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## License

<p>Licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" target="_blank" rel="license noopener noreferrer" style="display:inline-block;">CC BY-NC-ND 4.0</p>


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---


#### [System Design Case Study](#System-Design-Case-Study-1)

|     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|:-:  |:-:  |:-:  |:-:  |:-:  |:-:  |:-:  |:-:  |:-:  |
| [#](#-companies)  | [A](#a-companies)  | [B](#b-companies)  | [C](#c-companies)  | [D](#d-companies)  | [](#e-companies)  | [F](#f-companies)  | [G](#g-companies)  | [H](#h-companies)  |
| [I](#i-companies)  | [](#j-companies)  | [K](#k-companies)  | [L](#l-companies)  | [M](#m-companies)  | [N](#n-companies)  | [](#o-companies)  | [P](#p-companies)  | [Q](#q-companies)  |
| [R](#r-companies)  | [S](#s-companies)  | [T](#t-companies)  | [U](#u-companies)  | [V](#v-companies)  | [W](#w-companies)  | [](#x-companies)  | [Y](#y-companies)  | [Z](#z-companies)   |


#### [System Design Fundamentals](#System-Design-Fundamentals-1)

|    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
|:-:  |:-:  |:-:  |:-:  |:-:  |:-:  |:-:  |:-:  |:-:  |
| [#](#-technologies)  | [A](#a-technologies)  | [B](#b-technologies)  | [C](#c-technologies)  | [D](#d-technologies)  | [](#e-technologies)  | [F](#f-technologies)  | [G](#g-technologies)  | [H](#h-technologies)  |
| [](#i-technologies)  | [J](#j-technologies)  | [K](#k-technologies)  | [L](#l-technologies)  | [M](#m-technologies)  | [N](#n-technologies)  | [](#o-technologies)  | [P](#p-technologies)  | [Q](#q-technologies)  |
| [R](#r-technologies)  | [S](#s-technologies)  | [](#t-technologies)  | [](#u-technologies)  | [](#v-technologies)  | [W](#w-technologies)  | [](#x-technologies)  | [](#y-technologies)  | [](#z-technologies) |


#### [System Design Interview](#System-Design-Interview-1)

|    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
|:-:  |:-:  |:-:  |:-:  |:-:  |:-:  |:-:  |:-:  |:-:  |
| [#](#-interview)  | [A](#a-interview)  | [](#b-interview)  | [C](#c-interview)  | [](#d-interview)  | [](#e-interview)  | [](#f-interview)  | [](#g-interview)  | [](#h-interview)  |
| [](#i-interview)  | [](#j-interview)  | [](#k-interview)  | [](#l-interview)  | [](#m-interview)  | [](#n-interview)  | [](#o-interview)  | [](#p-interview)  | [](#q-interview)  |
| [](#r-interview)  | [S](#s-interview)  | [T](#t-interview)  | [](#u-interview)  | [](#v-interview)  | [W](#w-interview)  | [](#x-interview)  | [Y](#y-interview)  | [](#z-interview) |


#### [AI Engineering](#AI-Engineering-1)

|    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
|:-:  |:-:  |:-:  |:-:  |:-:  |:-:  |:-:  |:-:  |:-:  |
| [#](#-ai)  | [A](#a-ai)  | [](#b-ai)  | [C](#c-ai)  | [](#d-ai)  | [](#e-ai)  | [](#f-ai)  | [](#g-ai)  | [](#h-ai)  |
| [](#i-ai)  | [](#j-ai)  | [](#k-ai)  | [L](#l-ai)  | [M](#m-ai)  | [](#n-ai)  | [](#o-ai)  | [](#p-ai)  | [](#q-ai)  |
| [R](#r-ai)  | [](#s-ai)  | [](#t-ai)  | [](#u-ai)  | [](#v-ai)  | [](#w-ai)  | [](#x-ai)  | [](#y-ai)  | [](#z-ai) |


#### [Software White Papers](#Software-White-Papers-1)

|    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
|:-:  |:-:  |:-:  |:-:  |:-:  |:-:  |:-:  |:-:  |:-:  |
| [](#-white-papers)  | [](#a-white-papers)  | [](#b-white-papers)  | [](#c-white-papers)  | [D](#d-white-papers)  | [](#e-white-papers)  | [](#f-white-papers)  | [](#g-white-papers)  | [](#h-white-papers)  |
| [](#i-white-papers)  | [](#j-white-papers)  | [](#k-white-papers)  | [](#l-white-papers)  | [](#m-white-papers)  | [](#n-white-papers)  | [](#o-white-papers)  | [](#p-white-papers)  | [](#q-white-papers)  |
| [](#r-white-papers)  | [S](#s-white-papers)  | [](#t-white-papers)  | [](#u-white-papers)  | [](#v-white-papers)  | [](#w-white-papers)  | [X](#x-white-papers)  | [](#y-white-papers)  | [](#z-white-papers) |


---

# System Design

## System Design Case Study

#### \# companies

- [Real-Time Gaming Leaderboard](https://systemdesign.one/leaderboard-system-design/)
- [Real-Time Live Comments](https://systemdesign.one/live-comment-system-design/)
- [Distributed Counter](https://systemdesign.one/distributed-counter-system-design/)
- [Real Time Presence Platform](https://systemdesign.one/real-time-presence-platform-system-design/)

#### A companies

- [How to Scale an App to 10 Million Users on AWS](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/aws-scale)
- [This Is How Airbnb Adopted HTTP Streaming to Save 84 Million USD in Costs](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/what-is-critical-rendering-path)
- [Amazon Prime Video Microservices Top Failure](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/prime-video-microservices)
- [How Amazon S3 Achieves 99.999999999% Durability](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/amazon-s3-durability)
- [How Amazon Lambda Works](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/how-does-aws-lambda-work)
- [How Amazon S3 Works](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/s3-architecture)
- [How Do Apple AirTags Work](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/how-do-airtags-work)
- [How Apple Pay Handles 41 Million Transactions a Day Securely](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/how-does-apple-pay-work)
- [How Amazon S3 Achieves Strong Consistency](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/s3-strong-consistency)

#### B companies

- [Bitly URL Shortener Architecture](https://systemdesign.one/url-shortening-system-design/)
- [How Does Bluesky Work](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/how-does-bluesky-work)

#### C companies

- [How Canva Supports Real-Time Collaboration for 135 Million Monthly Users](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/rsocket)
- [How Cloudflare Was Able to Support 55 Million Requests per Second With Only 15 Postgres Clusters](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/postgresql-scalability)

#### D companies

- [How Disney+ Hotstar Delivered 5 Billion Emojis in Real Time](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/hotstar-architecture)
- [How Disney+ Hotstar Scaled to 25 Million Concurrent Users](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/hotstar-scaling)
- [How Disney+ Scaled to 11 Million Users on Launch Day](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/disney-architecture)
- [How Discord Boosts Performance With Code-Splitting](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/what-is-code-splitting-in-react)
- [How Dropbox Scaled to 100 Thousand Users in a Year After Launch](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/dropbox-architecture)

#### F companies

- [How Facebook Scaled Live Video to a Billion Users](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/live-streaming-architecture)
- [How Facebook Was Able to Support a Billion Users via Software Load Balancer](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/facebook-load-balancer)
- [How Figma Scaled Postgres to 4M Users](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/postgres-scale)


#### G companies

- [How Google Search Works](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/search-engine-architecture)
- [How Giphy Delivers 10 Billion GIFs a Day to 1 Billion Users](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/cdn-explained)
- [How to Scale an App to 100 Million Users on GCP](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/google-cloud-scalability)
- [How Google Docs Works](http://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/how-does-google-docs-work)

#### H companies

- [How Hashnode Generates Feed at Scale](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/feed-architecture)
- [How Halo Scaled to 11.6 Million Users Using the Saga Design Pattern](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/saga-design-pattern)

#### I companies

- [How Instagram Scaled to 2.5 Billion Users](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/instagram-infrastructure)


#### K companies

- [How Khan Academy Scaled to 30 Million Users](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/khan-academy-architecture)

#### L companies

- [How LinkedIn Scaled to 930 Million Users](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/scalable-software-architecture)
- [How LinkedIn Adopted Protocol Buffers to Reduce Latency by 60%](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/protocol-buffers-vs-json)
- [Tech Stack Evolution at Levels fyi](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/levels-fyi-google-sheets)
- [How Lyft Support Rides to 21 Million Users](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/lyft-engineering)

#### M companies

- [How McDonald’s Food Delivery Platform Handles 20,000 Orders per Second](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/mcdonalds-architecture)
- [How Meta Achieves 99.99999999% Cache Consistency](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/cache-consistency)

#### N companies

- [How Does Netflix Work?](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/how-does-netflix-work)
- [Microservices Lessons From Netflix](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/netflix-microservices)
- [How Netflix Uses Chaos Engineering to Create Resilience Systems](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/chaos-engineering)

#### P companies

- [How PayPal Was Able to Support a Billion Transactions per Day With Only 8 Virtual Machines](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/actor-model)
- [Pastebin](https://systemdesign.one/system-design-pastebin/)

#### Q companies

- [This Is How Quora Shards MySQL to Handle 13+ Terabytes](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/mysql-sharding)

#### R companies

- [How Razorpay Scaled to Handle Flash Sales at 1500 Requests per Second](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/payment-gateway-architecture)
- [How Reddit Works](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/reddit-architecture)

#### S companies

- [Slack Architecture](https://systemdesign.one/slack-architecture/)
- [Virtual Waiting Room Architecture That Handles High-Demand Ticket Sales at SeatGeek](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/virtual-waiting-room)
- [How Shopify Handles Flash Sales at 32 Million Requests per Minute](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/shopify-flash-sale)
- [This Is How Stripe Does Rate Limiting to Build Scalable APIs](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/rate-limiter)
- [How Stripe Prevents Double Payment Using Idempotent API](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/idempotent-api)

#### T companies

- [Tumblr Shares Database Migration Strategy With 60+ Billion Rows](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/how-to-migrate-a-mysql-database)
- [6 Proven Guidelines on Open Sourcing From Tumblr](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/open-source-guidelines)
- [How Tinder Scaled to 1.6 Billion Swipes per Day](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/tinder-architecture)

#### U companies

- [How Uber Computes ETA at Half a Million Requests per Second](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/uber-eta)
- [How Uber Finds Nearby Drivers at 1 Million Requests per Second](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/how-does-uber-find-nearby-drivers)
- [How Uber Payment System Handles 30 Million Transactions Per Day](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/payment-system-design)

#### W companies

- [8 Reasons Why WhatsApp Was Able to Support 50 Billion Messages a Day With Only 32 Engineers](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/whatsapp-engineering)
- [Wechat Architecture That Powers 1.67 Billion Monthly Users](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/chat-application-architecture)

#### Y companies

- [11 Reasons Why YouTube Was Able to Support 100 Million Video Views a Day With Only 9 Engineers](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/youtube-scalability)
- [How YouTube Was Able to Support 2.49 Billion Users With MySQL](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/vitess-mysql)

#### Z companies

- [5 Reasons Why Zoom Was Able to Support 300 Million Video Calls a Day](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/zoom-architecture)
- [How Zapier Automates Billions of Tasks](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/zapier-architecture)

---

## System Design Fundamentals

#### \# technologies

- [Back of the Envelope](https://systemdesign.one/back-of-the-envelope/)
- [How to Troubleshoot if You Can’t Access a Particular Website?](https://systemdesign.one/how-to-troubleshoot-if-you-cannot-access-a-website/)
- [What Happens When You Type a URL Into Your Browser?](https://systemdesign.one/what-happens-when-you-type-url-into-your-browser/)
- [System Design Interview Cheat Sheet](https://systemdesign.one/system-design-interview-cheatsheet/)
- [Software Engineer Interview Learning Resources](https://systemdesign.one/software-engineer-interview-learning-resources/)
- [7 Simple Ways to Fail System Design Interview](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/design-system-newsletter)
- [Amazon Frugal Architecture Explained](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/frugal-architecture)
- [11 System Design Concepts Explained, Simply](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/11-system-design-concepts-explained)
- [114 System Design Concepts - Part 1](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/system-design-concepts)
- [114 System Design Concepts - Part 2](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/system-design-core-concepts)
- [114 System Design Concepts - Part 3](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/system-design-fundamentals)
- [How Timsort Algorithm Works](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/timsort-algorithm)


#### A technologies

- [Actor Model](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/actor-model)
- [How API Gateway Works](newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/how-api-gateway-works)
- [API Gateway vs Load Balancer vs Reverse Proxy](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/api-gateway-load-balancer-reverse-proxy)
- [Best Practices for API Design](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/best-practices-for-api-design)
- [Best Practices for API Security](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/api-security-best-practices)
- [API Versioning](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/api-versioning)

#### B technologies

- [Bloom Filter](https://systemdesign.one/bloom-filters-explained/)

#### C technologies

- [Cell Based Architecture](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/cell-based-architecture)
- [Consistency Patterns](https://systemdesign.one/consistency-patterns/)
- [Top 5 Caching Patterns](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/caching-patterns)
- [How to Scale Code Reviews](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/how-to-do-code-review)
- [Code Review Best Practices](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/code-review-best-practices)
- [How Discord Boosts Performance With Code-Splitting](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/what-is-code-splitting-in-react)
- [Consistent Hashing](https://systemdesign.one/consistent-hashing-explained/)
- [Concurrency Is Not Parallelism](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/concurrency-is-not-parallelism)
- [15 Pitfalls That Break Cloud Systems](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/cloud-system-design)
- [Cybersecurity Terms Every Software Engineer Must Know](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/cybersecurity-fundamentals)
- [The Entire Computer Science Stack, Explained In 51 Images](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/computer-science-101)


#### D technologies

- [How Databases Keep Passwords Securely](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/how-to-store-passwords-in-database)
- [How DNS Works](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/what-is-a-dns-server-and-how-does-it-work)
- [Deployment Patterns](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/deployment-patterns)
- [Distributed Systems Deep Dive](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/distributed-systems)



#### F technologies
- [21 Frontend System Design Concepts for Software Engineers](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/frontend-system-design)


#### G technologies

- [Gossip Protocol](https://systemdesign.one/gossip-protocol/)
- [21 Git Commands](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/commands-in-git)

#### H technologies

- [Hinted Handoff](https://systemdesign.one/hinted-handoff/)
- [How Does HTTPS Work](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/how-does-https-work)
- [Must Know HTTP Headers](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/http-headers)
- [What Is High Availability](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/what-is-high-availability)

#### J technologies

- [How JWT Works](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/how-jwt-works)

#### K technologies

- [How Kafka Works](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/how-kafka-works)

#### L technologies

- [How Load Balancing Algorithms Work](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/load-balancing-algorithms)

#### M technologies

- [Micro Frontends](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/micro-frontends)
- [Microservices Lessons From Netflix](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/netflix-microservices)
- [How Shopify Handled 30TB per Minute With a Modular Monolith Architecture](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/modular-monolith)
- [1 Simple Technique to Scale Microservices Architecture](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/how-to-scale-microservices)
- [How Message Queues Work](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/what-is-a-message-queue)

#### N technologies

- [How Nginx Was Able to Support 1 Million Concurrent Connections on a Single Server](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/how-does-nginx-work)

#### P technologies

- [Forward proxy vs Reverse proxy](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/forward-proxy-vs-reverse-proxy)

#### Q technologies

- [Quotient Filter](https://systemdesign.one/quotient-filter-explained/)

#### R technologies

- [Redis Use Cases](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/redis-use-cases)
- [Rate Limiting Strategies Explained](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/rate-limiting)
- [How Remote Procedure Call Works](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/how-rpc-works)

#### S technologies

- [Service Discovery](https://systemdesign.one/what-is-service-discovery/)
- [How Sidecar Pattern Works](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/sidecar-pattern)
- [Stacked Diffs, Simply Explained](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/stacked-diffs)
- [How Stock Exchange Works - Part 1](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/stock-exchange-system-design)
- [How Stock Exchange Handles Concurrency at Scale - Part 2](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/disruptor-pattern)
- [Design Stock Exchange: A Deep Dive - Part 3](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/system-design-stock-exchange)

#### W technologies

- [How Do Websockets Work](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/how-do-websockets-work)
- [How Do Webhooks Work](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/how-do-webhooks-work)

---

## System Design Interview

#### \# interviews

- [System Design Interview Framework](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/how-to-prepare-for-system-design-interview)
- [Behavioral Interview Playbook](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/common-behavioral-interview-questions)

#### A interview
- [System Design Interview: Design Airbnb](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/airbnb-system-design)

#### C interview
- [System Design Interview: Design ChatGPT](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/chatgpt-system-design)

#### S interview
- [System Design Interview: Design Spotify](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/spotify-system-design)
- [System Design Interview: Design Web Crawler and Search Engine](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/web-crawler-system-design)

#### T interview
- [Design Twitter/X Timeline - A Frontend Deep Dive](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/system-design-interview-twitter)

#### W interview
- [Design WhatsApp](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/whatsapp-system-design), [Part 2](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/design-a-chat-system)

#### Y interview
- [Design YouTube](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/youtube-system-design)

---

## AI Engineering

#### A ai

- [How AI Agents Work](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/ai-agents-explained)
- [How to design your own AI agent](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/how-do-ai-agents-work)

#### C ai

- [AI Coding Workflow](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/ai-coding-workflow)
- [What is Context Engineering?](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/what-is-context-engineering)
- [Context Engineering vs Prompt Engineering](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/context-engineering-vs-prompt-engineering)
- [How ChatGPT Apps Work](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/apps-in-chatgpt)

#### L ai

- [LLM Concepts, Simply Explained](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/llm-concepts)

#### M ai

- [MCP - A Deep Dive](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/how-mcp-works)


#### R ai

- [What Is Reinforcement Learning](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/what-is-reinforcement-learning)



---

## Software White Papers

#### D white papers

- [Amazon Dynamo](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/amazon-dynamo-architecture)


#### S white papers

- [Google Spanner](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/cloud-spanner-database)


#### X white papers

- [Meta Serverless Architecture: XFaaS](https://newsletter.systemdesign.one/p/serverless-architecture)

---

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## License

<p>Licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" target="_blank" rel="license noopener noreferrer" style="display:inline-block;">CC BY-NC-ND 4.0</p>