
            if let Some(on_blur) = &old_ref.events.on_blur {
                on_blur();
            }
            old_ref.focused = false;
            old_ref.refresh_state_style();
        }

        if let Some(new_focused) = &node {
            let mut new_ref = new_focused.borrow_mut();
            new_ref.focused = true;

            if let Some(on_focus) = &new_ref.events.on_focus {
                on_focus();
            }

            new_ref.refresh_state_style();
        }

        // Reset pending clear whenever focus moves or is explicitly cleared
        self.pending_focus_clear.store(false, Ordering::SeqCst);

        *self.focused_node.borrow_mut() = node;
    }

    /// Sets the hovered node and updates hover flags/styles.
    pub fn set_hovered_node(&self, node: Option<Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>>>) {
        let current = self.hovered_node.borrow().clone();

        let is_same_node = match (&current, &node) {
            (Some(old), Some(new)) => Rc::ptr_eq(old, new),
            _ => false,
        };

        if is_same_node {
            return;
        }

        if let Some(old_hovered) = current {
            let mut old_ref = old_hovered.borrow_mut();
            old_ref.hovered = false;
            old_ref.refresh_state_style();
        }

        if let Some(new_hovered) = &node {
            let mut new_ref = new_hovered.borrow_mut();
            new_ref.hovered = true;
            new_ref.refresh_state_style();
        }

        *self.hovered_node.borrow_mut() = node;
    }

    /// Moves focus to the next focusable element.
    pub fn focus_next(&self) {
        let focusable = self.collect_focusable_nodes();
        if focusable.is_empty() {
            return;
        }

        let current_focused = self.get_focused_node();

        // Find current index or start at -1 if nothing focused
        let current_idx = if let Some(current) = &current_focused {
            focusable.iter().position(|n| Rc::ptr_eq(n, current))
        } else {
            None
        };

        // Calculate next index
        let next_idx = match current_idx {
            Some(idx) => (idx + 1) % focusable.len(),
            None => 0, // Focus first element if nothing focused
        };

        self.set_focused_node(Some(focusable[next_idx].clone()));
    }

    /// Moves focus to the previous focusable element.
    pub fn focus_prev(&self) {
        let focusable = self.collect_focusable_nodes();
        if focusable.is_empty() {
            return;
        }

        let current_focused = self.get_focused_node();

        // Find current index or start at 0 if nothing focused
        let current_idx = if let Some(current) = &current_focused {
            focusable.iter().position(|n| Rc::ptr_eq(n, current))
        } else {
            None
        };

        // Calculate previous index
        let prev_idx = match current_idx {
            Some(idx) => {
                if idx == 0 {
                    focusable.len() - 1
                } else {
                    idx - 1
                }
            }
            None => focusable.len() - 1, // Focus last element if nothing focused
        };

        self.set_focused_node(Some(focusable[prev_idx].clone()));
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Trait Implementations
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Default for RenderTree {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::new()
    }
}


================================================
FILE: rxtui/lib/style.rs
================================================
//! Styling system for terminal UI models.
//!
//! This module provides types and builders for styling terminal UI elements
//! including colors, spacing, and layout direction.
//!
//! ## Color Support
//!
//! The framework supports:
//! - 16 standard terminal colors (8 normal + 8 bright)
//! - 24-bit RGB colors (on terminals that support it)
//!
//! ## Style Composition
//!
//! ```text
//!   Style
//!   ├── background: Color
//!   ├── direction: Layout
//!   └── padding: Spacing
//! ```

use bitflags::bitflags;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Dimension specification for element sizing.
///
/// Determines how an element's width or height is calculated.
/// Supports fixed sizes, percentage-based sizing, automatic
/// sizing based on available space, and content-based sizing.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
pub enum Dimension {
    /// Fixed size in terminal cells
    Fixed(u16),

    /// Percentage of parent's dimension (stored as 0.0 to 1.0)
    ///
    /// For root elements, this is relative to the viewport.
    /// For child elements, this is relative to the parent's
    /// content box (after padding is applied). Helpers such as
    /// `w_frac`/`h_frac` accept 0.0–1.0 fractions and clamp values
    /// into this range internally.
    Percentage(f32),

    /// Automatically size based on available space
    ///
    /// Auto-sized elements share the remaining space equally
    /// after fixed and percentage sizes are calculated.
    /// For text nodes, auto width uses content length.
    Auto,

    /// Size based on content
    ///
    /// Element grows to fit its children's natural size.
    /// For containers, this means:
    /// - Horizontal layout: width = sum of children widths, height = max child height
    /// - Vertical layout: width = max child width, height = sum of children heights
    ///
    /// For text nodes, uses the natural text dimensions.
    Content,
}

/// Represents spacing values for all four sides of an element.
///
/// Used for padding, margins, and borders. Values are in terminal cells.
///
/// ## Visual Representation
///
/// ```text
///         top
///     ┌─────────┐
///     │         │
/// left│ Content │right
///     │         │
///     └─────────┘
///        bottom
/// ```
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
pub struct Spacing {
    /// Spacing above the content
    pub top: u16,

    /// Spacing to the right of the content
    pub right: u16,

    /// Spacing below the content
    pub bottom: u16,

    /// Spacing to the left of the content
    pub left: u16,
}

/// Terminal color definitions.
///
/// Supports both standard 16-color palette and 24-bit RGB colors.
///
/// ## Color Palette
///
/// Standard colors (0-7):
/// ```text
/// Black   Red     Green   Yellow
/// Blue    Magenta Cyan    White
/// ```
///
/// Bright colors (8-15):
/// ```text
/// BrightBlack   BrightRed     BrightGreen   BrightYellow
/// BrightBlue    BrightMagenta BrightCyan    BrightWhite
/// ```
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum Color {
    /// Standard black (color 0)
    Black,

    /// Standard red (color 1)
    Red,

    /// Standard green (color 2)
    Green,

    /// Standard yellow (color 3)
    Yellow,

    /// Standard blue (color 4)
    Blue,

    /// Standard magenta (color 5)
    Magenta,

    /// Standard cyan (color 6)
    Cyan,

    /// Standard white (color 7)
    White,

    /// Bright black / dark gray (color 8)
    BrightBlack,

    /// Bright red (color 9)
    BrightRed,

    /// Bright green (color 10)
    BrightGreen,

    /// Bright yellow (color 11)
    BrightYellow,

    /// Bright blue (color 12)
    BrightBlue,

    /// Bright magenta (color 13)
    BrightMagenta,

    /// Bright cyan (color 14)
    BrightCyan,

    /// Bright white (color 15)
    BrightWhite,

    /// 24-bit RGB color (requires terminal support)
    Rgb(u8, u8, u8),
}

/// Layout direction for arranging child elements.
///
/// ## Visual Examples
///
/// Vertical:
/// ```text
/// ┌─────────┐
/// │ Child 1 │
/// ├─────────┤
/// │ Child 2 │
/// ├─────────┤
/// │ Child 3 │
/// └─────────┘
/// ```
///
/// Horizontal:
/// ```text
/// ┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
/// │ Ch1 │ Ch2 │ Ch3 │
/// └─────┴─────┴─────┘
/// ```
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
pub enum Direction {
    /// Stack children vertically (top to bottom)
    Vertical,

    /// Stack children horizontally (left to right)
    Horizontal,
}

/// Overflow behavior for content that exceeds container bounds.
///
/// Controls how content is displayed when it's larger than its container.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
pub enum Overflow {
    /// Content is not clipped and may be rendered outside the container bounds (default)
    None,

    /// Content is clipped at the container boundaries
    Hidden,

    /// Content is clipped but scrollable with keyboard and mouse
    Scroll,

    /// Automatically show scrollbars when content overflows
    Auto,
}

/// Text alignment modes for controlling horizontal text positioning.
///
/// Determines how text content is aligned within its container.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Default)]
pub enum TextAlign {
    /// Align text to the left edge (default)
    #[default]
    Left,

    /// Center text horizontally
    Center,

    /// Align text to the right edge
    Right,
}

/// Text wrapping modes for controlling how text breaks across lines.
///
/// Determines how text content wraps when it exceeds its container width.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
pub enum TextWrap {
    /// No wrapping - text overflows or is clipped (default)
    None,

    /// Break at any character boundary
    /// Good for fixed-width content or when space is limited
    Character,

    /// Break only at word boundaries (spaces)
    /// Words longer than line width will overflow
    Word,

    /// Break at word boundaries, but break words if necessary
    /// Ensures text never exceeds the specified width
    WordBreak,
}

/// Element wrapping modes for controlling how children wrap.
///
/// Determines how child elements wrap when they exceed container width.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
pub enum WrapMode {
    /// No wrapping - children laid out in single row/column (default)
    NoWrap,

    /// Wrap children to next row/column when space runs out
    Wrap,

    /// Wrap children in reverse direction
    WrapReverse,
}

/// Positioning mode for elements.
///
/// Determines how an element is positioned relative to its parent or the viewport.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
pub enum Position {
    /// Element is positioned in normal document flow (default)
    /// Children are laid out according to parent's direction
    Relative,

    /// Element is positioned relative to its nearest positioned ancestor
    /// Removed from normal document flow, doesn't affect sibling layout
    Absolute,

    /// Element is positioned relative to the viewport
    /// Similar to absolute but always relative to the terminal window
    Fixed,
}

/// Controls how content is distributed along the main axis.
///
/// The main axis is determined by the Direction:
/// - Horizontal: main axis is horizontal (left to right)
/// - Vertical: main axis is vertical (top to bottom)
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Default)]
pub enum JustifyContent {
    /// Pack items at the start of the main axis (default)
    #[default]
    Start,

    /// Center items along the main axis
    Center,

    /// Pack items at the end of the main axis
    End,

    /// Distribute items evenly, first at start, last at end
    SpaceBetween,

    /// Distribute items evenly with equal space around each item
    SpaceAround,

    /// Distribute items evenly with equal space between and around items
    SpaceEvenly,
}

/// Controls how items are aligned on the cross axis.
///
/// The cross axis is perpendicular to the main axis:
/// - Horizontal layout: cross axis is vertical
/// - Vertical layout: cross axis is horizontal
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Default)]
pub enum AlignItems {
    /// Align items at the start of the cross axis (default)
    #[default]
    Start,

    /// Center items along the cross axis
    Center,

    /// Align items at the end of the cross axis
    End,
}

/// Allows an item to override its parent's AlignItems setting.
///
/// Individual items can specify their own alignment on the cross axis,
/// overriding the parent container's AlignItems value.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Default)]
pub enum AlignSelf {
    /// Use the parent's AlignItems value (default)
    #[default]
    Auto,

    /// Align at the start of the cross axis
    Start,

    /// Center along the cross axis
    Center,

    /// Align at the end of the cross axis
    End,
}

bitflags! {
    /// Flags to control which border edges and corners are rendered.
    ///
    /// Can be combined using bitwise OR to create custom border configurations.
    /// For example: `BorderEdges::TOP | BorderEdges::BOTTOM` for horizontal borders only.
    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
    pub struct BorderEdges: u8 {
        /// Top edge
        const TOP = 0b00000001;
        /// Right edge
        const RIGHT = 0b00000010;
        /// Bottom edge
        const BOTTOM = 0b00000100;
        /// Left edge
        const LEFT = 0b00001000;
        /// Top-left corner
        const TOP_LEFT = 0b00010000;
        /// Top-right corner
        const TOP_RIGHT = 0b00100000;
        /// Bottom-right corner
        const BOTTOM_RIGHT = 0b01000000;
        /// Bottom-left corner
        const BOTTOM_LEFT = 0b10000000;

        /// All edges and corners
        const ALL = Self::TOP.bits() | Self::RIGHT.bits() | Self::BOTTOM.bits() | Self::LEFT.bits() |
                    Self::TOP_LEFT.bits() | Self::TOP_RIGHT.bits() | Self::BOTTOM_RIGHT.bits() | Self::BOTTOM_LEFT.bits();
        /// All edges (no corners)
        const EDGES = Self::TOP.bits() | Self::RIGHT.bits() | Self::BOTTOM.bits() | Self::LEFT.bits();
        /// All corners (no edges)
        const CORNERS = Self::TOP_LEFT.bits() | Self::TOP_RIGHT.bits() | Self::BOTTOM_RIGHT.bits() | Self::BOTTOM_LEFT.bits();
        /// Horizontal edges (top and bottom)
        const HORIZONTAL = Self::TOP.bits() | Self::BOTTOM.bits();
        /// Vertical edges (left and right)
        const VERTICAL = Self::LEFT.bits() | Self::RIGHT.bits();
    }
}

/// Border style variants.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
pub enum BorderStyle {
    /// Single line border (┌─┐│└┘)
    #[default]
    Single,

    /// Double line border (╔═╗║╚╝)
    Double,

    /// Thick/heavy line border (┏━┓┃┗┛)
    Thick,

    /// Rounded corners (╭─╮│╰╯)
    Rounded,

    /// Dashed line border (┌╌┐╎└╌┘)
    Dashed,
}

/// Border configuration for UI elements.
///
/// Defines border styling including whether borders are shown
/// and their color. Borders are drawn inset, taking up space
/// from the element's content area.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
pub struct Border {
    /// Whether to show the border
    pub enabled: bool,

    /// Border style
    pub style: BorderStyle,

    /// Border color
    pub color: Color,

    /// Which edges and corners to render
    pub edges: BorderEdges,
}

/// Complete style definition for a UI element.
///
/// Combines colors, layout, and spacing properties.
/// All properties are optional and inherit defaults if not set.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
pub struct Style {
    /// Background fill color
    pub background: Option<Color>,

    /// Layout direction for children
    pub direction: Option<Direction>,

    /// Inner spacing around content
    pub padding: Option<Spacing>,

    /// Overflow behavior for content exceeding bounds
    pub overflow: Option<Overflow>,

    /// Width dimension specification
    pub width: Option<Dimension>,

    /// Height dimension specification
    pub height: Option<Dimension>,

    /// Border configuration
    pub border: Option<Border>,

    /// Positioning mode (relative, absolute, fixed)
    pub position: Option<Position>,

    /// Z-index for layering (higher values render on top)
    pub z_index: Option<i32>,

    /// Position offset from top edge (for absolute/fixed positioning)
    pub top: Option<i16>,

    /// Position offset from right edge (for absolute/fixed positioning)
    pub right: Option<i16>,

    /// Position offset from bottom edge (for absolute/fixed positioning)
    pub bottom: Option<i16>,

    /// Position offset from left edge (for absolute/fixed positioning)
    pub left: Option<i16>,

    /// Wrapping mode for child elements
    pub wrap: Option<WrapMode>,

    /// Gap between wrapped rows/columns
    pub gap: Option<u16>,

    /// Outer spacing around element
    pub margin: Option<Spacing>,

    /// Minimum width constraint
    pub min_width: Option<u16>,

    /// Minimum height constraint
    pub min_height: Option<u16>,

    /// Maximum width constraint
    pub max_width: Option<u16>,

    /// Maximum height constraint
    pub max_height: Option<u16>,

    /// Border color
    pub border_color: Option<Color>,

    /// Absolute X position (legacy, prefer left/right)
    pub x: Option<u16>,

    /// Absolute Y position (legacy, prefer top/bottom)
    pub y: Option<u16>,

    /// Whether to show scrollbar for scrollable content
    pub show_scrollbar: Option<bool>,

    /// Controls how content is distributed along the main axis
    pub justify_content: Option<JustifyContent>,

    /// Controls how items are aligned on the cross axis
    pub align_items: Option<AlignItems>,

    /// Allows this element to override parent's align_items
    pub align_self: Option<AlignSelf>,
}

/// Style properties specific to text elements.
///
/// Controls the visual appearance of text including color,
/// decorations, and other text-specific properties.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
pub struct TextStyle {
    /// Foreground color of the text
    pub color: Option<Color>,

    /// Background color behind the text
    pub background: Option<Color>,

    /// Bold text weight
    pub bold: Option<bool>,

    /// Italic text style
    pub italic: Option<bool>,

    /// Underlined text decoration
    pub underline: Option<bool>,

    /// Strikethrough text decoration
    pub strikethrough: Option<bool>,

    /// Text wrapping mode
    pub wrap: Option<TextWrap>,

    /// Text alignment within container
    pub align: Option<TextAlign>,
}

/// Builder for creating styles with a fluent API.
///
/// ## Example
///
/// ```text
/// Style::new()
///     .background(Color::Blue)
///     .padding(Spacing::all(2))
///     .build()
/// ```
pub struct StyleBuilder {
    /// The style being built
    style: Style,
}

/// Builder for creating text styles with a fluent API.
///
/// ## Example
///
/// ```text
/// TextStyle::new()
///     .color(Color::Red)
///     .background(Color::Blue)
///     .build()
/// ```
pub struct TextStyleBuilder {
    /// The text style being built
    style: TextStyle,
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Color {
    /// Creates a Color from a hex string.
    ///
    /// Supports multiple formats:
    /// - 1 digit: `"F"` or `"#F"` → grayscale RGB(255, 255, 255)
    /// - 3 digits: `"F53"` or `"#F53"` → RGB(255, 85, 51)
    /// - 6 digits: `"FF5733"` or `"#FF5733"` → RGB(255, 87, 51)
    ///
    /// The `#` prefix is optional. Parsing is case-insensitive.
    ///
    /// ## Examples
    ///
    /// ```text
    /// let white = Color::from_hex("#F")?;      // RGB(255, 255, 255)
    /// let gray = Color::from_hex("8")?;        // RGB(136, 136, 136)
    /// let red = Color::from_hex("#F00")?;      // RGB(255, 0, 0)
    /// let orange = Color::from_hex("#FF5733")?; // RGB(255, 87, 51)
    /// ```
    pub fn from_hex(hex: &str) -> Result<Self, &'static str> {
        // Remove the # prefix if present
        let hex = hex.strip_prefix('#').unwrap_or(hex);

        match hex.len() {
            1 => {
                // Single digit - use for all channels (grayscale)
                let digit = hex.chars().next().unwrap();
                let value = parse_hex_digit(digit)?;
                // Expand single hex digit to two (e.g., F -> FF)
                let expanded = (value << 4) | value;
                Ok(Color::Rgb(expanded, expanded, expanded))
            }
            3 => {
                // 3 digits - expand each to 2 digits
                let mut chars = hex.chars();
                let r = parse_hex_digit(chars.next().unwrap())?;
                let g = parse_hex_digit(chars.next().unwrap())?;
                let b = parse_hex_digit(chars.next().unwrap())?;
                // Expand single hex digit to two (e.g., F -> FF)
                let r_expanded = (r << 4) | r;
                let g_expanded = (g << 4) | g;
                let b_expanded = (b << 4) | b;
                Ok(Color::Rgb(r_expanded, g_expanded, b_expanded))
            }
            6 => {
                // 6 digits - parse as RRGGBB
                let r =
                    u8::from_str_radix(&hex[0..2], 16).map_err(|_| "Invalid hex color format")?;
                let g =
                    u8::from_str_radix(&hex[2..4], 16).map_err(|_| "Invalid hex color format")?;
                let b =
                    u8::from_str_radix(&hex[4..6], 16).map_err(|_| "Invalid hex color format")?;
                Ok(Color::Rgb(r, g, b))
            }
            _ => Err("Hex color must be 1, 3, or 6 digits"),
        }
    }

    /// Creates a Color from a hex string, panicking on invalid input.
    ///
    /// This is a convenience method for use with compile-time constants
    /// where you know the hex string is valid.
    ///
    /// ## Examples
    ///
    /// ```text
    /// const BRAND_COLOR: Color = Color::hex("#FF5733");
    /// const WHITE: Color = Color::hex("F");
    /// ```
    ///
    /// ## Panics
    ///
    /// Panics if the hex string is invalid.
    pub fn hex(hex: &str) -> Self {
        Self::from_hex(hex).expect("Invalid hex color")
    }

    /// Creates an RGB color from individual red, green, and blue components.
    ///
    /// This is a convenience constructor that's equivalent to using the
    /// `Color::Rgb` variant directly.
    ///
    /// ## Examples
    ///
    /// ```text
    /// let orange = Color::rgb(255, 165, 0);
    /// ```
    pub fn rgb(r: u8, g: u8, b: u8) -> Self {
        Color::Rgb(r, g, b)
    }
}

/// Parses a single hex digit into a u8 value.
fn parse_hex_digit(c: char) -> Result<u8, &'static str> {
    let upper = c.to_ascii_uppercase();
    match upper {
        '0'..='9' => Ok(upper as u8 - b'0'),
        'A'..='F' => Ok(upper as u8 - b'A' + 10),
        _ => Err("Invalid hex digit"),
    }
}

impl Style {
    /// Creates the default focus style for focusable elements.
    ///
    /// Provides a yellow border to indicate focus state.
    /// This style is automatically applied to focusable elements
    /// and can be overridden with custom focus styles.
    pub fn default_focus() -> Style {
        Style {
            border: Some(Border {
                enabled: true,
                style: BorderStyle::Single,
                color: Color::Yellow,
                edges: BorderEdges::ALL,
            }),
            ..Default::default()
        }
    }

    /// Merges two styles, with the overlay style taking precedence.
    ///
    /// This is used to apply focus styles on top of base styles.
    /// Any property set in the overlay will override the base.
    pub fn merge(base: Option<Style>, overlay: Option<Style>) -> Option<Style> {
        match (base, overlay) {
            (None, None) => None,
            (Some(base), None) => Some(base),
            (None, Some(overlay)) => Some(overlay),
            (Some(mut base), Some(overlay)) => {
                // Overlay each property if it's set
                if overlay.background.is_some() {
                    base.background = overlay.background;
                }
                if overlay.direction.is_some() {
                    base.direction = overlay.direction;
                }
                if overlay.padding.is_some() {
                    base.padding = overlay.padding;
                }
                if overlay.overflow.is_some() {
                    base.overflow = overlay.overflow;
                }
                if overlay.width.is_some() {
                    base.width = overlay.width;
                }
                if overlay.height.is_some() {
                    base.height = overlay.height;
                }
                if overlay.border.is_some() {
                    base.border = overlay.border;
                }
                if overlay.position.is_some() {
                    base.position = overlay.position;
                }
                if overlay.z_index.is_some() {
                    base.z_index = overlay.z_index;
                }
                if overlay.top.is_some() {
                    base.top = overlay.top;
                }
                if overlay.right.is_some() {
                    base.right = overlay.right;
                }
                if overlay.bottom.is_some() {
                    base.bottom = overlay.bottom;
                }
                if overlay.left.is_some() {
                    base.left = overlay.left;
                }
                if overlay.wrap.is_some() {
                    base.wrap = overlay.wrap;
                }
                if overlay.gap.is_some() {
                    base.gap = overlay.gap;
                }
                if overlay.show_scrollbar.is_some() {
                    base.show_scrollbar = overlay.show_scrollbar;
                }
                if overlay.justify_content.is_some() {
                    base.justify_content = overlay.justify_content;
                }
                if overlay.align_items.is_some() {
                    base.align_items = overlay.align_items;
                }
                if overlay.align_self.is_some() {
                    base.align_self = overlay.align_self;
                }
                Some(base)
            }
        }
    }

    /// Sets the background color.
    pub fn background(mut self, color: Color) -> Self {
        self.background = Some(color);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the layout direction for child elements.
    pub fn direction(mut self, direction: Direction) -> Self {
        self.direction = Some(direction);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the inner padding around content.
    pub fn padding(mut self, padding: Spacing) -> Self {
        self.padding = Some(padding);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the overflow behavior.
    pub fn overflow(mut self, overflow: Overflow) -> Self {
        self.overflow = Some(overflow);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the width dimension.
    pub fn width(mut self, width: Dimension) -> Self {
        self.width = Some(width);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the height dimension.
    pub fn height(mut self, height: Dimension) -> Self {
        self.height = Some(height);
        self
    }

    /// Enables border with the specified color.
    pub fn border(mut self, color: Color) -> Self {
        self.border = Some(Border {
            enabled: true,
            style: BorderStyle::Single,
            color,
            edges: BorderEdges::ALL,
        });
        self
    }

    /// Sets the positioning mode.
    pub fn position(mut self, position: Position) -> Self {
        self.position = Some(position);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the z-index for layering.
    pub fn z_index(mut self, z_index: i32) -> Self {
        self.z_index = Some(z_index);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the top position offset.
    pub fn top(mut self, top: i16) -> Self {
        self.top = Some(top);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the right position offset.
    pub fn right(mut self, right: i16) -> Self {
        self.right = Some(right);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the bottom position offset.
    pub fn bottom(mut self, bottom: i16) -> Self {
        self.bottom = Some(bottom);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the left position offset.
    pub fn left(mut self, left: i16) -> Self {
        self.left = Some(left);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the wrapping mode for child elements.
    pub fn wrap(mut self, wrap: WrapMode) -> Self {
        self.wrap = Some(wrap);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the gap between wrapped rows/columns.
    pub fn gap(mut self, gap: u16) -> Self {
        self.gap = Some(gap);
        self
    }

    /// Sets whether to show scrollbar for scrollable content.
    pub fn show_scrollbar(mut self, show: bool) -> Self {
        self.show_scrollbar = Some(show);
        self
    }
}

impl Border {
    /// Creates a new border with the specified color, default style (Single), and all edges.
    pub fn new(color: Color) -> Self {
        Self {
            enabled: true,
            style: BorderStyle::Single,
            color,
            edges: BorderEdges::ALL,
        }
    }

    /// Creates a disabled border, useful for explicitly clearing borders in styles.
    pub fn none() -> Self {
        Self {
            enabled: false,
            style: BorderStyle::Single,
            color: Color::White,
            edges: BorderEdges::ALL,
        }
    }

    /// Creates a new border with the specified style and color, rendering all edges.
    pub fn with_style(style: BorderStyle, color: Color) -> Self {
        Self {
            enabled: true,
            style,
            color,
            edges: BorderEdges::ALL,
        }
    }

    /// Creates a new border with the specified style, color, and edges.
    pub fn with_edges(style: BorderStyle, color: Color, edges: BorderEdges) -> Self {
        Self {
            enabled: true,
            style,
            color,
            edges,
        }
    }
}

impl Style {
    /// Creates a new style builder with all properties unset.
    #[deprecated(note = "Use Style::default() with builder methods instead")]
    pub fn builder() -> StyleBuilder {
        StyleBuilder {
            style: Style::default(),
        }
    }
}

impl TextStyle {
    /// Merges two text styles, with the overlay style taking precedence.
    ///
    /// This is used to apply custom text styles on top of default styles.
    /// Any property set in the overlay will override the base.
    pub fn merge(base: Option<TextStyle>, overlay: Option<TextStyle>) -> Option<TextStyle> {
        match (base, overlay) {
            (None, None) => None,
            (Some(base), None) => Some(base),
            (None, Some(overlay)) => Some(overlay),
            (Some(mut base), Some(overlay)) => {
                // Overlay each property if it's set
                if overlay.color.is_some() {
                    base.color = overlay.color;
                }
                if overlay.background.is_some() {
                    base.background = overlay.background;
                }
                if overlay.bold.is_some() {
                    base.bold = overlay.bold;
                }
                if overlay.italic.is_some() {
                    base.italic = overlay.italic;
                }
                if overlay.underline.is_some() {
                    base.underline = overlay.underline;
                }
                if overlay.strikethrough.is_some() {
                    base.strikethrough = overlay.strikethrough;
                }
                if overlay.wrap.is_some() {
                    base.wrap = overlay.wrap;
                }
                if overlay.align.is_some() {
                    base.align = overlay.align;
                }
                Some(base)
            }
        }
    }

    /// Creates a new text style builder with all properties unset.
    #[deprecated(note = "Use TextStyle::default() with builder methods instead")]
    pub fn builder() -> TextStyleBuilder {
        TextStyleBuilder {
            style: TextStyle {
                color: None,
                background: None,
                bold: None,
                italic: None,
                underline: None,
                strikethrough: None,
                wrap: None,
                align: None,
            },
        }
    }

    /// Sets the text color.
    pub fn color(mut self, color: Color) -> Self {
        self.color = Some(color);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the background color.
    pub fn background(mut self, color: Color) -> Self {
        self.background = Some(color);
        self
    }

    /// Makes the text bold.
    pub fn bold(mut self, bold: bool) -> Self {
        self.bold = Some(bold);
        self
    }

    /// Makes the text italic.
    pub fn italic(mut self, italic: bool) -> Self {
        self.italic = Some(italic);
        self
    }

    /// Makes the text underlined.
    pub fn underline(mut self, underline: bool) -> Self {
        self.underline = Some(underline);
        self
    }

    /// Makes the text strikethrough.
    pub fn strikethrough(mut self, strikethrough: bool) -> Self {
        self.strikethrough = Some(strikethrough);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the text wrapping mode.
    pub fn wrap(mut self, wrap: TextWrap) -> Self {
        self.wrap = Some(wrap);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the text alignment.
    pub fn align(mut self, align: TextAlign) -> Self {
        self.align = Some(align);
        self
    }
}

impl TextStyleBuilder {
    /// Sets the text color.
    pub fn color(mut self, color: Color) -> Self {
        self.style.color = Some(color);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the background color behind the text.
    pub fn background(mut self, color: Color) -> Self {
        self.style.background = Some(color);
        self
    }

    /// Makes the text bold.
    pub fn bold(mut self) -> Self {
        self.style.bold = Some(true);
        self
    }

    /// Makes the text italic.
    pub fn italic(mut self) -> Self {
        self.style.italic = Some(true);
        self
    }

    /// Makes the text underlined.
    pub fn underline(mut self) -> Self {
        self.style.underline = Some(true);
        self
    }

    /// Makes the text strikethrough.
    pub fn strikethrough(mut self) -> Self {
        self.style.strikethrough = Some(true);
        self
    }

    /// Convenience method for making text bold (alias for bold()).
    pub fn strong(self) -> Self {
        self.bold()
    }

    /// Convenience method for making text italic (alias for italic()).
    pub fn emphasis(self) -> Self {
        self.italic()
    }

    /// Sets the text wrapping mode.
    pub fn wrap(mut self, wrap: TextWrap) -> Self {
        self.style.wrap = Some(wrap);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the text alignment.
    pub fn align(mut self, align: TextAlign) -> Self {
        self.style.align = Some(align);
        self
    }

    /// Builds the final TextStyle instance.
    pub fn build(self) -> TextStyle {
        self.style
    }
}

impl Spacing {
    /// Creates spacing with the same value on all sides.
    ///
    /// ```text
    /// Spacing::all(2) creates:
    /// ┌─────────────┐
    /// │   2 cells   │
    /// │   ┌─────┐   │
    /// │   │     │   │
    /// │   └─────┘   │
    /// │   2 cells   │
    /// └─────────────┘
    /// ```
    pub fn all(value: u16) -> Self {
        Self {
            top: value,
            right: value,
            bottom: value,
            left: value,
        }
    }

    /// Creates spacing with values only on top and bottom.
    ///
    /// ```text
    /// Spacing::vertical(2) creates:
    /// ┌──────────┐
    /// │  2 cells │
    /// ├──────────┤
    /// │ Content  │
    /// ├──────────┤
    /// │  2 cells │
    /// └──────────┘
    /// ```
    pub fn vertical(value: u16) -> Self {
        Self {
            top: value,
            right: 0,
            bottom: value,
            left: 0,
        }
    }

    /// Creates spacing with values only on left and right.
    ///
    /// ```text
    /// Spacing::horizontal(2) creates:
    /// ┌────┬───────┬────┐
    /// │  2 │Content│ 2  │
    /// └────┴───────┴────┘
    /// ```
    pub fn horizontal(value: u16) -> Self {
        Self {
            top: 0,
            right: value,
            bottom: 0,
            left: value,
        }
    }
}

impl StyleBuilder {
    /// Sets the background color.
    pub fn background(mut self, color: Color) -> Self {
        self.style.background = Some(color);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the layout direction for child elements.
    pub fn direction(mut self, direction: Direction) -> Self {
        self.style.direction = Some(direction);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the inner padding around content.
    pub fn padding(mut self, padding: Spacing) -> Self {
        self.style.padding = Some(padding);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the overflow behavior.
    pub fn overflow(mut self, overflow: Overflow) -> Self {
        self.style.overflow = Some(overflow);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the width dimension.
    pub fn width(mut self, width: Dimension) -> Self {
        self.style.width = Some(width);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the height dimension.
    pub fn height(mut self, height: Dimension) -> Self {
        self.style.height = Some(height);
        self
    }

    /// Enables border with the specified color.
    pub fn border(mut self, color: Color) -> Self {
        self.style.border = Some(Border {
            enabled: true,
            style: BorderStyle::Single,
            color,
            edges: BorderEdges::ALL,
        });
        self
    }

    /// Sets the positioning mode.
    pub fn position(mut self, position: Position) -> Self {
        self.style.position = Some(position);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the z-index for layering.
    pub fn z_index(mut self, z_index: i32) -> Self {
        self.style.z_index = Some(z_index);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the top position offset.
    pub fn top(mut self, top: i16) -> Self {
        self.style.top = Some(top);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the right position offset.
    pub fn right(mut self, right: i16) -> Self {
        self.style.right = Some(right);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the bottom position offset.
    pub fn bottom(mut self, bottom: i16) -> Self {
        self.style.bottom = Some(bottom);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the left position offset.
    pub fn left(mut self, left: i16) -> Self {
        self.style.left = Some(left);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the wrapping mode for child elements.
    pub fn wrap(mut self, wrap: WrapMode) -> Self {
        self.style.wrap = Some(wrap);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the gap between wrapped rows/columns.
    pub fn gap(mut self, gap: u16) -> Self {
        self.style.gap = Some(gap);
        self
    }

    /// Builds the final Style instance.
    pub fn build(self) -> Style {
        self.style
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Trait Implementations
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Default style with all properties unset.
impl Default for Style {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self {
            background: None,
            direction: None,
            padding: None,
            overflow: None,
            width: None,
            height: None,
            border: None,
            position: None,
            z_index: None,
            top: None,
            right: None,
            bottom: None,
            left: None,
            wrap: None,
            gap: None,
            margin: None,
            min_width: None,
            min_height: None,
            max_width: None,
            max_height: None,
            border_color: None,
            x: None,
            y: None,
            show_scrollbar: None,
            justify_content: None,
            align_items: None,
            align_self: None,
        }
    }
}

/// Default text style with all properties unset.
impl Default for TextStyle {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self {
            color: None,
            background: None,
            bold: None,
            italic: None,
            underline: None,
            strikethrough: None,
            wrap: None,
            align: None,
        }
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Tests
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    #[test]
    fn test_hex_color_parsing() {
        // Test 1-digit hex (grayscale)
        assert_eq!(Color::from_hex("0").unwrap(), Color::Rgb(0, 0, 0));
        assert_eq!(Color::from_hex("#F").unwrap(), Color::Rgb(255, 255, 255));
        assert_eq!(Color::from_hex("8").unwrap(), Color::Rgb(136, 136, 136));

        // Test 3-digit hex
        assert_eq!(Color::from_hex("#F00").unwrap(), Color::Rgb(255, 0, 0));
        assert_eq!(Color::from_hex("0F0").unwrap(), Color::Rgb(0, 255, 0));
        assert_eq!(Color::from_hex("#00F").unwrap(), Color::Rgb(0, 0, 255));
        assert_eq!(Color::from_hex("F53").unwrap(), Color::Rgb(255, 85, 51));

        // Test 6-digit hex
        assert_eq!(Color::from_hex("#FF5733").unwrap(), Color::Rgb(255, 87, 51));
        assert_eq!(Color::from_hex("2ECC71").unwrap(), Color::Rgb(46, 204, 113));
        assert_eq!(
            Color::from_hex("#3498DB").unwrap(),
            Color::Rgb(52, 152, 219)
        );

        // Test case insensitivity
        assert_eq!(Color::from_hex("#abc").unwrap(), Color::Rgb(170, 187, 204));
        assert_eq!(Color::from_hex("#ABC").unwrap(), Color::Rgb(170, 187, 204));
        assert_eq!(
            Color::from_hex("aaBBcc").unwrap(),
            Color::Rgb(170, 187, 204)
        );

        // Test invalid formats
        assert!(Color::from_hex("").is_err());
        assert!(Color::from_hex("12").is_err());
        assert!(Color::from_hex("1234").is_err());
        assert!(Color::from_hex("12345").is_err());
        assert!(Color::from_hex("1234567").is_err());
        assert!(Color::from_hex("GGG").is_err());
        assert!(Color::from_hex("#GGGGGG").is_err());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_hex_panic_method() {
        // This should work
        let color = Color::hex("#FF5733");
        assert_eq!(color, Color::Rgb(255, 87, 51));
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(expected = "Invalid hex color")]
    fn test_hex_panic_on_invalid() {
        Color::hex("invalid");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_rgb_constructor() {
        assert_eq!(Color::rgb(255, 165, 0), Color::Rgb(255, 165, 0));
        assert_eq!(Color::rgb(0, 0, 0), Color::Rgb(0, 0, 0));
        assert_eq!(Color::rgb(255, 255, 255), Color::Rgb(255, 255, 255));
    }
}


================================================
FILE: rxtui/lib/terminal.rs
================================================
//! Optimized terminal renderer that applies cell updates efficiently.
//!
//! This module is responsible for translating cell updates into terminal
//! commands, minimizing the number of escape sequences and I/O operations
//! to achieve optimal performance and eliminate flicker.

use crate::buffer::{Cell, CellStyle, CellUpdate};
use crate::style::Color;
use crate::utils::display_width;
use crossterm::{
    ExecutableCommand, cursor,
    style::{Attribute, Print, ResetColor, SetAttribute, SetBackgroundColor, SetForegroundColor},
    terminal,
};
use std::io::{self, Write};

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Optimized terminal renderer that tracks terminal state to minimize commands.
///
/// By tracking the current cursor position, colors, and attributes, we can
/// avoid sending redundant commands to the terminal, significantly improving
/// performance.
///
/// ```text
/// Terminal State Tracking:
/// ┌─────────────────────────────────────┐
/// │ TerminalRenderer                    │
/// │                                     │
/// │  current_pos: (10, 5)               │ ◄── Tracks cursor to avoid
/// │  current_fg: Some(Red)              │     redundant MoveTo commands
/// │  current_bg: Some(Blue)             │
/// │  current_style: Bold                │ ◄── Only sends style changes
/// │                                     │     when actually different
/// └─────────────────────────────────────┘
/// ```
pub struct TerminalRenderer {
    /// Output stream (usually stdout)
    stdout: io::Stdout,

    /// Current cursor position (x, y)
    current_pos: Option<(u16, u16)>,

    /// Current foreground color
    current_fg: Option<Color>,

    /// Current background color
    current_bg: Option<Color>,

    /// Current style attributes
    current_style: CellStyle,

    /// Whether synchronized output is supported
    supports_synchronized: bool,
}

/// A terminal command abstraction for batching operations.
#[derive(Debug)]
enum TerminalCommand {
    /// Move cursor to position
    MoveTo(u16, u16),

    /// Set foreground and background colors
    SetColors {
        fg: Option<Color>,
        bg: Option<Color>,
    },

    /// Print text at current position
    Print(String),

    /// Set style attributes
    SetStyle(CellStyle),

    /// Reset all styling
    Reset,
}

/// Batches cell updates into optimized terminal commands.
struct UpdateBatcher {
    /// The updates to process
    updates: Vec<CellUpdate>,
}

/// A run of consecutive cells with the same style.
struct Run {
    x: u16,
    y: u16,
    cells: Vec<Cell>,
    fg: Option<Color>,
    bg: Option<Color>,
    style: CellStyle,
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl TerminalRenderer {
    /// Creates a new terminal renderer.
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
            stdout: io::stdout(),
            current_pos: None,
            current_fg: None,
            current_bg: None,
            current_style: CellStyle::default(),
            supports_synchronized: Self::detect_synchronized_output(),
        }
    }

    /// Detects if the terminal supports synchronized output mode.
    fn detect_synchronized_output() -> bool {
        // For now, we'll enable it for known terminals
        // In the future, we could do actual capability detection
        std::env::var("TERM_PROGRAM").is_ok_and(|term| {
            matches!(
                term.as_str(),
                "iTerm.app" | "kitty" | "alacritty" | "wezterm"
            )
        })
    }

    /// Applies a list of cell updates to the terminal.
    ///
    /// ```text
    /// Update Flow:
    /// ┌─────────────┐     ┌──────────────┐     ┌─────────────┐
    /// │ CellUpdates │ ──▶ │ UpdateBatcher│ ──▶ │  Terminal   │
    /// │ [(x,y,cell)]│     │  optimize()  │     │  Commands   │
    /// └─────────────┘     └──────────────┘     └─────────────┘
    ///                             │                     │
    ///                             ▼                     ▼
    ///                     ┌──────────────┐     ┌─────────────┐
    ///                     │ Sorted &     │     │ MoveTo(x,y) │
    ///                     │ Grouped Runs │     │ SetColors   │
    ///                     └──────────────┘     │ Print(text) │
    ///                                          └─────────────┘
    /// ```
    pub fn apply_updates(&mut self, updates: Vec<CellUpdate>) -> io::Result<()> {
        if updates.is_empty() {
            return Ok(());
        }

        // Use synchronized output if available
        if self.supports_synchronized {
            self.apply_updates_synchronized(updates)
        } else {
            self.apply_updates_direct(updates)
        }
    }

    /// Applies updates without terminal optimizations (for debugging).
    pub fn apply_updates_direct(&mut self, updates: Vec<CellUpdate>) -> io::Result<()> {
        // Process updates without optimization
        for update in updates {
            match update {
                CellUpdate::Single { x, y, cell } => {
                    self.stdout.execute(cursor::MoveTo(x, y))?;
                    self.apply_cell_style(&cell)?;
                    self.stdout.execute(Print(cell.char))?;
                }
            }
        }

        self.stdout.execute(ResetColor)?;
        self.stdout.execute(SetAttribute(Attribute::Reset))?;
        self.stdout.flush()?;
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Clears the terminal display and resets renderer state tracking.
    pub fn clear_screen(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
        self.stdout
            .execute(terminal::Clear(terminal::ClearType::All))?;
        self.stdout.execute(cursor::MoveTo(0, 0))?;
        self.stdout.execute(ResetColor)?;
        self.stdout.execute(SetAttribute(Attribute::Reset))?;
        self.stdout.flush()?;

        self.current_pos = None;
        self.current_fg = None;
        self.current_bg = None;
        self.current_style = CellStyle::default();

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Draws the entire buffer to terminal without optimization.
    pub fn draw_full_buffer(&mut self, buffer: &crate::buffer::ScreenBuffer) -> io::Result<()> {
        let (width, height) = buffer.dimensions();

        for y in 0..height {
            for x in 0..width {
                if let Some(cell) = buffer.get_cell(x, y) {
                    self.stdout.execute(cursor::MoveTo(x, y))?;
                    self.apply_cell_style(cell)?;
                    self.stdout.execute(Print(cell.char))?;
                }
            }
        }

        self.stdout.execute(ResetColor)?;
        self.stdout.execute(SetAttribute(Attribute::Reset))?;
        self.stdout.flush()?;
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Converts our Color enum to crossterm color.
    pub fn color_to_crossterm(&self, color: Color) -> crossterm::style::Color {
        match color {
            Color::Black => crossterm::style::Color::Black,
            Color::Red => crossterm::style::Color::DarkRed,
            Color::Green => crossterm::style::Color::DarkGreen,
            Color::Yellow => crossterm::style::Color::DarkYellow,
            Color::Blue => crossterm::style::Color::DarkBlue,
            Color::Magenta => crossterm::style::Color::DarkMagenta,
            Color::Cyan => crossterm::style::Color::DarkCyan,
            Color::White => crossterm::style::Color::Grey,
            Color::BrightBlack => crossterm::style::Color::DarkGrey,
            Color::BrightRed => crossterm::style::Color::Red,
            Color::BrightGreen => crossterm::style::Color::Green,
            Color::BrightYellow => crossterm::style::Color::Yellow,
            Color::BrightBlue => crossterm::style::Color::Blue,
            Color::BrightMagenta => crossterm::style::Color::Magenta,
            Color::BrightCyan => crossterm::style::Color::Cyan,
            Color::BrightWhite => crossterm::style::Color::White,
            Color::Rgb(r, g, b) => crossterm::style::Color::Rgb { r, g, b },
        }
    }

    /// Applies cell styling to terminal.
    fn apply_cell_style(&mut self, cell: &Cell) -> io::Result<()> {
        // Always reset attributes first to prevent bleeding from previous cells
        self.stdout.execute(SetAttribute(Attribute::Reset))?;

        // Apply colors
        if let Some(fg) = &cell.fg {
            self.stdout
                .execute(SetForegroundColor(self.color_to_crossterm(*fg)))?;
        }
        if let Some(bg) = &cell.bg {
            self.stdout
                .execute(SetBackgroundColor(self.color_to_crossterm(*bg)))?;
        }

        // Apply text styling attributes
        if cell.style.bold {
            self.stdout.execute(SetAttribute(Attribute::Bold))?;
        }
        if cell.style.italic {
            self.stdout.execute(SetAttribute(Attribute::Italic))?;
        }
        if cell.style.underline {
            self.stdout.execute(SetAttribute(Attribute::Underlined))?;
        }
        if cell.style.strikethrough {
            self.stdout.execute(SetAttribute(Attribute::CrossedOut))?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Applies updates with synchronized output mode for atomic rendering.
    ///
    /// ```text
    /// Without Synchronization:         With Synchronization:
    /// ┌──────────────────────┐        ┌──────────────────────┐
    /// │ MoveTo ──────────────┼───┐    │ Begin Sync (?2026h)  │
    /// │ SetColor ────────────┼─┐ │    │ ┌──────────────────┐ │
    /// │ Print "Hello" ───────┼┐│ │    │ │ MoveTo           │ │
    /// │ MoveTo ──────────────┼┼┼─┤    │ │ SetColor         │ │◄─ All updates
    /// │ Print "World" ───────┼┼┼┼┤    │ │ Print "Hello"    │ │  buffered
    /// └──────────────────────┘││││    │ │ MoveTo           │ │
    ///   Visible tearing ──────┘│││    │ │ Print "World"    │ │
    ///   as each command ───────┘││    │ └──────────────────┘ │
    ///   executes ───────────────┘│    │ End Sync (?2026l)    │
    ///   immediately ─────────────┘    └──────────────────────┘
    ///                                   Atomic update - no tearing
    /// ```
    fn apply_updates_synchronized(&mut self, updates: Vec<CellUpdate>) -> io::Result<()> {
        // Begin synchronized update
        self.stdout.execute(Print("\x1b[?2026h"))?;

        let result = self.apply_updates_optimized(updates);

        // End synchronized update
        self.stdout.execute(Print("\x1b[?2026l"))?;
        self.stdout.flush()?;

        result
    }

    /// Applies updates with full terminal optimizations.
    fn apply_updates_optimized(&mut self, updates: Vec<CellUpdate>) -> io::Result<()> {
        // Convert updates to optimized commands
        let batcher = UpdateBatcher::new(updates);
        let commands = batcher.optimize();

        // Apply each command
        for cmd in commands {
            self.apply_command(cmd)?;
        }

        self.stdout.flush()?;
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Applies a single terminal command.
    fn apply_command(&mut self, cmd: TerminalCommand) -> io::Result<()> {
        match cmd {
            TerminalCommand::MoveTo(x, y) => {
                if self.current_pos != Some((x, y)) {
                    self.stdout.execute(cursor::MoveTo(x, y))?;
                    self.current_pos = Some((x, y));
                }
            }
            TerminalCommand::SetColors { fg, bg } => {
                self.set_colors(fg, bg)?;
            }
            TerminalCommand::Print(text) => {
                self.stdout.execute(Print(&text))?;
                // Update cursor position using display width (not byte length!)
                // This is crucial for Unicode characters like "▶" which are
                // 3 bytes but only 1 column wide.
                if let Some((x, y)) = self.current_pos {
                    self.current_pos = Some((x + display_width(&text) as u16, y));
                }
            }
            TerminalCommand::SetStyle(style) => {
                self.set_style(style)?;
            }
            TerminalCommand::Reset => {
                self.stdout.execute(ResetColor)?;
                self.stdout.execute(SetAttribute(Attribute::Reset))?;
                self.current_fg = None;
                self.current_bg = None;
                self.current_style = CellStyle::default();
            }
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Sets colors only if they've changed.
    fn set_colors(&mut self, fg: Option<Color>, bg: Option<Color>) -> io::Result<()> {
        // Handle foreground color
        if fg != self.current_fg {
            match fg {
                Some(color) => {
                    self.stdout
                        .execute(SetForegroundColor(to_crossterm_color(color)))?;
                }
                None => {
                    // Reset to default foreground (usually white/gray)
                    // We use the terminal's default foreground explicitly
                    self.stdout
                        .execute(SetForegroundColor(crossterm::style::Color::Reset))?;
                }
            }
            self.current_fg = fg;
        }

        // Handle background color
        if bg != self.current_bg {
            match bg {
                Some(color) => {
                    self.stdout
                        .execute(SetBackgroundColor(to_crossterm_color(color)))?;
                }
                None => {
                    // Reset to default background (usually black/transparent)
                    // We use the terminal's default background explicitly
                    self.stdout
                        .execute(SetBackgroundColor(crossterm::style::Color::Reset))?;
                }
            }
            self.current_bg = bg;
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Sets style attributes only if they've changed.
    fn set_style(&mut self, style: CellStyle) -> io::Result<()> {
        if style != self.current_style {
            // Always reset attributes when changing style to ensure clean state
            self.stdout.execute(SetAttribute(Attribute::Reset))?;

            // Apply new attributes if any are needed
            if style.bold {
                self.stdout.execute(SetAttribute(Attribute::Bold))?;
            }
            if style.italic {
                self.stdout.execute(SetAttribute(Attribute::Italic))?;
            }
            if style.underline {
                self.stdout.execute(SetAttribute(Attribute::Underlined))?;
            }
            if style.strikethrough {
                self.stdout.execute(SetAttribute(Attribute::CrossedOut))?;
            }

            self.current_style = style;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Resets the renderer state.
    #[allow(dead_code)]
    pub fn reset(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
        self.apply_command(TerminalCommand::Reset)
    }

    /// Clears specific lines in the terminal (for inline mode).
    ///
    /// Clears `count` lines starting from `start_row`.
    pub fn clear_lines(&mut self, start_row: u16, count: u16) -> io::Result<()> {
        for row in start_row..(start_row + count) {
            self.stdout.execute(cursor::MoveTo(0, row))?;
            self.stdout
                .execute(terminal::Clear(terminal::ClearType::CurrentLine))?;
        }
        self.current_pos = None;
        self.stdout.flush()?;
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Applies updates for inline mode with origin offset.
    ///
    /// Transforms all y-coordinates by adding `origin_row`, allowing
    /// rendering at an arbitrary vertical position in the terminal.
    pub fn apply_updates_inline(
        &mut self,
        updates: Vec<CellUpdate>,
        origin_row: u16,
    ) -> io::Result<()> {
        if updates.is_empty() {
            return Ok(());
        }

        // Transform coordinates to account for origin
        let transformed: Vec<CellUpdate> = updates
            .into_iter()
            .map(|update| match update {
                CellUpdate::Single { x, y, cell } => CellUpdate::Single {
                    x,
                    y: y + origin_row,
                    cell,
                },
            })
            .collect();

        // Use existing optimized update path
        self.apply_updates_optimized(transformed)
    }
}

impl UpdateBatcher {
    /// Creates a new update batcher.
    pub fn new(updates: Vec<CellUpdate>) -> Self {
        Self { updates }
    }

    /// Optimizes updates into efficient terminal commands.
    ///
    /// This performs several optimizations:
    /// 1. Sorts updates by position for better cursor movement
    /// 2. Groups consecutive cells with same style into runs
    /// 3. Minimizes style changes
    ///
    /// ```text
    /// Input Updates:              Optimization Process:           Output Commands:
    /// ┌─────────────┐            ┌─────────────────┐            ┌──────────────┐
    /// │ (5,2) 'C'   │            │ Sort by y,x:    │            │ MoveTo(0,0)  │
    /// │ (0,0) 'A'   │ ─────────▶ │ (0,0) → (1,0)   │ ─────────▶ │ SetColors    │
    /// │ (1,0) 'B'   │   Sort &   │ (3,1) → (5,2)   │  Generate  │ Print("AB")  │
    /// │ (3,1) 'D'   │   Group    │                 │  Commands  │ MoveTo(3,1)  │
    /// └─────────────┘            │ Group into runs │            │ Print("D")   │
    ///                            └─────────────────┘            └──────────────┘
    /// ```
    pub fn optimize(mut self) -> Vec<TerminalCommand> {
        let mut commands = Vec::new();

        // Sort updates by position (top-to-bottom, left-to-right)
        self.updates.sort_by_key(|update| match update {
            CellUpdate::Single { x, y, .. } => (*y, *x),
        });

        // Group updates into runs where possible
        let runs = self.group_into_runs();

        // Convert runs to commands
        for run in runs {
            commands.extend(run.into_commands());
        }

        commands
    }

    /// Groups updates into runs of consecutive cells with same style.
    ///
    /// ```text
    /// Single Updates:                     Grouped Runs:
    /// ┌────────────────┐                 ┌─────────────────────┐
    /// │ (0,0) 'H' Red  │                 │ Run @ (0,0):        │
    /// │ (1,0) 'e' Red  │ ──────────▶     │   "Hello" (Red)     │
    /// │ (2,0) 'l' Red  │  Group same     ├─────────────────────┤
    /// │ (3,0) 'l' Red  │  style cells    │ Run @ (0,1):        │
    /// │ (4,0) 'o' Red  │                 │   "World" (Blue)    │
    /// │ (0,1) 'W' Blue │                 └─────────────────────┘
    /// │ (1,1) 'o' Blue │
    /// │ (2,1) 'r' Blue │     ↑ Consecutive cells with same color/style
    /// │ (3,1) 'l' Blue │     │ are merged into single Print command
    /// │ (4,1) 'd' Blue │     │
    /// └────────────────┘     └── Reduces terminal commands significantly
    /// ```
    fn group_into_runs(self) -> Vec<Run> {
        let mut runs = Vec::new();
        let mut current_run: Option<Run> = None;

        for update in self.updates {
            match update {
                CellUpdate::Single { x, y, cell } => {
                    // Check if we can add to current run
                    if let Some(ref mut run) = current_run
                        && run.can_append(x, y, &cell)
                    {
                        run.cells.push(cell);
                        continue;
                    }

                    // Start new run
                    if let Some(run) = current_run.take() {
                        runs.push(run);
                    }
                    current_run = Some(Run::new(x, y, cell));
                }
            }
        }

        // Don't forget the last run
        if let Some(run) = current_run {
            runs.push(run);
        }

        runs
    }
}

impl Run {
    /// Creates a new run starting with a single cell.
    fn new(x: u16, y: u16, cell: Cell) -> Self {
        let fg = cell.fg;
        let bg = cell.bg;
        let style = cell.style.clone();
        Self {
            x,
            y,
            cells: vec![cell],
            fg,
            bg,
            style,
        }
    }

    /// Checks if a cell can be appended to this run.
    ///
    /// ```text
    /// Current Run:                   New Cell:              Can Append?
    /// ┌──────────────────┐          ┌─────────────┐
    /// │ @ (5,10)         │          │ @ (8,10)    │        ✓ YES - Consecutive
    /// │ "ABC" (len=3)    │    vs    │ 'D' Red/Blu │          position & same
    /// │ Red fg, Blue bg  │          │             │          style
    /// └──────────────────┘          └─────────────┘
    ///        ↓                             ↓
    ///   Next expected: (8,10)         Actual: (8,10) ✓
    ///
    /// ┌──────────────────┐          ┌─────────────┐
    /// │ @ (5,10)         │          │ @ (9,10)    │        ✗ NO - Not consecutive
    /// │ "ABC" (len=3)    │    vs    │ 'E' Red/Blu │          (gap in position)
    /// │ Red fg, Blue bg  │          │             │
    /// └──────────────────┘          └─────────────┘
    ///        ↓                             ↓
    ///   Next expected: (8,10)         Actual: (9,10) ✗
    /// ```
    fn can_append(&self, x: u16, y: u16, cell: &Cell) -> bool {
        // Must be on same line and consecutive
        if y != self.y || x != self.x + self.cells.len() as u16 {
            return false;
        }
        // Must have same style
        cell.fg == self.fg && cell.bg == self.bg && cell.style == self.style
    }

    /// Converts this run to terminal commands.
    fn into_commands(self) -> Vec<TerminalCommand> {
        let has_styles = self.style != CellStyle::default();

        let mut commands = vec![
            TerminalCommand::MoveTo(self.x, self.y),
            TerminalCommand::SetColors {
                fg: self.fg,
                bg: self.bg,
            },
            TerminalCommand::SetStyle(self.style),
        ];

        // Build string from cells
        let text: String = self.cells.iter().map(|c| c.char).collect();
        commands.push(TerminalCommand::Print(text));

        // Reset styles after printing if any non-default styles were applied
        if has_styles {
            commands.push(TerminalCommand::Reset);
        }

        commands
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Functions
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Converts our Color enum to crossterm's Color type.
fn to_crossterm_color(color: Color) -> crossterm::style::Color {
    match color {
        Color::Black => crossterm::style::Color::Black,
        Color::Red => crossterm::style::Color::DarkRed,
        Color::Green => crossterm::style::Color::DarkGreen,
        Color::Yellow => crossterm::style::Color::DarkYellow,
        Color::Blue => crossterm::style::Color::DarkBlue,
        Color::Magenta => crossterm::style::Color::DarkMagenta,
        Color::Cyan => crossterm::style::Color::DarkCyan,
        Color::White => crossterm::style::Color::Grey,
        Color::BrightBlack => crossterm::style::Color::DarkGrey,
        Color::BrightRed => crossterm::style::Color::Red,
        Color::BrightGreen => crossterm::style::Color::Green,
        Color::BrightYellow => crossterm::style::Color::Yellow,
        Color::BrightBlue => crossterm::style::Color::Blue,
        Color::BrightMagenta => crossterm::style::Color::Magenta,
        Color::BrightCyan => crossterm::style::Color::Cyan,
        Color::BrightWhite => crossterm::style::Color::White,
        Color::Rgb(r, g, b) => crossterm::style::Color::Rgb { r, g, b },
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Trait Implementations
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Default for TerminalRenderer {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::new()
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Tests
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use crate::buffer::{Cell, CellStyle, CellUpdate};
    use crate::style::Color;

    #[test]
    fn test_update_batcher_single_cell() {
        let updates = vec![CellUpdate::Single {
            x: 5,
            y: 10,
            cell: Cell {
                char: 'A',
                fg: Some(Color::Red),
                bg: Some(Color::Blue),
                style: CellStyle::default(),
            },
        }];

        let batcher = UpdateBatcher::new(updates);
        let commands = batcher.optimize();

        assert_eq!(commands.len(), 4);
        assert!(matches!(commands[0], TerminalCommand::MoveTo(5, 10)));
        assert!(matches!(
            commands[1],
            TerminalCommand::SetColors {
                fg: Some(Color::Red),
                bg: Some(Color::Blue)
            }
        ));
        assert!(matches!(commands[2], TerminalCommand::SetStyle(_)));
        assert!(matches!(commands[3], TerminalCommand::Print(ref s) if s == "A"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_update_batcher_consecutive_cells_same_style() {
        let style = CellStyle::default();
        let updates = vec![
            CellUpdate::Single {
                x: 0,
                y: 0,
                cell: Cell {
                    char: 'H',
                    fg: Some(Color::Green),
                    bg: None,
                    style: style.clone(),
                },
            },
            CellUpdate::Single {
                x: 1,
                y: 0,
                cell: Cell {
                    char: 'e',
                    fg: Some(Color::Green),
                    bg: None,
                    style: style.clone(),
                },
            },
            CellUpdate::Single {
                x: 2,
                y: 0,
                cell: Cell {
                    char: 'l',
                    fg: Some(Color::Green),
                    bg: None,
                    style: style.clone(),
                },
            },
            CellUpdate::Single {
                x: 3,
                y: 0,
                cell: Cell {
                    char: 'l',
                    fg: Some(Color::Green),
                    bg: None,
                    style: style.clone(),
                },
            },
            CellUpdate::Single {
                x: 4,
                y: 0,
                cell: Cell {
                    char: 'o',
                    fg: Some(Color::Green),
                    bg: None,
                    style,
                },
            },
        ];

        let batcher = UpdateBatcher::new(updates);
        let commands = batcher.optimize();

        // Should be optimized into a single run
        assert_eq!(commands.len(), 4);
        assert!(matches!(commands[0], TerminalCommand::MoveTo(0, 0)));
        assert!(matches!(commands[3], TerminalCommand::Print(ref s) if s == "Hello"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_update_batcher_different_styles() {
        let updates = vec![
            CellUpdate::Single {
                x: 0,
                y: 0,
                cell: Cell {
                    char: 'A',
                    fg: Some(Color::Red),
                    bg: None,
                    style: CellStyle::default(),
                },
            },
            CellUpdate::Single {
                x: 1,
                y: 0,
                cell: Cell {
                    char: 'B',
                    fg: Some(Color::Blue),
                    bg: None,
                    style: CellStyle::default(),
                },
            },
        ];

        let batcher = UpdateBatcher::new(updates);
        let commands = batcher.optimize();

        // Should create two separate runs due to different colors
        // Each run needs: MoveTo, SetColors, SetStyle, Print = 4 commands
        // Total: 8 commands (4 for 'A' with Red, 4 for 'B' with Blue)
        assert_eq!(commands.len(), 8);

        // First run for 'A' with Red color
        assert!(matches!(commands[0], TerminalCommand::MoveTo(0, 0)));
        assert!(matches!(
            commands[1],
            TerminalCommand::SetColors {
                fg: Some(Color::Red),
                bg: None
            }
        ));
        assert!(matches!(commands[2], TerminalCommand::SetStyle(_)));
        assert!(matches!(commands[3], TerminalCommand::Print(ref s) if s == "A"));

        // Second run for 'B' with Blue color
        assert!(matches!(commands[4], TerminalCommand::MoveTo(1, 0)));
        assert!(matches!(
            commands[5],
            TerminalCommand::SetColors {
                fg: Some(Color::Blue),
                bg: None
            }
        ));
        assert!(matches!(commands[6], TerminalCommand::SetStyle(_)));
        assert!(matches!(commands[7], TerminalCommand::Print(ref s) if s == "B"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_update_batcher_sorting() {
        let updates = vec![
            CellUpdate::Single {
                x: 5,
                y: 2,
                cell: Cell::new('C'),
            },
            CellUpdate::Single {
                x: 0,
                y: 0,
                cell: Cell::new('A'),
            },
            CellUpdate::Single {
                x: 3,
                y: 1,
                cell: Cell::new('B'),
            },
        ];

        let batcher = UpdateBatcher::new(updates);
        let commands = batcher.optimize();

        // First command should be MoveTo(0, 0) due to sorting
        assert!(matches!(commands[0], TerminalCommand::MoveTo(0, 0)));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_run_can_append() {
        let cell1 = Cell {
            char: 'A',
            fg: Some(Color::Red),
            bg: Some(Color::Blue),
            style: CellStyle::default(),
        };

        let run = Run::new(5, 10, cell1.clone());

        // Same style, consecutive position - should append
        let cell2 = Cell {
            char: 'B',
            fg: Some(Color::Red),
            bg: Some(Color::Blue),
            style: CellStyle::default(),
        };
        assert!(run.can_append(6, 10, &cell2));

        // Different line - should not append
        assert!(!run.can_append(6, 11, &cell2));

        // Non-consecutive position - should not append
        assert!(!run.can_append(8, 10, &cell2));

        // Different color - should not append
        let cell3 = Cell {
            char: 'C',
            fg: Some(Color::Green),
            bg: Some(Color::Blue),
            style: CellStyle::default(),
        };
        assert!(!run.can_append(6, 10, &cell3));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_run_with_bold_style() {
        let style = CellStyle {
            bold: true,
            ..Default::default()
        };

        let updates = vec![CellUpdate::Single {
            x: 0,
            y: 0,
            cell: Cell {
                char: 'B',
                fg: None,
                bg: None,
                style,
            },
        }];

        let batcher = UpdateBatcher::new(updates);
        let commands = batcher.optimize();

        // Should include SetStyle command with bold
        let has_bold_style = commands
            .iter()
            .any(|cmd| matches!(cmd, TerminalCommand::SetStyle(style) if style.bold));
        assert!(has_bold_style);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_terminal_command_types() {
        // Test MoveTo
        let move_cmd = TerminalCommand::MoveTo(10, 20);
        assert!(matches!(move_cmd, TerminalCommand::MoveTo(10, 20)));

        // Test SetColors
        let color_cmd = TerminalCommand::SetColors {
            fg: Some(Color::Red),
            bg: Some(Color::Blue),
        };
        assert!(matches!(
            color_cmd,
            TerminalCommand::SetColors {
                fg: Some(Color::Red),
                bg: Some(Color::Blue)
            }
        ));

        // Test Print
        let print_cmd = TerminalCommand::Print("Hello".to_string());
        assert!(matches!(print_cmd, TerminalCommand::Print(ref s) if s == "Hello"));

        // Test Reset
        let reset_cmd = TerminalCommand::Reset;
        assert!(matches!(reset_cmd, TerminalCommand::Reset));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_to_crossterm_color() {
        assert_eq!(
            to_crossterm_color(Color::Red),
            crossterm::style::Color::DarkRed
        );
        assert_eq!(
            to_crossterm_color(Color::BrightRed),
            crossterm::style::Color::Red
        );
        assert_eq!(
            to_crossterm_color(Color::Rgb(100, 150, 200)),
            crossterm::style::Color::Rgb {
                r: 100,
                g: 150,
                b: 200
            }
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_empty_updates() {
        let updates = vec![];
        let batcher = UpdateBatcher::new(updates);
        let commands = batcher.optimize();
        assert!(commands.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_multiple_runs_different_lines() {
        let updates = vec![
            CellUpdate::Single {
                x: 0,
                y: 0,
                cell: Cell::new('A'),
            },
            CellUpdate::Single {
                x: 1,
                y: 0,
                cell: Cell::new('B'),
            },
            CellUpdate::Single {
                x: 0,
                y: 1,
                cell: Cell::new('C'),
            },
            CellUpdate::Single {
                x: 1,
                y: 1,
                cell: Cell::new('D'),
            },
        ];

        let batcher = UpdateBatcher::new(updates);
        let runs = batcher.group_into_runs();

        // Should create two runs (one per line)
        assert_eq!(runs.len(), 2);
        assert_eq!(runs[0].cells.len(), 2); // "AB"
        assert_eq!(runs[1].cells.len(), 2); // "CD"
    }
}


================================================
FILE: rxtui/lib/tests/rich_text_tests.rs
================================================
use crate::node::RichText;
use crate::render_tree::{RenderNode, RenderNodeType};
use crate::style::{Dimension, Style, TextStyle, TextWrap};
use crate::utils::display_width;
use crate::{Color, Node};
use std::cell::RefCell;
use std::rc::Rc;

#[cfg(test)]
mod rich_text_builder_tests {
    use super::*;

    #[test]
    fn test_rich_text_creation() {
        let rich = RichText::new()
            .text("Hello ")
            .colored("world", Color::Red)
            .text("!");

        assert_eq!(rich.spans.len(), 3);
        assert_eq!(rich.spans[0].content, "Hello ");
        assert_eq!(rich.spans[1].content, "world");
        assert_eq!(rich.spans[2].content, "!");
        assert_eq!(
            rich.spans[1].style.as_ref().unwrap().color,
            Some(Color::Red)
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_rich_text_bold_italic() {
        let rich = RichText::new()
            .text("Normal ")
            .bold("Bold")
            .text(" ")
            .italic("Italic");

        assert_eq!(rich.spans.len(), 4);
        assert_eq!(rich.spans[1].style.as_ref().unwrap().bold, Some(true));
        assert_eq!(rich.spans[3].style.as_ref().unwrap().italic, Some(true));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_rich_text_with_cursor() {
        // Cursor in middle
        let rich = RichText::with_cursor(
            "Hello",
            2,
            TextStyle {
                background: Some(Color::Blue),
                ..Default::default()
            },
        );

        assert_eq!(rich.spans.len(), 3);
        assert_eq!(rich.spans[0].content, "He");
        assert_eq!(rich.spans[1].content, "l");
        assert_eq!(rich.spans[2].content, "lo");
        assert_eq!(
            rich.spans[1].style.as_ref().unwrap().background,
            Some(Color::Blue)
        );

        // Cursor at end
        let rich_end = RichText::with_cursor(
            "Hi",
            2,
            TextStyle {
                background: Some(Color::Green),
                ..Default::default()
            },
        );

        assert_eq!(rich_end.spans.len(), 2);
        assert_eq!(rich_end.spans[0].content, "Hi");
        assert_eq!(rich_end.spans[1].content, " ");
        assert_eq!(
            rich_end.spans[1].style.as_ref().unwrap().background,
            Some(Color::Green)
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_top_level_styling_methods() {
        let rich = RichText::new()
            .text("First")
            .text(" ")
            .text("Second")
            .color(Color::Yellow)
            .background(Color::Black);

        // All spans should have yellow text on black background
        for span in &rich.spans {
            assert_eq!(span.style.as_ref().unwrap().color, Some(Color::Yellow));
            assert_eq!(span.style.as_ref().unwrap().background, Some(Color::Black));
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_rich_text_bold_all() {
        let rich = RichText::new()
            .text("One")
            .colored("Two", Color::Red)
            .text("Three")
            .bold_all();

        // All spans should be bold
        for span in &rich.spans {
            assert_eq!(span.style.as_ref().unwrap().bold, Some(true));
        }
        // Second span should retain its color
        assert_eq!(
            rich.spans[1].style.as_ref().unwrap().color,
            Some(Color::Red)
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_rich_text_wrap() {
        let rich = RichText::new()
            .text("This is wrapped text")
            .wrap(TextWrap::Word);

        assert!(rich.style.is_some());
        assert_eq!(rich.style.as_ref().unwrap().wrap, Some(TextWrap::Word));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_rich_text_helper_methods() {
        let mut rich = RichText::new().text("Hello").text(" ").text("World");

        // Test content()
        assert_eq!(rich.content(), "Hello World");

        // Test is_empty()
        assert!(!rich.is_empty());

        // Test clear()
        rich.clear();
        assert!(rich.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(rich.content(), "");

        // Test append()
        let mut rich1 = RichText::new().text("First");
        let mut rich2 = RichText::new().colored("Second", Color::Blue);
        rich1.append(&mut rich2);
        assert_eq!(rich1.spans.len(), 2);
        assert_eq!(rich1.content(), "FirstSecond");
        assert!(rich2.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_rich_text_from_traits() {
        // From String
        let from_string: RichText = String::from("test string").into();
        assert_eq!(from_string.spans.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(from_string.content(), "test string");

        // From &str
        let from_str: RichText = "test str".into();
        assert_eq!(from_str.spans.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(from_str.content(), "test str");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_rich_text_default() {
        let rich = RichText::default();
        assert!(rich.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(rich.content(), "");
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod rich_text_rendering_tests {
    use super::*;

    #[test]
    fn test_rich_text_render_node_creation() {
        let rich = RichText::new()
            .text("Hello ")
            .colored("colorful", Color::Green)
            .text(" world");

        let render_node = RenderNode::new(RenderNodeType::RichText(rich.spans.clone()));

        match &render_node.node_type {
            RenderNodeType::RichText(spans) => {
                assert_eq!(spans.len(), 3);
                assert_eq!(spans[0].content, "Hello ");
                assert_eq!(spans[1].content, "colorful");
                assert_eq!(spans[2].content, " world");
            }
            _ => panic!("Expected RichText node type"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_rich_text_width_calculation() {
        let rich = RichText::new().text("ABC").text("DEF").text("GHI");

        let total_width: u16 = rich
            .spans
            .iter()
            .map(|span| display_width(&span.content) as u16)
            .sum();

        assert_eq!(total_width, 9);
        assert_eq!(rich.content().len(), 9);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_rich_text_wrapping_application() {
        let rich = RichText::new()
            .text("This is a long text ")
            .colored("with colored part ", Color::Red)
            .text("that should wrap nicely")
            .wrap(TextWrap::Word);

        let mut render_node = RenderNode::new(RenderNodeType::RichText(rich.spans.clone()));
        render_node.text_style = rich.style.clone();
        render_node.style = Some(Style {
            width: Some(Dimension::Fixed(15)),
            ..Default::default()
        });

        // Apply text wrapping with the fixed width
        render_node.apply_text_wrapping(15);

        match &render_node.node_type {
            RenderNodeType::RichTextWrapped(lines) => {
                assert!(
                    lines.len() > 1,
                    "Text should be wrapped into multiple lines"
                );

                // Each line should preserve the original span styles
                for line in lines {
                    for span in line {
                        // Check if colored spans retained their color
                        if span.content.contains("colored") {
                            assert_eq!(span.style.as_ref().and_then(|s| s.color), Some(Color::Red));
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            _ => panic!("Expected RichTextWrapped after applying wrapping"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_rich_text_wrapping_preserves_styles() {
        let rich = RichText::new()
            .bold("Bold ")
            .italic("Italic ")
            .colored("Color", Color::Blue);

        let mut render_node = RenderNode::new(RenderNodeType::RichText(rich.spans.clone()));
        render_node.text_style = Some(TextStyle {
            wrap: Some(TextWrap::Word),
            ..Default::default()
        });
        render_node.style = Some(Style {
            width: Some(Dimension::Fixed(10)),
            ..Default::default()
        });

        // Apply text wrapping with the fixed width
        render_node.apply_text_wrapping(10);

        match &render_node.node_type {
            RenderNodeType::RichTextWrapped(lines) => {
                // Collect all spans from wrapped lines
                let all_spans: Vec<_> = lines.iter().flat_map(|line| line.iter()).collect();

                // Find spans by content and check their styles
                for span in all_spans {
                    if span.content.contains("Bold") {
                        assert_eq!(span.style.as_ref().unwrap().bold, Some(true));
                    }
                    if span.content.contains("Italic") {
                        assert_eq!(span.style.as_ref().unwrap().italic, Some(true));
                    }
                    if span.content.contains("Color") {
                        assert_eq!(span.style.as_ref().unwrap().color, Some(Color::Blue));
                    }
                }
            }
            _ => panic!("Expected RichTextWrapped"),
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod rich_text_integration_tests {
    use super::*;
    use crate::node::Div;
    use crate::vnode::VNode;

    #[test]
    fn test_rich_text_in_div() {
        let rich = RichText::new().text("Hello ").colored("world", Color::Red);

        let container = Div::new().children(vec![VNode::RichText(rich.clone())]);

        assert_eq!(container.children.len(), 1);
        match &container.children[0] {
            VNode::RichText(s) => {
                assert_eq!(s.content(), "Hello world");
            }
            _ => panic!("Expected RichText VNode"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_rich_text_with_parent_width() {
        let mut parent = RenderNode::element();
        parent.style = Some(Style {
            width: Some(Dimension::Fixed(20)),
            height: Some(Dimension::Content),
            ..Default::default()
        });

        let rich = RichText::new()
            .text("This is a very long rich text that needs wrapping")
            .wrap(TextWrap::Word);

        let mut rich_node = RenderNode::new(RenderNodeType::RichText(rich.spans.clone()));
        rich_node.text_style = rich.style.clone();

        let parent_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(parent));
        let rich_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(rich_node));

        RenderNode::add_child_with_parent(&parent_rc, rich_rc.clone());

        // Layout the parent
        parent_rc.borrow_mut().layout_with_parent(100, 50);

        // Check that rich text wrapped correctly
        let rich_ref = rich_rc.borrow();
        match &rich_ref.node_type {
            RenderNodeType::RichTextWrapped(lines) => {
                assert!(lines.len() > 1, "RichText should wrap to multiple lines");
                for line in lines {
                    let line_width: u16 = line
                        .iter()
                        .map(|span| display_width(&span.content) as u16)
                        .sum();
                    assert!(line_width <= 20, "Each line should fit within parent width");
                }
            }
            _ => panic!("RichText should be wrapped"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_rich_text_mixed_with_regular_text() {
        let mut parent = RenderNode::element();
        parent.style = Some(Style {
            width: Some(Dimension::Fixed(40)),
            height: Some(Dimension::Content),
            ..Default::default()
        });

        // Add regular text
        let text = RenderNode::text("Regular text");

        // Add rich text
        let rich = RichText::new()
            .text("Styled ")
            .colored("colorful", Color::Green)
            .text(" text");
        let rich_node = RenderNode::new(RenderNodeType::RichText(rich.spans));

        let parent_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(parent));
        let text_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(text));
        let rich_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(rich_node));

        RenderNode::add_child_with_parent(&parent_rc, text_rc.clone());
        RenderNode::add_child_with_parent(&parent_rc, rich_rc.clone());

        // Layout the parent
        parent_rc.borrow_mut().layout_with_parent(100, 50);

        // Both should layout correctly
        assert_eq!(text_rc.borrow().y, 0);
        assert_eq!(rich_rc.borrow().y, 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_rich_text_from_node() {
        let rich = RichText::new().text("Test ").colored("node", Color::Blue);

        let node: Node = rich.into();

        match node {
            Node::RichText(s) => {
                assert_eq!(s.content(), "Test node");
                assert_eq!(s.spans[1].style.as_ref().unwrap().color, Some(Color::Blue));
            }
            _ => panic!("Expected RichText node"),
        }
    }
}


================================================
FILE: rxtui/lib/utils.rs
================================================
//! Utility functions for terminal rendering and text manipulation.
//!
//! This module provides helper functions for various terminal rendering tasks,
//! including calculating the display width of Unicode strings and characters,
//! and text wrapping algorithms for fitting text within width constraints.

use crate::style::TextWrap;
use unicode_width::{UnicodeWidthChar, UnicodeWidthStr};

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Macros: Debug Logging
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Debug logging macro that only compiles in debug builds.
/// Writes timestamped messages to /tmp/radical_debug.log
#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! debug_log {
    ($($arg:tt)*) => {
        {
            use std::fs::OpenOptions;
            use std::io::Write;
            if let Ok(mut file) = OpenOptions::new()
                .create(true)
                .write(true)
                .append(true)
                .open("/tmp/radical_debug.log")
            {
                let timestamp = std::time::SystemTime::now()
                    .duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)
                    .unwrap_or_default()
                    .as_millis();
                let _ = writeln!(file, "[{}] {}", timestamp, format!($($arg)*));
            }
        }
    };
}

/// No-op version for release builds
#[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! debug_log {
    ($($arg:tt)*) => {};
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Functions: Display Width
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Returns the display width of a string in terminal columns.
///
/// This accounts for:
/// - Wide characters (CJK, emojis) that take 2 columns
/// - Zero-width characters (combining marks) that take 0 columns
/// - Control characters are handled as per unicode-width rules
pub fn display_width(s: &str) -> usize {
    UnicodeWidthStr::width(s)
}

/// Returns the display width of a character in terminal columns.
///
/// Returns:
/// - 0 for zero-width characters and control characters
/// - 1 for regular characters
/// - 2 for wide characters (CJK, full-width, emojis)
pub fn char_width(c: char) -> usize {
    UnicodeWidthChar::width(c).unwrap_or(0)
}

/// Extracts a substring based on display column positions.
///
/// Returns a substring that starts at `start_col` and ends at `end_col` display columns.
/// Handles multibyte UTF-8 characters correctly. If a wide character spans the boundary,
/// it is excluded to maintain valid UTF-8.
pub fn substring_by_columns(s: &str, start_col: usize, end_col: usize) -> &str {
    if start_col >= end_col {
        return "";
    }

    let mut current_col = 0;
    let mut start_byte = None;
    let mut end_byte = s.len();

    for (byte_idx, ch) in s.char_indices() {
        let ch_width = char_width(ch);

        // Find start byte index
        if start_byte.is_none() {
            if current_col >= start_col {
                start_byte = Some(byte_idx);
            } else if current_col + ch_width > start_col {
                // Wide character spans the start boundary, start after it
                start_byte = Some(byte_idx + ch.len_utf8());
            }
        }

        // Find end byte index
        if current_col >= end_col {
            end_byte = byte_idx;
            break;
        } else if current_col + ch_width > end_col {
            // Wide character spans the end boundary, end before it
            end_byte = byte_idx;
            break;
        }

        current_col += ch_width;
    }

    let start = start_byte.unwrap_or(s.len());
    if start >= end_byte {
        ""
    } else {
        &s[start..end_byte]
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Functions: Text Wrapping
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Wraps text according to the specified mode and width constraint.
///
/// Returns a vector of lines that fit within the given width.
/// Empty lines are preserved in the output.
pub fn wrap_text(text: &str, width: u16, mode: TextWrap) -> Vec<String> {
    if width == 0 {
        return vec![];
    }

    match mode {
        TextWrap::None => {
            // No wrapping - return original text as single line
            vec![text.to_string()]
        }
        TextWrap::Character => {
            // Break at any character boundary
            wrap_character(text, width)
        }
        TextWrap::Word => {
            // Break at word boundaries only
            wrap_word(text, width)
        }
        TextWrap::WordBreak => {
            // Try word boundaries first, break words if necessary
            wrap_word_break(text, width)
        }
    }
}

/// Wraps text at character boundaries.
///
/// Breaks the text based on display width, accounting for wide characters.
fn wrap_character(text: &str, width: u16) -> Vec<String> {
    let width = width as usize;
    let mut lines = Vec::new();

    if text.is_empty() {
        return vec![String::new()];
    }

    let mut current_line = String::new();
    let mut current_width = 0;

    for ch in text.chars() {
        let ch_width = char_width(ch);

        if current_width + ch_width > width && !current_line.is_empty() {
            // Start a new line
            lines.push(current_line);
            current_line = String::new();
            current_width = 0;
        }

        // Add character if it fits (or if line is empty to avoid infinite loop)
        if current_width + ch_width <= width || current_line.is_empty() {
            current_line.push(ch);
            current_width += ch_width;
        } else {
            // Character doesn't fit even on empty line (width too small for wide char)
            // Start next line with this character
            lines.push(current_line);
            current_line = ch.to_string();
            current_width = ch_width;
        }
    }

    if !current_line.is_empty() {
        lines.push(current_line);
    }

    lines
}

/// Wraps text at word boundaries.
///
/// Attempts to break lines at spaces and other word boundaries.
/// If a word is longer than the line width, it will overflow.
/// Preserves all spaces (leading, trailing, and in-between).
fn wrap_word(text: &str, width: u16) -> Vec<String> {
    let width = width as usize;
    let mut lines = Vec::new();
    let mut current_line = String::new();
    let mut current_width = 0;

    // Process character by character to preserve all spaces
    let mut in_word = false;
    let mut word = String::new();
    let mut word_width = 0;
    let mut pending_spaces = String::new();
    let mut pending_spaces_width = 0;

    for ch in text.chars() {
        if ch.is_whitespace() {
            // Handle any accumulated word first
            if in_word {
                // Check if word fits on current line
                if current_width == 0 {
                    // First content on line
                    current_line.push_str(&word);
                    current_width = word_width;
                } else if current_width + word_width <= width {
                    // Word fits on current line
                    current_line.push_str(&word);
                    current_width += word_width;
                } else {
                    // Word doesn't fit, start new line
                    lines.push(current_line.clone());
                    current_line = word.clone();
                    current_width = word_width;
                }
                word.clear();
                word_width = 0;
                in_word = false;
            }

            // Now accumulate the space
            pending_spaces.push(ch);
            pending_spaces_width += char_width(ch);
        } else {
            // Non-whitespace character

            // If we have pending spaces, handle them first
            if !pending_spaces.is_empty() {
                // Check if spaces fit on current line
                if current_width + pending_spaces_width <= width {
                    current_line.push_str(&pending_spaces);
                    current_width += pending_spaces_width;
                } else {
                    // Spaces don't fit, wrap to new line
                    // But only if we have content on the current line
                    if current_width > 0 {
                        lines.push(current_line.clone());
                        // Trim first leading space when starting new line with spaces
                        let mut new_line = pending_spaces.clone();
                        let mut new_width = pending_spaces_width;
                        if let Some(first_char) = new_line.chars().next()
                            && first_char == ' '
                        {
                            // Remove first space only
                            new_line = new_line.chars().skip(1).collect();
                            new_width = new_width.saturating_sub(char_width(' '));
                        }
                        current_line = new_line;
                        current_width = new_width;
                    } else {
                        // Line is empty, add the spaces anyway
                        current_line.push_str(&pending_spaces);
                        current_width = pending_spaces_width;
                    }
                }
                pending_spaces.clear();
                pending_spaces_width = 0;
            }

            // Start or continue building a word
            in_word = true;
            word.push(ch);
            word_width += char_width(ch);
        }
    }

    // Handle any remaining word
    if in_word {
        if current_width == 0 || current_width + word_width <= width {
            current_line.push_str(&word);
        } else {
            lines.push(current_line.clone());
            current_line = word;
        }
    }

    // Handle any trailing spaces
    if !pending_spaces.is_empty() {
        if current_width + pending_spaces_width <= width {
            current_line.push_str(&pending_spaces);
        } else if current_width > 0 {
            lines.push(current_line.clone());
            // Trim first leading space when starting new line with spaces
            let mut new_line = pending_spaces;
            if let Some(first_char) = new_line.chars().next()
                && first_char == ' '
            {
                // Remove first space only
                new_line = new_line.chars().skip(1).collect();
            }
            current_line = new_line;
        } else {
            current_line.push_str(&pending_spaces);
        }
    }

    // Add the last line
    if !current_line.is_empty() || lines.is_empty() {
        lines.push(current_line);
    }

    lines
}

/// Wraps text at word boundaries, breaking words if necessary.
///
/// First attempts to break at word boundaries. If a word is longer than
/// the line width, it breaks the word at character boundaries considering display width.
fn wrap_word_break(text: &str, width: u16) -> Vec<String> {
    let width = width as usize;
    let mut lines = Vec::new();
    let mut current_line = String::new();
    let mut current_width = 0;

    // Process text character by character to preserve spaces
    let chars = text.chars();
    let mut in_word = false;
    let mut word = String::new();
    let mut word_width = 0;

    for ch in chars {
        if ch.is_whitespace() {
            // Handle any accumulated word first
            if in_word {
                // Try to add the word to current line
                if current_width == 0 {
                    // First word on line
                    if word_width <= width {
                        current_line.push_str(&word);
                        current_width = word_width;
                    } else {
                        // Word too long, break it
                        for word_ch in word.chars() {
                            let ch_width = char_width(word_ch);
                            if current_width + ch_width > width && current_width > 0 {
                                lines.push(current_line.clone());
                                current_line.clear();
                                current_width = 0;
                            }
                            current_line.push(word_ch);
                            current_width += ch_width;
                        }
                    }
                } else if current_width + word_width <= width {
                    // Word fits on current line
                    current_line.push_str(&word);
                    current_width += word_width;
                } else {
                    // Word doesn't fit, start new line
                    lines.push(current_line.clone());
                    current_line.clear();
                    current_width = 0;

                    // Add word to new line (possibly breaking it)
                    if word_width <= width {
                        current_line.push_str(&word);
                        current_width = word_width;
                    } else {
                        // Break the word
                        for word_ch in word.chars() {
                            let ch_width = char_width(word_ch);
                            if current_width + ch_width > width && current_width > 0 {
                                lines.push(current_line.clone());
                                current_line.clear();
                                current_width = 0;
                            }
                            current_line.push(word_ch);
                            current_width += ch_width;
                        }
                    }
                }

                word.clear();
                word_width = 0;
                in_word = false;
            }

            // Now handle the whitespace character
            let ch_width = char_width(ch);
            if current_width + ch_width > width && current_width > 0 {
                // Whitespace would exceed width, start new line
                lines.push(current_line.clone());
                current_line.clear();
                // Skip first space when starting new line, preserve other whitespace
                if ch == ' ' {
                    // Skip the first space that would lead the new line
                    current_width = 0;
                } else {
                    // Preserve tabs and other whitespace
                    current_line.push(ch);
                    current_width = ch_width;
                }
            } else {
                // Add the whitespace character
                current_line.push(ch);
                current_width += ch_width;
            }
        } else {
            // Non-whitespace character - accumulate in word
            in_word = true;
            word.push(ch);
            word_width += char_width(ch);
        }
    }

    // Handle any remaining word
    if in_word {
        if current_width == 0 {
            // First word on line
            if word_width <= width {
                current_line.push_str(&word);
            } else {
                // Word too long, break it
                for word_ch in word.chars() {
                    let ch_width = char_width(word_ch);
                    if current_width + ch_width > width && current_width > 0 {
                        lines.push(current_line.clone());
                        current_line.clear();
                        current_width = 0;
                    }
                    current_line.push(word_ch);
                    current_width += ch_width;
                }
            }
        } else if current_width + word_width <= width {
            // Word fits on current line
            current_line.push_str(&word);
        } else {
            // Word doesn't fit, start new line
            lines.push(current_line.clone());
            current_line.clear();

            // Add word to new line (possibly breaking it)
            if word_width <= width {
                current_line = word;
            } else {
                // Break the word
                current_width = 0;
                for word_ch in word.chars() {
                    let ch_width = char_width(word_ch);
                    if current_width + ch_width > width && current_width > 0 {
                        lines.push(current_line.clone());
                        current_line.clear();
                        current_width = 0;
                    }
                    current_line.push(word_ch);
                    current_width += ch_width;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // Add the last line if not empty
    if !current_line.is_empty() {
        lines.push(current_line);
    } else if lines.is_empty() {
        // Handle empty text
        lines.push(String::new());
    }

    lines
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Tests
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    //----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Tests: Display Width Functions
    //----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    #[test]
    fn test_display_width_ascii() {
        assert_eq!(display_width("Hello"), 5);
        assert_eq!(display_width(""), 0);
        assert_eq!(display_width("Test 123"), 8);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_display_width_unicode() {
        // CJK characters (2 width each)
        assert_eq!(display_width("世界"), 4);
        assert_eq!(display_width("Hello 世界"), 10);

        // Emoji (typically 2 width)
        assert_eq!(display_width("😀"), 2);
        assert_eq!(display_width("Test 😀"), 7);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_char_width() {
        assert_eq!(char_width('A'), 1);
        assert_eq!(char_width('世'), 2);
        assert_eq!(char_width('😀'), 2);
        assert_eq!(char_width('\0'), 0); // Control character
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_substring_by_columns() {
        // ASCII tests
        assert_eq!(substring_by_columns("Hello World", 0, 5), "Hello");
        assert_eq!(substring_by_columns("Hello World", 6, 11), "World");
        assert_eq!(substring_by_columns("Hello World", 3, 8), "lo Wo");

        // Wide character tests
        assert_eq!(substring_by_columns("Hello 世界", 0, 6), "Hello ");
        assert_eq!(substring_by_columns("Hello 世界", 6, 10), "世界");
        assert_eq!(substring_by_columns("Hello 世界", 0, 8), "Hello 世");
        assert_eq!(substring_by_columns("Hello 世界", 7, 10), "界"); // Start in middle of 世
        assert_eq!(substring_by_columns("Hello 世界", 0, 7), "Hello "); // End in middle of 世

        // Emoji tests
        assert_eq!(substring_by_columns("Test😀End", 0, 4), "Test");
        assert_eq!(substring_by_columns("Test😀End", 4, 6), "😀");
        assert_eq!(substring_by_columns("Test😀End", 6, 9), "End");
        assert_eq!(substring_by_columns("Test😀End", 0, 5), "Test"); // End in middle of emoji
        assert_eq!(substring_by_columns("Test😀End", 5, 9), "End"); // Start in middle of emoji

        // Edge cases
        assert_eq!(substring_by_columns("", 0, 5), "");
        assert_eq!(substring_by_columns("Hello", 5, 5), "");
        assert_eq!(substring_by_columns("Hello", 10, 20), "");
    }

    //----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Tests: Text Wrapping Functions
    //----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    #[test]
    fn test_wrap_none() {
        let text = "This is a very long line that should not be wrapped";
        let wrapped = wrap_text(text, 10, TextWrap::None);
        assert_eq!(wrapped, vec![text]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_wrap_character() {
        let text = "Hello World";
        let wrapped = wrap_text(text, 5, TextWrap::Character);
        assert_eq!(wrapped, vec!["Hello", " Worl", "d"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_wrap_character_exact() {
        let text = "12345678901234567890";
        let wrapped = wrap_text(text, 10, TextWrap::Character);
        assert_eq!(wrapped, vec!["1234567890", "1234567890"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_wrap_word() {
        let text = "The quick brown fox jumps";
        let wrapped = wrap_text(text, 10, TextWrap::Word);
        // Trailing spaces are preserved, only first leading space is trimmed
        assert_eq!(wrapped, vec!["The quick ", "brown fox ", "jumps"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_wrap_word_long_word() {
        let text = "A verylongword that exceeds width";
        let wrapped = wrap_text(text, 10, TextWrap::Word);
        // Long word overflows in Word mode, first leading space trimmed
        assert_eq!(
            wrapped,
            vec!["A ", "verylongword", "that ", "exceeds ", "width"]
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_wrap_word_break() {
        let text = "A verylongword that exceeds";
        let wrapped = wrap_text(text, 10, TextWrap::WordBreak);
        // Trailing spaces preserved, first leading space trimmed
        assert_eq!(wrapped, vec!["A ", "verylongwo", "rd that ", "exceeds"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_wrap_word_break_preserves_leading_spaces() {
        let text = "        _ => calculate";
        let wrapped = wrap_text(text, 15, TextWrap::WordBreak);
        assert_eq!(wrapped, vec!["        _ => ", "calculate"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_wrap_empty_text() {
        assert_eq!(wrap_text("", 10, TextWrap::Character), vec![""]);
        assert_eq!(wrap_text("", 10, TextWrap::Word), vec![""]);
        assert_eq!(wrap_text("", 10, TextWrap::WordBreak), vec![""]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_wrap_zero_width() {
        let text = "Hello";
        assert_eq!(
            wrap_text(text, 0, TextWrap::Character),
            Vec::<String>::new()
        );
        assert_eq!(wrap_text(text, 0, TextWrap::Word), Vec::<String>::new());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_wrap_unicode() {
        // Note: 世 and 界 are each 2 display width
        let text = "Hello 世界";
        let wrapped = wrap_text(text, 8, TextWrap::Character);
        assert_eq!(wrapped, vec!["Hello 世", "界"]); // "Hello " = 6, "世" = 2

        let wrapped = wrap_text(text, 7, TextWrap::Character);
        assert_eq!(wrapped, vec!["Hello ", "世界"]); // Can't fit 世 with Hello in 7 width

        // Test word wrapping with Unicode
        let text = "Hello 世界 World";
        let wrapped = wrap_text(text, 10, TextWrap::Word);
        assert_eq!(wrapped, vec!["Hello 世界", "World"]); // "Hello " = 6, "世界" = 4, first space trimmed on next line
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_wrap_emoji() {
        // Emoji typically have width 2
        let text = "Test 😀 emoji";
        let wrapped = wrap_text(text, 8, TextWrap::Character);
        assert_eq!(wrapped, vec!["Test 😀 ", "emoji"]); // "Test " = 5, "😀" = 2, " " = 1

        let wrapped = wrap_text(text, 7, TextWrap::Word);
        assert_eq!(wrapped, vec!["Test 😀", "emoji"]); // "Test " = 5, "😀" = 2, first space trimmed on next line
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_wrap_word_multiple_spaces() {
        let text = "Hello     World   Test";
        let wrapped = wrap_text(text, 10, TextWrap::Word);
        // First space is trimmed, rest are preserved, trailing spaces kept
        assert_eq!(wrapped, vec!["Hello     ", "World   ", "Test"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_wrap_preserves_leading_spaces() {
        let text = "    Hello World";
        let wrapped = wrap_text(text, 10, TextWrap::Word);
        assert_eq!(wrapped, vec!["    Hello ", "World"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_wrap_preserves_trailing_spaces() {
        let text = "Hello World    ";
        let wrapped = wrap_text(text, 10, TextWrap::Word);
        assert_eq!(wrapped, vec!["Hello ", "World    "]);
    }
}


================================================
FILE: rxtui/lib/vdom.rs
================================================
//! Virtual DOM implementation for efficient UI updates.
//!
//! The Virtual DOM (VDom) is the core of the reactive rendering system.
//! It maintains the current UI state, performs diffing, and applies patches
//! to update the render tree efficiently.
//!
//! ## Virtual DOM Architecture
//!
//! ```text
//!   Model Render                  VDom Processing
//!   ┌─────────────┐            ┌──────────────┐
//!   │  New Node   │───render──▶│     VDom     │
//!   │    Tree     │            └──────┬───────┘
//!   └─────────────┘                   │
//!                                     ▼
//!                               ┌──────────────┐
//!                               │  Diff with   │
//!                               │Current State │
//!                               └──────┬───────┘
//!                                      │
//!                                      ▼
//!                               ┌──────────────┐
//!                               │   Generate   │
//!                               │   Patches    │
//!                               └──────┬───────┘
//!                                      │
//!                                      ▼
//!                               ┌──────────────┐
//!                               │Apply Patches │
//!                               │to RenderTree │
//!                               └──────────────┘
//! ```
//!
//! ## Update Flow
//!
//! 1. Model renders new Node tree
//! 2. VDom diffs new tree against current tree
//! 3. Diff generates minimal set of patches
//! 4. Patches are applied to update render tree
//! 5. Render tree is drawn to terminal

use crate::diff::{Patch, diff};
use crate::render_tree::{RenderNode, RenderNodeType, RenderTree};
use crate::utils::display_width;
use crate::vnode::VNode;
use std::cell::RefCell;
use std::rc::Rc;
use std::sync::{Arc, atomic::AtomicBool};

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Virtual DOM manager that coordinates rendering and updates.
///
/// Maintains the current virtual node tree and render tree,
/// performing efficient updates through diffing and patching.
pub struct VDom {
    /// The render tree containing positioned nodes ready for drawing
    render_tree: RenderTree,

    /// The current vnode tree representing the UI state
    current_vnode: Option<VNode>,
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl VDom {
    /// Creates a new empty virtual DOM.
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
            render_tree: RenderTree::new(),
            current_vnode: None,
        }
    }

    /// Renders a new node tree, updating the UI efficiently.
    ///
    /// This method:
    /// 1. Diffs the new tree against the current render tree
    /// 2. Generates patches for changes
    /// 3. Applies patches to update the render tree
    /// 4. Stores the new node as current state
    ///
    /// ## First Render vs Updates
    ///
    /// ```text
    /// First Render:           Subsequent Renders:
    /// ┌─────────┐           ┌─────────┐
    /// │  Node   │           │  Node   │
    /// └────┬────┘           └────┬────┘
    ///      │                     │
    ///      ▼                     ▼
    /// Create Full           Diff & Patch
    /// RenderTree            RenderTree
    /// ```
    pub fn render(&mut self, vnode: VNode) {
        match &self.render_tree.root {
            Some(root) => {
                let patches = diff(root, &vnode);
                self.apply_patches(patches);
            }
            None => {
                let render_node = self.create_render_node(&vnode);
                self.render_tree.set_root(render_node);
            }
        }
        self.current_vnode = Some(vnode);
    }

    /// Performs layout calculation on the render tree.
    ///
    /// Calculates positions and sizes for all nodes based on
    /// the viewport dimensions and layout rules.
    pub fn layout(&mut self, width: u16, height: u16) {
        self.render_tree.layout(width, height);
    }

    /// Performs layout calculation with additional options for inline mode.
    ///
    /// When `unclamped_height` is true, height is not clamped to viewport.
    /// This is used for inline mode where content can grow beyond viewport bounds.
    pub fn layout_with_options(&mut self, width: u16, height: u16, unclamped_height: bool) {
        self.render_tree
            .layout_with_options(width, height, unclamped_height);
    }

    /// Gets a reference to the current render tree.
    ///
    /// Used by the App to access the tree for drawing and event handling.
    pub fn get_render_tree(&self) -> &RenderTree {
        &self.render_tree
    }

    /// Returns the shared focus-clear flag for coordination with contexts.
    pub fn focus_clear_flag(&self) -> Arc<AtomicBool> {
        self.render_tree.focus_clear_flag()
    }

    /// Creates a render node from a node.
    ///
    /// Recursively converts the node tree into render nodes
    /// with styling and event handlers attached.
    fn create_render_node(&self, vnode: &VNode) -> Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>> {
        match vnode {
            VNode::Div(container) => self.create_div_node(container),
            VNode::Text(text) => self.create_text_node(text),
            VNode::RichText(rich) => self.create_rich_text_node(rich),
        }
    }

    /// Creates a render node for a div.
    ///
    /// Transfers all properties from the div including:
    /// - Style (colors, padding, direction)
    /// - Dimensions (width, height)
    /// - Event handlers (click, keyboard)
    /// - Child nodes (recursively created)
    fn create_div_node(&self, div: &crate::node::Div<VNode>) -> Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>> {
        // Create a standard element render node
        let mut render_node = RenderNode::element();

        // Copy div properties to render node
        render_node.styles = div.styles.clone();
        render_node.events = div.events.clone();
        render_node.focusable = div.focusable;
        render_node.focused = div.focused;
        render_node.hovered = div.hovered;
        render_node.component_path = div.component_path.clone();
        render_node.refresh_state_style();

        let node_rc = Rc::new(RefCell::new(render_node));

        // Process div children
        for child_vnode in &div.children {
            let child_render = match child_vnode {
                VNode::Text(text) => {
                    let mut text_node = RenderNode::text(&text.content);
                    text_node.width = display_width(&text.content) as u16;
                    text_node.height = 1;
                    // Apply text-specific style
                    if let Some(ts) = &text.style {
                        text_node.text_color = ts.color;
                        text_node.text_style = Some(ts.clone());
                        text_node.style = ts.background.map(|bg| crate::style::Style {
                            background: Some(bg),
                            ..Default::default()
                        });
                    }
                    Rc::new(RefCell::new(text_node))
                }
                VNode::RichText(rich) => {
                    let mut rich_node =
                        RenderNode::new(RenderNodeType::RichText(rich.spans.clone()));
                    rich_node.width = rich
                        .spans
                        .iter()
                        .map(|span| display_width(&span.content) as u16)
                        .sum();
                    rich_node.height = 1;

                    // Apply top-level text style if present (for wrapping, etc)
                    if let Some(ts) = &rich.style {
                        rich_node.text_style = Some(ts.clone());
                        // Extract common color if all spans have the same
                        if !rich.spans.is_empty() {
                            let first_color = rich.spans[0].style.as_ref().and_then(|s| s.color);
                            if rich.spans.iter().all(|span| {
                                span.style.as_ref().and_then(|s| s.color) == first_color
                            }) {
                                rich_node.text_color = first_color;
                            }
                        }
                    }

                    Rc::new(RefCell::new(rich_node))
                }
                VNode::Div(_) => self.create_render_node(child_vnode),
            };
            RenderNode::add_child_with_parent(&node_rc, child_render);
        }

        node_rc
    }

    /// Creates a render node for text content.
    ///
    /// Text nodes are leaf nodes that contain string content.
    fn create_text_node(&self, text: &crate::node::Text) -> Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>> {
        let mut render_node = RenderNode::text(&text.content);
        // Set proper dimensions for text nodes
        render_node.width = display_width(&text.content) as u16;
        render_node.height = 1;
        // Apply text-specific style
        if let Some(ts) = &text.style {
            render_node.text_color = ts.color;
            render_node.text_style = Some(ts.clone());
            render_node.style = ts.background.map(|bg| crate::style::Style {
                background: Some(bg),
                ..Default::default()
            });
        }
        Rc::new(RefCell::new(render_node))
    }

    /// Creates a render node for styled text content.
    ///
    /// RichText nodes contain multiple text spans with individual styling.
    fn create_rich_text_node(&self, rich: &crate::node::RichText) -> Rc<RefCell<RenderNode>> {
        let mut render_node = RenderNode::new(RenderNodeType::RichText(rich.spans.clone()));
        // Calculate dimensions - sum of all span widths
        render_node.width = rich
            .spans
            .iter()
            .map(|span| display_width(&span.content) as u16)
            .sum();
        render_node.height = 1;

        // Apply top-level text style if present (for wrapping, etc)
        if let Some(ts) = &rich.style {
            render_node.text_style = Some(ts.clone());
            // Extract common color if all spans have the same
            if !rich.spans.is_empty() {
                let first_color = rich.spans[0].style.as_ref().and_then(|s| s.color);
                if rich
                    .spans
                    .iter()
                    .all(|span| span.style.as_ref().and_then(|s| s.color) == first_color)
                {
                    render_node.text_color = first_color;
                }
            }
        }

        Rc::new(RefCell::new(render_node))
    }

    /// Applies a list of patches to update the render tree.
    ///
    /// Patches are applied in order to transform the current
    /// render tree to match the new node tree.
    fn apply_patches(&mut self, patches: Vec<Patch>) {
        for patch in patches {
            self.apply_patch(patch);
        }
    }

    /// Applies a single patch operation to the render tree.
    ///
    /// ## Patch Types
    ///
    /// - **Replace**: Swap entire node with new one
    /// - **UpdateText**: Change text content
    /// - **UpdateProps**: Update styles/dimensions
    /// - **AddChild**: Insert new child node
    /// - **RemoveChild**: Delete child node
    fn apply_patch(&mut self, patch: Patch) {
        match patch {
            Patch::Replace { old, new } => {
                let new_render = self.create_render_node(&new);
                // Mark new node as dirty
                new_render.borrow_mut().mark_dirty();

                if let Some(parent) = &old.borrow().parent {
                    if let Some(parent_strong) = parent.upgrade() {
                        let mut parent_ref = parent_strong.borrow_mut();
                        if let Some(index) =
                            parent_ref.children.iter().position(|c| Rc::ptr_eq(c, &old))
                        {
                            parent_ref.children[index] = new_render.clone();
                            new_render.borrow_mut().parent = Some(Rc::downgrade(&parent_strong));
                        }
                        // Mark parent as dirty too
                        parent_ref.mark_dirty();
                    }
                } else {
                    self.render_tree.set_root(new_render);
                }
            }
            Patch::UpdateText {
                node,
                new_text,
                new_style,
            } => {
                let mut node_ref = node.borrow_mut();
                // Update width - height will be calculated during layout based on text wrapping
                node_ref.width = display_width(&new_text) as u16;
                node_ref.node_type = RenderNodeType::Text(new_text);

                // Update text style
                node_ref.text_style = new_style.clone();
                if let Some(ts) = &new_style {
                    node_ref.text_color = ts.color;
                    // Update background style if present
                    node_ref.style = ts.background.map(|bg| crate::style::Style {
                        background: Some(bg),
                        ..Default::default()
                    });
                } else {
                    node_ref.text_color = None;
                    // Clear background style if no text style
                    if let Some(existing_style) = &mut node_ref.style {
                        existing_style.background = None;
                    }
                }

                node_ref.mark_dirty();
            }
            Patch::UpdateRichText {
                node,
                new_spans,
                new_style,
            } => {
                let mut node_ref = node.borrow_mut();
                // Update width - height will be calculated during layout based on text wrapping
                node_ref.width = new_spans
                    .iter()
                    .map(|span| display_width(&span.content) as u16)
                    .sum();
                node_ref.node_type = RenderNodeType::RichText(new_spans);
                // Update the text style (which includes alignment)
                node_ref.text_style = new_style;
                node_ref.mark_dirty();
            }
            Patch::UpdateProps { node, div } => {
                let mut node_ref = node.borrow_mut();

                // Preserve the existing focus state from the old node
                let is_focused = node_ref.focused;
                let is_hovered = node_ref.hovered;

                // Update container properties but preserve focus state
                node_ref.styles = div.styles.clone();
                node_ref.events = div.events.clone();
                node_ref.focusable = div.focusable;
                node_ref.focused = is_focused;
                node_ref.hovered = is_hovered;
                node_ref.component_path = div.component_path.clone();
                node_ref.refresh_state_style();
                node_ref.mark_dirty();
            }
            Patch::AddChild {
                parent,
                child,
                index,
            } => {
                let child_render = self.create_render_node(&child);
                {
                    let mut parent_ref = parent.borrow_mut();
                    if index >= parent_ref.children.len() {
                        parent_ref.children.push(child_render.clone());
                    } else {
                        parent_ref.children.insert(index, child_render.clone());
                    }
                    // Mark parent as dirty since its children changed
                    parent_ref.mark_dirty();
                }
                // Set parent reference after inserting
                child_render.borrow_mut().parent = Some(Rc::downgrade(&parent));
            }
            Patch::RemoveChild { parent, index } => {
                let mut parent_ref = parent.borrow_mut();
                if index < parent_ref.children.len() {
                    parent_ref.children.remove(index);
                    // Mark parent as dirty since its children changed
                    parent_ref.mark_dirty();
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Trait Implementations
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Default for VDom {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::new()
    }
}


================================================
FILE: rxtui/lib/vnode.rs
================================================
use crate::node::{Div, RichText, Text};

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// A virtual node in the VDOM (components are already expanded)
#[derive(Clone)]
#[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
pub enum VNode {
    /// A div that can have children
    Div(Div<VNode>),

    /// Text content that is rendered directly
    Text(Text),

    /// Rich text with multiple styled segments
    RichText(RichText),
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl VNode {
    /// Creates a text vnode with the given content.
    #[inline]
    pub fn text(content: impl Into<String>) -> VNode {
        VNode::Text(Text::new(content))
    }

    /// Creates a div vnode with no children.
    #[inline]
    pub fn div() -> VNode {
        VNode::Div(Div::new())
    }

    /// Creates a rich text vnode.
    #[inline]
    pub fn rich_text() -> VNode {
        VNode::RichText(RichText::new())
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Builder Methods
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl VNode {
    /// Adds a single child (only valid for Div variant).
    #[inline]
    pub fn child(mut self, child: impl Into<VNode>) -> Self {
        if let VNode::Div(ref mut div) = self {
            div.children.push(child.into());
        }
        self
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Trait Implementations
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl std::fmt::Debug for VNode {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        match self {
            VNode::Div(div) => write!(f, "VNode::Div({div:?})"),
            VNode::Text(text) => write!(f, "VNode::Text({text:?})"),
            VNode::RichText(rich) => write!(f, "VNode::RichText({rich:?})"),
        }
    }
}

impl PartialEq for VNode {
    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
        match (self, other) {
            (VNode::Text(a), VNode::Text(b)) => a == b,
            (VNode::RichText(a), VNode::RichText(b)) => a == b,
            // Divs with callbacks can't be easily compared
            _ => false,
        }
    }
}

impl From<Text> for VNode {
    #[inline]
    fn from(text: Text) -> Self {
        VNode::Text(text)
    }
}

impl From<Div<VNode>> for VNode {
    #[inline]
    fn from(div: Div<VNode>) -> Self {
        VNode::Div(div)
    }
}

impl From<String> for VNode {
    #[inline]
    fn from(content: String) -> Self {
        VNode::Text(Text::from(content))
    }
}

impl From<&str> for VNode {
    #[inline]
    fn from(content: &str) -> Self {
        VNode::Text(Text::from(content))
    }
}

impl From<RichText> for VNode {
    #[inline]
    fn from(rich: RichText) -> Self {
        VNode::RichText(rich)
    }
}


================================================
FILE: rxtui/tests/macro_tests.rs
================================================
//! Tests for the node! macro DSL

use rxtui::prelude::*;

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Basic Div Tests
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[test]
fn test_empty_div() {
    let node = node! {
        div []
    };

    match node {
        Node::Div(_) => {}
        _ => panic!("Expected div node"),
    }
}

#[test]
fn test_div_with_basic_props() {
    let node = node! {
        div(bg: black, pad: 2, w: 50, h: 20) []
    };

    match node {
        Node::Div(_) => {}
        _ => panic!("Expected div node"),
    }
}

#[test]
fn test_div_with_hex_color() {
    let node = node! {
        div(bg: "#FF5733", border: "#00FF00") []
    };

    match node {
        Node::Div(_) => {}
        _ => panic!("Expected div node"),
    }
}

#[test]
fn test_div_with_percentage_dimensions() {
    let node = node! {
        div(w_frac: 0.5, h_frac: 0.8) []
    };

    match node {
        Node::Div(_) => {}
        _ => panic!("Expected div node"),
    }
}

#[test]
fn test_container_with_auto_dimensions() {
    let node = node! {
        div(w_auto, h_content) []
    };

    match node {
        Node::Div(_) => {}
        _ => panic!("Expected div node"),
    }
}

#[test]
fn test_div_focus_border_none() {
    let node = node! {
        div(focusable, focus_border: none) []
    };

    match node {
        Node::Div(container) => {
            let focus_style = container.styles.focus.expect("focus style missing");
            let border = focus_style.border.expect("focus border missing");
            assert!(!border.enabled, "focus border should be disabled");
        }
        _ => panic!("Expected div node"),
    }
}

#[test]
fn test_div_focus_border_color() {
    let node = node! {
        div(focus_border: red) []
    };

    match node {
        Node::Div(container) => {
            let focus_style = container.styles.focus.expect("focus style missing");
            let border = focus_style.border.expect("focus border missing");
            assert!(border.enabled, "focus border should be enabled");
            assert_eq!(border.color, Color::Red);
        }
        _ => panic!("Expected div node"),
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Text Tests
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[test]
fn test_simple_text() {
    let node = node! {
        div [
            text("Hello World")
        ]
    };

    match node {
        Node::Div(container) => {
            assert_eq!(container.children.len(), 1);
        }
        _ => panic!("Expected div node"),
    }
}

#[test]
fn test_text_with_color() {
    let node = node! {
        div [
            text("Colored text", color: red)
        ]
    };

    match node {
        Node::Div(container) => {
            assert_eq!(container.children.len(), 1);
        }
        _ => panic!("Expected div node"),
    }
}

#[test]
fn test_text_with_multiple_styles() {
    let node = node! {
        div [
            text("Styled text", color: yellow, bg: blue, bold, underline)
        ]
    };

    match node {
        Node::Div(container) => {
            assert_eq!(container.children.len(), 1);
        }
        _ => panic!("Expected div node"),
    }
}

#[test]
fn test_text_with_bright_colors() {
    let node = node! {
        div [
            text("Bright colors", color: bright_yellow, bg: bright_blue)
        ]
    };

    match node {
        Node::Div(container) => {
            assert_eq!(container.children.len(), 1);
        }
        _ => panic!("Expected div node"),
    }
}

#[test]
fn test_text_with_wrap() {
    let node = node! {
        div [
            text("Long text that should wrap", wrap: word)
        ]
    };

    match node {
        Node::Div(container) => {
            assert_eq!(container.children.len(), 1);
        }
        _ => panic!("Expected div node"),
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Layout Tests
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[test]
fn test_vbox_layout() {
    let node = node! {
        vstack [
            text("Line 1"),
            text("Line 2"),
            text("Line 3")
        ]
    };

    match node {
        Node::Div(container) => {
            assert_eq!(container.children.len(), 3);
            assert_eq!(
                container.styles.base.as_ref().and_then(|s| s.direction),
                Some(Direction::Vertical)
            );
        }
        _ => panic!("Expected div node"),
    }
}

#[test]
fn test_hbox_layout() {
    let node = node! {
        hstack(gap: 2) [
            text("Left"),
            text("Center"),
            text("Right")
        ]
    };

    match node {
        Node::Div(container) => {
            assert_eq!(container.children.len(), 3);
            let style = container.styles.base.as_ref().unwrap();
            assert_eq!(style.direction, Some(Direction::Horizontal));
            assert_eq!(style.gap, Some(2));
        }
        _ => panic!("Expected div node"),
    }
}

#[test]
fn test_nested_layouts() {
    let node = node! {
        vstack [
            text("Header"),
            hstack [
                text("Left"),
                text("Right")
            ],
            text("Footer")
        ]
    };

    match node {
        Node::Div(container) => {
            assert_eq!(container.children.len(), 3);
            assert_eq!(
                container.styles.base.as_ref().and_then(|s| s.direction),
                Some(Direction::Vertical)
            );
        }
        _ => panic!("Expected div node"),
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Spacer Tests
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[test]
fn test_spacer() {
    let node = node! {
        div [
            text("Above"),
            spacer(2),
            text("Below")
        ]
    };

    match node {
        Node::Div(container) => {
            assert_eq!(container.children.len(), 3);
        }
        _ => panic!("Expected div node"),
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Dynamic Content Tests
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[test]
fn test_dynamic_text() {
    let count = 42;
    let node = node! {
        div [
            text(format!("Count: {}", count), bold)
        ]
    };

    match node {
        Node::Div(container) => {
            assert_eq!(container.children.len(), 1);
        }
        _ => panic!("Expected div node"),
    }
}

#[test]
fn test_conditional_color() {
    let is_error = true;
    let node = node! {
        div(bg: (if is_error { Color::Red } else { Color::Green })) [
            text("Status")
        ]
    };

    match node {
        Node::Div(container) => {
            assert_eq!(
                container.styles.base.as_ref().and_then(|s| s.background),
                Some(Color::Red)
            );
        }
        _ => panic!("Expected div node"),
    }
}

#[test]
fn test_conditional_text() {
    let logged_in = false;
    let node = node! {
        div [
            text(
                if logged_in { "Welcome!" } else { "Please login" },
                color: (if logged_in { Color::Green } else { Color::Red })
            )
        ]
    };

    match node {
        Node::Div(container) => {
            assert_eq!(container.children.len(), 1);
        }
        _ => panic!("Expected div node"),
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Positioning Tests
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[test]
fn test_absolute_positioning() {
    let node = node! {
        div(pos: absolute, top: 5, left: 10, z: 100) []
    };

    match node {
        Node::Div(container) => {
            let style = container.styles.base.as_ref().unwrap();
            assert_eq!(style.position, Some(Position::Absolute));
            assert_eq!(style.top, Some(5));
            assert_eq!(style.left, Some(10));
            assert_eq!(style.z_index, Some(100));
        }
        _ => panic!("Expected div node"),
    }
}

#[test]
fn test_absolute_shorthand() {
    let node = node! {
        div(absolute, top: 0, right: 0) []
    };

    match node {
        Node::Div(container) => {
            let style = container.styles.base.as_ref().unwrap();
            assert_eq!(style.position, Some(Position::Absolute));
            assert_eq!(style.top, Some(0));
            assert_eq!(style.right, Some(0));
        }
        _ => panic!("Expected div node"),
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Complex Nesting Tests
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[test]
fn test_deeply_nested_structure() {
    let node = node! {
        div(bg: black, pad: 2) [
            text("Title", color: yellow, bold),
            spacer(1),

            vstack(gap: 1) [
                hstack [
                    div(bg: blue, w: 20) [
                        text("Left", color: white)
                    ],
                    div(bg: green, w: 20) [
                        text("Right", color: white)
                    ]
                ],

                div(bg: red) [
                    text("Bottom", color: white)
                ]
            ]
        ]
    };

    match node {
        Node::Div(container) => {
            assert_eq!(
                container.styles.base.as_ref().and_then(|s| s.background),
                Some(Color::Black)
            );
            assert_eq!(container.children.len(), 3);
        }
        _ => panic!("Expected div node"),
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Property Shortcut Tests
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[test]
fn test_direction_shortcuts() {
    let node1 = node! {
        div(dir: v) []
    };

    let node2 = node! {
        div(dir: h) []
    };

    match (node1, node2) {
        (Node::Div(c1), Node::Div(c2)) => {
            assert_eq!(
                c1.styles.base.as_ref().and_then(|s| s.direction),
                Some(Direction::Vertical)
            );
            assert_eq!(
                c2.styles.base.as_ref().and_then(|s| s.direction),
                Some(Direction::Horizontal)
            );
        }
        _ => panic!("Expected div nodes"),
    }
}

#[test]
fn test_all_color_names() {
    let node = node! {
        vstack [
            text("Black", color: black),
            text("Red", color: red),
            text("Green", color: green),
            text("Yellow", color: yellow),
            text("Blue", color: blue),
            text("Magenta", color: magenta),
            text("Cyan", color: cyan),
            text("White", color: white)
        ]
    };

    match node {
        Node::Div(container) => {
            assert_eq!(container.children.len(), 8);
        }
        _ => panic!("Expected div node"),
    }
}

#[test]
fn test_wrap_and_overflow_modes() {
    let node = node! {
        div(wrap: wrap, overflow: hidden) [
            text("Content", wrap: word)
        ]
    };

    match node {
        Node::Div(container) => {
            let style = container.styles.base.as_ref().unwrap();
            assert_eq!(style.wrap, Some(WrapMode::Wrap));
            assert_eq!(style.overflow, Some(Overflow::Hidden));
        }
        _ => panic!("Expected div node"),
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Focus and Interaction Tests
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[test]
fn test_focusable_div() {
    let node = node! {
        div(focusable) []
    };

    match node {
        Node::Div(container) => {
            assert!(container.focusable);
        }
        _ => panic!("Expected div node"),
    }
}

#[test]
fn test_focusable_with_value() {
    let should_focus = false;
    let node = node! {
        div(focusable: should_focus) []
    };

    match node {
        Node::Div(container) => {
            assert!(!container.focusable);
        }
        _ => panic!("Expected div node"),
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Edge Cases
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[test]
fn test_empty_text() {
    let node = node! {
        div [
            text("")
        ]
    };

    match node {
        Node::Div(container) => {
            assert_eq!(container.children.len(), 1);
        }
        _ => panic!("Expected div node"),
    }
}

#[test]
fn test_multiple_children_with_trailing_comma() {
    let node = node! {
        div [
            text("First"),
            text("Second"),
            text("Third"),
        ]
    };

    match node {
        Node::Div(container) => {
            assert_eq!(container.children.len(), 3);
        }
        _ => panic!("Expected div node"),
    }
}

#[test]
fn test_expression_in_dimensions() {
    let window_width = 100;
    let window_height = 50;

    let node = node! {
        div(
            w: (window_width / 2),
            h: (window_height - 10)
        ) []
    };

    match node {
        Node::Div(container) => {
            let style = container.styles.base.as_ref().unwrap();
            assert_eq!(style.width, Some(Dimension::Fixed(50)));
            assert_eq!(style.height, Some(Dimension::Fixed(40)));
        }
        _ => panic!("Expected div node"),
    }
}


================================================
FILE: rxtui-macros/Cargo.toml
================================================
[package]
name = "rxtui-macros"
version.workspace = true
edition.workspace = true
authors.workspace = true
license.workspace = true
repository.workspace = true
homepage.workspace = true
documentation = "https://docs.rs/rxtui-macros"
description = "Procedural macros for the rxtui terminal UI framework"
keywords = ["tui", "terminal", "macro", "proc-macro"]
categories = ["command-line-interface"]

[lib]
proc-macro = true

[dependencies]
syn = { version = "2.0", features = ["full", "extra-traits"] }
quote = "1.0"
proc-macro2 = "1.0"


================================================
FILE: rxtui-macros/LICENSE
================================================
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================================================
FILE: rxtui-macros/README.md
================================================
# rxtui-macros

[![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/rxtui-macros?style=for-the-badge&logo=rust&logoColor=white)](https://crates.io/crates/rxtui-macros)
[![docs.rs](https://img.shields.io/badge/docs.rs-rxtui--macros-blue?style=for-the-badge&logo=docs.rs)](https://docs.rs/rxtui-macros)
[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202.0-blue?style=for-the-badge)](https://github.com/microsandbox/rxtui/blob/main/LICENSE)

Procedural macros for the [RxTUI](https://crates.io/crates/rxtui) terminal UI framework.

> **Note**: This crate provides procedural macros for RxTUI. You should use the main `rxtui` crate directly, which re-exports these macros.

## Usage

Add RxTUI to your project (not this crate directly):

```toml
[dependencies]
rxtui = "0.1"
```

## Provided Macros

### `#[derive(Component)]`

Automatically implements the `Component` trait for your struct:

```rust
use rxtui::prelude::*;

#[derive(Component)]
struct MyApp;

impl MyApp {
    // Add #[update] and #[view] methods
}
```

### `#[update]`

Marks a method as the component's update handler. Automatically handles message downcasting and state management:

```rust
#[update]
fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, msg: MyMsg, mut state: MyState) -> Action {
    match msg {
        MyMsg::Increment => {
            state.count += 1;
            Action::update(state)
        }
        MyMsg::Exit => Action::exit()
    }
}
```

The macro automatically:
- Downcasts incoming messages to your message type
- Retrieves and updates component state
- Handles multiple message types if needed

#### Advanced: Multiple Message Types

```rust
#[update(msg = AppMessage, topics = ["dialog" => DialogMsg, "nav" => NavMsg])]
fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, messages: Messages, mut state: AppState) -> Action {
    match messages {
        Messages::AppMessage(msg) => {
            // Handle app messages
            Action::update(state)
        }
        Messages::DialogMsg(msg) => {
            // Handle dialog messages from "dialog" topic
            Action::update(state)
        }
        Messages::NavMsg(msg) => {
            // Handle navigation messages from "nav" topic
            Action::update(state)
        }
    }
}
```

The macro generates an enum `Messages` with variants for each message type.

#### Topic-Based Updates

```rust
#[update("navigation")]
fn handle_nav(&self, ctx: &Context, msg: NavMsg, state: State) -> Action {
    // Handle navigation messages
}

#[update("user")]
fn handle_user(&self, ctx: &Context, msg: UserMsg, state: State) -> Action {
    // Handle user messages
}
```

### `#[view]`

Marks a method as the component's view renderer:

```rust
#[view]
fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, state: MyState) -> Node {
    node! {
        div(bg: black, pad: 2) [
            text(format!("Count: {}", state.count))
        ]
    }
}
```

The macro automatically:
- Retrieves the current component state
- Passes it to your view function
- Returns the rendered node tree

### `#[effect]`

Creates async background tasks (requires `effects` feature):

```rust
#[effect]
async fn tick(&self, ctx: &Context) {
    loop {
        tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
        ctx.send("tick");
    }
}
```

Effects run automatically when the component is mounted and are cancelled when unmounted.

## Complete Example

```rust
use rxtui::prelude::*;
use std::time::Duration;

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
enum CounterMsg {
    Increment,
    Decrement,
    Reset,
    Exit,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
struct CounterState {
    count: i32,
}

#[derive(Component)]
struct Counter;

impl Counter {
    #[update]
    fn update(&self, _ctx: &Context, msg: CounterMsg, mut state: CounterState) -> Action {
        match msg {
            CounterMsg::Increment => {
                state.count += 1;
                Action::update(state)
            }
            CounterMsg::Decrement => {
                state.count -= 1;
                Action::update(state)
            }
            CounterMsg::Reset => {
                state.count = 0;
                Action::update(state)
            }
            CounterMsg::Exit => Action::exit()
        }
    }

    #[view]
    fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, state: CounterState) -> Node {
        node! {
            div(
                bg: black,
                pad: 2,
                @key(up): ctx.handler(CounterMsg::Increment),
                @key(down): ctx.handler(CounterMsg::Decrement),
                @key(r): ctx.handler(CounterMsg::Reset),
                @key(esc): ctx.handler(CounterMsg::Exit)
            ) [
                text(format!("Count: {}", state.count), color: white, bold),
                text("↑/↓: change | r: reset | esc: exit", color: bright_black)
            ]
        }
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "effects")]
    #[effect]
    async fn auto_increment(&self, ctx: &Context) {
        loop {
            tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs(5)).await;
            ctx.send(CounterMsg::Increment);
        }
    }
}

fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
    App::new()?.run(Counter)
}
```

## Documentation

For complete documentation and more examples, see the main [RxTUI documentation](https://docs.rs/rxtui).

## License

This project is licensed under the Apache License 2.0 - see the [LICENSE](https://github.com/microsandbox/rxtui/blob/main/LICENSE) file for details.


================================================
FILE: rxtui-macros/src/lib.rs
================================================
use proc_macro::TokenStream;
use quote::{format_ident, quote};
use syn::parse::{Parse, ParseStream};
use syn::{
    DeriveInput, Expr, FnArg, Ident, ImplItem, ItemFn, ItemImpl, LitStr, Pat, PatType, Token, Type,
    parse_macro_input,
};

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Represents a topic mapping like "timer" => TimerMsg or self.topic => TimerMsg
enum TopicKey {
    Static(LitStr),
    Dynamic(Expr),
}

struct TopicMapping {
    key: TopicKey,
    _arrow: Token![=>],
    msg_type: Type,
}

/// Parse the update attribute arguments with new syntax
struct UpdateArgs {
    msg_type: Option<Type>,
    topics: Vec<TopicMapping>,
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Trait Implementations
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

impl Parse for TopicMapping {
    fn parse(input: ParseStream) -> syn::Result<Self> {
        // Try to parse as a string literal first
        let key = if input.peek(LitStr) {
            TopicKey::Static(input.parse()?)
        } else {
            // Otherwise parse as an expression (e.g., self.topic_name)
            TopicKey::Dynamic(input.parse()?)
        };

        Ok(TopicMapping {
            key,
            _arrow: input.parse()?,
            msg_type: input.parse()?,
        })
    }
}

impl Parse for UpdateArgs {
    fn parse(input: ParseStream) -> syn::Result<Self> {
        let mut msg_type = None;
        let mut topics = Vec::new();

        while !input.is_empty() {
            // Parse identifier (msg or topics)
            let ident: Ident = input.parse()?;
            input.parse::<Token![=]>()?;

            if ident == "msg" {
                msg_type = Some(input.parse()?);
            } else if ident == "topics" {
                // Parse array of topic mappings
                let content;
                syn::bracketed!(content in input);

                while !content.is_empty() {
                    topics.push(content.parse::<TopicMapping>()?);

                    if !content.is_empty() {
                        content.parse::<Token![,]>()?;
                    }
                }
            }

            if !input.is_empty() {
                input.parse::<Token![,]>()?;
            }
        }

        Ok(UpdateArgs { msg_type, topics })
    }
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Functions
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Extract parameter name and type from a function argument
fn extract_param_info(arg: &FnArg) -> Option<(Ident, Type)> {
    if let FnArg::Typed(PatType { pat, ty, .. }) = arg
        && let Pat::Ident(pat_ident) = &**pat
    {
        let name = pat_ident.ident.clone();
        let ty = (**ty).clone();
        return Some((name, ty));
    }
    None
}

/// Derive macro that implements the Component trait
///
/// This macro automatically implements all the boilerplate methods
/// required by the Component trait.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```ignore
/// #[derive(Component)]
/// struct MyComponent {
///     // any fields you need
/// }
///
/// // Or for unit structs:
/// #[derive(Component)]
/// struct MyComponent;
///
/// impl MyComponent {
///     fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, msg: Box<dyn Message>, topic: Option<&str>) -> Action {
///         // your implementation
///     }
///
///     fn view(&self, ctx: &Context) -> Node {
///         // your implementation
///     }
/// }
/// ```
#[proc_macro_derive(Component)]
pub fn derive_component(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
    let input = parse_macro_input!(input as DeriveInput);
    let name = &input.ident;

    // Generate the implementation
    let expanded = quote! {
        impl rxtui::Component for #name {
            fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn std::any::Any {
                self
            }

            fn as_any_mut(&mut self) -> &mut dyn std::any::Any {
                self
            }

            // Use method resolution to call inherent __component_update_impl if it exists,
            // otherwise fall back to the trait's default implementation (Action::None)
            fn update(&self, ctx: &rxtui::Context, msg: Box<dyn rxtui::Message>, topic: Option<&str>) -> rxtui::Action {
                use rxtui::providers::UpdateProvider;
                self.__component_update_impl(ctx, msg, topic)
            }

            // Use method resolution to call inherent __component_view_impl if it exists,
            // otherwise fall back to the trait's default implementation (empty Node)
            fn view(&self, ctx: &rxtui::Context) -> rxtui::Node {
                use rxtui::providers::ViewProvider;
                self.__component_view_impl(ctx)
            }

            // Use method resolution to call inherent __component_effects_impl if it exists,
            // otherwise fall back to the trait's default implementation (empty vec)
            fn effects(&self, ctx: &rxtui::Context) -> Vec<rxtui::effect::Effect> {
                use rxtui::providers::EffectsProvider;
                self.__component_effects_impl(ctx)
            }
        }

    };

    TokenStream::from(expanded)
}

/// Simplifies component update methods by automatically handling message downcasting,
/// state fetching, and topic routing.
///
/// # Basic usage
///
/// The simplest form just handles a single message type:
///
/// ```ignore
/// #[update]
/// fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, msg: CounterMsg) -> Action {
///     match msg {
///         CounterMsg::Exit => Action::Exit,
///         _ => Action::None,
///     }
/// }
/// ```
///
/// # With state management
///
/// Add a state parameter and it will be automatically fetched and passed in:
///
/// ```ignore
/// #[update]
/// fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, msg: CounterMsg, mut state: CounterState) -> Action {
///     match msg {
///         CounterMsg::Increment => {
///             state.count += 1;
///             Action::Update(Box::new(state))
///         }
///         CounterMsg::Exit => Action::Exit,
///     }
/// }
/// ```
///
/// # With topic-based messaging
///
/// Components can also listen to topic messages. Topics can be static strings or
/// dynamic expressions from self:
///
/// ```ignore
/// #[update(msg = AppMsg, topics = ["timer" => TimerMsg, self.topic_name => UpdateMsg])]
/// fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, messages: Messages, mut state: AppState) -> Action {
///     match messages {
///         Messages::AppMsg(msg) => { /* handle regular message */ }
///         Messages::TimerMsg(msg) => { /* handle timer topic */ }
///         Messages::UpdateMsg(msg) => { /* handle dynamic topic */ }
///     }
/// }
/// ```
///
/// # How it works
///
/// The macro transforms your simplified function into the full Component trait implementation:
///
/// ```text
/// ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
/// │ #[update(msg = CounterMsg, topics = [self.topic => ResetMsg])]  │
/// │ fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, msg: Messages,                  │
/// │           mut state: CounterState) -> Action {                  │
/// │     match msg {                                                 │
/// │         Messages::CounterMsg(m) => { ... }                      │
/// │         Messages::ResetMsg(m) => { ... }                        │
/// │     }                                                           │
/// │ }                                                               │
/// └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
///                                 ↓
/// ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
/// │ fn update(&self, ctx: &Context,                                 │
/// │           msg: Box<dyn Message>,                                │
/// │           topic: Option<&str>) -> Action {                      │
/// │                                                                 │
/// │     enum Messages { /* generated */ }                           │
/// │     let mut state = ctx.get_state::<CounterState>();            │
/// │                                                                 │
/// │     if let Some(topic) = topic {                                │
/// │         if topic == &*(self.topic) {                            │
/// │             if let Some(m) = msg.downcast::<ResetMsg>() {       │
/// │                 let msg = Messages::ResetMsg(m.clone());        │
/// │                 return { /* user's match block */ };            │
/// │             }                                                   │
/// │         }                                                       │
/// │         return Action::None;                                    │
/// │     }                                                           │
/// │                                                                 │
/// │     if let Some(m) = msg.downcast::<CounterMsg>() {             │
/// │         let msg = Messages::CounterMsg(m.clone());              │
/// │         return { /* user's match block */ };                    │
/// │     }                                                           │
/// │                                                                 │
/// │     Action::None                                                │
/// │ }                                                               │
/// └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
/// ```
///
/// # Parameters
///
/// The function parameters are detected by position:
/// - `&self` (required)
/// - `&Context` (required) - any name allowed
/// - Message type (required) - any name allowed
/// - State type (optional) - any name allowed
#[proc_macro_attribute]
pub fn update(args: TokenStream, input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
    let input_fn = parse_macro_input!(input as ItemFn);

    let _fn_name = &input_fn.sig.ident;
    let fn_vis = &input_fn.vis;
    let fn_block = &input_fn.block;

    // Parse function parameters by position
    let mut params = input_fn.sig.inputs.iter();

    // Position 0: &self (skip it)
    params
        .next()
        .expect("#[update] function must have &self as first parameter");

    // Position 1: &Context
    let ctx_param = params
        .next()
        .expect("#[update] function must have &Context as second parameter");
    let (ctx_name, _ctx_type) =
        extract_param_info(ctx_param).expect("Failed to extract context parameter info");

    // Position 2: Message type
    let msg_param = params
        .next()
        .expect("#[update] function must have message type as third parameter");
    let (msg_name, msg_type) =
        extract_param_info(msg_param).expect("Failed to extract message parameter info");

    // Position 3: State type (optional)
    let state_info = params.next().and_then(extract_param_info);

    // Check if we have topic arguments
    if args.is_empty() {
        // Simple case: no topics specified
        // Generate state fetching code if state parameter exists
        let state_setup = if let Some((state_name, state_type)) = &state_info {
            quote! { let mut #state_name = #ctx_name.get_state::<#state_type>(); }
        } else {
            quote! {}
        };

        let expanded = quote! {
            #fn_vis fn __component_update_impl(&self, #ctx_name: &rxtui::Context, msg: Box<dyn rxtui::Message>, _topic: Option<&str>) -> rxtui::Action {
                if let Some(#msg_name) = msg.downcast::<#msg_type>() {
                    #state_setup
                    let #msg_name = #msg_name.clone();
                    return #fn_block;
                }

                rxtui::Action::None
            }
        };

        TokenStream::from(expanded)
    } else {
        // Complex case: with topics
        let args = parse_macro_input!(args as UpdateArgs);

        // Use provided msg type or fall back to first positional arg
        let regular_type = args.msg_type.unwrap_or(msg_type.clone());

        // Generate enum name from the message parameter type
        let enum_name = &msg_type;

        // Generate enum variants
        let mut enum_variants = vec![];
        let regular_variant =
            format_ident!("{}", quote!(#regular_type).to_string().replace("::", "_"));
        enum_variants.push(quote! { #regular_variant(#regular_type) });

        // Generate topic handling code
        let mut topic_matches = vec![];
        for topic in &args.topics {
            let topic_type = &topic.msg_type;
            let variant_name =
                format_ident!("{}", quote!(#topic_type).to_string().replace("::", "_"));

            enum_variants.push(quote! { #variant_name(#topic_type) });

            let topic_check = match &topic.key {
                TopicKey::Static(lit_str) => {
                    quote! { topic == #lit_str }
                }
                TopicKey::Dynamic(expr) => {
                    // Use &* to convert String to &str
                    quote! { topic == &*(#expr) }
                }
            };

            topic_matches.push(quote! {
                if #topic_check {
                    if let Some(msg) = msg.downcast::<#topic_type>() {
                        let #msg_name = #enum_name::#variant_name(msg.clone());
                        return #fn_block;
                    }
                }
            });
        }

        // Generate state setup
        let state_setup = if let Some((state_name, state_type)) = &state_info {
            quote! { let mut #state_name = #ctx_name.get_state::<#state_type>(); }
        } else {
            quote! {}
        };

        // Generate the complete function
        let expanded = quote! {
            #fn_vis fn __component_update_impl(&self, #ctx_name: &rxtui::Context, msg: Box<dyn rxtui::Message>, topic: Option<&str>) -> rxtui::Action {
                // Generate the enum for message types
                #[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
                enum #enum_name {
                    #(#enum_variants),*
                }

                #state_setup

                // Handle topic messages first
                if let Some(topic) = topic {
                    #(#topic_matches)*
                    return rxtui::Action::None;
                }

                // Handle regular message
                if let Some(msg) = msg.downcast::<#regular_type>() {
                    let #msg_name = #enum_name::#regular_variant(msg.clone());
                    return #fn_block;
                }

                rxtui::Action::None
            }
        };

        TokenStream::from(expanded)
    }
}

/// Simplifies component view methods by automatically fetching state from the context.
///
/// # With state
///
/// If you include a state parameter, it will be automatically fetched:
///
/// ```ignore
/// #[view]
/// fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, state: CounterState) -> Node {
///     node! {
///         div [
///             text(format!("Count: {}", state.count))
///         ]
///     }
/// }
/// ```
///
/// # Without state
///
/// For stateless components, just omit the state parameter:
///
/// ```ignore
/// #[view]
/// fn view(&self, ctx: &Context) -> Node {
///     node! {
///         div [
///             text("Static content")
///         ]
///     }
/// }
/// ```
///
/// The macro automatically detects whether a state parameter is present and generates
/// the appropriate code to fetch it from the context.
///
/// # Parameters
///
/// The function parameters are detected by position:
/// - `&self` (required)
/// - `&Context` (required) - any name allowed
/// - State type (optional) - any name allowed
#[proc_macro_attribute]
pub fn view(_args: TokenStream, input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
    let input_fn = parse_macro_input!(input as ItemFn);

    let _fn_name = &input_fn.sig.ident;
    let fn_vis = &input_fn.vis;
    let fn_block = &input_fn.block;

    // Parse function parameters by position
    let mut params = input_fn.sig.inputs.iter();

    // Position 0: &self (skip it)
    params
        .next()
        .expect("#[view] function must have &self as first parameter");

    // Position 1: &Context
    let ctx_param = params
        .next()
        .expect("#[view] function must have &Context as second parameter");
    let (ctx_name, _ctx_type) =
        extract_param_info(ctx_param).expect("Failed to extract context parameter info");

    // Position 2: State type (optional)
    if let Some(state_param) = params.next() {
        let (state_name, state_type) =
            extract_param_info(state_param).expect("Failed to extract state parameter info");

        // Generate with state fetching
        let expanded = quote! {
            #fn_vis fn __component_view_impl(&self, #ctx_name: &rxtui::Context) -> rxtui::Node {
                let #state_name = #ctx_name.get_state::<#state_type>();
                #fn_block
            }
        };

        TokenStream::from(expanded)
    } else {
        // No state parameter - just forward as-is
        let expanded = quote! {
            #fn_vis fn __component_view_impl(&self, #ctx_name: &rxtui::Context) -> rxtui::Node {
                #fn_block
            }
        };

        TokenStream::from(expanded)
    }
}

/// Marks an async method as a single effect that runs in the background.
///
/// # Basic usage
///
/// Define an async effect that runs in the background:
///
/// ```ignore
/// #[effect]
/// async fn timer_effect(&self, ctx: &Context) {
///     loop {
///         tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
///         ctx.send(Msg::Tick);
///     }
/// }
/// ```
///
/// # With state
///
/// Effects can access component state:
///
/// ```ignore
/// #[effect]
/// async fn fetch_data(&self, ctx: &Context, state: MyState) {
///     let url = &state.api_url;
///     let data = fetch(url).await;
///     ctx.send(Msg::DataLoaded(data));
/// }
/// ```
///
/// # Multiple effects
///
/// You can define multiple effects on a component - they will all be collected
/// into a single `effects()` method:
///
/// ```ignore
/// impl MyComponent {
///     #[effect]
///     async fn timer(&self, ctx: &Context) {
///         // Timer logic
///     }
///
///     #[effect]
///     async fn websocket(&self, ctx: &Context) {
///         // WebSocket logic
///     }
/// }
/// ```
///
/// # Parameters
///
/// The function parameters are detected by position:
/// - `&self` (required)
/// - `&Context` (required) - any name allowed
/// - State type (optional) - any name allowed
///
/// Note: Use the #[component] macro on the impl block to automatically collect
/// all methods marked with #[effect] into the effects() method.
#[proc_macro_attribute]
pub fn effect(_args: TokenStream, input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
    let input_fn = parse_macro_input!(input as ItemFn);

    let fn_name = &input_fn.sig.ident;
    let fn_vis = &input_fn.vis;
    let fn_block = &input_fn.block;

    // Parse function parameters by position
    let mut params = input_fn.sig.inputs.iter();

    // Position 0: &self (skip it)
    params
        .next()
        .expect("#[effects] function must have &self as first parameter");

    // Position 1: &Context
    let ctx_param = params
        .next()
        .expect("#[effects] function must have &Context as second parameter");
    let (ctx_name, _ctx_type) =
        extract_param_info(ctx_param).expect("Failed to extract context parameter info");

    // Position 2: State type (optional)
    let state_setup = if let Some(state_param) = params.next() {
        let (state_name, state_type) =
            extract_param_info(state_param).expect("Failed to extract state parameter info");
        quote! { let #state_name = #ctx_name.get_state::<#state_type>(); }
    } else {
        quote! {}
    };

    // Generate a helper method that creates the effect
    let helper_name = format_ident!("__{}_effect", fn_name);

    let expanded = quote! {
        #[allow(dead_code)]
        #fn_vis fn #helper_name(&self, #ctx_name: &rxtui::Context) -> rxtui::effect::Effect {
            Box::pin({
                let #ctx_name = #ctx_name.clone();
                #state_setup
                async move #fn_block
            })
        }

        // Keep the original async function for reference/testing if needed
        #[allow(dead_code)]
        #fn_vis async fn #fn_name(&self, #ctx_name: &rxtui::Context) #fn_block
    };

    TokenStream::from(expanded)
}

/// Impl-level macro that automatically handles Component trait boilerplate.
///
/// This macro processes an impl block and:
/// 1. Collects all methods marked with `#[effect]`
/// 2. Generates helper methods for each effect
/// 3. Automatically creates the `effects()` method
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```ignore
/// #[component]
/// impl MyComponent {
///     #[update]
///     fn update(&self, ctx: &Context, msg: Msg, mut state: State) -> Action {
///         // update logic
///     }
///
///     #[view]
///     fn view(&self, ctx: &Context, state: State) -> Node {
///         // view logic
///     }
///
///     #[effect]
///     async fn timer(&self, ctx: &Context) {
///         // async effect logic
///     }
/// }
/// ```
///
/// The macro will automatically generate the `effects()` method that collects
/// all methods marked with `#[effect]`.
#[proc_macro_attribute]
pub fn component(_args: TokenStream, input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
    let mut impl_block = parse_macro_input!(input as ItemImpl);

    // Find all methods marked with #[effect]
    let mut effect_methods = Vec::new();
    let mut processed_items = Vec::new();

    for item in impl_block.items.drain(..) {
        if let ImplItem::Fn(mut method) = item {
            // Check if this method has the #[effect] attribute
            let has_effect_attr = method
                .attrs
                .iter()
                .any(|attr| attr.path().is_ident("effect"));

            if has_effect_attr {
                // Remove the #[effect] attribute
                method.attrs.retain(|attr| !attr.path().is_ident("effect"));

                let method_name = &method.sig.ident;
                let helper_name = format_ident!("__{}_effect", method_name);

                // Parse parameters
                let mut params = method.sig.inputs.iter();

                // Skip &self
                params.next();

                // Get context parameter
                let ctx_param = params.next();
                let ctx_name = if let Some(FnArg::Typed(PatType { pat, .. })) = ctx_param {
                    if let Pat::Ident(pat_ident) = &**pat {
                        &pat_ident.ident
                    } else {
                        panic!("Expected context parameter");
                    }
                } else {
                    panic!("Expected context parameter");
                };

                // Check for state parameter
                let state_setup = if let Some(FnArg::Typed(PatType { pat, ty, .. })) = params.next()
                {
                    if let Pat::Ident(pat_ident) = &**pat {
                        let state_name = &pat_ident.ident;
                        let state_type = &**ty;
                        quote! { let #state_name = #ctx_name.get_state::<#state_type>(); }
                    } else {
                        quote! {}
                    }
                } else {
                    quote! {}
                };

                let method_block = &method.block;

                // Generate helper method
                let helper_method = quote! {
                    #[allow(dead_code)]
                    fn #helper_name(&self, #ctx_name: &rxtui::Context) -> rxtui::effect::Effect {
                        Box::pin({
                            let #ctx_name = #ctx_name.clone();
                            #state_setup
                            async move #method_block
                        })
                    }
                };

                // Store effect method info for later
                effect_methods.push((helper_name, ctx_name.clone()));

                // Add both the helper and original method
                let helper_item: ImplItem = syn::parse2(helper_method).unwrap();
                processed_items.push(helper_item);

                // Add #[allow(dead_code)] to the original async method
                method.attrs.push(syn::parse_quote! { #[allow(dead_code)] });
                processed_items.push(ImplItem::Fn(method));
            } else {
                processed_items.push(ImplItem::Fn(method));
            }
        } else {
            processed_items.push(item);
        }
    }

    // Add all processed items back
    impl_block.items = processed_items;

    // Always generate effects() method - either with collected effects or empty vec
    // If rxtui is compiled without effects, the Effect type won't exist and compilation will fail
    // This is the correct behavior - using effects without the feature should be a compile error
    let effects_method = if !effect_methods.is_empty() {
        let effect_calls = effect_methods
            .iter()
            .map(|(helper_name, _)| {
                quote! { self.#helper_name(ctx) }
            })
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();

        quote! {
            // Generated method that shadows the EffectsProvider trait method
            // This will be called by Component::effects() through method resolution
            fn __component_effects_impl(&self, ctx: &rxtui::Context) -> Vec<rxtui::effect::Effect> {
                vec![#(#effect_calls),*]
            }
        }
    } else {
        quote! {
            // No effects defined, but still generate the method to shadow the trait
            // This ensures consistent behavior whether effects are present or not
            fn __component_effects_impl(&self, _ctx: &rxtui::Context) -> Vec<rxtui::effect::Effect> {
                vec![]
            }
        }
    };

    let effects_item: ImplItem = syn::parse2(effects_method).unwrap();
    impl_block.items.push(effects_item);

    // Just return the impl block with the effects method
    TokenStream::from(quote! { #impl_block })
}