Full Code of solana-labs/solana-season for AI

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├── README.md
├── ideas.md
└── rust-resources.md

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# Solana Season Hackathon · Up to $1 million in prizes & seed funding

#### Jumpstart your next project on Solana & join the fastest growing ecosystem in crypto

- Hackathon dates: May 15 - June 7, 2021
- Type: Online and global
- Project Submission Form: [Official Website](https://solana.com/solanaszn)

## Introduction

Solana is a fast, low-fee, and censorship-resistant blockchain designed to enable builders to quickly deploy and scale applications to billions of users globally. The Solana Foundation is excited to host its 3rd virtual hackathon focused on allowing developers to experiment and leverage the Solana blockchain to create a plethora of projects spanning DeFi (Decentralized Finance), NFTs, and Web3.

As long as you have an Internet connection, you're invited to join the global hackathon! In addition, if you are located in China, Eastern Europe (CIS region), India, Vietnam, Africa, or Brazil, you're eligible for regional prizes (see prize tracks below). While participants are encouraged to build novel crypto apps, hackers can build infrastructure or any tool they believe will have an impact on the Solana ecosystem. The only requirement is that teams must incorporate Solana into their project in some way. Take a look at this list of [hackathon project ideas](https://github.com/solana-labs/solana-season/blob/master/ideas.md).

Throughout the registration period and hackathon, there will be live-streamed presentations, workshops, and panels on a variety of crypto-related topics. See the full schedule here, and make sure to join a few sessions on Twitch!

## Get Started Building

### Solana Docs

- [Solana Docs - Home](https://docs.solana.com/)
- [Solana Docs - Programming Model](https://docs.solana.com/developing/programming-model/overview)
- [Solana Program Library Docs](https://spl.solana.com/)
- [Wormhole Documentation: Ethereum<>Solana bi-directional bridge](https://github.com/certusone/wormhole)

### Rest Resources

- [Rust Resources](https://github.com/solana-labs/solana-season/blob/master/rust-resources.md)

### RPC Endpoints

- [Devnet Endpoint and Rate Limits](https://docs.solana.com/cluster/rpc-endpoints#devnet)
- [Testnet Endpoint and Rate Limits](https://docs.solana.com/cluster/rpc-endpoints#testnet)

### Video

- [Solana Tutorial | Solana for Developers](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qNIhClYDjR8)
- [Intro to Solana programming model - Technical Workshop](https://www.twitch.tv/videos/1021435633)
- [Programming Solana Smart Contracts](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i6Ycr5nhjH8)

### Walkthroughs

- [Intro to Programming on Solana](https://paulx.dev/blog/2021/01/14/programming-on-solana-an-introduction/)
- [Development Tutorial by Solong](https://solongwallet.medium.com/solana-development-tutorial-things-you-should-know-before-structuring-your-code-807f0e2ee43)

### Examples and Reference Implementations

- [Hello World Example](https://github.com/solana-labs/example-helloworld)
- [Serum DEX Example](https://github.com/project-serum/anchor/blob/master/examples/swap/programs/swap/src/lib.rs)
- [Automated Market Maker + Swap Reference Implementation](https://github.com/solana-labs/oyster-swap)
- [Borrow/Lend Reference Implementation](https://github.com/solana-labs/oyster-lending)
- [Margin Reference Implementation](https://github.com/solana-labs/oyster-margin)
- [Chainlink<>Solana Oracle Implementation](https://github.com/octopus-network/solana-flux-aggregator)

### Development Frameworks

- [Solana Dapp Scaffolding](https://github.com/solana-labs/dapp-scaffold)
- [Full Stack dApp Development Environment by Decentology](https://dappstarter.decentology.com/)

### Project Serum Resources

- [Serum Developer Resources](https://serum-academy.com/en/developer-resources/)
- [List tokens on the Serum DEX](https://serum-academy.com/en/add-market/)
- [Anchor Framework by Project Serum](https://github.com/project-serum/anchor)

## Engage with the Community

- [Discord Support Chat](https://discord.gg/uNHzdyZRMB): Live technical support and help
- [Find a teammate directory](https://airtable.com/shrGAmy0TzK9h73Us)

## Submissions

A submission form will be availble around June 1. It will require a description of the project, project logo/image, a list of teammates, project name, a link to the GitHub /gitlab repo, and a slide deck or video presentation.

## Judging

Participants may submit a maximum of 1 project by the hackathon deadline. Once all submissions are collected, Solana will distribute a list to the judges for the evaluation process. Teams and individuals are evaluated on the following criteria:

1. Functionality
2. Potential impact
3. Novelty
4. Design + UX
5. Composability

After judges complete individual evaluations, the hackathon organizers will discuss with the judges to choose the winners based on the project's weighted scores. Winners of the event will be announced shortly after the end of the hackathon.

There are 3 global prize tracks: DeFi, NFTs, and Web3. There will be a 1st, 2nd, and 3rd place winner in each of those categories. In addition, there are sponsored prizes by supporting projects including Serum, Kin, Raydium, and Pyth for teams that best integrate with their respective technologies. And finally, as mentioned above, there are regional prize pools for teams submitting from China, Eastern Europe, India, Africa, Vietnam, and Brazil.

The project submission form will be published on or about June 1. It will require projects to provide a brief description of the project, a logo/image, a list of teammates, the project name, a link to the GitHub /gitlab repo, and a slide deck or video presentation.

## Prizes

All prize amounts will be distributed in USDC-SPL.

| Global                                                                  | Prize                                                             |
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Grand Prize Winner                                                      | $30k & airfare+tickets to Solana's conference in Lisbon, Portugal |
| DeFi                                                                    | 1st Place $20k, 2nd place $10k, 3rd place $5k                     |
| NFTs                                                                    | 1st Place $20k, 2nd place $10k, 3rd place $5k                     |
| Web3                                                                    | 1st Place $20k, 2nd place $10k, 3rd place $5k                     |
| Community Choice Prize                                                  | $5k + Solana Swag                                                 |
| Serum's Prize                                                           | $25k                                                              |
| [Kin's Prize](https://github.com/kinecosystem/kin-solana-hackathon)     | $25k                                                              |
| Our Network's Prize                                                     | $25k                                                              |
| Raydium's Prize                                                         | 3k RAY tokens                                                     |
| [Star Atlas' Prize](https://github.com/staratlasmeta/star-atlas-arcade) | $25k                                                              |
| Orca's Prize                                                            | $5k                                                               |
| Media Foundation's Prize                                                | $30k                                                              |
| Pyth's Prize                                                            | $25k                                                              |

#### Regional Prize Pools

| China+Taiwan: Serum + Raydium Track    | Prize |
| ------------------------------- | ----- |
| 1st Place                       | $40k  |
| 2nd Place                       | $25k  |
| 3rd Place                       | $10k  |
| Dorahacks Quadractic Vote Prize | $50k  |

| Eastern Europe: Hacken Track                                                                        | Prize |
| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----- |
| 1st Place                                                                                           | $25k  |
| 2nd Place                                                                                           | $15k  |
| 3rd Place                                                                                           | $10k  |
| Serum Prize                                                                                         | $50k  |
| Velas Prize                                                                                         | $20k  |
| [HAPI Prize](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1x1dttIurfxB_3yWPbvVnOJ6aydr8mEx5xK81TNk1Veo/edit)  | $20k  |
| [Akash Prize](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1DYsAh591WUpr0gG5sKn4zn965e6kPY5AMbkitMLfPzs/edit) | $15k  |
| [Spacemind Prize](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1-sX8xu8Nm0vtPj56jwGvMYjkCSkf2X_smHK2IkUEBJQ/edit) | $15k | 

| India: CoinDCX + Devfolio Track | Prize |
| ------------------------------- | ----- |
| 1st Place                       | $25k  |
| 2nd Place                       | $15k  |
| 3rd Place                       | $10k  |

| Brazil: BRZ Track | Prize |
| ----------------- | ----- |
| Overall Winner       | $15k  |


| Africa: Blockchain Nigeria + Bundle Track | Prize |
| ----------------------------------------- | ----- |
| 1st Place                                 | $15k  |
| 2nd Place                                 | $7k   |
| 3rd Place                                 | $3k   |

| Vietnam: Kyber + Coin98 Track | Prize |
| ----------------------------- | ----- |
| 1st Place                     | $15k  |
| 2nd Place                     | $7k   |
| 3rd Place                     | $3k   |

## Code of Conduct

The Solana Season Hackathon welcomes any one from around the world to participate and is intended to create an inclusive environment for building, collaboration, creativity, and impact. We value the participation of each member of the community and want everyone involved to be respected. Accordingly, hackathon administrators, judges, and participants are expected to adhere to the Code of Conduct outlined below for the duration of the hackathon. Event organizers will enforce this code and have the right to disqualify any individual or team that breaks the code.

- Be Respectful: Be kind to all who participate in the event. Do not insult or put down other attendees.

- Behave Professionally. Remember that harassment, racism, sexism, or exclusionary jokes are not appropriate for this event. Harassment includes offensive verbal comments related to gender, sexual orientation, disability, physical appearance, race, and/or religion. Sexual images in public forums, deliberate intimidation, online stalking, following, sustained disruption of virtual presentations, or any other inappropriate action is strictly prohibited

- Be Thoughtful: In the spirit of open source and inclusiveness, there may be minors participating in the hackathon. Keep this in mind when communicating or speaking in public forums.

- Be Open: We welcome attendees from all backgrounds. This event is about increasing awareness for Solana and the greater crypto space. Please be welcoming to all who register for the event and help us create a friendly environment for all.

- Believe in Yourself: Crypto opens the door for anyone to permissionlessly build applications that will change how we all interact with finance, gaming, and the Internet as a whole. Dream big and use this powerful technology to create a better world.

## Legal Disclaimer

The Solana Season Hackathon is a competition where projects will be evaluated by judges on their technological merits without consideration of legal viability. Participants in the Hackathon will create software solely for purposes of evaluation by judges as part of a competition and not for commercial deployment or release as part of the Hackathon.All participants must comply with applicable laws and regulations when releasing any software that they develop as part of the Hackathon.

The Hackathon ideas and developer resources that Solana Foundation (“SF”) provides are for educational and inspirational purposes only. SF does not encourage, induce or sanction the deployment of any such applications in violation of applicable laws or regulations. SF does not encourage, induce or sanction the deployment, integration or use of any such applications (including the code comprising the Solana blockchain protocol) in violation of applicable laws or regulations and hereby prohibits any such deployment, integration or use. This includes use of any such applications by the reader (a) in violation of export control or sanctions laws of the United States or any other applicable jurisdiction, (b) if the reader is located in or ordinarily resident in a country or territory subject to comprehensive sanctions administered by the U.S. Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), (c) if the reader is or is working on behalf of a Specially Designated National (SDN) or a person subject to similar blocking or denied party prohibitions, or (d) in violation of the Commodities and Exchange Act.

The reader should be aware that U.S. export control and sanctions laws prohibit U.S. persons (and other persons that are subject to such laws) from transacting with persons in certain countries and territories or that are on the SDN list. As a project based primarily on open-source software, it is possible that such sanctioned persons may nevertheless bypass prohibitions, obtain the code comprising the Solana blockchain protocol (or other project code or applications) and deploy, integrate, or otherwise use it. Accordingly, there is a risk to individuals that other persons using the Solana blockchain protocol may be sanctioned persons and that transactions with such persons would be a violation of U.S. export controls and sanctions law. This risk applies to individuals, organizations, and other ecosystem participants that deploy, integrate, or use the Solana blockchain protocol code directly (e.g., as a node operator), and individuals that transact on the Solana blockchain through light clients, third party interfaces, and/or wallet software.

In accordance with the open source Apache 2.0 license ("OS License") pursuant to which the Solana Services are provided, by participating in the Hackathon, you hereby grant to Company and the Solana community a perpetual, irrevocable, royalty-free, worldwide, nonexclusive copyright license to reproduce, publicly display, publicly perform, distribute, create derivative works based upon, and otherwise use and sublicense any contributions or developments ("Developments") provided by you in connection with the Hackathon and such derivative works in source code or object code form. We may reproduce and distribute copies of the Developments or derivative works thereof in any medium, with or without modifications, and in source code or object code form subject to the OS License. Any contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion as part of the Hackathon shall be under the terms and conditions of the OS License. You agree not to challenge or contest our rights or anyone else's rights to use the Developments. You agree that it is your sole responsibility to obtain all permissions and releases necessary for the grant of the rights contained in this Section. You agree to take, at your expense, any further action (including execution of affidavits, tax forms, and other documents) reasonably requested by us to effect, perfect or confirm the rights as set forth in this Section. You will not be entitled to compensation for any use by Company, or its agents, licensees or assignees, of your contributions or developments, except as expressly provided herein.


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# Solana Season Hackathon Project Ideas

Hackathon participants are free to explore and build projects that span a variety of use cases across NFTs, DeFi, and Web3.\*\* The following is a list of interesting possible ideas sourced from the Solana community and the participating judges/speakers. One of the beauties of utilizing DeFi’s composable building blocks is that they can be remixed and modified to build entirely new financial services. So take a look if you or your team is in need of some inspiration!

- Serum Ideas: The Serum team has produced an exclusive Serum-related list that can be found here: https://serum-academy.com/en/serum-project-ideas/project-ideas/
- Lending front end and primitive: Money market lending protocol native to Solana (akin to Compound or Aave)
- Cross-Chain Lending: A lending protocol that immediately provides liquidity for assets transferred cross-chain, utilizing the Wormhole bridge - such that users don't need to wait for the cross-chain assets to be fully confirmed on both chains - in return for a fee
- Fixed-Rate Loans: Where users can take out a fixed-rate loan on an Ethereum Lending/Borrowing protocol that is enabled by an on-chain interest rate swap order book on Serum
- Airdrops: build an open source service that enables SOL airdrops for first time Solana users using different rate-limiting mechanisms (Twitter handles for example: https://faucet.rinkeby.io/).
- Contract Method Name Registry: Create a standard that allows dApp developers to register their contract method names in a human readable way. Super useful for wallets and brings the whole UX of the space forward. Similar to https://docs.metamask.io/guide/registering-function-names.html#verify.
- Censorship resistant Wallstreetbets
- Basis Trade Stablecoin
- Make use of Coingecko API in Solana dapps: https://www.coingecko.com/en/api
- Liquidation bot for undercollateralized positions
- Aggregator that combines key functions like Furucombo and DeFi Saver, but does it automatically. Like Borrow with insurance wrapped or Borrow with fixed rate or borrow and automatically fix your collateral ratio. These functions exist is a unbundled way but someone should bundle them to make it super easy for the user
- Reinsurance markets: An expansion yInsure
- On-chain subscriptions: A protocol that is a factory for any app to create on-chain payment streaming and subscriptions. Combine elements like NFTs to increase engagement and unlock features
- Analytics: perhaps the aggregator above can also roll in key on-chain KPIs that tell you if you’re going to swap token A then what % of buy vs. sell orders and sentiment in the past [24] hrs, whale movements, project developments etc.

* Education- a game-type protocol that walks a user thu the DeFi journey. Combining video clips, resources and yield-farming/NFT quest type journey to get normies up to speed

- DeFi asset manager: A single interface consolidating all DeFi assets and liabilities across different platforms (and different chains) into one.
- DEX Aggregator: A cross-chain DEX aggregator that allows users to choose the best price for execution across multiple DeFi platforms, including cross-chain platforms.
- Build-your-own Liquidity Mining platform: Utilize yield farming to jumpstart your product
- Synthetic Assets: Build out support for tokenized synthetic assets using Chainlink oracles and listing the SPL Synthetics on Serum
- Arbitrage bots: A bot that automatically moves funds from Serum CLOB when vol is low and moves it to AMM when vol is high
- Compute implied vol or black scholes from Serum market data for a volatility index/product
- On-chain NFT market with seamless USDC payment usage, connected to Wormhole for folks who need to get in and out of ERC20, but also native USDC. Ideally some app where there is content creation in a browser connected to IPFS and then loaded directly into NFT market. In turn, connect the NFT market into Serum DEX markets -- e.g. markets on Serum get created automatically, and demonstrate order books on a free floating NFT.
- Prediction market minter with Chainlink Oracle integration
- Oracles: An on-chain oracle that takes prices from Serum markets, does sophisticated risk and sanity checks on them, and creates a clean price feed that other projects working on Serum can use. Furthermore, once there are on-chain cross-chain bridges, those can be combined with this to create a fully on-chain cross-chain pricing oracle.
- Fee Compare: A simple interface that tracks and compares cost to execute something given certain parameters across various DeFi platforms. Parameters include desired spread, transaction fees, trading pair set. Can also track total value saved in transaction fees/spread
- Creating Custom Markets on Serum: An interface to create custom markets on Serum from Ethereum. Including the set-up of decentralized market makers.
- Slashing Insurance: A simple insurance protocol where the community can provide insurance for validators against the risk of being slashed
- Smart Contract Insurance: Something akin to Nexus Mutual
- DeFi visualization dashboards: Plugging into and displaying data from Serum, Orca, Structured Product, Oxygen
- Security audits of existing Serum/Solana infrastructure
- Serum DeFi app store: dashboard of all Serum dAPPs
- Extend the wormhole bridge to allow assets locked on Ethereum to earn interests through lending protocols such as Aave or Compound
- Build a simple oracle that allows Solana Dapps to connect to an off-chain API or Websocket (e.g. a price feed)
- Demonstrate how staking should work for any SPL Token

# Swap, Borrow/lend, and Margin Implementation Ideas

Ideas to extend existing source-code (token-swap, token-lending)

- Add support for new token-swap curve that’s using Chainlink as oracle
- Add support for cross-asset collateral to token-lending.
- Single collateral token for all deposits can be used across loans
- Add support for adding/removing collateral from token-lending obligation (top-up collateral)
- Add support for liquidations using ordered heap: Liquidator will be only to liquidate positions with lowest health score first
- Add support for token-swap LP as collateral to token-lending. Use-case: single token exposure in AMM
- Add support to token-lending for stable borrowing rates
- Margin trading using token-lending: User can initiate (short/long) margin trade with predefined max leverage
- Token lending stores position in escrow
- Solana integration for https://xchainjs.org/ (a little boring tho ha), but a PoC for a web-wallet that can do Stateful solana transactions
- Solana Bifrost Spec & PoC (observing solana transactions into a CosmosSDK state machine)
- economic model for zero-slippage synthetic asset swaps on THORChain
- PoC for a lightweight, smart-contract (or other) leaderless SeedService that has consensus on the correct Node IP list
- economic model for a safe debt-based stablecoin using LP tokens on THORChain (ie, live state machine that can re-balance every 5 seconds)
- Relayer (mobile and/or desktop) for traders on Solana to trade on dYdX. Can be achieved by having the app act as the market maker between dydx and the trader.
- Simplified UI for obtaining leverage on dydx perpetuals (for more inexperienced users)

# Solana Data Viz Idea

A web-based tool through which any user can query all data on the Solana blockchain by using SQL queries. Pre-populated databases with parsed data from Solana blocks. This can all be built on Redash just like Dune (https://redash.io/)

- Any user would be able to write a query

  - free users would have to open source their queries so others could work
  - paid users would have the ability to write queries privately

- Automatic hourly updates on the most viewed queries and charts

  - Paid users could hook an API to any publicly available query and get results

- Dashboarding functionality
  - Curated queries shared in a visualized form
  - The team would write several popularly requested queries to launch this product to expedite the kick-off
  - Charts that should be launched with
    - Number of daily transactions on Solana
    - Number of daily active Solana addresses
    - Number of new daily Solana addresses
    - Daily volume of SOL transfers
    - Daily fees of all SOL/SPL transfers
    - Daily median USD cost of SOL&SPL transfer
    - Daily USD revenue of Solana stakers
    - Daily Solana addresses with balance over $X ($1k, $10k, $100k, $1M, $10M
    - Total monthly DEX trading volume on Solana (with DEX splits - Serum&Raydium etc.)
    - Number of monthly unique liquidity providers on Serum
    - Number of monthly unique trading addresses on Serum
    - Number of monthly trades on Serum
    - Total number of unique addresses interacting with Solana DeFi apps with splits by each project
    - Total stacked daily TVL of all Solana DeFi projects
    - Daily outstanding debt of Jet Protocol
    - Total daily supply of stablecoins issued on Solana

---

\*\* The Solana Season Hackathon is a competition where projects will be evaluated by judges on their technological merits without consideration of legal viability. Participants in the Hackathon will create software solely for purposes of evaluation by judges as part of a competition and not for commercial deployment or release as part of the Hackathon.All participants must comply with applicable laws and regulations when releasing any software that they develop as part of the Hackathon.

The Hackathon ideas and developer resources that Solana provides are for educational and inspirational purposes only. The Solana Foundation (“SF”) does not encourage, induce or sanction the deployment of any such applications in violation of applicable laws or regulations. SF does not encourage, induce or sanction the deployment, integration or use of any such applications (including the code comprising the Solana blockchain protocol) in violation of applicable laws or regulations and hereby prohibits any such deployment, integration or use. This includes use of any such applications by the reader (a) in violation of export control or sanctions laws of the United States or any other applicable jurisdiction, (b) if the reader is located in or ordinarily resident in a country or territory subject to comprehensive sanctions administered by the U.S. Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), (c) if the reader is or is working on behalf of a Specially Designated National (SDN) or a person subject to similar blocking or denied party prohibitions, or (d) in violation of the Commodities and Exchange Act.
The reader should be aware that U.S. export control and sanctions laws prohibit U.S. persons (and other persons that are subject to such laws) from transacting with persons in certain countries and territories or that are on the SDN list. As a project based primarily on open-source software, it is possible that such sanctioned persons may nevertheless bypass prohibitions, obtain the code comprising the Solana blockchain protocol (or other project code or applications) and deploy, integrate, or otherwise use it. Accordingly, there is a risk to individuals that other persons using the Solana blockchain protocol may be sanctioned persons and that transactions with such persons would be a violation of U.S. export controls and sanctions law. This risk applies to individuals, organizations, and other ecosystem participants that deploy, integrate, or use the Solana blockchain protocol code directly (e.g., as a node operator), and individuals that transact on the Solana blockchain through light clients, third party interfaces, and/or wallet software.


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# Resources for New Rust Developers

If you’re learning Rust for the first time, such as to participate in an event, here are some resources to help you ramp up.

## Introduction Material

For a quick “learn by doing” introduction to Rust code, try fasterthanlime’s worked examples for Advent of Code 2020 in Rust: [Avent of Code](https://fasterthanli.me/series/advent-of-code-2020)

You may also find this whirlwind tour of Rust syntax useful, especially for reading other Rust code you find: [A Half Hour To Learn Rust](https://fasterthanli.me/articles/a-half-hour-to-learn-rust).

fasterthanlime’s site has many other good guides to aspects of Rust, such as this guide to Box: [Whats in the Box](https://fasterthanli.me/articles/whats-in-the-box)

And this guide to string types (&str and String): [Working With Strings in Rust](https://fasterthanli.me/articles/working-with-strings-in-rust)

If you find yourself wandering through articles there for a while, you’re likely to have a productive learning adventure through both introductory and advanced topics.

The official documentation includes an example-based introduction as well, Rust By Example: [Rust By Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/rust-by-example/index.html)

As you read about Rust, you may come across many references about Rust letting you write zero-overhead zero-copy fast code. This can lead to a lot of stress when writing your own Rust code, if you’re constantly thinking about things like avoiding copies and clones, avoiding Box, avoiding Rc and Arc, and similar. Please see this Twitter thread from one of the Rust language leads for some advice about that: [Twitter Thread](https://twitter.com/josh_triplett/status/1316634750669344768)
Remember, you can always optimize your code later, once you have it working, and once profiling tells you what you actually need to optimize. This doesn’t just apply when you’re learning Rust; this applies even when you’re experienced with Rust.

## References

For a full tutorial-style introduction to much more of the language, see the official Rust book: [Official Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/index.html)

For in-depth references, see the Rust documentation: [Rest References](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/)
In particular, you’ll want to have the standard library guide handy to look up APIs: [Standard Library Guide](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/index.html)
And the Cargo book for details on building Rust packages (“crates”) with Cargo: [Cargo Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/cargo/index.html)

## Other Resources

To simplify adding dependencies to your crates, run `cargo install cargo-edit`, and then use `cargo add somecrate` to add somecrate as a dependency.

Remember that your “main” function can return a Result, and if it returns an Err, Rust will automatically print that error before exiting the program with an error code. So you can bubble Results up using the `?` operator all the way to main. For a simple error type for many programs, try the `anyhow` crate. For libraries, consider the `thiserror` crate to provide an enum with distinct values for different errors.

If you’re coming from Python, and you’re interested in integrating Rust and Python, try PyO3: [PyO3](https://pyo3.rs/)

If you’re coming from C, C++, or a similar language, and you’re interested in an in-depth look at Rust, at unsafe Rust code, and at what Rust’s borrow checker and other mechanisms protect you from, try this guide: [I am a Java/C#/C/C++ Dev Learning Rust](https://fasterthanli.me/articles/i-am-a-java-csharp-c-or-cplusplus-dev-time-to-do-some-rust)

If you use DuckDuckGo, you can search the Rust documentation by adding !rust to your search (for instance, !rust Option will find the documentation for Option and its many helper methods), search the crates.io package registry by adding !cargo to your search (for instance, !cargo blake3), and look up the documentation for a specific crate with !docsrs cratename (for instance, !docsrs bstr).