Repository: roseman/tkdocs
Branch: master
Commit: 1a53c4498e7b
Files: 25
Total size: 23.3 KB

Directory structure:
gitextract_hu22vnbl/

├── README.md
├── bindings.py
├── contextmenu.py
├── country.py
├── dialog.py
├── f2m.py
├── f2mo.py
├── gridexample1.py
├── gridexample2.py
├── hello.py
├── logwindow.py
├── longrunning.py
├── menu.py
├── numvalidate.py
├── recentfiles.py
├── scale.py
├── scrollbar.py
├── scrolledtext.py
├── sketch1.py
├── sketch2.py
├── sketch3.py
├── sketch4.py
├── sketcho.py
├── stackorder.py
└── validate.py

================================================
FILE CONTENTS
================================================

================================================
FILE: README.md
================================================
# TkDocs Examples

This repository contains example Tkinter code that appears in the book *Modern Tkinter* as well as the 
tutorial at https://tkdocs.com.


================================================
FILE: bindings.py
================================================
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import ttk
root = Tk()
l =ttk.Label(root, text="Starting...")
l.grid()
l.bind('<Enter>', lambda e: l.configure(text='Moved mouse inside'))
l.bind('<Leave>', lambda e: l.configure(text='Moved mouse outside'))
l.bind('<1>', lambda e: l.configure(text='Clicked left mouse button'))
l.bind('<Double-1>', lambda e: l.configure(text='Double clicked'))
l.bind('<B3-Motion>', lambda e: l.configure(text=f'right button drag to {e.x},{e.y}'))
root.mainloop()


================================================
FILE: contextmenu.py
================================================
from tkinter import *
root = Tk()
if (root.tk.call('tk', 'windowingsystem')=='aqua'):
    root.event_add('<<ContextMenu>>', '<Control-Button-1>')
menu = Menu(root)
for i in ('One', 'Two', 'Three'):
    menu.add_command(label=i)
root.bind('<<ContextMenu>>', lambda e: menu.post(e.x_root, e.y_root))
root.mainloop()


================================================
FILE: country.py
================================================
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import ttk
root = Tk()

# Initialize our country "databases":
#  - the list of country codes (a subset anyway)
#  - parallel list of country names, same order as the country codes
#  - a hash table mapping country code to population
countrycodes = ('ar', 'au', 'be', 'br', 'ca', 'cn', 'dk', 'fi', 'fr', 'gr', 'in', 'it', 'jp', 'mx', 'nl', 'no', 'es', 'se', 'ch')
countrynames = ('Argentina', 'Australia', 'Belgium', 'Brazil', 'Canada', 'China', 'Denmark', \
        'Finland', 'France', 'Greece', 'India', 'Italy', 'Japan', 'Mexico', 'Netherlands', 'Norway', 'Spain', \
        'Sweden', 'Switzerland')
cnames = StringVar(value=countrynames)
populations = {'ar':41000000, 'au':21179211, 'be':10584534, 'br':185971537, \
        'ca':33148682, 'cn':1323128240, 'dk':5457415, 'fi':5302000, 'fr':64102140, 'gr':11147000, \
        'in':1131043000, 'it':59206382, 'jp':127718000, 'mx':106535000, 'nl':16402414, \
        'no':4738085, 'es':45116894, 'se':9174082, 'ch':7508700}

# Names of the gifts we can send
gifts = { 'card':'Greeting card', 'flowers':'Flowers', 'nastygram':'Nastygram'}

# State variables
gift = StringVar()
sentmsg = StringVar()
statusmsg = StringVar()

# Called when the selection in the listbox changes; figure out
# which country is currently selected, and then lookup its country
# code, and from that, its population.  Update the status message
# with the new population.  As well, clear the message about the
# gift being sent, so it doesn't stick around after we start doing
# other things.
def showPopulation(*args):
    idxs = lbox.curselection()
    if len(idxs)==1:
        idx = int(idxs[0])
        code = countrycodes[idx]
        name = countrynames[idx]
        popn = populations[code]
        statusmsg.set("The population of %s (%s) is %d" % (name, code, popn))
    sentmsg.set('')

# Called when the user double clicks an item in the listbox, presses
# the "Send Gift" button, or presses the Return key.  In case the selected
# item is scrolled out of view, make sure it is visible.
#
# Figure out which country is selected, which gift is selected with the 
# radiobuttons, "send the gift", and provide feedback that it was sent.
def sendGift(*args):
    idxs = lbox.curselection()
    if len(idxs)==1:
        idx = int(idxs[0])
        lbox.see(idx)
        name = countrynames[idx]
        # Gift sending left as an exercise to the reader
        sentmsg.set("Sent %s to leader of %s" % (gifts[gift.get()], name))

# Create and grid the outer content frame
c = ttk.Frame(root, padding=(5, 5, 12, 0))
c.grid(column=0, row=0, sticky=(N,W,E,S))
root.grid_columnconfigure(0, weight=1)
root.grid_rowconfigure(0,weight=1)

# Create the different widgets; note the variables that many
# of them are bound to, as well as the button callback.
# We're using the StringVar() 'cnames', constructed from 'countrynames'
lbox = Listbox(c, listvariable=cnames, height=5)
lbl = ttk.Label(c, text="Send to country's leader:")
g1 = ttk.Radiobutton(c, text=gifts['card'], variable=gift, value='card')
g2 = ttk.Radiobutton(c, text=gifts['flowers'], variable=gift, value='flowers')
g3 = ttk.Radiobutton(c, text=gifts['nastygram'], variable=gift, value='nastygram')
send = ttk.Button(c, text='Send Gift', command=sendGift, default='active')
sentlbl = ttk.Label(c, textvariable=sentmsg, anchor='center')
status = ttk.Label(c, textvariable=statusmsg, anchor=W)

# Grid all the widgets
lbox.grid(column=0, row=0, rowspan=6, sticky=(N,S,E,W))
lbl.grid(column=1, row=0, padx=10, pady=5)
g1.grid(column=1, row=1, sticky=W, padx=20)
g2.grid(column=1, row=2, sticky=W, padx=20)
g3.grid(column=1, row=3, sticky=W, padx=20)
send.grid(column=2, row=4, sticky=E)
sentlbl.grid(column=1, row=5, columnspan=2, sticky=N, pady=5, padx=5)
status.grid(column=0, row=6, columnspan=2, sticky=(W,E))
c.grid_columnconfigure(0, weight=1)
c.grid_rowconfigure(5, weight=1)

# Set event bindings for when the selection in the listbox changes,
# when the user double clicks the list, and when they hit the Return key
lbox.bind('<<ListboxSelect>>', showPopulation)
lbox.bind('<Double-1>', sendGift)
root.bind('<Return>', sendGift)

# Colorize alternating lines of the listbox
for i in range(0,len(countrynames),2):
    lbox.itemconfigure(i, background='#f0f0ff')

# Set the starting state of the interface, including selecting the
# default gift to send, and clearing the messages.  Select the first
# country in the list; because the &lt;&lt;ListboxSelect&gt;&gt; event is only
# fired when users makes a change, we explicitly call showPopulation.
gift.set('card')
sentmsg.set('')
statusmsg.set('')
lbox.selection_set(0)
showPopulation()

root.mainloop()


================================================
FILE: dialog.py
================================================
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import ttk
root = Tk()

ttk.Entry(root).grid()   # something to interact with
def dismiss ():
    dlg.grab_release()
    dlg.destroy()

dlg = Toplevel(root)
ttk.Button(dlg, text="Done", command=dismiss).grid()
dlg.protocol("WM_DELETE_WINDOW", dismiss) # intercept close button
dlg.transient(root)   # dialog window is related to main
dlg.wait_visibility() # can't grab until window appears, so we wait
dlg.grab_set()        # ensure all input goes to our window
dlg.wait_window()     # block until window is destroyed

root.mainloop()




================================================
FILE: f2m.py
================================================
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import ttk

def calculate(*args):
    try:
        value = float(feet.get())
        meters.set(round(0.3048 * value, 4))
    except ValueError:
        pass

root = Tk()
root.title("Feet to Meters")

mainframe = ttk.Frame(root, padding=(3, 3, 12, 12))
mainframe.grid(column=0, row=0, sticky=(N, W, E, S))

feet = StringVar()
feet_entry = ttk.Entry(mainframe, width=7, textvariable=feet)
feet_entry.grid(column=2, row=1, sticky=(W, E))

meters = StringVar()
ttk.Label(mainframe, textvariable=meters).grid(column=2, row=2, sticky=(W, E))

ttk.Button(mainframe, text="Calculate", command=calculate).grid(column=3, row=3, sticky=W)

ttk.Label(mainframe, text="feet").grid(column=3, row=1, sticky=W)
ttk.Label(mainframe, text="is equivalent to").grid(column=1, row=2, sticky=E)
ttk.Label(mainframe, text="meters").grid(column=3, row=2, sticky=W)

root.columnconfigure(0, weight=1)
root.rowconfigure(0, weight=1)
mainframe.columnconfigure(2, weight=1)
for child in mainframe.winfo_children(): 
    child.grid_configure(padx=5, pady=5)

feet_entry.focus()
root.bind("<Return>", calculate)

root.mainloop()


================================================
FILE: f2mo.py
================================================
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import ttk

class FeetToMeters:

    def __init__(self, root):

        root.title("Feet to Meters")

        mainframe = ttk.Frame(root, padding=(3, 3, 12, 12))
        mainframe.grid(column=0, row=0, sticky=(N, W, E, S))
       
        self.feet = StringVar()
        feet_entry = ttk.Entry(mainframe, width=7, textvariable=self.feet)
        feet_entry.grid(column=2, row=1, sticky=(W, E))
        self.meters = StringVar()

        ttk.Label(mainframe, textvariable=self.meters).grid(column=2, row=2, sticky=(W, E))
        ttk.Button(mainframe, text="Calculate", command=self.calculate).grid(column=3, row=3, sticky=W)

        ttk.Label(mainframe, text="feet").grid(column=3, row=1, sticky=W)
        ttk.Label(mainframe, text="is equivalent to").grid(column=1, row=2, sticky=E)
        ttk.Label(mainframe, text="meters").grid(column=3, row=2, sticky=W)

        root.columnconfigure(0, weight=1)
        root.rowconfigure(0, weight=1)
        mainframe.columnconfigure(2, weight=1)
        for child in mainframe.winfo_children(): 
            child.grid_configure(padx=5, pady=5)

        feet_entry.focus()
        root.bind("<Return>", self.calculate)
        
    def calculate(self, *args):
        try:
            value = float(self.feet.get())
            self.meters.set(round(0.3048 * value, 4))
        except ValueError:
            pass

root = Tk()
FeetToMeters(root)
root.mainloop()

================================================
FILE: gridexample1.py
================================================
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import ttk

root = Tk()

content = ttk.Frame(root)
frame = ttk.Frame(content, borderwidth=5, relief="sunken", width=200, height=100)
namelbl = ttk.Label(content, text="Name")
name = ttk.Entry(content)

onevar = BooleanVar()
twovar = BooleanVar()
threevar = BooleanVar()
onevar.set(True)
twovar.set(False)
threevar.set(True)

one = ttk.Checkbutton(content, text="One", variable=onevar, onvalue=True)
two = ttk.Checkbutton(content, text="Two", variable=twovar, onvalue=True)
three = ttk.Checkbutton(content, text="Three", variable=threevar, onvalue=True)
ok = ttk.Button(content, text="Okay")
cancel = ttk.Button(content, text="Cancel")

content.grid(column=0, row=0)
frame.grid(column=0, row=0, columnspan=3, rowspan=2)
namelbl.grid(column=3, row=0, columnspan=2)
name.grid(column=3, row=1, columnspan=2)
one.grid(column=0, row=5)
two.grid(column=1, row=5)
three.grid(column=2, row=5)
ok.grid(column=3, row=5)
cancel.grid(column=4, row=5)

root.mainloop()


================================================
FILE: gridexample2.py
================================================
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import ttk

root = Tk()

content = ttk.Frame(root, padding=(3,3,12,12))
frame = ttk.Frame(content, borderwidth=5, relief="sunken", width=200, height=100)
namelbl = ttk.Label(content, text="Name")
name = ttk.Entry(content)

onevar = BooleanVar()
twovar = BooleanVar()
threevar = BooleanVar()

onevar.set(True)
twovar.set(False)
threevar.set(True)

one = ttk.Checkbutton(content, text="One", variable=onevar, onvalue=True)
two = ttk.Checkbutton(content, text="Two", variable=twovar, onvalue=True)
three = ttk.Checkbutton(content, text="Three", variable=threevar, onvalue=True)
ok = ttk.Button(content, text="Okay")
cancel = ttk.Button(content, text="Cancel")

content.grid(column=0, row=0, sticky=(N, S, E, W))
frame.grid(column=0, row=0, columnspan=3, rowspan=2, sticky=(N, S, E, W))
namelbl.grid(column=3, row=0, columnspan=2, sticky=(N, W), padx=5)
name.grid(column=3, row=1, columnspan=2, sticky=(N, E, W), pady=5, padx=5)
one.grid(column=0, row=5)
two.grid(column=1, row=5)
three.grid(column=2, row=5)
ok.grid(column=3, row=5)
cancel.grid(column=4, row=5)

root.columnconfigure(0, weight=1)
root.rowconfigure(0, weight=1)
content.columnconfigure(0, weight=3)
content.columnconfigure(1, weight=3)
content.columnconfigure(2, weight=3)
content.columnconfigure(3, weight=1)
content.columnconfigure(4, weight=1)
content.rowconfigure(1, weight=1)

root.mainloop()


================================================
FILE: hello.py
================================================
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import ttk
root = Tk()
ttk.Button(root, text="Hello World").grid()
root.mainloop()


================================================
FILE: logwindow.py
================================================
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import ttk
from datetime import datetime

root = Tk()
log = Text(root, state='disabled', width=80, height=24, wrap='none')
log.grid()

def writeToLog(msg):
    numlines = int(log.index('end - 1 line').split('.')[0])
    log['state'] = 'normal'
    if numlines == 24:
        log.delete(1.0, 2.0)
    if log.index('end-1c')!='1.0':
        log.insert('end', '\n')
    log.insert('end', msg)
    log['state'] = 'disabled'


def writemsg():
    writeToLog(str(datetime.now())+": all is well")
    root.after(200, writemsg)
    
root.after(200, writemsg)

root.mainloop()


================================================
FILE: longrunning.py
================================================
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import ttk
root = Tk()

def start():
    b.configure(text='Stop', command=stop)
    l['text'] = 'Working...'
    global interrupt; interrupt = False
    root.after(1, step)
    
def stop():
    global interrupt; interrupt = True
    
def step(count=0):
    p['value'] = count
    if interrupt:
        result(None)
        return
    root.after(100)  # next step in our operation; don't take too long!
    if count == 20: # done!
        result(42)
        return
    root.after(1, lambda: step(count+1))
    
def result(answer):
    p['value'] = 0
    b.configure(text='Start', command=start)
    l['text'] = "Answer: " + str(answer) if answer else "No Answer"
    
f = ttk.Frame(root); f.grid()
b = ttk.Button(f, text="Start!", command=start); b.grid(column=1, row=0, padx=5, pady=5)
l = ttk.Label(f, text="No Answer"); l.grid(column=0, row=0, padx=5, pady=5)
p = ttk.Progressbar(f, orient="horizontal", mode="determinate", maximum=20); 
p.grid(column=0, row=1, padx=5, pady=5)

root.mainloop()




================================================
FILE: menu.py
================================================
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import ttk, messagebox

root = Tk()
ttk.Entry(root).grid()
m = Menu(root)
m_edit = Menu(m)
m.add_cascade(menu=m_edit, label="Edit")
m_edit.add_command(label="Paste", command=lambda: root.focus_get().event_generate("<<Paste>>"))
m_edit.add_command(label="Find...", command=lambda: root.event_generate("<<OpenFindDialog>>"))
root['menu'] = m

def launchFindDialog(*args):
    messagebox.showinfo(message="I hope you find what you're looking for!")
    
root.bind("<<OpenFindDialog>>", launchFindDialog)
root.mainloop()


================================================
FILE: numvalidate.py
================================================
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import ttk

root=Tk()

import re
def check_num(newval):
    return re.match('^[0-9]*$', newval) is not None and len(newval) <= 5
check_num_wrapper = (root.register(check_num), '%P')

num = StringVar()
e = ttk.Entry(root, textvariable=num, validate='key', validatecommand=check_num_wrapper)
e.grid(column=0, row=0, sticky='we')

root.mainloop()




================================================
FILE: recentfiles.py
================================================
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import ttk
import glob
import os
import os.path
root=Tk()

def openFile(f):
    print(f)

recent_files = glob.glob(os.getcwd()+'/*.py')
menubar = Menu(root)
root['menu'] = menubar
menu_file = Menu(menubar)
menu_edit = Menu(menubar)
menubar.add_cascade(menu=menu_file, label='File')
menubar.add_cascade(menu=menu_edit, label='Edit')
menu_recent = Menu(menu_file)
menu_file.add_cascade(menu=menu_recent, label='Open Recent')
for f in recent_files:
    menu_recent.add_command(label=os.path.basename(f), command=lambda: openFile(f))

root.mainloop()




================================================
FILE: scale.py
================================================
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import ttk

root=Tk()

# label tied to the same variable as the scale, so auto-updates
num = StringVar()
ttk.Label(root, textvariable=num).grid(column=0, row=0, sticky='we')

# label that we'll manually update via the scale's command callback
manual = ttk.Label(root)
manual.grid(column=0, row=1, sticky='we')

def update_lbl(val):
   manual['text'] = "Scale at " + val

scale = ttk.Scale(root, orient='horizontal', length=200, from_=1.0, to=100.0, variable=num, command=update_lbl)
scale.grid(column=0, row=2, sticky='we')
scale.set(20)

root.mainloop()




================================================
FILE: scrollbar.py
================================================
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import ttk

root = Tk()
l = Listbox(root, height=5)
l.grid(column=0, row=0, sticky=(N,W,E,S))
s = ttk.Scrollbar(root, orient=VERTICAL, command=l.yview)
s.grid(column=1, row=0, sticky=(N,S))
l['yscrollcommand'] = s.set
ttk.Label(root, text="Status message here", anchor=(W)).grid(column=0, columnspan=2, row=1, sticky=(W,E))
root.grid_columnconfigure(0, weight=1)
root.grid_rowconfigure(0, weight=1)
for i in range(1,101):
    l.insert('end', 'Line %d of 100' % i)
root.mainloop()


================================================
FILE: scrolledtext.py
================================================
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import ttk

root=Tk()

t = Text(root, width = 40, height = 5, wrap = "none")
ys = ttk.Scrollbar(root, orient = 'vertical', command = t.yview)
xs = ttk.Scrollbar(root, orient = 'horizontal', command = t.xview)
t['yscrollcommand'] = ys.set
t['xscrollcommand'] = xs.set
t.insert('end', "Lorem ipsum...\n...\n... dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Cras tincidunt tortor sit amet pretium semper. Pellentesque ac laoreet nulla. Fusce quis sapien ut magna ornare lacinia condimentum vel dui. Pellentesque volutpat pulvinar facilisis. Nunc lacus justo, imperdiet a urna at, condimentum gravida erat. \nAliquam ornare mi id dui blandit laoreet. Donec sed \nelit pretium arcu elementum lobortis ac at est. Curabitur nec \nsapien quam. Duis sit amet lectus quis odio finibus viverra. Duis dapibus dui a tempus mollis. Vestibulum porta sem id tristique maximus. Fusce molestie purus ligula, eu auctor mi egestas quis.")
t.grid(column = 0, row = 0, sticky = 'nwes')
xs.grid(column = 0, row = 1, sticky = 'we')
ys.grid(column = 1, row = 0, sticky = 'ns')
root.grid_columnconfigure(0, weight = 1)
root.grid_rowconfigure(0, weight = 1)

root.mainloop()


================================================
FILE: sketch1.py
================================================
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import ttk

lastx, lasty = 0, 0

def xy(event):
    global lastx, lasty
    lastx, lasty = event.x, event.y

def addLine(event):
    global lastx, lasty
    canvas.create_line(lastx, lasty, event.x, event.y)
    lastx, lasty = event.x, event.y

root = Tk()
root.columnconfigure(0, weight=1)
root.rowconfigure(0, weight=1)

canvas = Canvas(root)
canvas.grid(column=0, row=0, sticky=(N, W, E, S))
canvas.bind("<Button-1>", xy)
canvas.bind("<B1-Motion>", addLine)

root.mainloop()


================================================
FILE: sketch2.py
================================================
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import ttk

lastx, lasty = 0, 0
color = "black"

def xy(event):
    global lastx, lasty
    lastx, lasty = event.x, event.y

def setColor(newcolor):
    global color
    color = newcolor

def addLine(event):
    global lastx, lasty
    canvas.create_line(lastx, lasty, event.x, event.y, fill=color)
    lastx, lasty = event.x, event.y

root = Tk()
root.columnconfigure(0, weight=1)
root.rowconfigure(0, weight=1)

canvas = Canvas(root)
canvas.grid(column=0, row=0, sticky=(N, W, E, S))
canvas.bind("<Button-1>", xy)
canvas.bind("<B1-Motion>", addLine)

id = canvas.create_rectangle(10, 10, 30, 30, fill="red")
canvas.tag_bind(id, "<Button-1>", lambda x: setColor("red"))
id = canvas.create_rectangle(10, 35, 30, 55, fill="blue")
canvas.tag_bind(id, "<Button-1>", lambda x: setColor("blue"))
id = canvas.create_rectangle(10, 60, 30, 80, fill="black")
canvas.tag_bind(id, "<Button-1>", lambda x: setColor("black"))	

root.mainloop()


================================================
FILE: sketch3.py
================================================
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import ttk

lastx, lasty = 0, 0
color = "black"

def xy(event):
    global lastx, lasty
    lastx, lasty = event.x, event.y

def setColor(newcolor):
    global color
    color = newcolor
    canvas.dtag('all', 'paletteSelected')
    canvas.itemconfigure('palette', outline='white')
    canvas.addtag('paletteSelected', 'withtag', 'palette%s' % color)
    canvas.itemconfigure('paletteSelected', outline='#999999')

def addLine(event):
    global lastx, lasty
    canvas.create_line(lastx, lasty, event.x, event.y, fill=color, width=5, tags='currentline')
    lastx, lasty = event.x, event.y

def doneStroke(event):
    canvas.itemconfigure('currentline', width=1)        

root = Tk()
root.columnconfigure(0, weight=1)
root.rowconfigure(0, weight=1)

canvas = Canvas(root)
canvas.grid(column=0, row=0, sticky=(N, W, E, S))
canvas.bind("<Button-1>", xy)
canvas.bind("<B1-Motion>", addLine)
canvas.bind("<B1-ButtonRelease>", doneStroke)

id = canvas.create_rectangle(10, 10, 30, 30, fill="red", tags=('palette', 'palettered'))
canvas.tag_bind(id, "<Button-1>", lambda x: setColor("red"))
id = canvas.create_rectangle(10, 35, 30, 55, fill="blue", tags=('palette', 'paletteblue'))
canvas.tag_bind(id, "<Button-1>", lambda x: setColor("blue"))
id = canvas.create_rectangle(10, 60, 30, 80, fill="black", tags=('palette', 'paletteblack', 'paletteSelected'))
canvas.tag_bind(id, "<Button-1>", lambda x: setColor("black"))	

root.mainloop()


================================================
FILE: sketch4.py
================================================
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import ttk
root = Tk()

h = ttk.Scrollbar(root, orient=HORIZONTAL)
v = ttk.Scrollbar(root, orient=VERTICAL)
canvas = Canvas(root, scrollregion=(0, 0, 1000, 1000), yscrollcommand=v.set, xscrollcommand=h.set)
h['command'] = canvas.xview
v['command'] = canvas.yview

canvas.grid(column=0, row=0, sticky=(N,W,E,S))
h.grid(column=0, row=1, sticky=(W,E))
v.grid(column=1, row=0, sticky=(N,S))
root.grid_columnconfigure(0, weight=1)
root.grid_rowconfigure(0, weight=1)

lastx, lasty = 0, 0

def xy(event):
    global lastx, lasty
    lastx, lasty = canvas.canvasx(event.x), canvas.canvasy(event.y)

def setColor(newcolor):
    global color
    color = newcolor
    canvas.dtag('all', 'paletteSelected')
    canvas.itemconfigure('palette', outline='white')
    canvas.addtag('paletteSelected', 'withtag', 'palette%s' % color)
    canvas.itemconfigure('paletteSelected', outline='#999999')

def addLine(event):
    global lastx, lasty
    x, y = canvas.canvasx(event.x), canvas.canvasy(event.y)
    canvas.create_line(lastx, lasty, x, y, fill=color, width=5, tags='currentline')
    lastx, lasty = x, y

def doneStroke(event):
    canvas.itemconfigure('currentline', width=1)        
        
canvas.bind("<Button-1>", xy)
canvas.bind("<B1-Motion>", addLine)
canvas.bind("<B1-ButtonRelease>", doneStroke)

id = canvas.create_rectangle(10, 10, 30, 30, fill="red", tags=('palette', 'palettered'))
canvas.tag_bind(id, "<Button-1>", lambda x: setColor("red"))
id = canvas.create_rectangle(10, 35, 30, 55, fill="blue", tags=('palette', 'paletteblue'))
canvas.tag_bind(id, "<Button-1>", lambda x: setColor("blue"))
id = canvas.create_rectangle(10, 60, 30, 80, fill="black", tags=('palette', 'paletteblack', 'paletteSelected'))
canvas.tag_bind(id, "<Button-1>", lambda x: setColor("black"))

setColor('black')
canvas.itemconfigure('palette', width=5)
root.mainloop()


================================================
FILE: sketcho.py
================================================
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import ttk

class Sketchpad(Canvas):
    def __init__(self, parent, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(parent, **kwargs)
        self.bind("<Button-1>", self.save_posn)
        self.bind("<B1-Motion>", self.add_line)
        
    def save_posn(self, event):
        self.lastx, self.lasty = event.x, event.y

    def add_line(self, event):
        self.create_line(self.lastx, self.lasty, event.x, event.y)
        self.save_posn(event)

root = Tk()
root.columnconfigure(0, weight=1)
root.rowconfigure(0, weight=1)

sketch = Sketchpad(root)
sketch.grid(column=0, row=0, sticky=(N, W, E, S))

root.mainloop()


================================================
FILE: stackorder.py
================================================
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import ttk
root = Tk()
little = ttk.Label(root, text="Little")
bigger = ttk.Label(root, text='Much bigger label')
little.grid(column=0,row=0)
bigger.grid(column=0,row=0)
root.after(2000, lambda: little.lift())
root.mainloop()


================================================
FILE: validate.py
================================================
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import ttk

root=Tk()

import re
errmsg = StringVar()
formatmsg = "Zip should be ##### or #####-####"

def check_zip(newval, op):
    errmsg.set('')
    valid = re.match('^[0-9]{5}(\-[0-9]{4})?$', newval) is not None
    btn.state(['!disabled'] if valid else ['disabled'])
    if op=='key':
        ok_so_far = re.match('^[0-9\-]*$', newval) is not None and len(newval) <= 10
        if not ok_so_far:
            errmsg.set(formatmsg)
        return ok_so_far
    elif op=='focusout':
        if not valid:
            errmsg.set(formatmsg)
    return valid
check_zip_wrapper = (root.register(check_zip), '%P', '%V')

zip = StringVar()
f = ttk.Frame(root)
f.grid(column=0, row=0)
ttk.Label(f, text='Name:').grid(column=0, row=0, padx=5, pady=5)
ttk.Entry(f).grid(column=1, row=0, padx=5, pady=5)
ttk.Label(f, text='Zip:').grid(column=0, row=1, padx=5, pady=5)
e = ttk.Entry(f, textvariable=zip, validate='all', validatecommand=check_zip_wrapper)
e.grid(column=1, row=1, padx=5, pady=5)
btn = ttk.Button(f, text="Process")
btn.grid(column=2, row=1, padx=5, pady=5)
btn.state(['disabled'])
msg = ttk.Label(f, font='TkSmallCaptionFont', foreground='red', textvariable=errmsg)
msg.grid(column=1, row=2, padx=5, pady=5, sticky='w')

root.mainloop()